i een ee ee ve ~ Ss soe EES ate nity i Yy ' KK iat ANF ; ei at el roger eo pa wl : aa ‘ - ; j . i ‘ i \ Ay ith: i al mo * 5 4d a iy ti! a iy A i tid Rand Ae ‘ i -# em) ” & ‘x ; bas i a f lA { he ; “ rf Ay ath ’ wea 4 WE % Aan % c ; ad} . fy “ ’ . * 1a r “ * : 4 . i Pe ' ie A & 5 ’ iv ft AD Js ny J : Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from University of Toronto http://www.archive.org/details/yearbookofagricu1912unit Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1912. FRONTISPIECE. NORMAN J. COLMAN, OF MISSOURI. THE FIRST SECRETARY OF AGRICULTU BORN NEAR RICHFIELD SPRINGS, N. Y., Diep AT St. Louis, Mo., May 16, 1827. NOVEMBER 4, 1911. Lawyer, farmer, soldier, agriculturist, statesman, Mr. Colman became a leader in agricultural develop- ment in the Central West, and in 1885 was appointed Commissioner of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, becoming its first Secretary with a seat in the Cabinet, February 9, 1889, when the Department was made one of the Executive Departments. As the last of its five Commissioners and the first of its five Seeretaries, Mr. Colman occupies a central position in the development of the Department’s activities. YEARBOOK UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 4 V4 \3 hyping Ps “/ \ VY WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1913. [CHAPTER 23, Stat. at L., 1895.] [AN ACT Providing for the public printing and binding and the distribution of public documents. ] + * * * * * a Section 73, paragraph 2: The Annual Report of the Secretary of Agriculture shall hereafter be sub- mitted and printed in two parts, as follows: Part One, which shall contain purely business and executive matter which it is necessary for the Secretary to submit to the President and Congress; Part Two, which shall contain such reports from the different bureaus and divisions, and such papers prepared by their special agents, accompanied by suitable illustrations, as shall, in the opinion of the Secretary, be specially suited to interest and instruct the farmers of the country, and to include a general report of the operations of the Depart- ment for their information. There shall be printed of Part One one thousand copies for the Senate, two thousand copies for the House, and three thousand copies for the Department of Agriculture; and of Part Two one hundred and ten thousand copies for the use of the Senate, three hundred and sixty thousand copies for the use of the House of Representatives, and thirty thousand copies for the use of the Department of Agriculture, the illustrations for the same to be executed under the ‘supervision of the Public Printer, in accordance with directions of the Joint Committee on Printing, said illustrations to be subject to the approval of the Secretary of Agriculture; and the title of each of the said parts shall be such as to show that such part is complete in itself. , Z \ Aas 9 “a PREE ACE This volume contains 781 printed pages, comprising 259 pages for the Report of the Secretary, 282 pages for the 24 special articles, 208 pages for the Appendix, and 34 pages for the index. The volume is illustrated by 60 half-tone plates, 10 lhthographic plates, and 19 text figures. The frontispiece to the volume is a portrait of Hon. Norman J. Colman, the last Commissioner and the first Secretary of Agriculture, who died during the year. The form of the Yearbook is prescribed by law, so that there is little variation in its general form and style from year to year. The articles which were prepared by direction of the Secretary relate to subjects of general interest which have received special consideration during the year by experts in the respective bureaus, divisions, and offices of the department, and have not heretofore been published. The subjects can not be treated with exhaustive detail within the limits of this volume. In order that they may cover a wide range of information, the articles are restricted in length and are confined to the more important facts and conclusions. The portion devoted to the Appendix comprises information that very properly comes within the scope of a yearbook. It contains, besides the Review of Weather Conditions, the names of the directors of the agricultural colleges and experiment stations, and the names and addresses of State officials in charge of agriculture in the United States, statistics relating to agriculture in aspects of production, acreage, and value of crops, of the number and value of farm animals, of prices of farm products at the farm and in the wholesale market, of foreign trade in farm and forest products, and of railroad freight rates for the transportation of principal farm products. The statistical compilations are, collectively, a feature of the Year- book that add to its unique character. Individually the statistical tables are original compilations and provide a great variety of infor- mation for use in books, newspapers, and magazines, for public speakers, and for investigators in many lines of endeavor. Beginning with the earliest years for which statistics were obtained, tables are provided to exhibit the acreage, production, value, prices, exports, and imports of the corn crops of the United States, and for all or most of the items mentioned, of the crops of wheat, oats, barley, rye, buckwheat, potatoes, cotton, tobacco, flaxseed, rice, and cane and beet sugar. 9 o 4 PREFACE, For most of the countries of the world the area devoted to some ot the chief crops has been ascertained for publicationin the Appendix, and the list includes corn, wheat, oats, barley, rye, flaxseed, beans, and peas. The crops for which production is published for the countries of the world include the foregoing and also potatoes, cotton, tobacco, rice, hops, cane and beet sugar, coffee, and silk. For all of the products for which the world’s production is given, except oats, barley, rye, flax, beans, peas, and silk, and for tea, oil cake, and oil-cake meal, rosin, turpentine, india rubber, wood pulp, butter, cheese, and wool, there are statements of the quantities of exports and imports by the principal countries of the world. As far as is ascertainable for all countries, there is a compilation of the number of farm animals, with designation of all cattle, dairy cows, horses, mules, sheep, swine, asses, buffaloes, camels, goats, and reindeer. In addition to the statistical statements described, there are many that relate in other ways to the products of the farm and forest.’ This is the nineteenth volume of the Yearbook issued, the total editions of which have aggregated about 9,500,000 copies. The department’s allotment is distributed principally to its correspond- ents who render valuable voluntary service, the bulk of the edition being distributed by Senators, Representatives, and Delegates in Congress. It is hoped that this volume may be found as interesting and help- ful to all persons interested in agriculture as its predecessors. Jos. A. ARNOLD, Department Editor. Wasuineton, D. C., April 25, 1918. DOT EN Te. Report of the Secretary.......------------+---++erceeeeccre tsetse rtet ts Promising New Fruits. By William A. Taylor and HPP, Goulds se el - Our Meadow Larks in Relation to Agriculture. By F. E. L. Beal.....--...-- The Handling of Dressed Poultry a Thousand Miles from the Market. By ME. Ponnington...-.-.<<----22 osses reser cn rsccesrercenceeceers cee sieahe- Some Results Obtained in Studying Ripening Bananas with the Respiration Calorimeter. By C. F. Langworthy and R. D. Milner.......-..----------- Crop Safety on Mountain Slopes. By J. Ce en. es Ea Insects Injurious to the Onion Crop. By F. H. Chittenden..........-------- A Successful Method of Marketing Vegetable Products. By L. C. Corbett..... The Chestnut Bark Disease. By Haven Metcalf......--.----------+---++-+++- Some Useful Weather Proverbs. By W. J. Humphreys.........-------------- Some Important Insect Enemies of Live Stock in the United States. By ees MAND SSUES SRS 2 Sac wk Sis orn a a ie eee se nce ss eran annie ns Relation of Birds to Grain Aphides. By W. L. McAtee......-..-------------- National Forest Timber for the Small Operator. By William B. Greeley...... Truck Soils of the Atlantic Coast Region. By Jay A. Bonsteel..........----- Seed Collection on a Large Scale. By Henry H. Farquhar....-.-..---------- Improved Methods of Handling and Marketing Cotton. By Charles J. Brand.. Dairying and Its Relation to Agriculture in Semiarid Regions. By A. K. Risser. Agriculture in Public High Schools. By Deke s COON 255.3: teceae=> © x's 2 ene The Settlement of Irrigated Lands. By Carl S. Scofield........-------------- Some New Grasses for the South. By R. A. Oakley......-------------------- Raisins, Figs, and other Dried Fruits and Their Use. By C. F. Langworthy. . Possible Sources of Potash in the United States. By Frank K. Cameron...... The Commercial Weather Map of the United States Weather Bureau. By Henry L. Heiskell.......------------ FR CAsPh WAR Grr. tot ioe) Dit ib an ea eae. Appendix: Organization of the United States Department of Aericulimre...=:--.-2<-- Secretaries and Commissioners of Agriculture.......---------------------- Agricultural Colleges in the United States......--------------+++++++++-- Agricultural Experiment Stations of the United States, their locations and State officials in charge of agriculture......-.--------------+--++-++----- Review of weather conditions during the year 1912....------------------ Statistics of the principal crops......----------------++-+-222rrerrrtrrttte 6 CONTENTS. Appendix—Continued. Statistics of the principal crops—Continued. Page. Potatoes seo 5 rik = os .are Soccer rrr ees cy esc oe RL 607 ii) MERI Ae oY Ses eeeeleeiy Se 613 Clover and timothy seed... .-.2 Sas eee eee eee ee OLS. Be 617 Cotton: ..2cs. eohse ast SE ee eer ce eee ce 25.4 UGH TNODACCO ss... 5 aod sis. Peis Sk, <0 ee Se See ee eee ene 625 1 Eb ie nn eeeeten er Ne be Sens Ue beoeeaes 631 RiC@.. scceencc ces ce ces tect shes the eee Reet ee eee ee ee ee eee 635 Hops....< 22 S202 2 ok 5 OL UE OR oe eo eee, Seren. wr 640 Beans and peas. os. 2. Sh. TIRE ee tee oe De 643 Sugars. 1 A Se, DS SC Eee 648 Teden ie cee cn ee tn seek 6a bee eee de apis arc peers ee ee 655 Coffees se) 220 IT SELDSUE D. QUP SIG RE, RESORT ee ES Re aN 2 Heder 657 Oil cake and oil-cake‘meal. £2.25 sHaRe a. ere 661 ROSUM eo cece ecm wk ket PRU Se eee eee ete 661 Turpentine, ...4.(20e 1 I. DCS Se ee oer ee 662 India rubbers. cci ss esccse oft Ee. eh. . ee ee ee 663 Silkeved 26 A RAUL de YES 8b SVU CER Te oh pee a ee cee 664 Wood pulp. ocsevnesasreces eee ec tee eeecct sick stesso eee ane ee 665 Farm‘animals.and their products: :')/ 209). U2 S585 J BOnS a ee 666 Transportation... . 2.22. ...o2s ec, FER eS 703 Imports and exports of agricultural products..............-----+.+--.-2:- 712 TLUUS TRA T.LO N.S, PLATES Page. Portrait of NORMAN J. COLMAN.........-- Upinsasr ante eee Soc, S- EN «ate Seene-Saatet- <== Frontispiece PLATE Deke astmamapple)...% - 52 5-- See - Sess ose. SG Re eS sce. banat e--- 2+ ene s-, SR S-= => 264 TE onocary anpla.t 32). 8.5900. 3.2.5.8. 20 o.oo. tas at oi tgtge 2. +. 2 -= 264 Ty, Summer Icing apple. saseesussecs eo 2. ais - - dat eee Pee ee cae IE ee FS ee oases eee aneeeoe 440 LII. A partially unloaded wagon at the cone bins, showing construction of bins to insure ventilation: . ..<2 2235s Seer Seca aah oR Pree Gen goes ac ce 440 LIll. Fig. 1—Ordinary flat bale of cotton as it frequently appears after sampling and rough handling. Fig. 2.—Typical commercial gin plant in southern Texas....... 456 LIV. Fig. 1.—Railroad compress at Shreveport, La. Fig. 2.—Ordinary ca aS cotton -bales ready for-export:; 2222 ia-ctd nae seiese sas ses. Oe vatasnoee. 1P.. 456 LV. Fig. 1.—The round cotton bale. Fig 2.—Gin-compressed cotton bales............. 456 LVI. Fig. 1.—Farmers’ cotton bales in dilapidated condition. Fig. 2—Farmers’ cotton bales produced by the best custom ginneries................ SP BARI SE). se 456 LVII. Home of John Christensen, New Salem, N. Dak.............2.02 220. 00c0220--02--- 464 LVIII. Fig. 1.—Half-blood Holstein calves from native cows. Fig. 2.—Oat hay, Limon, Golo... 6: 02003505022 5 ARS EA OR eae te oes. ae, ALS 464 LIX. Kafir corn and sorghum, Flagler, Colo.,-1912. J... 020. ..0. 22229 ek. 464 LX. Fig. 1.—Millet, Geneva, Colo., 1912. Fig. 2.—Corn for silage, Limon, Colo., 1912... 464 LXI. Minnesota high-school students testing seeds and judging and grading wheat....... 480 LXII. Fig. 1—Fall vegetables in high-school gardens at Coin, Iowa. Fig. 2.—Coin high-. school building -\..:-::: 222: Se seaheseaneeeet sees tert Sa ee 2 480 LXIII. Shop and field work of high-school students. .............2.22.2.2.0.22-2-22-2-0-00- 480 LXIV.: Farm: mechanics. :- -:<2:2222222-c2ns2sses seesae ees se eee ee Bi ies Pe 480 LXY. Fig. 1.—First load of baled Rhodes-grass hay produced in this country. Fig. 2.— Rhodes grass, showing the charaeteristic habit of the runners in producing new plants at the nodes.:: 22... .-5 22-555 ST, Cee ES 496 LXVI. Rhodes grass; showing its general habit of growth...........................-.---- 496 LXVII. Fig. 1.—The third cutting of Rhodes-grass hay. Fig. 2.—Tumis grass.............- 496 LXVIII. Fig. 1—A field of Sudan grass seeded in 18-inch rows. Fig. 2.—Seeds of Tunis grass, Johnson:grass;an@ Sudan'grass 19.00 Gare ee eee: 22 J ioe Us A. 496 LXIX. Root systems of Sudan grass and Johnson grass..............-..20.2-2-2--022--000- 496 LXX. Natural hybrids of Sudan grass and hybrids. ..............-.2.20202 eee cece eee ee 496 TEXT FIGURES. sug. 1. The onion thrips ¢ Thrins tapact)s2 2 ts oe Seen ee ee eee ee eee eae 320 2.; Nhe spotted. ladybird; (-Megilia maculata), 0 ane ya opted eat ee ee Se are 0 again a eee 322 8: Dhripoctenius Tussellt 5..-ic antes aces crea eae eee ade ae See 5 SRSA US SARE oA. 322 4, Two-row arrangement of nozzles for spraying onion thrips.................-.-.------------- 325 5. Four-row, attachment for onion Sprayer REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 131 improvement and development of the farm as a field laboratory for the Department of Agriculture was seriously started in 1900. Sur- veying, grading, and draining operations were begun the first year. Since then the present equipment, consisting of two dwellings, a large barn, shop, tool storage and boiler house, greenhouses, tool sheds, drug laboratory, and refrigerating plant, has been installed. Previous to 1901 all the attention given to the vegetable crops originated in the Division of Pomology. Coincident with the devel- opment of the Arlington farm activities along the lines of market gardening, truck farming, and vegetable gardening were undertaken. The Irish-potato investigations are to-day represented by a chain of field stations located in Maine, New York, Virginia, West Vir- ginia, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota, Nebraska, Colorado, California, and Idaho, which have been developed since 1903. Varieties of potatoes have been obtained from Europe and from South America, in addition to those common in the American trade, to test their disease resistance. Tests are under way to deter- mine the adaptation of varieties to special localities for commercial purposes, as well as to determine those localities that can most eco- nomically produce seed of superior merit for regions which have to depend upon a foreign seed supply. The hill-selection and tuber- unit method of breeding potatoes for maintaining the vegetative vigor and productivity of our standard sorts has been improved and has given remarkable results in some regions where crop failures have been a severe blow to the potato industry. The sweet-potato investigations, which were undertaken about the same time as the Irish-potato investigations, have resulted in deter- mining the identity of varieties and have developed a method of utilizing the sweet potato for stock food which needs only to be car- ried to those regions where sweet potatoes can be cheaply produced. At the present time an effort is being made to solve the storage prob- lems of sweet-potato growers. The peanut investigations, which were begun in 1905, have proved of great advantage to the boll-weevil districts of the South by carry- ing to these regions a money crop of as great value as cotton, thus increasing the desirability of establishing a crop-rotation system. The invention of machinery that takes the place of hand labor in digging and picking the nuts has removed the industry from one confined to small areas, because of labor restrictions, to an industry which can be conducted on as extensive a scale as potatoes, beans, or other crops which require similar handling. At the beginning of these investigations no peanut-oil industry existed in America. At the present time several of the cotton mills located in the peanut-producing area are installing machinery for the expression of peanut oil. Coincident with the expansion of the 132 YEARBOOK CF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. peanut industry through the South, a remarkable extension of the use of the peanut both as a human food and as a stock food has developed. Single firms use as many as 150 carloads annually in the manufacture of peanut butter and confections. PROGRESS IN POMOLOGY. The fruit industries of the country are assuming large proportions. Their growth, especially during the past decade, has been rapid. The work of the department in this field has for its object the aiding of fruit growers along a number of important lines. Special efforts have been put forth in the matter of educational work in connection with the simplification of fruit nomenclature. As the interest in orchard and fruit planting develops, there is more and more demand for authentic facts relative to varieties. The identification, classifi- cation, and grouping of varieties have formed an important line of work and have been fully systematized and organized, to the end of helping fruit growers everywhere. MAPPING OF FRUIT DISTRICTS. Early in the development of the pomological work it was deemed important to inaugurate investigations in connection with the map- ping of fruit districts. It was understood that certain kinds of fruit would succeed in one place and would not succeed in another. No very definite and specific information was at hand as to the factors governing successful fruit production in different parts of the United States. Work along these lines has proceeded now for 10 years, with the result that some of the more important fruit regions of the Eastern States and the western central portion of the United States have been indicated. Last year this work was extended into Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, northern Texas, and portions of New Mexico and Colorado. FRUIT MARKETING, TRANSPORTATION, AND STORAGE, One of the most important fields of effort in aiding the fruit grower has been in the direction of fruit marketing, transportation, and storage. These investigations have been pushed vigorously now for nearly a decade, with the result that in a number of sections of the country the handling, transportation, and storage of fruits have been practically revolutionized. This is especially the case in southern California, where the conditions affecting the fruit industry, includ- ing the cooperative-marketing organizations among the fruit growers, afford an unusually favorable opportunity to work out through ex- periments in orchards and packing houses the fundamental principles involved in fruit handling and storage. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 133 Studies of transportation conditions pursued on transcontinental trains and in the receiving markets were also prosecuted. ‘These studies have resulted in the development of that preparatory treat- ment of fruits for transportation known as precooling, which appears destined to play a very important part in the future development of transportation and storage of all perishable horticultural products. The beneficial results of this work are already apparent in many fruit-growing sections of the country where, with some modification, the principles discovered in California have been applied in the com- mercial handling of fruits, including the orange and pomelo shipping in Florida and the peach, pear, grape, and berry shipping of both the Eastern and Pacific Coast States. The viticultural industries of the country have been looked after in connection with the general fruit work of the department. Ex- perimental vineyards have been established in California and else- where with the object of securing data relative to the governing principles in the matter of successful crop production. A special effort has been put forth in encouraging the production of grapes in the Southern States, especially those of the Muscadine types. Nut culture has also received special attention in connection with the progress of the general fruit work. Studies have been made of the principal species of nut trees grown in the States east of the Rocky Mountains with a view to determining the adaptability of the varieties. Further studies have been made of the details of orchard operations with a view to advising and assisting those who are desirous of engaging in this industry. SEED DISTRIBUTION. It is gratifying to review the progress made in the securing and distribution of seeds by the department. By a combination of clear- cut business principles and scientific knowledge the work has de- veloped smoothly along satisfactory lines. Within the last decade, ever since the work has been handled exclusively by the Bureau of Plant Industry, more than 7,000 tons of seed have been secured, tested in the laboratory and in the field, assembled, and distributed. Early in the work it was determined to conduct it in such a way that all the seed secured and sent out should be of high quality. It was determined furthermore to eliminate costly practices of hand work and to introduce, wherever practicable, modern mechanical appliances for facilitating operations. Notwithstanding the fact that the quantity of seeds secured and distributed has nearly doubled in the past 10 years, the actual cost of handling the distribution is less now that it was 10 years ago. The funds saved by good business management have gone toward improving the quality and quantity of the seed and have enabled 134 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the department to take up a number of special lines which have resulted in much good. Special features of seed distribution have been maintained, such as securing and distributing types of cotton better adapted to cer- tain conditions in the South. Many of these types have been developed through breeding and selection. The extensive propaga- tion of new types of citrus fruits adapted to home use has also been followed. Large numbers of citranges developed by the plant breeders of the department have been propagated and sent out under congressional distribution. Large quantities of special forage-crop seeds have been distributed in all parts of the country. There is just now being put into effect a plan for the distribution of special seeds adapted to dry-farming conditions. The future success of dry farming in the semiarid districts will depend in large measure on the adaptation of suitable crops for these districts. An appropriation was made for this purpose at the last session of Con- gress, and special types of sorghums, wheats, oats, barleys, grasses, and legumes of various kinds will be distributed the coming year throughout the entire semiarid region. In connection with the congressional vegetable and flower seeds there has been a steady improvement in the quality distributed, and that this has been appreciated is shown by the increased demand for them. That part of the congressional seed distribution covering vegetables and flowers for 1912-13 will require about 600 tons of material. These seeds will all be assembled, packeted, and distributed by the 1st of April, 1913. In round numbers, about 61,000,000 pack- ets will be put up and mailed. In addition, there will be special sets of cotton seed and special sets of seed adapted to dry farming, as already indicated. GRAIN GRADING AND GRAIN STANDARDIZATION. The investigations pertaining to the conditions affecting grain crops after production, i. e., the methods of harvesting, transporting, grading, and marketing grain, have been productive of excellent results. During the year approximately 25,000 samples of grain have been tested and analyzed. Tests for acidity, which denotes soundness, were made of over 5,000 samples of corn. Stock-feeding tests are now being conducted in cooperation with the Bureau of Animal Industry, to determine whether or not corn of high acid con- tent is detrimental to stock as food. Definite progress has been made in’ determining the changes which take place in grain while in storage and in railroad and ocean trans- portation, special attention having been given to causes and degree of deterioration and actual shrinkage as influenced by moisture content, soundness, and climatic conditions. “It has been determined that eel Ml se lO — REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 135 excessive moisture is the most dangerous factor in handling commer- cial grain and that the artificial drying of corn increases its keeping qualities. Milling and baking investigations and grain-dockage investigations have been prosecuted vigorously. Among the most important experiments being carried on at this time are tests to determine the effect on grade and the commercial and feeding values resulting from the artificial bleaching or “ sulphur- ing” of oats. Satisfactory cooperation with grain-carrying rail- roads, commercial grain exchanges, grain dealers’ associations, grain elevator companies, etc., has been had throughout the year, and this has contributed largely to the success of the work. Since the organization of this investigation in 1906 an enormous amount of work has been done, including many special experiments and the testing of approximately 100,000 samples of grain. On arrival at European ports 183 cargoes of American corn have been examined, and the results of the examinations have been published, while 9 cargoes of export grain have been accompanied from the United States to foreign ports and observations and tests made of them. Sufficient data are now available to establish standard grades for corn. DEVELOPMENT OF THE BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY. The heet-sugar industry has practically grown up during the period covered by this report. There are now in operation 66 fac- tories in 17 States, which required and used for the past season 5,062,333 tons of beets from 473,877 acres. It is estimated that the output of sugar from these factories the present year will be close to 700,000 tons, the largest yield in the history of the industry in this country. The department has demonstrated the applicability of the Amer- ican soil and climate to this crop and has shown the benefits that have accrued to our agriculture from its establishment. The most favorable localities have been pointed out, the growers given instruc- tions for caring for their beets, and the general progress of the in- dustry fostered. The diseases of the sugar beet have been studied and the causes of a number of them have been worked out and satisfactory remedies suggested. The production of American sugar-beet seed has been an aim of the department for years. It has been demonstrated that seed of good quality can be produced here, American strains have been bred, and the commercial production of beet seed is now in sight. In con- nection with this work field laboratories have been established with analytical and other facilities and experiments with cultural methods have been carried on, particularly in the irrigated districts of the West. 136 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Much has been done to improve farm practices there and to put beet culture on a permanent and rational basis. In conclusion, it is safe to say that the beet-sugar industry is now one of the mainstays and chief supports of agriculture under irrigation in this country. PROGRESS IN PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY. As indicated at the outset of this statement regarding the work of the Bureau of Plant Industry, one of the fundamental lines of work which the present Secretary had in mind was a study of the diseases of crops, with a view to outlining specific remedies for the same. Much progress has been made in this work not only so far as the department is concerned but throughout the country as a whole. The plant pathological work of the department is now on a firm foundation. Our leading pathologists have developed lines of work which have been epoch making in their nature. PROBLEMS IN PLANT PATHOLOGY. The cause of the crown-gall of plants has been determined, and it has been discovered that this disease resembles animal cancer in its manner of growth and is due to bacteria lodged inside certain of the proliferating cells. It has been proved that infection of Stewart’s bacterial disease of sweet corn is produced by means of seed corn; that the black rot of crucifers, the brown rot of potatoes, the wilt of cucurbits, and other bacterial diseases are distributed by insects and slugs; that tobacco wilt is spread by nematodes; that bacterial infection can take place through stomata in the absence of wounds, as in the case of the black spot of plum, a disease of sweet corn and broom corn, and other plant diseases; that acid canes are resistant to the bacterial disease of sugar cane; that many bacteria, including Bacillus typhosus, are readily destroyed by freezing; that the Granville tobacco wilt is identical with the bacterial brown rot of potato, eggplant, and tomato, and hence these plants should not be used in rotation. The cause and remedy of the olive tubercle disease, coconut bud rot, bacterial mulberry blight, and a new knot disease of citrus trees have been discovered. It has been shown that the cause of a large part of potato rot is due to Bacillus phytophthorus, and that the rot is arrested in tubers stored below 8° C. FOREST PATHOLOGY. A general pathological survey of the National Forests has been made as a preliminary to active investigational work. Extensive experiments have been inaugurated for controlling forest diseases by the improvement of forest hygiene, chiefly by the method of REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 137 eliminating trees affected with dangerous diseases at the time of timber sales. Very valuable results have been secured in the control of diseases of forest nursery stock. The leaf blight of young conifers has been shown to be readily controlled by slight modifications of prevailing nursery practice, particularly in connection with irrigation. The damping-off of forest-tree seedlings has been controlled by the use of soil fungicides, particularly by sulphuric acid. The white-pine blister rust has been destroyed wherever found, and the work on this disease has been largely responsible for the passage of the present plant quarantine act, which should prevent its further introduction. Cooperation is in effect with 11 States in the investigation and control of the chestnut-tree bark disease, the most destructive of all tree diseases, and the work of checking its progress through methods worked out by this department is being vigorously prosecuted. One important branch of the forest pathological work is the study and control of the diseases of shade and ornamental trees and shrubs. There is a great and growing demand from the general public for information in regard to such diseases. DISEASES OF FRUITS. The effective control of pear blight, one of the most serious diseases affecting pomaceous fruits, has been accomplished through eradica- tion methods and has resulted in the saving of millions of dollars to pear orchardists on the Pacific coast and in other parts of the country. Apple bitter-rot, a disease which has been responsible for immense losses to apple growers, has been shown to be easily and completely controlled by proper spraying with Bordeaux mixture. A number of other apple diseases, such as scab, leaf-spot, powdery mildew, and blotch, have also been successfully controlled by spray- ing. Partial control of apple cedar-rust has been accomplished by cutting down the cedars and by spraying. With the exception of bitter-rot, it has been found preferable to spray for the early treatments of apple diseases with lime-sulphur solution, using Bordeaux mixture for the later treatments. This practice has resulted in less russeting of apples from copper poison- ing and has not reduced the effectiveness of the treatment. Investigations have been carried on in connection with a number of physiclogical diseases of fruits, particularly of the apple, includ- ing apple bitter-pit, a disease producing corky spots in the Ben Davis and York Imperial apples, and the Jonathan fruit-spot. In the latter the trouble has been remedied by early picking and prompt storage. 138 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The problem in connection with peach diseases has been to find a spray solution that would not injure the peach foliage. This has been brought about by the discovery of the self-boiled lime-sulphur solution, which has been demonstrated to be an effective remedy for the control of the destructive brown-rot and also of peach scab. A disastrous blight of peaches in California, due to a gumming fungus, has also been brought under control by late fall or early winter spraying with fungicides. A number of serious fungous diseases of the cranberry have been investigated and effective methods of control devised. A satisfac- tory method for the treatment of grape anthracnose, a very destruc- tive malady of both fruit and vine, has been demonstrated, and a remedy for black-rot perfected. Among the nut diseases, a remedy for pecan scab by spraying has been worked out. A serious contagious disease belonging to the peach-yellows group, known as “little peach,” has been discovered and described and a practical method of control by eradication developed. This was at one time a dangerous disease in the Michigan, New York, and New Jersey peach belts. The fruit pathological work has been strengthened through the institution of thorough, systematic spraying demonstrations in or- chards and vineyards in various parts of the country. In this man- ner methods of treatment of fruit diseases have been brought home to the farmer and the value of our research discoveries has been greatly increased. DISEASES OF COTTON, TRUCK CROPS, AND SUGAR BEETS. The cause of a group of destructive wilt diseases of cotton, cow- pea, watermelon, tomato, and other plants in the Southern States has been found to be root and stem infecting fungi (/usarium spp.) and a practicable method of control developed through selection and the breeding of disease-resistant varieties. Advances have been made in our knowledge of the cause and con- trol of a number of potato diseases, the most serious of which is potato wilt, causing premature ripening followed by dry-rot in storage. Methods of treatment for blackleg and early and late blight have also been determined, and the cause ascertained of leaf-roll, a destructive disease of potatoes in the West. The asparagus-rust problem has been solved by breeding resistant varieties. Truck growers have been shown, by spraying demonstra- tions, how to control the destructive blights of cucumbers, canta- loupes, celery, and other crops, and how to manage their soils to escape malnutrition troubles and at the same time to produce more crops with less fertilizer. A general investigation has been made of dry-rot, stem-rot, and other diseases of sweet potatoes, and remedial measures have been recommended. —Tobacco root-rot, REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 139 tomato wilt and rot, a number of ginseng diseases, and the whole group of nematode diseases have been studied critically and control measures introduced. Leaf-spot and curly-top, two important diseases of sugar beets, have been thoroughly investigated, and better methods for combating them have been pointed out. Similar work has been done in con- nection with the damping-off and root-rot of sugar beets. SOIL-BACTERIOLOGY AND PLANT-NUTRITION INVESTIGATIONS. Satisfactory methods for isolating and distributing nitrogen-fixing bacteria for improving leguminous crops by inoculating the seed or the soil were discovered. Tests in cooperation with thousands of farmers throughout the United States have shown that such crops as clover, alfalfa, vetch, peas, and beans are often doubled or trebled in value by pure-culture inoculation. During the past five years the efficiency of the cultures distributed to farmers has been approxi- mately 75 per cent. The copper-sulphate method for destroying objectionable alge iu city water supplies without lowering the safety of the supply has been discovered and practically demonstrated. This method has become standard practice in sanitary engineering and is recommended by the leading sanitary experts. It was found that copper sulphate could be used in water supplies as an agent for killing dangerous germs, such as those causing cholera and typhoid. Simple directions for improving farm water supplies have also been formulated. Extensive bacteriological studies to explain the variation in soil fertility have been undertaken, and during the past year the classical ideas regarding the decomposition of cellulose, which is considered a fundamental substance in humus formation, have been found to be erroneous. Many new and important species of soil bacteria that dissolve cellulose are under investigation, which are expected to make possible more suitable farm practices for maintaining soil humus. WORK ON DRUG PLANTS. It has been shown that many valuable drug and related crops can be successfully grown in favorable regions throughout the country. The culture of golden-seal and paprika peppers has been success- fully established. Camphor culture has been introduced in Florida, with results sufficiently promising to attract private capital on an extensive scale. The culture of American tea has been introduced in a demonstra- tion experiment now yielding an annual crop of 14,000 to 16,000 pounds of high-grade tea, all of which finds a ready market in com- petition with imported teas. 140 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Hop investigations have been productive of valuable results in demonstrating the causes of failure to produce the best returng in yield and quality, and have also led to the recommendation of rational criteria for judging hops on the basis of their properties ana constituents rather than their geographic origin, with the hope of removing certain forms of discrimination now made against Ameri- can hops in the trade. Improved foreign varieties are being intro- duced and progress made in the improvement of the yield and quality of American hops. Studies of oil and perfumery plants have included the planting of 40 varieties of roses of imported types yielding the valuable rose oil of commerce and the development of good commercial values from raisin-seed waste and other oil-yielding residues, as well as from a number of neglected plants. In this connection a new turpentine substitute and a new linseed-oil substitute have been demonstrated. POISONOUS-PLANT STUDIES. Loco weeds, larkspur, wild lupine, death camas, and other poison- ous plants have been responsible for enormous losses of stock in the grazing regions of the West. These losses have been greatly reduced through botanical surveys, and field and laboratory tests of suspected plants, so that it has been possible to point out the harmful plants, to recommend methods of avoiding poisonous-plant areas at the most dangerous period of growth, and to devise and indicate methods of treatment, antidoting, etc. PLANT PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS. Advances in agricultural science have necessitated the broadening of the work in physiological investigations to meet the demands for fundamental knowledge of plant activities. The following are some of the results of these studies: An accurate method for measuring the oxidase content of plant juices, which has particular application in determining physiological phenomena accompanying many types of plant diseases; increased knowledge of the physiological conditions affecting the keeping qualities of sweet potatoes in storage and a con- sequent avoidance of the heavy annual losses from their rapid dete- rioration; a better understanding of the inorganic food requirements of plants and of the influence on plant development of various ratios of these inorganic constituents; and additional light upon existing confusion as to the toxicity of certain molds oceurring in spoiled foods and the harmlessness of others of the same group, as the result of a study of the metabolism of molds and of the conditions under which they elaborate toxic products. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 141 PROGRESS IN DEMONSTRATION WORK. COOPERATIVE DEMONSTRATION WORK IN THE SOUTH. The demonstration idea has been a feature of the work of the Bureau of Plant Industry since its organization. Even before the plant work was coordinated, demonstrations were a necessary adjunct to research work on plant diseases, notably those of the grape and the potato. Early in 1903 the advent of the cotton boll weevil in the South made it imperative that steps be taken to meet its ravages through some cooperative effort on the part of the farmers. Out of the various preliminary steps that must necessarily be taken in a work of this nature there developed a few years later the Farmers’ Cooperative Demonstration Work. Briefly stated, the ob- ject of this work was to bring home to the farmer on his own farm certain fundamentals which would enable him to grow cotton despite the weevil, and also to point the way for him to diversify his crops and build up his land. It was found essential that the farmer should be taught self-reliance and to help himself in so far as related to the practices of the farm. Any effort made to help the farmer by mere object lessons in which he did not actively participate was found to be a failure. As the work progressed the demand for it rapidly increased. At the close of the fiscal year 1906 there were employed 25 agents having under their supervision more than 2,000 demonstration farms, and in addition more than 3,500 cooperators were receiving instructions from the department. The demand now arose for more intensified work. Each field agent’s territory included several counties, and he could at most persenally supervise not more than three or four demonstration farms located near the principal railroad centers in each county. In several counties business men and leading farmers now offered to contribute toward the salary of an agent to devote his entire time to their county. In the season of 1907 such cooperative plans were arranged for a county agent in six counties in eastern Texas and two in western Louisiana. The results in such counties were so satisfactory that the county agent was henceforth considered a necessary addition to the plan of organization. Since that time no material change has been made in the plan, which includes a special agent in charge, with a staff of assistants and a clerical force, a State agent, and from two to four district agents in each State, and gen- erally a county or local agent in each county in the State. It is not too much to say that this work has revolutionized the agriculture of the Southern States. It has given the farmers a new outlook and has shown them the great possibilities of the land. The scope of the work has been gradually enlarged from simple demon- 142 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. strations in cotton culture to a comprehensive system of instruction in general agriculture, including the organization of boys’ corn clubs and girls’ canning clubs. The extensive growth of this work from its small beginning may be appreciated from the fact that at the end of the fiscal year 1912 the force of agents conducting demonstration work in the field was 858; something like 35,000 farmers were enrolled as demonstrators and about 67,000 additional farmers were listed as cooperators in the department’s methods. Enrolled in the boys’ corn clubs were ap- proximately 68,000 boys, and in the girls’ canning clubs 20,000 girls. From its inception the work has been on a cooperative basis. Mer- chants and business men supplied seed and fertilizer for the cotton- culture farms, even during the earliest years of the work, and farmers did the work. With the growth of the plan of supplying local or county agents, business men and commercial bodies, in order to secure the services of such local or county agents in their counties, began to assist in paying their salaries. Cooperative relationships have been established with agricultural colleges, boards of agriculture, and county organizations. The department is now spending something like $600,000 annually in the work throughout the Southern States, about half of which is appropriated by the Government, while the other half is con- tributed by State and private agencies. It is believed that the per- manency of the demonstration work on the southern farms is assured, as its efficiency has been thoroughly tested under various conditions; it is attracting wide attention, and the plan is being rapidly adopted by agricultural colleges, business organizations, railroads, and other agencies doing propaganda work. Within recent years representa- tives from many foreign countries have been sent into the South to study the practical workings and efficiency of the system. FARM-MANAGEMENT INVESTIGATIONS. Early in the aevelopment of the work of the Bureau of Plant Industry it was seen that some coordinating agency was necessary io bring together and apply to the individual farm the results of many special lines of investigation under way. Growing out of this need was developed the Office of Farm Management, which was established eight or nine years ago. The work of this office began with a detailed study of the methods and practices actually in use on various farms of the country. Special attention was given to the study of those farms that were most successful for the purpose of comparing them with those less successful, the object being to learn the reason of success in one case and of failure in the other under similar circumstances. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 143 This work, at first more or less general in character, has developed into a detailed study not only of methods and practices generally in use, but also a study of farm organization and the coordination of related enterprises on the farm into such a system as will give the greatest return from the farm. Some of the special lines now in operation are as follows: FarM BOOKKEEPING.—Because of the importance of adequate methods of keeping the accounts of the farm a great deal of attention has been given to this subject. The results to date have just been published in Farmers’ Bulletin 511, entitled “ Farm Bookkeeping.” Cosr accountine.—This is a study of the actual cost of operations on the farm and over 100 farms are now cooperating in keeping the actual time spent in the smallest detaiis of every operation per- formed on the farm. FARM-MANAGEMENT SURVEYS.—Farm to farm surveys of typical agricultural areas are being made to determine what returns are being received for capital and labor on the average farm of each type. At the present time the records of about 4,000 farms have been gathered, some of which have already been published, while others are being tabulated and prepared for publication. Farm EQuirMENT.—A detailed study of the equipment of the farm is being made on a large number of farms for the purpose of learn- ing what is an adequate equipment for farms of various types. FARM-MANAGEMENT FIELD STUDIES AND DEMONSTRATIONS. The result of the investigations of the past few years is that a vast fund of information has accumulated which the farmer needs and which he is entitled to have. The means of getting this informa- tion to the farmer in such a way that everyone may understand it has been the cause of considerable thought on the part of those who have charge of the work. Bulletins have been issued, but for various reasons failed to reach the farmers as effectively as had been hoped. Later, demonstration farms were established with a view to bringing into each community as an object lesson a farm properly equipped and managed. This plan also fell short of what was expected of it. Later, the plan of placing in each county or local area agricultural agents, whose services would be free to every farmer in the locality, has been established and is rapidly developing. The duties of the county agent are as follows: To acquaint himself as rapidly as possible with the general agricultural conditions of the locality, study the various types of soils, the crops that have been found to be best adapted, and the types of farming that have been most successful on each type of soil. 144 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, To spend his entire time in the interests of improved farming in the section, studying the methods and practices of the most successful farmers who are following the various types of farming; to visit the farmers on their farms, study their plans, and aid them in formulating better plans. To study every phase of all the farms he visits, so that he may know what methods, crops, and systems are best for the locality, and at all times, wherever he goes, to give the farmers the benefit of the information he gets, including the results of scientific investigations conducted by the various experiment stations and the United States Department of Agriculture relating to all kinds of farm practice. The first of these county agencies was established in Bedford County, Pa., three years ago. Agricultural conditions were at a low ebb. Reports for the past season show that 8,000 acres of corn have been grown by improved cultural methods and the use of selected seed, with an average increased yield of 5 bushels per acre; 6,400 acres of clover from inoculated northern seed; 1,500 acres of soy beans, a crop wholly unknown before this work started; 200 acres of rape for hog pasture, replacing either grass pasture or none; and 300 acres of alfalfa. No attention had ever been given to the apple crop before this work began. The orchards were neglected. Now the trees are being pruned and sprayed under the agent’s direction, and the fruit is carefully graded, packed, and shipped under label. This affords an instance of where a latent industry may be developed under this plan. The value of the results of improved methods in this county for the past season is not less than $135,000. The next county agent was located in Broome County, N. Y. In this case the Binghamton Chamber of Commerce and the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad are cooperating financially toward the work, which is directed jointly by the New York State College of Agriculture and this department. This method of cooperation with business organizations has met with general approval, and the demand for this work is far beyond the ability of the department to meet. At the last session of Con- gress $300,000 was appropriated for this work. There are now about 75 county agents in various parts of the country, and others will be established as fast as means and competent men can be had. The methods of cooperation here mentioned are similar to many that have since been established. In every case the work in the State is conducted in cooperation with the agricultural college or experi- ment station, either with or without aid from other organizations, ENTOMOLOGY. EXTRAORDINARY GROWTH OF SERVICE, Sixteen years ago the entomological service of the department was ranked as a division, and it had on its rolls 21 employees; the statu- REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 145 tory roll amounted to $9,500 per annum, and the lump fund to be spent for investigations was $20,000. At the present time the service ranks as a bureau and carries more than 500 employees upon its rolls. The amount paid for statutory salaries is $58,750 per annum, and the total annual appropriation is $672,340. Sixteen years ago the work was entirely carried on in three or four rooms in the city of Washington; members of the force visited the field from time to time, but there were no field stations. At the present time the bulk of the work is done far away from Washington. The bureau has 35 field laboratories scattered all over the United States, and nearly all of them admirably fitted for sound investigation work upon certain particular insects or groups of insects most advantageously to be studied at the individual stations. It may reasonably be supposed that the extraordinary growth of the service, just as with other branches of the department, has been facilitated by Congress upon recognition of the practical results achieved by the work which has been done. Some of the good work carried on may be mentioned briefly. IMPORTATIONS OF INJURIOUS INSECTS. _ Just 16 years ago the bureau began to study with extreme care the question of the accidental introduction, by means of commerce, of injurious insects from other countries. It was realized that about one-half of the injurious species of first-class importance had been so introduced, and in consequence not only was begun the study of other species likely to be imported, but a quarantine and inspection bill was drafted and put before Congress from time to time from 1897 down to the Congress of the winter of 1911-12. Passage of an act of this character was warmly urged by the department during all those years, and the passage of such a law by the last Congress is a measure which will undoubtedly prove of great benefit to the country. . SAN JOSE SCALE. During the early part of this 16-year period the San Jose scale, which had recently made its appearance in the East and threatened the destruction of eastern orchards, was carefully investigated by the bureau, and its final report on the life history of this destructive scale has remained as a standard. Later the country of origin was dis- covered by an employee of the bureau, Mr. Marlatt, and from that country (China) he sent over a predatory enemy of the scale, which was reared in confinement at Washington and subsequently liberated in orchards in different parts of the country. 73029°—ysBxK 191210 146 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. It is true that the success of the lime-sulphur wash as a winter treatment for this scale has obviated the necessity for a competent natural enemy to a large extent, but it is believed that this enemy is still living in parts of the South. MEXICAN COTTON BOLL WEEVIL. The Mexican cotton boll weevil received some attention at the hands of the department prior to the 16-year period under consid- eration. At that time it was confined to the State of Texas, and, inasmuch as the State itself appropriated a sum of money for its investigation, to be carried on by the State entomologist, the depart- ment turned the matter over to the station authorities for a time. In 1900, however, it appeared that the problem was so great as to demand every possible aid, and, with congressional appropriations, the entomological service of the department entered once more upon the investigation and has continued it until the present time.. In the course of this investigation probably the most intensive study ever made has been carried out in regard to the boll weevil. Every phase of its life history and activities has been gone into with the utmost particularity. As the result of these intensive studies, while no actual and radical remedy of an exterminative character has been found, a system of cotton-plantation management has been developed, based entirely on these studies, which enables the planter to grow good crops even in the presence of the weevil. This has been put into effect with great success by the southern farm demonstration service of the Bureau of Plant Industry. Incidentally other insect enemies of cotton hams been studied during these investigations. FIG WASP. Following the sending to California from Algeria by Mr. Swingle, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, of the fig wasp (Blastophaga gros- sorum), this insect, upon whose relations with the flowers of the Smyrna fig the production of the Smyrna fig crop is dependent, was established in California under the management of an agent of the Bureau of Entomology, and this establishment is responsible for the present Smyrna fig culture in that State and of its future culture in other States. GIPSY MOTH AND BROWN-TAIL MOTH. The gipsy moth and the brown-tail moth, two insects accidentally introduced into New England, became sc abundant and destructive in 1905 as to call not only for large State appropriations but for governmental aid. Realizing the hopelessness of exterminative work after these pests had gained a firm foothold over 4,000 square miles REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. . 147 of territory, Congress appropriated to the department a sum of money to be used in the effort to prevent the spread of both gipsy moth and brown-tail moth. During the years in which this appropriation has been made, the bureau and the different States acting in cooperation have suc- ceeded in preventing any extensive spread and in making the condi- tions of the towns and villages within the infested territory per- fectly livable, whereas previously both species had been enormously destructive and very annoying. During that period further extensive importations of the para- sites and natural enemies of the gipsy moth have been made from Europe and from Japan, and of the brown-tail moth from different parts of Europe. Very many species have been imported in great quantities, and a number of them have been established in New Eng- land territory. The effect of their work is being more strongly seen each year, and it is hoped that they will shortly become so numerous as to be important factors in holding the destructive insects in check. Recent discoveries have been made which promise, by observing certain principles in forest management, to result in the preservation of good stands of timber in the New England forests in spite of the continued presence of these tree pests. OTHER NOXIOUS INSECTS, The introduction of the parasites and natural enemies of the gipsy moth and brown-tail moth is not the only work of this kind done by the bureau. An important enemy of the black scale of the orange and olive has been introduced, an egg parasite of the elm-leaf beetle as well, and at present the bureau is engaged in importing the European parasites of the alfalfa weevil. Similar shipments of American parasites to foreign Governments have also been made, and the most striking success has been achieved in the sending of a minute parasite of the mulberry scale from the United States to Italy, where it is reported to have been of the greatest benefit in the destruction of the scales, which bred so numerously in the mulberry plantations as to threaten the entire destruction of this tree upon which is based the great silk-growing industry of that country. A few years ago a thrips appeared upon pear trees and other de- ciduous fruit trees in central California, completely blasting the crops and spreading rapidly, threatening the destruction of prac- tically all deciduous fruits on the Pacific coast. After two years’ investigation of the method of life of this pest, the bureau discov- ered perfectly competent remedies, by the use of which orchardists are once more growing their normal crops. Three years ago a weevil destructive to the alfalfa was discov- ered in the vicinity of Salt Lake City. It has spread rather rapidly 148 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. to the north and to the east, and appeared to threaten great danger to this vitally important crop of the irrigated regions of the West. The bureau’s experts have been studying it since the beginning, have been engaged in importing its natural enemies from Europe (it is a European insect), and have now discovered a method by which the pest can be handled after the first crop of alfalfa has been har- vested. It is hoped that in time some other means will be discovered whereby the important first crop can be saved. INSECTS AS CARRIERS OF DISEASES. Throughout the entire 16 years the important subject of the car- riage of diseases of man and animals by insects has been investi- gated. The mosquitoes that carry malaria and yellow fever have been carefully studied, and publications have been issued Mia = people and giving remedies. In the same way the relation of the common house fly to the car- riage of typhoid fever and other intestinal diseases has been studied, and in the same way publications of warning have been issued, and these have given remedies. The tick which carries the Rocky Mountain spotted fever has also been studied, and an investigation has been completed which points out a way to control this dangerous creature. The ticks that carry the Texas fever of cattle have also been made the subject of intensive study, and many facts have been ascertained which are of service to the Bureau of Animal Industry in its large-scale work in pushing the quarantine line against south- ern cattle farther and farther to the south. FUMIGATING CITRUS TREES. The process of fumigating citrus trees with hydrocyanic-acid gas, which was carried on at a very great expense by the prosperous own- ers of citrus groves in southern California a few years ago, has been studied with the utmost care, and as a result the expense of the process has been reduced to a remarkable degree. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1912. eee PLATE XVIII. Ma an = _ ~ BROTERRS Box-PACKED POULTRY READY FOR SHIPMENT. Ee — Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1912. PLATE XIX. ONILSVO! qaiiwea awiodd t PROR: paee here | Meena 8 . winds | ANOIHD4 ONILSVOA (6) Zz - N a oe) Y SN Q ba % 2 5 . ast Lv DRESSED POULTRY PACKED IN CARTONS. PLATE XX. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1912. “YVD YOLVYSDINIAY OLNI LIVS GNv 30] ONILLAg = XXl. PLAT t. of Agri ep Yearbook U. S. D ‘sTayuuva GNV S3XOg NI AYLINOd HLIM qaqvo71 uvO HOLVYSDINSTY V eer A Al eA wae Wraipartttiies < 4 spt aS yet | THE HANDLING OF DRESSED POULTRY. 289 Low temperature, as we know from household practices, is used to inhibit decay, which it does by slowing bacterial growth and enzym action. When chickens are alive their temperature is 103° F. This must be reduced to 32° F. or less before the birds can be packed for long hauls in refrigerator cars. . The time required to chill the fowl is usually about 24 hours, and the packer must be sure that the viscera, as well as the skin and flesh, are free from heat before the birds leave the chill room. It is the failure to observe this requirement that is responsible for much of the bad-conditioned poultry in our markets. The range of temperature permitted, too, is small. Below 30° F. the flesh is frosted; above 35° F. decay proceeds too rapidly to permit of long hauls to distant markets and a routine of marketing such as our urban life now requires. Of course, the birds can be frozen hard after they are chilled, and so shipped, and this is a very excellent plan, especially if the haul is across a hot country. GRADING AND PACKING. Having removed the natural heat from the dressed fowls, the next step in their preparation is to grade and pack in suitable con- tainers for shipment. This operation should be performed in a room having a temperature of 30° F. and in this room the packed boxes may remain for several days while awaiting shipment. No longer does the packer thrust old cocks, broiling chickens, and fowls indiscriminately into the big sugar barrel, pressing down the birds in his endeavor to pack tightly and so bruising flesh and tearing skins. Such a procedure prevents good keeping; therefore the ship- per, far from his market, must not only avoid it but he must use a package that allows the birds to stay in good condition the maxi- mum length of time. With this end in view, as well as to enable his customers to see at a glance the quality of his product, he has adopted wooden boxes, holding only 12 birds each. He also takes care that each bird of the 12 is an exact match for the other 11, both in weight and quality, and when he has a brand on the box and a reputation in the market, he even matches the color of the skins, that the package may present an attractive appearance. Such ex- actness involves experience and knowledge in grading the birds, and is by no means a simple operation. Plate XVII shows the inte- rior of a packing room with graders and packers at work. Natural light falls on the rack from which the birds are being removed; each dozen as selected are weighed on the track scale and the weight stamped on the box into which the packer puts them. The boxes are lined with parchment paper to protect the skins and to prevent evaporation, and sometimes, especially if long storage is con- templated, each bird is separately wrapped. 73029°—yBkK 1912——19 290 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Plate XVIII shows the appearance of these boxes of chickens. Broilers are breast up, and there is but one layer in the box; roasters and fowls are packed on their sides, and two layers are used. The boxes of broilers weigh from 15 to 24 pounds; roasters and fowls may run 60 pounds to the box. The ordinary barrel of poultry weighs 250 pounds or more. When one considers the delicate char- acter of the skin and flesh of a chicken and the pressure that the poul- try in a heavy package exerts upon itself, it is easy to see what advan- tages in the way of good carrying apply to the small box. For very high-grade poultry the carton holding one roasting or two broiling chickens is being used to a limited degree (Pl. XIX). Like all individual wrappers put on at the source of production, it tends to keep the bird clean and sound skinned. It also insures to the housewife a package that has not been mauled by prospective customers nor soaked in water by the retailer to freshen up a dried- out bird, or perhaps to remove the odors of beginning decay. When high-grade poultry is to be kept from the season of production to the season of scarcity, as is necessary to feed this great country, the carton pack is highly desirable. The drying out of the flesh in the low temperatures of the cold store is very largely prevented and, what is even more desirable, the unbroken package can be sent hard frozen to the consumer. As the consumer becomes better informed cn the subject of food supplies and their handling the packers will mark the cartons with the date of killing, as well as the brand of goods. Thus the purchaser will see that the bird has been killed during the season when the quality is highest—broilers before De- cember and roasters between September and January—and that they have not been held in storage more than 12 months. The packer of high-class goods is now more than willing to put such information on his labels; the warehouseman desires it; the wholesaler wants such information; but the retailer can not risk giving the true story to the consumer because the prevailing ignorance would translate the truth into undesirability, and the purchaser would go elsewhere to purchase the same grade of goods, but accompanied by the verbal statement of “strictly fresh and nearby.” The consumer does not realize when he clamors for true labels on foodstuffs that his own ignorance and prejudice are the greatest bars to the obtaining of his wishes. SHIPPING METHODS. But to return to the boxed poultry that we left in the refrigerated packing room waiting for its long journey to the consumer. How must that journey be made to insure good order on arrival? The answer used to be “ speed,” because the time that the produce would keep was so short under even the best of prevailing conditions that the whole course of marketing must needs be rushed. Now the THE HANDLING OF DRESSED POULTRY. 291 reply is, good handling and refrigeration, from start to finish; re- frigeration evenly and constantly maintained, because cold is a great discourager of those all-pervading and ever wide-awake forms of plant life, bacteria and molds, without which we do not have decay. To maintain refrigeration between the far-distant source of sup- ply and the consuming center, we have developed a system of refrig- erated carriers in connection with our railroads, and we are as de- pendent upon them for our food supplies as is England upon her ships. The traveling public everywhere is familiar with the appearance of the outside of the freight car which bears the word “ refrigerator,” as well as the initials of its line, but few of the many thousands who depend on those cars for their daily supply of foodstuffs know how they are constructed and made efficient for the work which they are to do. Ice is used to produce low temperatures, and when below 40° F. is required salt is mixed with the crushed ice. A compartment is built across each end of the car to hold the ice, and openings above and below, into the body of the car, permit circulation and conse- quent cooling of the air of the car. Plate XX shows the procedure of icing and salting. Rock salt is contained in the barrel which hes on the roof of the car. The hatches through which the ice and salt are put into the bunkers are also shown. In some places ice crushers are used instead of man power, which greatly hastens the icing process. In order to keep the heat of the atmosphere from penetrating the car and so disseminating the cold produced by the refrigerant, insu- lation must be used in its construction. The modern refrigerator ear is rapidly becoming a chill room on wheels, and it must be that if it is to serve the public to its satisfaction and to the financial profit of the railroads as well. During the long hauls in the United States the same car, with its unbroken load, must traverse the heat of deserts and the cold of high mountains, or go from the warm south- land to Alaskan snows. It may be that the load carried must not vary in temperature more than 5° F., in which case ice is used in some parts of the journey and stoves in others. Our chickens, however, seldom become too cold. It is heat that we must guard against when they are shipped; therefore the care- ful packer will ask the railroad to set the refrigerator car on his siding at least 24 hours before he expects to load, for no packer who works to prevent decay ever loads his poultry in a car having a high temperature or hauls chilled goods in wagons. Then he will examine the car to see that when the doors are closed not a ray of light enters, because that would mean inefficiency of insula- tion. He looks also to see that drain pipes are working and the general repair good, and, finally, after the car has been iced and 292 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. salted for at least 24 hours, he takes the temperature about 4 feet from the floor midway between the doors. If it is below 40° F., he may load his chilled birds with safety. Plate X XI shows the load- ing of a car with mixed boxes and barrels of poultry. The packages bearing tags are to be examined by the United States Department of Agriculture when the goods reach their destination and their con- dition noted. The small iron-bound chest contains a thermograph which registers the temperature of the car during transit. One tagged barrel contains dry-packed, the other ice-packed poultry. The latter is the barrel having a big lump of ice under the burlap covering. This experimental shipment was made to determine the relative keeping time of wet and dry packed birds and also to study the question of the height of the load in the car. The car shown in the photograph is loaded too high. About 4 feet is much better. A great many experimental shipments of poultry have been made by the Food Research Laboratory to learn the best available way to conduct every phase of the handling, and it is on the basis of this experimental work that the statements in the present article are founded. The loading of a car containing 20,000 pounds of poultry—that is, the car lot of the West—can be accomplished in 30 minutes if the work is well planned. It should be done as expeditiously as possible io prevent a rise in the temperature of the car. Even with prompt loading it is well to have a heavy canvas curtain hung in the door of the car to keep the outside air from entering. A better plan still is to have a door in the packing room which opens on the loading platform, and then connect the car and the packing room by means of a canvas corridor. Having loaded the car and again observed the temperature, that the packer may know under just what conditions his goods start on their long journey, the doors are closed and sealed. The rail- road agent knows the perishable character of the freight, and he issues instructions to add ice and salt while en route that low tem- peratures may be maintained. Or the packer himself may designate when and how he wants his car iced. When the doors are closed they should remain closed until the market is reached. If the packer has dressed and chilled the birds properly, if the refrigerator car is well insulated and built, if ice and salt are added as needed during the haul, the load is just as sure to reach the market a thousand miles away—that is, about five or six days as reckoned by time—in good condition as is a carload of cast iron. After the chickens reach the market they have still to go through the hands of the commission man, the retailer, and, perhaps, the storage warehouse. But that is another story. SOME RESULTS OBTAINED IN STUDYING RIPENING BANANAS WITH THE RESPIRATION CALORIMETER. By C. F. LANGwortHy and R. D. MILNER, Nutrition Investigations, Office of Experiment Stations. INTRODUCTION. Various agricultural products that were formerly available to the consumer only in rather limited areas and in quite restricted periods at certain definite seasons, may now be had almost everywhere and at practically all seasons of the year. This is due to modern methods of production and distribution. For many crops the kind of atten- tion paid to details of growing, transportation, and marketing de- pends largely upon the market for which they are intended. The condition to which fruit, for instance, may be allowed to ripen de- pends upon the distance to which it is to be transported and the length of time it is to be kept before sale. Some fruit, for example the apple, may be allowed to ripen almost fully on the tree, and if proper attention is paid to handling and storage, may be kept for relatively long periods, and even with improvement of the quality of some varieties. The peach may retain its color and texture and appearance for a considerable time in storage, but its flavor can not be retained. Soft fruits lke the strawberry can be kept for only a very short time without deterioration and decay. On the other hand, such fruits as the banana may be picked before the ripening process has begun, transported long distances, and ripened, under favorable conditions, according to the market demand. PROGRESS OF RIPENING. The phases of fruit ripening are familiar and easy to follow. Development to full size, the gradual softening of tissue, the change in color (usually from green to red, yellow, purple, or blue), the change in flavor from acid, bitter, or astringent to mild, sweet, or bland, and the development of aroma are the principal steps. When fruit is fully ripened, the processes which have been going on do not cease, but continue with loss of quality. The texture grows too soft, 293 294 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the flavor becomes flat or unpleasant, the aroma less agreeable, and the color turns frequently to brown or black, and changes occur more rapidly than during earlier stages of ripening. If micro- organisms gain access to the fruit, through a broken skin, decay begins. If microorganisms do not gain entrance, the fruit gradually loses its moisture. becomes dry and shrunken, turns dark in color, and generally becomes inedible. These changes in physical condition or characteristics are indica- tions of the fact that the chemical nature of the fruit has been altered. In the laboratory considerable study has been made of fruit in different stages of ripening to determine what takes place. Some of the changes are quite easy to follow and are fairly well understood. These include the transformation of starch into sugar, the transformation of soluble tannin compounds into insoluble forms, the actual lessening of the quantity of acid, or the masking of the acid flavor by the accumulation of sugar, the softening of woody tissue, and the increase and storage of water (juice). On the other hand, the formation of compounds responsible for special flavor and aroma, such as volatile ethers, organic oils, etc., is not so easy to follow step by step. Yet much is known about the subject and information is accumulating. Some of the reasons for these changes in the physical and chemical character of fruit were more nearly understood when it was learned that they were brought about by the action of bodies normally pres- ent in the fruit tissue, and called enzyms or unorganized ferments, the latter name being due to the fact that the changes which they bring about in the fruit are similar to those which yeast causes in a sugar solution. The action of the enzyms is influenced by physical conditions such as the degree of heat or amount of moisture, the presence or absence of oxygen and other gases, and the presence or absence of light. In some fruits these changes go on apparently about as well after the fruit is gathered as before; at least, the fruit ripened under favorable conditions after it is picked is practically like that ripened on the plant. Such fruit may be picked green and ripened as desired. In other cases the changes which occur in unripe fruits after gathering are not like those of normal ripening and such fruit must be allowed to ripen as completely as possible before picking. In all fruit the action of the vital processes which continue after ripening results ultimately in a loss of quality. These conditions depend upon the fact that the fruit when taken from the plant, though it can no longer increase its size, still retains its capacity for development, and under favorable circumstances it continues certain of its normal vegetative functions after it is removed from the plant where they had their beginning. STUDYING BANANAS WITH RESPIRATION CALORIMETER. 295 CONTROL OF RIPENING AND ITS COMMERCIAL IMPORTANCE. In large measure, then, the successful handling of fruit so that its season may be prolonged and its quality maintained necessitates some means of retarding or accelerating ripening at will, in order that the desired quality may be attained at the most favorable time, and of retarding or preventing after-ripening processes which result in de- terioration and decay, in order that the season of perfection may be maintained as long as possible. In common practice cold storage, heat insulation, and mechanical refrigeration are employed to retard the ripening of the fruit during shipment, or during the period in which it can be held until needed. Protection from the air, which is usually laden with mold spores and other minute forms of life which cause decay, also plays an important part in storage, since, if these minute forms of life find entrance into the fruit through small breaks in the skin, deterioration and decay will result. On the other hand, use is made of heat, air, and light to accelerate ripening. Sometimes bringing the fruit from the cold-storage warehouse into a room of ordinary temperature is sufficient; sometimes, as in the case of the banana, warmer temperatures are needed. In the application of these facts have grown up the great industries of fruit transportation, storage warehouse business, and other developments of the modern fruit trade. The methods employed, though on a very different scale, are largely those of the housekeeper who holds back the ripening of fruit by keeping it in a cool cellar, ice chest, or refrigerator, and hastens the ripening, for instance, when she puts an underripe melon in the sun, or puts her tomatoes in the kitchen window, or her hard apples and winter pears in a room of moderate temperature. LABORATORY STUDIES OF RIPENING BANANAS. Numerous investigators have studied problems concerned with the ripening of fruits under different conditions. It is not the purpose in the present article to bring together the results of their efforts, but rather to cite a few of them for the purpose of showing the kind of work that has been and is being done with bananas to obtain knowl- edge of the principles on which may be based sound and satisfactory practice. For instance, the Jamaica department of agriculture! made studies of the gases given off by oranges and bananas, with particular reference to the possibilities of shipment. The carbon dioxid liber- ated by the ripening oranges was thought to be a preservative of bananas, though, on the other hand, gases or emanations given off by the oranges were thought to induce premature ripening. The prac- tical deduction was drawn that separate storage was desirable for the two sorts of fruit during sea transportation. +Ann. Rpt. Dept. Agr. [Jamaica], 1910, p. 6. 296 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The chemical changes occurring in the ripening banana have been studied by a number of investigators, including Tallarico,t Yoshi- mura,” Reich,? and Bailey. The results of such work as theirs have shown that during the ripening of the fruit the starch is transformed into saccahrose (cane sugar), which gradually increases in amount and is, in turn, converted partly or wholly into a mixture of dextrose and levulose, “invert sugar,” the proportion varying according to circumstances. The presence of other kinds of sugar has not been demonstrated. . Chemical analyses showed the green fruit to contain on an average about 1 per cent of reducing sugar, the amount increasing until the fruit when ripened to the yellow stage contained about 6 per cent and the brown (very ripe) fruit about 11 per cent. The amount of cane sugar increased from about 6 per cent in the green to a maximum of about 11 per cent in the yellow fruit and then diminished to about 6 per cent in the brown (very ripe) bananas. The total carbohy- drates (starch, sugar, etc.), which made up about 21 per cent of the green fruit, reached a maximum of about 22 per cent in the yellow banana, and diminished to about 17 per cent in the brown (very ripe) fruit. Water and tannin substances remained fairly constant throughout the ripening. The changes in acids, in proteins, and in fats were also investigated, but no general deduction seems warranted. Studies of the agencies which cause banana ripening have shown that various enzyms or “unorganized ferments,” which are present normally in the banana, take part in the process. The presence of a number of these ferments has been demonstrated by various chemists. The action of catalase, an enzym which accelerates oxidation proc- esses, is intense during the ripening, but gradually disappears in the fully ripe and blackened fruit. Amylase, the enzym transforming starch into sugar (maltose), is active during the early stages of ripening, and its presence has been found even in the ripened fruit. The presence of invertase (sucrase), which brings about the inversion of cane sugar to dextrose and levulose, has been shown in the unripe fruit, but its action is much more intense in the ripened fruit and gradually disappears as the ripening process ends. Alkalinity retards or inhibits its action. Protease, a protein-splitting ferment, has been found and is active during the ripening period, but its action prob- ably diminishes and disappears afterwards. The action of the lipases, as fat-splitting enzyms are called, has been demonstrated in both the unripe and ripe fruit. The hydrolysis of raffinose by banana tissue was shown, but the specificity of the enzym effecting this hydrolysis was not established. 1 Arch, Farmaco]. Sper. e Sci. Aff., 7 (1908), p. 27. 2 Ztschr, Untersuch., Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 21 (1911), p. 406. 3Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 22 (1911), p. 208. 4 Jour, Amer. Chem, Soc., 34 (1912), p. 1706. STUDYING BANANAS WITH RESPIRATION CALORIMETER. 297 Tn reporting the results of chemical studies which give data regard- ing the mineral matter as well as other constituents of unripe and ripe bananas, one investigator concluded that during the ripening of a bunch of bananas under commercial conditions the change of starch into sugar is normal, but that the inversion of cane sugar is slower than it is when the fruit ripens on the plant and that it progresses less favorably. Whenever the cane sugar content of the bananas was much higher than the invert sugar the fruit seemed unripe and lacking in aroma. Studies of bananas during the ripening period, which have been made by the Bureau of Chemistry of this department, and which still await publication, deal with the changes which take place in the carbohydrates and other constituents and their causes. The respira- tion calorimeter experiments of the Office of Experiment Stations, such as are reported in this article, furnish information particularly regarding the respiration of the banana and the energy transforma- tions involved, as measured by the gaseous exchange and heat output. The results correlate and supplement those obtained by chemical methods. . It has been suggested that the heat liberated by bananas during the active ripening period is due to bacterial activity rather than to enzymic changes, but results of bacteriological studies reported by FE. M. Bailey * indicate that this is not the case. From his studies he concludes that— the inner portions of the pulp of sound bananas are practically sterile, but that the regions of the inner coats of the peel may be sparsely inhabited by bacteria, which, during normal ripening processes, are held in check, but subsequently find conditions favorable to growth. The resistance of the protective covering of the fruit to invasion by bacteria points to the circulation of the plant juice as a more probable channel of infection, and suggests that infection occurs while the fruit is still on the tree. The laboratory work which has been done up to the present is not very large in amount, yet it has proved very useful. Out of the knowledge thus gained with bananas and other fruits and the larger volume of knowledge gained by experience the present elaborate system of shipping and storing bananas has developed and become an industry of great proportions and representing an enormous in- vestment. The numerous losses and the uncertainty of results show that perfection in methods has not yet been attained. Bananas are usually shipped by water from the tropical regions where they are grown to the distributing centers. Ships especially equipped for the purpose are used. The rapid growth of the in- dustry may be seen when it is recalled that 30 or 40 years ago bananas were a great rarity in the United States, except in a few seaboard towns, while now they are common in every region. In Great i Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc., 34 (1912), p. 1706. 298 “YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Britain the condition is even more striking, for the banana, little known 15 years ago, is now the “poor man’s fruit.” The banana steamers, particularly those designed for long trips, are equipped with specially constructed chambers for holding the fruit so that bruising will be reduced to a minimum, and with special devices for forcing cooled, chilled, and dried air through the chambers so that the banana may remain green until it reaches its destination. Although so much has been accomplished as a result of study and experience, other problems must be solved if losses are to be reduced to a minimum and quality insured. For this reason the study of banana-ripening problems was undertaken by the United States Department of Agriculture. THE RESPIRATION CALORIMETER AS AN AID TO THE STUDY OF FRUIT RIPENING. To assist in satisfying the demand for such information the de- partment has given considerable attention to the study of the prob- lems of fruit ripening. The changes of physical and chemical nature which occur in fruit ripening under various conditions have been followed. It has been found that these changes are accom- plished by the taking of oxygen from the atmosphere and the libera- tion of carbon dioxid, and that, as in the case of most chemical changes of this character, there is a corresponding liberation of heat. In other words, the ripening fruit resembles an animal in that it breathes in oxygen and gives off carbon dioxid, and in the perform- ance of its vital processes liberates heat. For comprehensive knowl- edge regarding the changes taking place in the ripening fruit, some method of studying simultaneously the gaseous exchange and the energy transformation occurring during the process was essential. The results obtained with the respiration calorimeter employed in the study of such factors in investigations in human physiology indicated that such an apparatus that could be employed likewise in similar investigations in plant physiology would be advantageous, and some tests with fruit in the chamber of the large calorimeter showed that such a device could be readily adapted for such work. Accordingly, as pointed out in an earlier volume?’ of this series, cooperative experiments were undertaken by the Bureau of Chemis- try and the Office of Experiment Stations. To facilitate the work a special respiration calorimeter of suitable size was constructed for the purpose. The special problem selected was the study of bananas during the period which corresponds to commercial ripening in banana cellars or warehouses; that is, the period during which the green banana as received from the shipper is held in the warm, moist conditions, until it ripens, turns yellow, and is ready for the retailer, which requires approximately one week. The results of a typical 1U. 8. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1910, p. 307. STUDYING BANANAS WITH RESPIRATION CALORIMETER. 299 experiment on the ripening of bananas in this apparatus are dis-’ cussed in the pages beyond. In general, it may be said that the phenomena observed and studied quantitatively in these respiration- calorimeter experiments with bananas yield new data for judging of the character and extent of the changes involved in ripening. It is believed that the results of such studies, taken together with those obtained by other methods, when interpreted, will be of value to the producer, shipper, and dealer by enabling them to improve their methods, lessen losses, and improve quality. The respiration calorimeter with which the experiment was made was designed especially for investigations of this character, and has been described in considerable detail in former publications of the department.' In brief, it may be explained that the significant feature of the apparatus consists of a respiration chamber that is both air tight and heat proof, which affords an opportunity to measure the gaseous exchange and energy transformation that take place within it. To measure the gaseous exchange, the air of the chamber is kept in constant circulation, being withdrawn by a rotary air pump through a pipe in one wall, passed through purifying devices and returned to the chamber through another pipe, at a rate of circulation of about 10 liters per minute. In the train of purifying devices the air is passed first through sulphuric acid, which removes all the water vapor from it, and next through soda lime, which removes all the carbon dioxid. The sul- phuric acid and soda lime bottles are weighed at stated intervals, the increase in weight showing how much water and carbon dioxid were absorbed during the intervening period. At the beginning and end of each period analyses of the air remain- ing in the chamber are made, which show what changes have taken place in the moisture and carbon-dioxid content of the air during the period. These data are taken into account with those for the quanti- ties absorbed from the circulating air to determine the amounts pro- duced during the period. Changes in volume of the air of the chamber due to differences of temperature and of barometric pressure at the beginning and end of the period are also considered. Oxygen to replace that used by the bananas is admitted to the chamber from a cylinder which is weighed at the beginning and end of the period. The loss in weight of the cylinder, the gain or loss in the percentage of oxygen in the residual air, as determined by analy- sis, and the difference in volume due to changes in temperature and barometric pressure are data from which the amounts of oxygen consumed by the fruit are determined. In order that the energy transformations occurring within the chamber may be measured, the gain or loss of heat through the walls 1U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbooks 1910, p. 307; 1911, p. 491. 300 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. is prevented. To this end the chamber has double parallel walls of sheet copper separated by a small air space. Provision is made for keeping the temperature of the outer wall exactly the same as that of the inner wall, in which case heat will not pass from one to the other in either direction. Part of the heat generated by the bananas is carried out as latent heat of water vapor in the ventilating air current. This is deter- mined by multiplying the weight of water vapor removed from the air by the factor 0.586, which represents the amount of heat required to vaporize one gram of water at 20° C. The remainder of the heat liberated in the chamber is taken up by a current of cold water flow- ing in a coil of copper pipe, called the “ heat absorber,” hanging in the air of the chamber surrounding the bananas. The quantity of water flowing in a given period through the heat absorber is weighed. The difference between the temperature of the water just as it enters and that just as it leaves the calorimeter chamber is continuously recorded automatically. The product of the weight of water for a given period and its average temperature difference is the amount of heat carried out during the period. The sum of these two quantities is practically the amount of heat produced by the bananas, though changes in temperature of the walls of the calorimeter and in the bananas themselves are also taken into consideration. The temperature of the water entering the heat absorber is auto- matically maintained constant at any point desired within 0.05°. This temperature and the rate of flow of water are regulated so that the absorption of heat in the chamber will follow its generation in such manner that the temperature of the air in the chamber will remain practically constant at any given point. Once an experiment has begun, the apparatus, as a calorimeter, because of improvements in it and in methods, is practically self- operating, yet very accurate. The instrument as a respiration appa- ratus has been improved also until the work of operating it has been greatly reduced. The purifying devices require attention only at the ends of the periods, when change is made from one train to the other. The train that has been in use is then weighed, replenished, and again connected and tested, in readiness for the change at the end of the new period. The details of an experiment with a bunch of bananas in this respiration calorimeter are given in the following pages. AN EXPERIMENT WITH BANANAS RIPENED IN THE RESPIRATION CALORIMETER. Bananas usually come to the Washington market in the early part of the week, and the best ones are commonly disposed of quickly. For these experiments bananas are generally obtained shortly after they are unloaded from the freight car, so as to have them as green STUDYING BANANAS WITH RESPIRATION CALORIMETER. 301 as possible, and care is taken to make selection from those that show no indication that ripening has begun. This affords oppor- tunity to follow the changes occurring during the whole of the com- mercial ripening ‘period. It is a part of the plan followed to study bananas of different grades. The bunch used in the present ex- periment, however, was somewhat more mature than those usually obtained. As a whole the shipment from which this bunch was selected was not particularly fine, and the bunch chosen was not first grade, being rather what would be known commercially as “seconds,” and not a particularly fine quality of that grade. It was a rather small-sized bunch, weighing only 12.29 kilograms when put into the respiration chamber, and the bananas on it were also only medium or small in size. The stock from which the bananas were selected was not as green as the average shipment, but one of the greenest bunches was taken. When the fruit reached the labora- tory, toward the middle of the afternoon on January 2, its tempera- ture was considerably below 20° C., which was that at which it was intended to keep the bananas during the ripening period. The bunch was therefore allowed to hang in the laboratory until ‘about 10 o’clock on the following morning, at which time it had become sufficiently warm to be put into the calorimeter chamber. By this time there were faint suggestions of changes of color of the skin of the banana from green to yellow. The bunch was then weighed and put directly into the respiration chamber and the cover of the latter sealed on. The usual analysis of the air residual in the cham- ber at the time of sealing in the bananas was not made, but all the carbon dioxid or water vapor generated in it was retained there. The purifying system was made tight and the air circulation started by 2 p. m., January 3, but the recording of experimental data did not begin until a little later, the intervening time being employed as usual in bringing the calorimeter into a condition of thermal equilibrium between the inside and outside metal walls of the cham- ber. At 5.45 p. m., everything being in readiness for the experi- ment, an analysis was made of the residual air in the chamber, the circulating air was shunted from one purifying system to the other. and the first regular period of the experiment began. The experiment as a whole continued almost five days, and was divided into five periods each of practically a day’s duration. The ripening of the fruit continued regularly, and each day the change in color from green to yellow, as seen through the window of the respiration calorimeter, became more noticeable. On the morning of January 6, though a bit of green color still persisted at the ex- treme tip, the bananas appeared to be fully as ripe as they would be found under ordinary commercial conditions, if not indeed a little be- yond that stage. Dark patches on the skin were quite distinct, and 802 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. some dark lines appeared along the ridges on the fruit. Some of the individual bananas seemed to be a little shrunken. However, in order that there might be no doubt as to the full ripeness of the bananas when taken from the respiration chamber, the experiment was continued until the close of the following day, January 7. At the end of the experimental period the cover of the respiration chamber was unsealed, and the fruit was removed and weighed im- mediately, the weight of the bunch being 11.59 kilos. The fruit was then examined as to its commercial quality. The skin of the bananas felt somewhat dry and appeared to be very slightly wilted, with dark lines and patches which were quite pronounced. The pulp was somewhat dry and mealy, just tending toward too great softness, though it was not sour or overripe; in fact, it was more nearly in the best condition for eating than bananas commonly sold in the market, since under commercial conditions fruit that has reached that stage of ripeness begins so soon to pass to overripeness and to decay that it can no longer be sold for good prices. The flavor of the fruit was delicious, and its aroma, which was noticed especially on opening the respiration chamber, was very pleasing. In brief, bananas in the condition of these at the close of the ex- periment would be much more satisfactory to the consumer than the underripe fruits so commonly sold. To the dealer, on the other hand, they would not be so satisfactory unless they could be sold quickly, because if they had to be kept any length of time they would become overripe and would not bring good prices. The data obtained in the experiment are summarized in the following table: Summary of data obtained in respiration calorimeter experiments with ripening bananas. Tem- Tem- Res- Dura- | Pet-.| pera- | Pe | water | C229" oxygen} Heat | pira- | Ter 2 ture of cent of dioxid mal Date. tion of aia i Co) oxygen Pieky pro- oo bros tory quo- perio 3 ana- | ~" = uced. ‘i sumed.| duced.| quo- ghar ham. air. duced. tient tient Calo- Hrs.min.| °C. °6. Gm. Gm, | Liters. | ries. JOR: Des. eet os ge he 7 40 20.6 21.4 18.00,} 122.7 | 110.9 16.0] 213.3 0.92) hasseaee. PARE oe e eet as aoe 93) io 20.9 22.4 17.69 124.2 43.6 21.6 | 3131.0 1.03 3.00 At: baler Sa eee Doe 20.6 21.6} 20.41 122. 4 43.8 22.2 113.0 1.00 2.58 Jat. OSU eee: Zar: 20.5 21.3 19. 43 116.9 38.7 18.4 100.1 1.07 2.59 PREG). < pitted EL 24s). 20.5 20.7 20. 01 112.3 33.8 16.6 87.0 1.04 2.57 tL 10 ie ae re eee 23 40 20.5 21.1 24. 23 106. 2 31.3 1 ey 87.0 1.16 2.78 Totals and AVETARES o'| LAD, £0) |e doe | ees telat aca ererata 604. 7 202.1 98.5 531.4 1.04 2.63 1 These figures do not include corrections for the amounts present in the residual air of the chamber at the beginning of the preliminary period, since no analysis of the air was made at that time. 2 This figure for Jan. 2 represents only the heat due to the vaporization of the water in the outgoing air. 3 This figure for heat measured during this period is somewhat larger than that actually produced by the bananas. STUDYING BANANAS WITH RESPIRATION CALORIMETER. 303 The first two columns in the table on page 302 show the date and the length of the several periods into which the experiment was divided. The preliminary period, as already explained, continued from the time when the bananas were sealed in the respiration chamber until the circulating-air system was changed from one set of purifying de- vices to the other. For convenience the first and second day periods were made a little less than 24 hours each, while the last period ended 20 minutes before the completion of the full day. The second column shows the temperature of the air in the cham- ber at the end of each of the several experimental periods. The third column shows the temperature of the bananas themselves, as indicated by a special electrical resistance thermometer, long and slender in form, which was pushed between the bananas deep into the bunch, but which did not actually penetrate the fruit. The temperatures of both the air and the bananas were read at frequent intervals during each day, so that any fluctuations could be readily detected. In the case of the air surrounding the bananas, care was taken to prevent any very wide fluctuation in temperature. The temperature of the air in the chamber is regulated by controlling either the rate of flow or the temperature of the water circulating in the heat absorber ad- jacent to the bunch of bananas in the respiration chamber. The tem- perature of the bananas themselves, of course, varied with the activity of the ripening processes. It is essential to know the change in the temperature of the fruit in order to make correction for the amount of heat involved in such change in determining the total quantity of heat produced by the bananas. It will be observed that the tem- perature was highest during the first regular period, January 3, and that from this day it fell off gradually until the last day, January 7, at which time it was for some reason apparently slightly higher than on the day just preceding. The fourth column shows the percentage of oxygen in the air of the respiration chamber at the end of each period, as determined by analysis of a sample of air drawn from the chamber at that time. It is essential to know what change has taken place in the oxygen con- tent of the air at the end of a given period in order to determine how much oxygen has been used during the period. The data are given here simply to show the limits of variation that were found. They give no indication, however, of the proportion of oxygen present in the air during the whole of the period, as this would vary with changes in the temperature or the barometric pressure of the air, or with the care taken to fill the air tension equalizer always to the same point and at regular intervals. Most of the time oxygen was intro- duced into the chamber in such quantities as would keep the propor- tion of oxygen in the air not far from 20 per cent. During the second 304 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. experimental period, when the activity of the banana was greatest, the temperature and barometric pressure conditions were such that the proportion of oxygen in the air diminished somewhat, but it was increased to normal again during the succeeding period and was maintained at normal during the rest of the experiment. The high percentage shown in the table at the end of the last period was due to the fact that an excess of oxygen was accidentally admitted asi before the last period was semen: The fifth column shows the amount of water produced by the bananas during each period. This is ascertained from a gain in weight of the first water absorber (a bottle containing concentrated sulphuric acid) in the air-purifying system, and from the increase or decrease in the quantity of moisture present in the air residual in the chamber at the beginning and end of the period. At the end of the preliminary period, January 2, the water absorber had gained 22.7 grams, owing to moisture removed from the circulating air. . It can not be stated how closely this represents the total quantity of moisture produced during this period, because the air was not analyzed at the beginning of the period, hence the increase in the quantity of moisture residual in the air of the chamber could not be determined. The quantity of moisture given off by the ripening bananas in the first regular period would appear, from the table, to be slightly larger than that of any of the others, but that in the second period was practically identical with it when the small difference in the length of the periods is taken into account. There was a small but continu- ous decrease in quantity of moisture eliminated by the bananas in each successive period, in conformity with the decrease in the in- tensity of the ripening processes. The moisture content of the air surrounding the bananas in the chamber depends entirely on the elimination of moisture by the bananas themselves, because the circulating air returning to the cham- ber is absolutely dry after having passed through the purifying sys- tem. During the whole of the experiment the relative humidity of the air was somewhat below the point of saturation for the tempera- ture of the air. It was greatest during the first two periods, and de- creased gradually as the activity of the bananas diminished. The total quantity of water eliminated by the bananas during the whole of the experiment was 604.7 grams, which was almost one- twentieth, or 4.9 per cent, of the total weight of the bananas put into the chamber. The quantities of carbon dioxid eliminated by the bananas during the several periods are shown in the sixth column. These are deter- mined from the increase in the weights of the carbon dioxid absorber (a bottle of soda lime followed by a bottle of sulphuric acid) of the STUDYING BANANAS WITH RESPIRATION CALORIMETER. 805 air-purifying system, together with the changes in the quantities of earbon dioxid in the air of the chamber at the end of each period. The quantity given for the preliminary period, January 2, is only approximate, because no correction was made for the amount present in the air of the chamber at the beginning of this period. As in the ease of the water, the largest amounts of carbon dioxid were elimi- nated the first two experimental days, being almost the same for both. The quantities for the succeeding days showed a gradual decrease. The quantities of oxygen utilized by the bananas for the ripening processes are indicated in the seventh column. At least, these repre- sent the quantities taken by the fruit from the circulating air, as shown by the loss in the weight of the cylinder from which the oxygen was supplied to the chamber, and the change in the oxygen content of the air of the chamber at the end of each period. It is possible, of course, that oxygen may have been available to the fruit from some other source also. It is conceivable, for instance, that there may have been a supply of oxygen in the tissues of the plant, or oxygen may have been derived from the transformation of some of the compounds of the fruit. However. it is noteworthy in this connection that utilization of oxygen from the air kept pace very evenly with the elimination of carbon dioxid. This is shown quite clearly by the figures in the ninth column, designated as “ respira- tory quotients.” The respiratory quotient represents the ratio of the volume of oxygen consumed to that of the carbon dioxid produced; that is, it is the quotient found by dividing the latter by the former. In the combustion of carbohydrate material, the volume of carbon dioxid produced is exactly the same as that of oxygen consumed; that is, the respiratory quotient is 1.00. It is noticeable that for each of the regular periods of this experiment the respiratory quotient is not far from unity, the most noticeable deviation being on the last experimental day, January 7. Considering the experiment as a whole, the ratio between the carbon dioxid production and oxygen consumption is 1.04. This appears to be at least a fair indication that the metabolic processes representing the ripening of the bananas were essentially equivalent to an oxidation of carbohydrate. The quantity of heat produced by the bananas, as a result of the transformations mentioned above, is indicated in the eighth column. For the preliminary period, January 2, the quantity given repre- sents only the heat due to the vaporization of the water absorbed from the air leaving the respiration chamber, because part of the time represented by this period was utilized to bring the internal and external metal walls of the chamber into thermal equilibrium, in which process heat may be gained or lost by the chamber through 73029°—yBxK 1912——_20 3806 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the walls, and this would affect the quantity of heat measured by} the calorimeter, and supposed to be given off by the bananas. As a matter of fact, such an error actually occurred in the meas-} urements of heat during the first regular period of the experiment, January 3. The quantity indicated by the table as having been eliminated by the bananas is 131 calories. This value, however, is somewhat too large, because during the early part of this period there was not thermal equilibrium between the inner and outer metal walls at the bottom of the chamber, nor between the ingoing and outgoing air. Heat was being introduced at both places, so that it is certain that the amount of heat measured by the calorimeter in this period is larger than that produced by the bananas, though just how much larger can not be exactly stated. In the succeeding experimental period, January 4, which was only . 15 minutes shorter than the one before it, the amounts of water (122.4 grams) and of carbon dioxid (43.8 grams) given off and of oxygen (22.2 grams) absorbed by the bananas were almost identical with the corresponding quantities of the previous period, but the amount of heat measured in the second period was only 113 calories. It is very probable that this more nearly represents the amount of heat generated in the first period also than the value recorded in the table. There was a gradual diminution in the quantity of heat produced in the succeeding periods, although in the last period, January 7, the quantity shown in the table is exactly the same as that for the next to the last period. This appears to have been due to the fact that the temperature of the bananas seems for some reason to have increased somewhat toward the close of the final period, and the amount of heat involved in such a temperature increase is, of course, included, together with that measured in other ways, in calculat- ing the total amount of heat produced by the bananas during the time covered. The figures in the last column of the table are designated as “ ther- mal quotients.” The figure for each period simply represents the numerical ratio between the grams of carbon dioxid produced and the calories of heat produced during the period. In the combustion of carbohydrate (starch), for each gram of carbon dioxid produced 2.58 calories of heat is produced. It is noteworthy that this figure is almost identical with that for three of the periods in this experi- ment. The thermal quotient for the first period is given as 3.00, but this is too large, because of the fact explained above, that the heat production during this period is known to be too large. If the heat production given in the table for the second period were taken to represent that for the first period also, which is undoubt- STUDYING BANANAS WITH RESPIRATION CALORIMETER. 307 edly more nearly correct than the figure actually given for this period, the thermal quotient for that period would be 2.6. The in- crease in the heat production for the last period referred to above results also in a thermal quotient slightly larger than that for the remaining periods. The quotient for the experiment as a whole is 2.63. This value, like the respiratory quotient, may also be con-° sidered a fair indication that the metabolic activity in the banana during this experiment was equivalent to those involved in the combustion of carbohydrate. The data obtained in this experiment do not show with certainty the particular carbohydrate which was oxidized. It may have been any one or some of all of the carbohydrates present in the fruit, namely, starch, cane sugar, or invert sugar. This is apparent when it is recalled that approximately 125 grams of starch, or 130 grams of cane sugar, or 140 grams of invert sugar would yield on combustion the quantities of carbon dioxid and energy produced by this bunch of bananas. The fact that the value found agrees so nearly with the theoretical value for any one of these carbohydrates indicates that other constituents of the banana, as tannin compounds, aromatic and flavoring bodies, and proteids were not concerned in the energy trans- formations to any extent, or, if they were, that the amount of heat they utilized exactly balanced the amount they produced. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS. A consideration of available experimental and other data shows that the successful handling of fruit during transportation, in the cold-storage warehouse, and in the home depends upon a knowledge of the changes which take place in ripening, after ripening, and decay, and the causes of these changes and ways in which they may be controlled. Present practice is based on knowledge gained by experience, supplemented by work carried on in the laboratory. The respiration calorimeter offers a new means for studying fruit- ripening problems, and the results are briefly presented of a study made with bananas during the active ripening period. The results show that the ripening changes progress regularly to a maximum and then decline; that at its greatest intensity the heat produced is equiva- lent to approximately one calorie per hour per kilogram of bananas. The heat liberated is a measure of the activity of one or more of the ripening processes. Analysis has shown that during ripening the banana starch is transformed into cane sugar and the cane sugar into invert sugar, and that there are important changes in the character of the tannin compounds, and that other changes occur, brought about by the production of aroma and flavor bodies, and perhaps i in other ways. It has also been found that in addition to the trans- 808 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. formation of carbohydrates there is an actual loss of this food con- stituent during ripening. From the data for oxygen consumption, carbon dioxid, and heat output it appears that the heat liberated by the ripening bananas is largely due to the destruction of carbohydrate. The results here recorded and discussed represent only a part of the material which is being accumulated. No attempt is made at this time to draw deductions regarding the practical applications which can be made, as this may be done more properly when experiments now under way are completed. et i i CROP SAFETY ON MOUNTAIN SLOPES. By J. CECIL ALTER, Observer, United States Weather Bureau. INTRODUCTORY. When “Jim” Bridger, the pioneer Indian trader, told Brigham Young and his Mormon immigrants that farming could not be practiced in the Rocky Mountains, and that he would “ give one thou- sand dollars in gold for the first bushel of wheat raised in the Salt Lake Valley,” he evidently had in mind the mountain blizzards that lash themselves about the cloud-hemmed peaks and the desert-dry slopes and plains whose very vegetation—the characterless weather- worn sage—betokens extreme summer temperatures in certain dis- tricts and severe winter cold in certain other mountain regions. But Colonel Bridger was not a true prophet. for to-day, while there certainly are numerous superheated deserts and overexposed slopes imprisoned in the Rocky Mountain fastnesses, where even native animals sometimes perish from exposure to the weather, there are many notable agricultural and fruit districts in the neighborhood of three-quarters of a mile above sea level that have climates of rare equability and gentleness, with an ideal progression of the seasons, where floriculture, horticulture, and agriculture are inten- sively and quite successfully practiced. MOUNTAINS AS AN AGRICULTURAL ASSET. These favored regions in many instances are on the lower slopes of mountains whose peaks dwell in almost eternal winter, and yet the fierce climate aloft does not descend upon the fields at the moun- tain’s foot even in winter; and, as we become familiar with the conditions, we begin to comprehend the interesting fact that moun- tains, having certain favorable configurations, are actual assets to the farmer as weather producers and regulators, and form unique protection against the vicissitudes of climate so often found where elevation above sea level tends to expose the land. 309 310 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The level farm on a level plain is exposed to conditions of winds, storms, and sunshine that are normal for that general latitude and longitude, but in the mountains the sun’s rays glance about on the various slopes, collecting in one place and scattering away from another; and the winds and storms are prevented from sweeping over the agricultural valleys in unbridled frenzy by the protecting mountain barricades. Thus there are mountain lands that are totally unfit for agriculture by reason of severe climatic conditions, while only a few miles away will be found the choicest of lands in the finest of climates, depending for these especial characteristics or peculiarities on the way the sun’s rays fall on the surface of the land in the daytime, and the way the surface air flows or drains over it at night. ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF MOUNTAIN FARMS. The land must be sloping, but it must slope in the right direction and at the proper angle; it may incline toward the farmer’s home- stead, or away from it if that seems more desirable; it may slope evenly and gradually away from the lines of irrigation ditches, or, if it be an arid farm, it may slope gently away from the snow-laden hillsides in a very advantageous manner; and it may even slope downward to market by a good and easy road; yet more important than all these slopes is the inclination in the right direction with relation to the sun’s rays and to adjacent canyons and drainways for the higher mountain air. Primarily these subtle slope influences are entirely good, for it is by virtue of them that the mountain-locked valleys are vigorously ventilated day after day, rendering them wholesome and habitable, but from an agricultural viewpoint the slope may cause a climate totally bad, or partially bad, and the mountain farmer must look carefully beyond superficial appearances, and, it must be stated with regret, beyond much of the exploitation literature, for those favor- able slopes down which he may induce the dollars to roll into his bank account. The maximum amount of heat is received by the land from the sun when the sun’s rays fall directly upon it—that is, at a right angle to the soil surface—but in our latitude this can occur only where the land slopes several degrees toward the south or toward the sun. A northerly slope, be it ever so slight, is a slightly cooler slope, and this condition includes a multitude of accompanying in- fluences. Evaporation will be considerably less, and dry farming may be more safely practiced, as the moisture can be more easily conserved: on the other hand, since it receives less heat from the sun, the spring season on such a slope will be slighly delayed, crops CROP SAFETY ON MOUNTAIN SLOPES. SLE will be less precocious, and plant growth, after having started late, will be appreciably slower throughout the summer. This is often manifested by the fact that an alfalfa field on a north slope will yield but three crops safely, while a field on a southerly slope will yield four. It is almost exactly as if the place were removed a much greater distance from the Equator; though a place nearer the North Pole would really be in the sunshine a greater number of hours per day, for the days are longer in summer with increase in latitude. It is for this reason that the Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta coun- tries are good grain producers. The sun’s rays are seriously slanted and their good effects greatly lessened, yet the days are so much longer that grain can be successfully grown there, whereas it might be a failure in middle latitudes on the same angular slope from the sun because of our shorter days. LONGITUDINAL COMPARISON OF SLOPE. Considering the surface slope only, a field slanting 1° to the north lies in the same solar climate as a level field located 70 miles far- ther north, on account of the curvature of the earth’s surface. A field sloping 5° to the north in southern Utah (latitude of southern Missouri), which is not an unusual slope for a farm, is equal to a southern Idaho latitude (latitude of central Iowa). Likewise, a 5° slope to the south in southern Idaho is in the same solar climate as is a level field in the latitude of southern Utah, 350 miles nearer the Equator. It is a fact that the Santa Clara Valley in southern Utah, having a good southerly slope, has a climate, with resultant crop conditions, similar to those of Phoenix and Yuma, Ariz., except that summer maximum temperatures are not so high because of a good air drainage over this region. ABSORPTION AND RADIATION OF HEAT, An oval or convex surface of a knoll in an orchard or field re- ceives less heat from the sun than a level tract, thus helping to keep the daytime temperatures lower; and at night a greater loss of heat is experienced than from a level tract, so that its night-time temperatures also often are lower. Therefore the climate of the top of a knoll or a hill is colder than the climate on a level field. Also, a narrow valley, or a small round one, receives more heat in the - daytime by the collection of the rays and loses less at night by radiation than does a level tract, and its climate, therefore, is appre- ciably warmer; it is a great deal warmer than the knoll or ridge, though the valley and the ridge under consideration be in the same general altitude. For this reason many very high round or par- 312: YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. tially inclosed valleys are good crop regions. This temperature difference between hill and hollow, due to differences of radiation, is greatly accentuated by winds and by air drainage. EVAPORATION OF MOISTURE. A storage reservoir for irrigation water located in a bowl-like depression in the tops of the mountains will not only contain water that is comparatively warm, but it will suffer a great loss by evapo- ration, whereas a reservoir located in an east-and-west canyon in the shadow of a south ridge or mountain may lose only a fraction as much water by evaporation as the reservoir exposed in the sun be- tween the sloping hills. Narrow agricultural valleys experience the same sort of effect from the sun, and their crops in springtime are very precocious, often dangerously so, when there is a probability of injury from late spring frosts. The wider valleys show the re- sult of this collection of the sun’s heat much less than the smaller, narrower valleys. The northerly slopes of the mountain, from which the snow and rain are much more slowly evaporated, are where we find the moun- tain forests, while the southerly slopes, which are quickly dried in the sun after a storm, are usually covered with a ragged blanket of sagebrush, and often carry no vegetation at all. DANGER OF FROST. The greatest weather enemy in all fruit districts, east and west, is the late vagrant spring frost which throws itself into the lap of spring without ceremony—the frost that goes sneaking across the country under the immense high air-pressure areas that are occa- sionally seen on the weather maps, and kills the fruit buds after all nature has apparently concluded that spring has safely arrived. In the mountainous districts the maximum action of these frost- producing high-pressure areas is considerably hindered, but it is un- mitigated in the Plains States and in the East. The dangerous sap- starting warm periods of winter occur in the mountains from the same sort of low barometer areas as in the Mississippi Valley and the East, but the progress of these areas is greatly retarded and their effect minimized by the high mountain peaks and the general eleva- tion of the land. A winter warm spell of sufficient length to start the sap practically never occurs in the mountain valleys, where a more equable condition of the storm-carrying atmosphere is enforced by the impeding mountains, and thus the trees are subjected to less rigorous winter weather and are awakened from their winter dor- mancy in a perfectly natural manner when spring has duly arrived, PLATE XXII. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1912. [-esvurerp are urejunou Aq ATpedrourad BSNV) SHOT} PUO) oF}VUNITD Aq Pao1ojue “WOTINGTAYSTP [eINyeU B ‘SU1O}}0q UT SUIIR] e[GRIeseA pure ureIs pure ‘sadoys uo $901] JIN SULMOYS THI I TO Aq TNCTAYS] { Ul { ! I I : “AATIVA HVL1] SO WHY NV SSOYHYOY ONIMOO7 STIIHLOO+ WOYS M3AIA VY Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1912. PLATE XXIll. Rs Ns Fic. 1.—A ViEW ACROSS THE SALT LAKE VALLEY FROM AN ELEVATION OF ABOUT 5,900 FEET, OR ABOUT 1,600 FEET ABOVE THE VALLEY FLOOR. [Showing fog layer, which is probably about 1,000 feet thick and rests on the ground. Phenomenon due to air drainage from many canyons. ] Fic. 2,.—MAPLEWOOD CHERRY FARM (TRIANGULAR), SHELTERED UNDER MOUTH OF MAPLE CANYON FROM STRONG WINDS, NEAR MAPLETON, UTAH. {Lower 1} inches of picture, only, appropriate. Distant view includes Springville, Provo, and Utah Lake, looking northwest. ] CROP SAFETY ON MOUNTAIN SLOPES. 313 having been weakened neither by excessive cold nor unseasonable warmth. A mere glance across a mountain orchard of uniform, even-sized trees shows that few of them have been winterkilled or even injured by excessive winter cold, and the Eastern fruit grower who has seen the sap start in his orchard during a warm February and has, later, chopped the ruined trees down for firewood because of a vicious freeze in March will appreciate the advantage of a great range of mountains to break up the large storms which are shown from time to time on the daily weather maps of the Weather Bureau, and which produce the unexpected extremes of weather. (Pl. XXII.) EFFECT OF SHADE. A greater influence for good, however, from the mountains in favor of the fruit grower is the shortening of the daylight; that is, the de- laying of the morning sunshine and the advancing of the evening shadows, by the elevation of the horizon, both of which are im- portant aids in delaying the opening of fruit buds until spring has actually arrived. It will be seen that southerly exposures which offer no such shadow protection from mountains to the east and west will permit a much earlier budding of the fruit and will thus increase the prob- ability of loss by subsequent freezes. This shadow protection for the orchards in the Salt Lake Valley, for instance, is very pro- nounced, where the Wasatch Mountains delay the appearance of the sun on the orchards from 30 minutes to 2 hours in the morning, while the protection from the Oquirrh Mountains to the west amounts to from a quarter to half as much in the evening, depending on the loca- tion of the orchard in question. This lessens the daily number of hours of sunshine on the orchards and consequently delays the time of budding and blooming until a more convenient season. EFFECTS OF THAWING. This, however, is only one of a number of mountain influences that tend to make fruit growing safe. These very mountain shadows are the means of saving a great deal of fruit every spring that actually has been frosted and which would be lost if the full might of the sun- shine were thrown upon the buds immediately after sunrise. It is a well-known fact that a bud can withstand a temperature considerably below freezing for a great length of time provided it is thawed out gradually. It is not the freezing that brings pain in the fingers, but it is the thawing out that makes the trouble. And so it is with the e114 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. | fruit buds to a great extent; if they can be warmed slowly they will recover from a severe Focuze. The eastern orchardist, who always has been advised to place his orchard on a northeast slope as offering the least of several climatic evils, has no protection from the sudden thawing of the buds which results in so much damage, but the orchard that lies in the shadow of the mountains until the more distant valley air has been warmed in the sunshine and has gradually flowed across to the mountain- shaded orchard to take the ice out of the buds slowly, recovers safely from a freeze that, occurring anywhere but in a great natural labora- tory, would prove disastrous. AIR DRAINAGE. There is still another arm of safety that the mountain extends out over the orchards at its foot—one that has blessed into fruitage thousands of acres of orchards amidst weather conditions that have ruined many less favored regions—and that is air drainage—the helpful influence of a steady stream or current of air which usually flows down a mountain slope all night, ceasing only when the morn- ing sun appears and changes the direction of the flow gently back up the slope. As soon as darkness overspreads the valley in the evening the cool air begins to settle into the lowest places and to become quiet. Under a clear sky it will then gradually grow cooler by radiation until morning, and for this very good reason the valley bottoms, where the dead, quiet, cold air settles at night, are carefully avoided by or- chardists. Gradually during the night the lower parts of the valley fill with cold air, and this dead-air district enlarges and creeps up the slope as the slowly-cooling air from the mountains flows down by reason of its greater density, under the rising warm air over the valley, which spreads at the higher elevations to the orchard districts. Because of this stratified formation of air of differing temperatures and consequent differing densities in mountain valleys, it is usual to find great variations in the advancement of the seasons, as shown by the differing stages of common crops and vegetation development, even along the same parallel of latitude, because of the wide differ- ences in exposure and élevation presented. It is interesting to note that in many Utah valleys neighborhoods within a very few miles of each other and differing only a few hundred feet in elevation have climates so different as to make the stages of the growth of common crops several weeks apart. The cultivated portion of the Salt Lake Valley south of Salt Lake City is about 10 miles wide, having an altitude along the Jordan River of about 4,250 feet above sea level. From here the ground rises gradually toward the east to the Wasatch Mountains, and CROP SAFETY ON MOUNTAIN SLOPES. 315 toward the west to the Oquirrh Mountains, where the agricultural lands merge into the foothills at an average altitude of about 4,450 feet, a total rise of about 200 feet in something less than 5 miles. In fact, the valley floor in places is so wide and flat as to confine this rise to within approximately 2 miles. Such is the case between Wandamere, a suburb of Salt Lake City, about 5 miles south and 1 mile east of the center of the city, and East Mill Creek, a community next to the Wasatch foothills, 2 miles nearly due east of Wandamere. The general conditions noted along the slope between these two places prevail on the same slope to the southward for a distance of 10 or 12 miles, and also across the valley toward the west, on the slope up to the Oquirrh Mountains; there- fore the data gathered from an examination of the East Mill Creek to Wandamere slope may be safely assumed to apply in a general way to the entire valley. As shown by the berry vines and tree fruits, the East, Mill Creek springtime is on the average about 2 weeks in advance of the season of the lower neighbor, Wandamere. This anomaly exists primarily because the growth of vine and tree crops is dependent principally on the temperature of the atmosphere, and not so much on the tem- perature of the soil. But fundamentally this dissimilarity in climate has its birth in the nightly transference of air from the mountains to the valley by air drainage. The draining of the cool air nightly into the Wandamere bottoms causes the accumulation of spring temperatures to lag; that is, the mean temperature for the 24 hours is lower than at East Mill Creek. This condition causes an appreciable lethargy in the opening of the fruit and berry blossoms at Wandamere, and the orchards at East Mill Creek, which lie well above the level to which the cold imported air usually rises, get an average of two weeks’ start, because their night-time temperatures average higher, thus giving a greater ac- cumulation of growing temperatures in the same length of time. RANGE OF TEMPERATURE, The height to which the accumulated cold air extends up the slope each night varies constantly, probably ranging from an inappre ciably small distance to as far as the East Mill Creek district itself under favorable conditions; therefore orchards along the slope be- tween show progressively and quite regularly the change from the Wandamere to the East Mill Creek conditions. The slope is a very gradual and even one, therefore the 200-foot rise, representing two weeks difference in the seasons, may be fairly accurately divided into units of one day earlier for fruit for each 14 feet of rise from Wan- damere toward East Mill Creek. 316 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The daily march of normal temperatures in the spring at Salt Lake City is at the rate of about 1° F. rise in every three days; and from this information the direct deduction is made that the 14-foot rise in elevation, equaling one day’s advance in fruit growth, is therefore equivalent to one-third of a Fahrenheit degree increase in the daily mean temperature. The total difference in the daily spring mean temperatures between East Mill Creek and Wandamere, calculated on this basis, is, therefore, 43° F. Thus from this natural necessity the lowlands of the Salt Lake Valley are devoted almost exclusively to truck, vegetable, and hay fields, while the higher slopes are placarded with fruit orchards of every description, interspersed with berry vines. The flowing of the cold air into the valley from the mountain tops often causes fogs in the valley, especially in the wintertime, when snow covers the ground, serving to maintain a higher hu- midity; and when seen from above, this fog picture is a very inter- esting sight, before the morning sun eats its way through to the land beneath. Above the fog the atmosphere is usually perfectly clear, the upper surface of the fog being as sharply marked as are the outlines of a low cloud. (Pl. XXIII, fig. 1.) On such nights observations at various places in the Salt Lake and other valleys show that temperatures are practically the same at similar altitudes over all parts of the valley. The air in the valley assumes a stratified formation, the colder layers at the bottom and the warmer layers at the top extending entirely across the valley, as is indicated by the fog stratum which spreads from mountain to mountain. AIR CURRENTS. The streams or currents of air that are caused by gravity to flow down the canyons and slopes at night range in velocity from a very faint movement to a veritable blast which begins hght at sunset and increases to a gale by morning, depending on the length of the canyon drainways, the area in the mountains that may drain through the canyon, and the size of the valley below to receive the down-coming air. Mountain orchards are mostly located on slopes where the breezes are light, yet strong enough to be certain of regu- lar occurrence. However, many good bearing orchards are located in the paths of breezes so strong and regular on steep slopes that every tree in the orchard is caused by the wind to lean away from the canyon mouth at an angle of several degrees. This condition is sometimes the cause of a loss of fruit before gathering time from winds alone; but the winds have the compensating good effect of permitting the fruit buds to form in the first place in the early CROP SAFETY ON MOUNTAIN SLOPES. SET springtime, while other orchards in quiet places are being damaged by the frost. An instance occurs near Mapleton, Utah, which is probably not at all an unusual one, where Prof. L. M. Gillilan’s Maplewood cherry farm usually bears fruit in safety because of correct canyon air drainage, and which is protected from the occasional violent can- yon breezes by being situated on a shelf or ledge at the extreme upper edge of the agricultural section of the valley, yet just a few yards beneath the outlet floor of Maple Canyon, so that all hard winds flow over or above this orchard, leaving it in quiet and safety, while trees below in the lower portion of the valley often have a windfall of fruit due to the stream of air which can be distinctly heard whirring along above the Maplewood cherry farm. These con- ditions occur when an autumn high-pressure region is so situated as to drain into an adjacent low-barometer area, and cause winds directly through the canyons in question. (Pl. XXIII, fig. 2. A STRIKING EXAMPLE. Another interesting natural phenomenon occurs at the outlet of Spanish Fork Canyon (the route of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad), where there are several hundred acres of good soil lying in a most delightful temperature and precipitation climate that does not even grow good pasturage because of the strong canyon winds, yet this region is surrounded by as fine orchards and farms as are found anywhere in the West. This canyon is long and drains a large, high region from the mountains out onto the broad, open Utah Valley, and the winds run at velocities estimated at from 30 to 50 miles per hour at the canyon’s mouth all night long, even in bright, fair weather, when the surrounding regions are resting in comparative quietude. Orcharding has been and is being tried there in a limited way, but so far has not appeared to be profitable. The scanty vegetation that gets hold on this region leans far out toward the valley and appears to have foliage on but one side of the short stems. A house was once built on this bench, but it was blown from its foundation one clear night. This wind flat is a delta from Spanish Fork River which was formed in prehistoric times on the shore of Lake Bonneville; Spanish Fork town, located just beyond and beneath this bench, from 40 to 60 feet lower, enjoys a splendid climate and is protected admirably from frosts by a reasonable amount of wind. These canyon breezes are the one great primary problem of the frost fighter, and while fighting frost with fire had its beginning in the favorably situated, mountain-protected orchard, it has also had 318 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. its finish in the other mountain orchard that is fanned nightly by a’ 15 or 20 mile breeze which carries the smoke and heat away in a very, thorough manner. And even where the smoke and heat are not car- ried away so completely, the heating problem varies in intricacy with | the wind velocities prevailing. CONCLUSION. Thus we find that the mountains are often perfect barriers against evil climatic influences and often actually augment and multiply the influences for good. The bugaboo of a treacherous, stormy, frigid, or furnace-like climate has receded far beyond the regions of agri- cultural possibilities and up into the very mountain tops to remain forever. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ONION CROP. By F. H. CHITTENDEN, Sc. D., Bureau of Entomology. INTRODUCTION. The onion and other bulb crops of similar structure are very seriously affected by insects when growing in the field. About six species of plants are included in this group—the common onion, Welsh onion, leek, garlic, chives or sives, and shallot. Of these only the common onion is grown to any extent in North America. Compara- tively few insects appear to be especially attached to onions, but of these several are very important pests. All are of foreign origin. The list includes forms such as the onion thrips, the root maggots, and such general pests as cutworms, army worms, wireworms, white grubs, and a few other species such as the strawberry thrips. Those listed as general pests are all more or less omnivorous. Doubt- less were it not for the pungent odor of the onion and its kind it would be resorted to for food by many insects other than those which have been mentioned. The most important of all of these insects is the onion thrips (Zhrips tabaci Lind.). A census of the years 1908, 1909, and 1910 shows a steady increase in acreage devoted to onion growing in different regions. In one cen- tered about Stark County, Ind., the increase has been great. In 1910, 1,500 acres were planted to this crop, and in spite of serious injury sustained from the thrips and some other insects the growers realized such a high percentage of profit that the following year the acreage was doubled. As an example of the profit from onion growing in this region it was claimed by one prominent grower who farms in Indiana as well as in Illinois that his income on onions was 15 times as great as on wheat and corn. The damage due to the onion thrips in the Stark County (Ind.) region was estimated at $54,000 in 1910, and with double the acreage for 1911 this would have caused a loss of $108,000 for this region alone. Fortunately, however, this loss was not realized, since the insects were not so numerous as in the previous year. THE ONION THRIPS. (Thrips tabaci Lind.) Our most serious onion pest is of almost microscopic dimensions, generally known as the onion thrips or “ thrip.” It is also called the 319 320 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. “onion louse.” It causes injury to the onion crop practically through- out the country, producing a condition somewhat generally known as “ white blast,” “ white blight,” and “silver top.” It is also the cause of “scullions,” or “ thick-neck”—undeveloped and unmarketable bulbs. In aggravated cases whole fields, and sometimes large areas, are ren- dered unproductive, and in extreme cases are completely destroyed. The whitened appearance of the onion leaves and tops is due to the ex- traction of the vital juice, first by rasping, followed by suction. In a short time after attack begins the leaves become peculiarly curled, crinkled, and twisted, and finally die down prematurely. (See Pls. XXIV and XXV, showing the difference between normal and thrips- infested onions. ) The importance which this thrips has assumed since about 1904 is such that a considerable proportion of those who have been en- gaged in investigation of truck-crop insects in the Bureau of Ento- mology have devoted more or less time to its investigation and in the practical application of remedies. This work has to date cov- ‘ O—& Re ay nr = yi oO Vp, LTE 4 | \ MM x Ww Z a, Zi cag RR Be SA RIT A = AN \} A ius STITT Lh K \ Fic. 1.—The onion thrips (Thrips tabaci): a, Adult; b, enlarged antenna of same; ce, small nymph; d, older nymph. All enlarged. (Reengraved after Howard.) ered five years. The principal work in the field has been done by Mr. H. M. Russell in Florida, by Messrs. D. K. McMillan and H. O. Marsh in Texas, by Mr. Marsh in Colorado, and by Mr. M. M. High in Texas and Indiana. DESCRIPTION. The general appearance of both sexes of this thrips, which are very similar, is shown in figure 1, a, highly magnified. The adult insect is pale yellow in color, with the thorax somewhat darker. The wings are still paler yellow, with dusky fringes and bristles. A full- grown nymph or larva is shown at d, and a younger one at ¢. The egg is bean-shaped, semitransparent, and is deposited by the female just beneath the epidermis of a leaf. HISTORY AND HABITS. Onion thrips may now be found in practically all cultivated fields in the United States, as well as in many uncultivated areas where INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ONION CROP. 321 suitable food plants for. its sustenance are growing, so that there is always danger of infestation to onions and other susceptible crops, whether grown in new or in old land. Observations tend to demonstrate that in some localities, at least, it makes little difference as to the previous crop. Nevertheless there can be no doubt that, taking the country at large, there is always grave danger of infestation to onion fields where crop rotation is, not practiced and where onions follow onions or other susceptible plants, and where culls and other refuse from onion beds are allowed to accumulate in and near fields to be replanted in onions. There is little evidence available that the quality cf the soil has in itself much bearing on the degree of infestation. Owing to the minute size of thrips, it is a matter of some diffi- culty to investigate their full life histories, and it is particularly difficult to generalize without knowing more of the habits of the important groups. The following, however, is approximate: The parent thrips is usually found on the lower side of leaves or embedded in flowers. The female, by means of a tiny saw-like organ with which she is provided near the end of the abdomen, cuts a slit, in a Jeaf or stem usually, and in this deposits an egg, generally in- serting it under the epidermis concealed from view. Here the egg hatches in a few days, and the young thrips works its way out and begins to feed. The thrips larve suck the juices of the plants in the same manner as do the adults, and, since they feed continuously, their growth is rapid. In one or two weeks, depending upon the tempera- ture, they cease feeding and seek a suitable location in which to transform to the final stage of the nymph and from that stage to the adult. The life cycle from the time of deposition of the eggs until the maturing of the adult has been found to require, under the most favorable conditions—that is, in a warm temperature—about three weeks. Half a dozen or more generations might thus be produced during a season, It should be added in regard to the life history of this thrips that infestation may be complicated by the attacks of other insects, such as the red spider, when growing in greenhouses (see Pl. XXVI, middle figure) or by cutworms and wireworms in the field (see PI. XXXIT). FOOD PLANTS. Besides onions and related plants, this thrips attacks cabbage, cauliflower, parsley, cucumber, melon, pumpkin, squash, kale, turnip, tomato, seed beets, blackberry, and strawberry. Of ornamental plants it does much injury to carnations and roses and more or less injury to aster, blanket flower (Gaillardia) , honey- suckle (Lonicera), daisies, nasturtium, narcissus, mignonette, candy- 73029°—ypK 1912 21 322 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE tuft (Jberia), four-o’clock (Mirabilis), and cone-flower or golden- glow (Rudbeckia). Very serious injury is frequently committed to cucumbers and carnations in greenhouses, the dam- age sometimes amount- ing to the destruction of entire plantings. Among field and forage crops, tobacco has been injured by this thrips in Europe, but not in America, so far as we know, and there are rec- ords of occurrences on timothy and other grasses, Fic. 2.—The spotted ladybird (Megilla maculata) : a, Larva; b, empty pupal skin; ec, beetle with en- larged antenna above. All enlarged. (Author's clover and sweet clover, illustration. Berrie Mae and wheat. Italso breeds on a great variety of weeds, a list of which would fill considerable space. NATURAL CONTROL, It is well known that rain, and especially sudden and driving storms, frequently destroys great numbers of this insect. This has = >: NE wal SES SSS Nis ~ i SS ~saN ~~ Ys ear ee sh ae = ~ aay 2S One wig eS 7 . e323 ; a =, 7 — A ae AZZ 74 ie Ceey \\s A Via. 3.—Thripoctenus russelli: Adult. Greatly enlarged. (From Russell.) come under the notice of practically everyone who has studied thrips. Among other methods of natural control are ladybirds of several species, the spotted ladybird (Megilla maculata De G.) (fig. 2) lead- ing in this respect. About second in importance is the so-called insidious flower bug (7vriphleps insidiosus Say). There is also a INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ONION CROP. aa3 natural parasite which has only recently been discovered by Mr. Rus- sell, of this bureau. It is known as JVhripoctenus russelli Crawf. (See fig. 3.) A long list of other insect enemies might be added. TREATMENT. The methods of treating onion fields affected by the onion thrips are complicated. Kerosene emulsion, whale-oil or fish-oil soaps, and tobacco or nicotine extracts are good remedies. Because of their minute size thrips are difficult to reach except in their younger stages; hence remedial measures should be undertaken early in the season to act as preventives rather than cures. The habit of the thrips of concealing themselves in flowers and other parts of plants, such as the sheaths of onion leaves, increases this difficulty. Too great stress can not be laid on the value of clean methods of field management, as the onion thrips feeds on nearly all vegetables and many flowering plants and is a pest in greenhouses. It develops also on weeds of various kinds. After the onion crop is gathered, useless material—culls, tops, and injured plants (see Pl. XXVIII, fig. 2)—should be promptly destroyed by burning and not left where the insects can spread to neighboring plants, to reinfest onions or other susceptible crops when these are planted the following season. Early planting is of service, especially northward. Manure and other fertilizers should be freely used to stimulate early growth. Plate XXVIII, figure 1, shows the age at which onions are usually first attacked by migrating thrips. With an insect capable of sustaining life on such a variety-of vege- tation, it is difficult to find an alternate crop plant that is not likely to be injured. For alternates, cabbage, cauliflower, strawberry, and cucumber and other curcubits should be avoided; also ornamental plants, particularly roses and carnations, as all of these are much favored by thrips. These plants should not even be grown in the vicinity of onion fields. Certain other vegetables, however, such as potato, sweet potato, peas, beets, and spinach, although they may be attacked by the adults, are not, as a rule, materially damaged. Onion growers should be able to conduct remedial work with the aid of the instructions herewith, provided they employ the proper sprayers for the purpose. Agents who have been working on the onion thrips for four years past, and especially during the years 1910-1912, met with much success with the nicotine sulphate solu- tions... The formula first used in 1910 was— Formula No. 1. Niconnes sulphates tisny 5 20% ore ie ee it oes 10 ounces. WV MICO SOB Ts =) ween 2 eed pee 2 ops aye ee eee hg 5 pounds. EINES ES sect at Be 2 bo aS SE, 50 gallons. 1 Where nicotine sulphate is mentioned in the formula a solution containing 40 per cent nicotine is understood. 324 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Afterwards it was ascertained by Mr. M. M. High, working in Texas and Indiana, that the solutions that have been most success- fully used are formulas No. 2 and No. 3. Formula No. 2. Nicotine ‘sulphates =o 05 Sa ea ee Se 3. 2 ounces. GEES! (SOR Da ke et a ee ee eee ee 2 3. pints. VW eats 2 Se aaa he as as 50. ~—s gallons, Nicotine -Sulphatessa2') see. Ieee es 4. 3 ounces. Wihale-oilisoapec sss Eerie Dir meee hie anes espe s Tee 4 pounds. Water a2) ae a ee et Sg ee ee 50 = gallons. In the case of formula No. 2 some time is saved because it is not necessary to dissolve the soap, it being a liquid. With No. 3 the whale-oil soap must be shaved into small particles and heated before a solution is formed. Where a semiliquid or “ potash ” soap is used, this difficulty is not encountered. The cresol soap is somewhat the better as a “ spreader,” but should be purchased with care and the correct strength obtained (85 per cent cresol soap) in order to secure the best results. A good quality of whale-oil soap gives good results, and it is only a question as to which soap is more available on the instant needed and how valuable time is with the grower. When spraying is once begun it should be continued at intervals of from 7 to 10 days, in case there is no heavy rainfall during this period, and no surrounding breeding host for the species. The spraying should, as a rule, be continued up to 3 or 4 weeks of harvest time. Tn spraying for thrips the nozzles should be held well down upon the plants and the spray applied with as much force as possible. The addition of soap is chiefly for action as a spreader and as a “ sticker ” or adhesive, and the nicotine acts better at this strength. Tt does not adhere to the plants when used alone. The soap is also insecticidal. Plants sprayed with nicotine sulphate combination present a strik- ing contrast to those which are not so treated. In Maryland, near the District of Columbia, a single spraying of nicotine sulphate gave similar results, the plants doing better and the insects being killed to a larger extent than by the use of other insecticides. Kerosene emulsion has sometimes proved a failure in Colorado and elsewhere and is, moreover, difficult to make with hard or alkaline water. Ex- periments with other nicotine solutions, 1 part to 128 parts of water, gave in one case as high as 86 per cent of young thrips killed. The practice of growing onions by starting them in sets is one of the chief causes of early injury by the onion thrips. Considerable INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ONION CROP. 325): injury, however, may be prevented by dipping the sets, about a week before planting, in nicotine sulphate at about the same strength as is used in spraying, and then giving two dippings in the same insecticide Vic, 4,—Two-row arrangement of nozzles, ready for spraying onion thrips. Reduced. ( Original.) at planting time, or in almost any other of the solutions which have been mentioned, including kerosene emulsion. Knowing the preference which the onion thrips displays toward cabbage and cauliflower, neither of these two crops should be grown contiguous to onions. Plate XXVII, figure 1, shows plainly the. youn OFTAIML OF NOZZLE Z- ARRANGEMENT. SCALE GS-1 Fic. 5.—Four-row attachment for onion sprayer. (From Marsh.) undesirability of this, as each serves as a breeding place for the onion thrips, and if the thrips first attack the onions they will pass over to the cabbage fields adjoining. Such combination will prove, other things being equal, that the thrips will have abundant opportunity for wintering over to attack the early plants of the next year. 326 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. A high-growing crop like corn may be used as a protection for a field of onions from another field infested by the thrips. The value of irrigation and the use of other remedies are shown’ in illustrations which follow. Plate X XVII, figure 1, is a good illustration of the tops of onions nearly dead (at the left) and the thrips migrating, feeding, and spreading to the adjoining cabbage and shows the undesirability of growing onions alongside of cabbage. The question of the best spraying machines, nozzles, and other portions of an outfit for use on onion fields has not been quite satis- factorily solved. What will do well in one district may not be so efficient in another. Plates XXIX and XXX, figure 1, illustrate a single horse or mule hand-sprayer used at Rocky Ford, Colo., by Mr. Marsh, which has been found by him the most suitable for use against the onion thrips in that locality, while Plate XXX, figure 2, Fic, 6.—Seed-corn maggot (Pegomya fusciceps) : a, male fly, dorsal view ; 6, female, lateral view ; c, head of female from above; d, larva, from side; e, anal segment of larva; f, anal spiracles; g, cephalic spiracles; h, puparium. All much enlarged. (Author's illustration.) a two-horse power-sprayer, is shown in operation against onion thrips, with nozzles properly held. This was used successfully by Mr. High in Texas. Two-row and four-row attachments for an onion sprayer are shown in figures 4 and 5, and the types of nozzles most suitable for use on an onion sprayer in Plate X XVII, figure 2. ROOT MAGGOTS. Several forms of root-feeding maggots have a spécial tendency to attack onions; some of them, however, are general feeders. The imported onion maggot (Pegomya cepetorwm Meade) is very de- structive to nearly all forms of the onion family. Nevertheless there are quite as many, if not more, records of the seed-corn maggot doing the more abundant injury to onions, as well as to root crops in general and to many seeds. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ONION CROP. 327 THE SEED-CORNe MAGGOT. (Pegomya fusciceps Zett.) The seed-corn maggot (Pegomya fusciceps Zett.) has been so named because it was first observed attacking the sprouting seeds of corn, but it often attacks onions and cole crops, working in the roots and stalks beneath the earth’s surface. When seeds are found which fail to develop, the grower, if careful, will discover a small white maggot of this species or of the related cab- bage maggot. It is about equally injurious to beans and has_ been named the “bean fly.” Other plants which it particularly injures are cabbage, turnip, radish, peas, beets, seed potatoes, and many others. The insect has been introduced from abroad and is well diffused through- out the United States, from Maine to Washington State and southward. It resembles the common house fly very much in appearance. It is evi- dent that this species, since its first coming into prominence, in about 1902, although known here many years before, is greatly on the increase. In its earlier stage the seed-corn maggot resembles the house fly. The maggot is footless and cylindrical, presenting in profile the appearance of the letter d. It measures, when = pA Aa Se nica uaa on. clear, about 0.25 inch in length and the bulb; at right, plant exposed about 0.04 inch in width. The color nih a ek a ae is pale yellowish or white. The maggot transforms to a dark larval puparium, shaped as shown in figure 6 at h. The difference between the sexes is quite prominent, as evidenced by figure 6, @ and c. THE IMPORTED ONION MAGGOT. (Pegomya cepetorum Meade.) The imported onion maggot is nearly as troublesome in the north- ern belt as is the seed-corn maggot. Its injury, which constitutes a very important drawback to the culture of onions, is accomplished 328 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. by the consumption of the bulb, (fig. 7), inducing subsequent decay: of the affected portions and their very frequent destruction. The fly (fig. 8, a) and the maggot resemble the preceding species, although their average size is a little larger. The length of the fly’s Fie. 8.— Onion maggot (Pegomya cepetorwm) : a, Male fly; b, head of female; ¢, larya; d, prothoracie spiracles of same; e, cephalic hook of same; f, puparium; g, anal extrem- ity of larva. All much enlarged. (Original.) body is about three-sixteenths and the wing expanse nearly three- eighths of an inch. The male is gray, with black bristles and hairs; he has a white face with black hairs, and there are three dark lines on the body between the wings and a row of black spots on the abdomen. The female is a little the larger, and inclined to dark Fic, 9.—Black onion fly (Tritova flera): a, Fly; b, larva; c, puparium; d, anal extrem- ity from below; e, cephalic extremity, face view: f, cephalic spiracles. yellowish, with a pale yellowish face. The other stages, with par- ticulars, are also illustrated by figure 8. Two or three generations annually are evidently the rule. The methods of control prescribed for maggots in general (p. 331) are about all that are necessary for this species. In case of severe Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agricu!ture, 1912 PLATE XXIV. NORMAL ONION PLANTS GROWN IN LARGE POT TO PREVENT INFESTATION BY THRIPS IN VICINITY. (ORIGINAL. ) PLATE XXV. griculture, 1912, Yearbook U. S. Dept. of A (IWNIDIEO) *"aqa0ndg3yY ‘d1NG IWNYON HLIM GaY¥vVdWOO SA1NG 3AILOS4SSqQ ONIMOHS ‘G13!4 NOINO G3LS34N] Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1912 PLATE XXVI. UNINJURED LEAF AT LEFT, AND LEAF INJURED BY RED SPIDER AT MIDDLE. (ORIGINAL.) ONION LEAVES SHOWING INJURY BY ONION THRIPS AT RIGHT, Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1912. PLATE XXVIII. Fic. 1.—ONION AND CABBAGE FIELDS ADJOINING, EACH SERVING AS A BREEDING PLACE FOR ONION THRIPS. (ORIGINAL.) Fia. 2.—Types OF NOZZLES USED IN SPRAYING FOR THE ONION THRIPS. REDUCED. (ORIGINAL. ) Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1912. PLATE XXVIII. Fic. 1.—ONIONS WHEN FIRST INFESTED BY MIGRATING THRIPS IN JUNE. (ORIGINAL.) Fic. 2.—ONIONS IN CRATES, WITH THE TOPS LEFT IN PILES HIGHLY INFESTED WITH THRIPS EGGS AND ADULTS. (ORIGINAL.) PLATE XXIX. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1912. (CTIVNIDIYO) “SdIYH_ | NOINO AHL LSNIVOY GASf YSAVYdS G1gI4 MOY-OML Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1912. PATE SOOC, Fic. 1.—Two-Row FIELD SPRAYER IN ACTION AGAINST THE ONION THRIPS. (ORIGINAL.) 5996s FiG. 2.—POWER SPRAYER IN OPERATION AGAINST THE ONION THRIPS, THE NOZZLES PROPERLY HELD. (ORIGINAL.) Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1912. PLATE XXXI. CuTWORM MOTH. [The form shown below is one of the commonest forms of Euxoa, known as F. tessellata. The upper form is known as £. punctigera. Enlarged. (Original.)] Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1912. PLATE XXXII. ONION PLANT FROM KNOX, IND., SHOWING SO-CALLED PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS AFTERWARDS FOUND TO BE DUE TO WORK OF WIRE- WORMS AT Roots. REDUCED. (ORIGINAL.) = ' p Tat, . F = - i = — . ,| j ‘ ‘ ’ , 1 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ONION CROP. 329 infestation other remedies might be necessary. The flies are probably attracted to old onion beds and to crop remnants; hence clean field methods are advisable. THE BLACK ONION FLY. (Tritoxa ficra Wied.) The black onion fly (Z7vitova fleca Wied.) has been noted as an enemy to onions as early as 1865, which fully accounts for its ravages. The probabilities are that it is often confused with the other two species which feed on onions, Pegomya fusciceps Zett. and Pegomya brassice Bouché, as it is likely to be mistaken for them unless a strong lens is employed. The fly was given its scientific name by Wiede- mann in 1830. Its injury to onions in this country was first noted in Illinois. Unlhke most of the other species, it is native and is recorded as occurring in New Jersey, Ohio, Illinois, Pennsylvania, and Minne- sota. It is evidently nearly restricted to the Northern and Middle States, and no injuries have been observed in New Jersey to the writer’s knowledge. The adult belongs to the family Ortalide. It is almost entirely black, with the exception of three narrow, oblique, hyaline white stripes on each wing. The body is slender, as are also the legs, head, and eyes, the latter being somewhat prominent. The fly measures fully one-third inch in length and has a wing expanse of one-fourth inch. Its appearance is sufficiently indicated in fig- ure 9, at a, the larva at }, and the pupa at ¢. The cephalic tubercles shown at the apex number 11. This species differs practically from the others which have been and will be mentioned by the fact that it continues to live in onions in storage, and also that it appears to be restricted to this plant, with the possible exception of garlic. In regard to remedies, it is reported that water applied boiling hot to the young onion plants will destroy the maggots without harming the plants. Another suggested remedy is the pulling up of affected plants when, from their drooping state, it becomes manifest that maggots are at work in their bulbs, the pulled plants to be promptly destroyed by burning. Although no test of remedies has been found possible in this bureau, we can conveniently assume from analogy that remedies advised for root maggots (p. 331) will be found of value. When the insects are attacking stored onions bisulphid of carbon can be used as a fumigant. THE BARRED-WINGED ONION FLY. (Chetopsis enea Wied.) The barrel-winged onion fly is evidently, like the seed-corn maggot, a species which may breed normally in decomposing vegetation, but 330 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. which at times, and less frequently than in the case of the species just cited, is injurious to useful crops. Its first identification with injury was to oats in Ohio in 1886. It is frequently associated with injuries by other species, following the attack of more injurious insects, such as the sugar-cane beetle? in corn and cane. Until a decade ago (1902) known injury was confined to cereals, including wheat, but during 1899 onions were considerably injured by this maggot in southern Michigan.?- One grower at Climax, Mich., com- posted 700 bushels of onions because of the ravages of this insect. His entire crop for 1900, amounting to 2,000 bushels, was destroyed, and he was obliged to abandon onion raising for a time. Other onion growers in that region experienced similar trouble with this pest. This species belongs to the dipterous family Ortalide. The adult is a common, metallic, grayish-black, two-winged fly, with the wings banded. The larva is whitish or yellowish and measures about five- sixteenths of an inch in length; and the puparium is darker, polished brown in color. The insect ranges from Canada on the north to Cuba and the Bermudas in the south, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The eggs have been observed in central Ohio during the second week of May, and, according to the observations of Mr. W. B. Alwood, they are inserted just under the edge of the leaf sheath in groups of from two to five, and sometimes singly. The egg is pearly white, five times as long as wide, and tapers to a point at each end. As soon as the maggots are hatched they distribute themselves under the sheath, sometimes to the number of 10 or 15, thus exhaust- ing the juices of the plant, the outer leaves becoming brown and seared, after which the whole stalk finally withers away. Here they transform to puparia and in due time issue as adults. The observations conducted on this insect by Prof. R. H. Pettit in Michigan show that the maggots pass the winter inside of the onions, and since adults are to be seen at widely different seasons this affords evidence that the insect, like other root-feeding maggots, may produce several generations annually. The remedies mentioned as of greatest value in the treatment of maggots in general (p. 331) are indicated for this species. As | soon as plants show infestation they should be pulled up and de- stroyed. The fact that hibernation takes place inside the onions makes it desirable to destroy, in the fall, all onions too much injured for food, and to disinfect the better ones with bisulphid of carbon. 1 Ligyrus rugiceps Lee. See article, Insect Life, Vol. VII, pp. 352-354, 1895. 2k. HH. Pettit, Bul. 200, Mich. State Agr. Exp. Sta., pp. 206-208, 1902. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ONION CROP. oat REMEDIES FOR ROOT MAGGOTS. Owing to the difficulty of destroying root maggots and other sub- terranean pests and the cost of chemicals for the purpose, growers depend largely upon methods of prevention. To be thoroughly effective these methods should be employed before the fly’s eggs are laid. A common method for deterring the parent flies from depositing eggs consists in placing sand soaked in kerosene—a cupful (6 fluid ounces) to a bucket of dry sand—at the base of the plants, along the rows. This mixture will also kill young maggots attempting to work through it. For all forms of root maggots which we are considering a car- bolized form of kerosene emulsion is effective. This is prepared by adding to 1 pound of soap, boiled in 1 gallon of water, one-half gallon of crude carbolic acid, and diluting the whole with from 35 to 50 parts of water. This mixture is applied about the stalks of the plants affected. It is best to use it a day or two after the plants are up, or are transplanted, and to repeat every week or 10 days until about the third week in May in the North. Farther south these applications must be made earlier in the season. Mineral fertilizers are useful as deterrents, particularly when em- ployed just before or after a shower has thoroughly wet the ground. The principal fertilizers for this purpose are kainit, nitrate of soda, and sulphate or chlorid of potash. They may be used as top dress- ings before planting, or if not employed until afterwards they should be applied as nearly as possible to the roots, the earth being turned away from the plants for this purpose. These fertilizers, also, by stimulating plant growth, facilitate recuperation from root-maggot attack. There is great danger in the use of other fertilizers, such as stable manure, cottonseed meal, and organic fertilizers comprising moldy leaves, dead plant life, and even fish scrap. In an account of this species published several years ago the writer stated that numerous instances had come to his notice—and still more noticeable instances have accumulated lately, and a long list could be furnished—where the presence of the insect could be traced to the causes above men- tioned. It is advisable, therefore, to avoid the use of manure of any kind, rotted leaves, or other organic fertilizer, and, above all, to avoid further planting in fields which have been infested or contain dis- eased onion plants, or where cabbage, cowpeas, or any other plants have been turned: under. As soon as seed fails to appear at the proper time or the plants show signs of wilting and maggots are found to be present, the seed 332 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. may be hoed out or the injured plants pulled and destroyed, nae with the younger maggots. Most of the methods mentioned above have been used with success against onion maggots and other root-feeding species, and are all that are required in many cases of ordinary infestation of vegetable roots. Other remedies have been tested; mostly, however, without avail. CUTWORMS. Onions are subject to serious attacks by certain cutworms. These appear sometimes in great numbers in spring and early summer and frequently do severe injury before their ravages are noticed. Their method of attack is to cut off young plants at about the surface of the ground, and as cutworms are voracious feeders, they may destroy many plants in a single night, frequently more than they can devour. During the past two years these insects, working gen- erally throughout the United States, destroyed hundreds of thou- sands of dollars worth of crops. By the timely application of reme- dies in some of the principal trucking regions, e. g., in southern Texas, in the vicinity of Rocky Ford, Colo., in California in the vicin- ity of Sacramento, in Stark County, Ind., and in some other regions, these insects were readily controlled, large areas being successfully treated. Of the cutworms which were most injurious in Stark County, Ind., the most abundant in 1911 was Ewxoa punctigera Walk. Of other species, Huxoa tessellata Harr. and Hucoa messoria Harr. occurred in about equal numbers but were not so numerous as the one first mentioned. The last is called the dark-sided cutworm, and has been an important onion pest, to our knowledge, since 1885. Another very injurious species in some years is the variegated cutworm (Peridroma margaritosa Haw.). No very careful attention has been paid to the principal species injurious to onions in other regions. There is per- haps a slight difference in the habits of all of these species in regard to the time of attack. The adult, or moth, of Hwxoa punctigera is shown in Plate XX XJ, above, and the adult of Hwxoa tessellata in the same plate, below. The usual method of control is by the use of poisoned baits. To a bushel of bran 1 pound of arsenic or Paris green is added and Heda thoroughly into a mash with 8 gallons of water, in which has been stirred half a gallon of sor ohm or other cheap molasses. After the mash has stood several- hours it should be scattered in lumps of about the size of a marble over the fields where injury is beginning to appear and about the bases of the plants set out. It should be applied late in the day, so as to place the poison about the plants over night, which is the time when the cutworms are active. The application should be repeated if necessary. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ONION CROP. 333 When cutworms occur in unusual abundance, which happens locally, and sometimes generally in some seasons, they exhaust their food supply and are driven to migrate to other fields. This they do, literally in armies, assuming what is called the army-worm habit. At such times it is necessary to treat them as army worms. While the methods which have been advised are valuable in many cases, they may be too slow to destroy advancing hordes of cutworms, and other methods must then be employed. These include trenching, ditching, the plowing of deep furrows in advance of the traveling cutworms to trap them, and the dragging of logs or brush through the furrows. If the trenches can be filled with water, the addition of a small quantity of kerosene, so as to form a thin scum on the surface, will prove fatal. In extreme cases barriers of fence boards are erected and the tops smeared with tar or other sticky substance to stop the cutworms as they attempt to crawl over. Clean cultural methods and rotation of crops are advisable, as also fall plowing and disking. Many cutworms can be destroyed where it is possible to overflow the fields. This is particularly ap- plicable where irrigation is practiced. Cutworms caused considerable damage to onions in northern Indi- ana in 1911 and 1912 just after the plants had emerged from the soil. In the sections where injury was greatest the growers were no more’ familiar with the cutworm problem than with the culture of onions— this being their first year in growing this crop for market. In the regions where onions were grown previously the cutworms were prey- alent also, but were controlled by the use of the bran-mash bait that was used so successfully last year in the same fields. About 1,000 acres were treated for cutworms by the use of the bran mash, the formula being as befare, 1 pound white arsenic, 1 bushel bran, and from 4 to 1 gallon corn sirup with enough water for moistening. Some used Paris green instead of the white arsenic and obtained excellent results. Some growers suffered a loss of from one-third to one-half of their crops from cutworm ravages alone. This could have been averted by the use of the bran mash in time. WIREWORMS. The term “wireworm” is applied to numerous forms of elongate wirelike creatures, the larve of snapping beetles or “snap bugs,” * and is given them because of their firm texture, so different from that of many insect larvee There are many Sere of ha insects and quite a number of them have shown some preference for onions. More often, however, they do their greatest damage to truck crops following land which has 1 Coleoptera, family Elateride; genera Drasterius, Melanotus, Cardiophorus, et al. 334 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. been in grass or meadowland. One of these species, known as the wheat wireworm (Agriotes mancus Say), has been found very injurious to onions in Stark County, Ind. It is shown in figure 10 about four times natural size. The life histories of the dif- ferent genera have not been thoroughly worked out. Wireworms injure plants by the destruction of the roots and are very difficult to treat satisfactorily. Among direct appli- cations some forms of salts and even brine, not too strong, have been used successfully in some regions. Salty fertilizers, such as kainit and nitrate of soda, are of value. (See p. 331 for discussion.) Clean cultiva- tion, crop rotation, and poison baits, the latter discussed on page 382, are always to be recommended, as for cutworms. According to recent observations made by Mr. J. E. Graf on the sugar-beet wireworm in Cali- fornia, clean culture against the adults, compelling them to seek shelter RNS, elsewhere and exposing them to the Fic, 10.—The wheat wireworm (4gri. attacks of their natural enemies such otes mancus): a, Beetle; b, larva; as birds, appears to be for that ec, anal segment of larva in profile. : : About four times natural size, SP€C1eS the most practicable remedy, (Author's illustration.) the efficiency of which may be in- creased by fall plowing and early planting. In Plate XXXII an injured onion plant-is illustrated to show so-called “ pathological conditions,” found afterwards to be due to wireworms at the roots. e OTHER INSECTS. Onions at present are little injured by insects other than those which have been mentioned in the foregoing columns. We might add such common pests, however, as the tarnished plant-bug, some forms of true bugs, and the strawberry thrips. The last-mentioned has, however, been frequently misquoted in mistake for the onion thrips, the two species being quite different, CONDENSED AND DESICCATED MILK. By Levi WELLS, Dairy Inspector, Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry. INTRODUCTION. Milk is a bulky product, expensive to transport, and very suscep- tible to contamination, which in a short time renders it unpalatable. In its natural state it contains about 87 per cent of water, which is a comparatively worthless constituent. Efforts to reduce the water content of milk, leaving the solids in| a more concentrated form without destroying their food value, and at the same time improving the keeping qualities, have resulted in developing the manufacture of both condensed milk and desiccated milk or milk flour. The condensing processes now used reduce the volume of milk to one-half or one-fifth its original bulk, and if the product is carefully sterilized or preserved with cane sugar and sealed in air-tight containers it becomes easily transportable and keeps for long periods in any climate. The desiccating processes now perfected remove practically all the water in milk, leaving a dry powder soluble in water. In the manu- facture of this product whole milk is reduced to about one-eighth, and skimmed milk to aboiit one-eleventh the original volume. By . this means the volume is reduced to a minimum, and the keeping quality, particularly of dried skim milk, is superior. CONDENSED MILK, Removing a portion of the water from milk, leaving a product of good keeping quality which may be restored to its normal consistency without injuring its natural flavor, is a problem that has been studied for many years. It is claimed that during the first half of the last century foreign inventors evaporated a part of the water from milk, and, with the addition of cane sugar, made what was then known as condensed milk (see Scientific American, export edition, July, 1905). The early patents of De Heine (1810), Newton (1835), and Grim- wade (1847) show that much attention was given to the subject be- fore the present generation was born. The successful manufacture of condensed milk on a commercial basis, however, dates from 1856, 335 336 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. when Gail Borden, who has been called the father of the condensed- milk industry, built the first milk-condensing factory at Wolcottville, Conn. During the last 25 years great strides have been made toward per- fecting various processes for suecessfully producing condensed and evaporated milks. The industry is no longer in its experimental stage, but has reached a point where, with proper equipment and skilled operators, there is no uncertainty about obtaining a satisfactory prod- uct. During this time the industry has attained vast proportions, and there are now in this country over 300 milk-condensing plants, located in 24 States, and representing an investment of over $15,000,- 000 in buildings and equipment. These plants have a capacity of over 15,000,000 pounds of milk daily. Census reports show that the value of condensed milk made in the United States during the year 1909 was $33,563,129, and that during the period from 1880 to 1905 the production of condensed milk increased 1,202 per cent. The term “condensed milk” is serait applied to milk from which a portion of the water has been removed, thus reducing its bulk and weight, and increasing its density and percentage of solids. It is made from whole milk or from partially or wholly skimmed milk, according to the use for which it is intended. In trade circles, however, the term “ condensed milk ” is applied to milk that is con- centrated and preserved with cane sugar. The term “plain con- densed milk ” is applied to milk that is concentrated and sold in bulk without being sterilized or preserved with sugar, and the term “evaporated milk ” is applied to milk concentrated and preserved in cans by sterilization. Evaporated milk contains nething but normal milk reduced to about one-half of its original bulk, while the sweet- ened condensed milk contains fully one-third cane sugar. Evapo- rated milk has, to a large extent, taken the place of sweetened con- densed milk. Before the pure-food laws prohibiting misbranding were in force, unsweetened concentrated milk was frequently labeled “ Evaporated cream,” but as the product was made from milk and sometimes from skim milk, it was plainly a violation of such laws, and the practice was finally discontinued. Besides evaporated milk put up in cans, large quantities of plain condensed milk made from skimmed or partially skimmed milk are manufactured. The keeping qualities of this class of goods are about equal to those of pasteurized milk or cream and range from a few days to a week or two, depending on the temperature at which it is held. This product is usually shipped in 40-quart milk cans and is used largely by confectioners and ice-cream manufacturers. To produce a condensed milk of good flavor and keeping quality the milk to be treated must be of a superior grade. This is so CONDENSED AND DESICCATED MILK. 33t important that the large concerns engaged in the business employ trained men to examine the herds and ascertain that there are no diseased cows, that the stables and surroundings are in good sanitary condition, that the attendants who do the work are healthy and cleanly attired, and that the milk is properly cared for and cooled before it is delivered to the condensery. To make doubly sure that the quality of the milk received is right, an expert, with a keen sense of taste, inspects every can of milk received, and if any unnatural flavor is detected the can of milk is rejected and returned to the producer. This extreme care is abso- lutely necessary, because any objectionable flavor becomes intensified and can not be eliminated during the various processes to which the milk in subjected. Milk is usually condensed in a vacuum pan, although a few concerns concentrate milk in an open pan in the following manner: The milk is run through a centrifugal separator and the cream removed. The skim milk is then pasteurized and run into rectangular vats provided with several pipes by means of which air is forced through the milk by a blower. During the process the skim milk is held at about 140° F., and the air, which is often heated by passing over steam coils, carries off the moisture in the milk, thus reducing its volume to the required consistency, usually about 4 to 1. After being thus treated it is known as concentrated skim milk. If concentrated whole milk is desired the cream which has been pasteurized is restored and emulsified in an agitator. The equipment of a condensing plant using a vacuum pan depends upon the kind of product made, although the process used and the machinery required are similar for all condensed-milk products. For the manufacture of “plain condensed milk” the equipment consists of a boiler, engine, scales and weigh can, receiving vats, milk heater, hot wells, vacuum pan and condenser, vacuum pump, cooling tank, and cans. If skimmed milk is condensed, a separator is neces- sary, as well as vats, pasteurizers, and coolers for handling the cream. In the manufacture of sugared condensed milk the same equipment is necessary as for plain condensed milk, and in addition a tank is sometimes provided for dissolving sugar before adding it to the milk in the vacuum pan. If the product is put up in cans, machines for filling and sealing cans are necessary, also for making cans when they are not purchased from outside can manufacturers. For making evaporated milk an equipment similar to that used in the manufacture of plain condensed milk is required, except that a tubular cooler is used for cooling the product instead of the cooling tank, and machinery for filling and sealing cans is also required: also a device for sterilizing the product in the cans, and a shaker for vio- lently shaking the filled cans after sterilization. 73029°—yBk 1912 22 338 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. A late innovation in equipping a milk condensery is the homog- enizer. Difficulty is sometimes experienced by those engaged in producing evaporated milk in preventing a separation of the solids after it has been kept for a time, the lighter solids going to the top and the heavier ones to the bottom. As homogenizing normal milk prevents (partially at least) cream from rising, it is claimed that it will have a like effect on milk to be evaporated. The granulation of the milk sugar, which gives evaporated milk the appearance of containing some kind of an objectionable grit, is also said by some to be overcome by the use of a homogenizer. This machine, however, has not been in use sufficiently long definitely to determine its value for the purposes mentioned. The equipment of condenseries is quite uniform, but considerable variation is noted in operating, especially in the temperatures used. It is evident that no hard and fast rules can be laid down to follow under varying conditions. The following description of the process used in making the different grades of condensed milk and the cost of equipping was contributed by a gentleman who has had extensive practical experience in its manufacture and in manufacturing and installing such machinery, and probably is as nearly correct as can be obtained : “ Plain condensed milk” is made from whole milk, from part whole and part skimmed milk, and from skimmed milk. To get the desired density it is neces- sary to condense the whole milk 38 to 1 and the skimmed milk about 4 to 1. The milk to be condensed is put into hot wells and heated with steam to a temperature of 150° to 156°. It is then drawn into the vacuum pan and con- densed, if whole milk, to 10° Baumé, and if skimmed milk to 14° Baumé. As soon as the desired density is reached the milk is then superheated by blowing steam into the milk in the vacuum pan until the milk becomes thick. The temperatures used in this process vary from 175° to 200°. As soon as the milk is sufficiently thick the steam is shut off and water is run into the condenser to secure the proper consistency. The vacuum pump is then started slowly, and the vacuum drawn up to about 26 inches. The vacuum is then released, and the milk is drawn into 10-gallon cans and placed in the cooling tank and cooled to 36° or 38° F. by first cooling as cold as possible with water and then shutting off the flow of water to the cooling tank and turning the brine or ammonia through the coils in the side of the cooling tank. Sugared milk to be put up in cans is made from whole milk and is con- densed 4 to 1 and 1 pound of sugar added to each 8 quarts of milk condensed. The milk is heated in the hot wells as hot as possible by steam blown into the milk through a heater head. It is then drawn into the vacuum pan and condensed. There are different methods used in adding the sugar to the milk. Some manufacturers have a separate tank, where the sugar is dissolved either in hot milk or hot distilled water, and the sirup so made drawn into the vacuum pan gradually with the fresh milk; others draw nearly all the milk into the vacuum pan and dissolve the sugar in the hot wells in the milk left there for that purpose. It is then drawn into the vacuum pan after the milk is condensed. Sugared condensed milk to be sold in bulk is made from part or all skimmed milk in the same way as the canned goods, except that 1 pound of sugar is added for each 4 quarts of skimmed milk to be condensed, This class of goods CONDENSED AND DESICCATED MILK. 339 is used by bakers and confectioners, and is made with any desired per cent of butter fat from whole milk to full skimmed milk. Evaporated milk is made from whole milk and is heated in the hot wells the same as for sugared condensed milk. This milk is condensed in the vacuum ‘pan until it has the required percentage of solids and butter fat desired by the manufacturer. After the milk is condensed it is run over a pipe cooler and cooled to about 60° and is then put into small cans and sealed. As soon as it is sealed it is put into the sterilizer and heated to about 240°. While in the sterilizer the milk is kept in motion, so that the contents of the cans will be heated through evenly. The time required depends upon the size of the cans and the condition of the milk and varies from 18 to 45 minutes. As soon as the milk is sterilized it is immediately cooled in the sterilizer, and when cold it is removed from the sterilizer and shaken in a shaker until it is smooth. A small condensed-milk plant for making plain and bulk-sugared condensed milk with a capacity to condense 10,000 pounds of milk a day ean be built complete for about $7,500; a 20,000-pound capacity plant will cost about $13,000, and a 40,000-pound capacity plant will cost about $20,000. The above estimate is based upon complete equipment and plain but substantial building. The cost of the plant to make canned goods depends largely on how com- pletely it is equipped and whether the cans are manufactured in the plant or purchased from some can-manufacturing company. The cost of canned-goods plants ranges from $20,000 to $200,000, depending on the size and style of the equipment and building. It is not practical to make canned goods where the milk supply is less than 15,000 pounds per day. DESICCATED MILK. DEVELOPMENT OF THE DESICCATED-MILK INDUSTRY, Practical processes of converting cows’ milk into dry milk powder are of comparatively recent discovery. According to the best authority, descriptions of such processes were first published in 1901, although it is claimed that skim-milk powder had- been successfully made prior to that time. A consular report from Sweden dated November 20, 1901, refers to a process reported to the Academy of Agriculture held in Stock- holm, Sweden, that month, and the New York Produce Review and American Creamery, dated January 1, 1902, refers to a similar process used in America and claims its discovery prior to the Swedish process. Since that time the processes have been considerably im- proved and several different systems have been evolved. Several factories have also been established, both in this country and in Europe, for the manufacture of this product on a commercial scale. MARKETS, The market at the present time is mainly with bakers and confec- tioners, but when the nutritious properties and keeping qualities of dry milk are better known it may become a household article of common use. 340 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. é SCOPE OF THE INDUSTRY. In May, 1911, there were 10 factories engaged in desiccating milk in the United States, located in five States, namely, Vermont, New Jersey, New York, Michigan, and California. The amount of milk powder produced in the calendar year 1910 by the various plants in the country was approximately 8,500,000 pounds. The capacity of the plants then in operation was 891,000 pounds of liquid milk per day of 10 hours, or 325,215,000 pounds per year. Assuming the yield of dry milk to be at the rate of 9 pounds to 100 pounds liquid milk, the yearly capacity of dry milk for the plants then in operation was 29,269,350 pounds. MACHINERY. The machinery for drying milk is specially constructed for the purpose under various patents, and is, therefore, expensive. Fac- tories are often equipped with apparatus made by mechanics in the vicinity of the plant, although there are manufacturers who make such machinery on order. The various systems are generally pro- tected by patents, and already more than 60 patents have been issued covering devices for making this product. PROCESSES. Drying milk from which the fat has been removed seems to be a success. It converts a wholesome and nutritious article of food into a condensed form, convenient to handle and transport, and ready at all times and under any circumstances for immediate use whenever and wherever wanted. Milk is changed by the drying process from a quickly perishable, bulky, and inconvenient substance to transport into a product requiring comparatively little space, and its keeping qualities are practically unlimited. Probably over 90 per cent of the milk powder produced at the present time is made of skim milk. From 100 pounds of whole milk of average quality 3.5 pounds of butter fat and 9 pounds of dry skim milk can be secured. Dry skim milk powder has the ap- pearance of ordinary flour made from grain. It absorbs moisture readily, which must be avoided by using containers that are as nearly as possible air tight and moisture proof and by storing in cool, dry places. This grade of dry milk possesses in a condensed form all the valuable properties of fresh sweet skim milk. It can be used in the dry form by bakers and confectioners, or, if desired, it can be converted back to its original liquid state by adding the amount of water that has been extracted from it. In drying whole milk more difficulties are encountered. The keeping qualities of dry whole milk CONDENSED AND DESICCATED MILK. 341 are not equal to those of skim milk. The fatty part has a tend- ency to become rancid, and, where rancidity does not develop, when some months old it loses its freshness and lacks the fine flavor of fresh milk; at least such has been the case with samples tested under the writer’s observation. Its keeping qualities are superior to those of liquid milk, however, and it is a very desirable substitute when fresh milk can not be obtained. Besides milk powder from whole milk and from skim milk, there are upon the markets intermediate grades, frequently sold under coined names. It may be well to state that dry whole milk of average quality contains about 27 per cent fat, varying somewhat according to the richness of the milk. In some instances whole milk reinforced with cream has been dried which contains from 30 to 40 per cent butter fat. Two distinct methods of drying milk are in use, from which several systems have been evolved. In one method the milk, in the form of a spray, is forced into a chamber of hot air, with an air current driving the dry particles against a screen, which arrests the solid portions and allows the air to pass on. A more general device is the heated cylinder, to which milk is caused to adhere in a film, quickly drying, and, as the cylinders revolve, the dried matter is scraped off in sheets or ribbons. These are collected and, if neces- sary, further dried and then reduced to a fine powder. In most instances the milk is partially condensed in a vacuum pan before entering the drying machine. The following extracts from authorized descriptions of some of the various systems in use will give a general idea of the modification of the two methods above described : . EKENBERG SYSTEM. As the milk is received at the factory it is filtered through cotton as it passes to the receiving vat. From this vat the milk passes directly through a heater, where the temperature is raised to 90° F., and without stopping in its flow it passes to a battery of separators, which remove the butter fat and at the same time further clarify the milk. The cream from the separators passes to a pasteurizer, which not only heats but promptly cools again. The cream is at once run into cans and placed in cork-insulated pools, which are cooled to a low temperature by brine coils supplied by an artificial ice plant. The cream is later taken from the pools and reunited with the separated milk for the higher grades of powdered milk. The separator milk flows directly to a pasteurizer and, after being reduced to a low temperature, flows at once to an insulated tank, from which it is drawn directly to the exsiccators. The exsiccator 342 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. is the name given to the machine invented by Dr. Martin Ekenberg for the purpose of removing the water content of milk and other liquids. It is not necessary to go into the minor details of the con- struction of this machine, and it would be difficult to do so, as some of its parts are exceedingly complicated. Briefly, however, it con- sists of a large vacuum chamber in which is hung a milk cylinder which nearly fills the vacuum chamber. This cylinder is supported at its axes by trunnions, one of which extends outside of the chamber, providing a means to revolve the cylinder. Connected with the vacuum chamber and in front of it is another chamber, also under vacuum. This chamber is known as the products chamber, and is separated from the vacuum chamber by a series of gates, the use of which permits the maintenance of a constant vacuum in the vacuum chamber and the opening from time to time of the products chamber. There is also attached to the vacuum chamber a milk chamber which is constantly under vacuum, and into which the milk is drawn from the outside. Another important part of the apparatus is a specially constructed condenser to which is attached the suction pipe of a large vacuum pump, and this is also provided with a large stream of water, which, passing constantly through the condenser, cools the vapors, reducing them to water, which is carried away. To the milk chamber is attached a pump which forces the milk through a spray pipe on to the revolving cylinder. The cylinder is heated slightly by exhaust steam, and on account of the high vacuum the thin layer which is deposited by the spray pipe upon the cylinder is quickly dried upon the surface of the cylinder, and a series of silver knives removes this film of dried milk. It passes directly into the products chamber, and by manipulating the gates it may be re- moved from the products chamber without the loss of the vacuum in the remainder of the apparatus. The temperature of the milk at no time has thus far gone above 120° F., and in fact it rarely exceeds 110° F. When the dried film of milk reaches the outside air it is slightly moist and flexible, and in order to crystallize the lactose or milk sugar which comprises from one-third to one-half the total weight of the dried milk it is necessary to place the product in a heated chamber at 90° F. from 20 minutes to an hour. When removed from the drying chamber the product is in the form of dry, crisp chips and ribbons as thin as paper and as brittle as a wax wafer. It is then reduced toa very fine powder by specially constructed mills, which grind without heating or in any way in- juring the delicate elements of which the milk is composed. As the milk powder comes from the mill it is packed ready for the consumer. CONDENSED AND DESICCATED MILK. 343 ATOMIZING AND HOT AIR SYSTEM. Robert Stauf, of Posen, Germany, devised a process for producing dry powders from blood, milk, etc., by atomizing these liquids into supplementary regulated currents of heated air. The amount of air and heat supplied was sufficient to completely absorb and vaporize the moisture of the liquid and the resulting dry powder was sepa- rated from the moisture-laden air by means of a screen. The screen retained the powder and the air passed off through the screen. The tauf process was the first spray drying process to be commercially used in the United States. THE JUST SYSTEM. The drying machine is comparatively simple, being composed of two polished metal cylinders placed side by side and slightly sepa- rated from each other. They are mounted in a heavy, solid iron framework, and revolve inversely at the rate of about six revolutions per minute. They are heated in the interior by superheated steam, at a pressure of about 45 pounds to the square inch, which makes the outer temperature of the rollers considerably above 212° F. The milk is introduced into the machine by a pipe which runs between the rollers, about 6 inches above their convergence, and as soon as the milk strikes the rollers evaporation commences. The milk passes gradually between the cylinders and is carried in a thin, uniform layer upon each, the layer being thinner than the thinnest tissue paper. Whatever water is not evaporated at the point of converg- ence is dried out of the layer in its passage on the revolving hot cyl- inder, until the film reaches a knife held in contact with the cylinder, which removes the milk in long, continuous sheets, which fall into a receptacle below, where they are broken into innumerable small pieces by the fall and rapidly cool. To collect and carry off the steam arising from evaporation the machine is provided with a large hood leading into a pipe. On an upper floor an exhaust fan is located connected with all these different pipes, thus carrying the steam rapidly out of the hoods and keeping the building absolutely free of it. As soon as the boxes into which the sheets or rather broken pieces of dry milk fall from the rollers are filled, they are wheeled to a brushing machine, where the product is reduced to a uniform powder, and after having been spread on large hardwood tables to cool thoroughly, is ready for packing and storing or shipping. THE CAMPBELL SYSTEM. The milk is pumped into a large round copper vessel, where it is agitated and heated by sterilized air blasts preparatory to its being pumped into rectangular concentrating vessels. These concentrat- 344 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ing tanks are provided with a circulating medium of hot water sur- rounding them and coils in their interior. They are also provided with pipes and fan-shaped nozzles for the introduction of sterilized air below the surface of the milk. This air is under pressure and is allowed to escape when the tanks are charged with milk, and causes the water vapor to be driven off. The milk here has a violent roll- ing motion. As the product becomes concentrated the temperature is lowered. The opening of a valve permits the mass to fall into the large roller drums with tapered ends, which are located on a lower floor. These roller drums are tin plated and are perfectly smooth on the inside, with cone-shaped ends. An air blast is then intro- duced into the head of the drum. ‘The latter revolving about two turns per minute carries the pasty product up on its side, and as it approaches the top it falls back through the dried atmosphere, the air thus carrying away the moisture. This paste soon becomes too heavy to be carried up by the revolving of the drum and rolls into a large mass, the cone-shaped ends causing it to move unequally, and twisting and grinding it into small particles. These are then con- veyed to the drier drums, where the desiccation is completed. These drier drums have a novel construction. Sterilized air is forced through a central shaft having lateral arms extending down into the mass, where the constant rolling of the drum exposes all parts to the desiccated air. When the product is bone dry, it is conveyed to a grinder, which brings it to about the consistency of corn meal, and it is then packed. THE PASSBURG SYSTEM. The Passburg dryer is a large steam-heated iron drum revolving in a vacuum chamber. The milk is fed to it cold, and is scraped off by a steel knife, in thin sheets, and is perfectly dry when taken from the receiver. HOW THE PRODUCE DEALER MAY IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF POULTRY AND EGGS. By H. C. PIERCE, Food Research Laboratory, Bureau of Chemistry. INTRODUCTION. In marketing poultry and eggs there is an enormous preventable loss in quality and value between the producer and the consumer. It has been conservatively estimated that this loss amounts annually to $75,000,000 in poultry and $45,000,000 in eggs. While this loss falls upon all who handle poultry and eggs it is borne chiefly by the producers and the consumers. The producers’ loss, caused by a decrease in price, under present conditions represents that due to spoilage or poor quality. The consumers’ loss is due to a curtailed supply because of the pounds of poultry and dozens of eggs that are either of poor quality or a total loss; hence the consumer has to pay a higher price for that portion which finally reaches him. While these losses are increased at all stages of handling by the producer, the country storekeeper, the produce dealer, the railroad, the commission man and jobber, and the retailer, the greatest prevent- able loss occurs before the produce dealer obtains the goods, that is, while the poultry and eggs are still on the farm or in the hands of the small country storekeeper, whose responsibility is moral rather than financial. The produce dealer, in paying a flat rate for poor and good poultry and bad and good eggs, offers no incentive for any improvement in quality by the producer nor conservation of quality by the storekeepers who take poultry and eggs in trade for groceries or supplies. As the produce dealer controls the price paid for poultry and eggs in the country districts, he is the one best fitted to aid in the improvement of quality and increase in quantity of these products. It is the purpose of this article to point out a few of the many ways in which the produce dealer may work for better quality in poultry and eggs in his district. BUYING ON A QUALITY BASIS. The quickest way to arouse a desire in the producer to raise better chickens and supply better eggs is to show him that good quality poultry and eggs are worth more than those of poor quality; the 345 3846 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. produce dealer must pay more for large, clean, fresh eggs than he does for those which are small, dirty, and stale. Otherwise there is no financial incentive for the farmer to improve his output, or the storekeeper or other intermediate handler to market his eggs fre- quently. It costs the farmer more to produce large, clean, fresh eggs than it does to produce small, dirty, and rotten eggs, for the hens’ nests must be kept clean, and the eggs must be gathered fre- quently and marketed often. Unless he receives an increase in price for his good eggs it is not good business for him to perform the extra labor necessary to conserve the quality of his goods. DIFFERENCES IN PRICE. The difference in prices paid for the different grades of eggs varies with the season and the market prices for the different grades in the consuming markets. In the spring, when egg pro- duction is at its flood, and eggs are cheapest, the difference in price may be as low as 2 cents a dozen. In the fall, when the hens are not laying freely and the prices for strictly fresh eggs are soaring, the price may differ as much as 14 cents a dozen between the highest and lowest grades of marketable eggs. As an example of the varia- tions that may be paid, one southern poultry shipper in November, 1912, paid 35 cents a dozen for large, clean, absolutely fresh eggs; 28 cents for a second grade which were slightly smaller, but clean and a little less fresh; and 21 cents for a third grade, consisting of small, dirty, and stale eggs; rotten eggs were not purchased at any price. The average market price for eggs in his vicinity at the time was 27 cents. Thus the producer of the highest grade eggs received an increase of 28 per cent over the market price and 66% per cent over the price paid for the lowest grade. Such variations gave the produce dealer a profit on all grades and made it worth while for the farmer to produce better eggs. Where eggs are bonght at an average price the dealer must sell his lower grades for less than he paid for them and make up this loss and procure his profits from the sale of the higher grades. KNOWLEDGE THE DEALER SHOULD HAVE, Some produce dealers say that it is impossible for them to buy eggs on a graded quality basis because their competitors pay a flat rate. That this is not true is proved by the several firms through- out the country that are buying on a quality basis and making a profit thereby. The produce dealer must know, however, how to candle and grade eggs so that he may buy intelligently, and must PLATE XXXIII , 1912. ure Yearbook U: S. Dept. of Agricult ‘ALVS S\YSWYVA AHL LV SSDF ONIMGNVD Aas, gg” \ 7 > ‘ 7 «- = : ' as 5 4 . v ie t : . . : 1 ' i ~ ") ‘ 1 ‘ i" f 41) x f . 3 ‘ x , ‘ > j i é : IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF POULTRY AND EGGS. 347 make an effort to show the people from whom he buys how these different grades are determined. Whenever this quality method of buying has been pursued the quality and quantity of eggs pro- duced has rapidly improved and increased. In poultry also different kinds and weights bring different prices. As a rule mature fowls weighing over 4 pounds are worth more a pound dressed than birds under this weight. Therefore, some dealers pay from 2 to 4 cents more a pound for large than for small fowls. This varies with the market, as in the case of eges, but enables the producer to receive a fair difference in price and the dealer to make a profit on both grades. It is only fair to the producer that if a produce dealer sells eggs and poultry on a graded basis he should buy on that basis also. Furthermore, it means that the dealer can make a profit on all of the stock he buys instead of on only the best. POULTRY EDUCATION. While buying poultry and eggs on a graded quality basis increases the desire on the part of the producer to supply more and better poultry and eggs, it does not, in itself, teach him how to do so. Thus, having shown the producer that better poultry and eggs mean more money, the produce buyer will find it profitable to do what he can to help the farmer to secure aid and knowledge in the production of better stock. Fortunately there are now many ways in which this aid and instruction may be given. EGG-CANDLING DEMONSTRATIONS, From time to time the produce dealer may hold candling demon- strations for the benefit of his buyers, the storekeepers, and farmers. He should be able to show the difference between fresh eggs, stale eggs, heated: eggs, blood rings, mixed rots, black rots, and mold spots before the candle, and then break the eggs to show the quality of their contents. The causes of deterioration are then explained. These demonstrations may be held on stated days, when farmers come to town, or in connection with county fairs, farmers’ institutes, poultry shows, and country schools. If a buyer goes from farm to farm, he may explain the different grades by candling the eggs before leaving the farm. Plate XX XIII shows such a buyer candling eggs at the farmer’s gate and showing the difference between a fresh egg and an egg that has developed a blood ring because it was fertile and kept in a warm place for several days. His “candle” is made from a pasteboard egg case flat, rolled into a tube, through which he 348 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. looks at the egg to determine the quality by the sunlight transmitted through it. HELPFUL HINTS TO FARMERS. Several produce dealers have distributed among their customers — printed pamphlets containing brief items on the selection of breeding stock, incubation, raising of chickens, feeding of laying hens, con- struction of poultry houses, gathering and care of eggs, prevention of diseases, extermination of vermin, etc. One man, interested. in turkeys especially, reprinted a Government bulletin on the raising of turkeys and distributed it to all of the turkey raisers in his section. These pamphlets usually bear the name of the firm and serve as an advertisement as well as aid in the production of better poultry. The material for these sheets or booklets is obtained from poultry publications of the United States Department of Agriculture, bul- letins of the various State agricultural colleges, poultry journals, and the experiences of successful poultry raisers. COUNTY FAIRS AND POULTRY SHOWS. One of the best opportunities whereby the produce dealer may improve the quality of poultry and eggs in his vicinity is the offer- — ing of prizes and arranging of demonstrations at the county fairs and poultry shows. As most fair directors are anxious to have as much money as possible for prizes, the produce dealer may encour- age the production of those breeds of poultry which he deems best by offering special prizes for specimens bred in his locality and for the best dozen white or brown eggs. One firm in Towa, desirous of Jarge fowls for sale in eastern markets, offered at local shows prizes of $5 each for, the best pullet pens, consisting of one cockerel and four pullets of the most popular variety of Plymouth Rocks, Wyandottes, Rhode Island Reds, and Orpingtons. In five years the production of pure-bred birds of these breeds increased enormously, and the farmers were able to pack a much better grade of poultry than their competitors, for which they secured higher prices. Other firms also, by offering prizes on eggs, have increased the quantity of pure-bred poultry kept and the number of eggs produced. Fairs and shows offer opportunities for the produce dealer to ar- range displays of the different grades of eggs showing the variations in value, good and poor breeding stock, desirable types of poultry, foodstuffs for poultry, models of poultry houses and appliances, charts, demonstrations in the grading of eggs, and many other similar exhibits. IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF POULTRY AND EGGS. 349 DISTRIBUTION OF BREEDING STOCK AND EGGS FOR HATCHING. As the domestic fowl reaches maturity in one year and has great powers of reproduction, the quality of the flock may be rapidly improved by the introduction of pure-bred stock. This has been most generally done in the past by the distribution of pure-bred males by the dealer to the farmer, who mates them with his best hens. It should be stipulated that all scrub males are to be eliminated from the flock, the pure bred only being used for breeding. Although the flock will be lifted above the scrub variety by this method, it will not consist of anything above grades. An entire sub- stitution of pure blood for scrubs can be accomplished only by hatch- ing eggs from pure-bred stock. Pure-bred breeding pens, consisting of females and one male, cost more than the average dealer can afford for general distribution. It will, however, pay him to furnish a few farmers with such flocks, on the condition that the stock shall be kept pure and the eggs laid during the breeding season be available for wide distribution at approximately market prices. If the dealer fur- nishes the farmer with one or more settings from a pure-bred flock, with the understanding that the chickens are to be raised in increas- ing numbers from this pure-bred stock, at the end of three years the flock should consist entirely of pure-bred fowls. Since fowls which have been given by dealers to farmers have not been appreciated and have brought disappointing results, it has been found best to sell them for a cash price, or exchange them for an equal amount of common poultry. The eggs should be furnished in the same way, a satisfactory basis of exchange used in the country breed- ing stations in Ireland being to furnish a dozen hatching eggs for a dozen ordinary fresh eggs plus a shilling, approximately 25 cents in American money. Such an improvement in the quality of his flock enables the farmer to obtain higher prices for his poultry, because of its larger size or increased egg production. The dealer profits by the greater amount and better quality of poultry and eggs handled by him. COUNTRY SCHOOLS. The produce dealer should be one of the first to take an interest in the rapidly rising tide of agricultural education now flooding the country and see that poultry receives its share of attention. There is no better way of improving the methods of handling poultry and eggs on the farm than by interesting the children in the country schools, since they are often the caretakers of the poultry. Fowls are an especially good subject for use in agricultural teaching. because they are more generally raised on the farms of this country than any other kind of live stock. They are also cheap, easily kept. 350 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. and, with their eggs, furnish good material for studies such as em- bryology, physiology, anatomy, reading, writing, and arithmetic, as well as the care of poultry itself. Every country school should have a flock of chickens cared for by the children. The produce dealer may encourage activity in poultry lnes by furnishing the schools with eggs for hatching, small flocks of hens, poultry houses, incubators, etc. FARMERS’ INSTITUTES. In many of the States the legislatures, through the boards of agri- culture or agricultural colleges, have provided funds for the hold- ing of farmers’ institutes. Poultry talks should be upon every pro- gram of such gatherings. Most States have experts who may be secured to give these addresses, provided their expenses are paid by the meetings which they attend, their salaries being paid by the State. The value of these talks to the produce dealer is usually worth more than the cost of securing the services of such an expert. Therefore it is a good investment for the dealer to guarantee these expenses personally, if the institute has insufficient funds for this purpose. PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND STATE EXPERIMENT STATIONS. While many buyers of poultry and eggs know that the U. S. De- partment of Agriculture and the State experiment stations have con- ducted investigations relative to the raising and handling of poul- try and eggs, very few of them know how to secure these publica- tions. For publications of the U. S. Department of Agriculture requests should be sent to the Superintendent of Documents, Wash- ington, D. C. If requests for available poultry publications are sent to the directors of agricultural experiment stations at the addresses given on page 352 much valuable information can be obtained. Most of the publications referred to are available for free distribu- tion; on some a price is charged to nonresidents of the State wherein they are issued. Much valuable information from these sources may be copied and distributed by the dealer to the farmers, or a list may be distributed telling the poultry raiser how to secure these bulletins. Every dealer should get in touch with his own State experiment station and follow closely its poultry work. The poultry workers in experiment stations are anxious to aid in the development of the IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF POULTRY AND EGGS. 351 industry in their States and appreciate heartily the cooperation of dealers and farmers, whose interest increases the appropriations that may be secured for the advancement of the work. In the few States where the experiment stations do no work on poultry problems the produce dealer should do what he can to aid in the establishment of such work by cooperating with his competitors, arousing interest among legislators, farmers’ organizations, and State officials. POULTRY SHIPPERS’ ASSOCIATIONS. Although all of the suggestions offered in this article have been practiced at different times by many shippers with excellent results, what has been accomplished has been because of individual efforts on the part of the shippers. Much more could have been accomplished if they had been put into effect by all of the shippers in unison, as through an organized effort of poultry shippers’ associations. For his own good every shipper should belong to one or more of the several shippers’ associations throughout the country, which are frequently addressed by the foremost handlers of poultry and eggs, as well as by Government and State experts, and are centers from which radiate many progressive ideas. They create confidence among shippers, give each man a broader view of his own business, and tend to increase his profits by aiding in the prevention of his losses. Through these organizations experts may be employed to aid the farmer in solving his poultry-raising problems and give greater publicity to the value of the poultry industry. This tends to create a realization on the part of the farmer that poultry is more than a mere side line on the farm and to increase his output, thereby aiding the consumer to secure a larger quantity and better quality of nutritious food. 352 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Post-office addresses of the agricultural experiment stations. Auburn and Tuskegee Institute, Ala. Sitka, Alaska. Tucson, Ariz. Fayetteville, Ark. Berkeley, Cal. Fort Collins, Colo. New Haven and Storrs, Conn. Newark, Del. Gainesville, Fla. Experiment, Ga. Island of Guam, Guam. Federal Station, Honolulu, Hawaii. Moscow, Idaho. Urbana, Ill. La Fayette, Ind. Ames, Iowa. Manhattan, Kans. Lexington, Ky. Baton Rouge, La. Orono, Me. College Park, Md. Amherst, Mass. East Lansing, Mich. University Farm, St. Paul, Minn. Agricultural College, Miss. Columbia and Mountain Grove, Mo. Bozeman, Mont. Lincoln, Nebr. Reno, Ney. Durham, N. H. New Brunswick, N. J. Agricultural College, N. Mer. Geneva and Ithaca, N. Y. Raleigh, N. C. Agricultural College, N- Dak. Wooster, Ohio. Stiliwater, Okla. Corvallis, Oreg. State College, Pa. Mayaguez, P. R. Kingston, R. I. Clemson College, S. C. Brookings, S. Dak. Knoxville, Tenn. College Station, Tex. Logan, Utah. Burlington, Vt. Blacksburg, Va. Pullman, Wash. Morgantown, W. Va. Madison, Wis. Laramie, Wyo. A SUCCESSFUL METHOD OF MARKETING VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. By L. C. Corsert, Horticulturist, Bureau of Plant Industry. INTRODUCTION. In order to discuss satisfactorily any improvement on or modifica- tion of the present method of marketing perishable crops, such as vegetables, it is necessary to review briefly existing practices. The present method of marketing vegetables may be spoken of as that of independent action. In a country like the United States any criticism or suggested modification of a system of independent action would seem to be a criticism of the fundamental principles of our Government, but a criticism of the method of independent action in connection with the marketing of a perishable product is by no means a criticism of our system of Government. The system of independent action, so far as it applies to the marketing of vegetable crops, is open to the following criticism: Independent action means wide variation in types of packages, as is exemplified in our markets at the present time. Packages of all sizes and descriptions are received in the markets from various districts, so that a quotation on a basket, hamper, or container in one market may mean little in another section. The packing of the product is done according to the ideas of the individual directing the work; the grades are founded upon his personal notion of what constitutes a first, second, or third grade, judged by the product he himself handles and not by any market standard. Shipments are, for the most part, by local freight or express. Sometimes a grower is able to load a few cars from his own field, but this is the exception rather than the rule. The result is that any brand which he may adopt appears in the market at uncertain inter- vals, remains but a short time, and disappears until the succeeding year. It is very difficult under such conditions to build up a repu- tation for one’s product and to establish a standing for a brand or style of package which will serve to assist in the sale of the crop the following year. Such shipments must, of necessity, be consigned to commission merchants, and in some instances are sold at auction 73029°—yBK 1912——23 353 354 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. and in others at wholesale in the regular channels of trade. A new, untried, or unknown brand, no matter how good it may be, is at a decided disadvantage in auction sales and at a slightly less disad-~ vantage in the regular wholesale trade. As a rule, large lots of rec- ognized grade and brand can be sold at the early auction and return greater profits than small lots which have to wait for the later trade. A product, after it has reached the city and before it is ultimately delivered to the consumer, may go through any or all of the follow- ing agencies designed to promote trade: After reaching the com- mission merchant or receiver, it may be purchased by a jobber or handler, or go to a broker, by whom it is sold to a retailer, from whom it goes to the consumer. The receiver, jobber, broker, or re- tailer may, however, place the product in a warehouse or in cold storage. The factors, therefore, which may enter into the ultimate cost of the product to the consumer are: . (1) Cost of transportation, including (a) freight or express; (>) terminal or switching charges, and (¢) drayage; (2) commis- sion; (3) jobber’s or dealer’s profit (change of ownership); (4) storage charges; (5) distributor’s profit (change of ownership) ; (6) the cost of growing, packing, and hauling to the shipping point is never taken into account in determining the cost of the product to the consumer, except in so far as the return made by the commis- sion merchant, jobber, or dealer affects this price. The farmer has an investment in land, labor, and product which is never considered in modern trade because he is never a party to any transaction, un- less, perchance, he is able to sell his product f. 0. b. shipping point, and even then he does not fix the price, but simply accepts or rejects the price offered. The question of the cost of production plus a fair profit is not taken into account in agricultural transactions as in other productive enterprises. In fact, farmers themselves, with few exceptions, have no idea of the cost of producing many of the crops they offer for sale. The cost of production in any single year should not, however, be taken as the basis for the cost of a given product. Seasonal variations are so great that the only just basis for determining the cost of any product is its average cost on a given farm over a series of 5 to 10 years. A careful analysis of trade conditions indicates that from 33 to 36 per cent of the price which the consumer pays for a perishable product reaches the producer. This must cover the cost as well as the risk of growing, and must also provide the profit on the “ know how ” and money invested. About 26 per cent of the cost to the consumer is required for transportation and from 5 to 10 per cent for commission. Dealers’ profits range from 50 to 100 per cent, for it is maintained that every time perishable goods change hands the MARKETING VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 355 selling price must double the purchase price in order to meet losses. As the retailer receives the goods he again adds 100 per cent or thereabouts to the cost to the consumer. It is easy to see how high costs necessarily follow such methods of marketing. If, in addi- tion to these costs, terminal-storage and cold-storage charges are added,.as is often necessary in order to maintain even distribution, and the retailer sells the goods by telephone and delivers them by horse or motor vehicle, all of these so-called conveniences must ulti- mately be paid for by the consumer. Under the present system it is possible for some of the common perishable products to carry eight distinct charges before they reach the consumer, all of which are jegitimate; and as these charges on perishable products must be high in order to fortify the owners against loss, the reason for high prices for standard vegetable crops is easily explained. So long as society is constituted as it is and demands the services it now requires of the tradesman, little relief can be expected after the products are delivered to the dealer. THE COOPERATIVE SYSTEM. REGULATION OF PRODUCTS. A system of marketing, based on cooperative action rather than on independent action, has been developed in some localities and at the present time is attracting much attention in others. Up to the present cooperative activities have been confined almost exclusively to the fields of production, transportation, and first sales. It is difficult for the producer to go beyond the first change of ownership unless he has a cooperating consuming public. Now that the con- sumer really feels the stress of high prices and has come to realize and appreciate some of the factors which enter into them, it is clear that the task of solving the problem of cheaper food products lies with him as much as with the producer. Cooperation among growers solves the problems of the package by making it uniform and standard, it guarantees the pack by em- ploying competent inspectors, and insures uniformity of grade. Co- operative action enables the cooperators to act as an independent individual, and since they employ a uniform package, a standard pack, and uniform grades a given product of a community can be shipped in carload lots at a lower rate than is possible by local freight or express, thus effecting a decided saving. A uniform package and a standard pack and grade give a product a standing in the market which enables it to be sold for what it really is, because the guaranty of the association is behind it. Another advantage which often follows is a local or direct sale, f. o. b. shipping point. In the eastern portion of the country the 356 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, f. o. b. sales have been made on the basis of New York prices current. The distribution of preducts to many consuming centers rather than congestion in a few is one of the most valuable results secured by cooperative action. Cities which are large enough to handle a single commodity in carload lots when it is purchased from the producer receive their goods direct rather than by a diverted shipment or by reshipment. The product reaches the market quicker and in better condition, and as the dealer in the small town must of necessity pay for the reshipment of the product from the distributing center it is quite as economical in most instances to purchase the product f. o. b. shipping point and pay freight as it is to purchase f. o. b. dis- tributing point and pay freight. The price to the consumer or to ihe handler in the small town is reduced by one freight charge and sometimes also by the cost of commission or jobber’s profit. One association has been able to sell over 90 per cent of the truck handled by it f. o. b., and this has resulted in a saving of over $150,000 an- nually on a $2,000,000 business. In other words, the freight charges were paid by the purchaser instead of by the producer, thus saving to the community the cost of transporting their products to the centers of consumption or distribution. Towns too small to handle “straight” cars of a single commodity, with the possible exception of potatoes, can be served in the same manner as large towns by a system of loading which has been devised by some of the railways receiving products from the trucking dis- tricts. This system consists in loading mixed cars to order, so as to supply the needs, as near as may be, of the town to which the ship- ment is made. This method of handling mixed cars accomplishes a very desirable result, in that it widens the distribution of the product by reaching towns too small to handle solid cars of a single com- modity and enables the dealers to purchase direct from the producer, thus insuring all the advantages of direct shipment possible by any other system of carload shipments. By the adoption of a carefully planned cropping system in the several producing centers from which such shipment is to be made a very satisfactory arrangement for both the producer and the consumer can be worked out. Tf the products of various centers are to follow in succession to the same markets and ‘are to be handled on the basis of sales f. 0. b. shipping point, the producers must not only maintain standard packs and grades which are uniform, but they must also be in touch with the markets in such a way as to insure prompt and satisfactory disposal of their products. At present this is accomplished by wide- awake, active dealers who know the markets and the producers as well, and by purchasing in one locality in January, in another in February, and so on from season to season, thus keep their customers supplied from the beginning to the end of the period. Neither inde- MARKETING VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 357 pendent producers nor associations of growers with fixed fields of production can do this. They reach the market only during the period their crops are moving. What is accomplished by the inde- pendent dealer might, however, be accomplished by cooperation among various local associations of producers. Through a federa- tion of such associations a marketing expert might be maintained who would move with the season from one center to another. By so doing the markets would deal continually with the same individual, the grades and packs would be calibrated, because censored by the same authority at each loading point. In this way the community might accomplish for itself what is now taken advantage of by shrewd and wide-awake dealers. REGULATION OF PPICES. Under the system of independent action producers are creatures of circumstances over which they have no control. At harvest time they have little conception of the competition they will have to meet in the market, unless the crop is so short that it has become a matter of comment. As a rule the dealers see to it that the re- ports on crop prospects are high enough to enable them to buy the harvest at a reasonably low figure. It is never discovered that the crop is a little short until after it has all left the hands of the grower and is safe in the storerooms of the dealers. Dealers keep an accurate forecast of the crop and as a rule have a good basis for their action. Growers have net done this except in a few instances, and then with marked advantage. Cooperative growing associations should establish through some central organi- zation a plan by which accurate forecasts of crop prospects can be furnished. These forecasts should begin with the acreage in each crop zone and end with a statement of the harvest. These reports should be made at frequent intervals and should be based on accurate personal canvass by competent judges. A few seasons’ records for any given locality will suffice to furnish a basis for determining the safe acreage for that section and to fix the plant- ing and harvest dates, as well as to indicate the normal product which may be expected from a given acreage. Statistics of this character would provide a basis for working out a rational system of crop rotation and crop production. Cooperative action with products which can be stored enables the producer to distribute the product throughout the consuming period in such a way as to meet the requirements of the market without overloading it and depressing prices. With vegetable products, such as Irish potatoes, sweet potatoes, and squashes, this is a very important consideration; the trade quickly deter- mines the center of supply, and as soon as the markets create a 358 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. demand the supply can be forthcoming in a regular, systematic | manner, so as to cause the least loss to producer, handler, and con- sumer. Under this system storage products should never be com- pelled to beg a market; the demand will always find the supply. The chief advantages, therefore, of cooperative action are standard grades, standard packs, uniform packages, shipment in carload lots, f. o. b. sales, a controlled rate of dispersal, predetermined destina- tion, dispatch in the settlement of claims, and regulation of rates of transportation and of sales, so as to give each producer a standard price for a standard product. To accomplish this is a difficult task. Human nature is the most variable and the least controllable commercial commodity. Coop- eration means united action, and true cooperation in the sense in which it is used in this connection means united action for the bene- fit of all concerned—the producer as well as the consumer. Ex- perience has demonstrated that the results derived from true co- operation are sufficiently important from a commercial standpoint to justify the method even though no other result were obtained. COOPERATIVE ORGANIZATION. Cooperation which involves financial risk and financial responsi- bility has never proved successful when based on fraternal agree- ment alone. To succeed in any business enterprise which requires the concerted action of individuals of different training and different temperaments, there must be a common bond of union of sufficient importance to give them a common interest. This can be secured in the business world only through a money consideration. In order, therefore, that cooperative action involving the growing, handling, transportation, and sale of perishable products may be successful it must carry a financial obligation sufficient to command the interest of the cooperators. It is true that in an association of this character the participants place at stake the return of their labor in the form of the crop produced, but in order to insure the patronage and the loyalty which is necessary to the stability of any cooperative action a membership requirement must be made sufficiently large to prevent a member withdrawing from the association for slight cause. Saeed 5 1 54.0 85.0 12 stomachs in which aphides were not counted. 215 stomachs in which aphides were not counted. In the case of the chipping sparrow we have specimens represent- ing more hours of the day than for any other species. The record shows that at all hours from 10 a. m. to 5 p. m., excepting one un- represented and one showing only a few aphides eaten, chipping sparrow stomachs contained large numbers of plant lice in good enough condition for counting. The fact that they were not far digested proves that they were recently swallowed, certainly within an hour. We are justified, therefore, in considering that at least one meal of plant lice is taken each hour; probably several are. At the time of year the stomachs were collected, birds, if they so desired, could feed during a period of about 14 hours per day. We are distinctly on the safe side, therefore, in reckoning one meal of aphides to each of 10 hours in the day. If, therefore, we multiply by 10 the average number of aphides eaten per meal by the birds of any species, we shall arrive at the daily consumption per individual. We are further justified in regarding the proportion of aphis-eating birds to be RELATION OF BIRDS TO GRAIN APHIDES. 403 the same for all the individuals of a species on the farm as among the individuals whose stomachs were examined. Hence the daily consumption of plant lice per individual, multiplied by the proper proportion of the birds of each species, will give the total daily de- struction of aphides per species. As the number of aphides that can be counted is in nearly every case far under the number actually represented in the stomach, and as we reckon 10 meals when prob- ably more than 14 are taken, it must be admitted that our estimates are conservative. Estimated number of aphides eaten daily by birds. 1 | | Total num- .| Average | : Number Number | number of ber of Bird. rosant eating | aphides | aphides P * | aphides. ie eaten per eaten. dane OS he Te Ss ids ahs Se, Se ee 300 240 | 132.5 318, 000 VOGELS DE ES ee Oe ee ee ee 2 ek ee AE. 2,590 1,761 | 22.5 396, 225 Pe ETIIINER ONE wis oS ows c euas sais pe Piles ware o's sieawe «<= e = 70 45 63.5 28, 570 PRED EMINOW 2 2 Fo BES. She 0. tthe oe pe oh tas swt 245 178 | 94.7 | 168, 560 TPREU RETO oo ores <2: jser Del atari Ni a7 op CHARACTERISTIC LOCATION OF THE TRUCKING SOIL OF THE NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH SERIES. Norfolk fine sand Portsmouth sand Norfolk loam WML a Norfolk fine Portsmouth Leonardtown Swamp sandy loam sandy loam loam Yearbook U. S, Dept. of Agriculture, 1912. PLATE XLIV. Fic. 1.—A Crop OF EARLY IRISH POTATOES ON COXVILLE FINE SANDY LOAM, MYRTLE BEACH, S. C. (Cotton is planted between the rows of potatoes just before they are harvested. } Fig. 2.—THINNING BEETS, BEAUFORT, S. C. [A crop of bed lettuce has already been harvested from this ground.] Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1912. PLaTe XLV. FiG. 1.—EARLY IRISH POTATOES ON NORFOLK FINE SANDY LOAM, NEAR CHARLESTON, S. C. [This is one of the leading crops of the Charleston trucking district. ] Fic. 2.—WINTER CABBAGE ON NORFOLK FINE SANDY LOAM. (The ‘‘cabbage land” near Charleston, 8. C.] Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1912. PLATE XLVI. Fic. 1.—HARVESTING FIELD LETTUCE ON NORFOLK FINE SANDY LOAM NEAR CHARLESTON, S. C. [This is an important though subordinate crop in this trucking district.] Fic. 2.—HARVESTING FIELD OF BEETS ON NORFOLK FINE SANDY LOAM, CHARLESTON, S. C. [Used in succession cropping with winter cabbage and cucumbers and cantaloupes as summer crops. ] PLATE XLVII. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1912. [-vore sry, uodn uMo13 010M SpBoY ON0'OF ATIBON] ‘O 'N ‘SNAVH 31718V9 ‘S0NLL3q a13!4 Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1912. PLATE XLVIII. FIG. 1.—KLONDYKE STRAWBERRIES ON COXVILLE FINE SANDY LOAM NEAR Conway, S. C. [The Klondyke berry is particularly suited to production on this soil type.] Fig. 2.—UNCLEARED SAVANNAH LAND, NORFOLK FINE SANDY LOAM, IN EASTERN NORTH CAROLINA. [Worth less than $10 per acre in this condition, but capable of producing $1,000 worth of truck crops per acre in a single year. ] i TRUCK SOILS OF THE ATLANTIC COAST REGION. 425 Owing to its low-lying position, to the large amounts of organic matter usually present in the surface soil, and to the presence of a compact and clayey subsoil near the surface, the Coxville fine sandy loam is decidedly retentive of soil moisture. It is, therefore, best suited to those truck crops which occupy the land for a long growing period, and for those classes of vegetables which produce succulent foliage or fleshy tubers or roots. It has been used with great success for the growing of early Irish potatoes at some points in South Carolina. (See Pl. XLIV, fig. 1.) The common practice is to plant the potatoes in rows spaced 54 to 6 feet apart. The hills are set 18 inches apart in the row. The rows are ridged and the fertilizer applications are made in the crown of the row at the time of planting. The crop is cultivated until the first blossoms appear. At that time a row of cotton or of corn is planted midway between the rows of potatoes and allowed to mature after the potato crop has been har- vested. This system of double cropping is applicable over nearly all of the area of the Coxville fine sandy loam, and its successful development has given a high commercial and agricultural value to the type. . For the best results in crop yields it is found necessary to under- drain the Coxville fine sandy loam. This may be accomplished through the laying of tile drains at intervals not greater than 100 feet between lines of tile and at a depth not less than 2 feet from the surface. Such tile drains may have their outlets into open ditches or into larger main lines of tile ultimately discharging into some of the numerous natural drainage ways which intersect practically all of the region chiefly occupied by the soils of the Coxville series. The Coxville sandy loam has not been extensively used for the production of truck crops, but it offers opportunities of great value. The surface soil consists of a somewhat coarser and more porous grade of sand than that of the Coxville fine sandy loam. Otherwise the two soils are very similar. The Coxville sandy loam would also constitute a very good Irish potato soil and would be well adapted to crops of cabbage and of lettuce. These would mature at a somewhat later date than upon the soils of the Norfolk series in the same locali- ties. It is an especially good soil for the growing of certain varieties of strawberries, particularly the Klondyke. This berry is successfully grown upon both the Coxville fine sandy loam and the Coxville sandy loam. It is not so successfully produced upon any soil of the Nor- folk series. The great berry-producing sections which center around Conway, S. C., and Chadbourn, N. C., are developed chiefly upon these two soils of the Coxville series. The berries are principally grown under the matted-row system, with the rows laid off 34 feet apart and the plants set at inter- vals of about 20 inches in the row. The best growers usually pre- 426 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. cede the setting of a field to berries by the cultivation of cowpeas, vetch, or some other leguminous crop. Large quantities of commer- cial fertilizer are applied at the time of setting the plants and, in some cases, during intervals between the growing seasons. The berries are shipped from this territory from the middle of April to the first of June. When crop yields are normal and prices for the fruit are well maintained during the shipping season the best growers frequently harvest from $350 to $500 worth of berries per acre, and the high iecord of $1,000 worth of strawberries has been attained. | The soils of the Coxville series await more extensive drainage op- erations before they will attain the importance as truck soils which their inherent capabilities warrant. SOILS OF THE PORTSMOUTH SERIES, The soils of the Portsmouth series are closely associated with those of the Norfolk and Coxville series throughout the Middle Atlantic coast section. They usually occupy depressions in the upland por- tions of the territory along the immediate coast line and for a dis- tance of approximately 50 miles inland. The mineral matter which constitutes the basis for the soils of this series has been derived from the same sources and deposited in the same manner as in the cases of the ‘Norfolk and Coxville soils; the subsequent history of the soil-forming material has been totally different. Owing to the flat surface of the country and to its slight elevation above the main drainage channels, the tributary streams are infrequent and have not become sufficiently established rapidly to remove the accumulated rainfall. This gives rise to extensive areas of true swamp lands and to far greater areas which remain in a semiswampy condition until well into the drier months of summer. Such areas occupy the shal- low depressions with obstructed drainage, the margins of the true swamps, and such areas as are included within the low swells or ridges which are characteristic of a considerable portion of the region under discussion. Within such wet areas there has been a long-continued accumula- tion of the remains of an abundant vegetation. This surface deposit of vegetable matter gives a uniformly black or very dark-gray ap- pearance to all of the soils of the Portsmouth series. In fact, all of these surface soils may be termed “mucky” or are at least well charged with partly decayed organic matter. With this accumulation of vegetable remains is mingled a considerable amount of mineral matter in various stages of subdivision, and a group of mucky soils results. In practically all cases the subsoil of the Portsmouth group con- sists of an ash-colored or pale-gray sand, sandy loam, or clay. TRUCK SOILS OF THE ATLANTIC COAST REGION. 427 Drainage has been so incomplete there has been little or no admission of air into the deeper subsoil, and it retains its uniform gray color without any “rusting” and oxidation of the iron-bearing minerals. In fact, this coloration is sometimes even emphasized through the leaching effect of the surface waters, which penetrate the subsoil in a condition highly charged with organic acids and which, conse- quently, tend to dissolve and to remove any iron coloration which might otherwise exist. Until they are reclaimed by artificial drainage the soils of the Portsmouth series are rarely available for any utilization for the growing of the truck crops. This removal of surplus water may be accomplished through the establishment of open ditches which lead into local drainageways. Complete drainage, adequate for the successful production of intensively tilled crops, can be accomplished only through the installation of rather complete tile underdrainage. The soils of the Portsmouth series in their natural state are usu- ally covered with a thick growth of deciduous trees and a dense undergrowth of shrubs, vines, and rushes. They are consequently expensive to clear and also to drain. This has resulted in the pref- erential development of other soils for general and special agricul- ture in the region of their occurrence. It is only where other more easily subdued lands have been occupied that there is any great de- mand for these soils. In such areas as have been rather completely developed a considerable progress in the utilization of the Ports- mouth series soils has been made. This is particularly the case in the more northern portions of the Atlantic Coastal Plains. Thus, in the vicinity of Norfolk, Va., and upon the eastern shore of Vir- ginia and Maryland, as well as in Delaware, the Portsmouth sandy loam has come to be used extensively for the growing of certain truck crops. Among these the Irish potato takes first rank. The crop does not mature at as early a date as upon the associated Nor- folk soils, but the yields secured are even greater than in the case of the Norfolk fine sandy loam, especially where the Portsmouth sandy loam has been well drained and fertilized. Yields of 50 to 60 barrels an acre are not unusual. The potatoes are sometimes of inferior quality, being liable to cook to a dark color and to be hol- low. This arises from excess organic matter in the soil and from an excess of moisture during the last few days before digging. It is a fault which is reduced or eliminated by proper drainage and the use of the proper fertilizers, notably the sulphate of potash. This soil is, therefore, capable of more extended use as a medium-season potato soil. Strawberries are extensively grown upon well-drained areas of the Portsmouth sandy loam in the southern part of Delaware. The Gandy berry is the variety which has been used most extensively. 428 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, The type may be said to be better suited to the growing of a fine quality late berry, with heavy yields, than to the production of an early berry which depends for its value upon early marketing. It is not uncommon for experienced berry growers to secure a crop giving a net income of $200 per acre from the Portsmouth sandy loam, while this value is frequently exceeded under the most favor- able conditions. The Portsmouth sandy loam has not been used to-any extent for other truck and small-fruit crops, but it is certain that cabbage and lettuce may be successfully grown upon it where the market demands justify the production of a rather late crop. It should be available for the growing of fall crops of these vegetables in all of the more northern localities where it occurs. It is probable that not 10 per cent of the total area of Portsmouth soils has been reclaimed and used for any agricultural purpose. The amount used for truck production is so insignificant as not to permit of any numerical estimate. The usable area of the soils of this series is therefore very great, and the crops which may be grown depend rather upon the adequacy of drainage than upon any other factor aside from transportation facilities. TRUCKING DISTRICTS. It is difficult to secure any definite estimate of the total area of land now devoted to the production of winter and early spring vege- tables in the Atlantic coast region. This arises from the fact that the crops are grown in rapid succession upon the same land, and the same acre may bear a crop of winter lettuce, a spring crop of radishes, a@ summer crop of cucumbers or melons, and another fall crop. of lettuce. This multiple cropping of the land gives rise to a report of many more acres of the various crops than there are acres of land devoted chiefly to trucking. Another difficulty in making a just estimate of the lands so used lies in the fact that the areas are annually expanded or restricted to a very considerable degree through climatic accidents, particularly those of precipitation. If the planting or transplanting season for the early spring crops hap- pens to be either excessively wet or excessively dry the acreage in any one locality may be seriously reduced for that year, and general farm crops may be used to occupy the trucking lands. In a succeeding year favorable climatic conditions and a heavy market demand may give rise to much more extensive planting. It is therefore prac- tically impossible to give other than very general estimates of acre- age, and these may be stated only for the longest established and most uniformly stable trucking districts. TRUCK SOILS OF THE ATLANTIC COAST REGION. 429 It is probable that approximately 1,500 acres of land are devoted to truck and market-garden crops in the vicinity of Savannah. Ga. The chief acreage is devoted to early Irish potatoes. Snap beans and garden peas are also grown. Strawberries are produced chiefly for the local markets. Some onions are grown, while sweet potatoes and melons are produced for local consumption. The soils suited to trucking and market gardening exist to the extent of 90,000 acres in Chatham County alone, and the facilities for transportation to market include both rail and boat transportation. It may be said that there is an excellent opportunity for the development of this class of agriculture, not only in that county, but also in other nearby counties of eastern Georgia. Around Beaufort, S. C., a thriving trucking business has been built up during the last 10 years. The soils and climate are well suited to this industry, and the progressive truckers of the region have improved upon natural conditions by a rather general use of overhead irrigation systems. Such a system is shown in Plate XLIV, fig. 2. Lettuce is the chief crop grown. Beets, radishes, peas, beans, and early potatoes are also raised. Possibly 6,000 acres of land are now occupied for trucking purposes in the Beaufort district. Less than 5 per cent of the available land has yet been utilized. Trans- portation facilities are fairly good. The Charleston (S. C.) trucking district is one of the older locali- ties, and it has established a well-deserved reputation for the growing of early spring cabbage and of cabbage plants for both fall and spring planting at more southern and more northern cabbage- growing points. Millions of cabbage plants are annually shipped from the Charleston trucking district to all of the Eastern States. It is estimated that an acreage in excess of 20,000 acres is annually de- voted to truck crops upon the mainland and the sea islands around Charleston. The largest acreage is given to Irish potatoes (Pl. XLV, fig. 1); the next and nearly equal acreage is occupied by cabbages (Pl. XLV, fig. 2); cucumbers, beans, peas, and sweet potatoes also occupy acreages ranging from 500 to 2,500 each. Asparagus is har- vested from nearly 1,000 acres of land. The total value of the crops harvested has been estimated at $3,700,000 by the Charleston Cham- ber of Commerce. This is in excess of $150 per acre for all classes of vegetables and for all conditions of crops, from the best to those which were practically failures. Excellent crops of field lettuce and of shipping beets are shown in Plate XLVI, figs. 1 and 2. The opportunity for the extension of trucking acreage around Charleston is good. The soil survey of a restricted area, made in the vicinity of the city in 1905, shows that there are more than 100,000 acres of Norfolk fine sand and Norfolk fine sandy loam within the area of the survey. The area included only a part of 430 YEARBOOK OF THE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Charleston County. It is thus easy to estimate that the present truck- ing area of this district could be doubled if only the most accessible and best suited lands were used. Trucking has only recently been established as an important in- dustry in the other seacoast counties of the State, yet Georgetown County shows over 400 acres of strawberries alone in the census year. A field of Klondyke berries is shown in Plate XLVITI, fig. 1. Horry County grows approximately 2,500 acres of strawberries each year, and Columbus County, immediately across the line in North Caro- lina, produces berries from a considerably larger acreage. Some other truck crops are also grown in all of these counties. Yet less than 1 per cent of the farm-land area of the general region is used for truck production. It is almost literally true to estimate that, so far as land area is concerned, the undeveloped trucking lands of these coast counties of North Carolina and South ss number hundreds of thousands of acres. The trucking industry around Wilmington, N. C., has been estab- lished since 1875, but the chief growth of the area did not commence until 10 years later. The Wilmington district is especially noted for its bed and field lettuce crops. The former are grown under canvas cover to prevent their injury by the mild winter frosts. The lettuce matures in early March. The field crop matures a month to six weeks later. From a half acre of bed lettuce one grower har-, vested lettuce to the value of $1,756, or at a rate in excess of $3,500 per acre, in the spring of 1912. Numerous crops of field lettuce have yielded at the rate of $1,200 per acre when climatic and market’ conditions were both favorable. One of the best of these fields is shown in Plate XLVII. The field lettuce does not command so high a price, and the cash returns are correspondingly less, although the yields may be as large or larger. Early Irish potatoes are an important crop in this district, and the spring crop is harvested in time for the production of a forage or cotton crop during the summer season. The yields from the Norfolk fine sandy loam range from 40 to 65 barrels per acre. In one instance a progressive trucker combines winter and spring truck- ing with the production of summer forage crops for the feeding of a fine herd of dairy cattle. All but a portion of the grain ration is raised on the farm, and a trucking business is combined with good dairy farming, to the financial benefit of both. The maintenance of the crop-producing power of that land is assured. A variety of other truck crops are grown in small acreages, and it is estimated that 6,000 to 7,000 acres of land are occupied for truck and fruit crops. Soil surveys in the district have shown the existence of 40,000 acres of available land for trucking in New Hanover County alone, while several times that amount of such soils exists in the near-by counties of North Carolina. TRUCK SOILS OF THE ATLANTIC COAST REGION. 431 Trucking has been entered into as a specialized form of farming at numerous other points in the State, particularly near Newbern. Some of the northeastern counties of the State are now developing trucking lands. Yet throughout eastern North Carolina it may be said that there are 100 acres of good trucking soil undeveloped for every acre that has yet been utilized. The Norfolk, Va., trucking area is probably the best known as well as the oldest trucking district of the Atlantic coastal region. It is estimated that nearly 35,000 acres of land are devoted to truck crops in this district, which comprises parts of Princess Anne, Norfolk, Nansemond, and Isle of Wight Counties, in Virginia. The gross returns from this business exceed $8,000,000 each year. The early Irish potatoes are the chief crop in acreage and value. The value of this crop usually exceeds $2,000,000. Strawberries are next in importance, giving an annual return in the vicinity of $1,000,000. Kale and spinach, grown as winter crops, are har- vested to a value of nearly $1,000,000 each year. Cabbage, peas, and beans constitute the other more important crops, although cucumbers, radishes, beets, melons, and sweet potatoes are grown on a consid- erable acreage. It is probable that the available land supply for trucking purposes has been more nearly utilized in the Norfolk district than in any of the other trucking regions of the Atlantic coast region. Yet there exists in the northern portion of the counties named an area of the Portsmouth and Norfolk series in excess of 110,000 acres and in the vicinity of the port of Norfolk not less than 250,000 acres of these peculiarly truck-soil types. The extension of the trucking industry in the district is more dependent upon the furnishing of adequate drainage and added local transportation facilities than upon avail- able soil acreage. In the absence of detailed soil surveys of the counties of eastern Virginia and southern Delaware, it is not possible to give a detailed statement of the unused but available trucking lands of the Virginia- Maryland-Delaware Peninsula. Yet it is known that not 1 acre in 50 available for vegetable and small-fruit production is yet utilized for growing these crops. The soils are well adapted to trucking, and the climate is fairly favorable, while the transportation facilities are excellent, and both the time and distance of the haul to the great city markets are small. AVAILABLE TRUCKING LANDS. While it is still impossible to give an accurate and detailed state- ment of the acreages of land suited to the production of winter and spring vegetables in the Atlantic coast region, it may be stated posi- 432 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. tively that the areas now utilized for such purposes constitute only a fraction of 1 per cent of the total land area which may ultimately be made available. The first requirement for the development of these lands will be a market demand which shall justify the increased production, through paying a price for the product commensurate with the expenditures and risks undertaken by the producer. This may be attained through the natural increase in the consuming population and, to a more marked degree, through the extension of the markets to hundreds of thousands of city dwellers who never taste the fresh vegetable prod- ucts at the periods of the year when these crops are placed upon the market. A reduction in city price is essential to secure this latter extension of the business. This constitutes one of the greatest problems of food distribution remaining to be solved, Added transportation facilities will probably be furnished as rapidly as a stable increase in production is assured. This has been the history of the development of the trucking business for the last ten years. Extension of transportation lines into new territory will accompany the general development of the territory. Extensive community and private drainage works must be under- taken before some of the best soils for trucking are rendered avail- able in this section. The level savannah lands, the pocosons, and the swamps imperatively require drainage. (See Pl. XLVIII, fig. 2.) The more elevated uplands will frequently be benefited by more com- plete drainage, and many of the tidal swamps, occurring along the streams and at the estuarine mouths of the larger rivers, may be re- claimed, ultimately, for the production of concentrated forms of human food. It may be said that capital for development and human labor for the working of the lands are the chief local problems attendant upon the wide extension of food production in the general region. There is land enough and climate sufficiently favorable to return the vege- table and fruit supplies required by many times the present popula- tion of the country. Lack of suitable lands is eliminated for many generations, and further development awaits upon the solution of economic problems rather than upon the discovery of suitable soils. SEED COLLECTION ON A LARGE SCALE. By HeENry H. FARQUHAR, In charge of planting, District 1, Forest Service. UNPRODUCTIVE FOREST LANDS. There are within the National Forests approximately 15,000,000 acres of land at present unproductive but capable of supporting tree growth. These areas will serve their highest use only when made to produce forests; now they are covered with worthless brush or are bare of vegetation. In many places fires have swept the forest away, and on these lands, scattered throughout the forests from Florida to Alaska, trees will come again through natural re- forestation, and in a reasonably short time if fire is kept out. At least half of the area, however, aggregating 7,500,000 acres, can be reforested only through artificial planting, either of seed sown directly where the new forest is to grow, or of young trees raised in nurseries and set out as soon as they are sturdy enough to with- stand the hardships with which they have to contend. QUANTITY OF SEED NEEDED. No matter which of these two methods is used to get the new stands of timber, it is plain that a vast lot of seed is needed. Dur- ing 1911, as a case in point, the Forest Service sowed seed on over 93,000 acres, and planted over 2,000 acres with young trees. While the seed of different species have widely differing weights, it is fair to say that the sowing averaged not less than 6 pounds to the acre; and to raise the young trees which were set out, about 2 pounds of seed went for each acre of planted trees. There were required, on this basis, 143,401 pounds of seed. As a matter of fact, the Forest Service had on hand 161,880 pounds of seed, of which the stupendous quantity of 107,780 pounds, or more than 53 tons, had been collected on the National Forests in the fall of 1910. The remaining 54,100 pounds, mostly of European species suitable for introduction into this country, were purchased in the open market. In 1911, which wis not a good seed year, the Forest Service collected 63,061 pounds of seed. 43. 73029°—yBK 1912 28 434 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The aim is to restore to the National Forests the most valuable timber trees suited to each region—conifers in general and the pines in particular, because they grow rapidly and yield good lumber. Taking the pines as a whole, the seeds run about 30,000 to the pound, and it takes about a bushel of cones to yield 1 pound of cleaned seed. These figures are only approximations, but they serve to show the magnitude of the task of collection. For example, to store the seed gathered for the planting of 1911 would require a hypothetical bin 10 feet square at the ends and more than a quarter of a mile long. MAGNITUDE OF THE TASK. At the rate of 30,000 acres a year it would take almost three cen- turies to complete the task of reforestation now before the Forest Service. This rate, however, will be greatly accelerated; the plant- ings which have been accomplished are, in the light of the work still to be done, merely experimental. This experimental work alone has required scores of tons of seeds; the work to come is going to take hundreds of tons. Where, then, will all this seed be got? To purchase it, even if it could be had of dealers, would cost an immense amount of money. Experience has shown that it can be collected by the regularly or- ganized force of the Forest Service much more cheaply than it can be bought in the open market. Yet it can be collected at small cost only because the work is carefully organized and painstakingly su- pervised as to the smallest details. Many of the heavier tasks of seed collection are carried on as distinct lines of work, because much concentration is required to gather from 5,000 to 15,000 pounds of seed of a single species, especially when the seed of that species ripens and falls in a short time and the cones must be gathered before they open. On the other hand, some of the collecting needs no peculiar organization, and forms a part of the routine duties of the forest rangers and guards. WHOLESALE OPERATIONS REDUCE UNIT COSTS. It has been found that a large force concentrated on seed collect- ing, especially when seed is plentiful, materially reduces the cost. For instance, in the use of horses in the transportation of cones the weight of the load is no great matter, and the greater the quantity of available cones the smaller the cost per pound of seed. The cost of seed of the species most used, when gathered by the Forest Service, averages about $1.65 per pound. The average cost of the same species from seed dealers is $3. Western yellow-pine seed has been the cheapest, at 80 cents a pound, but during abundant seed years it has cost much less than that. Western yellow pine costs about SEED COLLECTION ON A LARGE SCALE, 435 $1.65 from the dealers, and at its lowest does not sell for less than $1 a pound. Thus it can be seen that the seed from commercial houses costs about twice as much as that gathered by the Forest Service. It is not too much to expect that with improved methods and with even greater efficiency in organization the cost of seed collecting on the forests can be further reduced. (See Pl. XLIX.) FORETELLING THE CROP. The first step in any campaign for seed collecting is to forecast the crop. This is necessary, because forest trees-do not bear seed crops every year, nor do they have a definite periodicity in any region. With some species, for example, while it may be said that there is a seed crop at 7-year intervals, as a matter of fact the period between good crops may be from 3 to 11 years. Conifers, in particular, are very irregular in seed production; and while a few cones may be borne each year, heavy crops come with no regu- larity, but vary with climatic and other external conditions. During scant years not only is the seed produced in small quantities, but there is a concentrated demand on it by birds and rodents, so that it is hard to get. What can be had, too, is likely to be of poor quality because of an additional concentrated attack by insects. With many species the plans for seed gathering can be made a year in advance, because the cones take two years to ripen; that is, they are small and green the first year and remain on the trees to grow and ripen in the fall of the second year. Even with seeds that form and ripen in one season the forecast is made not later than the middle of July, when the rangers throughout the country report, on a special form, the prospects of the crop, what species are abundant and on what particular areas, the accessibility of the areas and the cones, and the probable cost of collecting. In addition to reports on these gen- eral points they give specific information that might be of service. If, for example, an area of good seed production is to be logged at the time the seeds ripen, there is an excellent opportunity to collect the cones from the felled trees. GATHERING THE CONES. If it is decided to collect the cones on a large scale on any given area, crews have to be gathered, camps established, a commissariat provided, and a wagon or pack train organized to carry the gathered cones to the most convenient point for storage or seed extraction. There are three principal methods of getting the seed—from squir- rels’ hoards, from the standing trees, and from felled trees. 436 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. SQUIRRELS HELP THE HARVEST. Squirrels’ caches afford a supply that is quickest and easiest to get, and which is most likely to be good, because the canny little beasts know which cones have the plumpest seeds. (PI. LI, fig. 1.) Without the intervention of man squirrels are an enemy of the forest; with man’s efforts at reforestation they become a_help, because they lay by an enormous supply of food. In fact, when cones are abundant squirrels lay by a great store—much more than they can eat during the winter. When the cones are getting ripe on the area where there is a big crop, there is a continual dropping of cones, even from trees on which they ordinarily hang tight for several years. The squirrels are cutting them off and dropping them to the ground, to he there until a great lot are scattered be- neath the trees. At this time the collecting is easiest. When most of the cones are down the small harvesters transfer their operations to the ground and scurry the cones off to their hiding places. (PI. L, fig. 2.) These caches are cleverly hidden and well chosen to keep the cones during the winter. Generally they are in moist places in order that the cones may not dry out and open to spill the seeds. They are in hollow logs or stumps, or beside down trees, and usually, to the great convenience of the cone gatherers, there are cones of only one species in each store. The cones are not merely thrown into these caches, but are packed carefully in an orderly array, so that each hoard contains a great many more cones than one would think from a glance at the top layers. The officers of the Bitterroot National Forest report that the squirrels there actually store the cones under water. CONES FROM STANDING TREES. When cones are collected from standing trees it means hard, slow work at climbing to cut off or knock off the cones; or they may be knocked off low, bushy trees in the open with a pole in the hands of a man on the ground. With these low-spreading trees a long-handled tree pruner is an excellent implement, because with it the outermost branches, which bear the largest number of well-filled cones, can be clipped off and the cones taken from them on the ground. Very rarely, indeed, are trees cut for the cones they bear. In the first place, it is slow and laborious, and in the second place the seed secured would scarcely be worth the price of the tree, unless the tree itself were a poor specimen, or one whese removal would bene- fit the surrounding forest. On an average, a single tree bears no more than 24 bushels of cones, or 24 pounds of seed. For tree climb- ing there is needed a good pair of climbing irons such as telegraph SEED COLLECTION ON A LARGE SCALE. 437 linemen use, and a pair of heavy gloves to protect the hands from the spiny cones as they are pulled off. (PI. L, fig. 1.) At best, however, the climbing method is not only unsatisfactory but dangerous. CONES FROM FELLED TREES. Where trees are being cut in logging operations and are full of cones there is an excellent chance for the seed collectors, and one of which advantage is always taken. It is a cheap and rapid opera- tion to go from tree to tree, pulling the cones from the tops as they lie on the ground and putting them in bags. As the cones are gathered they are tied tightly in the sacks by the collectors and left beside trails in the woods to be taken up by teams or pack horses and transported to a central station where storage bins are provided. From these bins they go to the drying houses and from there to plants where the seed can be extracted by some thrashing process when that is necessary.’ The aim of the Service is to get as much seed as possible at the lowest cost. It means that the organization of an army or of a big industrial concern has to be put into effect in a short time and for a very brief period—or during the interval between the ripening of the seed in the late fall and the coming of severe winter weather which stops operations. Everything is calculated to a unit basis of cost per pound of seed or bushel of cones. ONE EXAMPLE OF BIG COLLECTING, A single example of a big seed-collecting campaign and its organ- ization was furnished on the Kaniksu National Forest, Idaho, in the fall of 1911. It was a good seed year for western white pine (Pinus monticola), and 20,000 bushels of cones were needed for the plantings antici- pated in 1912. Reports from six National Forests, three in Mon- tana and three in Idaho, indicated excellent opportunities. Since it was best to center on one forest, these six were further reconnoitered to find out which one offered the best chance. The Kaniksu was chosen because it gave in one area the best combination of favorable faetors—abundant seed; large, contiguous bodies of the single de- sired species; easy topography; good and sufficient roads and trails; ranchers who might furnish labor, teams, and food; nearness to centers of labor and commissary supplies. The cone crop was not only exceptionally large, but the cone- bearing trees were not confined to the lower levels, but extended up 1 For an account of these further processes, see Forest Service Bulletin 98, Reforesta- tion on the National Forests, by William T. Cox. 438 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the long, gentle slopes to the tops of the divides. Moreover, the squirrels whose hoards were to furnish the supply had to confine their cone-cutting to the one species because all the others had poor seed crops. The Forest Service trails were in good shape, and there were other roads and trails that needed only a little working to make them available; the few temporary roads needed in addition to the exist- ing ones were readily constructed because of the easy grades. ‘These trails not only aided the pickers in moving about from place to place, but they served as lines of deposit for the filled sacks, ready of access to pack trains. (Pl. LI, fig. 2.) Also, there were logging roads and roads to mining camps. The location, too, was compara- tively near a railroad which brought in help and supplies. THE LABORERS EMPLOYED. In the immediate vicinity there were two ranger stations and the homes of nine ranchers. These ranchers furnished the most relia- ble labor—men who were at home in the woods and were in familiar territory. More than all, the ranchers were indispensable in fur- nishing hay, vegetables, and fresh meats to the camps, at reasona- ble prices. They could furnish only a small part of the labor neces- sary to collect the cones before the winter would set in, so it was necessary to call on outside help. The logging camps in the vicinity had not yet opened for the winter, so it was possible to get other men familiar with the woods from the ranks of the lumberjacks. They were glad to have a month’s work at this time, though it was at labor which they had never done and of which they had never heard. ORGANIZING THE CAMPS. It is estimated that the cones ought not to cost more than 75 cents a bushel; the harvest was to be 20,000 bushels; therefore $15,000 was allotted for the work. The time spent on the reconnoissance of the six Forests, to deter- mine which offered the best opportunities, was well spent, though it deferred the start of the operations so that there was not a great deal of time for organization. The fall rains set in generally by October 15, and the collecting had to start a month earlier. It promised to be a big operation and on a scale never before attempted, so the problem had to be attacked without any helpful precedents. It turned out that the weather continued good well into November. Headquarters were established in a tent at a strategic center. An emergency telephone was installed to bring operations under closest possible surveillance, and a clerk was hired to keep records and time slips and look after the commissariat. SEED COLLECTION ON A LARGE SCALE. 439 There were four camps besides the headquarters, and each of the four had its foreman, cook, “ cookee,” one or more haulers and pack- ers, and about 25 pickers. The men were paid in cash, on a sliding scale, according to the quantity of cones picked. Each foreman was responsible for the hiring and discharging of the men and for all the work of his camp. Without exception they did excellent work, and though none had ever done any seed collect- ing they entered heartily into the spirit of the work and handled masterfully the difficult labor situation with which they had to deal. Each picker was designated by number, and all of his work was re- corded by that number. At first an effort was made to allot the men to certain areas, but they did not lke the plan and, without such allotment, worked without any duplications or disputes. A man turned in a sack full of cones, with his number on the tag it bore; the sacks were checked up at the bins. Since the haulers and the checker at the bins did not know the names of the individuals, there was no chance for favoritism and no object in making false reports to credit one man with another man’s pick. If the tallies did not agree the picker was paid by the hauler’s report, and when figures were corrected was paid any excess that was due him. In order to induce the men to stay, they were paid by the day, with a charge for meals if they stayed less than two weeks. For more than two weeks they got their board also. After a short time, during which a fair day’s work was ascertained, each man was re- quired to pick 6 sacks (12 bushels) each day to obtain the minimum wage, $2 per day and board. Fifteen bushels brought $2.25 a day; 174 bushels meant $2.50; and 20 bushels $2.75. Notices in five nearest post offices brought the applications for work, and in two days after they were posted the first camp was in full blast. Then the second camp was filled—and overflowed—at once. It was a task to get utensils and supplies; the men had to double up in the tents, and a first and second table had to be estab- lished to make the camp dishes go around. Under this arrangement the finest diplomacy was required to keep the cooks, but though the situation was much strained the breaking point was never quite reached. The ranchers’ houses were used as additional sleeping quarters, and this increased costs. But the cones kept coming in, and 20,000 bushels was the goal. WORK DONE AT TOP SPEED. At first the men had muchedifficulty in finding the squirrel hoards. When the work started the cones had not yet been cached, but were simply piled on the ground ready for hoarding. But with a little help the men soon learned to look in the likely places, and those who 440 | YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. were instructed soon showed the new ones that it was not the squir- rels’ cunning but their own lack of observation that kept them from rapidly filling their sacks. There was a natural rivalry to be “ high man” each day, and this rivalry was fostered by a bonus; a man was hard put to it to retain the leadership for any length of time. Unsuccessful ones gradually dropped out and those who stayed re- doubled their efforts. With about 100 men at work, cones poured in at the rate of more than a thousand bushels a day. This had some drawbacks. The hauling got behind and sacks gave out. Work was started with 1,700 sacks, quickly augmented by 1,000 more; in the end there were more than 1,000 for each camp, 4,200 in all. The bins, which were constructed for this particular project, could not be built fast enough to take care of the cones. (Pl. LIT.) The men began putting in poor cones and skimped the sacks. Close inspection soon stopped this, however, and on the whole the quality of the cones was high. One camp lost a half day ior ibe for a “lost man,” who had simply left his blankets and gone back to town without them or his pay. Several men actually did get lost, and in some cases were out all night, in spite of persistent searches. This time lost in searching cost $36.39, or two-tenths of a cent for each bushel of cones; but it was money well invested, because it made the men less timid about striking through unknown woods—they were sure that they wouldn’t be left lost very long. THE WORK OF INDIVIDUALS. There were all sorts and conditions of men, of whom the local ranchers were best. There were lumberjacks, college men, plain “hoboes,” barbers, ex-convicts. But they stayed on the job; wages and food were good, and it was a time of slack work in the woods. One crew of five Swedes, lumberjacks, performed marvels. They worked together, and no matter how long the walks or how difficult the country, they gathered, with a regularity that baffled the best efforts of the others, from 14 to 20 bushels each a day. Each was as strong as a mule and equally a stranger to fatigue. Once a great crackling in the underbrush that portended a bunch of grizzlies turned out to be these five Swedes, each with five sacks of cones on his back. The pack horses carried only seven. The cones weighed about 20 pounds to the bushel, and each sack held nearly 2 bushels. Besides being heavy, they were somewhat unhandy. The average pick of these five men was 174 bushels a day for each man, and ete camp’s daily average was nearly 2 bushels more than the average of all the camps. While these men were in a class by themselves, and made the race somewhat hopeless for the others, their influence was of inestimable worth. a PLATE XLIX. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1912. [sort wos spoos 04} Suyjo0}01d ur o[qrsuodstput ort SVQ *poos Jo YIIOM COE'FS UIv}MOd syors oy] ‘vad ’S ‘YSLSNO ‘LNSWdIHS YO Gaxyovg ‘LSSYO4 IVNOILVN STUIH 4OV1G AHL NO G3YSHLVS) G3SG SNIqd-MOTISA NYSLSAM PLATE L Yearbook U. S, Dept. of Agriculture, 1912. ‘SYAYAHLVS ANOO “GNNOUYS) AHL OL dOYq WIM ASHL OS ‘YI4 SvVINNOG dO SANOO 450 LNO OL AGVEY ONILLAH IAYYINDS Y—'s ‘DIF dO SaAdAL OML "dONYdG ANOODIG 4O S3NOD Y3LsV ONIGWINDO 'SNOY| S‘NVWANIT] HLIM GaddINOF" Y3LSAYO4 LNSWNYSAOD Y—'} “94 Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1912. PLATE LI. Fic. 1.—A SQUIRREL HOARD. [Only top cones show before the squirrels hide it allunder litter. This store contained 10 bushels. ] Fic. 2.—GOVERNMENT PACK TRAIN ON THE KANIKSU NATIONAL FOREST WITH SACKS OF CONES TAKEN UP FROM TRAILS WHERE THEY WERE DEPOSITED. [They are packed to a wagon road and then hauled by wagon to the storage bins.] PLATE LII. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1912. [‘saoxord 91} Jo Joquanu oy} Aq syors 0} pore} Aoq y] NOILVIILNSA SYNSN] OL SNIG JO NOILONYLSNOD ONIMOHS ‘SNIG ANOD SHL LV NODVAA GSGVOINN ATIVILYVd VY SEED COLLECTION ON A LARGE SCALE. 44] SQUIRRELS NOT LEFT DESTITUTE. The squirrels were by no means left destitute. The country which was picked over was thoroughly covered, but within less than a mile of the stripped areas there were other areas which because of lack of trails or too rough topography were untouched. Then, too, only white-pine cones were gathered, and those of all other species were left for the squirrels. Even in the most closely picked localities there were some caches that the pickers missed, and since the supply was many times greater than the squirrels could use, there was no privation for them. Toward the end the squirrels began to forsake their naturai source of supply and learned to hunt for the sacks alongside the road in preference to going to the tree tops. As one old French Canadian put it: “ Zee leetle thief; I swipe heem one sack, and heem swipe me two sacks!” LESSONS FOR THE FUTURE. There were some losses of time; there were not enough pack horses and it was impossible te secure more. As a result the sacks stood long enough to be attacked by the squirrels. There should be, in future operations, one man whose sole duty it should be to super- vise all the hauling work, which was not under any one of the camps. The teamsters’ work would have been lightened and made more effective. In computing costs the aim was to secure safe, conservative fig- ures. The average quantity of cones per sack was placed at 1% bushels, since actual measurements showed that it was somewhat less than 2 bushels. In reducing the figures to unit costs this was the basis. Item. Total cost. cost pee Papennian, Galaries Of forest Offieers.s2 2.5... 2232.8 4..-2 Seyi e- she $850. 49 20. 041 PERE SRenATPO Ol CAMINS 6 oie ease cacat sm SSeS epee sd aeanted aoe shes 354. 96 - 017 DeEnEGHG, Lemnporary CORSITUCHON. 2. 222-5222 Secs p 5 een nese eas ce me ewee este 25.88 - 602 Beenie Sacks, Government pack EAM. 2.2.2 .5.5-ssches-cecseres enc sect-- alee 120. 22 . 006 Pee phe Sand Onekinms, <0. 3 IIS. tees. 2 SS te Ske ge eee eles Sa 3.000. 74 .140 PiU OGUCs winP Os AN eae NING 949. . soos coeds a5 fc g oss eed dass seeps 2s 1,515. 62 -O71 POR POUNeS WAMAS ANG QMATLORS . o-oo o)-8s ecco oho ence Soke Gece saucse ooce 4,502.95 . 210 TL Sey SUES SETTLE Sp Ape i ee SA es maa tetoe a) enna seat 142. 25 - 001 PL eS i pve SAR ae i A a Se Re 8 A Sse Re Re eae eke 671. 26 - 031 Moving camp...........-- Bic Rae a ea seta = wie apts cet he = epee SWS Ss ota, Se S| 120. 32 006 Wi Grea ceamyy, Cline Cord WONG! CG... <= =< 5-2 < 25-55-6252 oes neces eaten eee 138. 26 007 Perth, Okie Ta, GISTIO SRGILE AT) SOBDCIR pre ale pe en on a ee eS ne ose oe Es } 36. 39 - 602 Deas EBS EEL Se eee at a ee as cisais Aen Pi Jaln SE ARR Rae oe oe ae See ae j 158. 04 - 608 Repemieenre eter eter te RM. 57 se 52. 81 003 Ble itt eu GEOIHET GRE OLG Se too. Je oe ha PELE oe oe ce ec SEPETAL oS / 155.00 . 007 eisai hte Goyer Se tg Je. Ae. 102. 86 005 442 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. In all, 21,440 bushels were gathered, according to corrected re- ports. Some cones were lost to the squirrels; in the last few days they worked with surprising rapidity and recaptured, in all, some 350 bushels. Several sacks were lost and were covered with snow before they could be found. All the camps together covered 20,676 acres, which gave an average of 1.04 bushels of cones to the acre. The costs, which were easily tabulated, came well within the allotted $15,000, and the quantity of cones exceeded the original estimate by nearly 1,500 bushels. The cost figures are given in the table on page 441. This made an average cost, for picking alone, of 21 cents a bushel, and about 55.5 cents a bushel counting all costs. This could be re- duced on another operation of the same sort in the light of experience gained in this one. The hauling charge might be materially reduced, and a larger equipment of bags, supplies, and tents at the outset would have reduced the costs still more. As it was, the cost was less than half the previous average cost for collecting western white-pine cones. IMPROVED METHODS OF HANDLING AND MARKETING COTTON. By CHARLES J. BRAND, Physiologist in Charge of Farmers’ Cooperative Cotton Handiing and Marketing, Bureau of Plant Industry. INTRODUCTION. One of the most vital subjects before the country to-day is the efficient and economical handling and marketing of the products of the farm. It presents a problem of the first magnitude both from an agricultural and economic standpoint. Upon its correct solution hinges in great part the reduction of the high cost of living. Pres- ent systems of distribution of many agricultural products are in- direct, wasteful, expensive, and even destructive. In this respect cotton suffers fully as much as any other crop. A complex com- mercial mechanism has been developed, many elements of which are distinctly not in the interest of the producer, the manufacturer, or the ultimate consumer. It is not too much to say that our present method is susceptible of a great deal of improvement at every step from field to factory. It has been estimated by close students of the question that the present slipshod and wasteful system entails an annual loss to the growers of from $25,000,000 to $70,000,000. It is impossible to do more than approximate the total loss, but it is certainly exceedingly large. It so happens that cotton, the purest known natural form of cellulose, will bear more abuse than any other crop material and still retain a large proportion of its value. It is so stable and endur- ing that it demands little care and gets less. Corn, because of its perishable nature, demands better treatment and gets it. If our billion-and-a-half-dollar corn crop were treated half as badly it would no doubt shrink in value fully a half billion dollars annually. There are corn cribs on the farm and elevators and warehouses at the railroad stations and primary and secondary markets for the protection of our corn crop. Still, 10 bushels of corn, worth usually at primary market prices only from $5 to $6, require as much space for storage as a bale of cotton worth from $50 to $60. COOPERATIVE ORGANIZATION AMONG COTTON GROWERS. Cotton planters persist in growing too many varieties in each community, and are careless in many things, including picking and the care of both unginned and ginned cotton on the farm. Through 4435 444 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. lack of thorough cooperation and organized business methods they share with too many middlemen the profits that are rightly theirs. Nevertheless, in a broad sense the individual farmer is absolutely unable, because of the complexity of the system and the industrial character of the crop, to cope with the great problems that exist. Most of the abuses about which spinners, especially foreign spinners, complain against the American farmer arise after he has parted with his cotton and when he no longer has any voice in its treat- ment. These facts must be clearly recognized, as necessary and per- manent reforms can be brought about only by united community action among farmers and by cooperation between growers, ginners, compress men, common carriers, bankers, buyers, spinners, and merchants. In no department of agricultural activity is the forma- tion of growing and marketing associations likely to secure greater advantages than in cotton. Permanent and necessary improvement can be brought about only when communities handle and market their product as a whole. The same is true as to fundamentally improved conditions in cotton production.t. The individual farmer can rarely sell a few bales of cotton as advantageously as a community organization could sell uniform lots of 50 or more bales. The individual can not afford to construct the necessary warehouses, nor can he as readily secure needed credit and many other things which organization would bring within his reach. The California citrus-fruit organizations are handling about 50,000 carloads of fruit per annum. They have established packing houses, cold-storage and precooling plants, and have their own selling agencies all through the United States and in certain foreign ports. Their activities have revolutionized the business of marketing citrus fruits by controlling the supply placed on the market and by avoid- ing its glutting. They have given the country better fruit without increasing the cost to the consumer, and at the same time have increased their profits. They have also brought about greatly re- duced freight rates on their products and more uniform prices have been maintained than Would otherwise be possible. Before citrus exchanges were established 15,000 carloads of fruit were being marketed with greater difficulty than are 50,000 at the present time. The grain-growing farmers of the Northwestern States have or- ganized more than a thousand cooperative elevator companies and handle annually possibly as much as $250,000,000 worth of grain. A single farmers’ elevator company in South Dakota handled over a million bushels of wheat in 1910. 1A discussion of the benefits that may accrue to cotton communities which will unite in the growing of single varieties and in the adoption of improved methods of breeding appeared in the Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture for 1911 in an article en- titled “ Cotton Improvement on a Community Basis,” by Mr. O. EF. Cook. a i ———_- HANDLING AND MARKETING COTTON. 445 The cotton growers of the South have the same need, if not a greater need, to organize for the purpose of marketing their product to the best advantage as have the grain and fruit growers. Further- more, especially in comparison with the fruit growers, the imperish- able nature of their product should make handling and marketing problems easier. Something has already been accomplished along the line of cooperation in many -localities through the educational work of such organizations as the Farmers’ Union, the Grange, the Alliance, and other less widespread movements. Many people are inclined to think that most of these organizations have proved flat failures. This is not true, for even where after a period of years they have become moribund, the educational work they have done has been eminently worth while and will be a factor in bringing the fruits of cooperation home to the cotton farmer. Many cooperative activities have failed, but some have succeeded. There are several cotton enterprises in the hands of farmers that are being operated with such success as to leave no doubt that others could do the same if they had the same determination and the same willingness to put self aside to some extent for the common good. Farmers are extremely individualistic, and naturally so; hence, the greatest trouble has been not that the farmers were slow to organ- ize, but that they were altogether too willing to fall out with one another when matters did not go to their liking. At Montgomery, Ala., the farmers have constructed a ginnery and warehouse, and conduct a general store. In marketing cotton they have operated successfully in both domestic and foreign business. Some of the members of the organization haul their seed cotton as far as 20 miles in order to have it ginned and handled through the farmers’ company. They have two batteries of four gins each, one of which is connected with a square-bale gin compress. Ware- house facilities are furnished at reasonable rates. Gin-compressed bales are stored the first month free of charge, while flat bales are charged 25 cents per month, with a fairly low rate for the season. Direct connections have been established with Liverpool cotton buyers, and most of their gin-compressed cotton is shipped directly to England. At Glendora, Miss., a group of planters has its own oil mill, which has been operated at a distinct profit to its membership. In fact, in a market that paid $17 per ton for the planters’ seed they netted about $22 per ton through carrying out the manufacturing process as far as the crude oil. At Greenwood, Miss., the same group of farmers in part organized a cotton buying and selling company, dealing in about 4,000 bales over and above what they themselves produced. Their profits on this business ran into a number of thousands of dollars. 446 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. At Purcell, Okla., there is a cooperative gin and elevator owned by the farmers that has been operated successfully for several years. In this case no marketing of cotton is carried on, but considerable grain is sold for the members of the organization. The cotton growers of the Imperial Valley, in California, who organized an association less than a year ago, already have accom- plished several things of substantial benefit, not only to their own members, but also to those producers of cotton who for various reasons have not joined the organization. Even before they organ- ized they subscribed for more than $60,000 worth of stock to bring an oil mill and ginnery into the valley. Unfortunately, in a way, their plans were on such a scale and the type of plant erected so ex- pensive that it was necessary to call upon outside capital for addi- tional help; as a consequence, the business, while in the hands of men who show every inclination to further cotton growing in the valley by dealing fairly, is not actually under the control of the growers. Without united action the required equipment could scarcely have been secured. Early in the season of 1912 the growers organized an exchange, which has made banking arrangements for its members that enable them to secure loans of $35 per bale on their short and $60 per bale on their Egyptian cotton at a moderate rate of interest. As soon as the cotton has been ginned the grower places it in the custody of the exchange at the cotton yard. There is less need for warehouses in the desert country than in the humid cotton areas. The cotton is then classed at a fixed charge per bale by a grader secured through the exchange. A certificate is issued to the farmer, upon which, as collateral, the loan is obtained. There is no better security than cotton adequately protected and insured. The loan is enough less than the actual value of the cotton to give no undue encouragement to holding beyond a reasonable time. The securing of a capable grader who is disinterested, representing neither side of the market, is a distinct service that every organiza- tion could perform for its membership. The Imperial Valley growers also secured by united action the installation of a suitable equipment of roller gins for handling their Egyptian crop. The selling end of their organization has not been tested as yet, but promises to be successful. In case of direct sales to certain mills or to mill buyers the 50 cents commission usually paid to brokers will be paid to the exchange. The southern California cotton industry is new and comparatively small. In 1911 something less than 10,000 bales were produced. Now excellent arrangements have been made for concentrating the seed cotton. Loading facilities have been provided along the rail- roads, a reasonable freight rate has been granted, and the seed cot- HANDLING AND MARKETING COTTON. 447 ton is to be loaded into cars at the nearest station and shipped to the central ginnery. This system should prove to have many advan- tages and should also make it possible for the central plant to install facilities for compression at the gin. There is an important point to be considered in every community where an organization is effected. Each grower, whether he joins or not, is benefited in many ways by the existence of a properly conducted association. The burden of costs should not be borne by a few of the beneficiaries. All cotton growers in the territory should join, and they should conduct their business on a partnership and not a competitive basis. The establishment of an adequate system of agricultural credit would benefit the cotton planter greatly, especially as he progresses in the formation of cooperative cotton handling and marketing organizations. FORMS OF COOPERATIVE ORGANIZATION. In connection with the cotton handling and marketing work of the Bureau of Plant Industry some study has been made of suitable methods of organization. The laws of very few States provide ade- quately for cooperative business activities; hence proper care should be taken to insure the legality of any form adopted and, so far as may be found desirable, additional or remedial legislation should be sought. The Wisconsin law is pronounced by experts in coopera- tion to be admirable and might serve as a basis of legislation in other States. It is, of course, desirable that the laws governing the matter in all of the cotton States be as uniform as possible, as cotton, par- ticularly, is an interstate crop. The true cooperative plan of organization will probably prove the most satisfactory and effective in the long run. Under this each person has but one vote, regardless of the number of shares held. A reasonable, limited, and uniform rate of interest is paid to all who invest capital in the stock of the cooperative organization. Division of expenses and profits is made purely on the basis of the amount of business done with or through the organization.t. Satisfactory finan- cial responsibility is absolutely essential to every cooperative organ- ization. Direct or semidirect dealing will be possible only to such extent as the just claims of spinners can be settled promptly and equitably. Where organizations are to act together merely in the growing and handling of their crops, without owning any particular property, gins and the like, the form of organization used so success- fully by a number of mutual insurance companies in various parts of the country is suggested. The basic idea of this method, when adapted to cotton, is for the farmer to give the association his note 1 Those desiring a full discussion of the organization of cooperative associations should consult the article entitled ‘“‘ Cooperation in the Handling and Marketing of Fruit,” by G. Harold Powell, in the Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture for 1910, pp. 391-406. 448 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. each year for a stated number of dollars per bale of lint or per ton of seed, to bear interest at a certain fixed per cent. The rate of interest and the valuation basis will depend upon the cost of con- ducting the business of the association. Assuming the assessment rate to be $10 per bale of lint, the same per ton of seed, and the rate of interest 6 per cent, if a farmer produces and proposes to market through the association 100 bales of cotton and 50 tons of seed, he would make his note to the organization for $1,500 at 6 per cent. The principal of these notes is not collected and the notes are canceled and returned to the makers at the close of each season. They simply guarantee his responsibility for just claims. To provide for any extraordinary losses that might arise, he would obligate himself in addition for a further assessment of interest, the extent of which would be determined by the board of directors, with the concurrence of a majority vote of the members. The cotton could be bulked and pooled in the seed and ginned to get even running lots, or the bales could be numbered so that in case of complaint against any particular lot adjudication could be made and the individual who furnished that bale would pay the claims against it or the amount involved would be taken from his credit with the association. Probably in most cases it will pay ultimately for organizations to own their gins, warehouses, seed houses, and possibly oil mills, obli- gating all members of the organization legally to have their work done at their own ginnery and sold through their own selling agencies. When this is determined upon they should by all means, whenever a good plant can be purchased, buy one already in exist- ence, for it is altogether likely that one of the troubles with the cotton industry at present is that there are too many gins with too low an average output and too high an expense account. Proportionately, it takes much more labor to conduct a one-stand ginnery with an out- put of 500 bales a year or less than it does one with an output of 1,000 or 1,500 bales a year. There is already a strong tendency to- ward a reduction in the number of active gins. The census figures show that between 1906 and 1911 the number of gins was reduced by more than 2,000—from more than 28,000 to about 26,000. IMPROVED HANDLING OF COTTON ON THE FARM, Work in two distinct directions is needed in cotton. The first should aim at the ultimate attainment of a general cooperative sys- tem of growing, handling, and marketing the crop. The other should have for its purpose the improvement of present methods in every possible way. No amount of work along either line will greatly lessen the need of all possible development along the other. The changes in present methods, discussed later, are all desirable under any conditions, and can be brought about most readily in HANDLING AND MARKETING COTTON. 449 those sections where the development of community action has made the greatest progress. There are many changes needed which the farmer alone can not bring about; others are within his own reach. Cotton should be accorded, to the required degree, the same good treatment that is given corn. Seed-cotton storage houses should be built, holding from 5 to 25 bales or more, according to the needs of the individual farmer. Facilities should be provided so that cotton after it is picked can be placed in these houses and left from two to five weeks. The desir- ability of this procedure is urged more especially on growers of staple varieties. The farm storage of seed cotton will benefit both the cot- ton and the farmer in a number of ways. In the first place, it is the consensus of opinion that the luster and strength of the lint is im- proved measurably. In some experiments conducted by the Office of Cotton Standardization, in the Bureau of Plant Industry, an increase of several per cent in strength was noted in the case of cotton stored in the seed as compared with the same growth of cotton ginned imme- diately. That the luster of the fiber is improved by a sweating-out process is not surprising, and it is possible that both of these beneficial results may be due to the slight diffusion of the oil in the seed through the mass of the cotton. Still another benefit accruing through the storage of seed cotton on the farm is a reduction in the amount of time now wasted by men and teams in hauling the seed cotton to the ginnery and standing in line awaiting their turn. It is true that commonly the least valuable boy or man drives the team. Neverthe- less, the time spent standing at the gin in many parts of the country represents a very heavy item of cost chargeable to the bale. With seed-cotton storage houses in common use much of this could be obviated. Another important benefit would be secured in maintain- ing the uniformity of the individual farmer’s cotton. As ginning is done at present, a farmer with a low-grade bale may precede one with a high-grade bale at the gin, or a farmer with a three-fourths staple may stand just ahead of one with an inch and an eighth staple. The gin is rarely thoroughly cleaned out, with the result that the farmer who grew the better grade or staple gets a plate of poorer cotton, varying from a few to 20 pounds in weight, on his better bale. Asa result of this careless method the buyer, sampling both sides of the bale, calls it a “mixed” bale and refuses to pay what it is really worth. Cases like this-result in great injustice to the growers of better grade and longer staple cotton, and in the course of a season in the country at large cause much loss to the very class of cotton growers who deserve the greatest consideration. Another benefit that would appear under this method is that farmers producing from 50 bales upward may thereby produce commercial lots of even-running cot- 73029° —yBxK 1912 29 450 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ton, which they should be able to market to much better advantage than the odd lots which the present system forces them to offer. Many ginners who buy cotton in the seed claim that a higher yield of lint is secured after storage, owing to cleaner ginning from the seed. It is possible that the ripening or curing out that takes place in storage causes the fiber to loosen from the seed more readily. Another great benefit from storing seed cotton on the farm and then having it ginned in quantity is that it will more readily enable each individual farmer to keep his seed pure. Under the present system the same difficulties exist in keeping seed pure as in pre- venting “ plated” bales. The conveyors and feed roll are not com- pletely cleaned out and the last of one farmer’s seed is mixed with the first of the next farmer’s. This is of great importance to all farmers who are growing staple varieties in short-staple districts. It is difficult and sometimes almost impossible for the ginner to clean out his machines completely after each load of cotton. The loss of time would constitute a heavy charge against his outfit and prob- ably reduce the number of bales which he could turn out in a day. In case of stored cotton this would partly be compensated for by the fact that it can be ginned at a higher speed without gin cutting or other injury than can newly picked cctton. Another benefit that would accrue is the even distribution of moisture through the mass of seed cotton in the farm storehouse. When the pickings of the morning are thrown upon the drier pick- ings of the previous afternoon the excess moisture will distribute itself evenly and not be a menace to the ginning quality of the fiber. Cotton with any noticeable degree of moisture should, of course, be dried to some extent before it is put in the storage house. In an experiment in South Carolina in the season of 1912, 40,000 pounds of thoroughly ripe seed cotton were stored in a single body for several weeks without “heating” in the least. Early-season pickings are most likely to heat. They should be watched carefully and either ginned immediately or forked over. Farmers should begin at once a far more general practice of sheltering properly all bales retained on the farm. Platforms with galvanized roofs can be constructed at small expense, and much country damage, which in the aggregate is a great drain on the industry, can be obviated. Furthermore, such shelters will enable the grower who can afford to do so to hold his cotton without wasting fiber or danger of injury to its spinning value. A respectable appear- ance of the bale could also be maintained. It is a noticeable fact that in the cotton country, generally, bales are left exposed to all sorts of untoward conditions, but that spinners have substantial brick warehouses for the protection of the staple. Plate LIII, figure 1, shows the condition in which bales often reach the railroad platform. HANDLING AND MARKETING COTTON. 451 THE HOLDING OF COTTON BY FARMERS. Discussion of facilities for protecting the fiber from injury on the farm naturally brings up the general question of the holding of cotton by farmers. Any form of storage, whether in the seed or after ginning, should tend to do away with the present sharp drop in the price of cotton which usually begins late in September and continues until November. Having no adequate means of stor- age and being usually in need of money, the farmer rushes into the market as soon as cotton-picking time arrives and acts as the greatest bear on his own product. Ordinarily, by the middle of November from two-thirds to three-quarters of the crop has been ginned and the greater part of this has passed to the hands of middlemen and spinners. In other words, under present conditions as soon as ownership of the major portion of the crop passes from the farmer the price begins to rise. It is impossible, even after a careful study of the statistical movement of prices from month to month for a period of years, to say definitely to what extent “holding” is a paying venture under present conditions. The average gain in prices in the leading Upland markets during the last 15 years indi- cates that October and November ginnings might be expected to in- crease in value about 5} per cent if held for 6 months. Taking into account insurance and other costs, including loss of interest on the money tied up in cotton and the fact that the farmer’s money comes high when he borrows it unsecured by real estate, it seems that the profits of holding cotton, while decidedly worth while, would not be excessively large. The whole question of holding must neces- sarily depend upon the cost. of production to the farmer as compared to the price offered. Each farmer should determine this cost as ac- curately as possible for his individual conditions. Only in this way can the question of holding be settled. If it costs a farmer 8 or 10 cents per pound to produce his cotton he can far better afford to hold it, provided suitable warehouse facilities are available, than can any middleman or spinner who pays 10 or 12 cents per pound for the same cotton. This general fact is modified, of course, by the prevailing rate of interest paid by the two classes of holders. Holding merely for the purpose of raising the price when the pre- vailing price is fair and when the supply is ample and equal to the demand is bad economics and probably wholly indefensible. Any widespread movement to bring about excessively high or fixed prices will certainly result in the stimulation of cotton culture in foreign countries and the ultimate restriction of the market for American cotton. Storing in the seed, holding to secure a fair price consider- ing the cost of production, or any other methods that tend to stabilize the price or improve the quality of the staple are desirable and proper and should be practiced by all who can afford to do so. It is 452 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF. AGRICULTURE. good economics to hold over the surplus of a year of big production to another year of lesser production. This is done at present by those into whose hands the cotton passes on leaving the farmer. In June, 1911, when the farmer no longer had cotton to sell “ middling ” brought about 154 cents; in the previous November, when the farmer was sell- ing his crop, the average farm price was reported as 14 cents per pound. MORE CAREFUL GINNING. Cotton often reaches the mills badly gin cut. This reduces the value to the spinner and may result in claims and losses and attend- ant expenses, especially if the cotton has gone into the export trade. Such injury is probably most common when long-staple cotton is ginned with the ordinary saw-gin installation at the usual high speed. Eagerness to utilize fully the capacity of all machines is natural, and for the most part commendable, but it should be remembered that increased output will not represent any real gain if the fiber has been injured. When longer staple cottons are ginned with saw gins lower speeds and looser gin rolls should be employed, and the longest staple cottons should probably always be ginned with special gins. This bad practice rests largely with the ginner himself, as do many others. Nevertheless, there center at the gin other bad prac- tices for which the ginner is in no wise responsible and which must be brought home to the farmer. Perhaps the worst of these is the delivery of cotton for ginning which is too damp to gin properly. If morning finds the cotton damp it should be properly dried out before it is offered to the ginner. The sale of morning dew as cotton is very likely to injure the staple and reduce the value of the bale. A second prolific source of complaint at the gin is due to an excess of various kinds of dirt in the cotton. A great deal of sand and earth is considered perfectly legitimate in cotton. It is regrettable that this is the case, as the grade of the cotton and hence the price given for it will always depend to some extent upon the presence of this waste. There are farmers who object to cleaning attachments and cleaner feeders because they remove sand and dirt, which they would other- wise hope to sell as cotton or cotton seed. However, in fairness’ it should be said that while individual farmers indulge in a few bad practices the farming community is by far the greatest sufferer in our present wasteful system of handling and marketing the cotton crop. It happens altogether too often that a man who goes to a gin that has the proper equipment of cleaners receives no more for his lint than his neighbor who goes to an outfit where cleaners are not in fashion and where sand and dirt go in part into the bale and in part into the seed. It is very rarely indeed that the farmer who exercises great care in producing and picking his cotton receives the consideration that the better quality of his product deserves. The SS HANDLING AND MARKETING COTTON. 453 present system puts a premium on carelessness. In some markets, even during the season when the highest class of staple is being har- vested, no grade above “ strict middling ” is recognized. Ginners frequently allow their plants to get out of repair, defec- tive saws and worn-out brushes are used, and the speed of the brush is not properly regulated. A complete modern gin plant is shown in Plate LILI, figure 2. In the eastern and older part of the cotton belt especially, out-of-date types of machinery are still in general use. Many improvements in the way of feeders, cleaners, huller breasts, condensers, and the like have been devised in recent years. Their use is recommended, and farmers should give their business to the ginner who is most progressive in giving his patrons the advantage of modern equipment and the better style of cotton that results. Gin press boxes are made in different sizes by different manufac- turers. After being used for a time all boxes expand in varying de- grees, depending on construction and kind of usage. This adds to the lack of uniformity that has resulted already from the great varia- tion in the quantity of cotton put in bales. The standardization of gin boxes is exceedingly desirable. State departments of agriculture could advantageously have one or two competent gin inspectors on their staffs, who could investigate equipments and suggest needed changes and improvements. In addition, the farmer must educate himself, and be educated as to what constitutes satisfactory ginning. THE INADVISABILITY OF SELLING COTTON IN THE SEED. Selling cotton in the seed is a sort of game of chance based on the law of averages and should be discouraged. The practice is confined almost exclusively to the western end of the cotton belt. The better class of buyers base their calculations of lint percentages in making their offers for cotton on the comparative yield from day to day of lint to seed in their own gin or the one which they patronize. As a result the farmer who grows a better variety yielding a higher per- centage of lint gets only the average price; the one who grows a “sorry” variety will in most cases receive some of the benefits that belong to his more progressive neighbor. Oil-mill ginners are most likely to urge this method of selling upon farmers, but the better class are willing to help terminate the practice, and some of them are already taking steps toward educating the farmer to a more universal practice of having cotton custom ginned. NEED OF A WAREHOUSE SYSTEM IN HANDLING AND MARKETING COTTON. The most important step to be taken in the direction of permanent improvement in cotton-marketing conditions is the establishment of a general warehouse system, and the gradual marketing of the crop. Farm storage of ginned cotton as at present practiced is in large 454 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. part wholly undesirable. It means leaving the bales out in the weather, sometimes on platforms or boards, but often also flat on the ground. This way of “storing” is the most prolific source of coun- try damage, and occasions a large waste in the industry. Farmers who can afford to hold their cotton without facilities for obtaining loans on it should construct suitable shelters and thus save the cost of warehousing. The cooperative organizations which must be formed before we can go far with improvement work should build gin or primary market warehouses, properly located and equipped for economical handling to cars. Concrete platforms with galvanized iron roofs can be constructed at reasonable cost in most sections. They will be fireproof to a great extent and will usually furnish desired protection from country damage and deterioration. The warehouse alone is not sufficient. Growers must have the in- terest and support of their local banks in a far greater measure than is now the case. Negotiable warehouse receipts, covering adequately insured cotton that has been graded, stapled, and properly certified, should command their confidence and furnish a tangible opportunity for cooperation between the producer and banker. The latter craves active accounts, the frequent “turning over” of money, collections, exchange, and other revenue-producing forms of banking activity. The interior buyer’s account has a greater earning capacity for the bank than has the farmer’s; hence its preference. A uniform and efficient warehouse system would not reduce the amount of banking business in the interior, but would spread it over a longer period. Neither would it prevent legitimate middlemen handling the crop, as their functions are necessary and must be performed by some one. The support of the banking interests could be so handled as to at- tract a large short-time loan business to insured warehouse cotton at reasonable rates. Southern bankers handling cotton accounts can do more for the cotton industry than almost any other element. From the cooperative standpoint, the warehouse is a necessity for concentration purposes. Here the cotton can be graded while still in the farmer’s ownership, and sold at its intrinsic value. Even- running commercial lots, such as the market demands, can be made up and many other advantages realized. The adoption of a uniform and comprehensive code of laws on the subject of warehouses by the cotton States would do much to assist in a more rational marketing of the crop. There are no accurate statistics covering the point, but it is probably true that available warehouse space would not accommodate more than one-sixth of the crop. This is too low a proportion to have any marked effect in bringing about the gradual marketing that is desired. The present system has developed largely on the theory that even- running lots of cotton can be secured only by having large concen- HANDLING AND MARKETING COTTON. 455 tration points. Concentration is largely synonymous with congestion and delay. The need for it can be removed in considerable part by the installation of better types of cleaning and ginning systems, bulk- ing or pooling seed cotton in certain classes, and the inauguration of means of compressing it at the gin and warehouse. THE NEED OF STANDARDS AND GRADING. Standards for the proper classification of cotton are, of course, a necessity. In accordance with an act of Congress, official grades were established by the Department of Agriculture in 1909.1. Although these have been distributed quite widely and have been adopted by a number of exchanges and other cotton organizations, some influential bodies have taken no action on them as yet. Their adoption is purely voluntary. To secure the benefits that the prevalence of one uniform standard for all commercial grades should confer, a unanimous adoption is most desirable. Several different standards are now in use. These are usually referred to by the names of the exchanges which promulgate them, as Liverpool grades, New York grades, Augusta grades, ete. The “middling” of one market is not the same as that of another, and likewise with other grades. Identical names are applied in different markets to cotton that differs in quality, value, and price. The national standards were prepared to remedy this condition. Nine official grades are recognized, as follows: Mid- dling fair, strict good middling, good middling, strict middling, mid- dling, strict low middling, low middling, strict good ordinary, and good ordinary. The grades designated by the prefix “strict” are known in the trade as half grades. At present the fine distinctions that are drawn between grades arise not when the farmer is disposing of his staple to the first buyer, but in arbitrations between buyers and between buyers and spin- ners. In other words, the benefits of proper classification are largely lost to the farmer, a condition which deserves correction. He usually gets the basis “ middling” price minus charges to port, deductions for tare, and the like. For his best cotton he may get “ strict mid- dling,” but rarely anything higher. Experience soon gives the buyer a knowledge of grade and staple, which the grower can never acquire in equal detail. The latter is practically compelled to sell his product on a quality basis specified by the person who is purchas- ing it. The farmer must either know more about grade and staple, or he, collectively as a community, must have some one in his employ who will put him in a position to trade as other people trade in their products. Country buyers are frequently almost as ignorant of 1 The national standards have been prepared and distributed under the direction of Dr. N. A. Cobb, agricultural technologist, Bureau of Plant Industry, to whom com- munications with reference to them should be addressed. 456 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. grades as planters; hence they “buy safe” to protect themselves. A wide dissemination of knowledge as to grades and grading is nec- essary. The official grades based on the national standards should be more widely used in the United States; if possible, their adoption by all the more important foreign exchanges also should be secured. BETTER COMPRESSING AND THE INTRODUCTION OF THE GIN COMPRESS. Under the present system the gin-box, plantation, flat, or uncom- pressed bale, as it is variously called, has a density of about 11 or 12 pounds per cubic foot. Its usual dimensions are 54 by 27 by 45 inches. An average of 25 flat bales are loaded in cars of ordinary size and shipped to the nearest compress, usually known as a recom- press or railroad compress. (See Pl. LIV, fig. 1.) As the usual com- mercial lot is 100 bales, four cars may be required for the haul. The compress collects its fee for service, amounting usually to 10 cents per hundred pounds of cotton or 50 cents per bale, direct from the railroad company, the latter having included this charge in its freight rate. The producer pays this, as well as insurance, freight, and other charges, all of which are deducted before the price is fixed. On arrival at the compress platform, which often has insufficient roof to protect more than a small proportion of the cotton on hand, the hundred bales are unloaded, weighed, put on range (that is, lined up side by side with faces out), and sampled. They are now classed, compressed, and patched while in the press, and then are ready for reloading for shipment to port or domestic mill. Compressed bales in good average condition are shown in Plate LIV, figure 2. Compression reduces their thickness one-half or more, bringing them to a density of 22 pounds per cubic foot. Two cars will now accom- modate the hundred-bale lot. Compresses ordinarily employ low-priced labor, and are under pressure to show a large output of bales during the time they are in operation. In the Southeast their earnings must be ample, as the average number of bales handled is relatively large. Georgia, for instance, with a crop averaging 2,000,000 bales annually, has only 35 compresses. Oklahoma has about 36 compresses, with a crop averaging about three-fourths of a million bales. Although the bad condition of many bales-delivered to the com- presses furnishes some extenuation, the quality of the work is in many cases unnecessarily poor, because of overcrowding and care- Jessness. That it can be improved is shown by the better average condition of bales this year, brought about by the new rules of the South Atlantic and Gulf steamship carriers. Pressure by carriers, legislation, and systematic compress inspec- tion could vastly improve existing conditions. However, no amount of betterment in the present method of handling the crop should be Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1912. PLATE LIII. Fic. 1.—ORDINARY FLAT BALE OF COTTON AS IT FREQUENTLY APPEARS AFTER SAMPLING AND ROUGH HANDLING. IT INVITES FIRE, COUNTRY DAMAGE, AND ROBBERY. Fia. 2.—TYPICAL COMMERCIAL GIN PLANT IN SOUTHERN TEXAS, SHOWING OCTAGONAL STORAGE HouSE FOR SEED COTTON, WITH MODERN SYSTEM OF PNEUMATIC UNLOAD- ING AND CONVEYING PIPES. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1912. PLATE LIV. Fic. 1.—RAILROAD COMPRESS AT SHREVEPORT, LA., SHOWING COTTON BALES ON END IN FOREGROUND AND PLACED “ON RANGE” FOR SAMPLING ON PLATFORM. Fia. 2.—ORDINARY COMPRESSED COTTON BALES READY FOR EXPORT, SHOWING PATCHES OF COARSE BAGGING BOUND ON TO COVER SAMPLE HOLES AND TO INCREASE TARE. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1912. PLATE LV. . ot es oe a ee TT NN Pe RS — Fic. 1. THE ROUND COTTON BALE, WHICH IS PUT UP AT THE GIN WITH A DENSITY GREATER THAN THAT OF THE COMPRESSED BALE. IT is ABOUT 3 FEET LONG By 20 INCHES IN DIAMETER, WEIGHS ABOUT 250 POUNDS, CARRIES 1 PER CENT TARE, AND CAN BE SHIPPED DIRECT FROM GINNERY TO MILL. ta , F 7 ae ee Za ‘ pee Fic. 2.—GIN-COMPRESSED SQUARE COTTON BALES, COMPLETELY COVERED, HAVING A GREATER DENSITY THAN ORDINARY COMPRESSED BALES AND CARRYING LESS THAN HALF THE TARE. THOSE SHOWN ARE FOR SHIPMENT DIRECT FROM GIN PLATFORM TO BREMEN, GERMANY. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1912. PLATE LVI. FiG. 1.—FARMERS’ COTTON BALES IN DILAPIDATED CONDITION, FOR WHICH THE FARMER IS NOT RESPONSIBLE, DUE CHIEFLY TO THE USE OF SECOND-HAND BAGGING BY THE GINNER, A CONDITION MORE PREVALENT IN THE EAST THAN IN THE WEST. Fic. 2.—FARMERS’ COTTON BALES PRODUCED BY THE BEST CUSTOM GINNERIES, SYM- METRICAL AND COVERED WITH NEW BAGGING, ALTHOUGH THE LATTER IS VERY COARSE AND HEAvy. HANDLING AND MARKETING COTTON. 457 allowed to prevent the gradual introduction of gin compression in all communities where conditions are suitable. As gins make re- placements of out-of-date and worn-out equipment, one of the several proved types of gin compresses should be installed with the new system of gins. Under prevailing conditions it seems probable that gin plants with an output of less than 1,500 bales can not afford to put in square-bale compresses, while the round-bale press may be used to advantage. The character of bales produced by a round- bale gin compress is shown in Plate LY, figure 1. The ever-increas- ing world’s consumption of cotton makes it likely that a gradual change to a new basis can be made with little or no actual money loss, even to the old-line compresses. There will always be competi- tion for the business, and a large number of cotton ginneries will never be able, because of their small output, to use the gin compress. As already pointed out, the use of six ordinary freight cars is involved in moving 100 plantation bales from the primary market to port or mill. The completion of the bale in final form at the gin would reduce this number to two, or, by the use of one of the slightly larger cars, to one. This means a great saving of rolling stock, motive power, labor, and time. Such reductions in transportation expenses should call for a measurably corresponding reduction in transportation charges. These have not yet been granted by the carriers. In fact, in the eastern part of the cotton belt the compress fees are not remitted. As a broad matter of policy it will work to the ultimate advantage of the carriers to encourage the introduc- tion of all improvements in the cotton industry that make for eco- nomic efficiency. In the West the railroads deduct these fees from their freight charges when either round or square bale gin-com- pressed cotton is offered for shipment. Formerly there was some prejudice against round-bale cotton, which is put up in 250-pound bales. The ground for this has appar- ently been removed, and now it is taken freely by foreign spinners. There has never been any great criticism of the square gin-com- pressed bale, which is similar to but much better than the present recompressed bale. Gin-compressed square bales are shown on the »nlatform ready for shipment in Plate LV, figure 2. When covered with burlap or other closely woven material they resemble bales of cotton goods. The density of these bales ranges from 28 to 35 pounds per cubic foot, against 12 pounds for the plantation and 22 pounds for the railroad-compress bale. There are several types of both square and round bale gin compresses on which thousands of bales are made yearly. Hence, their practical operation is no longer open to question. The prices at which the square ones are offered stand in the way of their general adoption. Round presses are handled mostly on a lease basis, to which frequent objection is heard. 458 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Gin compression has many advantages which can not be touched upon in the confines of a Yearbook article. A comparison of the farmers’ bales as delivered to a railroad platform in South Carolina, shown in Plate LVI, figure 1, with the gin-compressed bales on the plantation, shown in Plate LV, figure 2, summarizes the difference in results under the two methods. The gin-compressed bale as now handled is not ragged, has no sample holes and no patches; is com- pletely covered, and is sold on net weight, doing away with the vicious 6 per cent tare provision under which exporting is done at present. It commands a lower insurance rate, economizes ware- house space, and is shown preference in ocean shippers’ rates. PRESENT TARE PRACTICES AND THE STANDARDIZATION OF TARE. The character of the American cotton bale, both as to condition and covering, has been a source of complaint and criticism for many years. The blame is quite generally laid at the farmer’s door. He in reality is merely the victim of an out-of-date, incorrect, and op- pressive method of arriving at the net weight of cotton in a bale. The buyer, whether for domestic or foreign trade, does not pay cotton prices for the bagging and ties placed on bales at the gin, although many farmers are of that opinion. Southern mills using locally produced cotton usually buy it flat (i. e., uncompressed) on a tare basis of 22 pounds per bale. New England mills allow 24 pounds for tare, while practically all export cotton is sold on Liverpool terms of “c. i. f. and 6 per cent,” which means a deduction of 30 pounds for every 500-pound bale." Allowance for tare always is figured in some form in the price offered to farmers, for their cotton. In other words, a 500-pound bale is considered as containing 470 pounds of cotton. If the “ mid- dling” price in Liverpool is 12 cents, the bale is worth not $60 but $56.40. As the buyer purchases on a gross-weight basis he must pro- tect himself against the tare rule; hence his offer to the farmer, profit and other items of expense having already been reckoned in, is $56.40 divided by 500 pounds, or 11.28 cents per pound. The above rep- resents the logical working out of the terms of the contract. As a matter of fact, in a majority of cases the actual method of applying the rule to cotton suspected of being overtared does not coincide with the stated terms. Instead of weighing the bagging and ties and determining whether they amount to more than 6 per cent of the gross weight, an arbitrary allowance of 9 pounds for bands and 37% per cent of the remaining 491 pounds for bagging is substituted. 1The provision “c. i. f. and 6 per cent,” referring to the contract form under which American cotton is sold in Liverpool, means that the seller bears all costs, including land and marine insurance and interior and ocean freight, and accepts a deduction of 6 per cent for tare. A detailed discussion of this subject may be found in a bulletin entitled “Cotton Tare,” issued Sept. 3, 1912, by the Bureau of Corporations, Department of Commerce and Labor. HANDLING AND MARKETING COTTON. 459 The latter amounts to 174 pounds, so that the actual allowance for tare is only 264 pounds, instead of 30. Although much cotton is now handled under terms that modify the 6 per cent clause, this anomalous condition results in gross injustice to the American shipper. Imme- diate steps should be taken to correct it. The effect of the whole tare situation is vicious. Its net result is to introduce complications and confusion in all cotton transactions from planter to spinner. The farmer rarely knows whether his fleecy staple is destined for foreign or domestic sale, and, if the latter, whether it will go to New England or to some of the many southern cotton mills. In other words, he does not know whether he should put on 22, 24, or 30 pounds of tare. As a matter of fact, he prac- tically always puts on the same amount of bagging and ties, weighing usually from 19 to 22 pounds. If he attempts to “ tare it up ” he is met by a notice from the large cotton-buying firms that operate in his section or from mill buyers if in southern mill sections, that they will not purchase cotton that carries more than the usual amount of bag- ging and ties (6 yards of bagging and 6 ties), or if they do buy his bales they will be penalized in the price paid. In the interest of good, straightforward business and for the pro- tection of farmer, cotton merchant, and spinner the present diver- sity in assessing tare and in making tare calculations should be termi- nated. The economic waste involved in the purchase of millions of pounds of extra canvas, on which freight and handling charges must be paid, should be stopped. The reason or excuse for using old bag- ging and for plastering cotton bales with old fertilizer sacks and similar fabrics in order to bring the tare up to the limit of protection which the contract calls for should be removed. These and many other reforms could be brought about much more readily if compres- sion at the gin were put into general practice. The use of old bag- ging is more prevalent in the East than in the West. The common result is shown in Plate LVI, figure 1. Plate LVI, figure 2, shows the best type of gin or plantation bale covered with new jute bagging. The present gin-box bale, after frequent and often very wasteful sampling. must be recompressed and the sample holes patched. Slashing bales completely across the front and back is unnecessary. Some universal rules in the matter of sampling should be adopted, to cover the length and location of the cut and possibly also to limit in a measure the number of holes permissible. It should also be practicable to devise automatic sampling mechanisms that would be both dishonesty proof and “ fool proof” and could be attached to gins, thus doing away with the need of much later cutting. Sam- pling abuses, with their attendant pickings and city crop, do not amount to much in individual cases, but in the aggregate result in a large and partly preventable waste. The most likely cure for the - 460 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. tare troubles of the present system lies in the use of more closely woven and probably lighter bagging, preferably a burlap, such as is used on the Egyptian bale, and the buying and selling of cotton on net weight. The covering should be made in patterns of standard size and weight, standard patches should be adopted, and a fixed num- ber of ties of standard weight and length should be used. There are practical difficulties in the way of all changes and even the most beneficent reforms encounter strong opposition. It is believed that the greater part of the cotton industry is ready to assist in any sane and practical changes that will put cotton transactions on a net- weight basis. Experiments are in progress on the standardization of tare. The needed reforms should be brought about by mutual consent of all parties. Failing in this, legislation might be resorted to. There are students of cotton economics who profess to believe that general net-weight buying will result in the bale becoming wholly uncovered. In other words, that the tare rules are the only reason why the planters put bagging on the bales. The writer’s observa- tions throughout the cotton belt discredit this opinion. Even if it were true, the penalization which is so effective at present to prevent overtaring would be just as useful to compel proper wrapping. IRREGULARITIES IN WEIGHING. Complaint is heard so frequently of the weights declared by com- presses, public weighers, and some warehouses as to force the conclu- sion that “there must be some fire where there is so much smoke.” Most of the cotton States have adequate laws covering weights and measures and properly constituted officers charged with their enforce- ment. More thoroughgoing inspection and checking up are all that is needed in such States. Other States, among which Texas is most notable, as she produces practically one-third of the American cotton crop, do not have laws or proper administrative machinery for the protection of seller and buyer. The enactment of uniform laws and their just enforcement are highly desirable. The writer recently purchased for experimental purposes three © bales of staple cotton. Pounds. The ‘planters weight! wasutel 325 See es See eee ee 1, 756 The \public! weigher’s weight, was--- = 224. ee 1, 732 The storace-housexwelont weiss le) 228 wee ee See eee 1, 760 The reason for this variation has not yet been determined. Similar experiences occur in many places. “Safe” weighing to protect buyers appears to be more or less of an institution in the cotton trade. It is usually excused on the ground of variable moisture con- tent and loss of moisture and is indefensible. HANDLING AND MARKETING COTTON. 461 MOISTURE IN COTTON. The issue of moisture in cotton has not yet been squarely met any- where. There is some complaint abroad that American cotton con- tains an excess of moisture. In regard to this it can be said with absolute truth that except in very rare cases of individual dishonesty no artificial dampness is added intentionally to American cotton. So-called “ water-packed” bales are due chiefly to leaking pistons resulting from equipment that is out of date or in disrepair. Cotton changes hands so many times, claims for underweight are made so regularly by both domestic and foreign purchasers, and farmers are penalized so promptly in the price paid them if excess moisture is at all apparent that there is little tendency toward inten- tional dampening at the gin. In both Egypt and India, on the other hand, humidifying is practiced quite openly and defended as proper and in part necessary. The whole subject deserves careful investiga- tion and subsequent action based on actual findings. CONCLUSION. The conclusion seems warranted that the most desirable and far- reaching reforms and improvements must be based upon changes in ginning practice and must involve laying an increased responsibility upon the ginner. “ Water-packed ” and “plated” bales are wholly preventable, and it should be a misdemeanor to produce such a package. The ginner should also be liable in damages to the owner of the cotton thus injured. Gin-cut cotton results either from operating defective equipment, which competent gin inspection could remedy or condemn, or from ginning cotton when too damp. The ginner can readily detect the latter condition and should not be permitted to gin wet cotton even at the request of a valued customer. As a matter of fact most of the wet cotton offered is “ rent cotton,” or cotton already pledged as the sole security for debts and in the quality of which the grower no longer feels an interest. In such cases the interests of the creditor are entitled to legal protection at the gin. Uniformity in size of bale and in style and quality of covering can come only through the unanimous action of ginners by agreement or by legal requirement. Samples taken at the gin and protected by suitable regulations can be made a satisfactory basis for determining grade and staple and will remove the necessity of cutting the bale for sampling in primary markets. Coupled with a proper grading system the ginner’s sample would be made to furnish an acceptable basis for every necessary transac- tion between producing and consuming organizations, eliminating the cutting and consequent robbing and deterioration of bales, obvi- 462 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ating the patching and resultant changes in tare at compress points, removing the most common grounds for claims, and reducing to a minimum the city crop, which is a needless tax on the industry. Through the gin the entire crop must pass and at that point the cotton first comes within the reach of official or trade regulation. From the gins can come the only conclusive statistics of the crop. Through the ginner alone can the careless, ignorant, or dishonest producer be effectively reached. The gin plant is, in short, the vital point in the cotton-handling situation and offers an effective agency through which to bring about improved conditions. Well-organized, responsible cooperative growing and handling associations, acting in concert with the other elements of cotton trade, can ultimately bring about improvements that will save millions of dollars. - DAIRYING AND ITS RELATION TO AGRICULTURE IN SEMIARID SECTIONS. By A. K. RISSER, Senior Dairyman, Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry. DRY-LAND FARMING. Agriculture in the semiarid sections, or dry farming as it is generally called, in its early development was devoted almost exclu- sively to the production of crops. A doubting public had to be convinced of the possibilities of this group of lands. So all thought and energy was concentrated on the important subjects of tillage, conservation of moisture, cropping systems, and the discovery, breed- ing, and selection of drought-resistant plants. So much attention has been given to the growing of wheat on the dry-land farm that, in the minds of many, dry farming is synonymous with cereal production. The pioneer work of demonstrating that crops can actually be suc- cessfully grown on these semiarid lands has been well done. So well, indeed, that few desirable locations remain to be homesteaded. The problem now presenting itself, and it is a serious one, is how to make this dry-land farming a permanent and enduring agriculture. CEREAL PRODUCTION. The present practice of exclusive grain growing is leading to sure failure. History fails to record an instance where a soil was so fertile that it could indefinitely support a one-crop system. The soil of the semiarid lands is quite fertile in mineral plant food, but is deficient in humus, and so is ill fitted in the first place to support continuous cropping to wheat. Frequently a decline in yield can be noted in the third crop following sod. The weakness of dry farming lis in the fact that too little atten- tion is given to maintenance of fertility. Before we can legitimately consider these semiarid lands a permanent addition to the agricul- tural area of our country the present one-crop system must yield to a system of handling which will restore to the soil most of the fertility that is removed in the harvested crop. In addition to this restora- tion the supply of humus must be augmented. No system of agricul- ture, dry farming included, can hope to survive under methods which gradually but surely are impoverishing the soil. 463 464 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. IMPROVEMENT OF THE SOIL. One way to supply humus to a soil is to plow under green crops, particularly legumes, such as clover and alfalfa, but this is not economical, even in humid sections, and on the dry-land farm is not generally possible. One of the very best as well as most profitable ways to maintain fertility is to feed the bulk of the crops to live stock on the farm and apply the manure to the field. It seems a fundamental principle that for the highest development of either farming or stock growing they must be carried on together. The experience of the dry-farm settler, and the results of investigation as well, indicate that successful dry farming needs the cooperation of live stock. Such cooperation will insure the permanence of dry farming. ; As to the kind of live stock to be used, that depends upon the preferences of the farmer, adaptability to locality, and the markets. In the semiarid section of the Great Plains dairying is becoming popular and is being urged by the various experiment stations. Its rapid development is due to several things, but chief among them is the fact that it provides a reliable income. WHEAT RAISING UNSUCCESSFUL, A strenuous effort is being made on the Plains to establish perma- nent farm homes. The prospect that prompted the early settlers to plow up the range was the hope of quick wealth growing wheat. But it has been demonstrated that wheat growing is a failure about two seasons out of five. Some sections of eastern Colorado and west- ern Kansas and Nebraska have been settled as many as three distinct times. The proceeds of many valuable corn-belt farms have been invested in the Plains area. A settler would bring with him the latest in machinery for farming on a large scale, but would boast- ingly admit that he had not brought even one cow to supply the family needs. Instances are on record where in as short a time as four or five years these same settlers have accepted charity to enable them to leave the country. In favorable years the returns from wheat farming are big, but averaged over a series of years the income is most unreliable. When several poor years succeed one another, as is often the case, bills have to be carried over, and there is the real pinch of hard times. ADVANTAGES OF THE DAIRY HERD. Compared with the precarious returns from wheat farming the dairy herd yields an income every day in the year. The season is frequently too dry to mature a grain crop, but seldom is it so dry that crops of forage can not be grown. Kafir, milo, sorghum, and PLATE LVII. lture, cu ri Yearbook U. S. Dept. of A o0}S pue osnoy wTep yeupsT410 oy, {pore addestp oAvy 194,078 *puooos Ot} 010M OANqord Jo yYsTA oY} UT eB puv OsNoY [[VUIsS Oy, “pojooso s#urpyimq Jo jos parqy oy) ove Used pue osnoy ure ong, ] AVG 'N ‘W31VS MSN ‘NSSNSLSINHOD NHOG JO AWOH YN SRT EME.» mA ini ial PLATE LVIII. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1912. Fila. 1.—HALF-BLOOD HOLSTEIN CALVES FROM NATIVE COWS. Fia. 2.—OAT Hay, LIMON, COLO, 1912. Yearbook U S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1912. PLATE LIX. Fia. 1.—KAFIR CORN, FLAGLER, COLO., 1912. Fic. 2.—SORGHUM, FLAGLER, COLo.,1912. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1912, PLATE LX. Fig. 1.—MILLET, GENEVA, COLo., 1912. Fig. 2.—CORN FOR SILAGE, LIMON, COLo.,1912. DAIRYING IN SEMIARID SECTIONS. 465 corn, while originally introduced for their grain, are reasonably certain as forage crops and can be depended upon practically regard- less of the season. In favorable years they will mature grain and the surplus can be marketed for cash or, better, it can be stored for feed in less favorable years. The dry-land farmer is taking up dairying because the income is reliable. It enables him to make plans and to carry them through. Bills can be met and his credit is established. Several years ago when there was a succession of crop failures a large mercantile company doing business in eastern Colorado refused further credit to its patrons, but made an exception in favor of the settler who was milking cows. Dairying is now well established throughout this firm’s territory, and recently they issued a notice that after a certain date all their business would be on a cash basis. This is a hopeful sign. The standard of living is rising, and citizen- ship is improving. These things are possible because of the steady, dependable income from the sale of cream. DAIRY FARMING PROFITABLE. In North Dakota, where grain crops failed, two years ago the State legislature passed a bill enabling the counties to bond themselves for the price of the seed necessary to put in another crop. While this was going on generally over the State a dairy community in the western part was loaning money to its less fortunate neighbors, was building silos and barns, and buying automobiles. It is assumed that primarily the farmer is a home builder and that _ he is on the farm because he believes that through it he can secure an income which will best give him the comforts of life and his just share of the luxuries. Wherever the dry-land farmer has made dairying the principal feature of his business and the cow a com- ponent part of his farm operation he seems fully able to have achieved this aim. (See Pl. LVIL.) One of the major factors contributing toward reliability of income is the ready market for the product. The price offered is not always encouraging, but it will doubtless improve as dairying develops. In towns where the receipts are considerable there are usually several cream-buying agencies, sometimes as many as four. The common practice is to secure a local merchant to act as buyer, who will receive, weigh, sample, and test the cream, and sometimes he issues payment in cash for each delivery. Districts remote from a railroad have their agencies, as well as the towns along the line. Many of the older dairy communities have their local creamery or cheese factory. When these are located advantageously, they have a good trade with the mountain towns in sweet cream and milk, espe- 73029°—yzBK 1912——_30 466 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. cially during the summer months. In a great many cases, though, the local creamery is closed or is being used as a receiving station by some foreign creamery. Another cause for the popularity of dairying is the efficiency of the dairy cow in converting the crops of the field into concentrated merchantable form. As forage only, the crops of the dry-land farm have no market value and must be converted into a marketable product by feeding to live stock. Hogs are raised and fattened with profit in conjunction with the dairy, but even where alfalfa pasture is available they are not considered very profitable when run by themselves. The kind, and too frequently the quantity, of grain available for finishing is such that it is not possible to compete suc- cessfully with the corn belt. For similar reasons it is not generally practicable to attempt finishing beef cattle. The raising of feeders, however, should continue profitable for some time, and at present is conducted jointly with dairying, as most of the cows being milked are selected range stock and of the dual-purpose type. (Pl. LVIII, fig. 1.) In the opinion of those who have had experience the returns from the production of pork, beef, mutton, or butter fat, when aver- aged over a series of years, show a balance in favor of butter fat. DAIRYING AND GRAIN GROWING NOT INCOMPATIBLE. The keeping of a small dairy herd sufficient to meet current ex- penses need not interfere with the grain-growing possibilities of the farm. On the other hand, in good years the wheat crop can be sold for cash and the proceeds invested in improvements instead of being needed to apply on old bills. Dairying will enhance the profits of grain growing in several ways: First, in poor years, when it becomes apparent that the grain crop is going to be a failure as grain, it can be cut and harvested as hay, or pastured; or, if the grain is of a poor grade, it can be fed instead of marketed. Thus a total loss may be converted into only a partial failure because of the dairy herd. Second, results at our dry-land experiment stations show that follow- ing a cultivated crop like corn, the yield of wheat is as good, or better, than that following summer tillage. The expense of good summer fallowing is found about equal to that of growing a crop of corn. Fed toa dairy herd as silage, the corn crop is likely to average as profitable as any produced, and in addition, the cost of wheat pro- duction is reduced to the extent of the expense of summer tillage. Third, most valuable of all results, though, will be the improved physical, chemical, and biological condition of the soil because of the diversification of crops and the application of stable manure. In favorable years the yield and quality of grain will be improved, and in poor years drought will be less disastrous. DAIRYING IN SEMIARID SECTIONS. 467 DAIRYING ON A SMALL SCALE. Dairying can be conducted profitably on a small scale and is pos- sible to the settler with small capital. Sheep and beef cattle to be handled with profit require considerable investment of capital. A small dairy herd can be handled on every homestead, and the product, regardless of quantity, is marketable for cash at the nearest creamery. Cattle and sheep need to be shipped in car lots and should be of a uniform grade to realize the best market. The advantages of climate and of well water of a uniformly low temperature make it possible to produce a good quality of cream with inexpensive equipment in the way of barns and dairy houses. PRINCIPAL CROPS FOR THE SEMIARID REGION. In the southern half of the Great Plains area the sorghums are the principal crops. Of these Kafir and milo are grown extensively and are used for hay and silage as well as grain. The grain of either has a feeding value about 90 per cent as good as corn. Kafir and milo make a very good silage. It is not the equal of corn silage, but very nearly so. It develops a little more acid than does corn, but this is not objectionable. Kafir is superior to milo as a hay crop, but the saccharine sorghums, commonly called cane, are considered the best for hay. The whole group of sorghums runs high in carbohydrate materials and is deficient in protein. (See Pls. LIX and LX.) In the northern half of the Great Plains and in the lower altitudes of Utah and Idaho corn is the principal coarse forage crop. In favorable years it yields a crop of grain, but frequently early frost prevents the crop from maturing. Its principal value is as a silage crop. Oats and wheat are cut for hay (Pl. LVI, fig. 2), and barley and emmer are the principal grain crops grown for feeding purposes, These feeds are all carbonaceous in character and need to be supple- mented with a protein feed for best production. In Utah and other sections of the Great Basin it is not unusual to find large crops of alfalfa being grown on a dry-land farm. During the last few years considerable success has been had in intro- ducing this crop into the Great Plains area. Judging by the progress made, it is reasonable to expect that the work of breeding and selec- tion will result in the general introduction of alfalfa throughout the whole semiarid section. In northern Colorado and northward, Cana- dian field peas are becoming an important crop. In a limited way Mexican beans and Spanish peanuts are being grown in the more southern sections. 468 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. PASTURAGE. To the prospective dairyman.the pasture situation is perhaps the most discouraging. Where free range is available the native grasses will, in favorable years, supply an abundance of nutritious pasture. Practically every year the native grasses, if available, will support the dry cattle and heifers and keep them in a thrifty condition. Where the land has all been plowed and the native grasses destroyed a grass mixture consisting principally of bromus has been used suc- cessfully in providing a pasture. Only in the most favorable years, however, can one expect profitably to pasture the milking herd. The situation calls for all-the-year-round feeding of silage. CHARACTER OF THE CROPS. Taken in the whole, the crops of the Great Plains area are at present largely carbohydrate in character, and for best results it is necessary to import feeds rich in protein. The more progressive dairymen, who are improving their herds and working for increased production, are doing this, but the great majority are depending entirely on dry feeding the home-grown crops. In the Great Basin, where alfalfa is abundant, it is a common practice to make the ration almost exclusively alfalfa hay. This is not. necessary, as the barley and other grains rich in carbohydrates that are grown on these farms are available and should be used in balancing up the ration. It is where alfalfa is grown that the feeding problem is simple and that the industry is most profitable. FEEDING. The feeding practice that prevails on the average dry-land farm is more responsible for the low average production than is the quality of the stock in use. While pasture is available, production is fair, but very few herds are producers during the late winter months. Frequently the unbalanced ration of dry-fed forage brings on digestive troubles that too often prove fatal. The ration alone is not responsible for this, but the poor water supply, so common on the dry farm, is also at fault. The advent of dairying more than any other one thing is giving the careless settler a new interest: in getting a good water supply, and it has aroused the whole Plains area to the need of growing legumes. After going to the expense of time and labor to grow a crop every effort should be made to save that crop in its most useful and valuable form. ‘This should be true where crops are abundant, but is imperative where crops are poor. The efficient and economical handling and storage of forage is the foundetion of profit with live stock. The experience of the settler in handling and feeding the DAIRYING IN SEMIARID SECTIONS. 469 forage crops of the Plains has developed methods that are in them- selves fair, but in traveling over the Plains country one can not help but be impressed with the apparent waste. The practice of leaving the sorghum or corn crop in the field in the shock until needed is far too common. The high winds that prevail on the Plains carry away much of the nutritious part of the plant, and the balance is filled with blown soil so that it is not palatable. The loss through field curing is unusually high on the Plains. THE VALUE OF THE SILO. The general introduction of alfalfa will mark an epoch in the de- velopment of dry farming, but equally rich with possibilities is the coming of the silo. To the dairyman of the East the silo means the succulence of pasture all the year round, cheaper feeding, thrifty animals, and increased production. Adopted by the dry-land dairy- man the silo loses none of its virtues and in addition becomes his one real effective weapon against drought. Every dry-land dairyman should have three times the silo capacity he expects to need in any one season. In favorable years it provides the extra storage room neces- sary for saving the large crop, and if several years of drought sue- ceed one another, the reserve supply can be drawn upon to tide over the adversity. This reserve is his insurance against drought. Destructive droughts sometimes occur when a crop is half or two: thirds grown. At such critical times the silo is of peculiar value for entirely saving the growth made. Under the present system of de- pending on pasture in summer and dry feeding in winter produc- tion is confined almost entirely to the summer months. The dairy- man with a silo finds that production is possible all the year round, and that winter production is far more profitable because of the higher prices offered for the product. The silo is revolutionizing the whole feeding practice and is putting it on a sound basis. It awakens the settler to a realization of the benefits to be derived from other improvements, such as better shelter and the breeding up of his herd. THE NEED FOR IMPROVED STOCK. We have already said that poor feeding was principally respon- sible for the low average production of cows on the dry farm. The other factor is the limited dairy capacity of the stock employed. The cows are mostly from the old range stock, selected to some ex- tent because of their milking qualities. Very little improved dairy stock has thus far been introduced. It is, perhaps, as well, as very few farmers are equipped to properly shelter and feed such stock. The cows they have are accustomed to the hardships of “rustling” 470 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. for much of their food and shelter. Put under the same conditions, improved dairy stock would probably not do as well. Having a silo, the dry-land dairyman is assured of his feed supply and is prepared to undertake the improvement of his herd. The plan adopted by many, and the one to be recommended, is the pur- chase of sires of recognized dairy merit and then grading up, using the native stock on hand as a foundation. This is not as rapid as purchasing improved stock, but it is cheaper, and, furthermore, it gives the farmer an opportunity to develop his ability to feed and handle improved dairy stock. Some few registered females are being imported, but most of them are shipped as calves. The unit of the herd is the individual cow, and intelligent herd improvement must be based on a system of individual cow records. Some few dairymen are keeping such records, but because of the gen- eral lack of them it is impossible to give much authentic data as to re- turns from dry-land dairying. A dairyman is eastern Colorado is able to show gross receipts, averaged for three years, of over $80 per head, and without the use of a silo. A cow-testing association in North Dakota, about to close its second year, is able to show results even better, but the data of the association are not available for pub- lication in this article. The average Plains cow is probably not pro- ducing 100 pounds of butter fat per year. By summing up the year’s creamery returns it is possible to average the work of some herds. Such data are not always reliable, yet they would seem to indicate that some herds are averaging over 200 pounds of fat per year. AGRICULTURE IN PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS. By Dick J. Crossy, Specialist in Agricultural Education, Office of Experiment Stations. RAPID DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. More than 2,000 public high schools in the United States are now teaching agriculture; 16 years ago there _was not one. At the beginning of the present administration of the Department of Agriculture, in 1897, there were 61 State agricultural colleges and 9 agricultural schools—70 institutions in which agriculture was taught. Now agriculture is taught in about 2,600 State and private colleges, public and private agricultural schools, and public and private high schools. This rapid growth of facilities for teaching agriculture has not extended over the whole of this 16-year period, but has been more marked in the last 4 years and most rapid in the last 2 years. Four years ago the agricultural-education service of the Office of Ex- periment Stations listed less than 350 institutions as teaching agri- culture; two years ago, less than 900; now, about 2,600. Between 1908 and 1910 the number of institutions teaching agriculture was practi- cally doubled, and between 1910 and 1912 this number was trebled. And while 16 years ago, or even 10 years ago, the public high schools were hardly thought of as effective agencies for the education of the rural people along vocational lines, at the present time they consti- tute over 80 per cent of the agencies engaged in teaching agriculture, not including, of course, the one-teacher elementary schools, which have never been listed by the department. TYPES OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS TEACHING AGRICULTURE. There are several types of secondary schools in which agriculture is taught. First in order of establishment and in value of agricultural equip- ment are the agricultural schools connected with State agricultural colleges, as in Minnesota and 36 other States. These schools use the land, live stock, farm equipment, and laboratories of the agricul- tural colleges, and their classes are largely taught by professors and instructors in the agricultural colleges. 471 472 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Secondly, there are the separate agricultural schools, which include county schools, like those in Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Wisconsin; congressional district schools, as in Ala- bama and Georgia; judicial district schools, as in Oklahoma; and schools serving larger districts, sometimes a whole State, as in Arkan- sas, California, Colorado, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New York, Pennsylvania, and Vermont. These schools have been established primarily for the purpose of teaching agriculture. The third type of school is the public high school in which a department of agriculture has been established or a teacher of agri- culture employed or an agricultural course conducted by a science teacher with some agricultural training. These are the schools to be discussed in this paper, and for convenience in this discussion they will be considered under two classes: (1) High schools receiving State aid for instruction in agriculture and (2) high schools teaching agriculture without State aid. . STATE AID FOR AGRICULTURE IN HIGH SCHOOLS. Eleven States have appropriated funds to encourage the teaching of agriculture in existing public high schools, and one of two others have granted subsidies for conducting teachers’ training courses in which agriculture is one of the subjects of instruction. Virginia was first of the 11 States to make a specific appropriation for the teaching of agriculture in public high schools. In 1908 the Virginia Assembly appropriated $20,000 to enable the State board of education to inaugurate courses in agriculture, home economics, and manual training in at least 1 public high school in each of the 10 congressional districts of the State and in 1912 increased the appro- priation to $65,000, including $25,000 to aid the schools in providing buildings and equipment and $10,000 for extension work to be con- ducted by them. There is nothing in the legislation to indicate how much money each school shall receive, because the number of schools to be aided, and hence the amount available for each, is not stipu- lated, this whole matter being left to the discretion of the State board of education. At the present time, however, 10 schools, 1 in each congressional district, are dividing the funds equally. Virginia was followed in 1909 by Maine and Minnesota. At that time Maine gave funds for instruction in agriculture and other indus- trial subjects in incorporated academies, but two years later an act was passed extending such aid to free high schools—two-thirds of the total expenditure for instruction in agriculture, home economics, and mechanie arts, but not to exceed $500 a year to any one school. In 1912, 8 schools in Maine received State aid for agriculture. Minnesota passed an act giving $2,500 to each of 10 high, graded, or consolidated rural schools maintaining courses in agriculture, home AGRICULTURE IN PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS. 473 economics, and manual training, and the work of these 10 schools proved to be so popular that in 1911 the legislature extended State aid at the rate of $2.500 a year to 20 additional schools and also passed another act giving $1,000 a year to each of 50 schools to aid in maintaining courses in agriculture and either in home economics or in manual training. The schools of Minnesota were not slow to take advantage of the opportunities for State aid, and as soon as the funds were available a full quota of schools, 80 in all, had qualified to receive them. In 1910 Louisiana, Maryland, and New York passed somewhat similar laws. Louisiana first appropriated a lump sum—$25,000 a year—to be used by the State board of education in subsidizing high schools maintaining agricultural departments, but has since doubled the appropriation. The State board of education, having full power to fix the requirements under which Staie aid would be granted, outlined the following as a minimum: Each school must have a demonstration farm of at least 5 acres, fenced against rabbits, chickens, and stock, and an option on 5 acres more, if needed; there must be a barn with at least five stalls for horses and cattle; a weevil- proof grain bin, fertilizer and tool rooms, and a hayloft; the agri- cultural departments of approved high schools shall have at least $100 worth of apparatus for teaching agriculture, in addition to the regular apparatus for such schools, and those not on the approved list must have $100 worth of apparatus for agriculture and from $75 to $150 worth of other apparatus; the school must also have at least $40 worth of tools and $140 worth of farm implements, an appropriation of at least $250 for maintenance annually, and must own a horse ora mule. The teacher of agriculture must be a gradu- ate of an agricultural college, with some practical experience in farming, and must be satisfactory to the department of education ; he can not be principal of the school and must not be required to teach any class in the school outside the department of agriculture except in botany and zoology, if these subjects are given an agri- cultural trend; he must be employed for 12 months in the year. Not more than 20 schools were to be aided the first year, but the number has considerably increased since then, so that in 1912, 25 schools were on the list. Maryland gives State aid to its public high schools to encourage good salaries for teachers and to stimulate the establishment of courses in agriculture, home economics, and manual training. In the act of 1910 it was provided that high schools of the first group— 4-year schools having not less than 80 pupils and 4 teachers—should receive from the State $400 on account of each of 2 teachers of special subjects (agriculture, home economics, or manual training), and that high schools of the second group—3-year high schools having 35 474 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, pupils and 2 teachers—should receive $400 on account of 1 teacher of a special subject. Six schools qualified for State aid under this act in 1912, and four or five others have qualified for the school year just opened. Maryland has four or five schools that should be included here in the class of State-aided public high schools, because they receive the same State aid, under the same regulations, as other public high schools of the State, but these schools are also included among special agricultural schools because they were established primarily for the purpose of teaching agriculture. In New York the legislature of 1910 made provision that any city school or union free school maintaining for a minimum of 38 weeks in a year independently organized schools (here meaning nearly the same as “ department ” or “ course” in other States) of agriculture, mechanic arts, and home making, and employing I» teacher whose work is devoted exclusively to such school, and having at least 25 pupils, should receive $500 for each such independent department, and the further sum of $200 for each additional department teacher. According to the regulations of the commissioner of education, the teacher of agriculture must hold a special certificate and devote his entire time to the teaching of his special subject. Furthermore, “classes of book study only in agriculture and home making are not entitled to the benefits of the law establishing these courses.” Seven- teen schools qualified under this act and received State aid in 1912. In 1911 Kansas, Massachusetts, North Dakota, Texas, and Wis- consin were added to the list of States giving aid for the teaching of agriculture and related subjects. In Kansas $25,000 was appro- priated to enable the State board of education to give $250 for the maintenance of a course in agriculture and home economics in each high school having a normal training course provided for under a previous act. One hundred schools applied for State aid at the open- ing of the year 1912, and nearly all of them qualified. The Massachusetts Assembly appropriated $10,000 to pay two- thirds of the salary of teachers of agriculture employed by cities and towns in “ local or district independent agricultural schools consist- ing only of agricultural departments in high schools.” These schools or departments of agriculture must meet the approval of the State board of education “as to organization, control, location, equipment, courses of study, qualifications of teachers, methods of instruction, conditions of admission, employment of pupils, and expenditures of money.” The State board has moved rather slowly and cautiously in making its plans for these schools, and has made its requirements so rigid as to type of teacher and cooperation of neighboring farmers in the practical instruction that only four schools have thus far qualified for State aid. AGRICULTURE IN PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS. 475 The act passed by the Legislature of North Dakota is almost exactly the same as the Putnam Act.in Minnesota, giving $2,500 to each school maintaining courses in agriculture, home economics, and manual training, but the number of schools to be established in the first year was limited to five. In Texas $50,000 a year was appropriated for the purpose of dupli- cating local appropriations, as follows: In high schools of the first and second class, agriculture, $500 to $1,500; home economics, $500 to $1,000; and manual training, $500 to $1,000; in high schools of the third class, agriculture, $500 to $1,000. No school may receive in one year more than $2,000 from the State, and “such appropriation shall not be made more than twice to the same school.” In 1912, 34 schools received State aid under this act. Wisconsin adopted a plan similar to that in New York, giving to any “free high school or a high school having a course of study equivalent ” thereto $250 for each special department maintained only in the high-school years, or $350 for each such department main- tained in the high school and in “the three upper grades next below the high school.” This law is to be administered by the State super- intendent of public instruction, and he, in cooperation with the col- lege of agriculture, has outlined an agricultural course involving four high-school units in agriculture and agricultural chemistry. Fifteen schools qualified under this act in 1912. Thus, with State aid varying from $250 to $3,000 to each school, nearly 300 high schools have employed special teachers of agriculture and secured more or less special equipment for the classroom, labora- tory, and field work of the students, and are making good progress toward the realization of the hope of many educators that the high school shall ultimately become the people’s college. HIGH-SCHOOL AGRICULTURE WITHOUT STATE AID. While only 11 States give financial aid to the teaching of agricul- ture in high schools, many more encourage such work, and all but Delaware and Rhode Island have one or more high schools in which agriculture is taught. And it is not always in the States where agri- cultural instruction is subsidized that we find the largest number of high-school courses in that subject. Ohig, without subsidies, has 335 high schools on our agricultural lists; Nebraska, with 191, is next; and Missouri, with 167, is third, while the largest number in any State that subsidizes agricultural courses is 132 in Kansas and Minne- sota—the same number in each State—counting both subsidized and unsubsidized schools. A study of the geographical distribution of public high schools in which agriculture is taught—both aided and unaided schools—reveals the interesting fact that two-thirds of them are in the 12 States con- 476 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. stituting the group known as the North Central States and one-third in the 36 other States. The two groups of States in the Mississippi Valley, known as the North Central and South Central States, con- tain 1,478 of the 1,910 schools, or more than 77 per cent of them. The remaining 432 schools are about evenly distributed among the other three groups of States, the North Atlantic States having 185, the South Atlantic 129, and the Western 118. At first thought this distribution seems greatly out of proportion, but it is not so. When we consider the fact that these two central groups of States contain two-thirds of the farm population of the United States it does not seem so very strange that they should have three-fourths of the high schools in which agriculture is taught; nor are we greatly surprised to learn that the agricultural colleges in these States enroll over 64 per cent of the college students in agricul- ture in the United States. The hopeful thing about it all is the fact that the best agricultural regions are recognizing the value of agri- cultural education and providing so generously for its support. Agriculture in high schools and academies in the United Siates. Receiv- | Without Receiv- | Without State. ing State| State Total. State. ing State| State Total. aid. aid. aid. aid. Alabama: >! sstetceeleeessee = 37 oe || Nevadale: si: -Ses8t 2325S 2 3 Avizona:..35-.te 2358S. eee 1 1 || New Hampshire. ...-|..-......- 6 6 Arkansas; 5. <-22 2-4 14 14 leNewiJersey.. 5.4.4 2c =| nse oe | 2 2 California’ $k eee pee eee 42 42\.\, New Me@xiCot® .>. oc. lon. ose se 1 1 Colorado? : : 2:24 8e | eee 11 LF) WWewi¥ ork: - 228. . <2 17 25 42 Connecticnt=) 22238 paeeeeeee 1 1;||. North Carolimact ..2 -2|5-s5-4-6-8 20 20 DD CLAW ATC ox. cae | ee ele ok ee ol ea eG North Dakota........ Looe eee 19 19 Moridac se sacks = eeale ee ee ce 14 14 OHO. Soe sees ee ee eres 335 335 Georgias treet eae eee 9 9 | Oahoma. sje: - ie <2 er ee ease 19 19 Tdghowssnees: BO ke ls = a 10 VO} Oregons kek TRESS eeE eee 6 6 MNinois:.. 5:22 soca el- eee eee 25 25. i\\ePennsylvania... 32.0 34)2s5-cceee 85 85 pHa Hess Dee ee ee 62 62. ||" Rhode Island =. oc. «....|s:<-~ =<)... ee TOWasaceee PAN eee 4 eee 43 43) }| South Waroling> 4-5 -2)s4-. 3.824 6 6 Kansas: nites ccc 93 39 132 South Daikote..o. 2 5ss eee ee 12 "12 SBTC GRE Mere tee eee smratec 5 5 “|| Tennessee.......-..2..|-... ae Mee 34 84 Louisiana ............ 25 3 28 || Texas... 22:10. 70.0040 34 21 55 Maines.) cadeee cue 8 5 Las tan ee. f. ego os Saleen ae 19 19 Maryland). s<525.% 6 2 Sal Miermonis< . 2224) SeogS\5¢ 5 eae 6 6 Massachusetts........ 4 26 30 Wil Gide ce es asa cae 10 42 52 Michigant?’. cast use| sila. Bos: 38 38 | Weashingtoninis.* 2.2. tees sse se 19 19 Minnesota.......-.-. 77 55 IS2 3 NV GSh) Vane aac lepine ee eto 20 20 Mississippics- teGatges|t.. 1Including only institutions established under the land-grant act of July 2, 1862. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. 543 Agricultural colleges in the United States. State or Territory. Name of institution. Alabama Polytechnic Institute -. -- Agricultural School of the Tus- kegee Normal and Industrial In- stitute. Agricultural and Mechanical Col- ege for Negroes. University of Arizona......-..---- College of Agriculture of the Uni- versity of Arkansas. Branch Normal College. .....------ College of Agriculture of the Uni- versity of California. The State Agricultural College of Colorado. Connecticut Agricultural College. - - Delaware College. ...-.....--------- State College for Colored Students. College of Agriculture of the Uni- versity of Florida. Florida Agricultural and Mechan- ical College for Negroes. Georgia State College of Agricul- ture. Georgia State Industrial College. . -. College of Hawaii..........--.----- College of Agriculture of the Uni- versity of Idaho. College of Agriculture of the Uni- versity of Illinois. School of Agriculture of Purdue University. Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. Kansas State Agricultural College. - The College of Agriculture of the State University. The Kentucky Normal and Indus- trial Institute for Colored Per- sons. Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College. Southern University and Agricul- tural and Mechanical College. College of Agriculture of the Uni- versity of Maine. Maryland Agricultural College... - Princess Anne Academy for Col- ored Persons, Eastern Branch of oe Maryland Agricultural Col- ege. Massachusetts Agricultural College. Massachusetts Institute of Tech- nology. Michigan Agricultural College... ..- College of Agriculture of the Uni- versity of Minnesota. Mississippi Agricultural and Me- chanical College. Alcorn Agricultural and Mechan- ical College. College of Agriculture of the Uni- versity of Missouri. School of Mines and Metallurgy of the University of Missouri.’ Lincoln Institute...------.-------- Montana State College of Agricul- ture and Mechanic Arts. College of Agriculture of the Uni- versity of Nebraska. College of Agriculture of the Uni- versity of Nevada. New Hampshire College of Agri- culture and the Mechanic Arts. Rutgers Scientific School (The New Jersey State College for the Benefit of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts). New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. 1 Dean. 2 Acting president. Delaware. ....---.-- Veiees te - =< == <= < Massachusetts... - - - Michigan's... 2. <2: Minnesota Mississippi... .--. -- MOSSOUMS =~ .<..=-/-6 New Hampshire.... New Jersey ....-+-- New Mexico....... Location. President. ADU Bee fees ce mace Cc. C. Thach. Tuskegee Institute....| B. T. Washington. Normal’ jasccas= =: 28 W.S. Buchanan. MiCSON J 2s.2s55252.522 A. H. Wilde. Fayetteville..........- C. F. Adams.! PIMP IE fs a5 foe oem F. T. Venegar. Berkeloyresss2-cke T. F. Hunt.} Mort Cowvins:. . <<... C. A. Lory. Storrs) Au.4- 722s. C. L. Beach. Wowarlett est. 6-6:6526 G. A. Harter. Woven 625 Zetk ws hoi s = W.C. Jason. Gainesville... -2-<.-22- J. J. Vernon.! Tallahassee .....--.-.- N. B. Young. Athenssis2<. feeSein f a A. M. Soule. Savannah...........-- R. R. Wright. Honolulu: 22sso 2S. 2 3. J. W. Gilmore. Moscow 28. 26 5-225222 W. L. Carlyle.! Unbauasee--. co-Ss<"e E. Davenport.! Lafayette....2../-.-.- J. H. Skinner. JAMES « . ceEw sa eb lade R. A. Pearson. Manhattan...........- H. J. Waters. Lexinptow xt jo.2 22.2 J. H. Kastle.! Prankfort.¢0:) J2.cjc-: G. P. Russell. Baton Rouge.......-- T. D. Boyd. New Orleans.....-.---- H. A. Hill. OTQnO =e == 222 2 cores R. J. Aley College Park....------ T. H. Spence.? Princess Anne......-.-- TE, aah: IAIMHORSG eee sae as K. L. Butterfield. Boston taveeets <== + R. C. Maclaurin. East Lansing......--- J. L. Snyder. University Farm, St. | A. F. Woods.} Paul. Agricultural College...| G. R. Hightower. BiCONfees- oc 2 aeons J. A. Martin. Columbia.2.-25.-5--- F. B. Mumford.! WOU A aaa eee re. = L. E. Young. Jefferson City ...-.---- B. F. Allen. Bozeman. ooo acct... Jas. M. Hamilton. Tinceln. sss. ee E. A. Burnett.! 1942) sae ee eS J. E. Stubbs. Purham: 6. [Asse 26 E. T. Fairchild. W. H. S. Demarest. State College.....-..-- W. E. Garrison. 3 Does not maintain courses in agriculture. 4 Director. 544 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Agricultural colleges in the United States—Continued. State or Territory. Name of institution. New York State College of Agri- culture at Cornell University. The North Carolina College of Agri- culture and Mechanic Arts. Location. President. Tha cays s.ate sae West Raleigho..¢-, Springfield. Indiana: Secretary of State Board o Agricultur>, Indianapolis. Towa: Secretary of State Board of Ag:iculture, Dis Moines. Kansas: Secretary of State Board of Agriculture, Topeka. Kentucky: Commissioner of Agriculture, Frank- fort. Louisiana: Commissioner of Rouge. Maine: Commissioner of Agriculture, Augusta. Maryland: Director of Experiment Station, College Park. Massachusetts: Secretary of State Board of Agricul- ture, Boston. Michigan: Secretary of State Board of Agriculture, East Lansing. Minnesota: Secretary of State Agricultural Society, St. Paul. Mississippi: Commissioner of Agriculture, Jackson. Missouri: Secretary of State Board of Agriculture, Columbia. Agriculture, Baton } Nebraska: Secretary of State Board of Agriculture, Lincoln. Nevada: Secretary of State Board of Agriculture, Carson City. New Hampshire: Secretary of State Board of Agri- culture, Concord. New Jersey: Secretary of State Board of Agricul- ture, Trenton. New Mexico: Director of Experiment Station, A gri- cultural College. New York: Commissioner of Agriculture, Albany. North Carolina: Commissioner of Agriculture, Raleigh. North Dakota: Commissioner of Agriculture, Bis- marck. Ohio: Secretary of State Board of Agriculture, Co- lumbus. Oklahoma: President of State Board of Agriculture, Oklahoma. Oregon: Secretary of State Board of Agriculture Salem. Pennsylvania: Secretary of Agriculture, burg. Philippine Islands: Director of Agriculture, Manila. Porto Rico: Director of Experiment Station, Maya- guez. Rhode Island: Secretary of State Board of Agricul- ture, Providence. South Carolina: Commissioner of Agriculture, Co- lumbia. South Dakota: Secretary of State Board of Agricul- ture, Huron. Tennessee: Commissioner of Agriculture, Nashville. Texas: Commissioner of Agriculture, Austin. Utah: Director of Experiment Station, Logan. Vermont: Commissioner of Agriculture, Plainfield. Virginia: Commissioner of Agriculture, Richmond. Washington: Director of Experiment Station, Pull- man. West Virginia: Secretary of State Board of Agricul- ture, Charleston. Wisconsin: Secretary of State Board of Agriculture, Madison. Wyoming: Director of Experiment Station, Lar- amie. Harris- Montana: Commissioner of Agriculture, Helena. 1 Special agent in charge. - '73029°—yBK 1912——35 REVIEW OF WEATHER CONDITIONS DURING THE YEAR 1912. By P. C. Day, Climatologist and Chief of Division, Weather Bureau. The following summary of the weather for 1912 conforms largely with that appearing in the several numbers of the National Weather Bulletin, issued by months during January, February, March, October, November, and December, and by weeks during the principal crop-growing period, April to September, inclusive. The most important departure of weather conditions from the normal for the year 1912 was the unusually severe cold that prevailed during the first three months in the districts to the eastward of the Rocky Mountains. Ex- treme cold was not more marked than has occurred in previous years, but for length of time during which severe cold was almost continuous the months of January, February, and March, 1912, are probably unsurpassed during the past 40 years. The period was especially cold in the central valleys and Lake region, and the amount of ice that formed on the rivers and lakes of those districts was far in excess of the normal, and in the Great Lakes region especially the ice was reported as being the heaviest within its recorded history. Following close upon the record-breaking cold of the first three months of the year heavy rains and snows during the latter part of March and early April in the drainage basins of the Ohio and middle Mississippi Valleys, together with the rapid melting of a considerable body of snow already on the ground and the deeply frozen condition of the soil, caused one of the worst floods in the history of these rivers. Much land was overflowed in the lower Mississippi Valley and millions of dollars worth of property was destroyed. The unfavorable weather of the winter greatly injured the winter-wheat crop in some of the States of the Ohio Valley, and the resulting yield at the time of harvest was in large areas scarcely 50 per cent of the usual crop. Good yields, however, in the States to the westward of the Mississippi River and in the spring-wheat States brought the total wheat crop up to the usual amount. The distribution of the rainfall during the spring and summer months was favorable for corn and other cereals, and the ideal weather conditions attend- ing their ripening enabled the gathering of crops that on the whole were among the greatest on record. JANUARY. TEMPERATURE.—The month began with cold weather over the Northwest, the center of lowest temperature overlying the Valley of the Red River of the North, while in the far Southwest the unusual cold that had prevailed during the latter part of the preceding month continued. With slight variations the weather continued to grow colder until about the 7th of the month, when the entire country to the eastward of the Rocky Moun- tains was in the grip of an unusually severe cold wave, the temperatures over the Great Plains from Kansas to the Dakotas and thence eastward to the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley ranging from 20° to 40° below the normal. With but slight interruptions severe cold continued till about the middle of the month, during which time the minimum temperatures approached and in some cases exceeded the lowest recorded at any time during the preceding 40 years. 546 REVIEW OF WEATHER CONDITIONS FOR YEAR 1912. 547 During the latter half of the month there was a reaction to somewhat warmer weather over the southern and western districts, but it continued cold through- out the month from the upper Mississippi Valley eastward to New England and southeastward to the middle Atlantic coast. During the prevalence of this severe cold over the United States and the Canadian Northwest Provinces the temperatures in Alaska were remarkably high; in fact, save on a few dates they were much higher than at points in the States. PRECIPITATION.—The precipitation was generally light. except over the East Gulf and South Atlantic States and in the far Northwest, where the fall was somewhat above normal. In the West Gulf States and thence northeastward to the Lake region there was a very general deficiency of from 1 to 2 inches or more, and there was a large deficiency over southern California and other por- tions of the far Southwest. Snow.—There was generally less than the average snowfall in the upper Ohio Valley and North Atlantic States, but the amounts were quite heavy in portions of the Plains region and middle Mississippi and lower Ohio Valleys, while in the mountain districts of the West there was nearly everywhere a general deficiency, which was most pronounced in California and the Southwest. FEBRUARY. TEMPERATURE.—Continued cold was the rule during the first half of Feb- ruary, freezing weather extending into the Gulf coast region and the Florida Peninsula during the 5th to 7th, and destructive frosts in southern Florida being only averted by the timely occurrence of clouds and rain. Severe cold again prevailed from the Missouri and Mississippi Valleys eastward by the 9th, continuing several days and again extending to the Gulf coast and the Florida Peninsula. The average temperature for the first 14 days of the month over the districts from the Rocky Mountains eastward Wwas, as in January, far below the normal. To the westward of the mountains, however, the temperatures were more moderate, and in the extreme Northwest the period was considerably warmer than the average. The latter half of the month was more moderate as to temperature, except that at the close a cold wave of considerable severity had overspread the central valleys and more northern districts. The temperatures in Alaska con- tinued unusually high; in fact on but few days of the month, from observations made about 6 p. m., local time, were the temperatures below zero, and in the very heart of the Territory. near the Arctic Circle, they were frequently well above that point. PRECIPITATION.—AS in January the precipitation was generally light over much of the country. The first two decades of the month were unusually free from severe storms, and it was not until about the 20th to 22d that any gen- eral storm prevailed. This storm moved from the west Gulf and southern Plains region to the Ohio Valley. lower Lake region, and New England, accom- panied by rains in the southern and snows in the northern sections of the country to the eastward of the Mississippi. A second storm moved over nearly the same course from the 25th to 27th, with some heavy snow from the middle Rocky Mountains and northern Texas eastward to lower Michigan, and heavy rains in the Ohio Valley, Middle Atlantic States, and New England. To the westward of the Rocky Mountains generally dry weather continued. especially over California and the Southwest, where the season to date was among the driest of record. 548 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Snow.—At the close of the month there was a considerable body of snow on the ground from western Kansas and eastern Colorado northeastward to the Lake region and over northern New York and much of New Hngland, but else- where east of the Rocky Mountains there was but a light covering. In the central Rocky Mountain region there was considerable snow, and nearly the normal amounts were stored in the mountains of Montana and Idaho; but elsewhere in the western mountain districts there was less snow than usual, and in California and the States of the far Southwest the deficiency of snow in the mountains was unusually great. MARCH. TEMPERATURE.—The month opened with a cold wave of considerable severity over the central valleys and northern districts, but to the westward of the Rocky Mountains more moderate temperatures prevailed. Unusually cold weather continued in the interior portions of the country with but few inter- ruptions throughout the first half of the month, and it was generally cold in most other districts, except over the Florida Peninsula and in the far North- west, where the first half of the month was as warm as or slightly warmer than the average. : ‘ Over the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, and generally in the Great Plains and middle Mississippi Valley regions, the first half of the month was remarkable for the long duration and severity of the cold, the average departure of the mean temperature for the period from the normal ranging from —10° to —15° per day. During the second half of the month some severe cold occurred about the 19th to 23d, and again at the end of the month over the interior and northern districts, and it was cool in other districts also, but the temperatures were not abnormally low. For the month as a whole the temperature averaged unusually low from the Rocky Mountains to the Mississippi and*Ohio Valleys, and in portions of the Great Plains region it was one of the coldest months of its name in many years. PRECIPITATION.—Unlike the two preceding months, March had abundant pre- cipitation ‘n nearly all districts. Heavy rains occurred during the early part of the month in central and southern California, and rain and snow were more or less frequent during the same period over much of the Southwest. No less than five general storms having their origin in the Southwest moved across the lower Mississippi and Ohio Valieys during the month, accompanied as a rule by heavy precipitation. Asa result there was an excess of from 2 to 4 inches or more above the average precipitation over a large area, embracing nearly the entire central and southern portions of the country, and nearly all streams to the eastward of the Rocky Mountains were more or less in flood at some period during the month. The most severe floods were in the Ohio and middle and lower Mississippi Valleys, where much land was overfiowed and immense damage resulted. The flood in the lower Ohio and middle and lower Mississippi Rivers was still in progress at the end of the month, with every prospect that the stages reached would be the highest ever recorded. Snow.—The amount of snow was much below the normal fall for March over nearly all northern districts, especially in the upper Lake region and upper Mississippi Valley. On the other hand, snow was unusually heavy in portions of the middle Plains region and lower Missouri and middle Mississippi Valleys. In fact the snowfall over the greater portion of Kansas, Nebraska. Iowa, and REVIEW OF WEATHER CONDITIONS FOR YEAR 1912. 549 Missouri was the heaviest that has occurred in March for the past 30 years or more. The ice in the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers and their tributaries broke up and moved out as a rule during the latter part of the month, and similar condi- tions prevailed in the navigable streams of the north Atlantic coast. In the Lake region the harbors continued heavily icebound at the end of the month, and there were but few signs of the ice breaking up in the open lakes. APRIL. TEMPERATURE.—Along the northern border from the Lake region to New Eng- land, and in portions of the Great Plains, the first of the month was cold. but over the remaining districts moderately warm weather had set in, which gradually overspread the entire country till about the end of the first decade. Cold weather for the season then developed in the far Northwest, and during the following few days it overspread the districts to the eastward and south- ward, and some unusually low temperatures occurred in California and the Southwest about the 12th. This cold area gradually spread over the districts to the eastward of the Rocky Mountains, reaching the Atlantic coast about the 20th, and causing freezing temperatures or lower as far south as Kansas and in the mountain districts of Arizona and New Mexico, and frosts in Tennessee and northern Georgia. During the first 15 days the average temperature was above the normal over all districts from the Rocky Mountains eastward, except in New England and portions of New York, where the period was moderately cold. It was colder than the average also in the far Southwest and over the entire Pacific coast section. During the latter part of the month the weather continued cold in the dis- tricts to the westward of the Mississippi, and frosts and freezing tempera- tures prevailed in the Rocky Mountain and Great Plains regions. Over the Southern States and along the Atlantic coast the latter half of the month was moderately warm. PRECIPITATION.—The general rainy condition that prevailed over the more southern districts during March continued into April, and heavy rains oc- curred near the beginning of the month in the watersheds of the Ohio and lower Mississippi Rivers, further augmenting the flood conditions that pre- vailed in those rivers at the end of March. During the remainder of the month rainfall was frequent and in many sec- tions of the great cereal and cotton-producing States the continued wet and cold condition of the soil greatly interfered with farming operations and de- layed the development of vegetation. The precipitation over the central val- leys and Gulf States was far above the average, and floods of moderate char- acter prevailed in many of the rivers of the region referred to. Snow.—Some heavy snows occurred during the early part of the month in portions of New York and New England, and there was a heavy fall in por- tions of eastern Iowa and the adjoining parts of Illinois and Wisconsin on the 17th and 1Sth, the depth reaching more than 1 foot at points in northern Illinois. The snowfall in the mountain regions of the West was heavy in the more northern districts and moderate in other portions. The generally cool weather during the month prevented any rapid melting of the snow stored in the high mountains, and the outlook for water for irrigation was somewhat improved, despite the general deficiency in the winter’s supply in many localities. 550 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. May. TEMPERATURE.—During the first two weeks of May the temperature condi- tions over the eastern half of the country were the most favorable of the season ‘to that time. Over the western districts, especially in the Rocky Moun- tain region, the first half of the month continued cold and backward. Near the middle of the month an extensive area of cold overspread the Rocky Mountain and Great Plains regions, and freezing temperatures occurred at exposed points in those localities. The cold extended eastward into the central valleys and eastern districts, and the temperatures of the third week of the month were decidedly low as a whole throughout these districts. To the westward of the mountains the third week of the month was fairly warm, especially over the far Northwest, and on the whole it was the most favorable since the beginning of the season. The last week of the month was generally warm and favorable over all districts to eastward of the Rocky Mountains, but to the westward cold weather again prevailed, causing some damage to fruit and still further delaying vegetable growth. PRECIPITATION.—Moisture was generally well distributed through the different periods of the month, although it was more abundant during the first half than during the latter part. Some delay in farm work occurred on account of the wet condition of the soil in the great corn-growing States to the eastward of the Mississippi and also in the middle portion of the cotton belt, but the drier weather of the latter half was very beneficial and permitted of much outdoor work, while the warm weather and sunshine rapidly advanced vegetation. The flood conditions prevalent in April were greatly relieved during the month, and most streams had returned to moderate stages by the end of the month, except the lower Mississippi, which was still in flood at the end of the month. Snow.—Some snow fell in the lower Lake region and northern portions of New York and New England on the 15th and 20th, and moderate amounts fell in the central and northern portions of the mountain regions of the West. JUNE. TEMPERATURE.—The first few days of the month were warm and favorable in nearly all districts, and some unusually high temperatures were reported from California and the far Southwest, and at the same time it was quite warm over the North Atlantic States. Beginning about the 5th, a cool area over- spread the Northwest, and during the next two weeks temperatures far below the normal prevailed over much of the country to the eastward of the Rocky Mountains, and toward the latter part of the period the cold area had extended to nearly all portions of the country. During this period minimum tempera- tures were unusually low over much of the eastern portion of the country and heavy frosts occurred at points in New York and New England and in the upper Missouri Valley and other portions of the Northwest. During the last week of the month a change to warmer weather occurred over the northern districts, and high temperatures prevailed in the Missouri and upper Mississippi Valleys, but over the southern districts it remained cool, and similar conditions prevailed over the Pacific Coast States For the month, as a whole, the temperature was considerably lower than the normal over all interior portions of the country as well as over most southern districts. Over the Pacific Coast States the month was warmer than usual, and it was quite warm in the northern portions of the Mountain and Plateau regions, REVIEW OF WEATHER CONDITIONS FOR YEAR 1912. 551 PRECIPITATION.—The distribution of the rainfall during the month was timely. and it occurred in generous quantity in nearly all districts where rain is ex- pected during June. At the first of the month dry, hot winds over portions of the Great Plains region rapidly evaporated the moisture from the soil, and there was urgent need of rain in portions of Oklahoma and adjacent States by the end of the first decade. During this period some heavy rains occurred in the Southeastern States, especially in Georgia about the 7th or Sth, where they were excessive and injurious. About the middle of the month heavy rains prevailed over the Great Plains region, and there were generous falls from the upper Missouri Valley westward to the Pacific coast, and moderate falls in many other portions of the country. In the North Atlantic States, however, there had been a general lack of rain which continued throughout the month, and at the end the surface soil hada become quite dry in portions of New England and New York. and to a less extent in some of the States farther south. Toward the end of the month dry weather had set in over the Great Plains region, and there was a general, though as yet not serious, lack of rainfall throughout nearly all the great cereal-growing States. The month, as a whole, was generally favorable, and the moderate tempera- tures and lack of general rains during the latter part, with abundant sunshine, were unusually favorable for the ripening and harvesting of wheat and the development of plant growth. JULY. TEMPERATURE.—The warm weather prevalent over the northern districts from the Lake region westward to the mountains during the latter part of June continued during the first week of July, while to the westward of the mountains it continued abnormally cold, and it was generally cool over the Southeastern States. During the second week warmer weather overspread most of the central and eastern districts, the day temperatures becoming decidedly high, and much inconvenience and suffering, as well as many deaths, resulted therefrom in the large cities of those districts. Cool weather still continued in the far western districts and over the Southeastern States. About the middle of the third week a change to decidedly cooler weather occurred over the central and northern districts, affording much relief from the heat that had prevailed during the preceding week, but it continued warm over the south, and there was a general rise in temperature to the westward of the mountains. The last week of the month was marked by generally high temperatures in the Great Plains, Mississippi Valley, and the Southern States from Texas eastward, but cool weather prevailed from the Lake region eastward to New England, and it was moderately cool in the Mountain and Plateau regions of the West. PRECIPITATION.—The drought prevailing in the north Atlantic States at the end of June continued into the second week of July, and high temperatures and drying winds greatly increased its severity and threatened an almost complete loss of the staple crops. Fortunately rain at intervals during the second decade of the month relieved the conditions, especially in New England, but the latter part of the month was again dry, and at the close rain was badly needed in portions of New York and Virginia. Over the great cereal-growing States the rainfall was sufficient, as a rule, for the needs of growing vegetation, although to the westward of the Missis- 552 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. sippi there were periods when rain was needed, especially in Oklahoma, north- ern Texas, and portions of adjoining States. The absence of general rains was favorable for harvesting the winter-wheat crop, and there was generally sufficient moisture in the soil in the more northern districts to insure the proper development and ripening of the spring-wheat crop. In the cotton region there was rather too much cool, rainy weather during the early part of the month in the middle Gulf States, and dry weather pre vailed in the more western portions, but timely showers relieved the drought eonditions locally, and during the latter part of the month the warmer and drier weather in the central portions of the belt was generally favorable. AUGUST. TEMPERATURE.—During the first and second weeks of August cold weatbler for the period of the year prevailed in all districts, save along the Gulf coast and over portions of the Southwest, and occasionally along the immediate Pacific coast. Throughout the great cereal-growing States the temperatures during this” period were nearly continuously below the normal, and on the mornings’ of the 4th and 5th they were as low as, ot lower than, ever before recorded in the first decade of August at numerous points from the middle and lower Missis- sippi Valley eastward to the Atlantic coast. The mean temperature for the first week ranged from 9° to 12° per day below the normal over large portions of the Mississippi and Ohio Valleys, Lake region, and Atlantic coast States. and during the second week they were more than 6° below over much of the same region. During the third week of August there was a general warming up in the districts to the eastward of the Rocky Mountains, and conditions became much more favorable for crop growth over the great corn-growing districts. To the westward of the mountains, however, the weather continued cool, the deficiency exceeding 6° per day in the far Northwest. The last week of the month continued warm over the great agricultural dis- tricts, and there was a general rise in the temperature to normal, or slightly above, in the districts to the westward of the mountains. where temperatures generally below the normal had prevailed since early in June. During the last day or two of the month cold weather overspiead the north- ern and central districts, and the lowest August temperatures ‘n many years were reported from portions of New York and New Engiand, and abnormally cold weather for the season prevailed in the Rocky Mountain and Plateau regions, with frosts at exposed points. PRECIPITATION.—Unusually heavy rains for the season and locality occurred during the first few days of the month in portions of the Rocky Mountain and Plateau regions, but over much of the great cereal-growing sections there was little or no rain. About the 10th general rains set in over the Plains region, and gradually overspread the districts to the eastward, and good rains thor- oughly saturated the soil in the principal corn-growing States, as well as in the cotton region; in fact, all portions of the country from the middle Plains region eastward received generous amounts, except along the middle Atlantic coast. During the third week rain again occurred in moderate amounts over the western part of the corn belt and generally throughout the northern. and cen- tral Mountain and Plateau districts of the West. In the more eastern portions, especially in the Appalachian Mountain regions, there was but little rain during this period, and only small amounts occurred in the western portions of the cotton region. REVIEW OF WEATHER CONDITIONS FOR YEAR 1912. 55a There was a considerable deficiency in precipitation during the last two weeks of the month, but the warm weather and moist condition of the soil during this period were very favorable for all vegetable growth, and only in small sections were conditions unfavorable until near the end. when the con- tinued absence of rain caused some apprehension regarding the cotton crop in the extreme western and extreme eastern portions of the cotton region. s SEPTEMBER. TEMPERATURE.—The warm weather prevailing at the close of August in most southern and central portions of the country east of the Rocky Mountains early in September replaced the cooler weather in the Lake region and north- eastern States, and in the central valleys became even more intense, so that many stations in Illinois and adjacent States recorded the highest temperatures of the summer at this time. Meanwhile in most of the country to westward of the Rockies cool weather for the season was prevailing, and about the 12th the cool area extended over the northern Plains States and thence eastward over the northern and central districts to the Lake region and the central valleys. Frosts were recorded at this time in Minnesota, the Dakotas. and the northern and central Rocky Mountain States, but the damage was not very great to the eastward. In the more eastern districts the abnormal warmth con- tinued, and before the middle of the month warm weather set in along the Pacific coast. After the 16th the cooler weather in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountain region gradually intensified and spread still farther to the eastward and south- ward. During the last week of September cool weather reached the north- eastern States, with some frost, but generally little damage resulting. About the same time severe frosts visited much of Illinois, Iowa, and Nebraska, and generally killing frost occurred in the States to northward and northwestward, where, however, it was not unseasonably early for such an event. For September as a whole the average temperature was nearly everywhere above normal to eastward of the Mississippi River, with a most notable excess, 4° or more, in the central Appalachian region. In the west Gulf States and the western portions of the Pacific States the mean temperature of the month was also above.normal. In the Plains, Rocky Mountain, and Plateau regions Sep- tember was cooler than normal, especially in the northern and central Moun- tain region and the northern Plains region, where the deficiency averaged about S° per day. Indeed, if merely the last 20 days of the month are considered. the mean temperature in most of the Missouri Valley was from 10° to 15° below the normal for the period. PRECIPITATION.—Rains occurred on the opening days in most of the Middle Atlantic States and the upper Ohio Valley, with remarkably heayy local down- pours in the southwestern counties of Pennsylvania and neighboring parts of Ohio and West Virginia on the night of September 1, occasioning great damage and the loss of a number of lives. During the next few days there were im- portant rains in northern California, the upper Lake region, and a large part of central and northeastern Florida with the coast regions of Georgia and South Carolina. About the 9th to 16th precipitation occurred in large amount over a considerable area in the central Plains region, also southwestward over the Texas Panhandle and much of New Mexico, and northwestward over much of Wyoming, which experienced a snowstorm unprecedented for September. About the 15th to 15th a storm moved northward from the Gulf of Mexico over Alabama to the lower Ohio Valley, giving usually moderate rains, but here and there quite heavy falls. 554 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. During the last fortnight of September there was fairly generous precipita- tion in most northern districts between the Great Lakes and the Rocky Moun- tains; also over most of Missouri and Arkansas, southwestern Texas, and prac- tically all the country east of the Mississippi River there were good rains, the falls in the last-named being largely in connection with a storm which moved from western Florida to Chesapeake Bay from the 23d to 25th. Taking September as a whole the rainfall was ample in almost all parts of the Atlantic States, being decidedly heavy in southeastern Georgia and near the Gulf coast of Florida. Other regions of generous precipitation were northern Minnesota, most of North Dakota, portions of Iowa, and the Texas Panhandle. In the Far West the month brought fair rains along the immediate Pacific coast from San Francisco northward, and larger amounts in some in- terior parts of northern California. The warmth of early September in the great corn-growing States hastened the maturing of that staple, but the cold weather after the 10th in the Mis- souri and upper Mississippi Valleys was unfavorable. To eastward of the Mississippi River the month, as a whole, was usually a favorable one. OCTOBER. TEMPERATURE.—The coolness in the central and upper valleys, Lake region and Northeastern States when September closed was soon succeeded by warmer weather; and thereafter, save for periods of a few days never really notable, almost all the eastern half of the country experienced temperatures higher than normal. In the western half of the country cool weather prevailed during the first third of the month, but warmer than normal during the middle third, except that cool weather then prevailed in the southern portions of the Great Plains and Rocky Mountain regions and in the West Gulf States. The final third of October was colder than normal in northern districts from the upper Lake region westward to the Pacific, throughout the:Pacific Coast States, in the far Southwest, and in the central portions of the Plains. Rocky Mountain and Plateau regions. As a whole, the month was warmer than normal nearly everywhere east of the Rocky Mountains, also along the immediate Pacific coast from central California southward it was close to or slightly above normal as to temperature. In the Plateau region, the north Pacific States, and the interior of southern California the month averaged somewhat cooler than normal. PRECIPITATION.—Among the more notable rain areas during October were that whieh accompanied the storm moving from the Southwest to the Lake region between the 10th and 12th, that which visited southwestern Texas about the 16th, when a storm moved inland from the Gulf of Mexico, and the one accompanying the storm which moved from the central Rocky Mountain region on the 27th to beyond Lake Superior on the 29th. The precipitation of October was fairly well distributed and generally sufficient. Regions of scanty fall, however, covered a district extending from Maryland southward to eastern South Carolina, most of the lower Mississippi Valley, the greater part of South Dakota, Minnesota, and northern Wisconsin, and most of central and southern California. The sunshiny and warm weather abundant to eastward of the Rocky Moun- tains during October was favorable for fall work, and the absence of damaging frosts till the middle or later portions of the month in most eastern districts was highly favorable for late vegetation. In the Rocky Mountain States and to westward October weather was less favorable, and coolness and rain were rather too prevalent, except in California. REVIEW OF WEATHER CONDITIONS FOR YEAR 1912. 555 NOVEMBER. TEMPERATURE.—Early in November a cool area from the Rocky Mountain and Plains regions spread southward and eastward, causing frosts in most of Texas and the other Gulf States. Warmer weather set in behind this, so that the open- ing third of the month averaged warmer than normal save in the Southeastern States and lower Mississippi Valley. During the middle portion of the month the weather was warmer than normal in practically all parts of the country, and remarkably warm in the Missouri and upper Mississippi Valleys. About the 25th, however, this warmth largely yielded to a cold area which overspread most eastern and southern districts, freezing weather reaching into extreme northern Florida. As the month was ending another cold area moved from the far Northwest into Texas and the middle and eastern Gulf States, bringing killing frost almost to the Gulf coast. The temperatures of the final third of November averaged higher than normal in practically all northern districts, and generally to westward of the Rocky Mountains; but lower than normal in substantially all the cotton region. November as a whole was warmer than normal in much the greater part of the country, and the departure was marked in the middle and upper Missouri Valley. In much of the cotton region and in portions of New Mexico and California the month averaged somewhat cooler than normal. PRECIPITATION.—November was comparatively free from the storms usual at the season, though one storm which moved from the Lake region to the St. Lawrence Valley on the Ist and 2d caused rain in most eastern districts, and a storm which moved northward from the south Atlantic coast to New England on the 27th and 28th caused rain and show in most coast States, the snowfall being unusually heavy for the season in most of Georgia and the Carolinas. As a whole November showed a decided deficiency in precipitation. 'The lightness of the rainfall in the Ohio and lower Mississippi Valleys was espe- cially notable, while most of South Dakota and considerable parts of the South- west received no rain or show whatever. Precipitation was somewhat above normal, however, over much of New York, a considerable area in the South Atlantic and east Gulf States, the central Plateau district, and western Oregon. Syow.—In most western districts the snowfall in the mountains was remark- ably light, but parts of New York and New England had some heavy falls for November. As a whole the month was a favorable one for farm work, but the small amount of moisture over large areas probably retarded the development of winter wheat. DECEMBER. TEMPERATURE.—The cool weather in most eastern districts when November ended soon gave way to warmth, and thereafter, although conditions were changeable, temperatures above normal generally prevailed to eastward of the Rocky Mountains. About the 5th and 6th it was decidedly warm in the Atlantic coast and Lake regions. To westward of the Rocky Mountains the opening third of December was rather cool, also in the southern Plains region. During the middle and later portions of the month mild weather was the rule in the northern half of the country, but cool weather for December prevailed over most southern portions, especially to westward of the Mississippi River. The closing portion of the month was cool in the central Rocky Mountain and Plateau regions also. The month considered as a whole was warmer than normal nearly every- where eastward of the Mississippi River, and especially over the upper Mis- 556 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. sissippi Valley and most of the Missouri Vaitey, where the last 10 days were remarkably warm for December. The average temperature was below normal in the western part of the cotton region and in California, and decidedly below normal in the districts between, namely, the central and southern portions of the Rocky Mountain and Plateau regions. PRECIPITATION.—There was remarkably large rainfall during December in most of Louisiana and Mississippi, and it was rather heavy over an area to northward and northeastward of those States, as far as the Ohio River. There was more than normal precipitation over several other areas, as the greater part of Texas and southern New Mexico, the eastern part of the Middle At- lantic States and some other localities along the Atlantic coast, and much of the upper Lake region, the upper Mississippi Valley, and North Dakota. Considering the whole country, however, December was a dry month. In Missouri, Illinois, and California there was a notable deficiency of precipitation, amounting in many portions to an almost entire absence. The Appalachian and lower Lake regions and the central and northern Plains, Rocky Mountain and Plateau regions had almost everywhere less than normal precipitation. Snow.—In the western mountains the snowfall of December was almost everywhere quite light, though Oregon reported a heavy fall during the closing days. In northern districts to eastward of the Rockies the snowfall was nearly everywhere much less than usual for the month, and, owing to the mild- ness, that which did occur generally melted quite rapidly. In most parts of the country December was a favorable month for outdoor work, save in the middle Gulf States, where it was marked by too much wet weather. STATISTICS OF CORN. 557 STATISTICS OF THE PRINCIPAL CROPS. [Figures furnished by the Bureau of Statistics, emg of Agriculture, except where otherwise stated. Alr prices are gold.] CORN. TABLE 1.—Corn area of countries named, 1908-1912. Country. 1908 1909 1912 NORTH AMERICA. Acres. Acres Acres. CL SL RS ee Se 101,788,000 | 98,383, 000 104,035, 000 105, 825, 000° 107, 083, 000 Canada: | ee ee Ee Oe 332, 200 320,000 271,700 dS Se Re ce eee 33, 600 32, 200 21,000 a RS. ee ee ce (aS AE Se Ce eee. a ee 200 enneitmiee esl... | SO et a eke epee eee 292, 200 gts ea a2 sa xan onc oon —: z @) (1) SOUTH AMERICA | 0 er ee ee 6,719,300 | 7,348,500 §, 455, 800 | 2 a eae Sea 53, 100 62,000 (1) Urmguay- -----------=--+-------=-------+-- 431, 200 502,300 (1) EUROPE Austria-Hungary: DMM ol no cannes qae's ee 845, 100 $31, 200 751,600 ey proper ..-.... 5,831,000 | 6,061,300 6,022, 500 Croatia-Slavonia. - 1,033,300 | 1,003, 200 1,057,300 Bosnia-Herzegovina 2, 900 529, 900 (@) Total Austria-Hungary.............. 8,412, 300 8, 266,300 | 8,372,000 |..--..-....- RMN tis are os Soo 1,410, 400 1,511,100 | 1,561,500 io jth eee eae 1, 226, 200 1,049, 100 (L ee ee ere 4,444,700 4,066,400 | 3,937,500 EN es ccs Fac fee scan nee ses 1 () 0 1 we Se ee a eee 4,992,300 5,152,700 | 5,135,800 Russia: Oy ge ee 2,970, 900 B2258;100% 3,177,500}. .25<.-s2c ce Northern Cancasia............-........ 659, 400 772,100 750, 2008s 2268 5a LT 0 0 Do ae 3,630,300 3,630,200 | 3,936,700 | 24,086,000 i a te el 1,392,600 | 1,445, 1,446,100 | 1,443, (0) Spain........ 2 ngak See ee eee ee 1,133,300 | 1,149,100 | 1,121,600 | 1,145,100} 1,149,100 ASIA. | British India (including native States)..... 6, 296, 400 6,311, 600 (1) Ee nA OO Sh BS ae 128,700 129, 400 (1) Beis tdeods...n. (1) OF rsh iat) AFRICA. | LTE a eS aE = i ee a 39,000 34,900 30,700 DoE OES Ee Sa tt ee ee 1,865,000 1,902,700 a Weer Gf South Asries 2 sk... (@) (@) Q) AUSTRALASIA. Australia: “COPPA rs eS, a 127, 100 127,700 132,300 180,900 | 153,900 Mew momen Wares: 02 Tee 161,000 180, 800 212,800 213, 200 168,300 CUE DGTTCE Alka? 2 ae a ee 10,900 14,000 19,100 20, 200 18, 200 Wester Australia: 2. 712275 ss tt 200 200 PAS I | Sie Bea ON Ne he Sel ee OETA TRUCT. oR a) Oe eb 1 aN 2g: “zene ne 200 600 @) Mew fentanids. seme eis ee kt | 8,900 11,500 12, 500 13,100 6,100 Roja Aasiraasige eee rs! Te 308, 100 334, 200 377, 100 APS OO0s|o- ee. ae = Se 1 No official statistics of area. 2 Includes Asiatic Russia (10 Governments of). 558 TaBLE 2.—Corn crop of countries named, 1908-1912. YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Country. 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 NORTH AMERICA. Bushels. Bushels. | Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. P ‘United'States:=-:<.., 0a soes! 2,668, 651,000 |2,552, 190,000 2, 886, 260,000 |2,531, 488,000 | 3,124, 746,000 Canada: I Opt aiOl a: 2 ee ee 21,742,000 18,211,000 | 17,853,000,| 18,001,000 16,047,000 Qaehecs. Teese. eee 1,126,000 1,047,000 860,000 66, 000 514,000 Otherst3 ook ast eee ae 5,000 - 5,000 6, 000 , + Total Ganadasst. .io:2sss6 22, 873, 000 19, 263, 000 18,718,000\} 18,773,000 16, 570, 000 os = e “Mexico Stet Bae. Je: e253 ee 150,000,000 | 170,000,000 | | 190,766,000 | 190,000,000 |.............. di) 1D Seen aes sees 2,841, 524,000 |2,741, 453,000 3,095,744, 000, 2, 740, 261,000 |=... eee SOUTH AMERICA. / wv Argentina 136,055,000 | 177,155,000 |\ 175,187,000 27,675,000 295,849, 000 Chupke. 5a ae. 1,344,000 1,178,000 1,378,000 1, 221,000 (1) Wrnguay : 2% 25-essce tech eaat 4,004,000 6, 671, 000 6,514, 000 3, 643,000 (4) Totals -¢>.5 esse sae ses 141,403,000 | 185,004,000 | 183,079,000 32, 539, 000" | 22522 ee eee EUROPE. Austria-Hungary: Aqstrian). Se aoer eT eee en 15,170,000 15, 657,000 16, 823,000 11, 856, 000 15,053,000 Hungary proper............. 146,122,000 | 161,860,000 Sh 733,000 | 137,421,000 181, 826,000 Croatia-Slavonia............. 20,536,000 21,752,000 , 589,000 24, 005, 000 , 166, 000 Bosnia-Herzegovina.......-. 8,821,000 10,972,000 10,051,000 8,416,000 8,555,000 e Total Austria~-Hungary....| 190,649,000 | 210,241,000 | 240,196,000 | 181,698,000 229, 600, 000 Bulpariges Rosy eae. see eee 20,717,000 20, 472,000 28,360,000 30,500,000 (1) RANGO ss ce hw eee ets ee 26, 247, 000 26,075, 000 23.399,000 | 16,860,000 @) Carper eee eee eee 95, 953,000 99,289,000 | 101,722,000 93, 680,000 98, 668, 000 Portugal: eer ey Fees 15, 090,000 15,000, 000 15,000,000 15,000,000 @) } our ere ose een tse 78, 892,000 70,138,000 | 103,665,000 | 110,712,000 104, 612,000 Russia: RUUSSIA propel). 42. oe tte 49, 663,000 29, 223,000 63,089, 000 67,842,000 Northern Caucasia........... 11, 449, 000 10,375,000 14,093,000 14, 087, 000 Q & MCLAINED ISSIR’ == nee oe eo oe 61,112,000 32,598,000 77,182,000 81,919,000 | 279,964,000 Denviae se: so) setae ee ace ee See 21,010,000 34, 453,000 33, 204, 000 26, 531, 000 (1) (oy 024 2 a pe aes San le the. Pate 20,115,000 26, 433,000 27,366, 000 28, 730,000 25, 069, 000 Gta ee eee. sce eee 529,695,000 | 541,699,000 | 650,094,000} 585,630,000 |.............. AFRICA. 25 1c) i ee ee an 402,000 426,000 556,000 554,000 374,000 PUNE MES SEEM chee o eee ae 65,000,000 65,000,000 70,294, 000 67,903,000 69, 913,000 Union of South Africa........... 20,000,000 20,000,000 20,000,000 20,000,000 1) Motal-> 2s Ses. - <3 1s ee 85,402,000 85, 426,000 90,850,000 88, 457,000 .|..- <--> cee AUSTRALASIA. Australia: Muocenslands "5 Fetes see 3,191,000 2,855, 000 2,588,000 4,601, 000"|.- == - eee New South Wales. .......... 4,671,000 5,380, 000 7,322,000 7, 8335000 ‘10 Se ko es WIGWEis cc eens tee ee 525,000 671,000 1,195,000 1,013,000" |o ooo. aeeere Western Australia........... 1,000 2,000 1,000 1,000 Nace. oceeneeeee Soph -Awsiralide .. ..g-0 sls: fare ss ool eee 7,000 7,000" |: 2 eee otal: tesertase ss aes eee §, 388, 000 8,908,000 11,113,000 13, 455, 000 9,186,000 mow Zealand. -.. Reese: 519,000 736,000 750,000 478,000 287,000 Total Australasia.......... 8,907,000 9,644, 000 11, 863,000 13,933, 000 9,473,000 Grand total..............-.|3,606, 931,000 |3, 563,226,000 |4,031, 630,000 (3, 460,820,000 (3) 1 No official data received. 2 Includes Asiatic Russia (10 Governments of). 3 Total of countries whence returns have been received in 1912 is 4,054,838,000 bushels, against 3,157,432,000 bushels for same countries in 1911. STATISTICS OF CORN. TaBLE 3.—Total production of corn in countries named in Table 2, 1894-1912. Year. Production. Bushels iaue 1,671, 307, 000 Suse: , 834, 750, 000 Jt es 2, 964, 435, 000 Vo 2, 587, 206, 000 Aut. 2, 682, 619, 000 TaBLE 4.—Acreage, production, value, and age Year.} Acreage. | yield Acres. Bush. 1) Mae Fogle pain (Ee 1 ce) A lade Say 1866. .| 34,307,000 | 25.3 1867. .| 32,520,000 | 23.6 1868 . .| 34,887,000 | 26.0 1869. .| 37,103,000 | 23.6 i.) ee See Ee 1870. .| 38,647,000 | 28.3 1871. .| 34,091,000 | 29.1 1872 35,527,000 | 30.8 1873. .} 39,197,000 | 23.8 1874. .} 41,037,000 | 20.7 1875. .| 44,841,000 | 29.5 1876. .| 49,033,000 | 26.2 1877. .| 50,369,000 | 26.7 1878 . .| 51,585,000 | 26.9 1879. .| 53,085, 29.2 18791.) 62,369,000 | 28.1 1880. .| 62,318,000 | 27.6 1881. .} 64, 262,000 | 18.6 1882. .}] 65,660,000 | 24.6 1883. .| 68,302, 22.7 1884. .} 69,684,000 | 25.8 1885. .| 73,130,000 | 26.5 1886. .| 75,694,000 | 22.0 1887. .| 72,393,000 | 20.1 1888. .] 75,673,000 | 26.3 1889. .| 78,320,000 | 27.0 18891 .} 72,088,000 | 29. 4 1890. .| 71,971,000 | 20.7 1891. .| 76,205,000 | 27.0 1892. .| 70,627,000 | 23.1 1893. .| 72,036,000 | 22.5 1894. .| 62,582,000 | 19.4 1895. .| 82,076,000 | 26.2 1896. .| 81,027,000 | 28.2 1897. .| 80,095,000 | 23.8 1898. .| 77,722,000 | 24.8 1899. .| 82,109,000 | 25.3 18991.) 94,914,000 | 28.1 1900. .| 83,321,000 | 25.3 1901. .| 91,350,000 | 16.7 1902. .| 94,044,000 | 26.8 1903. .| 88,092,000 | 25.5 1904. .| 92,232,000 | 26.8 1905. .| 94,011,000 | 28.8 1906. .| 96,738,000 | 30.3 1907. .| 99,931,000 | 25.9 1908 . .|101, 788,000 | 26.2 1909. _|108, 771,000 | 25.5 19091 _| 98,383,000 | 25.9 1910 3.|104, 035,000 | 27.7 1911 3.|105, 825,000 | 23.9 1912. ./107, 083,000 | 29.2 ~ 1 Census figures. | Year. Production. Year. Bushels. 3800: 2, 724,100, 000 || 1904.... it! | 2,792, 561,000 || 1905.... a. 2) 366,883, 000 | 1906... - 1902..... 3, 187,311,000 || 1907.... 1903... .. 3,066, 506,000 |! 1908... Production. Bushels. 692,071,000 838, 793, 000 Farrer B 2 BS wee Le & D Crews Se BREASE BS252 a SBS _-vewve SREeurt nN SSSEe Sans SS z Bere 8 ees ea 7 oe www www eS SS bo D> OUR ee mh © wee ee ie) Cee SSSaSE SESES SERRE “ 7 SENBSS SSERR SSS8S8 ~~ NNNNM NNNNFK NONE RN NK RB KON RR Re RR Re ee Ree ee i) we eS SS eS nN aNwaoo se BEES SABES S WOME CONTRO & 2 & bo A?) Farm value ec. 1. 411, 451, 000 437, 770, 000 424, 057, 000 522,551, 000 540, 520, 000 430, 356, 000 385, 736, 000 411, 961, 000 496, 271, 000 484, 675, 000 679, 714, 000 759, 482, 000 783, 867, 000 658, 051; 000 640, 736, 000 635, 675, 000 610,311, 000 646, 107, 000 677, 562, 000 597, 919, 000 491, 007, 000 501, 073, 000 552, 023, 000 629, 210, 000 921, 556, 000 1,017,017, 000 952, 869, 000 1,087, 461, 000 1,116, 697,000 1,166, 626, 000 1,336, 901, 000 1, 616, 145, 000 1, 652, 822; 000 1,565, 258, 000 1,520, 454,000 2 Coincident with “‘corner.’’ Production. | Year. Production. Bushels. -| 3,109, 252,000 |) 1909..... -| 3,461,181, 000 || 1910... .. .| 3,963, 645,000 |) 1911..... -| 3,420,321, 000 -| 3,606, 931, 000 Chicago cash price per bushel, No. 2. May of December.) following year. Low.|High.| Low.| High. exports of corn, United States, 1849-1912 Domestic exports, including corn meal, fiscal year begin-| port- ning July 1. Bushels. 7,632, 860 4,248, 991 16, 026, 947 12, 493, 522 8, 286, 665 2,140, 487 10, 673, 553 35, 727, 010 40, 154, 374 35, 985, 834 30, 025, 036 50, 910, 532 72, 652, 611 87,192,110 87, 884, 892 99, 572, 329 93, 648, 147 44, 340, 683 41, 655, 653 46, 258, 606 52, 876, 456 64, 829, 617 41, 368, 584 25, 360, 869 70,841, 673 103, 418, 709 32, 041, 529 76, 602, 285 47, 121, 894 66, 489, 529 28, 585, 405 101, 100, 375 178, 817,417 2, 055, 543 177, 255, 046 213, 123,412 181, 405, 473 28, 028, 688 76, 639, 261 58, 222’ 061 90, 293, 483 119, 893, 833 37, 665, 040 38, 128, 498 65, 614, 522 41,797,291 3 Figures adjusted to census basis. 4, 031, 630, 000 3, 461, 187, 000 se tr emp es WORD Nw —s SSrPa PNENYS Nb al Ribot POON Gr G0 Chm TRE OAT tO CORRES £PAIDOW D ais! Sn) 560 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE 5.—Acreage and production of corn, by States, 1909-1912. Acreage (000 cmitted). Production (000 omitted). State and division. 1912 1911 Acres. Acres. Maing. pe eee 16 i8 New Hampshire... -- 23 23 Mermont. .282222 2. 45 46 Massachusetts. -.---- 47 AT Rhode Island-....... ll 11 Connecticut.......-- 60 59 New Work. sw 025. 512 530 New Jersey.--------- 273 270 Pennsylvania. .-...-. 1, 449 1,435 N. Atlantic......-- 2,436 2,439 Delaware. .-.-...-...-- 195 195 Maryland 2.25 ...242c 670 670 \ cig aire (A ep See Te 1,980 1,980 West Virginia.....-- 725 707 North Carolina. ...-. 2,808 2,700 South Carolina... .-- 1,915 1,790 Georgiass<. 255 35222: 3,910 | 3, 692 N.C. W. Miss. R...| 37,942 38,175 IKORTUCKY ooo 322-45 3,600 3, 600 Merimessée -.< 2325. 3,332 3,400 Adabanta 72 225.5242. 3,150 3, 000 Mississippi... ..-...-- 3,106 2,850 Louisiana !22.23- 2-2 1,805 1,800 Texas:ss.f32 07.1 £2 7,300 7,300 5,675 24 20 16 13 420 373 93 94 16 15 9 8 1 1 12 ll Washington. .......- 31 30 Oregon 2.206. 122; 432 20 20 California 212. sot ac 52 51 Far Western....... 694 636 1912 1911 Bush. Bush. 640 792 1,058 | 1,035 13800} 1,886 27115 | —-2}.068 456 495 3,000| 2,862 19,763 | 20,405 10,374 | 9,936 61,582 | 63,858 100,788 | 103,337 6,630 | 6,630 247455 | 247455 47,520 | 47,520 247505 | 18,170 51,106 | 49,680 34,278 | 327578 53,958 | 59,072 8,515 | 9,286 250,967 | 247,391 174,410 | 150,540 199,364 | 174,600 426,320 | 334,950 55,250 | 55,770 58,262 | 58,080 | 913,606 | 773,940 78,177 | 74,140 432,021 | 305,350 243,904 | 192 400 8,758 | 7,250 76,347 | 50,820 182616 | 155,925 174,225 | 126, 150 {1,196,048 | 912, 035 109,440} 93, 600 88/298 | 91; 120 54,180) 54,000 56,840 | 54,150 32,490 | 33,200 153,300 | 697350 101,878 | 36,888 50,490 | 49, 7/2 646,916 | 482,120 612 530 368 195 8,736 | 5,222 27083 | 23322 528 495 270 280 30 30 394 330 846 855 630 570 1,924 | 1,836 16,421 | 12,665 United States......| 107,083 } 105,825 | 1909 (census.) Bush. 179, 512 157, 513 195, 496 390, 219 52, 907 49, 163 3,124,746 |2,531,488 |2, 886,260 | 2,552,190 —_— STATISTICS OF CORN. 561 TABLE 6.—Total farm value and value per acre of corn, by States, 1909-1912. Value, basis Dec. 1 price (000 omitted). | Value per acre, basis Dec. 1 price. iI _ State and division. ee 1912 1911 1910 1909 |) 1912 | 1911 1910 1909 lj cine sil Eig al ean eae a Dollars. Dollars. | Dollars. | Dollars. | Dollars. ap A Dollars.| Dollars. | No eee 480 713 555 519 |) 30.00 | 39.60 | 32.66| 34.16 New Hampshire....-....-.--.- 849 698 696 || 34.50} 36.90] 31.74 35. 11 oS 7 ; 1,509/ 1,249] 1,252 | 28.80 | 32.80] 28.38] 29.20 Massachusetts............--- 1,716 1, 434 1,644 || 34.65 | 36.52| 31.85] 39.37 nope sland >. ~~ 2 ..5-253.- 470 332 386 || 36.52] 42.75] 33.20 39. 87 Cannaohicut...:-.-.---.-.... 2,375 2, 062 1,898 38.50} 40.26 | 36.18 36. 00 i a a 15, 712 12, 668 13,406 || 27.02} 29.64] 24.13 26. 20 New Jersey......-..-..----.- : 7,055 | 5,767 7,101 || 25.84 | 26.13] 21.60| 26.77 Penyisylvamia: ....:-... 2... 43,423 34, 592 29, 046 | 26.78 | 30.26 | 24.19 21.07 N. Atlantic............ 73,822 | 59,357 55,948 || 27.34 | 30.27} 24.56 | 23.90 $$$ — —————————— —————————— = SG a ae 4, O44 3, 191 2,807 | 17.34 | 20.74] 16.54| ~ 14.85 Maryland ' i RE SS 3, 4: 15,407 | 12,824] 11,651 | 20.08 | 23.00} 19.43 | 18.00 (eer 39 | 34,690} 32,487] 28,338 |) 17.04] 17.52] 16.58 | 15.24 West Virginia o ae oe 13,991 12,376 12,668 |} 21.97 | 19.7 17. 68 18. 72 Worth Caroling... .:-.-.--.--=- 2 40, 738 37, 460 28, 954 15.11 15. 09 14.14 11. 82 South Carolina. -..........-..- 29, 646 25, 896 18,785 |} 15.22) 16.56] 15.17 11. 97 > Ss an 49,030 | 40,546 | 33,862 | 11.73 | 13.28) 11.31 9. 98 CS OS ee are ee 5 oe! 429 6, 962 5, 830 10. 27 11. 68 11.05 | 9. 38 Se Atiane. ss. ....--- 194,975 171, 742 142,895 14. 83 15.76 | 14.21 12.55 SOS i tiie 87,313 | 66,488 | 88,207 | 19.26] 22.39| 16.79| 22.51 i 284 75, 456 97,748 16.93 | 19.44 15.7 19. 95 0 oe SS ee ee 184, 222 152,294 | 202,914 16. 40 18.15 14. 86 20.18 =: tS | oe 36, 250 28, 677 32, 27. 19.38 |} 21.45) 17.17 20. 31 SCE a ee 34, 848 25, 6 29, 498 18.21 | 21.78; 16.90 20. 22 Be a a | a N.C. E. Miss. R...... = 436,917 | 348,603 | 450,640 || 17.36] 19.69 | 15.70] 20.57 1 aS ee ee 9: 39,294 | 30,019] 33,270 || 12.76| 17.86| 14.72| 16.5 Towa... ‘ae 5 161,836 | 123, 754 167, 458 15.05 | 16.43} 13.07 18.13 | Ee. e. .. c aee 528 480 537 299 || 33.00 32.01 | 35.75 | 19.10 | 2 Pa 6 ok 202 227 178 148 || 22.50] 28.35) 25.45] 19.40 a Se aR EE ig 29 27 30 18 || 29.40 | 27.45 | 30.00] 30.88 ie aR NE SS 276 280 297 239 || 22.96 | 25.50) 22.72] 25.95 Washington....:.......-..-- 651 675 588 484 || 21.02 | 22.52) 21.00] 18.66 2 eee 472 456 367 361 || 23.62] 22.80] 20.40} 20.88 oo ee ae 1, 635 1, 652 1, 500 1,159 || 31.45] 32.40 30.00| 22.30 Far Western. .....-..- | 10,387 | 10,392 9,823 7,562 || 14.97| 16.34| 16.62| 13.50 United States......... ‘1, 520, 454 1, 565, 258 {1,384,817 |1,477, 223 || 14.20 | 14.79 | 13.31] 15.02 i t | 73029°—yexK 1912——36 562 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TaBLe 7.— Yield per acre, and price per bushel of corn, by States. Yield per acre. Farm price per bushel. o, : Ten-year aver- Ten-year averages | State and di- ages. for Dee. 1. Que a vision. = Wy ieg= a a e|a|3 lg glale|e)aia ah PEE) Pie, |r) Me |e het op lt wR, a, cha oO oO E\Z/Z/EIS/SISTE|B)2/2/2 12 Bu.| Bu.| Bu.| Bu. Bu.) Bu. Bul Cts. | Cts.| Cts.| Cts.| Cts. | Cts Miboe cose cae sce 31. 0/32. 2} 37. 1)35. 4/46. 0/44. 0/40.0)} §3 | 75 60) We7orel" 7 90 Wap onea nee ae 37. 8/32. 7| 37. 2/33. 1/46. 0/45. 0/46.0'| 82 | 75 58 | 70 | 69 | 82 Witter sect mane 37. 3/32. 6] 38. 2/34. 5/43. 0/41.0/40.0'| 80 | 71 | 56 | 68 | 66 | 80 MAGS e eet tae e 34. 7/31. 6] 37. 6/36. 1/45. 5/44. 0/45.011 79 | 74 | 58 | 71 | 70 | 83 ge |S Sa ea ee 29. 6/30. 1] 31. 7/33. 0)40. 0/45. 0/41.5)] 83. | 77 | 63 | 79 | 83 | $5 @onke= scce seve 29. 830. i] 34. 9/36. 8/53. 2/48. 5/50.0] 84 | 71 58 | 70 | 68 | 83 15 Re ab elas 3 33. 0/29. 8] 31. 4/31. 0/38. 3/38. 538.6] 66 | 62 | 52 | 66 | 63 | 77 Wels. oS con case ce 36. 3/30. 5| 33. 0/34. 1/36. 0/36. $/38.0} 59 | 59 | 49 | 59 | 60 | 71 eve otha ce 6 acs 35. 7/31. 0] 32. 6/34. 4:41. 0/44. 5/42.5)) 57 | 56 | 46 | 59 | 59 | 68 N. Atlantic. .../34.830.7| 32. 7/33. 6)40. 3/42. 4/41. 4!| 61.8] 59.6] 49.1] 61.7} 60.9) 71 To cere ote cate 23.4/19. 3) 22. 5/29. 131. 8/34. 0)34. 0} 51 47 | 39 | 50 | 52 | 61 IG te aces oe, 25. 2/24. 2) 27. 0/32. 9/33. 5/36. 5|/36. 5]] 54 | 49 @ 41 52 | 58 | 63 Maeacces ceaen ae 20. 1/16. 8) 19. 1]22. 7/25. 5/24. 0/24. 0)) 51 51 43 59 65 73 Wee Wins te ee ot 28. 3/23. 4| 24. 4/27. 5/26. 0/25. 7/83. 8]| 49 | 51 48 | 63 68 | 77 NiGa ie goeoekc as 14. 7/12. 2) 13. 0)14. 8/18. 6/18. 4/18. 2/| 57 | 59 | 47 | 68 | 76 | 82 SaiGee ett oon oe 9.4] 9.4| 9.9]/11. 6/18. 5/18. 2/17.9]| 80 | 68 | 56 | 76 | 82 | 91 , Cran. eet Rirae ie ie 11. 2)10. 4) 11. 1/11. 5/14. 5/16. 0/13. 8)) 73 66 | 54 173 | 78 | 88 Wap oo ate eee e 10.2} 9.6) 9.7}10. 2/13. 0/14. 6)13.0)| 91 76 | 61 74 | 85 | 80 8. Atlantic... .. 15.013. 8} 14. 5|16. 1/19. 6)20. 0/19. 5|| 61.0) 57.5} 48.1] 65.7] 72.3) 78.8 Ohio. See eee 36. 1/30. 8] 31. 4/35. 6/36. 5/38. 6/42. 8]| 39 | 43 | 35 | 48 | 46 | 58 INQ. . cack iee sae 32. 6/28. 9} 31. 3/34. 7/39. 3/36. 0/40.3)| 34 | 39 | 31 43 | 40 | 54 hi Le ee ea 30. 3/26. 8] 31. 7/34. 5/39. 1/33. 0/40.0]] 30 | 36 | 30 | 43 | 38 | 55 Mich.............|33. 1/28. 9] 29. 0/32. 7/32. 4/33.0/34.0]| 46 | 46 | 40 | 51 53 65 Wriss.i-..bsee aes ost 33. 1/27. 3) 30. 6/33. 2/32. 5/36. 3/35. 7)| 40 | 41 34 | 48 | 52 | 60 N.C. E. M. R..|32. 1/28. 1) 31. 3/34. 3/37. 7/34. 9/39. 8/| 34.0] 39.0] 32.0] 44.5} 41.6) 56 Minn.......-....|32. 5/29. 9) 28. 1/29. 4/32. 7/33. 7/34. 5|| 37 | 37 | 31 41 45 | 53 TOWS = | aoe Jt5< 2c 34. 5/30. 6] 30. 9/32. 3/36. 3/31. 0/43.0]] 25 | 30 | 27 | 39 | 36 | 53 MG Seen Sean drs 30. 2/27. 4] 27. 4/28. 6/33. 0/26. 0/32.0]] 32 | 35 | 31 | 45 | 44 | 60 INA DEK Soe occ. 3 \ 25.3 20. $23. 4/14. 0/25. 0/26. 7/)..._. 36 36 | 46 | 58 | 60 Pe QC E oe oe. Ss so 2/1120. 1127. 4/25. 0/22. 0/30. 6)]. . .. . 30 | 39 | 40 | 53 5 fo) 2) aS en a 34. 5/32. 7] 24. 5|27. 4/25. 8/21.0/24.0!1 26 | 25 | 27 | 38 | 36 | 55 Le a ee ae 34. 3/28. 6] 21. 3/22. 4/19. 0/14. 5|23.0)) 32 | 30 | 30 | 42 | 45 | 63 N. C. W. M. B.|33. 1/29. 4) 26. 2/27. 9/28. 5/23. 9/31. 5!) 27.8} 30.4] 28.3] 40.4) 40.1) 56.3 1 4 ee ne ee 29. 7|23. 8) 25. 7/26. 7/29. 0)/26.0)30.4/) 38 -| 44 | 37 | 51 53 | 63 cf AC ¢ 1s ny 24, 2/20. 5| 22. 0/23. 0/25. 9)26.8/26.5)| 438 | 45 | 38 | 55 | 56 | 61 Altes <5 tite Se 335 13. 9)12. 6} 12. 8/13. 5/18. 0/18.0)17.2}) 70 | 62 | 51 69 | 71 78 11 ASS Be RE 15. 4/14. 3] 15.0/15. 2/20. 5/19.0)18.3)) 72 | 61 49 | 67 | 63 | 72 BA es) s oe Weert o's 17. 2)16. 0] 16. 3}17. 5|23. 6/18. 5)18.0}| 78 | 62 | 51 55 | 70 UY Sen sets es eae 21. 7/18. 1} 19.0/19. 0/20. 6) 9.5/21.0|] 68 | 56 | 46 | 59 | 63 | 80 Oia. oe aes ado allen | oe ae ee 42211650) GO. 5) LS. Ties oo peter we lye San 44 | 51 70 MATE ror ke Sacikushe o's a 24. 4/19. 8) 18. 2/18. 7/24. 0/20. 8/20. 4}| 59 | 53 | 43 | 58 | 58 | 72 S. Central. ..... 21. 2/18. 5 19.0 20 1/21. 5,16. 1/21. 4) 53.9) 51 42.8} 55.5) 58.3) 69.7] 78 IMO GH bait actae 5 aiftcss. ta 26.4) 25. 0/23. 2/23. 0)26. 5)25. 5||.... - 79 | 67 73 | 95 | 80 [106 WYO hiya tte dts a alt.c's |..-.| 21. 2/28. 0/10. 0/15. 0 5) | a eee 59 | 66 66 76 COGlO. Sahil, 45 29.2|26. 1) 18. 9/21. 2/19. 9]14.0/20.8)/90 | 72 | 47 | 59 | 60 | 78 N. Mex. . 19. 9} 21. 4/26, 4/23. 0/24. 7/22. 41)... 2. 76 | 65 | 76 | 90 | 84 : 0. | ee -|20.9) 20. 0/27. 1/32. 5/33. 0/33. 0}]..... 80 | 76 | 94 |110 | 97 A LO eh ees Sot See ae 21.0} 21. 2/26. 9/30. 3/35. 0/30. 0}}. ... in 58 | 74 | 84 | 81 INGViceire edeiataes 30. 9/24. 4)..... b_..180.0180. 580.0185 | 74 lo 100 | 90 UGE L1Yo Be eee peer Pe SP i 23.3} 23. 9/28. 5]32. 0/30. 0/32. 8}|..... 80 | 65 65 | 71 | 85 WiaSihasest olden deel sae 24.8} 15. 0/23. 8/28. 0/28. 5/27. 3)|..... (4 \:bo. 4 Ob "| 76. 1 -%9 Drees eaeee eet 29. 3/23. 8} 24. 0/25. 8/25. 5}28. 5/31.5|| 90 | 72 | 58 | 66 | 80 | 80 CHI. Sostan teams 34. 8/28. 0] 30. 5/31. 4/37. 5/36. 0/37.0}| 96 | 70 | 58 | 76 | 80 | 90 Far Western. ..|31. 5/26. 2} 22. 6|25 123.0 19. 9'23. 7|| 92.0] 72.2) 54.0] 68.6) 72.3) 82.1) 87.7] 94.9] $5.8) 63.3 United States. .|27. 1/24. 1) 24. 1|25. 8127. 7]23. 9129.2 | 40.5} 40. 6) 84.5) 47. 6 48.0| 61.8| 66.6| 82.5| 77.6| 48.7 1 The Territories. STATISTICS OF CORN. 563 TaBLE 8.— Wholesale price of corn per bushel, 1899-1912. New York. | Baltimore. Cincinnati.| Chicago. | Detroit. | St. Louis. | 582 Fran ¢e1sco. No. 2. Contract.2 | No. 3.3 No. 2. No. 1 white Date. aoe Mixed.1 Low.| H Low.) High. Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. UCD ee eee 364 | 458 | 343 | 43 ta 393 | 5 3 483 ponies’ >=. 454 | 723 | 414] 68 P0222... - - 57 73 (i 1008s. *. 5 i... 49} | 683) 46 61 Mie... 47i | 69 | 493 | 583 ae #| 634] 42 65 a 47 | 614] 45§ | 58 le As 5.2 - 494) 77 7 74t Solas, .,... 604 | 903 | 593} 834 1909. January..... 664 | 684 7 February...} 683) 73 67 nm March.......| 724 | 743 | 704] 73 oa ee 744 | 80 72. 79 Mood ers - $0; || 82, ) 7 82 JOBE. -. <<: 79 83 7 81 Mi te 77. |) 80+) the | Te August....-. 79 79 72 76 September..| 73 | 76 | 74 | 744 October....- 683 | 72 | 643); 684 November. .} 694 644 | 69 December...| 66 633 | 674 Year../ 66 | 83 634 | 82 1910 January..... 69 67 70 February. 683 663 | 6 March... ... 624 | 67 Agen... ..- 621 60% | 644 Mins eens 654 61k | 644 pune. ..<-~-- 65 61 63 argos. .--< 67 62 704 August. ..... 68 66 | 704 September..| 60 58 | 654 October... .. 554 54 o8 November - 524 52 534 December...| 514 50 | 534 Year..| 52 | 50 | 70% 1911 January...-- Nominal. | 502} 513 February..-| 534 | 553 | 494) 512 March...... Nominal. rs 508 7 | ee 584 57 eee 593 563 | 61 AOU. eee. = 604 583 | 634 Welye ee = 66 633 | 69 August, ...-. 70 674 | 704 Septempber..| 734 771i | 733 October... .- 763 734 | 79 November. .} 783 694 | 722 December...| Nominal. | 663.| 704 Year..| 534 483 | 79 1912. > January. ...- 674 67 714 February...| 714 69 713 March: ..... 733 6 74g April Fe. 794 75 844 Mayo .5 83 78 85 tht aes ee 782 744. | 77 Migosi| |S | fa ae ugust.....- + 87 September. .|......|.....- 73 86 Ootoper.57..|-2 Sessa 66 75 November 22} 22 22s-|2. ==>. 524 | 66 December...| 544 | 58 52 544 Year..| 543 | 873| 52 | 87 (per 100 Ibs.). 10 | 1.75 44 88 é 1.65 40 | 544] 41 | 53 | 404] 563] 39 | 55 | 1.173] 1.573 454 | 58h | 423 | 503] 42-| 60 | 423 | 57 | 1.25 | 1.55 44h} 591 | 42 | G4h| 442] 59 | 414] 584] 1.25 | 1.55 42 | 55h| 30 | 542] 43 | 55 | 394] 54¢].......]....... 43 | 71 | 393] 664| 43 | 693] 39 | 66 | 1.25 | 1.60 543 | 834 g2 | 533] 83 | 544| 814] 1.60 | 1.90 SS ee el S| 61 | 624 | 584] 603] 603| 623] 58 | 62 | 1.724 | 1.75 61} | 634) G1 | 65h] 62h | OTF] GL | 65 |.....-.]-.----- a 69 | 64 7e 1 c00R 1 08s | OAR. GYR -20 684 | 764 | 663; 724] 68 | 75 | 66 | 74$| 1.90 | 1.95 78, Ba || Be Ie ZB) 2By FOL | 7 77 85 | 1.95 TN i Gn ica a ee em ere a no a et fe 79, ) iim | Ger Wee ae | vob Bek | 74a tcc teee 69 | 74 | 663] 70 | 714] 74 | 64 | 69 | 1.80 | 1.85 654 | 72 | 63 | 693] 66 | 74 | 623] 694|......-|..-.... Gis | -O6e | ae | Oia | Oar || sO5u | cbOe || Chaco cscs: locates 57 | 634| 614| 644] 604| 64 | 58 | 63 | 1.80 | 1.85 57 | 64 | 624| 66 | 59 | 634] 58 | 633] 1.75 | 1.85 57 | 78 | 58t| 77 | 59 | 79 | 58 | 77 | 1.72k| 1.95 634 | 693 | 624 | 68 | 633] 683] 63 | 68 | 1.75 | 1.85 614 | 66 | 63 | 664] 63 | 66 | 63 | 65 | 1.80 | 1.85 59 | 6341 60 | 65 | 593| 63 | 593! 63 | 1.75 | 1.80 58 | 634| 563] 61 | 584] 613] 59 | 644 | 1.62] 1.75 60 | 66 | 56 | 63 | 58 | 64 | 59 | 664 /1.65 | 1.75 604 | 63 | 573] 604| 60 | 634] 58h] 62 | 1.60 | 1.67% 62 | 674 | 593] 664] 623 | 64 | 59 | 674 | 1.624] 1.724 61} | 674} 582 | 674 | 62 | 674| 59 | 68 | 1.70 | 1.725 534 | 614 | 503/ 60 | 53 | 61 | 514} 59 | 1.60 | 1.70 49k | 544| 47h | 523| 51 | 53 | 48 | 54 | 1.624] 1.65 50} | 554] 474 | 52 | 513 | 53h] 45 | 503) 1.40 | 1.45 46. | 54 | 453] 50 | 464 | 54 | 44 | 508/1.40 | 1.45 46 | 693| 453| 68 | 464 | 683| 44 | 68 | 1.40 | 1.85 Phy 49 | 403] 473| 47 | 48 | 44 | 47 | 1.314] 1.332 464 | 483] 454 | 48 | 46 | 47 | 433 | 453 |1.314 | 1.364 46 | 49%| 453] 48 | 453 | 48 | 44 | 474$11.312| 1.364 47 | 564 534 | 464 | 544 | 45 | 523 | 1.40 | 1.425 534 | 57 | 524| 554] 544 | 568 | 512] 55-° 1.428] 1.483 55. | 60 | 533] 592|-55 | 59 | 534| 603, 1.47% | 1.543 614 | 70 | 593| 67 | 593| 684) 61 | 683 | 1.65 | 1.67% 65 | 684 | 623| 654] 644 | 67 | 623) 66 | 1.60 | 1.673 654 | 714| 654] 69 | 66 | 704| 633] 69 | 1.633] 1.65 71 | 774%| 69%| 75 | 708! 76 | 68 | 74 | 1.632] 1.80 65.) 77" 69 | 76 "65 1-176 |. TE eiabg 75" | 180 61 | 70 | 68 | 71 | 61 | 65 | 624] 74 [1.55 | 1.80 454 | 773 | 453 | 76 | 453| 76 | 433| 77 | 1.314] 1.80 No. 2mixed. No. 2 mixed 65 | 69 | 633] 70 | 624] 663 683 | 1.55 | 1.64 64 | 69 | 634 | 664| 65 | 67 | 674] 684] 1.62 | 1.64 68 | 80 | 663| 74 | 67 | 73 | 684| 754] 1.62 | 1.64 78 | 87 | 74 | 81 | 734|.82 | 76 | 834] 1.62 | 1.973 79 | 85 | 76t| 82k | 774 | 834 | 79 | 85 | 1.90 | 1.97 The Asa OR 76 oleae | 78h OR. 792 11.87 | ela 73 | 80 | 694| 75 | 72 | 77 | 69%! 774] 1.80 | 1.90 75 | 83 | 733] 83 | 754| 813] -714| 803] 1.80 | 1.90 69 | 84 £ | yg >) 704 | 81. |. .68 |. 79% |. 1.76 “Paes 64 | 72 | 58%| 69 | 628 | 694| 62 | 70 | 1.50 | 1.78 47 | 64 | 50 | 583] 49 454 | 62 | 1.50 | 1.65 48 | 51 | 473] 54 | 48 | 493 | 45 | 48%] 1.60 | 1.70 47 | 87 | 47%| 83 | 48 | 834] 45 | 85 | 1-50 | 1.973 2 No. 2 grade, 1899 to 1998. 3 No. 2 grade, 1899 to 1904. —_1 No. 2 grade, 1899 and 1990. 564 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE 9.—Condition of corn crop, United States, on first of months named, 1892-1912. Year. | July.| Aug. | Sept.) Oct. || Year. | July.| Aug. | sept Oct. || Year. | July.| Aug. | Sept.| Oct. | Pete |B... cb. Picts we. Ct. Pct. P.ct.! Ps ct. | Poet. | P.. Ct. Pach OP See, rece 1892....| 81.1 | 82.5 | 79.6 | 79.8 || 1899....| 86.5 | 89.9 | 85.2 | 82.7 || 1906....| 87.5 | 88.0 | 90.2} 96.1 1893....| 93.2 | 87.0 | 76.7 | 75.1 || 1900....| 89.5 | 87.5 | 80.6 | 78.2 || 1907-.. | 80.2 | 82.8 | 80.2} 78.0 1894....] 95.0 | 69.1 | 63.4 | 64.2 || 1901_...| 81.3 |54.0 | 51.7 | 52.1 || 1908....| 82.8 | 82.5 | 79.4 | 77.8 1895....| 99.3 |102.5 | 96.4 | 95.5 || 1902..-.| 87.5 | 86.5 | 84.3 | 79.6 || 1909....| 89.3 | 84.4) 74.6] 73.8 1896....| 92.4 | 96.0 | 91.0 | 90.5 || 1903..-.| 79.4 | 78.7 | 80.1 | 80.8 || 1910-- | 85.4 | 79.3 | 78.2) 80.3 1897....| 82.9 | 84.2 | 79.3 | 77.1 || 1904....} 86.4 | 87.3 | 84.6 | 88.9 || 1911....| 80.1 | 62.6 | 70.3 | 70.4 1898....| 90.5 | 87.0 | 84.1 | 82.0 || 1905....| 87.3 | 89.0 | 89.5 | 89.2 || 1912..../ 81.5 | 80.0 | 82.1] 82.2 | TaBLe 10.—Farm price of corn per bushel on first of each month, 1911 and 1912. | . North South N. Central | N. Central South = eee Atlantie | Atlantic | States east | States west | Central | F ay ve : States. States. | of Miss. R. | of Miss. R.| States. | 7M States: Month 1912 | 1911 | 1912 | 1911 | 1912 | 1911 | 1912 | 1911 | 1912 | 1911 | 1912 | 1911 | 1912 | 1911 Cts..| Cts. | Cts..|.Cts..| Cts. | Cts. |; Cts..| Cts. | Cts. | Cts..| .Cts.|, Cts. a CissaynGre: Janwsary os: - 62.2 | 48.2 | 73.3 | 59.6 | 80.0 | 71.7 | 56.5 | 41.5 | 55.3 | 38.3 | 72.5 | 59.9 | 82.6] 73.1 Febraary ..... 64.6 | 49.0 | 73.3 | 59.3 | 82.3 | 73.1 | 59.3 | 42.6 | 57.8 | 39.4 | 74.5 | 59.9 | 79.2 | 72.3 Maree toy 66.6 | 48.9 | 75.5 | 59.3 | 84.7 | 72.4 | 61.5 | 41.8 | 58.6 | 39.3 | 78.1 | 61.0 | 87.7} 71.7 APTS Sot. 71.1 | 49.7 | 78.3 | 58.4 | 88.5 | 73.3 | 66.0 | 42.4 | 63.4 | 40.2 | 82.8 | 62.1] 88.4) 71.9 Mins oe 79,41 51.8 | 83.9 | 59.2 | 97.7 | 74.4 | 74.5 | 45.6 | 71.4 | 42.4 | 91.9 | 63.1 | 85.2} 80.2 SUES. eo ee 82.5 | 55.1 | 88.1 | 64.2 |102.5 | 78.1 | 76.6 | 49.5 | 73.3 | 45.7 | 97.4 | 65.4 | 94.9 | 80.9 Mit cy ae A 81.1 | 60.0 | 88.6 | 65.4 |102.0 | 80.7 | 75.4 | 53.1 | 71.3 | 51.9 | 96.1 | 69.9-|100.0 | 89.2 ANIPUST oa. 79.3 | 65.8 | 86.0 | 71.2 |101.2 | 85.5 | 72.6 | 59.3 | 69.8 | 59.3 | 95.0 | 74.7 | 91.9:| 89.4 September....| 77.6 | 65.9 | 85.9 | 72.8 | 98.5 | 87.4 | 73.6 | 61.4 | 69.1 | 57.5 | 87.3 | 74.4 | 85.8 | 86.7 October. .--.... 70.2 | 65.7 | 79.8 | 73.3 | 92.8 | 84.1 | 67.9 | 62.2 | 62.1 | 58.1 | 75.7 | 72.8 | 66.3} 85.0 November....| 58.4 | 64.7 | 72.5 | 71.2 | 82.5 | 79.7 | 53.2 | 59.7 | 50.1 | 58.9 | 66.6 | 72.3 | 83.6 79.2 December... -. 48.7 | 61.8 | 66.1 | 71.4 | 76.0 | 78.8 | 43.6 | 56.5 | 38.6 | 56.3 | 60.8 | 69.7 | 63.3 | 82.1 } TABLE 11.—JInternational trade in corn, including corn meal, calendar years 1907-1911. [The item maicena or maizena is included as ‘‘Corn and corn meal.’’] GENERAL Note.—Substantially the international trade of the world. It should not be expected that the world export and import totals for any year will agree. Among sources of disagreement are these. (1) Different periods of time covered in the “‘year”’ of the various countries; (2) imports received in year subsequent to year of export; (3) want of uniformity in classification of goods among countries; (4) different practices and varying degrees:of failure in recording countries of origin and ultimate destination; (5) differ- ent practices of recording reexported goods; (6) opposite methods of treating free ports; (7) clerical errors, which,it may be assumed, are not infrequent. The exports given are domestic exports, and the imports given are imports for consumption as far as itis feasible and consistent so to express the facts. While there are some inevitable omissions, on the other hand, there are some duplications because of reshipments that do not appear as such in official reports. For the United Kingdom import figures refer to imports for consumption, when available, otherwise total imports less exports of “foreign and colonial merchandise.’ Figures for the United States include Alaska, Porto Rico, and Hawaii. EXPORTS. Country. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. ATHONEINIGL cxseU Tvce anes welds es 50, 262, 203 67, 390, 055 89, 499, 359 | “104, 727, 358 4, 928, 265 J ~ Austria-Hungary ........-...---- 120, 143 381, 817 48, 218 1, 069, 219 156, 216 WB alot: 05-8 Lae ss ees be 7, 644, 770 6, 134, 858 7, 088, 377 7, 581, 989 8, 846, 390 } British South Africa...........-- 1, 666, 594 1, 685, 637 5, 468, 724 6,517, 485 3, 892, 164 BuleATIA es. £ cals ese ie ses 10, 225, 350 4,393, 836 5, 009, 230 4, 822, 817 13, 980, 152 Neihevlands.) gi -2~c6l 0k weet 8, 215, 849 6, 957, 455 7, 308, 873 5, 101, 056 5, 939, 283 beanies bt 50s. A ee 54,720,648 | 28,960,051 | 29,091,585 | 23,419,157 | 1 23, 419, 157 Rakes Lose 8. oe eeecb ate 38, 636,220 | 23,545,045 | 26,535,758 | 17,685,570") 52, 759, 472 Semin Me.i Us ce neete se 4, 046, 351 1, 934, 464 3,767,180 | 6, 694, 817 , 627, 040 United States............ Car ee 86, 524, 012 39, 013, 273 38, 114, 098 44, 072, 209 63, 533, 483 Utagnay 222280) Sc4. ses oe. Ale 88, 658 19, 539 775, 566 192, 359 1 192, 359 Other countries...0. 2%: .20..5 5% 3, 547, 000 | 7, 769, 000 8, 041, 000 5, 659, 000 3 5,465, 000 Total: .£ eM. 4. ob. See 265, 697,798 | 188, 185,030 | 220,747,968 | 227,543,036 | 187,738, 981 1 Year preceding. 2 Year beginning July 1. 3 Preliminary. STATISTICS OF WHEAT. 565 Taste 11.—International trade in corn, including corn meal, calendar years 1907-1911—Continued. IMPORTS. | Country. 1907 1908 | 1909 1911 | | Bushels. Busheis. Bushels. Bushels. Austria-Hungary -.----.-..-.---- 4,002, 672 3, 106, 632 4,050, 645 7, 885, 811 (TTT age eegliere alae eee ae 23, 505, 598 19, 157, 905 22, 099, 848 24, $14, 463 British South Africa...........-.. 35, 422 132, 569 155, 390 29, 450 a Te ieee ange gee elle 16, 187,579 6, $12, 833 7, 563, 688 16, 440, 351 St Ee eer 3, 153, 495 L $37, 974 2, 249, 996 13,002, 432 To Sia SS Re ee Sa 17,854,964 | 10,445,451 |__ 9,151,749 11, 085; 021 EE a ie Ee es te 196, 538 $45, 197 748, 865 2277 370 7 oe SD Se 6 eee ae 16, 850, 448 9, 629, 882 il, 213, 413 219, 742, 322 lich > SS) a ap Rear 49,292 537 | 26,372,031 | 27,833,917 29, 266, 872 a: in ee ee 2, $15, 093 2, 973, 462 8, 459, 986 15, 117, 655 a eee 1,554, 129 179, 155 1, 167, 733 18,907,181 Netherlands ee te | 29,191,904 | 25,261,147 | 22, 914, 269 25, 743, 031 = SIM ee 1, 937, 905 809, 832 965, 347 1,019, 181 0 ies eae ye 577, 720 2, 015, 368 2, 367, 800 1518, 042 ea 550, 841 355, 769 212, 817 338, 870 SE ae aes 3 4, 552, 133 3, 320, 007 6, 411, 009 5, 684, 772 0 eee Saas j 330, 585 488, O74 272, 284 459, 755 Switzerland -. . .. = sf | 2, 867, 736 2, 480, 140 3, 143, 216 : 4,059, 590 United Kingdom................ 106, 708, 046 68, 186, 272 78, 057, 366 73, 486, 852 77, 449, 105 amen mountries. .-.......45.<.... / 3, 163, 000 2, 909, 000 3, 493, 000 1,771, 000 22, 162) 000 Te See ene 285, 328, 345 | 187, 318, 700 | 212, 532, 338 253, 953, 274 ’ 1 Year preceding. 2 Preliminary. WHEAT. TABLE 12.—Wheat area of countries named, 1908-191 2 Country. 1908 1909 | 1910 1911 1912 NORTH AMERICA. | | Acres. Acres. Acres. Acres. Acres. ea a a 47,557,000 | 44,261,000 | 45,681,000 | 49,543,000 | 45,814,000 Canada: Hungary proper Croatia-Slavenia. Tialy eS Ee ee Se ene. ae WMRITORGSTO = eee ne ek RinutirtanGs tee see ee ei LS @) (4) 4,452,000 | 4,173,600} 4,814,000 | 477697400 | 5,113,500 . 1 No official statistics of area. 2 Area in 1907. 566 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE 12.—Wheat area of countries named, 1908-1912—Continued. Country. 1908 ° 1909 1910 1911 1912 EUROPE—continued. Russia: i Acres. Acres. Acres. 3 Rnssiaproper 2 tes. se ee tee 47,406,400 | 51,887,800 | 52,556, 800 -§ Polands. s-: 2 ee Sc oe 32 ON ae eee 1,227,200 | 1,255,500 , 254, ; Northern Caucasia.. 3.5: 22-220 aes <= 8,376,800 | 9,453,200} 9,907,600 Total Russia (European).......-..-- 7 57,010, 400 | 62,596, 500 | 63,719, 200 | 1 71,300, 200 3 RRIUIA S=«—«s=— AFRICA. PRIORI ae See at ee AEN gn 3,597,000 | 2,814,200 | 3,426,500 | 3,304,700 pees Sree Tae eee eee cet 1, 296, 7 1,299,300 | 1,284,900 | 1,330,700 [hy 21S Se eine Ss SORE e ung Nip tl Rees 1, 084, 800 956,300! 1,112,000] 1,401, 100 Union of South Africa...............-.-..- | () (2) (2) (2) AUSTRALASIA. Australia: Queensland.............- NAR ERNE, 82, 500 80, 900 117, 200 106, 700 43, 000 INGW:South Wales!) S25 of eS 1,390,200 | 1,394,100 | 1,990,200 | 2,128,800 | 2,380,700 Victoria. ..... ea. ee LG ck superba ce 1,847,100 | 1,779,900 | 2,097,200 | 2,398,100] 2,164,000 South Australias: tk 1,730,500 | 1,693,500} 1,895,700} 2,104,700} 2,190,800 Western Australia...............--.--- 279, 600 285, 000 448, 900 581, 900 612, 100 Tasmanig. leo. s OS ees Pe 30, 800 29, 100 37,100 52, 200 37, 200 Total Avstealta:.: ity bet ae 5,360,700 | 5,262,500 | 6,586,300 | 7,372,400] 7,427,800 New: Zegland:-ssecu.~- creme acemeir ere 193, 000 252, 400 311, 000 322, 200 215, 500 Motal Australasia. .....2.2J2-.5--<. 5,553,700 | 5,514,900 | 6,897,300 | 7,694,600| 7,643,300 1 Includes Asiatic Russia (10 Governments of). 3 Included in European Russia. 2 No official statistics of area. STATISTICS OF WHEAT. 567 TaBLe 13.— Wheat crop of countries named, 1908-1912. Country. 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 NORTH AMERICA. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. TERS CROCS oo te ea tee ene = 664, 602,000) 683,350,000) 635,121,000) 621,338,000) 730,267,000 Canada: : New Brunswick 395, 000 371, 000 270, 000 225, 000 Ontario 7 16, 262,000} 17,805,000} 19,252,000) 13,638,000 Manitoba 52,706,000} 41,159,000) 60,275,000) 58,899,000 Saskatchewan 85,197,000} 81,139,000) 97,665,000) 93,849,000 Alberta . ; 9,579, 000 6,593,000} 36,143,000) 30,574,000 Other 2,605, 000 2,923,000 2, 313, 000) 2,051,000 Total Canada 4: 166,744,000} 149,990,000) 215,918,000) 199, 236, 600 UMMA. © St whe. 28) es se. ~~ 40,000,000] 10,000,000] 11,976,000) 12,000,000| 12, 000, 000 _—————_S=_—E SS = Total 7 860, 094, 000] 797,087,000) 849,256,000) 941,503, G00 Ed acato cee oie cs es eee Argentina 156, 162,000) 131,010,000) 145,981,000) 166,190,000 Chile A aie Se OSE OEE CE toe 17, 671, 000) 19, 682, 000 18,184,000) 20,000,000 Uruguay 8,595,000} 7,750,000) 6,009,000} —-8, 757, 000 vee Sel Ss. US ET Lick Jat. 218, 832,000 182, 428,000} 158,442,000) 170,174,000) 194,947,000 EUROPE. Pay, ST) <> 4 PE TIS Spat iat See Austria-Hungary: 2 0 De RIN phy ane | ee hel ee 62,129,000) 58,477,000) 58,213,000) 58,865,000) 69,712,000 am oa proper...... Ghar fiestas asst 152, 204,000} 113,352,000) 169,700,000} 174,888,000) 73,328,000 Crostis-piavonia.......-.. 0.5.0... 13,220,000) 11,662, 11,434,000} 15,881,000) 11,314,000 Bosnia-Herzegovina.............- 3,023, 000 2,594, 2,671, 000 2,941, 000 2,993, 000 Total Austria-Hungary......... 230,576,000) 186,085,000) 242,018,000) 252,575,000) 257,347,000 13, 393, 000) 14, 603, 000) 12, 449, 000! 14,616,000) 15,000,000 36,496,000) 32,071,000) 42,247,000) 48,000,600) 45,000,000 4,318, 000 3, 829, 000 4,547,000 4, 466, 000 3, 600, 000 111, 000 134, 000 125, 000 125, 000) 130,000 317,765,000) 356,193,000} 257,667,000) 315,126,000) 334,871,000 , 440,000) 137,999,000} 141,884,000) 149,411,000} 160,224,000 8, 000, 000 7,000, 000 7, 600, 000 8, 000, 000) 7,000, 000 y 2,236,000 190,378,000} 153,403,000) 192,395,000} 165,720,000 Sear. ts! te tee 200, 000 200, 000) 200, 000 200, 000 200, 000 (oS a aa A ei I ae ln ag 5,121, 000 4, 158, 000 4, 441, 000 5,511, 000 4,500, 000 SSS a eR ase | eee ae ee 333, 000 313, 000 294, 000) 271,000 332, 000 OAD eee cee ee 6,944,000, 6,500,000 9,120,000) 11,684,000 7,500, 000 5 SS Se eS 2 ae Ue eae ete 54,813,000) 56,751,000) 110,761,000) 93,724,000} 88,924,000 Russia: sss proper... ..: J255 2 552,067,000) 346,372, 000)-.----------- CHET ie RS raed 22,757,000] 24,129, 000}----.-.------ Northern Caucasia................ 124,589,000} 76,537,000|....--..-.-.- Total Russia (European)....... 699, 413,000, 447,038,000} 623, 728, 000 Servia eee ere ante Soe meee ee 15,561,000} 15,312,000) 14,009,000 Sori. hae s gill Sas ooh 137, 448,000, 148, 495, 000 . 783, 000 2 TDL es SS a5 4 See 7,450, 000) 7,945, 000 , 832, 000 eerie =. Sees 2,756, 000 3,524, 000 , 000, 000 Turkey (European).-................. 20, 000, 000) 20, 000, , 000, 000 United Kingdom: Coes 7 a eee eee ts eee 53,464,000) 60,729, , 249, 000 “i ees, 5 - oo 1,122,000} 1,118, 124, 000 “ETRE a: ee eee, Nee 2,020, 000 2,786, 2, 472, 000 Ti i SRR aera = aes a ae | 1,716,000} 1,656,000| 1,564,000 Total United Kingdom......... | 58,322,000} 66,289,000) 59,409,000 TS rs SR Bn —- De 2 Oh ei |1, 674, 747, 000 1, 963, 657, 000)1, 927, 106, 000|1, 804, 705, 000|1, 926, 100, 000 ASIA. British India, including such native States‘as report. <...5-42... 222.5. 5822] 359,654,000) 374,845 370, 000 Cypmiss fase caer be ; 2,169, 000 2,394, 000) 000, 000 Japanese Empire: —— a | eee ROT ees he oe oo tae. ec IS | 24,487,000} 25,645,000) 26,514,000 iGo os eee ee iy), Ae a ieee 200, 000 200, 000 00, 000 Total Japanese Empire......... 24,687,000] 25,845, 25,200, 000 ei ee ae ee 16,000,000, 16,000,000, 16,000,000 568 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Taste 13.— Wheat crop of countries named, 1908-1912—Continued. 1908 | - Country. 1909 1910 | 1911 1912 AsIA—continued. Russia: Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels Bushels. Certral- Asia’ sot. 0% agees Bee 21,416,000) 26,429,000) 24,009,000) 20,579,000 |...-.-.-...-. Siberine. fue peck tabaci 55,755,000] 45,269,000} 52,140,000} 50,116,000 |.-.-.-....-.. Mransctaucasia.. 7 Sete = terete 66, 000) 94, 000) 133, 000 102, 0007): 5S eee Total Russia (Asiatic).......--- 77, 237,000) 71,792,000) 76,282,000) 70,797,000) 103, 283,000 Turkey (Asia Minor only)--....--.--- 35,000,000} 35,000,000} 35,000,000) 35,000,000} 35,000,000 SRO EAN 2 RS HES ok tear ee 382, 250,000} 433,059,000} 513,792,090) 524,881,000} 549,367,000 AFRICA. 4 UN EETSTGT? Sea a es SCI CO micardis 31, 260,000) 29,739,000} 35,722,000) 35,874,000) 27,507,000 DEVS epee Line. dee ees aeten 30,000,000} 30,000,000} 32,623,000} 38,046,000) 32,000,000 REETTIS Rte ees ee Ne ete ee 3,674, 000 6, 430, 000 5,512, 000 8,635, 000 4, 225, 000 Union of South Africa..............-- 2,500, 000 2,500, 000 2,500, 000 2,500, 000 2,500, 000 Ji) Ui Ae aes ae eee ae 67,434,000} 68,669,000] 76,357,000) 85,055,000} 66, 232, 000 AUSTRALASIA. Australia: Gueprnslandeet seen e secs see 715, 000 1, 241, 000 1,621,000 1,055,000) ° 294,000 New: South’ Wales... 22! 22.82 3:5 9,444,000} 15,971,000) 29,431,000) 28,793,000, 25,879,000 BAT (CLI ibe Spe es SR regi ts NE 12, 482,000} 24,081,000) 29,687,000) 35,910,000) 21,556,000 Sovtth Australia. tise se sce seead 19,739,000} 20,009,000) 25,926,000) 25,112,000} 20,994, 000 Wrestern “ustraliaos- is 2cc5 22282 3,018, 2,538, 000 5,779, 000 6, 083, 000) 4,496, 000 PASAT ye AS ok oe eee 665, 000 723, 000 819, 000 1, 156, 000 681, 000 Potal Australia 15-358: jax Sere 46,063,000) 64,563,000} 93,263,000} 98,109,000) 73, 894, 600 OW UAP ALAIN ace edn ee Ue ae ele 5, 743, 600 9,049, 000 9,008, 000 8,535, 000 7,490, C00 ‘PotaleAisiPralasis es sesa ae 51,806,000] 73,612,000) 102,271,000} 106,644,000) 81,384,000 Graridtotalai.s te: 3. server te eee 13, 182, 105, 000|3, 581, 519, 000|3, 575, 055, 000/3, 540,717, 000/3, 759, 533, 000 | TaBLe 14.— Total production of wheat in countries named in Table 13, 1891-1912. Year. Production. Year. Production. Year. Production. | Year. | Production. | abt | — — Ld Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Busheis. 1891......| 2,432,322,000 |) 1897.....-] 2,236, 268,000 |} 1903......| 3,189,818, 000 |} 1909....-- 3,581, 519, 000 RG2s 5 8 2,481, 805,000 || 1898....-.] 2,948,305, 000 |} 1904......] 3, 163,542,000 |; 1910_..... 3,575,055, 000 1893......| 2,559, 174,000 || 1899......| 2,783, 885, 000 |} 1905.:....| 3,327,084, 000 || 1911......] 3,540,717, 000 1894......| 2, 660,557,000 || 1900......| 2,640,751, 000 |} 1906...... 3, 434, 354, 000 || 1912......| 3,759,533, 000 1895.....-] 2,593,312, 000 || 1901......| 2,955,975, 000 || 1907.....- 3, 133, 965, 000 1896. ...-- 2,506,320, 000 || 1902....-- 3,090, 116,000 |} 1908...... 3, 182, 105, 000 | TaBLe 15.—Average yield of wheat in countries named, bushels per acre, 1890-1912. e United Ger- . Hungar Year. States: pee many. Austria. proper Trance? pean. Average: WEIO=1BOGE cea caus - ~ leet 3.2 8.9 24.5 LG: 2: |. tees 18.6 LOOO= 1908 RE = ta sista - ooh ate = 14.1 9.7 28.9 18.0 17.5 20.5 12.9 10.6 29.2 17.8 19.0 22.8 12,5 11.5 29.5 19.5 16.3 18.5 14.5 10.0 28.5 19.6 18.7 20.9 15.6 Tot 30.3 20.3 22.5 20.2 14.0 8.0 29.6 18.0 14.9 23.2 14.0 8.8 29.7 21.0 17.5 19.6 15.4 12.5 30.5 19.9 14.1 21.9 13.9 LIS. 29.65] 19. 5 19.8 15.9 | 12.5 36.9" 30.6 19.6 20 20.1 15.9 310.2 33.7 22.4 19.7 20.7 14.1 9.7 30.1 19.8 18.4 20.4 1 Bushels of 60 pounds. 2 Winchester bushels. 3 Includes Asiatic Russia. STATISTICS OF WHEAT. 569 Taste 16.—Acreage, production, value, and exports of wheat in the United Sictes, , Acreage Year. | narvested. 1866. . .| 15, 424, 000 1867. .-| 18,322, 000 1868. . -| 18, 460, 000 1869. ..} 19,181, 000 Aver- age yield |Production. per acre. Bush.| Bushels. iS aoonoe Ww eed 1870. . .| 18, 993, 000 1871...| 19,944, 000 1872. . .| 20, 858, 000 1873... .| 22, 172, 000 1874. . .| 24, 967, 000 1875. . .| 26,382, 000 1876. . .| 27,627, 000 1877. . .| 26,278, 000 1878. . | 32, 109, 000 1879. . .| 32,546, 000 18791. .| 35, 430,000 1880. . .| 37, 987, 000 1881. . .| 37, 709, 000 1882. . .| 37,067, 000 1883... .} 36, 456, 000 1884. . .| 39, 476, 000 1885. . .| 34, 189, 000 1886... .| 36, 806, 000 1887. . .| 37,642, 000 1888. . .| 37,336, 000 1889. . .| 38, 124, 000 1889 !..| 33,580,000 1890. . .| 36,087, 000 1891. . .| 39,917, 000 1892... .| 38,554, 000 1893. . .| 34, 629, 000 1894. .| 34, 882, 000 1895. . .| 34,047, 000 1896. . .| 34, 619, 000 1897. . .| 39, 465, 000 1898. . .} 44, 055, 000 1899. . .| 44,593, 000 18991. .| 52,589,000 1900... .| 42, 495, 000 1901... .| 49, 896, 000 1902... .| 46,202, G00 1903...| 49, 465.000 1904... .| 44,075, 000 1905. . .| 47, 854, 000 1906. . .| 47,306, 000 1907... .| 45,211, 000 1908... -| 47,557, 000 1909. . .| 46, 723, 000 19092..| 44,261, 000 19103..| 45, 681, 000 19113. .| 49,543, 000 1912... .| 45,814, 000 SOAR RH REE Be Onorwoococr 100, 486, 000 173, 105,000 152, 000, 000 212, 441, 000 224, 037, 000 260, 147, 000 287,746,000 235, 885, 000 230, 722, 000 249, 997, 000 281, 255, 000 308, 103, 000 292, 136, 000 289, 356, 000 364, 194, 000 420, 122, 000 448, 757, 000 459, 483, 000 498, 550, 000 383, 280, 000 504, 185, 006 421, 086, 000 512, 765, 000 357, 112, 000 457, 218, 000 456, 329, 000 415, 868, 000 490, 560, 000 468, 374,000 399, 262, 000 611, 780, 000 515, 949, 000 396, 132, 000 460, 267, 000 467, 103, 000 427, 684, 000 530, 149, 000 675, 149, 000 547, 304, 000 658, 534, 000 522, 230, 000 692, 979, 000 735, 261, 000 634, 087, 000 664, 602, 000 737, 189, 000 683, 350, 000 635, 121, 000 621, 338, 000 730, 267, 000 1849-1912. Chicago cash price per bushel, No. 1 northern. Domestic | Per exports, in | cent cluding of flour, fiscal | crop year be- ex- ginning | port- July 1. ed. Bushels. | P. ct. 7,635, 901 1.5 17, 213, 133 $.9 12, 646, 941 8.3 26,323,014 | 12.4 29,717,201 | 13.3 53,900,780 | 20.7 52,574,111 | 22.3 38,995,755 | 16.9 52,014,715 | 20.8 91,510,398 | 32.5 72,912,817 | 23.7 74, 750, 682 | 25.6 57, 043,936 | 19.7 92,141,626 | 25.3 150,502,506 | 35.8 180,304,181 | 40.2 Aver- frets ‘arm : Farm value aes December 1. bushel Dec.1 Cents.| Dollars. 152.7 | 232,110, 000 145.2 | 308,387, 000 108.5 | 243,033, 000 76.5 | 199,025, 000 94.4 | 222, 767,000 114.5 | 264,076, 000 111.4 | 278, 522,000 106.9 | 300, 670, 000 86.3 | 265, 881, 000 89.5 | 261,397, 000 97.0 | 280, 743, 000 105.7 | 385, 089, 000 77.6 | 325, 814, 000 110.8 | 497, 030, 000 95.1 | 474, 202, 000 119.2 | 456, 880, 000 88.4 | 445, 602, 000 91.1 | 383, 649, 000 64.5 | 330, 862, 000 77.1 | 275,320, 000 68.7 | 314,226, 000 68.1 | 310, 613, 000 92.6 | 385, 248, 000 69.8 | 342, 492, 000 83.8 | 334, 774,000 83.9 | 513,473, 000 62.4 | 322,112, 000 53.8 | 213,171, 000 49.1 | 225, 902, 000 50.9 | 237,939, 000 72.6 | 310, 598, 000 80.8 | 428, 547, 000 58.2 | 392,770, 000 58.4 | 319, 545,000 61.9 | 323,515, 000 62.4 | 467,360, 000 63.0 | 422,224, 000 69.5 | 443,025, 000 92.4 | 510, 490, 000 74.8 | 518,373, 000 66.7 | 490,333, 000 87.4 | 554, 437, 000 92.8 | 616, 826, 000 99.0 | 730, 046, 000 88.3 | 561,051, 000 87.4 | 543,063, 006 76.0 | 555, 280, 000 May of December. | following year. Low./High .| Low.|High. Cis. | Cts. | Cts. | Cis 129 | 145 | 185 | 211 126 140 134 161 80 88 87 96 63 76 79 92 91 98 113 120 107 lll 120 143 97 108 112 122 96 | 106 | 105 | 114 78 83 78 94 82 91 89 | 100 104 | 117 | 130 | 172 103 | 108 98 | 113 &l 84 91 102 422 | 1334 | 1123 | 119 933 | 1093 | 101 | 1128 1242 | 129 | 123 | 140 914 | 942 | 108 | 1132 948 | 992] 85 94} 694 | 762 | 853 | 902 823 | 89 Jai | 754 | 793 | 802] 882 75g | 794 | 814] 89% 968 | 1054 | 774 | 954 763 | 804 | 89} | 100 874 | 922} 98% | 1083 892 | 934] 80 85} 693 | 73 684 | 764 593 | 644 | 523 | 603 522 | 638 | 602 | 852 532 | 643 | 574 | 678 748 | 932 | 682 | 97% 92 109 117 185 622 | 70 682 | 793 64 693 | 638 | 673 693 | 7481 70 754 73 ed mt 764 71zZ 43 772 | 87 | 872 11h ui i be 894 | 1132 823 | 90 801 | 874 2728 | 275 84 | 106- 21044 |2109 {2103 {21114 1063 | 112 | 1264 | 137 106 | 1192 | 100 | 1194 104 | 110 98 | 106 105 |320 | 115 | 122 85 903 186,321,514 | 37.4 121,892,389 | 31.8 147,811,316 | 29.3 111, 534,182 | 26.5 132,570,366 | 25.9 94,565,793 | 26.5 153, 804,969 | 33.6 119, 625,344 | 26.2 88, 600, 743 | 21.3 109, 430, 467 | 22.3 106,181,316 | 26.6 225, 665,811 | 36.9 191,912,635 | 37.2 164,283,129 | 41.5 144, 812,718 | 31.5 126, 443,968 | 27.1 145,124,972 | 33.9 217,306,005 | 41.0 222,618,420 | 33.0 186, 096, 762 | 34.0 215,990,073 | 41.4 234,772,516 | 31.4 202,905,598 | 30.3 120, 727,613 | 18.9 44,112,910] 8.0 97,609,007 | 14.1 146, 700, 425 | 20.0 163,043,669 | 25.7 114, 268, 468 | 17.2 87,364,318 | 12.8 69,311, 760 | 10.9 79, 689,404 | 12.8 1 Census figures. 2 No. 2, red winter. 3 Figures adjusted to census basis. 570 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TaBLE 17.—Acreage, production, and farm value December 1 of winter and spring wheat, by States, in 1912, and United States totals, 1890 to 1911. Winter wheat. Spring wheat. State and Aver-| Aver- ‘ Aver-| Aver- : ear. age _ | age arm age _ | age arm x Acreage. | yield pa farm| value || Acreage. | yield cor farm| value per : price} Dec. 1 per * | price} Dec. 1. acre. Dec.1 acre Dec.1, Acres Bu. | Bushels. | Cts. | Dollars Acres Bu. | Bushels. | Cts. | Dollars. (dae Gea RR ag il iia IS Si laa tet ones Sad KY SHY 3,000} 23.5 70,000} 103 72, 000 Viti. huoshoiootes access cece athorecse cdhendt epee eae 1,000) 25.0 25,000, 98 24, 000 sy Sip oe ME 335, 000| 16.0, 5,360,000) 99) 5,306, 000/|..........|.<-...].:+:.-.<.<|<:seeseeeeeeee Nees 79,000! 18.5] 1,462,000) ' 98)" 1,433, 000/000... 1.20 21.2. Shy | 1 RE Bo 1,240,000} 18.0] 22,320,000] 95 shee ie Wagan a top| anct's:| cabs Da kina hea ae ee Dales 111,000! 17.5] 1,942,000) . *96| 1,864,000). ...2-.-.-|---2..|-2c---- | eee Bid see 599,000] 15.0] 8,985,000} 95] 8,536,000)|..........|...... [0 ie <2. [ES oe ee Vac 741,000} 11.6| 8,596, 000|- > 101’. 8, 682, 000||.......22|- oo]. 2S ee Wig. Va sass: 233,000} 14.5) 3,378,000) OL) 3,412,000). .--..-2 2). Ste.) ee ee Nec 598,000} 8:9] 5,322,000) 111]'' 5,907; 000))..... 2.22). a 2s. eee a CAS ees 79,000} 9.2 727,000} 119 866; 000). 2.2.2. clece 2... Pe ee Gane: 132,000] 9.3] 1,228,000] 122] 1,498,000||..........|.....- ere One sees: 1,220,000} 8.0} 9,760,000 98) 9; 565, 000)|.2- 2... foo. oe. 2s Pd sen! 1,260,000] 8-0). 10,080, 000|° 93} 9,374; 000||.. .....22)020/2s. So yA heaters eyes 1,183,000} 8.3) 9,819,000 88]°-8, 641, OOO)}. - 2. 2. Pete. Saco celal al ae Mich....... 700,000} 10.0} 7,000,000} 96] 6,720,000||......2...].... iol J.J eee Wisden’ 87,000] 19.5] 1,696,000} 83] 1,408,000)! 101,000} 18.5] 1,868,000] 83] 1,550,000 FUT eS) SARC OR eis Seat mca Sey kes sed peice tory ies 4,325,000) 15.5) 67,038, 000 73| 48,938, 000 Towa: 222 22 300,000) 23.0) 6,900,000) 78} 5,382,000 350,000} 17.0) 5,950,000 78| 4,641, Moz. |. Whe: : 1,900,000} 12.5] 23,750,000] 90} 21,375,000)|..........|......[.... oboe cd ara IN Dales 2222 [6p ids poste sels Sah dace eee oe eee 7,990,000} 18.0:143, 820, 000 69] 99, 236, 000 5: Dak td Hy. Cea. TOR OL) I, Sas zie 3,675,000] 14.2| 52,185,000} 69) 36,008,000 Nebr.i...-.-- 2,825,000) 18.0} 50, 850, 000 69] 35, 086, 000 298,000} 14.1) 4,202,000 69] 2,899, 000 Kans....... 5,900,000} 15.5} 91,450,000 74| 67, 673, 000 56,000) 15.0 840, 000 74 , 00G Ry. f2it.i 686,000} 10:0] 6,860,000}- 99} 6,791, 000||..... 2 2|222-2.]-. 0... 2 0 oseleee soe Tenn; ee 22 674,000) 10:5] °:7,077,000} 100) 7,077, 000))...0. .2..222)20 4.7.25 See oie SX ‘ANS. 3.22522 30,000} 10.6 318,000) 113 359, 000)) 2... 5122] 224-02]5.. 8.08. 2 i INS SS nee pee 8,000} 12.0) 96, 000 97 93, OOO}... 522. |b 2. Scots ee Mex. |. 02 B00 15.0] 11,025,000} 93] 10,253, 000]]..........]....- shi. £255.) 21 ee 12/8} 20; 096, 000|> | 75|15, 072; O00! .. 2 o:|0h he 2 PSE. tes ee 10:0] . “940, 000|- /.94|. "884, 000]. 5. 22 |o Sate ee 24.5) 11, 638, 000 64 7, 448, 000) 328,000) 23.5} 7,708,000 64| 4,933,000 28.0] 896,000) 80) 717,000 44, 29.2} 1,285,000} 80) 1,028,000 24.5] 4,728,000} 73] 3,451,000! 260,000) 24.0) 6,240,000} 73) 4,555,000 20.0 60,000} 90} 594,000!| 26,000] 22.0| 572,000] 90) 515, 000 1/0} 651,000] 110} 716,000 2,000] 28.0 56,000) 110 62, 000 24.0] 3,840,000) 75| 2,880,000!) 76,000] 29.2) 2,219,000} 75] 1,664,000 27.5 412,000) 100 412, 000 24,000} 30.2 725,000} 100 725,000 28.7| 9,614,000; 66] 6,345,000)! 175,000] 28.3) 4,952,000] 66] 3, 268, 000 27.6] 27,269,000 68 18, 543, 000 1,297,000] 20.4) 26, 459/000] 68] 17,992,000 26. 8} 16,884,000; 72] 12,156,000)| 212,000] 19.5] 4,134,000] 72] 2,976,000 17.0} 6,290, 000 93). 5,850, OOO}] = . 2-221... --'. 2] oe acene Sec) oee ees een 15.1]399, 919,000} 80. 9]323, 572, 000/|19, 243,000) 17. 2/330,348, 000} 70.1/231, 708, 000 14. 81430, 656, 000| 88. 01379, 151, 000||20,381, 000} 9. 4/190, 682, 000} 86. 0/163, 912, 000 15. 9/434, 142, 000] 88. 1|382, 318, 000||18, 352, 000] 11. 0200, 979, 000} 88. 9/178, 733, 000 15. 5/417, 781, 000| 102, 4427, 872, 000||i7, 243,000] 15. 4/265, 569, 000] 92. 61245, 787, 000 14. 4437; 908, 000| 93. 7/410, 330, 000!|17; 208; 000] 13. 2/226, 694, 000] 91. 1/206, 496, 000 14. 6/409; 442, 000| 88. 21361; 217, 000||17,079, 000] 13. 2/224' 645,000] 86. 0/193, 220, 000 16. 7/492, 888, 000| 68. 31336, 435, 000||17; 706, 000] 13. 7/242, 373,000] 63. 5/153, 898, 000 14.3]428, 462, 000| 78. 21334, 987, 000/117, 990, 000] 14. 7/264, 517,000] 69. 3/183, 386, 000 12. 4}332, 935,000) 97. 8/325, 611, 000,|17, 209,000] 12. 8)219,464, 000) 84. 2/184, 879, 000 12.3|399, 867,000) 71. 6/286, 243, 000 16, 954, 000) 14. 0/237, 955, 000} 65. 9/156, 782, 000 14. 4/411, 789,000] 64. 8/266, 727, 000, 17, 621,000] 14. 7/258, 274,000} 60. 2/155, 497,000 15. 2/458, 835,000| 66. 11303, 227, 000)}19, 656, 000 14. 7|289, 626,000] 56. 7/164, 133, 000 13.3/350, 025,000) 63.3)221, 668, 000 |16, 259, 000] 10. 6|172, 204,000] 59. 1/101, 847, 000 11. 5/291, 706,000} 63. 0/183, 767, 000!|19, 235, 000] 13. 3/255, 598,000] 53. 1/135, 778, 000 14. 9/382, 492,000) 62. 2/237, 736, 000)|18, 310, 000) 16.0)/292,657,000} 53. O|155, » 034, 000 14. 1/323, 616,000) 85. 1)275, 323, 000)|16, 539, 000] 12. 5|206, 533, 000} 74. 2/153, 224, 000 11. 8 267,934; 000| 77.0|206, 270, 000/111, 825,000} 13. 5{159, 750,000} 65. 3/104, 328, 000 11. 6 261, 242° 000 57. 81150, 944, 000 11, 438, 000] 18. 0/205, 861,000] 42.3} 86,995, 000 14. 0.329, 290,000} 49. 8164, 022, 000'/11, 364,000] 11.8/130,977,000] 47.2] 61,880, 000 12. 0,278, 469, 000) 56.3 156, 720, 000 Ti 511,000} 10. 2/117,662,000} 48.0] 56,451,000 13.7359, 416,000, 65. 1/234, 037,000/|12; 345,000] 12. 7/156,531,000| 56.3] 88,075, 000 14. 7,405,116, 000} 88. 0/356, 415, 000/12, 393,000| 16. 7/206, 665, 000} 76. 0157, 058, 000 87. 5|223, 362, 000||12, 567,000} 11.4|143, 890,000] 77. 4/111, 411,000 10. 9,255, 374, 000 STATISTICS OF WHEAT. | 571 TABLE 18.—Acreage and production of wheat, by States, 1909-1912. | Acreage (000 omitted). Production (000 omitted). State and division. 1909 : 1909 i912 | 1911 | 1910 | (cen- || 1912 | 1911 | 1910 | (cen- sus). || | sus). — I" Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. || Bush. | Bush. | Bush. | Bush. UN ee en oe Se So ae gate 5 Pe 3 3 3 4 70 63 89 85 oD ST. oe ee ee ere 1 1 1 1. 25 28 29 | 14 STS oll ey eee ee 335 345 355 289 5,360 | 6,728 | 8,414) 6,664 [oA TA PT he ee ee ae aS 7 84 84. 84 || 1,462| 1,462| 1,554) 1,489 (OC EEN Ss I oe ee 1,240 | 1,289] 1,309 | 1,226 || 22,320 | 17,402 | 23,300 | 21,564 AGL A Ciena te ieee. 1,658 | 1,722] 1,752] 1,604 || 29,237 | 25,683 | 33,386 | 29,816 1, 644 9,463 8, 077 2,576 3, 827 3il 753 26, 651 MR Sit RO RIS Cae we. Dom, ca we ag 1, 2,265 | 2,125 1, 828 9, 760 34,425 30, 664 RIS gee. 8. Roce. 2 ass as ons te 1,260 } 2,337] 2,256 2,083 || 10,080 35,194 | 33,936 Tae: one re ort 1,183 | 2,625 | 2,444] 2,185 || 9,819 36,660 | 37,831 RES EY 700) 1,025] °936| ‘802 || 7,000 16,848 | 16,026 NIN oc ct dinin'cel eas 188 195 186 140 3, 564 3,590 2, 635 Ns Gy Reding. By... ose) t'.2 4,551 | 8,447] 7,947 | 7,038 || 40,223 |134,141 |126,717 | 121,092 UES ok 4,325 | 4,350! 4,000} 3,277 || 67,038 64,000 | 57,094 Lo i eee ORT 7 532 527 || 12, 850 zi 9 et MCE eae ele) eee Le cdh oo - 5k 1,900 | 2,300} 1,881} 2,017 || 23,750 25,958 | 29, 837 NT So en ee 7,990 | 9,150} 7,700 | 8,189 ||143, 820 38,500 | 116, 782 aE 7 eee re ren ee | 3,675 | 3,700| 3,650] 3,217 || 52,185 46,720 | 47,060 O20 ee ee ee | 3,123 | 3,098 | 2,304) 2,663 |) 55,052 38,760 | 47,686 on Se a ee ee eee | 5,956} 4,810] 4,490] 5,973 || 92,290 63,236 | 77,564 ECW) Miss, Boob. 2 ce les! 27,619 | 28,055 | 24,647 | 25,863 | 446,985 271, 628 |288,348 | 384,079 thal Vises, «Sodas 686| 780] 767| 681 || 6,860 9,818 | 8,739 EEE Se ee Oa ee oe 674 7 711 620 || 7,077 8,319 6,517 LAS See ae eee 30 30 28 14 318 336 114 Pernt ihe 2 a2 ee ee 8 9 DINE 2. wee 96 70 5 on Se Sa ees eee 9 735 7 7 326 || 11,025 10,500 | 2,561 SES eS ae a ae 1,570 | 1,122] 1,567 | 1,169 || 20,096 25,542 | 14,008 2 ST STO, See Sees oh pe a 4 96 61 940 1, 209 526 co Olah 5 a cee ee See 3,797 | 3,457 | 3,865 | 2,871 || 46,412 55,794 | 32,470 EC SS eee ene 803 429 350 258 || 19,346 7,700 | 6,252 0 EDT a ee 76 69 56 42 || 2,181 1,400 736 , UL a a eS ee i ae ee 453 438 403 341 || 10,968 8,994 | 7,224 PEP MOSIROS: <2 he et. oS SS 59 55 41 32 || 1,232 820 Perera tet ont Shae ee ao 23 27 27 20 707 603 3 ies ee See Ley SR Sd 236 225 198 179 || 6,059 4,370 | 3,944 ET ee 2S eee 39 36 30 14 1,137 795 390 Idaho. o2 to) ee es Se ees 510 517 472 399 |} 14,566 10,658 | 10,238 | GG ne a ake a eer 2,285 | 2,230) 2,101 | 2,118 || 53,728 35,571 | 40,920 r@) PSE S005 35a .= + = ie ish a Domine wo, $42 796 717 763 || 21,018 15,853 | 12,457 Seueprmnines. os: 1.20 05 ee Ss 2 370 480 550 478 ; F 6, 203 Her Westertix 22 -sels2e = 5,696 | 5,302 | 4,945 | 4,644 1/137, 232 96, 664 | 89,227 NE en eee 45,814 | 49,543 | 45,681. 144,261 730, 267 |621,338 |635,121 |1683, 350 1 Includes nearly 1,000 acres and 16,000 bushels in other States. 52 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. eal f Value, basis Dec. 1 price (000 TaRLeE 19.—Total farm value and value per acre of wheat, by States, 1909-1912. Value per acre, basis Dee. 1 omitted). price. State and division. a = 1912 1911 1910 1909 1912 1911 1910 1909 ‘ Dollis. | Dolls. | Dolis. | Dolls. || Dolis. | Dolls. | Dolls. | Dolls. Maine. tte eee ten soeme eae eeert er cice 72 69 91 94 24.20 | 23.10| 30.29 31.13 Vermonters ch cchese stasteeme seeder 24 28 30 17 |) 24.50) |. 27252") 30:08 16. 80 IND W AV Ork ee. Se oe ee oe alee 5,306 | 6,392 | 8,077 | 7,397 15.84] 18.52 | 22.75 25. 64 Wawa Orseye. st. .hema acca oes mcieletseg 1,433 | 1,404} 1,523 | 1,623 18.13 | 16.70] 18.13 19. 29 PEMUSVLVATISE co ok ee toca ak apa Amietetetere 21,204 | 16,010 | 21,436 | 23,505 17.10} 12.42] 16.38 19. 18 Nort A tlamhicu foe oo as che «cee 28,039 | 23,903 | 31,157 | 32,636 16.91 | 13.88 | 17.78 20. 35 WIGIAWATOR ee shee aeons eum es ster 1,864 | 1,698] 1,775 | 1,709 16.80 | 15.03 | 15.30 15.39 Maryland es es ic sive ee See Se 8,536 | 8,534] 9,669 | 10,410 || 14.25] 14.10] 16.01 17. 60 Woroinia Saree Se bas. 6 fa cette aie 8,682 | 8,640} 9,287 | 9,289 12.72) \o 11.52" 9 toa 13. 46 Wiest’ Vitginia® 222 asc. oncune Sanaoas 3,412 | 2,792 | 3,072] 2,911 14.64] 11.73 | 12.75 13. 90 North Carolina 22.252. .2c.teeces oe 5,907 | 6,769 | 7,499 | 4,860 9.88 | 10.81] 12.54 9. 65 South Caroling.) 2 Wei. ioe. Cee dee 1,164 | 1,067 453 10.95 | 14.02 | 13.86 10.51 GGOrpia sone oe eee abate eae steers 1,498 | 1,984] 1,924] 1,092 11.35 | 13.68 | 13.65 11.74 South Atlantis s jscsececete sce ase 30, 764 | 31,581 | 34,293 | 36,724 12.34 | 12.34] 13.58 13:72 = \ = ONO eae Si Soe Saano Sean eases 9,565 | 32,978 | 30,982 | 34,343 7.84} 14.56] 14.58 18. 82 Indianiges 222 acne ahs sk coats wees 9,374 | 30,575 | 30,619 | 37,330 7.44] 13.08] 13.57 17. 93 Thinois fo Se ase 5. eae. sae ee a oe 8,641 | 37,380 | 32,261 | 39,344 7.30 | 14.24] 13.20 17.99 Michiran J22: ceca. atateasceet eeu ace 6,720 | 16,236 | 14,995 | 17,949 9.60 | 15.84] 16.02 22. 40 VASCODSIIVE, foals tele stata sr marta ie fatereleote 2,958 | 2,788 | 3,302 | 2,529 || 15.77) 14.31] 17.76 18.05 North Central East of Mississippi RIVELS. Ree cast sute os coe ac ake 37,258 |119,957 |112, 159 |131, 495 8.19 | 14.20] 14.11 18. 68 Minnesota tetas: [sco eenk Weecet kee 48,938 | 40,420 | 60,160 | 54, 811 11.32 9.29 | 15.04 16.70 Ro: eee sa ge ek Ph A Bh ea 8 Be Sei 10,023 | 9,348] 9,497] 7,492 15.44} 14.43 | 17.85 14. 23 Nitss@uril 34 Se sect babe eae 21,375 | 31,777 | 22,583 | 31,329 || 11.25 | 18.82] 12.01 15.54 North Dakotas. ./tsewas-sseeeceweriee 99, 236 | 65,148 ) 34,650 |107, 439 12. 42 7al2 4.50 13. 16 South: Dakotas 2. se cs se dsccwewanias 36,008 | 13,468 | 41,581 | 42,354 9. 80 3.64 | 11.39 13.14 WNebtiska 272 oon eae 10k acu aaeece ge 37,985 | 36,169 | 31,008 | 42,440 12.14] 11.66] 12.96 15. 93 OMSHS oss cok te etet. Cece Soames kee 68,295 | 46,762 | 53,118 | 74,461 11.47 9.74 11. 84 12. 48 North Central West of Mississippi TRE RiG Aeecmee cee owe Porc eta sais 321, 860 |243,092 |252,597 |360,326 11. 65 8.66 | 10.25 13. 93 Rerihielkeyinne seca eee oe te aatean ee ee 6,791 | 9,114] 9,131] 9,701 9.90 | 11.68] 11.90] 14.21 MONNESSEG Less wn Rade ie Satomi s gee 7,077 | 7,949 | 8,153] 7,494 || 10.50] 11.04; 11.47 12. 08 pula barne, Cove d i See NS. Rae estore 359 414 380 148 11.98 | 13.80] 18.56 10. 53 MISSISSIP PISA. che sess Sees aS 93 108 81 6 11.64 | 12.00] 16.24 14. 40 MOXAS sc P42 5S. NESE ace ceed Bessie 10,253 | 6,580 | 10,290 | 3,022 13. 95 9.40 | 14.70 9.32 OkMhomaAsie as seta cies opelske waclsiels 15,072 | 8,258 | 22,222 | 14,148 9. 60 7.36 | 14.18 12. 12 ‘AREANSAS: usiwe scien uses siogaus's ssadas 884 907 | 1,136 579 9. 40 9.45 | 13.07 9.46 PouthiCentral sy. ccenuewaxcuesicesene 40,529 | 33,330 | 51,393 | 35,098 | 10.67 9.64 | 13.30 12.23 Montag eh32 9.) Rae bn ced aeeeece ae 12,381 | 9,470 | 6,622] 5,439 | 15.42 | 22.10| 18.92 23.05 Wey OMMin phan STORE. on ae Sata de 1,745 | 1,687 | 1,330 728 || 22.96} 24.44] 23.75 17. 42 GOlorade 224. «7. = Saeenls See meee 8,006 | 6,950} 7,376} 6,718 || 17.67] 15.88] 18.29 19. 72 New MGxicos) -222bGriséeccsonscscsett: 1,109 | 1,262 820 585 18.81 | 22.90 | 20.00 18. 25 ITIZOL As Oe a eee eats ive dla watt ulo waa 778 760 724 504 || 33.77 | 28.12] 26.76 25. 02 Ptah. Sj. sass suet aeeikohs antes 4,544 | 3,518 | 3,671] 8,550 || 19.28] 15.61] 18.56 19. 98 Nevada.. 1, 137 968 866 406 || 29.20] 26.88] 28.88 28. 91 Kdaho, 2.55: 9,613 | 10,468 | 7,674 | 8,907 18.88 | 20.26 | 16.27 22. 36 Washinetonss<.5 2s. sn wea gee -| 36,535 | 35,969 | 27,746 | 38,056 || 15.98] 16.12] 13.18 17.95 OEOMO) ory Fe SSS a al eibro ata ibiatee’e'e siete 15,132 | 12,545 | 18,317 | 11,585 18.00 | 15.75 | 18.56 15. 16 LOE NIN (0) 11 V1: ER ee ee ee PES ee 5,850 | 7,603 | 9,306] 6,886 |! 15.81] 15.84] 16.92 14. 43 Har. WieStGG: jac's.asnaihaniceseeiees 96, 830 | 91,200 | 79,452 | 83,364 17.00 |} 17.20] 16.07 17.95 United States cacicns csan-e}26(000,280, 1543, 063 561,051 |678, 643 12.12} 10.96 | 12.28 15.22 ee # STATISTICS OF WHEAT. 573 Taste 20.— Yield per acre and price per bushel of wheat, by States. ee es ee ee Se SSS Yield per acre. Farm price per bushel. State and | 10-year averages. gp Fatiege set sae for Quarterly, 1912. division. | roy Dec.| Dec. = ues 1910 | 1911 | 1912 | eal jae 1870-|1ss0-1890-1900-| | 1870-{1880-'1890-[1900-|!910- |1911- Iar. [Tune|Sept.| Dec. } Pp 1879 | 1889 | 1899 | 1909 | 1879 | 1889 | 1899 | 1909 real Fries) ae lag bgt = S| es Cee ee ts Mee cout Gog er sa Sipe Saar aa Bu.|Bu.| Bu.| Bu.| Bu.) Bu.| Bu.|| Cts.) Cts.| Cts. cis! cts.| Cts.| Cts.| Cts.| cxs.| Cts | a _ a | eS 14. 0} 13.6, 18.3, 24.0) 29.7) 21.0) 23.5] 152) 128) 96 100) riot RS feet ee eae 16.6] 16.9| 20.6| 21.9} 29.3) 27.8] 25.0 139) 117] 91; 98 103) 99, 99) 124) 107, 98 a 14.8] 14.7| 17.2| 17.4] 23.7| 19.5] 16.0) 126] 102) 82) 90/ 96) 95) 95) 110; 99) 99 N. J... 14. 3| 12.8] 15.0, 16.8] 18.5) 17.4] 18.5|| 131) 104) 82) 89] 98) 96 98} 110} 97] 98 ei 13.8} 12.6| 15.3| 16.5] 17.8 13.5] 18.0] 123) 99] 77, 87) 92) s 7| 111! 96) 95 oat cater Mla a Rec [Eo Ma eae ba ics, es my aa ne Seta Bee N. Atlan- | Ho. *. 14.2| 13.3) 15 7 16.7] 19.1. 14.9] 17. 6/|125. Hada 79.0 88.4 a 93. 1| 96.5]110.7] 96.9] 95.9 _——S —<—$———— ———al af | 0 Oe ee 12. 2| 11.6) 14.0) 16.0] 17.0) 16.7) 17. | 128 G0} 99} 113] 96; 96 Mess sc,-5- 3 11.7| 12.2) 15.1) 16.0) 17.4) 15.5] 15.0) 125, 91} 94] 113} 95) 95 Mais. nce s-.: 8.5 8.0) 9.9| 10.6] 12.8, 12.0) 11:6] 115) 96 100} 115} 100| 101 Wes. .2.2 10.7] 10.0) 11.0) 11.2] 12.5) 11.5) 14.5) 111) 102| 102} 116} 102} 101 NOG...) 35 7.4) 6.0} 7.0) 8.2) 11.4 ; 102} 108} 125] 111) 111 1 ae 6.9| 5.7] 6.7) 81 11.9) 11 123} 109) 129} 118) 119 Gass ts t 7.5] 6.0) 7.3) 8.3) 10.5) 12 | 114] 121} 126] 124) 122 S. Atlan- | | | Pind iee..¢ ¥ 8.3) 10.2} 11.2} 13.5] 97. 7|101. 7/117. 6|102. 9)101. 9 Ohiow. 4. - - 14.0| 13.5, 14.7) 14.9] 16.2 91) 95] 112| 102) 98 Tak ns. 13.0) 13.1) 13.3) 14.2) 15.6) 14.7 89} 941 110} 95} 93 7 ns oa 13.0| 13.1) 12.8] 15.5] 15.0] s9} 921 107} 91) 88 Mieh ..<.: 14.7) 15.3) 14.7] 14.5) 18.0) 88} 91} 109} 101) 96 ee 13.1} 12.0) 14.2) 16.6) 19.3 90} 92} 96) 90, 83 N.C. E | M.R... ee 13.4 13.5) 14.9] 15.9 .8| 98.6 89. 4} 93. 2/109. 1| 96.3] 92.6 ——— SS y (-_— _S=- >| SS —S | Minn.......| 14.3] 12.6] 14.4| 13.0] 16.0 10. 1| 15.5)| 77 92} 94] 105| 85) 73 Towa......- 11.0] 10.7; 14.3] 14.6] 21.0) 16.4) 19.8) 73 gs} 90} 98| 83! 78 Le 12.2} 11.8] 11.4] 13.4] 13.8] 15.7] 12.5] 92 88} 92] 106] 93] 90 N. Dak... 3 o(ie-2 12.1) 5.0) 8.0 aon 89} 90} 99} 83] 69 Dak: -..- Sie (\lO. 7] 12.1] 12.8) 4.0) 14.2)f--- 91} 92} 101; 80} 69 Nebr...-... 12.5| 11.0| 12.1] 17.5] 16.2) 13.4] 17.6) 67 7; 90] 97| 77) 69 ee 14.3| 13.8] 12.3] 14.0) 14.1] 10.7| 15.5) 86 91) 95} 101; 78| 74 “eo oe ee | 1 | Be eee: M. R...| 12.6) 11.9) 12.7] 13.5] 11.7] 9.7] 16.2) 77.8) 72.3) 58. 2| 72.3] 87.6, 89.5) 92.0}101.0) 82.6 72.0 —S—————S} — > . —_—_—_S s —————- | ————————S———— Ky.....-..-| 10.4] 9.4] 11.6, 11.5] 12.8) 12.7] 10.0) 98) sg] 71| 87} 93) 92 113} 99) 99 Tenn.......| 7.8| 6.6] 9.4| 9.6] 11.7] 11.5] 10.5] 101) 91) 74) 90) 98) 96 116} 102| 100 Ripon =: 7.8| 6.0 8.1| 9.6] 12.0) 11.5] 10.6] 124) 112) 92) 102) 113) 120 118} 118| 113 Miss......- 9.0| 5.6| 8.5] 10.0| 14.0] 12.0) 12.0 140) 114) 86} 94) 116) 100)..... 103} 100!" 97 Texas....-- 13.8| 10.1| 11.6| 10.8] 15.0) 9.4) 15.0] 126, 95) 74, 89) 98) 100 111} 88} 93 Aloe ee ee 13.8) 12.8] 16.3) 8.0} 12.8)-..-.|--.-- 58} 73| 87) 92 98, 77| 75 aie. Sek 9.4) 7.5) 8.9) 9.5] 13.9) 10.5 10.0) 113] 99} 72] 85] 94) 90 105} 91) 94 S. Central 9.0) 8.0 10.8) 11.3} 14.4| 10.2 12. 2)\104. 7) 92.6] 71.5| 82.9} 92. 1] 94.7] 99. 1/109. 2) 91.6) 87.3 Mont......- ios 17.5| 24.3] 26.3] 22.0) 28.7) 24. 1l]....- \Soe7l Gz: vat $6] Zz. 82] yes] 70) Gt Wyo.....-- Naeget 17. 4| 21.5] 24.5] 25.0] 26.0) 28.7)|-.... | 88 68, 80} 95, 94 92) 110) 85] 80 Colo..... #104 19.4, 20.4| 25.1) 22.3) 18. 9) 24.2), 1 102 86} 63) 75 g2; s4l 83] 93} «78 «73 a 13.6! 17.5) 21.2| 20.0) 22.9] 20.91)... -- 97! 76 88! 100; 100] 100| 1041 96| 90 Ariz.....--- Hee 13.8| 18.5] 23.1) 22.3] 29.6] 30.7)\----- 94] 78} 106 120| 95) 95] 101/ 94) 110 Utah....--- waaip 17.2| 20.7| 24.7| 22.1] 22.3) 25.7))...-- 75| 62| 75| 84| 70| 78 75| 75 Nev........| 21.4) 17-5] 20.9| 28.0| 26.5] 28.3] 29.2) 154) 96) 78) 93) 109, 95) 90 100| 105! 100 fdntieee= 2 | 52 17.0| 21.8) 24.2| 22.6] 30.7| 28. 6].....| 61] 69| 72| 66; 72] 90| 66) 66 Wash...... jae 16.9, 19.4) 23.1) 16.9} 22.7] 23.5]|--... | 73} 58) 69) 78) 71 76| 91) 69) 68 Oreg...--.- 1187] 16.4) 17.8| 19.5| 22.1] 21.0] 25.0] 89] 74. 63) 72, 84) 75) 78) 92) 72, 72 Galooc 2. 2s - | 3.3] 12.5] 12.3] 12.6) 18.0| 18.0| 17.0|| 118, 83] 71) 84| 94) 88} 92) 104 94 93 Far West- | | ern.....| 14:1 oa 15.5) 19 Aj 19.5] 23 ; 24. 1//112.2) 81.2} 66.0) 74.2 w2.0 74.5] 78.8| 92.3 2.8 70.5 United | | States..| 12.3 2.0 13 : 14, i 13.9 ee 15. 9}) 99.4 $3.5] 65.4] 77.0] 88.3) 87.4) 90.7 12. § 6.8 76.0 i 1 The Territories. 574 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE 21.—Condition of wheat crop, United States, on first of months named, 1888-1913. Winter wheat. Year. ae er oO : i previous April. | May. | June. year. Peck. PCL Prete | Pick ASRR s e ace ee 95.9 82. Took Vero VRBO Saree Lekiobe 96.8 94.0 96.0 93.1 2 Ro (0 Pappa es Paine 95.3 81.0 80.0 78.1 PSG)" eae Same: ery 98.4 96.9 97.9 96.6 T8922 Ss Boe e ee 85.3 81.2 84.0 88.3 BOS MERC. Je can mon 87.4 77.4 75.4 75.5 ESAs Se cae ues 91.5 86.7 81.4 83.2 IC ae ane gee eo 89.0 81.4 82.9 71.1 BS966 2 RE A ogecce 81.4 77.1 82.7 77.9 S18 eae Nia eats ee 99.5 81.4 80. 2 78.5 EROS Bae 2 Se S Sapll acker ode 86.7 86.5 90. 8 ES09 Sins: Poa a. . be 92.6 77.9 76. 2 67.3 ENO ee See 97.1 82.1 88.9 82.7 TGOT Sree: See 2s 97.1 91.7 94.1 87.8 TO02 Genes sees sae 86.7 Sui 76.4 76.1 11 8 ea ea a 99.7 97.3 92.6 82.2 POA tes cco t 86.6 76.5 76.5 Wied. 1905 208 jean Sea ct 82.9 91.6 92.5 85.5 TOOG ee are: 94.1 89.1 90.9 82.7 1907 asi = Sees 94.1 89.9 82.9 77.4 OOS! Sete shee: oe 91.1 91.3 89.0 86.0 TOOOTRS HES sais a 85.3 82.2 83.5 80.7 TOTO: See = gee 3 ee 95.8 80.8 82.1 80.0 POPES ea eth 82.5 83.3 86.1 80. 4 2) DER ae ae ei oe 86.6 80.6 79.7 74.3 TOS. 2 Bet gee OS Dili eal ae oe eb ee ee Spring wheat. When | When July har- | June. | July. | August.| har- vested.! vested. Pic Pic. | Pick | Poco] ache sete 75.6 77.3 92.8 95.9 S13 cs 92.0 87.5 94.4 83.3 81.24). cae 76.2 75.5 91.3 94.4 $3./20| 2. see 96. 2 96.9 92.6 94.1 95.5 |..cteeee 89.6 85.3 92.3 90.9 8703) |. eke Tied 74.0 86.4 74.1 67.0 Jee 83.9 83.7 88.0 68. 4 (iy ps ee 5 65.8 75.4 97.8 | 102.2 05.9))| -Zoaecee 75.6 74.6 99.9 93.3 78:91 Rates. 81.2 85.7 89.6 91.2 86074 222k ae 85.7 86.7] 100.9 95.0 96.5 |e: 2a 65.6 70.9 91.4 91.7 83.64) actrees 80.8 69.6 87.3 55.2 56.4°}3. a e2 * 88.3 82.8 92.0 95.6 80.3 eters 77.0 80.0 95.4 92.4 89.7 | = Se aes 78.8 74.7 95.9 82.5 Viol:\|- 45, 866, 239 60, 365, 137 60, 866, 515 60, 777, 308 76, 413,578 RE ooo OR OR a «ole SUR ee 1,526, 064 5, 090, 943 4, 339, 663 2,825,589 820, 729 0 OS SS ee ES 1,394, 449 1, 863, 487 2, 896, 235 1, 324, 326 1893, 851 MMIII. _G955.. bintt ot. ah dais’ wes 7,964, 901 17, 257, 113 16, 058, 198 19, 956, 944 19, 581, 471 (OFT TT a a eae 45, 437, 025 30, 568, 322 48, 784, 648 59,503, 847 47,028, 371 ST ee Pees 44, 813, 188 27, 023, 254 32, 471, 838 69, 708, 416 2 69, 708, 416 el icin cairn ara sea As eH 88, 622, 391 56, 739,102 } 194,051,639 | 231,112,870 | 1 150,891,307 aS eee Ate oe win 3 Sac 2, 143,559 3, 602, 979 5,534, 777 3, 181, 352 3, 727, 071 United Kingdom................ 3,600, 114 5, 026, 976 3, 950, 066 4, 448, 078 4,611, 991 Wrmiod States So sc os est a 160, 127, 925 151, 338, 121 92, 085, 642 61, 923, 296 83, 329, 750 Othericountries. -/-........2 22... 14, 887, 487 11, 104, 338 20,130,711 23, 211, 180 1 23, 847, 884 oo los eases ees 630, 944.570 | 573,136,327 | 687,017,680 | 747,829, 437 730, 476,077 IMPORTS. Austria-Hungary...............- 130, 320 332, 928 27, 162, 972 10, 616, 726 5, 149, 680 Cor T een one ease 67, 688, 006 67, 174, 709 71, 026, 096 75, 351, 445 82, 405, 029 eo eee 17, 687, 704 17, 198, 182 16, 933,027 | 3 16,933, 027 3 16, 933, 027 British Guiana 880, 970 850, 531 716, 634 843, 206 793, 436 British South Africa 8, 243, 728 7, 006, 630 6,546, 909 6, 923, 820 6, 169, 711 Canary Islands 669, 621 639, 728 653, 102 3 653, 102 3 653, 102 oS a. = Ss eee ie 13,513, 419 5,375, 313 1, 826, 870 2, 270, 971 6, 689, 888 lS > a x 3, 878, 392 3,512,313 3, 632, 490 3, 837, 942 2 3, 837, 942 pr) ee ee . 4,549, 459 5, 580, 537 5, 818, 470 5, 295, 389 5, 756, 218 Dutch East Indies . 1, 236, 133 1, 064, 397 1, 152, 302 1, 356, 706 13, 600, 649 i. Re ee 7, 701, 651 9, 280, 155 8, 797, 443 6, 188, 823 8, 231, 270 1 US SS oe 5 eS os 4,397, 686 4, 612, 731 4, 348, 581 4,506, 891 5, 063, 221 LE? SM Sa eee 14, 018, 713 3, 120,592 5, 469,570 23, 960, 220 179, 455, 100 Be RS RL Re Pe 91, 195, 052 77, 672, 496 90, 035, 938 86, 867, 761 1 92, 203, 818 CORIREIRS co0 str. . oe. 2. 7, 728, 540 6, 751, 046 6,547, 339 7, 701, 892 7,999, 343 oo 7 TES, See eee eee 27,475, 179 24, 295, 755 43,077, 076 45,322,177 43, 383, 304 OS CE pS ee 1, 117, 958 1,005, 124 904, 320 1, 044, 526 1, 093, 738 UE SES >a ee en, 5, 782, 882 2,905, 940 1,553, 266 2, 733, 245 2,920,518 Waredmioue..5 sth. c 3... Ewe 268, 434 219, 873 225, 287 248, 980 2 248, 980 DRO Senne 2 sotSs2e-- 2.226552 2,500, 160 763, 704 3, 384, 895 4,179, 336 24,179, 336 PIGMIAMANGS, 0. o. ceh tee oe 62, 294, 090 50, 060, 900 69, 109, 783 80, 945,510 68, 657, 010 Newfoundland 4, ,............... 1, 648, 066 1, 533, 942 1, 847, 367 1, 732, 176 21,732, 176 a a ee ee Se 3, 091, 984 3, 675, 934 3, 273, 259 3, 284, 945 3, 689, 079 Philippine Islands............... 1, 199, 898 1,040, 872 1, 334, 520 1,574, 680 1, 716, 903 ies) OR ee ee eee 962, 457 4, 603, 995 3, 898, 434 3, 024, 080 23,024, 080 PADMA NOTOUI CE Sis se 8S5 2s 2 242 1, 227,514 1, 156, 216 1, 232, 892 1, 036, 804 2 1,036, 804 SS aed SRS eee a 4, 293, 758 2, 902, 984 3,532, 708 5, 936, 649 6, 767, 521 pemmptene cs <5 2 Oh SR Ay. 4 AR ee 6, 221, 235 8, 140, 418 7, 388, 706 7, 210, 063 6, 689, 027 Bwiewonand .. ssiss2... 23 eh 19, 180, 243 15, 102, 029 17, 280, 445 17, 240, 747 18, 459, 991 Trinidad and Tobago .......... 1,018, 310 1, 039, 473 990, 176 978, 237 1, 212, 754 United Kinedom 29s. 22. 5. 2 214, 487,884 | 201,740,370 | 210,489,422 | 221, 232, 273 207,919, 085 Other countries.. -. . .=:-=22-:<:.. 20, 016, 774 23,310, 321 21, 288, 930 22, 962, 316 118, 748, 390 Wotalis 1 sas aneeeeeeee8 616, 306,220 | 553,670,138 | 641,479,229 | 673,994, 665 716, 420, 140 1 Preliminary. 3 Data for 1909. 5 Year beginning April 1 2 Year preceding. 4 Year beginning July 1. 580 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. OATS. TABLE 29.—Oat area of countries named, 1908-1912. Country. 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 NORTH AMERICA. Acres. Acres. Acres. | Acres. Acres. United States..... ER ee ON PE EP ic 3 5- 32, 344,000 | 35, 159,000 | 37,548,000 | 37,763,000 | 37,917,000 Canada: | NewBranswitkyos.t2o.2 Jeet 203, 900 207, 200 213, 900 . 198, 500 186, 000 SIG) 0 ee as ee ee, Se 1,542,500} 1,574,100 1, 170, 400 Ontano sh bs Sehe ens eres 3,108,400 | 3,142, 200 2, 637, 000 Manitoba £02 21 gcsh. ea: 1,322,800 | 1,390,000 1, 269, 000 Sascatchewal.. tthe... 2.2. eucbes 930,100 | 1,847,000 2, 285,600 AT Orta. (20S eee < . RAE Re 519, 400 820, 000 1, 359, 300 OTHE Ss soe eo oteee t . B ee ee ee 284, 000 322, 100 309, 600 Total Canidae 20.82. ct ee ee 7,911,100 | 9,302,600 9, 216, 900 Mexicto..dc: 5... jth? 20s Oe. SEER ESS (1) (4) (1) SOUTH AMERICA. AT POUPMIA. cq jn nad sees epee Sas ema aaerets 702,000} 1,564, 900 2, 547, 600 CUBIC Te asa. - -)nasare aeoresen =o eRe ce mae oa 89, 700 70, 100 (1) (UO Cab EOS Be Se SAEs MS cee: aes 8, 700 17, 000 85, 600 EUROPE. Austria-Hungary: PAVINGP URS Seeds seas cee etter s ae 4,495,600 | 4,574,400 | 4,529,400 | 4,640, 700 4, 613, 200 Hungary proper....-.-. Pe Se eee 2,612,500 | 2,695,200 | 2,640,500 | 2,653,300 | 2,472,800 Craanla-sla. YOUNIS... =: = 5- sec cate wenis sats 246, 800 246, 900 243, 400 247,500 239, 300 Bosnia-Herzegovina...-.-..--.-------- 220, 700 207, 100 185, 300 229, 300 (@) Total Austria-Hungary............--. 7,575,600 | 7,723,600 | 7,598,600 | 7,770,800 |........-... Helou; ... 2k peste See oe wn = acsaioe ec eee 630, 100 618, 300 1 (1) WRUCAMI Ae. oo 5/0 Be Soke Fs Pee eee =< 2ee 562, 700 485, 700 446, 800 (1) MenmMaRkes oo sh See SoS os oso et eaeee = ha 2 996, 000 (@) (@) Q@) ian Olea oa See fs. 2.5 SGA ChE eae () () (2) (@) (@) BFAneG eee. So tae Soo oe 2 a Reece te eee 9,628,700 | 9,702,500 | 9,763,700 | 9,863,000 9, 877, 200 Gonmanyes- Spee rence soe Bees sc aur 10,564, 400 | 10,649,900 | 10,599,100 || 10,693,700 | 10,841,300 Pines eee oe Ss Pas. 5.) ERE Te BAce 1 1, 243,700 | 1,243,700 }} 1,270,500 1, 254, 300 MSGHOR ANOS © Ve tse were. 2 Lea EES. § 345, 500 349, 700 348, 400 341,500 338, 500 NSE WALT. oc Sees o Dieta See ee. le 2 RG nicl 2 264, 300 (@) (1) (@) () Roumania..... lee ate fe = ee See 1,211,600 | 1,197,200 | 1,103,900 991, 900 943, 400 Russia: RUSSIA PTO POs tae: -- 22 aaceeed Boe as 37, 697,900 | 37,603,600 | 38, 743,500 | /38,398,000 |........-..- Polandend piven ea oo... ; 3. er eee 2,794,900 | 2,813,900 | 2,858, 700 ee ee et Northern Caucasias: ..... 4 228). a6. - oot 1,107,100 | 1,122,400 | 1,299,200 |} 1,310,800 |............ Total Russia (European)..........-- 41,599, 900 | 41,539,900 | 42,901, 400 |} 42,603, 200 | 3 45, 784. 800 ——————————— Bepiace a. : =. «25 Rea ae. 1,958,700 | 1,839,900} 1,857,700} 1,841,100 1, 865, 600 WHOS r,s acto thn Sid's stone satbiete »'2 201, 600 198, 500 205, 100 206, 000 206, 900 DOOUONC . . sctjae seas cig ce oe eee. 948, 500 943, 400 958, 200 963, 500 956, 600 WmelanGis:. -.) ich srs Gees thea Seeaetts 1, 060, 300 1, 035, 800 1, 073, 700 1, 040, 200 1, 045, 900 Total United Kingdom.............. 4, 169, 100 4, 017, 600 4,094,700 | 4,050, 800 4, 075, 000 ASIA. OY BUS ts aoc sn see eee Re i ea (1) (1) (1) () (@) Russia: Central ARIA So - s+. 2. . 2.22005: ac 38,376,000 | 23, 644, 56, 964, 000 62}, 936, 000 ae 10,559,000 | 12,501, 9, 849, 000 12,351, 000 ’ Total Canada............- 353, 466, 000 348,586,000 | 361,733, 000 Mexico. .......-----------+---+-- 17,000 17,000 17,000 oS a ee 1, 057, 550,000 |1, 360, 612,000 |1, 509, 807, 000/|1, 270,901, 000 | 1,780, 087, 000 SOUTH AMERICA. he EON eae eee 31, 984, 000 36, 483, 47,192, 000 69, 169, 000 Chile Seah A Rie aS SERS 2,373,000] 2,611, 1,861, 000 2’ 000, = ee 462, 000 $ 590, 000 1,825, 000 7 ee ee 36,005,000 | 34,819,000} 39, 494, 49,643,000 | 72, 994, 000 EUROPE. | SS OO Austria-Hungary: OES i eae 144,069,000 | 148,825,000 | 126,548, 135,143,000 | 146,376, 000 Hungary proper ...........- 70,168,000 | 92,270,000} 70,701, 89, 656, 000 76, 768, 000 Croatia-Slavonia............ 4, 253, 000 5, 607, 000 5, 445, 000 6, 442, 000 3,311, 000 Bosnia-Herzegovina......... 3, 572, 000 4,575,000 5, 322, 000 5, 405, 000 4,762, 000 ° Total Austria-Hungary....| 222,062,000 | 251,277,000 | 208,016,000 | 236,646,000 | 231, 217,000 Ee eee 43,058,000 | 43,231,000 | 35,000,000} 40,000, 000 38, 000, 000 ENS De iced cg as code 11,252,000 | 9,356,000} 10,789,000 | 12,000,000} 11,500,000 - Denmark eg aon pauet Stems 6 40,437, 000 42,170, 000 40,596,000 | 41,188, 000 42, 400, 000 SSS rrr fi 32 759,000 | 18,000,000} 22° 642) 000 26, 618, 000 p Brame. «202222 285,837, 000 331,183, 000 290; 776,000 | 303,328,000 | 328, 601, 000 oT Se Sena tee re 628,712,000 | 544,287,000 | 530,764,000 586, 987, 000 > ES panne ers spit * 30,000,000 | 43,402,000 | 28,574,000] 40,973,000 | 28,306,000 Netherlands... ...........-----.-- 19,683,000 | 19,361,000 | 18,039, 17,724, 000 16, 000, 000 0 ree eee 11,315,000 | —8,804;000 | 10, 488, 8, 593, 000 11, 607, 000 SGearmmanial. 2 26 550. $08. 222) 17,212,000 | 25,945,000 | 29,647,090 | 26,222, 000 20,775, 000 Russia: > a > ee oo ea Russia proper.............-- 743, 523,000 | 960,428,000 | 869,736, 690, 753,000 |.---.... oath So Sena psige| Wesel: | Bangs bee aUCaSia< .)..-...- , 860, , 428, , 002, 23; 6818000 to nace eee : Total Russia (European). .| 834,518, 000 |1,067, 684,000 | 966,248,000 | 792,899,000 | 972,111,000 . Reet. -2 2 ty oct Bae. oS 3,057,000 | 5,810,000} 5,364,000] 5,050,000 4,750, 000 a, LR ees Se 28,114,000 | 34,307,000 | 29,018,000} 33, 858, 000 23, 035, 000 Sweden... ii 25... 4. Skee S. 72,773,000 | 69,292,000] 75,238,000 | 63,462) 000 75, 900, 000 United Kingdom: = NY nplanae ee Pee 82,470,000 | 80,573,000] 80,525,000} 74,119,000 68, 708, 000 anal ie alma 7,133,000 | 7,233,000 8,018,000\} 7,087,000 7, 040, 000 ching gone fee — JES aries motel ee ok TP ae or Pre , 032, , 467, ,770, 59,207, 3, 867, e Total United Kingdom....| 181,555,000 | 184,370,000 | 191,438,000 | 177,170,000 | 180,215,000 5 oa ie ere 2 2,349, 320, 000 |2, 784, 663, 000 {2, 501, 518, 000 2, 352,519,000 | 2, 598, 022, 000 582 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TaBLE 30.—Oat crop of countries named, 1908-1912—Continued. Country. 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 7 ~~ ee ASIA Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. = Cypruscce.c tt Remorse ase 382, 000 385, 000 515, 000 466, 000 5€0, 000, Russia: Central Asiavsss...2.c2% 10, 000 40, 000 52,000 52, 000 6,000 New South Wales........-..- 879, 000 1,154, 000 2,029, 000 1,756, 090 1, 192, 090 NAL GRO TE ee Spas ae Be 5,365,000 | 11,475,000 8, 163, 10, 005, 000 4,730, 000 South Australia. ..........-- 902, 000 1, 320, 000 1, 247, 000 1,172,000 1,392, 000 Western Australia........... 745, 000 765, 000 1, 287, 000 801, 000 1, 000 Masmiania.j Qu. 20t 2... bees 1,574, 000 1,900, 000 2, 422, 000 2,128, 000 1,552, 000 Total Australia............ 9,475,000 | 16,654,000} 15,200,000] 15,914, 000 9, 863, 000 New, Zealand 4.0.0 c8.. bie 15,495,000 | 19,503,000} 13,953, 000 | 10,412,000 | 10,438,000 Total Australasia......-..- 24,970,000 | 36,157,000 | 29,153,000} 26,326,000 20, 301, 000 Grand total. ........2--2- 3, 591, 012, 000 |4, 312, 882, 000 |4, 182, 410, 000 |3, 785, 806, 000 | 4, 585, 231, 000 TABLE 31.— Total production of oats in countries named in Table 30, 1895-1912. Year. Production. Year. Production. Year. Bushels. Bushels. 1895. ....| 3,008, 154,000 || 1900..... 3, 166,002,000 |} 1905..... 1896... ..| 2,847, 115,000 || 1901. .... 2, 862, 615,000 || 1906. .... 1897. . ...| 2,633,971, 000 || 1902..... 3, 626, 303, 000 || 1907..... 1898. ....| 2,903,974, 000 |} 1903..... 3,378, 034,000 || 1908. .... 1899... .. 3, 256, 256,000 || 1904... .. 3, 611, 302,000 || 1909. Production. Bushels. 3,510, 167, 000 3, 544, 961, 000 3, 603, 896, 000 3,591, 012,000 -.| 4,312, 882, 000 Year. Production, Bushels. 1102S 4, 182, 410, 000 1911. ....| 3,785,806, 000 1912. ....| 4,585, 231,000 TABLE 32.—Average yield of oats in countries named, bushels per acre, 1890-1912. : Russia United r United ? Ger- . Hungary 2 Year. sited: sea many. Austria.! proper. France.? Km ; Average (1890-1899)........-..-. 40.0 7 Mal Lee = 29.8 43.6 Average (1900-1909)...........-- 50.7 29.8 30.7 31.6 44.3 OUR ete Sem aparcie asin, a Ghtes tm sates Oe 51.2 28.3 34.5 31.6 44.2 LOMAS eee Oy ee tee ee 46.2 24.3 25.6 27.2 44,2 1 Os teehee: AES pS ce epen a er 43.6 27.7 31.0 28.6 41.7 LOGE ene ere har EAL» a oe 5bed. 34.1 34.2 27.0 43.8 ROD e148 Sst PeRN- Os cee nk a 58.3 35.7 30.0 31.8 45.1 DOOR aietetctyetarars = wings «ain oc sete s glete 50. 2 32.0 26.8 29.6 43.5 HS ae ee Ss re a 59.0 37.6 33.8 34.1 45.9 LO s f8h2 a. a2 Utahns Secs aoe 51.4 31.4 26.8. 29. 46.8 Mee See. oo. bee, Leo nan 49.6 3. 34.0 5 43.7 LOL2 . ccnepemaine ta naoee Semeeheee 54.1 36.3 31.2 27.3 44.2 Average (1903-1912)... ... 51.9 31.1 30.8 29.8 44.3 1 Bushels of 32 pounds. 2 Winchester bushels. 8 Tneludes Asiatic Russia. > STATISTICS OF OATS. 583 TABLE 33.—Acreage, production, value, exports, etc., of oats, United States, 1849-1912. Av- Acreage | erage “ Year. | sown and | yield P — harvested.| per : acre. Acres. |Bush.| Bushels. | Ae ee ee eee 146,584,000 PNR 2 a ons enw | ha cea 172,643, 000) 1866 - 8,864,000) 30.2) 268, 141,000 1867... 10,746,000) 25.9) 278, 698, 000 1868. 9,666,000, 26.4) 254,961, 000 1869. 9, 461,000) 30.5) 288, 334, 000 SS i i Beg 282, 107,000 1870. 8, 792,000} 28.1) 247,277,000 1871. . 8, 366,000) 30.6) 255,743,000 1872...-.| 9,001,000) 30.2) 271,747,000 1873. 9,752,000) 27.7) 270,340,000 1874... .| 10,897,000] 22.1) 240, 369, 000) 1875. 11,915,000) 29.7) 354,318, 000) 1876... -| 13,359,000} 24.0) 320,884,000 1877... -| 12,826,000) 31.7| 406, 394, 000 1878. 13,176,000} 31.4) 413, 579, 000 1879. 12,684,000} 28.7) 363,761,000: 18794. 16,145,000| 25.3) 407,859,000 1880. . 16,188,000) 25.8) 417,885,000: 1881... .]| 16,832,000) 24.7} 416, 481,000 1882. . 18, 495,000} 26.4) 488, 251,000 1883. . 20, 325,000) 28.1} 571, 302,000 1884. . 21,301,000) 27.4) 583,628, 000 1885... .| 22,784,000) 27.6) 629, 409,000 1886... .] 23,658,000) 26.4) 624, 134,000 1887... 25,921,000) 25.4) 659,618, 000 1888... | 26,998,000) 26.0) 701,735,000 1889... 27,462,000) 27.4) 751,515, 000 1889 4 28,321,000) 28.6) 809, 251,000 1890... .| 26,431,000) 19.8) 523,621,000 1891... , 582,000) 28.9) 738, 394, 000 1892... . , 064,000) 24.4) 661,035, 000 1893... 273,000) 23.4) 638, 855, 000) 1894... .| 27,024,000) 24.5) 662,037,000 1895. . 27,878,000} 29.6] 824, 444,000 1896... .| 27,566,600) 25.7) 707,346,000 1897... 25,730,000) 27.2) 698,768, 000 1898... .| 25,777,000} 28.4) 730,907,000 1899... .| 26,341,000) 30.2| 796,178, 000 1899 4...| 29,540,000, 31.9) 943,389,000 1900... -| 27,365,000; 29.6) 809, 126, 000 1901... -| 28,541,090} 25.8) 736, 809, 000 1902... .| 28,653,000) 34.5) 987, 843, 000 1903... .| 27,638,000) 28.4) 784,094, 000 1904... .] 27,843,000) 32.1) 894, 596, 000 1995... .| 28,047,000) 34.0) 953, 216, 000 - 1906-. 30,959,000) 31.2) 964, 905, 000 1907... .| 31,837,000} 23.7) 754, 443, 000) 1908. - 32,344,000} 25.0) 807, 156, 00C’ 1909... .| 33,204,000} 30. 3/1,007,353,000 1909 4. 35,159, 000| 28. 4|1,007,179,000 19105_..] 37,548,000} 31. 6/1,186,341,000 19115 37,763,000! 24.4] 922, 298, 000) 1912... .| 37,917,000} 37. 4|1,418,337,000 Av- erage farm Farm price value per Dec. 1. bushel Dec. 1. Cts. Dollars. 35.1) 94,058,000 44.5) 123, 903, 000 41.7) 106,356, 000 38, 0| 109, 522, 000 a0 96, 444, 000 36.2) 92,591,000 29.9) 81,304,000 34.6, 93,474,000 47.1, 113,134,000 32.0) 113, 441,000 32.4, 103, 845, 000 28.4) 115,546, 000 24.6, 101,752,000 33.1) 120,533,000 36.0 150, 244, 000 46.4, 193, 199, 000 37.5) 182,978, 000 32.7) 187,040,000 27.7| 161,528, 000 28.5] 179,632,000 29.8] 186,138, 000 30. 4; 200, 700, 000 27.8) 195, 424, 000 22.9) 171,781,000 42.4] 222, 048, 000 31.5] 232,312, 000 31.7| 209, 254, 000 29.4) 187,576,000 32.4| 214, 817,000 19.9) 163,655,000 18.7} 132, 485, 000 21.2) 147,975,000 25.5] 186, 405, 000 24.9) 198, 168, 000 25.8} 208, 669, 000 39.9] 293, 659, 000 30.7| 303, 585, 000 34.1) 267,662, 000 31.3! 279,900, 000 29.1) 277,048, 000 31.7| 306, 293, 000 44.3} 334, 568, 000 47.2} 381, 171,000 40.5) 408, 174, 000 34.4] 408, 388, 000 45.0} 414, 663, 000) 31.9 452, 46st, 000) Chicago cash price per bushel, December. No. 2.1 May of following year. Low. |High. | Low. |High. Domestic exports, Oe including Hee =a oatmeal, oar fiscal | togin year be- ang ginning July 1.2 | July 13 Bushels. | Bushels. 825,895, 778,198 122,554} 780,798 481,871; 326,659 121, 5172, 266, 785 147,572) 599,514 262,975) 535, 250 714,072) 225, 555 812,873} 191,802 504, 70/1, 500, 040 1, 466,228) 121,547 2,854,128) 41,597 3,715,479) 21,391 5, 452,136) 13,395 766, 366) 489,576 6, 203, 104 7, 311, 306 1,374, 635 573, 080 1,191,471 15, 107, 238) 149, 480 139, 575 123, 817 131, 501 153, 232 Cts. | Cts 36 43 52 57} 43 494 40 | 443 373 41 303] 33 233) 25% 34 408 513} 544 293} 303 313/344 244 27 198} 208 323} 36} 293} 333 43}, 463 34} 414 293) 363 22k! 254 27 29 253] 273 288| 303 25 | 26% 20 21 397| 433 314} 338 25%) 314 273, 294 283} 2938 168 174 163/183 21 23% 26 272 221, 23 213| 223 42} 48 294 32 344, 38 284 32 293} 323 33 35} 463 F 453, 503 40 45 31] 323 464) 7 31] 313 1 Quotations are for standard since 1905. 2 Oatmeal not included 1866 to 1882, inclusive. 3 Oatmeal not included 1867 to 1882, inclusive, and 1909. Cts. | Cts. 59| 78 563} 623 463] 53} 473,51 343] 424 30| 34 44| 48} 574/643 288] 31h 374, 453 93| 27 248] 304 293] 34% 363] 39} oe 3 3a] 303} 344 344] 37 264) 295 25h} 273 324] 38 218| 238 243/30 454) 54 28h] 334 283] 324 323] 36 273| 303 18| 192 16% 183 26 | 32 24| 273 211; 233 a73| 31 41 | 494 333] 38h 398] 443 985| 32 323] 343 443] 48h 523| 56h 561] 623 363| 434 31z| 36 0a] 58 31,759 15, 156, 618 37, 725, 083 73, 880, 307 33, 534, 362 45, 048, 857 42, 268, 931 13, 277, 612) 8, 381, 805 1, 960, 740 8, 394, 692 48, 434, 541 6, 386, 334 2,518, 855| 383, 418 2) 333, 817|6, 691, 700 2) 548, 726/1, 034, 511 3,845, 850! 107,318 2, 677, 749|2, 622, 357 4 Census figures. : 5 Figures adjusted to census basis. 584 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TaBLE 34.— Acreage and production-of oats, by States, 1909-1912. Acreage (000 omitted). Production (000 omitted). State and division. i | 1909 | | 1912 | 1911 _ 1910 | (cen- || 1912 1911 1910 1909 : sus). | (census). | Acres. | Acres.| Acres.| Acres. Bush. Bush. Bush. — MatnGoa.. sc cmecciam cede sone eee 77 76 76 72 | 2, 660 3, 154 2,141 Mascadhnsetissais (ssc ae) 22 = 50 ie 8 8 8 8 280 284 268 Whodedsland= cts. 1 teat aeces 2 2: 2 2 58 | 70 48 Conucchiwit-~. 5-26 baeene seen ee il 11 11 10 386 | 405 274 Newovorkeeneoo eo... 1,192 | 1,310 | 1,320 | 1,303 38,645 | 45,540 34, 795 We wpuerseyeee ccs cod. sss -eren ne | 67 71 72 72 2,024 2,671 1,377 Penwsylvamia coo: =-.-12 0-2. oee= = | 1,099 | 1,121 | 1,144 | 1,144 31, 724 | 40, 269 28,173 North Atlantic.............-- | 2,601 | 2,746 | 2,774 | 2,743 81,381 | 98, 376 | 71, 694 Bobyyares 2204 ...2.10.. 2%. 4| 4 4 4 120 135 98 Witrylend ss sae... aeen = oeeone | 45 46 47 49 1,242 1,410 1,161 ‘Warparia 203 20-<.-..3-80.. 1 So: 175 194 198 204 3, 880 4,356 2,884 Wiest Virgitin-=.2.--:see----. 22. . 111 110 110 104 2,420 2,772 1,729 North: Carolinas’. ....222.. 25-22. 204 219 221 228 3, 614 4,022 2,782 Southn Carolia... .-cg-seosst eo cee | 324 345 336 324 7,038 7,056 5,745 COLT So ae Se ee AHR AH See: =e 364 404 404 412 » 636 7,353 6,199 Florida. (Se. seeec~ ose t= a eee 43 43 42 43 580 680 606 Santhimeeaibia. . dec.) eee 1,270 1,365 | 1,362 | 1,368 27,580 | 27,704| 21,204 re [Eta te eae Sear alba od Belek 2,120 | 1,700 | 1,770 | 1,788 54,570 | 65,844 57,591 CE DS Oe , SSS eters OE RRR ES 1,990 | 1,640 | 1,680 | 1,668 47,068 | 59,472 50, 608 Yiknen: Heep). |. SeS.. aae: | 4/990 | 4,290 | 4,325 | 4,177 121,536 | 164,350 | 150,386 Michi, Ook... 508... ~2 1,485 | 1,500 | 1,515 | 1,429 42,900 | 51,510 43, 870 Wascorsintee aon... tk ee 2,272 | 2,250 | 2,250 | 2,164 67,050 | 67,050 71,336 North Central, East of Mis- | | ‘ sissippi River .....----.--- | 12,087 |11,310 11,540 |11,226 |} 492,377 | 333,124 | 408,226! 373,791 Mimnesotasce tees-- oe <= -- pene | 2,948 | 2,948 | 2,977 | 2,977 || 122,932 | 67,214 85, 440 93, 898 Tilman! . Seach cow aA: bie | 47998 | 4,950 | 5,100 | 4,655 || 217,818 | 126,225 | 192,780 | 128, 198 Wassouri: 2 gases oc dems aes: | 1,125 | 1,200 | 1,200 1,073 37,125 | 17,760 40,320 24, 829 North Dakoia:2. i; $-2.-2--22:-- | 2,300 | 2,180 | 2,165 | 2,147 95,220 | 51,230 15, 155 65, 887 South Dakota..........--------- | 17550 | 15540 | 1,550 | 1,559 || 52,390 | 11,396 | 35,650 | 43,566 Wahraskal — Aas yey. ok. ce | 2,275 | 2,500 | 2,532 | 2,366 55,510 | 34,750 | 70,896 53, 360 Wemigas< ScSet ie Soke _ 15720 | 2,000 | 1,675 | 933 |] 95,040 30,006} 55,778 22, 924 North Central, West of Mis- | sissippi River.........--.--| 16,846 {17,318 | 17,199|15,710 || 636,035 | 338,575 | 496,019 | 432, 662 (een Giekeyieq she pace = on eee ede 150 170 175 174 4,035 3, 128 4,375 2,406 ONNESSCH= 22 esos. see 258 315 342 342 5,599 6,142 7,866 4,721 Taha et abet aoc snes 5 Celanese oe 260 283 283 257 5, 200 5, 434 5, 236 3,251 Mississippi 222.2 d. oc 113 130 120 97 1,966 2,392 2,304 1, 269 AGUS ANS Asse 2 as seem = cm oni = 34 40 36 30 707 840 774 TWEE HS a> Sess dae neki =< GiB SR SR Se 51, 045 49, 305 7, 147 12.99 12.10 11.40 10.72 NE oe oe nt ce ee 19, 734 18, 028 17, 986 11.52 13.16 11.90 12.59 Vo DOT a ie ees i 30,172 22,797 27,821 11.94 13.41 10.13 12.83 North Central, East of Mississippi River.......| 153,762 | 145,746 | 131,611 | 146,303 12.72 12.89 11.40 13.03 Lote Vz a ile ee a 31,962 | 26,886 | 27,341 | 32,864 10.84] 9.12 9.18 11.02 _ i Gee BS asa a eee lel 58,811 51,752 | 52,051 44, 869 11.93 10. 46 10.21 9. 66 co STL: RS eat aii I poe ft 12,994 7,992 12, 902 10, 676 11.55 6. 66 10.7. 9.93 North Dakota...............- 20,948 | 21,004 | 5,607] 21,743 9.11 9. 64 2.59 10. 13 South Dakota....'....-----.--- 13, 098 4,900 10, 695 14, 812 8.45 3.18 6.90 9.49 nT perc Shs ipa Serer AP cere 16, 653 14, 942 19,851 18, 676 7.32 5.98 7.84 7.91 Ba aie ee ao clad = == Aine =< «ms 19,264 | 13,500 | 18,965 9,857 | 11.20 6.75 11.32 10.58 North Central, West of Mississippi River.....-- 173,730 | 140,976 | 147,412 | 153, 497 8.14 8.57 9.77 i ae 1,775 | 1,564] 1,969] 1,227 | 9.20 11.95 7.04 PRRRIEEEIOS oan ao nace = ssp ss ia = 2, 632 3,071 3, 618 2,502 9.75 10.58 7.31 PEEPPUTIFR Se ni 8 ee = 3, 224 3,586 3,142 2,276 12. 67 11.10 8.82 Mississippit..-.2..... J. 02-5... 1,180} 1,555 | 1,267 863 11.96} 10.56 8.91 USD EO a i eee ae 361 546 379 260 13.65 10.54 8.74 STS Se appellee fap eee Be 13,390 9,989 11,318 4,361 13.55 16.45 9.92 @iiatoninen oo be ee 7,988 | 3,927] 9,440| 7,639 4.32 | 13.50 12.56 Mrkancis tt 1,741| 2,173} 2,6184 1,896 10.60 | 12.65 9. 62 Soauih Central... 2... .. J. 32, 291 26, 411 33, 751 21,024 9.47 13. 24 9.80 Moniaias 4. oo ee ss 7,997 | 8,466| 6,817| 5,798 19.92 | 17.48 17.39 Mavanime 2... . 525 -. <5 Ba Sllyal 3,278 2,576 1,681 17.25 16.00 13.55 Galorano..2..-- sins =< .-| 4,717 | 4,872] 5,108] 4,051 16.80} 17.99 14. 68 New Mexico...... 4 828 1,061 714 476 22.12 16.99 14.12 1S TS a a 4a 188 151 180 150 25.20 36.09 25.52 |. Sie et Sak Se 2,069 | 1,828] 1,754] 1,675 21.01 | 20.64 20.7 oda ee ee ae 208 223 197 198 27.90 28.16 25.19 LUNE See A a 5,956 | 5,826] 5,158] 5,664 17.60} 16.17 18.70 Wesititinion >. 2p. ~ tes 5,476 6, 538 5, 650 6,349 23. 26 20.54 VAEB yA 2 LE SR So SR EE 5,623 | 5,481] 5,757| 5,658 15.27] 16.22 16. 69 Parienusn. 65... ees ee 4,290 4,213 3, 700 2,735 20.06 18.50 14. 26 Rar W @stemltece.3.: ss, 40,523 | 41,937 | 37,611 | 34,435 18.76 17. 72 17.52 United States—. .. 2.2. ...2 452, 469 | 414,663 | 408,388 | 405, 120 || 10.98 10. 88 11.52 586 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE 36.— Yield per acre and price per bushel of oats, by States. Se Yield per acre. Farm price per bushel Dec. 1. Stateand | 10-year averages. Rea areae sl eae Quarterly, 1912. division. =|5 rc ce Sool | selezieslssi.].|a iselezieaies| |e] s F AS (Saat See Sas ait [ile eet | Ss g a a A fe Pe AIA | a fa) Bu.| Bu.| Bu. | Bu.| Bu. | Bu. | Bu. || Cts.| Cts. | Cts.| Cts.| Cts. : | Cis: Cts... Maine.....- 26.0) 28.2) 34.7) 37.0} 42. 4] 38.5) 34.6 49| 44) 40) 49) 45) 54) 60 51 N. T.......} 36.0) 32.3] 34.0) 32.3] 42.8] 33.8] 39.0 50| 46) 42) 50) 51) 61 61 48 Vermont.. .| 35. 4/ 33.1} 36.1) 36.0) 41.5} 35.0) 43.0 44, 42) 40) 48) 50) 59) 62 48 Mass. ..22.- 31.9} 29.9] 32.8) 33.1] 35.5] 35.0) 34.0 53} 48} 41) 50} 50) 58) 68 47 1 ee ee 30. 7| 28.0) 29.0) 29. 4) 35.0] 29.0) 28.6 51 49| 42) 50) 48) 58) 64 45 Conn.... 29. 9} 28.1) 27.2) 31.9} 36.8] 35.1) 30.7 53] 46) 40) 47; 44) 56) 61 49 New York .] 32.9} 28.6] 27.8] 31.3] 34.5} 29.5! 30.8 41 39) 34) 43) 42) 51 56 42 Ne deeee cs 28. 8) 26.8} 26.3] 28.0) 37.1] 28.5) 27.6 42} 39) 36) 44 44) 50) 55 44 Hot ace Reni ee 30. 8} 28.1] 26.6) 29.3} 35.2] 28.3) 33.1 38} 37) 34) 42) 41) 50) 56 41 ee | ee ee ee SS Se eee ee eee N. Atlan- 2 a ae 31. 6} 28.5) 28.0) 30.8} 35.5] 29.6] 32.3]| 40.4) 38.8) 34.7] 43.2) 42.3) 51.1) 56.4) 65.2 48. 6) 42.4 Delaware...] 21.5] 21.0} 20.9] 25.4) 33.8) 30.0} 30.5 37} 37) 32) 43) 43) 47) 50 45 Maryland. .| 19.8} 20.1} 20.9] 25.1] 30.0} 27.0) 30.0) 38] 37| 33] 41 46} 49) 51 45 Virginia....| 15.1] 11.8} 14.0} 17.6} 22.0} 20.0} 22.2 40} 41} 34) 45) 49) 54) 62 52 Wis a. 23. 6) 17.7] 20.7} 22.1) 25.2) 22.0) 28.0 35} 37). 36}-- 45) 50) 56) 59 47 Be Gites 14.4) 9.5) 12.0) 14.8) 18.2) 16.5) 18.6 52} 49) 42) 54) 60) 63) 65 62 SaGeneis tae 12.0} 10. 5) 12. 6} 17.1] 21.0} 20.4) 21.5 72\.° 68) 5 Sil G21." Gol 72) a 66 -Georgia....| 12.9] 9.8} 12.5) 15.3] 18.2) 21.5) 20.8 68] 60) 50) 60) 64) 70} 73 65 Florida..... 13. 4| 10.2) 11.1) 13.5) 16.2) 13.5) 17.2 88| 70} 57) 64) 65) 75) 7 70 S. Atlan- Lies: 4. 15. 6) 11.3) 13.6) 16.9) 20.4) 20.2) 21.7|| 47.8] 49.3] 42.2) 53.7] 58.9) 65.2) 68.2) 72.9} 64.9) 60.0 Ohio. ...3.5 29. 5} 30.7] 29.7} 33.2) 37.2) 32.1) 44.0 30} 33) 28} 36) 35) 45) 50 33 Indiana... .| 26.1] 27.2} 27.3} 29.0] 35.4] 28.7] 40.1 28; 30) 27; 34) 31) 43) 48 30 Tllinois..... 30.1} 34.2) 29.6) 31.2) 38.0) 28.8) 43.3 25} 27) 25) 34). 30) 42) 48 30 Michigan...] 32.4] 32.3] 28.7] 31.6] 34.0) 28.6] 34.9 34 33) 30) 37; 35) 46) 50 33 Wisconsin..| 34.6} 30.4) 32.8) 33.3] 29.8} 29.8] 37.3 29| 30) 26) 34) 34) 45) 49 82 N.C. E. Miss.R .| 30. 2| 31.9] 29.9) 31.0} 35. 4} 29.5} 40. 7]| 28.3} 29.2) 26.2) 34.6} 32.2] 43.8] 48.8) 54.0) 32.1) 31.2 Minnesota -} 34.0} 33. 4] 31.0] 31.7] 28.7] 22.8] 41.7 29) 27) 24 31; 32) 40) 45) 26 OWa....... 34. 4) 32.2) 31.2) 29.5) 37.8] 25.5) 44.2 22| 24 23) 30) 7 45 27 Missouri....| 27.6) 26.1] 21.9) 23. 4] 33. 6] 14.8] 33.0 26} 28) 25). 35). 32 45] 51 35 IN. Dak. tee 30.7 26. 7| 29.7] 7.0} 23.5 alt 28 26) ~ 31 37 44 22 Be Dake sole * “1\23. 6) 31. 6] 23.0] 7. 4] 33.8 23} 30) 30; 43) 49 25 Nebraska. .| 32.2] 28.5] 24. 4} 26. 4] 28.0] 13.9] 24. 4 23} 22) 23) 30) 28) 43) 47 30 Kansas.....| 31.7] 28.0) 22.4) 24. 4] 33.3] 15.0) 32.0) 25} 26) 24; 35) 34) 45) 51 35 N.C. W. Miss. R | 32.0) 30.1] 27.1] 28.8] 28.8 37. 8}| 24.6) 25.4! 23.3] 30.8) 29.7] 41.6} 46. 0) 28. 3} 27.3 Kentucky..} 22. 2} 18.2) 19. 4) 20. 9} 25.0 26.9 37; 36) 33 42| 45) 50) 59 44 Tennessee. | 18. 4] 13. 6] 15. 2) 19. 4] 23.0 21.7 39} 39) 33) 44) 46) 50} 60 47 Alabama... | 14. 2} 10.7] 13.1] 15. 6} 18.5 20. 0 69} 60) 48) 58; 60) 66) 73 62 Mississippi-.} 15. 0} 11. 2} 13. 5) 16. 7| 19. 2 17.4 77; +60) 48) 56) 55) 65) 68 60 Louisiana. .| 16. 8] 12.7] 15. 4) 16. 9} 21.5) 20.8 85) 57) 44 Sl] 49) 65) 62 51 EORAS: tes 28. 7| 23. 8] 24. 4) 27. 8 35. 0) 36. 0 67 44, 37) 48 47 68 43 Oljahbome 2) en). =|. ec|= sack 29. 4} 36.5 Pat | el Ree | RC 38; 37] 48] 63 34 Arkansas...| 23.3] 16.7} 18. 4) 20. 0} 27. 5) 19. 9) 54, 42 37) AT 46} 53) 64 50 §.Central.| 20. 4] 16. 0} 18. 4) 23. 9} 29. 7; 27.1}} 45. 6) 44.9] 37.1) 43.8) 44. 5) 54.2) 65. 45. 7| 42.7 Montana. ..}....-.| 33. 6] 36.3} 43. 3} 38.0) 48. O}]..... 48; 40) 42) 46) 40) 47 35 Wyoming..|..... 29. 7| 31. 5] 35. 9] 32.0 AP Si), See 47 42) 47! 50) 50) 50 37 Colorado. . .|!32. 4} 30. 8] 28. 6} 35.3) 39.1 42.8|| 167 53] 38) 3947 46, 48) 47 38 UNE ROX: cham [ene 22. 3) 29. 6] 29. 9] 27. 4 34. Teo. = 50| 48; 59} 62) 57] 60 45 BTIZONS.4= cle ceceleecseleewes 33. 3} 40.1 || Pe eel Ee | ee G8]. OO! GO) ScesSceee 70 0) k cen bes 26. 2} 32. 4) 40. 2} 43.0 46. 4j|..... 44, 38) 48) 48) 47) 51 49 Nevada. . 33. 9} 29. 8]..... 38. 6} 44.7 40. 0 90} 62}..... 65) 63} 62) 55) 52 Te aio< s2:0|.s ---| 31.3] 35.3) 41. 7] 38.5 48. 9}]..... 49} 38) 45) 42) 40) 45 35 WWSSD cn seenlocae 36. 4] 30. 2) 46. 3) 42.8 48. 2||....- 42} 37) 43) 48) 45) 45 40 Oregon.....| 34.3] 28.2] 28.1] 30. 0} 34. 5! 38. 2 50 42) 37 44 47) 44) 45 41 California. .} 32.1] 26.2) 28.8} 31.2} 37.0 39. 0 71 53] 47) 56) 50} 59) 55 55 Far West- ermn.....| 32.8} 29.3] 31.6) 36.9] 37.7] 41.6] 44. 3/] 62.5] 46.4) 38.6) 45.7) 47.0) 45.1] 47.5) 58. 4) 43. 5) 39.4 WAS Se ost 28. 4| 26. 5| 26.2) 29.5) 31.6) 24. 4) 37. 4|| 33. 7] 32.0) 27.8) 35.5) 34.4] 45.0) 49.8] 55.3) 35.0) 31.9 1 The Territories. STATISTICS OF OATS. 587 TABLE 37.—Farm price of oats per bushel on first of each month, 1911-1912. o North South N. Central | N. Central South “ oo Atlantic Atlantic | States east | States west Central Pad bg ‘ States. States. of Miss. R. | of Miss. R. States. m Month, 1912 | 1911 | 1912 | 1911 | 1912 | 1911 | 1912 | 1911 | 1912 | 1911 | 1912 | 1911 | 1912 | 1911 | Gish | Ctae Cr. 1 Osh Gta "Cts: | Cis: + Cisse 1? Clas Cbs. | Cisse 1" Ctso | Cte | Cts: January.......| 45.1 | 33.2 | 51.5 | 41.5 | 64.7 | 58.5 | 44.2 | 31.1 | 41.6 | 28.9 | 55.5 | 45.3 | 44.5 | 42.0 February..... 47.5 | 33.1 | 53.2 | 41.3 | 67.5 | 58.9 | 46.2 | 31.4 | 44.3 |] 28.3 | 62.5 | 45.7 | 44.6 | 42.9 March.........} 49.8 | 32.8 | 56.4 | 40.4 | 68.2 | 57.8 | 48.8 | 30.7 | 46.0 | 28.5 | 65.7 | 45.2 | 47.5 | 43.6 Apri. .2-. 0 52.0 | 32.3 | 58.8 | 40.8 | 69.1 | 57.5 | 50.8 | 30.5 | 48.7 | 27.6 | 66.7 | 44.9 | 49.9 | 42.4 May...-.-..-.-] 56.0 | 33.2 | 63.1 | 41.7 | 73.2 | 56.7 | 55.0 | 31.5 | 52.2 | 28.7 | 68.4 | 43.7 | 55.5 | 44.5 Japs. 3--=.-. 55.3 | 34.7 | 65.2 | 43.1 | 72.9 | 56.7 | 54.0 | 32.8 | 50.1 | 30.2 | 69.6 | 46.5 | 58.4 | 46.7 July.........--| 52.5 | 37.5 | 64.2 | 44.9 | 71.3 | 57.1 | 51.0 | 33.7 | 48.2 | 35.6 | 55.0 | 48.5 | 56.4 47.0 August........] 44.3 | 40.2 | 60.7 | 48.7 | 69.3 | 58.8 | 41.6 | 37.8 | 37.8 | 37.1 | 46.7 | 50.7 | 54.6 | 46.7 September. ...] 35.0 | 40.4 | 48.6 | 47.6 | 64.9 | 59.2 | 32.1 | 39.0 | 28.3 | 37.1 | 45.7 | 50.5 | 43.5 | 44.4 October....... 33.6 | 42.5 | 43.4 | 48.5 | 63.8 | 60.4 | 31.4 | 41.4 7.9 | 89:7 145.5 | 52:1 | 38-1 43.5 November....] 33.6 | 43.8 | 42.4 | 48.8 | 62.6 | 62.7 | 31.4 | 43.0 | 28.1 | 40.9 | 45.9 | 538.2] 39.4 | 446 December..... 31.9 | 45.0 | 42.4 | 51.1 | 60.0 | 65.2 | 31.2 | 43.8 | 27.3 | 41.6 | 42.7 | 54.2 | 39.4 45.1 TABLE 38.—Condition of oat crop, United States, on first of months named, 1892-1912. eat & Ea . > ‘4 =I i ‘ mele ls [f ize) "| e/a] Bleed la] 8 [ee &|5/< | | mela pee E me haba tee ee Pie. | Pret.) Pct. | Pict. P ch. | Fact. | Pets | Pec: Pe. Pact.) Pett: |2, Ch 1892....| 88.5 | 87.2 | 86.2 | 78.9 || 1899....] 88.7 | 90.0 | 90.8 | 87.2 || 1906....] 85.9 | 84.0 | 82.8] 81.9 1893...-| 88.9 | 88.8] 78.3 | 74.9 85.5 | 85.0 | 82.9 || 1907....| 81.6] 81.0] 75.6] 65.5 1894....| 87.0 | 77.7 | 76.5 | 77.8 83.7 | 73.6 | 72.1 || 1908....] 92.9 | 85.7 | 76.8] 69.7 1895....| 84.3 | 83.2 | 84.5 | 86.0 92.1 | 89.4 87.2 || 1909....] 88.7 | 88.3] 85.5] 83.8 1896....| 98.8 | 96.3 | 77.3 | 74.0 84.3 | 79.5 | 75.7 |] 1910...-] 91.0 | 82.2] 81.5] 83.3 1897....| 89.0 | 87.5 | 86.0 | 84.6 89.8 | 86.6} 85.6 || 1911....| 85.7 | 68.8] 65.7 | 64.5 1898....| 98.0 | 92.8 | 84.2 | 79.0 92.1 | 90.8 | 90.3 |] 1912....] 91.1 | 89.2 | 90.3 | 92.3 TABLE 39.— Wholesale price of oats per bushel, 1899-1912. Cincin- Milwau- P San Fran- nati. Duluth. Detroit. New York. Baltimore. ir eiies Chicago. Date. No. 2 No. 2 No. 2 No. 3 No. 3.2 No. 3 No. 1 white mixed. mixed. mixed. Contract. white.3 |(per 100 lbs.). Dolls. |Dolls. 1.222 | 1.45 Sie aalem 3 a <1 ao 1 No. 2 grade, 1899-1906. 2 No. 2 grade from 1899 to 1904 and 1906; ‘‘no grade’’?in 1905. %3No.2 white, 1899-1906. 588 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ¢ TABLE 39.— Wholesale price of oats per bushel, 1899--1912—Continued. Date. New York.} Baltimore. No. 2 No. 2 mixed. mixed. Low.|High. Low.|High.|Low.|High.| Low. Cincin- nati. No. 2 mixed. Chicago. Contract. High. Milwau- Kee. No.3 white. Low.) High. A San Fran- Duluth. Detroit. Bere. No.3 No.3 No. 1 white “tsar t white. |(per100Ibs.). Low. High. Low High. Low. ‘High. |47 | 52 | ash) 53 | 47 | 52° | ay) asp | 452) 402 | 438) 472 | 47a] 51 | 1.00 1.75 50 | 51 |51 | 53 | 48 | 50 | 46i| 49 | 46 | 49% 31444] 50 |1.60 | 1. 483 | 50 | 48 | 52 | 46 | 493 43 ait Al} 7k ai} 46, ra 483 1.60 1.674 : 483 | 463 | 49 | 423] 47 i 431 | 392 | 412 | 44° | 461 | 1. ; 24 re rig 474 40° 4g sch 43} 3 43 so at 41 rs 1.50, | 1.578 441 | 37 | 41 | 35 | 401 | 353 at | 43 Pd 5 45° | 483) 4a] a7" | 39 443] 382 | 443 | 38 | 46. | 383 a3 | aon |e west 6 ‘135 | 47%} 42a] 47 | 322] 382] 322] 382 | 333] 42 | 334] 388| 343] 43 | 1.573 | 1.70 Rew | BH ela) a1) | deo) ett) 2, asl ae omina Kd ; , : Noniitial’ 4c... 22 313 | 343 | 308| 312 | 314| 333 | 31 | 321 | 343| 35 | 1.474 | 1.50 Nominal. |.....|.-.--- 324 | 35 | 31 | 321] 312] 344 | 302! 332 | 34 | 37 | 1.45 | 1.50 47 | 52 |353| 53 | 313] 52 | 292] 49 | 302] 493| 29 | 473 | 34 | 51 | 1.422 [11.75 No. 2 No. 2 white white Standard. 38 | 303 | 37 | 382| 332] 35 |307| 322 | 312] 343] 312] 33 | 34 | 35 11.45 | 1.50 36 | 38 |354| 37 | 314| 343] 30 | 312 | 202 | 323] 290 | 312 | 323| 34 | 1.45 | 1.473 3531.37 | 354| 37 [31 | 334] 28%] 304 | 293 | 33 | 288| 304] 32 | 33 | 1.422] 1.47% 361 | 40 | 354| 38%] 31 | 344 | 29%] 324 | 30%] 333 | 208] 322133 | 363] 1.45 | 1.60 304 | 43 | 38: | 402 | 334] 37 | 31g] 36 | 322] 36 | 312] 35:1 35 | 38 11.35 | 1.40 434 | 502 | 403| 49 |37 | 44 | 35¢| 43: | 36 | 44 | 358] 434] 373] 45 | 1.50 | 1.60 463 | 533] 44 | 53 |38 | 49 | 38%| 462 | 384] 49 | 382| 468] 41° | 50 | 1.45 | 1.55 46} | 48 | 43 | 46 [39 | 44 | 30g] 424) 39 | 432) 41 | 438 | 41 | 438 | 2.478 | 1.0 42 433 | 48 | 423 | 46 L. 53° | 2° | son | sia | 48°| aot | ase] azz | 47" | asa | 4s" | 4¢| 40 | sot | eed | 180 53 | 55 | 503) 54 | 472] 51 | 442] 478 | 462] 49° | 442 | 46t| 49 | 51 | 1.72 | 1.85 533 | 55 |52h) 544] 481 | 513 | 46t| 478 | 46 | 483 | 43g] 46¢| 50 | 51 | 1.623] 1.85 353 | 55 | 353 | 542131 | 513 | 28% | 478 | 293] 49 | 288| 468/32 | 51 | 1.35 | 1.85 533 | 58: | 523| 574| 50 | 533 | 462) 518| 47 | 52 | 4421 482] 503] 533] 1.70 | 1.75 584 | 61 | 574| 594154 | 56 | 512 | 528151 | 523 | 498] 501 |53 | 54 11.75 | 1.788 Go | Gl | 58 | oo | 545] 57 | 51 | S44 | 52 | 95 | Sok] 924 | 504) 58 | 1.75 1.874 5 41] 583 | 543] 593 | 528| 56L | 58 4/1 ol 63h 504 ‘3 344 50 504 Be | 2" 58h | 482 | 558 | 56 a 2. OP 2.124 603 | 63 | 58%] 613 | 52 | 56%] 503| 532/50 | 56 | 491 | 532 | 553] 58 | 1.85 | 2.00 524 | 62:1 534| 66 | 46 | 55 | 42 | 57 | 442] 57 | 449] 50 152 | 61 | 1.65 | 1.95 390i | 62 | 304| 663] 32 | 41 | 31 | 35 | 32° | 54 | 31 | 51 | 333] 61 | 1.60 | 1.65 384| 404140 | 414| 33 | 354] 31 | 342/32 | 342] 30 | 313 | 353| 38 | 1.55 | 1.65 tec, oa 40 | 414] 34 | 363] 31 | 33% | 314] 34 | 303 | 31% | 354 | 363 | 1.524 | 1. 623 Wei Ste 373 | 40 | 32 | 35 | 30%] 314] 303] 323 | 288 30} 333 | 36 | 1.474 | 1.525 nas ae 38 | 40 | 333| 35 | 314] 332 | 313] 34%] 288] 308135 | 37 | 1.474 | 1.524 333 | 64 | 373] 663 | 32 | 61 | 30t | 584] 303] 593] 288] 56] 333 | 634 | 1.474 | 2.123 STATISTICS OF BARLEY. 589 BARLEY. TaBLE 40.—Barley area of countries named, ae = Country. 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 NORTH AMERICA. Acres. Acres. Acres. Acres. Acres. Detrerectates. 2c! 2... 20.2... o2 eee! 6, 646,000 | 7,698,000 | 7,743,000 | 7,627,000 | 7,530,000 Canada: MPUSSKODS WICK... .....-20c---deccseue- 3, 500 3, 200 2,900 2, 600 2, 500 a G8 Ba RS Se SS 2 Se os 109, 600 108, 400 104, 000 106, 000 91, 300 (LCT: (aS 5, a Pe: ha 743, 800 721, 500 696, 700 521, 400 500, 000 Lovo] 1 ee ee 2 amen, ae 662, 500 696, 000 684, 000 433, 100 454, 600 BREA LCRO WANS «oc. ape titencocn Sete 81, 000 135, 000 137, 400 172, 300 180, 300 2 Ey ee 9 ea ae 129, 800 186, 000 194, 500 156, 400 174, 900 a ae 3 ee, eee 8a 15, 500 14, 800 14, 500 12, 200 11, 600 Potal' Canadas. >=. Bech... 1,745,700 | 1,864,900 | 1,834,000 | 1,404,000 | 1,415, 200 ON ee en a se () Q) (1) (1) (!) EUROPE Austria-Hungary: LOTT Spiel a A eg ele ae a 2,757,200 | 2,795,500 | 2,721,900 | 2,709,900 2, 633, 800 LENSES gS 2) 90) 0, rn or rr 2,647,500 | 2,857,800 | 2,715,700 | 2,737,100 2, 602, 900 Grostia-SIBVONIA. 2. . coke chan san nn- 159, 800 156, 700 159, 600 158, 400 156, 600 Bosnia-Herzegovina..................- 262, 200 204, 400 202, 600 179, 900 (1) Total Austria~-Hungary.............. 5,826,700 | 6,014,400 | 5,799,800] 5,785,300 |...........: 1D Lines sons aS ee aa ae 87,900 87, 500 (4) (1) () ; Se TEU ay gee el oe oa tha a 621, 100 596, 000 643, 300 620, 700 (1) CPL Shy Bk Ee a eS a 2 577, 500 (1) () e Q) (LSS Baer eet ere eee oe Saal (@) (@) () Qa Q) CET > SE Be ei a ls 1,802,800 | 1,814,700 | 1,849,500 | 1,907,500 1,856, 100 (2 ST a lal pel a i il da 4,025,200 | 4,068,200 | 3,880,500 | 3,916,700 3,928, 300 Lo 2 DS St = ln 4) ee a Re al @) 617, 100 611, 700 611, 800 603, 700 UE SON [a ah cr re i 74, 600 70, 200 69, 400 69, 200 66, 600 (OTS ee eee eae 2 88, 500 (1) (@) Qa (1) 7) TER SSS ieee eee ee 1,532,500 | 1,357,100 | 1,357,500 | 1,253,300 1, 235, 200 Russia: MEMDEID DIOUER. c2.56 5 occa h wast ess soe 21,913,700 | 21,816,000 | 22,930,900 | 23,012,500 |............ PURO eri on ec. bce wert oes 1, 243,100 | 1,234,200} 1,233,000} 1,240,500 |............ Martner Caucasin......-....---...-..-- 2,790,400 | 3,128,100 | 3,579,900] 3,836,200 |.-.......... Total Russia (European) 8........... 25, 947, 200 | 26,178,300 | 27,743,800 | 28,089, 200 | 4 28, 873, 300 254, 800 281, 500 265, 700 254, 700 1 3,466,700 | 3,480,000 | 3,333,200 | 3,567,400 3, 298, 300 483, 000 476, 900 456, 400 446, 100 (1) 1,383,300 | 1,379,100 | 1,449,500 86, 700 85, 300 87, 600 197, 400 200, 000 191, 600 154, 600 163,100} — 168,000 1,822,000 | 1,827,500 | 1,896,700 1,337,400 | 1,365,000 86, 800 91, 500 173, 600 191, 600 158, 200 165, 400 1,756,000 | 1,813,500 Q) (1) | () @) (1) Japanese Empire: BAA SITE 2 Acree oe ea oe ey. we ct 3, 266,300 | 3,136,200 | 3,176,500 | 3,173,400 3, 132, 400 ISTE CG SON hs aa il aaa (@) (4) (1) @) () Russia: seeniral Aigo. Sm. ecb oa casts ose 236, 600 293, 500 305, 400 ALO /SO01 | ae pimeran se SULT gS Sone a OM tS | 355, 600 415, 300 386, 600 4514600) | >see oe SEYBHSCAUCASIA eens cece nes cee ee. 1, 100 1,100 1,700 TODD: |S aeee ee Total Russia (Asiatic) 3.............. 593, 300 709, 900 693, 700 873, 300 (5) 1 No official statistics of area. 4 Includes Asiatic Russia (10 Governments of). 2 Area in 1907. 5 Included in European Russia. 3 Exclusive of winter barley. 590 |, YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE 40.—Barley area of countries named, 1908-1912—Continued. { Country. 1908 1909 1910 1912 1912 AFRICA. Union of South Africa. ...-. 2222222222222. AUSTRALASIA. Australia: Queensland S22). 2. 5.90.0 2. . <5 RS 6, 900 7,400 13,100 5, 600 1,600 New South Wales...............-.-22+- 11,900 9, 500 15, 100 7,100 (1) Witborias J8I5%. o223. Sb bei 3. baa 63,100 65, 200 58, 600 52,700 (4) South Austratial..s. + Gb. 5h 522.5 Sexes 37,300 44,900 41,900 34, 500 (4) Western Australias. |.003.i05: 2...) S62 6, 000 7,300 8, 000 3,400 3, 700 Tasmaniawsu..-as4-0eeb) 2c, -4 5, 900 6, 500 6, 300 5, 200 6, 100 Total Australia.£ .) 75525 44. : R- 131, 100 140, 800 143, 000 108,500) |-jagere2oe2- Now Aealand:- 2-312. 5.04: 22st. 2-. -4--c28 36, 200 48,900 41,500 33, 500 31, 600 Total Australasia. ....<----<2--+--+2- 167, 300 189, 700 184, 500 149° 0D: |-2 oeoa eens 1 No official statistics of area. TasLeE 41.—Barley crop of countries named, 1908-1912. Country. 1908 1909 1910 1911 NORTH AMERICA. : Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. } Parited Sjatesss2 .- se - 4. Seon 166,756,000 | 173,321,000 | 173,832,000 | 160,240,000 Canada: New Brunswick 79, 000 94,000 73,000 74,000 Quebec 2,170,000 2, 604, 000 2, 547, 000 2, 413, 000 Ontario 21, 124, 000 20, 952, 000 20, 727,000 13, 760, 000 Manitoba 17,093,000 20, 866, 000 13, 826, 000 14, 447,000 Saskatchewan 1,952, 000 4, 493, 000 3, 598, 000 5, 445, 000 Alberta 3, 881, 000 5, 999, 000 3, 953, 000 4,151,000 Other 463, 000 390, 000 424, 000 341, 000 Total Canadas. >. $=... -=-= 46, 762, 000 55, 398, 000 45, 148, 000 40, 631, 000 MOKICO® . oy tases ase cn & rosette 7,000, 000 7, 000, 000 6, 329, 000 6, 500, 000 PROTA Soest eee Bure 220,518,000 | 235,719,000 | 225,309,000 | 207,371,000 EUROPE. Austria-Hungary: AUSTIN coos com Ss Stes oe 69, 497, 000 75, 565, 000 64, 932, 000 69, 383, 000 Hungary proper.........----. 56, 324, 000 71, 868, 000 53, 630, 000 73, 595, 000 Croatia-Slavonia...........-- 2, 552, 000 2,394, 000 2,732, 000 3, 146, 000 Bosnia-Herzegovina.......-- 2, 389, 090 3, 755, 000 3, 787, 000 2,970, 000 Total Austria-Hungary....| 130,762,000 | 153,582,000 | 125,081,000 | 149,094, 000 Belgium 4,574,000 3,748, 000 4,595, 000 Bulgaria 9,322, 000 14, 083, 000 16, 000, 000 Denmark 21, 599, 000 21, 793, 000 21,016, 000 Finland 4,887, 000 5, 000, 000 6, 631, 000 WRTANCG: «ties ctaee eee bane e se 46, 144, 000 43, 477, 000 47, 631, 000 * Germany 160,551,000 | 133,330,000 | 145, 132, 000 175 bee ae UR a Seas Sat eri ee 10,951, 000 , 483, 000 10, 882, 000 Netherlands 3, 332, 000 3, 104, 000 3, 416, 000 Norway 2,596, 000 2,900, 000 2,550, 000 « Roumania 19, 955, 000 29, 359, 000 26, 157,000 Russia: Russia proper..........------| 297,449,000 | 382,163,000 | 368,840,000 | 320, 959. 000 ORION Ss oa Sntrsint ob Sane ae 23, 790, 000 26, 671, 000 21, 959, 000 ,» 938, Northern Caucasia....... 46, 219, 000 55, 900, 000 62, 709, 000 55, 296, 000 " Total Russia (European) !.| 367,458,000 | 464,734,000 | 453,508,000 | 404, 193, 000 aaa —— eS ee 1 Exclusive of winter barley. STATISTICS OF BARLEY. 591 TaBLe 41.—Barley crop of countries named, 1908-1912—Continued. Country. | 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 EUROPE—continued. Bushels Bushels. Bushels. Bushels Bushels (OT eee 2 a a 3,351, 000 6,314, 000 6, 795, 000 4, 609, 000 4, 000, 000 SR ane Beemer 69,596,000 | 81,579,000 | 76,308,000 | 86,792, 000 59,994, 000 UTS SS ei a ee 15, 520, 000 13, 900, 000 14, 763, 000 13, 725, 000 13, 660, 000 United Kingdom: a =) Ae eee 46,353,000 | 52,323,000 | 48,777,000 | 43,378,000 42, 951,000 | EE as See 2, 682, 000 2, 804, 000 2,896, 000 2,729, 000 2, 839, 000 = | Se ee 7, 410, 000 7, 731,000 6, 578, 000 6, 488, 000 7, 115, 000 TSE Seelatie ae ee a 7,064,000 8, 258, 000 6, 846, 000 7,099, 000 7, 259, 000 i Total United Kingdom....} 63,509,000 | 71,116,000 | 65,097,000 | 59,694,000 60, 164,000 Total................-.----| 901,278,000 |1,075, 136, 000 |1,007, 829, 000 {1,002, 117,000 | 1,034,807, 000 ASTA, 71 BBG. 5; 1685 OOO) 5; 4) ee ae JS. | est eee Se LSE BAN see leet Sa 15; 886, 000}: c:s.0a| sense eee 2 | Soren | once we beige es|ee > 3 Joo aeaeaee ee 1866... 493,000} 22.9) 11,284,000) 70.2) 7,916,000) 59 70 85} 100. |--i2-23 Sep 3, 247, 250 1867. -.} 1,131,000] 22.7} 25,727,000) 70.1) 18,028,000) 150} 180} 227! 250 9,810! 3,783, 966 1868...| 937,000] 24.4] 22,896,000} 109.0] 24,948,000| 140 | 170] 149| 175 59, 077| 5, 069, 880 1869. .-.} 1,026,000} 27.9) 28,652,000} 70.8) 20,298,000} 74 85 50 62 255, 490) 6,727,597 if: a ee ee |e era 29,761; 000). ...--- Sa) 420 Jt ww Jat ee | eos. | side leno oll een 1870...| 1,109,000! 23.7! 26,295,000] 79.1! 20,792,000 68| so| 7 95 340,093] 4, 866, 700 1871..-} 1,114,000) 24.0) 26,718,000} 75.8! 20,264,000) 553) 64 55 71 86, 891} 5,565, 591 1872...| 1,397,000} 19.2} 26,846,000 68.6} 18,416,000) 60 70 71 85 482,410) 4, 244, 751 1873...| 1,387,000) 23.1] 32,044,000} 86.7] 27,794,000) 132} 158 | 1380} 155 320,399) 4, 891, 189 1874..-.| 1,581,000) 20.6) 32,552,000} 86.0} 27,998,000) 120 1293) 115 137 91,118) 6, 255, 063 1875...| 1,790,000} 20.6} 36,909,000} 74.1) 27,368,000} 81 88 624, 723! 317, 781)10, 285, 957 1876. .-} 1,767,000) 21.9) 38,710,000} 63.0) 24,403,000) 633) 683 80 85 1, 186, 129) 6, 702, 965 1877. .-| 1,669,000) 21.4} 35,638,000} 62.5) 22,287,000) 563) 64 463} 523} 3,921,501] 6, 764, 228 1878..-} 1,790,000) 23.6} 42,246,000} 57.9) 24,454,000) 91 100 64 73 715, 536) 5, 720,979 1879..-.| 1,681,000) 24.0) 40,283,000; 58.9) 23,714,000) 86 92 75 80 1, 128, 923) 7, 135, 258 18793...|-1,998, 000| -22.0\° 48,997, 000|... 5.-2|....-ccc0e+-|ecr-ccleecsenlenecoe|-cs code se eee eee | 1880...) 1,843,000] 24.5) 45,165,000) 66.6} 30,091,000! 100 120 95 105 885, 246) 9,528, 616 1881...| 1,968,000) 20.9} 41,161,000 82.3) 33,863,000; 101 107 100 100 205, 930}12, 182, 722 1882. ..| 2,272,000} 21.5) 48,954,000 62.9) 30,768,000 7 82 80 80 433, 005)10, 050, 687 1883. ..| 2,379,000) 21.1} 50,136,000} 58.7) 29,420,000) 62 67 65 74 724,955) 8, 596, 122 1884. ..| 2,609,000] 23.5] 61,203,000] 48.7| 29,779,000! 53] 58] 65) 65 629, 130) 9, 986, 507 1885...| 2,729,000) 21.4) 58,360,000) 56.3) 32,868,000) 62 65 58 60 252, 183/10, 197, 115 1886. ..| 2,653,000} 22.4) 59,428,000 53.6} 31,841,000) 51 54 57 57 1, 305, 300/10, 355, 594 1887. ..| 2,902,000} 19.6} 56,812,000} 51.9) 29,464,000) 80 86 69 77 550, 884/10, 831, 461 1888. ..] 2,996,000! 21.3] 63,884, 000 cy! BL) ay ACY. 1000] RR Pe) eis Ree <7 1, 440, 321/11, 368, 414 1889. ..| 3,221,000! 24.3] 78,333,000) 41.6) 32,614,000) 58 Ot] =< 5 pel ane 1, 408, 311/11, 332, 545 1889%*.1'8, 221,.000| 24.9) 78; S93; 000). x... Sa}us «2 ama ewes [anes se] eee on oleae ace] sas ak 3) ee eee en 1890 8, 185, 000|' 21:4) °67, 168.000)’ » G2. 7} - 42°141 000) eee ate eco) s sacl taece | 973, 062| 5.078, 733 1891 3,353,000} 25.9] 86,839,000) 52.4) 45,470,000'......}......|.....-|.....- 2, 800, 075] 3, 146, 328 1892 3,400,000} 23.6) 80,097,000) 47.5) 38,026, 000) 65 67 65 65 3,035, 267] 1,970, 129 1893. ..| 3,220,000) 21.7} 69,869, 000 41.1) 28,729,000, 52 54 55 €0 5,219,405] 791,061 1894...) 3,171,000! 19.4’ 61,400,000! 44.2) 27,134,000 533! 553 51 52 1,563, 754! 2,116, 816 1 Prices 1895 and subsequent years are for No. 3 grade. 3 Census figures. 2 Low malting to fancy since 1908. —- times a. STATISTICS OF BARLEY. 593 Taste 44.—Acreage, production, value, exports, etc., of barley, United States, 1849-1912—Continued. Chisey cash price SES Aver acces eee, | a age —_____—____—_—_———| Domestic ere, ; : an erage) Produc- fara ae. os May of abe year Year. | and har- | | yield tion. la a December. | following fiscal y ear begin- vested. | Der per ec. 1 ear, beginning oe S acre. bushel yon: July 1. July 1 ec. 1. 7 Low. | High.| Low. | High. : Acres. 'Bush.| Bushels. | Cents.| Dollars. | Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Bushels. | Bushels. 1895. ..| 3,300, 000) 26.4] 87,073,000) 33.7) 29,312,000} 33 40 25 36 7,680, 331 837, 384 5896 69,695,000] 32.3] 22,491,000] 22] 37] 243] 35] 20,030,301) 1,271,787 2? 8 EB i a -6 3 1897 2,719,000) 24.5) 66,685,000) 37.7 25,142,000] 253) 42 36 53 | 11,237,077} 124, 804 1898 2,583,000, 21.6] 55,792,000] 41.3] 23,064,000} 40 504] 36 42 2,267,403} 110,475 1899. ..| 2,878, 000) 25.5] 73,382,000) 40.3] 29,594,000) 35 45 36 44 | 23,661,662) 189,757 18991... 4, 470, 000) 26.8} 119, 635,000)... .. --|.- 2-02 ----2-fecceee|eeeeee|eeeeee|eeeeee[eeeee eee enfenee ee eeee 1900. 2,894,000) 20.4) 58,926,000) 40.9) 24,075,000) 37 61 37 57 6, 293,207} 171,004 1901. 4,296,000) 25.6] 109,933,000} 45.2) 49,705, 000 56 63 64 72 8,714, 268 57, 406 1902. ..| 4,661,000) 29.0} 134,954, 000) 45.9) 61,899, 000 36 70 48 56 8, 429, 141 56, 462 1903. ..] 4,993,000) 26.4} 131,861,000) 45.6] 60,166,000) 42 6134) 38 59 | 10,881,627 90, 708 1904...) 5,146,000} 27.2] 139,749,000) 42.0) 58,652,000) 38 52 40 50 | 10,661, 655 81, 020 1905. ..| 5,096,000} 26.8} 136,551,000, 40.5) 54,993,000) 37 53 42 554] 17,729,360 18, 049 1906. ..| 6,324,000) 28.3] 178,916,000) 41.5) 74,236, 000 56 66 8, 238, 38,319 1907. ..| 6,448,000} 23.8] 153,597,000) 66.6} 102,290,000} 78} 102 60 7 4,349,078} 199,741 1908. ..| 6,646,000} 25.1) 166,756,000) 55.4] 92,442,000} 57 644} 66 75 6, 580, 393 1909. ..| 7,011,000} 24.3) 170,284,000! 55.2) 93,971,000) 55 72 50 68 4: 311° 566]... 2 cena s Pe OND OOO Shia lel Tai pely OOO a\25 =P Rann a des aan |e s [ewe ons [ao mace |e lgeam sss slay aos helen 1910 2..| 7,743,000) 22.5] 173,832,000) 57.8} 100,426,000} 72 90 75 | 115 9) 399. S46) jo eee 1911 2..| 7,627,000} 21.0) 160,240, 000 86.9} 139,182,000} 102 130 68 132 1 080,242 2--~ uaeen 1912. ..| 7,530,000} 29. 7| 223,824,000} 50.4] 112,957,000) 43 | 77 |......]-.---.|------------ eae 1 Census figures. 2 Figures adjusted to census basis. TABLE 45.—Acreage, production, and farm value of barley, by States, 1912 | Produc- | Farm value)| State and State and Produc- |Farm value division tion. Dec. 1. division. tion. Dec. 1. Bushels. Dollars. Bushels. Dollars. je 105, 000 81,000 || Nebraska...... 2, 486, 000 1, 644, 000 N. Hampshire. 28, 000 24,000 || Kamsas......... ; 4, 136, 000 1, 654, 000 Vermont......-.- 455, 000 364, 000 | eS ee New York... ..- 2,132,000 | 1,450,000 || N.C. W, of | Penusvlvania. .. 192, 000 131, 000 Miss. River.|4,318, 000 121, 583,000 } 49, 592, 000 ‘ Benkieey fe EE 78, 000 58, 000 Peace, | a hips 52,000 f 000 RAS 2 ie. 176, 000 7,000 vane pi ee Oklahoma... 160, 000 80, 000 BT Sinestro c.. S. Central... 466, 000 317,000 Montana....... 1,424, 000 755, 000 ee eS Wyoming...... 374, 000 232, 000 Indiana 4, Colorado... ...- 2, 964, 000 1, 482, 000 WERTIOIS 2 New Mexico.... 70, 000 50, 000 Michigan.......- Avi7zOnNg ~~ 62. ¢ 1, 440, 000 1, 253, 000 Wisconsin..... -- (Git See 1,125, 000 664, 000 Nevada........ 492, 000 428, 000 N.C. E. of ) Idaho. 2.2252 - - 6, 916, 000 3,527, 000 Miss. River .}1, 018,000 | 29,787,000 | 16,587,000 || Washington... . 7, 869, 000 4,171, 000 [————— |__| || Oregon... ...... 4,284,000 | 2,356,000 Minnesota... -.. 42,018,000 | 17,227,000 || California... .. 41, 760, 000 | 29, 232, 000 BOWE see Ss 14,570,000 | 7,576,000 ISSOUFL .2.< = =5- 6, 000 149, 000 98, 000 Far Western.|2, 054,000 | 68,718,000 | 44,150,000 North Dakota. ..|1,176,000 | 35,162,000 | 12,307,000 —— ee South Dakota. . 23,062,000 | 9,686,000 United States}7,530,000 |223, 824,000 | 112,957,000 73029°—yBx 1912——38 594 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE 46.— Yield per acre, price per bushel, and value per acre of barley, by States. Yield per acre. Farm price per bushel. ax * _ , | =H 10-year averages. ay ge ee Quarterly, 1912. a State and division. \ sia g ete he |= 2e/sigisi|aiF 3 ale) 3) 8128 fs | +l seh aes e- s . o . elelele/Zlelsleleigisleisie) 8 lelzl 2 = onl col ial in al ce il mc aol el A A =| Lo) mM A > ’ Bu.|Bu.|Bu.|Bu.|Bu.|Bu. Bu.|| Cts.| Cts.| Cts. Cts Cts.| Cts.| Cts. | Cts. | Cts.| Cts.| Dols. Maine........ nies. 20, 2/21. 8|26. 5/29. 2/31. 0128. 0,26. 2\| 78} 74| 61) 71) 76| 90 88| 100! 85] 77|20.17 New Hampshire... ...|23. 8/21. 9/24. 5122. 1/26. 024.0.28.0|| 84| 74] 65] 76| 77| 86| 85] 90 95| 84|23.52 Vermont............ 25. 1/24. 8128. 7/30. 6/31. 0130. 5.35.0] 84} 72] 56] 64| 68} 82] 97} 115] 100 80/28.00 New York........... 22, 0/22. 7/22. 0|24. 6/28. 3/25. 0'26.0]| 79} 72| 59] 60| 70} 97} 102! 105] 79] 68|17.68 Pennsylvania........ 22. 2/20. 5/20. 2122. 4126. 5]25.0.27. 5] 84} 72) 50] 58) 63) 65] 75| 81) 72] ‘68/18. 70 N. Atlantic........ 21. 9.22. 6|22, 6/25. 3/28. 5|25. 7)27. 2||79. 5|72. 4159. 1161. 6169. 6|92. 6] 98. 7/104. 5/81. 8|70. 4|19. 16 Maryland............ 18. 2/25. 3|22. 4127. 7/31. 0|23.0,27.0|| 79| 74| 55| 55| 61| 60).....|..... 60) 68/18. 36 Virsa. oe 17. 1/16. 519. 5|26. 0|29.3/23.0|25.0} 72) 72) 58, 59) 67] 70|....- 82} 81) 75/18. 75 S. Atlantic. ....... 15, 0/15. 8 21. 2,26. 6 29. 8/23. 0,25. 6 [80. 4/78. 4 56. 2/57. 7/65. 2/67. 1)... 82. 0174. 0|72. 9|18. 64 Ti eek Aes 24, 0,22. 1|25. 4|27. 3128. 5|27. 2131.0] 75| 70| 49| 53; 60| 84] 85 94] 59] 55/17. 05 coe ee ese a 8 a em en ia {i aE tea . 4/21. 7/23. 6|27. 8130. 2/28. 0/31. j Michigan............ 22. 5|23. 3|21. 8|25. 0126. 0124. 0126.0] 76| 66] 50| 55| 58} 86] 89} 89] 68] 65|16.90 Wisconsin.......-.-- 26. 323. 9127. 1/28. 6|25.9|25. 5/29. 4]] 66) 55] 42} 51) 64] 99] 104} 104) 61} _55]16.17 N.C. E, Miss. R.../23. 8.23. 2/26. 1/28. 2126. 2125. 529. 3|/68. 0/58. 6143. 7/51. 0/62. 7/96. 9/101. 4|101. 6/61. 2155. 7/16. 29 Minnesota..........- 26. 1/24. 2126. 2/25. 7/21. 0/19. 0128. 2|| 52 48] 35| 42} 60) 96| 98] 96| 42| 41/11.56 NDWae Meron nes 23. 8|22. 2123. 9125. 6|29. 5121. 9|31.0]] 48] 47| 34] 41 56} 93] 100| 102] 54| 52|16. 12 Son eee 30. alae. si23.0l &,5I19.5129.9|...°| 42] 39) 38| $5] ssl 86) 86] 40] 3510.46 or AKO =-.3 o.-...-- 2,575, 000 2,485, 700 i Suede Miswith.i2? os... "175,100 172; 100 " 184) 700 Bosnia-Herzegovina.......-..- 31, 100 28, 200 @) Vv Total Austria-Hungary. ... 7, 920, 300 7, 820) 70001 7979-500 |) | 7, S90 500) oo... ee EA SAR ep pl A Ea 7,900 636, 400 Q) (ee eee 429, 300 498, 000 () Denmark... - - OE ee 2 682, 000 1 @) on Ee (Q) (1) (Q) ok ho A ES eee 3,074, 700 3,031, 900 2, 994, 500 SoG eS Oe ee 15, 122, 400 15, 149, 000 15, 488, 800 E+ os ee (4) , 700 302, 200 304, 800 LT TEU) ee ee 548, 800 553, 400 556, 900 558, 400 _ Ly 5 eS 237,100 1 a (@) Reena 2 ese Sede: 363, 400 337, 500 325, 700 265, 000 Russia’ aeeana proper: yb. 7.22. ...2! 63, 009, 500 63, 800, 500 65,058,400 |... ../..2252.- < olan: 10 8) 2 2 5, 130, 100 5, 204, 400 5; 257: 900''|.5 ene S 553, 300 585, 500 520s400 "| ee ee ee 68, 692,900 | 69, 590, 400 70, 836,700 | 372,932, 900 1 >, as a000 |. Sus ae | 1,987, 400 1, 944, 400 | 988, 700 1 | 55, 400 62, 000 ASIA. | Russia: } UU ae eee 2405900! [oo eee ELL CE ee le a ri 2: 112) SOO) (aoe. SES Transcaucasia. ............-. 1,100) |----oe ¥y Total Russia (Asiatic) 2,354, 800 (4) AUSTRALASIA. Australia: Queensland... 0. = se. ..<..- 328 EUROPE. Austria-Hungary: PEG! oat a Re Sea Hungary proper..-..:--..-- Croatia-Slavonia............- ¥, Netherlands... - |: . ose... --tae Nonwayte: =. --2 sg bed... t es HOUMANIA- <2. 52-26 25k Sree 55) Russia: WRVOSSIA DLODED secees sos ck ss Poland : ASIA. Russia: PIDONIA 0.2 2 fee... 25 oes AUSTRALASIA, Australia: Queesnland’ see 2... -...5 New South Wales........... Ma(i7) 72 ee he eerie mee Total Australias=: 7/221 7-% Now Zealand ss ssc insect Sh: ober 1912 Bushels. 35, 604, 000 70,000 1908 1909 1910 1911 Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. 31,851,000 | 29,520,000 | 34,897,000 | 33, 119, 000 325, 000 335, 000 308, 000 321, 000 1,030,000 | 1, 0977000 923,000 | 1,766,000 101, 000 75,000 ot a a A 41, v0 38,000 £9, O00 1a. 5. Hae t 200; 000 152/000 162; 000 564,000 14,000 18,000 10,000 18,000 1,711,000 | 1,715,000] 1,544,000| 2,669,000 70,000 70,000 70, 000 70, 000 33,632,000 | 31,305,000 | 36,511,000 | 35, $58,000 113,309,000 | 117,279,000 | 112,497,000 | 105, 269, 000 45,185,000 | 44/858,000 | 49,686,000 | 50,353,000 2/520,000 | 2,393,000 | 2,318,000 | 2,674, 000 298, 000 368, 000 394, 000 379, 000 161,312,000 | 164,898,000 | 164,895,000.| 158,675,000 22,199,000 | 23,154,000 | 22,085,000 | 23, 089, 000 5,604,000 | 6,906,000 | 9,045,000 | 12,000,000 19,170,000 | 18,922/000 | 19,564,000 | 19, 286,000 11,195,000 | 12,085,000 | 11,000,000 | 10; 153,000 51,703,000 | 54,934/000 | 44,064,000 | 45,894” 000 422) 688,000 | 446,763,000 | 413,802,000 | 427/776,000 5,000,000 | — 5,032)000 | 5,439,000 | 5,297,000 15,866,000 | 17,652,000 | 15,357,000 | 16, 110, 000 869,000 | 1.011;000 896, 000 948; 000 2,640,000 | 3,090,000 | 7,885,000] 4,989,000 673,736,000 | 783,055,000 | 750,316,000 | 642,173,000 77,954,000 | 86,775,000 | 83,573,000 | 95, 453,000 6,993,000} 7,335,000 | 9,811,000 | 4,739,000 758,683,000 | 877,165,000 | 843,700,000 | 742,365,000 974,000 | 1,754,000 | 1,513,000 | ‘1,711,000 26,412,000 | 34,901,000 | 277596,000 | 287897; 000 26,052,000 | 25,728,000 | 24/154/000 | 23,825, 000 1,776,000 | 1,954,000 | —1800;000 | 1,750; 000 1, 532, 143, 000 {1, 695, 949,000 |1, 612,795,000 |1, 522, 765, 000 1,326,000 | 1,498,000} —_1, 011, 000 587.000 22'775,000 | 187152,000 | 22’895;000 | 19,086, 000 9,000 18, 22° 000 13, 24,110,000 | 19,668,000 | 23,928,000 | 19, 686,000 24,110,000 | 19,668,000 | 23,928,000 | 19, 686, 000 1, 901, 181, 000 —T” CC Ce | TABLE 52.—Total 599 STATISTICS OF RYE. production of rye in countries named in Table 51, 1895-1912. Year. | Production. Bushels. 1895......| 1,468,212, 000 1896...... 1,499, 250, 000 pb eRe 1,300, 645, 000 1898...... , 461, 171, 000 | re , 583, 179, 000 Year. Production. Year. Production. | Year. | Production. | Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. 1900......| 1,557, 634,000 || 1905......] 1,495, 751,000 || 1910......| 1,673, 473, 000 1901...... 1, 416, 022,000 |} 1906...... 1, 433, 395,000 |] 1911...... 1, 578,547, 000 1902.....- 1, 647,845,000 || 1907.....- 1, 538, 778,000 |} 1912.....- 1, 901, 181, 000 1903...... 1,659, 961,000 || 1908.....- 1, 590, 057, 000 1904...... 1, 742, 112,000 || 1909...._- 1, 747, 123, 000 TABLE 53.—Average yield of rye in countries named, bushels per acre, 1890-1912. Year. Average (1890-1899)... Average (1900-1909)........ Average (1903-1912). 1 Bushels of 56 pounds. : Russia ted er- A H cane (Euro- eae Austria.1 pie t France.? | Ireland.2 pean. )! 13.9 10.4 20.9 Leh) |c See: 17.6 25:2 + ee 15.7 11.5 25.6 19.0 a hae 275: = 15.4 12.2 26. 2 18.2 18.1 26.9 Se. 15.2 13.7 26.3 19.3 16.6 26.0 mabde 16.5 10.1 24.9 20.2 18.5 27.0 ee ae 16.7 8.8 25.1 19.9 16.3 27.6 ist oa 16.4 10.8 25.8 18.9 18.2 27.0 gee 2 16.4 11.0 28.0 22.0 16.8 29.2 Lae 13.4 12.6 28.8 22.3 18.1 30.8 = Ei wi 1h, . Z vi 214, 7 30.3 yah ai 15. $10.4 28. 20.8 16. 28. 9. a eh 16.8 314.3 4 23.3 17.0 30.7 ee 15.8 11.6 20.6 i eb 28.4 2 Winchester bushels. 3 Includes Asiatic Russia. 600 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE 54.—Acreage, production, value, and exports of rye, United States, 1849-1912. Aver- age Year. Acreage. | yield per acre. | Acres. Bush. B SPATE UE alec Sa ae ree 1GOO See kos | beseceueae Poss eee 18662)... ... 1,548,000 | 13.5 Ty ae 1,689,000 | 13.7 E68... - 1, 651, 000 13.6 S69 Fee se 1,658,000 | 13.6 LEG Ge a2 Soke se sco:sinrs fall srevoeoatcne Ly Gao 1,176,000 | 13.2 i hf ba 1, 070, 000 14.4 LS7Zsse222 1,049,000 | 14.2 Ese bees 1, 150, 000 13.2 ESTAR LES 1,117,000 | 13.4 Pipe ei 1, 360, 000 13.0 PS762e ee 1,468,000 | 13.9 UST So=-cis 1,413,000 | 15.0 1c eeeee 1,623,000 | 15.9 PESTON Sa. = 1, 625, 000 14.5 TEAMS... 1,842,000 | 10.8 S80 ocee 1, 768, 000 13.9 1BSTMe SS ile 789,000 | 11.6 1882....... 2? 228" 000 13.4 1883 2,315, 000 12.1 issues 2,344,000 | 12.2 CS 2,129,000 | 10.2 TSG ce 2,130,000 | 11.5 TSS Seer 2,053, 000 10.1 1888. ...-- 2,365, 000 12.0 LSSOV ae 2, 171,000 | 13.1 1889 1..... 2,172, 000 13.1 TRIOS. vey 2,142,000 | 12.0 PEGI sere! 2,176, 000 14.6 SOM 22/5 2, 164, 000 12.9 TO9S eos 2,038, 000 13.0 i) 1,945,000 | 13.7, 1895...... 1,890,000 | 14.4 SOG Nee 1,831,000 | 13.3 1S 7Ee 1,704,000 | 16.1 BOSS 252 1,643,000 | 15.6 TS99- 35 = 1, 659, 000 14.4 18991_.... 2,054,000 | 12.4 190022222 1, 591, 000 Vos 190 Sees 2 1,988,000 | 15.3 1902...... 1,979, 000 17.0 1903 32-2. 1 907, 000 15.4 O04 28 he 1,793, 000 | 15.2 UG0b2 - 052. 1, 730, 000 16.5 11.1 Aeee 2, 002) 000 16.7 1907222 = 1,926,000 | 16.4 IGOR DES 2 1,948,000 | 16.4 WOOO ae 2, 006, 000 16.1 1909 ie -e 2,196,000} 13.4 1910 2..... 2,185, 000 16.0 ab i ee 2,127,000 15.6 $012. 5.23 2,117,000 | 16.8 Production. Bushels. 14, 189, 000 21, 101,000 20, 865, 000 23, 184, 000 22, 505, 000 22, 528, 000 16, 919, 000 15,474, 000 15, 366, 000 14, 889, 000 15, 142, 000 14, 991; 000 17, 722, 000 20, 375, 000 21,170, 000 25, 843, 000 23, 639, 000 19, 832, 000 24, 541, 000 20, 705, 000 29, 960, 000 28, 059, 000 28, 640, 000 21, 756, 000 24; 489, 000 20, 693, 000 28, 415, 000 28, 420, 000 28, 421, 000 25, 807, 000 31, 752, 000 27,979, 000 26, 555, 000 26, 728, 000 27,210, 000 24, 369, 000 27, 363, 000 25, 658, 000 23” 962) 000 25, 569, 000 23, 996, 000 30, 345, 000 33, 631, 000 29, 363, 000 27, 242 000 28, 486, 000 33, 375, 000 31, 566, 000 31, 851,000 32) 2397 000 29, 520, 000 34, 897, 000 33, 119, 000 35, 664, 000 | Chicago cash price per bushel, No. 2. ; Aver- Domestie Pa ba tt in- arm cluding F Farm value May of Lhe Dec.1. | December. | following | 7¥@ flour, bn ear fiscal year bushel as beginning Dec.1 July 1. Low. |High.| Low. |High. Cents Dollars. Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts Bushels. 82.2 Le 50 DOO Sees cess 142 | 150 234, 971 100.4 23,281,000 | 1382 | 157 173 185 564, 901 ; 94.9 21,349,000 ; 1064 | 118 ; 100 | 1153 92, 869 77.0 17,342,000 | 66 77k | 78 833 199, 450 73.2 11,327,000 | 67 7 81 91 87,174 71.1 10,928,000 | 62 633 75 93 832, 689 67.6 10,071,000 | 574! 70 684 | 70 611, 749 70.3 10, 638,000 | 70 81 91 102 1, 923,404 77.4 | 11,610,000] 93 | 993 | 103 | 1073 267, 058 67.1 | 11,894,000} 67 | 683] 612) 70% 589, 159 61.4 | 12,505,000] 653 | 73 | 70 | 923] 2,234,856 57.6 12,202,000 | 554] 563 | 54 60 4, 249, 684 52.5] 13,566,000 | 44 4| 47 | 52 4, 877, 821 65.6 15,507,000 | 734} 81 733 | 85 2,943, 894 75.6 18,565,000 | 8&2 914} 115 | 118 1,955, 155 93.3 19,327,000 | 963} 98 77 83 1, 003, 609 61.5 18,439,000 | 57 583 | 62 67 2, 206, 212 58.1 16,301,000 | 563 | 60 603 | 62} 6, 247, 590 51.9 14, 857, 000 | 51 52 68 73 2,974, 390 57.9 12,595,000 | 583 61 58 61 216, 699 53.8 13,181,000 | 53 544} 543]. 564 377, 302 54.5 | 11,283,000] 553] 6124] 63 | 68 94, 827 58.8 16,722,000 | 50 52 39 41} 309, 266 42.3 12,010,000 } 44 453 | 493 | 54 2, 280, 975 62.9] 16,230,000] 642] 681 | 83 | 92 358, 263 77.4 24,589,000 | 86 92 704 79 12, 068, 628 54.2] 15,160,000} 46 | 51 | 504] 62 1,493, 924 51.3 13,612,000 | 45 474 | 443] 48 249, 152 50.1 | 13,395,000 | 473 | 49 | 623] 67 32, 045 44.0] 11,965,000] 32 | 35%] 33 | 364] 1,011,128 40.9 9,961,000 | 37 | 422] 323] 354] 8,575,663 44.7 12,240,000 | 45% | 47 48 75 15, 562, 035 46.3 11,875,000 | 52 553 | 564] 62 10, 169, 822 51.0 12) 214,000 | 49 52 53 564 2 382, 012 51.2 | 12,295,000] 453} 492] 51, ] 54 2,345, 512 55.7 16,910,000 | 59 653 | 544] 58 2,712,077 50.8 | 17,081,000] 48 | 493] 48 | 503] 5,445,273 54.5 | 15,994,000] 503] 524 | 693] 78 784, 068 68.8 | 18,748,000] 73 | 75 | 70 | 84 29, 749 61.1 17,414,000 | 64 68 58 62 1,387, 826 58.9 19, 671,000 | 61 65 69 874 769, 717 73.1 23” 068, 000 75 82 79 86 2,444, 588 73.6 23,455,000 | 75 774 | 8 90 1; 295, 701 73.9 23,809,000 | 72 80 74 80 "242, 262 il,3 24,953,000 | 80 82 90 | 113 40, 123 83.2] 27,557,000 | 91 94 | 90 | 953 31,384 66.3 | 23,686,000] 58 | 64 |...2.0/. 4.2 g 1Census figures. 2 Figures adjusted to census basis. STATISTICS OF RYE. 601 TaBLeE 55.—Acreage, production, and value of rye, by States, 1912. State and division. MERMONG.«..~ = 0<2 5 Massachusetts... .- Connecticut......- New York. .=.=.- New Jersey. ...-.- Pennsylvania. .... N. Atlantic. .... South Carolina... GOOFBIA ss... = 2-05 8. Atlantic...... Miss. R Farm Acreage. P lag value F Dec. 1. Acres. Bushels. | Doliars. 1,000 20,000 18, 000 3,000 56, 000 56,000 7,000 122, 000 112, 000 128,000 | 2,112,000 | 1,605,000 72,000 | 1,260,000 995, 000 282,000 | 4,935,000 | 3,800,000 493,000 | 8,505,000 | 6,586,000 1,000 14, 000 11,000 27,000 | 418,000 | 334,000 48, 000 600, 000 510,000 17,000 221, 000 186, 000 44,000 409, 000 429, 000 3,000 28, 000 41,000 11,000 | 101,000 | 141,000 151,000 | 1,791,000 | 1,652,000 57,000 | 884,000 | 663,000 64,000 | 928,000! 631,000 48, 000 768, 000 538, 000 370,000 | 4,921,000 | 3,199,000 341,000 | 6,240,000 | 3, 806,000 880,000 |13,741,000 | 8,837,000 262,000 | 6,026,000 , 013,000 ,000 | 665,000 412, 000 | Farm | State and division.| Acreage. P odine: value , Dec. 1. Acres. Bushels. | Dollars. Missouri.........- 15,000 | 222,000] 178,000 North Dakota..... 48, 000 864, 000 406, 000 South Dakota..... 16,000 312,000 162, 000 Nebraska. ........ | 55,000 880, 000 493, 000 Kansas...........-| 30,000 477,000 324, 000 | ar N. Central W. of MisS) Ri. 22s 461,000 | 9,446,000 | 4,988,000 os ed Kentucky........-. 21,000 273, 000 240, 000 Tennessee. ......~- 17,000 196, 000 192, 000 Alabama.......... 1,000 12,000 16, 000 i Ly-+ C1 ee ae ee 2,000 33,000 36, 000 Oklahoma........ 4,000 48, 000 42,000 Arkansas.......... , 000 10, 000 10,000 46,000 | 572,000} 536,000 10,000 | 235,000 | 141,000 3,000 57,000 37,000 25, 000 488, 000 268, 000 6, 000 90, 000 61,000 3,000 66, 000 40, 000 9,000 180, 000 117,000 22,000 352,000 246, 000 8, 000 141, 000 127,000 Far Western. ..-| 86,000 | 1,609,000 | 1,037,000 United States... 2,117,000 35, 664,000 |23, 636, 000 TABLE 56.—Condition of rye crop, United States, on first of months named, 1888-1913. De- cem- ber Year.| of |April pre- vious year. Pt Pent 1888. .] 96.0 | 93.5 1889. .| 97:2 | 93.9 1890. .| 96.4 | 92.8 1891. .| 99.0 | 95.4 1892. .| 88.8 | 87.0 1893. .} 89.4 | 85.7 1894..| 94.6 | 94.4 1895. .| 96.2 | 87.0 1896. .} 88.1 | 82.9 1897..| 99.8 | 88.9 1898. .} 91.0 | 92.1 1899. .| 98.9 | 84.9 1900. .} 98.2 | 84.8 | When . . | Au- | har- .| May. | June.| July. gust.| vest- | in | PCa ett | Pects| Psct..| P. ct: 92.9 | 93.9 | 95.1] 91.4] 92.8 96.5 | 95.2 | 96.7 | 95.4] 91.6 93.5 | 92.3 | 92.0] 86.8} 85.4 97.2 | 95.4 | 93.9 | 89.6] 95.1 88.9 | 91.0 | 92.8] 89.8] 88.5 82.7 | 84.6 | 8.3 | 78.5] 82.0 90.7 | 93.2 | 87.0 | 79.8] 86.9 88.7 | 85.7 | 80.7 | 84.0] 83.7 87.7 | 8.2 | 88.4] 88.0] 82.0 88.0 | 89.9 | 93.4] 89.8] 90.1 94.5 | 97.1 | 94.6] 93.7] 89.4 85.2 | 84.5 | 84.9] 89.0] 82.0 88.5 | 87.6 | 84.0 | 76.0] 84.2 De- cem- ber Au- ee Year.| of j|April.) May.| June.| July gust. | vest- lee ed vious 3 year BPE Ch. | PE pitts |b Ces | ibe CL-\| lo Cle |e Chalcot Cee 1901..} 99.1 | 93.1 | 94.6 | 93.9 } 93.5 | 83.6] 84.9 1902. .| 89.9 | 85.4 | 83.4 | 88.1 | 91.2 | 90.5] 90.2 1903. .} 98.1 | 97.9 | 93.3 | 90.6 | 90.2 | 87.2] 84.1 1904. .| 92.7 | 82.3 | 81.2] 86.3 | 88.9] 91.8] 86.9 1905. .} 90.5 | 92.1} 93.5 | 93.6 | 93.2 | 92.6] 90.8 1906. .| 95.4 | 90.9 | 92.9 | 89.9 | 91.3 | 90.8] 90.5 1907. .| 96.2 | 92.0 | 88.0 | 88.1 | 89.7 | 88.9 |...... 1908. .} 91.4 | 89.1 | 90.3 | 91.3 | 91.2 | 88.3 ]...... 1909. .} 87.6 | 87.2 | 88.1 | 89.6 | 91.4] 89.1 ]...... 1910. .{ 94.1 | 92.3 } 91.3 | 90.6 } 87.5 ].....-|...-.- 1911_.| 92.6 | 89.3 | 90.0] 88.6 | 85.0 ].....-|...... 1995.3 || 87.9) 8%. 50 | 187.7 [088.2 [225 ceca as AGI Sg GO! Oy Testa e cde nate [a-eees|Sceeee ee sanebeek eos 602 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TaBLE 57.— Yield per acre, price per bushel, and value per acre of rye, by States. Yield per acre. | Farm price per bushel. \| n= 1} | ai 10-year averages. ter BVarAES | Quarterly, 1912. a es “1 * State and division. - 5 S| 3 2elgigi\s elgig|s|/als : z 2/2 121s SBS IR lol atalal al & B . . a ’ =) eleigltelSisialels \elsds ele 12) one BS LSS SS el S| Sel el de eta ee Bu.| Bu.| Bu.| Bu.| Bu.| Bu.| Bu.|| Cts.| Cts.| Cts.| Cts.' Cts.| Cts.| Cts.| Cts.| Cts.| Cts.| Dols. Vermont........------ '16. §|14. 3/15. 7|16. 8/17. 5122. 5|20.0|| 90| 79} 69| 75| 85] 95|....|.... 95] 90|18.00 Massachusetts.......-. 15. 6[13. 9/17. 3/15. 8117. 0/16.0/18.5|| 89! 83] 74] 82! 94] 95] 104] 90] 96] 100|18.50 Comnecticut:.......... |14. 6|13. 5/15. 7|17. 620. 0]18. 5|17.5|| 95] 78) 68] 76, 86| 93] 93| 100} 97| 92]16.10 New York..000........ 13. 8/12. 0/15.5|16. 1118. 3/16. 7/16.5|| 76] 69| 59] 68, 74] 89] 90| 93] Si] 76|12.54 New Jersey............ 13.4}10. 9{14. 2|16. 4]18.0|16. 4)17.5|] 77] 70| 60] 67, 77| 83] 88| 89| 79} 79/13.82 Pennsylvania......... 13. 8/10. 6/15. 0/16. 1/17. 0/15.1)17.5|| 75| 67| 56] 66| 73] 80| 85| 90] 78| 77|13.48 North Atlantic...... 13. 9[11.3]14. 916. 2/17. 5/15, 8)17.31/77 4/69. 6.59. 5|67. 1.74. 3183. 4|87. 2/90. 8179. 5|77. 4113.36 Delawarel. Vee 11.7] 8.3) 8.2)14.0/15.5/15.0/14.0|| 71/ 65; 68| 69| 69) 95] 8o|....| 88 8i|11.34 Maryland............. 12. 2/10. 4,12.8]14. 8/16. 1|14.5/15.5|| 70} 67| 57| 66| 75] 86] 81| 90| 78] 8012.40 Wirvinia.. {20.55 - 10.4] 6.9| 9.4]12.3]13.5/11.5/12.5|| 63| 68| 57] 71/ 80] 89] s4| 91] 86] 85|10.62 West Virginia......... 12.7| 8.410. 5/11. 7/12. 9]11.0/13.0|| 72} 70} 62] 74] 90] 90] 8s| 89] 85| 84l10.92 North Carolina........ 9.2] 5.7) 7.6] 9.4|10.0/10.0] 9.3]! 77] 83] 72| 88] 101] 100] 101] 106] 101| 105 9.76 South Carolina........ 6.5| 4.6] 6.2] 8.4|10.0/10. 0] 9.5|| 133] 109) 100| 121] 146] 145] 148] 157] 145] 145/13.78 Georgia, ..1.20 80.) 7.6] 5.4! 6.7] 8.0/10.4] 9.5] 9.2/| 138] 109] 100] 115] 140] 138] 150] 159] 138] 140|12.88 South Atlantic. ..... 10.0] 6.8) 9.1/11.3|12. 5/11. 4/11. 9|/56. 2:77. 0.66. 0/79. 4,89. 7/95. 4/92. 2/98. 5|91. 2192. 2110. 94 Ginga hs PURRORT. | 13. 6|12. 4/14. 9|17.1/16.5|15.5/15.5|| 66| 62! 52| 64| 72| 85! 84) 89] 80| 7511.62 Indiana 2). ae 14. 2/11. 5/14. 1/15. 2/15. 8113. 7/14.5|| 63| 61/ 491 61| 68] 80] 79] 83) 72] 68] 9.86 Tlingit ts, od coe bee 16. 8/15. 2/15. 1]17.6|17. 4/16.8]16.0|| 52] 56, 48] 61| 71| 8i1|....| 87] 72] 7o0l11.20 Michigan._............ 14. 8/12. 3|13.5]15. 1|15.3/14.6|13.3|| 65] 62| 49] 60| 68] 85] 85| 86| 70| 65| 8.64 Wisconsin............. 15. 513.6114. 8|17. 0|16.0|17.0/18.3|| 56] 56, 47| 60| 71} 84] 82| 82] 68] 61/11.16 N.C. E. Miss. R 15. 7/14. 2/14. 6/16. 3/15. 8/15. 615. 6|/74. 3/57. 1/48. 1/60. 3/69. 6/84. 0183. 2/84. 4170. 1/64. 3/10. 04 Minnesota.........-.-- 18.614. 9117. 4|19.1/17.0|18.7/23.0|| 50| 50; 42| 54| 64| 78! 79| 791 53| 50|11.50 CS SR i ere ig BE 17. 4/13. 2/16. 6|18. 0/18. 5/18.0)19.0|] 45| 48] 43| 53! 64] 77] 78| 83] 55] 62\11.78 Missouri............... 15. 4/11. 9|12. 9114. 8[15.0/14.114.8|] 56| 55] 50| 64] 75/ 84|....| 90] 83] 80/11.84 North Dakota.........|..-. 14. 4/14. 6116.4] 8.5|16.6118.0 49 38] 51/ 63| 76] 75| 83| 54| 47| 8.46 South Dakota.........|.... 14.3/12.3|17. 0/17.0/10.0/19.5 49 38] 49] 61] 76|....| 82] 62| 52/10.14 Nebraska.....-........ 17. 6/13. 7/13. 8|16.8|16.0|13.0/16.0|| 44) 41| 39] 49] 60] 75] 72| Sol 60! 56] 8.96 7 ei Clam 18. 0|14. 4/10. 9|14. 2/14.0]11.0/15.9|| 50/43) 44| 57| 73| si|....| 89] 78] 6g|10.81 N.C. W. Miss. R....|17.4|13. 8/13. 9/17. 0/16. 2116. 9/20. 5|/47. 3/46. 1142. 0152. 3/64. 1177. 7177. 8180. 4/55. 71/52, 8|10. 82 Kentucky............. 11.7| 9.2/1. 7/13. 6)13.0{12.0)13.0|| 68) 68] G62] 74! 85] 94) 92] 98] 87| SBlll.44 Tennessee... ._.. Eee 9.9|°6.3| 8.6/11.7/11.0]11.9111.5]| 78] 84] 65] 79} 92] 99] 102] 98] 95] 98|11.27 Alabama. @..2. C18: 9.8] 5.7 9.1110.3/12.0/10.0/11.5!| 130) 110] 101] 114] 120] 125]... .| 193] 128) 134|15. 41 Peras) 008) SANT TE: 16.0]10. 4} 9.5/13. 0/11. 5/10. 0/16.6|| 103} 86] 74] 89} 103] 107| 100] 104} 91] 110|18. 26 Oklahoma............. to |...113.5]13.7] 9.5112. 0l|....|...-|....| 66] 81] 104|....1 92] 97] 87|10.44 Arkansas.............. 12.8] 7.3] 9.4{10.8|12.0|10.0)10.5|| 105| 88 72} 87} 98] 90|...-| 96] 105] 105|11.02 South Central. ...... 11.4] 8. 2/10. 4|12. 6/12. 211. 612. 4||72. 8/73. 1/65. 0178. 8/88. 4|97. 5/96. 0/98. 0/90. 2198. 7/11. 65 Montana.............. w..-[-. {++ [28. 1/20. 023. 0]23.5 ....| 67} 68| 72| 86| 65] 75] 60/14.10 Wyoming............. {2 227)7777lo1 9118: 5/20. 019.0 “71 67] si} 90}....| 97|--..| 65|12.35 Colorado............... 294.2116. 8117. 1/18. 3|14. 0]12. 0/19. 5|| 298] 74| 56) 62] 67| 70| 75| 76} 63] 65|10.72 fab |e "|10. 7/16. 3/17. 618. 5/15. 5{15.0 62] 52| 64) 68! 70l-...|.-2-leuce 68|10. 20 Tdalio |: 15-4 oe A “77 7}19. 513.0121. 1120. 0/22. 5|22.0 62| 63| 65] 66] 67| 69| 85} 60} 60{13.20 Washington..._.. “TTT rai 7/17! 0/19. 2/20. 5/22: 0120.0 72| 64| 73} 891 S80] 95] 80 68] 65|13.00 Oregon: + :.bs.201 E 92,3/15. 5/12. 9/15. 7|15. 1/19. 5|16.0|| $4} 73] 65| 81/100} 90] 95] 95! 76] 7011.20 California............. 20. 0|10. 5/13. 5/12. 8117.0|17.0/17.6]| 104] 79} 68| 77] 86] 85|....| 99]....} 90|15.84 Far Western. ......./19. 9/11. 4/14. 0/14. 2/16. 5]17. 618. 7|/99. 0/76. 2\64. 7/75. 2179. 5/79. 2186, 3183. 2169. 9164. 4/12. 06 United States. ......|14.1/12. 0/14. 0/16. 0/16. 015. 616. 8|/66. 4/60. 8/52. 3162. 2/71. 5/83. 2184. 0186. 1/70. 8/66, 3|11. 16 1 Basis, Dec. 1 price. 2 The Territories. oT ae eee STATISTICS OF RYE. 6038 TaBLE 58.—Wholesale price of rye per bushel, 1899-1912. . + ak . foe San Francisco Philadelphia.} Cincinnati. Chicago. Duluth. (per 100 Ibs.). Date. No. 2. No. 2. Low. | Loe, | a owe | Behs, |, Gow...) High: Low. | High. | Low. | High. Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Cents.) Cents.| Dolls. | Dolls ol ae ee. SE Ie os See |e aed ie ae ee 56 68 49 62 47 BOK Le. ae ‘ 514 : ‘ 45 51 54 61 56 58 68 78 90 90 88 87 85 85 : 75 i 75 j 82 5 (OS) Ss ae | 85 86 75 78 71 75 64 RL | Voanemoe| ae eee Haven. 0.) o. tk ooo ee 85 86 76 80 73 77 67 71 | 2.00 2.05 RIED Tor chow 'n.e seb ee wxak nas 86 87 77 81 72 | 80 68 TA! lsScttes sons iy 2a ee Se ea 75 95 70 92 67 91 62 88 1.55 2.05 1910. NRENIBI INE oo focie os ws SSS 90 92 79 87 79 82 713 | 784 Nominal. LONI a Se Se eee 90 92 84 86 80 82 75 784 | 1.973 2.00 oT. tA Se eee eee 7 89 83 864 78 80 72 7 1.974 2.00 Oo | Se ee ee 85 87 82 86 77 804 70 75 | 1.85 1.95 oo... $545 ee 83 85 81 84 74 80 68 ian deZ0 1.85 0! aan ae SR eee ee 83 85 80 83 74 77 67 70’ | 1.55 1075 ee een ee... SG. 75 77 78 83 74 80 67 70 1.55 1.70 LO 2 A Sees Se Se 77 78 73 80 72 78 67 75 1.60 1.70 Meminmpel... 2. 5-..2-.2992. 78 80 73 v4 724 744 68 70 | 1.60 1.70 ites «a acts 80 81 (6) 81 743 774 68 74 | 1.50 1.65 LL SD St ee ee Ee 80 81 80 85 77 803 714 75 |, 1.50 1.55 Wear. 5. 2). 025-2 LS 81 854 83 87 80 82 714 (Arid et) 1.60 1.50 2.00 1.50 1.60 1.50 1.60 1.40 1.60 1, 40 1.50 1.422 | 1:50 1.45 1.60 1.50 1.60 1.50 1.60 1.474 | 1.523 1.474 | 1.573 5 1.50 1.574 MDBSCIOHEr .... =. 28.22... . 1 TS 100 105 94 98 91 94 834 88 | 1.50 1.574 ROAR. 2 ys. 32.5 5S 78 107 79 101 80 113 72 100 1.40 1.60 1912 SHUIBEY Abie so ae Seo. => «1 ae 100 105 94 100 92 96 86 914 | 1.472 | 1.55 1) 5) 2) 1 eee ao 100 105 94 97 894 94 84 89 | 1.474] 1.522 Winrcire. © =. 5c 684 9A. 5. a 99 103 93 96 894 92 85 90 1.50 1.60 O21 el ee See, Seen Bee > 100 104 93 974 91 9 84 91 ea 1.724 Se See es aes eae 99 | 103 91 90 954 | 84 91 | 1.6 1.72 Oe ee ieee Oe 2 eee oe 82 92 78 93 75 66 84 | 1.624 | 1.724 LT Ps Seno kate ee ae 75 80 75 81 714 76 66 70 | 1.40 1.723 APIS GE eS he BE a OS Cys 75 85 75 78 68 75 63 66 | 1.40 1.50 HenenEbAr. <2) ae... Eee. 75 85 73 77 664 71 58 64 1. 424 1.50 (UC ite ae eee oa 75 80 72 77 67 71 60 1.40 1.50 Wowampdgn: 2.2 23. hI ee. 73 78 62 72 593 69 53 614 | 1.45 1.50 opemher.,. -- 3 s= 68 73 65 68 58 64 53 57 | 1.45 1.473 Meare baa scs. eee 68 | 105 62 | 100 58 | i or w ie) i be _ _ ~1 bo we 604 TasLe 59.—Farm price of rye per bushel on first N. Central | N. Central YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. of each month, 1911-12. : North South South pare Atlantic Atlantic | States East| States West| Central yes Rides E States. States. of Miss. R.| of Miss. R. States. ‘ Month. 1912 | 1911 | 1912 | 1911 | 1912 | 1911 | 1912 | 1911 | 1912 | 1911 | 1912 | 1911 | 1912 | 1911 iCés..| Cts. (Gis) Cis. 4 Cis. biCtss |) Cis. Cis Cts. | Cts« |. Cts... -eeeeeer sn sae 1, 114, 000 17.8 1, 029, 000 16.9 537, 000 18.3 414, 000 20.1 448, 000 18.1 454, 000 17.38 453, 000 Lis? 576, 000 17.5 666, 000 14.5 650, 000 15.7 673, 000 18,2 640, 000 20.5 848, 000 13.9 $23, 000 17.8 829, 000 11.4 847, 000 13.0 857, 000 8.9 TARA fest Sh hd. SM. 2 Je es.c oe aoe esas 879, 000 12.6 it GY ile ge RE a ee eee See eed | 914, 000 13.8 L886 pedis coe ass os trae oe eee 918, 000 12.9 TC SE OF oe ob eae SS sd ee 911, 000 11.9 LOSS see Fe ee a eee 913, 000 13.2 1980.5 5-8 eet e352. 5 Se I oe se 837, 000 14.5 UBSOT.. tL ERKA cele Sinn iceetent apes ose ee 837, 000 14.5 SOD Ae Fe Sie o2 aes Gear ae oe cae oS eS 845, 000 14.7 TROL So. SoBe ch. LE, ek Rs. 849, 000 15.0 Sf Ae ea ee a eS a De es ee, 861, 000 14.1 BOS 6 Febret ct’ ee een soe ccec tee scene 816, 000 14.9 i Re ee ee ee ee ee 789, 000 16.1 Uh US ae ae ac eee a eae, 763, 000 20.1 REGO A JSS ck eee ae Mee an whens toe 755, 000 18.7 LAD gh abs SR ce Sao a dai each ones caniee 718, 000 20.9 gf SO 2 oe SES oe Ce) ee ee 678, 000 17.3 ‘ Census figures. A varee arm 3 A Farm value Production. | price per bushel Dec. 1. Dee. 1. Bushels. Cents. Dollars, 8,957,000 |.... * 17 872,000 tt 52 22,792, 000 21, 359, 000 19, 864, 000 17, 431, 000 9, 822,000: | ......=-=5-)-an2 -o See 9, 842, 000 70.5 6, 937, 000 8, 329, 000 74.5 6, 208, 000 8, 134, 000 73.5 5,979, 000 7, 838, 000 75.0 5, 879, 8, 017, 000 72.9 5, 844, 000 10, 082, 000 62.0 6, 255, 000 9, 669, 000 66.6 6, 436, 000 10, 177, 000 66.9 6, 808, 000 12, 247, 000 52.6 6, 441, 000 13, 140, 000 59.8 7, 856, 000 11,817, 000 |. 2ndanocclacmnee eee 14, 618, 000 59.4 8, 682, 000 9, 486, 000 86.5 8, 206, 000 11, 019, 000 73.0 8, 039, 000 7, 669, 000 82.2 6, 304, 000 11, 116, 000 58.9, 6,549, 000 12, 626, 000 55.9 7, 057, 000 11, 869, 000 54.5 6, 465, 000 10, 844, 000 56.5 6, 122, 000 12, 050, 000 63.3 7, 628, 000 12,110, 000 50.5 6, 113, 000 18,110, 000.|..-.j.< Bu.|Bu.|Bu.|Bu.| Bu.| Bu.| Bu.| Cés.| Cts.| Cts.) Cts.) Cts.| Cts.| Cts WManb a5. -=5,-te ese os 23. 2)18. 4/29. 2/29. 8132. 5|30.0/29. 4] 63] 56) 50) 59) 638) 70) 77 New Hampshire......- 19. 0/18. 1/22. 4/21. 8/31. 0127. 3/31.0, 62) 61) 56] 67| 62, 81) 75 WMermoug. - = <-> sade 4: 21.5)18. 4/24, 8/23. 1124. 0124. 3/30.0) 61! 59} 49) 60} 70) 85) 89 Massachusetts. ..------ 13. 6/14. 118, 4/17. 8/22. 0/21.0/21.0} 73) 70} 66] 71) 85) 89] 105 Connecticut.....------ 16. 5]12. 1]16. 0/17. 3/19. 5|19.0/20.5} 83] 69] 63] 75) 83) 95) 98 NenvaiOUk:. -'-\. - Je atrcta s)- 18. 4/13. 7/17. 0/18. 8/238. 0/21. 3/23.8} 66) 62) 50] 63) 65) 73) 79 New Jersey..-.------.-- 17. 6)11. 6/16. 7/19. 4/21. 5)20.0/22.0] 76) 71) 56) 65) 69) 75} 79 Pennsylvania.......-- 18. 7}13. 1)16. 9}18. 3]19. 5/21. 9/24. 70| 66} 50} 62) 62) 69) 74) 79 DN AtIANtiC. | sete. 18. 6/13. 7|17. 7/19. 1/21. 6/21. 8)24. 2'67. 8/63. 3|50. 3/62. 4/64. 1/71. 4/76. 8 Delaware.........-.-+- 19. 6|12. 9116. 7/18. 1|20. 5|19.0/16.0| 75} 65] 50| 60| 65] 65|.... MarvylanGsn 2. << somes 17. 4/13. 0/14. 7|17. 5}18. 5/20.0}17.5) 70) 68) 57| 64) 66) 67; 70 Vilrrinign 32 }ec sss 15. 3)10. 7/13. 2)17. 3)18.0}16.0/21.5) 61) 65) 55) 64) 77) 70 West Virginia........- 17.1)10. 1/17. 1/19. 3}23. 0/24. 0/24.0} 69) 67) 58] 68) 77) 85) 76 North Carolina........ 15. 2) 9. 5/13. 9/15. 1/19. 0/19. 0/17.5) 56) 63) 52) 68) 80) 80) 75 S. Atlantic 20. 4)21. 3/66. 4/66. 2/57. 1165. 8/75. 5/77. 8/74. 7 OWib ooctied ccces ce et 21.0}19.5] 77| 73] 57] 67) 75) 78| 77} 80} 81 Mdisnie os aces 18:3/19.0) 69] ‘73 57) 68) ZO) 74):. e/eees ieee MUMOISe |. Son 18. 1]22.0} 72) 72) 58] 75) 90) 95 Michigan ......-.- 18.0|17.0] 62] 65) 48) 58) 62) 71) 75) 79) 72) Wisconsin 17.5]17.0} 59) 63) 49) 64, 75) 75) 77) 77| 76 N.C. E. Miss R..... 15. 4)11. 4/14, 4/15. 2/15. 9118. 4]17. 7/65. 2166. 9|50. 3/62. 6/68. 3/73. 875. 7179. 5/75. 6/67. 2/11. 93 Minnesota..........-.- 16. 2|11. 0]13. 8/15. 0'16.¢|18. 0121.0] 65| 64} 50} 62! 72) 76\....| 78 Tawar... + ee ee ae 17. 6/11. 2/14. 4/14. 5)14.9)17.5)19.0} 67] 69) 57) 73) 83} 90} 111) 100} 110) 75)14.25 Missouri. 2b Seksee: 4. 17.9}11. 4/13. 6/15. 4/16. 5]10.0,15.0} 62) 68! 63) 78) 87} 105)-... Webrasknsiess- et. 3: 19. 7/10. 1]12. 1]15. 3/20. 0/16.0)18.0} 73] 71) 59} 72) 90) 95] 172 WAMBAS CC Foe ook es clde 16. 3)11. 1110. 4/13. 9/15. 0/12.0|16.0) 82) 74) 75) 80} 90) 98)..-.. N.C. W. Miss. R..../17. 1/11. 0/13. 6/14. 6/15. 8/16. 4/19. 0/69. 3/68. 4/55. 6/70. 5/80. 0/85. 8/119.7 Mennessee . oie ceec ede 14, 2} 8. 4/14. 0/15. 4/15. 0/16.0)18.0) 75 66 57| 72) 86) 79) 84 Hv Contra ee... 4. 14.0} 8. 7/14. 2115. 4/15. 0/16. 0/18. 0/75. 0/66. 3/57. 1/72. 1/86. 0/79. 0/84. 0, a ly | a fa ae | | United ‘States---: - .- 17.8 13. 0/16. 8/18. 5/20. 5|21. 1|22. 9|67. 4/64. 1/50. 7/62. 8/66. 1/72. 6|76. 4 1 Basis, Dec. 1 price. TABLE 64.—Farm price of buckwheat per bushel on first of each month, 1911-1912. . North South N. Central | N. Central South ie Atlantic Atlantic States east | States west Central Fabs ; s States. States. of Miss. R. | of Miss. R. States. ; Month. 1912 | 1911 | 1912 | 1911 | 1912 | 1911 | 1912 | 1911 | 1912 | 1911 | 1912 | 1911 | 1912 | 1911 Cis. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cis. January......- 73.7 | 65.8 | 73.5 | 65.1 | 69.7 | 69.8 | 73.6 | 65.2] 81.8 | 95.2 | 80.0] 77.0 |......)...... February..... 73.6.| 64.4 | 73.1 | 63.4 | 74.2 | 71.4 | 74.8 | 65.1] 81.1} 79.5 | 80.0 | 77.0 |....-.|.2 March.........| 76.9 | 64.1 | 76.8 | 62.9 |°74.7 | 69.4 | 75.7 | 66.3 |119.7 | 87.8] 84.0 | 71.0 |......).0 0200 B37 | eae ete 76.9. |. 65.3. )-77.14 64.1-]) 75.8 178. 2'1)-74--8-| 67.8 | 98.7} 88269180: 0' |) 70s01- 2 Seiten CNIS Ree 79.9 | 65.8 | 80.0 | 64.7 | 80.1] 70.4} 78.2 | 68.5 {103.1 | 89.2} 85.0.) 75.0 |......}....05 JUHe. St ,c8 2 84.8 | 70.1 | 85.5 | 69.3 | 85.0] 71.9 | 79.5 | 74.6 | 89.7 | 81.4 | 89.0 | 76.0 |......}...... STUY: 5 ci Sete 86.2 | 72.4 | 87.0.| 72.1 | 84.6] 72.2 1 81.4 | 74.0 | 94.0 | 82.2 | 85.0 | 76.0)|......). coe August........| 83.6 | 76.0 | 84.3 | 76.5 | 82.2 | 72.9 | 78.6 | 70.2 | 94.0 |102.1 | 85.0 | 78.0 |......]...... September. ...| 76.6 | 74.0 | 76.0 | 74.0 | 80.9 | 75.5 | 75.6 | 72.0] 89.5 | 76.9 | 75.0 | 80.0 |......]...... October). 2022. 69.7 | 69.6 | 68.3 | 69.3 | 80.3 | 71.0 | 68.7 | 69.4 |] 82.2 | 79.6 | 73.0 | 81.0 |......]... aah November... .| 65.5 | 73.0 | 63.8 | 73.0 | 75.2 | 71.6 | 66.7 | 72.5 | 71.9 | 82.6] 71.0 | 75.0 ].....-].... oh December..... 66.1 | 72.6 | 64.6 | 71.4.| 75.2 | 77.8 | 67.2 | 73.8 | 73.7 | 85.8 | 78.0 | 79.0 |......|.... ee STATISTICS OF POTATOES. POTATOES. TABLE 65.—Potato crop of countries named, 1907-1911. 607 [No statistics for Portugal, Egypt, and some other less important potato-growing countries.] Country. 1907 1908 1909 1916 1911 | | NORTH AMERICA. | | | Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. United States (contiguous)... --- 298, 262, 000 278,985,000 | 389,195,000 | 349, 032, 000 292, 737,000 Canada: Prince Edward Island......- 327,000 6,761, 000 4,915,000 5, 409, 000 RNeva Scotias.) 2... .2.....08 884, 000 9,098, 000 6, 432, 000 4, 884, 000 New Brunswick............- 203, 000 12, 247, 000 7, 486, 000 8, 627,000 TES Se eee ae 680, 000 30, 853, 000 21, 271,000 17, 435, 000 Ra SS ae 096,000 | 29,465,000 | 26, 163, 000 15, 624, 000 esther 27% 5 F293 807, 000 4, 118, 000 2,838, 000 5, 122, 000 Saskatchewan............-.. $26, 000 3,944, 000 2, 658, 000 4,505,000 <2 S Roce eae 967, 000 2,599, 000 2, 285, 000 4, 417,000 66, 023,000 Mexico! 924, 000 Newfoundland 3 1,533,000 361, 217, 000 oi te crepe ig oe o's wr 410,000,000 ; © 10,000,000 45,000, 000 | 18, 923, 000 & 18, 923, 000 (2 pg SSE Si OE ee aap 7 6,532,000 , 063, 000 6, 404, 000 7,863, 000 7, 440, 000 _ DUSEE ie ae ee 18, 063, 000 51, 404, 000 26, 786, 000 26, 363, 000 EUROPE. Austria-Hungary: ee oe eee 475,860,000 | 479,616,000 | 491,126,000 426, 406, 000 Hungary proper 139, 469,000 | 183,530,000 | 176,974,000 163, 038, 060 Croatia-Slavonia 21, 129,000 16, 832, 000 28, 490, 000 6 28, 490, 000 Bosnia-Herzegovina 8 2,949, 000 8 2,949, 000 | 5,048, 000 2,329,000 Total, Austria-Hungary 639,407,000 | 682,927,000 | 701,638,000 620, 263, 000 PRM co OS sec E EO) St 82, 846, 000 90,358,000 | 104,718,000 | 104,718,000 JOT See eR ea 430,000 § 430,000 Peer ei nn Pecccce tides. 30,517,600 29,523,000 ee eee eee 15, 741, 000 22) 691, 000 Ee eee eee 313, 189, 000 423,573,000 = a a Te eo 1,597, 174, 000 1, 263,024,000 331,000 6 331, 000 «4 563, 000 62, 140,000 085,000 4,461,000 EO 834, 000 88, 376, 000 103, 468, 000 22) 398, 000 22,017,000 4, 846, 000 5, 669, 000 (2) CS), (72) (2) CG) (2) 1,060, 135,000 |1,173, 486,000 |1,313,973,000 | 1,143, 124,000 U1 E Sa ae es teen cs eee Be 645, 000 1,396, 000 3,110, 000 2,154,000 30 Lt Ae eee eee ee ee 98,860,000 | £98, 860,000 | 132,905,000 93, 089, 000 LL eS eee ee 78, 020, 000 61,981, 000 68, 591, 000 52, 669, 000 UG Ee i Sete ae 49,971,000 44, 092, 000 46, 712, 000 6 46, 712, 000 a SS ee SS eee eee SSS United Kingdom Bun piaviG Fe? oo. > S854. 55-2 101, 448, 000 98, 676, 000 92, 108, 000 99, 858, 000 GEBUANG jasc ers e ee 39, 146, 000 32, 889, 000 32, 790, 000 36, 407, 000 AUS Le ee oa ae 5, 663. 000 5, 615, 000 4,915, 000 6, 547, 000 Prolande-Ge! 2°) 2 wee Se 119, 455, 000 119, 572,000 | 107,178,000 137, 941, 000 Total United Kingdom 265,712,000 | 256,752,000 | 236,991,000 280, 753, 000 SBOLHIS See 2-2: ee oe 4,665, 814, 000 |4, 845, 861, 000 \4 743,942,000 | 4, 281,643,000 1 Data for 1906. 7 Data for 1905. 2 Estimated from returns for census year 1900. 3 Census returns. 4 Data for 1908. ’Census_ shows 19,000 hectares (46,949 acres), yielding 15,000 kilograms per hectare (223 bush- els per acre). 6 Year preceding. 8 Data for 1907. 8 Data for 1909. 10 Unofficial estimate. 12 No data 13 es 1908-1910. 11 Average production as unofficially estimated. 608 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TaBLE 65.—Potato crop of countries named, 1907-1911—Continued. | Country. 1907 1908 | 1909 | 1910 1911 i | ASIA | Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. DADAM eo eee hess nae eee 20,310, 000 21,174,000 21, 996, 000 24,719, 000 1 24, 719, 000 Russia, Asiatie:2: 9)... 5 2oa 2 17, 076, 000 31, 759, 000 31, 042, 000 29, 295, 000 32, 931, 000 Total. . 2 Moses a Se ah B05 86; 000 52, 933, 000 53, 038, 000 54,014, 000 57, 650, 000 AFRICA Dikeria 2: =< 2 ee ae es 1, 803, 000 1, 727,000 1, 687, 000 Union of South Africa: Cape of Good Hope. ..-.-...-- 31,500, 000 11,304,000 587, 000 LTE | Meee aed SEE hee mL a 444, 000 392, 000 4392, 000 ‘Pransvaal. {eee S22 ee 549, 000 410, 000 773, 000 Total, Union of South uivica }. Sie Sake Se see 2, 493, 000 2,106, 060 1, 752, 000 otal.) Seal S58... 3. Be 4, 296, 000 3, 833, 000 3, 439, 000 AUSTRALASIA. Australia: ueensland2t22 fos oe ee 591, 000 492,000 431, 000 506, 000 New South Wales.......--..- 4, 288, 000 2, 086, 000 2, 680, 000 3, 739, 000 WHOTONIA = 1. 15") 25; 0855000) |) 125530] 3945 241) 00:22. 2) [sce eee eke 4, 889 IS74s2%, . - 21,770,000 | 1.15 | 25,134,000 | 11.94 | 300,222,000 |.......]... Mee i SS ee 7,183 1ib=~_-. 23> BOR 0008) = 1-191 27,874;,000'| 10:78 | 4. 300/378; 000. j2 35-2. Seen le 7, 528 TRVGs 4% - 25,283,000 | 1.22 | 30,867,000 | 8.97 | 276,991,000 |.......|......- 9.00 | 10.00 7, 287 eae 25,368,000 | 1.25 | 31,629,000 | 8.37 264,880,000] 9.50 | 10.50 | 9.75 | 10.75 9,514 ity C oe 26,931,000 | 1.47 | 39,608,000 | 7.20 | 285,016,000} 8.00] 8.50]! 9.00 | 11.50 8,127 Tae 27,485,000 | 1.29} 35,493,000 | 9.32 330,804,000 | 14.00 | 14.50 | 14.00 | 15.00 13, 739 1879.3... .. 30, BST IOOOS | Lar cot 1 OOO meee a4 |e eee tS UREIRN ial Lemay ber o/s ally eas EE ea | 1880...... 25, 864,000 | 1.23 | 31,925,000 | 11.65 | 371,811,000 | 15.00 | 15.50 ; 17.00 | 19.00 12, 662 S882 52.2. - 30,889,000 | 1.14 | 35,135,000 | 11.82 | 415,131,000 | 16.00 | 16.50 | 15.00 | 16.50 10,570 1882...... 32, 340, 000 1.18 | 38,138,000 | 9.73 | 371,170,000 | 11.50 | 12.25 | 12.00 | 13.00 13, 309 ABST. Set. 35,516,000 | 1.32 | 46,864,000 | 8.19 | 383,834,000 | 9.00 | 10.00 | 12.50 | 17.00 16, 908 1884...>..| 38,572,000 | 1.26} 48,470,000 | 8.17 | 396,139,000 | 10.00 | 11.50 | 15.50 | 17.50 11, 142 AS8bse 2... 39,850,000 | 1.12 | 44,732,000 | 8.71 | 389,753,000 | 11.00 | 12.00 ! 10.00 | 12.00 13, 390 BBG sso) 36,502,000 | 1.15 | 41,796,000} 8.46 | 353,438,000 | 9.50 | 10.50 | 11.00 | 12.50 13, 873 TSR 74. 37,665,000 | 1.10 | 41,454,000 | 9.97 | 413,440,000 | 13.50 | 14.50 | 17.00 | 21.00 18, 198 1888.....- 38,592,000 | 1.21 46,643,000 | 8.76 | 408,500,000 | 11.00 | 11.50 | 10.50 | 21.00 21, 928 1BeGe 52,949,000 | 1.26 | 66,831,000 | 7.04} 470,394,000 | 9.00 | 10.00 | 9.00 | 14.00 36, 274 1889 2... .- 52, 949, COOW METRO, 2610. 881.000 4] 50. 1 RP ER Ad oe NRT OI 1 EY seb eco ve eer 48902552. 50,713,000 | 1.19 | 60,198,000 | 7.87 | 473,570,000 | 9.00 | 10.50 | 12.50 | 15.50 28, 066 (th Ee 51,044,000 | 1.19 |} 60,818,000 | 8.12} 494,114,000 | 12.50 | 15.00 | 13.50 | 14.00 35, 201 Ce 50,853,000 | 1.18 | 59,824,000} 8.20 | 490,428,000 | 11.00 | 11.50 | 12.00 | 13.50 33, 084 Ue Brera 49,613,000 | 1.33 | 65,766,000 | 8.68 | 570,883,000 | 10.00 | 10.50 | 10.00 | 10.50 54, 446 ASO4ES 20s 48,321,000} 1.141! 54,874,000! 8.541 468,578,000! 10.00 | 11.00 ! 10.00 | 10.25 47,117 - 2.000 pounds. 22,240 pounds. % Census figures. 614 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE 74.—Acreage, production, value, and exports of hay, United States, 1849-1912— Continued. Chicago oe Na ab pimethy. Aver- per ton, by carload lots. 2 Aver- 2s expan, age Year. | Acreage. | yield | Production.| price Yorat wale December, | May of follow- vere per per av ; ing year. ginning acre ton July 1 Dec. 1 z Low. | High.| Low. | High. Acres Tons.1 Tons.1 Dolls Dollars. Dolls. | Dolls. | Dolls. | Dollis Tons.2 1895...... 44,206,000 | 1.06 | 47,079,000] 8.35 | 393,186,000 | 12.00 | 12.50 | 11.50 | 12.00 59, 052 T8965 2 43,260,000 | 1.37 | 59,282,000} 6.55 | 388,146,000 | 8.00} 8.50] 8.50) 9.00 61, 658 Soper She 42,427,000 | 1.43 | 60,665,000 | 6.62 | 401,391,000 | 8.00} 8.50] 9.50 | 10.50 81, 827 FeO iece fo 42,781,000 | 1.55 | 66,377,000] 6.00 | 398,061,000 | 8.00] 8.25 | 9.50 | 10.50 64, 916 T8982.) S. 41,328,000 | 1.37] 56,656,000 | 7.27 | 411,926,000 | 10.50 | 11.50 | 10.50 | 12.50 72,716 18993..... 52,951,000 |" 1.09°|' '87,002,000)|.. .20.). 2 ).5 echo e. 2. pee. BGS .. LR sr 1900...... 39,133,000 | 1.28] 50,111,000] 8.89 | 445,539,000 | 11.50 | 14.00 | 12.50 | 13.50 89, 364 1901. 39,391,000 } 1.28] 50,591,000 | 10.01 | 506,192,000 | 13.00 | 13.50 | 12.50 | 13.50 153, 431 190225.-3¢ 39,825,000 | 1.50} 59,858,000 | 9.06 | 542,036,000 | 12.00 | 12.50 | 13.50 | 15.00 50, 974 1903803222 39, 934, 000 1.54} 61,306,000 | 9.07 | 556,276,000 | 10.00 | 12.00 | 12.00 | 15.00 60, 730 1904...... 39,999,000 | 1.52] 60,696,000 | 8.72 | 529,108,000 | 10.50 | 11.50 | 11.00 | 12.00 66, 557 1905-3". 39,362,000 | 1.54] 60,532,000 | 8.52} 515,960,000 | 10.00 | 12.00 | 11.50 | 12.50 70, 172 A906. == 42,476,000 | 1.35 | 57,146,000 | 10.37 | 592,540,000 | 15.50 | 18.00 | 15.50 | 20.50 58, 602 190 fee 44,028,000 | 1.45 | 63,677,000 | 11.68 | 743,507,000 | 13.00 | 17.50 | 13.00 | 14.00 77,281 1908...... 46,486,000 | 1.52] 70,798,000 | 8.98 | 635,423,000 | 11.50 | 12.00 | 12.00 | 13.00 64, 641 LO09NSE ES 45,744,000 | 1.42} 64,938,000 | 10.62 | 689,345,000 | 16.00 | 17.00 | 12.50 | 16.00 55, 007 L909 8s ee sw HR SN Sarak oR Fae Bierw care ellis poe Sia] ote. FSS coos olclE torcts = oll erepesicte at] eee en ate | 1LOSRAe: 45,691,000 | 1.33 60,978,000 | 12.26 | 747,769,000 | 16.00 | 19.00 | 18.50 | 23.50 55, 223 te ee 43,017, 000 1.10 | 47,444,000 | 14. 64 694,570,000 | 20.00 | 22.00 | 24.00 | 28.00 59, 734 192 Te. 49,530,000 | 1.47 | 72,691,000 | 11.79 | 856,695,000 | 13.00 | 18.00 |.-....-.|......-|.--------- 1 2,000 pounds. 2 2,240 pounds. 3 Census figures. TABLE 75.—Acreage, production, and value of hay, by States, 1912. State and divi- sion. New Hampshire... WMermionts...: == 5-5. Massachusetts... -. Rhode Island. ..-- New York.......- New Jersey ...-.-- Pennsylvania N. Atlantic Delaware.......... Maryland.......-. Win pimia 5/92 jes..|.2 West Virginia... .. North Carolina. .-. South Carolina. .-. Georpia. . sh. 2 MIOMGA 55 ao eta roe Michigan. J2j02 0680 | Sis cestnie eo errs Sl Sefeinted podeidelein sland os nosnddandan la ile ~ | 6st| “8258 felted bel ehctelcllehahe % || RAnAS 1 PR Aa | a oa ee ae fam 1S YS ee ee | ee eee ee ee ae SE 2 Een Sa ae ee See eae ® leg) s2SeaSnan2 [2] Sa22885 (|S / SASS 8/998 18S |S |RRSSES OF TL rigs SR = |-gt| Koad daddnda = [aaaases i]s siakabaietl lait | Kekekei ie ie Rada eH UH] A] Ca ae . La) di ae ay See aT 7 ire eae oe: a ee re a er Boat bb datee Cues Ht hak sates ea a nas ae oh eee ee. Pre ree eee, Peper ter eg om pe Beet ts Sad c=] iB Shi MRT er ete rouer monary te er | oe eer. RECTAL E eet eee, eavpt Pees Sn gh 18 So Mee ee’ g wr 2 Ee Poa ee 8d tl ee se 7.2 mw 6 o sf eer el Uae Mas eh at Sth heed If oe VEO dtp Raa i e E A i 5 i: Mae 5 Pia. Se: a eae mig ace Aber: Baa CAR a eB Ba 3 a 2 Hee Sees S seuhsa i: S ifidh§ g 2 icf2d' 5 BSsbe dg 3 aPoh i i limig = 8 3 8S og Sb qg>Slds <~ iaahd gBAAGG CO Sead 52 0 gagSe is gee & 8 a on S S3rK5 > Bo aahs . if bso - ' aaZ 7 s g47 45 5 Beet osseoass gf p ecseree “ sebeeses “ g2285 “ Ee Iss: Esagehse Sbebisbed es > 205 i 2) 2 iS: A ea) Oa Oost Rad Gi azpaeozazs Aaxbezdoe ARSE BQaza44 Maedeneod APoadbaseod 2 The Territories. 1 Basis, Dec. 1 price. 616 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE 77.—Farm price of hay per ton on first of each month, 1911-12. : North South N. Central | N. Central South voles Atlantic Atlantic | States East | States West} Central peg S States. States. of Miss. R. | of Miss. R. States. . Month. 1912 | 1911 | 1912 | 1911 | 1912 | 1911 | 1912 | 1911 | 1912 | 1911 | 1912 | 1911 | 1912 | 1911 Dolls.|Dolls.|Dolls.|Dolls.|Dolls.|Dolls.\Dolls.|Dolls.|Dolls.| Dolls.|Dolls.| Dolls.|Dolls.|Doils. January....--.| 14.85] 12.24) 18.48} 14.75) 20. 29] 14.99) 17.55) 12. 86] 11.81] 9.03} 12.85) 11.47] 9.77) 10.50 February.....| 15.44) 12.29} 18.71] 14. 48} 20.64) 14.79) 18.07] 13.09 13.18} 8.67] 13.62). 11. 68] 10.31] 11.32 March: 22/202 .£ 15. 69} 12. 09] 18.92} 14.50} 21.56) 14.90] 18.61] 12.80} 13.11] 8.30; 13.76] 11.90} 10. 48) 10. 80 JG 0) pl ieee eee 16. 79] 11.89] 20.13] 14. 13] 22.36] 15.38] 19.73] 12.80} 14.94] 8.15) 15.27) 11.52) 10. 84) 10.50 Maryeuat £3 0¥ f 17. 64| 12. 29] 21. 04] 14. 43} 23.21) 16.31) 21.15) 13.79) 15.72] 8.23) 16.31) 11.59) 11.03) 10.52 WUNEHH 3 3232,-9 17.54] 13.16] 21.49! 15.90} 22.97] 18.21] 20.97) 15.22} 14.61) 8.23) 15.75) 11.99) 11. 22) 10.46 hub vic ea st te 3% 15.57| 13.99] 19.65] 16.53} 20.57] 18.36] 17.97] 15.64] 11.94] 10.91, 14.38) 12. 83) 10.56} 10.15 August sodas’ 12.98] 14.67] 17.12] 17.25] 17.36} 20.10} 14.33] 15.89} 9.05} 12.95) 12.58) 13.56) 9.09) 9.46 September... .| 12.14] 14.61} 16.18] 17. 43) 16.12 20. 35) 13.32] 16.59] 8.18] 11.91} 11.43) 13.08] 8:67] 9.06 October. ......| 11.76] 14.50] 15.46] 17.65] 15.75] 19.41] 12.80) 16.47) 7.97) 11.43] 11.24) 12.84) 8.72) 9.12 November... .| 11.80) 14.62] 15.36] 17.61] 15.19) 19.72] 12.41] 16.91] 8.48) 11.74] 11.52) 12.56} 9.00} 8.83 December. ...- 11.79) 14. 64) 15.58} 18.24] 15.55) 19.76) 12.42) 17.08} 8.47] 11.44) 12.93) 12.64) 9.72) 9.94 TaBLe 78.— Wholesale price of hay (baled) per ton, 1899-1912. Chicago. Cincinnati. St. Louis. New York. Date. February..----- soe Bae ites 5 iti aie August.....--- PN che 28 ef plate atte ets SISO) 81st die Bier eta oles dee RS eB WCTONCI so. ce eteetass datiee cekscties INOVERIDELS sts ease nee seeeetets SV OUTAR TATA a tet cine ete cle nats Ber Se rele GD RUAU VE aires aes se cigacseme us Remees DGTODON Son .o css ocke eerie eee ae INGVOIDOL oo... caked ae opens emiee re ae econ ber... sa. etlaccosams sceeeees No. 1 timothy. | No. 1 timothy. No. 1 timothy. } No. 1 timothy. Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High. High. $7.50 | $13.00 | $7.75 er 00 | $8.00 | $12.00 $0.95 10. 00 14. 00 11.50 15.00 9.75 14. 50 - 974 11.50 15.00 11.50 15. 50 11.50 17.50 1.00 10. 00 17.50 11.00 16.50 9.50 16.00 22.00 10.00 | 15.00} 11.50] 19.50 9.50 | 25.00 26. 00 9.00 | 15.00} 11.00] 15.50} 10.00} 13.50 19. 00 10. 00 12. 50 10. 00 18. 50 9.00 15. 50 19. 00 9.50 18. 00 11.00 19. 50 11.00 20. 00 23. 00 13.00 | ‘21.50 | 14.00] 22.75] 14.00} 24.00 1.25 10. 00 14.00 11.50 16.50 10. 00 18. 00 21.00 11.00 12. 00 1325 13.75 12.00 14. 00 | 17.50 11.00 | 12.00} 12.75} 18.251 12.00] 15.00 16. 50 11. 00 12. 00 12. 00 13.75 12.00 15. 50 16.50 12. 00 13. 00 13. 50 15. 50 12.00 17. 00 17.50 12.00] 13.00] 14.50} 16.00] 14.50} 18.50 19. 00 13.00 | 14.00] 14.75] 17.00} 14.00] 17.50 20. 00 12.50 | 13.00} 13.00] 16.50] 15.00] 17.50 20. 00 14.50} 15.00} 14.00} 14.50] 12.00] 17.50 21. 00 13.00 14. 00 14. 00 15.50 11.50 15. 50 18.50 13.00 | 14.00] 15.00] 15.50] 13.50] 15.50 18. 50 13. 00 15. 50 14. 50 16.00 14. 00 17. 00 19. 00 16.00 | 17.00} 16.00] 17.25] 15.00] 17.00 20. 00 11.00 17.00 12. 00 Iv: 20 11.50 18. 50 21.00 16. 50 18. 50 17.50 19. 25 16. 00 18. 00 24. 00 17.00 18. 00 18. 00 18.75 16. 00 18. 00 24. 00 16.00 |} 18.00] 18.00] 19.50] 16.00] 18.50 24. 50 15.00 17.00 18. 50 19. 25 16. 00 18. 50 23. 00 12.50 | 16.00] 17.50] 18.75 | 16.00} 18.50 23. 50 14.50] 17.00] 18.50] 19.50] 16.00} 18.50 23. 50 16.50 | 21.00 18. 75 22. 00 15.00} 20.50 26. 00 18.00 | 21.00 17.50 22.50 16. 00 19. 50 28. 00 16.50 18. 00 17.00 19. 00 16. 00 18. 50 23. 00 16. 00 18. 50 17.50 | 20.50 16.00 19. 00 23. 00 16. 00 19. 00 7.50 18. 50 15.50 18. 50 22.50 16. 00 19. 60 18. 00 19. 00 16. 00 19.50 22.00 12.50 | 21.00 17.00 22. 50 15.00 | 20.50 28. 00 1 Per hundred pounds, 1899 to 1901 and 1907. oo t, bd ea STATISTICS OF CLOVER AND TIMOTHY SEED. 617 TaBLe 78.— Wholesale price of hay (baled) per ton, 1899-1912—Continued. SS ee ee ey Chicago. Cincinnati. St. Louis. New York. Date. | No. 1timothy. | No.1 timothy. | No.1 timothy. | No.1 timothy. High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High. 1911 Ei Trae She RS Benet aeeiass aE epee $16.00 | $20.00 | ¢1S8. $19.50 | $16.60 | $19.00 | $21.00 | $21.50 ty eee ee eee : 17.50] 18.25] 19.60] 14.50] 18.50] 20.50] 22.00 on rela aie eae iat a ae eee ie 17.50} 18.00] 19.00] 15.CO} 18.00] 20.50| 21.50 i | 16 19.50} 18.50| 22.00] 15.60} 20.50] 21.00| 25.00 23.50 | 22.50] 26.50] 17.00] 22.00] 24.40] 30.00 23.50] 21.00} 26.50} 19.60} 24.50! 26.00] 29.00 25.00 | 19.00} 25.50} 18.60] 29.00; 26.c0| 28.00 24.00} 21.50] 25.50] 18.00] 23.50! 27.00} 28.00 22.00} 20.00} 23.00} 20.00] 25.00} 22.50] 25.00 22.00 | 22.00] 23.50} 21.00] 25.00! 22.50] 25.00 22.00 | 22.00] 24.00 19.00 | 25.50| 25.00] 26.00 22.00 | 23.00} 24.50) 21.50] 26.00} 24.50] 25.50 25.00} 18.00] 2650] 14.50] 29.00! 20.50] 30.00 SS SS SS : 23.00 | 23.00 25.50 | 22.00] 26.75| 25.00} 27.00 i 21.50] 24.00] 25.50} 22.50] 26.00} 26.00} 27.00 20.00} 23.00} 25.50] 28.50 23.00} 28.00} 26.00] 27.00 22.00} 26.00} 28.00] 31.00! 25.00] 31.00] 26.50! 30.00 24.00} 28.00] 26.00! 30.50] 24.00] 30.00} 30.00! 32.00 17.50} 25.00] 21.50] 27.50} 19.50] 27.00! 28.00] 31.00 17.50} 22.00] 21.00] 27.00} 13.00] 24.50} 25.50] 29.00 15.00] 22.00] 16.50} 19.50] 14.00] 24.50! 25.00] 27.00 15.00} 22.00} 16.00] 19.50] 13.50] 19.00} 23.60| 25.00 16.00} 20.00] 17.00] 19.25} 14.60] 18.50! 22.00! 24.00 16.00} 18.00} 16.00] 19.00] 14.00! is.00| 22.00! 23.00 ; 18.00} 15.50] 18.75} 13.50] 19.00] 21.50| 23.00 28.00} 15.50] 31.00| 13.00] 31.00| 21.50| 32.00 CLOVER AND TIMOTHY SEED. TABLE 79.— Wholesale price of clover and timothy seed, 1899-1912. SE Peg a FS Se SEE ek SE ae Se ee a ee, ee Clover (bushels of 60 pounds). Timothy. ‘incin- - incin- . ilwau- Is pectin Chicago. | Toledo. eet Chicago. Renee St. Louis. Date. Detroit. Per Poor to Poor to Prine Poor to Poor to choice Per 100 prime . prime.! choice.? r100 | pounds. | (per 100 pounds).2 pounds) a : a : Se od ace Se Prete Gh cl ae ae eC te 5 (ae | eae | Ee ie es: 4 Gia Hoe jhe as se Lio Se ie Kel $2. 75)$4. 50 $3 .421)$6. 80 |$3. 40 $2.25 132. 55/$1. 70)$2. 80)... ..]...2. it Lee ee 4.00) 6.00: 4.95 | 7.85 | 4.80 2.323| 4.65) 1.90) 4.50)... 2 -J..... eee se 4.50) 6. 60) 5.15 | 7.40 | 5.15 3.35 | 6.55} 3.00] 6. 25] 222.222. LA el 9 Aad 4.11) 5.76 3.90 | 7.10 | 4.90) 2.00 | 7.35) 2.50) 6. 75/$2. 40/$6. 40 115 See has 5. 00} 7. 10) 3.05 | 7.70 | 6.45 1.75 | 4.35] 2.00) 3.75} 2.00} 3.60 Ll dette sarees 4.80] 7. 50) 2.50 | 7.95 | 6.20 1.75 | 3. 25] 2.60}-3. 15) 2.00} 2. 80 iL Sead gad 5.70) 7.75 3.00 | 8.85 | 6.30 1.50 | 3.75) 2. 25] 3.50} 2.00} 3.70 Jad Sealy ym ae 4.50) 7.50 3.00 | 8.723] 6. 25 2.00 | 4.50} 2.40) 4.25) 2.40) 4.00 LS Menace sae 7.00} 8.50 3.00 |11.00 | 8.00 3.00 | 4. 75) 3.25) 4.65} 3.00) 4. 60 1908. .........] 4.00/11. 00 3.90 13.55 | 4.60 3.25 | 4.85} 2.50) 4.60} 2.00) 4.50 | [ | | | | | | 1 Poor to choice, 1899 to 1904. 2 Prime, 1902 to 1904. YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 618 TaBLE 79.—Wholesale price of clover and timothy seed, 1899-1912—Continued. g 2088 “water | geceecessees|s| eessossuasss|= | aber wate oes | | 2 phe a egn ta a 8 SS eat ir eS ees ks ee A Wi Cee ee a ee a ter eed ye al a oe eee re 4 oa ee rae SSBABERRERSH e See Seer aaa ra 3 Ay 3, il god aiciicicicicicicic ei ll Qaeda ene | All BBBONNRNGOASCSS 1s | SRR ANS oiseNAAT IDiwIS Sw ww SSwwo 5 e4 ‘wre | ieeeeeereber ited bell SBREEARSSAS 5 RSSSSSSSNG = | BBSSSSSMSRK . & bs, an B8 "oot | Ris wrnaeintelc| | SSSERKERSSEBR | S SSs5 3 a | AENIGN ONICRICNIGN ENICNIENICNIGN N ANANANAAAHION ED 1A WOAH HO egg Sg v2) SSSWMGWOPCOAAIAN nN 8 4 = a SSRSSSSRSSKun (S| SSSSRSRSRSRR io g SgQSq | WMT) geicdeddicdedaiwdwoded |x || odcdedcddwimacicicias | oi oO a o383 MOT peeasae see = || BSS8S288SaS888 | SRZ88S83sssss =| SSRASSSSSSS RES |B SS SAS ie i eee eee eae > lbs eae bate ela a Oe eg 2 | ASS SS See 2 | Se See : ele aa) RCA ENICNIGA CA.CR CCN CENT EN N ANANAN COWIE Ormco TN WON OWMWOMMrIOS Ld AQ LS OS re a OS et At GO st oO ‘ ay 3 Bessssgassoss |S Bsssss al S€SSSSSSRRRA[S] ASSSESSSRSSS |S Ba | neg | eH Hidden [a] GH d pd ciddaivici | a |] Seis sHSSSSS |S] CSSSSSHUAANAA |S o © q 3 aa DD 1D oO arf) MBS eo Ba ssscmocsarse |e || KRoPtAHFSOAB OO | % SS8SSSSSSR85 8 a ‘T PIF RH RHR H SS |] GHA H Grades cd c50d [A] cdcdcidininiSSSS] 5] SSSSoddAdAAA : SSsaha 'SRHS4/Al] SSSRRSSRSRRS S| SRSSRESSASIS |S] LSRSSSSRSLASE |S a= ‘UST Fier Re CT fe rrp forte et tal | ac eet eris Sethe kc ees Ag a Piet er gigi) bop Reet) ra! | (aie Plas, ea A as oe ‘4 £ Sone Seng aS i) TAS RS oe Ro So WOSDOONSS 2 “MO 1D oD NSH I qe. BOigt N 1D SO? 2 = SHE © Cri - x MOOD ON IBID a A Tl] Sbsisd iSr dds |] Srddddrrdisd |S pis bbebade och ee 3 =a a te) n 5 : 2 ‘WH RESLRSLABBBA | 8 || SEASSRSSRSSR|R] ARSSSRRSS 8 g 3 : BBHSHSSNASGHG|S | Soddrcsrdacsdads|s|] dadadcssridadciaa i) us) Ho a =| Sens S 3 3s nine ipoQooooNo |v 2 meogoslo ooncfo = : al a rams! MOT STOO Int Oil NOW inl SSSSSSRSSSS8A > 1) | Sse sss = 3 Bid id 1G SSO HH No) Hed ododedos as Aeded a | i |} CO od OD OOS INES SO Odd OSE HODGE wh wododes | od 2 & 3 oa SHRGRonoRSrs |S SSSRARRSSRRS (S| SSRRSSRABRISG = CO DHASFROBOHHSS | EA & Eg WI Ws dGHSSrHGGH| S| wWasdddasrssis |e || SGadddacdddad|/all sacaaddssdssss | oO So. C pat ae 38 ABRABBSORSASS |All ASSSSSRRSSSR|S| SRSSRRSRZBASZ SRRRSSSSSRSRE |B & a om 0G tal Nipeee gi UIC RCD ae. at TRON Ca 71 || Semi Sa Re i = Sea eS «| (Sil | ese RS riage Be gan k= ee fe ee ae oP ce Tee “ 4 oO SN SE Saas ~~ AABMSSHSHAWOHS |S 19.19 AD SH SH SH SHAQ De} COL. | tH =| OOrr-Oonuwnoorond | a 2 I a ; ; aaa SSSSSSSRRRR |Bi SSRRSSSSSES5S =| E | ls ms Tot Ree ee ee a ee eee | atte Heth Steak sae es 2 Be sta iat det Setar +z: Ba Spores et ee satea: : A= Aa zi Da SSSSSSSSSSS8S (S| SSSSSSSSRLSS |G| SSSSRERESSSS S SSSSSSSSSSR5E = = Tl gsusuisis ssid |] cXddesssrrds [sl xeekeererssss SSdddccdddda See Sets estes ss FOL POPE PORT TAU NTS Carer wa ea a a ara ror version teh Peres MMU Va Ue a kee rs Ce ei a Cae eon ea la GB TOS PA eee ie aa i Sel elie COR ia ID O ice TRC Br ts Ma f Seis ergata comedic tes | 3 : SPP rern tT re Be tiie ote Poh sites gt fy ee ae eet eee se o Beat ieee Ret iil xD Gh 29iok & Payee DMD. VAP ste, shamans cok Do. GSE Gos cess fe 6) 9: Me Rp eae oss g Sak: ace eee ean Speer tt te eS is Hebi iis ieee ~ Sebiiiiiseses val BR Parr = bar Se Peceear =eu=|f=] Se :: 3; Basag oe 23:3 Bases A ASSGu ts igs ok aaog_ "go mopcii tes 2 ei Bea O25 BRO SoS ESO BRSE oP ESS Pe BROT PoP ES see SH osesols BS RA SSTSES SS BOSEFSTSSES BS SESESESE SS BSSESESSSESS Sea4a5540R020 Sea4256<4n0240 SRa ee ee ee ee ial al al ol al ton me ial ei & oO 4 4 4 4 S a a tia id i sig =I e/a] 3 = t ec for) i=) 3 3 S = 3 S oO o = oO o 3 x cas x S 4 xo ol co aI = A A =| Lar) nN A > Lbs.| Lbs.| Lbs.) Lbs.| Lbs. | Lbs.| Lbs. || Cts.) Cts.| Cts.| Cts.| Cts.| Cts.| Cts.) Cts. Warpimidace) o-: 175} 157) 155); 197} 212} 330)....-. 8. 8) 7.1) 9. 6/13. 8} 9.0)... -]11.2)11. 1 North Carolina...| 167} 166} 182] 209) 227} 315]..... 9.0) 7.2) 9. 8/14. 1) 8. 8} 9. 810. 811.5 South Carolina...) 159} 154) 170) 194} 216} 280)..... 9.1) 7.2) 9.9)14. 2) 8. 8} 9. 8/11. 6/11. 7 GeOlPia een 152} 146) 156] 180} 173] 240)-..... 9.1) 7.0] 9. 9/14. 2] 8.9) 9. 7/11. 0/11. 4 Worida: .\c3-.=-,-< 113} 109} 108} 123] 110] 130)]-..-- 10. 3) 7. 7/12. 8/21. 0/12. 0/14. 5/15. 0/14. 0 Alabama. ......-- 149} 143} 155} 162} 160} 204)...-- 9.0) 7.0) 9. 7|14. 2] 8. 8/10. 0/11. 2/11.1 Mississippi....--- 176} 181} 188) 204) 182) 172)..... 9.0) 6.9} 9.8)14. 4} 9. 2/10. O11. 1)11.5 Louisiana.....-.. 195} 215} 222) 217}; 120] 170}...-- 9.0} 7.0} 9. 6/14. 4) 8.9) 9. 6]11. 1/11.0 Texas: a0 tones’ 211) 187] 188] 170) 145] 186].-... 8. 6] 6.8) 9.4/14.0} 8. 6} 9.9110. 8)11.1 Arkansas. ......- 213} 213} 208] 202) 175} 190)-..-- 8.9] 6.9] 9. 6)14.4! 8.9} 9.0)11. 0/11. 2 Tennessee......-- 189} 167} 165} 192) 207] 257]...-- 8. 8] 6.9) 9. 6/14. 1) 8.8} 9.-7]10. 811.1 Missouri. .......- 214) 170) 195} 279) 285) 360]....- 8.8} 7.1) 9.1/13.0) 8. 8]...-] 9.2] 9.2 Oklahoma 5 Sys 242 .2::-|- 880. 211] 216) 200) 160).-.../|...- 6. 6] 9. 2)13.3) 8.0) 8. 9/10. 4)11.5 California} synslss2- sleet ole ae Bo)| SOMeecee ||... HN acelen- 2 1333 | er salioees foes sas United | States... . 176. 5/169. 4/178. 1]184. 7/170. 7/207. 7]... -- 9.0} 6.9) 9. 7/14. 2) 8.8) 9. 8/11. 0/11. 3/11. 9)........ | 1 Basis, Dec. 1 price. TABLE 86.—Farm price of cotton per pound on first of each month, 1911-1912. inated States. South Atlantic | N. Cen. States | South Central | Far Western States. West of Miss. R. States. States. Month. ——— SS re ee 1912 1911 1912 1911 1912 1911 1912 1911 1912 1911 Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Janary feu ste lcs 8.4 14.4 8.3 Ue ey a aE ere 8 14.0 8.4 14.4 8.0 13.5 February....--..... 9.0 14.3 9.0 14.5 8.7 T3i5 9.1 14.2 9.0 13.7 MARCI. gies ses cite 9.8 13.9 9.8 db i | 12.3 9.7 13, Slee 13.5 April Bese TU ee 10.1 13.9 10.3 14.3 9.0 13.0 10.1 13.8 fie). Pea May. 185 Ste eee 10.9 14, 2 ih FBT Reet 13.0 10.8 14.1.1 ......c5SIs cee AURTIO sre ek orate 11.0 14.6 LL.2 15.0 9.2 14.0 10.9 14.4). J. 2.cnc}oaeeeene BREE ert ee ae oa 11.2 14.4 11.5 14.8 10.3 12.7 neh 14.2 i sc. ccererel| teeta AU SUIST owl wee eee 12.0 13. 2 12.3 18:7, 11.3 11.9 11.9 13.1 |. .cccounloee eae September.......... Liss 11.8 11.5 12.0 9.2 11.5 11.2 pb Ee ls oe 11.0 OGTODEER. ect e oa 11.2 10.2 UH 10.1 11.3 10.0 11.2 10.3 LO: Swe geee November ........-0.. 10.9 8.9 10.9 8.9 9.0 9.5 10.9 8.95) anne nuicl eee Deeember........... 11.9 8.8 12.4 8.$ 11.8 8.8 1 Nh A 8.7 12.5 7.5 STATISTICS OF COTTON. 623 TABLE 87.—Closing price of middling Upland cotton per pound, 1899-1912. New York. Roe Memphis. | Galveston. | Savannah. | Charleston. Date. Low. | High. | Low. |High.) Low. |High .] Low. |High.| Low. |High.] Low. |High. Svs, Th) Se] 7 5 7s ve | D1. | see | 71 | 10 74] OF) 7H] 98] 7B] OF Ter 924 7 93} 723] 98 Srs| 138) 8h] 132] 88] 138 16y3| 62 | 1 6g | 16 6§ | 12%] of] 123] 63] 12 9%] 11H} 98] 11H} 92] 112, 10} | 13y%| 104] 134 | 102] 13% 8H} 12 83} 128] 82] 124 8% | 98] 9 93] 9 9% 9,5 9ys| 9] Fs] 9] Oe) 98 is 9% | 9] Os) Oe} 98 | 9 935 Oye] 10%] 93 | 104] 9%! 103 10y;| 11 | 103) 10% | 103 | 10% 1033 10g; | gle) Og | 208 | Oe | TEE || OR | ae |steeeeee 0 ee tm fa PS Va a Me We 2) FS ge 8 die Shp Do Sa bea UTR a Ua Pie I £2 Le lJ 124,| 13y| 128] 184+) 1235/ 134, 13 | 14%| 134| 142] 13 | 144 144] 1444] 148 | 15 | 133] 148 144] 153] 148] 158] 144] 153 83 | 153 9| 158] 9] 153 1 153] 154 | 15g | 143| 153 itt ib, 15 | 15g] 143] 15 1 a 149 | 148; 142] 15 | 148] 143] 144] 148 ]......].....- 143 | 15h | 143] 154] 148] 155] 144 | 152 [°-.-_-|..---- 15t | 15H} 15 | 15g] 154] 15g] 15k} 15g] 152] 155 15 | 15] 15 | 154] 15 | 15s] 15y5] 154 | 153] 153 ces gee ee ee ag es fae ef 1 - PLE 1 22) |) crag ag | a UE ab 1: oe hogee.- 1 113} 103| 123] 104] 12, 12,1 93 | 113 9 | 10%) 9} 104 9$ | 105 83 973] 82 9t 91} 94] 94] 93] 94] 98] 82 ot sz | of 97s} 94 9t 9% 9t 9% 83 83 8% November... 11.75} 13.10] 1175] 122 | 113] 132| 112] 1233} 11,5 128] a1y5| 122 December... 12.75 | 13.20| 128| 13 | 13 | 13%] 128] 13 | 122° | 122| 123'| 129 624 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE 88.—IJnternational trade in cotton, calendar years 1907-1911. [Bales of 500 pounds, gross weight, or 478 pounds of lint net.] The figures for cotton refer to ginned and unginned cotton and linters, but not to mill waste, cotton bat- ting, scarto (Egypt and Sudan). Wherever unginned cotton has been separately stated in the original reports it has been reduced to ginned cotton in this statement at the ratio of 3 pounds unginned to 1 pound ginned. See “‘General note,” p. 564.] EXPORTS. ‘ } Country. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 ps | we Stee | Bales. | Bales. Bales. Bales. Bales. u SNe) Loh 11 ee ac ae Dogar ge Sk Re re the J oa nce a= Segtenlie ot = Romie aa mafic ee yecree ree ee 255,114 Les ic Fa | Mp A i a pla ie pee ae ey fu. We | 129, 307 16, 441 45,974 2 51, 472 2 67, 554 iBraashn@ia) 2: o- bls Pg enc c aes | 2,214,504 | 1,423,672 | 1,795,846 | 2,380,564 1, 738, 922 SLT ERE Se SUS Be Red alee 1h canine B= ! 275, 608 171, 132 176, 761 347, 923 244, 838 Beynt? ese et Meee gS oe le eee eo eee ; 1,421,802 | 1,315,951 | 1,426,102 | 1,242,630 1,372, 654 TMC sas hase ce ete ds oes op recente oe eae 193, 356 213, 789 270, 387 411, 104 2 320, 974 Germarige 21) Se oss St ee te cee 269, 545 248, 766 255, 294 231, 039 186, 465 Neiheriands 2. fae ee ee } 111, 004 108, 261 134, 994 140, 922 136, 976 Pets Bree beet Ba oe oe RN ie ee 89, 689 83, 985 128, 031 4128, 031 4128, 031 PAR S ao gate cp eree ina See we ook mk Ae eee Bees 56, 909 73, 884 98, 262 , 059 Wirted Sintest.” Se... ee 8,384,108 | 8,749,379 | 7,790,900 | 7,289,806 8, 919, 524 OUnEr COUMUNIOS. ~ Seen coh feed eh See | 161, 000 118, 000 , 000 138, 000 145, 000 POta tt een anh erat ho cee ae ! 13,306, 832 | 12,523,260 | 12,250,551 | 12,426,550 | 13,581,111 IMPORTS. F { Atstria-Hunecary. . 226.0 bas 38. ee 928, 088 816, 436 866, 981 783, 531 907, 223 (Belpiarnie-- = spose aa ees eee 287, 092 226, 181 308, 583 290, 104 582, 567 SEE beige Coe BP Be «ee eee ee ae 131, 737 125, 546 58, 181 139, 113 156, 911 Wrance. $S4- .U2525. 5 8) Se SSRs. 2 act oe eee 1,258,149 | 1,294,281 | 1,469,837 | 1,119,801 | 21,469,108 Germany" } . 3763-27 28 fe oe, (3 2,323,661 | 2,189,187 | 2,235,384 | 1,967,955 2,179, 585 125 ee oe Oe Se Pe si Le 2 ae ie Se enh 1, 005, 283 953, 528 880, 187 805, 315 875, 714 Japan. ..0. . Eb as208 SPE. ses ste ae 1,139, 993 890,132 | 1,071,801 | 1,350, 246 1, 124, 703 Mexico 02...4 5.0 204 ee Se 3, 820 7,610 59, 071 10, 750 ® 10, 750 Netherlands:* $25. 2225. 3) 4. 42025423 245, 313 243,181 238, 003 233, 835 270, 358 Russia. gaos2) 2 ee eee See aes 821,027 | 1,100,041 847, 799 910, 829 935, 248 Spates is oh 9852: PEE eT ee es 422,327 437, 748 325, 486 334, 877 417,014 Sweden ere: 285 Pk ee eee) AEE. Ls 95, 207 97, 754 79, 746 95, 378 92, 297 Switzerland). 8). set eS ATS Lae 118, 429 107, 308 109, 590 96,574 | = 142,749 United) Kimedont. 2205: -Ps2soS2 285. 4,302,404 | 3,702,357.| 4,017,004 | 3,591,298 4,008, 175 Writed Statess o>. 23 Se. eae et oe 236, 293 154, 662 193, 940 178, 409 211,716 Oihercouuiiies? oe 2 ee es 299, 000 309, 297, 000 292, 000 2 296, 000 Dotalucst . soars eee 13, 617, 823 | 12,654,952 | 13,058,593 | 12,200,015 | 13,650. 118 1 Included with ‘In transit’ trade prior to 1911. 4 Data for 1909. 2 Preliminary. 5 Year preceding. 3 Year beginning Mar. 21. TABLE 89.—Jnternational trade in cottonseed oil, calendar years 1907-1911. [See ‘‘ General note,” p. 564.] EXPORTS. Country. | 1907 | 1908 1909 1910 1911 Gallons. Gallons. Gallons. Gallons. Gallons. Bealeton. * 3265 «oe a es eee ee Oe | 1, 408, 235 1, 282, 269 1,096, 092 935, 857 1,041, 514 Mipypt. 4: 4.04! taar aah: tae -| "220; 456 237) 737 396, 982 515, 466 488, 139 MPANCE £4000) Js 4oc tree a Rew cede let j 557, 587 699, 564 775, 167 277, 780 1186, 215 Netherlands PT ee a! eee, fe oe Se ae | 76, 677 274, 829 44, 409 103, 205 43, 367 United Kingdom Sah ey aa kee wins oe | 8,626, 987 8, 824, 704 6,506, 155 8, 933, 717 6, 781, 525 United States fi5-71 - ce. eens. Spee 5 oes | 39,115,276 | 48,930,381 | 45,514, 435 | 23,558, 528 43, 003, 606 Other countries: .) epec. be85 2) eee | 4, 000 | 44, 000 49, 000 69, 000 151, 000 POG: 3 U2) dere ame T eck Pe sae | 50, 009, 218 | 60, 293, 484 | 54,382,240 | 34,393, 553 51, 595, 366 1 Preliminary. STATISTICS OF TOBACCO. 625 TaBLE 89.—Jnternational trade in cottonseed oil, calendar years 1907-1911—Continued. IMPORTS. Country. 1907 1908 1909 | 1910 1911 — a] Gallons. | Galions. Gallons. Gallons. 986, 835 | 1 1,326, 677 1 128,128 2 128,128 133, 737 118, 632 113, 446 118, 973 219, 461 30, 306 6, 437 15, 285 328, 163 393) 531 324,217 | 2324917 ' : 3, 692, 532 | 23,692) 532 6,143,543 | 4)/432'512 | 3,971,079 | 3,543, 667 ? 840, 764 625, 735 607, 398 680, 306 4,706,389 | 4,893,653 | 4,665, 472 7,360, 939 ee ee eee | 426, 914 383,332 6 383, 332 6 383, 332 6 383, 332 Other countries... ..... aw > eae Rass | 1,372,000 | 3,016,000 | 2,248,000 | 2,252,060 | 13,530,000 SN i Ee eR Pl givin in ne = | 50, 995,928 | 58,319,196 54, 391, 035 32,033,187 | 40,344, 863 | ! ! 1 Preliminary. 4 Year beginning Apr. 1. 2 Year preceding. 5 Year beginning July 1. 3 Data for 1909. 6 Data for 1908. TOBACCO. TaBLE 90.— Tobacco crop of countries named, 1907-1911. Country. 1907 1908 1909 1910 | 1911 NORTH AMERICA. United States: Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. tip HOUA 0 oa 698, 126,000 | 718,061,000 |1,055, 765,000 |1, 103,415,000 | 905, 109, 000 Noncontiguous—Porto Rico.'| 13,000,000 | 10,000,000 | "10,000,000 |” 10,000,000} — 10, 000,000 Total United States (ex- | cept Philippine Islands).} 711,126,000 | 728,061,000 |1, 065, 765,000 |1,113, 415,000 | 915,109, 000 5 | | 7 Ss Eaeioee Re ate (2) 13,504,000} 5,610,000} 8,750,000] 38,750,000 Quebec............-..-.-----| 13,000,000] 17,656,000] 47,656,000 | 47,€56,000] 47,656,000 NEE: 908 bce0... <2! asp 107, 000 107, 000 107, 000 107, 000 107, 600 Total Canada.............- 3,107,000 | 11,267,000 | 13,373,000] 16,513,000 | — 16,513, 000 ea Besant = cue Maas 55,603 000 | 66,650,000 | 59,323,000 | 46,081,000 | —_ 66, 930, 000 Guatemala 6.........-..2.2...... 1,300, 000 1,300,000} — 1. 300, 600 1,300, 000 1, 300, 000 sane gaa ae 000 7 300, 000 7 300, 000 7 300, 000 495, 000 oS ee 34,711,000 | 34,711,000} 34,711,000] 34,711,000 | 34,711,000 Santo Domingo.... ............. 26,400,000 | 132,500,000 | 30,000,000 | 42,000,000 | 3 42, 000, 000 oS a a eee 874, 789, 000 [1, 204, 772, 000 |1, 254,320,000 | 1, 077,058,000 832, 547, 000 SOUTH AMERICA. ESR. cane ania 6 31,000,000 | 231,200,000 | 631,000,000} 15,178,000] 215,178,000 aS a 3, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 ): a aes 65,460,000 | 32,130,000} 64,654,000 | 75, 284, 000 40, 761, 000 SS ee ee ree 66, 000, 000 9, 067, 000 2, 984, 000 150, 000 3 150, 000 Ooo ip ETS, Ge Sie inne Sete aan 144, 000 148, 000 376, 000 165, 000 3 165,000 CIP Pie gL a ae err ee pee, oe eee 13, 000, 000 13, 000, 000 13, 000, 000 13, 000, 000 13, 000, 000 Jy lo, ROR ietee ented eae 1, 560, 000 1, 500, 000 1, 500, 000 1, 500, 000 1, 500, 000 Bivtaleeesne Soc Rs 120,104,000 | 90,040,000 | 116,514,000 | 108,277,000 73, 754, 000 1 Unofficial estimate. 6 Average production as unofficially estimated. 2 Small crop; no data. 7 Data for 1907. 3 Year preceding. 8 Data for 1906. 4 Data for 1908. ® Estimated from official returns for acreage. Estimated from census for 19900. 10 Exports. ___73029°—ysx 1912——40 626 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TasLeE 90.— Tobacco crop of countries named, 1907—1911—Continued. Country. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 EUROPE. Austria-Hungary: Pounds. Pounds. Pounds Pounds Pounds. AUStTid ee 286: = ee ee 15, 129, 000 14, 630, 000 19, 188, 000 13, 590, 000 11, 883, 000 Hongaryees?:: + baa 135,013,000 | 165,638,000 | 159,622,000 | 160,025,000 | 1 160,025,000 Bosnia-Herzegovina...------ 6,396,000 | 16,396, 000 11,464,000 | 211,464,000 | 211,464,000 Total Austria-Hungary...-| 156,538,000 | 186,664,000 | 190,274,000 | 185,079,000 183, 372, 000 Belenam’ 3.9 220 2b ee 19, 476, 000 18, 597, 000 19, 474, 000 23, 723, 000 22, 046, 000 Bulearia..j.fe sit. 8 21 Ss oa 9, 016, 000 7, 607, 7,819,000 | 13,944, 000 23, 473, 000 Denmark >. 2s6500. 32. eS 160, 000 3 160, 000 3 160, 000 3 160, 000 258, 000 Winsted... 2th eet... Le. 40,810,000 | 50,056,000} 42,273,000] 36,446,000 40, 433, 000 Gerthany 32 4h tee. 2. ee ee 63, 579, 000 75, 858, 000 62,120, 000 63, 612, 000 64, 385, 000 recce sr.) phos eet wk. Moe Maas 14,300,000 | 16,500,000] 15,840,000] 16,534,000] 116,534,000 Reahye oo Wi ps0 8. fete eee 17, 246, 000 19,364, 000 24, 100, 000 24,783,000 | 124,783,000 Wetherfands 6!) -2!2.5..; 22.278. 1, 700, 000 1, 700, 000 1, 700, 000 , 700, 000 1, 700, 000 Homans 5: 2202 40b. 2 pee eet 15, 554, 000 16, 089, 000 12, 098, 000 15, 434, 000 20, 509, 000 Russia, European’. . .2: 22-42. - 207,749,000 | 188,074,000 | 179,414,000 | 160,130,000 | 1160, 130,000 env == - 2-0 ee a). t ee 2, 404, 000 1, 719, 000 4, 633, 000 4,314, 000 3, 698, 000 Muveiibnss steele, °. 6 rea aes | 2, 300, 000 2, 270, 000 1, 962, 000 1,712, 000 11,712, 000 Switzerland Sos 2b... See eee 1,601, 000 2, 038, 000 1, 725, 000 11,725,000 1, 232, 000 Turkey (European) §.........-.- 49,177,000 | 349,177,000 | 349,177,000 | 349,177,000 | 3 49,177,000 TO =o 2 see eek eee eee 601,610,000 | 635,883,000 | 612,769,000 | 598, 473, 000 613, 442, OVO ASIA. —_ British India 4. - 2. s2- £. sedeeepees 450,000,000 | 450,000,000 | 450,000,000 | 450, 0000, 000 450, 000, 000 British North Borneo7...._....-. 2, 953, 000 3, 155, 000 2, 678, 000 2,663, 000 1 2,663, 000 China: Hu-nan and Kiang-si..... 818,016,000 | 818,016,000 | 818,016, 000 18,016, 000 8 18, 016, 000 Dutch East Indies: bayanOn 22 Sets tor ae ae 125,000,000 | 81,000,000 | 84,000,000 | 116,000,000 | 1116, 000, 000 Sumatra, East Coast of. ..... 51, 460, 000 51, 460, 000 50, 100, 000 44, 669, 000 51, 395, 000 Total Dutch East Indies. 176, 460,000 | 132,460,000 | 134,100,000 | 160,669, 000 167,395, 000 Rormose, 22. ee ae SE 471, 000 927, 000 832, 000 1,726,000] 11,726,000 SADA Mera ne Se nicninttst mosis 100, 380, 000 91,374, 000 91, 850, 000 93,787,000 | 193, 787,000 Philippme Islands... <5. === - 10 40,056, 000 | 1°38, 725, 000 40, 258, 060 56, 257, 000 1 56, 257, 000 uesia. ARIA C= Soe 25 aa ee eo as 18, 541, 000 19, 989, 000 28, 037, 000 34,872,000 | 134,872,000 igtsi) 5). vee eh oa ae 806, 887,000 | 754,646,000 | 765,771,000 | 817,990,000 824, 716, 000 AFRICA. i Al genias=-gseses eet 222 SESE 14,177, 000 13, 929, 000 28, 629, 000 21, 269, 000 19, 427,000 Mauritiuse<2. 2-2 oS eee eee 16, 000 26, 000 39, 000 27, 000 1 27,000 Nyasalamdexs Oy242 23 57 585, 000 570, 000 1, 234, 000 1, 742, 000 2, 147, 000 IRbodesisved. cosh ee ee 11 147,000 U1 147, 000 11 147, 000 11 147, 000 606, 000 Hive | iat ache a Seely egal 3 Speen 53, 000 55, 000 205, 000 289, 000 1 289, 000 Union of South Africa: Cape of Good Hope 4 ........ 5, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 Wate les~donncteceste ee 2,771, 000 3, 105, 000 2,527,000 | 22,527,000 2 2, 527, 000 Orange River Colony........ 12 650, 000 12 650, 000 4,000 2 654, 000 2 654, 000 Trans¥aallos cs erocstees x oe 5, 077, 000 2, 754, 000 2, 891, 000 5, 346, 000 1 5,346, 000 Total Union of South Africa| 13,498,000 | 11,509,000} 11,072,000] 13,527,000 13, 527, 000 ‘LRotal. 0255.98. 2.2 SER 28, 476, 000 26, 236, 000 41,326, 000 37,001, 000 36, 023, 000 OCEANIA. Australia: Queensland i ssr. sts sce. 723, 000 274, 000 604, 000 450, 000 849, 000 New South Wales.........-- 602, 000 385, 000 430, 000 728, 000 953, 000 AIQUOTIRE 5c coe ee ee ee 68, 000 310, 000 296, 000 307, 000 122, 000 Total Australia............ 1,393,000 969, 000 1, 330, 000 1, 485, 000 1, 924, 000 IE 32.5 AS. oe. 44, 000 38, 000 18, 000 24, 000 68, 000 otal: wih Biot 1, 437,000 1,007, 000 1.348, 000 1, 509, 000 1,992,000 Grand total..............-- 2, 391, 061, 000 |2, 382, 601,000 |2, 742, 500, 000 |2, 817,570,000 | 2, 626, 985, 000 | Year preceding. Exports. 2 Data for 1909. 3 Data for 1907. 4 Unofficial estimate. 5 Average production as unofficially estimated. 6 Not including vilayets of Scutari and Constan- tinople. © Data for 1910. ® Exports. Official returns for production are less than exports. 10 Estimated from returns of the census. Data for 1904. 12 Data for 1905. STATISTICS OF TOBACCO. 627 TaBLE 91.—Total production of tobacco in countries named in Table 90, 1900-1911. , | Year. Production. | Year. Production. | Year. | Production. Year. Production. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. j | Pounds. 1900...... 2, 201, 193,000 || 1903......| 2, 401, 268, 000 || 1906......| 2,270, 298, 000 || 1909......| 2, 742, 500, 000 1901......| 2,270, 213,000 || 1904.... 2, 146, 641,000 |} 1907......} 2,391,061, 000 ith 2,817, 570, 000 1902......| 2,376, 054, 000 } 1905....../ 2,279, 728,000 || 1908......| 2,382, 601,000 || 1911......| 2, 626, 985, 000 TABLE 92.—Acreage, production, value, etc., of tobacco, United States, 1849-1912. ~ Acre- f | Condition of growing age i | Aver- Damiesiee Tanaris) crops. plant-| Aver- age exports of} of un- ed and) age | Produc- | farm Dee. 1 unmanu- a ystigs Year. | har- | yield | tion (000 price (000 Year. | factured, | tured, vested; per | omitted). per A fiscal year |fiscal year When (000 dere: baa cody beginning |beginning rik . See har- iy Dec. 1 P July 1. July 1. ; ; * |vested. ted). Acres.| Lbs. Lbs. Cts. | Dolls. Pounds. | Pounds. | P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct. SDI Le. 1 BBs GND 18. 1900. . |315, 787, 782/26, 851,253} 88.5} 82.9] 77.5] 76.1 Ee: | a ASE, POR oe no tlnk = oo @-|| 1901. ./301, 007, 365/29, 428,837) 86.5) 72.1) 78. $1.5 LS Ree ee i A eee Soe 1902. ./368, 184, 084/34, 016,956} 85.6) 81.2) 81.5) 84.1 18791... 689, 789.7| 478,661)... ....-|..--.2-- 1903. .|311, 971, 831/31, 162,656) 85.1) 82.9) 83.4) 82.3 18891... 695, 702. 5 488, 257| bist ee eae eee | 1904. .|334, 302, 091/33, 288,378} 85.3) 83.9) 83.7] 85.6 18991..| 1,101; 788.5| 868,113|.......|... -...|| 1905. .|312, 227, 202/41, 125,970] 87.4) 84.1) 85.1) 85.8 1900...! 1,046 778.0, 814,345 6.6! 53, 661|! 1906. .1340, 742, 864|40, 898,807] 86.7} 87.2] 86.2] 84.6 1901...) 1,039 788.0) 818,953 7.1) 58, 283)) 1907. ./330, 812, 658/35, 005,131] 81.3) 82.8) 82.5) 84.8 1902...) 1,031 797.3) 821,824 7.0, 57,564), 1908. .|287, 900, 946/43, 123,196] 86.6) 85.8] 84.3) 84.1 1903...] 1,038, 786.3! 815,972} 6.8} 55,515|| 1909. .|357, 196, 074/46, 853,389] 89.3] 83.4] 80.2) 81.3 1904... 806, 819.0) 660,461 8.1) 53,383]! 1910. .|355, 327, 072/48, 203, 288] 85.3] 78.5) 77.7] 80.2 1905... 776) 815.6, 633,034 8.5) 53,519)| 1911. .|379, 845, 320/54, 740,380) 72.6) 68.0) 71.1 80.5 1906... 796; 857.2) 682,429) 10.0 Ae MCE Se ae See 20 Set eae: 87.7) 82.8) 81.1) 81.8 1907... 821) 850. 5} 698,126; 10.2) 71,411 1908... 875) 820. 2) 718, 061 10.3) 74,130 1909. ..| 1,180, 804.3} 949,357) 10.1) 95,719) 19091..| 1,295| 815.3) 1,055, 765|.......|........ | 19102. .] 1,366) 807.7) 1,103,415, 9.3) 102, 142! 19112..] 1,013, 893.7) 905,109 9.4] 85,210) 1912...] 1,226) 785. 5 962, = 10. 8} 104, 063 ! Census figures. 2 Figures adjusted to census basis. TABLE 93.—Acreage, production, and value of tobacco, by States, 1912. . ivi- -s a ate ivi- | . ra ]e aia eta divi- | acreage. |Production. a ig ae oe divi | Acreage. | Production. Hepes ! Acres Pounds Dollars. c Acres. Pounds. | Dollars. New Hampshire. 100 170, 000 1,000 || Illinois. ......... 900 684, 000 62, 000 Vermont... ...... 100 Wisconsin. ... 42,200 | 54,438,000 | 5,988, 000 Massachusetts... 5,800} 9, a Connecticut... ... 17,500 | 29, N.C. E. Miss. R.| 148,000 |149,386,000 | 14,613, 000 New York....... 4,000] 5, (SS SSS SSS SSE Pennsylvania....| 44,200 | 64, Missouri........./ 6,000 | 6,000,000 | 720,000 N. Atlantic..| 71,700 }109, N.C. W. Miss ——= {Oe Pa 6,000 } 6,000,000 720,000 Maryland........ 26,000 | 17, eS = Virginia... ...... 187,000 |112, Kentucky.......| 441,000 |343, 980,000 | 29, 926, West Virginia....} 15,800 | 12, Tennessee... ..- - 110,000 | 72,600,000 | 5,155, North Carolina...| 179,000 110, Alabama........ | 300 225, 000 79, 000 South Carolina...) 35,000 | 24, Louisiana... .--. | 500 150, 000 45,000 Georgia.........- 1,400} 1, Texas..........- | 200 140, 000 24,000 MAOKIGR .-o— = 55. 3,100 | 2,604, Arkansas....... 800 520, 000 94,000 S. Atlantie...] 447,300 |280,614, 000 |37,7 S. Central... .. 552, 800 |417,615,000 | 35,323,000 say 2 58k 86,200 | 79,304, 000 7 United States.|1, 225,800 |962, 855,000 |104, 063, 000 Indiana......._.. 18,700 | 14,960,000 628 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Tasie 94.—Yield per acre, price per pound, and value per acre of tobacco, by States. State. New Hampshire.... Wernmontinn.)- 22 55-5-\ Massachusetts. -.-.--.- Connecticut. -..----- IMGW. MOT Koo. oaseminnm Pennsylvania. ...--- Lvs yard thao (eke eee Mireinlas 2. 250s. West Virginia. ....-- North Carolina.....-. Kentucky...-.------ Tennessee... .-.------ Mississippi. .- -------- WMowisianaye seen ee TEx ASWe ie oeaaee ose Arkansas s2s.e0. a8 United States. Yield per acre. 10-year averages. 1910 1870-11880-|1890-{1900_| 1879 | 1889 | 1899 | 1909 1911 | 1912 Lbs.|Lbs. |Lbs. | Lbs. 1, 214/1, 490 1, 505|1, 495 1, 46/1, 441 939|1, 326 1, 275|1, 2131, 134]1, 331 5| 635} 655 582) 642 612} 659 477| 568 248} 732 248} 452 184) 495 899] 768 699} 679 647| 620 1, 658|1, 666 1,477 694 804) 748] 733 732| 833 640) 734 418} 419 600) 470 461) 450 445) 581 603) 578 957|1, 078|1, 278)1, 050|1, 250/1, 290 . | Lbs. | Lbs. 1, 294)1, 517/1, 650/1, 665,1, 720|1, 7001, 700 1; 712]1, 719/1, 600|1, 700|1, 700 1, 730'1, 650|1, 700 1, 6251, 700 1, 110]1, 1741, 250/1, 330|1, 300 1, 509/1, 420/1, 450 735} 660 800} 600 750} 760 710} 620 810) 700 900} 830) 940) 840 925} 920 910) 800 750| 760 Farm price pe 10-year averages for Dec. i— 1870-l1ss0-|1890-1900- 1879 | 1889 | 1899 | 1909 Cts. 12.2 14.0 13.5 i Cis.) Cts. 15.5 _ sl for} RH Hee Nee oo bo DOSS STIGO I tS O80 5) 1152/0000: > SWWNHNOAMIWDASENWNDOIAO an SE ae ee ee ee — a) SOW UIWOIPONOOUIN BOATS Sapa tae ee tS i lez] — Fr St Sat G0 O31 G0 1/00 13 Ga KOIND > GOOG S> TNHWOTW PWR AMOWROOMAWOP RNR eho to | BBs oow 737. 8/721. 7|719. 6/811. 6 807. 7|893. 7/785. 5 — alla oc! oo poe octee m | OS x f=) & on 1 Basis, Dee. 1 price. Tr pound. Value per Dec.) Dec.} Dec.| acre, 1, is i, | 1912.2 1910. }1911. /1912. Cis.| Cts. | Cis. | Dolls 15.0} 16.0) 18.5) 314.50 14.5) 16.0) 18.5} 314.50 15.0) 20.0; 23.9} 406.30 16. 5} 20.5) 24.1) 409.7 8.5} 10.4) 12.6) 163.80 9.3). 9.5} 8.5) 123.25 7.7) 7.5) 8.0)" 52.80 9.0} 9.6) 12.0) 72.00 10.3} 8.0) 11.0) 83.60 10. 6} 11.6] 16.0} 99.20 8.6) 12.6] 10.9] 76.30 20. 0) 28.0} 30.0} 249.00 23.0! 28.0} 30.0! 252.60 8.5) 7.6). 9.11 83.72 9.5| 7.8) 9.0) 72.00 9.5] 7.8} 9.0) 68.40 7.5) 10.0) 11.0} 141.90 12.0} 12.0] 12.0) 120.00 8.7| Ta] 8. dn eeese 8.4) 8.5] 7.1) 46.86 20..0} 25.0) 35.0) 262.50 25.0) 31.0} 30.0} 90.00 25.0} 20.0} 17.5} 122.50 16.0} 12.0) 18.0) 117.00 9.3; 9.4) 10.8) 84.89 Taste 95.—Wholesale price ef tobacco per pound, by months, on given markets, 1908-1912. Ms Cincinnati, welche Louisville, Phe Richmond, Baltimore, leaf, plug eee ille, | jeaf (Burley, Cire. leaf, eaf, stock, union dark red), eomngel smokers, (Maryland), Dat common to oltine common to fine common medium to ae good red. ; to good. : to good fine red. Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High 1908. Cents.\| Cents.| Cents.| Cents. | Cents.| Cents.) Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Cents. | Cents. | Cents. JAMAL Yiseas 2 oe 8.60 | 17.00 Nominal. 9.00 | 13.00 | 10.00 | 14.50 | 9.00 | 18.00 | 7.00} 12.00 February.. ---- 8.00 | 15.00 | 11.00 | 20.00 | 9.00 | 14.00 | 10.00 | 15.00] 9.00} 13.00} 7.00} 12.00 TST CU Cs cere cn 2 8.00 | 15.00 | 9.00 | 14.50 | 10.00 | 14.00 | 11.00 | 18.00] 9.25 | 13.25 | 7.00] 12.00 April.........-.| 8.00 | 16.00 | 9.50 | 16.00 | 10.50 | 14.00 | 11.50 | 18.00} 9.25 | 18. 25 | 7.00} 12.00 May wce cst 9.00 | 16.00 | 11.00 | 20.00 | 10.50 | 14.00 | 11.50] 18.00} 9.25 | 138.25 | 7.00} 12.00 WUNC s oetee siee es 2 9.00 | 16.00 | 10.00 | 18.00 | 10.50 | 15.50 | 11.50] 18.00 | 9.25 | 13.25} 7.00} 12.00 JUVececcsesee 12.00 | 19.00 | 10.50 | 18.00 | 11.50 | 17.00 | 11.00 | 16.50} 9.25 | 13.25) 7.00] 13.00 AU PUISt. 2 =/s/sscke' 12.00 | 19.00 | 11.00 | 18.00 | 13.00 | 17.00 | 11.00 | 16.50} 9.25 | 13.25} 8.00] 13.00 September. .... 12.00 | 19.00} 9.00 | 13.00 | 13.00 | 16.50 | 10.00 | 16.50} 9.25 | 13.25 | 8.00) 13.00 October.” 2-.2°- 12.00 | 19.00 | 8.00 | 13.00 | 13.00] 17.00] 9.00] 14.50] 9.25 | 13.25] 8.50] 13.00 November... .. 12.00 | 19.00] 8.50] 12.50 | 14.00 | 18.50} 9.00} 14.00] 5.00] 18.25] 6.50} 13.00 December....-- 13.50 | 20.00} 7.50 | 12.50 | 14.50] 19.00] 9.00 | 14.00] 5.00] 10.00] 6.50] 13.00 Mears 8.00 | 20.00 | 7.50} 20.00} 9.00] 19.00] 9.00 | 18.00 | 5.00 | 13.25] 6.50} 13.00 STATISTICS OF TOBACCO. 629 TaBLe 95.—Wholesale price of tobacco per pound, by month, 02 given markets, 1908-1912—Continued. Date. i re August [| YS February Se ee Ct ee Ch eee SORA ces ..).. 52. November. . .-- Cincinnati, ti Son Louisville, — Richmond, Baltimore, leaf, plug Hop eerie, leaf (Burley, cele leaf, leaf, stock, ‘oan dark red), canteens smokers, (Maryland), common to ro hia common Tathinie common medium to good red $ to good. 3 to good. fine red. Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. 13.50 | 20.00 | 7.50} 9.50 | 14.50] 18.50 | 8.50] 14.00] 5.00] 10.00] 8.50] 13.00 12.00 | 20.00} 7.50] 10.00 | 13.50 | 18.50} 8.00} 13.50] 5.00] 10.00] 8.50] 13.00 12. 00 | 20. 00 7.50 | 11.50 | 13.50 | 18.00 7.50 | 11.50] 5.00 | 10.00] 8.50} 13.00 .-| 12.00 | 20.00 | 6.50} 12.50 | 13.00} 18.00 | 7.50] 14.00] 5.00] 10.00] 8.50] 13.00 -| 12.00 | 20.00 | 6.00 | 14.00 | 12.50 | 18.00] 8.25 | 14.00] 5.00] 10.00] 8.50] 13.00 12.00 | 20.00 | 6.50 | 14.00 | 12.50} 18.00] 8.25 | 13.50] 5.00] 10.00} 8.50] 13.00 12. 00 | 20.00 7.00 | 14.00 | 12.00 | 18.00 | 8.25] 13.50] 5.00] 10.00] 8.50 13.00 12.00 | 20.00 | 7.50 | 14.00 | 12.00 | 18.00] 8.25] 13.50] 5.00] 10.00] 8.50] 13.00 12.00 | 20.00 | 7.50 | 14.00 | 12.00! 18.00] 8.00] 10.25] 5.00] 10.00} 8.50] 13.00 12.00 | 20.00} 8.00 | 12.50 | 12.00 | 18.00] 8.00 | 10.25] 5.00] 10.00] 8.50] 13.00 12.00 | 18.50} 7.00 | 12.00} 12.00 | 18.00} 8.00] 10.25] 5.00] 10.00] 8.5 13.00 12.00 | 18.50 7.50 | 12.50 | 12.60 | 18.00} 8.00 | 10.25 5.00 | 10.00 | 8.50 13. 00 12.60 | 20.00 6.00 | 14.00 | 12.00 | 18. 50 7.50 | 14.00} 5.00 | 10.00 | 8.50 | 13. 00 9.50 | 16.7 6.00 | 12.00 | 11.50 | 16.75 | 8.00] 10.25 5.00} 10.00} 8.50] 13.00 9.50 | 16.7. 7.00 | 13.50 | 11.25 | 16. 25 §.00 | 13.50 { 5.00 | 10.00] 8.4 13. 00 9.50 | 16.75 | 7.50 | 17.00 | 11.50 | 16.25) 8.75 115.00] 5.00] 10.00} 8.50] 13.00 9.50 | 16.75 | 5.50 | 17.00 | 11.50 | 16.25] 9.50| 15.00] 5.00] 10.00] 8.50] 13.00 9.50 | 16.75 | 8.00 | 17.00 | 11.50 | 16.25] 9.50] 15.00} 5.00] 10.00] 8.50 13. 00 9.50 | 16.75 9.00 | 17.50 | 12.00 | 16.25 | 9.50} 16.50] 5.00] 10.00] 8.50 13. 60 9.50 | 16.75 | 9.50 | 17.00 | 12.50 | 17.00 | 10.00 | 16.50} 5.00 | 10.00] 8.50 13. 00 9.50 | 16. 7. 8.50 | 12.00 | 12.50 | 17.00 | 10.00 | 16.50! 5.00 | 10.00] 8.5 13. 00 9.50 | 16.75 Nominal. 12.50 | 17.00 | 10.00 | 14.50] 5.00} 10.00] 8.50] 13.00 9.50 | 16.75 | 8.50 | 12.00 | 11.50 | 17.00] 9.50 | 13.00} 5.00] 10.00] 8.50 13. 00 7.50 | 14.00] 8.50] 11.00] 8.00] 12.50] 9.50 | 13.00] 5.00] 10.00] 8.50 13.00 7.00 | 14.00} 8.50] 11.50] 8.00] 12.50] 9.50) 13.00] 5.00] 10.00] 8.50] 13.00 7.00 | 16.75 | 6.00} 17.50 | 8.00] 17.00] 8.00 | 16.50] 5.00] 10.00} 8.50 13.00 5.50 | 14.00 7.00 | 13.50 | 8.00 | 12.75 9.50 | 13.00 5.00 | 10.00 8. 50 13.00 5.50 | 13.00 7.00 | 18.00} 6.50] 12.00} 9.50] 13.00] 6.00} 12.00] 8.50 13. 00 5.50 | 13.00 | 8.00] 18.00] 6.50] 12.00] 9.50] 15.50] 6.00] 12.00] 8.50 13.00 5.50 | 13.00 | 8.00 | 17.50} 6.50] 12.00] 9.50] 15.50] 6.00 | 12.00] 8.50 13. 00 5.50 | 13.00 | 8.00 | 17.50} 6.06] 12.00] 9.50] 15.50] 6.00] 12.00] 8.50 13. 00 5.50 | 13.00 | 9.50 | 17.00} 6.00] 12.00; 9.50] 15.50] 6.00] 12.00; 8.50] 13.00 5.50 | 13.00 | 9.50} 17.00] 6.50] 12.00} 9.5 15.50 | 6.00 | 12.00] 8.50 13.00 6.25 | 14.50] 9.50] 15.00] 6.50 | 12.50] 9.50 | 15.50] 6.00] 12.00] 8.50 13.00 6.25 |} 14.50 | 9.50] 15.00} 6.50] 12.50] 9.50] 15.50] 6.00] 12.00] 8.50 13. 00 6.25 | 14.50] 9.00 | 13.50} 6.50] 12.00] 9.50 | 13.50] 6.00| 12.00] 8.50 13.00 6.25 | 14.50} 9.00 | 13.50] 6.50] 12.25| 9.50] 13.50] 6.00] 12.00] 8.50] 13.00 6.25 | 14.50 | 8.50] 12.50] 6.75 | 12.50] 9.50 | 13.5 6.00 | 12.00} 8.50] 13.00 5.50 | 14.50 | 7.00] 18.00] 6.00] 12.75 | 9.% 15.50} 5.00 | 12.00] 8.50 13. 00 6.00 | 13.00} 8.00 | 14.00] 7.50} 10.50] 9.50 | 13.50{ 6.00] 12.00} 8.50] 13.00 6.00 | 13.00} 8.00 | 14.00] 7.50] 12.00] 9.50] 13.50] 6.00 | 12.00] 8.50 13.00 6.60 | 13.00] 8.00 | 14.00] 8.00] 12.00] 9.50] 13.50] 6.00 | 12.00] 8.50 13.00 - 6.00 | 13.00 | 8.00 | 15.00] 7.50] 12.00] 9.50]! 15.00] 6.00 | 12.€0] 8.50]! 13.00 6.00 | 13.00} 8.00 | 16.00] 7.50] 12.00! 9.50] 15.00] 6.00 | 12.00] 8.50| 13.00 6.00 | 13.00] 9.50] 16.00} 7.50] 12.00] 9.50} 15.00} 6.00] 12.00] 8.50 13.00 5.00 | 14.00] 9.00 | 16.00] 7.00] 12.00] 9.50} 15.00} 6.00} 12.00] 8.50] 13.00 5.00 | 14.00} 9.00 | 15.00 7.00 | 12.00} 9.50 | 14.50] 6.00] 12.00] 8.50 13.00 5.00} 14.00] 9.00] 15.00] 7.00 | 12.00] 9.50! 14.50] 6.00} 12.00] 8.50 13.00 5.00 | 14.00 | 9.00 | 14.00] 7.00] 12.00] 9.50 | 14.50] 6.00} 12.00] 8.50 15.00 5.00 | 14.00] 9.00 | 14.00] 7.00} 13.00} 9.50 | 14.50] 6.00} 12.00] 8.50 15.00 5.00 | 14.00 | 9.00] 14.00] 7.50 | 13.00} 9.50 | 13.00] 6.00} 12.00] 8.50 15.00 cS gis ah 8. 00 16.00 | 7.00 | 2) 2 m0 6.00 | 12.00} 8.50] 15.00 | 630 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TaBLE 96.—Jnternational trade in unmanufactured tobacco, calendar years 1907-1911. [Tobacco comprises leaf, stems, strippings, and tombac, but not snuff. See ‘‘General note,” p. 564.] EXPORTS. Country. 1907 1908 1909 Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 6,587,956 | 6,825,265 | 5,939, 803 7,754,680 | 4,073,439 | 38, 655, 360 21, 637, 488 | 21,044,230 | 21,456, 931 65, 458,948 | 33,650,715 | 64, 654, 476 -| 28,787,031 | 19,006,506 | 17,195,391 ’ 2,678,380 | 5,532,045 | 4,347,506 4,425,619 | 4,075,075 | 6,077,221 19, 135,347 | 40,111,922 | 49, 468, 425 ‘Sure Hast Indies 6 Se. ee cevecte een 156, 809,019 |177, 855, 168 |127, 133, 401 IGEGDCG Sas bon coed Ae a ae en ae 14,965, 568 | 10,786,972 | 13, 159, 838 IEG IE CO Me 8 SLE, |. SN a 2 Poke mee 4,479,908 | 3,884,417 | 2,837,311 PAN CUNOKISINES.> a's. en. eres fate e teuna dae haar 5, 163,874 | 3,750,461 | 4,232,501 IPERA PAY sed eect ate chee a ee 3, 405, 349 | 10,921,919 |310, 767, 680 SPGEST ON SUN hak Morn Silt SAN Bey, ee sr 3,875,093 | 2,929,637 | 4,555,765 PRIM pING Ilands- eee. eee a eee 23,589,657 | 24,927,663 | 20,976, 743 PER UISSISt Nees tae eng aes pee athe Soo tee 14, 246, 861 | 17,117,323 | 20, 610, 622 SSO ORIG oe ae ee oie oe ee cee 21, 802,982 | 18,665,594 | 24,822, 623 SPUEKOY OS. G. Lte. sent Mae. Ae ae toe 739, 267,984 |865, 600,000 |§77, 800, 000 PUMILEG OUATOS © ot oe ats tiie | Geek = since mee 317,399,986 |305, 455, 871 |351, 564, 177 Oghercoun thes <3 se. tite - Bec eae sees 11, 232,000 | 17,134,000 | 15,514,660 PP Ota. eer Le ne = eee elo neon 772, 703, 730 |793, 348, 222 rau a IMPORTS. Aon Pe en CE eS Oe aT See 9,217,012 | 8,842,225 | 8,988,786 Argentina 8, 689, 607 | 10,500,693 | 11, 756,931 PAIS tral me PeeP ale Oe Re Cle tense 10, 169,916 | 12,886,746 | 9,370,516 36, 349, 224 | 43,907,916 | 48, 820, 867 20, 158, 252 } 20,926, 828 | 21,194,579 4,993,124 | 6,607,385 | 7,514,446 AHA as heck oss ee 17,338,976 | 16,760,080 | 12,654,798 WHIM Dy See oe Oe eet eee tae RASS. G5 17,770,000 | 11,234,933 | 8,273,200 Denmark.2. 25 Ree es. Eee. oe 208; 186 | 19,896,515 | 3,306,900 1D 7g 0) ae lg > de Ae TS SB 18, 800, 829 | 19, 147,628 | 18, 753, 130 rating *. 1b Pee oe a ee ca A 9, 834, 255 | 9,561,348 | 9,477,672 Tay sos) see ae ee Sees Ae ee ae ee Se es 62} 556, 784 | 63,594,310 | 44,485, 742 Germanys... tase eh ee. 156, 696,575 |170, 492,741 |172,018, 104 etaly: 32 Gs. 532) en aes Be aoe 43,913, 427 44) 892) 711 | 49,666, 772 INétherlands )2 Sek Se. Sek rs ee 50, 171,539 47, 963, 304 | 52,343, 677 Norway. 2... eRe UE IU Sch dee aees 3, 877,054 3, 648, 437 | 3,700,179 Portugal 2.7 t Bove. Pe See. 5,713,117 | 5,160,058 | 6,990, 132 Sather Nigeria 4. 4.009.) FR eee 5,789,775 | 4,563,355 | 6,042,225 paint DB o.7 SE OOS. 2 SS PE 51,055,075 | 31,920,895 | 40,997,520 Swedents 2.05 MAE bei et eh ets ee 9,212,040 | 9,164,893 9, 135, 007 Switzerlandsthsncch, Seseses eee eee 17,561, 182 | 16,721, 450 16, 542) 877 Unitedikingdom cle 1 Wes. eee eee 87,329,290 | 87,933,057 85, 654; 211 United: States: .2s.e esses elie ore 34, 088, 288 | 37,665,211 44) 221, 940 Ojhericountries: 3. sa.05-~ 3524-5 agentes 40,834,000 | 48,339,000 | 48,079,000 otal. pero WA OR ee Be 733,327,527 |752, 332,719 1 Year beginning April 1. 2 Data for 1909. 3 Preliminary. 4 Year preceding. 1910 Pounds. 2 5,939, 803 313,511,773 ’ 24,515, 681 5, 233, 789 1, 543, 920 34, 822, 228 138, 571, 385 12, 659, 828 1, 231, 928 3, 843, 420 311, 282, 772 2 4,555,765 21,926, 744 20, 891, 616 22, 262, 108 277, 800, 000 328, 562, 036 18, 163, 000 847,505,576 2 8, 988, 786 12, 431, 627 13, 586, 845 53,311, 196 20,994, 432 6, 583, 970 16, 674, 292 13, 662, 267 9, 272, 768 18, 103, 095 9, 384) 259 61, 265, 614 146} 926, 890 41) 454, 417 55,045, 754 4, 141, 628 5,701,360 5, 956, 604 44, 337, 800 9, 438, 252 17, 149, 804 88, 141,019 42, 343, 323 43,720, 000 1911 Pounds. 2 5,939, 803 3 13, 426, 455 24,072, 689 340, 761, 118 34, 560, 174 4 812) 382 3,713, 177 4 11, 282, 772 "555, 765 7 656, 358 22} 950, 226 30, 441, 476 277, 800,000 370, 283, 512 3 26, 833, 000 | 928, 095, 994 2 8, 988, 786 14,046,649 — 14, 900, 520 50, 428, 902 20, 694, 712 5, 196, 380 17,814, 612 13,026, 400 10, 674,012 739,989,211 |748, 616,002 | 786, 364, 795 5 Year beginning March 21. 6 Year beginning March 14. 7 Data for 1900. 8 Unofficial estimate. ————s ee ee ee ee eee STATISTICS OF FLAX. FLAX. TaBLE 97.—F lax area of countries named, 1909-1911. 631 Country. 1909 | 1910 1911 NORTH AMERICA. Alberta Acres. 2,083, 100 Acres. 2, 467, 000 Acres. 2,757,000 RE Re IS a uta ose cine eine Me wie one Bw ness Saneieiemen ld Austria-Hungary: PRED ooo oni a sen eae Ange esis sce s ne ap kh dans se a= Seb SeS lee 6 BE MEI LODOE wetness ee ocsonechat tenes conve sy iis crsame anaes IRENA ee So oon ieee bee ae Scien a kes ece Mecen en Ree ETE UT Nee 0 Se ay ne ae wie ars om cc az masdndca este chic Russia: ORS 2 eee Oe re ee See ee Polan REET EERE TE ene ne er rs Seater sce eer eee ore Russ 1 No official data. 2Less than 100 acres. 1,700 8, 400 62, 200 570, 000 40, 300 682, 600 (4) (1) (4) 3, 791, 300 3,596, 800 3,715, 900 45, 300 (@) 94, 700 3 See. 60D bec 3, 816, 600 111, 100 5,900 94, 900 23, 400 21,100 (1) (1) (1) (1) () @) @) 39,300] (1) () 400 900 1, 200 50, 500 | 53, 600 59, 400 22, 200 22, 400 21, 800 24, 800 29, 000 38, 800 30, 100 33, 100 52, 200 3,120,200 | 3,047,500 | 3, 237,300 90. 88, 300 95, 500 63, 300 80, 000 96, 000 3,274,100 | 3,215,800 | 3, 428, 800 3,000 4,300 4, 560 4,200 (1) 3, 800 38, 100 66, 600 54, $00 2,997,000 3, 188, 100 3, 797, 300 176, 600 91, 200 125, 500 128, 800 137, 200 154, 100 (?) (7) (?) 305, 400 | 228, 400 279, 6090 | 1,000 500 1,800 632 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TaBLE 98.—F lax crop of countries named, 1909-1911. Seed. Fiber. Country. 1909 1910 1911 1909 1910 1911 = ! NORTH AMERICA. | Bushels. Bushels. | Bushels. Pounds. Pounds Pounds United States. -nci2< eka 19,533,000 | 12,718, 000-)-19> 370, 000; |3.5;.<.--2-6252|..5-.- - eek ee Canada: CRYST] areal Sie noe ees Oil MRE SA eso) Breer a 19, 000. |. «2.2 28. 222. |es2 oe. oe Ontario-255.:2=.<.2) 25562 oeeee Pereeeeerees: 138,000. |<. 23-2 ie ak dono en ee Manitobavs,ces. 28 2 317, 000 290, 000 99000) 2. 20 oo. 350 ie8 = oe eee Saskatchewan.......- 1,.787,000.} 3, 448,000°| 6,413, 00042 cc. - 2024 992. |e ae Se SLAG Si RS Bret 109, 000 64, 000 418, 000%). 023. -ee ok eek. 2 A Li Wt]: ee 2,213,000: |- 3, 802;000-]). :7, 867,000). ...-. e-22:<|s24 -2 35. 20 ee ee 121750. 77 0 1 ee 150, 000 150, 000 150,000*|. .-.2-. 9.202 [422.55 3. ee Total North Amer- HGR Foe ees 21, 876,000 | 16,670,600 | 27,387,000 |.......--.----|.-- eee ent ee SOUTH AMERICA. Nevestim a yo oe ote one 41, 291,000 | 28, 212, 000 |°23,424,000 |-.-2 22 20..s2- 920.2 2 ee LON aC ieee Comer meee nee ae 522, 000 600, 000 660; 000)... 2 2220 Se [nes Se Totali7e223 -- se 41,813,000 | 28,812,000 |.24, 084,000 |: 222.0022 tec]eeeeee es er EUROPE. Austria-Hungary: ES GRIRe = 2 ee oS 852, 000 663, 000 697, 000 68, 136,000 | 50,191, 000 46, 646, 000 Hungary proper...... 186, 000 164, 000 170,000 | 20,118,000 | 18,492,000 . Croatia-Slavonia..... 30, 000 30, 600 30, 000 9,009, 000 8, 143, 000 Bosnia-Herzegovina. . 4,000 4,000 4,000 1, 400, 000 1, 000, 000 Total Austria-Hun- Waryocuteor. ss cote 1, 072, 000 861, 000 901, 000 98, 654,000 | 77,826,000 Bel earn. sao 300, 000 300, 000 300,000 | 27,000,000 | 28,000,000 Bulearivs) 7 Sere 8S 2, 000 8,000 10, 000 200, 000 709, 000 Mranees. 5 he see esc ee 436, 000 416, 000 496, 000 30,494,600 | 33,106,000 deo BY Sas Se a mea St 281, 000 232, 000 341, 000 7, 242,000 6, 883, 000 Netherlands. ..-2..-.:.... 219,000 316, 000 374, 000 13, 438,000 | 14, 189, 000 FIOUMIANIA» 2c o ose ee 205, 000 363,000 603, 000 1, 628, 060 4, 448, 000 Russia: Russia proper... ..-- 19, 767,000 | 16,743,000 | 18,877,000 |1, 022,484,000 |............-|---.-------..- Poland see ee ese 948, 000 816, 000 935, 000 42,450,000 |.-:-. -2te ¢t2|- 22 Northern Caucasia. . . » 583,000 590, 600 732,000 26, 130; 000 '|---=1. 220. .e ee Total Russia (Euro- pean) s.83 583.55 8. 21,298,006 | 18,149,000 | 20,544,000 |1,091, 064,000 |! 702, 477, 000 Reryiassescs feet aoc. ic Sipe ee. a ae 872, 000 2,192, 000 Sweden: 6 fest Mees ie 21, 000 20, 000 17,000 1, 449, 000 1, 400, 000 yeas Ae ees OS oo cree ce ee es ee era 16,081,000 | 19,882,000 Otali< sce 23,834,000 | 20,665,000 | 23,586,000 |1, 288, 122,000 | 891,112,000 | 1,242,227, 000 ASIA. British India... ee 11,552,000 |17,112,,000..1.22,.544,.000.}- .<0-2 - oS See oie Russia: Central Asia. ........ 966, 000 429, 000 220, 0C0' |“ 51;864;000"|2.".. 22... eee Siberia.c\ 222: es 771, 000 832, 000 785,000 | . 88,109,000 |... 2: a/c Transcaucasia. ....... (?) (*) (*) 6,429, 000 ||... 02. =... oe] See Total Russia (Asi- atic) i2c25.s ee 1,737,000 | 1,261,000 | 1,005,000 | 96,402,000 (3) 49, 000, 000 Total Asia... f2..4 13, 289,000 | 18,373,000 | 23,549,000 | 96,402,000 |............- 49, 000, 000 AFRICA. pe Alpert es oe acus Seema 8, 000 4,000 16/000: |e. ss) ae ee eee =e =|see ae eee Grand total. ....... 100, 820, 000 | 84,524,000 | 98,622,000 |1, 384,524,000 | 891, 112, 000 | 1,291, 227, 000 | 1 Includes Asiatie Russia. 2 Less than 1,000 bushels. 3 Included in European Russia. STATISTICS OF FLAX, 633 TaBLE 99.— Total production of flax (seed and fiber) in countries named in Table 98, 1896-1911. Production. ; | Production. Year. ; Year. | Seed. Fiber. } Seed. Fiber. | Bushels Pounds. | Bushels. Pounds. (pets MeSrae eae $2, 684, 500 | 1, 714,205,000 || 1904... ..........2... 107,743,000 | 1,517, 922, 000 Weeree ce tees. 1. Po 57,596,500 | 1, 498,054,000 |} 1905................. 100, 458, 000 1, 494, 229, 000 TE ARS 72,938,500 | 1,780, 693,000 || 1906..............--- 88,165,000 | 1,871,723, 000 PT Shs 66, 347, 600 | 1, 138, 763,000 || 1907................- 102, 960,000 | 2,042,390, 000 ie ete. 62, 431,500 | 1,315, 931,000 |] 1908................. 100, 850, 0C0 1, 907, 591, 000 ot 1 ee A a ee ee 72,314, 000 | 1,050, 260,000 || 1909. ................ 100,820,000 | 1,384,524, 000 Grete ease O Lke 83, 891, 000 | 1,564, 840,000 |] 1910................- 84, 524, 000 891, 112, 000 ieee ae) Ue 110, 455, 000 | 1, 492,383,000 |] 1911. ..............-. 98,622,000 | 1,291, 227,000 TABLE 100.— Acreage, production, value, ete., of flaxseed, United States, 1849-1912. : | | Condition of growing crop. Average Acreage | Average Seer Year. | sown and | yield per| Production. vn pe i . hey Wh harvested. |" acre. (ERE the se | | Dee. 1 July 1.} Aug.1.| Sept.1.] har- vested. | | | Acres Bushels Bushels. Cents. | Dollars 9 RT RS PY Soa ral a) eo P. ct NE pale ee EE. Aa) ae aa BOE UOU | bones cate See een BEE E nee! BRE en nis Serene! Famer AS iS I a ca ae | EL a a Pee 9S Se a ERs ARE Sei, ake SS nee 1,758,000 ')".3 eae AIRED EG Sra RR EE Ee ks 1S bee att Si PES TLIO, (MIO: Vee vee Pee eee eel oe a Saat coe ae Jeceec eee 18891..| 1,319,000 TEA) 10/850, 000)(022 2 | ero shir Sdlapets f° Mid: J S20 i 2 eee aera 18991...) 2,111,000 9.6 15,919,000 | ok: A 2 ee eee SARE Saeie |. SS bee ee Se 1902 . 3,740,000 7.8 29, 285,000 105.0 30,815,000 |........ eS oe |e elesk Me SE ens. 1903 . 3, 233,000 8.4 27,301,000 81.7 22, 292,000 85. 2 $0.3 80.5 | 74.0 1904...| 2,264,000 10.3 23,401,000 99.3 23, 229,000 86.6 78.9 85.8 87.0 1905 ...| 2,535,000 11:2 25,478,000 84.4 24, 049, 000 92.7 96.7 94.2 91.5 1906 ...| 2,506,000 10.2 25,576,000 101.3 25,899,000 93. 2 92. 2 89.0 87.4 1907 - 2,864,000 9.0 25,851,000 95.6 24,713,000 91.2 91.9 85.4 78.0 1908 . 2,679,000 9.6 25,805,000 118.4 30,577,000 92.5 86.1 82.5 81.2 1909 - 2,742,000 9.4 25,856,000 152.6 39, 466, 000 95.1 92.7 88.9 84.9 19091..| 2,083,000 9.4 HERI OME LONE A SES ER SR SERS OE Se ee | eee eee egress 19102...) 2,467,000 5.2 12,718,000 231.7 29, 472,000 65.0 51.7 48.3 47.2 1911 2..| 2,757,000 7.0 19,370,000 182.1 35, 272,000 80.9 71.0 68.4 69.6 1912...| 2,851,000 9.8 28,073,000 114.7 32, 202,000 88.9 $7.5 86.3 83.8 1 Census. 2 Figures adjusted to census basis. TABLE 101.—Acreage, production, and value of flaxseed, by States, 1912. é Average , Average Value per Farm State. Acreage. | yield per Hooda; tan acre value acre. : ae 1 Dee. 1. Dee. 1. { Acres Bushels. Bushels Doilars. Dollars. Dollars. 12.5 125,0 1.27 15.88 159,090 10.2 | 4,121,000 1.20 12. 24 4,945,060 11.5 402,000 1.24 14. 26 493,000 6.0 72,000 1.10 6. 60 79,000 9.7 | 12,086,000 1.14 11.06 | 13,778,000 8.6 »323, 000 1.13 9.72 6,015,000 9.5 ,0CO 1.28 12.16 24,000 6.0 300,000 1.30 7.80 390,000 1,000 9.0 9,000 1.38 12. 42 12,000 CUS | ee Bei 460,000 12.0) 5,520,000 1.12 13.44] 6,182,000 RiploradOciss . 3 ana nee eee eee L3SV4E | DLO 76 as eee 210.0 | 133.0 ecenser aise 2 here cee ee ya: ly a ee kT D809 fn HHSC) TaBLE 103.—Wholesale price of flaxseed per bushel, 1898-1912. St. Louis. Cincinnati. Chicago. Milwaukee. Duluth. No. 1and No.1] No.1 North- ry oo Date. Prime. Northwestern. western. Low. | High. Low. | High. Low. | High. Low. | High. | Low. | High. SUS parent, 5) ia | $0.93 | $1.46 $0.90 | $1.00 | $0.964 | $1.51 | $0.99 | $1.52 | $0.90 $1. 42 EDOOE SS Secs eee foe } 1.25 Wag 1.00 1.45 1.32 1.86 1.30 1.86 1. 284 1.87 HOOT ES of eS 1.37 1.72 1.20. 1.50 1.38 1.90 1.30 1.88 1.33 1.88 ONO ee ewer Ss 1.11 1.65 1.25 1.40} 1.13 1.80 1.18 1.80 1.154 1.78 1! (Opies os ee ce 86 nual yy 1.00 1.30 .89 1.24 .94 1.24 92 1.20 S/O, Ue Seat ee na 924 | 1.18% 1.00 1.00 .97 1.28 1.06 1.28 1.014 1.28 OO Bre oe, we Oia ee 90 1.30 1.10 1.10 . 92 1.47 .98 1.47 - 964 1.50 GOG 22 ee Pek ki ey 98 1.19 1.10 1.12} 1.03 1:25 1.05 1.25 1.094 1.25 WOOT cc rop oe oes oases 1.00 Toad 1 a ee ao -96 1.364 1.07 1.34 1.064 1.414 OCB ct ek 1.00 | 1.394] 1.12] 1.25) 1.064] 1.513 | 1.12 | 1.47 | 1.123) 1.493 1909. | PAULA eerie rece as 1.42% VY. 51 SE al ae 1.44 1.614 1.534 1.624 1.52 1.59 SRIGIIEUEAD Views eee nner 1.50 1.63 tbl le eee | 1.504 1.734 1.60 1.71 1. 588 1.70 Manel there ey ase 1.55 1.63 1 el Ie ee 1.52 1.714 1. 602 1.70 1.61 1. 68§ PADI oe deeds siete 1.53 1.60 ul se oe 1.534} 1.693] 1.66 1.70 1.634 1. 683 Mayoe ene terete | 1.533 | 1.663 Iie ceees 1.09 1.82 1.663 | 1.802} 1.643 1.82 MOS ees ee a 1.50 | 1.65 Widinlign wees = 1.544 | 1.712] 1.64 | 1.784] 1.75 1.813 fare Map Bh te a le gl 1. 20 1.50 aR aye REE 1.29 1.65 1.40 1.66 1.39% 1.79 ATIPTIST A= 2 eee ee 1.15 1.35 py ysl ae Seas 1.35 UAT ences 1.45 1.38 1.50 September........--. 1.32 1.38 LY (a le eee 1.32% | 1.51 1.40 1.50 aad 1.47 Octabers sete 1.35 1.60 5 (ae ae 1.32 3 1.424} 1.744] 1.36 1.74} November........-- 1.55 1.72 Brille Saischid 1.56 1.844 | 1.68 1.84 i708 1.84} December...-......-. 1.68 1.90 dle ihe Sse 1.70 1.99 1.80 2.09 1.76 2.044 NG eee ea seal 1.90 DPN * ae se 1. 29 1.99 1.35 2.09 1.364 2.044 1910. PAMWery...toer.e = 22 1.90 2.10 ea 2.00 | 1.92 2. 26 2.09 2. 20 2.02 2.27 Wepruary os sop te coe 2.05 2.09 BOO |e ckegcmee 2.04 2. 22 DAS Peal 2.154 2. 204 Maren fy. \. 3 sss one tee 2.08 2. 24 200s |. samc mer 2.093 | 2.35 2.18 2.35 2.17 2.35 Aral 3: - hace pe oes 2.18 2.30 FiOS. owes 2. 20 2.434 | 2.32 2.45 2.32 2. 46 MAY. cao cee ase eal oe meme oe Sean Fe 2.00 2.49 1.944 2. 424 1.96 2.40 2.08 2.384 MTN Giche oca.c Pape cee oo le oaeeete eBledme oe Ee 2.25 pay bs 1.75 2.18 1.914 2. 20 1.89 2. 20 DTG 7. ssh toe aca 2.18 2.25 2.75 | 1.974 | 2.55 2:10 2.50 2.10 2. 67 1 bE -« EC] Te ene 2.35 2.25 2.75 | 2.23 2.574 | 2.40 2.55 2. 42% 2.60 September. .......-- 2.68 Ba" | kctepe ee 2.21 2.84 2.36 2.75 2.34 2. 84 October... .- 2. 54 2. 40 2.50'| 2.20 2.70 2.39 2. 68 2. 412 2.69 November. . es . 2.59 Debit acwisieee 2.37 2.73 2.52 2.70 2.50 2.74 DSCOMIDER oss cet oe S 2.43 2) BOA: eda we 2.224 | 2.57 2.324 | 2.55 2.314 2. 544 AT: | Re TS a 2. 68 1.75 205, deo 2.84 1.914 | 2.75 1.89 2.84 STATISTICS OF RICE. 635 TaBLe 103.—Wholesale price of flaxseed per bushel, 1898-1912—Continued. | St. Louis. | Cincinnati. Chicago. | Milwaukee. Duluth. - No.land No.1.| No.1 North- Date. arin. Northwestern. western. Low. | High. Low. | High | . Low. | High Low. | High. | Low | High 1911 ro $2.35 | $2.58 $2.50 | $2.50 | $2.37 | $2.704 | $2.46 | $2.69 | $2.47 $2. 684 Webruary.........-..| 2. 56 2. 604 2.50 2.50 | 2.54 2.744 | 2.64 2.70 2. 633 2.70 TE eS | 2.45 2.60 2.50 2.50 | 2.354 | 2.69 2. 44 2. 67 2. 46 2. 67 rales 3S. -.... 2. Oe 2.46 2.57 2.50 2.50 | 2.394 | 2.634] 2.48 2. 62 2. 48 2.62 oe re a. oe 2. 28 2.60 2.50 2.75 | 2.25%] 2.55 2.21 2. 60 2. 21 2.61 Berigee os... .=--2e. | 1.80 2.35 2.75 PC eee ee le 2.05 2.35 2.06 2.34 ee 1.80 1.85 2.75 ROT CP eee Bee roe, 2.04 2.18 2.05 2.19 LS re 1.82 2.00 2.75 2.75 | 2.35 2. 57 2.08 2.52 2.10 2.52 September.......... 725 el ie OPT al a aca Ve 2.27 | 2.693 | 2.28 | 2.62 | 2.273] 2.65 WQUOROL sc se. oc2 5.25 2.15 ye) Bee ee 2.13 2.47 2.114 | 2.46 2.12 2.47 November.......... 1.98 pS Ty ae ee ee 1.93 2.17 1.92 2.18 1.93 2.174 ee 2.00 Briere seruetosc ae 1.94 2.16 2.03 2.13 1.94 2.18 2.604 2.50 2.75 | 1.93 2.744 | 1.92 | 2.7 1.93 2.70 PRA OM) (> a eS eee a 2.10 2. 20 2.10 2.19 2.10 2.22 2.11 2.50 2.50 | 2.01 2.12 2.024 | 2.104) 2.00 2.13% 2.13 2.50 2.50 | 2.02 2.14 2.014] 2.13 2.004 2.134 2.18 2.50 2.50 | 2.14 2.18% | 2.134) 2.184 | 2.144 2.182 2.21 2.50 2.50 | 2.164 | 2.19%] 2.15 2.31 2.174 2.53 2.05 2.56 rs ER ee al 2.24 2.39 2. 20 2.364 1.75 2.80 7 Be eee | eee 1.79 2.184 | 1.80 2. 202 1.70 2.80 pt. Uh Ose 8 Ree Pee TB pi 2.03 1.724 2.00 ) el Roe ee eS ARE, Soe ee pe Sl Res FBS 1.68 1.89 1.67 1.85 L158) Leh ee. oe 1.65 1.744 | 1.45%] 1.75 1.49 1.744 ZSE) 40.332.3].2. 088 1.28 1.43 1.27 1.472 | 1.27 1.44 eee es 2 Pee eee 1.244 | 1.302] 1.22 1. 263 od 1.50 280 | 1.28 | 2.20 1.244 | 2.39 1:22 2.53 RICE. ~ TaBLe 104.—Rice crop of countries named, 1907-1911. [Mostly cleaned rice. The United States crop as given here is computed from the official returns, which are for rough rice, allowing 45 pounds rough to 1 bushel, and 162 pounds rough to 100 pounds cleaned. No data for Afghanistan, Algeria, Colombia, Federated Malay States, Persia, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, and a few other countries of small production. ] Country. 1907 1908 1909 1910 | 1911 NORTH AMERICA, United States: Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Contiguous. ....... 520, 000, 000 608, 056, 000 676, 889, 000 680, 833, 000 637,056, 000 Noncontiguous— Hawaii........ 1 33, 400, 000 1 33, 400, 000 25, 820, 000 2 25,820, 000 2 25,820,000 Total United States (except Philippine Is- TARGUS) * Jeet ee 553, 400, 000 641, 456, 000 702, 709, 000 706, 653,000 662,876, 000 Central America: Guatemala 3_......| 1,300, 000 1,300, 000 1,300, 000 1,300, 000 1,300, 000 Honduras ‘........ 8, 100, 000 8, 100, 000 8, 100, 000 8, 100, 000 8,100, 000 MESaCOs 6 Fes. 5 69, 932, 000 5 69, 932, 000 5 69, 932, 000 124, 900, 000 6 124, 900, 000 Potala eseec8 632,732, 000 720, 788, 000 782,041,000 840, 953, 000 797,176, 000 1 Census, 1899. 3 Data for 1904. 5 Data for 1906. 2 Census, 1909. 4 Data for 1901. 6 Year preceding. 636 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Taste 104.—Rice crop of countries named, 1907-1911—Continued, 1909 | Country. 1907 1908 | 1910 1931 SOUTH AMERICA. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds, Pounds. Pounds. ATPENTINA. cS cas cpm «2 == 17, 808, 000 119,000, 000 219,000, 000 219, 000, 000 219,000, 000 Irazil: SAo Paulo..-.. 3 83, 000, 000 3 83,000, 000 84, 868, 000 184, 704, 000 4184, 704, 000 jritish Guiana......-. 1 59,000, 000 * 71,300, 000 91, 000, 000 5 91,000, 000 5 91, 000, 000 Dutch Guiana.......-- 3, 331, 000 3,718, 000 4,326, 000 4, 376, 000 4 4,376, 000 F ETie blo SSO aGaS SISA! 5 209, 500, 000 119,756, 000 53,074, 000 114, 313, 000 4114, 313, 000 Mopals ate. 372, 639, 000 296,774, 000 252, 268, 000 413, 393, 000 413, 393, 000 EUROPE. le ¥ Bulgaria. 4.2 1-25 7,758, 000 6, 336, 000 11, 426, 000 10, 240, 000 6, 666, 003 PERO TICE 4-1 Ale ce = Ya x aieto ha’ n,n ereathe ccbic Meat 2,790, 000 1,883, 000 1, 437, 000 41,437,000 Greece 8). 2 ts dee 2,900, 000 2,900, 000 2,900, 000 2,900, 000 2,900, 000 Wales Hp ce LA 796, 000, 000 716, 000, 000 647,000, 000 596, 059, 000 652, 153, 000 S11 0)2))1 a eS ee a 293, 479, 000 277,619, 000 282,065, 000 287, 303, 000 4 287, 303, 060 Turkey, I-uropean?... 5 1,387,000 § 1,387, 000 1,387, 000 51,387,000 5 1,387,000 Motale ff 8. 8. 1,101, 524,000 | 1,007, 032,000 946, 661, 000 899, 326, 000 951,846, 000 ASIA. British India: 8 British Provinces..| 60,729,000,000 | 61,306, 000,000 | 84, 526,000,000 | 84,560,000,000 | 79,112, 000,000 Native States! .... 739,000,000 | 1,602,000,000 | 2,186, 000,000 | 52, 186,000,000 | © 2,186,000, 000 Total British : India: 55 f.25 61,468, 000,000 | 62,908, 000,000 | 86,712,000, 000 | 86, 746,000,000 | 81,298,000, 000 Ceylon a 2: J. 85k 333, 000, 000 309, 000, 000 320, 000, 000 5 320,000, 000 5 320, 000, 000 China: Hu-nan, Kiang— si, Mukden,and Yun- AIST: fin EP a Sie 9 47,204,000,000 | 9 47,204,000,000 | 9 47,204,000,000 | 47,204,000,000 | 9 47, 204,000, 000 Chosen (Korea) 10__._.- 3,200, 000,000 | 3,200,000,000 | 3,200,000,000 | 3, 200,000,000 | 3, 200, 000, G00 HOLM OSA ee ee Rede 1, 409,000,000] 1,454,000,000 | 1,446,000,000 | 1,329,000,000 | 41,329, 009, 000 French Indo-China 6...| 5,000,000,000 | 5,000,000,000 | 5,000,000,000 | 5,000,000,000 | . 5,000, 000, 000 Japan esosvsss res ose 15, 317, 905, 000 | 16,217, 500,000 | 16,375, 000,000 } 14, 800,000,000 | 16,240,000, 000 Java and Madura...... 6,877, 000,000 | 7,276,000,000 | 7,566,000, 000 | > 7, 566,000,000 | © 7,566,000, 000 Philippine Islands... .- 695, 000, 000 568, 000,000 | 1,018,000,000 |} 1,104,000, 000 1, 201, 000, 000 tussia, Asiatic: Cau- easus and Central PANSY 2 398 Boe ease ee Beaks 393, 000, 000 290, 000, 000 372,000, 000 363, 000, 000 4363, 000, 000 “SiC Ta ea aes 6,824, 000,000 | 6,824,000,000 | 6,824,000,000 | 6,824,000,000 | 6, 824, 000, 000 Straits Settlements 1... 79, 000, 000 77,000, 000 77,000, 000 77, 000, 000 77, 000, 000 Turkey, Asiatic7.......| 137,230,000 | 5 137,230,000 137,230,000 | 5 137,230,000 5 137, 230, 000 Motel ae tee gee 148, 937,135,000 |151, 464,730,000 |176, 251, 230,000 |174, 670, 230, 000 | 170,759,230, 000 AFRICA. c BY a 3) Fae ey ee 557, 124, 000 577, 379, 000 653, 458, 000 663, 557, 000 523, 438, 000 Madagascar..........-- 2 953, 000, 000 953,000,000 | 2953,000,000 | 2953, 000,000 2 953, 000, 000 Nyassaland '_._...... 1,978, 000 1, 600, 000 1, 900, 000 51,900, 000 51,900,000 Dotal.czd sencosk 1,512,102,000 | 1,531,979,000 | 1,608,358,000 | 1,618,457,000 1,478, 338, 000 OCEANIA. : Wijidcossae Jk ae 2,000, 000 3,000, 000 5,000 000 5,000, 000 5, 000, 000 Grand total......|152, 558,132,000 |155, 024,303,000 |179,845, 558,000 |178, 447, 359,000 | 174, 404, 983, 000 1 ['stimated from official returns for acreage. 2 Data for 1908. ® Official report for crop of 1904-5. 4 Year preceding. 5 Data for 1909. 6 Average production as unofficially estimated. 7 Data for European and Asiatic ‘Turkey include 29 provinces and arrondissements only. 8 Data for British India refer to crop years be- grinning in the spring of the calendar years men- tioned in this table. Production as given here estimated unofficially for the entire country on the basis of official returns for about 70 per cent of the area harvested. 9 Data for 1910. 7 10 Estimated from official returns of exports of this country and from per capita consumption of rice in Japan, 1894-1903, including food, seed, and waste, but not including rice used for saké (270 pounds per annum). 11 Includes only crops raised by natives. —- STATISTICS OF RICE. 637 TaBLE 105.—Total production of rice in countries named in Table 104, 1900-1911.) Year. Production. Year. Production. Pounds. Pounds. oes ess AOD O00! BO0G2 2) = 2. nee URO Mee oo 5. aE 189;218,34C || 1903.... 2525222281 174, 457,000 || 1909LcScr See ee The aca ele iano | 166,099, 860 |] 1904..............- 178; 802,000. |} 19100... 22 Jc ona i Hs 2, 1 eae eh pa anaes a 1° 231, 562,800" 1905 -: 223. 3 oS oe 277,260,000 |} 1911... 32-.2-2lae ADE ope nle wae 174, 683,000 || 1906........-:.-.-- 180, 998,000 }/ 19121 ........ 225 1 Preliminary. Production. 210, 158, 000 STATISTICS OF HOPS. 641 TaBLeE 112.—Wholesale price of hops per pound, 1899-1912. Chica: 0, | Chicago, New York, | Cincinnati.| Paci | | New York, | Cincinnati,! Pacific choice State.} prime.! coast, good choice State.| prime. coast, ead Date. to choice.? | ‘Date. to choice. We i eee eee | SSS ee ey ee Low. |High.| Low. | High.) Low. | High. ‘tow. | High. | Low. | High.| Low. |High-| Low. | High. Se SS ee eS ees eee mao Cts. | Cts 1910. Cts. | Cts. 18 October.... 17 21 November... 17 20 December .. 18 38 ———_——— ———_|—_|———_— 37 Year... 26 41 ———— 37 1911. 25 January...-. 25 23 February... 24 16 Marecb...... 22 ———S _ | ——— | | | ————— ot) 9 | 24 BVionaeeaae 26 14 A iti rere 29 15 ADLY——-.< ~~ <5 34 15 August..... 45 15 September . 42 14 October . . 47 17 November.. 50 19 December .. 50 19 20 50 39 39 36 50 _—$<$$—$— — | $$} ——_ 46 39 45 i 45 44 35 42 35 30 34 25 29 23 25 24 24 24 23 December .. 23 23 22 Year.. 50 i} 1 Choice 1899-1907. 2Common to choice 1899-1903. 3 Prime to choice. 73029°—ysxK 191241 642 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TaBLE 113.—Jnternational trade in hops, calendar years 1907-1911. [Lupulin and hopfenmehl (hop meal) are not gsi sng hops in the data shown. See “‘General note,’” p. 964.1 EXPORTS. | Country. | 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 I Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 17, 825, 955 | 15,498,118 | 17,834,112 | 18,574,857 | 11,765,950 1,403,025 | 2,508,319 | 2,726,834 | 8,958,288 152, 338 163,802 | .'180,777| 1398,812 27,341,670 | 19,408, 417 | 19,115,646 | 16,744,378 1,771,139 | 1,442,399 | 1,189,097] 1,153,907 170, 016 347, 984 431, 312 205, 296 - 241,342 | 2, 622, 403 725,506 | 2, 224, 296 United Kingdom 1,059, 632 1,750, 896 999, 824 5, 478, 816 RY ited Ota teayc.o2) Fe ae sh 8,986,000 | 10,031,000 } 9,791,000] 9,639,000 | 8,187,000 Tele eek coe es ieee hn) aa Q) 24,384, 000 | 24,391,000 | 18,730,000 | 18,990, 000 SEM DULO ee te ecko ese eee ae 109, 000 102, 000 106, 000 90, 000 51, TRIES 1d ha 0S aon erastes YMRS Cre Aare 2,224,000 | 2,331,000 | 2,036,000 | 1,804,000 | 1,664,000 FROUMINTLS eee eae ea me hse Re 3,430,000 | 3,951,000] 2,722,000] 3,726,000| 4,602,000 Russia: ‘ RUISSIS PTOPeoe. .osch soe Met oes 1,890,000 | 1,988,000 | 1,884,000] 1,896,000 |........-... PONE eee. een nae Ie 580, 000 493, 000 616, 000 404,000 |...-.ssccsse Woruherm Caucasia.... 228 esc... 522s 75, 000 57,000 32, 000 49,000) oS ameter Total Russia (European)..-...-...-- 2,545,000 | 2,538,000 | 2,532,000 | 2,349,000 2, 588, 000 Servia (1) 1,483,000 | 2,279,000 | 1,453, 000 Spain 11, 217,000 | 12,199,000 | 13,454,000 | 14,372,000 Sweden 199, 000 185, 000 173, 000 wh United Kingdom: ; England 8,726,000 | 8,832,000 | 8,519,000] 7,572,000 Wales: 130M.1 a es te, 6, 000 31, 000 37, 000 40, 000 29, Scatlanidier eet sete at esecsperie ye seorins 430, 000 365, 000 350, 000 383, 000 323, 000 Treland.§.02: 0s... Via ee E 85, 000 74, 000 75,000 77, 000 60, Total United Kingdom.............. 11,049,000 | 9,196,000 | 9,294,000 | 9,019,000] 7,984,000 ASIA. Russia (18 Governments)...............-.- 254, 000 551, 000 542, 000 402, 000 Q@) AFRICA. BOTA: os Aieeaetes 225. b eee cc -oe ee 988, 000 780,000 | 1,154,000 | 1,035,000 | 1,001, 000 LUTE Renee eS See nocr. si geeoeee oe -oe (1) (1) | (1) (1) (+) AUSTRALASIA. Australia: NGWJSDULDO Wales) foe ee ee ate 3,000 4,000 11, 000 13, 000 7,000 Victoria 3..... iii a SANE as oi cad toe 296, 000 221, 000 204, 000 150, 000 239, 000 South Australia ES Te NY SE ARs See 145,000 122,000 95, 000 134, 000 202, 000 Western Australia #0 .se240.-.. 220s. 10, 000 9, 000 10, 000 9, 000 5, 000 Tasmania 3........ Shes» hire 223, 000 261, 000 288, 000 384, 000 514, 000 Total Australia. set becn. ote o 22h. 677, 000 617,000 608, 000 690, 000 958, 000 New. Zealand” os 6 sass Wawona os an). oe 2 76, 000 45,000 54, 000 (1) 74,000 Total Australasia................--.- 753,000 | 662,000 | 662,000 |...........- 1, 032, 000 1 No data. 2 Including other pulse crops. 3 Including peas. 645 | San Francisco. Small white ' (per 100 Ibs.). / Detroit. Fea Pea. Cee yee Nee oN 20 | ee te ee ee ee ea irae || nee a eee ee te See |. ea ete a BRO Le mie sa ce ately catnille) lot] wa lteate ee tannumire marcia eet sse2982 ‘se| sesssessesse|s| zas2easece2s|2|| see BBBLSLAR|R| AIAARLSSBRK3 |Z “i * Pea. STATISTICS OF BEANS AND PEAS. TaBLeE 116.—Wholesale price of beans per bushel, 1899-1912. Date. sid Hed odes sed ot Hidigig Sr rrdttidgis |i BARNA ASR ital chek es “i ODO 9 3 09 OS oF od od od oH ot sth ttl th th th pi ti ti ti ti ti ‘ Se BE ee ee s3eegice ‘3g BANBBONKSSae |S] SSSRRSBBBSRR/A| SARSRRSBSSSS/S SSS3S8R9R9S88 |S QIAN aedaiciad saicd iciaicine ae ace ~f stitinti att tod odes ed esos | od CHAM OM edededededed=t | od Heiss eter st Be Pe eel Be Be a ee Nh ee ek BE | | |e ee || ZAIFSSSLSR3B!] SESSBBSRRSSiB |: ARASRRASLASS |S] SISSSRARSSAA |S] sagzececesss ie ANA AAA NAA AIA AIA AAAI | a NANA AA AAAI ACIA | a Ndiddaidaaiaiaiaia | ai NNN AAAAAAAiAiA | a j ~ = = Si8BALBINA RABSSRRASSS3 |S] SASSSRARRSISS |S] SSRRSESVSSRs ial ASVBVSesssssss [33 Ard NINA AdiAiaiciaiaial | oi Scie lec rit be a Adddddiaiaiciciaia | 4 ciciainidiaiainiaiaiaial | ai AASSSSRBBR | SSSSSSSRASARE | '5 eaneueseense le Rely aes exgzeguns 3 KegBeetsgess a FAA Alc AANA AAA AiAiaiaial | a stated od lated ted chet ai a cielAtcdel hated atetied nN aici clalcieiaial iciciet Gr} ne Ae aN eS ee | ee oe IS OR || ae 2 ee Se ee Bs a AE ee hie leak) S2S22see eaangaiiees || eneseneazsenls| sgeesaeesseslel| aseenescrage |e 3x oo eae MHA AAA AiCiAida | a dA AAIAIAIACiAiad | Fnindddeiaiciaaia | Nodinainiaaaiaad | 4 = ’ ‘ =. i ea aac fT eet] rea | ta eS Ee ata : HegeRsezee | saageeeessas (el seassesseses (2| sgesaneeaee2|2| eesesseseses |s 1 gidiciaiciniaiai Naidininiaiaiainiaiaial | ai AA AOIAAIAIiAiCiAiaial | a ANAAA AIA AIA AGIA | NAMA medio oA | os ‘ no ‘:eeehesas| seseseessers|s| aseas SRS8RB8R|8] SARSSARASSSSR/S8] BeSsrssses 13 i igidcidiinirici dIdiciAiCiCicicicicicial | oi Noidididiniaiciciaicial | ai AAA AOI aiCiaicicial | ai phe cortnprka pe at apr a eb aeia ns i 4! eee eee) Cee ee eee ee ae eee me eee Occ i Hg Rr ty Be ae are ea Au cca ait cote. Ua gaiak Main as PR ie Sir ar ar he A aia Aa ; “og atta ara et ita a Phys hee es Ae, ere : Maer gore ete eae ae ad Rae eG tak Gar Baw a Gg eer Dy OR ec ee Pon. iy 3) tie > ae Cee aps ae Rte tne: nie CRA Wot Re et (are OE Cinta Dili aele Nema tot of St ae at tLe OMe eRe oe Bae Mat Bie ee eae AL at area) 20M aire Seep e) Bh) «meet [ety HRS te STRUNG eae ae ts ee ad 8 Dh a SY ith Wee ORs, ee. De eat A We THT gLT ate tr te Mae the Taare Cha At whe cme Paty oar Wea th rsh atu Teed mn faecal ae wk Oe RRC re fed aig felt We Ce ee Cot We gee eae aes ete TRACan! Ce eerira ei, vCelere, ial aiden ach oT eae SPR rc ey eS a OAC a a ae i Ag A eo > a a am UR gh EO TOR eee Mae Ae A et YS or Naa eto eT ia, et URE Tenn NR eee lio t Mew ate Fae) Metre toe ee Bae Do AS ee Sie BS ene 9 ce PPT ates ke Mimetdestipe tien’ tame er Cee kn eo ev at oe My EN eRs) oo ey as te ie mince Oe Bele ty 1 ue Gud A tet MCR: i repr. athe te So ' Minh ot hs ite beth ean Invent ia ay ‘ ' . . oe tae eS 8 Grek 8) 40: “Cate ae ‘ . ‘ ‘ . 7 ’ ‘ tml A ee ee wes ' oe Ma ea eee ee Cee Peel Daa 1! ' ee TAP at CD glee 7 ’ Rens Bas i 6 ae 4 aes ie aA bat ob dee ad ee ae tome ea VA adie Ce ene. CORO RIMM ‘ igihee on ea er er Se Alay Wet Se hn yey art Ae a ae ve ony Ph tote Miele he fanaa to oy be DRG at CA eS na ELLA a cama yemch cyt th el Dabedtioetpsatsalitioe Nenaplsotieags sh sd lng tien tonictt aay lt Abeta Shin Vudu leikie Ueclanhhledt nikon ‘ PRE Te Sev ee ara ' nor 1 eo YL a ek nt in ec eae ee ae Een a ae a aaa bea Near et a ie SRR i ; at ae Tuten aa Pee NUM ce rae tate Che var Rie ie as tp Apo ih a te agate Sed ae Lc ae et core! Serna 27 Metab eh Sel eae ie) =) HOR ore seh NAR TE Sane COC aleve ob ee tri iiitis iss g imi iitiiBigs g IRiitiiig ibs g Cer Saar aa a Ss | pe a ae peiiii ieeea & pe iiiiieeas 8 euii | igeyae © gills igekee = eg ey ay. 1 ay x "ie ‘ et ; dcueve | ibecccbeete bec gcRe0g ” shed 0/3885 Fide cesses ZSSSGSSESe GSERZERTES Ss Bsgageavesss ssEaeiEeeE 5 BRE ECE ERE 1Commen to fine. 646 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TaBLE 117.—Pea area of countries named, 1907-1911. Area. Country. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 NORTH AMERICA. Acres Acres. Acres. Acres. Acres. Mzited States. ses et eee (2) () 1, 302, 400 () Q) Canada: Prince Edward Island. ...:...-..---.-: () 600 600 .--- 600 100 Nava Scola tet.) beth Pe RRs 1,600 1,500 1, 400 1,300 200 Mews isms wick. =... 4. fe hia. te sete () 2,700 2,400 2,300 600 Quebec er eee ee 55, 800 51, 900 46, 400 44,000 33, 000 (OES ns 123 ie a te Ale Og eck ie Se ey Sate 341, 000 354, 600 341, 300 336, 800 252,000 Maniitobaees tie. | Rea ot eee 1,700 1, 600 1, 200 1; 200:| ss2228 soo Total i@anadse: 2 7s Seeks eles ee eee ee a ee 412, 900 393, 300 386, 100 285, 900 SOUTH AMERICA Chiles. 2s: ae ee SM ese Q) 11,300 12, 000 6,500 5,700 EUROPE. (Benes ens: a woe en ee ee 13,700 13, 200 12,300 Q) Q) Fiance aero: ie et ae 80, 500 82, 600 79, 100 72, 400 73, 000 Dipset barge n.: x cee ae aoe Seek oe ee ee oe 2, 800 2,400 2, 400 2,100 1,900 Netherlands... -- Fe RO a eae see ee 75,500 71, 800 74, 000 64, 600 55, 300 Raguniaiiate os cen wes Se eee eens 26, 800 42, 800 39, 200 29, 200 34, 100 Russia: FF Hussin proper 06 2: 78640.) he: 2,595,400 | 2,838,200 | 2,935,300] 3,174,800 (Q) POLO Gee ees oe ctage etme Ee ae ees 409, 800 399, 300 399, 200 396, 900 (Q) Northern’ Cancasia-. cc ncls-.22assces" 600 600 400 700 : 700 COStay ies <6 Sts Dose dee de 2,000 3, 000 3, 000 3, 000 3, 000 Guatemala WF). 3s eee te oe eee 7,000 7, 000 7, 000 7, 000¢ 7,000 Nupataeua ed. ce se, ob eed a 5,000 10,000 | 4 10,000 3, 000 5 3,000 Salvador LP th AEN Pp Ee i Ae 5, 000 6, 000 6, 000 7,000 7, 000 MERIC Aa see enone ce dna eee ee eee 121, 300 140, 900 145, 600 159, 000 152, 600 14, 800 13, 300 9, 200 14, 100 11,700 38, 000 36, 400 18, 300 40, 400 26, 700 100 100 100 100 100 28, 500 24, 000 18, 800 28, 300 28, 400 400 100 100 200 100 14, 990 11,700 12, 300 13,000 13, 000 5, 000 SF 5, 000 5, 300 4,500 200 300 300 309 50, 600 48, 900 53, 000 52, 000 47,000 969,300 | 1,521,800 | 1,817,500 | 1,460,000 1, 866, 000 12, 600 4, 14; 11, 600 5 11, 600 Gaadelonna tsi kee 35, 500 24, 800 42, 200 42, 200 5 42, 200 Martiniqge®: 9. joss so soo e ee 35, 400 37, 400 39, 300 39, 300 5 39, 300 Santo Domingo So ken sees 62, 200 69, 500 91, 400 5 , 400 fo) 72) sa emai ba, ee Uwe 355 rae 2,430,800 | 3,061,000 | 3,362,495 | 3,112,500 3, 526, 900 SOPTH AMERICA. Argentina 7. Or eas eas Ree ees 111, 600 159, 100 125, 300 146, 200 177, 200 tine (agin dct planer Metpen pw, 4 ae Lp 194, 000 244, 000 249, 000 282, 000 231, 000 tuiana: - Biitish 8.925 StF... | Bee. =. 5 See 115, 200 108, 500 101, 000 108, 300 99, 400 Digtehs. 24h scores ace cea 11,700 11, 800 10, 800 11, 900 511,900 Perdwes 1P ese co ee bore oo hee 133, 000 148, 000 148, 000 162, 000 5 162, 000 MBG 22> eto 58 BNE IS 3 dee 565, 500 671, 400 634, 100 710, 400 681, 500 EUROPE , Piabenet Se oe 2a onan cee tee ie Soo ene 15, 800 13, 800 21,300 20, 000 21,000 ASIA. amid ACR Oc oie coe soe. eo eeuneee 2,046,900 | 1,872,900 | 2,127,100} 2,217,800 2, 390, 400 Federated Malay States: i an eee os Se te 12, 200 11, 400 10 12, 000 10 12,000 10 12, 000 OMMN OSE. .2s Sa aoe ee Sc 64, 500 120, 400 202, 500 202, 5CO 202, 500 ENA aS See ets ee natal EE Mien orn en 49, 200 53, 100 57, 900 64, 700 64, 700 Ee ep, ee ee hin ee ay ee My eg 1,191,000 | 1,222,000 | 1,222,000 | 1,230,000 1, 413, 000 Philippine: islands so. oe enh a oe 149, 300 i10, 600 125, 700 147, 000 183, 000 Mdtal eet peeen Gabe arco Eye 3,513,100 | 3,390,400 | 3,747,200 | 3,874,000] 4, 265, 600 1 Unofficial estimate. 2Census. Data for Louisiana exclude 2 estab- lishments not classed as sugar factories; data for Texas include these 2 establishments, also small quantities of sugar made in States other than Texas and Louisiana. % Data for 1906-7. 4 Data for 1908-9. 6 Year preceding. 6 Exports. 7 Sugar on which internal-revenue tax was paid. - 8 Exports for year ending Mar. 31. 9 The figures represent the production of about 97 per cent of the area under sugar cane and 90 per cent of the area under all sugar crops. ° 10 Average aan 1907-8 and 1908-9. 1 Exports for year ending June 30. —-- STATISTICS OF SUGAR. 649 TaBLe 119.—Production of sugar in countries named, 1907-8 to 1911-12—Continued. | | 1911-12 Country. 1907-8 | 1908-9 1909-10 1910-11 (prelimi- | | nery). AFRIGA Long tons. | Long tons. | Long tons. | Long tons. | Long tons. Egypt....... Poet es AR. EIS F505. - | 26, 000 36, 000 56, 000 56, 660 56, 000 pr TSO i as een | 161, 500 192, 800 248, 000 219, 300 166, 900 Meee newt DS BO) IIE R See. 32, 000 77, 500 277,500 80, 700 90, 500 Portuguese East Africa..................-- 3, 000 13, 000 17, 000 15, 000 27,000 Reunion 3 “44 SPIE Ch SEES Cee At 46, 500 38, 800 33, 000 43, 000 40, 000 Matah 250i. PETE Beton! Adsl sc 358, 100 431, 500 414, 000 380, 400 Australia: Queensland 150, 400 132, 800 210, 800 173,300 New South Wales. 15, 300 14, 700 18, 800 17,000 BAUM Fits sf sil e. 66, 100 68, 900 68, 800 72, 600 "7 ht ae a a oe 231, 808 216, 400 298, 400 262, 900 Total cane sugar...............-..+-- 7,076,800 | 7,726,500 | 8,412,995 | 8,429,300 | 9,138,300 BEET SUGAR. a aid NORTH AMERICA. United States: Contiguous. . kL Ci denen 414, 000 380, 000 4 447,930 456, 000 535, 000 0 OU Ng Oa ee ee 9,400 69,400 69,400 9, 200 9,900 ____._. a eee se rerecnen 423,400 | 389,400} 457,330} 465, 200 544, 900 EUROPE. 1,389,300 | 1,365,000] 1,225,900 | 1,496,000, 1,124,900 223, 400 | 243, 700 235, 600 267, 000 231, 000 8, 000 7,000 6, 000 6, 000 6, 000 51, 800 65, 300 61, 800 98, 900 51, 900 637,000 | 701, 400 711, 500 630, 000 448, 000 2,104,900 2,046,400 | 2,005,200 | 2,548,900| 1,474,100 400 1,000 21,000 21,000 21,000 134, 000 163, 000 109, 000 170s 000 165, 000 156, 000 194, 000 178, 000 196, 000 270, 000 23,000 25,000 27, 000 27,000 27,000 1,232,800 | 1,109,100 | 1,002,400 | 1,882,700} 1,808,800 7,300 7,300 7,300 | 7,300 7,300 93, 000 107, 000 85,000 | 70, 000 $5, 600 110, 000 134, 000 125,000 | 171,200 121,000 3,700 | 4,000 3, 600 3, 600 3, 600 6,174,600 | 6,173,200 | 5,784,300 | 7,575,600 | 5, 824, 600 Mintal: heetisugar.......<... 40081: 6,598,000 | 6,562,600 | 6,241,630 | 8,040,800 | “6,369,500 Total beet and cane sugar........... 13, 674, 800 | 14, 289, 100 | 14, 654,625 | 16,470,100 | 15,507,800 | | 1 Unofficial estimate. 2 Data for 1908-9. Me alee for calendar year in which crop —— en 4 Census returns. : 6 In addition to Ontario, Alberta produced 2,230 long tons in 1907-8. ata for 1907-8. | 7 Estimate as returned by Central Union for Beet Sugar Industry. 8 In terms of refined sugar. Total production of sugar and molasses in terms of refined sugar: 1907-8, 646,452; 1908-9, 711,654; 1909-10, 722,303; 1910-11, 640,208; 1911-12, 458,023 long tons. * Sugar made from beets ‘entering factories.’’ 10 Average production as unofficially estimated. Taste 120.—Total production of sugar in countries named in Table 119, 1895-6 to 1911-12. Production. Production. Year. Year. Cane.1 Beet. Total. Cane.! Beet. Total. Long tons. | Long tons. | Long tons Long tons. | Long tons. | Long tons. 2,909,577 | 4,314,649 | 7,224, 226 6, 841,207 | 4,932,907 | 11,774,114 2, 830,857 | 4,954,032 | 7,784,889 6,741,833 | 7,223,155 | 13,964,988 2,862,255 | 4,872,172 | 7,734,427 7,468,900 | 6,774,400 | 14, 243,300 2,995,438 | 5,014,472 | 8,009,910 7,076,800 | 6,598,000 | 13,674,800 3,026,113 | 5,590,992 | 8,617,105 7,726,500 | 6,562,600 | 14,289,100 3,646,059 | 6,066,939 | 9,712,998 8,412,995 | 6,241,630 | 14, 654,625 6,087,218 | 6,913, 604 | 13,008, 822 8,425,300 | 8,040,800 | 16,470,100 6,055,725 | 5,762,735 | 11,818, 460 9,138,300 | 6,369,500 | 15,507,800 6,168, 791-| 6,102,868 | 12)271, 659 l 1 Prior to 1901-2, these figures include exports instead of production for British India. 2 Preliminary. 650 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE 121.—Production of sugar in the United States and its possessions, 1839-40 to 1912-13. [Census data, as far as available, are given in italics. Census of 1840 did not separate cane and maple sugar; statistics for ‘Other Southern States’’ represent production of all sugar in South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, Alabama, and Mississippi. Censuses of 1850 and 1860 give returns in “ hogsheads of 1,000 pounds’’ and Censuses of 1870 and 1880 in “‘ hogsheads’’; these returns were converted into pounds, - in Census Abstract of 1890 at rate of 1,200 pounds to the hogshead and in Census of 1900 at rate of 1,000 pounds. Beet-sugar production for 1897-98, for 1901-2 and later years from United States Department of Agriculture reports; for other years from Willett & Gray. Production of cane sugar in Louisiana 1906-7 to 1910-11; and in Texas beginning 1903-4, from Willett & Gray; earlier statistics for Louisiana and other Southern States from Bouchereau, in part taken directly from his reports and in part from the Statistical Abstract of the United States; Louisiana, beginning with 1911-12, United States Department of Agriculture; Porto Rican production of cane sugar for 1854-55 to 1884-85 from Rueb & Co.; 1885-86 to 1899-1900 from Willett & Gray; 1900-1901 to 1906-7, shipments from Porto Rico to the United States; 1907-8 and subse- quently, crops, from reports of Treasury Department of Porto Rico. Statistics for Hawaii, 1874-75 to 1880-81, represent exports from Bureau of Statistics Bul. 30; for 1881-82 to 1884-85 from Rueb & Co.; 1885-86 to 1900-1901 from Willett & Gray; 1901-2 and subsequently, Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association. Statis- tics for Philippine Islands for 1854-55 to 1857-58, 1859-60 to 1866-67, 1872-73 to 1894-95 represent exports as officially returned, taken from the census of the Philippine Islands, 1903; for 1858-59, 1867-68 to 1871-72 from Foreign Markets Bul. 14, representing commercial estimates of exports; 1894-95 to 1898-99, exports from Willett & Gray; subsequent to 1898-99 (except the census crop of 1902), exports from official sources.] : Cane sugar. 7 Beet Year. Total. sugar. Other Poe: Louisiana. | Southern te Hawaii. FRpp ae . States. : : Long tons. | Long tons. | Long tons. | Long tons. | Long tons. | Long tons. | Long tons. 1889-40 ( Census)..|..----.----- 63, 548 HOS |. 3 tae Sace s =| s- aoe Seeec soc dae eee es Soe Hogsheads. | Hogsheads. 1849-50 ( Census). .|...-..------ 226, 001 81, BVO VSD ois < wie nis a,c} stemtecenwie sc) ok i eels ee Long tons. | Long tons. 171,976 13,169 585877 | oncdsnceeee~ 35, 008 278, 530 113, 647 9,821 82,000 ))) a. csnteteeee 47,397 252, 865 36, 327 2,673 85,000 .}2 dace 36, 066 160, 066 137,351 6,385 69,444) | Scene 26, 858 240, 038 185,177 8,169 58 2000... =i eee 50, 095 301, 441 113, 891 5,149 575000 |.|. concebee 49,013 225, 053 Hogsheads. | Hogsheads. 221,726 9, B56: | Poche 3250 52s. cee ste ns| > - 35s eee lee ee Long tons. | Long tons. 118, 332 4,313 GE 000. .34.cRec 45,316 234, 961 235, 858 5,138 68; 0006 |)5.%e omemer 60, 957 369, 953 43, 232 2, 768 6370000: cae cee 51, 240 160, 240 1863-64. .....---.- 37, 723 250 GE 590 ae. Hs ceme oe 44,325} 144, 288 TS64-85h ee. Soke 4,821 179 635 375 )\-i-cler - emer 46, 092 114, 867 1865-66. ..-22----- 8, 884 348 G4 ANT acta tense 40, 636 114, 685 1866-67 52.22 See 19,152 3,348 68.2200) seecieeteee * 55,195 146, 324 1867-6825 o2eRete 18, 482 4,518 13; 980" lomo 15 SRORE 74,081 171, 416 1868-69: |.) Sis ne: = 1 400 42,434 2, 567 BL B00) |< .geite oe emia 68, 818 195,719 1869-70; 2. ose s 44,399 2, 402 LOD HOT See acceeke 78,214 _ 227,525 Hogsheads. | Hogsheads. 1869-70 (Census). - 80,706 G5G87 |... Soda cnee = |oescenccsnes|--cee senee eae Long tons. | Long tons. LETOTL. = Sede te oe 75, 392 4,208 HSS, | <5 tele abate 87,465 . 270,769 1871-72. cso 65, 583 4,217 SO Oe mretstataiatetatae 95, 526 255, 285 ASQ aT ieitas cence 500 55, 958 4, 235 SIGS9n|:. Ie 83,865 232,197 1878-742 oso ceees 700 46, 090 2,410 11.5, 75D) || oeceierommmece 99,770 220,725 IBT4=7o SS eee 60, 047 3,454 72,128 11,197 126, 089 273,015 it (be CREE 2100 72,954 4,046 70,016 11, 639 128, 485 287, 240 UST OAT leis cicasiecc is 85, 122 3,879 62,340 11, 418 121,052 283, 911 LO Sasa acelin 65, 671 5, 330 84, 347 17,157 120,096 292,701 LOTS 19a le, ciwtutajate ctel= 200 106, 910 5, 090 76,411 21,884 129,777 340, 272 LS 79=80' can s.0htiere 1, 200 88, 822 3,980 57,057 28,386 178, 329 357,774 Hogsheads. | Hogsheads. 1879-80 ( Census). .|.eccccee---- 171,706 75168 \S20s saat Scie | Pee wes aeietele ic | mata etad ate nee rat Long tons. | Lonq tons. LSR0—Sh eo i< Pewieccet 500 121, 867 5,500 61,715 41,870 205, 508 436, 960 LBSL B22 chs isjeraresionre 2500 71,373 5, 000 80, 066 50, 972 148, 047 355, 958 ORAM Baer trae cicicmna 135, 297 7,000 77,632 51,705 193,726 465, 860 USO = pase a iiye)s sincieias 535 128, 443 6,800 98, 665 63,948 120,199 418, 590 LOBS—BD. ws s Saar oe 953 94,376 6, 500 70, 000 76, 496 200, 997 449, 322 TSSD=86); ci swe. os 600 127,958 7,200 64, 000 96, 500 182,019 478, 277 TS86+87.5 [Sioa Soke 800 80, 859 4,535 86, 000 95, 000 169, 040 436, 234 1SS7~88< Se eee? 255 157,971 9,843 60, 000 100, 000 158, 445 486,514 1888-89. .........- 1,861 144, 878 9,031 62, 000 120, 000 224, 861 562, 631 LBSOHOU LR eis Siem 2, 203 128,344 8,159 55, 000 120, 000 142, 554 456, 260 1889-90 ( Census). .|.......---- 130, 413 BOBS Oe ae a he UA: LO ihe ee 1 Mean annual production; quantity varied from year to year between 300 and 500 tons. 2 Production uncertain; not exceeding quantity stated. STATISTICS OF SUGAR. 651 TaBLeE 121.—Production of sugar in the United States and its possessions, 1839-40 to 1912-183—Continued. Cane sugar. Beet | Year. Total. sugar. Other Pte Og Louisiana. | Southern | pone Hawaii. os hae States. X | slands. | | | Long tons. | Longtons. | Longtons. | Longtons. | Longtons. | Longtons. | Long tons. Le a ar 3, 459 215, 844 6,107 50, 000 125, 000 136, 035 536, 445 BE OF E8% Le! - 5,356 160, 937 4,500 70, 000 115, 598 248, 806 605, 197 i ee 12,018 217,525 5,000 50, 000 140, 000 257, 392 681, 935 US) Sees 19, 950 265, 836 6, 854 60, 000 136, 689 207,319 696, 648 1894-95... ......-. 20,092 317,334 8, 288 52, 500 131, 698 336, 076 865, 988 BROD-OO= . <5. oe 29, 220 237,721 4,973 50, 000 201, 632 230, 000 753, 546 2 See 37, 536 282, 009 5,570 58, 000 224, 218 202, 000 809, 333 1897-08... ....-..-- 40,398 310, 447 5, 737 54, 000. 204, 833 178, 000 793, 415 er 32, 471 245, 512 3, 442 53, 826 252, 507 93, 000 680, 758 1898-99 ( Census). .|....-.-.----- 248,658 EO BOO Ie. sn ct ons Ea asses = Rie eam oiomesee ee | dees aes 1899-1900. ........ 72, 944 147,164 2,027 35, 000 258, 521 73,193 588,849 1899-1900 ( Census) 72,972 142, 485 TITLES | EE eee de PAR OUR a ak once anil cam eea cseete 1900-1901. .......-. 76, 859 275,579 2,891 72,800 321, 461 55, 244 804, 834 WUT Bins 2c 35 -55- 164, 827 321, 676 3,614 92,100 317,509 66, 974 966, 700 MR i fc5 5 195, 005 32¢ , 227 3,722 89, 800 391, 062 109, 918 1,118,734 RT TIELSe 2et. ie ee ee Ns obo atktte at bia a Meena aoc cmeeb oS ins ss pe. <5) Vi a (iby AUG) ieee ee Ce aes ee 214, 825 228, 477 119, 800 123, 300 328, 003 73,978 988, 383 ONS REt he aS2505- 216,173 355, 531 115,000 134, 900 380, 576 111, 849 1,214, 029 ere (Census). . Dei DU er anette Mi oie Sie CHES an Sate Salts Sa epae -c=|(aate ale aise recat ete eee Se eee 279, 393 336, 752 112,000 191, 500 383, 225 123,790 1,326, 660 1906-7 one eee 431, 796 230, 000 113,000 184, 700 392, 871 118, 395 1,370, 762 Ole) ese eee 413, 954 340, 000 112,000 205, 441 465, 288 149, 323 1,586, 006 ET eee naires 380, 254 355, 000 115,000 247, 404 477,817 110, 604 1,586, 079 1909 ¢ “dome Ser 447,930 | 2 290, 639 Oi, BOD ect oo sce a ool aes aot ahs (bere eens en cone eee ee ee 457, 562 325, 000 110,000 309, 630 462, 613 125, 699 1,690, 504 ate = ee 455, 511 306, 000 111,000 312, 357 506, 090 147,016 1,737,974 ih te 535, 268 297, 000 17,143 331,318 531, 480 183,077 1, 885, 286 es CIS: (gaan 8 L151 eS ape (ee earner ee SS: aS 2 Pee ee | 1 Texas. 2 Excluding production of two establishments not classed as sugar factories. 8 Including production of two establishments in Louisiana not classed as sugar factories. 4 Preliminary. TaBLE 122.—Sugar-beet and beet-sugar production, United States, 1901 to 1912. | . 3 Analysis of | Recovery of g a Sugar beets used. b ches. Eerosees B 1S Sfx Pyar ersen 4 eet cro = | bw : 3 is 8 1S |e | 58 leg eee Pe pee a Sal SS ey lee le. Ves oe) tow 268) 8 | S3 |Pe| Se | os) Se] ss] $8 (Fea s/e | & | 72 |e8| se |e2/83] os] s5 [85 a8 = S$ j@s| oS (25/88 | 28 | $3 838 8 o on ae oa, 3 =e g9Aa|/2n|/2° | emelece = e 5 5 P 2 ® 3 So |S 25 Z < 1a) < <4 a7 < & By ae ie Num- Short Short| {Short Per | eer Hen Neher Per ber. | Days.| tons. | Acres. | tons.| tons. |Dolls.| cent. | cent. | cent. | cent. | cent. 1 Fa RS ye a 36 88] 184, 606} 175,083) 9. 63/1, 685, 689] > 4. 50] 14.8 | 82.20) 10.95) 73.99) 3.85 DAE Beer 41 94) 218, 406) 216,400} 8. 76/1,895,812| 5.03] 14.6 | 83.30) 11.52) 78.90) 3.08 rare ee 49 75| 240,604) 242,576} 8. 56|2) 076,494) 4.97) 15.1 |...... 11.59) 76.75) 3.51 ie eels Sees 48 78| 242,113] 197,784] 10. 47 2) 071,539 5 4.95) 15.3 | 83.10) 11.69} 76.41) 3.61 i) SE Ree Aes ae 52 77| 312,921) 307,364) 8. 67/2, 665, 913] © 5. 00) 15.3 | 83.00] 11.74] 76.73] 3.56 U1 DS Ea ee Res ae ae 63} 105] 483, 612] 376, 074) 11. 26/4, 236,112) 5 5.10) 14.9 | 82.20) 11. 42] 76.64) 3.48 ol LES epee 63 89) 463, 628} 370,984] 10. 16/3, 767,871) > 5. 20} 15.8 | 83. 60) 12.30) 77.85) 3.50 LU pin te ag SAN he 62 74, 425,884) 364,913} 9. 36/3, 414, 891| © 5.35) 15. 74] 83.50] 12. 47] 79.22) 3.27 EDUD ee wo ee 65 83] 512, 469) 420,262) 9. 71/4, 081, 382)...... 16.10) 84.10) 12.56) 78.01} 3.54 Lith EE eee See eee hs 61 83} 510,172} 398,029) 10. 17/4, 047, 292)...... 16. 35} 84. 35} 12.61) 77.13) 3.74 iA A NO pepe eestor 66 94) 599,500) 473,877] 10. 68)5, 062,333) 5.50} 15.89]... ... 11.84) 74.51) 4.05 1) Dene ee ee 73 86] 692, 556] 555,300) 9. 41/5, 224,377) 5.82) 16.31] 84.49) 13.26) 81.12) 3.05 =—_ i = SS SS = See footnotes page 652. 652 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE 122.—Sugar-beet and beet-sugar production, United States, 1901 to 1912—Con. 3 | = Analysis of | Recover of | gi8 Sugar beets used. bene pe 8 |S * S ra ' os b a Cod 1 an |x oO Year of beet crop, | & be Ei 3 pao sl Bice 2 ee Oe and State. Shea FS SPREE Fad Esha eats Aad | &o}]ox | O83 |Sbe ; s |e | & | <8 |gs| ae |e2|S2) 8 | ss \eas 2 a be ee =| = e|6 | & |g? /S8| 32 | Sh| 22 | 2° | se |eee = | 5g = ; = 5 53 ‘OD Pes Fides eaters ©: tet ey 4 |& J& fae le \~ | Num- Short Short) Short Per | Pér) “Per-\. Per eer. 1911.6 ber. | Days.| tons. | Acres. |tons.| tons. |Dolls.| cent.| cent.| cent. | cent. | cent. G@alitonnia- 1 o25 ke 10} 98.5} 161,300} 99,545) 10. 42/1, 037,283) 5.54] 18.95]. __.. 15. 55] 82.06} 3.40 Colorado): of ssoehene 14) 63.3] 124,800} 86,437) 11.07) 957,142) 5.55) 15.44)... 13.04] 84.46} 2.40 Roatan, 225. Serta eee 3] 91 26, 730| 17,052} 12.11) 206,367} 5.02! 16.65]...... 12. 95] 77.78] 3.70 is CCL) « ie ey ee 17| 122 125, 500) 145,837) 9. 90)1, 443,856) 5.74| 14. 59)_..... 8. 69] 59.56) 5.90 1p A et eo 6) 96 57, 280| 33,950} 13.03} 442,310) 4.81) 15.98)..._.. 12. 95} 81.04} 3.03 Wasconsins...2 55:24" 4) 106 23,640] 23,241) 11.02} 256,124) 5.51) 14.23)._._.. 9. 23] 64.86} 5.00 Other States.....-.. 12} 83 80, 250) 67,815) 10.61} 719,251) 5.48) 15.16).._._. 11. 16] 73.61) 4.00 United States... 66) 94 599, 500 473, 87 10. 68]5, 062, 333) 5.50) 15. 89}... _- 11.84] 74.51) 4.05 1912. Californias) oo tae. 11) 90 | 158,904} 111,416} 9.01/1,004, 328] 6.46) 18.79] 83.99) 15.82) 84.19} 2.97 Colorados. .: S22 17} 91 | 216,010} 144,999} 11. 32/1, 641,861) 5.96] 16.19] 84.81] 13.16] 81.28) 3.03 Miehican: 3t Ste ss 16) 74 95, 049} 124,241! 6.75} 838,784! 5.69) 14.72) 83.75] 11.33] 76.97] 3.39 Idaho and Utah... -. 10) 87 84, 332) 56,952) 10.81} 615,749} 4.97] 16.65] 86.83) 13.70] 82.28) 2.95 Ohio, Indiana, Illi- nois, and Wiscon- Silene sae aoe ee 11} 87 |7 57,921) 53,986} 9.90) 7 534,438} 5.60) 14. 43) 82.30] 10.84) 75.12) 3.59 Other States. ...-.--- 8} 88 80,340) 63,706} 9.25} 589,217) 5.81} 16.61] 84.13} 13.64] 80.49) 2.97 United States.....-.- 3 86 | 692,556) 555,300) 9.41/5, 224,377] 5.82) 16.31) 84.49) 13.26) 81. 12) 3.05 1 Based upon weight of beets. 2 Percentage of sucrose (pure sugar) in the total soluble solids of the beets. 3 Percentage of sucrose actually extracted by factories. 4 Percentage of sucrose (based upon weight of beets) remaining in molasses and pulp. 5S. Doc. 22, 61st Cong., Ist sess. 6 Compiled by the Bureau of Plant Industry, Department of Agriculture. 7 Including estimates of one factory, based upon acreage of beets. TaBLE 123.—Wholesale price of sugar per pound, by months, on New York. market, 1908-1912. Raw. Refined. Muscovado,| Centrifugal, Granulated, Date. 89° polariza-| 96° polariza-| Cutloaf. | Powdered. fine or coh an ae. tion. tion. standard. ee NEO ! Low. igh. Low. |High .| Low. | High .| Low. | High .| Low. |High . Low. |High .| Low. |High. ; 1908. Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Cenis., Cents. Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Cents.) Cents.| Cents. January......- 3.27 | 3.45°|] 3.77 | 3.95 | 5.60 | 5.70 | 4.90 | 5.00 | 4.80 | 4.90 | 4.55 | 4.65 | 3.95 | 4.05 February... .- 3.17 | 3.38 | 3.67 | 3.88 | 5.60 | 5.70 | 4.90 | 5.00 | 4.80 | 4.90 | 4.55 | 4.65 | 3.95 | 4.05 March......---| 3.36 | 3.86 | 3.86 | 4.36 | 5.70 | 6.20 | 5.00 | 5.50 | 4.90 | 5.40 | 4.65 | 5.15 | 4.05 | 4.55 April... 3.86 | 3.98 | 4.36 | 4.48 | 6.20 | 6.30 | 5.50 | 5.60 | 5.40 | 5.50 | 5.15 | 5.25 | 4.55 | 4.65 May.... 3.74 | 3.92 | 4.24 | 4.42 | 6.20 | 6.30 | 5.50 | 5.60 | 5.40 | 5.50 | 5.15 | 5.25 | 4.55 | 4.65 \piiat iene 5 3.75 | 3.92 | 4.25 | 4.42 | 6.20 | 6.20 | 5.50 | 5.50 | 5.40 | 5.40 | 5.15 | 5.15 | 4.55 | 4.55 July.... 3.67 | 3.92 | 4.17 | 4.42 | 6.10 | 6. 20 | 5.40 | 5.50 | 5.30 | 5.40 | 5.05 | 5.15 | 4.45 | 4.55 AUIPUSE. <<. - -- 3.40 | 3.75 | 3.90 | 4.25 | 5.80 | 6.10 | 5.10 | 5.40 | 5.00 | 5.30 | 4.75 | 5.05 | 4.15 |] 4.45 September..-..| 3.40 | 3.48 | 3.90 | 3.98 | 5.80 | 6.00 | 5.10 | 5.30 | 5.00 | 5.20 | 4.75 | 4.95 | 4.15 | 4.35 October. 2.24: 3.46 | 3.59 | 3.96 | 4.09 | 5.80 | 6.00 | 5.10 | 5.30 | 5.00 | 5.20 | 4.75 | 4.95 | 4.15] 4.35 November....] 3.42 | 3.48 | 3.92 | 3.98 | 5.60 | 5.90 | 4.90 | 5.20 | 4.80 | 5.10 | 4.55 | 4.85 | 3.95] 4.25 December. - - - . 3.17 | 3.42 | 3.67 | 3.92 | 5.45 | 5.70 | 4.75 | 5.00 | 4.65 | 4.90 | 4.40 | 4.65 | 3.80} 4.05 Year 3.17 | 3.92 | 3.67 | 4.48 | 5.45 | 6.30 | 4.75 | 5.60 | 4.65 | 5.50 | 4.40 | 5.25 | 3.80] 4.65 653 STATISTICS OF SUGAR. TABLE 123.—Wholesale price of sugar per ound, by months, on New York market, ntinued. f0) & 1908—1912— y g | g22888ssasess 4) seaeeesagags |f| seesenasssex |s| ssseeeaeanss |z a a Soa ict i ai at a “ti stmt ti st ti ti ti ti ti tid By O93 o8 i at ti i thid SO Sidid | 1D Ad ag HH tet ti ti titi fad re 2S ies 3 eos ee ee ez | & | $se89ssseaess|el| esasssesereee|se| sassaesessse|s| seeaaeaeasss |s n Sod od ed sit it i ti iti [od st st tt ti ti tt tid od od | od OD Od OO AH at st titisisis st | od st tt tt ti tigi gi ig | chee 8 ely at ‘ Fa ° ° y | 6 | #e¢eggeegsses|3s| sssssss e| seseessessss |s| sseeseseesss |e ae i O ot tt st ti tii ts isis | id Hid 1d id id id Hhidid Ht 3 | Adis tig Ssocsis | c IDG Ag as asas tit i tt | ad 77 eee - —as al se 1 : : Pre S 2 2 | & | desgeeeseasge (si esssaes 2| sesseegessss |e! 29999999999 |» 2) SS tht tt th ti ti ti tt ett SH thigh tt tt ti | ti Mist st titi ig Scisis | st AD AD AS tH et th pt et tg | i 4 © ~ . Py oi > gj | 3.3 | @ | $98esseasesaa|(s| saagaasagsse (al sezesesaesss|e| eegeancneses |e E Sos i Ot ti tidig titisisisisis | is 19 19 19 1d ag 1 A ad dis Ht 19 || Atttetig ips soso |S 19:19:19 19 AG AG asbadasid sist | as 32°29 [———____—— asl . o S | gaa | & | Seueesegessses [yl seassess gl eseessssasuele| eeeeeseseess ls Go f EI O ttt i ti gi i ti iiss =H | Mad ID Gisidisidin ttt | Stitt tinigSosis | xi IDAD AG AG Ag Bas igig ttt | ti Fs) ee rel ra 3 | ¢ | #eseeseseans |8| aeeae3 8| sgassseagzes (si sessagaaaaes |e = S fithididisisidisisisisis | is 19 19.19.1919 1G wd Adin Hid | 1d Ht tid iginBSSossS | Oo 19.19.19 19 18 16 ididisidisis | isd &S |HIS || Pees ae ds oee ss | 5: [oS] Ss eadicrdudae as ag [fe z ge | $eseesseseeRs |e] seaaaaee ell gesessseeseaglel sessaeseases|s Ay S| S dict stigisis dusisisisis | ID AD AG AD AG Sas adis att | Atttidisigaig SSSis | 4 19.19.1916 1d 1d AG asaBisisid | 16 wi oS H % = | & | #aesgeessess |o| gaesesees 3|| seeeeesesass [3] sesassanasee |3 ES is Os sis sss is wsdisds | s IHNSSOSSHSSHHH S || IGG Gad in GSS KES || SSHSSSSwmiwi9i9igin | o S |_ki] Suidiicidetiad js bs ~ nS oe B g | #easeeesesess (a eesassasesss|si| asgeeeseeses|s| asasagageeee |e 4 B15 .09 15 19 19 18 1G as is isisis | 16 19.19 S19.15191G 18 15 181818 | 1S IGAG GAG iG ag aig mms | 15 SOG iG iG isisigidisid | 16 a 1S i ™ oS € © nN Nn i t g. @ | #exesaasaaees |e eesgsages al sesaggessers|s| sgnessasaenss |g & d ica O08 08 aH th od od ttt ti st ti | Sot tt tt ti ti tig a | CH odes ed Oded Hadidididid | id wtf tt tid ttt th gi itt] xt EI BS |e canes A | MOM mom 0 ge~ | g | $ecteegaszass|z| sesaaneesazs|2| sesegsacacec|s| saseegzressse |e : o Dod od odeded ed Ht at tg | od Ht ot tt ttt ticdedod | od Oded ededed es usisid st | od st Hodes ed dos tistics | od e i ! al . a ta os q a io ie 4) HO re e | gs | | gatgeeegsesez (el esegeeseages |a| eaessearsesas|e|| sanssestesas |s @ | FAABBRIGSK SSE B || SRenReeeaars P|) BRASRERRSSAG F]) RRASBIWBKSSBR ; 8 OD OVD YD OD OD OVD CVD CVD OYD OD OD OD bor] GYD GYD EVD ED CVD CVD CD OVD 1D 01D 0D OVD oD OD OVD 6D 61 OD GYD SH STEAD UD LD Ht Ag sett stl Ht Cv) 01D 01D OVD 6D 01D 019 0 OD st Pag | mI 8 | Ce ee ee : 4 . ~ C ODOM Or 1910 gPa | & | suangeeoseeas in | sesttasessss (sl sansssesesea |a | eaasaanenaes |'n a3 HQ | Swrededesedasedades odes os ror] Hed adedesedesesedesed | od AN cd sed odes atid ait | Hosesmesesededasasases | od oo a a ne ieee eee ae ATE in ial bet est tisia ta eae 2 Le Aa eee bibariians bit ES NESTE S ae ere er ee eh es Se a ee ee ‘ pe . Fe, ae Fis Oe fae oe Pe eet hy : mss tt > ¥ ah ow ee oe te * wr et a 2 Bricecuis Ss be ti Li igs 2g ein i Bee @ bits tii a gaii: m Shei iiiigsge * Besa ii gases » Bpio shot SoS ok SRSA ope ee SELES BREESE ewe, ae oe. DS ue Gi aos 3.9 icy Be 55 2 55 malas CEES 5AdhOR SHadanaqnog 654 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TaBLE 124.—Jnternational trade in sugar, calendar years, 1907-1911. [The following kinds and grades have been included under the head of sugar: Brown, white, candied, caramel, chancaca (Peru), crystal cube, maple, muscavado, panela. “Candy” (meaning confectionery), confectionery, glucose, grape sugar, jaggery, See ‘‘ General note,”’ p. 564.] EXPORTS. Country. 1907 1908 Pounds. Pounds. PORT TING = Ae) eerie ae 141, 094 40, 622 Austria-Hungary ......----- 1,618, 860, 487 | 1,769,009, 620 Barbados. 220222 oe = 76, 108, 032 72, 237,312 PREM PAH an. a Sosa . eee | oo Fi! 53, 082, 689 82) 652, 218 84, 324) 407 50, 303, 020 25,478. 121 Beypt. 2: -b.096 2 EDEL: 54,872,073 | 117,406,518 | 108, 403,341 71,017,820 100, 896, 189 Wnland 06.2.) ha 87, 684,973 90, 168, 804 97,576, 050 96, 085, 928 98,181, 156 Framee. 0.0 GY 2h ee 238,166,609 | 254,264/000 | 238,557,561 | 312,616,689 | 1379,321, 271 fi (Sa am ey a a 52,332,354 10,795, 265 26,113, 267 14, 430, 871 20, 836,116 cj ee ee me 439,518,000 | 443,138,800 | 298,867,600 | 267,126,133 175, 271, (67 Netherlands............-..- 196,540,784 | 141,158,029 | 156,036,526 | 141,672,455 204, 365, 296 New Zealand..............- 75,588,408 | 102,663,680 | 116,441,136] 115,531,344 123, 957, 568 Norway se... 05.7788 beh 87,091,555 87,073,278 98,677,191 | 101,796, 435 106, 228, 453 Persist 23s eee 191,423,247 | 187,302}229 | 201/246,499 | 5 201,246,499 | 5 201,246, 499 Poriniretes. leas. gee 72) 965, 188 73,320, 732 77, 187, 757 72,565,350 | 372,565,350 Sinpannre! --. tt 7, eet 102, 551,733 91,263,733 | 125,340,267 | 113,436,667 | 3113, 436, 667 Switzerland..............-- 205,549,849 | 201/419/090 | 201,007,271 | 223,342,955 230, 862, 405 mpreeye: .P.o) hs ee 302,618,943 | 302,618,943 | 302,618,943 | 302,618,943 302, 618, 943 United kingdom........... 3, 535, 722, 624 | 3, 495,191,616 | 3,663, 325,456 | 3,587,888, 864 | 3,718, 859, 760 United States..............- 3,872, 221, 493 | 3,718, 700,796 | 3,816,896,855 | 4,195,076,030 | 4,134, 206, 343 Trupuayt. 2 ied. es 46, 831, 028 57,086,651 | 857,086,651 | 857,086,651 | 8 57,086,651 Other couniries............- 531,965,000 | 595,478,000 | 610,738)000 | 606, 705, 000 1 Preliminary. 2 Year beginning Apr. 1. 8 Year preceding. 4 Year beginning Mar. 21. 5 Data for 1909. 5 Data for year beginning Mar. 14, 1905. 1 631, 221, 000 7 Year beginning July 1. 8 Data for 1908. STATISTICS OF TEA, 655 TEA. TaBLE 125.—International trade in tea, calendar years, 1907-1911. [“ Tea” includes tea leaves only, and excludes dust, sweepings, and yerba maté. See “General note,’’ p. 564.] EXPORTS. Country. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. UF a a a 234, 235,767 | 230,560,529 | 244,240,817 | 259,111,178 | 265,022,376 ENS Bie ee ee 179, 843, 462 179, 398, 312 192, 886, 545 182,070,094 |» 186,594,055 CT ee ee 211, 737, 333 208, 879, 467 199, 497,467 | 207,324, 667 194, 552, 800 Dutch East Indies............... 30; 240, 566 34, 723, 568 35, 956, 400 33, 813, 198 1 38, 468, 956 oo Oh aa eee ae ae 21,424,544 | 21,887,155 | 22,769,573 | 22,211,721] 222,211,721 a eee Sie ee 36, 191, 345 31, 600, 943 36, 949, 618 39, 826, 886 37, 096, 253 i i 2} 521, 333 2, 266, 400 2) 957) 333 2, 116, 533 22,116, 533 einer countries... --............. 8) 091; 000 6, 880, 000 5, 577, 000 6, 083, 000 1 6, 834, 000 ee oa eT: 724, 285,350 | 716,146,374 | 740,134,753 | 752,557,277] 752,896,694 IMPORTS Tn: i 2, 833, 643 4, 145,373 3, 792, 494 3, 755, 119 3, 672, 050 an iS a 4 Sarai 35,174,152 | 29,873,772 | 31,617,111 | 36,727,700 34, 759, 385 Austria-Hungary ................ 3,090, 408 3, 104, 297 3, 183, 442 3,019, 420 3,550, 508 Oh So a 5, 963, 722 7,594, 751 3) 615, 261 7, 829, 226 10, 748, 451 British South Africa............- 4,613, 177 4, 613, 065 4, 364, 868 5, 139, 350 5, 534, 164 OU Se eee ee 28, 840, 872 30, 772, 138 40, 143, 248 37, 480, 954 33, 424, 715 LIDS At SS ee 2, 380, 869 2} 320, 498 2, 832, 664 3, 408, 254 3, 625, 403 LoL 5 ee Ges Seer 17,993,067 | 13,688,800] 16,421,867 | 17,054, 800 16, 630, 000 re LOTS Sr Te a 5, 443, 167 5, 740, 211 5, 774, 441 6, 148, 570 1 6, 276, 269 ee a 2,546, 057 2,502, 532 2, 732, 381 2,779, 119 1 2,962, 101 amsh, Mndo-Ching.......2...... 2, 754, 275 2, 964, 539 2,693, 845 2, 859, 227 2 2,859, 227 (DTI espana 8, 680, 833 8, 828, 100 10, 937, 462 6, 894, 005 8, 404, 817 MBLDERIRNIDAS 2 2 = oan soo oe oe } 9, 202, 719 10, 234, 005 10, 299, 053 10, 955, 943 11, 466, 387 Mawieeniand...........5/..--.- 6, 760, 969 6,471, 963 7, 302, 310 7, 582, 308 8071, 471 Pim Set. 9, 782, 414 7,477, 820 8,127,241 | 48, 127,241 48) 1277 241 ree... i.e. St 204,713,749 | 192,109,515 | 162,348,704 | 154,703,804 | 153, 288) 472 Co 7 SER eee oe ee 4, 842, 133 4, 763, 867 5, 191, 600 5, 244) 533 25,244, 533 United Marigdom 22:22... .. 273,984,050 | 275,417,319 | 283,547,798 | 287,078,453 | 293, 502, 178 Wamtenterates..: 22 -...5-..--.. 99, 117,343 90, 930, 621 104, 484, 550 98, 108, 939 104, 165, 654 Otharcountries)../......2....... 26,270,000 | 27;2697000 | 27, 1647 000 35,919,000 | 137,448,000 1 ea a ES nae | 754,987,619 | 730,822,186 | 736,574,340 | 740,815,965 | 753, 761,026 1 Preliminary. 3 Year beginning Mar. 21) 2 Year petcoting. 4 Data for 1909. 656 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TaBLE 126.—Wholesale price of tea per pound, by months, on New York market, 1908-1912. Foochow, fair | Formosa, fine | Japans, pan- India-orange | Ceylon-orange to fine. to choice. fired. pekoe. pekoe. Date. _————— ee Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. High. 1908. Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. Cents. January. <2 Sere see <= 13 21 22 45 19 34 17 30 February -.--.-22--- 13 21 22 45 19 35 17 30 Marehs. ie... --=5be 13 21 2 45 19 34 17 30 Sy ce ae Se oe ae 13 21 22 45 18 34 17 30 Maync22s,2- 2 ee Hat 2 13 21 22 45 18 34 17 30 ARTEL) F Wapel sas eae! 13 21 22 45 18 35 ay 30 i eEEVeree Se -2 oe ane 13 21 22 45 18 34 17 30 PAUP TStoee of = epee 13 21 22 45 18 35 17 30 September. ..-....-- 13 21 22 45 18 35 17 30 Oelepers = oe seer 124 21 20 45 18 35 17 30 November -2-- 22... 123 21 20 40 18 34 20 22 December see 2. - 122 21 20 40 18 34 20 22 Meate-cee =< 123 21 20 45 18 35 17 30 1909. Panary.. 2-2 123 21 20 40 18 34 20 22 13) 0) A ee eee oe 12 21 20 40 23 35 20 22 March 22-222 =e === 13 27 20 40 19 38 20 26 7:5)0) ee 9 en = 16 27 25 40 22 38 18 26 ie ene ee eee 14 27 24 40 22 35 18 28 phusies eee ees 14 27 24 40 213 35 18 28 Oil yern ah oe ee 14 27 24 40 213 35 18 28 VAG S CTT ie eee aes = sete 113 27 24 40 18 35 18 28 September. ....-...- 114 27 24 40 18 34 18 21 October: . 22. 4 235- 12 27 24 40 18 34 18 21 November. ...--.--- 123 27 24 40 18 353 18 24 December....-.-..-- 123 27 233 40 19 353 18 24 ean: .3. sur os 123 27 20 40 18 38 18 28 1910 January......------ 123 27 234 40 19 354 18 24 February --.-------- 124 27 234 644 18 35 18 24 Mane she's. co mee. 2 124 27 232 643 173 35 18 26 pASpiles a2. aes a 12: 22 234 40 174 33 18 26 Mayas. vies 0 J2288. oe 12 22 234 40 174 33 18 26 pHIMOc ese. - dae. Be 12 22 233 40 174 33 18 26 a [Th Pe aa eee 12 22 233 40 174 36 18 26 August = 12 22 234 40 18 36 18 26 September. . eae 103 22 23 40 18 36 18 26 Optabver... >: sae 28~ 3 11 22 233 40 20 25 18 26 November..---..... 104 22 233 40 20 25 18 26 December.....--.... 103 22 233 40 20 25 18 26 SGU eS. 104 27 23 644 174 36 18 26 1911 a ae 104 22 233 40 20 26 18 26 Mebriary....-<..-..- 113 22 23% 40 19 28 18 26 Le) SN eee 114 22 233 40 19 20 18 26 Mpls thee. 114 22 23% 40 19 20 18 26 BY Mee nce Coane aoe 10 22 234 45 17 20 18 26 jumeden: Sos... fe? 10 22 25 45 17 18 19 26 TU eetes a. 2+ se saee 10 22 25 45 17 19 19 26 TIS HS es oo 5 sac 11 22 25 45 19 19 19 26 September. .... Se: 114 223 24 453 19 19 19 26 October e242. - 2. 124 22 243 39 19 32 19 26 MNovember.iis-.022.. 15 222 24 39 21 32 19 26 December. 2... = 502.4 14 22¢ 24 39 20 32 19 26 Gain caerentay 10 223 233 45% 17 32 18 26 1912. 13 223 22 39 20 21 19 25 20 26 12 21 20 39 184 19 19 25 20 26 124 21 20 Sot ay 19 i9 25 20 26 123 21 20 39 183 19 19 25 20 26 113 21 20 39 15 173 18 25 20 26 113 21 23 39 15 154 18 25 20 26 12 21 23 39 15 164 18 25 20 26 Wugist osc asocaen ces 12 21 23 39 15 16 18 25 20 26 September.......... 12 21 23 39 15 16 18 25 20 23 Oolopers§0 ee eo. 12 21 23 39 15 16 18 25 20 26 November.......... 12 21 23 39 15 18 18 25 20 26 December......-.... il 17 23 25 17 18 18 25 20 26 ~/ ied i) 1 _ _ ae bo bo a to oS wa © _ ao bo rows _ wo tS or 2 oS it i i he STATISTICS OF COFFEE. COFFEE. TABLE 127.—Coffee crop of countries named, 1907-1911. 657 Country. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 _——.— NORTH AMERICA. | United States: Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. MME ICO ee ced Su~ ves ann 35, 256, 000 28, 490, 000 45, 210, 000 33, 937, 000 40, 146, 000 LP UE TED RS Saree eR ee 1,442, 000 1, 963, 000 2, 702, 000 3, 460, 000 2,486, 000 irr RR alee eae eRe 36, 698,000 | 30,453,000 | 47,912,000 | 37,397,000 42, 632, 000 CENTRAL AMERICA Guatemala 82,134,000 | 81,120,000 | 270,891,000 | 290,000, 000 Costa Rica 2. 19, 792, 000 26, 522, 000 27,503, 000 27, 869, 000 Nicaragua. ..-- 17,900,000 | 218,610,000 | 226,943,000 3 26, 943, 000 Salvador......... 157,589,000 | 163,330,000 | 162,764,000 3 62, 764, 000 0 7 OS SS eee 5, 000, 000 5, 500, 000 5, 000, 000 5,000, 000 British Honduras 4 000 10, 000 10, 000 (8) SRM Sn ee eee doen swede 208, 761, 000 182, 425, 000 | 195, 092, 000 | 193, 111,000 212, 576, 000 LTT eS Se A ~~ 45,000, 000 42,000, 000 81, 000, 000 | 70, 000, 000 70, 000, 000 WEST INDIES RMR a ivi Up wwe cimas 59, 825, 000 63, 848, 000 40, 974, 000 79, 425, 000 53, 160, 000 Santo Domingo ?................ 3,411, 000 4,081, 000 1,542,000 4,550, 000 3 4,550, 000 Trinidad "ERPS gS EASE Seas 79,000 74,000 24,000 21,000 2 2,000 7 10, 551, 000 77,885, 000 2 8, 254, 000 29,782,000 2 6,726, 000 1,903, 000 1,903, 000 1,903, 000 2, 500, 000 22,115, 6, 596, 000 (°) (®) (°) (*) 3,000 5, 000 2, 000 3, 000 9,000 82,298,000 | 77,726,000 | 52,679,000 | 96, 261, 000 66, 502, 000 | 372,757,000 | 332,604,000 | 376,683,000 | 396,769,000 | 391,710,000 '2, 074,151,000 |1, 674,416,000 |2, 232,926, 000 |1, 286,217,000 | 1,489,137, 000 96, 279,000 |” 91,702,000 | ’103; 256,000 | ” 96, 655; 000 97, 659, 000 | 92, 593, 000 92,593, 000 92, 593, 000 95, 000, 000 85, 000, 000 | 1,500,000 1, 500, , 500, 000 1,500, 000 1, 500, 000 | 2,520, 000 8,349, 000 7,540, 000 8, 682, 000 8, 000, 000 1, 842, 000 1, 619, 000 736, 000 978, 000 3 978, 000 522, 000 1, 109, 000 552, 000 357, 000 3 357,000 (5) 8 89, 000 8 97,000 8 108, 000 8 136, 000 2, 269, 407, 000 |1, 871,377,000 |2, 439, 200, 000 }1, 1, 682, 767, 000 ASIA. | Dutch East Indies #............. 36,899,000 | 44,524,000 | 33,222,000 | 34,903, 000 48, 190, 000 Federated Malay States: 2 ip ToT a eS 26, 000 2,000 | ike (9) (9) PRM ot ced pete cae mies. 2, 281, 000 2,334, 000 1,757, 000 1,486, 000 1, 443, 000 Negri Sembilan.............. 9, 000 94, 000 43, 15,000 (9) oie. ee et 2, 566, 000 2, 430, 000 1,801, 000 1,501, 000 1, 443, 000 aetbinh) India 4. ..<4o5s-0202 ce ee.s 33,051,000 | 33,826,000 | 27,648,000 | 34,984,000 27, 002, 000 Beppo = ae ee hee 420, 000 310, 000 2116, 000 2 93, 000 2 38, 000 British North Borneo 2.......... 3, 000 4,000 3, 000 1,000 1,000 DMPAW OE 25 a5. oao cece cteswce tect 26, 000 , 000 17, 000 16, 000 14, 000 bia (Aden) 82.95. soe! 55. 14,377,000 | 15,670,000 | 15,276,000 | 15,374,000 | 315,374; 000 Wotal Asia~ sens. 2k sk 87, 342, 000 96, 786, 000 78, 083, 000 86, 872, 000 92, 062, 000 1 Exports, year beginning July 1. 2 Exports, year beginning Jan. 1. 3 Year preceding. 4 Partial returns. 5 No data. 6 Exports, year beginning Oct. 1. 7 Exports, year ending 8 Exports, year beginning Apr. 1 ° Less than 1,000 pounds. 73029°—yBK 1912—42 ar. 31 oe the year following that stated. 658 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE 127.—Coffee crop of countries named, 1907-1911—Continued. Country. 1910 1911 AFRICA. Pounds, Pounds Sonmiahland tre) 2-2 ss thseneesies 208, 000 76, 000 Southern Nigeria 2..........-.... 47,000 12,000 Nyasaland Protectorate....-.... 308, 000 1 786, 000 German East Africa 2....... 3 2, 228, 000 2,594, 000 Somali Coast 2........- 3 5, 893, 000 3 5,893, 000 DIDO a ecpaercn on ee 2,000, 000 2,000, 000 Aiyssinias. .. ivi. see 10, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 Uganda Protectorate 1... 200, 000 192,000 DIOETANMCOBE se acc sbacicer sean 23, 000 2 24, 000 Unignton South-A tries ©. 5 cescclocemeses otece 26,000 75, 000 Neale $2 eiG= 08. 80k as (4) (4) Seychelles?) ! 21. Be sa5. se oie 2,000 1,000 Gold Coast 2): Jaf bid. 62 as (8) (®) Belgian Kongo 2252. .30. 28.0.5 an% 18, 000 6,000 East African Protectorate!...... 137, 000 234, 000 DOtAL AIEIOR 5 oot nemonb ate 21, 998, 000 21, 466, 000 21, 509, 000 21, 090, 000 21, 893, 000 OCEANIA, } New Caledonia 2............... a3 721,000 783, 000 1,017,060 | 31,017,000 “1,431, 000 Queensland: 235. )-caeceeere- 5 =: 95, 000 226, 000 444, 000 590, 000 | \ 14, 000 Motel oo Wat eae eee Lee 25, 448, 539 27, 246, 815 24, 339, 136 23, 577, 806 30, 725, 805 IMPORTS. } ‘Arventined .: sceseereees deseaet st 521, 852 446, 962 411, 290 434, 913 617, 398 SRIIATEAIE .\\. Sess leeinie nee wees 522, 656 395, 430 | 347, 110 406, 402 858, 757 Austria-Hungary;..--+---.-)-<.-0 2, 291, 131 2, 409, 689 2, 439, 635 2, 502, 527 2,517, 868 PV CL STE Mes 03 Saas Raids ald mk Weel matin kink a cee inion cael |e ee eee nat Pee 3, 611, 852 Canna! .: 2.6. coer hace meenant 1, 028, 936 1,081, 180 1, 141, 238 1, 044, 734 1, 123, Chifet ooh i. bee oF. 8 207, 235 118, 541 155, 340 168, 781 260, FOITMANY . oo i SIP Pe wieinia tee 84 8, 986, O11 10, 088, 770 9, 764, 051 8, 659, 883 8, 367, 039 PANY Sie... beara rod anarwh ensue 921, 278 1, 020, 117 824, 643 855, 538 966, 870 Netherlands. 2220220... ake te 3, 035, 996 3, 932, 317 2, 785, 377 2, 696, 243 3, 475, 256 New Zealand) S23 )2.08. Rees 145, 808 138, 807 96, 208 136, 799 240, 994 Rissigot...:... She Pa hee 240, 857 238, 671 205, 106 234, 999 274,773 Swedent..... Fil od ee 146, 201 148, 912 126, 289 121, 887 130, 928 Switzerland... she. ae 404, 820 503, 873 412, 046 418, 690 440, 644 United Kingdom................ 7, 515, 293 8, 656, 464 6, 522, 833 7, 041, 316 7, 154, 047 Other-countriesif sie... 55. sR es 983, 000 956, 000 725, 000 861, 000 2 1,131,000 SP TOtAl: FPO. Cn 26, 951, 074 30, 135, 733 25, 956, 166 25, 583, 662 31, 171, 301 1 Not separately stated prior to 1911. 2 Preliminary. ee a ee os STATISTICS OF INDIA RUBBER. 663 INDIA RUBBER. TaBLE 134.—International trade in india rubber, calendar years, 1907-1911. {Figures for india rubber include “india rubber,”’ so called, and caoutchouc, eaucho, jebe (Peru), hule (Mex- ico), borracha, massaranduba, mangabeira, manigoba, sorva and seringa (Brazil), gomelastiek (Dutch East Indies), cawra, sernambi (Venezuela). See “General note,” p. 564.] EXPORTS. j- Country. 1907 1908 1909 1910 | 1911 Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. LD De ee eae ee 5, 200, 000 5, 200, 000 5, 200, 000 5, 200, 000 5, 200, 000 IPN ICONPO sk eee | 54, 167, 000 1 Preliminary. STATISTICS OF WOOD PULP. 665 WOOD PULP. TABLE 137.—International trade in wood pulp, calendar years, 1907-1911. [All kinds of pulp from wood have been taken for this item, but no pulp made from other fibrous substances. See “General note.” p. 564.] EXPORTS. Country. 1907 | 1908 1909 1910 1911 | Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Austria-Hungary..........- 187,834,786 | 177,782,251 | 173,668,467 | 194, 807,715 218, 780, 756 RPT amen ccs ccccced 72, 942, 604 54, 463, 236 59, 705, 365 82, 609, 340 95, 275, 940 Ti LS See i ee ae 1483, 000,000 | 1480, 000,000 561, 487, 800 657, 955, 900 519, 027, 600 Ppl dn hs Beit ae 133,408,845 | 140,859,363 | 157,561,012 | 191,271, 652 251, 911, 906 MMIII Gon sacs ncctene sae 211, 883, 665 281, 359, 650 341, 335, 793 388, 760, 487 378, 484, 185 MME =< ce Jac kane. 3s ac 1,227, 091, 427 | 1,310, 889, 243 | 1,326, 893, 206 | 1,401,685, 165 | 1,369, 248, 047 REE ent So aca wae ta ae 61, 580, 233 47, 652, 934 66, 965, 337 63, 986, 501 55, 260, 132 Cn 716 Teas CI ines i 1,170, 305, 195 | 1,242; 837, 820 | 1, 242° 456, 239 | 1,682, 8327631 | 1,868, 461, 199 on as 13, 066, 003 12, 338, 044 11, 168, 724 13, 013, 313 13, 407, 716 Vo 24° 839, 012 22, 595, 379 17, 905, 481 16, 721, 779 18, 988, 131 Other countries............. 14, 580, 000 9,173, 000 7, 225, 000 7,979, 000 28, 458, 000 TSS Nol el a as 3, 600, 531, 770 | 3,779, 950,920 | 3,966, 372, 424 | 4, 701,623,483 | 4,797,303, 612 IMPORTS. PU: ee 40, 845, 513 39, 930, 438 33, 847, 259 58, 283, 142 53, 447, 039 Austria-Hungary. . 4,304, 041 5, 601, 668 7, 675, 094 11, 400, 428 16, 710, 207 TLS 6 SS a 243,153,802 | 265,425,463 | 258,171,760 | 282,016, 826 301, 781, 340 UST Se ee 80, 112, 298 75, 009, 310 100, 035, 930 100, 798, 280 104, 576, 524 fe Ua i i ks i 630, 964, 236 692, 694, 579 640, 890, 227 789, 105, 265 2801, 927, 439 Ce i = 116, 994, 374 99, 260, 792 90, 295, 125 88, 516, 233 137, 682, 561 vl EN lS 126, 905, 594 135, 942) 250 145, 528, 953 158, 366, 559 175, 641, 805 RS wins > So acne aaa peas 35, 477, 491 40, 754, 443 38, 311, 700 79, 726,177 71, 020, 549 1 a ERE ee 13, 768, 353 re 867, 551 16, 274, 351 17, 389, 931 317,389, 931 CoS 1 yap ep nS SE onc 45, 479, 955 49, 052, 161 49, 932,916 53, 038, 292 59, 452, 105 BME ee ees ee acc Ce ces 82,575, 129 79, 953, 413 69, 243, 596 70, 047, 697 89, 508, 197 TL RL SS = 6, 691, 869 6, 448, 345 6, 685, 152 8, 205, 120 rats 568, 127 ewiwerland. os. dose 19, 232, 489 20, 913, 938 19, 705, 376 17, 125, 553 17, 893, 195 United Kingdom........... 1, 484, 703, 360 | 1, 662, 662, 400 | 1, 661,959, 040 1, 892, 571, 520 1, 716, 158, 080 United States............... 593, 555, 200 500, 969, 689 735, 300,119 | 1,013, 550, 715 ne 124, 650, 568 Other countries............. ‘11, 656, 000 10, 498, 000 42,951, 000 56, 532, 000 2 65, 854, 000 Bites x25 2 tee 3, 536, 419, 704 | 3,699, 984, 440 | 3, 916,807,598 | 4, 696,673,738 | 4,765, 281, 667 ee 1 Unofiicial estimate, 2 Preliminary. 8 Year preceding. \ 666 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. FARM ANIMALS AND THEIR PRODUCTS. TABLE 138.—Live stock of countries named. {Africa incompletely represented, through lack of statistics for large areas, Number of animals in China, Persia, Afghanistan, Korea, Bolivia, Ecuador, and several less important countries unknown. For Brazil number of cattle alone estimated, but roughly. swine much more complete than those of other animals, as statements for the world.]} Tn general, statistics of cattle, horses, sheep, and \ Cattle. | Country. Year. Horses. Mules. Sheep. Swine. Total. |Dairy cows. NORTH AMERICA. United States: Contiguous— Number. Number. Number. Number. Number. Number. On farmsyatacs- 1913 | 56,507,000 | 20,497,000 | 20,567,000 | 4,386,000 | 51,482,000 | 61,178,000 Not on farms-...| 1910 | 1,878,782 | 1,170,338 | 3,182,789 270, 371 390, 887 1, 287, 960 Noncontiguous— Adaska boven! sane 1910 1, 167 459 2,312 214 199 379 Tawa tice cen 1910 149, O71 8, 482 27, 564 9,375 76, 722 30, 844 Porto Rico..... 1899 260, 225 73,372 58, 664 6, 985 6, 363 66, 180 “Total United | States (except | Philippine Is- Jarids) sae e see aan fae 58, 796, 245 | 21,749,651 | 23,838,329 | 4,672,945 | 51,956,171 | 62,563,363 Bermuda..............- 1907 1, 516 |... <2. ass be. ° Ap 08M Jaap (oe |= sjuaeieinaueie Canada: Prince Edward Is- Jandisyvl-2beisey. 1912 106, 100 52, 600 33, 7! 41, 500 Nova Scotia. - - -| 1912 331, 600 152, 600 69, 400 67, 600 New Brunswick....|} 1912 235, 500 125, 500 66, 800 91, 400 Quehees:.!-izc2 ae. 1912 | 1,483,200 875, 800 369, 500 656, 900 Ontario... f.r35.0n6- 1912 | 2,697,000 | 1,235,000 784, 800 1, 335, 000 Manitoba.........-- 1912 438, 900 158, 900 263, 800 32, 100 Saskatchewan. ....- 1912 599, 800 146, 500 397, 300 156, 700 ATberta:). sa ees es: - 1912 | 1,091, 600 143, 200 351, 500 175, 200 British Columbia... -.| 1901 125, 002 24, 535 37, 325 41, 419 Total Canada.....)...... 7,108, 702 2,914, 635 PRE Nt ARO ae Sec 2, 393, 950 2,697, 819 —— Central America: Gosta Rica ee. eek: 1910 333, 017 2125, 439 60, 114 3,185 604 69, 712 Guatemala; .. 2. 1898 196,708" | oaacatenctes BO ode ane cies 77,593 29, 784 Honduras.......... 1909 OCON2LaM Senses 64, 122 13, 434 24, 052 145, 352 Nicaragua... 2-2. 1908 252,070) | «59s 28, 276 6, 078 338 11, 591 (Bae She ate dein cee 1907 GO sOUO! Nase satcinec toler 17, 000 1,000" [pose ee seeeee 28, 000 Salvador... -.-| 1908 284, OLS en - heaees WAS SAG | che see 21, 457 422, 980 MGSICO. 2 oo veer skies asim WOODY) ib An ab Tleces aces wile 859, 217 334,485 | 3,424,430 616, 139 Miquelon 4... 2.25 --.22- 1911 QO Secs oes Shetes 3) ja ey See eee 160. | 2. Newfoundland..........| 1911 SONA Teil oem ptconticn US; 604 42). Rea acer 97, 597 26, 956 fed iee S12) 9 Oe POTD: [oe Sich irellinceres ene eryeaf |. Ol) © SOB MIDTE Set a aicrell iterate De Jcceaton 2 ‘West Indies: British— Bahamas....... 1,141 10;412) |. tl Se Ss : 21, 949 8, 548, 204 7,580, 446 Bosnia-Herzegovina| 1910} 1,308,753 |....-......-. 221, 896 46,721 | 2,498, 854 527, 223 Total, Austria- Honparys......|.<:<.. 17, 787, 883 (3) 4,376, 225 49,277 | 13,475,159 | 14,539,749 Uns i. 19115) 1,823,000 6 920, 534 255, 229 76,915 7 235, 722 1, 136, 000 Mrualearin... 0.062.682; 1905 | 1,695,533 | 8 493, 451 7 11,947 | 8, 130, 997 465, 333 ro ee 2 ee 1909 | 2,253,982 |81,281,974| 535,018 j............ 726, 879 1, 467, 822 Faroe Islands........... 1909 53) Sean Rees & 7 7) Cee eee 99, 900 58 BeranGs 65. SSS. 2. 8 1907 1,400 264081, 193,633)... S2epOl eile... 5. 25c2-2 904, 447 221,072 Sooo SADE a BORER ee 1911 | 14,552, 430 | § 7, 606, 670 194, 040 | 16, 425, 330 6, 719,570 Con) | CD ee ne 6 a re 1,746 | 5,787,848 | 21,885,073 Slbretenr... CC ee 1911 gh Lee Se De Pe ie ee ae tees Bn i Cu ERR eee 1902 ANG 74S oe cacetecvs 88,869 | 4,568, 158 79, 716 1 a rae | 1910 LESS i eee! amen! 207) ee ot ge 578,634. |=... .....2 32528 3; M8500 s-£ - . IS 821, 456, 000 123,000 | Siberia 53% 355..2.4 £909 |. 5; CBE OOOC.. BSR S S79 FO00NE 5 SES 85, 439, 000 1,191, 000 Transcaucasia. . -.-- 1909 |. 2, G8L{000 } 2.252282 27000): ... <2 See 4 5, 679, 000 02, 000 (aCe) uae reso eS 1903';|. .2; 3430005: 2.5 22a! 15624 O00NE 2. SOMES 5, 443, 000 186, 400 Total Asiatic MUSsigses2: sr23) Je 1505320004) 2 2s Sate 10,190;600' ||... 3.95.2 38, 017, 000 1, 802, 400 g Siam fo2 7). See! 1904)|. 220955024). Sa, ee: 716241)... 868. Straits Settlements and Mabiian =.) ce! 1911 ASST SGI 56 ie Se 259504) - 203 qe. Aenean 141,076 Parkey, Asiatic. ...2|!2 3.2. 310085000) |! 3. a. 8005000")... fee? 45,000, 000: |... 228508 otal eee MeN. 5. oad 141, 241, 647 | (9) 15, 119, 382 112, 700 }110, 589, 931 5, 752, 297 AFRICA | Te) Algeria Ss eet OTT |
1902 1,610 2, 426 Sudan (Anglo-Egyp- tian)? 1908 952,950 ose naan Swaz 3 163, 593 8, 994 0 a ee 686, 730 17, 898 Uganda Protectorate. ..} 1911 864, 000 4600 Union of South Africa: Cape of Good Hope.| 1911 PPro ti 7 8) ee UN An ae el esd ae eae 17, 134, 513 505, 730 1S) 5 Eee 1911 450; O87 | 222 2cesde20- 75, 567 octet 1,519, 258 110, 332 Orange River Col- DU Sa ee ae 1911 ey eee B20, (20! Wao ceee ee Bue 8, 587, 638 162, 656 Wranscual.....-.--.- 1911 ta) ee a 89, 160 516,134 3,415, 250 302, 882 Total Union of : South Africa....} 1911 }| 5,796,949 |...........- W198 414 eee tek 30, 656, 659 1,081, 600 USE 3 eee are 19, 471, 926 (8) 1, 196, 488 267,853 | 538, 646, 662 1, 804, 568 OCEANIA Australia: ueensiand .........| 19117| 5,073,201 |.-.......... 6189954 | oosscc cts oes 26, 740, 981 173, 902 ew South Wales...| 19117] 3,184,039 }............ GaSsD Pe Toe shes coke. 44, 892,117 371, 093 WHCbODINS 6s. --sdce ROP) oT O47, 127 Non. one cn cee oe DT SSL lia ges ciciare Swe 13, 857, 804 348, 069 South Australia... -.| 19117 O00; 0001 Me - 5322 PA SOR OG See See ete 6,171, 907 93,130 Western Australia. .| 19117 8456382 see close 1 Ua fe al Ie ee fa 5, 411, 542 55, 635 asmbnig ..- 2-5... 19117 DT TANG Aes ecs sl ooe Ct. GS 2 See eee eo 1. 823, 017 67, 392 Total Australia. ..| 1911 7) 11,358,977 |-........... 7 ROY BAS UE ee ie eee epee 92, 897, 368 | 1,109, 221 UN See See 1911 ABSHODTIAS Sesto sco GI2288)\.. Se Seek 4, 561 3,120 New Caledonia?.......- 1911 UT Ll Bene 3, 250 91 632905 |ee een New Zealand........... 1911 | 2,020,171 633, 733 404, 284 404 | 23,996, 126 348, 754 Territory of Papua.....-. 1911 TSR ee tes women SOT ets Oe he 177 otal ees Ve 13, 553, 797 (8) 2,671,231 495 |116,904,462 | 1, 461, 125 Grand total.......|...... 454, 210, 360 (6) {101,346,520 | 8,215,564 [627,814,847 | 156,981,019 1 Data furnished by the American Consul General at Paris, France, from preliminary official returns. 2 Animals assessed for tribute. 3 Including goats. 4 Data for 1909. 6 Data for 1910. 6 Total omitted because of too few reports from individual countries. 7 Year ending Mar. 31. 670 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE 138.—Live stock of countries named—Continued. Country. Year. Asses. Buffaloes. Camels. Goats. Reindeer, / ’ NORTH AMERICA. United States: Contiguous— Number. Number. Number. Number. Number. Oni farms. o-6 -4-.. 1910 LOB GOS" ob Leche ate = ewe taeetee = ahs = 2, 915, 125) |. eso Not on farms....-- 1910 NG; SO2U eater craw. Ctl RE aera oe Seen 114,670) |). oe Noncontiguous— askew J..--2--6 1910 ONT ated reels on i nee Re oe cra ie see 36 22, 107 a Waite. 22 -ccetae 1910 2, 847 SOO hes Resse 5, 110: | 2eeeece eee Porto Rico........ 1899 I O85s| 4. ce cece RB eeeeneed 15,991 "|S asenaeeeaeee Total United States (except Philippine Islands).0 5, o. seaneeee 126, 135 1611) || he SS 3, 050, 932 22, 107 Central America: ’ Costa cRigaisers 2. ac 1910 149 77 Honduras 2,813 |p lowe nicic oe. ceo SRW Gas = me cel [MEE ok ee er Nicaragua 1,343 |-... 979 PANAMA =e heath eee aes AT 3,000 Mexico... sss edie mrss 287, 991 4, 206, 011 Sts Pierre tissue o45c'g 555 D | wic:cjo-cja0 00 0s 551d |iSale caltiow «ing = plates «== 2222] Newfoundland ..........- L190 Ss 2 xttienae uation tices ccthancieleea ees woe meee 17,355 450 Miquelon 1.5.23. Sugs2../ 22) 1911: DL. Jiefeeinme cine eens] SORE clots Soe ag POMS Soe ne rs] West Indies: British— Bahamas: .../.ese GLOW eee eA Bod mcjcil hae wi einai Meee | imere acto eee Bl OMe hor oP Barbadosiuue eee e-c 1910 Ay AD [oie codon ca ndect cdl dakis clon deslkefelds «- yeas eel a Jamaica..... Be ac LO Oia coe iterncemacEn verter esd eee eee ese es 17; 050"|. ssegeeeene eae Trinidad and To- PEO re seminnmeas TSP TLE Se SS eee Ete a er T5000 Cn. caterer Gua e aie ecm ke 1910 35040 Lbs Sante cck ea |ameplectemat sjsiser 318) 564) |. see eee itchiness ees 1910 CAG UR aes ater (ECO i Se 59, 28a: Ooo. Sie eae Motaleasaquseeeaeek || oec 432, 467 390) | gums. geese gies Het 7, 384, 486 22, 557 SOUTH AMERICA, PAT GONUINA: 1.22 52 Sane F< os oe 1912 1A Fi 3 a Samper | eee 4; 301,950) i 2aes see British Guianasoses.-.~ 0. - T9LO ts <.ctae tae cee ee ees ota eee emotes 10,300 ics Chet 2 er awe 1911 SON GAD | pes? cot eek eee oe 210; 143 eee Celomib ia <6 see ei. cos fs ceis = a] ee ee ae ot | A race 361;,000))| 5 tant eens ID Folch Coir eee eee le 1909 DeL | S-etermaainecisine olltioneoeeaeeaet 2,686 |S. -2cteeeee (DATAPUAY Std tne sos kee 1908 lose abet 4s 3 | FEe 2 a SS ie) eee 32,304 |... oe eae Urliguay:.. ose gnc. UE 1908 4428 iN foie cs cc ceo | semeegeeisos aan 19, 951 baste ace eemere Weneziielaaseps5. “aes ae- bors 1899 S126310 ee vee! Ss Ale eee eee 1, 667, 272) | 5. eee fo) #2) | PRP ae hee atr G69 AIG Nao ea eect ieee 6,605, 6410) <8 SS Seton EUROPE. Austria-Hungary: AMUSING sc cccecceowrst 1911 52; 801-|oscscocee odes sees se dee 1,256,078: | roceomictcietete AUN PAVE oa esees we dee LON.) coset =55- -S2eee ee . Native States 5........ 1910 6 155, 346 1, 558, 827 54, 348 8; 293, 79%: |= 5-5 Bete 1, 497, 620 18, 622, 259 500, 982 34, 194, 106 >.>. 4 eee bly (VAs om RAE EE Se oe D, DBT eh. < eee 8'270, OBE: t= 222 32 SSee = Dutch East Indies: Java and Madura..... 10S P= =) epee DP RR TOORNS. < . aoe Neh. USSR SR? eh ee ee LUN & Bele ae LOO | |Sc.22ee Ase eee BAD aD... ewes | eee vy SS Total Dutch East Tit Ta iar 1 pees cd HR 2 | eee ME ee Se Od See eo oe td eee Ae | ee 436, S83 (SEB. soa French India7............ Fh Hi pce Gael |eeegee | 26 25 eee MIRA 8 FOU eee cane LE Se Sa POND Na 5. ease [ssBoe ae Sec: -24| oa cane” 104)\5 FREI eo _. eas iv hl eaeeeigipanie Sk 28 lahore. Lp gatbans See 91, a0 tes See. Philippine Islands?....... 1 5 OS | ee ees See CRIS a || |e ae ee 40708 Ts Eteeee a5 52a. Russia: Central Asia (4 prov- ‘inces)-.......- wees jc eae a ee Patent iets be S65 00 ica 1c aes pe alle 5. 5 Bawa (a HEOUMORS) ql) LO0S! [2-52 +. sn es (Sh ce oe SD s+ See 38, 7 Transcaucasia... ....-... 1902 122,312 | 338, 042 17, 122 TAS -OBG8| CO ONS Sos oa EON oe ye coasts 1903 DOUG coe eee te te 296, 000 802, 000 20, 000 Total Asiatic Russia.|...... 180, 812 338, 042 678, 622 1, 547, 086 58, 700 EV ie 2 TODA Woe Sete cs. S Do SOOO tia to tava Wo cones tae olen amen eiame rs Workey Asiatic <--....|-2<.-.- SK SOD O80! |. = = 322 Spee lt = see ek Se 9000: 000} |2)- 2a a Ss: igtHte te at ha 4,178,432 | 25, 479,047 1,180,795 | 45,844,650 58, 700 1 Dec. 31 of preceding year. 2 Data for 1909. —— SS el 8 Does not include vilayets of Scutari and Constantinople. 4 Data for 1911. 5 Data only for those States for which official figures are available. 6 Including mules. 7 Data furnished by the American Consul General at Paris, France, from preliminary official returns. 8 Not less than 1 year old; 30 per cent may be added for those less than 1 year old. ° Ten per cent may be added to cover incompleteness of returns. i0 Number of domesticated elephants reported as 4,072. 672 TaBLeE 138.—Live stock of countries named—Continued. Country. Year AFRICA Algeniaejoe.. «sages se8 1912 Pasitolande =<. .<=.-25+-6 1904 Bechuanaland ......------ 1910 British East Africa... .-.-.--- Dahomey ! Hgypt..-...----- Gabon ! German East Africa... -..-- German Southwest Africa.| 1909 Ivory Coast !......5---..--- 1911 Madacascarts 2. 2. sc. cam 1911 WUE ngs Ue Se so see = 1910 Mayotte and dependencies!) 1911 Nyasaland Protectorate...| 1911 FREWAIOT 228 ce mwamtacem ea mets 1911 Rhodesia: Southern, Sty Helena . .d..0000cen55- Senegal?!....... peychellles. ... = tase -jemeaen- Somali Coast Southern Nigeria: Colony (Lagos).....-- 1902 Sudan (Anglo-Egyptian) ..| 1908 Swaziland S...24 -.----5-- 1911 DUNS | Tees eae eee: Baas 1912 Union of South Africa: Cape of Good Hope...| 1904 INabale= 2 oe oe ote anieane 1909 Orange River Colony .| 1908 TransVidlucccsces so sce 1910 Total Union of South ASTOR Sp ee oni oe [eee Total 5 peehac a 6 aces Seias = OCEANIA. Australia: New South Wales..... 1905 South Australia‘...... 1905 Western Australia... .| 1910 JPASINATIS 4535 oa 2 m3 = 1911 MotalAvistralia oc. on\eeases LENSER oo tn ots aalemaina 1911 New Caledonia!........... 1911 New Zealand.............- 1391 Territory of Papua.....-... 1910 Motel ee areca meee Grand total. . 2.408 s/eese ne Asses Buffaloes. Number. Number. Dy Ret 9 emer eae oem: 2 1D): |: coat tee or 2, 590 Ln Camels. Goats. Number. Number. Some ee ee? 3, 861, 847 igh LARS Reet & 1, 625 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Reindeer. Number. © 19, 989°] en SER tale peti ner & 123, 705 _ a ale aap hc apt [RE "Sims 0 ieee oy 80, 000; |. sarees TO i Mea dis atten 110, 707 ‘468, 225 | UBGG too ene a 48, 975-0 9g ee 40 Seiler kas eae O10, S28 [0 nena Pac Sy aR Se oes RMR Bo 1, 251,308 |. 25 eee SC, a abt Baan ees, > 4 1, 50, 968) eee iN Dileaaey Cases te ieeiap ate Pe 11, 946,956 |... eae 739, 158 728, 284 () 25, 385,509 [ronan Ries, 98 SAE eR ah Oe Maree 853 37,716 (oo ES: RK. NOD BO Maa Ulead oO 28; GS eee 26, 869, 091 1 Data furnished by the American Consul General at Paris, France, from preliminary official returns. 2 Data for 1909. 3 On sugar estates only. 4 Census 1910. 6 Total omitted because of too few reports from individual countries. STATISTICS OF FARM ANIMALS AND THEIR PRODUCTS. 673 TaBLE 139.—Jnternational trade in hides and skins, calendar years, 1907-1911. [This table gives the classification as found in the original returns, and the summary statements for “All countries”? represent the total for each class only so far as it is disclosed in the original returns. The following kinds are included: Alligator, buffalo, calf, camel, cattle, deer, goat and kid, horse and colt, kangaroo, mule and ass, sheep and Jamb, and all other kinds except furs, bird skins, sheep skins with wool on, skins of rabbits and hares, and tanned or partly tanned hides and skins. See ‘General note,” p. 564.) EXPORTS. Country and classification. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 | | Argentina: Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. | Pounds. Pounds. Cattle, drieds.....=.: 4. - eee 45, 754, 268 64, 790, 989 80, 161, 462 65, 794, 651 \ 1 939. 830. 414 Ga, Salted: 5. sac. 3. <5 <5 nies 74, 118, 652 77,440,984 | 116,224,307 | 134,545,252 , ’ ONT UR Se ee ee ee os 2,061,980 5, 089, 780 5,361, 735 3,745, 355 1 4,308, 723 MAIS, CATION 45. oes. s eons ceke 2,214 653 2,577,133 5, 763,329 4,314, 146 15, 254, 060 ic eee 488, 092 358, 624 466, 423 287, 427 i , LO ES eee 871,022 677, 092 1, 233, 604 1,141, 593 11,047, 604 Sheep and lamb............. 54, 449, 861 61, 633, 449 80, 202, 859 77,759, 741 1 73,304, 324 Austria-Hungary: OG He 4, 249, 807 4,709, 246 4,137,814 2, 658, 968 3,484, 591 MEERMTRL doce aakis c= - - 1S 11, 649, 988 18,618, 288 23,128,018 20,054, 805 18, 334, 997 1 CRG TU ee eee! 6, 570,149 7,044, 138 7,383, 646 6, 808, 687 6, 352, 334 Cattle; wet . o.). ..). 2... - sees 11, 133, 450 18,017,094 38, 838, 438 28, 292, 073 24,100, 246 ee a ee 2,346, 797 2, 609, 365 2,374,134 2,145, 737 2,135,816 BROMO ONION. 3 onc. seca cnn cc 777, 562 1,505, 742 1,722,013 1,395, 291 1,106, 489 Sarees” WEL baka set Ji)... 5 22 2,417,123 2, 602, 089 3,907, 433 4, 487, 904 3,900, 819 LS SE or ae ee 830,032 1,310, 635 1, 282, 416 978, 842 1,077, 608 NTO SO. Soin ide oan 8 2,358, 261 3,113, 557 3,461, 222 3, 956, 596 3,176, 167 [nD WESC ae eee 3, 887,592 3, 217, 834 4,014, 136 3,707, 476 2,712, 760 i Hides and skins, unclassified . 1, 263, 236 1,195,114 1,162,045 1, 205, 034 1, 388, 678 elgium: e ee skins, unclassified . 97,432,789 | 113,410,841 108,875,306 | 111,995,036 124, 658, 505 razil: Jy 8 a ee eee 215, 634 251,360 235,773 (2) (2) | eee eee 4, 998, 161 5, 685, 558 6, 407, 132 | 15,943, 564 16,168, 270 Hides, dried, not elsewhere | Tl 25 a ae aes 15, 325, 096 15, 642, 781 22,908,552 | Hides, salted, not elsewhere |+ 175, 086, 086 170, 396, 621 Lob i aa aia tliat 54,148,766 | 51,398,772 | 55,965,543 20) ee ee eee eee 1,162 2,802 9,641 (*) (*) RNIN iow? eet tee Sot | eee 23,139 2 UA ICED aes ee ea (7) () BOUT os nie ts oe AE doce 1,076, 916 1,675,324 1,898, 650 (2) (*) Hides and skins, unclassified . 60,503 35, 344 50, 210 (2) (2) British India: Hides, unclassified........... 89, 685, 904 80, 079, 330 87, 856, 048 94, 301, 200 101, 400, 432 ee eee eee 32, 639, 040 41, 339, 200 66, 858, 400 55, 752, 256 55, 006, 112 Skins, unclassified. .......... 4,320,624 2,115, 792 3,794, 336 4,840, 654 5, 067, 426 British South Africa: ULE |i See Seep a ee Mate 47,046 16,419 RGSS BOD | fe 0ccieecaa.s tc] aac eee PROS SU ee a eee eee 7,423,557 9, 357, 295 11, 652, 984 13, 353, 506 13, 298, 186 CS a ee eee ee ay 6,611, 384 6, 920, 990 8,157,675 7, 286,171 7, 469, 316 C nee Benin siti Mele a \n'egecjesand 17,817, 237 19, 302, 241 23, 780, 392 24, 681, 194 24, 076,978 anada: SUC he Oe aS ae aes 293, 418 37, 292 413,340 84, 382 128, 687 Hides and skins, not else- és where specified 4........... 33, 000, 000 42, 000, 000 43, 600, 000 38, 000, 000 37, 000, 000 ina: re a nelele ara 37, 367, 600 31, 871, 733 40,011, 867 49, 934, 400 40, 331, 067 {0 5 ee oe aiake heat a 52,133 598, 267 144, 000 176, 400 223, 467 1 a ee ee 24, 470, 222 18, 337, 889 23, 692, 398 27,650, 109 24, 047, 388 PORTS BRE oa nian ewecaciecie 1,516,130 582,110 1, 206, 858 1,026, 898 565, 120 Chosen (Korea): oR ed, ol 8d alt em 2,423, 600 2, 638, 704 4,507,979 5, 482, 431 5, 632, 635 Skins, unclassified. .......... UA EH i ee el eS We ee Re re 8 ee eS Sa Cuba: Garile........ » nie asials winie'aie mig am 4, 437,849 9, 753, 283 11,391, 221 16, 044, 213 5 16,044, 213 a — and skins, unclassified . 3,370, 215 35, 270 464,778 383, 780 5 383, 780 enmark: Hides and skins, unclassified.| 16,509, 684 19, 318, 237 20, 491, 426 23, 001, 032 21, 278,578 Dutch East Indies: Hides and skins, unclassified.| 15,796,601 | 15,317,391 15, 683, 561 17, 498, 457 117, 257,038 gypt: Pa Cattle and camel............-. 4,943,959 5,031, 254 8,716, 382 9, 359, 735 6, 888, 855 Sheep and goat 3,............ 3, 686, 466 2,607, 328 3, 325, 525 3, 255, 788 2, 648, 163 ce: NGA os oa ct Se semen ategoe 29, 348, 958 28,013, 852 25, 492, 892 25, 574, 903 1 35, 653, 673 Goat ee oja(a:e statin mimiouat attic o'ateiatana! 6,118, 647 6,062, 430 8, 298,114 4, 060, 4382 1 6, 235, 932 Hind oie sevbanee tenn woe wic dane 426, 590 807, 325 922, 405 1,515, 442 1 2,406, 541 EAMNIDY apicniupmar Gases and cones 1,040, 351 1, 403, 448 2,602, 971 1, 397, 496 11,370,159 Wet Ow Ani eeep ect aee ouster 71, 434, 772 65, 526, 885 75, 216, 322 68, 246, 479 1 72, 304, 928 SHEED Aone Saotie eon -Seelasioces 14, 950, 495 12,376, 183 14,894,498 |- 14,683,077 1 14, 261,998 Hides and skins, unclassified . 2,388,905 | 2,510, 158 1,547, 850 1,777,128 11,203, 271 1 Preliminary 4 Unofficial estimate. 2 Included in *‘ Hides, not elsewhere specified.”’ 5 Year preceding. ? Number of pounds computed from stated number of hides or skins. 73029°—yvsxK 191243 674 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TaBLE 139.—International trade in hides and skins, calendar years, 1907-1911—Contd. Country and classification. Germany: Shee Sheep: . 22 fe ce-eine = Beste Hides and skins, unclassified . Mexico: New Zealand: Hides, unclassified 2......... Sheepece- pater abc = aatre Peru Sheep Hides and skins, unclassified . Russia: Ibides | IATSOr: -cace ae de eee Hides; small ate foes cn aease Sheep and goat...-.........-. Singapore: ‘ Hides, unclassified........... Spain: GORGE cin Bons sees oa ee Sheep Hides and skins, unclassified. Sweden: Cattlepwet....-------«- oeaee @attle, dry tarescsn ss +c eon Horse, wet. SEL OTSO: ON Ye cece nee ase eee Goat, kid, lamb, and sheep, Vie RSE BeBe SE eh ab pee ae oe Goat, lamb, and sheep, dry... Hides and skins, unclassified, Switzerland: Hides, unclassified. .......... Skins, unclassified........... United Kingdom: Hides, unclassified.......... Biteepakinw:e © here. aes United States: Hides and skins, unclassified. Uruguay: 4 Eee pa eae e stan caeetateR nadia Captle; drigdet: sZameessincme te Cattle, salted 2............-.. Ae coi nid Rieter ais oe aes forse, dried esos ce seeeee Horse. salted 2.0 c ose cet aie Lamb Shee Mearling, Cried se.s sso ch ae Yearling, salted soci... .b ce. EX PORTS—Continued. Pounds. 17,197, 423 77, 365, 807 1,949, 087 11, 701, 355 5, 472, 699 563,716 22, 843, 845 1, 976, 203 841, 937 483, 028 1,145,510 1,071, 215 1, 609, 578 189, 302 17,930, 497 802, 254 6, 649, 210 46, 696 19, 843, 900 165, 449 32,386, 454 1, 820, 618 6, 393, 835 16,158,949 976,500 5, 231,101 721, 054 238, 683 20,611 15,103, 890 24,572, 738 26, 956, 761 6, 524, 667 1, 733, 755 5, 435, 999 7, 595, 224 11,381, 292 770, 812 588, 284 2,114 286,161 129, 789 67,163 4,513 14, 900, 450 6, 713, 668 21,690,144 16, 162, 259 11,126,157 293,167 12,318, 137 23,310, 784 2,142,014 64, 927 1 Year preceding. : : 2 Number of pounds computed from stated number of hides or skins. 8 Preliminary. 4 Year beginning July 1. Pounds. 22,823,122 92, 966, 659 2,633,836 12, 673, 364 5,125,915 284,173 31,725,737 3, 600, 994 907, 854 616, 847 1, 232, 151 2,059, 096 1, 474, 657 329,015 19,811, 484 734, 189 7,817, 260 14, 158 18,702, 817 149) 754 36, 715,217 2} 651, 252 6, 260, 275 14, 462; 904 623, 736 4,356, 698 725, 461 124, 966 6, 221 6,377, 701 24924, 224 14) 742, 726 5, 107, 467 1,976, 406 5, 243, 033 6,925,813 13,375,026 557, 689 485, 834 1,473 354, 548 142,060 31,030 5,930 16, 234, 895 7,115, 787 27,167, 728 10, 427, 626 14, 915, 857 385, 822 20, 747, 715 22, 812, 832 2, 852 313,536 117,172 429, 926 18, 902, 236 2,493,949 52,407 ! Pounds. 23, 860, 386 104, 211, 662 3, 272, 067 15, 580, 349 6, 307, 802 411,599 35, 711, 434 6, 208, 595 863, 983 610, 454 2,172, 413 1, 076, 727 1,755, 964 370, 243 31, 327, 273 802, 115 7,884, 509 131, 906 21, 283, 885 213,363 45,216,518 2} 264, 680 6, 619, 025 17,746, 124 868, 134 3, 805, 183 1, 421, 672 178,570 97 20, 422, 836 41, 005, 832 17,951,890 5,879, 867 2,312, 167 7, 165, 781 8, 435, 009 18,130,353 602, 97 613, 165 3,413 386,949 166, 853 8, 609 7,582 15,471,001 7,341,979 31,929, 408 17,490,346 9, 922, 887 484, 486 23, 680, 650 93, 811,312 31 717,104 209, 880 591,538 21,133, 415 4,561,822 113, 635 1910 1911 Pounds. Pounds. 18, 215, 728 27,600, 490 108, 257, 103 97,735, 650 2, 489, 214 2,376,779 19,012,911 17, 674, 940 6, 448, 675 5,310, 661 409, 394 729, 723 34, 733, 032 29, 063, 242 5, 062, 643 4,574, 986 412, 260 849, 212 583, 117 877, 431 2,491, 859 2, 234, 803 578, 046 912, 484 1,526, 465 1, 067, 026 258, 377 1 258,377 37, 906, 613 1 37, 906, 613 711, 396 1711, 396 7,191,806] .17,191,806 24, 705 1 24,705 21, 693, 264 22, 470, 793 182, 995 176, 584 44,367,515 43,271, 889 1,657, 711 1,367, 983 6,137,145 4,544, 435 18, 670, 998 17, 453, 437 709, 938 921,360 4, 460, 691 1 4, 460, 691 855, 356 1 855, 356 81, 162 181,162 18, 405, 972 OB aye bee \ 3 61, 211, 196 19,941,235 | 321,414,890 6, 856, 267 1 6, 856, 267 1,943, 465 1,865, 228 7, 083, 093 7, 746, 296 7,620,949 6,939, 721 20, 731, 567 28, 064, 765 343, 400 522, 867 756, 275 711, 096 979 364 297, 213 321, 261 81, 769 89, 322 5,071 4,625 2, 683 18, 796 14, 918, 087 14, 884, 357 7,571, 478 7,219, 624 22,059, 744 19, 735,520 14, 796, 510 16, 215, 089 30, 586, 908 36,115, 677 429, 429 1 429, 429 18,559, 618 118, 559, 618 29,484,700 | 1 29,484, 700 105 1105 526, 080 1 526, 080 53, 856 153,856 503, 015 1503, 015 20, 879, 207 1 20,879, 207 3,112, 289 13,112, 289 100, 221 1100, 221 STATISTICS OF FARM ANIMALS AND THEIR PRODUCTS. 675 Tase 139.—International trade in hides and skins, calendar years, 1907-1911—Contd. EX PORTS—Continued. Country and classification. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 Venezuela: Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. MN ee nb a 5, 600, 160 5,978,500 6, 945, 936 6, 250, 799 7, 765,117 Re. E aal ais cee = seal pps mess sb tae 398, 226 316, 863 363, 832 Gast 6. 2 Se ih p i gdllfaet Bad | 1, 445, 792 1, 652, 800 2,048, 142 2,129, 205 2 wey ent Pain © aed = eine <= 2 =< wp abt] <5 ob oe 0/6 cmp amis] wp win 0.0 onc om. cml on Bim ue wo ccem a's ol cca ns a'c\ccs\n'ne en , Other a tries: Hides— Cattle and buffalo....... 30,604,656 | 32,414,366 | 52,243,431 | 83,601,623 | 186,371,976 Oi fe ee 477,873 458, 255 660, 459 669, 565 1913, 488 Skins— (USCIS Type ge 4S, Sel [he ete eee Allee det it beg Sg Be pte |b beh. tira tel Brat ae 114, 424 2114, 424 i eS ae 3, 731, 792 3, 264, 842 5,017, 414 4,520, 709 1 4, 486, 659 DEA aR RG 1172320 890, 971 1,002; 138 1,127, 498 1 667,388 OTe: Bhat 9 a0 seep Stic 10, 408, 252 12, 903, 566 21,075, 452 77,175,158 1 76, On 614 ea ee 463,340 787,323 584, 043 637,943 17,644 Sheep and lamb......... 17, 887,219 16, 722} 711 22, 636, 680 26, 188, 706 1 25, 699, 873 Sheep and goat mixed.. 7,428, 674 12, 160, 599 14, 586, 888 14, 851,180 1 15, 539, 764 Hides and skins— Large pave oR ee Le 14,733,890 | 13,195,745 | 12,159,859 1, 746, 925 11,388,922 TUT RS Seo be a Be 1,871,942 6, 497, 788 BS IY hl pee Sea 5 dea iit ae Unclassified ni RE Be 38, 849,397 28, 231, 928 46,256,514 | 134,978,379 | 1145, 609, 642 Tori eb bee oe ied Slee 1, 446, 728, 166 |1,537,921,900 |1, 890, 440,087 |2,039, 237, 666 | 2,101, 426, 096 All coup ipics es— Cattle and buffalo......- 401,530,175 | 470,692,180 | 619,358,491 | 705,292,692 | 1 715,433, 787 eet 2S Tf ae ee 19,193,335 21, 694, 291 29, 797, 209 33,128, 815 131,821,679 ns— CAST So er i 189, 302 329,015 370, 243 372, 801 1 372, 801 Gal. jee. 70,701,325 | 83,978,941 | 93,168,414! 83,834,309 | 1102,044, 429 pO TS a 2,190, 208 1,876,520 2, 438, 252 2,638,840 | 12,229,377 = Tilak Seek eames Miele 102,995,392 | 114,665,247] 160,027,611 | 199,887,405 | 1197, 757,131 TE PR Pi 3,074, 012 4,199, 222 4, 632, 922 4, 856, 937 15, 416, 828 1a a ee 4,785, 091 6,386, 235 8,828,144] 18,632,270] 116,045,284 _ | eR Bee 172; 930,483 | 174,558,330 | 222542’ 764 | 210, 211}369 | 1203, 826, 263 Sheep and goat mixed...| 38,487,851 | 30,007,261 | 36,418,105 | 38,4537295 | 1 40,025, 930 Hides and skins— Large (not otherwise classified)........-..-.- 101,272,552 | 85,100,331 | 107,799,017 | 88,399,376 | 173,693,850 Small (not otherwise classified).......... ..--| 26,444,680] 31,422,012| 41,037,819 | 26,475,558 |.............- Unelassified............- 502, 933,760 | 513,012,315 | 564,021,096 | 627,053,999 | 1 712, 765, 737 Motels ..2.28 fei... 4. i 1, 446, 728, 166 |1,537,921, 900 |1, 890, 440, 087 |2, 039, 237, 666 | 2,101, 426, 096 IMPORTS. Austria-Hungary: Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Call dried. &.....-......L ae 1,608, 476 912,704 768, 744 763, 453 1,590, 398 Galtcereons. 222222. 2 22.28 25. 1, 864, 430 1,959, 448 1,538, 811 1,827,613 1,677,921 Cattle; driedie)..0) 22) ......- 36, 293, 889 26, 372, 748 27, 296, 696 31, 480, 145 43, 969, 865 Cattle, greqgntss vest... te 27, 209, 835 30, 166, 865 15,321,750 27, 987, 397 42,488, 154 (C5 eee tL Bee 1, 243, 394 1, 055, 122 1,335, 106 1, 333, 122 1,366, 191 Heres, dries: 285.5... .. es 59, 304 72,531 77, 602 116, 623 85,979 Horse, TOONS oe ete Ft 2S 630, 295 409,174 106, 482 450,911 142,638 Pos 5... | 308; ieee 570, 991 554, 898 436, 952 372,136 426,149 US cl eee Oe ae ee ae Some 7,591,540 10, 358, 534 9,719, 640 11, 607, 660 10,193, 409 BRUOD:.... i Feo se sad. St Se 4, 843, 286 4,138, 696 3, 422, 201 3,481,504 3, 812, 635 ae Hides and skins, unclassified . 859, 794 698, 638 678, 355 827,607 608, 911 Belgium: ides, sreenit.!2s.2)....5 25 137, 851, 257 151, 930, 748 164, 383, 378 170, 606, 697 186, 469, 548 British India: On ae ee 10,171,671 9,120,911 9,846,607 |- 11,080,747 20, 861, 161 Hides, unclassified........... 627, 648 647, 248 326, 256 1,076, 992 846, 384 G ee "unclassified Seraks ae sites 4,934,990 4,142,786 1, 781,538 4,205,194 4,434,972 anada: ¥ Hidesand skins, unclassified . $30,000,000 | 329,000,000 | 38,915,816 | 44,389,653 41, 825, 735 enmark: _ Hides and skins, unclassified.|_ 9,504, 031 8,744,546 | 9, 067,520 7,192,949 10, 388, 297 Hides, dried. ......--- vaca 2, 698, 166 2,504, 380 2,561,542 3,571, 011 3, 185, 821 Hides, preeii......... 6, 237,210 3,593, 483 6, 885, 490 9) 143, 964 3, 937, 288 7 ae eee Senna 163, 284 295, 233 122’ 523 188) 121 333, 933 1 Preliminary. 2 Year preceding. 3 Unofficial estimate. 676 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE 139.—International trade in hides and skins, calendar years, 1907-1911—Contd. IMPORTS—Continued. Country and classification. France: @pliVereenis - Seeds ociceoee Wattle dried. = Sassen. chao G@apule) erecna =. ates on nt oee Goat, with hair on..........-. Goat, without hair.......... FVOTSeRONed ss at. 52 css cette se Horse, PTCON Le cine seet oee ves PMD. 3 sk tee becuse ewes [SUETS' 3) \eeepet vee Rea EY Be Tabciape) Boyes Hides and skins, unclassified - Greece: Hides, unclassified 2. -.:-...- Italy: Netherlands: idles) Gricde te. Sct. ae Hides, iresheeeseee oles cade aes Hides, saltedcso2 5. oseeee awe Beep srs see ce! esse see Norway: Hides, dryness... boas Hides, BTCC te ames + eae Hides, Balled -e aac ne eeeraae Portugal: Hides, dried ..-.... eer ee = Hides, green... .- 35aStae rose Roumania: Buffalo and cattle............ Sheep, lamb, and goat....... Hides and ski ins, unclassified . Russia: hides, dry 52:24: 2 gcen2 Ou Hides, sreeness cas). fes 2 tee Goat and ‘Kkidies soc. yastet Gas BHOOD. 522. goneeragadecccen ae Singapore: Hides, unclassified........... Spain: Hides and skins, unclassified. Sweden: CaGUARWOLE cc ioamsainisisies sae Cattle, OEY? weidae te ae 92 oe Horse, WEL az scicerabomsceseue Horse, GY, toca aioe Pop's iets Goat, lamb, and sheep, dry. . Hides and skins, unclassified, 6,593, 518 19,772, 396 3, 798,526 251,324 97,556, 857 3,160,074 1, 445,777 2,927,047 14,672,274 39,554, 933 74, 160, 760 161,335,274 11, 600, 605 90, 609 5,081,383 21,788, 062 308, 424 808, 427 1, 863, 989 5,587,396 2, 207, 686 38, 113,1 8, 082, 725 301,369 71,650 661,160 168, 431 8, 365, 492 751, 899 29, 418, 143 9, 090 20, 705, 306 S, 226,348 2,595,586 7,565, 879 29,762 47,273 5,404,542 142,036 6,301, 607 50,523 653, 205 10, 102 10, 633, 089 59, 806, 336 1,795,384 7,841, 352 8, 492, 933 17, 287, 838 14, 887,512 4, 642, 764 116, 050 10, 926 197, 052 259, 283 195, 641 50, 831 1 Preliminary. 7,162, 966 19) 444/572 4.724, 899 254, 852 87, 812,084 5,825, 435 1,696, 881 2, 640, 229 14, 243, 480 50, 069, 112 68, 588, 854 172,920; 006 15,100, 408 6,173 3,193,584 18,303,030 130,071 1,730,170 1,706, 801 5,535, 962 2,596, 798 40, 242° 989 6, 738, 801 783, 294 115,301 216,933 643,523 5,588, 419 675, 822 27,211, 160 15, 653 26, 239, 425 4,030, 236 2,749,533 8, 405, 765 54, 233 14,550 5,681, 891 105, 669 7, 834, 489 59, 169 533, 707 39, 017 13, 646, 485 83, 458, 956 2,310,930 8, 605, 030 8, 487, 733 18,394, 559 13,027, 248 3,412, 783 14, 868 28,519 267,793 259, 468 1,052 22,789 8,520, 999 22) 549,751 5,199,549 "313, 053 107,218,957 | 1 4,556,247 2, 088, 197 3,291, 909 16,540,673 58, 132, 656 80, 868, 696 167,881,392 | 2 19,557,227 5, 402, 152 20, 312, 964 95,900 976, 638 1, 659, 402 5, 499, 037 2,075,190 41,005,340 5, 768, 115 316, 581 80, 468 343, 036 530, 868 7, 659, 635 635,531 30, 073, 802 32.566 34, 000, 172 4.214) 752 3, 262, 764 11,585, 482 52,977 23,631 5,147,796 106, 894 4,934, 367 46, 230 442,971 1,254 13,584,371 74,282. 441 3, 454, 984 10,074,641 9, 103, 067 16, 932, 448 17,503, 243 4,955, 224 9,577 30, 218 206, 860 248, 293 229 “en 16, 431 15, 722,320 5,322,345 1) 424) 833 4,011,270 13,812, 701 56,960, 912 88, 030, 780 07,397, 525 19, 193, 248 441 6, 036, 856 24, 323, 352 87,743 1,613,547 1,675, 055 6,516, 929 1,812, 402 46,998, 104 2, 888, 026 95, 459 81.350 405, 426 121,914 5, 661, 183 533, 211 32, 938, 565 23,393 31, 888, 214 4,511,754 3,146, 119 8. 802) 549 80, 336 108, 685 6, 898, 279 57,115 5, 686, 986 725,309 2 14, 100, 640 88, 605, 824 3,914,989 9,694, 120 7,791, 467 18, 797, 616 20, 404, 532 6, 244, 569 8, 887 13 417, 882 404, 332 1,378 26,770 2 Year preceding. 1 21) 799, 526 1 ry 408, 980 1 230, 160 1115, 209, 971 15, 968, 073 1 600,533 4, 629, 880 12, 498, 980 64, 581,993 81,323,505 217,517,741 18, 827, 064 6, 203, 965 23) 480, 974 122576 * 2,022) 721 2,014, 123 6, 358, 985 1,641, 104 54, 066, 933 2, 632,513 6,579 52, 469 722,006 121, 253 2,633, 605 687, 278 34, 208, 492 6, 490 35, 601, 371 3, 732,813 3,598, 150 10,340, 037 61,508 29, 833 2 6, 898, 279 257,115 25,686, 986 2 15,060 2 725/309 29 1 10,581,050 1 $2) 012) 169 1 1,997,037 1 11372, 286 27,791, 467 20,074, 700 18, 510, 743 235,546 309, 658 88 23, 142 STATISTICS OF FARM ANIMALS AND THEIR PRODUCTS. 677 TasLeE 139.—Jnternational trade in hides and skins, calendar years, 1907-1911—Contd. IMPOR TS—Continued. Country and classification. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 United Kingdom Pounds. Pounds. peands. H Pounds. OPO See oe 5, 116, 856 Bp gee 7 S08 816 | i oaee, 320 8, 274, 800 MInRIeiy? coe. on oo aoa 22, 232, 784 18, 5 27,304 48,174,448 | 63,293,440 | 60, 190,928 \ 97, 458, 704 83, 756, 624 3, 047, 209 183, 889 (2) 1, 596,512 655, 996 568, 416 (3) 442, 648 3,326, 612 3,006, 096 Gat 0 Ee eee es eee ee 447,062, 988 53, 157, 553 82, 628,078 Cattle and buffalo.........-. 122,932,034 | 137,922,575 | 279,044,262 | 223,497,903 | 174,378,518 . 5. SEE Se 15, 066 3,210 17, 400 69, 082 5 51,568 i Pee a ay 100, 950 138, 252 47,355 pe a5) Pee ea pers). tne * Sas Gal eee ee 4,502 6, 605 4,019 5 4,019 CESS I ee eg eee 441, 129 65, 036 442,378 274,531 5 255, 122 Se Se ees eee 12,301 13,940 12, 288 11,535 5 9,235 Sheep and lamb........- 802, 674 582, 216 1, 207,075 1, 651, 192 S10 500, 156 Sheep and goat, mixed.. 431 149, 209 100, 675 L. 891, 338 5 2 201; 437 Hides and skins— Large (not otherwise elassified) =. -...- 4-5 229,212 $62; 098 [eco e 5-35. 34, 484 5 64,652 Small (not otherwise GSO)... 2. ces- 52s 1,700 331, 882 DE Nan 3 nicen gan tel a ee ee Unclassified. ..........-- 31,783,890 | 21,876,093 | 27,251,167] 40,579,679 | 5 44, 288, 865 Motel. ce cw Sss |. 2200s 1, 495, 091, 639 |1,508, 897,076 |1, 834, 142, 708 |1, 878, 628,348 | 1, 888, 458, 361 All countries: Hides— Cattle and buffalo....... 515, 936,557 | 526,728,267 | 670,047,299 | 705,685,381 | 5 715,277,310 Pines ss 27,701,086 | 22,024,916 7,194,310 | 44,298,210 | 5 42,360,678 Skins— Calf... 66, 652, 790 77,141,929 | 134,733,646 | 138,042,432 | © 170,477,268 Deer 751, 899 680, 324 642) 136 537, 230 2 69 il 297 Goat 126,614,080 | 119,612,350! 168, 716, 061 | 151,690,166} 5141, 740, 210 ie A'S 4, 453, 468 5, 409, 038 5, 729, 257 6,594, 636 5 6,810, 811 Lona iy lee Wak Beis aie 8,812,448} 10,960,390 | 10,471,629] 13,075,297 | 511,943,997 BRoGD sat 2 Mos es. e 31,975,379 | 52,268,693 | 94,1147122| 90,762,735 | 5 80,356,776 Sheep and goat, mixed. . 1, 109, 971 1,210, 177 998, 729 5,219, 815 5 5, 638, 922 Hides and skins— | | Large (not otherwise | ~ | qassifion y= 03 6) ose a 7,786,069 | 88,694,182 | 107,218,957 | 115,756,804 | 5 115,274,623 Small (not otherwise e elassified).. s32.)- a2 059 1,700 331, 882 SA O47 Poe. Se. nel coe eee Unclassified < V5.5. .3552-< 613, 296, 192 | 603,834,928 | 604, 265, 515 | 606,965,642 | © 597,886,469 ROG s.8 sont he ne se 1, 495, 091, 639 rc 508, 897, 076 ib 834, 142,708 |1, 878, 628,348 | 1, 888, 458, 361 1 Number of pounds computed from stated number of hides or skins. 2 Excess of foreign exports over imports, 813,450 pounds. 3 Excess of foreign exports over imports, 664 "460 pounds. + Data for July to December, inclusive, only. 6 Preliminary. TaBLeE 140.—Number of animals on farms and ranges of the United States, as reported by the decennial censuses, on dates indicated. Date. | Horses. | Mules. | Miten cows. | Other cattle.| Sheep. Swine Ne a De ok es oe, | Z | Brnb.44870-. 2... eee = 7,145,370 | 1,125,415 | 8,935,332 | 13,566,005 | 28,477,951 | 25, 134,569 Pum) 1) ASSN. oe setae 10,357,488 | 1,812,808 | 12,443,120] 22,488,550 | 35,192,074 | 47,681, 700 atmey BASINS... & 5-2 14,969,467 | 2,295,532 16, 51, 950 | 33,734,128 | 35,935,364 | 57,409,583 June 1, 1900..-........... 18, 267,020 | 3,264,615 17, 135, 633 | 50,083,777 | 61,503,713 | 62,868, 041 AprotoNI910b< =: 2253 19, 833,113 | 4,209,769 | 20,625,432 | 41,178,434 | 52,447,861 | 58,185,676 678 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. HORSES AND MULES. TaBLE 141.—Number and value of horses and mules on farms in the United States, | 1867-1913. Horses. Mules. Jan. 1— Price pet | ari ealuo Price Bee Fa | Number. | head Tenet Number. hea Tan be us Jan.1. | . nse Jan. 1. se ERGT Oe As Se Se eR a 5, 401, 000 $59.05 | $318,924, 000 822, 000 $66. 94 $55, 048, 000 54.27| 312,416,000| 856,000] 56.04] 47,954,000 62.57 | 396,222,000} 922,000] 79.23 73, 027, 000 67.43 | 556,251,000] 1,180,000} 90.42] 106,654, 000 71.14} 619,039,000} 1,242,000} 91.98] 114,272;000 67.41 | 606,111,000 | 1,276,000] 87.14] 111,222,000 66.39 | 612,273,000 | 1,310,000| 85.15 | 111,546,000 65.15 | 608,073,000 | 1;339,000| 81.35] — 108,953,000 61.10 | 580,708,000 | 1,394,000| 71.89] 100, 197,000 57.29 | 557,747,000} 1,414,000| 66.46] 94,001,000 55.83 | 567,017,000 | 1,444,000} 64.07] 92,482,000 56.63 | 584,999,000 | 1,638,000} 62.03] 101,579,000 52.36 | 572,712,000] 1,713,000] 56.00] 95,942,000 54.75 | 613,297,000 | 1,730,000] 61.26] 105,948,000 58.44 | 667,954,000 | 1,721,000] 69.79 | — 120,096, 000 58.53 | 615,825,000} 1,835,000] 71.35] 130,945,000 70.59 | 765,041,000 | 1)871,000] 79.49} 148,732,000 é 74.64 | 833,734,000} 1,914,000] 84.22] 161,215,000 aS Oh ee 11,565, 000 73.70 | 852,283,000 | 1,973,000] 82.38} 162, 497,000 Fo ores ee ee 12; 078, 000 71.27 | 860,823,000 | 2)053,.000 79.60 | 163,381,000 72.15 | 901,686,000 | 2,117,000 78.91} — 167,058, 000 71.82 | 946,096,000 | 2) 192) 000 79.78 | 174,854,000 71.89 | 982,195,000 | 2,258, 000 79.49 | 179, 444,000 68.84 | 978,517,000 | 2,331,000 78.25 | 182,394, 000 67.00 | 941,823,000 | 2)297; 000 77.88 | 178,847,000 65.01 | 1,007,594,000 | 2,315,000 75.55 | 174,882,000 61.22 | 7992 225,000} 2)331,000 70.68 | 164, 764, 000 47.83 | 769,225,000 | 2)352; 000 62.17 | 146, 233, 000 36.29 | 576,731,000} 2,333,000 47.55 | 110, 928, 000 Wee die ee ae 15, 124, 000 33.07 | 500,140,000 | 2)279, 000 45.29 | 103, 204, 000 ose ia RS 2 A 14, 365, 000 31.51 | 452,649,000 | 2,216, 000 41. 66 92, 302, 000 Tessie. MASE] 13, 961, 000 34.26] 478,362,000 | 2) 190,000 43.88 96, 110, 000 CICERO Segoe il, ye hata eae 13, 665, 000 37.40 | 511,075,000 | 2) 134, 000 44, 96 95, 963, 000 TR es Ale, 2b ia ee | 13, 538, 000 44.61} 603,969,000 | 2,086,000 53.55 | 111, 717,000 POOLS EES ANG OOK TT 1 66 745, 000 52.86 | 885,200,000 | 2)864; 000 63.97 | 183,232,000 1 ee ee 16, 531, 000 58.61 | 968,935,000 | 2,757,000 67.61 | 186, 412,000 TOUE Pag Fe Se PRN | 16, 557, 000 62.25 | 1,030, 706,000 | 2,728,000 72.49 | 197, 753, 000 ae ene 16, 736, 000 67.93 | 1, 136,940,000 | 2,758, 000 78.88 | 217,533,000 ah a a CR 17,058, 000 70.37 | 1, 200,310,000 | 2,889, 000 87.18 | 251,840, 000 Pe Tse 3 Se he Miloe OR RET. 18, 719, 000 80. 72 | 1,510,890,000 | 3,404, 000 98.31 | 334,681, 000 1 Ce peri haem see 19, 747, 000 93.51 | 1,846,578,000 | 3,817,000] 112.16] 428,064,000 i) + 2 eth cay a aah a 19, 992, 000 93.41 | 1,867,530,000 | 3,869,000] 107.76 | 416,939, 000 TE 2): SR a ape 20, 640, 000 95.64 | 1,974, 052,000 | 4,053,000] 107.84] 437,082,000 1 TEM sae Bap ara eitras aR eER 21,040,000 | 108. 19 | 2, 276,363,000 | 4,123,000} 119.84] 494,095,000 Het ee 20,277,000 | 111. 46 | 2, 259,981,000 | 4,323,000} 125.92 | 544,359, 000 te ee eee 20,509,000 | 105.94 | 2,172,694,000 | 4,362,000] 120.51] 525,657,000 WB Stonin km Aten task 20, 567,000 | 110.77 | 2,278, 222,000 | 4,386,000] 124.31 | 545,245,000 1 Estimates of numbers revised, based on census data; see table 140, p. 677. STATISTICS OF FARM ANIMALS AND THEIR PRODUCTS. 679 TABLE 142.—Number and value of horses and mules on farms, by States, January 1, 1912 and 1913. Horses. Mules. — = ae price ; Average price aa Number Farm value Number Farm value Stateanddivision.) “j., 41 per head Jan. 1.1 Jan. 1.1 per head Jan. 1.1 Jan. 1. | es 1913 | 1912 | 1913 | 1912 1913 1913} 1912] 1913 1912 1913 1912 Mien: . 2.22: 20 110 109/139. 00/$127- 00) » $15,290): $13, 8431: .-<.]. 5-5 ]5- 25. |. goce el ec] cee New Hampshire - 46 ~ 126.00 Op ONSi om! opiate ce sie mee Bee sn ete Se eee Le ae a ni Vermont......... 3a 84 TA O0hay: 1D, GBR 40, Ted es | Eee see. a |e Massachusetts... - 64, 64 144.00 9 S44 fO:S1Glo oes i. oe ellos. | aoe AE oe | Rhode Island... 10) 10 150. 00 nl eee eo! ee ad eee! ae eg a Be ee ae Connecticut... ... 47) 47 131.00 BGSTs 46; 3b eeoenel! 22 ha eer | eee gl A ee ae New York......-. 609} 609 133.00} 83, 4 4/3157. erp $628) $600 New Jersey... ... 90 91 143.00) 13, 4 ; 640 Pennsylvania....| 578) 572 130.00} 76, 44 North Atlantic.| 1,638) 1,632 131.77] 222, Delaware......-- 34 34 108. 00 3, rag Sea 163) 163 112.00} 18, Virginia.........- 340} 340 109.00} 36, West Virginia. . 184; 182) 113.00} 21, North Carolina... 176} 173 126.00] 22,528 South Carolina. . 83} 82 135.00} 11,620 Georgia.......... 125 124 132.00 15, 375 Piorids.. .. 28)... | 52 106.00 6, 254 South Atlantic. 1, 1,150 116.78] 135,53 791] 785 2p See eee 901 4 126.00} 115, 960 Todiana........... 846} 838} 117.00} 118.00} 98,982 MOS os a 1,497] 120.00} 115.00} 177,840 Michigan. ......-. 634} 137.00] 131.00 7, Wisconsin. ...... 665 652} 131.00} 124.00 87,115 N.C.E. Miss. R.| 4,525) 4,522) 125.43) 121.29) 567,577 264; 266] 128.26) 123.88} 33,860] 32,952 Minnesota....... ¥ 806) 123.00} 116.00) 101, 106 6} 128.00) 119.00 768| 714 SS 68} 1,568] 120.00} 113.00} 188,160) 17 57| 124.00) 119.00] 6,944] 6,783 Missouri. ._.....- 1, 084] 1,095) 101.00] 102.00; 109, 484 333] 117.00} 115.00} 38, 142) 38, 295 North Dakota.... 691) 124.00) 114.00) 88, 288 8} 141.00) 127.00} 1,128) 1,016 South Dakota. -.. 675) 105.00} 92.00) 73,710 13} 118.00} 108.00} 1,652) 1,404 MAnPSKA =~." 59} 101.00] 91.00; 103,727 85] 112.00} 106.00} 9,408] 9,010 WSEVIRAG. 63. 255. 1 103.00} 96.00) 113, 197 218} 114.00] 108.00] 25, 308] 23,544 N.C.W.Miss.R.}| 7,014} 7, 063) 110. 87} 103. 62, 777,672| 731, 720| 116. 41) 112.18} 83,350] 80,766 Kentucky 104. 00 107.00) 46,072) 47,401 234] 120.00) 118.00} 27, 480] 27,612 ennessee. 115. 00} 114.00 40,250 279} 129.00} 123.00) 35, 604) 34,317 Alabama... 106.00} 99.00 15, 476 mG 265) 131.00} 127.00} 35,370} 33, 655 Mississippi 92.00} 89.00) 21,712} 20,826) 277| 114.00} 113.00} 31,920) 31,301 Louisiana 87.00} 79.00 16, 269) 134} 127.00} 116.00} 16, 891) 15, 544 eens. 2.5 SR Ay -00} 74.00) 96, 842) 703} 110.00} 104.00} 79,640} 73,112 Oklahoma 84.00} 76.00) 63,672 272} 107.00} 98.00} 28,783) 26, 656 89.00} 86.00} 24,030) 22,790 228) 115.00] 110.00} 26,795] 25,080 South Central... 90.82} 85.74] 324,323] 302, 995/2, 414/2,392) 117.02) 111. 74/282, 483/267, 277 Montana........-. 93.00} 87.00) 32,922) 30,189 4) 109.00} 91.00 436) Wyoming 76.00} 69.00 11, 932 10, 971 2} 109.00} 99.00 218) Colorado......:.- 87.00} 80.00) 28,188] 25,680 17] 104.00} 100.00) 1,768 New Mexico 58.00} 50.00) 11, 078) 9 15{ 90.00} 86.00) 1,350 IBVAVONS . .- 5: == 2 78.00} 69.00 8, 424 4} 119.00) 118.00 595 Si at 93.00} 93.00 12, 555 L, 2} 92.00) 85.00 184 Mevada...: 22. 87.00} 77.00 6, 525) 3} 95.00} 82.00 285) Wali...) £o .F4 100.00} 96.00) , 300 20, 544 4} 108.00) 112.00 432 Washington...... 110.00] 107.00} 32,890) 31,351 14] 117.00} 112.00) 1,638 Oreeon: ..» 273s 99.00} 102.00} 28,908} 29,478 10} 107.00} 111.00} 1,070 California. ....._- 109.00) 117.00} 54,827} 57,681 72| 130.00] 136.00} 9, 490 Far Western ...| 2,661} 2,608} 94.16} 92.04! 250,549] 240,04 | 147 117.22} 118.08} 17,466] 17,358 United States - ./20, 567/20, 110.77| 105. 94/2, 278, 222|2, 172 oa 386|4, 362 362} 124.31 120. 51)545, 245/525, 657 1 Expressed in thousands; 000 omitted. 680 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TaBLe 143.—IJmporis, exports, and price of horses and mules, 1892-1912. Imports of horses. | Exports of horses. Exports of mules. Year ending - ‘ i June 30— Average e Average verage a Value. | import ne Value. export Nam Value. export eh price. | : price. | F price. i ho ee eee 14,074 |$2,455,868 | $174.50 3,226 | . $611,188 | $189.46 1,965 $238, 591 $121. 42 Pegs rek ae 15,451 | 2,388, 267 154. 57 2, 967 718, 607 242.20 1,634 210, 278 128. 69 PROT ey tes 6,166 | 1,319,572 214.01 5, 246 1, 108, 995 211. 40 2,063 | - 240,961 116.80 1895. tenis 13,098 | 1,055, 191 80. 56 13, 984 2, 209, 298 157.99 7B 5) 186, 452 74.14 1896. ..-.--- 9,991 662, 591 66.32 | 25,126 |} 3,530,703 140.52 | 5,918 406, 161 68. 63 1897 facet 6,998 464, 808 66. 42 39, 532 4,769, 265 120. 64 7,473 545, 331 72.97 T898 ese. 3,085 414, 899 134.49 51, 150 6, 176, 569 120.75 8, 098 664, 789 82.09 1899_......- 3, 042 551, 050 181.15 45,778 5, 444, 342 118.93 6,755 516, 908 76. 52 1900. ==... - 3, 102 596, 592 192.32 64, 722 7,612, 616 117.62 | 43,369 | 3,919,478 90.38 HOOT. eee? 3,785 985, 738 260. 43 82, 250 8, 873, 845 107.89 | 34,405 | 3, 210, 267 93.31 15923 ee 4,832 | 1,577, 234 326.41 | 103,020 | 10,048, 046 97.53 | 27,586 | 2,692, 298 97.60 TO ee 4,999 | 1,536, 296 307.32 | 34,007 3, 152, 159 92.69 4, 294 521, 725 121.47 O04 S 2A a2 4,726 | 1, 460, 287 308. 99 42,001 3, 189, 100 75.93 3, 658 412,971 112.90 POOR eee ere ee 5,180 | 1,591, 083 307.16 34, 822 3,175, 259 91.19 5, 826 645,464 |. 110.79 1906. . ee. - 6,021 | 1,716,675 285.11 40, O87 4, 365, 981 108.91 7,167 989, 639 138. 08 19073... t26's2 6,080 | 1,978, 105 325.35 33, 882 4,359, 957 131.99 6,781 859, 901 125. 48 £9085. Sos. 5,487 | 1, 604,392 292. 40 19, 000 2, 612, 587 137. 50 6, 609 990, 657 149.96 #9090 Sete. 7,084 | 2,007,276 283.35 21,616 | 3,386, 617 156. 67 3, 4382 472,017 137.53 P9103 Me se! 11,620 | 3, 296, 022 283.65 28,910 4,081, 157 141.17 4,512 614, 094 136.10 POE BRE 9,593 | 2, 692,074 280. 63 25, 145 3, 845, 253 152.92 6,585 | 1,070,051 162. 50 TOEDS Ue 6,607 | 1,923,025 291.06 34, 828 4,764, 815 136. 81 4,901 732, 095 149. 38 CATTLE. TaBLE 144.—Imports, exports, and prices of live cattle, 1892-1912. Imports. Fxports. Year ending June 30— Average Number. Value. import | Number. Value. price. 1899-2 ' csteradaeesseenet ai pee 2, 168 $47, 466 $21.89 | 394,607 | $35,099,095 PEGS Me Mb SRS Leh 3 ee 3, 293 45, 682 13.87 | 287,094 26, 032, 428 RO Sseranie bene cere aie aren 7 epee ereetrraree 1, 592 18, 704 11.75 | 359,278 33, 461, 922 ASO5UG See INS eh eg Sink Ae eee ie 149,781 765, 853 5.11} 331,722 30, 603, 796 TROGES ss Pe A SET PE 217,826 | 1,509,856 6.93 | 372,461 34, 560, 672 ee oe Ae eae A Se RS 328,977 | 2,589,857 7.87 | 392,190 36, 357, 451 TRUS: © Aik A). 168233 2 Was OR eee ee 291,589 | 2,913, 223 9.99 | 439, 255 37, 827, 500 1899s Ses Sp ASSES sos AEE Sere. RESE EEber bese BSSSssssss FegkSesesss GAs 55 oS9 ee BHAA ANOZ ARR ANOG 684 Date. DaMAATY.. AE «= = MARS. 2 oe BRebruary. 5) & <.-b es. Se PePtamMDen: jo «24-28 .5-.. 558 Wetober:. 24-4... 4-82... 268 Nowemiber.. 2.2.3. .s¢- Ce lee ees ees oon Re Doe ocd "96. as ae Re he ae bk PRR WRC Ae ake eC | cpt gr | ec ae ee | EY ath ites oe a| S wi vi xis ig Bo S Hosogririadiagid | of SscoHnadada SoA Sn se Mh se Ah oe a || EmMoCooCOMMNeat |] 9 1] 0 Ss ais _ ms il CHICKENS. YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE 154.—Average price per pound received by farmers on first of months indicated, 690 SSWHSDONDHAMW | S |OON WIN IDI | D MOWMOODIDH | O | OROMAWDSSHS | O | DOMOMAANANGOAN | ON “a0 | Sssiagsnwsicsai xi |] A sied A iN 08 HH a iS tt LAN AGAGASHISG | ASW SSAAAGIS |S llamada wsad | od |] Se Ih Ah ce oe ce Leni as! re ham ji home Whe We | et tt et tt col grCOrPnoowroe | od SORMODSCH IA TROPA [HM | RMOrNOW [A | ODMnDOoMmrenrr | F | moocorrnarnor 62 1/12 “300 | Brtsawsdsrired | Hl Sigdadrids [os lidddds [di llassoaacals SSHAYGAGAG!S didcieidelSrieseisd | <4 = ee ae ee ee Bee Bi ee re cn BD ce ee Re alent onl eissaeae SR Re re TE | d gg i®HOOWMIDO OO ID ||OOMHMMAS [D/L MNDSOOHD IAN | SCOMOArS | CO | HreOMM ARS | HI NATOARNOSAMOH | N | dot Tee ees Al Deets be ace SUR oe Shr re aay ore ie || Se eee Floated BE Mes | (Gosegysogugria | ogee icedd:| of | moddd | a lesetiod |e | Soingane | | aamaengnede | 8 ix 2 [o2) ol [—) ~~ | COMMOMDMS | HH | ONBMOSHHOMAON si) 08 ‘ny | Sscandddcd si |) disci aiddians 16 |lHHSSON |B IlAGasadgdad | a ||lSoSHnHHHGHS |] S| HSS SHH ea pe ee ee Ree Ree ee ee ee ce De oe eh = aan Hla llaeAae eee tense TS lle OS Tr NDAODDHAN 1D | CONWOOD | O | POANDMSO [9 ||] COMMAAHMNO | oH || MOMOMMOOOSSH | HI SO a Ane Hwsassnssed | Hl tia dg | a || SSSSS |S |lGASAWIH | oS SSHHANGHGAIS GScalsaiseicseis | «4 | re Seer in sn aoe Boral re neni mire = hoo Biome Mr hoes Dh hel Lenl manne Lon! eet sO St et bom! Lom! o IS BR Co © SCHNWDOOMHO ] So | ttn ron Hi PHOMNAOOnt | SO | DOMSCOMMBMMONGD | +H |e OUNE | Ss ssn sswicded | Hs diosrinicd eds 4 dH |B HAMSAHAH | AISSHHNKDKS |S ob odd ed gjedesedes | 24 || en Te ee a ee ce a ce rh nL ns co ce nd Sl ne | i ee eee Ree Re ee ee eee ROTATES aC |] SCINDHWOWOSH |] H || NOODH | Orn Domrs © SCOHPHODOID | SODOHHOrENOY tie son | Sasa geniss sl esl elaies, |. Ste S| SP SSOr ec || Sodshede |S sadness ceas |x |x MMATO-OOOO O | ottHorrenmo S| NMRONA]! S| mHmotmogm | 19 HHOSCMWHOS | & || CONDRHARCOCe || 0 idy dss ssgdsa 6 lads NA Sas | A |ASSHS 1G HASSSASH 1S | SSHHHHAG 1S || Hodsiadacda di alg Re re ee ee ee ee a ee ee i es he ee a ool th ~~ 1 PAO IS SS | SCSONHHMIHO | OY RNOWMH | HM LHR HOORM SI rOMmMNr~EOM [DI NNODOHDHOONY | |] 6 rey | Hvis asr visa oj || Seial i Seiaicl AI SSSSS | SI SGGGgdarA |] S|lASSHAHHS | Oo dvi Griscicicis | of S i hh Bh sn es Mae a a bo Af Oe Ah on ot mart re are ae hon! Sosy hop heen Mame io Bh se Bos ce os oe ol onl gConmootnoe N Sol OOH OOM | © SCwWOON | © || CHROMA OAN to Hr ONWORS | © [| NWO Ow AANWOH | OD || oO qa | &SHissadaa oN SENA SSH | AI SHISS 1S OSG WH | HAGA SHS | Slt ASH OANA HH | 5 1S ee ee Renee Ree ee eee ae Oe a ee ee nD a4 lend Reese ee eRe I AIS pS Ea i || CODHDHORN | © || On OOW So |lHt#Nonmtonr|n HaetMOMOS | O | NDWIHNOMODRMOWSD t~ || @ wep | Ssdagded da A | AAH SSAA | | OOS | | Camm acdc | | CAAA HONK | S| HHNSSANSHAAH | 05 | Eos ce oe on pe oe Bho Moe oe eed Se hc Bc ce kami dl rae Sees N Coit em! Loon QSAR SS SH OS Ls) O19 8 019 O191wW | & || COIN H~S | COrnornwd | 0 MAOCONWOO CO © pmo soooowminme | © || © 0d] Ssitasssasda | a Apa ssaias | || daddde | 6 | orrddrr |X | CAA ors | OS lor Sr Asa 63 | Sees eee le lee le ! nee ee ee Birr oAN TAD oO ba SOMA HOS [RY ENNWS [20 | ator 1919 | AN 09 00 G0 OD DO tH [| OrnOr-rOROMMD s o PO SiS SSSaises | Ht lldssadaaded | AVSSSSS |] S| GAGGHHH 1 S| SSNHBAAG |] S |l OHA SAGNaadis alls ee ae re ee Renee ne Mee Mase oer | i he ee ee re Dc A Re hc Sees Se De Ree Re ee ee ee eo dd BP Or OOM M MO S| reNMAOHOteS CD |] COCO HISD | CO |[ OHORAOH | H | MOC OMMAW | | CORNANAHTHREOD|N N 4 sny Hs tanr sshd |i6 || Sisdiaacsad | |ASSsd | Ss llaaaadan|a SHAHN GAAIS dudasadadeas | sn vl ee ae Ree ee ae Ramee ne i Des es ee Race Rr cs hc | Rn he en Sanne ee cy BO MINSMOAMION oO WOr~ OSHS | DIANA D | O |L HPOMMNOORD | 4 DAONWMOS |} || OI rm SMroowr | o OUNL | Sorin nr svises | Hl stsdadasa | alaAssss | Sllaqaaccwd | oa SSSANHGSS |S |lA4HANAKASANS SH é( ee ee Ree ee ene ee ie ON ee ee ce ee Rn Bc | er a he hn ee heed Sle laRAesee eee eee lA les A SREP eG GAG) or) SADRORKRS [WMI NAODO | [NADH OO [Ss wWHOnMOrOAO | N COAANM~- DAN WHO | C || CO idy Hsrticd sags | Ht llotadddad | dG llassSs |S |i adnaandndlia SSHANGAS |S |] HWA KOHSHHdIS «ls ee ee ee ee a pence ee y ZBAROMOMNOME eo te HONOR ODO a At ig N CORNARA HE [oe] AHDOOnOD DOD N ADH HreNrODMS = o GL!) SAdassspssa | losadsdand || SSascs] Ss lladadada | 6 |-sandndas |S efeded esd dated | As ee eee ee ee ee ee a ee ee ee a =e ee ee eS ee ee ee 1 a Ee Ae Dine hada aL eh OMS ky Sian eM mE he chee Pee Con WN Ie e strra ae any mee Ter emann Nira . ; (fe kel Theta ae cedar a : Path, tds taste : eae pA, ue : CREM hacia : ICT eh : to eee re eegeenes fen iee is : g Lab RseLRieS Ea ty ae : ‘ ay ace bap dopa ; Soy We ‘ Peete nasi : ae ‘ : Dane eae. eae ets : es arhiandyae ah -—abesthen fave op a cece hea Ort aera mer athe pore er eater TAs gu uk Gaevle EN Oe CA eee poe eae wh wenn ’ wep | FN Moe tm a ee CORN ee eters ‘ hen ‘ = al att ioe Chan oo ‘ oo ey oe aa ee ee ’ Wak eae We ce cares say Le : Cet eee ee we hee, AC tice Tesi oe (eer igs CO i er ME TRO ee ea moa : a Ta SIC eet aA es Te et ee pA arariintefeoferehb ieohe cigire ryneomrriarveaotenv emo ey : a eee ae ea F od pe mee ae a Ps Wresvege tiie gtigaer tl AMP Bh Gr Wy Gene arama oo vis cai ext, tent Mec cates tne ga nin ae olguitneg stein a oes uo} ‘ (oe ree | ‘ ‘ ‘aan ' ‘ CAME aoa nieces ae ' Hutu ' SEE AUS Ceci PEG a = idgiiig ¢@ iiigga:: ¢ iitii @ litdgii gg iiiiiiit Se re. Serie weal BRT: us} (Bis des e- aeegldd Bow iat bee i Davcar eee ast Cha Sel il eee oe Sy eres ees: Tenet at ot Ue eee x Tea ese byt ey) oP Ory nee ea) ee a eee CEPA OSS ee tee) Ofte athe gob So en open SY Ww vesiggre or ge a ‘ASS oeOs & go (RR: A on ‘Gog Sitisad! = Ht =" en east = Cire [lars Gai Saree 8 2 SHeNe Ske so Raedtodgdd S ‘digg 3 MEARS 63 a.o8 ‘Bg E s8seeig iia BB ‘8S @ Oh a" E I 4ah8 5 8B: 5 SORES. 8 Sagigeds = 4 sHSSosrs <4 Bea aagho < AAwXWS O ‘Badd GO BYsSKanad © SESS (95a55 wn & aa ne . eS ae eS od . BaSpeex - 68° 42aaq SSH, OGSSESHES & A n Eee ogee SEORESSE . S5aS2 Anse g ZsuaM » ARSEN aba gon Sopsa8508 AZ BAHOSE8S HW BVASS Z ABASSod A SESAZSGME HD ShZoeSossea HP AAP AROAaM ASSEZASE Odaae agaZzaae Mads qQHo< SAEOZdDANEOS STATISTICS OF FARM ANIMALS AND THEIR PRODUCTS. 691 CHEESE. TaBLE 155.—International trade in cheese, calendar years 1907-1911. ‘Cheese includes all cheese made from milk; ‘cottage Tine of course, isincluded. See ‘‘ General note,” p. 564 EXPORTS. 1908 1909 1910 1911 Pounds. Pounds, Pounds. Pounds. 5, 674, 114 5, 598, 083 5, 218, 136 7, 091, 257 7,549, 046 189,381,875 | 172,081,891 177, 259,042 | 186,665,789 169, 179, 147 ,279 » 272, 205 26, 103, 125 25, 160, 659 1 28,620,779 2,891, 774 3, 387, 809 2,381, 409 1, 858, 257 2,178, 806 46, 606, 567 43,711, 045 44, 054, 742 57,516, 250 61, 403, 181 MIT no ne an aca = 113, 646, 865 118, 252, 531 124, 070,366 | 122,771,456 113, 607, 416 Maw sacaland ...02. 5 223.2220: 26, 525, 296 31, 449, 376 44, 867, 984 50,614, 480 49, 187,488 MEE oon oa accor ecece 3,337, 003 3, 758, 259 4,817,773 5, - 8, 945, 249 LT tee an aa Ae Seana 62,212,710 67, 653, 883 69, 217, 606 69,391, 549 66, 593,470 Waiten States... 2......0.52....: 10, 341, 335 10, 190, 843 3,501, 214 2, 768, 681 13,781, 176 Wee OBUMITIOS ©... esse 8,336, 000 8, 295, 000 8, 545, 000 10, 441, 000 110,369, 000 Ee re ti 494,537,818 | 488,650,925 | 510,036,397 | 539,743,028 531, 414. 758 IMPORTS. 6, 184, 344 16, 504, 960 16, 420, 898 16, 182,360 8, 085, 617 8, 884, 664 9, 535, 944 10, 845, 391 566, 808 _ 367,504 303, 155 318, 891 9, 748, 741 10, 483, 755 12, 536, 899 12, 473, 406 31, 051, 052 30, 523, 564 31, 494, 724 29, 641, 555 3, 455, 087 3, 241, 214 33,241, 214 33,241,214 4, 459, 453 4,329, 228 4,726, 520 5, 039, 056 4,147, 120 4, 106, 493 4, 807, 741 2 4,807,741 1, 686, 519 1,739, 429 1, 357, 813 1, 203, 491 9, 072, 687 8, 947, 118 9, 229, 798 8, 927, 907 50, 010, 690 47,420, 285 49, 011, 344 149, 422,723 45, 689, 233 46, 292,191 46,011, 104 45, 954, 448 16, 953, 154 17, 438, 827 14, 760, 899 11, 915, 422 3, 437, 180 3,476, 651 3,671, 083 4, C08, 816 4, 531, 068 4, 422,370 4, 882, 058 4,929, 248 6, 564, 637 6, 041, 045 6, 308, 683 7,643, 789 : : 251,908,608 | 261,227,232 | 267,878,240 257, 133, 744 Meee Gute... 2. SS. 34, 238, 459 33, 793, 726 37, 795, 506 43, 967, 273 45, 447, 322 @ther countries... ..--25.¢..-..... 14, 521, 000 13, 567, 000 15, 816, 000 18, 167, 000 118, 550, 000 PaUre wee Se e S r 504,101,068 | 504,912,724 | 519,058,036 | 538,312,390 527, 186. 523 1 Preliminary. 2 Year preceding. 3 Data for 1909. SHEEP AND WOOL. TABLE 156.—Number and value of sheep on farms in the United States, 1867-1913. Price Price 5 Farm value Farm value Number. er head Year. Number. er head ae: 1 Jan.1 oy 1. Jama? 39, 385, 000 $2.50 $98, 644,000 |} 1882.......... 45,016, 000 $2.37 | $106,596, 008 38, 992, 000 1.82 71,053,000 |} 1883......-- .-| 49, 237,000 2.53 124, 366, 000 37, 724, 000 1.64 62,037,000 |} 1884........-. 50, 627, 000 2.37 119, 903, 006 40, 853, 000 1.96 79, 876,000 |} 1885...2.-...- 50, 360, 000 2.14 107, 961,009 31, 851, 000 2.14 68, 310,000 || 1886.........- 48, 322, 000 1.91 92, 444, 000 aS 31, 679, 000 2.6L 82,768,000 |] 1887........-- 44, 759, 000 2.01 89, 873, 008 eee = , 000 2.74 89, 427,000 |] 1888.........- 43, 545,000 2.05 89, 280, 000 7 ir re 33, 938, 000 2043") @ 825353, 000 || 1889... 12 =... 42,599, 000 2.13 , 640, 008 re 33,784,000 2.55 86, 278,000 || 1890........-- 44, 336, 000 2.27 100, 660, 000 FS76s.--<-5.52 , 935, 2.30 85, 121,000 || 1891. ......=.. 43, 431, 000 2.50 108, 397, 008 i ee 35, 804, 000 2.13 76, 362,000. |] 1892. ......--- 44, 938,000 2.58 116, 121, 008 Shere 22> <2. 35,740, 000 2.21 78, 898, 000 |] 1893........-- 47, 274,000 2. 66 125, 909, 008 » Ly 38, 124, 000 2.07 78,965,000 |} 1894.......... 45, 048, 000 1.98 89, 186, 008 | Se 40, 766, 000 2.21 O09 F231; CO" | tego. = 42, 294, 000 1.58 66, 686, ST aa 43,570, 000 2.39 104,071,000 |] 1896.......... 38, 299, 000 1.70 65, 168, 008 692 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE 156.— Number and value of sheep on farms in the United States, 1867-1913—Con. | Price | Price = Farm value Farm value Year. Number. t head Year. Number. | per head he Mie Jan. 1. | Jan. 1. Jan. 1 y Aare i ea 36, 819, 000 $1. 82 $67,021,000 || 1906.......... 50, 632, 000 $3.54 | $179,056, 000 WSQ8e ac ce 37, 657,000 2.46 92,721,000 || 1907.......... 53, 240,000 3.84 204, 210, 000 TS09S SES. 2 39, 114, 000 2.75 107,698,000 || 1908... ...... 54, 631,000 3. 88 211,736,000 1900 vcitsongs oa 41, 883, 000 2.93 122, 666,000 || 1909.......... 56, 084, 000 3.43 192, 632, 000 TOOTS sme the 59, 757, 000 2.98 178,072,000 || 1910.......... 57,216, 000 4.08 233, 664, 060 102 es 52 22 62, 039,000 2.65 164, 446,000 || 19111........ 53, 633, 000 "3.91 209, 535, 000 TOSIE). 2S 63, 965, 000 2.63 168,316,000 || 1912.......... 52, 362,000 3. 46 181,170, 000 LOOK Fase See ds: 51,630,000 2.59 133, 530,000 || 1913.......... 51, 482, 000 3.94 202,779, 000 1905 ee. eS 45,170, 000 2.82 127, 332,000 1 Estimates of numbers revised, based on census data; see Table 140, p. 677. Tape 157.—Number and value of sheep on farms, by States, Jan. 1, 1912 and 1918. Average farm price per head Jan. 1. Farm value Jan. 1.1 ~ Number Jan. 1.1 State and division. 1913 1912 1913 1912 MSINOSE SE). . <.25- See OW. cree ee ca = 186 $4. 20 $4.10 New Hampshires. . 250. ..5--.282 Soe. -5e 43 4.90 4.30 Wermonte.. . 22a teticio tach ancients 117 4.60 4.30 Massachusetiss. 257299625521 tae e eee eee 35 4.80 4.80 Rnodevsiand 1.212 .229:55 5) aoe 7 5.10 4.60 Cénnecticuts a3.G24.50 sa. - 2 eee ewes 21 5. 20 4.60 Newevork® 22 [234525422 .. 2 52 ees! 911 5.00 4.40 New Jersey? = 2-524 055.5... 0bSee Ese 30 5.30 5. 20 Berns ylvania 42o. cs 6. 22s ee ee ee 883 5 00 4.30 WorthAttian ties’: 4 S285 vot ek ee eee 2, 233 4.91 4.35 Delaware: 2. 422s ss sea8e a's sRapilte hee ae 8 4.70 4.30 SVAN ot: Soe see oes tee Seen 230 4.60 4.40 BL /iititegh ah Fe We tha ape ee ed Bd be 2 ce ea 781 4.00 3.60 West Virginia Wis 8545300. Ses eee t 838 4.30 3.90 Nort Caroling 2322529 28.15 Sea ce 193 3.10 2.80 South Carolina.63).34522.5.5.. PRA. 34 2.80 2.80 GeCOrgia yss225 deets Send wore ee Pe eee 174 1.90 2.00 Brfounidaasw. “See SEC LAD. See? 120 2.10 2.10 SOMPHPAMIAMLIG aos bars sae eee cee ee 2,378 3.83 3.52 Ong es 52a ee SS ee eee 3,694 4.10 3.40 Indsana® = eG ac22 bo kastne ee cae ae es 1,372 4.60 4. 20 Tin 018s es ls eee 1,068 5.10 4.40 WiGHIGSN =>. nace oae see Ue | Sees 2, 276 4.30 3.60 WHSCOTISIE hem 605757 tte OER ee kee eS 847 4.50 3.90 North Central East of Mississippi River 9, 257 4.38 3.73 NiMMNGSOCA. = ie Bee 2k See eee 600 4.40 3.60 TOW ee ert ees tune See eie Se BS 1, 201 5.10 4.30 MASSOUT Ie nes aioe Lo wee eon eee iyfop 4.20 3.80 North Dakota sscccicsed.22. abot See ee 287 3.90 3.60 South Dakotas yee eee 605 4.10 3.30 INGDIASKR E 2 clap ie aay a. ipa ee ore! 382 4.40 3. 60 IRANSS Se Soe Os. See ee eee 326 4.60 3.80 North Central West of Mississippi River. 5, 156 4. 46 3. 81 IR GNCU CY sciatic eee eee 1,320 4.00 3.70 Tennessee. ............ wate fat a LR SE a 762 3.10 3.00 Alabama,........... 140 2.10 2. 20 Mississippi 214), 2.20 2. 20 MAGHISIATIO 5.5 5 sire ars imn\sin MERE 176 2.00 2.00 "ROXAS 43. cham. = to leaks’. ae A eee 2,032 2.90 2.80 CO.124 E21 n(05 111: alee RROD ie: teeta. AL ele 72 3. 60 3.30 ATE ORIGOS So 2 ofoctil ts stds ae An RL eR los soe 134 2.40 2.30 BOULR Central oan 7. +. cans SERS BR CEOs 4,850 3.14 3.00 1 Expressed in thousands; 000 omitted. STATISTICS OF FARM ANIMALS AND THEIR PRODUCTS. 693 TaBLE 157.—Number and value of sheep on farms, by States, Jan. 1, 1912 and 1913—Continued. Number Jan. 1.! Average farm price per head Jan 1. Farm value Jan. 1.1 State and division. | 1913 1912 1913 | 1912 1913 1912 Nee gate ae ea 5,111 5,011 $3.30 | $18,911] $16,536 Mimi ee BS 88. 2 oe sts. 4,472 4, 969 2.80] 18,335 13, 913 OUT OTT Di eas es Sore Se eas 1,737 1,579 3.00 6, 253 4, 737 ii 7 LE ga 3,300 3,300 2.80} 10,230 9, 240 Me eee 5 SOE ee eae 1,570 1,510 4.30 5, 809 6, 493 PIE OS os os Sern Snack suede seecne Sa 5ae ; 1,990 3.80 8,159 7,562 APMED GS ISe SS. ogee Sex se geen 1, 487 1, 444 3. 80 5,948 5, 487 CE 7) Ra 0S See ee ae ae eee ee 2,951 2,951 3.60 11, 804 10, 624 TICLES Pi ee a SR a ee 501 486 3.50 2, 104 1,701 Cut CAS SS Sei Sie eas eae 2,644 2, 592 3.30] 10,047 8, 554 (OS (gre Re ER a ae ee aia aie 2,603 2, 656 3. 60 9, 631 9, 562 MEMMMIORDISEN 2 Po ot ovo owe oo eee een 28, 366 28, 488 Sook 94, 409 PURAEESTOTDS .. 522 S. « oo selene oda Sore 51, 482 52, 362 3.94 3.46 181,170 1 Expressed in thousands; 000 omitted. TaBLE 158.—Imports, exports, and average prices of sheep, 1892-1912. . Imports. Exports. Year ending June 30— Average Average Number Value import | Number.| Value. export price | price. ah DS oe See 380,814 | $1,440, 530 $3.78 46, 960 $161, 105 $3. 43 ol). ORS: Ses aS eee see ae eee 459, 484 1, 682, 977 3. 66 37, 260 126, 394 3.39 242, 568 788, 181 3.25 132, 370 832, 763 6. 29 682, 618 2.34 | 405,748 | 2,630,686 6. 48 853, 530 2.65 | 491,565 | 3,076,384 6. 26 1,019, 668 2. 51 244, 120 1, 531, 645 6. 27 1, 106, 322 2.82 | 199,690 | 1,213, 886 6.08 1, 200, 081 3.47 143, 286 853, 555 5. 96 1, 365, 026 3.58 125, 772 733,477 5. 83 1, 236, 277 3.73 | 297,925 1, 933, 000 6.49 956,710 3.58 | 358,720 | 1,940,060 5.41 1, 036, 934 3.44 176, 961 1, 067, 860 6. 03 15, 289 3.42 | 301,313 1, 954, 604 6.49 704, 721 3.77 | 268,365 1, 687, 321 6. 29 147 1, 020, 359 4.24 142, 690 804, 090 5. 64 | 1,120, 425 4.98 135, 344 750, 242 5. 54 1, 082, 606 4.82 | 101,000 589, 285 5. 83 502, 640 4.90 67, 656 365, 155 5.40 696, 879 5. 52 44,517 209, 000 4.69 5 377, 625 7. 06 121, 491 636, 272 5. 24 157, 257 6. 67 157, 263 626, 985 3.99 i RRASASABSSAS |All SBSRSSSRIAER |S 4 gq | 23 SSSSLL4)]| PSSSSSSSRASA/|S|| SASSSSSSRSRE |B £ : cp Besssoconn SNK dsissisnrre | 6 NMOGHArSNSSi6W 1S 19 Hid 15 5 1515 i this si st iae| SHSrosswswsssr | ob o © fq Bs | Q 5 : . Rea ee ey pees ee a 3 > 2 | 2 | 2 | Seseaeesas| seseseaassas|e| eaeeaeseanse |s| seeesecesace |a | senzesrseaes : SG a 8 AAAANA NAA ANAM HANAN ASOD | HGHSST AMOS AN | A pb fee pepe apolar i OOS Had Htodededoded ti | od ie3| = . [ate] io) os oe ™ . 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Spam gs ie eer CP RTA. ke As kp kity ay Ra ee 7 A 2, Re eats (a eee ad teste ore abe aR a achiral ee aE ieee are oer ah | aaa : fy eal a ie allied cl ltt Riel eC MeO NRO aD at : uC ote a Oa Ca ee ge + ee es See ee ae oo fo) F CORRE STR |S Se SED Aa 0 BE Be ah Ae we es Stats eae nares | Mw Ss ins capmeleor peta e eg APU. Baty oie Ba ER ai: See ae: | oO ee eo eae A le uke rik an Rie sae ko Wis an pve tes er aE eg ; Ce een. eRe aie Ree ae ; S ce bie helt ait colt all scl nell he ia Pie BRD Cen ogee Rect eaie : ee ee ce a) : rt Se lac ea ta es Ea Beg. ae Rakes at ae ty Re Bo tina Sones ee as ae g SCR RE PS A aca ea ae Hester ok Ng ag OP RE ca i Oe aS ee S 3 : ee ee es a ae Seg tte Gn Be HPS) ah mee ee CH ee ce ee ae ec areas ; nthe ates Hy ee “iit: Gi etme Ben Mek de : SSeS) tee pas | Sot iS eee Ee ig ica < Ey ae tin nee ph aire bs ae ba! ny Beriteni A> Rast OP GALS ty 1 Ee EOS, MUNG SLAL Iw ooleg oel mat esses a seca MWe, oe fea a iG Saad ens ae fe he ets yak Ae ey a ; ete: wl air ee ws Mots Ee ei cer re ain ache Pee ee te eT ee eee Ieee hace hws ae ee Rt i oe * A EA ap oh ok ae ei OH Cpa ace meres QRE ST: Vem ee I lA aL BR oo a er Rea bb Peter stmt Te Na i He Ee A» Rita. Cong op een: Ce Meee iets sea as mOsm Tan rob sie es Ay UR RAR TH oe UL SORT EN Trae an eaprti the are + Shenae Bay an ashes SR oa Wty ih AR TO, aC Oi pM th WaT a ase tee et eae Hy SCO C cey PGASTco St est tpt et OD OR Pe Te Be een tans Tet sf ~ Hee ce eles Sng aerate babs Nee ar ee a ae He oR ky Se ae Se ct ys ae ee Prieta cs Seay eae 3 bikie pio Big ttt Hee ae! bs Fad | Vigigeg * Padi i i iWssee = Peli: igesae > ie ete ener iermerieyy ‘.,50 5 rst ee o> pe uy ea euns wes SESH Popa ees Beer to peso es Bion pope sols BES LoS ES 'o29 rT} SSasssssss FSSaSHSESO SS BS SRS RS ESESS ASAaAGEGHRS SS ESSASSSSESS3 a ed ed et ced od ed ed ode HHadeamm AROZA HRadeaRsnOGZA ShadaananOZA ShadannsnogZAa 2 Not including lambs. > 1 Includes yearlings and lambs. STATISTICS OF FARM ANIMALS AND THEIR PRODUCTS. 695 TaBLE 160.—Wool product cf the Uniied States. [Estimates of National Association of Wool Manufacturers.] Number of Per cent sheep of | Average f Wool Wool State and year. shearing | weight of or | washed and ae age Apr. 1,| fleece. poe unwashed.1 | Scoured.t 1912. Be. Number. | Pounds. | Per cent. Pounds, Pounds. UIST Ek ne Or ae 150, 000 6.25 42 937, 500 543, 750 LESS ee ee 33, 000 6.50 48 214, 500 111, 540 CUES TST 7nles Aste 5 geo aes RE aie 90, 000 6.75 50 607, 500 303, 750 Massachusetts 23, 000 6. 25 42 | 143, 750 83,375 Rhode Island 5, 000 6. 00 42 30, 000 17, 400 Connecticut 15,000 5.70 42 | 85, 500 49,590 Mi Sto) 625, 000 6.00 48 3,750, 000 1, 950, 000 Cine ci) Ti ae Se See eS ee eee 17,000 5.40 45 91, 800 50, 490 POON at Oana tobe sete cnceen t 650, 000 6.30 47 4,095, 000 2,170, 350 PRUEOVORG =O. co ows acct ons cv esse csnenee tate ene 5, 000 5.30 44 26, 500 14, 840 5.70 44 729, 600 408, 576 4.50 36 2,025, 000 1, 296, 000 5. 50 48 3, 162, 500 1, 644, 500 3.75 42 562, 500 326, 250 3. 60 42 108, 000 62, 640 3.75 43 656, 250 374, 063 3.25 38 308, 750 191, 425 6. 25 49 16, 875, 000 8, 606, 250 6. 40 45 5, 280, 000 2,904, 000 6.75 47 4, 556, 250 2,414, 813 6.7 48 10, 125, 000 5, 265, 000 6. 60 46 4, 290, 000 2,316, 600 6.75 47 3, 037, 500 1, 609, 875 6.75 48 5, 737, 500 2, 983, 500 6.75 45 7,425, 000 4, 083, 750 7.00 60 1, 750, 000 700, 000 6.75 62 3, 206, 250 1, 218, 376 6.40 62 1,760, 000 668, 800 7.00 65 1,575, 000 551, 250 4. 60 37 3, 565, 000 2, 245, 950 4.00 40 1, 900, 000 1, 140, 000 3.25 38 373, 750 231,725 3.75 39 562, 500 343, 125 3.7. 39 525, 000 320, 250 6.50 66 9, 100, 000 3, 094, 000 6. 50 67 390, 000 128, 700 4.00 40 400, 000 240, 000 7. 25 62 31, 175, 000 11, 846, 500 8.25 67 32,175,000 | 10,617,750 6.7 67 8, 040, 000 2, 653, 200 6. 50 65 18, 850, 000 6, 597, 500 6.70 66 5, 695, 000 1, 936, 300 6. 60 65 11, 550, 000 4, 042, 500 7.00 67 5, 775, 000 1, 905, 750 7.40 64 15, 540, 000 5, 594, 400 9.00 69 3, 600, 000 1,116, 000 8.50 69 18, 270, 000 5, 665, 250 L L 7.00 67 11,900,000 | 3,927,000 United States: ON a le ees 2 eS aml a as ag 38, 481, 000 6. 82 55 304, 043,400 | 136, 866, 652 : 39, 761, 000 6.98 60.4 | 318,547,900 | 139, 896, 195 41, 999, 500 6.70 60 321, 362, 750 | 141, 805, 813 42, 293, 205 6. 80 60.9 328, 110, 749 | 142, 223, 785 40,311, 548 6.70 60.5 311, 138,321 | 135,330, 648 38, 864, 931 6. 60 60.6 | 298,294,750 | 130; 359, 118 38, 540, 798 6. 66 6i.1 298,915, 130 | 129, 410, 942 38, 621, 476 6. 56 61.3 295, 488, 438 | 126, 527, 121 -| 38, 342, 072 6.50 61.6 291, 783,032 | 123, 935, 147 39, 284, 000 6. 25 60. 8 287,450,000 | 124,366, 405 42, 184, 122 6 50 60 316, 346, 032 | 137,912, 085 41, 920, 900 6.33 60.6 302, 502,328 | 126, 814, 690 40, 267, 818 6. 46 61.1 288, 636,621 | 118, 223, 120 36, 905, 497 6.46 60.7 272,191,330 | 113, 958, 468 nt ee es ee, ee A Oe oe be * Totals include pulled wool YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 696 SF CF o9 9¢ T¢ cy 2g 9g os 8F 8¢ 9¢ #¢ SF 8¢ 9¢ 8¢ 8F €9 2¢ 8¢ (6o gg 09 8¢ (AS cy 09 8¢ og g9 09 g¢ $é co LP 8¢ os ¢9 09 8¢ 6S $9 09 8¢ (49 $9 09 8¢ 0¢ £9 cs c¢ Sr | 29 ¢¢ €¢ SF (ay) ¢¢ €¢ SF 69 c¢ €¢ OF 09 c¢ SF OF 9¢ 0¢ SF OF cg 0g ti OF c¢ 0¢ SF 8& c¢ LP oF GE g¢ GF (Ao 8 09 cr 9¢ LP 69 €¢ 09 oo ¢9 c¢ c¢ OF 09 eP tPF 6E Aig OF OF €€ oF Sf ited OF qh cE og l€ 2g CF cS 0€ Ls OF “810 | 810 | "SID | “810 “USIH | MOT | UST H | MoT *peinoos *poinoos ‘redns ‘redns “@ ‘poling | v ‘peting “E067 “ounL 04 ‘poysea “x se pajony ¢ “uojsog ‘UTJe][Ng [eloIWUIWIOD WOIY | ‘| 2161-6687 ‘uojsog wi punod sad poom fo aad fo abuny— ToT ATAVY, o¢ [sr |09 |s¢ |[2¢ -|¢¢ | 99 | 09 02") | Otsa Pepe re oS és . |: -see ae Of S/R S2e |b Poe | ela. 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(8c Thee erg | AcraaellPe ite ey SF ch &F If TS |9F |99 |€¢ | 8¢ gg SI I of | of | gz Gz | 8% Zora nee eee 9 RAT 8 SF oP o |i | 8h | oF cg | 2g 1g Gg LI LI Of) (GZ Ze GZ | 62 LEP dae ze | s0g he sh Le 6 OF 6 S&F Ty 1.09 | 2h | 88 | 9 “| 99 | "89 02 | ZI CO) COR. hue Wer || Gz 9z | re | $2 802 | SE £9 2h ior. | 8h. 199). ere ai-29) jog. |1g9. 1029 TZ.) MSs il eRS 4] Bue 2 OB ial) Petes ES ASS lh 19S. oil) CS oil ane go |e¢ |09 |c |6¢ |#9 |6¢ ;8o | 29 | 09 Ie | Oe | Fe lore Wess: ||| 162 Jee orl Bre |e ||Pon|"zc eee so |s¢ 10S |8F |09 | 2¢ |6e |8¢ | 29 | 09 Bee OR ea PG) =| SRB setG, |G ahCbe ATS |) LS OS] eesielh 8S so |,09 |2 |8F |92 | 99 |80 | #9 | 08 | 09 90 || OL |} OF] 88" | Te) ee. 488 O8™ |) GBs | FE“ aces cg |e¢ |09 |8F |09 |8¢ |9¢ |¢¢ |¢9 | €9 Te | Oe yt 98;|' Pe. |. (08h) 168° hae Tost) az lh wee | ape | cree go |09 |09 |S |09 |8¢ |99 | g¢¢ |‘99 | #0 IZ | 61 fe | FE | 08 | 62 | Ze 08 8a. ee ee aes w@ eo 109 |09 |08 |29:/9¢ |¢¢ | 99 | #0 te | 280 98 pee 1? "8: 4!) ‘gz 4/08 OR Ree SL Nes EZ yo 199 109 |09 "129 |z9 |$o° | 99 | Go | #9 IZ | 61 pe | #8 | 62 | 8s | 08 OS | is. | Ze. ee: || 10g "8D 83D | “89D | “870 | 820 | “81D | “810 | "810 | "80 | "80 | "8D | "8D | °8D | "8D | °81D | 81D | 89D | “8D | °80 | "890 | “80 | “89D “USI MOT [UST MOT [UST MoT ys) “MOT YaTH MOT | USTH| MOT | UspH| MOT | qsTH| MOT [USA] MOT! USA] “MOT| "TSP | MOT “pomoos *pemmoos “pornoos *pomnoos 301} *pomoos P *peyse am : Ciadt peor sere ‘TB wanton “MOTO “A104 | ofdeys ‘A104 La euriect PD 2 NY IL alg Wb Woh chard oy a ‘patna | v ‘poring | oosyourg | gt ‘sexoy, | MAL UN | “NOL P? | oesiaorpy oro TON OfGO | ‘XX OFGO | = -Jo}AeN eug OF “Tpoul out | ~oo]0s ouy,T vuBlpuy *ponutju09)—zZ76l-668T ‘uojsog ui punod sad yoon fo asd fo abuny— TOT ITAVY, ~* JOQMIAON “="""19q0}00 **raquiejdeg Se Sees ees POSTAL, po ati eel BORN aif) sree SOUL a oe AR “Tay Sete teeeeee eee eeu BT iPeeameneswen’ ATEN HT: Re sean ee Tana “S161 steeeeeeeeees ge seteeeeeese ese rgq MODOC teeeeeeeeee © JOG TIOAON ***="19q0}09 -- oqo} dog : ysnany persia wn Ne oie oe ATLAS tte teeeeeeeeeeeees soup sos KB ee escsivivicignesit= SATOtLIO OH see see Cpe. Se. 2 eee ee 637, 836,589 | 598,032,199 | 641,157,751 | 733,796,070 | 710,674,149 Se 40, 778, 030 40, 464, 681 40,651,742 | 241,457,748 235, 209, 810 2 OU Se 44,194,774 32,108, 670 63, 052, 315 54, 458, 894 62, 143,913 British South Africa............. 116, 472, 023 122,443,992 | 150,630,571 139, 488, 573 153, 289, 110 Rn LIE. eR 27,453,101 | 28,074,324 | 29,340,964 32,086,778 23, 904, 822 iT oS ee ee 39, 429, 333 33, 441, 467 50, 057, 733 31, 091, 867 47, 275, 467 Ss Se rr ee 84,638,644 | 72,336,453 | 91,793,812 | 82,637,226 | 181,886,560 Ee RCE wae eee 32, 043, 641 31, 506, 388 41,180, 605 39, 807, 139 35, 581, 362 0 are 20, 296, 264 26, 359, 181 27,520, 247 20, 836, 188 21, 432, 125 Wereeeemmmnd «0.22... .... 220228 177, 535,594 | 168,035,607 | 198,021,725 | 211,633, 426 175, 981, 629 i. a 2 Bee 10, 424, 109 13, 490, 246 10, 323,935 | 310,323, 935 3 10, 323, 935 1. rr er 8, 406, 177 6, 743, 230 8, 375, 328 10, 426, 027 410, 426, 027 _ Bg s eata 30,351,617 | 14,486,072 | 29,629,433 | 21,316, 302 30, 871, 677 cee | ee ee oe 32, 203, 478 14, 372, 925 36, 906, 860 23, 935, 503 24, 757, 321 ar _ Se? cee 40,156,183 | 40,156,183 | 40,156,183} 40,156, 183 40,156, 183 United Kingdom................ 31, 148, 692 38, 311, 090 62, 941, 681 38, 185, 983 31, 373, 218 a eS Se y J 116,127,305 | 128,708,080 | 103,595,404 | 4103, 595,404 , 216, 48,585,000 | 44,036,000 | 1 42,046,000 2,115,771, 787 |2, 233,211,057 | 2,147,329, 532 IMPORTS. Austria-Hungary ..........-.--.- 52,919,439 | 60,634,216 | 67,222,884] 61,262,968 65, 148, 135 CD aes eS eee 148,251,861 | 131,117,062 | 131,380,685 | 355,584,811 340, 039, 704 SS GC Ss ee 20, 626, 006 18, 470, 491 20, 252, 059 20, 702, 336 22, 468, 689 Sema seS oe == 55-2 s2e2 2s secsss 6, 406, 325 4, 468, 680 8, 235, 570 6, 435, 074 6, 876, 934 _T SL ee eee 554,976,617 | 504,905,457 | 622,749,015 | 608,248,038 | 1 603, 730,592 fe Ee eee eee ee 439,912,939 | 430,572,269 | 471,480,165 | 471,055,339 468, 711, 629 ST ES RS eee 18, 916, 700 4, 228, 771 7, 754, 818 9, 843, 913 8, 323, 399 a an , 081, 688 31, 713, 802 28, 612, 749 25, 867, 813 29, 376, 348 “Tih Se rey 78,494,890] 71,353,043 | 94,975,797 | 110,496,465} 104,325,654 Sc Se eee 11,622,219 | 12,050,703} 12,856,083 4, 964, 027 5,791, 041 io STS) ie re 10,323,701 | 11,097,515} 11,524,546] 11,154,394 11, 634, 556 United Kingdom...............- 527,766,993 | 470,804,920 | 500,198,977 | 548, 445, 334 568, 230, 483 ened Dene. . 308.628... Js 188, 305,955 | 142,559,384 | 312,131,171 | 180,134, 981 155, 922, 510 Other countries... ............... 44, 401, 000 48, 431, 000 54, 445,0. 9 49, 982, 000 1 53, 914, 000 Wotton -2.2-00.2).:..2 2,127, 006, 333 |1, 942, 407, 313 |2, 343, 819, 519 |2, 464,177, 493 | 2, 444, 493, 684 1 Preliminary 3 Data for 1909. 5 Data for year beginning Mar. 14, 1905. 3 Year beginning Mar. 21. « Year preceding. © Year beginning July 1. 700 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. SWINE. TaBLE 164.—Number and value of swine on farms in the United States, 1867-1913. ; : Jan. 1— Number. | Pee, Farm value. || Jan. 1— Number. er beadi Farm value. Lee ee ee ee eee) eee ee OS | TRG (Saeese oe | 24,694,000 $4.03 $99,637,000 || 1891.........- 50, 625, 000 $4.15 | $210,194, 000 PRR ere ee Se 24,317,000 3.29 79,976,000 || 1892.........- 52,398, 000 4.60 241,031, 000 1869: 22. oo c2e8 23,316, 000 4.65 198, 431,000 || 1893........-.- 46, 095, 000 6. 41 295, 426, 000 TSzO eek ee 26, 751,000 5.80 155,108,000 || 1894.......-..- 45, 206, 000 5.98 270,385, 000 psy 4 Kee ae ees 29, 458, 000 5.61 165,312,000 || 1895.........-. 44, 166, 000 = OT 219,501, 000 TRIO es. Ce 31, 796, 000 4.01 127, 453,000 |} 1896.........- 42, 843, 000 4.35 186, 530, 000 PSgaees see e ee 32, 632, 000 3.67 119, 632,000 || 1897.........- 40, 600, 000 4.10 166, 273, 000 aayart: sce. 30,861,000 3.98 | 122/695,000 ” 760,000 4.39 | 174/351,000 ROGOU Ne shoes a , 062, 4.80 134, 581, 000 8, 652,000 4.40 170,110, 000 Tsrore ==. we 25,727,000 6.00 154, 251,000 37,079,000 5.00 185, 472, 000 SCY et 28,077, 000 5.66 158, 873, 000 56, 982, 000 6. 20 353, 012, 060 TaVstes Ae. 32, 262, 000 4.85 156,577, 000 48, 699, 000 7.03 342,121,000 TRGeee 22 5 34, 766, 000 3.18 110, 508, 000 46, 923, 000 7.78 364, 974, 000 19805 2.- 21222 34,034,000 4.28 | 145,782,000 || 1904.......... 47, 009,000 6.15 | 289, 225/000 Neale. 28 FS: 36, 248,000 4.70 170, 535,000 |} 1905.........- 47,321,000 5.99 283, 255, 000 TRS 44,122,000 5.97 263,543,000 || 1906.......... 52,103, 000 6.18 321, 803, 000 pb: 3 on ee 43, 270, 000 6. 75 291,951,000 |} 1907.......... 54, 794, 000 7.62 417,791,000 1b 44, 201, 000 5.57 246,301,000 |} 1908.........- 56, 084, 000 6.05 339, 030, 000 igsoeke be 2 45,143, 000 5.02 226,402,000 |} 1909.........- 54, 147,000 6.55 354, 794, 000 TeaGe See. FS 46, 092, 000 4.26 196,570,000 || 1910........... 47, 782, 000 9.14 436, 603, 000 TER 44,613,000 4.48 200,043,000 |} 19112......... 65, 620, 000 9.37 615,170,000 Feases:. 24 2 44, 347, 000 4.98 220,811,000 |} 1912.......... 65, 410,000 8.00 523,328, 000 Peg Ske ee 50, 302, 000 5.79 291,307,000 |) 2913. ........- 61, 178,000 9. 86 603, 109, 000 Tov. see 51, 603, 000 4.72 243, 418.000 1 Estimates of number revised, based on census data; see Table 140, p. 677. TaBLE 165.—Number and value of swine on farms, by States, Jan. 1, 1912 and 1918. = Average price per Number Jan. 1.1 heat Jane 1. Farm value Jan. 1.1 State and division. 1913 1912 1913 1912 1913 1912 Maine. Ct . vc sk 20h ts 2 Les AER 2 101 101 $12. 90 $11.50 $1, 303 $1, 162 New Hampshites 225 222-5. eee. 5 52 53 12.70 10. 50 Vernon Gs oS oe eee ena e eames 107 111 12. 20 10. 00 1,305 1,110 Massachusetts 2c s233 het eas seen ee eee ae 115 117 13. 00 11.30 1,495 1,322 EEOC Tal sri eee ee ees 14 16 14. 50 12.00 1 GannerneCHt o.oo ce sates bee oe aeicane 58 60 14. 00 11. 60 812 696 New Work: 50: tte. 258-7 307 see 761 777 12. 60 10. 20 9, 589 7,925 Mew, Jersey. =~ 2. oe ee ae | 160 165 13.00 11.30 2, 080 A Pennsylvanian! 20... ea scr veseevescue cess 1, 130 1,141 12.50 10. 00 14, 125 11, 410 North Atlintiec.252.2 Ge: -ccceeeeee- 2, 498 2,541 12. 64 10.32 31, 572 26, 237 PIBIANVATO!: ce sius Sods eeloce cc udee oncates eee 58 59 11. 20 7.20 650 425 La Siatd ths PE Rs ile Sioa ag ee Ree Poe 335 345 9. 80 8.00 3, 283 2,760 WELT ae Ba See PRE ee ie See ae Se i | aa 836 880 7.00 6.30 5, 852 5, 544 Wied ey LESEUES! = woe ee Sere cue eee merect 356 363 9.00 6.7 3, 204 2, 432 INORG CAROLINA S27: c oc en eae | 1,335 1, 405 7.70 7.49 10, 280 10, 397 DPOMth CarGliea. onc es cee ce ee ee oe 765 797 8.50 8.00 6, 502 6,376 GOOF PIA Ss eesti os ee eek eee 1, 888 2, 098 7.10 6.70 13, 405 14, 057 17 506 6 RE SS SE De S.A PRR 878 954 5.90 5. 20 5, 180 4,961 South Atlantic 6, 451 6, 901 7.50 6.80 48, 356 46, 952 Olio ese 3,399 3,578 10. 80 8. 20 36, 709 29, 340 Indiana 3, 709 4,031 9. 80 7.70 36, 348 31, 039 MUTIOIS: fee oe 4,315 4, 640 10. 50 8. 80 45, 308 40, 832 Michigan : : | 1,313 1,382 10. 80 8.50 14, 180 11, 747 WHSCONSINGS S255 oe aoee oe ree ee ee ee 2,030 2,051 11.60 9. 60 23, 548 19, 690 North Central East of Mississippi River. 14, 766 15, 682 10. 57 8.52 | 156,093 132, 648 1 Expressed in thousands; 000 omitted. Eo STATISTICS OF FARM ANIMALS AND THEIR PRODUCTS. 701 Taste 165.—Number and value of swine on farms, by States, Jan. 1, 1912 and 1918—Continued. Average price per Number Jan. 1.1 Ronda tans Farm value Jan. 1.1 State and division. 1913 1912 1913 | 1912 1913 | 1912 | REE on os anol motensenaacsnscanes 1, 702 $10.40 | $21,615 $17, 701 Dl... = ee SE eee 9, 689 9.80 | 104, 640 i Se Cee ee 7.00 | ~ 34,740 Dias SiaNAA bees os 2 cna suo 10. 50 5,014 GOD ALD A Se eae 8.90 12, 991 Lo: SS eee eee 8.80 | 43, 297 2 EER eee eee 7.90 27, 154 North Central West of Mississippi River. 8.90 | 249,451 Kentucky...... Se ee oe | 5. 40 11, 630 i) lll. ) See eee tS See 6.10 11, 063 ATBRATA owe cc scons 6.50 9, 901 Mississippi............ RP, ae 6.50] 10, 226 | Nn ig ons a cdo neenaseare= non . 5. 80 9, 884 Texas 6.30 20, 941 Oklahoma. 5.50 11, 792 Arkamnsas.... 5. 40 10, 244 | 5.95] 95,681 RIN irae cen kn onan cane op ae Se 43 9.90 1,821 Wyoming 43 | 8. 60 451 Colorado 211 8. 00 2, 255 New Mexico 50 8. 20 499 Arizona 22 10. 50 264 Utah 79 9.00 891 a es Aa ee 30 10. 50 352 SR ens cone ees Eee DR secnone an wee 8.00 2, 400 Washington..... ieee =< ees 9. 50 2,915 U0 ee asonan 2S Shae - 8.50 2, 546 7 eee Sw aes 8.30 7, 562 COIR A a | 8.60 | 21,956 ; ST ae a ae a ae 9. 86 8.00 | 603, 109 1 Expressed in thousands; 000 omitted. TaBLE 166.— Wholesale price of live hogs per 100 pounds, 1899-1912. Cincinnati. St. Louis. Chicago. Kansas City. to good. a ees Date. Foekise, Se Mixed packers. J NS SS eee $3.45 | $4.85] $3.40] $4.85 | $3.30] $5.00 | $3.624) $4.80 LL aS eee: eee eee 4.45 5. 85 4. 40 5.75 3. 35 5. 85 4.40 5. 674 Pep ee concn eee cect es 5.15 7.20 4. 90 7.10 3. 00 7. 40 5. 05 7. 123 Lee He at: See 5.85 8. 00 5. 80 8. 20 | 4.40 8. 20 6. 10 8.173 US SRS Se So eee 4.15 7.75 4. 20 7.60 3.75 7. 85 4.35 7.60 Ji eRe eS ee. eae eee 4.35) 6.25 4.25 6. 30 3. 60 6.373] 4.473] 6.073 C7 BES SEs ee 4.60 | 6.35 4.75 6.35 | 3.90 6.45 4.55 6. 25 Ee ee eee 5.30) 6.95 5.10 6.97 | 4.60 7.00 5. 20 6. 872 A ae SE ee 4.15 | 7.40 4.00 7. 22 3.10 7.25 4.00 7.15 12] TE he Soo =t ile ee a ae ae 4.15] 7.35 4. 20 7.35 | 3.95 7. 60 4.00 7.15 : YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 702 TaBLE 166.— Wholesale price of live hogs per 100 pounds, 1899-1912—Continued. Kansas City. Hi SSER4RSSRSa8 BSSKN NG HHH Ho SBSRSSHSD Bs 6 8 COI? > 29 /2'G2'S2. 99'S)’ S3,00/F= Ss SESSRAISSSES3 1 o Ae NM SCONE SHS | 6 BSSSRZRoasss |Z CSMOrrHHMGSr | a F 1919 O19 19 O19 IDIDNOIMIM MNOS 19 19 19 10.19 BS SRSSSRESSSSSIR| SBBSLSSSESSER\ES| BSSRRESKRASSS IS] SESRASSSABSS |S & BQUGSOSON MN NE oJ MOB OHDAOMOHBSH |S MOSS GH SSSiS1h15 | 1h IDIGSr SHON |S : ON O19OM ©1919 | 19 wesescoooconmscolo Moncotio lo Ippo rots lo cA RGASBRRASH aE | SSRSSRSRABRA|R BAB BODONS | BoM ODBSA RS = 3 = BONEN AHHHHHS | SSHHSSSSSSHSH |] A lake ep eRade ae ioe} SSMAKSMASISGHNr |S 80 f wn ree we t | ios] -— Cont S CS eh. < SE Sere re ye i . 19M OOS 1919.19 1 noSonS A E RESSESSSAVas lal wesesssasees|sl sssesesssesss|sil sssssssesess | 2 8 BSHCSSr SON 1S MOGBHABAOHHAHHSS | 6 eS aime dishes 1S MWHSrSSSKKKKNS | 5 A L} 1) 19.19 © oo ile) 1D 19 19 LD ~ 19 19 P= © te) ON De 29 19 19 19 191919 19. 4 19 19 D> uD 12> te] d 4 4 SRSBSSasasse3 | BSSSNSSR8ER r— ASABBSARSESS A ABSSSRRSSRRS | R g id a Boren 6H GH 85 (a) BISHAGASAG AGH | ri CHEK SSrKKe SSS 1 6 SSONHAADMHASSSHNr |S ° So 3 4 Pr 1 F F DINO OCOSSOwWS 10 19 1991919019 ° mOOoSHSWOW 1p | 10 «| 3! |g | seeeebeseree |e] Peeeeassenss |e Beseezeeesse |e] esaskausages|e n 4 8 Boosornrnrne Ye] MORHOABAAHAKDHOSM | MESis I H6srsssis | 16 INGO KHKBHOEK [15 7 ae : 19S S191 NOD 3 Sposessoonnss |o BSPPS1919 2 1910 19 18 | 16 scexeecoeseyss |9 r A= ah 1D iD St HD or RASA MSA] A MOMS ODIOH | N BR AADASMAAD | ee A ates Uline alex ces, Gk mas REINS! woah set He aS ASS BR ae She See oer Ores SS ai lI Sea, pe, teat emanates ale iy tes ck : = ca i Brivirir 66GGd056 | od GSAAGAHGHAS AHO | Gre SSSrKANSSS | SSHHKBMAGDSAdK 1S q we A q . oo Led _— 3) 7 1919 D O10 1D 191919 1919 OO19 19 S919 HOSS 9190 |S A ae es RHeRSOSseSaHS |r| SRLSRABRLRBSR (S| SBALARZSSRSALS | ReSneroaas |x = | OR Fic SR le a cai RES i x aes ae lok ee Bc, See, So naar pA ese rill gee paca Sa = Bence borer SB aS =| elie Severin Sp Ut Sart oes ser Baars as ; iS) & S BSSSN NNN Nee [15 BAGBAHAAGAKAASEr |S MSS GS SSiGI5 | 15 SSOSMNKEKHOSKKK 1S TU i Tl Md ELA i Tip a LL Lap aaa ioe Ue on Oh tee gepae : Co tei) ee ue ee een Fee rere a Oe ae Ope i ; 8 Sone Hot Hae Cera ace b re Te ree eee I Oa et si ep eae Oe ee OS SN AD GO eae Beh ate Fe ate. ear ial Arcee ; OSee ul wih Cw ed OOS kad ae doa ae i iis soli ogenap Bt eis LUPE TRA ay Teg Pg aC ‘ ee et aa ar ee a er a et es at a ee ee eee ‘ teetety nce tea nae Hiec BChd can”. Nhat era ope” SRCESRE EY, Gta east ee Sick SSeS Si are ie Spee er. oa ee ee ae neat 5 eae Sab nae ih ie teak ; TOPeECieTh TORE Ome te inane Boar, ie rie ae marie cae hr ‘ Cee Rea it cog te ae as te eee ee ee ee SEEN. Boban: AThBokecTe Tt eecm Las rat Te ae er. a Cea sere eat Nags He 7 Re ae oe eo a a TLR NE Teas kins tah uclibc soleus MWe sha ear Agi, issoteceac Hs 2 wa coine ln x A ae ae Oe Oe Se ae ee Pre Ryy BO Tp, APC rea Pe OPE, SOMME «pic, a a Ninee? Seco nce ao tte ee eae at oe ae ae eee RO See aa M all etree Ge ae oe eee Mes dt, fac ays oa arth ewe cre teng bere aerate eharyiee vp ; Meee aere igi Mitel tegen alae 2 oak He Site ok, Peace oy Lote Coar pathy. SSR Hig PAPO ei ag i a 5 Tee ead ake ae ae wee Ses eee aD PREG Ses teacrert a sheets He Rc Gare amcre erie ae Weve we ob Sebo oe re ae Pek : Ae ee Pe ic OE 3. Be etrentte 0. Sc sO sche MBgene wie nest : > See eye ew en ee eC a he a eC Sree See ees Ieee ee eee J ree, ew) Phe tel Ae ae a oe ee | 8 POSOBD Lae fee ame aa Hind Rta ee ta Nia d oat we cee CE Oe eats cates AURY FN SS te) See eee : 2 = RENE Md ton GER Geune ae uneee : Ne Ethene ae | SHR oe eer eer ee: | dots Wicia baer dcr a ark E i eet URGES aE A, Bios Honea 3 y's ARO eb eee We ebe CAR ORAD Banana ee ia ip bat Re : Tee ee fa CT tT go Oa Sor aim eas REE tt A eae ce Comte Sener Pe SRR Sy) Pea Sebel ae Pidbhedl at Tigges caw ae saad ‘ : aehegeeeck RB onates ares es Sr ere hes 55 3 ORL GSR ea a : LRU Ruaeat Ged Chie cette ap bate ethers 5 sucrty Sv Makes oan! inter catia va ees fos WMeape egies phe ay ALY Gd ee) ess ‘ TW HD ab ae ay a Note clgriaeey Bo ae aan non i oho aes ed aes Teme eas td wee) bo aN ch ae Te eer oie sae Gare ete Sat he Eee eee Lie Ke Se Be SA Bae Ot) GORD Bn ot A ew 2 if dD a Sd i tee eee i te tate « ae Oe ‘ae ae Oe ee eR Pig oh eee RCRA: Sci arc ea i earner Mo ee ee, TR CA ie akeeiiice Bn hia te riadlg an nates ak Birytiny Eas Ep mre earpnanpt taal tm ERE age 1 yi oe . peiiii rig Ss 8 es fa eenateeahe ee oO Pao sh ee ee oe Ph dan Mette eS mee ; : Ae He : ' te Nesta eof lye ee pedpieimesee Po beet ge bee bee ieee bes i gee & i ; = i Dest - BESHRop Eee ss SESt is pase es SESE eS LESS es BEer PoP aS ess qaeeu ad SAD SS a2s8aa Zsasss aces aes$asasss aes asaaanos a2 BB F oto af Boo'd ao B55 oo ae BBO SeadaseadnoaAa Seadasednogaa Seadta654n04aAa Sada sesanOZA 1 Light to heavy. STATISTICS OF TRANSPORTATION. TRANSPORTATION. 703 TaBLE 167.—Tonnage carried on railways in the United States, 1907-1911. [Tons of 2,000 pounds. } Year ending June 30— . Product. FARM PRODUCTS. Animal matter Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. enmnieolien. x ..-2-25----- 11,727,889 | 11,541,195] 11,699,070] 11,502,305 ne roducts— & ie Bas eee 1, 952, 538 2, 274, 220 Hie (i Gincludin leather)....| 1,082,585 1, 214, $49 Other = aa pani ouse prod- 2,312,313 1, 760, 583 19113 Tons. 13, 991, 205 2,329, 814 1,096, 193 2, 249, 082 bs acking-house prod- i a et eee ee F Sue 5,073, 771 5, 269, 881 5, 249, 652 5, 675, 089 Poul including game and ach)”. ‘ a ee aes 713,012 718, 902 I en ahi pete 403, 904 375, 475 Other animal matter..........-. 2,507,485 35 002, 591 Total animal matter....... 19,635,150] 20,593,352 23, 763, 262 Vegetable matter: ee ees: : 3,419, 173 3,950,479 , 023, 3, 436, 124 Fruit and vegetables..........- 9, 719, 117 9,516, 962 9, 762, 769 11, 339, 921 1, 747, 003 Grain and grain products— ee ee 36, 715, 384 33, 058, 061 34, 111, 231 37,420, 965 41,058, 154 Grain products— Te 7, 880, 527 6, 871, 886 7, 744, 810 8,038, 684 8, 633, 781 Other grain products. ....- 5, 698, 119 5, 153, 412 5, 210, 092 6,005, 219 —— — and grain prod- 50, 294, 030 51, 464, 868 5, S47, 828 5,975, 949 2; 610, 287 2, 848, 145 928, 151 943,071 5, 908, 281 5,397, 516 5, 989, 021 56, 181, 741 6, 910, 260 Le = et ee ee EEE EES ee Total vegetable matter....| 79,640,358 72, 255, 034 81, 584, 732 Total farm products. -.-..-.. 100, 113, 844 91, 890, 184 96,776,194 | 101,878,876 OTHER FREIGHT. Products of mines..............- 476,899,638 | 444,216,023 | 459,560,732 | 544,604,373 Products of forests..-...........-. 101, 617, 724 $0,475, 081 97,104,700 | 113,010,825 Manufactures (except sugar)... -. All other (including freight in less than carload lots).........- 135, 011, 156 79, 542, 610 102, 271, 178 68, 363, 633 106, 178, 007 66, 873, 132 136, 830, 246 72, 139, 689 88, 448, 933 112, 212, 195 539, 255, 980 108, 506, 272 132, 292, 656 74, 966, 888 EID We 0) 77 aS a a 893,184,972 | 797,216,099 | $26,492,765 | 968,464,009 967, 233, 991 1 Compiled from reports of the Interstate Commerce Commission. Original shipments only, excluding freight received by each railway irom connecting railways and other carriers. 2 Preliminary. 704 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE 168.—Average revenve of railroads for freight iraffic, per short ton per mile, 1890-1911. [ Based upon reports of the Interstate Commerce Commission. ] District.3 District.1 Year ending United Year ending United June 30— East- | South-| West- | States. June 30— East- | South-| West- | States. ern ern. ern. ern. ern. ern. Cent. | Cent. Cent. | Cent. Cent. Cent. Cent. Cent. RO eee eee 0. 802 1.008 1.141 O:'941:. |) 4904 Nc ccccewncee 0.696 | 0.808 | 0.909 0. 780 PRG oii os 776 992 1,093 8855}) 2005 es 65... eee 680 787 . 909 . 766 MOORS Seagate 2p 761 916 1. 148 B98 nt MGOB As Soa conces oe 665 772 882 . 748 LU SF a 761 881 1.083 878: HOOT Saccosw ce te ne 667 787 902 759 Peb4en eee ae 750 867 1.059 PSOOSTH GOR c a ctes ane 651 780 892 754 Petites ae ete eee 725 822 1.106 = O00: |] DUM omc cicsos oecee 652 767 912 . 763 ROG ae eae 701 806 1. 043 =“ 806i1) 1910 3S cee acces 646 746 902 753 AST ee ee 697 . 787 1.001 COS LOTT fo cictcmas cece 646 709 960 757 Sater ee eee - 643 . 744 . 965 ~ 100 fo URS eee ee . 601 .729 959 .724 || Mean: AD Se eine sea - 625 ) 3. OOM 1251) 2262 Pee eee 2.20} 5.25 1.25 | 1.00 | 2.50 | 1.00 | 2.62 cS we cee 1.60} 3.00 1.50 | 1.00 | 3.50 | 1.25] 3.25 50} 5.00] 1.10 |] 3.75 2.00 | 2.50 | 6.00] 1.88} 3.75 2.00 | 1.50} 3.75 | 1:25 | 3.00 BOS e.. Sk 1.75 | 3.00 | 3.25 | 8.00 | 2.00 | 5.88 Lt: 2.25 | 3.00 | 5.00 | 8.00 | 3.00}; 6.00 PSO 112.3; 75") 125 2.50 Ce 1.50 | 2.12} 2.00 | 5.00] 1.70] 4.00 2.00 |-1.00 | 2.25 | 1.38] 2.12 1660 2 e535 1.75 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 5.00 | 2.00 | 3.60 £50 [2012 | 22-75) 1.25 2.25 TRON 72% 32 1.50 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 5.00} 1.50] 2.50 1.75 | 1.00 | 5.00 | 1.00} 3.00 2.50 | 1.25 | 4.00] 1.12 3.00 Vo) ee 1.00 | 3.00 | 1.25 | 9.50} 1.00] 5.25 ee 1250) 2550) 2.29") 4: 00.) 100°) -S200)}| 1906.2 —. 2. 1.38 | 1.50 | 1.75 | 3.00 | 1.38 2.12 (i See 1560))-2) 00 P2503. 50): 00!) (2:75 | 1907... 32-2 1.00 | 1.50 |} 1.00 | 2.50} 1.12} 2.00 Tht eee GO) 82500) 1825.13.00) 88°) 3200) |! O08. --. 5. 1.00 | 1.50 |.1.00] 3.50} .75 1.50 1. 1.00 | 2.25 | 2.00 | 6.00 | 1.00 | 3.00 || 1909......-. 1.00 | 1.50 | 1.00 | 2.75} 1.10} 2.00 19162 > 23-3 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 1.00 1.75 qf I ae 1.00 | 1.25 .88 | 3.00 BH) 1.50 ii PAS Seen 1.00 | 1.50 | 1.12 | 4.00 | 1:00] 2.50 1 Compiled from annual reports of the Butialo Merchants’ Exchange and Bufialo Chamber of Commerce, for 1882-1909, except figures for Toledo, 1905-1909, which were supplied by the secretary of the Toledo Produce Exchange. Data for later years for Toledo supplied by the Toledo Produce Exchange, for Duluth by the Duluth Board of Trade, and for Chicago by the Chicago Board of Trade. 73029°—yBxK 191245 706 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TaBLe 173.—Corn and wheat: Mean freight rates per bushel from Chicago to New York, 1876-1912.1 {All rates are gold.] Corn. Wheat. aaa By lak By lak : By lak By lak y lake y lake : y lake y lake : and canal.2} and rail. | BY @l rail.) and canal2| and rail. | By al! rail. Cents. Cents. Cents. Cents. Cents. Cents. 9. 93 12.04 16.12 10. 85 13.17 17. 96 7.07 9. 44 13. 33 7.69 10. 41 14, 29 7.18 9. 63 13. 24 7.87 10. 53 14.91 5. 78 (Bae 12. 64 6. 21 vey? 13.70 4. 65 5. 61 10. 20 5. 23 6.13 11.61 4.54 5. 29 9. 89 5. 21 5.94 10.56 5.34 5. 87 9. 42 5. 78 6. 62 10.09 4. 61 5.16 9. 21 Bis 5.54 9. 88 4. 83 5. 51 9.94 5. 26 5. 89 10. 62 4.85 5. 78 10. 54 5. 40 6.37 11. 29 3. 63 4. 82 10.38 4. 73 5. 50 11.12 4.76 5.19 9. 40 5, 53. 6. 40 9. 90 rbd en oe 9.52 6. 03 6.35 10. 20 6.12 6. 20 10.17 6. 65 7.09 10. 90 5. 62 5. 79 9. 89 6.05 6. 60 10. 60 4. 87 5. 89 9. 30 5. 24 6. 49 9. 96 4.59 Deir 8. 20 4.92 6.57 8. 80 4. 87 5. 20 8.96 §. 25 5.36 9. 60 4.98 6.07 9.08 5.38 6.54 9. 73 1 Data furnished by the Chicago Board of Trade. 2 Including Buffalo charges and tolls prior to 1898. TABLE 174.— Meats, packed: Mean railroad freight rates per 100 pounds from Cincinnati to New York, 1881-1912. Year. Rate. Year. Rate. Year. *| Rate. Mean: Cents. Cents. Cents. 1881=1885 20s 20. Se het p> opaN bal | 0) eee, SAE AT soa 2630) | L907 ~ cease oS ee ce ance eee 26.0 1886-1890............- PHT | ie Pi Mae ae, eee 263.0) || v-E 908 =~ 32-010 << econ eee 26.0 1891-1895 .......-...-. 2523|| L908 Sat <..) Seek ee ee 26:.0 |) 1909... ..2. <2. s06. a caeeeeee 26.0 1896-1900.........-.-- 25; Sill! 1904. 6h 3). sees Poe ee PART Uo | fs A) te See eee ee 26.0 1901-1905 ...-.....-. a Zoc Spit W9OS... 25. eS oo ISS 2520)|]) LOUh22 34 ... Sethe cee 26.0 T9OG—L91OE ccc detonate 26:'0)|? 1906 Sek =o S.0 Sires See 26.05] | 1912.5. 1 ae ch SS dees 26.0 STATISTICS OF TRANSPORTATION. 707 TABLE 175.—Live stock and dressed meats: Mean freight rates per 100 pounds from Chi- cago to New York, by rail, 1881-1912. g Dressed . Dressed 4 hogs 8 hogs. id s | 5 | r 5 qd Year. 2/2 /2./6 Year. z Fay |orcipie is a | Bo | a é|,/a/3| 8 |S8| 28 élelalgs| 2 |S2| Se #/%/3/2)/ 8 |ee| 8s =| S/3/2/ 8 | 88/85 3 oils ° = oO | o = oligs o = o ° O|lH#ia/H!|a jae Jo O1lH#|/ai/H|}] A la o Mean: Cts.| Cts.| Cts.) Cts.| Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts.| Cts.) Cts.| Cts.| Cts. | Cts. | Cts. 1881-1885. ./34. 6/29. 2/50. Ay GOS624) -.. . iosed 28; 30! 30) 60 45 45 45 1886-1890. .|27. 2,29. 2'34.6) 60) 51.0) 48.8 46.0 28} 30} 30] 60) 45 45 45 1891-1895. .|27. 8/27. 6/30.0) 60) 45.0). 45.0) 45. 0) 28] 30) 30 60) 45 45 45 1896-1900. .|27. 4/29. 0/29.0] 60} 44.0) 44.0) 44.0 28} 30) 30) 60 45 45 45 1901-1905. .|28. 0/30. 0/30.0) 60) 43.8) 43.8 43.8 28] 30} 30) 60) 45) 45 45 1906-1910. .|28. 0/30. 0/30.0) 60) 45.0) 45.0 45.0 28) 30) 30) 60) 45 45 45 SSS SS SS SS SS SS 28} 30} 30) 60) 45 45 45 BOMCS Se Be). 2 28.0)30.0)30.0| 60) 42.9) 42.9) 42.9) 28} 30) 30} 60) 45 45 45 DS eet oh 28. 0/30. 0/30.0) 60) 41.2) 41.2) 41.2 28! 30) 30) 60 45 45 45 a eee 28.030. 0)/30.0| 60; = 45.0) 45. 0) TaBLeE 176.—Cotton: Mean annual quotations of freight rates per 100 pounds, by coast- wise vessels, to New York from New Orleans and Savannah, 1886-1912. ~y _— | To New York To New York from— / from— Year. aa GP ie | Year. a oa New Savan- New Savan- Orleans. nah.2 Orleans. nah.2 | | Mean Cents Cents. | Cents. Cents. Oo ee 36.0 | Gel) SE ae ee ee 2 ee 30.0 20.0 33.0 29.0 20.0 29.2 25. 0 20.0 29.8 25.0 20.0 25.0 25.0 20.0 25.0 20.0 30.0 25.0 319.6 30.0 25.0 18.0 30.0 25.0 18.0 1 Compiled from quotations published in daily newspapers or furnished by steamship agents. 2 In 1901-1910 the rates from Savannah to New York, which included lighterage in New York Harbor, were about 3 cents per 100 pounds above the rates shown in this table. Rates for 1911 and subsequent years include lighterage. 8 For shipments of less than 50,000 pounds. Rates, including lighterage in New York Harbor, for ship- ments of 50,000 pounds and over were, in 1910, 18.4 cents. 708 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TaBLE 177.—Compressed cotton: Mean freight rates per 100 pounds from New Orleans and Memphis, by rail, to North Atlantic ports, 1881-1912. From New Orleans From Mem- to— phis to— Ss ee Year. “ a ie a Year. =I nd a ae) oO ° ec = clea) eee |e |g B e | = = 77 3 ® iq a ® o [aa] Z AY isa) Z —Q Mean: Cts. Clase) (Cts. | Cts.o) Cts. |) * Cts: 1881-1885.|°58.2 | 53.2) 52.8 | 52.2) 61.8 66.2) |) 19042. Je... 1886-1890.| 51.8 | 46.8 | 45.2 | 44.4] 50.8 55/6) T9058. Sas. 2% 1391-1895.| 53.8 | 49.6 | 49.6 | 49.6 | 49.8] 54.6 || 1906......-. 1896-1900.| 54.4 | 49.4 | 49.4 | 49.4] 49.2 452) 41| LOOT S. he. 1901-1905.| 55.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 48.5 0220; || 2008S. a2: ..-- 1906-1910.} 55.0] 50.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 41.7 46.7 ino Seats POL OE otis TOOL ee SS 55 0 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 50.5 Ho SOMMeLOLI So F4 Ss POOR 2k 55.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 50.5 55. 5a MUO 23k ao. Ny oe oe visio 55.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 50.5 5di0) From New Orleans to-—— 8 2] Se log , } a) 8 8 val as g ef-s] & Ss iS) ® | 3 —Q za Ay isa) Gish) Gis AeGkss 4) aes 55 50 50 50 55 50 50 50 55 50 50 50 55 50 50 50 55 50 50 50 55 50 50 50 55 50 50 50 oo 50 50 50 55 50 50 50 From Mem- phis to— 4 m | 2 =) 2 | 3 A FQ Cts. | Cis. 50;-5i tik 5Osp 40.5 | 45.5 40.5 | 45.5 40.5} 45.5 42.5 | 47.5 42.5 | 47.5 42.5.) AT 42.5 | 47.5 42.5 | 47.5 TaBLE 178.—Grain (except oats), cotton, and lard: Mean monthly quotations of ocean freight rates from United States ports to Liverpool, 1912. Mean for month— Article and port. ie Reb: anu-)ru- |March.|April.| May. ary. | ary, Grain, except oats (per 60 pounds): | Cents.| Cents.| Cents. | Cents.| Cent IBostonijgs. --. 23 (er Ge 4.6). 7. OG: 2 New York...-.. 6.8] 7.9 1,61), -SONGeGere Baltimore. ....- 6.3] 7.4 9.4 | 10.0 New Orleans..-} 9.2} 10.9} 11.6] 10.7} 9.4 Galveston. ...-- 8.2] 9.8 9.8 | 9.4}-9.0 Cotton (per 100 pounds): BoOstomn: on2-be 24.7 | 30.0 | 30.0 | 26.2 | 24.2 New York..-..- 40.0 | 40.0] 36.9 | 33.8 | 29.5 Baltimore. ....- S251 38: Oui eeeeee 35.0 | 30.0 New Orleans. . -| 47.8 } 55.0} 53.3 | 50.0 | 43.0 Galveston.....- 45.0 | 47.0 | 48.0 | 47.0 | 44.5 Lard, small pack- ages (per 100 pounds) IB OStOD) aac ase 25.3 | 25.3' | 25.3 | 25.3 | 25.3 New York...... 25.3 | 25.3»| - 25.3 | 25..3.| 25.3 Baltimore. .-.... Dor ull SAOsio' shares wae 25.3 | 25.3 New Orleans... -| 35.0 | 35.0 | 35.0 | 35.0 | 35.0 June.| July. ies) Ss . cocoon b CWwWww Sep- No- Au- ne Octo-) Vom- gust. | ber, ber. ber Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Cents. 6.2 | 9.8] 10.9] 11.3 S56 Oe 7 | a Pee 628.74 Soe PG alll = ois 14,7 | 15.2 HOK5 |p Was | ae sere 30.0 | 40.6 | 40.0 | 40.0 31.2 | 42.5 | 50.0 | 45.0 36.0 | 46.2 | 50.0 | 50.0 50.2 | 65.0 | 64.7 | 66.0 50.0 | 55.0 | 57.5 | 61.5 25.3 | 25.'3 | 25.3 | 2000 25.3 | 25.3 | 25.3 | 25.3 25.3 | 25.3 | 25.3 | 25.3 36.2 | 48.0 | 42.0 10.5 7.6 10. 0 7.7 12.6 9.2 15.2} 11.3 13.5 | 10.4 35.0] 30.2 42.5} 36.9 47.5] 38.7 57.0] 52.7 61.5 | 49.8 25.3 | 25.3 25.3 | 25.3 25.3 | 25.3 37 1 STATISTICS OF TRANSPORTATION. 709 TABLE 179.—Grain (except oats) and cotton: Mean annual quotations of ocean freight rates per 100 pounds from various United States ports to Europe, 1886-1912. Grain (except oats). Cotton. To Liverpool from— | To To Liverpool from— To Bremen from— Calendar year. Cork for aoe rom New | Balti iced San | New | Savan- — New | Savan- lie York. | more.? | joons. ee York. | mah. | jeans, | York. | mah. | joang Mean: Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents.| Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. 1886-1890........ 10.4 11.8 15.5 32.1 31.4 67.2 60. 7 45.4 72.2 68. 6 1891-1895........ 8.8 9.9 12.2 31.2 25. 7 44.9 40.2 | 333.1 49.5 46.7 1896-1900........ 10.7 11.5 14.8 29.1 23.5 44.8 41.6 31.7, 42.8 47.9 1901-1905........ 4.8 5.8 8.7 26. 2 14.2 28. 2 32. 2 21.6 26.5 33.3 5.5 5.8 10.3 25.3 16.0 28. 4 31.8 20.0 28.7 32.6 4.4 6.3 8.7 41.5 13. 4 31.4 32. 5 23. 2 30.1 37.6 5.0 6.2 7.2 32.1 12.5 26. 6 28. 7 18.3 24.1 30.5 5.0 5.4 8.3 18.5 14.8 26.8 34. 6 23.3 26.1 33.8 3.9 4.8 8.8 15.8 13.7 28.4 31.4 21.9 25. 4 31.9 5.7 6.4 10.6 23.2 16.6 27.8 33.8 21.2 26. 6 32.7 5.0 6.1 11.4 25.0 17.0 30. 4 34. 2 21.3 31.0 36. 2 6.1 6.3 11.8 24. 8 18.6 31.3 35. 9 20.5 32. 4 36.6 5.5 6.5 10.1 25.6 13.7 31.9 29.9 21.0 32.0 30. 6 ieotten a. Se. - . a 5.1 8.8 25.5 13. 4 25.4 28.0 ror, 25.1 28.0 Uo eS, Se 5.2 4.5 9.3 25.5 rail 22.8 31.1 19.3 23.1 31.2 OEE i 7.0 Teil 11.0 24.2 20. 2 29. 2 35. 3 26.5 29. 6 36.5 (oR Bee 1) Sa 412.8] 415.3 25. 4 30.8 36.9 45.9 o2. 7 40.5 45.7 55.1 1 The rates in this table for grain (except oats) from New York were computed from data in the annua reports of the New York Produce Exchange, except for the last year; from Baltimore, from reports o the Baltimore Chamber of Commerce. All other figures were computed from rates quoted in newspapers and in circulars issued by freight brokers and transportation companies. 2 Mean of daily quotations. 3 Mean, 1891, 1893-1895. 4 Preliminary. TaBLE 180.—Grain (except oats), flour, and provisions: Mean rates per 100 pounds through from Chicago to European ports by all-rail to seaboard and thence by steamers, 1883-1912.) Grain. Sacked flour. Provisions. | | = | Year. he Sages car | ol Peneen Eett so Sby sak [Pe Ek ore Fae E | Sea eS] ate bebe le ae] hs le i) i iS) ° e| ¢s a|o 8 r= So. | 2) ] 6 eS /8/45 bo 3 Ms] ta) oS Oo ~ |B < B i) gis so NS S/F IS/S IES l[slelsl2!4i/ale) 28 1sisis oS ee] Sole } Sol See |S al als fepaie wee epee fee) eee aoe | mes Lara Mean: Cts.| Cts.| Cts.| Cts.| Cts.| Cts. cre | Cts.) Cts. | Cts.| Cts. | Cts.) Cts.| Cts. | Cts.) Cts.| Cts. 1883-1885. ......- 229. 4] 36. 8229. 8236. 0/33. 3/235. 0/56. 5/53. 5|357. 0/58. 5|2 46. 5/53. 4/44. 2.244. 7/52. 9/60. 2/67. 9 1886-1890. ....... 37. 7/435. 6|538. 4] 39. 9/36. 1| 40. 3)56. 0/50. 9} 63. 4:57. 9) 53. 4/54. 6/46. 3) 53. 7/56. 0/58. 2/64. 4 1891-1895... ....- 36. 9] 34.5) 36. 2) 38. 2/36. 1] 37. 6/53. 0/49. 2| 64. 7/58. 1} 50. 8/51. 5/46. 5| 49. 3/52. 6/58. 1/68. 3 1896-1900... -.... 33. 8} 32.1) 32. 8] 35. 5/33. 4) 35. 4/50. 9/50. 4] 63. 4.56. 1) 51. 0/50. 0/45. 2} 49. 0/50. 9/56. 1/66. 9 1901-1905... ..... 22. 5| 20. 9) 22.1] 23. 6/23. 0} 24. 1/42. 9/45. 9} 53. 9/47. 0] 44. 2/44. 4/37. 8) 42. 6/42. 7/46. 9/50. 4 1906-1910. ......- 18. 3} 18. 8} 19.0} 22. 4/20. 6) 22. 6/46. 4/48. 3) 55. 1/53. 3) 46. 6/48. 7/43.0) 46. 8/46. 0/51. 7/54. 9 WONG = 5 <8 asa oe = 19. 2} 18. 8) 19.2) 23. 6/20. 5) 22. 5/46. 047. 6} 53. 0151. 0} 45. 6/49. 0/41. 0| 46. 3/46. 0/50. 0/53. 5 (0! Uy gape Saag ee ee ee 19. 7} 19. 2} 20. 5} 23. 9/21. 2) 23. 6/45. 0/45. 6] 55. 0/51. 0} 46. 9/46. 0/40. 8] 46. 3/45. 0/49. 0/53. 0 PONS ot Soy, US Seo tees 18. 6} 19. 0} 19. 5] 22. 1/20. 8} 23 2/45. 0/49. 6] 55. 0/54. 0} 46. 9/49. 6/42. 6) 46. 3/45. 0/51. 854. 7 OOS ocr oer! t Fees. oop 18. 0} 18. 9} 18.2} 21. 6/20. 7) 21. 5/48. 0/49. 4] 55. 0/55. 3) 46. 9/49. 1/45. 4] 47. 5/47. 0153. 9/56. 7 SOU teres. ret Lees ce 15. 9} 18.2] 17. 8} 21. 5}19. 8} 22. 0/48. 0/49. 4] 57. 5)55. 3] 46. 9/50. 0/45. 4) 47. 6/47. 0/53. 9/56. 7 ok ae sae 20. 0} 19. 8} 20. 9} 25. 0123. 0} 25. 2/49. 0/49. 4) 57. 5)57. 0} 46. 9/50. 0/45. 4] 47. 6/48. 0/55. 6/59. 8 ti hee eee See 21.0} 25. 6] 26. 3) 30. O89. QO} 29. 2/61. Bee 4! 63. 0/71. 3} 52. 5/62. 0/48. 2) 50. 4/61. 0/69. 9/75. 0 1 Data furnished by Chicago Board of Trade. 4 Mean for 1887, 1888, 1889, 1890, and January, 1886. 2 Mean for 1884 and 1885. 5 Mean for 1886, 1887, 1888, 1890. 3 Mean for 1884, 1885, and 10 months in 1883. 710 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE 181.—Average freight charge on Pacific coast wheat per ton per mile, over selected routes, in 1910. {Based upon tons o1 2,000 pounds and statute miles.] Route. By wagon, from farms to shipping points (in 1906): Washington... 99%, .U- -203.¢ See eee 2 SPURS toe a Se oe ees oo eee Tdahossgit 22 28 PAR vis. oS sue 2 oR Es I ie ee ee ee os seme QTORON 3.5.8 bis sc eiehicie ose dats ve oe one eee sme ood ORE On ane a Seis See el = ee By electric railroad: rom) Salem; Qreg.; to Portland: Oreg.+. > 8529 55.5 $8352. 5_ 2e ee: See ee Krom Marysville; Cal. to’ sacramento, Cali. 2550 eh 2s ee) ee ae From:Chico; Cal.;to' Sacramento, Cally Ss Sco. een) Se OS ee. oa ee From. Moscow, Idaho, te Spokane, Wash=*-..4 3. Sos... 2.2. fence J ee By steam railroad: Bront Ellensburg; Washi to Tacoma; Washs.2=sehves. 2). 5 2. ee From Merced; Cal., to San, Francisco,'Cal’s -- 7-2 2-23.01 022 3 55.5 50. soo eee eee From Lewaston, 1daho; to Portiand, Orer-sse-cee ete aoc ee eee eee ee eee From Portland, Oreg., toSan Francisco, (\Cal: .s22 245: bo: se fo nee seco -= oes ee By river: From The Dalles, Orez:, ‘to Portland, Oreg.. . S2c2-.-) 2222 - Jo ean aces oe eee ee oe From Sacramento, Cal.,;"to:'San Francisco; Cal... 22.2.2 222. 224-928 h e-- oee eeee From Red Bluff, éal., toiSacramentoy Calo 2 3.2. oo hae sides oan see a ee From Lewiston, daho;to-Portignd, Oregs.... 42. .< 22-5 that - ee eece eee eee ese see By coastwise steamships: From Seattle; Wash), to'Skarway, Alaskar . 5.2 foe. Jor sc tee dante oe ns ae From Portland, Oreg., to San Francisco, Cal..-.. Spc. a ae ees ee RE ogee By ocean steamships: / From Tacoma, Wash., to Liverpool, England, via Magellan Straits..................-..-. By sail vessels: From Tacoma, Wash., to Liverpool, England, via Cape Horn..................-..------- - 0210-. 0294 TaBLE 182.— Mileage operated by railroads making organized efforts to promote agri- culture.' | | | Miles operated by railroads making organized efforts to— Total | es vi Increase the num- i “l Increase the num- | Promote agricul- ber of farmers or Group.2 7D ay ber of farmers. tural education. promote agricul- : me tural education. United States. : Per cent Cras Per cent F Per cent | Miles. of total. Miles. of total. Miles. of total. Tle Se i = eM cal TU i hema | 8,240 5, 655 68. 6 6, 906 83.8 6, 906 83.8 eee oe Pea an eye oo ges Se ae es | 24,521 1, 733 tik 16, 947 69. 1 16, 947 69. 1 TE a a a I ee See 26, 624 6, 997 26.3] 15,490 58.2 | 15,490 58.2 Vice 1 See es eee ee 15,221 | 10,746 70.6] 10,965 72.0] 10,965 72.0 Vai el Soe set es 30,076 | 23, 664 78.7 | 22,857 76.0} 23,838 79.3 Walb ee ose ees to eR oe 52,379 32, 080 61.2 30, 398 58.0 41,572 79.4 NAL ESS So eee aire ere eee rae anes 14,099 | 12,525 88.8] 11,466 81.3-| 12,525 88.8 ‘AIT Sonne ape oes ne Oe a SET) 34,653 | 29, 403 84.8] 30,440 87.8 | 30,805 88.9 1 A NER e drape el Sed cg 19,405 | 14,067 72.5} 11,615 59.9 | 14,766 76.1 Rtas eee he ae hen ae ee eee acy A 24,774| 17,634 Gite ham ily WP 68.9 | 17,634 71.2 United States-.........--. 249,992 | 154,504 61.8 | 174,156 | 69.7 | 191,448 76.6 | 1 Compiled from reports of the Interstate Commerce Commission on Statistics of Railways in the United States. Figures refer to June 30, 1910, and railroads are classified according to the agricultural promotion work that was reported to be in progress in the year ending June 30, 1912. 2 Group I comprises the railroads of the New England States; Group II, New York (east of Buffalo), Pennsylvania (east of Pittsburgh), New Jersey Delaware, Maryland, and northern part of West Virginia; Group III, New York (west of Buffalo), Pennsylvania (west of Pittsburgh), Ohio, Indiana, and the southern peninsula of Michigan; Group IV, Virginia, central and southern West Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina; Group V, Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, poms ta' and Louisiana (east of the Mississippi River); Group VI, northern peninsula of Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Minnesota, Lowa, Missouri (north of the Missouri River), North Dakota (east of the Missouri River), and South Dakota (east of the Missouri River); Group VII, North Dakota (west of the Missouri River), South Dakota (west of the Missouri River), Nebraska, Montana, Wyoming, and northern Colorada; Group VIII, Missouri (south of Missouri River), Arkansas, Kansas, Oklahoma, central and southern Colorado, northeastern New Mexico, and the “panhandle”’ of Texas; Group IX, Texas (except the “panhandle’’) and southeastern a Mexico; Group X, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, western New Mexico, Arizona, Oregon, Washington, and alifornia, STATISTICS OF TRANSPORTATION. 711 TABLE 183.—Number of farms in counties containing railroads engaged in organized efforts to promote agriculiure.' Number of farms in counties in which were located railroads engaged in organized efforts to— Total Increase the num- number of | Increase the num- | Promote agricul- ber of farmers or Geographic division. farms ber of farmers. tural education. promote agricul- in United tural education. States Per + Per Per vice of cent of seer of cent of ee of cent of ; total. et total. i total. 97. 638, 470 7.2 Souths tlantio..............: 1, 111, 881 924, 626 1,059,571] 95. 1,060, 659 95.4 North Central: East of Mississippi River..} 1, 123, 489 650, 416 1,044, 905 93. 1,074, 587 95.6 94 ou ae West of Mississippi River.| 1,109,948 | 1,087,096 South Central: East of Mississippi River..| 1,042, 480 936, 914 936, 914 89.9 Worse A flantic:..2. 22.2.4. 657, 181 422,788 bp 638, 469 83.2 West of Mississippi River. 943, 186 899, 460 | 2 3 0 -6| 1,090,336 98.2 3 9 2 5 SRS Ey s SES Rocky Mountain............. 183, 446 165, 075 165,556 168, 681 92.0 Pacific coast ..........-..-.... 189, 891 179, 499 179, 499 179,499] 94.5 United States...........| 6,361,502 | 5,265,874| 82.8 | 5,954,135| 93.6] 6,056,947] 95.2 ! The figures in this table are based upon the census of 1910, and the counties are grouped according to ee agricultural promotion work that was reported to be in progress in the year ending June 30, YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 712 CO 0&6 ‘F BCS ‘eh 862 ‘08 SOP ‘EEF Tar ‘9g £26 ‘698 aes 69 (c) oh8 ‘OT (z) |" "Spumod-****-*-****"****"**"sH]os SBT SLT ‘LET €90 ‘E26 Pre Gee | _ POE “ELST 8&2 ‘OTT 196 ‘818 186 ‘98 099 ‘882 0g8 ‘G2 686 ‘TEs "EEO P) “#5 "Pore bos Pe ene Gan ‘Az00T be oe ee | BRE{OTT OL |e eara Sb zporgoaees | een --P-) Ger Teo Oy Veo lye" i] BBO TSE fess on pod Amep [eIO}) 129 ‘19 ee ae pteoene Ea erat 1 pe, 89 a i aa ih sv Ee eee OOP LL opal ae eget e ae dee See Re ee BLL “E26 LoF ‘OCT *T £66 ‘E18 'T | G28 “ee 's GIL ‘LLG | €82 ‘TEL (3) (z) (z) (z) ESSUOiISes wee oo 7-77 >WHRBAID 6S ‘208 ‘8 L00‘zrS ‘9% | FFE ‘0G6'L =| LOL ‘B0G'Gh | OLE"ECO"L | Fes 718°0F . | PSL-9908 Ga | epteers se 11902 989°C) 088 08e"ae* |s= FP Opt ssa eS eene ---9se0q PST ‘286 899 ‘620 ‘T 196 ‘LZ 928 ‘200 ‘T £20 ‘86 GPG ‘098 ‘T 216 ‘TRI 028 ‘9F9 268 ‘ZS $09 ‘OSL Sec Opta a ae eee See :sjonpoid Aareq OGL ‘Ste Tr ‘9L0‘T BET ‘022 £06 ‘C06 G06 ‘282 CPI ‘CL6 696 ‘TE% 186 ‘F9L 692 “POT 92g ‘TL9 = SPUNOG aa a" soar cere “-xBMSOOg ggg ‘08s 2 poesia none ale O BLOCH. 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(WIT, Sestope: circrs st sss=*pougey “-spunod 736 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE 186.—Foreign trade of the United States in agricultural products, 1851-1912. [Compiled from reports of Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. Agricultural exports.! Foreign. Total. Agricultural imports.! Percent- All values are gold.} Excess of exports (+) or of age of all| imports (—) imports. agricultural. —_—_————— | | | Es Domestic. 7 ac 7 Year ending June 30— Percen ‘ age ofa Total. domestic exports. $146, 717, 431 82.1 125, 183, 749 80.8 155, 461, 445 81.9 172, 320, 260 80.0 149, 101, 277 77.4 222, 409, 001 83.5 232, 180, 205 83.2 205, 853, 748 81.9 226, 135, 020 81.2 260, 280, 413 82.3 154, 094, 839 1.12 140, 463, 928 78.2 137, 512, 273 73.9 102, 794, 359 71.6 84, 886, 860 62.0 278, 670, 278 82.6 214, 258, 245 76.6 206, 979, 580 76.8 205,330, 174 74.6 296, 962, 357 78.9 330, 034, 934 77.0 332, 936, 080 pant 396, 240, 107 78.5 453, 862, 070 79.7 389, 409, 703 78.0 410, 884, 027 78.2 435, 354, 451 73.8 531, 637, 041 78.1 557, 321, 801 79.8 694,315, 497 84.3 738, 123, 799 83.5. 557, 620, 540 76.0 626, 426, 608 77.9 547, 952, 579 75.6 554, 051, 145 76. 2 501, 313, 738 75.3 536, 938, 387 76.4 505, 402, 327 73.9 536, 828, 565 73.5 634, 855, 869 Wook 652, 407, 931 74.8 803, 122, 045 79.1 621, 201, 671 74.8 636, 633, 747 73.2 558, 385, 861 70.4 574, 398, 264 66.5 689, 755, 193 66.8 859, 018, 946 71.0 792, 811, 733 65.9 844, 616, 530 61.6 951, 628, 331 65.2 857, 113, 533 63.2 878, 480, 557 63. 1 859, 160, 264 59.9 826, 904, 777 55.4 976, 047, 104 56.8 1 ae <... oo oe 240, 440, 127 78.1 1871-19 Rae. Ss 380, 496, 579 78.3 1876-1880 0 Ss. . BR 525, 902, 563 79.2 1881-1885 = 22%. 38 604, 834, 934 78.1 1886-1890 25S. 28 543, 067,777 74.8 WROI=1805 5 2oagecaletoade 654, 350, 251 74.7 1896-1900. 5.5: 26. , 433, 474 14, 850, 391 20, 746, 327 15, 468, 496 9, 529, 008 9, 402, 524 8, 305, 219 6, 508, 290 9, 865, 347 22) 514, 603 8, 874, 860 7, 572, 452 10, 520, 156 15, 418, 537 18, 348, 077 22,175, 846 21, 237, 603 25, 510, 643 79, 946, 297 125, 507, 022 54, 947, 444 79, 594, 034 Bushels. 1, 026, 725 2, 694, 540 3,890, 141 8, 036, 665 798, 884 8, 154,877 14,570,331 8, 926, 196 3, 002, 016 4,155, 153 31, 238, 057 37, 289, 572 36, 160, 414 23,681, 712 9, 937, 876 5,579, 103 6, 146, 411 15,940, 899 17, 557, 836 36, 584, 115 34, 304, 906 26, 423, 080 39, 204, 285 71, 039, 928 53, 047, 177 55,073, 122 40, 325, 611 72, 404, 961 122) 353, 936 153, 252, 795 150, 565,477 95, 271, 802 106, 385, $28 70,349, 012 84, 653, 714 57,759, 209 101, 971, 949 65, 789, 261 46, 414, 129 54, 387, 767 55, 131, 948 157, 280, 351 117, 121, 109 88, 415, 230 76, 102, 704 60, 650, 080 79, 562, 020 148, 231, 261 139, 432, 815 101, 950, 389 132, 060, 667 154, 856, 102 114, 181, 420 44, 230, 169 4,394, 402 34, 973, 291 76, 569, 423 100, 371, 057 66, 923, 244 46, 679, 876 23,729, 302 30, 160, 212 Bushels. 12, 038, 400 16, 691, 235 18, 494, 731 28, 148, 595 6, 821, 594 25, 708, 007 33, 130, 596 26, 487, 041 15, 161, 136 17, 213, 133 52, $56, 837 61, 699, 737 58, 110, 689 41, 468,444 23, 144,367 16, 494, 353 12) 646, 941 26, 323,014 29,717, 201 53, 900, 780 52,574, 111 38, 995, 755 52,014,715 91, 510, 398 72, 912, 817 74, 750, 682 57, 043, 936 92, 141, 626 150, 502, 506 180, 304, 181 186, 321,514 121, 892, 389 147,811, 316 111, 534, 182 132, 570, 366 94, 565,793 153, 804, 969 119, 625, 344 88, 600, 743 109, 430, 467 Barrels. 2, 202, 335 2; 799, 339 2; 920, 918 4, 022, 386 1, 204, 540 3,510, 626 3, 712, 053 3,512, 169 2) 431, 824 2; 611, 596 ~ 4, 323, 756 4, 882, 033 4, 390, 055 3, 557, 347 2, 641, 298 2, 183,050 1,300, 106 2,076, 423 2, 431, 873 3, 463, 333 3, 653, 841 2, 514, 535 2, 562, 086 4,094, 094 3, 973, 128 3, 935, 512 3, 343, 665 3, 947,333 5, 629,714 6,011, 419 7,945, 786 5, 915, 686 9, 205, 664 9, 152, 260 10, 648, 145 8,179, 241 11, 518, 449 11, 963, 574 9, 374, 803 12, 231, 711 11,344, 304 15, 196, 769 16, 620,339 16, 859, 533 | 164, 283, 129 15, 268, 892 | 144, 812, 718 14, 620,864 | 126, 443, 968 14, 569,545 | 145, 124, 972 15, 349, 943 | 217,306,005 18, 485, 690 | 222, 618, 420 18, 699,194 | 186,096, 762 18, 650,979 | 215,990,073 17,759, 203 | 234, 772, 516 19, 716, 484 | 202, 905, 598 16, 999, 432 | 120,727, 613 8,826,335 | 44,112,910 13,919,048 | 97,609,007 15,584, 667 | 146,700, 425 13, 927, 247 | 163,043, 669 10,521, 161 | 114, 268, 468 9,040,987 | 87,364,318 10,129,435 | 69,311,760 11,006, 487 | 79, 689, 404 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. 741 TABLE 187.—Exports of selected domestic agricultural products, 1851-1912—Continued. Year ending June 30— Average: 1851-1855 . 1856-1860 . 1861-1865 . 1866-1870 - 1871-1875 - 1876-1880 - 1881-1885 - 1886-1890 - 1891-1895 - 1896-1900 - ~ 1901-1905 - 1906-1910 . Hops. 5, 901, 883 2, 262, 879 10, 485, 841 8, 649, 436 8, 170, 063 13, 540, 832 15, 827, 630 11, 863, 626 14, 758, 611 Oils, veg- etable— cotton- seed oil. Gallons. 14,094, 110 36, 881, 025 39, 718, 381 41, 528, 362 Wheat and Wheat |wheat flour flour. (converted to wheat). Rice and rice bran, Enepry x a meal, and aSiaed polish. Pounds. Pounds. 55, 662, 440 6, 526, 357 70,552,800 | 6,567,069 10,517, 760 3,417,976 2,210,360 | 4,480,712 392,515 | 10,537, 646 660,350 | 47,640,615 251,381 | 78,694, 439 2,851,589 | 86, 273,041 7,969,815 33, 805, 539 16,307,880 | 11,319, 197 43,454,818 | 12,146,816 28,810,301 | 54,875, 482 44, 803, 875 _ 88, 682, 085 101, 445, 167 65, 264, 463 98, 810, 268 105, 965, 313 89, 944, 552 65, 103, 378 Barrels. 2, 629, 904 3, 155, 654 3, 958, 898 2, 290, 957 3,359, 537 4, 573, 529 §, 573, 508 10, 653, 556 . 15,057, 967 16, 345, 047 16, 390, 487 12, 598, 622 TaBLE 188.—IJmports of selected agricultural products, 1851-1912. {Compiled from reports of Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. Where figu lacking, either there were no imports or they were not separately classified for publication. 23, 539, 985 47, 456, 016 27, 816, 458 61, 601, 560 110, 948, 586 140, 025, 953 113, 205, 463 166, 571, 122 179, 518, 025 163, 701, 742 121, 797, 177 res are “Silk”? includes, prior to 1881, only ‘Silk, raw or as reeled from the cocoon;” in 1881 and 1882 are included this item and “Silk waste’’; after 1882, both these items and ‘Silk cocoons.”’ From ‘Cocoa and choco- late’”’ are omitted in 1860, 1861, and in 1872 to 1881, small quantities of chocolate, the official returns for which were given only in value. ‘Jute and jute butts” includes in 1858 and 1859 an unknown quantity of “Sisal grass, coir, etc.,’’ and in 1865-1868 an unknown quantity of ‘‘ Hemp.” in ‘‘ Hides and skins other than cattle and goat’’ in 1895-1897. and 1885-1905 all olive oil. includes in 1885-1888 all substitutes for hemp.) Year ending June 30— Cheese. Pounds. 603, 398 514, 337 74,949 969 , 417 1,526, 942 1,384,272 1, 400, 252 Silk. 1,889,776 Wool. Pounds. 32, 607, 315 18, 343, 218 21,616, 035 20, 282, 635 18,814, 402 16, 280, 947 17,750,156 85,496,049 | 42,939,541 54, 901, 760 44, 642, 836 42,171, 192 48,449,079 39,005,155 128,131,747 Almonds. Pounds. 2, 854, 804 1,564, 703 4,721, 250 2,187,934 3,716,251 5,113,897 2,886, 69S 918,360 1,726, 281 3,964, 875 1, 229,112 4,571, 687 4,315,819 1, 461,007 Argols or wine lees. 976,072 866, 404 1,007, 585 1,597,790 1,297, 962 2,004, 996 1,876,731 1,822, 498 2,346, 78 2,591, 472 3,164, 965 4,942, 601 4,007,779 3,246, 376 5,512,808 7,047,802 9,025,542 10, 257,909 14,011,764 14, 445, 534 Cattle hides are included Cocoa and chocolate, total. Pounds. 2,198, 609 1,372, 341 3,453, 268 3,162,072 2,427,707 2,017,471 2,044, 637 1,810, 449 5,067,369 3,186,721 3, 210, 291 3,541,364 2,055, 198 2,940,571 1,177,594 2,550,978 3,387, 890 3,211, 976 Olive oil for table use includes in 1862-1864 Sisal grass includes in 1884-1890 ‘‘Other vegetable substances.’’ «Hemp Coffee. Pounds. 152, 519, 743 193, 906, 353 199, 408,045 162, 255, 993 191, 478, 657 235, 865, 268 240, 676, 227 189, 211,300 264, 436,534 202, 144,733 184,706, 655 122,799,311 80, 461,614 131, 622, 782 106, 463 , 062 181,413,192 187, 236, 580 248, 983, 900 254, 160,993 235, 256, 574 317, 992, 048 298, 805, 946 293, 297,271 285,171,512 317,970, 665 339, 789, 246 331, 639, 723 309, S82, 540 377,848,473 446, 850,727 742 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TaBLE 188.—Imports of selected agricultural products, 1851-1912—Continued. Coffee. Pounds. 455, 189,534 459, 9227 768 515, 878, 515 534. 785, 542 572,599, 552 564, 707,533 526, 109, 170 423, 645,794 578,397, 454 499,159, 120 519, 528, 432 640, 210, 788 563, 469, 068 550, 934, 337 652, 208, 975 580, 597, 915 787, 991) 911 854,871,310 1,091,004, 252 915,086, 380 995, 043, 284 1,047,792, 984 871, 469, 516 875, 366, 797 885, 201, 247 179, 913, 758 226, 466, 812 125, 210, 685 221) 410, 248 302, 647, 488 361, 202, 142 507, 675, 18z 518, 403, 814 585, 270, 320 761,715, 403 980, 759, 642 929) 793, 749 Molasses. Gallons. 36,376, 772 32,795,610 31,886, 100 27,759, 463 26,385,593 23, 617, 674 32, 705, 844 24,566,357 32, 818, 146 30,922, 633 29,941, 397 25, 157, 280 30, 854, 264 33,571, 230 i Cocoa and Year endin . Argols or Tink 30 | Cheese. Silk. Wool. Almonds. | oie) ines. chocolate, Pounds Pounds Pounds. Pounds Pounds. Pounds. ssi seeK J... 8) seseRere. - 2,790, 413 55; 9645236 | ciciesd.--. 14, 275,530 | 8,767,728 TSSQRA 22 a Ro 3, 221, 269 67,861,744 |..........-- 18,320,366 | 11,091,123 ISSSESs Fe. |. Sa Sei US 4,731,106 70, 575, ATBNS SOAR Se 16,112,427 | 9,487,791 ISSASEE 2E.; 28 6,243,014 | 4,284,888 78, 350,651 | 3,828,104 | 19,591,039 | 12,739,871 PSSaRSe oe we SE 6, 247,560 | 4,308,908 70,596, 170 4,732,269 | 17,694,336 | 10,868,497 Le eee aoe 6,309,124 | 6,818,060 | 129,084,958 | 5,822,733 | 16,041,666 | 13,703,583 ISSTESt Bee 6,592,192 | 6,028,091 | 114,038,030 | 5,482,363 | 22,024,768 | 13,005,327 tcf 6 eae So 8,750,185 | 6,370,322 | 113,558,753 | 5,747,957 | 17,226,491 | 17,502,929 USSQER tLe Be 8,207,026 | 6,645,124 | 126,487,729 | 5,545,400 | 21,429,434 | 17,929,076 18905 82-32 9, 2637573 7,510,440 | 105,431,285 | 5,715,858 | 24,908,054 | 19,894,130 | kL Ueno aes See 8,863,640 | 6,266,629 | 129,303,648 | 6,812,061 | 21,579,102 | 23,278,785 1992 N70 22! 1:32 8,305,288 | 8,834,049 | 148,670,652 | 7,629,392 | 24,813,171 | 23,712,261 TSS3 Be SS 10,195,924 | 8,497,477 | 172,433,838 | 6,679,147 | 28,770,810 | 26,459, 880 Ae ae oe 8,742,851 | 5,902,485 55,152,585 | 7,436,784 | 22,373,180 19) ggg) 393 TSISGEs cee acces 10; 276,293 | 9,316,460 | 206,033,906 | 7,903,375 | 27,911,122 | 31, 638, 261 18965. = see ee ae 10,728,397 | 9,363,987 | 230,911,473 | 7,789,681 | 28,481,665 | 25, 666,373 ABOTOE ce ceeste 12,319,122 | 7,993,444 | 350,852,026 | 9,644,338 | 23,457,576 | 34,370,048 US) oe, 10,012,188 12? 087; 951 | 132,795,202 | 5,746,362 | 19,202,629 | 27,525,513 151! Ie ae 11,826,175 1 250, 383 76,736,209 | 9,957,427 | 23,300,762 | 37,563,098 A900 Se a2 ac 13, 455, 990 13,073,718 155,928,455 | 6,317,633 21,380, 258 43, 968, 252 1S00R ee 15,329,099 | 10,405,555 | 103,583,505 | 5,140,232 28, 598, 781 | 47,620,204 T90 Rae me ew are 17,067,714 | 14,234,826 | 166,576,966 | 9,868,982 | 29,276,148 | 52,875,587 1903 Fence meas 20,671,384 | 15,270,859 | 177,137,796 | 8,142,164 | 29,966,557 | 65,046, 884 1004 ace aor 22,707,103 | 16,722,709 | 173,742,834 | 9,838,852 | 24,571,730 | 75,070,746 TSU Ds te ccicpoe 23,095,705 | 22,357,307 | 249,135,746 | 11,745,081 | 26,281,931 | 77,383,024 1906. 32.2 2.- 2 27, 286,866 | 17,352,021 | 201,688,668 | 15,009,326 | 28,140,835 | 84,127,027 LOO eRe ee sian ain 33,848,766 | 18,743,904 | 203,847,545 | 14,233,613 | 30,540,893 | 97,059,513 1908 recioacccte 32,530,830 | 16,662,132 | 125,980,524 | 17,144,968 | 26,738, 834 | 86,604,684 19095 22 onic SF 35,548,143 | 25,187,957 | 266,409,304 | 11,029,421 | 32,115,646 |132, 660, 931 I910HES ES 2.2 40,817,524 | 23,457,223 | 263,928,232 | 18,556,356 | 28, 182) 956 {111,070,834 1 eee ee SS 45,568,797 | 26,666,091 | 187,647,641 | 15,522,712 | 29,175,133 |140,970, 877 [01ers 46,542,007 | 26,584,962 | 193,400,713 | 17,231,458 | 23,661,078 |148, 785, 846 Average: 1851-1855. ... opel | See eee. 22,332,721 | 3,008,988 |.......-..22 2,522,799 1856-1860... 2] D436) S84. |, 520) Bek ae de od eee Bie is | ll Aer 2,825,329 1861-1865. ... S10) 6222 eo orn nn, cob eee = sone , 145,065 |; 1,149,163 | 2,585,004 1866-1870...) | Biecewe= sas 575; AGA. 215-22 gsbad ate ate ose s 2,128,535 | 3,323,719 GIS y GIES Oe Be econee an 1044: 006") < «= jscieeitaee ss |e ctaieeroscieete 4,174,906 | 4,603,373 AS7G—1880 <2] ese oe. vee 1, 635, 185 60, 480,002") .<. oee----- 10,957,710 | 5,505,023 TSSI—1S85 =.) =4] 5. Ae. See 3, 867, 317 68:.6695656. [\.25 cae 17,198,740 | 10,581,002 1886-1890. ...| 7,824,420 | 6,674,407 | 117, 720, 151 | 5,662,862 | 20,326,083 | 16,407,009 1891-1895....| 9,276,799 | 7,763,420 142, 318, 926 | 7,292,152 | 25,089,477 | 24,997,716 1896-1900. ...| 11, 668, 374 | 10,753,897 189) 444° 673 | 7,891,088 | 24,356,424 | 33,818,657 1901-1905. ...| 19,774,201 | 15,798,251 | 174,035,369 | 8,947,062 | 27,739 029 | 63,599, 889 1906-1910. . ..| 34,006,426 | 20,280,647 | 212,370,855 | 15,194,737 | 29,143,833 |102, 304,598 Year ending June 30—| Flax. Hemp. Hops Pes here Licorice root.| Manila Long tons. 1,919 2,012 1, 269 4,368 4, 665 3, 908 5,589 21,586 22, 538 23, 279 13, 203 2,004 a 2,4 1, 627 3,837 2,990 793, 197 13,948 36, 445, 906 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. 743 TaBLE 188.—Imports of selecied agricultural products, 1851-1912—Continued. Year ending June 30—|__ Flax. 1901-1905 ..5.5 22% 522 Jute and Molasses. 53,304, 030 56,373, 537 44, 401,359 45,214, 403 34, 128, 640 31, 392, 893 20, 604, 463 22, 448, 209 15, 490, 679 19, 670, 663 15,075,879 4, 687, 664 3,702, 471 3,603, 547 5,821,556 7,025,068 11, 453, 156 14,391, 215 17, 240, 399 18, 828, 530 19, 477, 885 16, 021,076 24, 630, 935 18, 882, 756 22,092, 696 31, 292, 165 23, 838, 190 28, 828, 213 31, 040, 708 98) 926, 131 31,194, 015 53, 499, 013 45, 890, 353 34, 702,559 32, 945,372 34, 238, 368 18, 657, 979 4, 968, 061 16, 278, 237 Hemp. Hops jute butts. Licorice root.| Manila. Long Long Lo Long tons. tons. Pounds ae Pounds tons. rt ed ore r ee 1,696, 681 5,980 2,296,970 | 22,856 1,571 3, 193 865,016 7,809 3,034, 255 155275 52 ees ease , 585, 843 3,690 2, 183,376 17,390 1,953 AS pots sae cece 1,927 PPA (a ae a a 3, 672 WO 8089 |o sce -s ose Haye" |SeeaTeGlatl eee es es 4,171 PAY Sh ee ee 3,426 v.). G 5) | | ogee Balers 4,322 23 iors lace cesees 3,659 ER OTS cance tances 4, 498 df G5 D2 be rap 4, 045 0 BOSE So naar << ee 2, 935 if ap fl bb ee eer 4,378 24 908} beeen aso< 5, 446 32, 044 497, 243 5,563 36, 679 955, 854 5,748 29,063 | 2,122,589 5, 086 25, 925 701, 104 6, 435 32,463 | 1,642,086 98, 343 26, 406, 008 |....-..--- 5,557 28,655 | 2,672,762 83,954 DS 5S, 902) | seen ans 213, 813 546, 798 443,457 | 10,309,498 | 36,251,779 | 19,902,512 | 8,812,487 1 ea 213,773 774, 042 745,974 | 3,860,836 | 16,049,198} 20,013,681 | 9,933,871 TD a ean 408, 7 796, 316 522,478 | 6,683,545 | 36,238,976 | 21,681,159 | 11,087,131 TON ee ee... 488, 576 925, 599 633,819 | 6,715,675 | 33,878,209 | 43,814,917 | 16,482,142 Len 425,168] 1,171,242 494,105 | 6,867,617 | 38,347,649 | 21,058,164 | 13,178,061 TONE 373, 569 856, 366 671,604 | 4,041,689 | 31,742,919 | 19,257,250] 13,364,107 th 587, 617 872, 566 497,494 | 12,414,855 | 37,078,311 | 22,435,672 | 17,562,358 Li 917,088 | 1,126,114 323,377 | 3,967,151 | 38,392,779 | 31,270,899 | 24,346,173 RODS fe << 671,526 | 1,275,333 335,089 | 9,132,353 | 38,652,656 | 24,958,343 | 18,836,574 OT ee oh 764, 937 574, 530 296,123 | 5,794,320] 32,482,111] 21,869,218 | 15,235,513 Woigeee..s: . 079,145) 1,004,296) |..2..5022-- | 5,042,683 | 33,326,030 | 22,693,713 | 17,362,197 Poti oc. 902,904] 1,514,967 |. 2,479,220 | 33,439,565 | 29,504,592 | 23, 459,728 THE 2 scaled 1,076,741 | 1, 436,037 3,255,861 | 33,151,396 | 25,208,248 | 18,765,408 Average : ; 1886-1890. 58, 272 GG; S805 486) Sap JOS sOGs. lose soacion ce ate chee eee 9, 387, 951 1891-1895..| 300,973 19,165,082 | 23,495,237 | 34,415,213 | 15,826,100 | 9,577,220 1896-1900..| 277, 081 508,299 | 9,062,645 | 30,918,770 | 14,386,966 | 9,313, 289 1901-1905..| 381,958 904,713 613,596 | 5,633,872 | 31,251,390] 25,165,034 | 12,809,062 1906-1910..| 782, 663 G74 Goh |. 0 Me 7,270,272 | 35,986,377 | 24,645,569 | 18,668,563 746 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE 188.—Imports of selected agricultural products, 1851-1912—Continued. Hides and skins, other than furs. Year ending June 30— Cattle. Pounds IS9bse4 28; - | cee EB Se Re 1806s es 2] ..2 tah. BRE oe ESOf ser -85...|.58ee Bee ee W898 ee eee 126, 243, 595 1899se% £8 -. 130, 396, 020 1900we2 Les 163, 865, 165 I90T 2s 66 129, 174, 624 1902 exact... 148, 627, 907 W033 coe he. 131, 644, 325 1OO4 are S43. 85, 370, 168 NOOb ees - if... 113,177, 357 190Gasheese8 156, 155, 300 TOO Tee He. 134, 671, 020 1908 set 3 98, 353, 249 L909 eee oe oc 192, 252, 083 1GID Eee soe 318, 003, 538 TOM... 150,127,796 LOL eee cme 251,012, 513 Average 1896-1900..]...........-. 1901-1905..| 121,598, 876 1906-1910..| 179,887,038 Goat. Pounds. 54, 240, 492 46,747, 029 49, 868, 020 64, 923, 487 69,728, 945 81, 998, 818 73,745, 596 88, 038, 516 85, 114,070 86, 338, 547 97, 803, 571 111,079, 391 101, 201, 596 63) 640, 758 104, 048, 244 115, 844, 758 86, 913, 842 95, 340, 703 62, 653, 260 86, 208, 060 99, 162, 949 Macaroni we acre and a Gitien than Sieniiinae Lemons. Oranges. | Walnuts. cattle and prepara- goat. tions. Pounds. Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds. 1725335, 253 |... 32s ececclennA-SeiteSee | oe seie tees ae 1637650; 982s)... ) 250.022) -.cceeeeGes-<]-2be ees == ee er 15632323 824s). ..4.ceSe00sl..- 4-85 s.85e- =]-s oe. 8e see eee D4, 607,084 || od. decuceecelecsdac ck ace oe) spect ie '5h aan ee! 66; 06597855): f25 .k8h 4. -8e8.005--] eee eee ee 100; 0702795}): .....80's.. 22 160,198,056 | 68,618,938 |........... TS 980260 7h). . 4 -226-Gke 148,514,614 | 50,332,914 |..........- 895457,680¢ |. ...2s225-265 164,075,309 | 52,742,476 |_........-- 102,340,303 | 28,787,821 | 152,004,213 | 56,872,070 | 12, 362, 567 103,024,752 | 40,224,202 | 171,923,221 | 35,893,260 | 23,670,761 126, 893, 934 ; 53,441,080 | 139,084,321 ; 28,880,575 | 21,684, 104 158,045,419 | 77,926,029 | 138,717,252 | 31,134,341 | 24,917,028 135,111,199 | 87,720,730 | 157,859,906 | 21,267,346 | 32,597,592 120,770,918 | 97,233,708 | 178,490,003 | 18,397,429 | 28,887,110 148, 253,998 | 85,114,003 | 135,183,550 8,435,873 | 26,157,703 174, 770, 732 |113,772,801 | 160,214,785 4,676,118 | 33,641, 466 137, 849, 757 |114,779,116 | 134,968,924 7,672,186 | 33,619, 434 191, 414, 882 |108, 231,028 | 145,639,396 7,628,662 | 37,213, 674 1085305, 584 |.< scse sese Jo|5) saree ndeccs| tenn hee eet een 999415 257 | ven oe oss. 155,120,336 | 44,944,259 |........... 147,390,453 | 92,353,454 | 154,093,099 | 16,782,221 | 29,240,180 TaBLE 189.—Foreign trade of the United States in forest products, 1851-1912. [Compiled from reports of Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. All values are gold.) Year ending June 30— Exports. Domestic. Foreign. $4, 188, 635 $566, 554 4, 400, 741 411, 166 4, 704, 394 341, 566 8, 636, 443 470, 483 8,879,743 | 1,320,670 7,474, 074 926, 299 10,411,894 | 1,164, 280 10,579,417 | 1,295,768 11, 396, 163 747, 621 10, 299, 959 846, 929 7, 286, 605 756, 112 6, 468, 911 808, 273 6, 544, 788 872, 515 6, 608, 236 616, 086 7,629,020 | 1, 109,049 9,579, 561 584, 459 11,175, 119 599, 918 11, 956, 584 674, 786 11, 885, 488 361, 480 11,984,445 | 1,181, 708 11, 874, 850 635, 847 16,494,184 | 1,004, 495 19, 578, 615 774, 909 21,143,701 | 1,116, 763 16, 680,377 | 1,019, 887 oe ) exports (+ Imports. or of imports (Sr $1,332,522 | +$3, 422, 667 1,133,785 | + 3,678,122 1,244,991 | + 3,800,969 1,881,492 | + 7,225, 434 5,400,736 | + 4,799,677 6,620,505 | + 1,779,868 6,419,320 | + 5,156,854 6, 631,396 | + 5,248,789 6,488,908 | + 5,654, 876 8,086,735 | + 3,060, 153 7,084,695 | + 958,022 5,982,091 | + 1,295,093 7,849,625 | — 432,322 10,401,691 | — 3,177,369 6, 688,145 | + 2,049, 924 11,635,299 | — 1,471,279 12,975,903 | — 1,200, 866 12,586,964| + 44, 14, 326,334 | — 2,079,366 17,555,708 | — 4,389,555 16,617,972 | — 4,107,275 19, 402,210 | — 1,903,531 24,452,286 | — 4,098, 762 21,468,824} + 791,640 17,295,187 | + 405,077 T47 TABLE 189.—Foreign trade of the United States in forest products, 1851-1912—-Continued. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. Exports. Excess ; exports Year ending June 30— Imports. | (XT ens Domestic. Foreign. (—). $15,636,980 | $883,254 | $16,023,785 | + $496,449 18, 312, 446 532,547 | 15,386,709 | + 3,458,284 17, 180, 147 705,941 | 16,344,201 | + 1,541,887 16, 023, 005 557,434 | 18,745,076 | — 2, 164, 637 17,056, 870 614,399 | 27,847,871 | —10, 176, 602 19, 324, 096 352,249 | 31,707,280 | _—12,030, 935 25,580,254 | 1,321,446 | 36,962,880 | —10,061, 180 28,645,199 | 2,137,165 | 37,623,551 | — 6,841, 187 26,222,959 | 1,450,032 | 35,931,961 | — 8,258,979 22,014,839 | 1,125,404] 28,702,940] — 5,562, 697 21,061,708 | 1,052,083 | 32,042,431 | — 9,928, 640 21,126,152 | 1,568,996 | 34,704,566 | —12, 009, 418 23,991,092 | 1,319, 27 39,861,356 | —14,550,994 26,997,602 | 1,767,853 | 36,887,715 | — 8,122,260 29, 473,084 | 1,337,677 | 40,010,518 | — 9,199, 757 28,715,713 | 1,220,002 | 46,772,282 | —16, 836,567 27,957,928 | 1,542,639 | 47,052,892 | —17,552,325 28,127,281 | 1,178,837] 49,720,275 | —20, 414, 157 28,001,461 | 1,973,803 | 39,683,781 | — 9,708,517 28,576,680 | 1,277,705 | 43,302,134 | —13, 447, 749 33,718,790 | 2,563,550 | 45,696,324 | — 9,413,984 40,490,428 | 3,242,262 | 44,791,463 | — 1,058,773 38, 439,418 | 2,582,082 | 45,751,938 | — 4,730,438 42, 828,732 | 3,011,832] 53,314,266 | — 7,473,702 52, 676,575 | 3,981,002 | 60,633,078 | — 3,975,501 55,369,161 | 3,599,192 | 57,143,650 | + 1,824,703 48,928,764 | 3,609,071 | 59,187,049 | — 6,649,214 58, 734,016 | 2,865,325 | 71,478,022 | — 9,878,681 70,085,789 | 4,177,352 | 79,619,296 | — 5,356, 155 63,199,348 | 3,790,097 | 92,680,555 | —25, 691,110 76,975,431 | 4,809,261} 96,462,364] —14,677,672 92,948,705 | 5,500,331 | 122,420,776 | —23,971, 740 90,362,073 | 4,570,397 | 97,733,092 | — 2,800,622 72,442,454 | 4,982,810 | 123,920,126 | —46, 494,862 85,030,230 | 9,801,881 | 178,871,797 | —84,039, 686 303, 038, 892 586,854 | 162,311,565 | —51, 685,819 108, 122, 254 413,343 | 172,523,465 | —57, 987, 868 6,161, 991 622, 088 2,198,705] + 4,585,374 10, 032, 301 996, 179 6,849,373 | + 4,179, 107 6, 907, 512 832, 407 7,601,249} + 138,670 11,316, 239 680,470 | 13,816,042 | — 1,819,333 17, 154, 345 910,380 | 19,847,296 | — 1,782,571 of Si ae 16, 841, 890 658,715 | 18,869,528] — 1,368,923 24,357,469 | 1,277,259 | 34,185,722] — 8,550,994 1: eer wae oe 24,529,928 | 1,409,176 | 36,701,317] —10, 762,213 Seen ee 28,275,813 | 1,438,597] 45,306,273 | —15,591,863 Sent 2 Doge Ogi Aaa ee Eee oe ae 41,630,789 | 3,076,146] 50,037,414 | — 5,330,479 Ye ot ce as ener ee eee 59, 263, 416 608,207 | 72,021,714] — 9,150,091 ao Sesame SOE ere eel 83,551, 779 932,936 | 123,881,631 |] —34,396,916 748 [Compiled from reports of Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. Where figures are lacking, either there were no exports or they were not separately classified for publication.] TABLE 190.—Exports of selected domestic forest products, 1851-1912. Year ending June 30— Boards, deals, and planks.! M feet. 100, 604 100, 695 78, 599 197, 154 144, 718 126, 330 309, 165 217, 861 197,099 170, 922 132, 332 129, 243 135,901 132, 298 172, 644 120,013 131, 666 131, 873 134, 370 140, 863 154, 830 176, 872 236, 557 228, 481 213,974 252, 407 321, 530 313, 143 275, 102 285, 194 320, 602 407, 455 499,406 414, 920 412, 424 435, 608 424, 760 436, 718 571,075 612, 814 613, 406 592, 596 629, 355 574, 920 588, 781 694, 799 876, 689 790, 659 970, 170 1,046, 758 1,101, 815 942, 814 1,065, 771 1, 426, 784 1, 283, 406 1,343, 607 1, 623, 964 1, 548, 130 1, 357, 822 1, 684, 489 Lumber. Shooks, Rosin. other than Staves. box. Number Number. Barrels. 387, 220 449, 194 A54, 715 601, 280 731, 060 Se eA LS et nla os 524, 799 Bs a EGR dees 641, 517 at eaciuts 42. Pap ee aes 574, 573 Sta eo a ee 798, 083 57 SE ES eas ee 770, 652 SA tie. ord NR AMA 2 2 536, 207 oe ae: ie fH 19-940: (8 ates: 2) 418 Wy, OSB 797). || rar efer ais ste ere rs 11, 232 Meee SSD nS pe ml 250, 452 RO PL (ES DAR Gre. 334, 104 tee ee aE ee tare 443, 501 Con ae ale Sep NS ae he pee 585, 989 RI EO A ERR aN Pe 583,316 511, 959 692, 728 845, 162 929, 342 937, 527 eet bara ha SR 824, 256 BE OT I Qapetpay Bae Oi le od esta hn 1, 112, 816 YP hate hy EER Falla mate 3 Note 1,040,345 Pr ctate aptaysis hel gaieterss seIIee 1,023,710 Rs GEO SES Ta CGN ee 1, 156,012 Phere girkinesy i CSN 5 1,347, 256 1,275,450 |.. 1, 545,211 1,281, 571 1, 269, 304 W098 847 | coisa << eae oe 1, 131, 560 OOP 260) a. eee 1,365,012 GOR 07D ear tae 1,492,314 BAS SO Tul ahs ou eee 1, 420, 218 534,190 |. jaaecs ese 1, 601,377 B16; 242s 5 ace ae 1, 790, 251 A12; SOB) pa eae 1, 950, 214 Bod, BOS: Ms sesso ee ate 2,059, 407 883,008) Hos seue Sette 1, 987, 128 SOD POLS iilean x aae eee 1, 862, 394 643,009 s|eunwrewste Ses 2,172,991 605/888 dic tees eae 2,429, 116 544,079 | 54,142,759 | 2,206, 203 616,380 | 44,382,689 | 2,563, 229 773,019 | 49,011,533 | 2,369, 118 714,651 | 47,363,262 | 2,820,815 788, 241 | 46,998,512 | 2,535,962 566,205 | 55,879,010 | 2,396, 498 533, 182 | 47,420,095 | 2,585, 108 872, 192 | 48,286,285 | 2,310,275 1,066,253 | 57,586,378 | 2,438, 556 803,346 | 51,120,171 | 2,560, 966 900, 812 | 61,696,949 | 2,712,732 977,376 | 52,583,016 | 2,170,177 928,197 ' 49,783,771 | 2,144,318 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Timber. Spirits of turpentine. Hewn. Sawed. Galions. Cubic feet. M feet. 363, 825. |. -nia/sa1stunscge 358, 658 634, 371 |..-- 1, 669) 523 2,339, 138 1, 844, 560: | ...35.o ace 1, 522, 177 | ooa2. 2,457, 235 aS: eR 682, 230. |. sc 2e nae eee | 4,072, 023.|--2)..-sco0 uae | 2, 941, 955-|.....len de | 43, 507 -| 122 .cao eee . 58, 565. | 122525 2 q 82, 548 fo. ow oo ; 51, 868. |ortoin<-ne'tl) 349,325 | soo. ee | 1,513, 225-42. : 5 2 3,246, 607 | - 7,115,975 |--2esenclln 2,453,554 | 7,115,007 |...........- 4,495,441 | 12,594,738 |............ 5, 114,653 | 14,154,244 |e etre rec 25,209,048 |........-... | 5,509, 624 | 13,553,714 |............ Dynes scaenee 21,786,414 |...........- 6, 796, 927 | 20,640,259 |... 22... 7, 638; 568 | 18,361,915 )- 25 See eens 7,575, 556 | 13,255,241 |. ode cissee se 7,091, 200 | 16,365,346 |............ 6,595,528 | 22,961,618 |............ 8, 136,493 | 24,491,354 |.02 22s 9, 867,344 | 19,913,220 |...-......- 11, 300;729 | 10,615, 065 201, 257 8,987,226 | 8,411,066 153, 248 8,217,678 | 5,077,612 193, 344 10, 2097883 | 4,260, 639 167, 609 10,585,942 | 5,813,175 187,780 97 681,759 | 6,301,065 252, 996 11, 248,920 | 8,732, 761 270, 984 12, 243, 621 | 6,900,073 214, 612 13,176,470 | 6,736, 446 935, 550 13,415,459 | 7,836,921 214, 198 12) 618,407 | 4,682, 709 237, 830 14, 652, 738 | 6,039, 539 297, 693 17,431,566 | 5,616, 476 332, 934 17,302,823 | 6, 406, 824 391, 291 18,351,140 | 5,489, 714 338, 575 17,761,533 | 4,796, 658 406, 448 18,090,582 | 4,416, 741 473, 542 20,240,851 | 4,624, 698 533, 920 19, 177,788 | 5,388, 439 412, 750 16,378,787 | 3,291,498 530, 659 17,202} 808 | 3,788, 740 558, 690° * 15,894,813 | 3,856, 623 486, 411 15,981,253 | 3,517,046 552, 548 15,854,676 | 3,278, 110 600, 865 19, 532,583 | 4,883, 506 463, 440 17, 502,028 |. 2,950, 528 383, 309 15,587,737 | 3, 245, 196 451, 721 1 Including “Joists and scantling,”’ prior to 1884. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. 749 TaBLeE 190.—Exports of selected domestic forest products, 1851-1912—Continued. Lumber. Timber. Year ending A Spirits of June 30— Boards, Shooks, Rosin, turpentine. deals, and | other than] Staves. Hewn. Sawed. planks. box. M feet. Number. Number. Barrels. Gallons. Cubic feet. M feet. CSG, Soe ane 2,031,608 | 1,019,411 | 65,725,595 | 2,189,607 | 14,817, 751 ai: 887 499, 547 eet. TNOY oe 2,306,680 | 1,161,591 | 64,162,599 | 2,474,460 | 19,599, 241 31, 067 406, 954 Average: Cubic feet. 1851-1855....... (ed LO B24 GoM = 12078; 10d eee eee eee 1856-1860... ...- PRUE RO es oo ae enn | es ee ae GOL S20) -ar80s Ose leans sec e tM leet ee ae 1861-1865. .....- 140 AR os: & coectalsecsentcceee 126, 465 Gah GONs meres. ee sae n eee ee 1866-1870... ..... Ei bey Gy | gaa et) Face ACI ASG: ATI: DeAPIEHOEN| Cee nc alec eg Loess tepl-1875.. .o-- PPh C5 (ooh Rn, St |e Sera 3 788; B48 |2- 2250 8e ee TERED TRG Rak mare teee 1876-1880....... DBO ATEN Meee een Scene case ge eee ee ae eee soe a MG OSL Santon: coe. ee 1881-1885... 2310 O61 em Eee 42a 1,268,299 | 8,977,464 | 17,278,465 |............ 1886-1890... .... 496, 195 (Lie vit ie APE 1,402,096 | 9,988,836 | 6,037,050 214, 543 1891-1895....... 599, 812 S70 200 fer eee 1,929,879 | 13,221,339 | 6,319,138 239, 977 1896-1900... ....- 875,815 Cie a) 7 6) lees eae 2,348,131 | 17,787,529 | 5,345,283 , 558 1901-1905....... 1, 164,118 694,894 | 49,189,433 | 2,529,732 | 17,779,009 4,190,000 504, 486 1906-1910... 2... 1,511, 602 935,197 | 54,554,057 | 2,405,350 | 16,891,655 | 3,574,877 490, 377 Year ending June 30— TaBLE 191.—Jmports of selected forest products, 1851-1912. [Compiled from reports of Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. Where figures are lacking, either there were no imports or they were not separately classified for publication.] Camphor, crude. 1, 117, 930 780, 737 947,191 982, 580 Lumber. India Rubber Boards, , rubber. | gums, total. deals, Shellac. | Wood pulp. planks, Shingles. and other sawed. Pounds. Pounds. M feet. M. Pounds Long tons che SS ions Sees a] Dea anes re (i aa eet cee (Aa aN (apes See (ee ees 2,125, 561 ASO TAS rec Sage? 5, 104,650 GI54036' |2aeee_ tees aS: Be as ee eee (OO ees ae as Bo ate Ss ofa oon |ewneee eee BST OGM eet: Sahara 1 36, 855 Se 450 earn eee le NOSE Tae estat SoS =5 one: 1 42, 262 AISESTD [eras canes Te Sal a eee ae 8, 438,019 8,438, 019 Daa Gil Bee ee Gene DARL ZIT NERS ee Ss Pig opel Ce | eh eee Na Pe ra a Gree oe Ae Boe vi ASS eS cee |e eee ced bi ee = eee ee NS ee = eee 11, 031, 939 TD O04 a ae ee ar ale ee ae 11, 803, 437 714, 731 A ANOOSS es eee pie a aa oS ht carci 14, 536, 978 818, 302 MOS FASS ee eee eee Il oe soem 14, 191,320 562, 395 ADQS DAB Neo kek KOSI ae Cees Pee eae 12, 035, 909 393, 786 SAPO ea aes eee Senee ee ae 10, 589, 297 333, 996 BS SPY! Rape pe se tee ae Be a? 13,821, 109 316, 271 SAC TOO IN 22 elias | eee pep Sa NTs exe 12, 512, 203 327, 298 RiRSOD: | ee | eA a =, tes 14, 878, 584 355, 304 ABS TAD CS oe ee? al Rane Se AE aes 16, 826, 099 515, 343 DOFAO? Macs Stecencalea tonnes. 1 Gutta-percha only. 750 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TaBLE 191.—IJmports of selected forest products, 1851-1912—Continued. Lumber. Year ending | Camphor, India Rubber Boards, June 30— crude. rubber. gums, total. deals, 3 Shellac. |Wood pulp. planks, Shingles. and other sawed. Pounds Pounds Pounds. M feet. A Pounds. | Long tons ABST eee 2-2 ee 2, 010;1654| sean-e=2e ee 20,015,176 575,320 87,185 y)s0-s- 2082] ce ee i Dee ere Soot D076, MODs ee cies 22, 712, 862 612, 364 WR be sabe Saenac . 589 13 eee See D S12 MGB ee oem doses 21, 646, 320 572, 099 1065657 || ----bs- 35 |e LE ee ae PI OIBY eee ee 24, 574, 025 600, 762 86,219 | 2,865,753 7,491 CE een pie 2, 223, 038 |.----=--- #..| 24, 208, 148 555, 582 69,511 | 3,468,891 13, 523 PS8On cree ce men 1133; Ole sens seb ae 29, 263, 632 547, 832 79,150 | 4,396,431 10,139 ISS TER escapee 251857, 2atuheee ts - waters 28, 649, 446 559, 236 89,169 | 4, 722, 538 23,410 PSS8Soe oe sece Aa: 22709 WAG oe dane ome 36, 628, 351 608, 743 161,715 | 4,206,850 35, 133 1899).2 25 eee 1961; O15; Ree Se See 32, 339, 503 648, 174 214,546 | 5,509,873 40,917 1890 Mee. ae DOD aot ular aa sa 33, 842, 374 660, 327 194,168 | 4,739,465 43,478 1 io es a 1,716,167 | 33,712,089 34, 672, 924 757, 244 260,652 | 6,253,380 43,316 5 Coy ee ee are 1,955, 787 | 39,976, 205 40, 284, 444 663, 253 363,027 | 6,310, 266 41,118 ) Re ee 1, 733,425 | 41,547,680 42,130, 058 742, 597 459,044 | 5,604, 732 63, 565 LC: cape eee Sree 1, 323, 932 | 33, 757, 783 34, 256, 546 514, 619 378,632 | 4,868, 681 35, 587 1895 Soe 5). 2. te 1,500, 739 | 39, 741, 607 41,068, 401 600, 798 51,513 | 6,401,060 » 440 TS9G Uso cece a= 945,629 | 36,774, 460 40, 618, 314 196; 209 |a=sieecesccs- 6, 056, 957 45, 143 WO ves orerrscet 1,469,601 | 35,574,449 36, 692, 114 883, 781-22 ae ecto 7,151,459 41,770 ASOSHS- 2522 cee 2,047, 234 | 46,055,497 46, 691, 974 353, 215 435,421 | 6,984,395 29, 846 ee ee 1,807,889 | 51,063, 066 58, 055, 887 423, 928 471,594 | 9,830,111 33,319 1900M teh eS. 1, 789, 580 | 49,377, 138 58, 506, 569 680, 226 541,040 | 10,621,451 82,441 1 1) eee eres PREY 2,175,784 | 55,275, 529 64, 927,176 490, 820 555,853 | 9,608, 745 46, 757 AD) Drei ceise tay ess 1,831,058 | 50,413,481 67, 790, 069 665, 603 707,614 | 9,064,789 67, 416 (WS eecc. snc s 2,472,440 | 55,010,571 69, 311, 678 720, 937 724,131 | 11,590,725 116, 881 190A Se oo 2,819,673 | 59,015,551 74, 327, 584 589, 232 770,373 | 10,933,413 144, 796 1905 eee ose ese 1,904,002 | 67, 234, 256 87, 004, 384 710, 538 758,725 | 10,700,817 167, 504 1906 Fem eects. 1, 668, 744 |157, 844,345 81,109,451 949,717 900,856 | 15, 780,090 157, 224 1907S tesa. 0 3,138,070 |! 76,963,838 | 106,747,589 934, 195 881,003 | 17,785,960 213,110 O08 Seas cee 2 2,814, 299 |! 62, 233, 160 85, 809, 625 791, 288 988,081 | 13,361,932 237,514 LOGO RE hi 1,990,499 |188,359,895 | 114,598, 768 846,024 | 1,058,363 | 19,185,137 274,217 LOLS 22S 3,026,648 |1 101,044,681 | 154,620,629 | 1,054,416 762,798 | 29,402, 182 378, 322 Oh Ee ee 3,726,319 | 72,046,260 | 145,743,880 872,374 642,582 | 15,494,940 491,873 Te ES eee Bes 2,154,646 |110, 210,173 | 175,965,538 905, 275 514,657 | 18, 745,771 477,508 Average: 1851-1855... .. 180,570 fe cecs ss dog Abas doc ce sose ieee s tase) os 492 eee SSeS 1856-1860... .. 419,970 || 2222: ssi@eclezs cessed. acese|2tssctecaelts: sen eae Seale ee 1861-1865. .... 251,887 |= anc Jes celhecee lo sosood|stedsds grocccieds 262 eh, Bee 1866-1870 2-3 52|t< its seals oe eee 5, 190,874 -|-=:<5.53e-cu| Seat vee eee eee coc eee TB TI=18 75 oio/5 ss 2 oem tte cl Mate clei eae 12,719,917 643,042»). <.- <5. 2c ode) ced = cee eee 1876-1880... .. UA 78,176) hen oeen ee 13, 725, 458 369, 642 45,623 |... ..ssactaleeee eee 1881-1885... .. 20133 1850 sees oeeee es 22, 631,306 583, 225 89,357 [2.2 ...atoseeeee eee 1886-1890... .. Qe ST ASO Aes meee ela ey 32, 144, 661 604, 862 147,750 | 4,715,031 30,615 1891-1895. .... 1,646,010 | 37,747,073 38, 482, 475 655, 702 302,574 | 5,887,624 42,405 1896-1900..... 1,611,987 | 43,768,922 | 48,112,972 (6250072) [ne sen see 8, 128,875 46, 504 1901-1905. .... 2,240,591 | 57,389,878 72,672,178 635, 426 703,339 | 10,379,698 108, 671 1906-1910..... 2,527,652 |! 77,289,184 | 108,577,212 915, 128 918, 220 | 19, 103,060 252,077 1 Including “‘ Guayule gum,” crude. INDEX: Page. Abortion, infectious, of cattle, cause, control, etc., studies. ............. 47, 169-170 oAbraunsalz:”’ discovery, value<..2s. ws is <. 522052208 eee 643-644 growing in Charleston trucking district.....-..-...-.-.------------+---+ 429 MOMMA G ene aaa coe aa ole See seers ee een eae 725 improvement by pure-culture inoculation...........--.--------------- 139 0 0 0 Sages sect Sane sa: AE Sel ee HEE eteery get ase pose: 645 statistics, acreage, production and prices.......-.-.---- SAE? SEG ® 643-645 Bear-tooth National Forest, timber supply to mining industries............... 408 Bedbugs, infestation of chickens, eilects, control sete 2.5 ste ee eA 394 Es MTIOE Ne ee ess tee oto c ee oe ot ere tee ee ee 23, 726-727, 737-738 poesacuan, ti ventruieng..- 2° i225. - So: Pee ne ne ee keen ieee, 155 eum etary ore ae she Se PPS EE ae ee ee eae ee ena, BE MPL Ee 745 Beet seed, Pecie iitiee PEMIAPED< 2 ta2>. an eee nee ee eee eee ee 135 sugar crop, increase and relation to soil improvement............------- CE Neape teres ECC WIE Ree 2s 2S re eee ae niet eee a en 135, 139 MO Ree nee anes onl eee ee Oe eee eee ee 20 2g Gr eae Ss RE lie aba leet Lance etl We oe pce iter at eaters § 651-652 See also Sugar. Beetle, elm-leaf, egg parasite, introduction: s-- <2 = 322 4-0! eI OAs o lem |S 147 southern pine, outbreak, and control work.....-..-.----.-.-+--------- 76, 149 Beetles, dendroctonus, injury to forest trees, control studies.......... .. 76, 148-149 spp., injury to pine and fir trees, control studies...........-....- 76, 148-149 Beets, low production, BUS ono 2 Seas es 2 PS BS 10 BUpar*@iseases: CONtrOM WOrK22 2 f22ee eee ee Pete eee are eee 139 investigations ROE SE SSS cases sess WSS a Jase oe 18, 135-136 Sceter Gricd “minueewroniarid= 2c 5-52 ae eee Sse vob oe ee eae ees 512 73029°—yBxk 1912-48 754 ‘ YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Page, Berry growing, Atlantic coast region, practices, soils, etc.........--.-..-.-- 425-426 Biological Survey Bureau, review of work by Secretary gis hee ltl, Meas 80-86, 173-176 Bird reser rations conditions during year, and new ones created....-.-.-..-... 84 Birds, economic relation to Tarioinp os Us oe Seek hv os ge tee 81-82 enemies of alfalfa weevil and boll weevil.......-....-------+2sss++-e-- 81, 82— food habits, Cooperative §UUUICR nso ce eos e = an eo eee 175 importations, 1912, supervision, numbers, etc.......--.-.-- 82-83, 173-174, 176 migratory, data collection, and need of protection GR RP Bet pele =: 85, 176 native, publications on distribution and habits..............----.-- 174-175 relation to boll weevil; studied. 22... Oo ot ek Pee ee 81-82 grain aphids, article’by W: Gi. MéAtéee ty lio tre eee 397-404 BisHopp, F’. C., article on ‘‘Some insect enemies of live stock in the United SO ale ie eae ee a OC aa ie pee oa tree rT eat ey te 383-396 Bison Range, National, conditions err. oe na ee we 84 Bitter rot and bitter pit, apple; COnLtOl work: 30 2 5o Se ee ne ints salts, discovery, Values cs)” pe ean ee ae esas ee 523 Black locust, use on dry latids} nidtel.. 1. f.-. 2.2 ae et een 123 rot, grape, control WOK 000 MEA Te et ee 138 Blackleg, potato, wontrol work <2. to. ee ce se ae a eee eran ee 138 Vaccine distribution for Control. 720 eke See eens 47-48, 167-168 Blastophaga grossorum (fig wasp), introduction into California, and value..... 146 Bleaching flor, prohabiion..<- .- Soap: = aang abe Se\tae nc 6 eg Sis Se eae ee 245 Blight, peach control work...........-.---- oo ide naaare te 2ee oS eee 138 pear, eradication work. 0.22200. 00.2 oe Se 137 potato, control work ><. -..2-- 2.22352 sashes eae ee ee 138 Blister rust, white pine, study and COntOl Work one fae eee 137 Boards, administrative, Agriculture Department, personnel, duties, etc..... 244-245 Boll weevil, control by cultural MLCHOOS! QbC so oo oe er eee ee eee 79, 126, 146 Bond)issues, road building, remarks. on. eo et = ae Ae ee 113 BONSTEEL, Jay A. varticle on ‘‘Truck soils of the Atlantic coast region”. .... 417-432 Bookkeeping, fe LAA OR ns ahisahy ines, Hneneiy Reavis eerie a 11, 143 Bordeaux mixture, use in spraying for control of apple diseases..........--..-- 137 Borrowing money, ‘cost to farmers? fe Poe ee pet ee en ae 30 Botflies and bots; injuries ‘to livestock, 6tes.. ye a rae foie ta eee 387-389 BRAND, CHARLES J., article on “Improved methods of handling and marketing COUEO ee ene ETON AOE ha See ee 443-462 Bread making’ use of fruits, practices. sir oo 45-21 as 4a Pees ee eee 520 Breeding, animal, work of Animal Industry Bureau...............--..---.-- 43-44 horse, work of, Department. 20.5 2-2 son ce etic wire 43, 44, 154, 155 plant, development in 16 years, review by Secretary......-.....-. 213-214 poultry, Cxperimenise es eee on ee aa ea oe de 44 tintothy; “note:=is5 282 SON Ae Urge ee ee 121 iBrimes ‘source of potashw2. 282 a22553.2 sp Ate cia. 5 Saye ae to es ee 527 HTOOM corm, Cisease, CAUSO.. oP lies 2c ei adee eee sas the oe oe 136 Brown rot} peach; control ‘work. -2 2. 22 eos Nee oon ee 138 tail moth, control work, review by Secretary ...........----.---.-.- 146-147 Bubonic plague, conveyance by rodents. .-.--- 3-4-2 -8..----cep-s0 se teen 81 Buckwheat crop, 1912, remark 70-3. 2 -lememe gece pene to ee 16 DIICe OD TATM 2's Na ges to See Seo a oe ee aoa ee 604-606 statistics, acreage, production, farm value, yield, prices, etc..... 604-606 Buffalo gnat, distribution, outbreaks, effect on live stock, Cte. SSS eee 383-385 herds, National preserves, increase. vo0- EP 84 Buffaloes, numbers, In principalicountrieses--c-. se ete se eee 670-672 Buildings, rented, District.of Columbia, cost, €tes 054 -- <. nak ncn ap eee 86 Gulliassociations in dairy farming, remarks. .....-'....g.200 faruries ace eee 156 Bureau. See Animal Industry; Biological Survey; Chemistry; etc. Burkert pecan’? history and descriptiont.....3.227252 02202 220257 e 273-274 Butter, export, development of foreign markets. .............----------+---= 155 Inspection. on market. o.oo oP. ee ee 331 keeping quality, comparison of pasteurized and unpasteurized.......- 158 TURKCOG. Sb v.00. «tate sho: w hope Pietein: arnt chekegt er Sota ee 20, 684, 686 receipts at leading markets... ...-<.-- <9 -94 0b dpce smite te“ eis ch Ce 687 statistics, prices and trade... eke c tone eet eee 684-685 storage, experiments ANG) TECUBs « o.oo 3.5.8 ahaa ee alin = ee 50, 158 By-products, beet Slgan TOMATKs.... a2 oso cetacean ee ae 18 INDEX. 755 Page Cabbage, growing contiguous to onions, danger from onion thrips. .....-.----- 325 in Charleston trucking dintiict. atv to.tths. seonscucd. Aaa. . 429 soil, description, production of early vegetables, etc ....- WIR a 422-423 Peet roid, dried, note... 52.2 .5..erteljes mowed 6.scenouls2 wea 516 Rumen Doxiciiy, investiraiiqns: . 22... i.cute aie BAR ORUES.. 2. es eee bees 55 Pe CCGhtOll GLOWING: .< 1 5.cSasacc Pee Ra eed Os LNSTOS. sce seb e ce 10 dried-fig industry, remarks.............--..---- Ss orate en A Ae 515 dripd=inait. produchon. a. sa2s Cross PUte OMOIGS. oe. ic os kos oes 509 fruit msects;; control worksssse welt se SE n= 78, 79 meadow lark, damage to crops by meadow lark......-.-.-.-.------ 280 prune- -producing renin, Gmupertancelsasd Here. ae TS ESS. eas... 510 Calorimeter, respiration, use in studying the ripening of bananas. ........-- 293-308 meemand val@e.2itcb bie eek Jo MMaRIOI. 5. - 222 Calves, castration, danger from screw worm, prevention.............---------- 394 Camels, RiMMbers 4. principal COUNT a.«...2. -0~pen a. SIO .. 2080. I 670-672 CAMERON, FRANK f= , article on ‘‘Possible sources of potash in the United NEE ac onan vanmam ree des Mee STS DM, BLES POY Oe Se Ot Seas 523-536 Ganpbell system, desiccating wile e cosines thIOL ION, «so eae see se ees 343-344 Camphor growing, MP PORIIDALAOING 5 oa s ater nrarenrarsintancsntnnd «xa SOOT IEE ON SERRE: coe 139 freriorts ness tise. Seek sues sores. ned sex MERINO OCR Mc; 749-750 Canadian field peas, crop for northern Colorado...............----------00+-- 467 ancer, animal, similarity of crown gall disease...........-.....-..2-22225-- 136 Peandied?) dried iruit, preparations 5.0 so) U2 seule 22. idee OP 508 Gane sirapiand. molasses, investigations: 2 5../.25.6)52 00008 ba VeU oo. Tee AA 53 pagar, produce 4012 remarkey iii iis.eteses t '.on. acute. A) eee 18 See also Sugar. Canned goods, tin salts, prohibition 5a so DLS LS UE. SNOOTY. ES TT HE 245 Canning foods, experimental work and studies of Chemistry Bureau.......... 206 Carbon bisulphid, disinfectant for stored onions...............----------+-+-- 330 Carbonate ponds, Western States, possible source of potash.............-.-- 2 eT emetera eRAEA ATMA, WIG, TOTES Ps 2 nisin phe ne hctner nr etarcteer mine HSM OOL IE AEE 516 Cascade National Forest, annual increase of timber..............:-------.--- 59 Caterpillars, destruction by meadow larks..........-.......---52----+----- 282-283 epee urceding by Department... ........-.09U 27. UU | Bee i) et NU Lid OSS rh Sach SEN Spot an 5h nh PA VA Wmv nares onc anche OE 726, 737-738 feeds, examination by Chemistry Bureau. . 2s Doe ne 57 grazing, National Forests, 1905 and 1912...................2.2.2.-...- 242 a i ate ySpeed LE ee 712 inspection for contagious diseases. . ------------- 161-163, 163-164, 165-167 losses from ox bot or heel Heyandtenit ad sett ae. alver .sielerionio 388 MUMS CONSUANY CATS Sah) 21~ PAS Starry tan hes LE SEE OE SA IE 677 im principal coun theses uluowsge td Joes RwI me 666-669 raising, Alaska, possibilities, six years’ demonstration................- 218, 219 PRnenreanienl WORE? a5 258 idee cc cememene onc ou ee ee 165-166 MAhinwes, numbers: values, andi prices: ...<<-..5- 2 4Les wee eee 680-683 tick. See Tick, cattle. tuberculosis, control work, remarks by Secretary................----- 166-167 United States, numbers, values, and prices.......................-- 680-683 See also Dairy cows; Live stock. Cauliflower, growing contiguous to onions, danger from onion thrips........... 325 Cereals, growing in (Mele roan.) oe scncc as 1n eo fen 2 OE aL ees 218 semiarid districts, effect of present practices.............- 463 production in 1912, remarks by Secretary.............-....2.2--200. 7. Charts, marine meteorological, increase since 1909....................----- 183-184 ayNODLICh Waludceamen sosseases fb ts stn eet Ge. BME oe ohne ttiee oo aed 37 Giheese, ex ports...2,.. 46. Steams Se es Se as oe eS Det 737-738 factories, organization, inspection, scope of work, etc.........-......- 157 Imports Sur 2 Sake aos dewue. ait cenit Seles oer . deus 741-742 MRLUEOSIACINS BERS 2 oa ae i ei toe EE EE OE SEM. Se 691 soft, European varieties, manufacture in United States, experiments. . 50 varieties, production, laboratory studies.........-.-.-.-..---...----- 159 Chemistry Bureau, development and work, review .....-....-.-.---- 50-57, 196-207 sollunvestivationslese saber eet et tee terestia hy) Dee Seat 72 Chemists, Official Agricultural, Association, cooperation........------.----- 197, 203 Giferries,, candied y.value;useict. dyes; etesss.905 es Ses Se ee ae 511 756 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Page. Cherry, Siberian bush, introduction and importation.....................-... it aiZ0 trees, Japanese, gift of city of Tokyo to President’s wife............... 77-78 Chesapeake strawberry, history and description: 2. 2202 !us ches & Ie 269 Chestnut bark disease, article by Haven Metcalf....................222.2.- 363-372 cause and Symptoms... 2 66... eee ee 364-365 contral_ investigations...“ ..«cs0<..,. «2s Ses ae 137, 367-371 losses front... feifn2 on MISE Se ee 363-364 spread and. infection. 20:2.20tois2 be teehee 366-367 nursery stock, Inspection for bark disease....--.........-.--------- 369 trees, diseased, individual treatment................-...-2-----.--- 370-371 ornamental, treatment of diseased............-...-.-.-.-.--- 371-372 resistant to bark diseases, breeding, work.........-..:...-..- 368-369 utilization of dead and dying, importance, value of timber, ete 367-368 varieties subject-to bark disease scee2. s032 A bi. yee) see 366 Chestnuts, dried, uses, note:..... 2s. -0 Sete ea tae ee 516 Chicken bug, effect on poultry, control, et¢.........0. 05.00. --5.-2 5/02. ae 394 Chickens, infestation with bedbugs, effects and control.............----------- 394 lice, TEMEDIES ...0meoeek inde HIE 2ee es OP PLICes. tO FATMENS. « 5.2.0... 0.sorsisinisicsieiws'e'se HSI CRUE ei ee 690 See also Poultry. Chinese plants, introduction, NOtES.....csceesseeeeeeeeeee eee e eee e eset ence a 120 Taisin; use im America, note. .cijacwt\. cite. sete k So ee ae eee 516 Chinquapin, susceptibility to chestnut-bark disease........2..2...202222 2022. 366 Chipping sparrow, enemy of grain aphids, examination of stomach... nar a 400, 402, 403 CHITTENDEN, F. H., article on ‘‘Insects injurious to the onion eee Jee 319-334 Cholera, hog, causes, contipl, etc., studies. 22 ....00...0.- J Ig eat Christmas trees and greens, quarantine notice... 22eu Jal elo aaa 247 Chrysomyia macellaria. See Screw worm. Cimex lectularius, infestation of chickens, effects, and control............-..-.-- 394 Citron, description, cand ying; ebc. .so.eds Heed se ee ee 513 Citrus by-products, SEY. = an sacc odin wickiniee come heme pe cute Bee 52 fruits, green, artificially colored, prohibition.................------.-. 245 new types, propagation, note 0258, Seuaceet. J eS ee 134 trees; California, fumigation, value.............sicsst tse eo- Boe 148 diséases, elluse: 2. . 2a \2h. 22 eae hoe A 136 medica macrocarpa cedra, description, etc...........eeeee cee - eee eeee 513 Citrus-fruit growers’ organizations, magnitude of work, benefits, etc............ 44 Climate,.efiect.of heat otihillss: 2222s eee hehe cc eme sche 311-312 Climatological reports and cooperative observations, increase......-.-...------ 184 Cloud observations, work, and report by Weather Bureau.............--.-.-- 189 Clouds, weather folklore, explanations... o.nseir00m.ntlscee oe eeee 2 See 381 Clover, improvement by pure-culture inoculation. sec2.lesis082- 28a ee 139 red, seed handling, investigations ..........--.-.0-- 0-22-2202 eeeeee 121 seed, PTICCSie ese. oe ewe nes we seme nee edn sate BY eee 617-618 Cocoa and chocolate, AMPOTES. ~ <,o,010.0:0.2:0 sae. Oelele PO : ee 715, 741-742 Coconut, desiccated,. preparation and uses/...05.4'.-....s Stirs «od see eee 515-516 Coffee, exports and imports cu sates. vol aaeciset . eve Sere 660, 715, 728, 741-742 plantations, renovation work, Porto Rico Experiment Station...-...-. 220 PTICOS 2 G2. Wide aa ae ce teis = on ao ade ace OO Aaah ee tid ee ae 658-660 statistics, production, prices and international trade............-.--- 657-660 Cold, severe, in 1912, NOLES. 2. /sd sie wid la Dedioeliatae Like MOREE ee eee 546-548 storage, investigationsss.d:Laees PVs Jacki nee b. DE 92 wave, warnings, value.to farmerssrijoc0 yeh bone -L Le ek eee 179-180 Colleges, agricultural, growth, extent, number, and list............. 101-102, 542-544 work, improvement and extension since 1897......... 214-215 Coloring in tea, determination method, adoption... luiidie tis saickiew « onal ee 54 matter in foods, restrictionsvaciod .. cv iTeTeet 21) eee eee 245 Columbus Marsh, Ney., potash deposits, withdrawal from entry, etc......-..-- 532 Jommissions, loan, VALYIDE, TOGC..w.0% « » anewicinin oi wie oss mesinjam Delon y OL At ae ate 30 Community work, aericultural;in: hich schools di ws jesita oo eee ee .. 480-481 Jompress, cotton, use by cotton growers, necessity wuics . suited ese. ast eee 456-458 Compresses, gin, advantages LS gdae Beulbus . Jel! [ome tend ae oe 458 Condensed and desiccated milk, article by LevioWelllaa wacci lot. .ctee seem 335-344 milk, history and growth of industry ..............0 0002-2020 e ee 335-336 keeping qualities......:.. -clula. . 2257. an eS 467 Series Inthe Wie WHOMANIO. - a5 ccc Use. theses +. 4 2 Ree ee oes 20, 562-564 root-worm, destruction by meadow larks..............-.-.------------ 281-282 seed, improvement, experiment-station work.............-.------------ 213 statistics, acreage, production, farm value, yield, prices, exports, etc. . 558-565 Rovect, *@IseCasGS! (CHUNG Lo Sones See tL OR Ay ee RA A ae 136 Meatner conditions 10r. 1912 notes= sae) ok oe ee ee 546, 552, 554 Coronas, solar and lunar, causes, weather folklore, etc........-....-.-------- 377-378 Corrosion, steel and iron, study and control, Roads Office.................---- 210 Cotton, acreage, production, yield, prices, and exports...........-.--- 12-13, 621-624 pales) COVErMON RUDDER ONS). s2 foe ery eo ee ena aes ore ee 450, 460 sampling, practices, need for regulations...:............-.-.---- 459 e WALCT-ACKeds Cxiuse= ss fo -5ets} See sees 5 a aot nes 461 boll weevil, destruction by meadow larks...............---.+.-------- 282 See also Boll weevil. eoniprases; Georpia,and Oklahoma: <2. 2.,.'0.0. aos nee 456 GiseaseA CATING = CONLTOL WOLK,CUC. 6 ace oats a Vaan ee ae Sa ee 138 Eeyptian, growing in California, te. 220 a2. SPs Se ae 10, 123 PRPOLis ene be ees BE Le FE ee ete teks aah erate eee kee ere 23, 728 Me ractte S35 Fd RS I eee ee 458 Sree. £27 FASE BS 2 ch aie So te roe Ree Pe es 707, 708-709 pRecuiy causes, disso vantaves:;eteas.c = ssc 0e cee ek et eee fee 452 Sarr cocommnencdahions=: <2 Se TSS Oe NS ee ace ee oe 453 rednchon mmumper1906=19 1... ses, ees oe 461 percuntil, crowing; Hwan: ) 49-5 =5 wee eel ee 468 introduction dof AeMIATIO JADE. Snc0.- nie mee = bin = ye eee eae 118-119 new, and new industries, introduction in recent years, remarks... - - 117-122 principal, .statisweds +. . 20) ateted 4eP eg aad eeee ea eegte 557-654 production. of 1912 compared. with TOUT... 2.0. 35 drip binjnim oppteyaye = see eine 18-19 relation to alkali and dry-land conditions............-------------- 125-126 SEMIATIC TeslONS» PTIRe PAL ace esis been oe the Eee ath ee oie eee 467 world, principal farm products... ... «aces de} ins= oes qns) eee eee 557-565 Orossy, Dicx J., article on ‘‘ Agriculture in public high schools”.........--- 471-482 Crossties, hewed, opportuntities for small operators. .....-----.-------------- 411 timber supply from, national forests. .....-----.-.----<--s-ssenaaee 408 Crown-gall, plant, determination, similarity to animal cancer, cause, etc... - -- 136 ‘‘Crystallized” dried fruit, preparation and value..........--------------- 508, 517 Cucumbers, growing in Charleston trucking district.......--....----------+--- 429 Cultures, disease-producing, supply to scientists. ....-.....-...------------- 172 Curly-top, sugar beets, control work... . ..<2). -.--- -«0¢--+----- ene seed ees-- === 139 Currants, dried, foreign supply, NOt. -..% - 1066-2 eens ce seen: yeemeie 512 TM POTHB gS a Fete lhe erent apne mitered een She gina rates ere ie 745 Oushman-Coggeshall method of extraction of potash from feldspars.........- 529-530 Cutworms, damage to onion crop, occurrence, and methods of control....... , 332-333 destruction by meadow larks.......-------. (ata estore a 283 with poison Draw TASB icidia- cs tenn b> -eente te eh aareeee 383 Dairyncbwe;, butter fat, increase. 2..00).4+ ais aes pari tent estat te eee 155-156 (milch cows), number, census years ........-----------+-------- 677 numbers, in principal countries . - . - . - 0-5 = - 2 ne emesis meine 666-669 VEILCS, ALG DIICAS 3% ain 2a. ey she Sin oe ne Fin henert > coi 681-682 type used in semiarid regions......-...--+------2t--e reese ete 466 Division, Animal Industry Bureau, review of work by Secretary... -- -- 155-159 farming, development and improvement, work in South and ‘West. ..-- 48-49 INDEX. - ; 759 Page. Dairy farming, semiarid regions, advantages..............-.---- ee eee 465-467 pee RaFesnt 5 tari aren: L6OCING. 2... = 2... 2 23. on es scouts SaR ee cae's 468-469 semiarid regions, advantages GPA, Seed tS SO ten age 464-465 industry, review ‘of work By Becremnyis-< Fn, eee an aoe =< 425 155-159 products and mill feed, SMeESE POP. EE Cr at et nee Seen renn ip exports. ....-..---------- 2-222 - 22 eee eee eee eee eee 726 PMPOFIS- -- - - 5 So se as ys as SEES Mined besig~ argh Renee 712 inspection, necessity RG REO. 0. 26s st CR sU Tete. See ee 49-50 investigations by Chemistry Bureau. ..............-....------ 53 1912) remarks’ By Seckelany ost tin fre cnt ee eect 43 pe 19, 20 records, value, cr ia | op gaan te: Foal, Waianae nares aatieg Bet 48-49 research laboratories, (0 n R Sempe Ay ae ae S56 ce ee oe ee 50 stock, improvement in semiarid regions, suggestions. ........-.---.--- 469470 Dairying, adv motappes sis. SUL ee J ee Pine OE ty ane 466, 467 and its relation to agriculture in semiarid sections, article by A. K. FRIRSONS. CR OUe Eee. Soe A ie we PES ae ole ea Si 463-470 Dolorie ROUREES EP COM AS aS = ad in ote etapa > 2856 ge nee ne eee Fee ee 509 fruits, artificial processes, ad vamrtages of. -:-- 22° oS. te a nee 506 changes caused, effect of different processes, etc......... 505-506, 507 lumber, view type: of “kala: <= oth too. ee 71, 239 Dry-land agriculture, investigations, Great Plains region, and stations. ... . 124-125 famine diss yaniagas. oc... se ee ea ee 463-464 Bastman-apple; history;-and description’. < 722.2. .< ns 262-263 Economics, household, assistance by Department .........-.-.------------- 223-224 Education, agricultural; progress wince T6978 ee 214-215 agriculture in public high schools, article by Dick J. Crosby. ... 471-482 schoolot mstruction,- Weather Bureau-....255-2-45 54-45 eee 191 Educational work; Chenistry Bureatt. 2202 0 oe ena oa ee 202 Egg candling demonstrations, by produce dealer, suggestions.........-...-- 347-348 Eggs, buying on quality basis by dealer, discussion..............-.----.---- 345-347 deterioration in handling and marketing, losses, study of control methods. 45 (0.9) 00) ah Rae Se Ne eI beeen ie ls Sethe miy ceMl ern ebee cose Te: x 22, 726 handling and marketing, cooperative, study of conditions, losses, etc. - . 45 improvement by produce dealer, etc., article by H. C. Pierce.......- 345-352 infertile, advantages in handling and marketing.... 45, 154 investigations, work of Chemistry Bureau...........-.-..-----------+-- 51, 52 losses between producer and consumer, annual...............-------..+-- 345 TECOS Sete oe a gk oa Retr ge ee 20, 687, 689 variation for different prades.!.. 00.21.2025. 2-2-2 ee ee oe production, poultry-breeding experiments.............-..------------- 19, 45 receipts at leddinp markets! 720. 2os 525552 22 ee 688 Egyptian cotton. See Cotton, Egyptian. Fikenberg‘system for desiccating milk. 2-22. -. 341-342 ik feeding; Jackson, Hole,” W yomunp.. 5 oo. cee a oe ie ee psn 84 eraploy eee, Department, increase in numbers... .-. 2 ee 114-115 Endothia parasitica, cause of chestnut bark disease....-.....--------+++------ 364 Engineers, highway, training, by Roads Office............---....----- 112, 209-210 rural, instruction in high schools. -.-.. 2... 3... 4 480 English currants, varieties of grapes used, sources.........-...----------+---- 512 sparrow, enemy of alfalfa weevil..........-....--..---- ea At bai 2: 81 Entomology Bureau, work, growth, etc., remarks by Secretary... .--.-- 75-80, 144-150 Estimates for fiscal year 1914, amount, and purposes of increase........------- 86-87 Euroa spp. See Cutworms. Evaporated cream, application of term......./.2.-:......+--.------2e-eneees 336 fTdits, PLOPATANON s 2. c tae eee eae «Mn wit ors ee 506-507 See also Dried fruit. milk, application of term, and processes in making........-.----- 336 Sce also Desiccated milk. Evaporation studies, improvement in methods and devices, 1907-1909. ..-.-- 186, 187 Exhibits, roads, models, educational value............---...----------+-+-+- 209 Experiment Station, Bethesda, Md., scope, equipment, etc....-.--.--.------- 173 stations, agricultural, location, and directors....-.-----.------- 544-545 growth and development since 1897.....-.-...--------- 212 INDEX. 761 Page. Experiment stations, insular, needs........ Re Me se enenrapn SERN LN 103 review of work by Secretary ................ 102-106 Office, cooperation with State work.............. 213-214, 216 development, review by Secretary............ 211-221 relations with agricultural experiment stations.. 95-101 review of work by Secretary................... 95-110 Experimental farms, Agriculture Department, location, equipment, work, ete. 173 Exports, agricultural, remarks and tables.........................-- 22-24, 726-735 POLOCLEN ArliCled, Pond 1 912. osc. So atebeiaeopreoe ee 736-741 SPU erp aa nee es S72 Bike! SENT 2s ROS ee Beal TT 24, 232, 729, 746-749 0 ET RE C211) UT le ea a Se A SS Re LOI a ya eli 341-342 Fairs, county, usefulness in improving quality of poultry and eggs............ 348 Benmutcld: inion, (RomnrKA On Work. 222620525. . sone cence 4. teens 73 BUSTA LE CWRU TEE AONE hs 4 PN poten 27) Te Oe ee 198 Fertilizers, commercial, use, value, etc., discussion.............----+-.-+----- 153 deterrents for onion root maggots, various kinds, use, etc........... 331 potash sources in United States, article by Frank K. Cameron.... 523-536 Reve, Malia, causes: canirol ete. .studicd:...4...-.2. =. .cue. ate 161, 169 spread to man by goats, control methods, etc.............--.-. 47 pwaAlip, amonp hpres Comiroll-c 2 Sek. c. 0 a oe Se 170 Mexus} CrAGIea One WiOElss2 ss ee eee es ees A tyres eee 163-164 teks exclusion fromiSouthern Statessss¢. 412... eae ee 10 i aesery Wert Cen hoe A ke ee ee eee 713, 726 vegetable, imports.......-. Eta get pea pce panda retelling Pode ako 2k 716 762 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Page. Field sparrow, enemy of grain aphides, examination of stomach. ....-.- 400, 402, 403 Fig fertilizing insect (fig wasp), establishment in California, studies and work.. 146 industry, establishment, development, and outlook..............--------- 515 wasp (fig fertilizing insect), establishment, work etc., in California. -...--- 146 Wirs, .dtied, Somtces, TH PONs $5 <> aes dere Sela wea te Raw ne ee ie 514-515 TMNPOLS. 202-2 k ae oe ne ce enees We Sent er ene t n= a ome eee ee 745 Tamsuive properticdant: i 2oo. lo. fee per od ces ronan d -emce eee 519 raisins, and other dried fruits and their use, article by C. F. Langworthy. 505-522 Fire protection for forests, improvement in organization.......-.-.----------- 67-69 SPARS TA Wes oe SS Ek Be ee ie oon) ee ee 237 Kires, forest, losses; 1911 and 1912; causes; eb0t22 2. 52.) eee ct a ane 67 Firmin-Thompson method of extraction of potash from feldspar. .... ee eee 529 Flatwoods section, Atlantic coast trucking district, climate, etc......-..--- 417-420 Wiavor fruits, character or elass.+ ose. eee ee Oe a eet ein ot 505 Hiix' acreage; principal courite1Gs ieee ee ee nti oe ta tet ieee 631-633 UG POLIS; sess Pas Dace ete lel lee tees mia eed ee oe ee ee 742-743 statistics, acreage, production, farm value, and prices.........------- 631-633 Flaxseed, acreage, production, farm value, and prices.........-...--------- 633-635 crop) 1912, remarks by SCCtetary. - on eo ae et ee vi nettle 16, 20, 21 5.6 010) oF: an aa tS i i ee ee 1s RSS MEE SEE EES 734 Flood, Mississippi River, effect on sugar industry .....-...-.----.+..-.------ Wis service, Weather Bureau, extension since 1897, remarks by Secretary. 182-183 Warnitids, 191102, light 222 2225 25 se ge- 5 ues 43-2 eee eee 38 Floods, losses, and savings by weather warnings........----------------- 38-39, 183 OUD TOCCH. ccs sec esa e apoi5 8 Mages cede el ae aR 548, 549, 550 relation to deforestation of watersheds, study by Weather Bureau... . . 187 Florida, Rhodes grass, orders for Australian seed, note.............----------- 497 white fy, control workisi: Maer soe th a tet a a hine > aoe 78 Plour bleaching, prohibitidn. 7225. no nA eae ee pen oa ooh eis = ee 245 CD. 010) al eh Py he ek SR ee Ne Sas be oe SEAS ae ee 23, 732, 740-741 Preiwhie Waves. 22.2 SPILT SSS ee wage wee pam oo te ak it ci 709 prices Hitt Wade. 22570 Sas en Sa eS ee ence ..-- 576, 578, 579 Flower bug, insidious, enemy to onion thrips, note................-------+--- 322 Fly, biting, disease conveyance........-....------ De wie 3h An ee BS ope ee 78 fruit, Mediterranean, conttol in Ha walt... 2: 2-2: - 2 nat anes sao: eeemee es 79-80 house, ‘spread of disease; ‘control works eo oo neg ae anita ee ieee 148 stable. See Stable fly. white, Florida orange groves, control work..........---.---------------- 78 Polkloret" weather: = 2.2 ts es oe ee cc neces achat ioe eR fees y-eee ee 373-382 Food adulteration, investigations, Chemistry Bureau...........-.-.-.-------- 205 and Drug Inspection Board, duties and important decisions........... 244-245 drugs act, enforcement, and results.........-..--- 32, 202-205, 206-207, 252 canning, stuthes by; Chentstry bureau. +. Wo 25 - oo one see eee 52 fruits” preparation ‘and value... 22 25-2 3: Oss 42. a eeeeeh=s- Bee =e 505 inspection decisions, important oo ee eo nn hee ne: doe 245 work of Chemistry Bureau: ....::.-..-.5.2.5teath= dace 203-204 products, handling, studies by Chemistry Bureau..........---------- 205-206 standards, establishments 2.5.55 2 ee nae ee 203 Foods, divestibility, investications 3.522. | ose. cna bien ais Ba tee ee 221 inspection; by Chemistry Bureau... -- +. .-i5.5 -. 32h ce - -be ogee ee 55 Foot-and-mouth disease, control work by Department, commendation......- 161, 163 introduction into United States, in vaccine, etc... - -- 161 outbreaks tn various States, control work, etc.......- 163 Forage crops, Great Plains area, losses from poor handling........------ 468-469 introduction, remarks by Secretary.........--..------------+- 121-122 destruction by redetits.... 2.55. 2c. 3. ~ 3c ys see 81 prasses, Indian; inttéduvtion, Notens: 3.5.5 sé oa ssc eas -tacen eens eee 120 poisoninp horses, Coutrol studies... nes «mes co oni =~ ee ee 170 SOPH UMA! TOTS ey aw cae ay ha Peete Saco sein, o> Eo kleelh® igus nih agin 122 Forecasting, accuracy, percentage increase since 1893.............----------+- 178 Forecasts Weather Bureau, scope, value, etc..........-..-------.---- 36-37, 177-181 Foreign trade, agricultural sPeaueta, 1912, remarks by Secretary............-- 22-24 Forest diseasesscontrol experiments: 2:02. 22: 22. +2 sk wesetiiers hee ae 136-137 fires, losses; 1911 and’ 1912;Calises) (6tC. 23s 8 Po oe See ee 67 insects, Control works 12 fe Sos TN ee ce rn oe Oe ia ee eae ee 76 investigations, experimental studies, stations and laboratories. ....-.--- 70-71 INDEX. 763 Page Forest lands, unproductive, area, reforestation, remarks................-..---- 433 management, development of present system.............---.------ 240-242 improvements due to prevalence of chestnut-bark disease. 368 progress during year.........-..- EA AAT eT at 66 nursery stock, diseases, control studies............-....--------------- 137 owners, assistance from Department, results.................--.------ 235-236 patiolory, sLudiesand experiments ..2. <0. 0 sem Deemer or uae - = 136-137 “LE Sg 223 20 5 Sale ae en ng eee ena aS 24, 232, 729, 746-749 PENN ns won ag Soattin need mang” rn co esac 716-719, 746-747, 749-750 FAVGEACOTY, WOE 1s dont on weet > 2 240 special opportunities for small operator, etc........-.......-- 410 Reservation, National Commission, personnel and duties............-. 248 resources, extent, investigation by Department................------- 239 UC Sa ABA eee eae een nOe ner Be er ees BRS s Pe ee 234 Service, cooperation in public works, etc...........-.....-....-- 65-66, 69-70 AGRCE HOC CHU OCHMOO WOR BE 26 ant aca h cm ems as asinine + Sc 433-434 PWR AER URN MUG 2. a. o's awe on = eva eked eee 229-243 legal business handled by solicitor...............-.-..--- 33-34, 257 PeView OF WORK, Dy GMCTOUALY <0 ne <2 en once s Bale ap eetae 58-71 trees, seed collection, article by Henry H. Farquhar................ 433-442 Forestry, American, scientific development......................-.2.-.---- 235-237 Bureau. See Forest Service. scientific, results in conservation work.........-.........----.--- 232-233 Forests, destruction, results, remarks by Secretary.................-...---- 229-234 effect on climate and stream flow, studies by Weather Bureau.......-. 39 injury from insects, control investigations.............---.-.....-- 148-149 National, area, boundaries, administration, etc., work, review........- 65 climate and stream flow, studies......................---- 39 creation, increase, original and present area.......... 234, 242, 254 diseases, control experiments..........-...--.+---...-.-- 136-137 TMIBLG CONUO). NOCOHUILY, GLC... oo = .- =~ papheme buy a ohy- 415416 FOCALDIS IVOM. VATIONS, SOURCES om lara prsjarm oreie eee. - beep nis ~ coy l 66 POMUIALIONS, TOVISIOM «a6 = sete lct dade ecind nema seco aie bickt- 33 timber for small operators, article by William B. Greeley. 405-416 sales, purpose of regulations. .........---.----------« 413 BSCE EEC OU nn nh te ane eck tee = No Nd 58 transfer to Department of Agriculture .........-...-- 241-242, 254 trespasses, work of solicitor’s office. ............-.-.- 254-255, 257 utilization, conservation policy, relation to, ete.. 233, 234, 242-243 UPPERS C CSWESGLR eC 77 eee fain i ERAN eae mT, TR 229-230 State, reservations and administration... .. ..... 2. .ice enced nec eae sane 237 D0 Ro SSE PERRYS EAST Fe 1 ea i lve eee ae a ey fet 170 See also Poultry. See ny SAS CHT) BO UME thon ninl ng da < oe minnie Se = ood Fania - 704-710 TPE STW DED pe eee: an AREA SOE le yea eebet 703-710 Frost dangers to fruit districts, advantages of mountain farms............... 312-313 studies and warnings by Weather Bureau.............-.-.-..--.-- 39, 181-182 IPOPITS IEEE 02 5 asia age a teers aay ann Py ena any eee Hy Pik 590, 553, 554, 555 Fruit, use in cake and ‘‘ cheeses,’’ suggestions............--..--.----+..--- 508, 520 districts, danger of frosts, advantages of mountain farms.............. 312-313 SUCHE E: 11! 5 Seanad ie aaa PEN GRE LISRE Dat: Ter, Spree Atay 132 Be, Mediveranesn, control in Hawall... isch oq-epicgli aaa casaiemce 79-80 Reni SAE OF OPPO TLOCUCE 2 aber maeetek: 505 Browne, Anak, CeVEIODIMONL. «=< Seeimine tas, ppe oI yee = ape 218 commercial, variety problems, importance................-- 261-262 LUTE Ss MG: ih ACh a Ye ee a Lae or Sa A eet See anT 313-314 Hawaii, development of industry......................-.----- 219 Porto Rico, development of industry................-...... 219-220 hybrids, product by South Dakota Experiment Station................. 213 industry, frost damage, extension of forecast work..................-.-- 39 lists, varieties recommended for planting...............------------0-- 261 Vi) Le ATOM Ce Td So eae ie, eee ae ae At Ver MarR A BURP... 132 products, experiments and studies by Chemistry Bureau...............- 52-53 protection, experiments by Weather Bureau......................-.---- 182 ripening, control, its commercial importance, etc..............-.. 293-294, 295 STO Nees, CASHES: DCL RELL 5 AN Sa IO ne wing a. Pyne myn ttt deh ae Soret 122 164 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. , Page. Fruit storage, remarks: by Secretary 200.2 05 ot sees ooo SSS transportation, remarks by Secretary.........-....--..-2-...-.- ON AER. 133 varleties, StHdiCe, ODjeet..2-- 05. ae seen: (een Soe 261-262 Fruits, changes caused by drying, effect of different processes, etc.........-. 505-506 diseases> controliqork: «2.75222. 20S ee ee 137-138 dried and evaporated, preparations. 7." Th alata. neers ee ee 506-508 figs, raisins, and other, and their use, article by C. F. Langworthy. 505-522 fond’ values. o:\...iui - Gable Os SER PSs ee Eee 516-519 uses as food, preparation, value, etc.....-.. a8 5S see as ee 519-520 See also Dried fruits; Evaporated fruits. CX POMS serie Seesaw hele sete ele sieteta le wets wus telee etcae he hate ae ee 731 Ha Vors;; SOUTCE TS Soe ee ee Se ee See oe a ee 518 imperis: -s2t2p222.. uns ie we ee ete seme. Dane oe ones = ee 2 er 719 introduction by) Department ; 223.1255. ee 119-120 laxativesproperties: joc; 522M eck cet eee es cole eee eee 519 new, promising, article by William A. Taylor and H. P. Gould...... 261-278 preserving With -sligah wo3'.32 8. sgt ces eeee ee eee = Soe eee 511 usein cakes; prachicessis.yuseke ase COR oe teen ee ee 520 value Mt G06 sos declan le sree ss pape cee oo ee eee 517-519 Fumes, smelter, condensation and utilization as fertilizer...............-....- 198 Fumigation, citrus trees, California, value.....................-----+---+---. 148 hydrocyanic, improvements.<..gh-s-s505e 0s ene capes ee 79 Fungicide and Insecticide Board, duties and investigations........-.- 31-32, 245-246 Fungicides, chemical examination, importance to farmers........-..-- 56-57, 198-199 Fur-bearing animals, rearing, importance and profit.........-.---------+--+--- 80-81 Fusarium spp., fungous cause of plant diseases, control work.......-..-------- 138 Gadfly; black, injunies to-laye stock: 027. .0 825 ero: eR ee 386-387 Gallworm;nematode;control? totes: £2: 2 Sr ee: ee 123 Galveston storm, 1900, losses of life and property.............-..------------ 179 Gane; *big,-date. collection: «22202... . 2-2 + Se 2c. A ee ee ee 85 laws, Federal, enforcement by department.............-..-.------- 250-251 legislation, compilation and: index..2; (52) 200 ad S222 er 2 ee 85 protection, enforcement, cooperation with States, etc............- 85, 175-176 ““Garawa.’’ See Sudan grass. Gastrophilus equt, injury to live stock ...-.....-.2--.-----------9-+se--ens 387-389 Georgia, Savannah, trucking district, area and production...............----- ee!) sirups, investigations by Chemistry Bureau ...........--.--.-.------- 198 Giant kelps, Pacific coast, source of potash, investigations, outlook, etc..... 533-535 See also Kelps. Gid;, sheep, investigations.and treatments: i22/.25-.0 20.28. -- 2598 see eee 172 Gin compression, cotton; advantagessin <2: 2:27 2-2-1622 ~ + sae +s ee 458 press boxes; standardization, suggestions... =.....:.:,.-'.:¢-.2+-- 273s eae 453 Ginnery, cooperative, at Montgomery, Ala., capacity, advantages, etc .......- 445 Ginning. cotton, inyury tofiber, causes. <-> 2220-00522 55 ee oe ee 452-453 Gains; ‘cotton, reduction ‘of number) 1906-191. ee eee 447 Ginseng diseases; control work: 23 2geh Se oes = Ls Se oe 2 139 Gipsy moth, control investigations, Entomology Bureau............. 75-76, 146-147 Glanders, causes; control ete: studies. (902. soe tees ete oe ee 169 Glucose,.exports,remarkals). Pos diet te coc scecs cscs es lose ee 23 Gnat, Buffalo. See Buffalo gnat. conveyance of pellagra in Italy, note... 2.6.2. 2 ce -ne te eee eee 78 Goats, breeding, work of department: »)/s). i. swiss ies is'nt 0s een 44 conveyance of Malta fever to man: :..0/ss2.s2e-.2..5-- secre ones eee eee numbers; in ‘principal countries... Ske. SUS Ye 670-672 Goldfinch, enemy of grain aphids, examination of stomachs.......-..--.- 399, 402, 403 Goutp, H. P., and Winu1am A. Taytor, article on “ Promising new fruits”... 261-278 Graduate School of Agriculture, establishment and continuance.........--- 214, 215 Grain aphides, number eaten by different birds, table, ete..........----.-- 401-404 relation of birds, article by W. L. McAtee........:.-..-.---- 397-404 changes in storage and transportation. -....-.0. 02... eee - 134 crops, semiarid. TepiONey ; 2.),...:. > 2caalste'etek ele Hee hie a= =e oe 467 exporte s.: 2) Sy eee er en en ae De ee oe 731-732 freight rates. 5) uke. ware ee ee eS eae eee 708, 709 grading and standardization, remarks by Secretary..........--.----- 134-135 growing, California, destruction by meadow lark.............-.-------- 280 INDEX. 765 Page Grain growing, semiarid regions, advantages of GAIT To oo enn = nen eco pc = pot «NO DOES eons tec e ge. oe ne no Ks eee ee a ete pret 7/211 iene AG MAGN GACH IVNUALG Sect cs oc ee ee oe ee 134 Grain-growers’ organization, success in Northwestern States............ Pig 444 Grains, peauehi-freamtant, miroauction <5. . 222. Sec. Seo ee ie ae De 22,727 freight rates... oo 26 snp = = = = I ee 708 Lark, meadow, economic importance. : 2.2.20 2b y20 A Se 279-284 food ‘habite.. >=... s99g2eeyioq shot de tee TU: CLEP eR 280-284 relation to agriculture, article by F. E. L. Beal........-..-- 279-284 Law, Federal, plant inspection and quarantine. ........-.......-..--.------- 77 plant introduction, for exclusion of insects and disease.....-.......--.-- 10 pure-food, enforcement by Chemistry Bureau.........-...-.--------- 203-204 Laws, administration by. Departmentiex toe.c2 etre. bp Tee SE 32-36, 248-258 Laysan Island bird reservation, conditions. ........:......--....----..----- 84-85 Leaf-roll, potato, control work. -:......2 pe liasten eee ae 122 forage; introduction: . . 22.0... Jao aan. eae 120 improvement by pure-culture inoculation. ............-.-.--..---- 139 Lemon peel, crystallized, uses, note::.. ....--c:litsecoees be ae Se 513 Temons, imports. $y... eb... ki 2 ee 719, 746 Lettuce, growing in Beaufort trucking district...............-=-.:--s.0253Ie2 429 Wilmington trucking district......-...2:2. 1.222; 8eceeee 430 Leucite, source of potash, remarks.2:/ >. csov0. busses 0-2 528 Library, Department, collections, catalogues, growth, ete ......-------- 95, 228-229 Weather Bureau, number of books and pamphlets, additions, etc..... 191 Lice, biting, infestation of live stock, remedies, etc. .......-----.--------- 395-396 grain, relation of birds, article by W. L. McAtee.........-...-..-.-- 397-404 sucking, infestation of live stock, effects, and control. ........------..-- 395 Tacorice root, inporta: . 2.2230 8 .cki Jollet. opse. 22a tilt ee Oe 720, 742-743 Liebig, discovery of fertilizer value of potash salts......-.....-.-.-------+---- 523 Light burning of forests, destructive results. .....5...2....-s5.2 054. 5.022720 67 Tame, use on, western’ soils... -,.:.\. 2. 2swatest iin bee. oe ee 123 Lime-sulphur solution, use in spraying for control of appleand peach diseases. 137-138 wash, use and value in San Jose scale control..........-------- 146 Liquors,;exports...... Js .ve... sJodter 2 chp eel he saieived ecieeeaees 732-733 iM pOrte <5 0s ada. ens ome There woe. iseretial eee 720-721 Litchi nut, use in America by Chinese, note....2.... 2222.22.22. 01. 52205 516. ‘Little peach,” control Work... /.. clas Gill Avdind M sd wo SP eee 138 Live stock diseases, quarantine law enforcement .........----------- 45, 48, 249-250 effectiof Insects) #2. Nl. St. OEE aes ee eS ee 383 export, inspection requirements, numbers exported, etc. . .. ..-- 161-162 freight nates, .. es wee) STs. ee ae 707 . INDEX. 769 Page. Live stock, importation restrictions, permit requirements, ete. ...........2.-- 161 industry, review of work by Secretary. ._.....-.....2222222222- 154-173 insect enemies, United States, article by F. C. Bishopp........ 383-396 losses from poisonous plants, control studies -. 2... 222... 2....5-- 140 in ocean transit, decrease, cause, etC_.........:-----22.-2--- 162 numbers, in- principal countries... 2. .2..05 220... fel ele: 666-672 products; review by Secretary... <<. .--.<-2:2::2d:222—e2iF..1L8 19-20 protection in national forests... ..--- even. Sabie nee cee DUETS Soc UES SS 68 quarantine acts, enforcement, remarks by Secretary... ..........- 34 transportation laws, enforcement, violations, etc._................- 251 Meee, eorin OF make. = - <= =. <= 222-222 on cass ee Saneter sss SSR 30 arenewe . CORI = © = |: = 52k he SE EO kA ea Se 25-30 eiterest, rates to farmers, discussion’. :4/5:) 2005. 2 lec 222 ols 2.2 2B e. 29 Locust, black, use on dry lands, note...........-....-.-- Ried 2 2S BANAL RSS: 123 Logging operators, small, dependence on National control of forests ........ 415416 opportunities afforded by national forests. .......... 40 use of timber from national forests, article by William Dee Caney = hs reste es eed i a 405-416 Louisiana, aid for agricultural education in high schools. ...........-.222222. 473 requirements for teaching agriculture in high schools. ...-......... 473 I aS RI Sy end AL Aah, Mis Eee 729-730, 748-749 MONEE 3 Se bere cs Lees . Jeera ee ee, ASUS OS eee 717, 749-750 industry, relations of Forest Service...........-...2..2..2222200222. 60-62 kiln-drying, losses, investigations, etc................---222222-2-- 71, 239 Mann, py penmmetn spam weebe.. 22600) oe rh eS 239 small, opportunities, in national forests......-..........2..0.. 409 operator, eastern, opportunities “0. - =. 622022222 22 se 8 ks? 410 waste, uitlization by distillation, etc:.-......-.222--2.2 2.24 02..250... 200 Lyperosia irritans. See Horn fly. REE Be SE RI eg eae 5 746 Machinery, desiccated milk, descriptions, etc.......-... 22.22.2222... 340, 342-344 Macrocystis purifera, habitat, area, value, etc.......-----..-----..----- 533, 534-535 Macrosiphum granaria, aphid affecting grains...........-..----.-...-.- 398, 402, 403 Magdeburg-Halberstadt region, source of potash.............-.-.-.-.------.-- 523 Maine, aid for agricultural education in high schools....-.......2.........--- 472 ern. nictory neil dewription ---.2 50.10 1i. eset il Mallem, preparation and distribution. ..--...2---:....---_.-..-.-...--...... 48,171 ee eee ieee epee ~ Spits egies ae pan, 5a RAL eA, 2 oa 721 Maliafever. See Fever, Malta. Mammals, importations, 1912, supervision, numbers, ete................. 82-83, 174 native, publications on distribution and habits................... 174-175 Ne ee ap i Sh 8 ee SS, 165-166 EN SS ae alt Slee ne 2 bed ee ee 119 2 ER SSS ee ce ie fia pl Le 516 ES ESS ee st RAR ps SR et Dea EG fe ie ae oe 742-743 Maple sirup and sugar, investigations by Chemistry Bureau .................- 53 ees PERS IE Ce ee ne tae eee ae ee ee I 32 weather. Sce Weather. Marine meteorological charts, increase since 1909.....................-.--- 183-184 work: Weather Bureatt2! 22 +20). SA Set Of: oe De ee es Oe 40-41 Marketing cotton, improved methods, etc., article by Charles J. Brand...... 443-462 REE peering ark ks Foy te Seek Sey Se TS 127 dressed poultry, preparation, handling, etc......._....-......-.. 285-293 food products, investigations by Chemistry Bureau ........---- 50-52. 53 Praise EVV GRG AAI = ete a eS ee A SEE oie aS 132-133 perishable products, cooperative system................-------.- 353-358 independent system, losses, various charges, Cte Seo ee See eee ns SL ee 353-356 vegetable products, shipping charges, advantages in cooperation. 355-357 successiul methods, article by L. C. Corbett.. 353-362 vegeiables, cooperative organizations, business methods..........- 360-262 Miners trenser er ma iise ns en ae eee eS ee ee 339 Moemolddcn: tris. preparawer — >) <2 te ee a eee 508 Maryland, aid for agricultural education in high schools--..------------------ 473-474 Eastern Shore, muskrat farming, profitable development............ - 80-81 73029°—ysx 191249 770 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Page Massachusetts, aid jor agricultural instruction in high schools.......- pient bee 474 McArzr, W. L., article on ‘‘ Relation of birds to grain aphides” ............ 397-404 Meadow lark, economic.importance.._...- 02.206. Leesa ee cee geey seeing == 279-284 See also Lark, meadow. larks, relation to agriculture, article by F. E. L. Beal......--------- 279-284 Meat animals, exports, decrease, CaUseS- . . 101s is a ee-ew es nee-ee -eyetaet@---- 162 LN POVts.- - n= -ci-e awie Seissids - esse eGane ey eeeh ee ake ees Se HENS EE oo 714 inspection, Federal, statistics of operations, remarks......-......-.. 42-43, 160 law, enforcement, CabeS, C8C s005%. 60s snc se 2 eo E sEE = - 252-253 review Of.laws @siG. WORK 2 sw ccyercjem res - eee que bs mgeestem 34, 159-160 Meats, freight cates,cwye -csud ceue ovtaehs - dieses 508i 225555552 er 706, 707 Mechanics, farm, instruction in high schools........--..---.----++---- ‘lewegege 480 Medicines, improvement under pure food law........--.----+-++-+-+4-+++e+5+ 207 Mediterranean fruit fly, damage, quarantine necessity, etc........--.---.---- 79-80 Megilla maculata, enemy of onion thrips........+-.++--.2 262+ - eee ee eee ee eee eee 322 Melospiza melodia, enemy of grain aphides-......-.-------------------- 401, 402, 403 Merkel, H. W., discoverer of chestnut-bark disease, note......-...-.--------- 363 Mercatr, Haven, article on ‘‘The chestnut-bark disease”. ..---....--.---.- 363-372 Meteorograph, use with kites, by Weather Bureau...-........---------+------ 186 Meteorological charts, scope, preparation, distribution, etc....-.-..........--- 4041 marine charts, increase since 1909.........--.-------»hesemes 183-184 stations, frost predictions, reports.......-..-+.2-~-.- <éweepiep «= Bete has: Meteorology, higher atmosphere, studies with kites and balloons ........--..-- 36 Mexican cotton boll weevil. See Boll weevil. Microchemical studies by Chemistry Bureau.........-.2..--------++--2++---- 53-54 Microcline, source of potash, extraction methods, investigations, cte.--...... 528-530 Midee, sorghum, controls: . osewsecicnse- i= amet aes Hewes qari: eee 122 Milch cows. See Dairy cows. Milk, city supplies, inspection and improvement......--..---.+-+--+-+-++++---- 49 condensed and desiccated, article by Levi Wells........-..--.-----.- 335-344 See also Condensed milk. desieeated. Sce Desiccated milk. desiccating systems... oo--)..-.--.--ssha- aed nes eae owe eel ae tiaras 341-344 dry. See Desiccated milk. flour. See Desiccated milk. improvement methods, cooperative studies... ...--.-----+-+-++++-+-e-5-- 157 inspection, use and Vale OF SCOTE CAYO... « emscopeeainesly. dee ape ee i investigations by Chemistry Bureau.......----.---+---+--+---++2+0+++-+ 53 pasteurization in control of abortion bacillus...-.....-----.----------+--- 170 powder. See Desiccated milk. price, 1912:2. -o2eu. ss eee mend sme ceae seen: Ci ss- ae ane production, increase per cow, methods. ....-.-...--- +--+ -++0-++--25-- 155-156 Mill operators, small, opportunities afforded by national forests...........--.-- 406 use of timber from national forests, article by Wiliam B. Greeley «2zekiss-sieses ~~. --.4> 855 een 405-416 Millmen, small operators, dependence on National control of forests. ..-..-.- 415-416 Muer, R. D., and C. F. Lancwortuy, article on ‘‘Some results obtained im studying ripening bananas with the respiration calorimeter”......-.--.--- 293-308 Milo, crop suitable to semiarid region, value and use.........-.++----+-++-+++-- 467 Mineral waters, studies by Chemistry Bureau......-..-.-++---+- 2-0-2 2+-22-22- Mining claims, national forests, investigation and settlement... ....-...------- 65-66 industries, Nevada.and California, timber supply from national forests.. 408 Mink rearing experiments, value of pelts, and practicability of industry....... & Minnesota, aid for agricultural education in high schools....-...--.-..---+-- 472-473 Experiment Station, plant breeding work, results. -..-.-.--------- 213 Mississippi River flood, cooperative study in TEport, CLC. +..ijede== Ghsimetnes 38 effect on cane-sugar industry... ...-......+---6--+--+-++- 18 1912, Waxrkiings, 16BCH GUC on ae <0 ston > os == 5 38 Modoe National Forest, timber supply to local operators, output of mills, ete.. 408 Molagges, importess... oni csiee minute owen ts anpine ithe seicninaune gana 742-743 Monocacy apple, history and description, etc...-.--..-----------------+-+- 263-266 Moon, appearance, relation to weather, folklore, etc ----..--------++-++-+-+-- 378-379 Morgan horses, breeding work, at Middlebury, Wi |... - tats econ 43, 154 Morigages, personal property, remarks........--.-------+--++--+---++20-00404 27 Mosquitces, control studies, Entomology Bureau.-........---+------+--++----: 148 Moths, gypsy and brown-tail, work of Entomology Bureau. ....-.---- 75-76, 146-147 INDEX. 771 Page, Mount Weather Bulletin, work, nature of contributions, etc.............2.2--- 32 Observatory, establishment and work, 1903-1912._...... 36, 189-191 school of instruction, establishment, scope, eic.. 41-42 Mountain farms, evaporation of moisture, effects of Pape LS HEE ROL ee 312 PEs: CRO WEE arg oo siheatow Ste menen Joes as cies < anon 312-318 heat absorption and radiation, effects of slope. ......-.---- 311-312 naiure ol slope, importance. ..;.... ........-. chicane . henge 310-312 regions, air drainage, advantages to fruit growers....-.-.......... 314-315 slopes, crop safety, article by J. Cecil dbo Hanntues bacetedtes 309-318 longitudinal comparisons, effect on climate................. 311 RANGS.O% LOMMperahaTe. 5 << 22s ene eceeec--e ete ea 315-318 snowiall measurement, werk, progress, and value. ............. 38-39, 188 Mountains, advantages to agricultural localities, remarks............-....-- 309-310 Mulberry scale, parasite enemy, exportation to Ttaly by Entomology Bureau... 147 Mules, numbers, in principal countries ieee Seen co SN ee Ee SS 666-669 Waliegaid DrIiCeb. 8 acc cae ed E eeseet 2b) 677-680 statistics, numbers, values, and prices. ....-.-...-...-.2.6...-2---- 678-680 Muskrat farming, development and profits ................-.-0..-.---.22---- 80-81 National Forests. Sce Forests, National. DeeMen SORES, SRpOMSCES. 129 192008) Sten Ho do.ck sus ned. ls rweLiti.Jdegesch 729 obtained by distillation of wood .................-.-.04.-- 200, 238 Nebraska, carbonate ponds, possible source of potash. ........-.....2+.------ 527 Nematode pallwarm, COnirGl, NGG). Kees srs.oc beat 4. oe EN ee oe be 123 Nereocystis ‘luetkeana, habitat, MMCA;, Walkie, Chesca conde sos he ect MP 533 New England woodlands, improved conditions under insect control..........- 75 York, aid for agricultural instruction in high schools...................- 474 gypsy moth appearance and control bth: out bosilluiaess tana 75 Nicotine-sulphate sprays for onion thrips, formulas, results, ete ......... 323-324, 325 Niter, artificial. See Potassium nitrate. Nitrogen cultures, distribution to farmers, efficiency, etc... ....-..--+------- 139 geing bacteria, inoculation of soil... - coisa .c.nadeb tN oy. cesar. 13 Nodule- forming bac teria, distributien and use. ...<. aueuies he: aruigtuace 2s 139 Norfolk fine sand, area and importance in truckimg, etc...........2......... 422-423 sandy loam, area and importance. .......... 2.2002. .5.0.505-.-- 422-423 sand, area, importance in trucking, ete..........-..2..-.2...22-2. 423-424 sand y loam, description, importance in production of early vegetables. 422 North Carolina trucking districts, Atlantic coast, area and production....... 430-431 Dakota, aid for agr icultural instruction ia high sc GMs: Slee. e8u4- 475 Northern Hemisphere, atmospheric conditions, study, extension of work, etc. . 37 Weereeey, OONSE Crops, MObe. Oo. .vilsiin.. HOLST oUt. oe 1 ka ah 124 stocks, chestnut, inspection for bark disease............2......-2--2- 369 forest, diseases, control studies and experiments.............. 137 Nut culture, investigations tasted teed heros Bees SSSI: SRI SEAS Seems ete 133 disease, ORGY GORE ohne ew pebewichemt ree heb aes Seine RO MAD BUR . ARE? 138 Nutrition investigations, Experiment Stations Office........-..-.-- os a 116, 221-228 SIR, TOVOROSAMODS 6c acs de es eco sen oe 66 dhe eco = cen nn a SU gIe 139 problems, assistance by. Department....-........2.2.2.2.2.05... 223-224 publications, demand, work, ete... 2.2... 22. ce oe es Le 2224923 RGIS, WR POR ties yo en regio see se ae LUE SA else aa. phigebib set 722 Oak, cork, introduction, NOt@..-...-- eee ee eee ree eee nee eee eee eee 120 OAKLEY, R.A. , article on ‘‘Some new grasses for the South”... 22.22.2222. 495-564 Oaks, danger of chestnut bark disease, nettt..gUidy .cudsuptece sl lécuinked: .. 367 Oats, acreage and production, principal eountries «29s Lite Jel pla: boned b. 580-582 production, farm value, ae and, expottsy ii. eres. cee 14, 583-588 hay crop for Nertherm Great: Plains 2 ot soi oe ee Ae 467 losses Soin creo bac, 1907-.. 3. Ree ba aie bas Hume sola 397 prices, farm and. wholesale... ...0..2..002 00.0 bec el 20, 21, 583, 586-588 statistics, acreage, production, farm rnin yield, prices, exports, etc.. 5380-588 “sulphuri ing ” study. 2A Paine ura ro nna sarah najen an RNE SAS SOD} PONTE 135 winter, note. Se tov katy ra perc Mea apni ctarebahmearans ora Sheladeech SEAL AMAR AA Pree mene. EEL Bey 122 Object-lesson roads, remarks by. Secretary... 2 20)00.0. oso ikl ule oun 111 Observatory, Mount W eather, establishment and work, 1908-1912. 2. 22us 2. 189-191 Observers, cooperative, work with Weather Bureau, exteision.......- 184 Ocean forecasting, work and methods of Weather Bureau....-.-. 40-41, 178, 183-184 Lie YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Page. Ocean freight.rates.. 360. S15 eae ek 2 OTe eS ae, eee 709 Oesirus ovis, injuries to sheep, habits, and measures for control. .............- 389 See also Sheep bot. ; Office. Sce Experiment Stations Office, Roads, Public, Office; Solicitor, Office. @il cake; exportsee su. Bs 222 bs SUR, ee ae ee 733 statistics, international trade. .....-- 5 Psy eR ROA cee ee 661 editonseed, Exports... <1... - 2+ ene I GORE Be eee 733 internationalstrade.220-62 Susy SIGee Lesa ees ee eee 624-625 mill, cottonseed, cooperative, at Glendora, Miss., advantages. ..........-- 445 plants, studless 2 .. .2205i wat Sei. eee ee eet ee a. ase 140 Oils Kexporisé-c i. hee ca. oo os ne wee Be aoe se ae ek ee 740-741 vegetable, iniports. . 2: )257) beti.wesaere La dooce: Bae 722-723 Oleo-oil, exports, remarks... 20. sess wel se, Lewes sel. See Sins SSE 22 Olive oilpamportene cs: te RA BIRT BO eR On. eee 722, 744-745 Oliivesdriedsource:.and\uses.co. sek oc 3 RRS ee Ee eee 516 Onion: fields; treatment for thrips. 2020. iis wearin, OOPEME JER SOHNE lee .. 323-326 fly, barred-winged, damage to crop, description, and remedies........ 329-332 black, damage to onion crop, description, habits, and remedies... 329, 332 vrowing, increase. of industry os VI. LPS aw oe ox eee reese 319 louse. Sce Onion thrips. maggot, imported, damage to onion crop, description, habits, ete... -- 328-329 thrips, control measures, description, habits, etc.........-.-..-.- 79, 322-326 eMeMIS. . .24cl.c) 2. SRSA a ee EG ee 322-323 food iplamins. 1546.26: eGR e 2 Lut diciik eee 321-322 iniions; imports s:cc es. oA eee ee eth here se tebe. oes eee 745 stored, treatment) for onion black fy.ie.).soussgek eh ee eee 329 Opium, importa-coi22 =. svete ek Dee ea ores eee 744-745 Orange: peel, crystallized, uses, notey. ie.) .oe 1 ur cexieiohenet chet ee eee 513 thrips, spraying for control, Califommiagcuc. o.0.2.s22eveisipa ele 78 Oranges) exportse: .. 2 gist el get Aan ne i ee ee 731 imports... .2.tse. Pose BSNL fee te), tee eS 719, 746 storage -with bananas, studies... tu: L.w)deleaae: chose eee 295 Orchards; mountain, advantages. ........292/. bi), BR ee. eee ee 312-318 planting, nursery stocks and cover crops, notes...-.---------------- 124 Oregon, prune-producing region, importance. ...-.----.-------------+-------- 510 Ormond persimmon, history and description.......-...-.-.-------++++++-++-- 270-271 Ornamental plants subject to injuries from onion thrips......----.------------ 321 Orthoclase, source of potash, extraction methods, investigations, etc. .-..---- 528-530 Owens Lake, potash deposits;:note +. ssa. 2 cess - ase So. Je. See 532 pecan, history and description...........-.- 12 SadBeuLly »hraabeer 275-276 Ox botfly, pest of cattle, manner of infection, control, etc..-.---...--------- 388-389 louse, pest. of live stock, controlesjic2tecd - 3) aos sg) ici See eee 395 Oysters, adulteration, investigations, Chemistry Bureau.......--.-.----------- 205 Pacific Coast, freightiratess Ser ae ee 138 Pecans, new varieties, description, nomenclature, etc....................-- 273-278 wan Jomon aod Wranee sen. A) Ans SSeS. oie 513 Zapemea Spy, damare to onions, notes->: 2 "2 lt ees a ee 326, 327 Pellagra, conveyance by insects, investigations.................../.2......-. 78 Transscaioe by staple fy. ‘note: oo -~: Ss 2s bese FE Se 391 PENNINGTON, M. E., article on ‘‘The handling of dressed poultry a thousand Deena net Pree © «© > se tee <2 < CS ee) aeeae 285-292 Pennsylvania Chestnut-tree Blight Commission, work, note.............1.... 368 SE Rg ell el NS le a SS PEI AY a a Med = age 139 SE MMM OUBEICH Scns ane en = a Se ee te en on ee 140 Pepacunon: Cninese, introduction, note-"=- =: => 22F222,29 2.2 ee. 120 Ormond, history and "description reine ryote tt paid Bake 1 cat Ps 270-271 Persimmons, dried, ee Te pe eg tee ese PN CR 516 Japanese, processing to render nonastringent................--- 52 Personnel, Agriculture Department, 1912. - 2-2. 2-22 eo ee ieee e cP. 31 Bhacenaie tock, supply in’ United, Stated. - PP eG ees oho. Soe 153 smelter waste, Utilization as tertilizer..+-- 2222 a ee ee ee 198 Phytonomus posticus. See Alfalfa weevil. Pith nouiry for market, processed... 00... 2, eS Set eS 287-288 Prerce, H.C. , article on “How the produce dealer may improve the quality of poultry and. eet tents oo. tee ee ee ee eee SEO 345-352 Pike National Forest, timber supply to local operators..........-.--.-----.-- 408 Pine seed, number to pound, amount to bushel of cones, ete. -....-.......-.- 434 seeds, gathering the cones, management. -..-.--.......---22--..2..:.-- 435-437 - warn, enienty Of Praitr apmiden: = + > 25.0.2 Sls SSE 399, 402, 403 cee NOR, UOArANIND -— 2. eae re te ek ee OnE 247 western yellow, seed collection, Kaniksu National Forest ............. 437-442 Pineapple industry, Hawaii, development, aid of experiment station, etc... .. 219 Pioneer, professional, factor in development of irrigated lands..............- 485-486 PROMOS ILE TURN ICES 2 “

2222097 S. Sey ee sae 77-78 pastoleny; propiens and study oo 2 0 72s ee EI 136-139 physiolozy, Rirvestseations and work. °—.-222.. 2.224. IS - 54, 139-140 quarantine law, object and aministeation:) $25. STI esol eS 247, 254 ErmeSvarG Sievers eiuenieas <-oe erm ee ote SS ae ee es 9 a) Dig eae. 139-140 Haginan quarantine netice + S8o22 es Bee A IS eR 247 oil and perfumery, EGER eee eS SE EISELE Os SE TRS eS Ard 149 oisonous, SIO G as sao eet De PON PL ete ae ek Vs Ls feo y er os aa 140, 170 “Plated” cotten bales, note.-.... Se es Se Oe Le FS 461 Pee NeuIONIx, “CONMGT WOR * 2202s 5 6522292522 ES. SSE Pe 163 eee Nester. pTVeCeHnes OF Waking. S25) <0... 2. SEO A ee es oll Plumage hunting, efforts to ee ie ea ese re PSN OR nts AE RIE ok 84 Plums, Geyree, procedser: oon oc we care ee eed pest Prost een Fe 510-511 imports. Oe eee ars > <> ORES} Sa euler cetitee Sher Ce haat ee 745 Poison baits, for cutworms, formula, appheatian aes SPLIT y 22052 . Py 332, 333 destruction of ground squirrels and other rodents...........- 81 Poisoning, horse, by forage, control methods-..-........-.-.......-2...2.2-24- 170 Poisonous plants, BLUMIeSe et oe 2 a ee AER GOED SB i pee 140, 170 Pollock avocado, history and description. _........-.........-.-2s---.2205- 272 Pomace, grape, from wine presses, possible source of potash salts. ............ 526 774 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Mf Page, Pemology ;:) Progress: ...o sna OURS 140 Raisins, exports, FOES Ki utes 2 sh cca x SiRF) AM I IS EB fn ee 512 TS EDR TIGR oh 2 Ses orca 3 4 aes Le nr ee gna Cools S41 23 digs, and other dried fruits and their use, article by ©. F. Langworthy. 505-522 PRG sac. iosteip ied: . maces lasT Cd .veebelbv in Te sage 745 production in. United: tates; 3899; 1909 20 syesdseGedi eee... 2s 512 Sultana, varieties of grapes, preparation, etc.......-..-..-.-..-..- 511, 512 varieties of grapes used, preparation, ee se thet mast dee 511-512 Ranchers, national forest region, winter employment AE Fete ek wa 412-413 Range management, national forests, development oi present system ... 241-242, 255 PTOSTESS....---.---.--. 2-22-6222 222 e eee eee eee eee eee 68-69 Raspberries, drying with maple BURA FO SeS oi Uet ie Aes Ome Shah, esiie CRS Ss 512 Recommendations | by Secretary. 0. <5 .cmise aleelin) $4 tse ys 46, 64, 66, 70, es a Red clover, investigations in seed handling....-.............20220.2...0.--2- Referee board, personnel, Apites, £ic.. ssa... UOni ee. set eo UR 948-244 Reforestation, “magnitude of work, seed collection, @tc...2ss9.dsul.s. bee. 67-68, 434 Refrigeration, eara for. dremed poultryns x. .2..05 ut «20a ou Re eet hes 291-292 poultry and eggs, studies by Chemistry Bureau..........-..---- 51-52 Reindeer; numbers, im-principal coumtries..2..02. 2.0.02 oo ee 6708-67 Renovated butter. See Buiter, renovated. Spiservaiiozis, bin) atid campo... 5. 2: 2 Seed eh eso. -- od. BResee 83-85 776 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Page. Respiration calorimeter, uses and value... 1... ...-.ssen5secce Sena 222 Rhodes grass, culture, climatic requirements, localities suitable, etc.......-. 497-499 history, introduction into United States, value, etc..........- 496-499 introduction, Motes: i s..242w. JsoweP sell iss ee se eee 121 Rice, acreage, production, value, prices, and trade.........------------ 16, 635-639 coating, prohibition. ....... +P RUEH RIG SINS EDS AON AUS RR 2 617-618 collection on a large scale, article by Henry H. Parquisis 922-274 2 433-442 congressional distribution, number and kinds of packages. .........-.-- 134 mores decoding and. sclectinn.).02sSe5.c60e9e sc oe os SUE SE 128 cotton. See Cotton seed. crop, forest trees, foretelling the crop, factors to be considered.....-....- 435 distribution, policy, and methods, remarks by Secretary........./...- 133-134 forest, amount collected in United States.............2..2.22.22222022. 433 average cost for collection and from dealers. .................- 434-435 collecting and extracting, methods and cost...............-.-..-- 68 collection, advantages of wholesale operations Ee ie Biers tes tg 434-435 organization of collectors’ camps...............----- 438-439 cost of collection on Kaniksu National Forest, 1911, items ..... 441-442 puschaso by Porest Services 22.20.24 diac och sssleodsie 2 SSSR. 433 importation, act ot Congress imbibed +2. seam. ski eee es oc. 150 wenn Wprb wictlod: fon insane. 6 2.2). 35 2 rate or once GES. SUS. 130 aed elover, baadline methods, note. “ssi f24ge Atel Bose wet 121 reforesting denuded lands, quantity requited periacre is £1. 29s L122! 433 relation.of Panama Canal to-supply22 2s...) Mo eee le ES 10 Pibedendess, deneripiions: i: 2. see ha8 fs hehe AS. 497 Sudan grass, resemblance to Johnson grass seed, caution.............- 503-504 testing, laboratory: work os 2428.22 2 A LO Le 130 CRO BENE aS is oo 2a SIE CAR ERS SNA ONAL 617-618 tobacco, selection for improvement PRIM ES cre Aa Oe oad a a EY 129 Seed-corn maggot, damage Ac Gnlon: Chop...» 6.5. a> CA ME ee 327 Seed-cotton, storage on farm, benefits, suggestions, ete............2.------- 449-450 Seeding habits. Rhodes pea TAL te, 5292 5 ood On ete Sen 497-498, 502 Seedlings, forest-tree, damping-off, control work. .............-.-2.--------- 137 Seeds, dry- farming? diswibwtion: nede.Wsd: 491s. Se ae, J UE: 134. IM POLS. Ese 2 SSNS YS Ss de REE I alins hes el. Se 723 Seepage, disposal in irrigated lands.......... 0222.21 rel eel A sale 227 Semiarid sections, dairying and its relation to agriculture, article by A. K. Risser 5 200 Sos2. 523s a eee Cites Sek. SL ER EE. alte ne Sasa 463-470 Sera, use in glanders diagnosis, distribution.................--0.-22.5-222.02. 171 Serum, hog cholera, experiments, manufacture, distribution by States, ete. 46-47, 169 Settlement, irrigated lands, article by Carl S. BteGeldinn su. catd eae 483-494 778 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Page. Settlers, aid from promotors of irrigation project, discussion. ......-.------- 488-489 benefits from proximity cf national forests .....-.---.-.---+-+++++4 412-413 irrigated lands, community action and relationships.......-.----.- 490-491 need iol conyeniences./...2¢4 tose ee ed a ea eee 490 need .in national forpsta. 22159 4.c0Me sees veeneao = eee hae ae 64 Shama:thrush, populariby:. . 2.0 = ..00) ene ene ide etry ow geet ep creel att 83 Sheep bot, injuries to sheep, habits, and control measures. ....-.-.----------- 389 breeding) work of Gepartmemteiinisn bsjeniohite tee. side - ae eee 44 damage by poisonous plants: .,.': $ital$ 6 4ihy4 Jie ds se b< ooo eee eee 170 danger from! dogs aieseene Boss atin dee shee Sete Poo, Vee he 10 effects of sheep bot, remedies, et........../).-s)--5+ Jesus tees; eee 389 exports. Ji) Mees o.s os see eebhnt beth aaeseebineea-e~ 22 a hae eres ee ee ee oe ae 58-59 exports Bie Ree re rete era tates Serene Sie ete are cle Orage Speen age weno eee 730, 748-749 sree nee National forests, F912; ‘by States. >. 82/258 924. 59 industries peculiar to certain regions..............---- insets Lee 408 National Forests, annual supply to-loeal operators .....-. F-22292 Sik. 407 for the small operator, article by William B. Greeley. 405-416 free use by sarmers "Pe 2 fe en PL Ee NG 412 Ruled under me wulaw.s 2. oss ve ae. She 414-415 sales, national forests, 1905 and 1912, amount and value.............- 242 yemriations, etes: 2) PoP eke Te 58-62, 413-414 Alani -eattomal Tore UN wie os 2 SY eS OT Re 58-66 United ‘States, and annual prowthe eos oe ot POS 232 trespass cases, national forests, work of Solicitor’s Office............- 255, 257 Timbers, hand-worked, opportunities for small operators. ............----...- 411 PIren rin, MM VesOahlOMse: = Fos seen SOs eee eee echo a 238 Timotny, breeding, note by Secretary... .<+--2 0520255003055 02 622s Sees 121 Raed. Drebe o2 tet Me eee eee See ss oe ese es 617-618 Becerisan canned goods; prohibition 2... /<<2.452.. Se gonee se ool Se Sete 245 Titlark, enemy of grain aphides, examination of stomach. ............. 401, 402, 403 Tobacco, acreage, production, farm value, yield, prices, and trade....... 15, 625-630 curing and fer menting peluel yeee ee Jo. Saar ts cor See TG ge 129 diseases, control See aD aoe Lat eis CEN SOIT en) 136, 138-139 OME 2 scale cee es ei So ace = Sidicle eae el are A ae eR CAS oc te 735 prerwine, relation or lay Beowimp.: 22.2 S62 eee oie 129 MT eS atte. sk geen sagearne ee eae LG oda iY DOL EO Gs) eis Oo Tes 724 amuixy, Fawr, development... 925. oo. psi in cocked. - Seas 219 international Se ane BRO TT Beret tala Be 630 investigations, remarks by Secretary. .........-.-.-.--2.-5.--...-- 128-129 prices, dardtiend wheleete: > 6 alo eh he 20, 21, 627-629 producthur, prinviped Eoumiries. Ce ed ee ke kd 625-627 statistics, acreage, production, farm value, yield, prices, and trade... 625-630 type improv ement, value of soil adaptation studies.................. 152 varieties, miieiaciane eee ces emt | ala als 129 With, Calin COU RENE WOT Clu -<- 2256 scccaaesesee ls. SPUR. LY. ei ak 136 Toiyabe ] National Forest, timber supply for mining operations...............- 408 Tomato products, investigations by Chemistry Bureau.........-.....-.------- 53-54 Tomatoes, disease, cause, “control GER aie te Grae oe 136, 138 Towers, steel, for storm warnings, use by Weather-Bureaties et 22s sss ose 186 Toxoptera, food of birds, examination of stomachs_................-..----.. 398-404 graminum, outbreaks, description, losses, RHINE be Se oe 2 397 arade walonce, mamtenances. - =. 22 2252222322 4ers52 lez. gn ee els 24 Transportation, food-products investigations, by Ch emistry Bureau. -...... 51-52, 53 NFUNG, AY eRtIAAbIGHNS re ‘ j ‘ ip ei Line Teme le, a -7 f p At A 7m at ae nk a . - [ J , ‘ v; Vet a a eae Ss iy Seah: oe iy i * hae y ¢'s pi i OTT) thy S U.S. Dept. of Agriculture 21 Yearbook of agriculture A35 1912 cop.3 Biological & Medical Serials PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY " Biological & Medica} Serials a “a OE IOLA LOD, ee pe Pca Keep Lee A x AORN Ay BN » ane FA So —~ Leer ee, eS, ae 5 a ea een So SOS a - Soa aes net: a I ae Es te he Nae “! ( Fie eh te Roa RUA TRNA aS Sa tt RAN eye re a , aos Epes Ses