Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from University of Toronto http://www.archive.org/details/yearbookofagricu1921 unit Ps = ’ ax se —_ _— ‘< —— _ if, > si UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE YEARBOOK 1921 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1922 Organization of U. S. Department of Agriculture. Corrected to July 5, 1922. Secretary of Agriculture, HENRY C. WALLACE. Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, C. W. PUGsLEy. Director of Scientific Work, E. D. BALL. Director of Regulatory Work, Administrative Assistants, W. A. Jump, H. M. Bar. Chief Clerk, R. M. REESE. Solicitor, Roperr W. WILLIAMS. Weather Bureau, CHARLES F. Marvin, Chief. Bureau of Animal Industry, JoHN R. MoHLer, Chief. Bureau of Plant Industry, Wirtram A. TAytor, Plant Pathologist and Physiologist, and Chief. Forest Service, Wi~t1AM B. GREELEY, Forester and Chief. Bureau of Chemistry, WALTER G. CAMPBELL, Acting Chief. Bureau of Soils, Mirton WHITNEY, Soil Physicist and Chief. Bureau of Entomology, L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief. Bureau of Biological Survey, EpwarpD W. NELSON, Biologist and Chief. Division of Accounts and Disbursements, A. ZAPPONE, Chief and Dis- bursing Clerk. Division of Publications, JoHN L. Cogsss, Jr., Chief. States Relations Service, A. C. True, Director. Bureau of Public Roads, THomas H. MAcDonaLp, Chief. Bureau of Agricultural Economics, HENry C. TAytor, Chief. Packers and Stockyards Administration, CHESTER MorRIL1, Assistant to the Secretary of Agriculture. Administration of Grain Future Trading Act, CHESTER Morrinr, As- sistant to the Secretary of Agriculture, Insecticide and Fungicide Board, J. K. Haywoop, Chairman. Federal Horticultural Board, C. L. Mariatr, Chairman. Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory, RicHAarD C. ToLMAN, Director. Librarian, CLARIBEL R, BARNETT. Editor, Epwi1n C. POWELL. = Ir = ea Ass FOREWORD. HE Yearbook for 1921 is a departure from previous Yearbooks. It represents an effort to present in a somewhat detailed way the economic situation with respect to four of our principal agricultural products—wheat, corn, beef, and cotton. The subject is treated in four separate chapters. These discussions take the place of the briefer, less comprehensive articles, chiefly on production subjects, presentéd in: previous Yearbooks. A graphic summary of the agricultural census of 1920 is added, and the statistical section has been strengthened by the inclusion of cost of production data and by some new statistics of marketing and production. The Yearbook for 1921, therefore, emphasizes the eco- nomic side of our agriculture, because help in their economic _ problems is now the most urgent need of our farmers. That is not to say that the Department of Agriculture is losing sight of production matters. The farmer needs all the help in his production problems that the department and the agricultural colleges and experiment stations can give him, but the thing of most importance now is the development of an entirely new realm of organized knowledge bearing upon the economic factors of agriculture, looking toward cheaper production, improved methods of distribution, and the en- largement of markets, all to the end that prices the farmer receives shall be more fairly related to his cost of production. While the present volume treats only of four phases of the situation, succeeding volumes will take up other products and panditzons, so that in the course of a few years a fairly complete feeea of the whole economic situation may be presented. It is hoped that the discussions in this book, which have been prepared with a great deal of attention to accuracy and clearness, will contribute something to a better understand- ing of the serious economic problems which must be met if our agriculture is to be established on a sound, enduring basis. Henry C. Watxace, Secretary of Agriculture. IIL on : 4 et rh S108} SUR vot. Sak giao wat i . = an i | t » LT ae | io te ay Tae >; - ee > Tie | - iiss ae oe chev, (eae , per aay) fy “a om ek f 4 = Tay q PILI ; iv. ey SUSE —_ =a 3 Ta gn ¢ | Si dia ran y ea gr a FORE pe, WE ® 1 “vs ; « Por y ini) Deg dae 4 Be 4 as ‘ | a _ oe = CONTENTS. iamenenient sAvTicolbure2.2 2< tee ee H. C. WALLACE. Wheat Production and Marketing____--_-----=--+- CG. R. Bart, C. E. Letenry, ©. C. Stine, and O. E. BAKER. (STi OF ea ae ar A C. E. Lerenty, C. W. Warsurton, O. C. STINE, and O. E. BAKER. EINES 07 hee a en E. W. SHEETs, O. E. BAxkeEr, C. E. GIBBONS, GQ. C. Sting, and R. H. Wicox. SOLELY LEE DTO Ret he) EO Ne ie A. M. AcEvasto, C. B. DoYLE, G. S. MELoy, and O. C. STINE. A Graphic Summary of American Agriculture___-~- ; O. E. BAKER. Appendix: mintistics of Grain; Crops; 190% 3002 22 eno Statistics of Crops Other than Grain Crops-__--- PORVOO OLUCK, Reb eee ee es Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products__ Miscellaneous Agricultural Statistics______---- seost Datarfor:Marm ‘Products: 222 22-2222... tates 2 EES Bee Cee Re er Rye IS Se ee ae 161 323 407 507 581 675 737 770 804 847 , . - ‘ a , . - on » , . a } . - - . } 2 3 - . ‘ . a = | F 4 » THE IN AGRICULTURE THE SECRETARY'S REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT WasuineTon, D. C., November 15, 1921. To the Presmenv: . Before reporting in detail on the work of the Department of Agriculture during the past year, it seems proper to speak of the condition of agriculture in the Nation. The experiences of recent years have shown more clearly than ever before that an efficient agriculture is of vital impor- tance to all the people. During the darkest days of the war success or failure turned on an adequate food supply. Every discovery that reduces the cost of production or increases the efficiency and economy of distribution of farm products benefits all consumers. Any circumstances which depress agriculture, making it impossible to exchange products of the farm for the products of the factory on a fairly normal basis, make for closed factories and unemployment in in- dustries. -The promotion of our agriculture is, therefore, in the interest of all the people. Conditions which are harmful to the producers and which tend to jeopardize future pro- duction must be noted with concern by all of our people and the national energy should be turned toward improving such conditions. The farmer receives his money wages in the form of pay- ment for his crops and live stock. These wages are not paid regularly every week or every month, except in part in the case of some dairy farmers, but at irregular intervals vary- ing from three months to a year or more, depending upon the nature of the crop. Neither rate of wages nor hours of work is agreed upon in advance. The consuming public pays, but it makes no agreement as to the amount it will pay. The farmer is urged to produce abundantly, but the price 1 2 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. paid him for what he produces is set after the amount of his production is known. The buyers drive the shrewdest possible bargain. The more the farmer produces, the less the buyers want to pay. Thus we have large production penalized. Very often—indeed, it is the general rule—a PERCENTAGE OF THE NATIONAL PERCENTAGE OF THE TOTAL PERSONS INCOME RECEIVED BY THE IN GAINFUL PURSUITS ENGAGED VARIOUS INDUSTRIES IN THE VARIOUS INDUSTRIES AVERAGE OF TEN YEARS ~ AVERAGE OF TWO YEARS 1909-1918 1910 AND 1920 COMMERCIAL fe aarti AGRICULTURE CLERICAL AGRICULTURE CLERICAL BANKING 28% BANKING PROFESSIONAL PROFESSIONAL DOMESTIC SERVICE MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING P AND e é HAND TRADES * MANUFACTURING AND HAND TRADES Fie. 1.—Twenty-eight per cent of the people of the United States gainfully employed are engaged in agriculture, but they receive only about 17 per cent of the total national income. The average annual per capita income of the people engaged in agriculture during the 10 years 1909-1918 was only a little over half that of the people engaged in the other major indus- tries. These figures are taken from the U. S. Census of Occupations and from a survey of ‘‘ Income in the United States,’ prepared by Mitchell, King, MacCauley, and Knauth, and published by the National Bureau of Economic Research. 7 j large crop brings the farmer fewer- total dollars than a small crop. And often a large crop sells at less than it costs the farmer on an average to produce it. Such is the condition this year. The energy and the intelligence with which the farmer works, the number of hours he works, the cost he incurs in producing crops—none of these is considered in determining the price. Farmer Produces on Faith. The farmer, therefore, must work on faith. He must himself carry all the risks of weather, of heat and cold, of flood and drought, of destructive storms, of insect pests, and plant and animal diseases. He must plant enough to make sure that there will be food for all, with the practical Norr.—Illustrations added since original edition of this report; statistical tables revised. Report of the Secretary. - 3 certainty that in unusually favorable seasons the result may be a large surplus, and that this surplus, which can not be hidden, probably will cause prices lower than the actual cost of production. He must be willing to accept these low prices with the best grace possible and adjust his living ex- penses to meet his reduced income. The American farmer always has done this. He is a philosopher, as every man must be who works with nature and is subject to nature’s varying moods. And he feels his responsibility to feed the people. If the farmers of America should cease work for a single crop season, millions upon millions of people would suffer for food. They have never ceased to work, no matter what the trials and hardships. In an orderly world the farmers are able one year with another to: so adjust their production to the needs of con- sumption as to enjoy a fairly reasonable share of the national prosperity. During the period of development when farm land is increasing in value, landowners look upon the en- hanced value of their land as accumulated compensation to offset unprofitable crop years. This thought has consoled them under many distressing conditions of crop failures and. low prices. As they advance in age and come to the time when they must cease hard work, they have been able to profit by this accumulated value either by sale of the farm or by renting on the basis of value. The people of America have until very recent years been fed at a price below the actual cost of producing farm crops, if all of the factors which properly enter into that cost are considered and if the farmer should be allowed a wage no larger than the wage paid for the cheapest labor. In the case of the investor or speculator, increase in the value of farm land may be un- earned increment. In the case of the farmer it is earned increment. Farmer Feels Responsibility to Public. _ The farmer must carry also those risks, due to changes in business, both at home and abroad, which influence the de- mand for farm products; that is, his prices are influenced by the ups and downs of business over which he has no con- trol. In periods of disturbance, which interrupt foreign trade or interfere with home industries and thereby decrease demand for farm crops, the farmer suffers through the + Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. reduction of his wage by decreased prices for his crops. When such periods come at a time when the cost of produc- tion is unusually high, and especially if one bad year has followed another and thus finds the farmer heavily in debt because of the losses of the previous year, the result is seri- ous and makes trouble for the farmer and everyone else. But the farmer VALUE OF FARM LAND PER ACRE always works. CENSUS YEARS 1850-1920 a He always | produces. He NEW YORK OWA | ALABAMA grows food in | Ft abundance. | 200 The crops of the year 1920 were produced at the greatest costs ever known. These costs were justified by 25 | lee ome paarbs yore prices which Wl. a ae a ----- ------- ----oe) “ DOR ABHRO-N DORDHO-N HORBHO—-N DODDAAAH ODDDDHDAMAA DODRDAAD time. They 250 DOLLARS F 2.—Th 1 f f land lud build yee st incurred 1G. 2.—The average value of farm land (including build- : : ings) in the United States increased between 1850 and w il ] in gly 1920 at a rate equivalent to compound interest on the because the 1850 valuation of 2.65 per cent. The increase from 1900 to 1920 was at the rate of 6.47 per cent. For New farmers had York the annual rate of increase in value was 1.25 per been told cent for the period 1850-1920, and 2.87 per cent for gyer and over the period 1900-1920; for Iowa 5.31 and 8.64 per = cent, respectively, and for Alabama 2.40 and 7.52 per again that cent. Since 1920 land has declined in value in most gyerseas there parts of the United States, and this large contribution : h te to the farmer’s wealth from appreciation in land values -Wwas a unety can not be expected to continue. world wait- ing to be fed and that there would be a strong demand for all they could produce. The production was large; the farmers worked very hard, and climatic conditions favored good crops. But before the crops were harvested prices had so decreased that at market time the crops sold for far less than the cost of production, considering the country Report of the Secretary. 5 asa whole. Hundreds of thousands produced at heavy finan- cial loss. Disproportionate Reduction in Farmers’ Income. The farmers had taken it for granted that war prices could not continue. They had expected lower prices for their own products. They had not thought that their prices would drop as low as they did, but during the winter they accepted these very low prices with their usual philosophy. They borrowed more money to keep themselves going, and in the face of a continuing decline in prices of almost all of their INCREASING EFFICIENCY OF THE AMERICAN FARMER PRODUCTION OF ALL CEREALS AVERAGE 5 YEARS 1907-11 AND 1917 - 21 NUMBER OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN AGRICULTURE. 1909 AND 1919 (77 FARM LABORERS [BRB FARMERS | PERIOD ig. 3—The number of persons engaged in agriculture decreased from 12,386,000 in 1910 to 10,659,000 in 1920, according to the Census of Occu- pations; but this decrease occurred wholly in the number of farm laborers, and is accounted for, in part, by the change in date of enumeration from April 15 to January 1. A real decrease, somewhat smaller than that indicated by the census, probably has occurred, however, in the number of farm laborers. But assuming that the number of persons engaged in agri- culture was the same in 1920 as in 1910, there was an increase in production of the cereals per person engaged in agriculture of 17 per cent during the decade. This increase in efficiency was achieved by using more machinery, fertilizer, and other forms of capital; in other words, through bigger farms and better farming. crops they put out ample acreage in the spring of 1921. At that time prices of farm products were much below the cost of production and far lower relatively than the prices of other commodities. The farmers’ wages had thus been re- duced to about the prewar level, but the wages of other peo- ple, whether paid direct or through the products of their work, remained very near the war level and from 50 to 100 per cent or more above the prewar level. This was a dis- turbing condition, but the farmer hoped and had a right to expect that by the time his crops of this year were ready for market other workers and other manufacturers, for the farmer is both, would be willing to accept their share of the 6 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. burden of economic rebuilding and that the prices of other things, including wages, which have the geatest influence on such prices, would come down to a fairer and more nearly normal relation to the price of farm products. There was no attempt on the part of the farmers to restrict production. In some cases, as with the cotton farmers of the South, there was an effort to readjust acreage by substituting one crop for another. But it can not be said that the farmers of the United States combined to hold up their wages. They showed their good faith and their sense of responsibility in trying times by planting plentifully, reducing their own ex- penses in every possible way, and working harder and longer hours. As in war time, many women and girls worked in the fields because reduced income made impossible the em- ployment of other help. As the result of large acreage, very hard work,-and a favorable season, the crops of 1921, while not as large as in some years, yielded more than we need for our own use, but prices are most unsatisfactory. Accom- panying this report is a table showing the acreage and yields in detail. Surplus Needed by Hungry Peoples. Had some way been found for the people in need to buy our surplus at prices which would cover the cost of produc- tion the American farmer would have been prosperous and the country would have prospered with him. It is a terrible indictment of modern civilization that with such abundance here there are millions of people overseas suffering for the bare necessities and other millions starving to death. And surely we are sadly lacking in our understanding of eco- nomic laws or in our adjustment to them when the. produc- tion of bounteous crops grown by the hard labor of 12,000,000 farmers and farm workers and their families is permitted to play such a large part in paralyzing our indus- tries and business at home. For that is what has happened. The purchasing power of the principal farm crops of the year 1921 at the present time is lower than ever before known. In times past some of these crops have sold at lower prices per sale unit expressed in dollars and cents, but prob- ably never before have our farmers generally been compelled to exchange their crops per sale unit for such small amounts Report of the Secretary. 7 of the things they need. The purchasing power of our major . grain crops is little more than half what it was on an aver- age for the five prewar years of 1910-1914, inclusive. When we remember that approximately 40 per cent of all our people live in the open country and are dependent upon what grows out of the soil, the baneful effect upon the Nation of reducing the purchasing power of that 40 per cent so far below normal is obvious. The farmer is com- pelled to practice the most rigid economy, to wear his old clothes, to repair : his old machinery, FORTY PER CENT OF ALL OUR PEOPLE ; LIVE OUTSIDE INCORPORATED PLACES, pes tat ttom MOSTLY ON FARMS purehasing every- thing he can pos- sibly do without, and to deny him- self and his family i 176 not alone luxuries 42,436,776 OR 40.1% LIVE OUTSIDE y OD ONY SO - \ 7 but many of the INCORPORATED : PLACES, MOSTLY ordinary comforts ON FARMS of life. This in turn has forced the manufacturer to restrict his out- _ put to the lessened demand, reducing his own purchases Fic. 4.—Forty per cent of our people live outside { terial incorporated places, practically all in the open 0 raw materia, country. Over 8 per cent more live in villages . and greatly reduc- of less than 2,500 population, mostly retired : farmers or tradesmnren who are dependent upon ing the number of the farmers for support. Nearly half of our his workmen. Men population is agricultural or directly dependent out of work must ©"? 28riculture. live on their savings and are in turn compelled to prac- tice economy by reducing their own buying, and thus still further restrict the farmers’ market. And so we find our- selves in a vicious circle which we are having difficulty in breaking through. Effect of High Freight Rates. Nor is the foregoing a complete tale of the difficulties and discouragements of the farmer. The cost of getting farm 8 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921, products from the farm to the consumer’s table has increased tremendously during the past three years. The freight charge is very nearly doubled, and in some cases more than doubled. When wheat was selling at $2.50 per bushel, corn at $1.75, cattle and hogs at $16 to $22 per hundred, cotton DIVISION BETWEEN THE FARMERS, THE ELEVATORS, at 30 cents per AND THE RAILROADS OF THE PROCEEDS OF A CAR- pound, the LOAD OF CORN SHIPPED FROM SIOUX CITY, IOWA, TO CHICAGO increased freight rate - ~ SS was not a se- aaa ae | rious matter. RECEIVED It amounted | to but few cents relative- ly and was a small item in the total price. | But with eS | wheat at $1, corn at 48 cents, cattle and hogs at $7 to $10 per hundred, cot- RAILROADS RECEIVED ton at 17 to RAILROADS FARMERS 20 cents (all RECEIVED RECEIVED these bein g primary mar- ket prices, not farm prices), the addition the price of corn was so jow in the autumn of 1921, and of even 10 the freight rate so high, that the farmer in north- western Iowa who shipped corn to Chicago received only Cel ts per a little over half the Chicago price. The elevator bushel or per charges include commissions and other items—practi- cally the entire spread between the farmer at the local h un d re d elevator and the purchaser on the Chicago market. pounds im- poses a burden grievous to be borne. When farm prices are ruinously low any addition to the freight charge means added distress. At the present time the cost of getting some farm products to market is greater than the amount the farmer himself receives in net return. And the heaviest freight Report of the Secretary. 9 burden naturally falls on those farmers who live in our great surplus-producing States. Not only do the very large advances in freight rates impose a heavy burden on the producers of grain and live stock, cotton, and wool, but on the growers of fruits and vegetables as well. Indeed, some of the latter have been _compelled to see their products waste in the fields because the prices offered at the consuming markets were not large enough to pay the cost of packing and transportation. This transportation matter is one of vital importance to agriculture. The country has been developed on the low long haul. Land values, crops, and farming practices in general have been adjusted to this development. Large advances in freight rates, therefore, while bearable in a time of high prices, if continued are bound to involve a remaking of our agricultural map. The simple process of marking up the transportation cost a few cents per hundred pounds has the same effect on a surplus-producing State as picking it up and setting it down 100 to 300 miles farther from market. Agriculture is depressed until the rates are low- ered or until population and industry shift to meet this new condition. Any marked change in long-established freight rates, therefore, means a rearrangement of produc- tion in many sections and for a time at least favors some areas at the expense of others. Freight Rates and Foreign Competition. More than this, inasmuch as our heavy consuming popu- lation is massed so largely near the eastern coast and our surplus is produced long distances in the interior, substan- tial advances in transportation costs have the effect of im- posing a differential against our own producers in favor of their competitors in foreign lands, especially to the south of us, who have the benefit of cheap water transportation, and who, in many cases, can lay down their products on our eastern coast more cheaply than our own people can ship their products to the same points by rail. Rail transportation is essential to our agricultural pro- duction. Good rail service is of tremendous importance. Our farmers realize that our railroads can not be maintained 10 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. and operated efficiently unless permitted to charge rates which will cover all fair operating costs, maintain their roadbeds and equipment, and pay a fair rate on the money invested. No one has a greater interest than the farmer in efficient transportation. At the same time the economic aspects of material changes ‘in railroad rates must be con- sidered more carefully than in the past. If these changes are made without due consideration of their effect-on agri- cultural production, inevitably they will create profound disturbance and impose great injustice. With the increased charge for transportation haves come increased handling charges “all along the line from the farm to the market. Including freight, it now costs the grain and live-stock producer just about twice as much to get his products to the primary market and sell them there as it cost him before the war. At the same time the prices paid at these primary markets are lower than they were before the war, and in the case of corn, our largest grain crop, the price at Chicago is lower than the average price at this time for the past 15 years, while on the farms in the heaviest producing States the prices are lower than for 25 years. Land Prices and Rents. The four years 1916-1919, inclusive, were prosperous for farmers in general. Prices of grain, live stock, cotton, and wool were relatively high, and thrifty farmers got money ahead. These higher prices caused a large advance in the price of farm land. Not all of this was due to farmer buy- ing. The shrewd trader and speculator scented some easy profits and bought to sell again. Also promoters of easy business virtue deliberately set snares for unwary purchasers and induced them to go overheavily in debt for land bought at prices which included unfair profits. Many young farm- ers who had saved several thousand dollars during the pros- perous years were induced to buy farms on contract at the price peak, making small payments down, with provision for yearly payments of interest and on the principal on pain of forfeiture of all sums previously paid. The sadly unprofitable year of 1920 wiped out thousands of these fine young men, and the even worse year of 1921 will finish more of them. Report of the Secretary. 11 During the prosperous years land rents went up rapidly, doubling and trebling, and in some cases going even higher. Jt was human nature that renters should prefer to pay cash rent in a time of good farming profits. The drop in prices for crops in 1920 caused many of these renters to lose not only their labor for that year but their sav ings as well. But for the leniency of their landlords thousands upon thousands of other renters would have lost everything they had. Difficulties of Producers a Matter of National Concern. The cynical or thoughtless man is disposed to say: “ What have I to do with all of this? Those unfortunate purchasers and renters exercised bad business judgment. They took their chance and lost. They are simply victims of business misfortune. The same sort of thing will happen to me if I show no better judgment. Of course, 5 am sorry to see pens lose, but really it is no affair of mine.’ Nevertheless it is a matter-of concern to the Nation at large and it is the affair of every good citizen when any considerable number of hard- _working men get into financial ‘difficulties so serious that their ability to produce i is impaired. And surely it is a matter of concern to the community at large when the food producers of the Nation so generally find themselves in a condition not only financially unprofit- able but which threatens continued production. The unprofitable year of 1920 compelled large numbers of farmers to borrow heavily to meet excessive costs of pro- duction, which could not be paid for out of crop proceeds. Interest rates were high, and through our ill-adapted system of credit for farmers’ needs, particularly in such times, most of these loans had to be renewed every 90 days. The un- precedented drop in prices of farm products in 1920 came as a stunning surprise to the majority of farmers. They had expected some decline, but nothing so severe as what actu- ally happened. Consequently for a time they tried to avoid heavy sacrifice and continued their borrowings. Their bank- ers shared their belief that the situation would adjust itself and were willing to lend, but prices went lower, and these loans, together with loans previously made, soon added vol- ume to that mass of frozen credit, of which we have heard so much talk during the past year. ' 99912°—YBK 1921 2 12 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Continued Production Depends on Fair Prices. So we find that, speaking generally, the economic condi- tions which affect agriculture are in a bad state, with ruin- ously low prices for grains, with farmers laboring under heavy financial burdens, and with their difficulties having been communicated to practically every other line of indus- try, commerce, and general business. In setting forth this situation so candidly, my thought is not to add to the discouragement but rather frankly to bring the situation THE SLUMP IN PRICES OF TEN LEADING FARM CROPS — 4) 9 1) WEIGHTED AVERAGE, JAN. 1920TOFEB.I922 With all its AVERAGE 1913 PRICE EQUALS 100 difficulties clearly into view. The condition must be rec- ognized ex- actly as it is if it is to be alleviated. Ignorant op- timism is just as harmful as doleful pes- simism. We must accept - Fic. 6.—During the latter half of 1920 the average price the cold fact in the United States of the 10 leading crops dropped that agricul- 57 per cent, and by May, 1921, was only one-third that of the preceding June. In November, 1921, this aver- tural produc- age price passed below the 1913 level. The magnitude tion in ade- of this decline in price varied with the different crops t and in different regions. In Iowa, for instance, the quate meas- farm price of corn in the autumn of 1921 was only half ure can not j € og > j . that in 1913 and one-fourth that in 1919. be continued any length of time on a basis which does not give the pro- ducer a fair price. If conditions continue under which workmen in other callings, whether laboring men, skilled workmen, manufacturers, or business men generally, receive pay which is so very much higher than the farmer receives, there will be a steady drift from the farm to industries and business, thus increasing the number of consumers and de- creasing the number of producers, and this will result in prices for farm products so high that conditions will be re- _ Report of the Secretary. 13 versed and the burden will be transferred to the people in the cities. It is not to the advantage of the Nation that any large group of our people be placed at an economic disad- vantage. Fortunately, there is a brighter side to the picture I have presented. Prices for live stock are much higher relatively than prices for grains. In the case of corn, for example, which is our largest grain crop, the farmer is receiving very much more for this grain when fed to hogs and cattle and sheep and marketed in that form than he is receiving for his corn when marketed as corn. Speaking generally, about 80 per cent of our corn crop is fed to live stock, and those farmers who have maintained their live-stock production are ‘not suffering so severely as might be indicated by the price of grains. The prices of dairy products also are higher rela- tively than the prices of grains and feeds, and in those sec- tions where dairying is practiced there is a steady income and the farmers are getting along. Fhe cotton crop of 1920 was large, and when the foreign outlet was so restricted prices dropped far below the cost of production. The situation was so serious throughout the cotton States that the bankers, merchants, and business men generally joined with the farmers to bring about a reduc- tion in the acreage in 1921. This effort was successful, and the acreage was reduced about 28 percent. The crop was still further shortened by the ravages of the boll weevil, so that the final figures will indicate a reduction of nearly 50 per cent below last year’s production. When this situation be- came known there was a rapid advance in the price of cot- ton. The price doubled within a period of a few weeks. The effect was beneficial not only to the cotton planters and ‘others who held old cotton, but to all business interests in the South, and reports from that section have been much -more hopeful during the past two months. Constructive Legislation by Congress. The marked decline in the prices of farm crops during the fall of 1920 was noted with some satisfaction by the consuming public. Although prices of farm products on an average had not increased as much as the prices of most other commodities and had not increased as much as wages in industry, nevertheless our people had been accustomed 14. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. to cheap food for so long that any increase in price, whether actual or relative, met with indignant protest. The drop in prices paid to the farmer, however, was not followed by a corresponding drop in the prices which the consumer paid for his foodstuffs, and before the summer was well advanced the thinking business public began to see that the severe drop in the prices the farmer received was having a very bad effect upon busmess and industry in general and that such a marked reduction in the purchasing power of the farmer might result disastrously. When Congress met in April, 1921, the danger to our agriculture was in the minds of Senators and Representatives, especially those from the agricultural States, who had first-hand knowledge of the situation, and there was an earnest casting about for meas- ures of relief. Many bills were introduced in the hope of helping the farmer. Members of the staff of the Depart- ment of Agriculture were called into council on these measures. Much time was given to the preparation and submission of statistical matter and other information asked for by legislators.’ It became evident that there were no short cuts by which an immediate return to agricultural pros- perity could be insured, but some laws were enacted which already have had a helpful influence. Most of these were directed toward making credit more easily available for worthy borrowers. The joint-stock land banks were helped back into business by the measure which authorized them to increase the interest rate on their bonds issued based on farm loans. The power of the War Finance Corporation was greatly extended, making large sums available for agri- cultural needs. The machinery for getting out these loans is now working well and most helpfully in the surplus- producing States. Provision was made for increasing the capital of the Federal farm land banks, thus enabling them to extend their farm-mortgage loans, and the better demand for bonds based on these loans is making rapid extension possible. An act was passed bringing the packers and market agencies under Government supervision, and an- other act extending Government supervision over grain ex- changes. Never in the same length of time did Congress give more serious attention to farm needs. Report of the Secretary. 15 All of this legislation is of a constructive character and will be more helpful than is now realized. Concerning the efforts to make easier credit conditions, there is this to be remembered: Better prices for the crops the farmers have to sell and lower prices for the things they have to buy are far more needed than an opportunity to go further in debt. Easier credit will be helpful mainly in enabling the farmer to tide over this period of severe stress without being com- pelled to sacrifice his live stock and crops and without losing his farm. Money made available through the new facilities provided by legislation should be used mainly for carrying loans on which payment is demanded and for buying live stock to consume the surplus crops. If loan companies and insurance companies which hold farm mortgages will freely grant extensions of payment of both principal and interest, that will help conditions very much, and they can do this without danger of loss. As is always the case in such periods of depression, many well-meaning men come forward with ill-considered meas- ures. Visionary schemes of all kinds are presented. Some would have the Government take charge of the larger busi- ness enterprises; others would have the Government under- take to fix prices either arbitrarily or indirectly by buying up surplus crops. The experience of 3,000 years shows the impracticability of such efforts. Much is to be hoped for from the agricultural inquiry which has been under way since midsummer by a joint com- mittee of the Senate and House. The department has aided this committee in every way possible, and especially by pre- paring a great mass of statistics bearing on the economics of agriculture. The result of the committee’s studies should be very helpful in enabling us to plan wisely in the future. Must Consider Economics of Agriculture. In addition to contributing what it could of helpfulness to Congress and to other agencies seeking means of reliev- ing the uncomfortable situation, the department has been working earnestly in its own field. Agents have been sent to Europe to study conditions there in the hope of finding ways to enlarge our exports of farm products. We have not met with large success in this direction because of eco- 16 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. nomic conditions abroad. Continued inflation overseas and drastic deflation at home put us at a decided disadvantage in selling our products. However, much exceedingly helpful information has been gained, which, while not promising the full measure of immediate relief we would like, will help us to plan more wisely and to adjust our production more perfectly to the foreign demand. The effect upon-our agri- culture of economic and financial policies put in force by nations which import foodstuffs has not had the attention in this country which the matter merits. . Had we in the past given as much attention to the eco- nomics of agriculture as we have to stimulating production, it is not too much to say that at least some of the troubles which now beset us might have been anticipated and avoided. Firmly convinced of this, one of my first acts upon taking office was to inquire into the economic work being carried on in the department. I found this mostly in two bureaus and one office of bureau standing. Last winter Congress pro- _ vided in the agricultural appropriation act for the con- solidation of the Bureau of Crop Estimates and the Bureau of Markets. In considering this consolidation I found that to secure the greatest efficiency in our study of economic problems it would be wise to include in this merger the Office of Farm Management and Farm Economics as well. To make sure that nothing might be done without due thought, I appointed an economic council, consisting of five bureau heads, and asked them to consider the economic work of the department and make their recommendations. After much study and investigation this economic council prepared a report. Several highly qualified men from different parts of the country were then asked to come to Washington and go over the plans submitted. They did this and approved the plans, which contemplate the consolidation of the Bureau of Crop Estimates, the Bureau of Markets, and the Office of Farm Management and Farm Economics and the rearrang- ing of the work of these three bureaus under appropriate divisions. Not having authority to formally complete such consolidation, I consulted with various members of the agri- cultural committees of the Senate and House, and upon receiving their approval ordered that the work be so ar- ranged as to virtually effect the consolidation. In the esti- Report of the Secretary. IZ _mates for the next fiscal year I have asked legal authoriza- tion to complete it. New Bureau to Meet Needs. I have suggested that the name of this new bureau should be the Bureau of Agricultural Economics. It is proposed to merge into this one bureau all the forces of the department which are engaged in agricultural economic work. The pur- pose is to inquire into every economic condition and force which has an influence upon either production or price, for the one depends upon the other. We shall begin with the study of farm management, types of farming, cost factors, market grades, and practices as they bear on farm manage- ment. The cost of production and distribution will be studied at each stage along the way. Investigations will be made in land economics with a view to encouraging a whole- some system of land tenure, land resources and utilization, land settlement and colonization; the marketing of farm products with a view to better organizing distribution, mar- ket conditions, standardization, and grading of products; collection of statistics of production and distribution; crop and live-stock production both in the United States and in foreign lands; prices of farm manufactured products; his- torical and geographical studies in production and distribu- tion with a view to interpreting the trend of agricultural prices and production, the development or decline of mar- kets, and generally the geography of the world’s agriculture ; methods of finance; insurance of buildings, live stock, and stocks in storage; taxation and its relation to production and distribution; the financing of rural public utilities and other group enterprises; agricultural conditions in countries which compete with the United States; the characteristics and changes in rural home life and its relation to agricul- ture; the trend of agriculture and population; in short, everything which may be helpful to the farmer in producing with judgment. Such studies and investigations will be just as helpful to the consumers as to the producers, for the ulti- - _ mate purpose is to make sure that our people are abundantly supplied with the products of the soil at prices which will both sustain our agriculture and be just to the consumer. 18 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Much of the work outlined above already has been under way in the department, some of it for many years, but I am sure that this bringing together in one bureau of the major economic projects of the department will both reduce ex- pense and make possible the better working out of these projects. The organic law which created the department back in the sixties contemplated exactly this sort of development. By it the department was.charged with the duty of acquir- ing and diffusing “information on subjects connected with agriculture in the most general and comprehensive sense of that word.” The thought that the sole duty of the farmer is to produce and, having produced, take his crops to the nearest market, sell them for what he can get, and then go home and produce some more, is no longer entertained by well-informed men. It is now generally recognized that the farmer has a very direct and personal interest in the effi- ciency with which his crops are handled until they reach the consumer’s table. The production of food has long been considered as a sacred obligation, but it is an obligation not in any sense more binding than the obligation to get that food to the consumer with the least possible waste and at the least possible cost. Nor is the obligation to produce more binding than the obligation to produce intelligently with due regard to the needs of consumption. It is just as important that the producer know what to produce and how best to get it to the consumer as it is to know how to pro- duce at all. Marketing Is Part of Production. Marketing is as truly a part of production as is the grow- ing of the crops, for the crops have no value unless they can be put into the hands of those who need them. The assem- bling, storing, and distributing of farm products are pro- ductive enterprises and those engaged in this work require much the same economic and technical information as that required by farmers. The acquiring and disseminating of knowledge of what to produce and how best to market it is as much needed as the knowledge of how to produce, whether the matter is viewed from the standpoint of the farmer, the middleman, or the consumer, for orderly and stabilized pro- Report of the Secretary. 19 duction means prices which are neither very much too high nor very much too low and guarantee an abundance of food zt all times. Such knowledge can not be gained from a study of the mechanics of marketing alone. It is much more than a business matter. It involves research in agro- nomic, biological, and physical, as well as statistical and economic science by men trained in their respective lines and _ who have a working knowledge of agricultural processes and conditions. Agricultural Research Involved in Marketing. To learn what it is wise to produce mvolves study of the varieties, qualities, and quantities demanded by the market. In the case of fruit, as an illustration, this requires the selec- tion or the breeding of suitable varieties by the horticul- turist; a study of life processes by the plant physiologist : the study of lability to attack by bacteria and fungi by the plant pathologist. Thus it may involve cooperation of horticulturists in breeding suitable varieties with physiol- ogists in the study of their behavior and with plant pathol- ogists in the study of their liability to disease. All these are factors in the bringing to market of a large variety of agricultural products. Practically all agricultural products are more or less per- ishable and good marketing involves more than mere sales- manship, more than a mere determination of the public taste, the public demand, and the probable supply. Only through the carrying out of investigations in marketing of the type above described, in which horticulturists, plant physiologists, plant pathologists, chemists. refrigeration ex- perts, and statisticians have cooperated, has it been possible to give to American agriculture that distinctive character which makes it possible to produce perishable products on one edge of the continent and to market them without serious deterioration upon the other. A very good illustration of the way in which the various forces of the Department of Agriculture are mobilized and used to successfully create a great new industry is found in the story of the Washington navel orange. Back in 1870 the department first brought this variety to the United States from Brazil. The introduction consisted of 12 newly 20 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. budded trees. These were planted in the department green- house in Washington. One of the original trees is still grow- ing there. The first two young plants propagated from these were sent to Mrs. L. C. Tibbets, Riverside, Calif., in 1873. When these trees came into bearing the high value LLVLLOYIL/VT” COF- NAVEL QAWVGE WOU STRE Cedltutaal methods delermined Variety» Shabliized and imsroved by wYvematte bid SEACCIIT7 Qiseasé-corltto/ rettviods athrmiinied GomeAT OF Reaction & TFult fo femperatire / PLANT OUT AY) Condifiorrs t7e frarsporlatior? atid slorage Water ard fertilizer regurcmens imestigated Breedirag of carker-resistat7! died MOE productive Sarge SUiGMIE Cover Craps F {eee soits PAARCH Neg wna) | (et hoa DS reader corito/ eS es A tec cormtrol MAVEL ORANGE \] ae trvestigations as 7o praper materials for boxes INDUSTAV i witeeeD \ Neen {ef of proatarion CULICRNIA Cr THE Ach (ep lades cipror of aranges ANNUAL UWTED PRODUCTION PRINT SLANGE fl, hve e7e * "BAG 5 SERVICE - Food rela 3,002,000 ABRICUTIRE \eeza(* TE SABE Sago eg | Kier a 5 ees Staradard Cortairrer Acre y QOMAS x = eed lat Quarartiive eh U EELS FEEEE| | rores tpsecticide ard langiivae Aer. | WagpecKs Sf ujaTICIHS atid (SSUES SMS CATES oF Cora tia? EE) : VGRKETS \ Feports umber Of cars revig LATENMSION Varkey ews Service Sapgohies €0KES adr AT ANGLIIESS WIP COGQLEL ATIVE GIOWETS = { Zoent aestruction ape | issepunation of proper methods Ef QVC SIO? WOLKELE IEEE: Lseminatian of wdermaton thraugh Me Z. Ohletir7s, enapapers, arlitles, CFE: Fic. 7.—A great industry largely due to team work in the Department of Agriculture. of the variety was promptly recognized, and then began its development for market. The accompanying chart shows in graphic form how the services of the scientists of the different bureaus of the department were utilized to estab- lish this new industry, from which there is now an average annual production of 8,600,000 boxes of oranges and 3,000,000 Report of the Secretary. 21 pounds of orange by-products. This is but one of many stories which could be told of the service the department is rendering to the Nation. Studies in Grain Marketing. In the marketing of grain, investigations are necessary on the milling and baking qualities of wheat and other grains for the purpose of determining the relation or intrinsic values of such factors as test weight per bushel, gluten con- tent, color, texture, general appearance, different forms of damage and mixtures of various impurities, and treatment to which grain is subjected in handling. All this is necessary in order not merely that grain may be properly graded but also that the most suitable kinds of grain may be bred, introduced, and grown. This work has the profoundest effect on farm operations. The cereal breeders in the department, particularly those engaged in the breeding of wheat, work with those engaged in the studies of grain markets and standards. In order that a new variety may be readily acceptable to the farmer and to the grain trade it must be determined before it is dis- tributed that it meets the demand of the market. Other- wise it would be no advantage but an actual detriment to in- troduce a new variety of wheat which yields more than the variety a farmer is now growing but which has a poorer milling quality, so that he would receive a lower price for it on the market. Therefore, the plant breeder and the market specialist must work together to see that only those varieties are distributed which are at least as good as the varieties now generally grown. All along the line there needs to be the closest cooperation between department scientists who are familiar with varietal adaptation and the rapid changes taking place in the varieties grown by farmers and those who have to do with marketing and particularly those concerned in formulating and admin- istering grain standards. The rapid increase in the growth of red durum wheat made it necessary to introduce new standards for that class of wheat. Diseases play an important part in determining the mar- ket grade and value of cereals. The presence of smut in any considerable quantity is always noted in grading wheat 22 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. and the price materially reduced because of it. The shrivel- ing of wheat caused by rust and the presence of moldy and. rotten ears and spoiled kernels in corn, due to corn rots and other diseases, materially affect the grade and market value of those grains. Therefore the work of research specialists, either in developing methods of controlling the disease or in producing resistant varieties, is of importance not only to farmers but to the grain trade and to consumers. It is neec- essary that the biological research workers be closely in touch with those who are studying grain marketing and grain standards, so that the latter may be advised of out- breaks of new diseases or the occurrence of extensive epi- demics of diseases already well known. Crop rotation and farm management affect the presence of mixtures of other grains and of weed seeds and are there- fore important factors in determining the grade of grain sold by farmers. Practically every phase of research has its bearing upon marketing and benefits both producer and consumer. Land Utilization Study. Considering the future, the need of basic research in agri- cultural economics becomes even more manifest. We pro- duce more foodstuffs than our own population can consume, and under present conditions we are suffering because of the lessened foreign demand which leaves it on our hands. This, ef course, will not continue. The world will weather this period of reconstruction and trade back and forth will be restored. Our own population is increasing rapidly, and within a very few years home needs will require most of what we grow. We can not increase our land area. We now have under the plow practically all the land that is easily available for cultural purposes. We can add to our pro- ductive areas by reclaiming wet land, by clearing cut-over land, and by irrigating dry land. These additions must be made at considerable expense and can be made wisely only after thorough study of the character of the land, its loca- tion as to markets, and its adaptability to produce what the market needs. . I have assigned to a committee of highly competent men from the several bureaus of the department the task of mak- Report of the Secretary. 23 mg a survey of our land area which is not now being utilized for the production of crops. They will study the dry lands, — USE OF THE LAND PRESENT AND POTENTIAL LAND IN HARVESTED CROPS, 1919 365 MILLION LAND AREA OF UNITED STATES 1,903,000,000 ACRES Fig. 8.—Improved land in farms amounted to 503 million acres, according to the census of 1920, of which about 365 million acres were in crops, and prob- ably 70 million acres in rotation and other improved pasture. There are about 300 million acres more which it is possible to use for crops when the price of farm products justifies the cost of irrigation, drainage, clearing, or other means of reclamation. This cost is increasing as the more feasible projects are developed, and demands careful study with reference to the probable price of agricultural products and the Nation’s needs. the wet lands, and the cut-over timberlands, especially with a view to determining how such lands can best be used to increase agricultural production as needed. We must have 24 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. reliable information concerning these lands if we are to de- velop a wise agricultural policy. The largest increase in production, however, must come not from the addition of new land but from increased yields on the land now under the plow. This means a tightening up of production methods. Increased production ordinarily increases cost and our efforts should be, therefore, to cheapen production as well as marketing costs. We will be driven to this by increasing competition from foreign farmers in countries where fertile land is still very cheap and where the standards of rural life are not as high as we demand for our own people. Until very recent years this foreign competi- tion was not a serious matter. Our own land was relatively cheap, and our farmers are the best in the world, measured by the standard of production per man. Now, however, with, land at prevailing prices our farming in the future must be conducted on much more business-like lines and in such a way as to return a fair income one year with another. De- ferred income resulting from large and rapid increase in farm land values is very nearly a thing of the past. Without lessening in any, way our efforts to produce more cheaply and better, we must give the most painstaking attention to studies of what we may call the business side of farming, such as have been mentioned in discussing the proposed Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Our steadfast purpose should be to maintain the agricultural basis of this Nation, to maintain and advance our relatively high stand- ards of rural life, and to conserve the fertility of our soil through a well-balanced system of agriculture. Under a carefully thought out agricultural policy embracing these essentials there need be no question of our ability to feed our people abundantly and at reasonable cost. Organization of the Department. Turning now to the general work of the department, it is organized by bureaus, scientific and administrative. A hasty glance at this organization might give the impression that these various bureaus are to some extent unrelated in their organization and work. Quite the contrary is true. The activities of each bureau are not limited to the apparent boundaries of that bureau but are extended to aid other Report of the Secretary. 25 bureaus. Some reference already has been made to this in what has been said on the subject of marketing. The solu- tion of the varied problems affecting agriculture requires the combined efforts of men in many scientific fields. The functions of the department are carried on in four general fields of endeavor—research, extension, regulation or supervision, and service. These fields, while distinct in themselves, nevertheless imperceptibly merge into one an- other and the workers pass back and forth as needed, just as the farmers of a com- munity change work with WHERE DEPARTMENT OF one another or come to- AGRICULTURE FUNDS ARE SPENT gether to perform a task too large for the indi- vidual. Research the Basic Work of the Department. ee a $17,000,000 S3I% Naturally, the basic work of the department is in the field of research. Upon the ‘results of this work its other activities are built. For the first 40 : years its chief business was Fic. 9.—The functions of the depart- in this field A staff of ment are carried on in four general eles fields of endeavor — research, exten- scientific specialists was sion, regulation or supervision, and built up who made studies service. It should be pointed out that : over half the funds for service and of the soil, of plant cul- regulatory work were expended in the tural methods, of the breed- performance of the primary functions : feeeedine ct : ] : of government rather than for the di- ing an ee ing oT animals, rect development of agriculture. of plant and animal dis- eases—of everything which had to do with crop and live stock production. It is this scientific research which con- tributes the material that little by little is crystallized into agricultural progress. Through this work of the depart- ment, in cooperation with the various State experiment sta- tions, the Nation is richer by thousands of new varieties of plants introduced from other lands or created by scientific breeding. Plants have been discovered which are better adapted to our colder climates, our arid regions, our higher 26 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921, altitudes; disease-resistant strains and drought-resistant va- rieties have been developed; methods of control of diseases of plants and animals have been discovered; the science of bacteriology and animal pathology has been created; and a protecting and ever-vigilant army has been organized : candied the sources of our food supply. To try to tell the story of the year’s Saale in research would be a hopeless effort in a report of this kind. It will be found in detail in the numerous scientific publications and bulletins printed by the department and in the reports Fic. 10.—The Colombian berry, a promising new fruit, introduced in 1921, which comes from an elevation of 10,000 feet in the Andes Mountains of Colombia. It is probably the largest berry yet discovered. The fruit re- sembles the loganberry, but is much larger, single specimens sometimes meas- uring 23 inches in length by 13 inches in thickness. of the bureau chiefs. At the present time research work is being carried on in some 2,500 different lines of investiga- tion, in some by one bureau alone, in others by the coopera- tion of several bureaus. Among the more important of these investigations a very few may be mentioned: Development of a new process for manufacturing phos- phoric acid to eliminate the immense waste now suffered in mining phosphate and thus reduce the cost of fertilizers. Development of a method for separating the microscopic colloidal particles in soils, which is expected to throw light feeport. of the Secretary. 27 en such agricultural problems as cultivation of soils, the amount of water required. by certain soils, their capacity for retaining plant foods, and their reaction to lime. Development of better methods for fixing atmospheric nitrogen for use as fertilizer. The soil survey has completed the mapping of soils over an area of 1,063,588 square miles, including 31,915 square miles in Alaska and 300 square miles in Porto Rico. The work covers ap- proximately 950 counties and 50 re- connaissance areas. Investigation of corn root, stalk, and ear rots to deter- mine the causes and methods of pre- venting these ob- scure and wide- spread diseases, I’ic. 11.—The seasonal length of day exercises a Investigations of the effect of light, and more especially the length of the marked regulatory action on flowering and fruit- ing of plants. The Evening Primrose here shown remains in the rosette stage and is unable to flower under the relatively short days of late fall, winter, and early spring, but quickly responds to the long days of summer. day, on plant de- velopment, furnishing explanations of phenomena in plant growth not heretofore understood and essential to accurate experimentation in tke breeding of plants for economic pyirposes. _ Development of methods of accurately measuring the pro- _ductiveness and other important characteristics of perennial plants, such as fruit trees, through bud selection, which will make possible the replacement of undesirable trees with de- sirable types of the same variety. 99912°—yYBK 1921——_3 28 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Experiments looking to improvement of the milking qual- ity of beef cattle. Practical completion of experiments which have resulted in the establishment of a breed of general-purpose fowls which lay white-shelled eggs. Breeding experiments which will lead to the fixing of a type-of American utility horse. Studies to ascertain the cost of producing various farm crops and the cost of marketing them. Studies to throw hght on the whole insesnabaieeae problem as a basis for the more efficient organization of the various marketing processes, whether the work is done by indi- viduals or by groups of farmers. Research to, determine the composition of agricultural products in order to develop new uses for cull and surplus crops. Basic research on the composition of foods and drugs in order to establish standards to prevent- adulteration and to improve methods of manufacture. Research to develop methods of chemical analysis for the use of chemists in agricultural colleges, experiment stations, universities, and those connected with Federal, State, and municipal food and drug departments. The development of measures for the control of the Euro- pean corn borer, the Japanese beetle, the pink bollworm of cotton, and other crop pests that have recently gained foot- hold in this country. Researches to determine the characteristics of materials designed for highway construction. Researches to determine improved methods of highway design to meet modern traffic conditions. Studies of hydraulic problems, including the factors in- fluencing run-off and flow of water in drainage canals. Money Spent in Research Is National Investment. It is impossible to estimate the value of this research work. The money spent for it is capital invested by the Nation in building a permanent agriculture. Its dividends come from increase in yields, decrease in cost of production and marketing, and better utilization of crops, all having for Report of the Secretary. 29 their purpose the maintenance and increase of our food supply. Last spring Congress very wisely authorized the appoint- ment of a Director of Scientific Work. This will make it possible still further to coordinate the work of the various bureaus and also to bring the scientific work of the depart- ment into closer relation with the scientific work being car- ried on in the experiment stations of the different States, as well as to cooperate with various other agencies engaged in similar or related lines of investigation. Such cooperation should result in a well-rounded national program of re- search, a larger and better directed program than we have had in the past, and a much better utilization of both time and money. In the carrying out of this policy there is need for the strengthening of the work of the State experiment stations by increased Federal appropriations. These stations are receiving about $3 of State appropriation to $1 contributed by the Federal Government, but even with this help they have not been anywhere near able to keep pace with the calls for information and investigation resulting from the rapid development of the extension service. As the re- searches of these stations and the Federal department are the sources from which the information to be carried by the extension service is derived, it is of the utmost importance that the research service be strengthened so as to adequately meet the demands for information. The Federal Govern- ment can well afford to be liberal in appropriating money to the State experiment stations to be used in research work planned in cooperation with the department. As an aid to the research and other work the department maintains a library, which was increased during the year by the addition of 7,500 book and pamphlets. The collec- ‘tion now contains 160,000 books and pamphlets, a large number of which can not be found in any other library in the country. Agricultural Education. The importance of extending and improving agricultural instruction in schools is fully recognized by the department, and the Conzress has for a number of years made provision 30 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. for investigations on this subject. The purpose is to- make available to teachers and students the agricultural knowl- edge accumulated here and by the agricultural colleges and experiment stations. The department cooperates with the Federal Board for Vocational Education, as provided for m the Smith-Hughes Act, with the States in preparing courses of study in elementary agriculture for rural schools, and with teacher-training divisions and teachers in service. In cooperation with the Federal Board there has been prepared a number of courses of study on agricultural sub- jects, especially for the use of teachers in vocational agricul- tural schools operating under the Smith-Hughes Act. Through State cooperation two courses of study in ele- mentary agriculture, based on a study of the agricultural practice in the respective States, were prepared during the past year, one for the rural schools of Arkansas and the ether for the rural schools of North Carolina. Some special assistance was given the Department of Education in Ohio in the form of suggestive outlines for rural teachers. Circulars suggesting how teachers may profitably use in- formation contained in certain publications, particularly the Farmers’ Bulletins of the Department of Agriculture, are prepared from time to time with the hope of improving methods of instruction in agriculture and related subjects. Five such circulars were prepared during the past year, deal- ing with such subjects as beautifying the homestead, better seed corn, cowpeas, forage for the cotton belt, and factors that make for successful farming in the South. The schools are also aided by the loan of illustrative ma- terial, especially sets of lantern slides adapted to school use, and by the distribution of classified lists of publications of the Department of Agriculture, as well as lists of sources ef materials valuable to teachers of agriculture. In all this work it is recognized that the teaching of agri- culture in a community should have a vital connection with the problems of the farms of that community. Pupils are interested in those things with which they come in contact, and it is believed that the type of agriculture practiced in the community can be used to the best advantage in teaching. Therefore the teacher is urged to organize the available sub- ject matter which is of community interest and resent it in Report of the Secretary. 31 such a manner that it will touch closely the life and experi- ences of the pupils. Home Economics. While other branches of the Government study certain phases of food, clothing, and household equipment, the De- partment of Agriculture is the only one specifically con- eerned with investigations relating to the selection, prepa- ration, and care of these commodities in the home. These are matters of importance to agriculture in two ways—first, because the final utilization of agricultural products is an essential part of the economics of agriculture, and, second, because the welfare of a farm family depends upon how wisely it uses the materials, money, and labor available for household needs. The Department of Agriculture during the past year, as in previous years, continued to carry on investigations on food, clothing, and household equipment and management, with particular reference to assisting extension workers in im- proving conditions in the farm home. The constantly in- creasing number of requests received for reliable informa- tion on all such subjects proves the desire of American house- keepers to apply the results of scientific research to their household practices, just as farmers have come to demand a scientific basis for agricultural methods. The department has found it impossible to meet al] the legitimate demands for such information made upon it by extension workers, other branches of the Government, public and private institutions, teachers, and individuals, and has therefore found it necessary to confine its efforts to a limited number of the more pressing problems which it is especially well equipped to study, which seem most generally urgent, er regarding which there is the least available information. Department Administers Many Laws. The regulatory or supervision work consists of the admin- istration of a large number of laws, such, for example, as the food and.drugs act, which forbids the adulteration or mis- branding of any article of food or drugs entering interstate commerce; the meat inspection act, which insures the whole- someness of our meat; the protection of the national forests; 32 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921 a number of quarantine acts dealing with live stock and with plants; the protection and commerce in game animals and migratory birds; the manufacture of serums and toxins; the insecticide act; the tea importation act; the enforcement of grain and cotton standards; the Federal warehouse law; the act prescribing standards of size of boxes and baskets used in the packing and selling of fruits, berries, and vege- tables; the Federal road act; the packers and stockyards act; the future trading act. Through the administration of these and a number of other laws designed to protect our people from impure food and unfair weights and measures the de- partment comes into very direct contact with the business and consuming public throughout the country. These laws are administered with a view to aiding legitimate industry and, at the same time, protecting the public from unfair practices on the part of those few whose business ethics are not as high as the public interest demands. The administration of each law has been placed in the bu- reau that has to deal with the scientific and constructive work concerning the subjects affected by the law. Experience has shown that a law affecting commodities manufactured from a given agricultural raw material can be most constructively enforced by the organization that is familiar with the pro- duction and handling of that raw material. If the law is of such nature as to affect a range of commodities or subjects so wide as to go beyond the purview of a single bureau, it is administered by a board made up of specialists from the different bureaus having to do with the scientific investiga- tion of the subjects involved. An example of the former kind is the meat-inspection law, which is a matter primarily for veterinarians. Examples of the latter are the plant quarantine act, which equally concerns plant physiologists, entomologists, and foresters; and the insecticide and fungi- cide act, which is of equal concern to plantsmen, animal hus- bandmen, and entomologists. But even those acts that come wholly within the purview of asingle bureau require for their proper enforcement the cooperation’ of scientists in other fields of agricultural research. The enforcement of the food and drugs act, for instance, constantly calls for the coopera- tion of chemists, of botanists, of biological scientists in the fields of animal industry, and of various other specialists. ’ Report of the Secretary. 33 who are employed by the department primarily to perform other duties but without whose aid the enforcement of the food and drugs act would become so wooden and autocratic as to become obnoxious alike to producer and consumer. Regulatory Work Stimulates Research. It has been found that the regulatory work strengthens the research work because in the regulatory work problems are discovered that are of the utmost importance to the welfare of the country and which can be turned over to the scientific research staff for soltition. Thus, the regulatory work is a source of stimulus for the research staff. Some of the most valuable practical work that has been done by bureaus having laws to enforce has grown out of informa- tion gained in the regulatory work. If the bureaus had not had the regulatory work to deal with, the problems would not have come to the attention of the scientific staff. There is still another class of regulatory work consisting — of the administration of laws that are permissive rather than mandatory in nature. An example is the United States warehouse act. The duties growing out of such administra- tion are perhaps more accurately described as service than as regulatory work, but they none the less act in the same stimulating manner upon the scientific work. The department reported during the year to the Depart- ment of Justice 6,514 civil and criminal cases arising under the various regulatory statutes committed to its adminis- tration and enforcement. Notices of judgment were filed in 2,275 cases involving the adulteration and misbranding of foods, drugs, insecticides, and fungicides. Packers and Stockyards Act. During the past summer Congress added to the duties of the department by placing under it the enforcement of the packers and stockyards act and the future trading act. These laws give the supervising agency large powers. In the case of the act first named the packers are pro- hibited from any unfair, unjustly discriminatory, or decep- tive practices or devices; from giving undue preference; from apportioning the supply of any article with the effect of restricting commerce or creating a monopoly; from ma- 34 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. nipulating or controlling prices; from apportioning terri- tory or purchases or sales. Commission merchants, persons furnishing stockyard services, and dealers at yards are re- quired to establish, observe, and enforce just, reasonable, and nondiscriminatory rates. They are forbidden to charge other rates than those named in schedules which they are required to file for approval with the supervising agency, and the latter after hearing may determine and prescribe just and reasonable rates and make appropriate orders and enforce same. The act carries suitable penalties. The packers, stock- yards, and market agencies may appeal to the courts if their rights are infringed. Under the terms of this act it should be possible both to correct any unfair practices in the marketing of live stock and to make a constructive study of the business of mar- keting live stock and distributing meats. The organization for the administration of this act is now being built up. as an independent unit in the department. Great care is being taken to select men who have general knowledge of the live-stock industry and of marketing and packing, and who are level-headed, even-tempered men, free from prejudice. Grain Exchange Supervision. The future trading act imposes a prohibitive tax of 20 cents per bushel on future-trading exchange transactions known to the trade as “ privileges,” “ bids,” “ offers,” “ puts and calls,” “indemnities,” or “ups and downs.” It also provides for a tax of 20 cents per bushel upon grain sold for future delivery, except when the seller is the owner or the grower of the grain, or the owner or renter of land en which it was grown, or an association of such owners or growers, or owners or renters of land, or when such con- tracts are made by or through a member of a board of trade which has been designated by the Secretary of Agriculture as a contract market. It provides that all such contracts must be evidenced by a memorandum in writing containing essential information. The Secretary of Argiculture is au- thorized to designate boards of trade as contract markets under certain conditions set forth in detail in the law, which conditions provide for adequate Government super- Report of the Secretary. 35 vision of such markets. The Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to make such investigations as he may deem necessary concerning operations of boards of trade and may make rules and regulations calling for the information necessary to make such investigations. Under this act it should be possible to make a thorough. study of the operation and effect of future trading in grains, and it is hoped that after a time this information may make it possible to do away with unfair manipulation in prices of grains, if such is found to exist. LOCATION OF EXTENSION AGENTS Saris a ee @lse 55 coe =a! SN Oar oa her Fic. 12.—One of the means by which the extension work of the department is earried on is through the county extension agents in agriculture and home economics. In 1921 about 2,425 persons were engaged in county extension agent work in approximately 2,000 of the 2,650 counties having enough agriculture to employ an agent. The total number of counties in the United States is about 3,000. ‘ Confidence Shown in Extension Work. The extension work of the department is designed to carry to the farms the results of its research activities. This is done through cooperative arrangement with the agricul- tural colleges and experiment stations through the agricul- tural agents who are now working in more than 2,000 coun- ties, as well as by means of the very large number. of bulle- tins in which the application of the work in research is presented in popular form and thus made available to the individual farmer. During the year the two offices of ex- 36 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921, tension work, one for the South and the other for the North and West, have been consolidated. It is expected that under this arrangement some money may be saved and that even more efficient work will be done than in the past. Confidence in the extension work is strikingly shown by the steady increase of local funds for the support of the ex- tension agents. During the past year about $16,800,000 was available from Federal, State, and county sources, and of this amount $5,900,000 was contributed by the county gov- ernments and farm organizations. This year the total funds will be about $18,500,000, of which $6,900,000 comes from sources within the county. Special Work Among Negro Farmers. The special work among the negro farmers of the South- ern States has been fully maintained. Not only have the white agents taken an increased interest in aiding the negroes, but the number of negro agents has been somewhat increased. There are now 157 negro men and 91 negro women employed in the county extension work, together with two unusually capable negro men employed by the States Relations Service as general field agents. In the States the responsibility for the administration of the negro work rests on the State agricultural colleges which conduct the work among the white farmers, but the State colleges for negroes cooperate as far as practicable in this branch of the exten- sion service. The work among the negroes has had very use- ful results in improving both agriculture and race relations, but is at present reaching only a small fraction of the negro farm population. It should be extended more rapidly. Work Among Farm Women Broadened. The work among the farm women has been considerably broadened of late and is based more definitely on careful studies of the actual requirements of farm homes and the varying character of the problems which need immediate attention in different regions. It now includes many things relating to the farm home food supply, diet of children and adults, clothing, household equipment and management, care of children and the health of the farm family, as well as the encouragement of agricultural production by women and Report of the Secretary. 37 girls, where this is needed to increase their income or to sup- ply their families with a more varied and healthful diet. In the recent public discussion concerning pellagra and other diseases due to malnutrition, the fact was largely losi sight of that in many thousand southern homes the families had better health because under the guidance of the home demonstration agents the women and girls had good gardens, raised poultry, and kept dairy. cows, either doing all the work themselves or enlisting the assistance of the men and boys. There has also been increasing cooperation of the extension agents with the Federal, State, and local health services, the Red Cross, and private associations dealing with the affairs of rural communities. Fic. 13.—Pig clubs show the way to better stock. Left to right. the breeds are: Poland China, Duroc Jersey, Berkshire, Chester White, Hampshire, and Tamworth. The boys’ and girls’ club work continues to have well- merited popularity and is a great inspiration to many thou- sands of our farm children. In many cases their achieve- ments in the production of excellent crops and animals serve as examples which the adult farmers are very glad to fol- low. This work is leading an increased number of farm boys and girls to see the advantages of technical education in agriculture and home economics, so that former club members are now found in considerable numbers in our schools and colleges where these subjects are taught. Agencies Employed in Extension. Some of the agencies through which the extension work is carried on are: 38 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Two thousand four hundred and twenty-five persons en- gaged in county-agent work in approximately 2,000 of the 2,650 counties having enough agriculture to employ an agent. The total number of the counties in the United States is about 3,000. Nine hundred and fifty persons engaged in home demon- stration work in 725 counties. Three hundred and five persons engaged in boys’ and girls’ club work. Special extension workers in farm management and farm economics, Special dairy extension workers. One thousand two hundred and sixty Farmers’ Bulletins and 1,037 technical and scientific bulletins covering practi- cally all phases of the department’s work have been issued up to date. Press service to approximately 17,000 publications, includ- ing newspapers, agricultural journals, trade and profes- sional journals, church papers, magazines, etc. Exhibits at agricultural expositions and fairs. Motion pictures, which are furnished free for exhibition- at various kinds of agricultural gatherings. The Assistant Secretary of Agriculture was chosen with > especial reference to his experience in extension work, in ad- dition to his general qualifications for the position. He has been assigned to general supervision over this work and already has under way plans for the coordination of the various extension activities, including the publication and ‘information work. I feel sure that under his guidance this work will be greatly strengthened during the coming year. There is a growing feeling in the department and in the State extension divisions that more attention should be given to a unified extension program for the entire farm family and Jess to separate divisions of work along the lines of sex and age. This consideration will be kept in mind in the contemplated reorganization plans. -It also seems wise to give more attention to a national program of agri- cultural progress. We hope to give the States more material aid along this line. Report of the Secretary. 39 Service Work Carried On. In what might be called the field of service is included such work as the crop-reporting service, the market-news service, the weather service, and many others. These activi- ties are neither research nor extension, strictly speaking, although their field is greatly extended by research, and knowledge of the work is spread through the extension sery- » [EACH DOT REPRESENTS A COOPERATIVE OBSERVER EACH CROSS REPRESENTS A REGULAR STATION Fig. 14.—One of the services the department renders the American people is the daily weather forecast. These forecasts are based on reports received by telegraph from the 200 regular stations of the Weather Bureau, shown on the map by crosses, and as soon as the forecasts are made they are supplied not only to the regular stations, which in turn supply the city newspapers and meet other requests, but also are telegraphed to about 1,200 other places throughout the country. Public-spirited individuals to the number of 400, without other compensation than the satisfaction of serving, print and mail eards bearing the forecast to all who have requested them in their vicinity and agree to give them public display. About 58,000 cards are now being distributed daily. The forecasts are also distributed by telephone and are available to more than 6,000,000 subscribers, and are now being distributed by radio: The 5,000 cooperative observers, shown by dots on the map, also serve without compensation in collecting climatic information. jee. Other services, such as are connected with the forest administration, for example, grow out of research and have certain phases of a regulatory nature, but are very largely protective to the interests involved. Some of the important lines of service work are: Weather forecasts, covering not only general conditions, but having particular application to various specialized in- dustries, agricultural and otherwise. 40 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Crop reports, designed to afford equal opportunity ‘to pro- ducers and buyers to judge of production and, therefore, of demand. Market-news service, covering both staple and specialized crops. Meat-inspection service, certifying the wholesomeness of all meat and meat products entering interstate or foreign trade. Inspection service, available alike to producer and dis- tributor, by which the condition of fruits and vegetables and other food products is definitely fixed at the time of ship- ment or of arrival at destination. Inspection service for the War Finance Corporation. Inspection of certain food supplies for the Army and the Navy. An office of development through which the discoveries of the research workers are made available to the industrial world. . Aid in improving the quality of their output to manufac- turers using agricultural products as raw materials. The following periodical publications are issued in con- nection with these services: Paily—Weather map; market reports as follows: On butter, cheese, eggs, and dressed poultry; on perishable fruits and vegetables; on meat-trade conditions and whole- sale prices; on live-stock markets; and a general market- news service. ; 5 Weekly.—National Weather and Crop and Snow and Ice Bulletin; Market and Crop Reporter; market reviews as follows: On butter, on cheese, on meat-trade conditions, on live-stock markets, on peanuts, a carlot summary by States. Semimonthly.—Report on honey and beeswax. Monthly.—Weather Review; export report; report on fluid-milk market, condensed-milk market, and powdered- milk market; summary of cold-storage holdings of frozen and cured meats and of frozen and mild-cured fish. Quarterly.—Production report of certain dairy products and oleomargarine. Report of the Secretary. 4] ' Stamping Out Plant and Animal Diseases. The warfare carried on against plant and animal diseases calls for the combined efforts of the research scientist, the extension specialist, and those who have to do with certain regulatory measures. When a new and dangerous plant pest gains lodgment within the country its presence first is detected by the scientist. He makes a study of its life history, if such is not already known, of its natural enemies, if it has such, of its host plants; in short, seeks all possible information that may be of use in fighting it. This knowl- edge is taken to the farmers in the community in which the pest has appeared and its danger thus made known. A campaign of eradication is then organized, or, if not eradi- cation, then a campaign to check the spread of the pest. In the case of many plant and animal diseases eradication has been found practicable. This is carried on in cooperation with the States, but can be successful only under the au- thority of the Federal Government which may be exercised in different States. The possibility of entirely eliminating a pest or disease from our country is an entirely different problem from that of carrying on investigations to limit its injury. For ex- ample, the ravages of the codling moth increase the cost of producing apples in an amount averaging about 10 per cent for the whole country. The untreated orchards suffer a direct loss in fruit of from 40 to 80 per cent, or even a total loss, depending on the severity of the infestation. Proper spray- ing and caring for orchards may reduce the direct loss to a minimum, but the cost of doing this then becomes the bur- den, and this cost on the average is not far from 10 per cent of the cost of production of the apple. If by the ex- penditure of any reasonable sum of money this pest could be entirely eliminated from a region or from the United States, it would be worth an enormous sum of money, as it would obviate the expense of fighting it, as well-as increase the production of sound fruit. The cotton-boll weevil destroys $200,000,000 worth of cot- ton annually. Any program that offered a reasonable pos- sibility of success in eradicating this pest would warrant the expenditure of many millions of dollars. 42 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Eradication Depends Upon Research. it is only through the most effective kind of scientific re- search and thorough organization that any such ambitious eradication programs as above suggested could be carried out. On the other hand, when a new insect pest or plant elisease suddenly appears in a small area in the country the expenditure of a relatively large amount of money in a con- eentrated effort toward its eradication may entirely elimi- nate what would otherwise be a constant menace to the in- dustry threatened. The foot-and-mouth disease has invaded this country several times, and each time by- prompt and vigorous action and the expenditure of a few million dollars the entire live-stock industry, aggregating many billions in value, has been protected from this scourge. Should it once get away from us, eradication would be impossible. In the same way the prompt and efficient attack on the citrus canker in the Gulf coast region resulted in the elimination of a dis- ease that threatened the entire industry. The total cost of this effort to date has been less than $3,000,000, while the actual destruction caused by the pest during its brief period of injury was many times that amount, and if unchecked it would have entirely eliminated one of the most valuable in- dustries of that region. These are examples of the possi- bility of suecess:of prompt and effective service. There is always a possibility of failure. and such failures have oc- curred, notably in the case of the chestnut blight and the white-pine blister rust. These were due to the fact that the diseases were far more widespread before they were discoy- . ered than was realized at the time the effort was made. The expenditure of the money was, however, abundantly justified in the possibility that it offered of success. If the chestnut blight had been discovered in time we would still have our chestnut trees. As it is, they have been practically destroyed. Two other eradication programs are just now in critical stages. The pink bollworm is one of the most serious cotton pests that the world has known. A considerable part of America’s success in cotton production has undoubtedly been due in the past to the fact that we did not have this insect to contend with, while nearly all of the competing countries were infested. It has obtained a considerable foothold in Report of the Secretary. 43 Texas and Louisiana. The next year or so will determine whether the campaign of the department to eliminate it is to be a success or not. If successful, the cotton industry will be in a favorable situation. If the pest escapes into the large cotton-growing regions, it will then be but a question of hold- ing it to the smallest possible areas, with the practical cer- tainty that ultimately it will reach the entire cotton-growing region. In anticipation of the possibility of such misfortune trained men have been sent to cotton-growing regions in other countries to study cultural methods which may be fol- lowed to reduce the damage done by this pest. Similar work has been successful in the fight against the boll weevil. As a result of the research applied to cotton during the period of the boll-weevil invasion it has been possible to develop superior varieties and improved methods of cultivation that greatly reduce the injuries or make good the losses that the boll weevil inflicts. Most rapid progress in growing the improved varieties is made in communities which devote themselves, under a plan of community organization, to the production of a single variety. The gipsy moth has been present in Massachusetts for many years. Owing to the favorable direction of the pre- vailing winds the department has been enabled to hold this pest from spreading to the south and west. During this period a number of new infestations—mainly from Euro- pean shipments—have been discovered in different parts of the United States. These have been promptly attacked and in every case have been eradicated. A little more than a year ago a serious infestation was found in New Jersey which had evidently been there for a number of years and had increased to an alarming extent. This outbreak is a serious menace to the entire forest, shade, and fruit tree in- dustry throughout the eastern area. The same winds which have been so favorable in helping to hold the New England area in check will undoubtedly sweep this infestation north- ward and eastward if unchecked until it will devastate the entire New England region. Special appropriations have been granted for the purpose of eradicating this infestation. and a two hundred thousand dollar increase is being re- quested in the regular appropriation for the next fiscal year 99912°—-yBr 1921——-4 44 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. to continue this work. It is hoped that by aggressive action this outbreak may be confined to its original area and rapidly reduced until it is completely eradicated. Steady Progress Against Animal Scourges. There are other types of eradication work, such as the fight against the cattle tick, in which the work goes on year after year, making steady progress. The tick-fever line has been pushed gradually southward until it appears that with- in a very few years the entire United States will be freed from Texas fever, which has greatly retarded the progress of QUARANTINE FOR TEXAS FEVER OF CATTLE DEC. !0,1921 B QUARANTINED AREA \\raOM QUARANTINE Fic. 15.—The cattle tick, which transmits Texas fever in cattle, and formerly infested all of the Cotton Belt and the southern portion of California, has now been practically eradicated from most of this region. The infested areas at present include a belt of counties near the coast in Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia, most of Florida, and a broad belt extending from central Arkansas southwestward to southern Texas. Nearly three-fourths of the area originally infested has been released from quarantine. live-stock production in the South. It is worthy of note here that this program was made possible through discovery by the scientists of the department of the transmission of the fever by the cattle tick, a most valuable contribution to our knowledge of the transmission of many other diseases of animals and of human beings. The practical means of eradicating tuberculosis in animals also originated in the discovery of a scientific test by which the presence of the disease is revealed. The use of this test makes possible the elimination of this dread disease. To begin with, it was used by a limited number of breeders of Report of the Secretary. 45 pure-bred stock who desired to free their own herds from disease. Then a plan for cooperation by the Federal Goy- ernment, the States, and the owners of cattle was worked out by which all the cattle of a community might be tested and the diseased ones eliminated. Were it possible to prose- cute this work more vigorously there seems good reason to believe that the live stock of the country could be freed from tuberculosis.. Unfortunately, sufficient Government and State funds are not available to prosecute this campaign as rapidly as live-stock owners wish. The Federal Government appro- priated $1,000,000 to be used for partial indemnity during the year beginning July 1, 1921. This was to be paid only when States contributed an equivalent amount. Before four months of this fiscal year had elapsed the allocation of Fed- eral funds had been exhausted in a number of States, and here the warfare against tuberculosis must practically stop unless further appropriations are made. With one excep- tion, it is believed that every State to which Federal money has been allotted for this purpose will have used all of those funds before the end of the fiscal year. It is unfor- tunate that adequate sums are not available now. Cattle are cheap, the public interest is aroused, and the work of eradi- cating tuberculosis would go forward most satisfactorily were the funds at hand. The common barberry, the bush which carries the black stem rust of wheat from one year’s crop to another, is being eradicated from 11 of the upper Mississippi Valley States, the great wheat belt of the United States. This is another campaign that is now under way and has already reached the stage in which it is consolidating areas from which the pest has been eliminated. Unexpected difficulties have arisen from time to time in this as in other eradication campaigns. Considerable areas of wild barberries have been discovered in a number of places that were undoubtedly responsible for much of the injury of the years past. Sporadic out- breaks of rust appeared in the wheat fields in this area last season, but no general epidemic, such as appeared in 1916, has occurred since the beginning of the barberry removal campaign. The eradication of predacious animals, which have been so destructive to the live-stock interests of the western re- 46 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921, gions, as well as the eradication of prairie dogs, ground squirrels, and other rodents, which have annually been de- stroying the grass and grain crops on vast areas, are other programs which are in a formative stage. Already some of these campaigns have reached the point of extermination over large areas, and as time progresses and the people come to recognize the value of this work undoubtedly the areas will be extended and a general extermination of some of these pests undertaken. Further Research Necessary to Eradication. The hog-cholera control program has not yet reached the eradication stage. More scientific work must be done before it will be possible to put the handling of this disease on the same footing with tuberculosis eradication. It is one of the most serious menaces of the live-stock industry and it is to be hoped that a method of absolute control may be speedily found. There is no more fertile field in the range of scientific endeavor than that offered by the possibility of eradication of destructive insects and plant diseases. Pests and dis- - eases not only cause great losses but make much more diffi- cult the effort to adjust production to the needs of consump- tion. A considerable number of live-stock pests and a num- ber of the worst pests of our cultivated crops are so limited in their food habits or in some stage of their life history that it will be possible to apply eradication methods when- ever conditions appear favorable. Most eradication cam- paigns require a preliminary period of education in the pos- sibilities and opportunities of accomplishment before those interested are willing to cooperate to the extent necessary to make them successful. Most of the failures of eradica- tion campaigns for introduced pests have been due to the lack of understanding of the serious nature of the situation until it was too late for effective work. The cotton-boll weevil could have been eradicated any time during the first five years of its invasion of the United States for a rela- tively small sum if the cotton growers had only realized the danger that was impending and had been willing to conform to the control measures recommended by the department’s scientific staff. On the other hand, the eradication of 4 Report of the Secretary. 47 pest of long standing which the people have come to con- sider a necessary evil may be very difficult, owing to lack of faith in the possibility of the program and a consequent lack of cooperative endeavor. Record Made in Road Construction. During the past year more improved roads were built under the Federal-aid road act than during any similar period, the mileage completed being more than three times as great as the entire mileage completed during the preced- ing years under the act. At the end of the fiscal year 1920 a total of 1,677 miles of Federal-aid road had been com- pleted, and there were 14,940 miles additional under con- RECORD MADE IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION UNDER FEDERAL-AID ROAD ACT UNDER CONSTRUCTION 14,940 MILES ON JULY |. 1920 ra) wa = w a = °o re) 1677 MILES COMPLETED. UNDER CONSTRUCTION THE YEAR JULY |. 1920 ln Bas 1.977 MILES To JULY I, 1921 Fig. 16.—During the past year more improved roads were built under the Federal-aid road act than during any similar period, the mileage completed being more than three times as great as the entire mileage completed during the preceding years under the act. struction and reported as about one-third complete. During the fiscal year 1921, 7,469 miles were completed, and atthe end of the year there were 17,977 miles under construction. Including the completed work on the projects still under construction, the States were entitled to draw Federal funds to the amount of $118,915,515. In addition there was a bal- ance allotted for projects under construction but not yet earned to the amount of $66,375,636. The total amount of Federal money in projects completed or under construction at the end of the year was, therefore, $185,291,151, or about 70 per cent of all the money made available to the States from past appropriations, 48 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Of the $266,750,000 which was available to the States the unobligated balance was but $18,793,544. Twelve States had no balance remaining due them. Nine States still had to their credit more than a million dollars unobligated. The remaining States had varying amounts of less than a mil- lion dollars still unallotted to definite projects. Under the law these allotments must be taken up by the States before June 30, 1923; otherwise the amount remaining will revert to the Federal Treasury for redistribution among the States. Economic Conditions Encourage Road Building. There has been marked improvement during the past year in the economic conditions affecting road work. Rail trans- portation for needed material has been more satisfactory. Contractors have been glad to undertake new work at lower prices than before, and the increasing unemployment of labor in industries has made a larger supply of labor avail- able for road work at much lower wages. Encouraged by these improved conditions, many States have been offering contracts for large sections of road improvement. The task of keeping roads in repair is becoming increas- ingly difficult. Traffic steadily grows and carries heavier loads, and because of this old methods of annual repair will not suffice in the future. Nothing short of constant and sys- tematic attention, involving the immediate repair of defects as quickly as they appear, will maintain our highways in good condition. In the past the Federal Government has not been able to contro] maintenance, although, as a rule, the States have acted in good faith, and at the close of the year all completed roads were in satisfactory condition. Most of these roads, however, were new and will require far more attention in the future. New Road Law. The new Federal highway act passed by Congress in the fall of 1921 is believed to be the most constructive road legislation ever enacted in this country. It carries an appro- priation of $75,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1922, of which $25,000,000 is immediately available, and provides that unexpended sums allotted to any State shall Report of the Secretary. 49 be available to such State until June 30, 1924, after which any unexpended balances shall be reapportioned to the va- rious States. In the average State this money is expended in the proportion of $43 from the Federal Government to each $57 provided by the State. Each State must have a properly organized and equipped State highway department. Proj- ects for road improvement must be submitted by the State and be approved by this department before Federal money is available. The State is required to designate a system of highways not to exceed 7 per cent of the total highway mileage of such State. This selected system shall be divided into two classes, one to be known as primary or interstate highways, which shall not exceed three-sevenths of such system, and the other to be known as secondary or inter- county highways, which shall consist of the remainder of such system. Not more than 60 per cent of Federal-aid money shall be expended on the primary or interstate high- ways except with the approval of the State highway depart- ment, and the States are required to make provision of State funds for construction, reconstruction, and maintenance of all Federal-aid highways, which funds shall be under the direct control of the State highway department. Only such durable types of surfacing as will adequately meet existing and probable future traffic needs and condi- tions may be included as part of the 7 per cent system, and all such construction must have the approval of the Secre- tary of Agriculture. In States having large areas of Gov- ernment land provision is made for larger relative Federal aid. Road Maintenance Insured by New Law. The matter of maintenance seems to be safeguarded by this new law in a thoroughly satisfactory way. It is pro- vided that if the State fails to maintain any highway which has been improved through Federal aid, the Secretary of Agriculture shall bring this delinquency to the attention of the State. If within 90 days such highway has not been placed in a proper state of repair, the Secretary shall pro- ceed to have it placed in such condition and charge the cost thereof against the State’s apportionment of Federal-aid funds. He shall also refuse to approve any additional proj- 50 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. ects in the State until the State has reimbursed the Federal Government for amount of Federal-aid money spent for such maintenance work. The Secretary is authorized to have such maintenance work done as may be necessary. Re- sponsibility for maintenance, therefore, can not be avoided. An appropriation of $5,000,000 for the fiscal year 1922 and $10,000,000 for the fiscal year 1923 is made for building roads in the national forests. The Secretary of War is authorized and directed to trans- fer to the Secretary of Agriculture upon his request war materials, equipment, and supplies now or hereafter declared surplus from stock suitable for use in highway improve- ment, and this material may be distributed to the States on the same basis as Federal aid funds are distributed, as much as 10 per cent being reserved for Federal use in road construction. Research Problems in Road Construction. The Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to set aside and retain 24 per cent of the total appropriation, to be used in administering the act and in conducting highway research. The importarice of such research is increasingly evident. The demands of our highway traffic are becoming more severe. The increasing use of large motor trucks pre- sents maintenance difficulties unknown a few years ago. The Department of Agriculture is conducting many scien- tific investigations with a view to improved road construc- tion, and especially to determine the effect of vehicular impact on road surfaces. Short stretches of roads of dif- ferent types are being built and submitted to the most severe traffic tests. The department also is cooperating with the various State highway departments and scientific institutions in similar investigations. It is not too much to say that the research work already done has yielded more precise scientific knowledge of highway construction and maintenance than we have ever before possessed. When we consider the enormous sums which are now being ex- pended annually for road construction, the relatively small provision made for research work should bring exceedingly large returns. Report of the Secretary. 51 The foregoing is a very brief outline of the more im- portant provisions of the new Federal aid act. Under the wise administration of this act first-class road construction should proceed as rapidly as is wise and safe. Surplus War Material for Road Work. Under previous acts of Congress large quantities of sur- plus war materials have been distributed among the States. But for the use of this material the work of the State high- way departments under the difficult conditions of the past two years would have been almost impossible. This equip- ment was bought by the Government for use in war and the distribution of the surplus for road work, now that its need for war purposes no longer exists, is making available for the use of the taxpayer simply a return for the money he has provided. Up to the end of the fiscal year approximately $130,000,000 worth of this material had been transferred, in- cluding $11,000,000 worth which has been retained by the Department of Agriculture for use in connection with its various road-building activities. Approximately 27,000 mo- tor vehicles were included in the material that has been dis- tributed. As was to be expected, much of this surplus ma- terial was in bad condition and some of it not fit for further use. The cost of distributing the material is borne by the States. Organization for intelligent distribution and use of these materials is being improved steadily. The National Forests. Until recent years the forests of the United States were looked upon as the gift of a beneficent Creator, ready pre- pared for the harvest, for the profit of those individual citizens to whom they were most freely parceled out by a liberal Government. While Federal funds were appropri- ated for forest investigations in 1876, the first forest re- serves were not created until 1891, and not until] 1905 were the national forests formally designated as such and placed under the administration of the Department of Agriculture. Only since the date last named has there been a definite national forest policy. It was high time. Of the more than 800,000,000 acres of original forest area there now remain 52 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. but 137,000,000 acres in virgin forest, and more than half of the remaining timber supply is in the West Coast States, which means that the lumber must pay a heavy transporta- tion charge before it reaches the large consuming regions. The cutting of these virgin forests was done wastefully and with little thought of growing a second crop of timber. It was a question of immediate profit, not future need. This has resulted in a staggering loss in timber production and has imperiled our future supply of wood. More than this, in mountain areas the evil extends to soil erosion steadily increasing in volume and destructiveness, and irregularities WHY LUMBER IS BECOMING SCARCE AND EXPENSIVE ; CLEARED FOR oHICAL SS AGRICULTURE. TOWNS, ; TC. 359, 000, “VIRGIN FORESTS ETC. 35 eee OF UNITED “STATES COVERED 822,000,000 ACRES se Ys Wainy Y, WHAT WE HAD ORIGINALLY WHAT WE HAVE NOW Fic. 17.—Over four-fifths of the originally forested land has been cut-over. About half of this cut-over land has been cleared for agriculture, cities, roads, etc., and the other half is growing up to trees, mostly of poorer quality than the virgin forest, or has been so frequently devastated by fire that trees can not get a start. in stream flow ranging from excessive floods to excessive pe- riods of low water. The denudation of mountain lands under private misuse had much to do with our difficulties in main- taining the navigability of streams and preserving regular sources of water supply urgently needed for irrigation. Recognition of this danger brought about the establishment of our national forests, which now aggregate 156,000,000 acres, equal to one-fifth of our timber-growing land. National Forest Policy. The forest policy which has been developed by the Depart- ment of Agriculture since the forests were placed under it contemplates: Report of the Secretary. 53 First. The administration of the national forests in such a way as to promote the greatest possible utilization for all purposes and at the same time the greatest possible growth of timber. This includes protection from fire, regulation of cutting, tree planting, and forest management to secure the maximum growth of timber; full utilization of forage re- sources for live-stock raising; classification of lands and the elimination of areas most suitable for farming; the use of lands for a wide range of purposes, including industrial de- velopments and recreation; the fullest possible development of water powers; the readjustment of boundaries to include forest lands and to exclude other lands. While the national forests are being administered as national property, the well- being of local communities, which are largely agricultural in character, is a primary consideration. Second. The extension of the national forests through the purchase of lands which will protect the watersheds of nav- igable streams. The national forests established by Execu- tive order or by legislation now cover the headwaters of nearly all the important streams beyond the Mississippi and protect enormous investments in irrigation works, irrigable farms, and hydro-electric development. They are now slowly being extended by purchases over the watersheds of navigable streams in the eastern States and should be ex- tended still further as rapidly as possible. This policy rep- resents to-day the most striking application of public fore- sight to land problems in the history of the United States. Third. Scientific research with a view to— (a) Ascertaining and demonstrating through the activi- ties of forest experiment stations the cheapest and most effective methods of growing the maximum timber crops of the best species. (6) Products investigations, centered mainly at the Forest Products Laboratory at Madison, Wis., to ascertain and demonstrate means of preventing waste and the most ef- fective means for the manufacture and utilization of our forest resources. These investigations are designed to ex- tend the life of our present resources, reduce to a minimum the production necessary to meet future requirements, and indirectly to make the growing of timber more profitable. 54. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921, (c) Investigations of timber resources, the extent of for- est lands, and other economic questions, such as timber taxa- tion, in order to secure the data which must underlie the de- velopment and application of a national-forest policy. Fourth. Dissemination of information, and cooperation with States, timberland owners, and farmers, in the protec- tion and management of public and privately owned forests and farm woodlots. These activities include— (a) Fire protection through cooperation between the Fed- eral Government, the State governments, and private owners. (6) Cooperation with the management of privately owned timberlands to check their devastation and assure the con- tinued use for timber growing of lands not better suited for other purposes. (c) The dissemination of information which will make possible greater and better production on the 200,000,000 acres of farm woodlots owned by the individual farmers of the Nation. Woodlot products now rank in value as one of the first three or four principal farms crops of the country. The yield of these farm woodlots can be immensely increased by better methods. (d) Publicly owned forests with the greatest additions which can be anticipated can not alone meet our require- ments for wood. The department is therefore attempting by all means at its disposal to secure the adoption of a national policy for the production of timber on the privately owned lands most suitable for this purpose. WOOD CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION 26 BILLION CUBIC FEET CUT OR DESTROYED PER YEAR ANNUAL GROWTH 6 BILLION CUBIC FEET Fic. 18.—The people of the United States are now consuming annually, or per- mitting to be destroyed by fire, or otherwise, more than four times as much wood as is being grown. To meet the Nation’s demand, wood should be grown as other crops are grown. Conserving the Forests. During the 16 years the Department of Agriculture has administered the national forests it has secured and trained an administrative force remarkable for its efficiency. Meth- Report of the Secretary. 55 ods of cutting timber have been developed under which the forest reproduces naturally, and these requirements have been so harmonized with the practical limitations of lum- bering that the demand for national-forest timber has grown steadily. The condition of the national-forest ranges has been very greatly improved and at the same time the stock which they can support without damage has been increased by approximately one-third. A system of fire protection has been established which has stimulated fire protection throughout the United States and is serving as a model to State and private agencies alike. In general, all national- forest resources have been brought into use. Western pub- lic sentiment, at first decidedly hostile, now almost uni- versally supports the present form of administration, and western stockmen have even gone so far in many instances as to demand the extension of the national-forest system of range management to the remaining public grazing lands; in short, the national forests are now vindicated by their fruits. Some 2,000,000 acres of forest lands have been purchased at the headwaters of navigable streams in the East, and these areas have been placed under an administration com- parable with those of the western forests. Favorable prog- ress in purchases was made during the past year. Forest products investigations, which at their initiation were ignored by the forest industries of the country, have through the demonstration of their benefits permeated the forest industries almost without exception and have given an entirely new conception of the possibilities in the con- servation, manufacture, and utilization of forest products. A beginning has been made in the establishment of forest experiment stations which should as rapidly as possible be extended to cover at least all the principal forest regions ef the country. Notable contributions have been made to our knowledge of remaining timber supplies and related economic subjects. Information on the need for timber growing and the best methods for growing and utilizing timber has been widely disseminated. Public opinion has been aroused until now there is a powerful nation-wide support for the adoption of a national] policy which will bring about the growing of 56 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. timber on privately owned lands to supplement that which can be produced on national forests and other public holdings. Protection From Fire. Through the example of the national forests the Forest Service has extended the work of fire protection over the forested areas of one-half of the States of the Union. In its earlier work the efforts of the Forest Service at control- Fic. 19.—A Forest Service fire lookout, on top of a mountain in the West, from which an observer stands guard over a million acres of national forest land from daylight to dark all through the dangerous season. ling forest fires often met with ridicule as being hopeless or impossible. Last year 24 States cooperated with the Fed- eral Government in forest-fire protection. This year the fund for cooperation with the States was raised from $125,000 to a new total of $400,000. The larger appropriation has greatly stimulated local effort along the same lines. The protection of forests against fire is a problem in which there are three parties in interest—the owner, who hopes to sell the timber; the local public, whose carelessness is the cause of part of the hazard; and the Nation, through its interest in navigation and welfare. Efficient fire protection will con- Report of the Secretary. 57 tribute largely toward the solution of the problem of our future timber supply. Through its efforts in building up a system of fire protection in cooperation with the States the department is making excellent progress. There should be no break in the continuity of this work. Better Utilization of Forest Products. The basic function of the Forest Service is to bring about the utilization primarily for timber growing, and inciden- tally for a wide range of other purposes, of the one-fourth of the land area of the United States best adapted to this purpose in the same way that other units in the Department of Agriculture attempt to bring about the most complete utilization for agricultural production of the part of the remaining three-fourths which is most suitable for this pur- pose. The Forest Service is a part of the Department of Agriculture primarily because of this basic use of land. It is related to the department, further, in the utilization of some 156,000,000 acres of national forests for the grazing of live stock, a strictly agricultural function which involves cooperation with both the Bureaus of Animal Industry and Plant Industry. It is related in the extension of road and trail systems on the national forests in the interests of agri- cultural communities as well as to provide communications for fire protection and for general administration, and this involves cooperation with the Bureau of Public Roads. It is related in the development of forestry on the 200,000,000 acres of woodlots owned by farmers and cooperates in this function with the States Relations Service and its widely ex- tended organization of county agents. In its research activi- ties the Forest Service cooperates with practically every other bureau in various economic investigations; with the Weather Bureau, in investigations on the relation of forests to stream flow and the general relations of climate to forest growth and fire protection; with the Bureaus of Animal and Plant Industry in a wide range of investigations covering both utilization of the national forests for grazing, the work of the forest experiment stations, and finally, the protection of forests and forest products from fungous diseases. 58 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Forest Management an Agricultural Problem. Investigations to reduce enormous losses through decay of pulp wood and wood pulp were conducted jointly by the HOW THE FOREST SERVICE WORKS WITH OTHER BUREAUS OF THE DEPARTMENT BURAU OF AMUTAL INOUSTR. 0? lingroviieg LF OCAS OF Wesleoch aIa &aar— SEQMIIG QSECOSC ATAW the 2/00,000 Cole and VOTSES WIA ZF25,000 SPCEO O17A GOOKS GLAZED i the Natiorra/ (resis. STATES RELATIONS SERVUCE Wf? Feactllt7e GIA GELAA7- stating betler sorestty Oo”? 200 tatlhar acres of Yar? weomdors, LIOLOGI CHL SUVEY I aestaying eAaory ovinals which atinally Aill ®350000 worth of hivestock of? the Natta! FH OSTS, AIA 17? POSOAUMG TONGO ACSI OY l/1g (OBETR, GURLAU OF PLANT 1NOUSTA, i? Sleayliig }aage pairs i? the Notioa/ Forests, TP? CODED AFG DOWOOIOLS LAMBS OA 17? COMMAAG DANG AK JO ESI Tree DASCASES. FOREST SERVICE vanmirausrers 456 17111077 acres Of Notion! (arest5, AS which? the CSuesx raps WC MIO! AIA 121GE | 7096 /¢ alse promores fhe 6657 use Of forest? prodcrs ard a1% 1) the (WaCvlise OF JOresliy O77 private lorest arias Wit) a view Je Sipplyiiig Whe rafter? 77S For Hirber, 2 ts agrici/tiral evrerorise We forest? Sernvce cooperases witt? BUREAU OF LNTOUIAOGY ? stidying ard combating PANGEIOUS 19SEC? CLVEVTHES DS Forests, SUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS 7? bitldiing (oaks 177 the Neotiora forests Jor lew aaa streattor? aid POlee hor are Sor Levretit OF LOVES) COTTTIUMTHTIES. CUREAU OF SOhS W classtiyliag Nearior7a/ forest farr7das or erty as agricdltital for7e- SI6AXS, AIA 177 ST AES Of so0// 72 relation fo ttee QOWT/?. WEATHER GURLAL li staes of cliratic Saclers 7? Corte of Yorest sires ana of the Lech of sarests of7 Sslreatr? WoW, EF OSl77, oad SIeeds. l'1G. 20.—The Forest Service is an integral part of the Department of Agri- culture in serving the farmers, who manage nearly 40 per cent of the forest land in the United States, the stockmen of the West, who graze over 9,000,000 head of stock in the national forests, the owners of the 200 million acres of timberland not in farms nor in the national forests, who often need tech- nieal advice and assistance, and all consumers of lumber and forest products, cor whom it is providing a permanent, though limited, supply of timber from the national forests, and investigating the most economical methods of wood utilization. Forest Service and the Bureau of Plant Industry. Coopera- tion with the Bureau of Entomology and with the Biological Survey covers both inseet and animal attacks on forest Report of the Secretary. 59 growth. In perfecting plans for controlling an insect in- festation on forest lands under its jurisdiction the Depart- ment of the Interior has recently found it advisable to agree that the work should be handled by the Forest Service work- ing in cooperation withh the Bureau of Entomology. The Bureau of Soils assists the Forest Service in the studies of soils and their bearing on the life of forest trees and forage plants, and further, in land classification for agricultural homestead settlement. The Bureau of Crop Estimates se- cures information on the needs of stockmen and farmers for public and national forest ranges which aids the national forest administration, and collects also data on the products of farm woodlots which is of value in the development of farm forestry. In short, having largely exhausted the forest crop grown in advance, the problem now is to use more wisely what remains and to grow other crops to meet our needs. That is to say, forestry is a distinctly agricultural business. The function of the department as a whole in- cludes efforts for the production and the most effective manufacture, distribution, and utilization of the products of both farm and forest for the benefit of the country at large. Finally, the agricultural industry itself is the largest owner of timberlands and the largest user of forest products, and as such is vitally interested in the administration of the forests. Paper Making in Alaska. Worthy of special mention is the progress which has been made in calling the attention of capitalists and newsprint manufacturers to the splendid opportunities offered by the two great national forests in Alaska for the establishment of an important industry in that region. The Tongass Na- tional Forest, situated in the southeastern part of the Terri- tory, has a stand of not less than 70,000,000,000 feet of tim- ber within its area of about 15,000,000 acres. The Forest Service, after a careful study of these resources and a scien- tific determination of the value of such Alaskan timbers for purposes of paper manufacture, has divided the forest into 14 development regions, each one of which contains sufficient water power potentialities and sufficient timber to run a large paper-manufacturing plant permanently. It is estimated 99912°—-yRK 1921 5 60 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. that under the plans now worked out the two national for- ests in Alaska can furnish perpetually 2,000,000 cords of pulpwood annually, amounting to an equivalent of one- third of our present consumption. Two large sales have al- ready been made and one small mill erected. It is confi- dently anticipated that extensive development along these lines will take place as soon as financial and industrial nee eeGarts conditions become normal. INCLUDING The problems of forest ad- eae eRe ministration in Alaska are woop inseparably linked with 1,695,000 TONS similar problems encoun- tered in the States, and an efficient, decentralized, local administration has been established which is cadpuees functioning in close co- FROM WOOD ordination with the other GROWN IN scientific bureaus of the de- U.S. FORESTS ‘ 3,045,000 TONS PERMANENT partment. POTENTIAL ANNUAL YIELD The Department in ALASKAS PULPWOOD WEALTH PULP OF NATIONAL FORESTS OF Alaska. ALASKA 1,265,000 TONS The service rendered by PULP CONSUMPTION, ALASKAS the Department of Agri- Gcimnep stats ee PRODUCTION culture in Alaska is ex- Fic, 21.—The United States can and actly the same sort of serv- should grow enough pulpwood for its. ice that, 1b oreagene ame entire paper supply, instead of im- 3 - T . porting large quantities of pulpwood, -Varl0uS Slates aRG. sere pulp, and paper at high prices. The tories. modified, of course, national forests of Alaska alone, if tl l diti Tt continued under their present scien- to mee : oe conditions. ; tific management, will permanently maintains in Alaska nine present yearly demand for paper pulp. Stations of the Weather Bu- reau. The Biological Sur- vey has four stations which give attention to the reindeer and land fur-bearing animals. The Forest Service, as has been noted in dealing with its activities in this report, has charge of the large national forests there. The Bureau of Public Roads handles forest-road construction under the Federal-aid act. Extension work through the States Relations Service is car- Report of the Secretary. 61 ried on from five different agricultural experiment stations scattered through the Territory. Through these activities the people of Alaska have the same benefit from the work done by the Department of Agriculture as have the people of the States. Because of the distance the representatives of the depart- ment in Alaska have been given larger powers than repre- sentatives in the States. The effort has been to delegate the largest possible authority in order that prompt decisions may be made on the ground. Better Housing Needed for Department. The offices and laboratories of the department are scat- tered in more than 40 buildings in various parts of the city of Washington. This results in waste of a tremendous amount of time and money for which the Government must pay. Efficiency is impaired by difficulty of personal con- tact between the Secretary and the officers of the depart- ment, as well as between bureau chiefs and units of their own respective bureaus. Many units which are closely re- lated organically are so separated by the exigencies of hous- ing space that much confusion exists and full and efficient utilization of the services of the workers is impossible. The necessary transmission of mail and packages between so many scattered locations requires a very large messenger force, while the guarding of these scattered buildings, by day and night, necessarily entails a force of watchmen much larger than would be needed for a smaller number of suitable buildings properly located. In addition it is a source of constant embarrassment to the department that visitors who have business to transact with the Government must be referred from building to building, frequently from one part of the city to another. Of the buildings owned by the Government and occupied by the department, several are of the temporary type, erected hurriedly during the war, highly inflammable, and other- wise unsuited to the work of the department. The same is true of some of the rented buildings. In several of these buildings the valuable property and records of the Govy- ernment are continually exposed to the risk of fire, and there is even apprehension of loss of life. 62 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. The prompt construction of a large modern office build- ing for the use of the various scattered units of the depart- ment should be a profitable financial investment and would add immensely to the efficiency with which its work is car- ried on. Capable Leadership Essential in Department Work. The most important single problem before the department at the present time is that of securing and holding the right kind of leadership in its different lines of work. The pos- sibility of economically and efficiently carrying out a given project depends upon the vision and resourcefulness of the individual assigned the task. He must have technical train- ing requisite to meet all the intricacies of the situation, ad- | ministrative ability sufficient to organize and lead his force, and a personality that will win confidence and respect. In- dividuals having all these qualities are rare, but once secured are the very foundation of an efficient scientific organiza- tion. With this type of leadership in all divisions of the work the highest possible efficiency can be secured with a minimum expenditure of funds. On the other hand, with a leadership lacking in training or vision the essential point of an investigation or the funda- mental principle which gives value to another type of service may be neglected and the entire expenditure may accomplish little or nothing of permanent advantage. With adequate training and the proper personal qualities but without ad- ministrative ability the project may be prosecuted with the right objective but be ineffective and wasteful in operation. In research work it is doubly important that the project leader possess these qualities, for much of our research is of such a nature that it is difficult or impossible for those not familiar with the problems involved to determine whether the methods employed are such as to finally secure the de- sired results. Great importance is therefore attached to reli- ance and dependability in leadership. In recommending in its estimates for the next fiscal year advancement in salaries for certain of the administrative leaders of the department, and. especially in recommending the increase in the maxi- mum possible to pay scientific workers from $4,500 to $6,500, the department is acting solely from the standpoint of econ- Report of the Secretary. 63 omy and efficiency in the expenditure of these funds. A given amount of money wisely expended will accomplish very much greater results than double that amount used in the maintenance of an organization without a definite aim or purpose. ; Need for Better Salaries. The situation as to salaries grows worse each year. Effi- cient leaders in the différent lines of the department’s work are one by one leaving the service to accept employment at higher rates of compensation or under more favorable cir- cumstances. The salaries in the Department of Agriculture were fully comparable with those in the better grade of edu- cational and research institutions before the war period. Since that time these institutions by the pressure of com- mercial interests and higher wage standards in other lines of effort have advanced their salary scale from time to time until now many of the endowed institutions, such as Colum- bia, Yale, Harvard, Stanford, and Chicago, are paying pro- fessorial salaries of from $7,500 to $10,000. Harvard, for example, pays the heads of all of its departments from $6,000 to $8,000. These salaries promise to be increased rather than diminished. In the same way the State-supported institutions have raised their salary standards until such institutions as Wis- consin, Minnesota, Illinois, Ohio, and California are paying from $6,000 up. When a single institution like Chicago or Wisconsin has 125 professors receiving an average salary quite a little above $5,000, it is not difficult to see why the department has trouble in retaining its bureau chiefs with an average salary of $4,700 and its project leaders with an average salary of $3,500. The bureau chiefs should rank in training and experience and in professorial qualities with college presidents. In fact, two of them have refused sueh presidencies within the past year. The project leaders of the department have larger administrative responsibilities and should have higher qualifications, on the average, than the deans and directors of our educational institutions whose salaries average from $1,000 to $2,000 higher than those of the professors of the corresponding institutions. A number of the former employees of the department are receiving sal- 64 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. aries ranging from $10,000 to $20,000 in commercial posi- tions. Loyalty and opportunity for great public service has held many a scientific worker in the department against a flattering offer from the outside, and because of that spirit it will always be possible for the department to hold its work- ers at a lower salary than the maximum paid by the educa- tional institutions and for very much less than that offered in the commercial fields. If, however, any satisfactory de- gree of permanence is to be secured, it will be necessary to reach a salary standard whereby these men will be enabled to maintain a reasonable standard of living for themselves and their families with a small surplus to supplement the totally inadequate retirement provisions of the present time. If the department is to go forward in its work and meet the increasingly complex problems of the future it must have authority to pay fair salaries. In research work the loss of a scientist not only imperils the leadership of the project but inevitably in leaving he takes with him a knowl- edge and experience gained at the expense of the Govern- ment, which is only to be acquired by his successor by long and painstaking effort ; so that even if an equally strong man could be secured the loss through the lack of continuity of the work is usually much greater than the increased outlay that would have been necessary to have insured the contin- uous services of the individual. From every standpoint, therefore, the high turnover in scientific personnel that the department has been experiencing in recent years is uneco- nomical and wasteful. The proposed program of cooperation and correlation of scientific work of the department and the State stations calls for an even higher type of Jeadership on the part of the de- partment. In order to make such projects feasible and to properly equip the organization for an effective attempt to attack the more fundamental problems which have up to the present time resisted the efforts of isolated workers, such permanent leadership must be secured. Highly Trained Scientists a National Asset. The great discoveries of the ages have been made by ex- ceptionally gifted individuals, and the nation that can pro- duce such individuals and provide for the concentration of Report of the Secretary. 65 their efforts on the problems of most vital interest to national welfare will be successful in the competition of the future. The experience of the war period has amply demonstrated that when the leading scientists of the Nation were called together for the solution of a given problem success was practically assured. The trend of movement of population and civilization in the past few centuries has been toward the center of food production. This tendency will undoubt- edly increase. It would therefore seem but the part of wis- dom to make adequate provision for leadership and efficiency in matters so vital to national welfare. Graduate Work in Department. To maintain continued efficiency in a scientific organiza- tion under civil-service regulations some provision must be made for adequate training of those who enter the service in the lower positions. The rapid turnover in personnel during the war and post-war periods has resulted in an extremely rapid advancement of these men. To meet this need the department has provided for graduate training in various lines for the scientific workers. The work is given outside of office hours, is supported entirely by the students, and is therefore unofficial in nature. It is, however, super- vised and encouraged by the department. The workers are allowed to take only one course at a time, and everything _ necessary is done to insure the highest standard for the work, so that it will not only be effective training for the department workers but satisfactory to the graduate insti- tutions of.the country. It is expected that the ambitious workers of the department will make arrangements with such graduate institutions for the acceptance of these credits and will ultimately attend these institutions and complete the work required for advanced degrees. Leaves of absence for this purpose are being arranged and closer cooperation with graduate departments in the solution of research prob- lems is being considered. Some of the strongest scientists of the department are taking charge of courses and a few of the leading graduate institutions have furnished teachers for others. Altogether a most helpful spirit has prevailed. It is expected that other graduate institutions will from time to time assist the department in its efforts and that the scientific men detailed 66 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. to temporary appointments in Washington may be available for this service. Although just getting under way, this increased oppor- tunity is already being reflected in the greater enthusiasm and loyalty of the workers within the department. The most hopeful aspect of the situation, however, is the facet that the ambitious students of the best institutions are again becoming interested in the possibilities and opportunities of Government service. The lack of adequate salary stand- ards and opportunity for obtaining advanced training have made it difficult for the department to attract to its en- trance positions in the past the very men who are abso- lutely essential to the continued efficiency of its work. It is hoped that provision for higher salaries in the advaneed positions and enlarged opportunities for graduate work may help us overcome this difficulty. Conclusion. In the foregoing I have tried to present truthfully the adverse conditions affecting our agriculture at the present time and the bad effect these conditions are having upon industry and business. .The troubles by which the farmer is surrounded are not of his making. In large part they are due to world-wide conditions over which he had no control and the inevitable result of the World War. It is not to be expected that by some miraculous transformation this period of adversity may be turned overnight into a period of pros- perity, but there seem to be good reasons for believing that the worst is over and that we may reasonably hope for grad- ual improvement from now on. A clear recognition of the conditions as they exist should help us to realize this hope. When finally we emerge from this distressing period we shall find ourselves at the beginning of a new agricultural era. Heretofore we have produced more food products than were needed by our own people. We had land in abundance and of great fertility. Our population is increasing rapidly. We have taken up most of our easily cultivated land. We are not far from the time when home needs will require prac- tically all that we produce in the average year. This means a more intensive agriculture, with larger production per acre and lessened cost, if we are to meet foreign competition and still maintain our standards of living. r Report of the Secretary. 67 The Department of Agriculture is planning to meet these new conditions by strengthening its work in certain direc- tions. Its appropriations from the Federal Government are set forth in the pages which follow. A study of the regular appropriations will show that very nearly two-thirds of the money is spent for regulatory and service work which is of more direct value to the consuming public than to the pro- ducers on the farm. The money made available for scien- tific research and its application to farm problems should be increased in the national interest. As has been said, such money is in the nature of an investment. It results in vast additions to our national wealth. The amounts asked for the coming year, and which have been approved by the Bu- reau of the Budget, have been reduced to the minimum. In the future these appropriations should be increased just as rapidly as the organization and administration of the de- partment gives reasonable assurance that increased money will be used wisely. It is planned during the coming year to strengthen certam phases of the work of the department, more especially the scientific research, the application of the results of research to farm practice, more extended studies of marketing farm crops with a view to reducing cost, investigations of both production and consumption at home and abroad for the purpose of better adjusting our own production to market needs, and studies looking toward making available to the farmer those devices of modern business which provide needed credit on easy terms and which may help us to dis- tribute production risks more equitably. j This is a creative department. Also it is a department of service. Its task is to conserve and increase national wealth through the wise utilization of the soil and its prod- ucts, having in mind constantly the maintenance of the fer- tility of the soil for the use of the generations to follow us. In such a task the department should have both the liberal - financial support of the Government and the sympathetie interest of all our people. Respectfully, Henry C. WaLwace, Secretary of Agriculture. 68 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Appropriations. The cost to the Federal Government of the research, exten- sion, service, and regulatory activities of the department during the fiscal year 1921 was approximately $32,000,000, as indicated by the following table: Federal appropriations available for regular work of department. Avricultural appropriation act; 1921. -__.-- 2 eee $31, 712, 784. 00 Less— Appropriations for State agricultural experiment (stations = -_--y-- $1, 440, 000 Smith-Lever supplementary funds___-~_ 1, 500, 000 Shoxrt-time inural credits 22u2t> 22. ts 5, 000 Immediately available appropriations ex- _ pended during 9202). eee 11, 868 2, 956, 868. 00 28, 755. 916. 00 Agricultural appropriation act, 1922, immediately available for expenditure during 1921 (exclusive of $2,000,000 for Seed-crain loans tO. farmers) =o] ~ oo. eee sdouae 500. 00 Deficiency appropriation act. March 1, 1921________________ » 1538, 000. 00 Deficiency appropriation act, June 16, 1921 (exclusive of $125,000" for, printing vand binding) = ===> 496, 000. 00 Permanent annual appropriation for meat inspection_______~ 3, 000, 000. 00 Protection of lands involved in Oregon and California forfei- ture. suits \(Porest Service) = eee 25, 000. 00 Balances of appropriations from prior years___~~~-_-----~~ 3, 130, 972. 49 Printing and binding fund ¢sundry civil appropriation act, 1921, and deficiency appropriation act of June 16, 1921)___ 850, 000. 00 Total available. 32.9228 4. 8S eee 37, 629, 188.49 Unexpended balances, June 30; A921_=*2__ = 3 eee 2, 847, 303. 90 Actual expenditures from Federal funds__—---~--~~_~ 34, 781, 884. 59 Less receipts, 1921, deposited in U. S. Treasury (see p. 69)__ 2, 514, 879. 37 Net, cost’ of regular \works- 6 40-6245 eee Se 32, 267, 005.22 In addition, the following special funds were available for work incident to the department’s regular activities: Special appropriations from receipts. Roads and trails for States (construction. and improvement of roads and trails within national forests) ____-_---_-----_---- $892, 492. 09 Paid from national forest receipts for fiscal year 1921 (seep. 69)! So ae ee $472, 025. 24 Balance from receipts, fiscal year 1920____--_ 420, 466. 84 Cooperative work, Forest Service (contributions from private : sources) .0': eS) beh OA ee A ee eee 2, 674, 757. 61 Receipts for fiscal year 1921 (see p. 69)--- $1, 965, 678. 20 Balance from receipts, fiscal year 1920_-_~- 709, O59. 41 Total available. } wae SS eee 3, 567, 229. 70 Actual expenditures from special funds__-__------~----------~_ 2,488, 979. 49 Unexpended balance, June 30, 1921 (available for ex- penditure during fiscal year 1922)2-e22-2-_- == 1, 078, 250. 21 Report of the Secretary. 69 The total expenditure of $32,000,000 for the regular work of the department was allotted by types of activity approxi- mately as follows: Research, $9,000,000; extension, $3,000,- 000; service, $3,000,000; and regulatory work, $17,000,000. In this connection it should be pointed out that over one- half of the funds for service and regulatory work were ex- pended in the performance of the primary functions of gov- ernment rather than for the direct development of agricul- ture. Such functions as the administration and protection of the national forests, the weather service, enforcement of the food and drugs act and the meat-inspection law, as well as other similar service and law enforcement work, are not conducted in the interest of the producer, but administered for the benefit of all. The department received during the fiscal year 1921 the following amounts, which were covered into the Treasury: Receipts of Department of Agriculture, fiscal year 1921. Weather Bureau: Receipts from United States telegraph lines__ $6, 365. 84 Forest Service: Sales of timber, grazing fees, and use of forest lands (exclusive of receipts used for construction of roads and Saree ETRE SESE LOS) or: one en ee ee ee ee ee eee 2, 032, 909. 97 Bureau of Chemistry : Examination of samples of flour, oleomargarine, ete_______ 1, 465. 00 ORC O TINE ht ee Se ee ee ee hye et ee eee 126. 40 Bureau of Biological Survey: Sale of animal skins___________~- 9, 734. 85 . Bureau of Soils: Sale of kelp, char, potash, and carbon_______~_ 13, 812. 93 Division of Publications: Sale of maps, prints, lantern slides, Seah: Eos! Tels asp Se Re ae ea ess be eee ee 1, 897. 35 States Relations Service: Sale of products grown at insular ex- PERE PS EDV Voy WO ee Ce ee ae See ee a bas Fay al Bureau of Markets: impsneccionsol-t00d producish3~ 405462 Ss 22<2 ee 97, 352. 00 vest ROA AD PCAlS = 2 ee he 21, 948. 43 SUMS ECSTA NS SCROLLS) PUEGS a oe ee ee ee eee eg 2, 847. 00 (Cis Shinaliyte (ol ate) 1 a Ss Se ee es eee ee eee 144, 530. 80 BilerGto cotton Standards 2 Mh. er ase ee fe) oe F 16, 351. 40 SEL GF ORG eos io) se eS ee ees a ae 16, 630. 93 NIDA EP COVS Ti ees 4 Bs ie eee) se a eS 10, 817. 77 Federal Horticultural Board: Charges for fumigating cars and EL AO See epee eee cae yn eT Ft ee a 60, 382. 50 Various bureaus: Miscellaneous collections, including sale of condemned Government property Forest Service: Sale of timber, grazing fees, and use of for- est lands (applicable to construction of HIRE cit le ae ep bee eS ee ee ee $472, 025. 25 Contributions for cooperative work________ 1, 965, 678. 20 — 2,437, 703. 45 PRG ED eTPCECIDEA A Oo mae 2 ee ae Nee 4, 952, 582. 82 70 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. In addition to the $32,000,000 expended by the depart- ment for the conduct of its investigative, regulatory, and other routine activities, appropriations amounting to £969.513,180.34 were administered by the department. though no part of them was applied to the prosecution of its regular work. These funds were provided for the fol- lowing purposes: For extension work in agriculture and home economics (pro- vided by the Smith-Lever Act of May 8, 1914, and paid direct tothe States — == os See ee ee $3, 580, 000. 00 Supplementary Smith-Lever agricultural extension work (pro- vided by the Agricultural appropriation act for 1921) ____ 1, 500, 000, 00 Federal aid road construction (provided by the acts of July 11, 1916, and February 28, 1919, including balances from priori ey cous) == 422 - ee eS eee 1959, 705, 180. 34 Rural post roads _._--_-=-------___ $251, 154, 318.39 Roads and trails within or adjacent to national: forests 222 2222 wert eeey Ss 8, 548, 861. 95 Farmers’ seed-grain loans (made immediately available by the Agricultural appropriation act for the fiscal year 1922 for, expenditure GUrINS LON: en 2, 000, 000. 00 Payments from national forest receipts for the benefit of courty, Schools ‘and, roads. = = 1, 285, 000. 00 Research work of State agricultural experiment stations (pro- vided by the Agricultural appropriation act for 1921 and paid.directsto the States) —— =) == ee 1, 440, 000, 00 Study of short-time rural credits (provided by the Agricul- tural appropriation act for 1921 for use of a special con- eT ESSIONAl. COUMMEMECCE | ee ee 5, 000. 00 foes 7 ee eS eS Se ee Ee a 269, 513, 180. 34 The number of employees in the department on June 30, 1921, was 18,748, a decrease of 628 from June 30, 1920. 1 $62.535,342.54 of this amount was actually expended during the fiscal year 1921, leaving a balance of $187,167,837.80 available for expenditure during the fiscal year 1922, 71 Report of the Secretary. 000 ‘v0g ‘Fre 000 ‘oge “ee 000 602 ‘T 000 ‘26% ‘F 000 ‘TT9 000 ‘989 ‘e 000 P99 “E02 1 000 ‘ze “og 000 ‘Fae ‘T 000 ‘PIE ‘F 000 “R09 000 ‘TTL *€ 000 ‘O10 ‘202 1 ee SEs eee 000 ‘eee 000 ‘P69 000 ‘928 000 ‘262 000 “S08 ‘% 000 ‘TRS 000 ‘cog “2, 000 ‘egg "2 000 ‘FIO ‘Se 000 ‘ahr ‘se 000 ‘£96 ‘Sh 000 ‘TRS ‘8g 000 ‘OFZ ‘SOT | 000 “Ser “goT *PIGI-OIGT ‘OSBIOAG jesnuuy 000 ‘ZIP ‘TS 006 ‘698 “T 000'89P F 000 ‘T82Z 000 ‘PEL ‘e 000 ‘#99 “822 000 ‘eet ‘b 000 ‘808 000 “692 000 “621 “8 000 ‘SPI ‘2 000 ‘966 ‘OF 000 “69% ‘09 000 ‘261 ‘90T “sumMYysi0s Ureas FuIpNyox Ty ¢ | | vo0 ‘08s “6FZ | vue ‘OT6 ‘09% | vUO‘Z8F ‘96% | 006 ‘THE ‘992 | 089 “661 ‘G13 000 ‘20°22 | 000 ‘986 ‘99% 000 ‘es6 ‘te | o00‘TR8‘ge | 000‘800‘9¢ | O00‘99S‘Ee | 000 *8zZ8 ‘cE 000 ‘ETF ‘1 000 ‘89 ‘T OOT ‘LP9‘T 000 ‘186 ‘T 000 '096 I 000 ‘688 ‘F 000 ‘g08 ‘¢ 000 ‘egz‘¢ 000 ‘Est ‘F 000 “669 ‘F 000 “PLL 000 “616 000 “OF6 000 “T6 000 ‘266 000 ‘e9e¢ ‘¢ 000 “P8e ‘F 000 ‘862 ‘F 000 ‘ze ‘g 000 ‘29 ‘g 000‘0¢2‘eT% | 006 ‘ez9‘szz | ose ‘eoe‘zez | 000‘e20 ‘ese | 000‘66F ‘F2z 000 ‘FFG ‘E 000 ge ‘¢ 000 ‘9g0 ‘9 000 “090 “¢ 000 ‘Oat ‘¢ 000 ‘698 006 ‘086 0ge ‘SIT ‘T 000 “E90 ‘T 000 “98e ‘T 000 ‘8z8 000 ‘#26 000 ‘220 ‘T 000 ‘002 000 ‘TOL 000 ‘E12 ‘e 000 ‘218 ‘F 000 ‘16 ‘9 000 ‘208 “9 000 ‘60% “F 000 ‘22 ‘2 000 ‘E86 ‘8 000 ‘OF2 ‘6 000 ‘022 ‘9 000 ‘009 *2 000‘229‘Th =| O00‘Ess "ee =| OOO'6FE ‘FE =| 0006S ‘OF | -000 “T6F ‘ZF 000 ‘9te ‘zs | ovo ‘eso‘sr | 000‘TST‘6S | 000'PBO‘SZ | O00 ‘EFT ‘TO 000 ‘962 ‘SOT | 000‘0E2‘9TT | 000'L9F ‘POT | 000‘OZT ‘26 | 000 ‘669 ‘TOT LIL S161 6161 0261 ‘SoIDIS payuyn ay) uw sdoso fo vivasoy 000 “beg “ez 000 ‘609 ‘0% 000 ‘BLP ‘T 000 ‘TS88 ‘F 000 “990 *T 000 ‘eT8 ‘g 000 TLL ‘82% 000 ‘ze9 ‘F 000 ‘968 000 ‘TZ9 000 ‘822 ‘F 000 ‘OFZ ‘L 000 ‘928 ‘FF 000 ‘S0F ‘29 000 ‘0¢8 “OT *(9)8UIT]SO AVeUTUIT] -01d) 126] ‘s}ytodxqy pue uoTNpoig [eanjypNoLIsy JO MoTADY tetteesees=s 18909 pUBIY wt rsteeesessceecesseenes sO, seers’ 0008q0T, BES JOSCIUCSG IONE Hilo teeeseressss==59098]0d JOOMG SEIS ICN UTI STs foih ie) sy “SUTAVLADTA Steseeeeeee sees sere Pe PII) ov yh fafeCo}= poi: Jet) IGA COLSII SIO IOV ORIOL | mninieiRiGibiaisis.sirie b= OTT AMON Shas Sieveis'e'o Vain sin = Bebra (Ay UES EO MGOC OMICS ION yf) a S/cisis Si SMIRS Wee PES Ss BTSC= = EH stat re teense eeesees es sapgU A, OSES CON otal “STVaaaO *doag lture, 1921. the Department of Agricu Yearbook of 72 868 “161 PST ‘TT ZS “CF 196 ‘LS1‘T G02 ‘8ZL ‘ in LSP GEL & “PI6I-OL61 ‘OBRIDAB 169 IFF Lt 6¥e zoe ete 6FF | gue **s[aadteq”*(SoIRySg g) SeZIEqueID 00% ‘Ecz - T10 ‘0gz 606 ‘E61 6rL ‘99T 629 ‘691 980 ‘GET LL9 ‘822 188 ‘96 besa} © ubehaka Neral scandal (2179 (0 930 ‘21 912 ‘IT PLS ‘TT 182 ‘EI 298 ‘ET TOT ‘ST 608 ‘OT OL ‘OT aa) Seraph oa oe aol Deer ht Ye 60T ‘FS 460 ‘¥9 90g ‘LE GOL ‘8h £60 ‘ee SLI ‘es 029 ‘GF CE Cs “*spoysng******* ">"> > “soyoved . “SsLinud (a) 19 GGz GLY 86 1S¢ 286 G99 **SU0}° °° ([BJOAOTUTIOD) OdBGQ'BO (x) $99 ‘2 299 ‘8 928 ‘ZI gee ‘61 868 ‘TI 92g “gz $83 ‘ZI "op: * **(TBIoLIMIMIOD) SUOTUGD ge ‘TT 128 ‘OL STL ‘Ol FO ‘OT 168 ‘LT 6FE ‘EI 1106 SIT ‘6 “-"-op*** ++ ([BTOIUTULOD) sWBEET ps ‘99 6£9 “GL 666 ‘OL 228 ‘8 26 ‘L8 921 ‘26 | 926 ‘E0T 099 ‘86 “opr 7 777 sa09Rqod yooag 126 ‘60F Tal “6c¢ £96 ‘982 SOT ‘Zr 098 ‘TIr 198 ‘228 | 962 ‘80F £28 ‘OFS “*speysnq*******"** "> **s909%70g “STIAVLADAA —<—<—<$<$<$$$—$—$ | |-_—________—___________ = Srl ‘es6 ‘1 | 886 ‘0T0 ‘9 £9 ‘COL ‘F 06F ‘TS9 “¢ CHS ‘SEh'S ozc‘eze‘s | -oge ‘066 ‘¢ 68 ‘608 ‘¢ REL) SORES paket [8901 peat alka «Fics “Rie tere oes" GoE CETL 898 ‘eG 60% ‘19 Th “eL PEL ‘OST 80F ‘LET OT ‘STI “ope 7°" °° suINYss0s UIeAy) 6P9 ‘Ez L¥6 ‘82 198 ‘OF 6e2 ‘FE 909 ‘Se 86 ‘Th 990 ‘zg Gor ‘ee Pe PODS 2 ea Opa age 2 OnTay 188 ‘91 990 ‘ST 299 ‘TT 22091 606 ‘91 668 ‘FT GPT ‘EI 610 ‘FI “opt ttt geayayong BLL ‘GP 0S0 ‘bg 298 ‘Sh £86 “29 140 ‘T6 _| esp ‘GL 06F ‘09 816 ‘2g EclODN ween s O47 £96 ‘P61 TS8 ‘822 608 ‘Z8T 6SL ‘112% Gz ‘992 809 ‘LPT 788 ‘6ST ISI ‘TST SOORLET a: Meee Ag[aBg 090 ‘TFL ‘T 080 ‘6FS ‘T Lg8 ‘192 ‘1 OP2 ‘269 ‘T PI ‘Seo ‘T 080 ‘FST ‘T 182 ‘96F ‘T LeL‘090‘T PsP) oo tee ents eae WeIEO) L10 ‘168 108 ‘G20 ‘T ste ‘99 egg ‘999 Seb ‘126 616 ‘L96 120 ‘888 £68 ‘FOL SOO Peta ns tae ee eee EOUIAN 08 ‘S29 °% G6L ‘F66 ‘% 126 ‘996 ‘Z ez ‘G90 “8 999 “Z0s * 208 ‘TIS “% 8G ‘802 ‘8 ZLE ‘080 ‘E PS(OUSNC tee ee ORy ‘STVaAUO (eyeuT}s0 ‘doap FI6L ST6I 9161 L161 S161 6161 0Z61 AIBUTULT] : -01d) 1261 jenuuy ["peqgraro 000 ‘9 *I—spuesnoy) prnol ur aie somsy ony, } "827015 payuy? 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["paqytaro 000 “0 *f ‘spuesnoy} puno.s UT ore somsy out) 76 ‘yoom pup ywou fo worjonposd paynulnssy r WH EAT PRODUCTION | and MARKETIN 1G By C. R. Batt, Cerealist, C. E. Leriecuty, Agronomist, Bureau of Plant Industry, O. C. Stine, Agricultural Economist, and O. E. BAKER, Agricultural Economist, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Importance of the Wheat Crop. HEAT is one of the most important crops of the United States. It is important because (@) many farmers grow it, (>) a large acreage of land is annually devoted to it, (¢) it constitutes an important part of our domestic com- merce, (d) it contributes a large part of the value of the exports of the nation, and, most important of all, (¢) it is the national bread crop. In some areas in the United States wheat is almost the only source of income. About one-third, or approximately 2 millions, of the farmers of the United States grow wheat. In many of the northern States more than one-half, and in large areas over 80 per cent, of the farmers are engaged in wheat growing (Fig. 1). In 1921 over 62 millions of acres were harvested. Only corn and hay exceed wheat in the acreage occupied. In the great wheat-growing States there are areas in which more than 50 per cent of the total culti- vated land is given over to wheat. In these areas, where there is such specialization in wheat growing, whatever adi lture, 1921. ° gricu 78 Yearbook of the Department of A Sessaass MOMMA V" 8" S$" 0" ¢ 6 z L Senses x eaerel 4 40 @e KOO) 25 ROTOR RP ROOT gary, Austria, and Mexico. reporting. the war. BUSHELS MILLICNS BUSHELS MILLIONS Fic. 4.—World wheat production in the 31 years 1891 to 1921 in all countries The United States and Russia were running India was easily third until 1921, when Canada Note the trend of production in each country. ) 1921 (Russia 1893 to 1915 a close race before the war. Fie. 5.—Wheat production in the 6 leading countries in the 31 years 1891 to jumped into third place. 84 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. more countries they are likely to be good in other countries, and consequently the world production does not fluctuate as much as production in any one of the ape producing countries. The trend of the world’s wheat production is indicated in Figure 4. The trend of production in all the wheat-growing countries taken together was upward until 1915, after which several countries dropped out of the list reporting. The production of countries reporting every year in the period 1891-1921 has increased from about i billion bushels, aver- age for the first three years, to over 24 billion bushels, aver- age for the last three years. There was a tendency to increase the production of wheat in all the important surplus-producing countries in the first 20 years of the period 1891-1921 (Fig. 5). Since 1904 the average production of India has not increased, and since 1908 the average production of Argentina has increased but little. The production of Canada continues to increase. War conditions caused AWEBACEIX LEADING COUNTRIES, IN an abnormal ex- THE 20-YEAR PERIOD 1895-i914 pansion in produc- tion in the United States, reaching its highest point in 1915. It re- mains to be seen whether’ the Fig. 6.—Popular presentation of Figure 5 on the United States will wheat production in 6 leading countries. resume an up- MILLIONS OF BUSHELS ward trend in production after the normal trade relations have been restored. The trend of production in Russia was continuing upward at about the same rate as in the United States until 1915, the last year for which agricultural statis- tics are available. The wheat farmers in the United States have much reason to be interested in the prospect of the restoration of normal conditions in Russia and the future trend of production in that country, which is our greatest competitor in the wheat markets of the world (Figs. 5 and 6). Wheat Production and Marketing. 85 Wheat Production in the United States. Trend of Production. The annual wheat production of the United States has more than trebled in the last 50 years, increasing from about 250 million bushels in the three years 1869-70-71 to over 750 millions in the three years 1919-20-21. As production is the resultant of both acreage harvested and acre yields, both must be examined to find the explanation of this enor- mous expansion in production (Fig. 7). Between 1870 and 1920 the acreage trebled. The yield per acre also has in- creased. The increase in production, therefore, has been due largely to expansion of area but partly to increase in acre yields. As noted above, the increase in wheat production in the last 50 years has been due largely to increase in the area harvested. The increase has not been continuous and regu- lar. Periods of expansion have been followed by a few years of little change or by a slight decline in acreage. Since 1866 there have been three periods of marked expan- sion, from 1873 to 1880, from 1890 to 1899, and from 1913 to 1919. Will 1921 to 1930 see a repetition of 1881 to 1890, and 1900 to 1910? Perhaps conditions have changed so that history will not repeat itself in this respect. The rapid rise in acreage and production beginning in 1915 was due, of course, to the demand for wheat caused by the outbreak of the World War. There is a sharp break, however, in the ascending lines in 1916 and 1917. The small decrease in acreage in 1916 was due chiefly to the influence of the enormous production in 1915. The great reduction in production in 1916 was due in part to this reduced acreage but chiefly to the extremely destructive epidemic of black stem rust which occurred that year. The much greater re- duction of acreage which occurred in 1917 was due almost wholly to the extraordinary amount of winterkilling, which destroyed 30 per cent of the large acreage of winter wheat which had been sown (Fig. 34). The high peak of acreage reached in 1919, after the war was over, was due partly to the fact that the war was still in progress when the winter 86 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. WHEAT ACREAGE, YIELD PER ACRE,AND PRODUCTION UNITED STATES, 1866-1921 ae | | ol | agar, ee on a Ley | BAI} WYYYYYVY7/// aa PER ACRE — ——YEARLY YIELD enn 10-YEAR AVERAGES MILLIONS 1000 y Y INS CSR SS aT | p Lp Z Ys ecesa ape YYYZ a. oS oes aes fb Vth Ly YY; Yj N = a Fic. age nual age, acre yield, and production of wheat in the United pie tes from oad. to 1921. Estimates oe acreage have been revised to oan wi cae census Se The solid lin in Ne eld per acre is a 10-year ru ge. e that average yie bids reased about 3 bushels per re ee ou | 4800 to aie Wheat Production and Marketing. 87 wheat was sown and partly to the attraction of the guaran- teed price which was still in effect when the spring wheat was sown, resulting in the large increase in the acreage of both sowings. An explanation of the gradual and general changes in acreages that have occurred will be found in the discussion of the shifts in production, which follows. In the last three years the acre yields of wheat have been below the average of the last 10 years. Production would have been much larger had the yields in these years equaled the average. The average of yields in the three years 1919- 20-21 is only one-half of a bushel above the average of the three years 1869-70-71, but the average acre yield for the 10-year period ending in 1921 is 2} bushels above the aver- age for the 10-year period ending in 1875. The trend of yields from 1880 to 1890 was downward, from 1890 to 1915 upward, and from 1915 to date again downward. The increase in acre yields from 1890 to 1915 was due in part to the shifting of areas of production, expanding high- yielding and reducing low-yielding areas. In some parts of the country improved methods and more intensive cultiva- tion increased yields. The downward trend since 1915 is due largely to adverse seasons, but in part to expansion of area to include low-yielding sections, and probably in part to less intensive culture. Historical Development of Wheat Growing. Wheat production began on the Atlantic Coast at least as early as 1618 in the Virginia Colony, and moved westward with the advance of settlement. The first great westward shift took place in the period 1783 to 1840. This was the eanal-building period, the period of the development of western New York, and the settlement of the eastern Lake Region and the Ohio Valley. The implements of production in this period were crude and not adapted to wheat growing on a large scale. Much of the seeding still was done by hand. The sickle (Fig. 8) and the cradle (Fig. 9) were used for harvesting, and the flail (Fig. 8) for thrashing. The reaper (Fig. 10). was in process of development, and came into use before the end of the period. 88 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Wheat production, 1839—The census of 1840 gives the wheat production of 1839 as shown in Figure 11. About half of the wheat was grown east and half west of the Alle- gheny Mountains. New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Ohio produced 60 per cent of the Nation’s wheat. The western frontier takes in parts of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Mis- souri. The eastern boundary of southern wheat production follows closely the fall line from Virginia south to central Georgia. The western wheat was carried eastward by the Great Lakes and the Erie Canal to New York, or southward by river to New Orleans. I’'icg. S.—-The sickle and the flail, used for harvesting and thrashing wheat until well into the nineteenth century. Wheat production, 1849.—The total production increased but little in the decade 1839-1849 (Fig. 11). New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Ohio remained the leading States. The crop increased largely in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Illinois and declined somewhat in the far East. A be- ginning had been made in Oregon, Utah, and New Mexico (not shown on the map). Lakes, rivers, and canals were still the important means of transportation, but railroads now extended from lake ports into the interior of two western States, one across southern Michigan, the other across central Ohio from Sandusky to Cincinnati. Fig. 9.—The cradle, which followed the sickle as an implement for harvesting. It left the wheat in a windrow for the binders. Wheat production, 1859.—This map (Fig. 12) shows the second great shift in wheat production. Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin have become the leading wheat-producing States. The States west of the Alleghenies increased their production from 49 to 119 million bushels, whereas east of the mountains production remained stationary. Cali- fornia and Texas appear on the map for the first time with large crops, California at once taking rank with the leading States. The low production in Ohio and New York in this Fic. 10.—Early type of reaper developed about 1830. The grain was raked from the platform by hand. This machine evolved finally into the self-rake reaper still used in this country for harvesting flax and buckwheat. 90 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. STATE | BUSHELS » STATE } Se STATE BUSHELS | STATE | SUSHELS Obso .| 16,571,661 | Va_..| 10,109,716 | $32 Seti } Va...) 11212616 Pk _| 13.213.077 | Other. | 32.542.400 | Obso .| 14487351 | Other.) 46.296.788 NY. | 12.286,415 U.S. .) 84823272 | get NY...) 13,121498 FS. _| 300,485,944 | Fic. 11.—Wheat production in the United States in 1839 and 1849. The western frontier crosses the Mississippi River and ascends the Missouri. Transportation was eastward and southward by lake, canal, and river. Wheat growing began about 1838 in the Willamette Valley of western Ore- gon and increased rapidly after the discovery of gold in California. By 1849 a beginning had been made in Utah and New Mexico. Railroad trans- portation was extended to Michigan and Ohio and reaping machinery was in use. WHEAT PRODUCTION 1859 WHEAT PRODUCTION, 1859 STATE | BUSHELS J STATE | BUSHELS | ‘458 | Mich. | | 15,119,047 | Ky . ...| 13,130,977 | Other .|_ 4 Pa .--| 13,042,165 Fs __| 173,104,924 Fic. 12.—Wheat production in the United States in 1859. Wheat growing has advanced into Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas. Production areas appear in territory comprising what is now Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, and Idaho and larger areas in California and Oregon. Wheat Production and Marketing. 91 EACH DOT REPRESENTS 100,000 BUSHELS 18,866,073 16,676,702 | 19,672,967 | Fig. 13.—Wheat production in the United States in 1869. Production in the east central States and California has increased enormously in the ten years. The frontier advanced but little onto the Great Plains. Small increases eccur in the Rocky Mountains and Great Basin, while dry-land production began in eastern Washington. WHEAT PRODUCTION EACH DOT REPRESENTS 100,000 BUSHELS 29,017,707 24,966,627 24,884,689 | Pa....| 19,462,405 Other . | 115,453,707 Fie. 14.—Wheat production in the United States in 1879. The frontier has moved steadily westward across the prairies with large production in Kansas and Nebraska. Dry-land production in California, Oregon, and Washington imcreased greatly. Production increased also in Minnesota, southwestern Hlinois, Michigan, Indiana, and Ohio. §9912°—yYBK 1921 7 92 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Fic. 15.—Three modern self-binders in operation. This invention made possible the great expansion of wheat production on the prairies and plains. year is due to an unfavorable season. Fic. 24.—Nearly all of the winter wheat is grown between latitude 35 and latitude 41, except in the Pacific Northwest, where the climate is milder. The northern frontier of winter wheat follows in a general way the mean winter temperature line of 20° F., which extends in a northwesterly direc- tion from southern Wisconsin and northern Iowa diagonally across South Dakota and Montana. Fic. 25.—Practically all of the spring wheat is grown from latitude 43 north- ward, the boundary of the area crossing our boundary at latitude 49 and ex- tending far into Canada. Spring wheat lies north of corn and winter wheat. The northern limit of spring wheat is approximately the mean summer temperature of 58° F., which is found in the United States only in the western mountains. pont <=) bo Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. OATS ACREAGE EACH DOT REPRESENTS 1919 10.000 ACRES STATE |’ ACRES | lowa. «| 5,484,113 || Tex .. Wis .: N. Dak als, ! Nebr. .| 2,029,740 || Ohio. .} 1,452, a” | U.S.| 37,991,002 Fic. 26.—The oat crop is less subject to disease than wheat and can be grown under a wider range of environing conditions. Winter varieties are grown only in the South. Spring oats on wheat farms permit better distribution of labor in seeding and harvest. Concentrated production is adjacent to great central markets and between the winter and spring wheat belts. BARLEY ACREAGE EACH DOT REPRESENTS 10000 ACRES ACTUAL AREA COVERED SY THE OOT IS 1 TIMES AS CREAT As THE CROP _AREA {7 REPRESENTS .+| 236,314 Nebr. .| 211,242 754,929 ~+++| 176,792 498,292 «| 153,015 425,033 . ¥..| 116,109 Fic. 27.—Spring barley is well adapted in the spring-wheat belt. It can be sown later and harvested earlier than spring wheat or oats and provides feed grein for stock. A little winter barley is grown in the South. Wheat Production and Marketing. 103 EACH DOT REPRESENTS 10,000 ACRES RYE ACREAGE | (Continued) ’ RYE ACREAGE, 1919 [STaTe | Acres || sTaTE | ACRES | N. Dak| 2,422,563 ae 908 Mich..| 912,951 Minn .| 649,609 Wis ..| 529,063 -| 190, S.Dak| 463,132 ~.| 133,131 HNebr..| 339,926 || Ohio. .| 116,464 Fig. 28.—Rye is practically alt fall sown. It competes successfully with winter wheat on poor soils, and with spring wheat because it permits a better distribution of labor throughout the year. This explains its ex- tensive production in North Dakota, where spring wheat is the dominant erop, and winter wheat can not be grown. CORN ACREAGE “EACH DOT REPRESENTS 1919 10,000 ACRES ACTUAL AREA COVERED BY THE OOT If 38 TIMES AS GREAT As THE CROP AREA IT REPRESENTS: CORN ACREAGE (Continued) 2,756,234 : -| 21657,009 ! E \° 3 kla. | 2:472,905 : , 2'380,838 .C.} 2311462 5 ‘!] 2!292"119 ...| 4,269,455 i > £2} 1/804/802. | ::| 31676,074 5 - C..] 1,753,813 :| 3'563/352 ; ~..| 1'504,970 ° 1) 31334/204 : 8/058,419 aS -| 3,301,075 <3) [SSS !} 4/457,400 || Ky. . .| 3:2471167 | UES - 187,771,600 Fie. 29.—Corn is widely grown under warm humid and semiarid conditions. Concentrated production in the corn belt is the basis of hog and cattle feed- ing. As‘ a late-sown tilled crop, wherever grown, it enables weed control, better rotations, diversified farming, including stock raising, and bettcr seasonal labor distribution. It also is the dominant silage crop for dairy and beef production. 104 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Organization for Profitable Production. Most of the wheat farming in this country lies between the Corn Belt and the ranching regions of the West. The reactions which occur between these general classes of farm- ing lead many observers to look upon corn farming as en- croaching upon wheat farming and to look upon wheat farm- ing as encroaching on the ranching area. The relative profitableness of the different crops which are grown in any given place at any given time is influenced by a wide range of conditions. The present yields of wheat in Iowa, for instance, are good. If wheat paid better than corn under conditions such as prevail in Iowa (Fig. 30), farmers there would center their business on wheat rather than on corn as at present. Much of the world, however, is well suited to wheat production, while relatively only a small part of it is well suited to corn production. It hardly can be expected, therefore, that the price of wheat through any considerable period of time will remain so high in relation to the price of corn as to make wheat a more profitable crop than corn under the best of Corn Belt conditions. CHANGES IN THE CHOICE OF CROPS AS SHOWN BY ACREAGE HARDIN COUNTY, IOWA i 1862-1920 ZZ CORN Ga WHEAT aS OATS - Gee TAME HAY ACREAGE OF OTHER CROPS, WILD aay Sons = : i inl na i a | oe il = =< | < 'Z % % A SR BS 7Z Z RNAWANANIN NWAAANMAMAAQANH = Hontew spent WSS ESS = sn: t i i N LY LE i RMOMNANANANH RSIS STN Fic. 30.—In the 10 years from 1875 to 1885 wheat nearly disappeared from Hardin County, Iowa, being replaced chiefly by oats, which in turn was partly replaced by hay as dairying increased. Wheat and oats are much alike in their requirements throughout the season, and competition between them usually is strong. In the past 40 years the purchasing power of oats, in terms of wheat, has increased rather steadily in Iowa. This change in relative prices, carrying weight in a complex of factors, helped oats to sup- plant wheat. Wheat Production and Marketing. 105 DIFFERENCES IN THE CHOICE OF CROPS BETWEEN CENTRAL IOWA AND NORTHEASTERN NORTH DAKOTA ie SHOWN BY ACREAGES OF 1919 Koa “tet a ary ge 7 { be oe : Ke bY ia re Pp Pe] A ot a SS a IRMA LEGEND bed TAME HAY uw © q w 4 =) < a °o 4 .*) i. ° - z mr Vv o rs a ee ee io) A MR AAAAY MQQAQAAY Se oeacca: G CORN FOR GRAIN Z4 AND FORAGE THE ACREAGE OF OTHER CROPS, W/LD HAY EXCLUDED, /S INSIGNIFICANT HARDIN CO. HANCOCK WATONWAN RENVILLE STEVENS RICHLAND RAMSEY : ° a MINNESOTA : NORTH DAKOTA Fic. 51.—In a cross section of the spring-wheat belt, northwestward from north central Iowa to northeastern North Dakota, the proportion of wheat rapidly increases, largely replacing corn, which almost vanishes because of increasing climatic handicaps. The proportion of oats and tame hay slowly decreases, and the proportion of other small grain, principally barley and flax, increases. There are many other factors which govern the propor- tionate acreage of different crops in any given section (Figs. 31 and 32). One of the most important factors is the eco- nomical distribution of labor on the farm throughout the year. In considering competition between crops for land, therefore, we must not overlook the fact that the farmer in adjusting his business weighs the different possible uses and requirements of labor (man labor) and equipment (horses, cattle, machinery, fences, etc.) with the different possible uses and requirements of land. Thus, even though he is situated where wheat is the one single crop which pays best, he is not likely to grow wheat alone, because usually the ‘profitableness of the farm as a whole will be increased by producing some other crop for sale or for home use. He gives a share to corn or to some other tilled crop, partly because rotation with a tilled crop is desirable to clean the land of weeds and partly because it utilizes labor and equipment to better advantage in handling the crops and also favors live-stock production. Likewise he gives a share to other cereals or to hay crops, which can be grown, 106 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921, harvested, fed, and marketed, for the most part, without seriously interfering with giving attention to wheat, and a share to native or to tame pasture for live stock which will utilize hay and other feeds during the winter. Just as farmers in a wheat area usually can gain by allot- ting a share of wheat land to crops that will give a return on GROWING SEASON SiFa, CORN AND SPRING WHEAT AND THE RISK OF KILLING FROST NORTHEASTERN N. DAK. AND CENTRAL IOWA APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. |CORN NORTH DAKOTA Fic. 32.—Northward from central lowa to northeastern North Dakota early fall frosts become a greater and greater handicap to corn but not to wheat, and they are the largest single factor in deereasing corn acre- age. labor and equipment at times when wheat is not demanding at- tention, so farmers in the Corn Belt usually can gain by allotting a share of corn land to small grain, hay, and pas- ture which will give a return on labor and equipment at times when corn is not demanding at- tention (Figs. 30, 31, and 32). So, whether the farmer is choosing wheat aS a main crop or as a subor- dinate crop, he chooses it on the basis of how profit- able it is in relation to other crops, from the standpoint of the use of labor and equipment. as_ well as land, in one year or in several years. Regardless of how important or how unimportant wheat may be in his business, his aim is to press it at the expense of other things only so far as he believes it will pay best. Wheat Production and Marketing. 107 Natural Factors Influencing Production. The production of wheat in any year is the result of the interaction of many factors in nature, some favorable, others unfavorable. The most important of these are the climatic conditions. Too much or too little moisture, and the occur- rence of frost and freezing temperatures, hail, hot winds, and storms take their toll from the wheat crop. Fungous diseases and insects and animal pests exact further tribute. Moisture.—The dependence of the wheat crop on precipita- tion, that is, on rain and snow, is realized when it is remem- bered that the great wheat-producing areas of the country WHEAT WHEAT YIELD PER ACRE,I90O9 ACREAGE, 1909 ACCORDING 19 PRECIPITATION RECEIVED 1908-1909 IN RELATION TO MEAN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION IRRIGATED MILLIONS 1 = i! oF s AES NON IRRIGATED 10 i 8 6 2 Mereot? 30% 35°" 40" PRECIPITATION Fic. 33.—In 1909 wheat yields increased with precipitation since the previous crop, until 30 inches had been received, after which there was a gradual decrease in acre yield with increasing rainfall. In the same year nearly one-half of the wheat acreage was in areas having a mean annual precipi- tation of 15 to 25 inches. are in the drier portions. In 1909 it was determined (Fig. 33) that over 60 per cent of the wheat acreage and pro- duction of the United States was in regions (nonirrigated) having less than 30 inches of annual precipitation. It also was determined that largest yields were harvested in that year in regions where the precipitation was 30 to 35 inches, with lower yields where precipitation was either more or less. The size of the wheat crop, then, must depend every year to a very large extent on the precipitation, as usually this is the limiting factor. . Fortunately, not all parts of the country are liable to ex- tensive damage in any one year. Dry weather often is 99912°—yBK 19218 108 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. prevalent over large areas, but it has never been sufficiently widespread to reduce the wheat production of the country as a whole to conditions of famine, as was the experience in Russia in 1921. Winter-killing—Some of the winter wheat acreage sown in the fall always is abandoned the next spring. This is due to several unfavorable weather conditions during fall and winter, such as fall drought, intense cold, winter drought, soil blowing, ice sheets, etc., collectively known as winterkilling. The percentage of the acreage sown that was abandoned in the different years from 1900 to 1921, inclusive, is shown in Figure 34. The largest abandonment was 31 per cent in 1917, after very unfavorable winter conditions, and the smallest was 1.1 per cent in 1919. The average for this period is about 10 per cent. Insects—Severe losses of wheat are caused each year by insects. Most important of these are Hessian fly, chinch bug, joint worm, grasshopper, and green bug. The average losses due to these pests have been estimated at more than 2 per cent of the crop, or nearly 18 million bushels each year. The Hessian fly is responsible for more than half of this loss. WINTER WHEAT ACREAGE ABANDONED PERCENTAGE OF ACREAGE SOWN UNITED STATES,1900-1921 ARBRE REBR As | he INS Ia aa ic, 34.—Every spring a considerable acreage of winter wheat sown in the previous autumn is abandoned because of winter injury from various causes. The average abandonment is about 10 per cent, but occasionally it is much larger, rising to 20 per cent in 1912 and 31 per cent in 1917, Wheat Production and M arketing. 109 The area infested by the Hessian fly is shown in Figure 35, together with best dates for seeding wheat to escape injury. Chinch bugs are very destructive in some years in the central part of the country, and farmers often are put to great expense in fighting them. The joint worm is a serious pest, principally in the States north of the Ohio River. Grasshoppers, in the spring-wheat area and in Kansas, sometimes are very destructive, especially in dry years. In Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas the green bug occurs in de- structive numbers in certain favorable years and causes con- siderable losses, but, on the average, such losses are not more than 5 per cent of those caused by Hessian fly. DATE FOR SEEDING WHICH WILL, IN THE NORMAL YEAR, REDUCE OR AVOID INJURY BY HESSIAN FLY | \ 3 r<94 ; Sfocta = oct |g, — ets Fon 1 Le, ‘ ee + t ' - rs Le. ino oe aN ee | Se - eh LY eh bs $5; Fic. 35.—In the area infested by Hessian fiy, wheat seeding must be delayed until the adult flies have died or severe injury may result. This fly-free date may be later than the most favorable date for seeding wheat from other viewpoints. 110 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Fungous diseases.—W heat is subject to many fungous dis- eases, chief among which are stem rust, leaf rust, stripe rust, bunt or stinking smut, loose smut, and scab. Of these, stem rust, bunt, and scab are of greatest economic importance and are widely distributed throughout the chief wheat-producing areas. Estimates of losses, in bushels, caused by these three diseases, made in the four years from 1918 to 1921, inclusive, are as follows: : Disease. 1918 1919 1920 | 1921 | Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Stomirust. 5.2 ce ee eee cma 804,000 | 71,417,000 | 54,903,000 | 22, 800,000 Bunt 2225 sviecsessececsiwestceeeces Seceess 19,063,000 | 10,219,000 | 14,088,000 | 10,500,000 DBCS DEC <= 9-0 a oA at eee Nea a 3, 936,000 | 59,680,000 | 11,724,000 | 10,000,000 | 43,300,000 otal ¢.e2yi2i< ivan eee 23, 803,000 (141, 316, 000 | 80, 715, 000 } In severe epidemics the losses caused by stem rust alone sometimes amount to more than those caused by all other diseases combined. In 1916, this rust destroyed approxi- mately 180,000,000 bushels of hard red spring wheat in the United States and about 100,000,000 bushels in the Prairie Provinces of Canada.’ In Denmark, stem rust has been effectively controlled by eradicating the common barberry, which carries one stage of this rust. The United States De- partment of Agriculture and 13 North-central States are now cooperating in a campaign to eradicate this barberry in those States. Of these three diseases, bunt is the only one that can be controlled by seed treatment. Formaldehyde and copper sul- phate (blue vitriol) are now widely used for the prevention of bunt. In the Pacific Coast States, where so much injury has been caused by formaldehyde, the blue vitriol-lime method is used. the seed being dipped in milk of lime im- mediately after treatment. Scab is a widely distributed disease of wheat, which fre- quently attacks barley and rye also. It is particularly abun- dant in the Corn Belt. It is caused by the same fungus (Gibberella saubineti) that causes much of the root, stalk, and ear rot in corn. This disease usually is more destructive in sections where wheat follows corn in the rotation. Effec- tive methods for the control of scab have not yet been dis- covered. Wheat Production and Marketing. 111 Cost of Production. The farmer is concerned first of all with the efficient pro- duction of crops and live stock. This purpose may most readily be attained by studying the production costs of the various crop and live-stock enterprises which make up his farm business. A knowledge of the separate factors which make up the total cost of farm enterprises is necessary in order to know where and to what extent efficiency in pro- duction may be introduced. Knowing the relative costs and profits of the several farm enterprises, the farmer is in position to select the most profitable ones, thereby increasing the total net profits of the farm. A study of production costs, in addition to supplying information for the intro- duction of more efficient methods and for the basis of enter- prise selection, also serves the useful purpose of comparing the production cost with market prices, such comparisons being necessary if the farmer is to be alert in adjusting the supply to the demands of the market. Areas in which studies have been made are shown in Figure 36. Fic. 36.—Studies of the cost of producing wheat on representative farms were made by the Office of Farm Management and Farm Economics for the crops of 1919 and 1920 in the counties shown on this map. The results of the study of the 1919 crop are used as a basis for this discussion. For com- plete report see Department Bulletin 948. Write the department for re- sults of 1920 study, 112 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Variations in Cost of Production. There are very few farms on which wheat is produced where the conditions are exactly alike throughout. The different possible combinations of variable factors are almost infinite in number, and there is a wide range in the cost per acre and the cost per bushel (Fig. 37). This means that whatever figure is decided upon as “the cost of producing wheat,” most of the farms produce at some other figure, some below and some above. No further argument than the great variety of different costs on different farms should be required to prove that the price of wheat is not influenced by the cost of producing wheat, except in a remote way and only as the result of a series of adjustments. The farmers’ interest, therefore, is in the cost of production for his farm, its relation to the market price offered to Aim, the interrela- tions of the several factors of cost on his farm, whether he can afford to produce wheat at the probable price, and how and where he can cut his expenses or increase jis returns. The actual figure determined upon, to represent the aver- age cost of production, is of use, in connection with other statistics, for guiding judgment as to production and mar- keting, adjustments being indicated to producers and to con- sumers through price. If the supply is large the price will be low, and producers will tend to produce less wheat the next year. Any call for more wheat must be made with a promise of a higher price. The actual cost figure arrived at is not so important, either to consumer or producer, as the measurement of the conditions which determine the fig- ure and an understanding of the trend of changes in cost factors and in prices, and their effect, combined, upon pro- duction. It obviously is impossible for any agency to determine the cost of producing wheat for every farm on which wheat is produced. It is quite possible, however, to study the cost of producing wheat on a number of representative farms in important producing sections where different conditions pre- vail, with confidence that the data so obtained will approxi- mate very closely the results which a study of every farm would reveal. Sufficient variations of conditions are brought to attention in this way to enable each producer to estimate his own cost of production with a minimum of Wheat Production and Marketing. 113 effort by the very simple process of comparing notes on his own farm operations with those of the tables and charts pub- lished in reports. VARIATION IN NET COST PER BUSHEL OF WINTER WHEAT BASED ON 284 RECORDS NET COST PER BUSHEL $ NUMBER OF FARMS 100 110 120 130 140 1s0. 160 170 1.80 190 2.00 210 2.20 230 240 250 2.60 270 280 290 3.00 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 360 VU =~ Wil _ a ae a oll VT. TI oe Wi Z Z Fic. 37.—Note the wide variation in the net cost per bushel in 1919. The average cost per bushel on these 284 farms was $1.87. About three-fourths of the farmers of whom records were taken produced wheat at a cost of $2 and less. 114 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Regional Variation in Cost of Production. Next to the wide variation in net cost per bushel, the out- standing fact is that high cost per acre does not necessarily mean high cost per bushel. In fact if we know only the cost per acre we know very little about the cost of a bushel of wheat. This fact is illustrated graphically in Figure 38. The average cost per acre of producing. winter wheat in Saline County, Nebr., was just twice as high in 1919 as the cost of growing an acre of spring wheat in Morton County, N. Dak., but the net cost per bushel of the winter wheat in Saline County, Nebr., was only 6 cents more than half the cost of a bushel of the spring wheat in Morton County. Similar differences, even though not so marked, may be observed in acre and bushel costs of other areas. The dominant factor is acre yield. The average yield of spring wheat in Morton County, N. Dak., in 1919 was 4.4 bushels per acre, while in Saline County, Nebr., the yield of winter wheat was 18.1 bushels per acre. Neighboring farms with about the same cost per acre may show very REGIONAL VARIATION IN COST OF PRODUCTION IN FIVE SPRING WHEAT AREAS & NINE WINTER WHEAT AREAS 1919 COST PER ACRE COST PER BUSHEL DOLLARS DOLLARS Ss 25 WINTER WHEAT SALINE CO. NEBR SALINE CO. MO. JASPER CO.MO STCHARLES CO. MO. MCPHERSON CO. KANS KEITH CO..NEBR FORD CO..KANS PHELPS CO_NEBR PAWNEE CO. KANS Fic. 38.—Note low cost per acre but high cost per bushel in Morton County, N. Dak., and high cost per acre but low cost per bushel in Saline County, Nebr. Yield per acre is an important factor in cost per bushel. Wheat Production and Marketing. 115 different costs per bushel. Take for instance two farms in - Morton County, N. Dak., each harvesting 100 acres of spring wheat, and by no means extreme cases for the season. On one of these farms with a yield of 5 bushels per acre, the acre cost was $21.31, and the bushel cost $4.30. On the other farm with a yield of 2.9 bushels and a lower acre cost of $19.97, the cost per bushel was $6.79. Regional Variation in Cost Factors. As products are sold by the unit, every effort must be made to cut the cost of the unit to the lowest possible figure, irrespective of the acre costs. In the case of wheat, it is particularly necessary to control] the unit costs because yield is so much a matter of seasonal variation. Al] that can be done toward making ends meet is to cut the acre costs to a figure such that over a period of years the returns will be favorable. To do this, one must know from experience what yleld ole may expect from one’s own farm, and keep the acre cost within the figure which, divided by the yield, will give a bushel cost below the selling price. This is much easier said than done, it is true, but with careful attention to the details of sound management, much can be done to reduce the risk of loss and to increase the chances of profit. The average cost per acre, distributed into six classes of expense, as noted for the 1919 crop, is shown by counties in Figure 39, arranged in descending order of total cost per acre for the five spring wheat areas and for the nine winter wheat areas. The length of the bars is proportional to the average cost for all the farms in each area. The numbers in the columns to the left of the bars show the number of hours of labor used per acre on those farms using horses only; 121 farms using tractors or motor trucks were omitted in figuring the hours of man and horse labor used. There is wide variation in the amount of labor required per acre, both as between areas and as between different farms in the same area, and some difference in the cost per -hour. In the spring-wheat areas the largest number of farms required from 6 to 10 hours of man labor and from 116 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. GAWVN SYOLOVA 40 JAONVLYOdWi SAILV13uY ‘a a qs) | oe : k ae A - 4 SNV-Y “OD 3INMVd ee : . pi ‘uaaN "OO Sd1aHd [ial lalate jie aii SNV™ “OD ayuos sa ps go a tn Yd3N “OD HLIAX —S F ‘9ze" SNVYY “OD NOSUFHd OW spe do OW “OD SATYVHD “LS 11+ OW "OD YadSvVe — E & , ‘622 ‘OW “OD 3ANITVS pom at ea ltt 0 oa ‘ s 5 “LEIS ‘YGAN “OD ANITVS IVSHM USLNIM oSotetete Sz|2" ‘Q'N “OD NOLYOW ; f ‘aN “OO SNYOA GNVYS SRN ‘ ‘NNIW “OOD AV19 i) 3 “‘NNIW “OD 3SYSAVYL ‘ y : ‘a’s “OD YANIdsS El Zi Liol 6 (suv710a) (Su¥v1710q) HL (suv710a) $1509 YSHLO VAYV QNV7 40 4SN ONIHSVYHL] SIVINALVA S4YVv1100 NI 4oav7 SV3YV LVAHM YSALNIM ANIN ONV SV3EENV LVAHM ONIYdS BAIS NI SHOLIVA LSOD NI SNOILVIYVA IWNOIDSSY L Nebr. $7.50 in Saline County, Note the wide variation in the costs of the several factors. For example, the average cost of man labor on an acre in 1919 varied from 39.—The counties in each group are arranged in descending order of total acre. $2.50 in Grand Forks County, N. Dak., to over costs per FIG. Wheat Production and Marketing. 117 20 to 26 hours of horse labor. The cost per hour was 35 cents for man labor and 20 for horse labor, except during the harvesting and marketing season, when a rate of 60 cents an hour for man labor prevailed. The lowest labor require- ments were 3.6 man hours and 13.4 horse hours on one farm. The highest was 19.1 man hours and 45.8 horse hours, also on one farm. In the winter-wheat areas seven farmers produced the crop with 5.4 hours of man labor and 15.9 horse hours. On the other end of the scale two farms with a small acreage spent 27.4 man hours and 61.6 horse hours on the acre. Two thirds of the acreage was worked with 10 hours or less of man labor and an average of less than 23 horse hours. The prevailing rates for man labor were from 25 to 35 cents an hour for seed-bed preparation and seeding and 60 to 80 cents for harvesting and marketing. Horse labor cost from 18 cents an hour in Missouri to 25 cents in Ford County, Kans. -Together man and horse labor made up nearly 35 per cent of the total cost per acre. Under the general head “ materials” are included seed, twine, manure and straw, green manure, commercial ferti- lizer, and poison for grasshopper control. Of these, seed cost was most important, at $3.21 for spring wheat and $2.18 for winter wheat. The use of the other items was not gen- eral, except binder twine in three spring-wheat and four winter-wheat areas, where all wheat was cut with a binder at an average cost of 51 and 68 cents, respectively. The use of commercial fertilizer was confined almost exclusively to Jasper County, Mo., where it averaged about $2 per acre. ~ The thrashing cost was variable, depending on the propor- tion in which the thrashing crew was furnished by the farmer or the thrasherman, and somewhat, of course, on the yield. The cost per acre for thrashing spring wheat was 52 cents less, but 4 cents a bushel more, than for thrashing winter wheat. The “other costs” include taxes and insurance, use-cost of tractor, use-cost of other farm machinery, loss on aban- doned wheat acreage, sack rent, and general expense. The last mentioned was found to be about 12 per cent of the com- bined cost for labor materials and thrashing. Tractor and machinery use-cost varied, but averaged $1.77 for spring 118 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. wheat and $1.86 for winter wheat acreage. Taxes varied from 25 to 95 cents an acre. Small credits for pasture were found in the winter wheat areas and deducted from the total of “ other costs.” Use of land was the largest single item of cost in all areas except Morton County, N. Dak. It is determined for cash- rented farms by the rent per acre, for share-rented farms by the quantity of wheat given as rent times the selling price per bushel, and for owned farms by the valuation of the land times the interest rate on first mortgages. The lowest use-cost of land observed was $1.25 an acre cash rent in Morton County, N. Dak. The value of owned wheat land in that county averaged $36. The highest use-of-land cost noted was $20.26 on a farm in St. Charles County, Mo., rented for a 2/5 share. The highest average value of owned wheat land was $241 in Saline County, Mo. The Trend of Costs and Wheat Prices. The 1919 crop was produced at a high level of cost. All the items of cost had been increasing for several years (Fig. 40). The price of wheat also had risen at the same time and in somewhat greater proportion. The 1920 crop was grown at costs even higher than for the 1919 crop, but, before the 1920 crop could be disposed of, the price of wheat fell sharply, greatly reducing the returns. For the 1921 crop, wages were somewhat lower, because, with the falling price of farm products, farmers were un- willing to pay the wages of the preceding five years. The prices of things farmers buy slacked off a little, but much less than the price of wheat. Land values, which had in- creased constantly, did not fall off much, and freight rates remained very high. The prospect for the 1922 crop is not particularly promising with respect to price. It is particu- larly necessary at this time for wheat farmers to grow the crop with small cash outlay, so that they may get for their own work all there is in the crop. Method of Estimating Cost of Production Illustrated. Each farmer, in his own interest, should forecast his costs and returns, and plan accordingly. Then he should ob- serve as he works how closely he can come to his plan; or Wheat Production and Marketing. 119 finding changes of operation advisable or forced on him, he will know at once how and how much the final results will be affected. At the end of the season he has a record of fact to compare with his forecast. Nobody can tell him more about the facts for his farm than he can have immediately available at any time with the very small amount of addi- tional effort required to make definite observations, and preserve them in writing for reference and for use in making estimates and checking results. Farmers will find that care- ful estimating from definite facts of their own, in addition to whatever help they may get from statistics generally avail- able, is of practical service in forming decisions leading to greater returns. For convenience of those not in the habit of figuring costs, the following form is offered, using the figures for TREND OF FARM WAGES AND COST OF ARTICLES FARMERS BUY COMPARED WITH DEC.I PRICE OF WHEAT 1910-1921 : 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 Fic. 40.—The course of prices and wages in the period 1910 to 1921 is shown in relative terms, using the prices and wages of 1913 as 100. Prices of articles farmers buy rose less rapidly than the price of wheat, but when the price of wheat fell sharply and greatly in 1920, farm wages and the prices of things farmers buy remained high, and have not yet fallen in line with the price of wheat. 120 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. the average farm in McPherson County, Kans., in 1919. Each farmer, of course, must use the cost rates he has deter- mined for his own farm. Examples for figuring costs per acre and per bushel. Average crop of 1919, Your farm, 1921. Your farm, 1922, McPherson County, e Item of cost. z mE : é |. alg] g 7 gZ = lea (ies = g 2 = Oo a = o Acres of wheat per farm...... 195'a Se |) TSE eer | ee | Eee ieee | ia [ets ee Production per farm.......... RAST wales. eet ae |e | ‘lla Se lowe fg | sees Yield of wheat per acre....... 42-70 2| 2 5 [ce ok ee ees la 2 ees Hat. cos Operating costs per acre: Preparation and seeding— | Man labor...........-| 4.5hrs.../$0.36 $1.62 |......|......|.--.-- | ei Horse labor.......---- 18s. re nn memes Cee [re =e. 2 Harvesting and market- | ing— Man labor 2652. 232: hire. =| 2S S589) 3 2: | 2eSe P20. 432 .e Horse labors.-22...222 St hrs? S| 4.2054. 6h Ss 1 23-S 4 oa Fetes Bae Vuk Beodsi- 10) Bae 1.19 bu_.| 1.98 | 2.36 |......]....-- oe Bekere Se fbi Binder twine............. 2.8 Ibs..-|.. ah eee ee | sence aot deat’ Thrashing (3 shock | | thrashed)” 2 ee $2.7 DOS 323 | oes -|- see eee | ees ee estes ae ae eS) Total of above cost items (76 per cent of | total operating cost)!_].......... ee ae ST RGN (AI | ac! ee | cece s = ete n ees Other operating costs (24 | | | | per cant). Sess eee eo Sia ee | 5.24 | se aE ee brats jemee eh S Total operating cost per | | S06O* 32253253. 3222 4 eee eee 4 lee (2 ee Peete Persp en sts eye | | nea | Operating cost per bushel : ($21.76+yield 12.7 bushels). .]..........|-.-.-- Ab ij ie imeem PO a gern 8 Sa Rent, or current interest on ' fair valuation ofland’=— 2°. -- 15.5222). -)- oes 8.44 |. ot. clee cecal ecole = eee Cost per acre, including land..|..........}....-. SOON. cacdaloee nce Spee eee) dees). At Cost per bushel, meluding | | Jand..($30.20-+12.7)....2s2--~s|eeeoes owas oo | a alee teens [acces al = tt | | | 1 These costs may not hold exactly at 76 per cent for individual farms showing wide Varia- tions in the size of the sum ofitems listed nor for those with unusually high or low other mis- cellaneous costs. 1 Financing Wheat Production. To a very considerable extent, indeed to a far greater degree than in most other industries, the financing of the wheat crop is done with the farmers’ own capital. The credit Wheat Production and Marketing. 121 sought and obtained in most cases is only supplementary to the capital invested by the farmer himself. The wheat grower may need production credit, which will enable him to prepare his soil, procure suitable seed, maintain his family and live stock during the crop-growing season, and to employ help in reaping and thrashing his grain. All of this credit will not be needed, of course, for the entire production period, but must be available for use when needed in carrying out the farm program. Its term, therefore, may vary from a few days to six months, and it is needed longer in case prices at thrashing time are so low that holding the wheat seems desirable. An inquiry from banks, conducted by the department some months ago, indicated that in Kansas, a typical winter-wheat State, 45 per cent of the loans to farmers were made on their personal notes, without indorsement; 13 per cent on notes with one or more indorsements; 29 per cent on live- stock mortgages; 10 per cent on crop liens; and the remain- ing 3 per cent on warehouse receipts, stocks and bonds, and miscellaneous security. In North Dakota, a typical spring- wheat State, the same inquiry indicated that 27 per cent of the farmers’ loans were obtained on notes without indorse- ment, 9 per cent on notes with indorsement, 43 per cent on live-stock mortgages, 12 per cent on crop liens, and the remaining 9 per cent on warehouse receipts, stocks and bonds, and other forms of security. Doubtless the crop to be produced should constitute the leading security for a loan obtained to assist in its pro- duction, as in effect the moriey is invested in the crop. Owing to the hazards to which growing crops are exposed, however, crop lens are not looked upon as a desirable form of security. The thing needed to bring crops into use as security for loans is a suitable form of crop insurance. Hitherto, hail insurance has been the only form of such insurance generally available. This by no means fully meets the requirements. Crop insurance, like life insurance, should cover all hazards beyond the control of the insured. Several attempts already have been made to give such coverage, and it is to be hoped that general crop insurance will in some way be made available on reasonable terms. 122 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921, Marketing Wheat. When a farmer hauls a load of wheat to a flour mill and exchanges it for flour and feed the problem of marketing is a very simple one. Usually, however, the processes of marketing are much more complex than this. The wheat is hauled to a country elevator and sold. The price paid for it, and, to some extent, the marketing processes which follow, are determined by many factors, some of them far beyond the control of the farmer. Among these factors are (1) the class of wheat grown, (2) the quality of the grain sold, (3) the direction, distance, time, and rate of movement of wheat, (4) the farmer’s financial situation, (5) the freight rate charged, and (6) the total production at home and abroad and the quantity carried over from previous crops. Discus- sion of these factors follows. Classes of Wheat. Under the Official Wheat Standards of the United States, wheat is separated into six commercial classes as follows: (1) Hard Red Spring, (2) Durum, (3) Hard Red Winter, (4) Soft Red Winter, (5) Common White, and (6) White Club.t. If wheat of one class has more than 10 per cent of another mixed with it, the mixture is classed “ Mixed Wheat.” Four classes, Hard Red Spring, Durum, Hard Red Winter, and Common White, are divided into subclasses on the basis of color and texture of kernels. Each of the first three classes named has three subclasses, while Common White has two subclasses. Subclasses are recognized because, so far as these classes are concerned, the best outward index of quality, from the standpoint of utilization of flour made therefrom, is the color and texture of the kernels, that is, whether dark, hard and vitreous, or yellow, mottled, and starchy. Hard Red Spring wheat is grown principally in the north- central part of the United States (Fig. 41), where the winters are too severe for the production of winter wheat. Nearly 14 million acres of this class of wheat are grown annually in the United States, comprising nearly one-fourth of the 1Classes 5 and 6 have been combined by recent order of the Secretary of Agriculture, effective July 17, 1922. Wheat Production and Marketing. 123 total wheat acreage. Although there are 24 varieties of Hard Red Spring wheat, about two-thirds of the acreage of this class is sown to one variety, Marquis. The strongest flours for bread making are produced from Hard Red Spring wheat. Durum wheat is grown in almost the same area (Fig. 42) as Hard Red Spring wheat. The district of heaviest pro- duction of durum wheat is just west of the Red River Valley in North Dakota. About 4 million acres of durum wheat have been grown annually in the United States for several years. It comprises about one-sixteenth of the total wheat acreage. Arnautka and Kubanka are the leading varieties among the 11 commercial durum wheats grown. Durum wheat usually yields more than Hard Red Spring wheat in this northern spring-wheat belt, because of its greater resistance to drought and to black stem rust. Hard Red Winter wheat is grown principally in the cen- tral Great Plains area (Fig. 43), where dry summers and rather dry winters prevail. Hard Red Winter wheat is not well adapted to humid sections. More than 17 million acres are grown annually in the United States, comprising nearly one-third of the total wheat acreage. The leading varieties are Turkey, Kharkof, and Kanred. Hard Red Winter wheat is used in the manufacture of bread-making flour. Soft Red Winter wheat is grown largely in the humid sections in the eastern half of the United States (Fig. 44). About 16 million acres are grown annually, comprising over 30 per cent of the total wheat acreage. About 65 varieties are grown, the principal ones being Fultz, Fulcaster, Medi- terranean, Poole, Red May, and Red Wave. Soft Red Winter wheat is used in the manufacture of both bread-making and pastry flours. The flour from Hard Red Spring and Hard Red Winter wheats often is blended with that of this class to make it a stronger bread flour. Common White wheat is grown in both the eastern and western parts of the United States (Fig. 45). Where now grown it usually outyields the other classes of wheat. Over 3 million acres, or somewhat more than 5 per cent of the total wheat acreage, is sown to Common White wheat annually in the United States. More than 50 varieties are grown, the leading ones being Pacific Bluestem, Goldcoin, Baart, Defi- 99912°—yYBK 1921 9 124 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. ~ HARD RED SPRING WHEAT ESTIMATED ACREAGE 1919 EACH DOT REPRESENTS Fic. 41.—More than two-thirds of the spring wheat of the United States be- longs to this class, which is grown under subhumid to semiarid conditions favorable to high quality. North Dakota, Minnesota, and South Dakota lead in its production. It sets the standard for bread-making flour. DURUM WHEAT EACH DOT REPRESENTS Fic. 42.—Durum wheat is grown in the midst of the hard red spring wheat area, The center of the area of production gradually is moving westward to drier districts. From durum wheat is made a granular flour called semolina from which macaroni, spaghetti, vermicelli, and other edible pastes are manufactured. Wheat Production and Marketing. 125 HARD RED WINTER WHEAT ESTIMATED ACREAGE EACH DOT REPRESENTS 1919 2,000 ACRES Other . | U.S...| 21,677,900 Fic. 43.—iard red winter wheat is produced in enormous quantities in the central section of the Great Plains area. It occupies nearly one-third of the total acreage of all wheat and about half of the total winter-wheat acreage in the United States. Wheat of this class ranks next to hard red spring in quality for flour manufacture. SOFT RED WINTER WHEAT ESTIMATED ACREAGE EACH DOT REPRESENTS Kans. .| 1,424,300 |S | 20,691,400 3 we Fic. 44.—Soft red winter wheat is grown over a wide area, mostly under humid conditions. It also occupies nearly one-third of the total acreage of all wheat and nearly one-half of the total acreage of winter wheat. The States leading in its production are Missouri, Indiana, Ohio, and Illinois. 126 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. COMMON WHITE WHEAT COMMON WHITE WHEAT ESTIATED ACREAGE, 1519 STATE ACRES Wash .| 1,179,100 Calif .| 656,400 Kans . 31,600 Other . 114,700 EACH DOT REPRESENTS 2000 ACRES Fic. 45.—Common white wheat is grown chiefly in the Far West but also in the Great Lakes section. Washington, California, Oregon, and Idaho lead in its production in the West; New York and Michigan in the East. WHITE CLUB WHEAT Se ACREAGE Fic. 46.—White Club wheat is grown only in the West, chiefly in Wash- ington, Oregon, California, and Idaho. ance, Dicklow, and Daw- son (Golden Chaff). Common White wheat is used in making pastry flours and breakfast foods and to some extent in bread-making flours. White Club wheat is grown only in the west- ern part of this country (Fig. 46). In some sec- tions in this region it out- yields all other classes. Although more than 1 million acres of White Club wheat are grown annually, it comprises less than 2 per cent of the total wheat acreage. White Club wheat is used in making starchy flours for pastry or is exported to South America and the Orient. Wheat Production and Marketing. 127 Quality of the Wheat Crops. The wheat crop varies in quality from year to year, as a result of climatic and other conditions during the growing season, and especially in the harvest period. Each year the Department of Agriculture estimates the average quality of the crop from reports received from many farmers, millers, and elevator operators. These estimates for the 22 years, 1900 to 1921, are given in Figure 47. They may be con- sidered as a general index for each year of all the condi- tions that have affected the crop while it was on the farm WHEAT ESTIMATED AVERAGE QUALITY UNITED STATES, 1900-1921 YEAR 1900 SPRING WHEAT i WINTER WHEAT Re i ica =a =a lic. 47.—The quality of the wheat crop varies with the conditions under which it was grown. Unfavorable weather during growth, harvest, or thrashing is reflected in the quality of the grain. Drought, rain, and rust are the chief factors. and, as such, they enable a comparison to be made of the general seasonal conditions as well as the crops of different years. The very low quality of spring wheat in 1904 and 1916 was due chiefly to epidemics of stem rust. The low quality of spring wheat in 1911 and 1914 was due chiefly to severe drought. The low quality of all wheat in 1919 was due partly to drought, partly to rust, and partly to excessive summer rains. The crop of 1921 was of rather low quality, winter wheat being 87.1 per cent, spring wheat 82.2 per cent, and the average of all wheat 85.8 per cent, owing to summer heat and other causes. 128 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. WHEAT ANNUAL VARIATION IN QUALITY RECEIPTS BY CLASSES & GRADES AT ALL INSPECTION POINTS IN THE CROP MOVEMENT YEARS, JULY,1917 - JUNE,1921 AND AVERAGE FOR THE FOUR-YEAR PERIOD MIXED GRADES 28 SSS ee S8 GRADES WHITE CLUB 2 1 GRADES ir Be age br GRADES $525334°5.5 5s JULY 1.1917-JUNE 30,1918 H.RED WINTER/S. RED WINTER COMMON WHIT GRADES 3 DURUM GRADES PER ] H_RED SPRING GRADES “ | baat u = we L | | | espe 1 RE LE CF | = jie: I i JUNE 30,1921 JULY 1,1919-JUNE 30,1920 JULY 1,1920 JULY 1,1917-JUNE 30,1921 FOUR YEARS’ AVERAGE rover iat vent Lag) - 123455 123 4°55 GRADES H.RED WINTERIS REO WINTER |ICOMMON WHIT 3 A WHITE CLUB GRADES GRADES DURUM GRADES H. RED SPRING 48.—In these 4 years the great bulk of the wheat falls into the three Fic. Nearly half of the hard red spring wheat, Nos. 1, 2, and 3. on the average, goes into No. upper grades, On the average of good and bad crop iF years together, more than 50 per cent of all wheat inspected is graded No. 1 and oO. 2 N Wheat Production and Marketing. 129 Quality as Shown by Grade. The quality and consequent grade of wheat are dependent primarily upon the weather conditions which prevail during the growing season and harvest and the conditions under which wheat is stored from time of harvest until it is marketed. Each subclass of wheat is divided into five numerical grades (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5), dependent upon the following factors: Test weight per bushel, moisture content, percentage of damaged kernels, purity, cleanliness, and condition. Wheat failing to meet th cifica- neet = Spe = TOTAL RECEIPTS OF EACH GRADE tions for any one AT ALL INSPECTION POINTS of the five nu- JULY, 1917-JUNE ,1921 merical grades is graded “Sample Grade.” Wheat, after leaving the farm, in finding its way through channels of interstate com- merce to distant mills and to sea- Fic. 49.—Bird’s-eye view of wheat quality. In- board cities for spected receipts of all six classes, in all four export is inspect- years. About 60 per cent in grades 1 and 2, 7 and about 80 per cent in grades 1, 2, and 3. QUALITY OF WHEAT ed and graded at terminal markets in accordance with the official wheat stand- ards of the United States. There were 92 such inspection points in 1917, 118 in 1918, 143 in 1919, 158 in 1920, and 167 in 1921. The inspectors at terminal markets are not employees of the Government, but are employed by State grain-inspec- tion departments, chambers of commerce, and boards of trade, or in some cases they operate independently on a fee basis. These inspectors, however, are licensed by the United States Department of Agriculture, and use the Federal standards. In Figure 48 is shown the annual and average quality of the wheat produced in the United States in the four years, 1917 to 1920, inclusive, as indicated by the grades given to that portion of the crop which moved in interstate commerce from July, 1917, to June, 1921, inclusive. The graph is 130 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. based upon the total carload receipts inspected at all inspec- tion points in each year. Figure 49 shows in the same way the average quality of all classes in all four years. An indi- cation of the effect of class and quality (grade) of wheat on price is given in Figure 59. Surplus and Deficiency of Production-in Relation to Movement of the Wheat Crop. The marketing of wheat takes from the farm producer what he does not keep for food, feed, and seed, and places it in the hands of other consumers. It is estimated that WHEAT SURPLUS AND DEFICIENCY FIVE-YEAR AVERAGE 1910-1914 @ suRPLus @ _ OEFICIENCY . FIGURES IN STATES REPRESENTS MILLIONS OF BUSHELS Fic. 50.—The States east of the Mississippi, except Indiana, Maryland, and Delaware, do not produce enough to supply their own needs, and the same is true of the Southwest from Texas to California. The great surplus- producing States are Kansas, North Dakota, Nebraska, Minnesota, and Washington. about 60 per cent of the wheat crop ordinarily is shipped out of the county where grown. This may be considered the commercial crop, and it is this part with which we must deal in the discussion of wheat marketing. A large part of the farm surplus is consumed in the United States by farmers who do not produce enough for their own needs and by people who are not engaged in agriculture. Under the average conditions of the five years, 1910-1914, inclusive, 19 States (Fig. 50) each had a surplus of wheat above its own requirements for food, feed, and seed. This surplus supplied the other 30 States whose wheat production severally was below their consumption and provided the national surplus for export. Wheat Production and Marketing. 131 Fic. 51.—A busy day at a country elevator. Movement from the Farm. The first movement of wheat from the farmer to ‘the ultimate consumer usually is to the local or country elevator (Fig. 51) and thence to great terminal elevators (Fig. 52) for further distribution to mills at home and abroad. Fic. 52.—Terminal elevator surrounded by cars loaded with grain. 132 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. The wheat may be hauled directly from the separator as it is thrashed, or it may be binned on the farm first, or part may be handled in each way. In general, however, a rapid movement begins soon after harvest (Fig. 53), due to the necessity for money, the lack of storage space, and the cost of storing. In the Far West sack handling still is the rule, and, though much grain moves direct from separator or “combine ” to the warehouse, the dry summer climate allows cheap storage on the farm, where the bags may lie for weeks in a great rick in the field without cover. MONTHLY MARKETING OF WHEAT FROM FARMS (UNITED STATES KANSAS NORTH DAKOTA) AND RECEIPTS AT ELEVEN MARKETS,AND EXPORTS AVERAGE OF 10 YEARS, JUNE 1910—JUNE 1920 PER CENT OF YEARLY JN. JULY. AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. MARKETING MAR. APR. MAY. JN. Fic. 53.—Movement of wheat from the farms is very rapid after harvest, which is progressively later from south to north. Nearly three-fourths of the crop leaves the farms in the first six months of the crop-movement year. Re- ceipts at central markets naturally correspond yery closely ; exports, on the other hand, are much more evenly distributed throughout the year. (See Fig. 59 also.) Wheat Production and Marketing. 133 The average time and the rate of movement from the farm in Kansas and North Dakota and in the whole United States are shown in Figure 53. From Kansas the movement begins in the latter part of June or in early July. The heaviest movement from the farms in Kansas ordinarily is in July. As one goes farther north the harvest and the beginning of movement occur successively later. In North Dakota the new crop does not begin to move until in August and the peak of the flow occurs in September. For the whole country, the peak of flow from farms is in August and September, with gradual decrease to January. More than one-third of the crop was marketed in July and August in the 10-year period (1911-1920) and nearly three- fourths of the entire crop in the first six months of the crop- movement year, namely, from July to December, inclusive. The lower part of Figure 53 shows the progressive monthly receipts at 11 principal markets in the North Central States, and the exports from the country. Market receipts are seen to agree well with the movement from farms, but exports are much more evenly distributed throughout the year. Financing Wheat Storage and Movement. Since the fall in prices of farm products in 1920, market- ing credit has called for increased attention. By marketing eredit, in so far as the farmer is concerned, is meant chiefly the credit which is needed after the grain has been harvested and which will enable him to market his grain in an orderly manner. The amount and duration of this credit depends largely, as already intimated, upon the condition of the market. If the price of wheat is high, the farmer is inclined to sell quickly, in which case credit obligations at the banks will be rapidly reduced. Rapid release of a large volume of the crop, however, may have the effect of congesting trans- portation and storage facilities and depressing the price (Fig. 59). When market prices are exceptionally low, there is a natural tendency to postpone selling, and this causes a special demand for credit. In the absence of a suitable ware- house system, the security for such loans frequently is the same as for production credit. In many cases existing obli- gations are renewed for increased amounts. 134 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. The development of a well-organized warehouse system would be highly advantageous to wheat growers, as well as to producers of other nonperishable agricultural products, in obtaining credit during the marketing season. By utilizing a licensed and properly supervised warehouse, the farmer should find little difficulty in obtaining advances on his note secured by a warehouse receipt, or on drafts accepted by a warehouse association, when he desires to defer the selling of his crop. Such notes would be eligible for rediscount for six months at the various Federal reserve banks, when the pro- ceeds are used for agricultural purposes. Only meager information is available on the financing involved in the orderly movement of the wheat crop from the farmer to the mill or the exporter. Some interesting data on the sources of borrowings by different types of coun- try elevators and warehouses, however, have been compiled by the Federal Trade Commission. The study covered a total of 4,925 establishments, including 2,353 line houses and 2.572 individual houses. The so-called line houses were subdivided as commercial, cooperative, mill, and malster, while the individual establishments were classified as co- operative, independent, mill, and malster. All line houses, it was found, were financed largely by the head offices, this source of funds representing over 80 per cent of the total borrowings. Local banks furnished . about 11 per cent of the loans, and the balance came from | commission houses, mills, city banks, and other sources. The individual houses were financed more largely by local banks, which furnished, in their case, 65 per cent of the: total borrowings. Commission houses furnished 17 per cent and mills 3 per cent, while farmers and other local residents furnished about 24 per cent. The balance, as in the case of line elevators, came from scattered sources. There is little doubt, of course, that the commission houses, as well as the head offices of line elevators, in turn rely.upon the larger city banks for considerable amounts of credit. Wheat Production and Marketing. 135 Freight Rates. The expense or cost of taking wheat from the farm to the market is an important factor in determining the price the farmer obtains for it. Freight rates make up an important part of the costs of marketing. Before the war it cost from 8 to 10 cents per bushel to ship wheat from Chicago to New York (Fig. 54) and about 12 cents from Kansas City to New Orleans. Beginning with 1917 the rates rose, and by 1920 they had doubled. Ihe history of freight rates from Chi- FREIGHT RATES ON WHEAT KANSAS CITY TO NEW ORLEANS AND CHICAGO TO NEW YORK AVERAGE ANNUAL RATE, 1913 - 1921 MESTIC RATE KANSAS eeeoceesc eee =o *expoRT RATE EXPORT RATE Fic. 54.—Freight rates on wheat from Chicago to New York and Kansas City to New Orleans rose rapidly with our entry-into the- World War and were higher in 1920 and 1921 than at any time since 1886. The average ocean rate for 1921 was higher than that of any prewar year for which records are available. cago to New York is interesting. Following the Civil War rates were very high. Later they declined from about 32 cents per bushel in 1870-1873 to 8 cents per bushel in 1905. The rate for 1920 was the highest since 1886. The high rates scarcely were felt until the price of wheat started downward. To pay 16 cents out of $2.70 did not seem as burdensome as paying 8 cents out of $1, but when the price of wheat fell to $1.60 in New York, as it did in 1921, the 16-cent rate became a real burden, as most of the surplus wheat is produced west of Chicago. 136 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. FREIGHT RATES ON WHEAT CHICAGO TO NEW YORK, 1870-1921 AND NEW YORK TO LIVERPOOL, 1879-1921 AVERAGE ANNUAL RATE Fic. 55.—The freight rate from Chicago to New York is the export rate. The domestic rate is higher than the export rate, if there is any difference be- tween the two. The New York to Liverpool rate rose above $1.50 in 1918. (See Fig. 56.) OCEAN FREIGHT RATES ON WHEAT ARGENTINA INDIA AUSTRALIA TO LIVERPOOL, 1910-1921 IN TERMS OF Fic. 56.—Ocean freight rates rose rapidly after the outbreak of the World War in 1914 and fell rapidly after the signing of the armistice on November 11, 1918, while rail freight rates (see Fig. 54) rose with our entry into the war and have not fallen. The New York to Liverpool rate usually is lower than from points in other producing countries because of the shorter distance, Wheat Production and Marketing. 137 The ocean rates on wheat from New York to Liverpool (Fig. 55) had declined to a very low point before the World War. In the 10-year period, 1901-1910, it cost less than 4 cents a bushel to ship wheat from New York to Liverpool. The submarine warfare made shipping very scarce and ocean freighting a very hazardous enterprise. Rates became very high; in fact, the allied Governments practically fixed rates through the most critical period of the war. Soon after peace was declared, rates began to fall, but they have not yet returned to the prewar level. The quotation for January 27, 1922, was 94 cents per bushel, or more than double the quotation for January 30, 1914, which was 44 cents. The rates from New York to Liverpool, England, a great unport market for Europe, generally are less than the rates from other wheat-exporting countries (Fig. 56). The longest haul is from Sydney to Liverpool, and from this point natu- rally the rates are highest. The rates from all countries were very high during the World War, but declined immedi- ately after the Armistice. Rates from New York have fallen more rapidly than the rates from any other point, presum- ably because there is more competition for shipping from New York to Liverpool than from other points. It may be noted also that during the first part of the war period rates from New York to Liverpool were much cheaper than rates from other countries, which explains in part the very great increase in our exports. Prices of Wheat. Many factors enter into the determination of the price paid for wheat to producers in any locality at a given time. Among the important factors to be considered are (1) charac- ter of the local market, whether it is in an area of surplus or deficiency production (Fig. 50) ; (2) the distance to markets and cost of transportation (Fig. 57) ; (3) the time in relation to the season (Fig. 59) ; (4) the total available supply for the markets of the world in relation to the consumers’ demands; and (5) financial conditions and prices of other commodities. Prices paid at the principal central and export markets are determined by similar conditions. The several factors to be considered can be discussed only briefly here. 138 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. S1IN3D GO%r iz SLIN3D O@I~ Ith SLN3D O11 - 101 B SLN3D 06 SIN3D 08 - Ic6l ‘| ‘O30 JO 30IYd WHVs 3DVYsAV ON3937 TWLOL GNV T3HSNG Ad JOYd WUVA JIOVUFAY of wheat is lowest in the States producing tarm price 7.—The average 5 surpluses (see Fig. Fic. The price 50) and farthest from large central markets. is highest in those States deficient in production and farthest from the Intervening mountain ranges have central markets where they must buy. the effect of increased distance. Wheat Production and Marketing. 139 Farm Prices. Local variations in farm prices——The wide variation in the prices paid wheat producers in the United States upon any given date is illustrated on the map in Figure 57, which shows the geographic distribution of wheat prices received by producers on December 1, 1921. Prices are lowest in those surplus-producing States which are most disadvan- tageously located with respect to the large world markets, and highest in those States of deficiency production which are most disadvantageously located with respect to supplies. Farmers in surplus-producing areas receive approximately the price paid at the nearest large central or terminal mar- ket, less the cost of placing their wheat upon that market. Farmers in deficiency areas receive approximately the price paid to producers in the most distant surplus-producing area from which the deficiency is made up, plus the cost of ship- ping that wheat into their locality. Annual variations in farm prices.—Variations in the world’s production and demand and changes in price levels cause nation-wide variations in the farm prices of wheat (Fig. 58). Examples of the effects of large and small crops, wars, Government price fixing, and inflation and deflation all are shown in the movements of prices through the last 10 years. In the first two years, 1912-1913, crops were good, and there were only the normal seasonal price movements, mostly between 75 cents and $1 per bushel. In 1914 the World War broke out, and the price rose rapidly through the remainder of the season until on May 1, 1915, it reached approximately $1.40. The high prices in the autumn and spring encour- aged a greatly enlarged acreage, and an unusually good season caused high yields and the greatest production ever had in this country. Consequently by the 1st of June, when a large crop seemed certain, prices had begun to fall. All of the important surplus-producing countries except Aus- tralia produced large crops, and consequently prices remained low through the crop year 1915-16. In 1916 the Russian surplus was shut out of the world’s markets, the crop of 99912°—yBK 192110 lture, 1921. gricu 140 Yearbook of the Department of A ae A eweRe: $ See f ; : Fel I261-ZI6L SALVLS GALINA HINOW HOVWSA 43O LSYUlA NO 3ADVYHRAV LVAHM AO 301d WV 58.—Note low farm price levels before the war, rise at the beginning of the war, fall with enormous production in 1915, rise with low production caused by rust injury in 1916, high levels after the United States entered. the war, and rapid deflation Fie. after June 1, 1920. Wheat Production and Marketing. 141 the United States was short because of reduced acreage and severe injury by black stem rust, and prices rose rapidly after July. After the United States entered the war in April, 1917, steps were taken to regulate the distribution and the price of wheat. The Food and Fuel Control Act of August 10,1917, guaranteed a minimum price of $2 per bushel for the crop of 1918. On August 30, 1917, the President fixed a minimum price for the 1917 crop at $2.20 per bushel for No. 1 northern spring and its equivalents at Chicago, with differentials for grades and markets. Through the operations of the United States Grain Corporation this became the basic price for wheat. The average farm price of the whole country re- mained at a level of about $2 per bushel throughout 1918. By an Executive order on June 21, 1918, the price of wheat was raised to $2.26 a bushel for No. 1 northern spring and its equivalents at Chicago. Inthe spring of 1919 wheat prices rose sharply, reaching $2.31 on May 1, but declined, under pressure of large acreage and large pro- duction, to about $2.10 by October 1. With decreases in acre- age and estimated production, prices rose rapidly thereafter, reaching $2.58 on June 1, 1920, a month before the Govern- ment guaranty of a minimum price was terminated. General deflation began soon after and continued to the end of 1921, when the price stood near 90 cents. Although the prices of all commodities did not rise as rapidly through 1916-17 as did the prices of wheat, after the price of wheat was fixed the average prices of all com- modities continued to rise until May, 1920. Thus the prices through the war were not really as high as they seemed. Excepting the period from August, 1914, to October, 1915, and the period from August, 1916, to August, 1917, the price of wheat was relatively not far above the average prices of other commodities, and with the sharp break in the prices of other commodities wheat also fell. The precipitous fall and the low prices of 1921 have not been due to overproduc- tion so much as to the general deflation of all prices. Com- pared with the general price level in 1921, the farm price of wheat fell to the lowest point it has ever reached in the United States. 142 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. MONTHLY FARM PRICE OF WHEAT, AND PERCENTAGE OF ANNUAL MARKETING FIVE-YEAR AVERAGE; JUNE,1909--JUNE,1914 d a Br, oes ea SSSI WA ee a HLT TIN | | AN & HACER See SoasSS== PLL MT wae LLL BEREEH ati 4 PAE NET q(ieiels Aba Fic. 59.—The farm price of wheat usually is rela- tively high on July 1, when the old crop is nearly gone and the new crop just beginning to move. Farm prices tend to fall rapidly during the next two months, when the great movement of -wheat from the farms is taking place as harvest and thrashing progress. Seasonal market- ing in relation to farm prices.—A large part of the wheat crop is mar- keted in a few months after har- vest (Fig. 59, see also Fig. 53), which causes a rapid de- cline in prices dur- ing the first few months of the new crop year (Figs. 58 and 59). This is one of the principal causes for the need of credit for storing grain. Taking the averages of farm prices of wheat by months from 1909 to 1913 as representing normal seasonal va- riations, it will be noted (Fig. 59) that the highest farm prices are paid about July 1, just as wheat of the new crop begins to ar- rive on the market. Prices decline rap- idly from this high point until in Sep- tember or October or occasionally later, after which they rise slowly and irregularly through winter, spring, and early summer to the highest point again about July 1. Wheat Production and Marketing. 143 Market Prices. Market prices for wheat, like farm prices, vary with the class, subclass, and grade of wheat, as well as with the loca- tion and nature of the market. Market prices of different grades of wheat —In Figure 60 are shown the prices, by months, of No. 1 grade of the lead- ing subclass of four classes of wheat, and the discounts in price for grades 2, 3, 4, and 5 below the price of No. 1. These figures cover the crop-movement year from July, 1920, to June, 1921, and cover subclasses at St. Louis, Kansas City, and Minneapolis. The prices are averages of the reported cash sales of each grade on those days in each month on which all five grades were represented. The prices of No. 1 are given in dollars and cents. The prices of the other grades are discounts in cents per bushel below the price of No. 1; for example, at St. Louis in July, 1920, No. 1 sold at $2.75; No. 2 at $2.73, a discount of 2 cents; and Nos. 4 and 5 at $2.70, a discount of 5 cents below No. 1. An outstanding feature of the graph is the wide spread between the prices of the different grades of Dark Northern at Minneapolis, compared -with the narrow spread between the prices of the different grades of Hard Winter at Kansas City. While the figures given cover only one year, a study of similar data for other years shows a fairly similar con- dition. Probably several reasons must be sought for the difference in price spreads between the different grades in the different cases. Hard Red Spring wheat is used almost exclusively for domestic milling. Minneapolis is the largest milling center in the United States. Most of the wheat arriving there is bought by sample by mill buyers to whom low-grade wheat is not attractive. The best grade makes a flour of extra strength and quality and is in great demand for milling by itself and for blending with other wheats. For this reason premium prices are paid for grade No. 1. There is markedly less demand for the successively lower grades because they are of less value for blending with wheat of other classes. This will account, in considerable measure, for the very heavy discounts for the lower grades. Hard spring wheat 144 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. W) W Q < & 0 > o 0) - z =] 9) U a Q 1 WHEAT BELOW PRICE OF NO. JULY,1920--JUNE 1921 PRIC= OF NO. 1 GRADE $2.75 $2.52 $2.60 $2.29 $2.02 $2.00 $2.03 $1.90 $166 $1.41 $1.54 $1.51 Dis- COUNTS ST. LOUIS CLASS & MARKET RED WINTER MONTH JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. PRICE OF NO. 1 GRADE $2.66 —— $2.46 $2.09 $1.78 $1.70 $1.73 $1.64 $1.56 $1.34 $1.49 $1.40 TTT ATT FEB. MCH. APR. MAY JUNE PRICE OF NO. 1 GRADE $2.96 $2.59 $264 $2.21 $182 $1.74 $1.81 $1.74 $1.72 $1.57 $1.67 $1.74 OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. MONTH JULY AUG. SEPT. HARD WINTER NORTHERN MINNEAPOLIS FEB. MCH. APR. MAY JUNE MONTH JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. PRICE OF NO. 1 GRADE $2.84 $2.54 $2.50 $2.12 $1.86 $1.76 $1.80 $1.67 $1.60 $1.56 $1.66 $1.5 MINNEAPOLIS MONTH JULY AUG. SE Fic. 60.—Market prices of No. 1 grade in the 1920 crop of the highest subclass in each of the four major classes of wheat, at one important market, by months, in the crop-movement year from July, 1920, to June 1921, with price discounts for grades 2, 3, 4, and 5 below the price of No. 1. Wheat Production and Marketing. 145 also usually is subject to more unfavorable climatic condi- tions than the winter wheats, and, therefore, more of it would fall into the lower grades, except that the requirements for admission to grade 1 are lower in the case of Hard Red _Spring wheat. In spite of that fact about 35 per cent of the crop of 1920 graded below No. 3. On the Kansas City market a considerable portion of the wheat is sold to exporters and to dealers other than millers whose competitive buying tends to absorb the lower grades at relatively small discounts. Grades 1 and 2 at Kansas City are both deliverable on contracts in the option or future trading market. Grade No. 3 also is deliverable upon future contracts at a discount of only 5 cents per bushel. These conditions serve to narrow the spread in price between grades, as compared with the spread in the milling market at Minneapolis. Prices in world markets.—The prices of wheat in all the great markets of the world generally move together. The price in Liverpool] generally is higher than the prices in New York and Chicago (Fig. 61), but it is very difficult to compare prices in these three markets. It is not proper to take the difference in prices as the cost of transporting and handling the wheat between the different markets. The cost of transportation and charges for handling are two different factors in causing the difference in prices. Market quota- tions in New York and Chicago generally follow very closely the market quotations in Liverpool, but certain conditions may so affect any one of the three markets as to throw it out of line with the others. 146 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. zs | O fe) o 4 W 2 a 0 7a io N ¥ @ Ey e) > & > Ww 7a = U) q 8) a UO Ke < Li a > Z < Fic. 61.—Trend of average annual price of American wheat in Chicago, New York, and Liverpool from 1840 to 1921. In general, the spread in price has decreased steadily throughout the years, but prices in the three markets | are not readily comparable. Wheat Production and Marketing. 147 The Situation and Outlook. What does the future hold for the American wheat grower? After the foregoing summary of the economic phases of the production and marketing of wheat, this is a natural and vitally important question. Any attempt to answer it requires consideration of the long-time trends (1) in the prices and purchasing power of wheat; (2) in acreage, acre yleld, and production; (3) in consumption and export; and (4) in total population and the numbers living under rural and urban conditions in this country. Farm Price and Purchasing Power of Wheat. The quantity of goods that can be bought for a bushel of wheat is more significant than the number of dollars or cents for which it will sell. In Figure 62 is shown the trend of farm price and of purchasing power in terms of the 1913 dollar, from 1866 to 1921. On December 1, 1866, the currency price of wheat was slightly higher than the peak price on December 1, 1919, but the purchasing power per bushel in 1866 was some 30 cents higher. The price fell after the Civil War just as it has fallen since the World War. In both cases the fall has been due largely to deflation, and in both cases the purchas- ing power also has fallen farther in proportion; that is, the price of wheat has fallen more rapidly and farther than the average prices of all commodities. In purchasing power the price of 94 cents on December 1, 1921, was lower than the low price of 49 cents per bushel on December 1, 1894. As acre yields vary greatly from year to year, the farm value and purchasing power per acre (fig. 62) are a better index of the returns to farmers than are the price and pur- chasing power per bushel. A relatively high price per bushel was paid for the 1916 crop, but the farmer did not have as many bushelsasusual. In fact, on the average, he received less in purchasing power for the 1916 crop than for the 1915 crop, which he sold at a lower price but of which he had many more bushels. 148 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. oos6l s6sl sZsl ozel 99st TTT & cee "i TTT Ha a“ Zasasaa= Eonsses SSS2ane= 255222 s2SsSSsSe2s=2=2= poe Geeeeseeesoeoesosoe=s== Salesee4 SPSS SSSssSaS5Ss5 3525525252 =22=2==52222 1Z61--9981 Yv1100 CI6GIl S3HL AO SWUSAL NI YAMOd ONISVHIYNd ONV S3yuoV Usd AN IVA Wav a “TTT ATT pe aut et ss | TTT TT a o16l SO6l 0061 s6el 06s see ose! PE eC eee eee a ae a on A Eeeeee SBese ser Sias5 SSESSSESSESeSsasesessess ‘Saif ot Ctl et La lt = GPa PO li) el GS tl 1261-99al Yv1100 €161 3H1 4O SWUYSL NI Y3MOd ONISVHOYNd aANV ‘| WSEWIOTG ‘ISHSNe Y3d 391d WaVs LYVAHM the 1913 dollar, was low during and after the Civil War, fairly high from 1877 until 1909, and exceedingly low during the World War, in comparison 1G. 62,—The purchasing power of wheat per bushel and per acre, in terms of with the farm price of wheat, F Wheat Production and Marketing. 149 At the present time (May 1, 1922) the farm price of wheat is considerably higher than at the end of 1921, and, as the prices of other commodities farmers buy (Fig. 40) are de- creasing slowly, the purchasing power of wheat is rising. Trend of Acreage and Production. The trends of acreage, acre yield, and production have been shown in Figure 7. Acreage has increased steadily as the country has developed. Average acre yields also in- creased about 25 per cent, or from 12 bushels to 15 bushels, in the 25 years from 1890 to 1914. As a result, production SPRING WHEAT ACREAGE COMPARED WITH WINTER WHEAT ACREAGE SOWN AND HARVESTED 1895-1921 papel WINTER WHEAT ACREAGE SOWN — — _ ACREAGE HARVESTED SPRING WHEAT o—s—__. ACREAGE SOWN Fic. 63.—The acreage of winter wheat sown is larger than that of spring a and has tended to increase faster both before and during the World increased steadily. The average acreage harvested in the 10 years before the war (1905-1914) was about 48 million acres, of which over 18 millions were spring wheat and nearly 30 millions were winter wheat (Fig. 63). As the average abandonment of winter wheat acreage sown was about 8.5 per cent in those years, nearly 33 millions of acres of winter wheat were sown annually. During the World War acreage and production were greatly stimulated by patriotic impulses and by high prices. At the same time average acre yields decreased slightly, probably on account of unfavorable seasons and less ade- 150 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. quate farming methods due to the decreased labor supply. The enormous total of 75,684,000 acres was grown in 1919, but this dropped to somewhat more than 61 million and 62 million acres, respectively, in 1920 and 1921. Further de- crease in acreage perhaps may be looked for, but every effort should be made to maintain high acre yields. The increase in winter wheat acreage since 1911 has been proportionately greater than that of spring wheat. In 1919 the acreage of winter wheat harvested was 50,494,000 acres, in 1920 is was 40,016,000 acres, and in 1921 it was 42,702,000 acres, after decreases of about 2, 11, and 5 per cent, respec- tively, caused by winterkilling, had been subtracted. This means that about 45 million acres of winter wheat were sown for both 1920 and 1921, compared with an average of about 33 millions in the 10 years from 1905 to 1914. The preliminary estimate of the acreage of winter wheat sown in the autumn of 1921 for the crop of 1922 is 44,293,000 acres, or scarcely any decrease from 1920 and 1921. How- ever, unfavorable conditions in the autumn and winter, espe- cially in the central part of the Great Plains area, have greatly injured the plants, and an average abandonment of 14.4 per cent has been estimated. This unusually high abandonment reduces to 38,131,000 acres the area of winter wheat estimated to be remaining for harvest in 1922, an area, however, which is still 5 million acres larger than the prewar average. During the 20 years from 1898 to 1917, inclusive, the acreage devoted to spring wheat was fairly constant, with an average of 18,015,000 acres annually. The 20-million mark was reached only in 1911. The lowest acreage recorded in this period was 16,259,000 acres in 1900. In 1918 and 1919 the acreage was increased to 22,051,000 and 25,200,000 acres, respectively. In 1920 it dropped to 21,127,000 acres and in 1921 to 19,706,000 acres, which was still about 10 per cent above the prewar average. Unfavorable spring conditions have much retarded the sowing of spring wheat in 1922. Probably this will result in a decreased acreage. If this proves to be true, and the facts will be known before this is printed, a decreased pro- duction of spring wheat is probable in 1922, which will be one factor in obtaining a better price. Wheat Production and Marketing. 151 With about 44 million acres less of winter wheat remaining for harvest in 1922 than were harvested in 1921, and with a probable decrease in acreage of spring wheat in 1922, a de- creased production of all wheat seems likely to result. Domestic Use of Wheat. Most of the wheat crop of the United States is consumed annually within the country (Fig. 64). A small percentage of the crop is used for seed; a varying quantity is exported; and the remainder, also variable in quantity, is held in the country as carry-over from year to year. “WHEAT ANNUAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE CROP UNITED STATES, 1891-1921 al 7 7. gel Eee aah Yi Fic. 64.—Disposal of the ae rican wheat crop i gee last 30 yea Compare with same factors on a per capita basis in Figur ara 152 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. The total consumption can not be determined directly, but only by subtraction of all other items. It varies slightly, no doubt, from year to year in relation to the price of flour and the general condition of business and employment. Consumption increases with total population, of course, and per capita consumption is increasing also. During the war consumption was decreased by the use of wheat substitutes, but that was only a temporary condition. Carry-over, also, can not be determined accurately by direct methods. In a long period of time it becomes in- creasingly negligible, as the carry-over of one year is eaten or exported in the next. At the end of 25 or 50 years, there- AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPORTS OF WHEAT FROM THE UNITED STATES IN MILLIONS OF BUSHELS, BY DECADES FROM 187! TO 1920 EACH SHIP REPRESENTS APPROXIMATELY 25,000,000 BUSHELS Vig Wheat exports increased steadily in the 30 years from 1870 to 1900, decreased in the next 10 years, and increased enormously in the last 10 years, stimulated by war-time needs. fore, only the final carry-over need be considered, and the consumption is found by subtracting the total seed require- ments and exports. These trends, reduced to this average condition, are shown later on a per capita basis in Figures 71 and 72. Exports. The United States has exported a surplus of wheat in every year of its history, except 1836. International trade in wheat on a large scale may be said to have begun in 1850, in which year the repeal of the British Corn Laws went into Wheat Production and Marketing. 153 effect. At this time practically all of the wheat of the United States was produced east of the Mississippi River, and there usually was not a large quantity available for export. The trend of exports by decades since 1871 is shown in Figure 65 and by years since 1849 in Figure 67. The Civil War cut off the southern market for northern wheat, and a good demand in Europe at the same time caused a large increase in the exports during those years. Follow- ing this war there were a few years of small exports, but by 1869 they had returned to the Civil War level. Exports increased rapidly from 1866 to 1880, after which there was a decline until 1890. This was followed by a period of large exports until 1902. From 1878 to about 1902 was the great surplus-producing period of the development of wheat pro- duction in the United States. From 1903 to 1913 the exports were much less than in the previous decade (Fig. 67). Fic. 66.—Wheat being delivered through spouts from the bins of a water- front elevator into the hold of a steamer, for export. Wheat for export is loaded into’ships at ports on the Great Lakes, the Gulf of Mexico, the At- lantic Ocean, and the Pacific Ocean. At Pacific Coast ports, much of the wheat still is handled in bags instead of in bulk. 154 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. i " PER CENT EXPORTED wees §=EXPORTS PERCENTAGE OF CROP EXPORTED; 1839, 1849, 1859, 1866-1921 N = I 22) v = o © — uw Wi = < e W Q WW E Zz 2 WW .. KE = 2) & Le = < WW x S Le ie) ") e f& 2) a x Ww K Ww z Fic. 67.—Exports vary much more than production, depending partly on foreign demand. In general, rapid extension of wheat production in the last quarter of the last century caused high exports, representing a high percentage of our total production. After a decade of decline the World War stimulated still greater exports but no larger percentage of the total. Wheat Production and Marketing. 155 The exports of the recent war period seem very large, but in percentage of the total of the crops produced they have not been greater than the exports of the period from 1880 to 1900. It is probable, however, that the future will show a continuation of the prewar trend of the years 1903 to 1913, inclusive. A International Trade in Wheat. All the countries in the world are tied together through international trade in wheat (Figs. 68 and 69). The annual surplus from the great producing countries is poured into the consuming countries which do not produce enough to supply their own needs. Russia has been our greatest com- _petitor in production and the United Kingdom our greatest buyer. The effect of the war upon the movements in wheat may be seen by comparing the movements in 1920 with the average movements in the five-year prewar period, 1910-1914, inclusive. The biggest and most significant change is the elimination of Russia as a producing country. Lack of the Russian surplus was made up by increases in production in the United States, Canada, and Argentina. The great re- duction in India is due to a poor season in 1920, and the same was true in 1919 also. A most important economic question is how the future demand for our wheat will be affected by the return of Russia to her former place in international trade. Will Russia come back, and how rapidly? The ques- tion of how far Canada, Argentina, and India can continue to increase their acreage and production also is very im- portant to us. Population and Future Production. Since Colonial times the United States has been an ex- porter of wheat. For nearly half a century our wheat ex- ports have been large in quantity and very important in our total international trade in agricultural products (see Figs. 2, 65, and 67). During the last 20 years, however, the volume of these wheat exports has been decreasing, except under the artificial stimulation of the recent war period. 99912°—yYxBxK 1921 11 lture, 1921. gricu 156 Yearbook of the Department of A ‘sepuTo popeys Aq sjtodumy { sapoayo yoRlq pijos Aq pojuoseidea o1n s}1odx@ ‘JesByornd years ay} St odoanq wreqseA, ‘BorjoNpord ul poouvypeq [fe Ayre, orR sore dsturey OM} 94, ‘MOT}BUT}Sep puew ‘seynoI opBIL ‘aotjonpord snjdins SuyMoys ‘1B PLIOM 2} BIOJod PVIYA Ul OPBI} [BUOT}LUIOJUT—'§89 “D1 sor on set ost so Ly 06 se oo sr ot si ° sl oe Lid oo SL 06 VA ” i $$31 ¥O S13HSNS NOINTIIW BAI4 XQ SLN3S3ud3H JNIT N3XOHS HOv3‘!S13HSNS i VA ry \ 'NOITTIN N3L SLN3S3Hd3Y 3NIT CIOS HOVa CPt V ee ri6!-ol6! IN : ° Ra, a / ee =e ; SHV3A 9 4O JOVYSAV SS (Vas \ LWaHM - = NI S30VYL IWNOILLVNYSLNI st set or So! 0 $91 oO! at y f of ad Pah ie 4 aT ' ' 7 4 si v tH te pS | SSG3 eS) al iV any: ~ OO ee es ee ee oe 157 Wheat Production and Marketing. RISSNY U19}]SAM OY, “WOI}BUT}Sep puB 2 iz Pi St Soh Y Ra Rak INSESS B ee = iY OD ‘smosveas dod peq OM} PBY SBT BIPUT VITGA ‘snfdins ou vonpoid AaesanfF pur ‘pesvaioap Ajsnomioue seq e1eqds[mey U1eysva Of} Ul ToOnonporad affqM ‘uoljonpoad sjzt pastatour A[}Bais seq staqdstmeYg ‘sa]no1 apBay ‘moTjONpoad Snidans SurMoys “AVAL PIMOA\ OU} 12}7B JVoTM UL IPRA) [UOT] BUAeJU[—'G9 “OI SLN3S7Hd3Y JNIT N3XOUA HOV] + SIZHSNS NOMI Nat SLN3S3YHd3Y 3NIT GI10S HOVE oz6l | SLYOdNI GNV SLYQdx3 LVSHM NI SQVel IWNOILVNYSLNI 158 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921, This decrease has been due chiefly to our steadily increasing population (Fig. 70) and the lack of new lands suitable for profitable wheat production under present conditions. Increase in population has been due partly to births and partly to immigration. The birth rate is affected somewhat by economic conditions in this country. Immigration is affected by legislation here and by economic conditions here and abroad. Without question our population will continue to increase, though the rate will be governed by the factors named. Increasing population will require a proportion- ately increasing supply of wheat. Wheat production, how- ever, has been increasing less rapidly than population in this country, and it is very probable that this will continue to be true, at least until we reach the point where we consume practically all we produce. Per capita consumption of wheat in this country has been increasing steadily during the last 80 years at least (Figs. 71 and 72). This has been due partly (1) to great improve- ment in milling processes, which make bread more attractive; (2) to increasing prosperity, which enables more people to eat white bread: and (3) to an increasing proportion of our population in cities. | WHEAT PRODUCTION AND POPULATION. EIA: 1839, 1849. 1859, AND 1866-1921 — popu ation BUSHEL Foo | | ee on SE ee a 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 a SS A a OANA ee i BS Da | ee Fic. 70.—Population has increased more rapidly in the United States in the last 20 years than has wheat production, in spite of enormous production during the World War. Wheat Production and Marketing. 159 WHEAT PRODUCTION, NET EXPORTS, & CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA FOR YEARS, 1839, 1849. 1859. 1869 AND TEN-YEAR AVERAGE FOR YEARS ENDING 1875-1920 ae ae a ER eS ie 2 - rend - YWUYATAZA i | GGG LL ees Fic. 71.—On a per capita basis consumption is increasing and production and exports are decreasing. It is certain that city dwellers consume more wheat per capita than do those who live in villages and in the country. This probably is due in part to the lack of gardens in cities and in part to the comparative cheapness of bread and the further fact that no cooking is required. The proportion of the total population living in cities is increasing rapidly, which is a factor in the present and future trend of wheat consumption. Per capita consumption increased (Fig. 72) from 3.8 bushels, the average of 1839 and 1849, to 4.9 bushels as the average from 1875 to 1884, and to 5.6 bushels as the average from 1905 to 1914. This rising trend, interrupted by the World War, doubtless now has been resumed. How much longer will it continue? In some countries of Europe, espe- cially Belgium and France, per capita consumption has risen to about 8 bushels of wheat annually. With increasing population, increasing per capita con- sumption, and decreasing per capita production (Fig. 72), there is a steadily increasing demand for our wheat at home. In comparatively a few years, if present trends continue, we shall be eating all that we produce. Of course production 160 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. can and will be increased if the prices paid for wheat will make such increase profitable. The greatly increased wheat production during the war, occurring under the stimulus of very high prices and patriotism, was partly at the expense of well balanced rotations and other principles of sound farming. As wheat prices become better in future, pro- duction can be increased through the use of more ferti- lizer and the farming of less productive land. As produc- tion and consumption tend to become equal new sources of supply must be sought in order to feed the increasing pop- ulation. The needed supply may be grown at home or im- ported from Canada, Argentina, and other countries where lands and labor are cheaper than in the United States. WHEAT PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA IN THE UNITED STATES ABOUT 1845, 1880 AND 1910 BAG=PRODUCTION IN BUSHELS BARREL=- CONSUMPTION IN BUSHELS AV. 1839 AND 1849 AV. 1875 TO 1884 AV. 1905 TO 1914 Fic. 72.—Per capita production has reached its maximum and is slowly de- clining, while per capita consumption slowly rises. By C. E. Letenry and C. W. Warsurton, Agronomists, Bureau of Plant Industry, and O. CGC. Stine and O. E. Baker, Agricultural Eeonomists, Bureau of Agricultural Economics. i HE corn crop is considered in this article from a broadly economic standpoint, principal atten- tion being given to those things which deter- mine its profitableness to the farmer, and to showing the steps by which corn has come to occupy the place it holds in the world to-day. The Importance of Corn in the United States. Unknown to the world before the discovery of America, corn stands to-day the equal in world production of any other cereal. An important crop in many countries of the world, it is first and foremost an American crop. Grown in every State of the Union, it reaches its true preeminence in the Corn Belt, that strip of productive land stretching from Ohio westward to the Missouri and beyond. Corn is the most important crop in the United States both in acreage and in value. Corn growing is the work of mil- lions of farmers, and about a hundred million acres of our land are planted to corn each year. It is especially import- ant in nearly all the eastern portion of the United States, as shown in Figure 1. In the western and extreme northern portions of the country corn is not an important crop, owing chiefly to climatic conditions unfavorable to its growth. 161 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. 162 ~TIS'1ZL 9z9'1Zt ae'zer pro'srt TLv‘191 1ev‘OLt Zig 181 66P' PSL SPP se LOL'66l OLP'LL SSa= vel Z09'rs rl jae pemene| o nl 40D—NIVUD YOd NYOD ONIMONS SYAWUVA sSenzsnzH2ses -scaeeer=as e =a<- BSRSSaQRnte lEc-| menencouncneenenvele oor OO beaonn [ SYSWYV4 WV 4O 3OVLNaONSd NIVYS YOA NYOOD ONIMONSD SYAWYVSA the Rocky West is corn in ighter a smaller sl y Onl in on more than 90 other smal] areas of the far ‘a g1 for As the shading become grain. grown for corn corn Was areas in 1919. farms produced certain crop. and farms in as a the mn ylackened 100 of t i unknown the f every reg Oo 1.—In percentage Mountain practically out Fic. The Corn Crop. 163 Of the 6,448,343 farms in the United States in 1919, 4,936,692, or more than three-fourths, are reported by the 1920 census as producing corn. With a corn acreage (not including corn cut for forage or silage) of 87,771,600 acres, this is an average of about 18 acres of corn on each farm producing it. Whatever influences the corn crop, then, whether it affects the growing corn or the harvested crop. and whether it be weather, costs, or prices, must concern very many people. FARM VALUE, DECEMBER 1 CORN, WHEAT, AND COTTON CROPS AND CATTLE AND SWINE PRODUCED FOR SLAUGHTER 1910-1921 CORN —— — WHEAT — — — — COTTON O——o-—0 CATTLE AND CALVES Fic. 2.—The value of the corn crop in the United States is usually about double the value of the wheat or cotton crop, and about equals the combined values of the cattle and swine slaughtered. In 1920 and 1921, however, the value of swine slaughtered was nearly as great as the corn value. Relative Value. The value of the corn crop to the American farmer is greater than the value of any other crop grown in this country. In 9 of the last 12 years (Fig. 2) the value of corn has been greater than the combined values of wheat 164 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. and cotton. In 8 of these years the value of corn has been greater than the combined values of all cattle and swine produced for slaughter. The farm value of swine produced for slaughter has been second to the value of corn in every year since 1910. The average value of corn in the pre-war period, 1910 to 1914, was $1,577,000,000 annually. The higher prices from 1915 to 1919 raised the average annual value of this period to the stupendous sum of $3,024,000,000. The 1920 crop, the largest ever harvested, was valued at $2,150,000,000, prices having fallen from the war-time figures. The 1921 crop, which was only 4 per cent less than the record crop of the previous year, was valued-at only $1,303,000,000 or 43 per cent of the annual value during the war period, and approximately one-sixth less than the pre-war value, although the crop was one-tenth larger than the pre-war average. The other crops and animal products increased in value during the war and decreased in 1920 and 1921, but not to the extent that the value of the corn crop decreased. _- Uses: The hog is the largest direct consumer of corn. It is estimated that 40 per cent of the total crop is fed to swine on farms. Horses and cattle, it is estimated, account for 20 per cent and 15 per cent, respectively. The next largest use of corn is for human food, 10 per cent of the crop being consumed on farms and ground in merchant flour mills (principally for food). The percentage of the crop used directly for food appears small, but, considering our large production, corn is seen to be an important food. Other details regarding uses of corn are shown in Figure 3. The outstanding use of corn is as a feed for animals, more than 85 per cent of it being used in this way. The exports of corn as grain are almost negligible. In addition to the use of corn as grain the plant is used extensively in the form of silage, fodder, and stover, as feed for animals. In recent years, according to estimates by the Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates, nearly 4 million acres of corn each year have been made into silage. The Corn Crop. 165 More than 24 million acres of corn are cut for fodder, while large use is made of the stalks as feed for animals. More than 2 million acres have been grazed or hogged off each year for the last few years. _The corn crop and the swine and cattle populations are intimately interrelated. With the exception of limited areas from which corn is largely sold as grain, because of the proximity of markets, swine are found most abundantly where corn production is greatest. In these areas, too, the finishing of cattle for market is a prominent industry. The six States, Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska, Missouri, Indiana, and Ohio, producing 48 per cent of the corn in 1921, had within their borders about 45 per cent of the swine of the country and over 25 per cent of the cattle other than milk cows on January 1, 1922. In addition these States produced 32 per cent of the chickens and 35 per cent of the hens’ eggs pro- duced in the United States in 1919. Corn, therefore, consumed either directly or in the form of meat and other animal products, is the principal source of food of the American people. LO D TO HOGS ON FARMS €'sasn yay ON FARMS 15% AVERAGE PRODUCTION (1912 - 1921) 2,816,672,000 BUSHELS Fic. 3.—The uses of corn harvested for grain in the United States, based on estimates by the U. S. Department of Agriculture. More than 85 per cent is fed to live stock and somewhat less than 10 per cent is used directly for food. 166 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. The World Production of Corn. The United States produces about three-fourths of the corn crop of the world. There are no large competing countries, but corn is an important crop in Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and some of the southern European countries. Argentina is the most important of the competing countries because of the fact that a large part of the Argentine crop is exported. There is no area in the rest of the world, however, com- parable to the Corn Belt of the United States. Mexico prob- ably has a larger proportion of its cultivated land devoted to corn production than any other country. Most of the corn is grown in small patches of a few acres, partly under irri- gation, and is produced chiefly for human food. World production is shown in Figure 4. The total production of corn in Europe amounts to about one-fourth of the production in the United States. Italy, the Balkan countries, Hungary, Spain, and Portugal are the important corn-producing regions. Southern France also produces some corn. In the region westward from the Black Sea, including Rumania and the Hungarian plain, the rainfall, temperature, and soil conditions are similar to those of our Corn Belt, and corn is one of the chief crops, being used largely for food and also exported. Corn in Egypt and India is grown under irrigation, and is an im- portant crop locally in these countries. The geographic range of corn is limited by conditions of temperature, rainfall, and length of growing season. The northern and the southern limits of corn production practi- cally have been reached, but may be extended slightly by developing varieties that will mature earlier, and by grow- ing corn for silage or green fodder. Corn can be grown without irrigation only in areas where there is a considerable amount of summer rainfall. Temperatures both night and day must also be high during the growing period. These conditions exclude corn from a considerable part of the area lying between the northern and the southern limits of pro- duction but there remains a large potential area in which corn growing can be developed. The Corn Crop. ‘S}TUMT] 9S9q} UlQ}IM Woronp -o1d Ul saojovy JUBIIOdMY ate [[ByueA JoWUINS JO MOTJNGLAysStp pue APWUBNG “GynNos ospn4d}eL OP puv oOf WoaMjoq SPM] U1oy}NOS SHI pue ‘qj10U OpnjyeT .Og puke ,Gp WOOMJod PUNOJ o1B S}LWMI] Udoy}IOU S}{T ‘odoInG UlogPNOs pus ‘eIpuy ‘Bolayy YyNog ‘oorxey]y TwzeRig ‘eutjuesay ul dot juej,10dmt we st W10 “pytOM oy} JO doid ui0d dy} JO SyJAINOJ-901g} svonpord soyejg poyun %MUL—Pp “HLT STSHSNG 000'000'S SLNAS3Yd3H LOG HOVA (Z6I-6161 SUVAA € JO JOVYSIAV } SISHSNG COO'OOO'Zz92'y Q1YOM NOILONGONd GINOM NOILONGOYd 168 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. CORN PRODUCTION WORLD,1895S-1921 mee [TIT TTT TTT a TT TT TTT TT Nt | AN 4000 3500 a 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 B& Fic. 5.—The countries reporting every year, 1895-1921, make up the great bulk of the world’s total production. These countries are the United States, Canada, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, France, Italy, Spain, Algeria, Egypt, Union of South Africa, and Australasia. World production varies with production in the United States. The corn production of all countries reporting has in- creased from about 3 billion bushels annually, in the period 1895 to 1897, to over 34 billion bushels annually in the last three years. (Fig. 5.) The United States produces such a large part of the world crop that the trend of world produc- tion is determined very largely by the trend of production in the United States. The fluctuations in world production from year to year follow the fluctuations in this country. When we have a short corn crop the world crop is short be- cause it is not possible for high yields in other countries to make up for low yields in the United States. Production in the United States. The corn crop of the United States in 1921 was the third largest ever produced, having been exceeded only by the crops of 1920 and 1912. The area planted to corn in 1921 was about the same, however, as the average for the last 20 years, the immense crop being the result of an acre yield far above the normal average. Acreage, yield, and production in the United States since 1866 are shown in Figure 6. The Corn Crop. 169 CORN ACREAGE, YIELD PER ACRE,AND PRODUCTION UNITED STATES; 1866-1921 ey ee es | en hee WW yy ir MMULMYLMA UNA P|) OO MWHLXL“YaxzULL. ||) OL ATLL LLL A DC MTYW(€OCCHROYONMLZ_L I. MMP AYY LUM“ CLAY YAYYyY yyy" CLM LLL, WMMAMWAWWAAAEBB: WLU UMM UMMM MAMA All, YIELD PER ACRE \ A Se ~~ 10 YEAR AVERAGES UST as eg ee a see] (ENDING WITH YEAR asaeil mios| PRODUCTION] [ [| | | | ee ee wal LL |) YW. | LA ADDY). EWAN ZVNYYHA YY YUYJWIMWYYyWHnwmYyYv\ ee ee wo Fic. 6.—Acreage and production of corn have increased rather steadily since 1866. Production has fluctuated from year to vear much more than acreage, because it depends not only on acreage but also on yield per acre, which has fluctuated largely in different years. Upward and downward trends, however, have occurred in yield per acre. 170 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921, The area planted to corn has increased steadily from 1866 to the present time, being about three times as large now as at the beginning of this period. The expansion has been more rapid in certain periods than in others. The most rapid expansion was that between 1894 and 1899. An unusually large acreage was planted in 1917. This was due in large part, however, to the reduction in wheat acreage by winter killing, and in 1918 the area planted dropped back to about the average for the previous 10 years. From the trend of corn acreage since about.1910 it might be inferred that we have reached a point from which there will be little or no expansion in the future. It should be noted, however, that we have passed through one such period of stable acreage— 1899 to 1908—after which there was a decided increase. We no longer have large areas of unoccupied land to add to the corn-producing area, but within the limits of present produc- tion considerable increases in corn acreage could be made without substantially reducing the acreage of other crops, excepting possibly pasture. The production of corn depends both upon the acre yield and upon the area planted. The fluctuations in production from year to year, however, are almost solely due to varia- tions in acre yield. In the entire period for which statistics of average annual yields are available, high yields have never occurred in more than three successive years. Relatively very low yields occur from time to time. The lowest yield was 17 bushels, reported for 1901, and the highest 31.5 bushels, in 1920. The trend of the acre yields was down- ward from 1880 to 1895 and upward from 1895 to 1913. At present there seems to be a fairly well defined tendency to increase the average acre yield, but the period has not been long enough to determine how much of this increase is due to weather conditions, and how much to other factors. Prob- ably a part of the increase in acre yield is due to better culti- vation and to a reduction of the acreage in areas where the crop is uncertain, as in parts of Kansas and Oklahoma. Being the result of area planted multiplied by acre yield the production of corn shows the characteristic tendencies of both. It fluctuates annually with yield, while the tend- ency toward expansion or stability is determined more largely by the area planted. The large production of the The Corn Crop. 171 last 3 years was due not to unusual areas planted, but to unusual yields. Larger production may be obtained in the future either by increasing the area planted or by means of higher acre yields resulting from the use of better seed. better cultivation, and more fertilizer. Historical Development. Corn was the earliest cultivated crop on the American farm. When the first colonists settled in Virginia and in Massachusetts they found the Indians producing corn and preparing various foods from it. The Indians taught the colonists how to plant, cultivate, and utilize it. The spade and the hoe were the only tools used at first, but English plows were soon introduced. The Virginia colonists planted 30 or 40 acres in 1609, and about 500 acres in 1614, while in 1631 there was a surplus of corn to export. ‘The Massachusetts colonists planted their first corn in old Indian corn fields and fertilized with a c fish in each of the hills. Corn was the most important crop CORN PRODUCTION CORN PRODUCTION, 1839 [stare | susias | stare | buses] Fic. 7.—Corn was an important crop in the seaboard States in 1839, but production was most intense in central Tennessee, the blue-grass region of Kentucky, and the Scioto, Miami, and Wabash Valleys. Most of the present Corn Belt was only sparsely settled. The total production in 1839 was 377,000,000 bushels. 99912°—ygxK 1921——_12 172 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. CORN PRODUCTION CORN PRODUCTION, 1859 52,089,926 Fic. 8.—Corn production more than doubled from 1839 to 1859. Illinois, Iowa, and other prairie States became important producers. Total pro- duction in 1859, according to the census of 1860, was 838,792,740 bushels. CORN PRODUCTION -.-| 202,414,413 - = 5 ---| 115,482,300 0 8 45,821,531 jo. .| 111,877,124 -|_ 371,393,428 -| 105,729,325 FU. Ss. .|1,754,591,676 | Fic. 9.—Corn production in 1879 was centered in Illinois, lowa, and Missouri, nearly one-half of the crop being produced in these three States. Kansas and Nebraska were developing rapidly as corn producers. The Corn Belt had come into existence. Corn growing had pushed westward and north- ward. Large quantities of corn could be produced more cheaply on the prairies than in the forested regions. Total production in 1879 was 1,754,591,676 bushels (census figures). The Corn Crop. 173 CORN PRODUCTION EACH DOT REPRESENTS 300,000 BUSHELS 398,149,140 jo..| 152,055,390 383,453,190 «++| 109,970,350 229,937,430 || Ky ... 73,974,220 210,974,740 a ---| 208,844,870 -| 178,967,070 Fic. 10.—Corn production in 1899 had become more intense in several States, but especially in the Missouri River Valley. The Corn Belt had developed westward and northward. Total production in 1899, according to the census of 1900, was 2,666,324,370 bushels. The average production per person in the United States had increased from 26.7 bushels in 1859 te 35.1 in 1899. CORN PRODUCTION EACH DOT REPRESENTS 300,000 BUSHELS «| 371,362,393 108,377,282 «+ +] 285,346,031 84,786,096 «| 160,391,314 || K 71,518,484 Ind ....| 158,603,938 || Ti 70,639,252 =| 149,844,626 || Other .| 738,621,055 146,342,036 | Fic. 11.—Corn production in 1919 amounted to 2,345,832,507 bushels. This is a reduction from the production of 1899. Corn cut for forage and silage increased very largely in this period, the acreage cut for forage, in 1919, being reported as 14,502,932 acres. Large decreases in production occurred in the Corn Belt, especially in Kansas, Illinois, Missouri, and Nebraska. 174 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921, of the early settlers because (1) acclimated seed was avail- able, (2) it furnished food for man and for animals, and (3) it was the most adaptable and best yielding crop for newly cleared land. The westward movement of corn production began imme- diately after the close of the Revolutionary war. The rich lands of Tennessee, Kentucky, and the Northwest Territory were settled by immigrants from the seaboard, who raised corn and marketed it mostly in the form of whisky and livestock. These were the most important corn-producing areas in 1839 (Fig. 7), although the western frontier of corn- production had already crossed the Mississippi River. A period of depression in the West following the panic of 1837 had ended by 1845. A period of prosperity and rapid development followed. Corn production more than doubled in the 20 years from 1839 to 1859 (Fig. 8). This was due to the rapid settlement of the prairie States, a large number of foreign immigrants coming to reenforce the strong western movement of our native population. Steel plows, first made about 1837, quickly came into use and facilitated the break- ing of the prairies. The railroads by their rapid and exten- sive development aided this great western movement, carry- ing the pioneers westward and furnishing transportation for the products and supplies of the settlers. Exports of corn increased rapidly. The Civil War retarded development during the sixties and less corn was reported in the census of 1869 than in 1859. Rapid expansion took place in the following years. The first crop to reach a billion bushels was in 1870, and no crop has been less than a billion bushels since 1874. Returning soldiers of the Civil War gave further impetus to the settle- ment of the prairies and improved machinery came into use. The acreage in corn increased from 44 million to 62 million acres in the 5 years from 1875 to 1880, and the average corn product per farm doubled in the decade 1869-1879. By 1879 the Corn Belt was rather well defined (Fig. 9). Beginning with 1876 there was a very great increase in the exports of both corn and meat products. The decline in freight rates about this time favored the transportation of farm products from the Corn Belt. The methods of culture in the West improved as the machinery improved, and as land The Corn Crop. 175 values rose more intensive cultivation was encouraged. Corn breeders developed improved varieties, the growing of which increased the yields. The limits of the Corn Belt were ex- tended and corn was pushed somewhat farther into new terri- tory. Acreage in 1899 was one-half larger than in 1879, although production increased only one-third, owing to lower acre yield in 1899 (Fig. 10). The acreage of corn in Oklahoma icone more than 3 million acres in the decade from 1899 to 1909. This in- creased acreage did not prove to be permanent, however, and in 1919 the acreage of corn was about the same and the pro- duction less than in 1899, while wheat increased over 34 million acres in the State from 1899 to 1919. The demand and guaranteed price for wheat during and immediately following the World War and the scarcity of labor resulted in marked increases in the wheat acreage and decreases in corn acreage in many other States. The full effect of this tendency was felt in 1919 (Fig. 11). In the period from 1899 to 1919 some adjustments were made in corn acreage, land less well suited to corn going to other crops; better cultural methods and better seed have gradually been coming into use. These changes are evi- denced by the acre yield, which increased from an average of 24.1 bushels in the period 1890 to 1899 to 26.1 bushels in the period 1910 to 1919. The various agricultural colleges and experiment stations and the U. 8S. Department of Agri- culture have done much in recent years to maintain and to increase the yield of corn per acre. The Corn Belt. As corn growing developed in the United States it was learned by experience that corn could be grown in some areas to better advantage than in others: Acreage soon be- came largest and production most intense in the more favor- able areas. A rather indefinite strip of land, varying from time to time, extending from southwestern Ohio to south- eastern South Dakota, and thence southward along the Mis- sour! River, developed corn growing most intensively and has become known commonly as the “ Corn Belt.” In some places the limits of the belt are more or less definite, as in southern Illinois, where there is an abrupt change in soil type which traces back to the glacial period. In other 176 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. places the limits are indefinite, particularly toward the north and west where climatic conditions with their deli- cate shadings from year to year determine the final result. The Corn Belt in general, except the eastern portion, is prairie or bottom land, fertile, easily worked, and well- drained. In the early days much of it was swampy, marshy land without trees, but covered with abundant growth of grassy and herbaceous plants. Other sections, though not marshy, were covered with heavy grass. The draining of the marshes and the breaking of the heavy prairie sod were dificult tasks for the early settlers. Once accomplished, however, immense corn fields easily worked and very produc- tive were rapidly developed. Crop Combinations in the Corn Belt. The world bids high enough for pork. corn-fed beef, and other corn products to make corn pay better in general than any other crop that can be produced in the Corn Belt. Yet, less than half of the corn land in the Corn Belt is allotted to corn in any given season. Over 50 per cent of the crop land is occupied by small grains and hay, whereas intertilled crops other than corn are allotted less than 1 per cent. This is due to the fact that the corn crop leaves men and CROP COMBINATIONS IN THE CORN BELT FALL WHEAT “ALFALFA ie “ay f « KAFin« [ *-]- S aio Ercd Fic. 12—Crop combinations in the Corn Belt. The dots indicate corn acreage, The broken lines mark off the regions of crop combinations. In- tertilled crops other than corn find their place for the most part outside of the true Corn Belt. The Corn Crop. 177 Fodder in the Shock. Fic. 13.—Corn cut and shocked in preparation for sowing winter wheat. A practice common in East Central States. teams free at times in the year when they can be employed to advantage in seeding and harvesting small grain and hay, but employs them at times when it is necessary to plant, till, and harvest other intertilled crops like kafir, tobacco, beans, and potatoes. Besides being supplementary to corn, from the standpoint of providing employment to men and teams at certain times of the year, small grain and tame hay and pasture grasses supplement corn in feeding livestock and maintaining soil fertility. The accompanying map (Fig. 12) shows that the princi- pal crop combinations in the Corn Belt result from differ- ences in the choice of small grains and hays, and not from differences in the choice of intertilled crops. In the northern part of the Corn Belt, from northeastern Nebraska to north- western Indiana, the principal small grain is oats, whereas along the southern margin and in the eastern end it is winter (fall) wheat. Temperature and soil conditions are important factors in determining the choice between these two crops. Crossing these two small-grain divisions of the Corn Belt in the vicin- ity of Sioux City, Iowa, Omaha, Nebr., and Kansas City, Mo., there is a line largely determined by moisture conditions, to 178 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. the west of which the principal hay is alfalfa. and to the east of which it is clover and timothy. Thus, with corn practically excluding other intertilled crops from the Corn Belt, and with soil and climatic conditions markedly in- fluencing the choice of small grain and hay crops, the principal crop combinations in the Corn Belt are (1) corn, spring oats, and clover and timothy; (2) corn, winter wheat, and clover and timothy; (3) corn, spring oats, and alfalfa; and (4) corn, winter wheat, and alfalfa. Handling the Crop. Farm practices in handling the mature corn crop vary in different sections of the country. In the northern and northeastern States and in mountain areas cutting and shocking is the usual practice. In other sections it is more usual to gather the ripened grain from the standing stalk. The sections where these different practices are followed on the majority of the farms are shown in Figure 14. In the Corn Belt the greatest part of the corn is husked from the standing stalks. Other fields are harvested by live stock turned in to feed. = Vee | age (fodder), than formerly was the case. The percent- age of the total corn acreage cut for silage in the dif- ferent sections of the country is shown Methods of Harvesting Corn. ; : 5 Fic. 14.—The shaded portions of the two maps in Figure 15 and show the sections of the United States where the percentage eut cutting and shocking corn (above) and gath- f 3 f ld 2 Fi , ering it from standing stalks (below) are the or Todder in Figure more common practices. ‘“ Husked” is used 16, The corn har- in the figuré. although in the South corn is y . = often only “ jerked.” vester (Fig. 17). the The Corn Crop. 179 CROPS CUT FOR SILAGE MOSTLY CORN PER CENT OF TOTAL CORN ACREAGE BF “ | CROPS CUT FOR SILAGE |p \ | } CROPS CUT FOR SILAGE tii wonen, "iy \ fog : x“ Lb Gh ACREAGE AND YIELD PER ACRE, 1919 IPP WV 4 oat —— “$ Vly, Ye oe <2 % GEESE 30-39 % Game 40-49 % RFA 50-59 % EEE 60-79 % MBB 20% 5 OVER OS. [4,003,226 | 743 } Fig. 15.—A large portion of the corn crop is used for silage north of the limits of heavy grain production and in mountain sections. The acreage harvested for grain is comparatively small in these areas and coim is grown principally for making silage to feed dairy cattle. ~ CORN CUT FOR FORAGE PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL CORN ACREAGE 1919 CORN FOR FORAGE ‘ (Continued) BSS SO CORN CUT FOR FORAGE ACREAGE AND PER CENT OF TOTAL CORN ACREAGE ER c0-49 & HM 0% 6 over Fic. 16.—The cutting and shocking of corn for forage or fodder is the common practice in the dairy States of the North and in Ohio, northeastern Ken- tucky, West Virginia, and most of Virginia and Maryland, also in the eastern Ozark region of Missouri. Corn is cut in September, cutting being general between September 10 and 30. 180 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Cutting Corn. Fic. 17.—A corn harvester at work. More corn is being cut now than formerly both for silage and for fodder. Filling the Silo. Fic. 18.—The first silos are reported to have been built in Michigan in 1875. Since then the number has increased rapidly in the dairy regions, Silage is also being used to some extent in feeding beef cattle and other live stock, The Corn Crop. 181 shredder, and the silage cutter (Fig. 18) are being more extensively used. This is more expensive than “hogging down,” which practice is also becoming more common, but better use is made of the crop when it is cut, especially if made into silage or if the stover is shredded. The cutting of corn for forage or fodder is in general a comparatively more important practice in mountain sections and other areas on the outskirts of corn production. An important exception is found in the east-central States where corn is cut and shocked in preparation for winter wheat. In these areas general farming is practiced with live stock as an important side line. Fodder takes the place of hay that otherwise would need to be grown. Environmental Factors. The amount of corn produced in the United States in any year is determined by two things, (1) the acreage planted, and (2) the acre yield. The acreage planted is determined by the farmers, but the acre yield is determined by environ- mental factors, the most important of which have to do with the soil, the weather, and with insects and diseases. Soils. For highest and most profitable yields corn requires a fer- tile, well-drained, loamy soil well supplied with humus that can be easily worked with labor-saving machinery. Condi- tions such as these make the Corn Belt what it is. Corn is produced on many soil types ranging from sand to heavy clay, but the yields and the profits from the crop have a close relation to the quality and conditions of.the soil. As soils are farmed from year to year their natural fertility gradually becomes less and manure or other fertilizers must be added in order to maintain crop yields. The use of fer- tilizers, formerly confined to the eastern and southern States, is increasing in the Corn Belt, as profits from their use be- come apparent. Climatic Factors. The most important climatic factors that determine pro- duction and yield of corn are rainfall and length and tem- perature of the growing season. Corn growing is limited to- ward the north by the short growing season, which is under 120 days in the average year along the Canadian border 182. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. (Fig. 19). Along the Gulf it is 240 days or over. Most of the Corn Belt has an average growing season of 150 to 180 days. Comparatively little corn is grown for grain where the season is less than 140 days. Reduction in the length of the season, especially toward the north, caused by late spring or early fall frosts, or by unfavorable weather at planting time, tends to reduce total production and acre yields and to AVERAGE LENGTH OF GROWING SEASON (KILLING FROST TO KILLING FROST) 2 Z TPratt, ’ Ail peg LOLS Wnts Baa, aA, 7 oS OD ae 20: 25 Sones SCALE OF SHADES eo 0-6. [: 2 2] unDER 90 pays 90 TO 120 DAYS VZZA 120 TO 150 DAYS P04 150 TO 180 DAYS o4 Roe 240 DAYS & OVER Fic, 19.—The average length of growing season, that is, the average number of days from the last killing frost in the spring to the first killing frost in the fall, increases from north to south and decreases with elevation. Nearly all of the corn crop is grown where the season is over 145 days. lower the quality of the crop. In some years the amount of merchantable corn is very. much reduced, especially toward the northern limit of corn growing and even well into the Corn Belt, by early frosts in the fall. Frost in the early fall is especially destructive to a crop that has been planted late or has been held back by unfavorable growing conditions. This again is of increasing importance from south to north. The Corn Crop. 183 Varieties of corn differ widely in the length of growing season required. Some of the southern varieties require as much as 180 days from planting to maturity. Some of those grown in the north will mature in less than 90 days. Efforts are being made continually to develop strains that mature in a shorter season in order that corn growing may be pushed farther northward. ben il ae = mek MAY - |e Te e-em ene eee ‘ ~~. t R21 < APR.11 — APR MAR.21-) | APRI lg Vat FEB21-MARI 4 4 ‘ Ves SS ay SK i FEB.11- & ; y FEB 21 32f¢,8 31 5 é . ‘ \ Fic. 20.—Corn planting begins in the usual year before February 1 in ex- ‘treme southern Texas, and at progressively later dates toward the north. It begins in the heart of the Corn Belt about May 1. Near the northern limits of corn production planting does not begin until about the middle of May. : Corn requires high temperatures both night and day dur- ing the growing season. Practically no corn is grown where the mean summer temperature is less than 66° F., or where the average night temperature during the three summer months falls below 55° F. Consequently, the production of corn along the northern border of the United States and at the higher elevations in the West is negligible. 184 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921, RELATION OF JULY RAINFALL TO YIELD PER ACRE OF CORN 1888-1921 YIELD PER ACRE RAINFALL SESSRR87 05 ——-— YIELD PER ACRE SERBERED!.. COCCI LAC ek TTT Te TTA TAT TAA AS 7 Y AOA A NPT OY 1 Z++ ++ DNA OO ° Fe HACE A AN 2 a LE, Bila ce 'G! (RAL PY Ye NY BReaa G@bh’ (SEREnS ABSRESSE Dette Uolleg nd NOOMrA ND Fic, 21.—The effect of rainfall for the month of July alone on the average yield of corn in Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri, of each year from 1888 to 1921, inclusive, is very marked, showing a close relation, Time of Planting. Corn planting begins in the usual year (Fig. 20) before February 1 in extreme southern Texas and at progressively later dates toward the north. The northward advance is at an average rate of 13 miles a day, until by May 1 it has begun generally in central Nebraska, north-central Illinois, and central Ohio. During the next 10 days corn planting begins in practically all regions where it is grown northward to the Canadian line. Throughout the Corn Belt planting is general about May 15, and is completed usually by June 1. In New York and northern and eastern Wisconsin it is gen- eral the last week in May. Im any locality corn planting may continue for two weeks or longer. In the South there is often a second, or late planting, usually in June, after the planting and chopping out of cotton is completed. Rainfall. Toward the west corn growing is limited first by low rainfall and secondly by short seasons due to high allti- tude. Very little corn is grown west of the line of 8- inch mean summer rainfall. The acre yield in any locality is also determined to a large extent both by the amount and by the distribution of rain in the growing season. It has been found by studying yields of corn and the rainfall for The Corn Crop. 185 many years that there is a close relation between rainfall in July and yield of corn. This relation for the principal corn States is shown in Figure 21. Diseases of Corn. The most destructive and widespread diseases of corn in the United States are common smut and the root, stalk, and ear rots. Other diseases such as head smut, Stewart’s dis- ease, and the brown spot disease are sometimes locally im- portant, but the losses caused by them are comparatively negligible. Common smut is caused by a parasitic fungus (Ustilago zeae). It is one of the most destructive and widely dis- tributed of cereal diseases. (See Fig. 22.) The heaviest losses are experienced in the semiarid sections of the Great Plains, where the disease is reported to be increasing in severity. The estimated losses caused by this smut in the United States during the 4-year period, 1917 to 1920, aver- aged about 80 million bushels annually, or nearlv 3 per cent of the average crop. No practical method of controlling corn smut has been dis- covered. The most promising outlook along this line lies in the development of productive, smut-resistant strains. DESTROYED BY SMUT ERAGE FOR 4 YEARS. 1917-1920 YOY Yy 4 = ty y Fic. 22.—Corn smut destroyed an average of about 80 million bushels of corn annually from 1917 to 1920, according to estimates made by the Plant Disease Survey of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, based on reports received from collaborators in the different States. Losses are heaviest in the darker areas. 186 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. The principal causes of the root, stalk, and ear rots of corn are a combination of (1) certain parasitic fungi, such as Fusarium. Diplodia, and the organism that also causes wheat scab; and (2) unfavorable soil conditions resulting in metallic poisoning of the corn plants. The conditions fav- oring the development of these rots are found throughout the entire Corn Belt, but the damage is most pronounced in Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa, especially in sections where the soil is deficient in calcium and phosphorus. These corn rots result in seedling blight, stunting, leaning and down stalks, poor root systems, barrenness, chlorotic leaves, broken ear shanks. various types of leaf spotting and firing, and gener- ally reduced yields. The estimated losses from the root, stalk, and ear rots of corn in the United States for the four years 1918 to 1921, inclusive. averaged about 122 million bushels annually, or over 4 per cent of the average crop. The corn rots can not be controlled by seed treatment. A certain degree of prevention is possible by carefully se- lecting seed ears in the field from plants showing no symp- toms of disease, and testing each ear for germination and dis- ease. These measures, combined with a rotation of crops in which corn does not follow corn or wheat, and building up and maintaining the fertility of the soil by proper prac- tices, especially the addition of lime and phosphorus where necessary. will assist in controlling these diseases. Insect Enemies of Corn. The principal insect enemies of corn in the Corn Belt and Mississippi Basin States are the chinch bug, the corn-ear worm, white grubs, the corn-root aphis, and, in the river bottoms, billbugs. Grasshoppers also are occasionally in- jurious ‘throughout these regions, especially in the States west of the Mississippi River. Doubtless the corn-ear worm - is the most constantly injurious of these insects. It has been determined that this pest where abundant causes a loss of at least 7 per cent of the grain on the ears attacked. Chinch bugs are most likely to injure corn during seasons of comparative drought. The States most liable to serious invasion are Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Okla- homa, and Texas. although this pest occurs throughout nearly all the corn-producing States of the Union. The Corn Crop. 187 In the South Atlantic States, the larger cornstalk borer, the southern corn-root worm, and the corn-ear worm are all seriously injurious, and all of them often may be found invading the same fields. As the corn-ear worm has several generations annually in this region, it is even more injurious here than in the Western States. This insect has caused in- finitely greater losses to the corn crop in recent years than the European corn borer, although the wide publicity afforded the latter insect might lead the public to suppose otherwise. The European corn borer, a native of southern Europe, was discovered in eastern Massachusetts in 1917. It is now ‘EUROPEAN CORN BORER l=INFESTED AREAS Fic. 23.—The European corn borer is known to be present in the blackened area. known to be present as far west as the western end of Lake Erie, as shown by the accompanying map (Fig. 23). As yet it has become seriously injurious only in eastern Massa- chusetts and southern Ontario, Canada. It is feared that it may become a very serious enemy of corn when it reaches the Corn Belt. In Massachusetts this insect has destroyed at least 12 per cent of the corn in the most heavily infested areas. Its work in northern Ohio and southeastern Michi- gan is yet so trivial as to be imperceptible, and several years may elapse before corn growers in these States begin to feel its presence. Efforts are being made by the Department of Agriculture to prevent the pest from being carried farther westward. 99912°—yexK 192113 188 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Cost of Production. To say that the cost of producing corn is 60 cents a bushel, 75 cents, a dollar, or any other sum, and to compare that sum with the prevailing price, which is always fluctuating more or less, is to tell only a small part of a long story, so small a part, in fact, that it is hardly worth the telling. The chief interest centers about the size and proportions of the several items that enter into the final figure. For it is a thorough working knowledge of what the items are, how and why they change year after year, and the probable effect of changes in the items on the financial results of the season’s work, which can and does serve the very useful purpose of guiding pro- duction. It is one thing to know how to grow corn when only physical conditions need be considered. It is quite another thing to produce corn at a profit when wage rates, prices of materials, rents, and probable prices affect the results in addi- tion to the usual physical conditions. The problem is com- plex. In the absence of written records it is easy to become confused as to some of the circumstances involved in past operations. The memory does not always serve with suffi- cient accuracy when sound reasons for decisions are needed. In the following discussion the final result has been de- veloped by bringing together the details as found. In the several sets of conditions the costs of producing corn add up to more than the effective farm price. They always do on a great number of farms when things are allowed to take their own course. Producers have very little control over the price they will receive, but they can usually forecast roughly what that price is likely to be. Their financial success, therefore, depends largely on their success in making the adjustments of means to the end—in the exercise of good judgment as well as good practice. Working Standards. By setting up a definite result to work toward farmers can do a great deal toward adjusting costs to probable prices. This means establishing a working standard and following it closely, comparing progress with one’s own standard and the standards of other farmers at frequent intervals. For want of a better working standard, the average re- sults of a number of farmers may be used. Since many farmers do better than the average, such a standard should be The Corn Crop. 189 within the reach of all farmers. It is not a standard in the sense that it is the best possible practice, nor one that should be adhered to indefinitely, as will be admitted when it is recalled that the average farmer gets little more for his own efforts then he pays his hired men. It is standard in the sense that equally good results may reasonably be expected wherever its conditions are met. There are, of course, differ- ent standards in the several producing areas. What is good practice in New England would bring poor results in the Corn Belt. And even in the Corn Belt there are marked differences in what is held to be good practice in the differ- s- SURVEY OR COST ACCOUNTING ROUTES ‘= STUDIES BY SAMPLE @-GTHER STUDIES Fic. 24.—The cost of producing the 1917 corn crop was studied by the Office of Farm Management and Farm Economics in the areas indicated on this map. ent sections. These differences are compensated for to some extent by different prices and different cost rates. A study of the cost of producing the corn crop of 1917 was made by members of the staff of the Office of Farm Management and Farm Economics from the records of 253 farmers in 12 representative areas in the principal corn- growing regions of the country. (See Fig. 24.) The data so obtained have been used as a tentative working standard and with this as a base, the cost of producing corn in 1921 has been computed. The main differences between the two years are in the price of corn and in the rates prevailing for the several items of cost. Due consideration was given to the 190 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. changes in these rates, item by item, and all were diligently compared in the hght of the best available current data. The results, therefore, while somewhat lacking in accuracy of detail, present a picture which is essentially true. These results are shown graphically, for each of the 12 areas studied, in Figure 25. Variations in Costs of Producing Corn. The cost of producing an acre of corn varies from farm to farm and from State to State. There are even greater differ- ences in the costs in different regions of the United States. These differences are due in part to different practices. For example, the cost of producing corn that is harvested by husking from standing stalks is less in every State for which we have data than the cost in the States in which the corn is customarily cut and husked from the shock. There are other factors, such as larger and leveler fields, the use of larger machinery and larger teams which make differences in cost. The horse labor requirements per acre do not vary as much as the man labor requirements, yet there are some striking differences in the former. In Indiana, for example, the horse labor requirements are very much greater than in Nebraska. — The use cost of land (rent, or interest on land value), aver- aging $11.90 per acre, is the largest item in the cost of pro- ducing corn in the Middle Western States. In several States it is nearly as large an item as all other items combined. In the Eastern States for which we have data the use cost of land is a very much smaller proportion of the total cost. Labor and other miscellaneous costs are much greater in these States than in the Western States, whereas the use cost of land is less than in the Western States. The excess of mis- cellaneous costs in the East is to some extent offset by the larger value of the stover used for feeding purposes as com- pared with the value of stalks for pasture. The values of the stalks in the one case, and the stover in the other, are credited against costs and are shown in Figure 25. The values of cost factors are used in making the above comparisons becatise it is impossible to add together the physical units of the factors used in producing the corn. The differences are, therefore, due in part to differences in the costs of units or wages paid for labor. The lower part The Corn Crop. 191 CORN COST OF PRODUCTION D ROSS COSTS PER ACRE ACRE = 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 5 10 HTT dd] STATE COUNTY | HUSKED||FROM| |STANDIN | {| | BLACKFORD INDIANA MADISON BREMER eae IOWA MONTGOMERY ILLINOIS — | Feo, ILLINOIS IROQUOIS NEBRASKA SAUNDERS KANSAS rei AVERAGE PENNA. LANCASTER MARYLAND (Wasuincion DELAWARE NEW CASTLE VIRGINIA —Loupoun 40 [UREA AVERAGE | 55 SAXNINANINIANNUNUNRE MAN LABOR EM HORSE LABOR £3 MATERIALS (-] USE OF LAND [MM CREDITS Note: Costs COMP/LED FOR 192] FROM BASIC REQUIREMENTS DETERMINED BY MR. COOPER AND H.G.STRAIT FOR 13/7 CROP. REGIONAL VARIATIONS IN LABOR REQUIREMENTS MAN LABOR: HOURS PER ACRE GROWING THE CROP 15 20 25 30 25 40 45 50 55 5 10 PLL LTT Jatske [From] STANDING STALKS AREAS SURVEYED 60 INDIANA EAST CENTRAL IOWA SOUTH WEST IOWA WESTERN ILLINOIS EASTERN ILLINOIS AVERAGE PENNSYLVANIA MARYLAND DELAWARE OHIO VIRGINIA AVERAGE AREAS SURVEYED INDIANA EAST CENTRAL IOWA SOUTH WEST IOWA WESTERN ILLINOIS EASTERN ILLINOIS NEBRASKA KANSAS AVERAGE EE PusKeo From sHocx ||| PENNSYLVANIA MARYLAND DELAWARE OHIO VIRGINIA AVERAGE Pic. 25.—Cost of producing corn varies with the method of harvesting and with the different conditions found in different States. It costs more to harvest corn by cutting it and husking from the shock than to husk it from the standing stalks. The man labor required per acre in growing corn varies. In Indiana it is much greater than in Nebraska, and in Maryland much greater than in Indiana. Comparing the Eastern and the Western States horse labor does not vary as much as man labor. 192 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. of Figure 25 shows the variations in man labor and horse labor in hours per acre and demonstrates that the differences in costs are very largely due to differences in labor and units of other factors used in producing the crop. Trend of Costs. Cost factors involved in the production of corn may change from year to year. The general movement of costs from 1910 to 1921 is indicated in Figure 27. The wages paid to hired men indicate the movement of labor costs during the period. Husking Corn from the Stalk. Fic. 26.—A less expensive method than cutting and later husking from the shock, but the value of the stover from cut corn is greater than that of stalks left in the field. The prices of articles farmers buy, as reported in the Monthly Crop Reporter (now Weather, Crops, and Markets) each year indicate the movement of other costs. From 1910 to 1914 there were only slight changes in the costs of the factors of production. From 1914 to 1920 costs rose rapidly and to a very high point. Wages rose less rapidly than other costs. It may be noted that the price of corn fluctuates much more than wages or prices of articles farmers buy. From 1915 to 1919 the price of corn rose relatively more rapidly than costs, but costs continued to rise for a year after the price of corn had begun to decline. Costs began to decline a year after The Corn Crop. 193 the decline in the price of corn and have not fallen in pro- portion to the price of corn. On December 1, 1921, wages, price of farm machinery, and other things were still high relative to the price of corn. TREND OF FARM WAGES AND COST OF ARTICLES FARMERS BUY COMPARED WITH DEC.1 PRICE OF CORN 1910 - 1921 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 Fic. 27.—The prices and wages are averages for Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, and Kansas—the Corn Belt States. The price of corn fluctuates more than wages and other costs, and on December 1, 1921, was far below the level of farm wages and prices of things farmers buy. Estimating Costs. For the convenience of farmers in estimating costs and re- turns the details and prices used in computing the costs of corn husked from the standing stalk are given, together with columns in which anyone may work out his own costs by substituting his own details for 1921 for the average figures and note what he may reasonably expect for 1922. As the season progresses , bycomparing the rates he is obliged to pay with those he has paid he can estimate beforehand with some confidence the results of the season’s operations. 194 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. An example for computing the cost of producing corn (husked from the standing stalk). Tentative working stand- a Ga aie ton Your farm, 1921. | Your farm, 1922. Item. Nebraska, and Kansas. Amount. Price. Cost.|Amount. Price.| Cost. Amount. Price. Cost. ! | rs TET Fal | aa Acres of corn per | 67 acréS.....|.20cee|--0---|---------|------|------'- <0 ----- Besser be Sao farm. | | | Production per | 3,000 bushels |......|......|-----=---|------|------ |: teenth tee cease farm. : Yield per acre...... 46 bushels...|...... | SS hcas Pea poscos Socem Eereo= f.reeres bees | eee Man labor! ($40 to | 19 hours..... $0. 25 $4. clit] PERE sa ee | 5084 eee (ecco We, Cotas $50 per month | H and board). : | | Horse labor......-.- 46.2 hours...| .10 | 4.62 eee Be | . 7—-| eee sae feed. | | Net operating |-..-..!2..<.12-21 He S6g2 A Fes PEE Memes eee ee pe os cost per acre. oe Operatinz cost per |...........--.|-.-.-- or) Meenas poreee EE be ae bushel ($12.36+46 ) bushels). | | acre (rent .or in- | | Use cost of land per |......-.-.-... Lei dcen te 112: 90>) Beas eslaee lect. d/ee se ees [22 ee terest on $255 at 4.67 per cent). } | Eee ee ea See ee ee Cost perjatre 22 seh | see ee ee 24. 96 Non. A Se eee a Cost per bushel, in-i! 2 f2Lise es wo 663 [sci 322. is |e ee eee ($24.26+46 bush- | } cluding rent / ' els). NoTEe.—Cost of hauling to market is 3 to 4 cents per bushel. 1 In case cornis cut with a binder and husked from the shock the man labor will be increased approximately 23 hours and the horse labor decreased 23 hours from the above figures. Three pounds oft wine costing 50 cents and the machine charge of approximately 50 cents must also be added, making a total additional cost of approximately $1.50 per acre, which is largely offset by the increase in the value of stalks as feed. The Corn Crop. 195 Markets and Marketing. The farmer who grows corn is concerned, first, with the successful production of the crop, and, second, with market- ing the crop profitably. He is vitally interested in the price received for his corn and other produce, for on this the profits from all his farm operations depend. In the following pages facts concerning the commercial movement of corn and some of the factors that influence and determine corn prices are discussed. The subjects con- sidered are: (1) Quality and grading of corn, (2) surplus and deficiency of corn in different areas, (3) monthly marketings of corn, (4) moisture content and shrinkage in storage, (5) exports and imports of the United States and Argentina, and (6) freight rates. Quality and Grading of Corn. In the commercial channels of distribution, corn is prac- tically always bought and sold by grade. The United States Grain Standards Act requires that in all interstate dealings in which corn is bought or sold by grades, the grades used shall be those established and promulgated by the Secretary of Agriculture. At country points the buyer determines the grade, but at the large terminal markets corn is graded by inspectors licensed by the United States Department of Agriculture, but employed usually either by the State or by the grain exchanges located in such markets. There were about 440 licensed inspectors in 1921. The Federal grades for corn are based on factors of con- dition and quality. The best corn is graded No. 1 and corn decreasingly inferior is given numerical grades down to and including No. 6. Sample grade is corn too poor to meet the requirements of the numbered grades. The receipts of corn at six of the principal markets in the corn-belt States, in the 4-year period, July 1, 1917, to June 30, 1921, grouped according to the grading by the inspectors are shown in Figure 28. The quantity of corn graded on arrival at these six markets during this period averaged 200.856,000 bushels yearly. The price paid for corn is determined to a large extent by its grade, which is another way of saying that prices 196. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. bear a close relation to quality. Prices fluctuate from day to day for any one grade, and different prices are paid for different grades. This is illustrated in Figure 29, which shows the prices for yellow corn at Chicago for the crop year 1920. The differences between the prices of the lower grades and the price of No. 2—the basic or contract grade in the Chicago market—are seen to vary considerably from time to time. The prices of the lower grades were farthest CORN RECEIPTS BY GRADES SIX PRINCIPAL TERMINAL MARKETS PER CENT OF TOTAL RECEIPTS CROP YEARS 1917-1921 Fic, 28.—Percentage of receipts at six principal terminal markets of the Corn Belt falling in different grades in the four crop-movement years, beginning November 1, 1917, and ending October 31, 1921. The six markets are Chicago, Omaha, Kansas City, St. Louis, Peoria, and Indianapolis. under No. 2 in January, when No. 6 sold at an average price of 13 cents less than No. 2. The price of No. 1 grade is not shown, but for this period was usually about the same or slightly higher than No. 2. The smallest difference between prices paid for different grades in the period covered was in September, when No. 6 averaged only 3 cents less than No. 2. There are many reasons for these fluctuations and differences in price, based for the most part on considerations of supply and demand. The quality of the total corn crop is indicated by the Fed- eral grades assigned to that portion arriving at the principal markets. Quality of the total crop is also estimated by the The Corn Crop. 197 United States Department of Agriculture from reports re- ceived from farmers, grain dealers, and others. The per- centages of the corn that was of merchantable quality in 35 crops produced in the years 1886 to 1921 are shown in Figure 30. By merchantable is meant corn of good enough quality to be salable, but not all merchantable corn is sold. These estimates of the amount of merchantable corn in each crop agree very closely with the conclusions to be drawn from the grading records. Thus, the crop of 1917 was re- ported to have the lowest percentage of merchantable corn DISCOUNTS BY GRADES BELOW PRICE OF NO.2 YELLOW CORN AT CHICAGO NOV. 1920- OCT. 1921 MONTH NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MCH. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. Fic. 29.—Monthly prices paid for No. 2 yellow corn of the 1920 crop arriving at Chicago, and discounts in cents per bushel for lower grades. Prices of No. 1 and No. 2 yellow corn were practically the same during this veriod, while other grades sold at lower prices. of any crop in 35 years (Fig. 30). In agreement with this condition only a small amount of the receipts at the six markets graded Nos. 1 and 2, whereas over 35 per cent failed to meet the requirements for the numerical grades and had to be sold on the basis of sample grade (Fig. 28). On the other hand, a high quality is indicated for the crop of 1920 in the estimate of merchantable corn produced and accord- ingly most of the corn met the requirements for the higher grades, only 2.4 per cent of the receipts falling into sample grade. 198 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. 1921. The average production of merchantable corn in the United States for the ten years, 1911-1920, has been 2.232.- 378,700 bushels annually, or four-fifths of the average total crop. In some unfavorable years the percentage merchant- able has been very low, as in 1917; in other years it is high, as in 1906, when it was 89.1 per cent. In 17 different years out of 35 the percentage of merchantable corn in the crop has been 85 or over. . Towa has led in bushels of merchantapie corn produced during the ten years 1911-1920, but Nebraska has the dis- MERCHANTABLE CORN PER CENT OF TOTAL CROP 1886 - 1921 ge RA RRERERESSRRERARRRRRERRRRE 90 i RNASE TEN NANA ost WE Neier LZ NINZINANAA LAL AT 33 BEGGESRERRERERERARERGARRBRHL AE: BEESRERERRRRSSRERR RRA ESEE CPAP EEC ELECT CEE Ee So o w a a @o © o a — = Fie, 30.—Estimates by the U. S. Department of Agriculture of the percentage of merchantable corn (corn good enough to sell) in the total United States crop, produced each year from 1886 to 1921, show that the quality varies from year to year. MERCHANTABLE CORN PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL CROP AVERAGE, 1911-1920 BUSHELS OF MERCHANTABLE CORN 7. AND 1921 CROPS. AVERAGE 1911-29, 191 BUSHELS OF MERCHANTABLE CORN Coat AVE. T 17 121 77,033,000 | 906,400] 33,966,000} 130,672,000 772,614,500| 713,121,000 965,748,000] ther 2 U.S “]z:232.378.700| 1,837.728,00012,695,194,000] iene Fic. 31.—Average percentage of merchantable corn produced in all States, 1911-1920; and bushels of merchantable corn in the 1917 (poor quality crop), 1921 (good quality crop), and average, 1911-1920, crop, for the leading corn-producing States. Lighter shading indicates poorer quality. The Corn Crop. 199 tinction, among the prominent corn States, of leading in the percentage of merchantable corn. Details regarding bushels and percentages of merchantable corn produced are given in Figure 31. In the northern tier of States east of the Rocky Mountains the percentage of merchantable corn is reduced very materially by early frosts in most years; thus the aver- age in North Dakota is only 53 per cent. CORN SOLD OR TO BE SOLD EACH DOT REPRESENTS 300,000 BUSHELS Fic. 32.—Two large and several smaller surplus-producing areas are indi- cated by these records from the census of 1920. The needs of manu- facturers using corn and of deficiency areas are supplied principally from these sources. Surplus and Deficiency Areas. By far the largest part of the corn crop is used on the farms where grown. This is shown by the facts that more than 85 per cent of the crop is fed to animals and that the States growing the most corn supply also a large percentage of the finished hogs and cattle. There is, however, a considerable movement of corn from the farms producing it. This is shown in Figure 32, in which the corn sold or to be sold, as reported by the census of 1920, is represented by dots. Two areas reporting large corn sales are in evidence, one in the northeast quarter of Illinois, within a radius of about 150 miles of Chicago, and the other in northwestern lowa and the adjoining portions of Ne- -braska and South Dakota, within a radius of about 150 miles 200 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. of Omaha. These are the large surplus corn producing areas. In these limited areas the system of farming is some- what different from that practiced in other parts of the Corn Belt, a larger part of the corn being sold as grain and not in the form of live stock. In the Illinois area, especially, hogs and beef cattle are not plentiful. In addition to this large commercial movement of corn from special surplus-producing areas, there is a limited CORN MOVED OUT OF COUNTY WHERE GROWN PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL CROP AVERAGE. 1911-1920 51-10% CORN MOVED OUT OF COUNTY y ope ESTIMATED QUANTITY, AVERAGE, 1911-1920 lactis i : BBB 20.1-30% y «= +++] 128,032,336 - »| 105,565,788 Nebr . Fic. 33.—Estimates made by the U. S. Department of Agriculture for the 10-year period, 1911 to 1920, show an average movement of corn from the county where grown amounting to 38 per cent in Illinois and to almost nothing in States with small production. A movement out of the county does not necessarily mean a movement out of the State. movement of corn in every State. This is shown in Figure 33, which illustrates by its different shadings the percentage of the crop moved out of the county where grown. Although approximately one-fifth of the corn crop is shipped out of the county where grown, as an average for the United States, in most of the States the fraction varies widely from the average. This is practically a commercial movement and is strongest in the States that raise more corn than they consume, being 38 per cent in Illinois, 31.5 per cent in South Dakota, and over 25 per cent in Nebraska, Iowa, and Indiana. But even in the States that raise less corn than they consume, and into which corn is shipped from States that produce a surplus, there is a slight commercial movement of corn from farms. The Corn Crop. 201 The total amount of corn that moves out of the county where grown varies greatly in the United States in indi- vidual years. It was only about 150 million bushels for the crop of 1901, when the corn crop was a partial failure, but it has usually been between 400 million and 600 million bushels during the last 25 years. The average for the last five years has been over 500 million bushels. Monthly Marketings of Corn. Corn begins to move from the farm to some extent as soon as it is harvested. In the Southern States considerable corn AVERAGE PERCENTAGE OF YEARLY MOVEMENT OF CORN MARKETED EACH MONTH DURING THE IO-YEAR PERIOD FROM JULY I, [911 TO JUNE 30. 1921 Fic. 34.—Reports received by the U. S. Department of Agriculture show that corn is marketed by farmers principally in the winter months. Each full ear represents 1 per cent of the total yearly sales. is harvested in September and October, but receipts in the market from this source are small. In the Corn Belt har- vesting begins in October and about the Ist of November the movement of new corn becomes appreciable. The crop- movement year, therefore, is considered as beginning on November 1. About one-fifth of the total crop sooner or later leaves-the farms where it grew. In Figure 34 the sales of corn each month by farmers are shown. Each full car represents 1 per cent of the total sales throughout the year, and the strings of cars opposite each month the sales for that month. The movement from the farm is largest 202 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. during the winter, more than one-half of the sales taking place during the four months, November, December, Janu- ary and February. For the remainder of the year the monthly movement is fairly uniform, although slightly larger in the spring than in summer. For any one year the relative monthly marketings of corn may deviate consider- ably from the averages given. Cribbing Corn. Fic. 35.—Wagon dump, elevator, and corncrib used in the Corn Belt. Moisture Content and Shrinkage in Storage. Corn almost always contains some excess moisture at husk- ing time, the amount varying from year to year and differing with locality. The moisture content is lower at husking time in southern grown corn than it is in corn grown farther north. In the crib this excess moisture gradually dries out, resulting in a loss of weight. Drying takes place most rapidly and shrinkage is greatest during the spring months., As this shrinkage progresses a higher price per bushel must be obtained in order to bring the same return. . Moisture tests on receipts from all parts of the country at three large terminal markets indicate that corn arriving in midsummer contains about 8 per cent less moisture than corn arriving in the midwinter preceding (Fig. 36). In experi- ments conducted in Central Illinois the shrinkage from The Corn Crop. 203 harvest to the following August averaged 16.61 per cent for 9 years. In connection with these experiments, comparison of the price per bushel, necessary to compensate for shrink- age, with the 10-year, 1904-1913, average Chicago price of No. 2 corn, showed “ that there is no month after November for which the price increases sufficiently to compensate for shrinkage. In fact, the price decreases until January. If, however, January or February is taken as a base, prices MOISTURE CONTENT OF MARKET CORN SHRINKAGE OF NEW CORN BY MONTHS BY MONTHS AVERAGE OF ALL RECEIPTS AT THREE TERMINAL MARKETS NINE YEAR AVERAGE aT el a eel Le SYN TTT / va He i eo | | PT ALT BEAU Pt TN I HARA SRREB woe SARS SE See EDR RTP ERROR ERNR ESS eR BERER SERB BEeeB SEER BERES SEGRE BERR SEER BORE SERHo = = uw =) c Ww a PER CENT |_| OS SD TY ED LA OY CN AG DC MY WN eS NDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJIFMAM 1910 | 1911 1912 | 1913 NOV DEC. JAN, FEB MAR APR Fie. 36.—Left: The average percentage of moisture in corn, as determined by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, based on receipts at Baltimore, Chicago, and New Orleans, during the period indicated. Right: New corn stored at husking time in an open crib with tight roof and slat sides at the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station averaged 16.61 per cent maxi- mum shrinkage by August. being lowest during those months, then the increase in price during the succeeding months, up to but not including October, more than compensates for shrinkage alone.” * Exports and Imports. Although the production of corn in the United States has largely increased in the last 30 years, the increased supply has not resulted in larger exports. In fact the quantity ex- ported was much less in the latter half of this period than it was in the first half, as is shown in Figure 37. The highest — iJ}linois Agr. Ex. Sta. Bull. No. 183, p. 23. 99912°—eK 1921 14 204 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. CORN AND CORN PRODUCTS EXPORTED AND PER CENT OF CROP EXPORTED,1891-1920 S| : BRANES RReSSaE BUSHELS EXPORTED PER CENT EXPORTED (YEAR BEGINNING JULY 1) ome NM WO fF UW A N Fic. 37.—Annnal exports of corn from the United States by years beginning July 1, 1891, and ending June 30, 1921, in bushels and in percentages of the total crop. Exports were largest from 1896 to 1900. record for any 12 months was 213,123,000 bushels in the year beginning July 1, 1899, and the smallest was 10,726,000 bushels in 1913. Only once since 1900 have corn exports been above 100 million bushels. This was in 1905 when 119,894,000 bushels were shipped out. The population of the country has been increasing steadily and more animals have been fed from year to year. The demands DESTINATION OF thus ceeaied ioe taken care of the CORN EXPORTS increased supply. The World War AVERAGE 1905-1914 did not stimulate the export move- ment although slightly larger amounts than usual were sent out in 1916 and 1920. With an increase in production of corn in this 30-year period from approximately 2 billion bushels to 3 billion bushels annually and with no corresponding increase in quan- tity exported the percentage of the Fic. 38.—Destination of corn total crop exported must neces- exports from the United sarily decrease. So we find in States in the 10-year pre-war period, 1905-1914. Figure 37 that although 11.1 per The Corn Crop. 205 cent of the total corn crop was exported in 1897 and 10.3 per cent in 1899, this dropped to below 3 per cent in 1907 and has remained below that ever since. Corn exported from the United States goes mostly to a few countries, as shown in Figure 38, where it is used principally as feed for dairy cattle and other live stock. In the pre- war period, 1905-1914, the United Kingdom received about one-third of our corn exports. About one-sixth went to Ger- many and decreasingly smaller amounts to Canada, the Netherlands, Denmark, Belgium, Cuba, and Mexico. ARGENTINE CORN PRODUCTION AND EXPORTS 1901-1921 \/ a: iaareunensdatanica Fic. 39.—Argentina has been increasing in corn production for the last 20 years. Exports and production are closely correlated. Imports of corn into the United States are almost negli- gible, rarely exceeding a few million bushels a year. Our largest imports were 15,821,000 bushels in the calendar year 1914. The bulk of this imported corn is from Argentina. It is utilized principally in the industries. A small amount is used as a poultry feed. Argentine Corn. Argentina has become importance as a corn-growing country during the last 20 years (Fig. 39). The crop of 1901 was 98,842,000 bushels. The 200,000,000-bushel mark was passed in 1912, and the record crop of 325,179,000 206 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. bushels was produced in 1915. During the last three years the crop has averaged about 243,000,000 bushels. The record crop of 1915 in Argentina is about equal to the average annual production of merchantable corn in Iowa during the last 10 years. The increase in production in Argentina has been more rapid than the increase in national consumption, conse- quently the exports of corn from that country have in- creased greatly. Exports from Argentina reached a maxi- mum of 190,851,000 bushels in 1912. They were greatly re- duced during the war period but increased again in 1920 to 173,642,000 bushels. The importance of Argentina as a corn- producing country from a world standpoint is this large ex- CORN PRODUCTION AND EXPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES AND ARGENTINA YEARLY AVERAGE 1900-1920 BUR EEEROREAE Ea BE BREA AAA UNITED STATES HARBOR REO 2 BLACK INDICATES EXPORT ARGENTINA | B Fd red WHITE INDICATES CONSUMPTION Fic. 40.—Each bag represents 50,000,000 bushels of corn, The United States produces more but exports less than Argentina. portation. Nearly twice as much corn was exported from Argentina as from the United States in the 20 years, 1900- 1920, as shown in Figure 40. Very little of the corn ex- ported from Argentina is imported into the United States. Most of the corn exported by Argentina goes to Europe, where it comes into competition with corn from the United States. Reports received from special investigators of our Government indicate that Argentine corn is preferred and is purchased instead of American corn, at least in several countries of Europe. The reasons assigned for this pref- The Corn Crop. 207 erence in France and Belgium, are: (1) The kernels are smaller, making it better adapted to poultry feeding; (2) it is sweeter and so is preferred as horse feed; and, (3) it contains 3 to 4 per cent less moisture, so will ship and keep in good condition longer. Price seems to have nothing to do with the preference for the South American product for at present Argentine corn sells for 8 to 10 cents a bushel more than American corn. In addition there are probably merchandising features that enter into the situation. FREIGHT RATES ON CORN BUENOS AIRES TO LIVERPOOL COMPARED WITH CHICAGO TO LIVERPOOL —_ ld = nw > o c Ww a n - z Ww =) : 7 oe ge” A =a eee Sw Say GT Fic. 41.—Freight rates to Liverpool from Chicago and from Buenos Aires have been about the same for many years. Argentina now has some ad- vantage due to high railroad rates in the United States. Freight Rates. The combined rail and ocean rate from Chicago to Liver- pool is normally but little greater than the rate from Buenos Aires to Liverpool (Fig. 41). During the war both rates were high, sometimes one and sometimes the other being the higher. Since the war ocean rates have fallen, but our own rail rates are still high, which favors shipments from Argen- tina to Europe and gives the corn producers of Argentina an advantage over the producers of our Corn Belt that they did not have before the war. 208 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. The freight rate per hundred pounds is generally the same for corn as for wheat, but this transportation charge is rela- tively a much heavier burden on corn, as it is generally less valuable per pound than wheat. Hence the increase in rail- road freight rates since the war has affected the price and the movement of corn more than the price and movement of wheat. The increased freight rates in effect for the last few years have increased the spread between farm and market prices and between prices in surplus and deficiency areas. These increased rates applied both to things that farmers sell and to things that farmers buy have added a heavy burden to agriculture. Coupled with the low prices for farm products in 1921 and the high prices for manufactured products the resulting situation has been critical. Financing Corn Production. The production of corn is financed with less use of bor- rowed capital than is the case with most other staple farm: crops. This is true partly because of the diversified system of farming followed in the Corn Belt, which distributes the farmer’s income throughout the year more evenly than it is distributed in many other sections. Furthermore, the direct investment in a corn crop consists more of the farmer’s own labor and less of purchased material and equipment than is the case with many other crops. Moreover what machinery is used in producing a corn crop is less expensive. The seed is usually produced on the farm and even when pur- chased the investment is small, since a bushel of corn will plant about 8 acres. For most other important cereals, a bushel or more of seed per acre is needed. While relatively little capital is borrowed for the actual production of corn, a considerable amount of borrowed capi- tal is used in converting this crop into pork or beef. Some farmers buy ‘ feeders” for their corn, while others, buy corn for their hogs or steers, and still others buy both the animals and the feed. Relatively little merchant credit is used in the Corn Belt, credit usually being obtained directly from the banks. The Corn Crop. 209 Prices. The important factors that determine the general trend of corn prices have been considered in the foregoing pages. The prices received by the corn grower, the prices paid in certain markets, the general movements in corn prices, and FARM PRICE OF CORN DEC. f, 1921 IN THE SURPLUS PRODUCING AREA F=] 22-25 CENTS 26-30 CENTS 31-35 CENTS EES 36-40 CENTS IFA 41-45 CENTS Hi 46-50 CENTS MA 51-55 CENTS Bll 56-60 CENTS / V4 Fic. 42.—Lowest prices were being paid in the sections with the lightest shadings; and progressively higher prices are indicated by progressively darker shadings, based on reports received by the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Market prices are the average of cash sales in the respective markets in cents per bushel for No. 2 yellow corn on the same dates, reported in the Market Reporter. the purchasing power of a bushel and of an acre of corn for a period of years will now be considered. The acute finan- cial situation of the recent past as it affects the corn grower is thereby explained to some degree. The farm prices of corn on December 1, 1921, in the principal surplus-producing area of the United States and the price of No. 2 yellow corn in some of the principal markets 210 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. The lowest igure 42. — 4 on the same date, are shown in I prices were bein f the Corn paid in the western portion o or — = S80} B19 AOUVOPeP UL Sedt1d oY) Uvq} ABO] YonM poe ‘ajoyA v SB SoIeIg poITU oy} Uy seoyad 9} UVY} AMO] OLB (SFUIPLYS JSoPYSI]) JoYIUU WA, JsoyjaBy ole Jey} SoyeIQ sNTdins oy UT uaAO Semel rney | $19 09-19 GEM = sud ov-oc ESQ S19 oo- is Ry SLO se~ie M777 S19 os~iv GESRA suo ic uaann [o} pemner) TIS Wid 91d WAVd JOVGAY IZ6L ‘lL “D3G NYOD SO 30IYdd WYVA ADVYSAV 2 JO soojid WaRy—ePF tory TAHSNG Yd Jd WAVd JOVYIAV $3 =f fi 3.° ran T— te F 2 6 — 5 8 \ vo . iv?) io! 0) i= | cents in portions of S 22 to and Nebraska. In all of the large produc 25 « g only Ss / Belt, bein The Corn Crop. 211 ing southern Minnesota, about one-half of Iowa, and eastern portions of Nebraska and Kansas, the farm price of corn was only 26 to 30 cents a bushel. Eastward and westward from this section are irregular belts in which the price was 31 to 35 cents. In most of northern Illinois, northeast Missouri, and in small sections of Kansas and other States the price was 36 to 40 cents. Higher prices, up to 60 cents a bushel, were paid in other portions of the area shown on the map, as in Wisconsin and the southern parts of Missouri and Illinois. But the sections where the highest prices were FARM PRICE OF CORN, DECEMBER 1 SELECTED STATES, 1912--1921 1914 1915 1916 1917 es UNITED STATES MASSACHUSETTS — = —-OHIO — — GEORGIA eeoeeesslOWA Fic. 44.—The price of corn is usually highest in Massachusetts, of these selected States, and lowest in Iowa. Increased freight rates have widened the spread between prices in producing and consuming States. paid are really not a part of the surplus producing area. They belong rather in deficiency areas outside of the Corn Belt. In general any area in which the price of corn is higher than in the market to which it is tributary or from which it must draw its supplies is an area of deficiency and not of surplus. In such areas the price of corn is on the basis of market price plus freight, while in the surplus-producing area it is based on market price minus freight. This prin- ciple is illustrated on a wider scale in Figure 43, in which are shown the average farm prices of corn in the different States on December 1, 1921. The price of corn is lowest in 212 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. States such as South Dakota, Nebraska, and Iowa, that produce much more corn than they use and are farthest from the places where corn is needed. On the other hand, the price of corn is highest in States such as Rhode Island, Nevada, and Arizona, that use more corn than they produce and are farthest from the sources of supply. In general, as distance from a point somewhere in the western part of the Corn Belt increases the price of corn increases. The excep- tions to this rule are the result of local conditions. That this is not a temporary condition but has extended over Many years is shown in Figure 44, in which the price of corn in lowa—of all the States that are given—is shown to be lowest for practically the entire 10-year period, 1912- 1921. It was highest usually in Massachusetts, occasionally in Georgia or Texas. Movements in Corn Prices. Three distinct movements in corn prices are apparent when prices over a period of years are analyzed. These are (1) the seasonal fluctuations from month to month, (2) the annual variations, and (3) the trend of prices through periods of years. Seasonal Fluctuations. Corn prices are usually lowest at harvest time, when marketings are heaviest. From the low point, generally in December, they rise gradually during the following year until a new crop begins to come on the market, then decline rather sharply to the minimum again. The advance from low to high is generally greater in localities of large surplus than in localities of deficient production. The 5-year (1909- 1914) average price and average monthly marketings of corn are shown in Figure 45 for the United States and for Ohio, Iowa, Georgia. and Texas. The marketing cycle is not the same in different parts of the country, but is influenced by the time of harvest, the high point coming earlier in the Southern States than in the Northern States. Therefore, prices do not advance or decline uniformly throughout the country. It must not be concluded from the advance in prices taking place after harvest time that it will always pay to hold corn for the higher prices that are likely to be paid later in the year. Sev- eral factors of expense and loss must be balanced against the increase in prices, such as cost of hand- ling and stor- age, interest, and shrinkage due to loss of moisture and ravages by in- sects, rats, and mice. These factors vary with local con- ditions, conse- quently the farmer must determine largely for himself the time at which he should sell his corn. Annual Varia- tions. From year to year prices are affected by the size of the crop, the carry over from the previous year, The Corn Crop. 213 MONTHLY FARM PRICE OF CORN AND PERCENTAGE OF ANNUAL MARKETING FIVE YEAR AVERAGE; NOV.,1909--OCT.,1914 PER CT. ANNUAL SALES ie fe a ee Lise Serer Paty ae ae 5 HE ie 1 ee | nme ae pt A SS i Ged a Le ie ae Fig. 45.—Prices (unbroken line) usually are lowest when marketings are heaviest and highest when marketings (broken line) are lightest. Price advances and de- clines are not uniform in different parts of the country, 214 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. YAMOd ONISWHDYNd 390d WaV4 1261-2161 “SHLNOW AG S3LVLS GALINA AHL YOs ADVYSAV yYVT100 €l16l AHL AO SWYHSAL NI YAMOd ONISVHIDYNd anv “SZHSNS Yad 39Idd Wav NYOD Fic. 46.—Annual seasonal price changes and the effects of war conditions The higher prices during the war period did not are shown on this chart. Purchasing power is com- give the corn producer high purchasing power. f Labor index y the Bureau 0 100) for the wholesale prices of all commodities. J farm price of corn Db puted by dividing the number (average 1913 The Corn Crop. 215 and the demand for corn. In the period 1916-1921, annuai - prices were also affected by the changes in the general price level, inflation, and deflation. The prices of corn in this period are shown in Figure 46. Seasonal fluctuations as well as annual variations from 1912 to 1921 are also illustrated in this figure. The Purchasing Power of Corn. There is no “yardstick” to measure value of corn and other farm products similar to the yardstick used in meas- uring length. Neither is there anything comparable to the pound. Money is not a true measure of value, for money fluctuates with supply and demand. A method has been devised, therefore, for determining the purchasing power of farm products. In the case of corn the average price in each month or year is divided by the index numbers for the prices of all commodities, which gives the purchasing power of corn. If we start with the price of a bushel of corn we obtain the purchasing power of a bushel of corn as the final result. If we start with the average price received for an acre of corn the final result is the purchasing power of an acre of corn. In this way the data on purchasing power of corn, given in Figures 46, 50, and 51, were obtained. Prices During the War Period. The European war had no appreciable effect upon the price of corn before the harvest season of 1916. Then, in- stead of declining as usual with the advent of the new crop, a slight decline occurred during September, after which prices began an upward course that continued until the average farm price passed $1.90 per bushel in August, 1917. Several causes contributed to this abnormal movement: (1) A small crop and a small carry-over from the previous year, (2) an increase in the number of hogs which increased the demand for corn, (3) a shortage of wheat. which increased the demand for corn meal, (4) a strengthened foreign de- mand. Ordinarily the amount exported from the United States is negligible, compared with the total crop, and prob- ably very little would have been exported in 1916-17 had it 216 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. not been for the war and a serious shortage in the Argen- tine crop, from which Europe annually obtains feed. These abnormal conditions greatly strengthened the export demand for our corn and resulted in about the usual ex- ports, although our supply was small and prices were very high. AMOUNT OF CORN REQUIRED TO PURCHASE A WAGON, CORN BINDER. GRAIN BINDER AND A GANG PLOW SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS IN 1913,1920 AND 1921 583 BUSHELS ‘ a a (cao) Fic, 47.—Less corn was required to purchase these farm implements in 1920 than in 1913, but in 1921 nearly three times as much corn as in 1913 was required to purchase them, The price of corn was not fixed directly by the Govern- ment during the war, but it was influenced greatly by the policy pursued with respect to hogs. There was a great de- mand for meat which was indirectly a demand for corn. In the meantime the general price level had risen and this supported the high price of corn until the break came in the summer of 1920. The average farm price of corn be- gan to decline in July, 1920. It fell precipitously until December 1, after which it declined more gradually until December, 1921, when it appears to have reached bottom. The Corn Crop. 217 Throughout the war period the purchasing power of corn, shown by the broken line in Figure 46, is a better index of the movement of corn values than price per bushel. In pur- chasing power the value of corn did not rise very high. Only in 1917 was it appreciably above the prices and pur- chasing value of 1912. In 1921 the purchasing power was far below that of any other year. This low purchasing power, together with the increased freight rates in effect for the last few years, created the situation illustrated in Figure 47. Prices of most of the things farmers buy have not decreased in proportion to the price of corn, conse- quently it requires much more corn to purchase needed things than it did previously. Market Prices. Corn does not enter into international trade to such an extent as wheat. Chicago is probably the most important corn market in the world. In the same sense that it may be said that the price of wheat is determined in Liverpool, the price of corn may be said to be determined in Chicago. The accompanying graph (Fig. 48) shows that the prices at New York and Liverpool move with the Chicago prices. The influence of transportation costs on prices may be noted in this graph. High freight rates from Chicago be- fore the Civil War caused a much wider spread between prices at these markets than have existed recently except in the war period. The Trend of Prices. There are periods during which the general trend of corn prices is upward or downward. Such periods are shown in Figures 48, 50, and 51. The direction of the trend is due in part to changes in the price level of commodities in general and in part to the possibilities and limitations for expansion of corn growing under profitable conditions. Thus, follow- ing the Civil War the general price level of all commodities declined until about 1897, when it turned upward. During these years also there was a rapid expansion of corn grow- ing on the new and fertile soils of the Corn Belt. Conse- Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. 218 ‘red JO SISBq 84} UO poJaoAMOD ‘Burp103s punod oy} ‘fooddaarT + Aouerind “gs *f : suoq} BI0OND asp1g ‘OZIBUL URILIeMy pexIm ‘[ood1eAlT : aqyssod vieqA pasn pexyul Z ‘ON : apBIy d ‘yd aod Lat PRET oud aaaP TA ee odomons 4 fee ‘yooqIBak epBiy, UO) S[[BYMOoIg ‘EOGT-GLST :0gz ‘d “LT “yd ‘yaodoy YouUply “SL8T—9F8' ‘TOOdTOATT + 193.1 Te6L + ougeuUIOD jo [eudnof YIOX Mane ‘OZ6IT-LIGE +S da aq} JO SOBIISGV TBONSHBIS ‘9161-618 YIOX AMON : ta}10d0y doip ‘TZ6L ‘Nooqaveyz JUoIIND ed ‘OZ6I-6L8T ‘OsvoryD + 6-1 “dd “zg yd “yazodey YOMpLlV “8L—-OF8T “A1OK MON PUB osBoTq,) : SVO.TDOS “IBM 9}B[ oY} AOJoq SeOMIIeY{[P [[BULS 0} POYSTUTMUIP PVY SjoyTVU vsoy} UoeAj}oq poids ey TF, ‘“Aoy}oS0} ATA joodaeavy pue ‘yIOX MON ‘OSBTYD Uy Seq ‘eAOgB pozJoM oq AVU SJOYIVU PLIOM SuppBe,T ul seojid U10D JO Spuod} OY TL—SPr “PVT 4 sil Ulli Pill EL EEL Rp. CUTS ie ee. q | AST TT \ ATES CUTE pee HUTT Teer | tf O€2) SENAOD es i 1261-0v81 1OOdY3aAIT GNV ‘MYOA MAN ‘OOVOIHD NYHYOD NVOIYAWNYV JO 301d IWANNY ADVEAAV The Corn Crop. 219 quently the trend of corn prices during this period was down- ward. With a decreasing rate of expansion in corn acreage and production prices began to rise, and the trend of corn prices was upward during the period beginning about 1897 and continuing to 1917. The price of corn varies with the supply and demand. Supply is, of course, governed by production. Population is an index of demand. The production of corn per capita, therefore, is more significant in determining the general price trend than is the total production (Fig. 51). The population of the United States has been increasing faster than corn production during recent years, and this has been an im- portant factor in raising the price and purchasing power of corn. |) ~~ Farm value went far above the purchasing power during the war period.- In 1920 and 1921 they began-to resume normal relations again. A similar condition existed after the Civil War, but about 1877 or 1878 the purchasing power became higher than the value and remained slightly higher until about 1909. Situation and Outlook. The history of the United States has been influenced largely by the corn crop. No picture of our national life is complete that does not portray corn as one of the most im- portant factors in our national development and prosperity. Long before the coming of the white man, the Indian de- Hogging Down Corn. Pic. 49.—A common practice that saves labor. 99912°—yeEkK 1921 15 220 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. ‘LZ6I-PIGL XopUl loqmased “ST6T-9VSL Pesn Xepuy [enue efB1odAy ‘Sop}{pommod [fv JO] O8R10AB ‘(NOOT=RIGT 988q) Siequina xepuy 1oquy Jo NBN Aq ootid Aouatand Suyprayp Aq peyndmood aeMod Sulseqoing “iva 0} vad WOA aAON aod ONT[BVA oY} JNO YJOOUS 0} pu} Sdoro S{q AoJ sodytad Moy puB sdodo }1OYS 1oJ Soowd YS ‘Toys dod odyad oy} SB Yon SB AIBA JOU SeOp o108 aod saMod Supseqoind pus anpea oy} JByZ pojJou oq ABU JJ ‘W409 JO atov Jod onjea Jo puv [agsng dod JaMod Suysvyound puv seopid Wavy JO SPU0d1} MOS VAOGB S}LBY OA} OT L—"OG “OT ol1éet SO6l oOo6l s6sl o6st sss ossl szsl ozel 99st a Sy EHH ls as tl Pa Lh Fal in ae ec A HE Bk p==— ra MSW HO #7 i [ i | : || UYWVTIOG CL6L AHL AO SWHAL NI YSMOd ONISVHOYNd 1261-998} anv BuoV Yad ANIVA Wav s6sl o6sl sest by 4 Y : 1261-9981 YuVTI0"0 C16! SHL AO SWHAL Ni YS3MOd ONISVHOIYNd anv ‘D030 “ISHSNA Yad 3ADIdd WUVs NuYOD The Corn Crop. 221 pended upon corn as a principal source of food. The white man in turn adopted the culture of corn in the very begin- ning and the early Colonies would have failed had this crop not been ready at hand to nourish and sustain them. The western advance of our civilization and the development of our prairies are but instances of the part that corn has played in our advance to a place among the nations of the world. The history of the development and the importance of the corn industry have been discussed in the preceding pages. The economic factors determining the profitableness of corn production also have been considered. During and since the World War, conditions have changed so widely and so rapidly that the factors involved have been out of adjust- ment at times with resulting extremes of profit and loss in this as in other industries. _ The rapid decline in prices of most commodities during 1920 and 1921 is but a repetition of history. Following the War of 1812, and again after the Civil War, prices that had been excessive first fell abruptly and then recovered some- what, only to resume a downward course more gradual but longer continued. High prices persisted longer following the World War than after the others, and the drop when it came was more violent. The rise was much the same as dur- ing the Civil War and, if history may be taken as a guide, a temporary recovery of prices followed by a gradual decline to stabilization and normalcy may be expected. Corn prices went through these same cycles also. With high prices during the war, profits were large although increased costs of production prevented their being excessive. With the rapid drop beginning in 1920, profits first decreased and soon had changed to losses. The situation was especially acute because the prices of commodities in general declined less rapidly than those of farm products. In recent months corn prices have improved somewhat. Whether this is but a temporary rise similar to that following the Civil War remains to be seen. Conditions are not parallel. Following the Civil War came the rapid development of our great Corn Belt when large areas of new, productive soil were planted to corn, with a rapid increase both in total production and in 222 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. CORN PRODUCTION PER CAPITA, FARM PRICE DECEMBER 1 AND PURCHASING POWER PER BUSHEL 1866-1921 BUSHELS PER CAPITA CENTS PER BUSHEL 140 120 TANT NVA ae cees f 80 RPURCHASING |POWER' Sm ACC RNY iin : i i A eta IIL eeeeree eee ee PRODUCTION, Slide 2 dole DECEMBER 1 PURCHASING POWER OF THE CROP 1866-1921 ° rr) Te) rn ° 0 fo) 0 re) ° a MM TT TU ATTTN Lc iit sa Pct H } Fic. 51.—It may be noted above that farm price and purchasing power vary inversely to production per capita. Since 1896 the trend of production per capita has declined and the trend of farm price and purchasing power has been upward. War conditions 1917-1919 caused prices to be abnormally high and the general reduction in prices since has caused the prices and purchasing power of corn to be cut below the normal trend. The Corn Crop. 223 production per capita (Fig. 51). The possibilities of such expansion do not exist to-day. Total production has been about stationary for the last 10 years, and production per capita has been decreasing. With supply and demand so nearly balanced, the period of adjustment should not take as long. Moreover, inasmuch as corn prices declined to an unduly low level, it seems probable that their recovery will be rela- tively greater and that they will not fall as low again. On the other hand, the prices of many other commodities have not yet completed their adjustment, and the purchasing power of corn should increase as this is accomplished. Some reduction in freight rates from the high point in 1921 has already been made. This is particularly gratifying, for high freight rates, coupled with low purchasing power of corn, would lead to violent and confusing changes in agricultural practices throughout the country. The fundamental factors that will determine the profits in corn production in the future, as they have in the past. are supply and demand. For a number of years these have _ been so nearly balanced that a slight variation in either had a marked effect on price. The supply is determined by the carry-over from the previous year plus the amount of the current crop. The unknown factor is current production. It already has been shown that production in recent years is dependent largely on yield per acre, which in turn is depend- ent on the character of the season. Acreage also is of some importance. but a decrease in yield of only 3 bushels per acre over the entire United States would equal approximately the total production of the State of Illinois. The corn crop is subject so largely to the sicenibs of the environment that nothing can be foretold as to the size of the coming crop. Drought and frost make large differences in yield from year to year. Diseases and insect pests take their toll. With this in mind it does not seem wise to re- duce the acreage unduly on the basis of a surplus in one or two years. There are many farms, particularly in the Corn Belt, where a succession of corn crops from the same land has de- 224 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. pleted fertility. Advantage should be taken of periods of surplus production and low prices to rest such fields and to build up their productiveness by growing legumes and other forage crops. These crops, together with the low-priced corn, should be fed to live stock, the manure returned to the land, and the fields thus be prepared for higher acre yields at a time when better prices will mean large profits. It has been shown that about 60 per cent of the total corn crop goes into the production of meat and milk products. A small percentage increase in this direction accordingly will increase consumption of corn materially. It is here that the corn grower himself can govern the demand for his product to a considerable extent. Hogs especially, offer an oppor- tunity for increasing corn consumption because of their rapid multiplication and the short period required to com- plete their development. Holding a part of the surplus corn on farms also is a safe practice. Reserves may well be increased in years of good crops to provide against seasons of partial failure. We have had two crops of enormous size, each amounting to more than 3 billion bushels. In this lies much of the present difficulty. Happily, therefore, it is not the curse of famine that assails us. These large supplies are being mar- keted at a rapid rate. The stocks on hand on March 1, 1922, were some 250 million bushels less than they were on the same date a year before. The movement of “ feeders ”— hogs, cattle, and sheep—to the farms recently has been un- usually heavy. Corn is being distributed through the mar- kets in large volume. Corn exports to relieve the famine of Europe have been unusually large, amounting to about 65 million bushels in the first three months of 1922. The eco- nomic situation is improving, as evidenced by the fact that the price of corn on Iowa farms, for instance, has advanced from about 30 cents per bushel on December 1, 1921, to 48 cents May 1, 1922. Economies must be practiced by the corn grower for some time to come, however. Production costs must be kept at a ‘minimum. In planning operations farmers should try to make such readjustments as will enable them to sell corn at a profit even at a comparatively low price level. Careful The Corn Crop. 225 records of costs and returns, kept according to the method suggested on pages 193 and 194, will be of assistance in this direction, as thereby the results of the season’s operations can be estimated beforehand with some accuracy. Old in- debtedness must be reduced as much as possible and new debts must not be incurred except for productive purposes. . Finally, a larger part of the family living should be pro- duced on the farm. If, in addition to these economies, other crops are substi- tuted for corn when and where such a course is dictated by the best agricultural practice; if an increased amount of corn is fed to meat-producing animals; and if a part of the surplus is reserved on the farms against future needs; then, as the purchasing power of corn returns to normal, there is light ahead for the corn grower. But what of the years to come? Can situations similar to that of the recent past be avoided in the future? Through organized effort providing for storage and necessary credit, marketings of corn can be spread over a longer period and excessive reductions in prices resulting from rapid market-~ ings at harvest time can be avoided. Therefore, as has been pointed out by those who have studied the question carefully, “farm organization of a sound, wise, and far-seeing char- acter is the key to a more prosperous and better paid agri- cultural industry ” and further, “advancement in farm or- ganization, if not preliminary to, at least must go hand in hand with improvement in the distributive machinery of the country.” Moreover, farmers can be kept advised as to the probable future demands for various products. This is needed, for if other nations should adopt a self-sustaining policy with regard to food we must take care not to produce an excess of corn and meat. In case the world requires less pork and beef the corn grower will have to modify his farm practices in harmony with these developments; in short, he must adjust his production to the world demands. The future demand for corn depends on many things, most important of which is the demand for meat. If increasing supplies of meat, especially pork, are required for our own use and for export, then our corn production must be in- 226 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. creased, as we can not grow enough meat to supply an en- larged demand with our present production of corn. Our own population will increase for some years to come. If our present standards of living are maintained, greater corn production will be necessary to supply the meat that will be required by the increased population. The extent to which meat will constitute a part of the diet of this larger. population will have an important bearing upon the farm practices of the corn grower. An effort-recently has been made to increase the consump- tion of corn products, such as corn grits, in Europe. This has met with some success for the present. on account of famine conditions and the comparative cheapness of these products. A continued demand from this source, however, is problematic because it is difficult to educate a people to the use of new foods. It is the part of wisdom to study conditions as they de- velop not only in the United States, but throughout the world, and, from the trend of these conditions, as nations recover from the economic chaos of the past few years, to determine the future course. It obviously is impossible to guard against unforeseen conditions such as resulted from the World War. Nevertheless, a total production based on an intelligent survey of world requirements, together with economies resulting from better seed and cultural methods, and improved marketing organized in reference to seasonal supply and demand, will go far to prevent future crises for the corn grower. — - SZ vt “WE. Ow BEEF SUPPLY By E. W. SHEEtTs, Senior Animal Husbandman, Bureau of Animal Industry: O. E. Baker, Agricultural Economist; C. FE. GIBBons, Specialist in Marketing: O. C. Strxe, Agricultural Econonrist ; and R. H. Wiicox, Farm Economist, Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Importance of Beef Cattle. HE importance of beef cattle in the agriculture of this country rests chiefly upon their ability to convert coarse forage, corn, grass, and other products of the land, either unfit or not wanted for human consumption, into a valuable and much-desired food. The value of cattle and calves slaughtered during the last 10 years represents 37 per cent of the total farm value of all meat animals slaughtered and of wool produced (see Fig. 1). Beef cattle are kept on 29 per cent of all farms in the United States (see Fig. 2). Since beef cattle are well adapted to rough land and sparse grazing, beef is the chief human food produced on about three-fourths of the total land area of the United States. This great unimproved area includes brush land, forests and cut-over land, swamps, and, most important of all from the standpoint of the cattle industry, the arid-grazing land of the West. It is obvious that most of this unimproved land will be used chiefly for grazing cattle for many years to come. But the improved land produces more feed for cattle than the unimproved land, although it constitutes only 26.4 per cent of the land area of the United States. This improved land includes all land regularly tilled, mowed, lying fallow, or occupied by farm buildings, pastures which have been cleared or tilled, gardens, orchards, and vineyards. It is 227 228 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. plain that on this improved land also a great amount of forage unfit for human consumption is produced, such as hay, straw, stover, stall fields, and aftermath. However, the demand for beef is such that enough cattle are kept not only to graze the uncultivated areas and con- sume a large part of the roughage from cultivated crops, but also to eat a considerable proportion of the corn produced. Moreover, the feeding of beef cattle is closely linked with agriculture on improved land, because the most satisfactory FARM VALUE OF CATTLE AND CALVES SLAUGHTERED COMPARED WITH VALUE OF HOGS SLAUGHTERED AND VALUE OF SHEEP SLAUGHTERED AND OF WOOL PRODUCED 1910-1921 DOLLARS MILLIONS Fic. 1.—The farm value of cattie and calves slaughtered was around 700 million dollars each year from 1910 to 1915, then rose to 1,500 million dollars in 1918, but by 1921 had declined to the prewar average. Although the value of hogs slaughtered normally exceeds slightly that of cattle and calves, the farmer’s investment in beef cattle is about twice that in swine. Cattle are slaughtered at an older age than hogs. It will be noted that the annual yalue of the hogs slaughtered rose more rapidly during the war period than that of cattle and calyes slaughtered, and was still slightly higher in 1921 than the prewar average. system of maintaining soil fertility involves the production of some legume on about one-fourth of the cultivated area each year, and the application of animal manure. The bulk of such legume hay can be used most advantageously by beef cattle. In fact, a great many beef cattle are fattened solely to keep up soil fertility, the value of the manure affording the principal profit from the enterprise. The production of beef cattle in the United States is im- portant not only in our agriculture but also in the agricul- ture of the world. Over one-sixth of the world’s cattle are Our Beef Supply. 229 NUMBER FARMS | HAVING BEEF 61-80 PER CT =. aes BRR] &-00 rer cr GR rev cr & over MG 21-40 PER CT PZZZ4\-20 PER CT FARMS HAVING BEEF CATTLE E WERE OF ALL FARMS, NUMBER OF FARMS HAVING BEEF CATTLE, AND PERCENTAGE T Fic. 2.—This map shows the proportion of the farmers who had beef cattle in 1919. From the Mississippi River to the Pacific Coast regions from 40 to 80 per cent of all farms reported beef cattle. A similar proportion is found along the Gulf and South Atlantic Coast, and in the mountain dis- tricts of Virginia, West Virginia, and North Carolina. Less than 20 per cent of the farmers had beef cattle in much of the northern portion of the Cotton Belt, and in the dairy districts of the Northeastern States, of the Lake States, and of the Pacific Coast. 230 Jearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. ‘Aep-0} EpeuvD pues ‘eT[eajsny ‘A[BIT ‘oouvAy ‘WOpSury poyaQ ey} UT 9[}}¥O JO AoquINU [v}0} oY} 0} [UNbe jNoqeV sVM FEST O} LOST Woay soywig pozyluQ oy} UL osBotoUy OUT “ST6T 0} AN pasvarduT ATMO[S a[}}BO JO JequINa oy} UMOTS SapijUNoD 12q}O oy} UL (PL “SfA 9G) ‘“SUOLeNjongy opportod ospyM 10F Jdooxe “yuBySMOO SSeT IO o1OUL POUTeUeT SB LoquINU ot} Ivak YOY OUTS ‘FEST O} OSE PIdvr B SVM O10} S0}CIgG Pe}TUN oy} UT Pu ‘GEgT OF dn BISSnY Ut ‘“EI6L I VUuyUesi1y Ur “LOGT IJun pasvesour tequinu og} AuBUIJey OT ‘sivas OY 1OJ ATeUOT}eIS jSOW[B PoULBMeT Sey BUBI UL 2}}B0 Jo JoquUNnU ef L—Ps “Oly 02 0€ 1°) os ; 09 | OL Lr SNOITIIN 1761-OS81 SSIMNLNNOD LNVLYOdW! NAL S1LLVD AO YSEWNN A = aaa eS ‘Jooq Ou AT[BoTjoOBid S}1odxo vIpuy ‘Spee UMO s}T JOJ YSNOUS Veg} 910M 9f}}][ MoU Suponpoad woLIeWYy YON ‘BoPIoMW YINog wMorIy emM0dD s}10dut oseqy ian) jO ysoyy “Alddns omoy oY} 0} UOTJIppe UL Jood JO UOT}e}RIOdMY Sor~nbet edoing, WaieysoM Jo aoTJe[ndod oFael ogy, ‘Roly ul severe N [B19AOS PUB BUTT) 1OJ o[QVILBAB oIB SOANSY ON “(¢ “Sly aS) [1ZRig Uloyjnos puw ‘AvnsnAy ‘vuyjues1y Jo UISvg AOATY Bei BT 943 A[ie[norjred ‘voyteury YNOY UslojsBoyjNOS pue ‘so}ejJg pou) ey} “vIpuy ‘edoing o1v DolJonpord o[}}7e0 p[toM JO Sto}UeD oy —F “Dl 000'00i SLNASSYd3Y LOG HOV3 Y38WNN 7 we * 000000 0KP NOILSNGOd G1NOM AILLVO Our Beef Supply. 232 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. in the United States. The principal surplus-producing coun- tries, however, are now in the Southern Hemisphere. West- ern Europe produces less than it consumes, and North Amer- ica, except during the war, has been producing little more than enough to supply its own needs. (See Figs. 3, 4, 69, 74.) Westward Movement of the Beef-Cattle Industry. The early Spanish explorers introduced cattle into Flor- ida, the lower Mississippi Valley, and the Southwest during the sixteenth century. The colonists from England and Hol- land brought cattle to the Atlantic coast during the seven- teenth century. Although the Atlantic coast was generally covered with forests, there were in addition open lands along the rivers and coasts which provided considerable grazing. The settlers took their cattle with them as they pushed back from the coast settlements. By the middle of the seven- teenth century an important cattle industry had developed in the Connecticut River Valley. From the pastures of New Hampshire and Vermont large droves were annually driven south to be sold at the Brighton Market near Boston or to feeders and dairymen in the three southern New England States. The settlement of the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia early in the eighteenth century caused a big expansion in cattle production. Settlement pressed westward from the val- ley and about 1772 settlers from Virginia and Pemnnsyl- vania had reached the Monongahela Valley, where herds as large as 400 to 500 head were soon common. From the Shen- andoah Valley settlement also spread eastward into the Piedmont of Virginia and the Carolinas, where pea- vines, other luxuriant forage, and the mild climate made the Piedmont section a great cattle country, famous for its “ cowpens”” and “cowboys.” It was said that a steer could be raised as cheaply as a hen. Following the invention of the cotton gin in 1795, the Piedmont became a cotton country and the cowboys went westward. As better markets developed in the East and cheap grazing lands were opened in the West and in remote sections of the Eastern States, eastern cattle feeders depended more and more on the drovers for their supply of cattle. Cattle from the grazing regions of the West were driven east across Our Beef Supply. 233 the Allegheny Mountains in the fall. Shorter drives were made from the grazing regions of northern and central Pennsylvania, and from northern New York and New Eng- land. Feeder cattle arriving from the West in the fall were fattened during the winter and spring months and marketed before the western fat cattle began to arrive. Few cattle were fattened on corn until they were 3 or 4 years old. Stockmen who lived near the large cities had a decided advantage in case of a temporary rise in prices, as they could drive their cattle to market in a short time. The early settlers in the Ohio River Valley found that large crops of corn could be raised very cheaply. As they had no remunerative market for this corn, they fattened cattle, drove them to the eastern markets, and competed successfully with cattle feeders of the East. The first corn-fed cattle from Ohio reached Baltimore in 1805. The cattle, in droves of 150 to 500, were mostly 4 or 5 year old steers, which were fed on corn from four to six months. The driving occurred in the spring and summer and re- quired about six weeks. Ohio, chiefly, and Kentucky were said to have supplied the eastern markets from 1840 to 1850 with nine-tenths of the western corn-fed cattle which they received. Grass-fattened cattle were sent in the fall in limited numbers from Ohio, but no cattle arrived in those markets from the West during the winter. In 1820 colonists from the East settled in Texas about Austin, and engaged principally in cattle raising. However, the original cattle of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California came from Mexico. In 1833 the Spanish missions estimated their holdings at 424,000 cattle. Driving cattle to the New Orleans market from Texas began in 1842. In 1846, 1,000 head were driven from Texas to Ohio. Thence- forth, driving of Texas cattle northward gradually in- creased, but did not become a well-established business until after the Civil War, which had left a great surplus in Texas and a scarcity in the North. ; Illinois was so far from the Atlantic coast that it did not become an important cattle-raising State until about 1850. However, long before this Iowa, Missouri, and Illinois had furnished thousands of head to the cattle feeders of Ohio. This territory had a further advantage over that farther north and east, because the Mississippi River was open earlier 234 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. in the spring for shipping to New Orleans. Settlements were made west of the Missouri about 1850. The feeders in the Eastern States lost much of their ad- vantage in being close to the markets by the opening of railroads from the Ohio River Valley. Western cattle ar- Fic. 5.—The famous Texas Longhorn steers of former years are almost ex- tinct. The improved breeds of beef cattle’-not only mature much quicker but also dress out considerably more edible meat of better quality. {n some western States only purebred bulls of approved type are allowed on the open range. Substantial progress in the use of better sires has also been made in most other States. Our Beef Supply. 235 rived throughout the year, instead of in the summer and fall. As cattle could be shipped directly from the grazing lands of Illinois to the eastern markets, feeding in Ohio diminished considerably. It was no longer profitable to fatten cattle to a high degree for the long drive across the Appalachian Mountains. By 1860 the railroads extended from the Atlantic to the regions beyond the Mississippi River. Central Illinois and eastern Iowa became a great cattle-feeding district on account of free grazing lands to the south and west, railroad connection with eastern markets, the temperate climate, the adaptability of the rich prairie Fic. 6.—Branding calves at an annua] roundup. Note the high-grade beef cattle which have taken the place of the Texas Longhorns. The use of purebred beef bulls in range herds began about 40 years ago. grasses for grazing, and the ease with which corn could be produced. Missouri and Texas were now the chief sources of feeder cattle. From 1800 to 1860 the beef produced in the Southeastern States was insufficient for local demand. In most cases cat- tle were given little attention. Numbers were greatly re- duced during the Civil War. Florida usually had a surplus and exported most of it to the West Indies. Until about 1910 there was practically no improvement made in the cattle of the Cotton Belt on account of the Texas fever ticks and the dominance of the cotton crop (see Figs. 7 and 8). The development of the range-cattle industry on the Great Plains from 1870 to 1885 is a very important part of the 99912°—yeK 1921-16 236 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. CATTLE (EXCLUDING MILK COWS) NUMBER ON FARMS AND RANGES, JUNE |, 1850 EACH DOT REPRESENTS NUMBER OF CATTLE, 1850 STATE | NUMBER || STATE | NUMBER U.S ..| 11,394,000 || Pa.... Fie. 7.—The census of 1850 was the second cattle census but was the first separating milk cows from other cattle. In 1850 cattle other than milk cows were distributed fairly evenly over the settled area of the United States. Denser areas may be noted in New England, in western New York, around Philadelphia in Pennsylvania, in northeastern Ohio and the Scioto Valley, in the blue-grass region of Kentucky, in southern Louisiana, along the Gulf coast of Texas, and in southern California. Cattle were driven from western New York, Ohio, and Kentucky to eastern markets for slaughter, CATTLE (EXCLUDING MILK COWS) NUMBER ON FARMS AND RANGES, JUNE |, 1860 EACH DOT REPRESENTS Ind .. .| 706,000 = < a = = +2 a oe ————- Fic. 8.—By 1860 there had been a notable shift in cattle other than milk cows. There was a great increase in the States north and west of the Ohio River, in Texas, and in California. An increase in number may be noted in the Territory of New Mexico and in Utah. Cattle had not yet reached the Great Plains area. (See Fig. 20.) The driving of cattle from Ohio and Kentucky over the mountains to eastern markets had almost ceased by 1860. Our Beef Supply. 237 _ CATTLE (EXOLUDING MILK COWS) “NUMBER ON FARMS AND RANGES. JUNE [/.I880 EACH DOT REPRESENTS Fic. 9.—By 1880 cattle were grazing over most of the Intermountain areas of the West, and in the Great Plains region, except the Dakotas and eastern Montana. A great reduction in the number of cattle in California may be noted. The number had greatly increased in Iowa, Wisconsin, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, and Nebraska. The South, excepting Texas, had fewer eattle than before the Civil War. CATTLE (EXCLUDING MILK COWS) NUMBER ON FARMS AND RANGES, JUNE |, 1900 - EACH DOT REPRESENTS Fic. 10.—From 1880 to 1900 there was a decided falling off in number of cattle, excluding milk cows, in the Northeastern States, due to the growth of the dairy industry, while the number of beef cattle on the Great Plains had increased very greatly. The western part of what is now well known as the Corn Belt was also carrying a large number of cattle. The increase in Iowa and Kansas is especially noteworthy. 238 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. history of stock raising in the United States. Texas was the chief source of supply for the entire region, as cows could calve usually at any time of the year and take care of their calves, which was not true in the North. Utah and Oregon, which had been stocked by cattle driven westward over the Mormon Road and the Oregon Trail in the forties, also became important sources of supply for the ranches of the Great Plains about 1870 (see Figs. 8 and 9). - CATTLE (EXCLUDING MILK COWS) NUMBER ON FARMS AND RANGES, JAN |, 1920 EACH DOT REPRESENTS 2,000 HEAD | mae NUMBER OF CATTLE, 1920 STATE | NUMBER || STATE | NUMBER | U.S . .| 46,977,000 |} Mo .. .| 2,120,000 | S Dak. | 2,011,000 Iil....| 1,831,000 | 1,792,000 | 1,618,000 | 1'564°000 | Fic. 11.—The number of cattle has increased since 1900 in Minnesota, where wheat growing has to some extent given way to more live stock and in east- ern South Dakota and Nebraska. In the Western Range regions the number of cattle has increased in most sections despite the breaking up of many cattle ranches by homesteaders. The Pacific Coast also shows a considerable in- crease, as Well as the Coastal Plains portion cf the Cotton Belt. The decrecse is notable in Kansas and central Texas. The cattle industry on the Pacific coast was greatly stimu- lated by the tide of immigration following the discovery of gold. Some were driven from Texas and Oregon to supply the demand for meat. Shortly after 1864, when a severe drought in California forced out or destroyed many thou- sands of cattle, wheat displaced cattle as the chief farm product. The Dakotas and the Mountain and Inter-Moun- tain States were but sparsely stocked in 1880 (see Fig. 9). By 1900 nearly all of the western territory was occupied and Our Beef Supply. 239 ‘stocked close to its capacity (see Fig. 10). The number of all cattle in the United States reached the highest point in 1894. Progress since 1894 must be measured in the quality and productivity of the cattle (see Fig. 11). Purebred Beef Cattle. The importance of the purebred beef-cattle industry is shown by the fact that, according to the census of 1920, over 3 per cent of the beef cattle were reported to be registered AVERAGE VALUE OF PURE BRED AND OF GRADE BEEF CATTLE MMMM PURE BRED Ber SC GRADE BEEF VALUE IN DOLLARS PERIOD 1910-14 1915-19 1920 1921 eee Fic. 12.—The average sale value per head of all purebred beef cattle sold in public auctions is about threé times the average value of 1,000-pound good to choice steers in the Chicago market. In 1920 the average sale price of purebred animals was, nearly four times that of good to choice steers at Chicago. Even when sold for beef the value of purebred cattle is normally considerably higher than that of grade cattle. purebreds and over 11 per cent of all farms having beef cattle reported purebreds. Moreover, according to public sales held during the last 20 years, purebreds are about three times as valuable as grades (see Fig. 12). Purebreds con- stitute approximately 10 per cent of the value of all beef cattle. The main object of the purebred beef-cattle industry is to produce breeding stock which transmit to their offspring early maturity, thick fleshing of meat of high quality, and the ability to use grass, roughage, and grain economically. 240 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Over 50 per cent of the purebred beef cattle are in the Corn Belt (see Fig. 18). Before the eradication of the Texas-fever tick began and before the boll weevil started its ravages, there were practically no purebred herds in the Cotton Belt. On the western range there are many purebred cattle that are not registered, due to failure to register the offspring from reg- istered cattle. Similar herds have resulted from the use of a succession of registered bulls over periods of from 20 to 40 years. Many of these western breeders produce very de- sirable range bulls and sell only the best for breeding pur- poses. Fic. 13.—A herd of purebred Aberdeen-Angus cows and their calves on pasture on a Corn Belt farm. Table 1 shows what a great market purebred breeders have for their surplus stock. There are 68,454 farms in the United States reported as having purebred beef females (see Fig. 17). Over a million farms report grade beef cows. As 440,210 farms report beef bulls 1 year old and over and only 187,284 report purebred beef bulls of all ages, there are nearly a quar- ter of a million farms which might be keeping purebred beef bulls instead of the grades and scrubs which they have. As a matter of fact, breeders have not enough purebred bulls of breeding age to put one on each farm where a beef bull is kept. While there is 1 beef bull over 1 year old for every 17 beef cows, there is only 1 purebred beef bull of any age for 32 beef cows. With such a shortage of purebred bulls they should be well cared for and distributed to the very best advantage. Our Beef Supply. 241 TABLE 1.—Relation of purebred beef cattle to all beef cattle. [Based on census of Jan. 1, 1920.] | State. a A MHSSHEMUISeLtS==:o. 222 St Tee) IMECIN PRM o ee os <2 J+. os 5S | MOHLAN Me oo eee | North Carolina.............. | North Dakota: 3222s. 52.22-5< Ohi Wennsylvania==s +. 5. 2--:- Hnode islandesz se. es: Wiest Marginia. 22262222221. Muses nee Sy oath 2). 2 | WWaypittin 234 3 ee cc | District of Columbia. ....... Per cent Warais | of beef reporting) Sts pure- | which bred beef report cattle. are reds Number. | Per cent 206,387 | 11. 20 1,161 2.90 269 7.67 1, 815 4. 02 1, 401 8. 46 4, 213 16. 46 123 5.32 4 | 572 198 1.16 949 16. 80 3, 249 25. 98 14, 501 17. 87 6, 611 11. 35 29, 856 21. 85 14, 261 15. 68 2, 356 3.34 563 12. 74 554 7.42 226 2. 52 149 | 6. 82 4, 461 8.01 14,688 | 21.48 1, 704 | “3.67 15,145 | 12.66 4, 061 14. 58 | 17.85 16. 23 | 10.19 1.00 8.56 403 | 2.49 809 1.95 8, 241 19. 26 6, 068 8.79 8, 498 11. 80 2, 008 18. 35 1,518 3.24 7 1.90 368 1 13, 934 25. 69 3, 210 4, 48 6, 006 5.33 2, 645 28. 65 223 7. 02 2, 102 5. 22 1,359 14.15 2, 553 7. 04 5, 779 23. 68 1,691 18. 82 Farms reporting beef cows 2 years old and over. Grade cows 2 years old and ihe Lge nd reporting bull l purebred *|beef bulls. reporting year old [beef bulls and over. Number. | Number. 1, 041, 052 20, 115 | | | | Per cent. Per cent. 17 42.29 42, 52 14] 28.89 18. 71 19 59. 11 14.99 19 19. 47 | 31. 27 21 52.13 | 22. 48 20 52.65 | 39. 78 9 38. 35 | 39. 23 ll 20. 85 7.41 31 22. 51 | 5. 52 16 25. 74 9. 99 21 47, 44 | 79. 55 12} 51.03| 49.63 12 38. 26 | 42. 96 13 62.95 | 48. 85 15 55. 53 | 38. 73 11 24. 55 | 31. 48 27 15. 46 | 9.71 6 49.90 | 43. 00 5 55. 26 | 12. 22 u 31. 28 36. 00 10 33. 73 88. 70 10 80. 94 | 64. 58 20 22. 89 | 24. 81 16 32. 94 46. 67 23 42, 42 | 44. 29 17 62.63 38. 24 22 66. 72 32. 62 6 57. 19 59. 96 7 35. 16 3. 21 45, 03 20. 11 16 17.27 | 33. 16 13 16.09 | 18. 57 13 64.10 | 57. 40 10 39.16 | 39. 02 19 33. 88 | 43.49 21 51.65 49, 32 10 24.04 44.70 ll 35.98 | 84.75 12 21.01 | 9. 50 18 69. 86 | 53.38 10 | 27. 36:| 35.91 22! 35.69! 20.62 23 47. 48 73.58 6 69. 34 47.15 ll 34.99 38. 32 20 39. 64 55.93 14 23. 49 49. 50 12 67.97 | 1106.64 21 52.73 41.61 1 The percentage exceeds 100 because the number of farms reporting purebred bulls of all ages is greater than the number of farms reporting beef bulls over 1 year old. ABERDEEN-ANGUS CATTLE NUMBER REGISTERED JAN. 1, 1920 REGISTERED ABERDEEN ANGUS CATTLE FASBER ON FARMS JAN 1. 1520 rT mumpen | STATE | mt — + + |iossze | Fic. 14——Most of the purebred Aberdeen-Angus cattle are in the Corn Belt. Iowa has over one-fourth of the total number in the United States. Mis- souri and Illinois possess nearly another fourth. The very small number in the Rocky Mountain and Pacific States is noteworthy. The number of caitle in the State is represented -by the area, not the diameter, of the circle. HEREFORD CATTLE NUMBER REGISTERED JAN. 1 1920 REGISTERED HEREFORD CATTLE NUMBER ON FARMS JAN 1, 1970 STATE | NUMBER | STATE | NUMBER a 70,021 | Cele 17,270 a 40894 | 16.370 | | 38,695 } N. Mea 14.563 | t 12,133 | } 12,845 | 10,787 | i Fic. 15.—Nearly three-fourths of the total number of purebred Hereford cattle in the United States are in the western Corn Belt and the Great Plains region. There are more purebred Herefords in the Rocky Mountain and Intermountain States than of all other breeds of beef cattle. Here- fords are good ‘rustlers,’ and are especially adapted to semiarid condi- tions. Our Beef Supply. 243 SHORTHORN CATTLE INCLUDING POLLED OURHA™M NUMBER REGISTERED JAN REGISTERED SHORTHORN CATTLE ____NUMBER ON FARMS JAN 1. 1520 “STATE | NUMBER | STATE | NUMBER 75,035 26.455 42.240 2 23.236 } 36,197 | 18,866 } 34834 | 17.330 | 32826 = 17.114 | 29,752 2 16.082 Fic. 16.—Three-fourths of the purebred Shorthorn (including polled Dur- ham) cattle are in the Corn Belt, the Lake States, and the Dakotas. Shorthorns are more numerous than other breeds of beef cattle in the northern and the eastern portions of the Corn Belt and in the dairy States. About one-third of the purebred beef cattle in Kansas are Short- horns, about one-half in Nebraska and Iowa, two-thirds in Illinois and Minnesota, and three-fourths in Wisconsin, Michigan, and Ohio. NUMBER OF BEEF COWS 2 YEARS OLD AND OVER. PER PURE BRED BEEF BULL AND BULL CALF JAN. 1, 1920 3 ZY :: Gf, Fic. 17.—Among the important beef cattle regions, the Corn Belt, the Dakotas, Idaho, and Utah are best supplied with purebred beef bulls. The Southern and Southwestern States in particular need a great many more purebred bulls. The dairy districts of the Northwestern and Lake States show fewer beef cows per purebred beef bull, largely because the beef herds are small and scattered. The statistics include beef bulls of all ages. 244 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. 10}}09 94} Ul O199BO Jood paiqeind jo JequInu [RUS AWA OT, ‘T}7BO Jood [R}IO? TRY. Av 9[9)Bd Jooqd Porqoind sBoIT Pow PUB BAO] UL PeyRAUCUOD OOM YON MOY oJOU puB TZ BINS WT GPA deur syy} oteduo) ‘sojpBIQ poy ey? Uy Q1IIBo Joo peiqeind oy} [TR JO WIWAGS-oUO pRY OZET UT PUL “GoIB ST) JO LIvoY OY} ST BAOT ‘OsBIOZ PUB UyBAS dvoeyo puB quepunqy JO uoLsea OY} ST STU ‘“BIOYWO WAON UdloySoMYJAOU Pu ‘SBxaT, [BA}UeD ‘OTYO [BUG Uy PeyBoOT oe YoITAr i] por'OL | °° d ; sue vea'e |° ' pee'or | * . } +s ouepy $co'e | 4 ost |° 3 4 *** UTA Cth ee, , prz'el . u WMI Mi IND wid IND) Wd S) MOO—FILLVI 4998 GINA IYAd AO YIAWAN mANORNSKO 6ge'tSt]* Viv) she vy 40 IND Wid WMWON 0261 AILLV) 4998 T1V dO JOVINIONGd ONY “QILLVD 4398 GINA IVNd JO YIAWAN (penunuosy) FJIULLVD 4998 aud and OVIH OOL SLN3S3¥d3H 100 HOV] OZ6l ‘| NV ‘YAaSWNN SWHV4A NO 31LLV5 45358 GsyYes 3yNd Our Beef Supply. 245 Areas of Beef Production. For convenience in classifying and discussing beef pro- duction, the United States is usually divided into four areas: The Western Range, the Cotton Belt, the Appalachian and Great Lakes Region, and the Corn Belt, as shown in Figure 20. While many beef cattle are raised in all these areas, as Figures 21 to 27 show, and some are fattened for slaughter in all of them, either on grain or grass, the Corn Belt is classified as the fattening area, while the others are considered breeding areas for the production of Fic, 19.—A drove of good range bulls with the cow herd in the background. Range bulls should be separated from the breeding herd and fed well during the winter so that they will be in good condition for the breeding season. stockers and feeders. The adaptability of these regions for beef cattle and the feed requirements or feed used for main- tenance and fattening in these regions are very briefly out- lined. Much more complete information is given in bulletins published by the department. Some of these bulletins are listed later. The Western Range.—Less than one-half of the Western Range is privately owned; the rest is unreserved public land, used as free range, State land, and forest, Indian, and mineral reservations. The grazing area on the National Forests in the Western Range region for the season of 1921 supported 2,347,308 cattle and horses and 8,337,356 sheep and goats, 246 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. ‘{B892MANOG puv yS9\\ OFF JO sesued emt Mice 4 ap eres an ev ‘e189 JO Sarao}jBy OY} AOJ MOTFo1 jedpoanid otf} St Fed Uo.) oud ‘QUO[R SSRIS UO- po i 2: poe es pas ay aa ATea om Borie ens Sv ypu oy ydoyY Sapo SMoo oy} 'sp.lod [[BUS Ol Pospe Be oye Gaus soyer, }Boly pus uviyporpeddy ey} UL ‘“SUOL}{puod osueL JSOW[E AOpPUN spo 9SABl UP Pastel oe Oo} } Bo ye SOLITBAC pure pure, ‘oud WWAo-yno Afodrey *ysevoy [eotdoqny oy} Suopy “pus pottyan toy} pue popoom uo Apetqo pasted OAR O[}}PBO Flo TOPO.) OG} UL “o[}Pvo Sulzuas OF AjoSV] popodaovp S] “PPL wyPULs Ayjsom Supq ‘Vsuwy UtoysoM PUL "OG DIT tei 7 ae oe a] now vitae i Oe . wayoua 0 SNrTiON a2 ONY JWuuad $s31 % wauv LNaovVrav ANvV L138 NYOo + Pecea! SVBUV poe SARITA Core Ze nnn el EEE] anole My Cool Ae S3NV1 LVAND ONY NVHOVIVddv € LSVOD 41ND GNV L138 NOLLOD Z a SNOIDSY AONVY | SLOWLSIO OILVOINHI x<~ AY e bY SNOID3H OINV-IN3S NI re a ; = = SV3YV NIVINNOW Y31SIOW eg et 75 Ce SAVVIWA GNV SHYVd po = Q3SYadSYAINI LIM RSS NOID3Y NIVANNOW AXD0¥ fvalwid LNOWO 4d ATH OL ONION 1} | | | Alt 1 a \ j \| NoILONaouwd 4aag 4O Svauv YNOS aed ‘suOIS0a SoyUT JvoIH pur arpyorleddy oy} ul jue. «od OL pur 4“sRop [eotdorjdng pur Jjegr U0}JOD 94} UP Fuoo Jed GT ‘Wore JueoR[pe puB Jog U1OH oy} UL poo acd GE ‘suOLset osuLY U1oJsoM OY} UL BIR 9[}VBO Jood oT} JO JUeD tod OF INOQyY “(6G “Fl ees) SABY SSRIs oR} JoOq}JO pur Ayqjour pus ‘(ge ‘Sty OoS) AVY PIM “(OF “SIT 09S) BILBI[V Aj(Rpodse ‘sAvy SNoutwMNse[ ‘(LE pur OF “SST oS) OSBIOF PUR aSTIIS Wnty s.108 ™ puke Uslod a8 Spool 1opULM [edpounid of) a1GM “(6% PUB SZ SS]. ves) pooy eurtTNs soy]ddus ongsved ‘SOSSB.LS = Sureyd st pue olread qQIM patoAoo A[AoutOy SBA TOL Ad UOIFo1 }BY} UL BIB So}PBIg poj}lUL, 9G} UL 2[}}BO Jood 9} JO JSOW—TSZ “OWT NX _—. - — — ———— ——— —— ses'igy | * 8D ’ Ose'ais bree | ts'eee't GOL'ERS ue L69'0LS . G75 bL9 Lost [ray vo1's9¢ ———— 7 e228 penanoo)—F7L1V) 4998 40 YIGWNN ; ; Zr9'006 5 5 Bip'2so'l 980'672'1 Looe ZOL'281 TY . ; ; 6I8't6t 0261 ‘GVIH W9d ANIVA FDVYIAV CNY Sel'6zz 2m 4 7 ’ Sacirte : VILLVI 499d JO YIGWAN | ber '2ze :! 106'6ze 662700 A Ipp'zce > 908 She * Ac eo Q (panuiyuoy) 3 FILLY) 49a —7 4O WaaWnN Sra Y SS ? S S QV3H 000'2 SLN3S3Y¥d3y LOO HOV OZ6l ‘| NVP ‘YaASWNN (SAA1W2 ONIGNION SWYV4a NO AILLVD 4ASSaE 248 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. BEEF CALVES ON FARMS NUMBER JAN. 1. 1920 EACH DOT REPRESENTS 1000 HEAD Fic. 22.—Most of the beef calves are on the plains from North Dakota to Texas and in the western part of the Corn Belt. The large number in the western part of the Corn Belt includes many calves which have been shipped in from the Southwest to feed. The total number in the United States on January 1, 1920, was 8,607,938. (Compare with Fig. 26.) YEARLING BEEF HEIFERS NUMBER. JAN. 1. 1920 EACH DOT REPRESENTS BEEF HEIFERS (Continued) YEARLING BEEF HEIFERS, 1920 STATE | NUMBER |] STATE | numeer | Tex. .| 400,342 | Colo lowa. .| 338.641 |) Okla Nebr. .| 292.711 || UI Kans. . | 240.569 || Calf S. Dak. | 222.931 |) Moat Mo 181.048 7 N. Mex Fic. 23.—There are scarcely half as many yearling heifers as beef calves, shown in Figure 22. In the heart of the Corn Belt there are 40 per cent as many yearling heifers as calves, whereas in the eastern Cotton Belt © and Gulf Coast there are 60 per cent. The geographic distribution of yearling heifers is similar to that of the calves. The total number on January 1, 1920, was 3,981,205. Our Beef Supply. 249 “YEARLING BEEF STEERS NUMBER. JAN. 1, 1920 EACH DOT REPRESENTS 1.000 HEAD” BEEF STEERS | (Continued) : 500 -| 119,977 Fic. 24.—There is a much greater concentration of yearling beef steers than yearling beef heifers in the western part of the Corn Belt. (See Fig. 23.) This is explained by the large number that are shipped into the Corn Belt annually for fattening. For the United States as a whole there were about 17 per cent more steers than heifers, the total number on January 1, 1920, being 4,650,347. EACH OOT REPRESENTS 1,000 HEAD BEEF STEERS 2 YEARS OLD AND OVER, 1920 Fic. 25.—The concentration of steers 2 years old and over in certain small feeding areas in the western portion of the Corn Belt is noteworthy. Other feeding centers should be noted in the limestone valleys that extend from southeastern Pennslyania to eastern Tennessee, in the blue-grass district of Kentucky, in southern Texas and the northern Panhandle, in the sugar beet districts along the North and the South Platte Rivers, and in the San Joaquin Valley in California. The total number in the United States, 4,629,778, was about the same as of yearlings. 250 Learbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. BEEF COWS AND HEIFERS _ (TWO YEARS OLD AND OveER} JAN: 1.1920 ’ BEEF COWS AND HEIFERS Continued) STATL] NUMBLR 429.480 BEEF COWS AND HEIFERS TWO YEARS OLD AND OVER, 1920 = S1AaT puunen if STATE [xomece | E Tex “he 181,359 || S. Dak. | 573,589 | lows 848.914 || Mc | 533,675 DOT REPRESENTS 000 HELD sp SS Se 828,853 || Colc 529.186 | 672.023 || Okla. . | 490,689 | 663 329 | Calif. | 441,059 | Pic: 26.—The most important breeding grounds of beef cattle.are the western portion of the Corn Belt; the Great Plains, especially western Texas and eastern New Mexico and Colorado; the valleys and high plateaus-of the far West; and-the subtropical coast: from Texas to Georgia. Notably sparse are the number of beef cows in the Cotton Belt and in the dairy region of the North Atlantic and Lake States. The total number of beef cows and heifers 2 years old and over was 12,624,996. BEEF BULLS 1 YEAR OLD AND OVER JAN. 1, 1920 : BULLS (Continued) NUMBER OF BEEF BULLS ONE YEAR OLD AND OVER, 1920 | STATE [NUMBER] STATE ||NUMBER| | Tes _ | 96.785 | S Dak |) 32.187 | 65.363 | N Mex |}-31,231 Vane f c 7 REPRESENTS | 46.193 | 1 [2 595 > See ERG | | + | 44,368 | Colo. || 25.932 | 32:595 | Olds. || 25,285 Fic. 27.—The geographic distribution of beef bulls, as one might expect, is similar to that of beef cows; but there is a much Jarger number of cows per bull in the West than in the East. (See Fig. 17.) In Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee there were about 10 beef cows and heifers 2 years old and over per bull, in Illinols and Iowa about 13, in Texas and Okla- homa about 20, and in the Rocky Mountain and Pacific States from 20 to 25. The total number of beef bulls in the United States was 725,165, which gives an average of 17 cows per bull. ; , Our Beef Supply. 251 Owing to the great diversity of topography, soil, rainfall, and temperature in the Western States it is very difficult to classify. the range according to its carrying capacity. In areas of equal carrying capacity there is often a considerable variation in the length of the grazing season on account of variations in altitude. However, the Western States have been divided into the 25 areas given in Table 2. Within these areas the bulk of the range falls within reasonably definite limits as to carrying capacity and length of the grazing season, the season being shorter in the higher altitudes which are used for summer grazing, as shown in Figures 28 and 29. The lower altitudes are used for winter grazing, which is supplemented with hay when the range is covered with snow. In the southern part of the Western Range the cattle are grazed during the winter, usually without supplemental feeds. TABLE 2.—Character of forage and estimated capacity of the western grazing areas of the United States. Length Area to Areas. Chief forages. of support season. a cow. - Months., Acres ‘Northern Great Plains...........--:----| Grama, grama-buffalo, wheat | 5to & 15to 25 es grass. Southern Great Plains. ......-.--------- Grama-buffalo-.:..........-..- 5tol0! 15to 25 SVEN cl ed 5 i] Ep Ai a ES eee | Grama, short grasses. ......-... | S$to 5| 25to 30 ‘Central Rocky Mountains.-..-......----- | Mountain weeds and grass....| 3to 5, 20to 25 New Mexico-Arizona mountains.....-.. Grama grass, browse-......-.-- 6to 12) 25to 30 West-central and northwestern Mon- | Pine grass..........-......--.- 3to 7| 35to 40 tana. Southwestern Montana...........-.---- Shortprassess.-<-.oceac ose ee 3to 6| 20to 25 Northern Rocky Mountains...-..-.---- Bunch grass, browse....-.-.--- 3to 6! 60to 150 Dente idaho: «© 6m. Peers ss eos Bunch grass, weeds, browse...| 3to 7 | 25to 30 Wasatch, Uinta, and Wyoming Moun- | Grass, browse-.-......-..------- 300) 14-1620 to -25 » tains. Northeastern Nevada, southern Idaho, | Bunch grass, sagebrush. -----. 4to 8 | 35to 40 and central Oregon. East-central Nevada mountains-........ Bunch grass, browse...-.-..-- 4to 6) 25to 50 Wyoming semideserts.--.....--..-...-- Sagebrush, shadscale, grease-| 2to 4 | 50 to 100 : wood, short bunch grasses. Utah-Arizona deserts .........-.:-..-.-- IBTOMSG +220. 2-H ac eee 2to 5| 75 to 150 New Mexico-Arizona foothills.--.......-. Browse, tobosa, grama grass..-| 4to 8 | 30to 60 San Luis Valley of Colorado..........-. Greasewood, salt and short | 7to 9j| 30to 40 é : grass. Utah foothills and valleys.........-...- Sagebrush, bunch, salt, and | 5to 7! 25to 30 : . June grasses. “Mohave Desert ! of California........-.-- Annua] weeds, browse........|..------- 640 Nevada semideserts.-.-.-...------------ Shadscale, greasewood, browse.| Ito 4] 75 to 150 Southeastern Oregon and Snake River | Sagebrush and bunch grass..-.| 2to 5 | 50 to 100 . plains. "a Dasari River Basin@n «sos. oases = Bunchierass.-.. 2. -asascrecsaes 7to 9] 10to 30 - Eastern California mountains. .-.....-..-- Browse and bunch grass...... 3to 6] 25to 35 Western Oregon mountains..--..------- IBEOWSG =e cos set ee ie eee nee 3to 7} 75 to 100 Southwestern California mountains. ---. IBIOWSC 2h oceereeee see cesses 6to12| 40to 60 California-Oregon mountain valley - - - - - Grass and weeds........-.---- 6to 8} 10to 25 1The grazing season on the Mohave Desert depends on the availability of water for the cattle. 99912°—-yseK 1921——_17 +18 bo Or bo Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. OM:SJhy WIA 25 - 499 [ | OVER 75 ACRES PER COW in general, .the carrying capctty of im- proved pasture. In the Scuthern States the map represenrs eS SEAS CARRYING CAPACITY PASTURE AND RANGE LAND Sone SSNS A NOTE: /n the easter halt of the United Sta ement and farm ; 44 Economics. /n general, cows are given supplementary reed, Otfice of Form Mona the mop /s based on reports from nine thousana Formers os ro acres.used percon, compiled by OL Luxe, Survey.ond within, the Notional Fores?s by CEKacnrora US forest Service. Shown The western halt of the map outside the National Fores: é wos prepared by AEAnoous of the Land Classification Boord US.Geol/ and tt 1s probotle that rhe acreage reguired per'steer with - out supplementary Feed would be more than she amounis Fic. 28.—During the summer season most of the beef cattle in the United States are kept on pasture. The acreage of pasture in the United States is two and a half times that of all crops, and its value in the production of beef cattle probably is equal to that of all crops. There are about 70 million acres of improved pasture and probably 150 million acres of unim- proved pasture in farms, 200 million acres of woodland pasture in farms and in the national forests, and about 500 million acres of arid or semi- arid open range land in the West. The carrying-capa¢ity indicated -on the map is an average of the different kinds of. pasture occurring in the locality, and represents only the land actually used for pasture. Our Beef Supply. 253 WESTERN RANGE GRAZING SEASON AREAS | Desert Land (No Grazing) MB [rrigated Areas ADAPTED FROM MAP PREPARED gy Atserr F. Porrer, US.Forest Sev Fic. 29.—In the summer the cattle in the West near the mountains are com- monly driven up into the national forests, which contain large areas of open grass land and parks, as well as abundant browse. In the Great Plains region, in western New Mexico and Arizona, and in the Pacific States, also in much of Nevada, cattle are grazed the year round on the range, commonly with supplementary winter feed. The winter range is mostly desert and used more largely for grazing sheep than cattle. Many cattle are fattened in the irrigated areas. The map, originally prepared by A. F Potter, formerly of the Forest Service, has been revised by O. C. Stine, Bureau of Agricultural Economics. It does not extend to the eastern boundary of the range area, which is about 200 miles farther east. Nearly al] this area not shown is yearlong pasture. 254 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. The Cotton Belt.—In considering the beef-cattle industry of the Cotton Belt, certain areas where cotton is not the chief crop are included, such as the mountainous regions of Ala- bama. Georgia, Arkansas, and Oklahoma, and the prairies of southern Florida, Louisiana, and southern Texas. On the prairies the cattle are handled in large herds, somewhat as they are in the Western Range, but in the Cotton Belt proper there are commonly only a few cattle on each farm. Grazing throughout the year can usually be depended upon. In this region the production of Brahman cattle is becoming well established. They are growthy, prolific, stand the heat and Fic. 30.—The upper picture shows a purebred beef bull, scrub cows, and first and second cross cows and calves in a Cotton Belt herd. The lower picture shows a drove of second-cross calves which were produced by such a grad- ing-up process. A pressing need in the South is more purebred beef cattle. (See Fig. 17.) A general grading up of the quality of the cattle in the South would greatly increase the productivity and profitableness of the industry. Our Beef Supply. 255 parasites better, and are more resistant to Texas-fever ticks than other cattle. On the cut-over pine lands of the coastal plains, extending from North Carolina to Texas, most of the cattle run on the range the year around. It requires from 5 to 20 acres of such pasture per cow. The chief grasses are wire grass and broom sedge, which have a low feeding value. The Iic. 31.—Brahman bulls in the tick-infested portions of southern Texas and the Gulf Coast region have proved valuable for crossing with the native beef cattle. Immunity from Texas fever extends normally to cattle having as little as one-eighth Brahman blood. As the tick is ex- terminated purebred bulls of other breeds should be introduced. Fic. 32.—Piney woods steers make good oxen of considerable size for use in lumbering when they are well fed. The virgin longleaf pine forests, such as are shown in this picture, are being rapidly used up. This cut- over land should be utilized to the best advantage. The best of it may be used for crops, but the greater part is better suited for grazing, and the remainder is fit only for reforestation. 256 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. cattle do well until about midsummer, after which time they scarcely hold their own unless improved pastures are avail- able. The best grasses known to improve the piney-woods pasture are Bermuda for the richer soils, carpet grass for the moist flatwoods, and Natal grass for the drier, poorer soils. Lespedeza (Japanese clover) is a good pasture and hay crop throughout most of this area. In central Texas and Oklahoma cattle are raised on large fenced pastures, which are supplemented during the winter with cottonseed cake, hay, and grain sorghums. On cotton plantations the cattle are kept on woodland pasture and abandoned cotton fields and stalk fields. The chief forage plants are lespedeza and Bermuda grass. In the Ozarks and the mountainous parts of northern Alabama and Georgia most of the cattle are raised on small farms. The cattle are wintered chiefly on corn and cotton stalk fields, stover, hay, corn silage, and cottonseed meal. Quantities of Feed Used in the Cotton Belt—Table 3 is based upon records kept on 1,383 head of cattle. To find Taste 3—The amounts of feed used per 1,000 pounds live weight for wintering cows, calves, yearlings, and 2-year-old steers in the Cotton Belt. | | | | Feed per 1,000 pounds live weight. Pie j | +y)or | ) Num- Avy- ; ber Location and eee erage Faas Leg- Bio, Se in class of cattle. 18 | linitial|\— ntl EE umes | Si q tests period. veight|Velsht| tein | Grain.| and |COrse} Sic | an ee a al a | ied hay, | lage. | winter head. ; tiny | and past- 7° \straw. ure. In Arkansas: Days.| Lbs. | Lbs. | Lbs. | Lbs. | Lbs. | Lbs. | Lbs. | Acres 63 COWS-<452; <5 150 913 +35 252 57 686 778 | 3,827 @) In Mississippi: 261 Cows 94 808 —53 DAG A eee 686 303 15 | 25.25 638 Calves........ 118| 381] +28] 399} 375| 908 | 821} 475 | 32.00 | In Tennessee: ; 46 Yearlings....| 126 563 +1 BOSE. 5 WOW COSDIPEr Cali*. 25. lo. cesweced esa sce {5x2 2228 See Saeeee | 24.28 | 36.37 37.63 SICOSHIPOE CAN ooo e ances cteccecenses | pavery £ Pee, eee eae | 3.47 2.36 2.45 asUOncalinigmeanin cei. on nae Ul Seen ene | 27.75 |. 38.73 | 40.07 1 The values given are based on the following prices for feed and labor: PPE Gee eee coins aoe Ses eon we uienteces SoS ote sce acces per head per day-.. $0.05 HS. 2 se dt eSoceatant ottecd comice Eee eee ein eins = Oe aerser acten per ton.. 10,00 LIUTVUE Eo) Sg SOC BB SBR ACS al MO oOo a Sal a ee ER ee ere PP ogee ee do.... 4.00 LECTIAGTT TT Se Ras Seegiele BCS « Ae cetacean oa ae PS Re = Se do.... 35.00 CSE ESC Bee arte ge le a deme a eee CES = Me te te eI a ae ee do--2. 2:00 LSB eats eS a ey eS a ee ere ee es ee ay dors -2::00 CTT Pe Sas ase SE a a ae ee ey nae ne ene neh arr, ape per bushel... .50 REISE RMSE oo noe nee ere ON ola Soa ae Soe See oe occ bed Same eae eee ceemeneee rec Soe per acre.. 1.00 Ret BOI ee tears tae es a a eae a Sea oS arena osu Sees ea a = per hour . 20 PE DSPSEL eT] Be eres Sek 5 ee er ea a en ee ee do. .10 2 To obtain the cost per calfraised to weaning age of 6 to 8 months, the number of cows kept per calfis multiplied by the cost of keeping a cow one year. To this product, is added the proportionate cost of keeping a bull per calf raised under the various systems. 99912°—-YBK 1921 18 268 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. TABLE 6.—Quantities of feed and labor required and the computed cost of keeping cows to produce calves and of carrying the weanling calves to short yearlings as stockers or as baby beef (Corn Belt)— Continued. Quantities. Values. Systems of production. Par- Par- tially | Beet | B&b¥ | tiahy | Beet milked| cows. ena milked} cows. cows. "| cows. WINTERING OR FATTENING A WEANLING CALF: 2 | Number of calves under study. .-.......- [2,015 | 7; 236) | 4009!|: 25523) sae eee Feed: PA eee oe em pounds..| 1,080] 1,218] 1,150] $5.40] $6.09 Silnre:= 2.3. eee acs ed do. 218 266 658 44 53 Pecbam Mpal: Hoss. ae ee do.. 12 7 141 21 12 SIRE) ea ee eee eee do.22 114 110 40 ll 11 1 Gis Gs (7) a ge eee re do 204 159 See 20 16 Comes et oS bushels 6.1 8.6 41.0 3.05 4.30 Cor Stalks 222.2. 2e-sass a= acres a 1 03 10 10 Pastiires< | 20st days..| 10.0 9.0 48.0 50 45 WOBd \COSU Naas = one aoe ee ae eee eae eee lain hefabes 10.01 | 11.86 Labor: | Man hours: oo. 5.56 os. sass eee 12.5 8.6 12.2 2.50 BY Horse hours: .. 2-53-2eesss A 4.7 6.8 | 9.1 -47 68 Other expenses...per cent of gross cost... 14 15 12.5 2.11 2. 52 Gross wintering or fattening cost..-!........]......-. [ise Seen 15.09 | 16.78 Deductions for by-products: PSP GE ESE oe csscssscee loads.. | 1.0 1.5 1.5] 1.00} 1.50 orks ee 08 See oe zs pounds). 52 2-5 | ee 23 38 | -nscccediSasteee I ————————————— Wataldeduerions = = ceo et al | eeere 1.00| 1.50 a ——. ————. Net wintering or fattening cost..... ae ae ene ee a ae 14.09 | 15.28 Cost at weaning time.............-. | ae sel ee ee 27.75 | 38.73 Total production cost, 12 to 15 months. . - | See ae 1) eae ye bres 41. 84 | 54. 01 ’Thecalves wintered averaged 12 to 14 months of age. The calves fattened as baby beef averaged 14 to 15 months of age and 825 pounds in weight when marketed. ————— Our Beef Supply. 269 Beef Cattle Fattening Costs. Beginning with the winter feeding season 1918-19, the United States Department of Agriculture and five State ex- periment stations of the Corn Belt began a five-year study of beef cattle feeding costs. Five general cattle feeding areas, one in each of five Corn Belt States, were selected, namely, eastern Nebraska, west-central lowa, north-central Llinois, east-central Indiana, and central Missouri. In each of these areas beef cattle feeding cost figures were kept on approx:- mately 100 droves of cattle each year since the first winter, 1918-19. During the first two winters, when corn was about $1.50 per bushel, feed made up from 80 to 85 per cent of all feed- lot costs, man and horse labor 4 to 9 per cent, and all other expenses 9 to 14 per cent. During the third winter, 1920-21, when corn was charged to the cattle at about 50 cents a bushel, feed made up from 68 to 76 per cent of all fattening costs, with labor 7 to 11 per cent and the other expenses 17 to 24 per cent. Table 8 shows that thin cattle going into the feed lot in the fall of 1920 cost very nearly as much as those bought during the previous years of high corn prices. The net cost of 100 pounds gain, however, was about half in 1920-21 what it had been the two preceding years. In the winter of 1918-19 and of 1919-20, when corn was around $1.50 a bushel, the value of manure and pork paid for all costs other than the feed bill, provided the cattle were not on pasture too long. In the winter of 1920-21, under 50-cent corn prices, manure and pork values paid for only approximately half the feed-lot ex- penses other than the feed itself. It is a noticeable fact that in the last winter, when feed costs had fallen about half, the other:expenses increased in most States. Variation in the Cost of Fattening Cattle. As there are wide differences between farms in the kind of rations used and methods of feeding, as well as in the grade of feeder cattle bought for feeding and in the skill of the farmer as a cattle feeder, there are wide variations in the net cost of different droves of corn-fed cattle by the time they culture, 1921. “4 the Department of Agi ‘of 270 Yearbook *sfep ainjseg erg 992 ‘T tL ‘T 6L 88 £94 Ip 'T 92h % 18 86 806 91g ‘T 992 T 1053 LEI 8qT “aseYysNol AIp [20 £9 GE | 969 yy G20 8a1 OPE 698 98 08% 681 66% 688 O9T ale 8q7T 811 ‘OND pal-usoo POLS | GB. [aE oh 18 Tyce S| PS (Fhe Ta peal a oT ee Ge. |e Srser ¢ Sh ues |e. |: Sirng ROO a kay a0 Po SOLae s me)|| Ser a6 g 6 |°""7*| OIL | ot | st re [4 | 08 |e | ont £ €1 ee | % GLe Be SF) We | te St 8g Ted eS oot ae) DE tel Brave alae Tat | € oo | 6 GL 4 COR CO) lee eat a 8QT | '8Q'T | °8Q°T | 891 i gs/elei|e| & Spee or Spe ie Ba [|e le a eB) a Per || 8h || OL | & €9 || ab Ue lik a G9 LD SL ewe bl 11 I] eof HACa| 1g |g |tteeefeee 48 || 19 a PL 09 || €9 JH Ca} BOT | FL 5" | ST eh (10 [Eee | wig ett | OL || 82t || 2 | zy & |] OPT || GT | 2b 16 TRPS lores clay 98 |] 82 || 2 | RE OP oT | t v SQ'T || "8Q'T | “8Q'T | "Sq tel fe) fa. ae: ei] 2) Bs a a leo |) & La rg || oe] » =a | t= =| o | es Se ee] & BE || Sel & =~ Ae a g || 2 Be Sie : 3 a UL UD spunod HOT *[B9ul [10 pevsury “TROUT psasu01}09 999 ‘Sq “u109 [‘sode [[e so O[})00 fsuOstos Fuypooy 10VUT AA ] Te | 681 ‘9 0°S | 668 % 8'b | 7990's e's | pesos Oe | 228 ‘% Ge | PTS 8‘p | 9TO‘e 19 | 200F 0°% | $62 ‘F 6'% | 298° 6'e | elp'e 9p | OPE ‘T 69 | 999°% €'8 | 966 ‘8 8b | 862% ‘NUT a B | & ie] 8 & a es ie i , - “SIS POTlOYS 1 vee evesebeeneeesomoggrar vee eeenenaes Se seguBrDUT seeneeeeBeeors-* SOM wegen ies G2 Fe gag Gheereepbes => sgapaIqON 12-0261 JO WosBos Furpooy one a ere -veeeeeenneottes egugmpuT sneeeeeesssoeseseogomTTT sen eeeengh sens onee- MOT tbeeeeeae stat emppiQ@NT :0%-6GI16T JO UOsvos Surpooyy Sepa eons CERT TT nbs +r == S TD OT ap = es ee Sie TOUT TT FOSS NE SSS OR OE.) a ae ee GOL S ea ONT ‘6T-STBT JO UOSvoS Furpooy ‘o}RIg puR UOSBEg DULYDUE UL JJOT UsOQ AYL UL posn Logn) pun pao] Jo sariprpunng—} wavy, Our Beef Supply. 271 reach the stockyards. This difference was greatest during the winters of 1918-19 and 1919-20, when the farm price of corn was about $1.50 a bushel and the prices of other feeds correspondingly high, as Figure 42 shows. In the 1920-21 winter, when corn fed to the cattle covered in this study averaged 52 cents a bushel, there were not such wide differences in costs from one drove to another. The average cost per 100 pounds live weight of finished cattle covered in this study in the winter of 1918-19 was $14.69; in 1919-20 was $14.04; and in 1920-21 was $10.19. VARIATION IN THE NET COST OF CORN-FED BEEF! CORN BELT AREA WINTERS, 1918-19, 1919-20, 1920-21 COST PER 100 POUNDS LAID DOWN AT MARKET DOLLARS * - wn ° U = VU =~ Ww — < Ww = = i =< 12) wu °o Ww ©) < = z ww 1S) 4 Ww a ea ey aks = ea me = fe ar == Bee ar oa als an aoe a mY SL is il res! A at a ra ae =a ashe! pat ar ae = eh | ona a ae =a ie xm Bre coal cael oxi Ps rm cam ae 1G- Py le" Ia” 44 tS “Tor Id 138 SS 202 2h 22 we wu Fic. 42.—There is great variation in the cost per hundred pounds of pro- ducing fat cattle on different farms and in different years, especially since the war, when prices of feed and labor have been changing rapidly. In the winter of 1918-19 the cost varied from $7 to $23, but 57 per cent cost between $12 and $16 per hundred pounds. In 1919-20 the variation was from $8 to $22, but 65 per cent cost between $12 and $16. In 1920-21 the cost varied from $5 to $16, and 81 per cent cost between $8 and $12. The cost of production survey included about 55,000 cattle. 272 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. TABLE 8.—Costs of fattening cattle in the Corn Belt. [Average of cattle of all ages.] 5 1A =| 2 : ‘ = io »~ » Era = ae 2 ex |8 ee Bs ce RS) pre ag n2| 9 “| 2e|es Season and State. | § |$5/,6 Z2) § 2 |o8 <= £5 Ss g EEzE <2 | 2 |g |e |E8| 26 |2"| 28 [28 lak Aliza SF |e [Alo |S ja 14 Ia in ke a Lad! iamube Gena. os Winter of 1918-19: | | | Nebraska....... 176 295 |1.68)$26. 48 $70. 40)$79. 69 $7. 01/$9. 24 $166. 34 $17. 83/$148. 51) 1,010 ewe 155 272 |1.75 29.10) 75.28 $3.19) 4.62) 9.25] 172.34) 17.92 154.42) 1,017 Illinois. ........ 186 [295 |1.59) 28.28) 81.68) 84.57) 9.19/11.97] 187.41] 22.31] 165, 10) 1,084 Indiana......... 183 [344 1. 88) 22.40)| 76.29) 75.52, 5.9412. 80) 170. 55) 17.21) 153.34 1,024 Missouri........ 161 |268 |1.66, 23.59) 71 38, 56.91 4.89 8.45, 141.63 7.02 | 134,61, 997 Winter of 1919-20: | | Nebraska....... 156 |270 |1.73) 23.99) 80.49, 66.84) 3.80 8.97, 160.10 14.84) 145. 26) 1,067 lowac-o 2 184 (326 [1.80 23.28) 77,10 82.30 4.13/10. 72) 174.25) 21.27, 152. 98, 1, 112 Wlinois. 2st. /170 |247 |1.45) 33.22 sen 84.10 6.68 10.44) 178.74) 19.16) 159.58) 1,068 Indiana........- '183 |290 |1.58 25.26}| 79.94) 76.09 5.99/12.37, 174.39, 21.20) 153.19) 1,074 Missouri........ 1196 |262 1.34) 26.22|| 77.26| 65.71 4.67) 8.51, 156.15) 10.20] 145.95) 1,069 Winter of 1920-21: | | Nebraska. ...... 166 |309 |1. 86) 13. 94|| 78.68 34.17 4.29 12.05, 129.19, 7.44) 121.75) 1,182 Towa. .-......-. /194 |353 |1. 83] 12. 34|| 74.67) 36.89 3. 81|11.99| 127.36, 9.14) 118.22) 1, 194 Illinois. ........ 174 |258 1.48) 18. 08)| 66.49) 38.17 5.73 10.63} 121.02; 7.89) 113.13) 1,101 Indiana......... ‘166 |270 1.63 15.44) 70.09} 35.30 5.2211. 25 121. 86, 10.08) 111.78 1,099 Missouri........ ps 343 ag 16.11)) 67.81) 48.06 Cat aoe 131.04, 7.97 123.01) 1, 186 ’ | } 2 The details of the feed-lot costs are given in Appendix. Page 836, Table 486, TapLe 9.—The normal costs of fattening a 2-year-old steer in the Corn Belt, with the farm price of corn at given levels. | Expenses | Dedue- Farm price of Feed. series eg fetal on et Net cost. pas Sie aE and man cost. Ce ee (pounds). | SS eee $36.05) $2.22] $10.46| $48.73 Dis 2 tae $8.68 | $40.05 315 l(74.0%) | (4.6%) | (21.4%) | (100%) $47.45 | $2.91 $11.26 | $61.62 F/M ed. ase } 11.23 50.39 305 2 1|(77.0%) | (4.7% | (18.3%)} (100%) $58. 85 $3.60| $12.05 | $74.50 CS 1 Rene eee ee 2 } 13.78| 60.72 295 (79.0%) | (4.8%) | (16.2%) | (100%) $70.25 $4.28] $12.85] $87.38 S952. te ee 16.35 71.03 285 (80.4%) | (4.9%) | (14.7%) | (100%) $1. 50 DE i Me seh eh, f $81. 65 H. 97 $13. 66 $100. 28 18. 91 81.37 275 (81.4%) | (5.0%) | (13.6%) | (100%) Our Beef Supply. 273 Costs at Different Corn-Price Levels. Table 9 shows the normal cost of fattening a steer in the Corn Belt when the farm price per bushel of corn is at any one of the five prices given. Due consideration was taken of the fact that the freight and labor costs during the winter of 1920-21 were not in line with 50-cent corn, and adjust- ments were made to pre-war freight and wages. Feed represents a somewhat higher per cent of the gross cost with high-priced corn than it does with the 50-cent corn. The value of pork and manure produced behind cattle amounts to as much as all expenses other than feed with $1.50 corn, while with 50-cent corn the value of pork and manure amounts in normal times to about two-thirds of the expenses other than feed. It will be noted that this table bears out the rule that starting with 50-cent corn the net cost of fattening a steer advances half as fast as the price of corn; that is, when the price of corn doubles from 50 cents to 51 a bushel, the net cost of fattening a steer increases one- half over what it cost at the 50-cent corn level. Price Returned for Corn by Winter-Fed Cattle. Cattle charged with the cash farm. prices for corn and other feeds were not always able to return a profit to their owners. There were many cattle, especially in the winters of 1918-19 and 1919-20, that were able, however, to return market prices for all their feed other than corn and, in addi- tion, returned enough to pay the cost of growing this corn. When taking the average per head sales price of each drove of cattle covered in this study, and subtracting from this amount of money all the costs going into making that steer, excepting the cost of corn, the balance of money left has been called the returns that the steer made for corn. Not all cattle under study fed during the three winters showed a profit balance even when corn was not charged tothem. In making Figure 43, the money that some steers showed as a loss bal- ance divided by the bushels of corn eaten gives as a result a _ figure which has been called the loss per bushel of corn eaten. It is noticeable that in the winter of 1920-21 very few cattle were able to return more than $1 per bushel for corn fed, 274 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. PERCENTAGE OF CATTLE RETURNING CERTAIN VALUE PER BUSHEL OF CORN FED OTHER FEEDS HAVING BEEN CHARGED AT CASH FARM PRICES CORN BELT AREA WINTERS 1918-19, 1919-20, 1920-21 PER | CATTLE UNABLE CATTLE TO PAY ANYTHING PAYING RETURNS FOR CORN FOR CORN WINTER 1918-19 WINTER 1919-20 WINTER 1920-21 REIRR , eeee x ?, 'e a eS ; \? % 2103 1102 Otol Otol 1102 2103 3104 4105 LOSSES DOLLARS PER BUSHEL DOLLARS PER BUSHEL RETURNS Fic. 43.—There is a considerable number of steers which do not pay for the corn fed to them, when other feeds are charged at cash farm prices. The cross-hatched columns represent the percentage of the steers each winter which lost from i cent to $2 per bushel of corn they were fed, while the black columns represent the steers paying from 1 cent to $5 for the corn. In the winter of 1920-21 almost one-half the steers paid nothing for the corn fed to them, if other feeds are charged at cash farm prices. (See Fig. 42.) Our Beef Supply. 275 while on the other hand many cattle were unable to return anything to their owners for their corn after paying market prices for all other feed (see Fig. 43). Averaging together the cattle under study in all five Corn Belt States, the amount realized per bushel of corn fed to them, after they had paid all other feed-lot expenses, was $1.29 in the winter of 1918-19. $0.80 in the winter of 1919-20, and $0.01 in the winter of 1920-21. Importance of Credit for Beef Production. The financial needs of beef-cattle producers can be sep- arated roughly into two classes. First, cattlemen who breed and raise cattle, either to fatten or to sell as stockers and feeders, need loans maturing in not less than one to three years. This is called “middle term” credit. Secondly, men who purchase and fatten feeder cattle need “short term” credit for three to six months. At present the chief agencies for credit are the local banks and cattle-loan companies. Banking laws frequently lmit the size and duration of loans to such an extent that the banks can not satisfactorily meet the credit demands of cat- tlemen. Cattle-loan companies are found in practically all important live-stock markets. Ordinarily it is very diffi- cult to obtain satisfactory loans on cattle for one to three years, as these agencies desire to make loans for a period not to exceed six months, which, of course, is ample for feed- ing purposes. When one needs credit for a longer period _ for developing young cattle for market the privilege of renewal is frequently granted. In some cases the loans are made without any security other than a promissory note from the borrower, but more commonly the borrower is re- quired to give a mortgage on his live stock or land. The use of credit or financial statements has become quite common in connection with cattle loans. As a rule an ex- aminer inspects the herd occasionally. to see that the value of the security pledged for the loan is protected. When the borrower is a reliable man and a good feeder, and the market is steady, the banks may grant credit up to 100 per cent of the value of the herd, because live stock usually becomes much more valuable with time due to growth and finish. The aver- 276 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. age, however, is nearer 75 per cent. Some loans are made for only 50 per cent of the market value. In order to be eligible for rediscount at Federal reserve banks cattle paper must have a maturity not to exceed six months and must be presented by a member bank. The pro- ceeds of these notes must also have been used for agricul- tural purposes. Cattle-loan companies, however, usually de- sire to find a buyer for their notes and mortgages. If they are for small amounts they are usually sold as such direct to investors. Companies who make large loans, however, find it easier to dispose of these notes by retaining them as se- curity for notes or bonds issued by the company in popular denominations. The activities of the Stock Growers’ Finance Corporation and the War Finance Corporation during the summer and fall of 1921 and the winter of 1922 have helped to establish easier and longer credit for cattlemen. Their needs could be met much more adequately by slight amendments to the Federal Reserve and Federal Farm Loan acts. =~] Our Beef Supply. 27 Marketing Beef Cattle. The market is the goal of the producer. The cattleman therefore is greatly concerned in knowing what the consumer wants in the way of beef or veal, when it is wanted, where it must be delivered, and what price it will probably command. Cattle marketing has undergone many important changes since the country was first founded. In the early colonial days the family circle comprised both producer and con- sumer, and consequently there were neither marketing nor marketing problems. Specialization in production soon re- sulted in surpluses which had to be disposed of outside the family circle. Then marketing began with all its attending difficulties and problems. Boston was probably the first centralized live-stock market in the country, records indicating that as early as 1638 cattle were driven from New Hampshire to Boston to be marketed. The Dutch, at New Amsterdam, which is now New York City, the Quakers at Philadelphia, and the English Catholics at Baltimore each established cattle markets at an early date. It is noteworthy that all of these early markets have functioned continuously down to the present time, despite the westward movement of the beef-cattle industry. - With the development of the Corn Belt and the opening of the Western Range regions live-stock markets were estab- lished at various points on the Great Lakes and along the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. Thereafter most of the western cattle went to these newer and nearer markets instead of to the Atlantic seaboard. Beef was packed in Chicago as early as 1832, but the first stockyards were not established until 1848. In 1865 the Chicago Union Stock Yards were opened, five smaller stockyards located’; in differ- ent parts.of the city having been combined to form the new organization.” Purine the last half of the nineteenth century markets were eee at Kansas City, St. Louis, Louisville, Omaha, Denver, Sioux City, St. Paul, St. Joseph, and Wichita. During the next 10 years Fort Worth, Oklahoma City, and Portland, Oreg., markets were established, while more re- cently the list has been increased by the opening of markets at Salt Lake City, Seattle, Nebraska City, Sioux Falls, 278 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921, Atlanta, Dallas, Montgomery, El Paso, Jacksonville, and elsewhere, until at the present time there are some 67 well- established, centralized live-stock markets doing business. The volume of business passing through these central markets annually is enormous. Complete receipts data are available only as far back as 1915, when the United States Department of Agriculture began compiling such informa- tion. During the seven years 1915 to 1921, inclusive, a total of 147,787,991 cattle and calves passed through public stock- yards. In 1918 total receipts of cattle and calves at central markets amounted to 25,295,000 head, which is probably the greatest number to be so marketed during a single year in the history of the country. Modern Methods of Marketing Beef Cattle. Many methods are used by the producer in marketing beef cattle, but most of them may be grouped under six or seven general heads. The principal systems, listed in the probable order of their relative importance, are as follows: (a) Selling to country drover for shipment to central markets. (2) Shipping to central markets through cooperative asso- ciations. (c) Shipping to central markets direct. (¢) Direct marketing to local butchers. (€) Selling direct: (1) Selling direct to packer-buyer, or speculator in the country. (2) Shipping direct to the pack- ing house. (7) Slaughtering on farms and selling as carcass meat. (7) Special forms of marketing, such as (1) auction sales, (2) selling on the range to cooperative purchasers, etc., (3) selling on mail orders. From one-half to three-fourths of the beef cattle mar- keted in the United States pass through central markets. In 1916 central markets received more than 71 per cent of the beef cattle marketed, and in 1917, 76 per cent. Since then there has been a slow but steady decrease in the percentage of cattle disposed of through public stockyards. In 1918 about 75 per cent, in 1919, 74 per cent, and in 1920, 70 per cent passed through public stockyards, whereas in 1921 the apparent proportion so marketed dropped to 67 per cent. Our Beef Supply. 279 One of the earliest methods of disposing of cattle was through sales to the country drover, and although during the past few years the business of the drover has been seri- ously curtailed because of the development of newer methods of marketing, it seems probable that a greater per cent of cattle and calves still pass through the hands of the country drover than are marketed in any other way. Formerly the drover had a tremendous advantage in his dealings with most farmers due to his superior knowledge of general market conditions. Recently, however, the extension of such facilities as the telephone, rural free delivery of mail, wire- less telegraph and telephone has placed the farmer on a more nearly equal footing with the drover. Next to the country drover, cooperative shipping is prob- ably the most important present-day method of marketing beef cattle. In 1920 approximately one-fourth of Iowa’s live stock was marketed cooperatively. During the same year Wisconsin had about 500 cooperative live-stock shipping associations, which handled approximately 65 per cent of the live stock marketed by that State. Shipping to central markets by producers has always been the favorite method of large-scale producers. The range eattleman or the Corn Belt feeder who has anywhere from a few carloads to several trainloads of cattle to market at one time usually prefers to take his own stock to market rather than patronize either the country drover or the coop- erative shipping association. The local butcher has always provided an important out- let for cattle. His nearness to the producer gives him cer- tain advantages, but during recent years this advantage has been somewhat neutralized by the economy of large-scale slaughtering and the extension by the big packers of the peddler car system. - Selling direct to a speculator or packer buyer in the coun- try and shipping direct to the packing house appeals to some producers on account of the elimination of stockyard charges. The chief objection to these methods is that it relieves the producer of a certain amount of responsibility, and thereby contributes to his position of comparative isolation and dis- courages careful study of market and trade conditions. 280 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. In 1919, 1,904,581 cattle and calves were slaughtered on farms, while 224,780,189 pounds of beef and veal were sold from farms during the same year. Auction sales, selling on mail order, and selling on the range to cooperative purchas- ers, are comparatively new ways of disposing of cattle and have not, as yet, become important. RAILWAY SHIPMENTS CATTLE AND CALVES AREA OF CIRCLES VARIES WITH NUMBER OF CATTLE LOADED RAILWAY | SHIPMENTS | (Continued) RAILWAY SHIPMENTS CATTLE AND CALVES. 1918 STATE [NUMBER] STATE [NUMBER Nebr. | 90,805 || Kans. .| 68,479 87.281 | Minn .| 42,343 86,445 || Okla. .| 38.603 83.143 || Colo. | 35,022 | 80.339 || S. Dak. | 25.527 peer = et) L s Fie. 44.—Statistics of railway loadings of cattle and calves are ayailable only for the year 1918. Nebraska was the leading State in that year, with over 90,000 carloads. Jllinois, Texas, Missouri, and Iowa each shipped nearly as many, Iowa shipping practically as many from country points as Nebraska. These five States furnished more than half of all cattle and ealves shipped in the United States during that year. Market as well as country loadings are included. The cattle were shipped mostly to the big markets and packing centers located in the same group of Stetes. (See Figs. 45, 53, and 54.) Cattle Markets. The flow of cattle and calves through central markets is made up of many smaller streams, every State contributing its quota. These contributions vary greatly in size SULIND SOVBTS poyay), ot} ul SspavdAy Nos orqud 29 ay} 1B SoATBO PuB op]}VBd. JO S)dteaoe1 OY} JO JUoO id GG WAQO—GF ‘OT Wee —= SFA TVS “FILLY AO SLd1d99u 2 5D 82 WHONON 0261-9161 ‘SUVA S AO ADVYAAY ‘SLINYVW L9 LV SJA1VO GNV FTLLVI JO SLd1d09e = ~ a fom NN ~ QD (panuiyuoy) . SIATVO = ‘FLLVO D 40 SLd1999u As N = O Q3AIZ03H YHASWNN Z HLIM S3IHVA LO0 JO VAHV = ' OZG6I-9I6L S3AIVD GNV JILLVD JO SldIFDIN ATNVSA JOVYSAV NO GISVEA 3ZIS SJAILV139Y SLAYYVW AILLVO 282 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. a Fic. 46.—Feeder cattle are those which give evidence of ability to put on additional flesh and fat. The grade of such animals is determined by the relative ability to do this quickly, economically, and on those parts which comprise the more desirable and therefore higher priced cuts of meat. Four grades of feeder steers—choice, good, medium, and common—are illus- Good Feeder Steer. Our Beef Supply. 283 Lo eas Medium Feeder Steer. —————— POTTS aa eee Common Feeder Steer. trated. Note the differences in conformation and finish. The choice feeder has a straight, broad back, good depth of barrel, loin, and flank, a full round, short neck and legs, and a broad muzzle. The lower grades are more or less deficient in one or more of these important characteristics. Compare with Figure 66. 99912°—Bk 1921 19 lture, 1921. UCU 4 Yearbook of the Department of Agi 28 ‘Qh OINSTT JO soy} ITA OZI8 Ut puodsea10od dum siq} WO Sjop eyT, ‘syoytvar oytqnd 19 oq} MOTT poddrys reqmnu ay} Jo jue aed OF WAO atpuey (AHH xXnorsg ue ‘ByMO ‘qdesor 39 ‘APIO SUSUBIT) SPOYAVUT AOATY PINOSS|PY Of1Bl ANOJ OY, “YSBO OY} 0} SVoIe Suypoos Oy,O puv Jo_ WOH oy} Pav paonpoad oe Slopd9os PUB S.10YIOZS SY) OLOTM ‘JSOA\ OT} JO SPUBl Sulzvas OY) WOIMJod UPZAVOT OY} SUOLW Of, SpoYAVU AVpooy PUB 10Y90}s OFILT OSOT} JO SOP ‘SJOYIVUL VUBJLOdM] LogIO BIB YAOAA JAOT puB ‘AITO XNog ‘nv “IS “WRNOF OFvoTYO puw ‘payq}? Joauod ‘puodes SYUBL BYVUO ‘pafpuBy SeA[VO PUB oT}}BO Jepe@Z PUB JoyooYS Jo Joquinu uy AAZUNOD OY} UP SpoyIBUL ][[B SpBol APO SBSUBY “Lh “OI fren lanes Dey : x chs'ost oe | °° LLE'9S1 sez | °c 199102 Lez h ; ; ; LLU608 wae'z E ; : ” R62'6ne ! £98'98E PLMMAES : } poet |” ane’ sae 10'S LOV'SbS LLG mow PD ‘ra OZ61-916L ‘SYVIA § JO FOVUFIAV SYYVW 09 WOYd SIATVI GNV FWLLVD JO SLNIWAIHS (penuyuey) SIATVO GNV FWLLVO 40 SINIWAIHS JiS L3NYVW WOY4 GaddiHS 438 . Lee "WON HLIM S3IHVA LOG 4O VaH¥ OZG6I-9I6L SIAWO GNY JILIVD JO SLNIWdIHS ATYVIA JOVYIAY NO O3SV8 9ZIS JAILV 139M SLAYMYVW Y30R3s GNV YSaNSOLS ——— rE Our Beef Supply. (Catsoddo LP ‘S14 WIM erndm0N) ‘RIUIOFITVH SR JSAM ABJ SU JOAMACY MOI poddiys O1OM SIOPI9J PUB 81949038 Jvq}) AQRIOM}OM Sf IL “SJOHIVUL ZL Seq} WOIJ Sdopsody puB sTox0IS Jo S}JuoudyYS oy} JO SpaTy}-OM} AAO PoaAToooT S$0}BIG JIE UIOH aA VseqT, “AWE Mnoss{yy pus ‘qzAno0J susuBy ‘payq} SToUTTI] ‘peAfeset aequMUa Ul puoOdeS poyuRI vYSBAqeN ‘O}VIg Jaq}Jo AUB ULY} SJoHIVUT JuRJIOdM] ZI 94} WoOAJ SOATBO PUB 9[}]BO TOPooJ PUB TOxIOJS 910M TZGL BULINp PoAloool BMOT—SP “Dl SMOUVNVIONI'EISRIRY HINOM LUOd BS] avd ISP ‘ fel ‘a us sruigot DVWOHVINO It Sy SINOV AS BL] OOWIIND ERAT ' Bg 6LO'st | ° 86L'ZEL q } UV |e zus‘ov | pa'sze HaasOr 1S OVE ALIDXNOIS ONT VHVNO t ay gat obe'ps | ° 126'LVE VLIHOIM 6 a7) HIANIO GABP DSVSNYN I ‘ ‘9 | "AIN |] zep'za : 22z'6LE . zee'ae |* Sal’ y SLNAWdIHS JO NIDINO i Ei! 90£'S6 |" * ple'ols AMLNAIOD, AWANNOD wo UYAS WO BLVAS SJATVO GNV JILLVO JO SLdIGOIN "y00)—$9 AI) ANY FIWLLVD JO 1419994 S31LVLS HOVS NI SldIF93Y HLIM S3IHYVA JTOYHID JO VAHV SLIYYVW LNVLNOdWI ZI WON4 SSAIVD ONV 34LLv> y3G334 GNV Y3NDO1S SLNAWdIHS AO SNOILVNILSAG ALVLS 286 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921, Rating the central markets on the basis of their average annual receipts of cattle and calves during the five years 1916 to 1920 (Fig. 45), Chicago leads, with Kansas City second, and Omaha third. It is interesting to note that despite the establishment of important live-stock markets near the center of the Corn Belt and considerably nearer the great cattle-producing areas of the West, Chicago has been able to hold first place in receipts every year since 1865. AVERAGE MONTHLY RECEIPTS OF CATTLE AND CALVES CHICAGO, KANSAS CITY AND 65 OTHER STOCKYARDS 1916 —1920 MILLIONS Fic. 49.—Seasonal conditions regulate the movement of cattle to market. The heavy movement from the western ranges starts in July or August, reaches its crest in October, after the grazing season is over, and ends in December. The movement from the Corn Belt, although continuing throughout the year, does not assume large proportions until spring, reaching its crest in May. A considerable number of cattle are received in the spring also, from the Southwestern States. (For location of the markets see Fig. 45.) Not all cattle marketed are converted immediately into beef. About 20 per cent of all cattle and calves received at the 67 markets during the five years 1916 to 1920, inclusive, were returned to the country for further feeding. As shown in Figure 47, Kansas City ranked first as a stocker and feeder market, with an average annual movement of approximately 942,000 head. Omaha was second with 545,000, and Denver third with 415,000. Chicago, which in all previous classifi- cations had occupied first place, dropped to fourth with Our Beef Supply. *" 287 respect to stockers and feeders handled, with average annual shipments of 388,000 head. During 1921, 12 markets handled 84.6 per cent of all stock- ers and feeders passing through public stockyards (see Fig. 47). During the preceding year the same markets handled 82 per cent. The State destinations of stockers and feeders passing through these markets provides a basis for deter- mining the sections in which most of the cattle finishing is done. In 1921 lowa received from the 12 markets referred to, a total of 519,374 stocker and feeder cattle and calves, and BIRTHS OF CALVES BY MONTHS PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL BIRTHS IN 1913 UNITED STATES Fic. 50.—Half of the calves are born in the three spring months, the peak being reached in April. A small increase in number of births’ occurs again in the fall, during which months about 17 per cent are born. The slaughter of calves shows a similar curve, but the crests occur a month later, (See Fig. 51.) led all States in that regard. Nebraska was second with 433,125, Illinois third, Kansas fourth, and Missouri fifth. These are all Corn Belt States. (Fig. 48.) Seasonal Movements of Cattle. An important characteristic of the movement of cattle through public stockyards is the seasonal variations. Both range and pasture cattle are marketed when the pasture sea- son ends, while the bulk of the cattle from the Corn Belt go to market from three to four months after they are put on feed. Since probably 75 per cent of the cattle marketed are grass cattle it is obvious that their movement represents the peak for the year. 288 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. A tabulation of cattle and calf receipts at all public markets for five years (Fig. 49) shows that October is, on the average, the month of heaviest marketing, November second, and September usually third. As a rule February is the lightest month, partly due to the fact that it is the shortest month but more particularly because it comes be- tween seasons. By that time the grass-fed cattle have all been marketed and only a few of the grain-fed cattle are ready for market. For the five years studied the October CATTLE AND CALVES MONTHLY SLAUGHTER UNDER FEDERAL ‘{NSPECTION PERCENTAGE OF ANNUAL SLAUGHTER ~ AVERAGE FOR 10 YEARS 1911 - 1920 Fic. 51.—The heaviest calf slaughter is in late spring, a few weeks after birth, while the heaviest slaughter of cattle is in the fall, at the end of the summer grazing season, grass being the cheapest feed for making beef. The scale of the graph is not carried down to zero, so that the seasonal slaughter is really more uniform than it appears on the graph. Compare the calyes curve with Figure 50, and the cattle curve with Figure 52. average was 2,709,148 head, while that of February was 1,357,549, a variation of nearly 50 per cent. Normally over 40 per cent of the total number marketed during the year go to market during the last four months. These seasonal surpluses usually react to the decided dis- advantage of the producer in the form of dull trade and lower prices. For many years individuals and organizations have made serious efforts to devise ways of equalizing re- ceipts at public markets. For one reason or another most of these have failed, the chief difficulty arising from the fact, Our Beef Supply. 289 pointed out above, that such movements are controlled largely by weather and climatic conditions. This same troublesome fact of unevenness in the move- ment of cattle and calves to market is shown by slaughter records (Fig. 51). Considering monthly average slaughter of cattle under Federal] inspection for 10 years, October MONTHLY SLAUGHTER OF CATTLE BY CLASSES FEDERAL INSPECTION JULY 1918—DEC_1920 ANO PERCENTAGE EACH CLASS FORMED OF TOTAL Fie. 52.—Much of the variation in monthly receipts of cattle at public markets is due to unevenness in the movement of cows to market at different seasons of the year, During this period of 30 months in which Statistics were collected the number of cows slaughtered varied from about 20 per cent in the spring to nearly half of all cattle slaughtered during the late fall and early winter. The receipts of steers are relatively uniform throughout the year. again stands out as the month of heaviest movement. Dur- ing that month 11 per cent of the total slaughter for the year occurred. November was the next heaviest month and Sep- tember third. While this was true of cattle, calf slaughter followed a quite different course. As most calves are dropped in the lture, 1921. gricu 90 Yearbook of the Department of A 2 CLE Sh Cog) ‘“sJoeyTVUL Osoy} 7B PolpuLy s1ape0J Puv S19yd0}8 oY} 0} ONP Suyaq 9ou.10 oy} ‘sjurod um1ajsoM to) TOYO pusB ‘WIOA JOT ‘WoATOCT 3B sjdypooor uvyy pias JoT[eurs ATPATPRlVI 9yy atk put oF eur Uda pecs fil Seadivac, eiaod INOF oSoy} FB ST LOPYSNVTS [eyJo} oY} JO parqyz-euo0 AjQUoNHosmoo ‘soyuI_ Pou oY} UT op YSNV[S PenuUe [VIO oY} JO SpaTYy}-OM} Ynoqu 97} }}8d09 uolpedsuy [Repay Jepun polo} YSNBIS 2[}}BO OUT, (CEL “Sil cog) ‘smno7y 4g ysug puR ‘sInoyT YQ ‘eyRUMO yet SVSUBY osBoYD Ut Jlvy A[voU—}j[og WIOD oY} UL potopysnV[S o1v UOTodsuy [edepa,y Jopun pode}, YsNBIS o[}}vo oY} JO sSpayy}-oMT— eg ‘OL Ce SIL'L82 oR9'601 |" ; ! S106 Iso'pth Jo" i LLb‘90E 6L8'091 | * i LeO'LE lg'eot yo ) Z1S' bal Sb2'Lor |* “ed ‘ee SLb'b6I 829'L01 | CL¥'L92 WIGWAN NOAWIN G3aYXSLHONVIS YIBWNN HLIM SaJuVA LOG JO VauV 176t ‘O€ ANNE OL ‘O?SG6L ‘Lt AINE NOILOSdSNI IWYS034 YSGNN GSaYALHONVIS AILLVOD Our Beef Supply. ( 291 spring, it is to be expected that the greater number should go to market during that season of the year (see Fig. 50). During the 10-year period 10 per cent of all calves were slaughtered during May. April, which was next in impor- tance, averaged almost as many. A few years ago a study of cattle slaughter was continued during a 30-months’ period from July, 1918, to December, 1920, which included a segregation of animals slaughtered by classes (see Fig. 52). It showed that while, as a rule, supplies of each class of cattle are largest during the period CALVES SLAUGHTERED UNDER FEDERAL INSPECTION JULY 1. 1920. TO JUNE 30. 1921 CALVES SLAUGHTERED UNDER» FEDERAL INSPECTION 2 . a . 152,61 \ SIZE OF DOT VARIES WITH epee sr Naser NUMBER SLAUGHTERED 9 Cincinnati... 10 Cleveladd .,.| 103,670 Fig. 54.—Compare this map with that of beef calves, Figure 22, and note the large slaughter at Boston, New York City, Cleveland, and Milwaukee, which are located in dairy rather than beef districts. Undoubtedly a ~ large proportion of the slaughter at these and other northeastern points is of dairy calves. A dot on this map represents about the same number of animals as a dot of the same size in Figure 53, regardless of size of the maps. \ when total supplies are heaviest, variations in the number of cows slaughtered at different seasons are wider than those of any other class of stock, and that irregularity in receipts of cows is largely responsible for the extreme variations in the number of cattle slaughtered. Considering the 30 months as a whole, while steer slaughter ranged from 36 per cent of all slaughter in November to 62 per cent in May, cows slaugh- tered ranged from 20 per cent in May to 47 per cent in November. In other words, the marketing of cows is much more uneven than that of steers. 292 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. The relative proportions of the two classes of cattle as they arrive at public stockyards, however, do not vary as widely as does the slaughter, for the reason that during the fall a considerable proportion of the steers are returned to the country as stockers and feeders. This seasonal glut of cows is a matter of considerable consequence to the cattleman. Price a Factor in Cattle Marketing. Price is the most important factor in marketing cattle. It attracts supples and moves them from place to place. Neither distance, time, nor almost any other consideration is too great an obstacle to be overcome, provided the price is high enough to warrant the effort. Cattle are shipped not only the 2,000 miles from the Pacific coast to Corn Belt mar- kets, but also later from Chicago to England, covering 1,000 miles by rail and 3,000 miles by water, simply because the. price is sufficient to make the transaction profitable. While the general movement of cattle is from west to east, a shift in prices sometimes reverses the usual order of things, as in the winter of 1921, when considerable numbers of meat ani- mals were shipped from middle’ western markets to the Pacific coast. In the following discussion Chicago prices are used unless otherwise specified. This policy is followed primarily be- cause Chicago is the base market of the country, and also because the flow of cattle to Chicago is probably more uni- form as regards the various classes and grades than to any other market. A study of monthly average prices of good beef cattle from 1901 to 1921 (Fig. 55) develops the fact that during the first seven years of this period the market was relatively steady, extreme fluctuations amounting to only $2.70 per 100 pounds. Beginning with August, 1901, prices moved upward and continued in that direction for approximately a year. The peak was reached in July, 1902, the net advance for the year amounting to $2 per 100 pounds. This advance was wholly lost during the next six months, and during the next five years the market was fairly steady, the average price of good beef cattle for that period being very close to $5 per 100 pounds. ‘TOANT AVMOId OT) MOTOG SBA OITA ‘OF LS Inoqv 07 uoT[Vy peg aoyrd asu19aAv aq) ‘LZ6T ‘aequiadeq Aq pue ‘sqjUOM svat} UY) Ssey UP Porpuny aad 9¢ Suydidorp ‘Ajdavys oyorq JoyrBur ey ‘OZBT ‘1OQMIOAON uy A[aepy “ABOd B TOAO AOJ HTH PuNoswe pouyeutot puv po[qnop pwy oond oq} ‘ST6L ‘Auer A “GS puL gg TooMjoq OF GTI -ZIGL Saved og} Supanp asor aoy} ‘spunod porpuny tod py puv gy wooadajod ATTVUSN posuBl TIGL OF LOGL StBoA oY} SuLINp soot “1vok 9UO UP YOR Joquiadsaeqd puvy 1aquaAON ‘saved OM) UY lady ‘savod 901q) Uy oun ‘saved anoy UT Youo Jsnsny pue AynE ‘savor ay} JO OAY UL OTA oy} posvroavy aq}7BO Joo poos Jo seojrd Joqmej;deg ‘aAtsnpourl ‘TZ6T 02 TOGL Wory savok TZ oq) Sayngd—'eg “oil 293 S*SURERRED seas To ASUEDERP = AVON orvouwnwseomamn-o bo) o = — — Our Beef Supply. TON - - = wo — IZ61-1061 “OSVOIHD S1LLVD ABSA GOOD 4O ADIYd ATHLNOW A9VesAV 294 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. In 1908 prices advanced about $1 per 100 pounds, and up to 1912 the average ranged from $6 to $7 per 100 pounds. In 1912 the market advanced about $2, but before the end of the year lost about half of the advance. During the next two years prices were again fairly steady, but in 1915 a strong upward movement began which, with several sharp reces- sions, continued until August, 1919. During that month the market reached the highest point touched during the 21 years under discussion. The average price of good beef steers in WEEKLY AVERAGE PRICE GOOD CATTLE AT CHICAGO, 1921 COMPARED WITH FIVE YEAR AVERAGES, 1911-1915 AND 1916-1920 DOLLARS PER 100 LBS. JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEP OCT NOV .DEC PARAUAUDRERRRUADUGEERUAUODERERRODARGGOARORNOEROORII HTT Wee rlooolt tT TAT inc TT j Sea Tn | SEN oth PNT er NA aT r Pee STAT Bee | ETT NY Fie, 56.—The seasonal trend of cattle prices in 1921 was abnormal, Be- ginning at about $9.40 per hundred pounds the first week in January, the average price of good beef cattle remained between $8 and $9 during most of the summer and declined to $6.40 the last week in December. The normal] seasonal trend, as shown by the averages for the periods 1911-1915 and 1916-1921, is a gradual rise in price through the spring and summer months, followed by a corresponding descent during the late autumn and winter. 14 13 1247 W that month was $16.45, which was $12.05 above the low point of $4.40 in December, 1904, or an increase of nearly 274 per cent. Between October, 1919, and May, 1920, a bad break oc- curred, the net decline for the eight months period amount- ing to approximately $4 per 100 pounds. There was a quick recovery during the next month, however, which carried the market up nearly $3. In September, 1920, liquidation began in earnest; and with only slight recoveries intervening, the market continued downward to the end of 1921. During that 16 months period monthly average prices broke from 295 Our Beef Supply. OTB jo ‘O1O¥ OF UMOP POIIVO Wood JOU Suy YdBiF oy} JO o[woS OY} PRY} OJON ‘WAo0d Jo sjoysng gy ynoqu Surpenbo spunod OO ‘e[}}vo YPM paivdmos dwoyo sea uloo [ZEl Ul ‘ePIR. Jo Spunod QOT OF [Bnbe enyRaA vw oABY U10d JO SPOUSNG FL OF OT “[Raeues ay ‘usloo Jo sjoysnq Gg 0} [eNnbo onyea vB PBY PPB OAT] JO Spunod OOT UaYM ‘PTET ‘oquiaconN uy JSOMOT SUM OFFRI PUL “W409 JO sjoysng ZyT_ JO PUY} porenbe spunod OQoT aed OSBOTYD JB S100}8 Jood poos Jo onpva oy} moar ‘SI6BL UP FSOUSTY SVA “OAISNPOUT “TT6L 0} OLGL Woay saved ZT oy Suyanp Soopld U1OD PUR o[}}BO TooMJog OFLA oYT—YE “oly “ATBMLAIQO ST = —— IN vo nents i ES aos = —_— 4 = SH PF) ==: == et —— = — = === as == —— —— = sd — = == = = = oz6t 6161 BIié6l ci6t 916l Sté6t vi6i elél 2161 Li6l ol1gt S73aHSng NYO) 4O STAHSNE NI G3SS3udxXF IZ6L— O1GL ‘OOWDIHD ‘S31LLVD 4a3a@ GOOD SQNNOd OO! Yad ANIVWA aSVuaAV ATHLNOW 296 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. $14.95 to $7.31, a decline of $7.64, or more than 50 per cent. The decline in weekly average prices amounted to $9.15 per 100 pounds, or nearly 59 per cent. Prices at public markets show seasonal fluctuations, just as receipts do. While general price levels vary from year to year, the upward and downward swings occur, on the average, at about the same season of the year. There is, of course, a rather close correlation between these price swings and variations in available supplies. Using weekly average prices for two five-year periods, 1911-1915 and 1916— 1921 (Fig. 56), it is found that good beef-cattle prices are usually highest in August and September and lowest in December, January, or February. Cattle Prices Expressed in Corn and Purchasing Power. There are various ways of expressing values other than in terms of money. Because corn is such an important factor in the production of beef the price of beef cattle may prop- erly be shown in bushels of corn (Fig. 57). Such a presenta- tion, covering a 12-year period from 1910 to 1921, inclusive, indicates a wide variation from time to time in the relative values of beef cattle and corn. For example, in February, 1913, the price of 100 pounds of good beef cattle was equiva- lent to that of 17.19 bushels of corn, whereas in November, 1917, 100 pounds of beef cattle equaled in value only 5.02 bushels of corn. In May, 1920, 6.06 bushels of corn equaled in value 100 pounds of beef cattle, whereas less than one and one-half years later, or in October, 1921, it required 16.87 bushels of corn to equal in value 100 pounds of beef cattle. The im- portance of studying such ratios lies in the fact that when corn is relatively high cattle feeders are inclined to sell corn rather than to feed it to cattle. When, however, corn is rela- tively cheap, a higher return is sought by feeding it to cattle. Another way in which cattle prices may be expressed is in terms of purchasing power of other commodities. It may happen that when prices expressed in dollars and cents are relatively high they are actually low in comparison with the level of general commodity prices. It is not of so great importance how much money the stockman gets for his cattle as how many things he can receive in exchange for his cattle. Our Beef Supply. 297 A comparison of cattle prices with their purchasing power in terms of general commodities from 1878 to 1921 (Fig. 58) shows that during the first 33 years of that period, or up to 1912, cattle were relatively higher in price than other com- modities. From 1912 to 1914 they were about equal, but in 1914 the purchasing power began to decrease, and from 1915 to 1919, while cattle prices had a sharp advance, the advance did not equal that in the price of general commodities, and for that reason the purchasing power actually decreased. From 1919 through 1921 both cattle prices and purchasing AVERAGE YEARLY PRICE, GOOD BEEF CATTLE CHICAGO, 1878-1921 AND PURCHASING POWER IN TERMS OF 1913 DOLLAR DOLLARS ATH peer een scoenuanet it Cb Let Lebel ee EL ee SOG0500//008i'5 an &a TET TTT TTT yz SSRTERESRERGESREEEESEERSEREREEEREEPZ. SE REEES ESRSEESERE SREDCRP AEE EESEEEY, aGeuSZenE PTT ALAC TT ESE2=.. 4ERRRRSE CL PRR eT oN Pee == 40RRRRNZNG GR SER BAESRERSRRRERS SIE SERUUUUERGDAUIGORRUEREUSUSIGEEERERERRRRERUEE Bis SSESSRCRRRER ERE RRESREE — EERE EE EEE EEE EEE EE NEES STIR C ARERR RES E SSAC SER EERE ERED Fic. 58.—Since 1878 the lowest yearly average price of good beef cattle was reached-in 1889, the price being $3.80 per 100 pounds. The highest yearly average price, $15.50, was reached in 1919. But 100 pounds of cattle would purchase more commodities (food, clothing, etc.) in 1914 than in any other year, and less in 1921 than in any year since 1890. Similar prices by months since 1913 are shown in Figure 63. power had a sharp decline, but up to the end of 1921 the purchasing power of cattle was still considerably below the actual price. Live Steer Prices Compared with Beef. A comparison of yearly average prices of livesteers, whole- sale beef, and certain retail cuts from 1913 to 1921, by ex- pressing each in per cent of increase or decrease of its 1913 average (Fig. 59), develops the fact that from 1913 to 1916 prices of live steers and of wholesale and retail beef fluctu- ated, as a rule, in about the same proportion. From 1916 to 1919, however, steer prices advanced much more, proportion- lture, 1921. gricu Yearbook of the Department of A 98 2 ; “STPAOT STEL eq} WJM porvdmod ‘seyypomuI0d s9y}O Jo dol1d aFvAVAv 9} UY} JOMOT W20q VARY JOOq PUB 2T}}VO Jo saodTId oy GTET oouys FVuy sMOYS Ydevis og} JO epis puBy-JYysT1 oul ‘sound E16L PAOqE ued Jed OQ) 0} OG 210M S}No [[RJeL VATSUedxe a10UT oY} PUB ‘aAoqE quod sod GZ SBA Joo o[eSefOYM o[[TM *[OAVT. eT6T oy Je ATTwoTjoVrd SUM TZGT UL Stoojs yO aod oy, “somuvApE 0} ponuyuodD qSvOl Qh pue yvoys upopats JO soomd oy} pue foi] AteA poddorp Jood o[eseToyM Jo void oY} svodoyM ‘ATdaRYS Poulpap: S.t00qs jo ood osvi0Av AyTABaA OL} OTET OF BIGL Woasy Jaq jo, BL ourVs og} JNOGU 7B STA QTGL AO GLGL UP osvoedouL oY, ‘s}no [Peer 10 Jood apeseToyM JO sodjid AeyZ{e Uy} esp1 prdus a1OU V PaMOYS ST6T 0} 9T6I mouy S100}8 PATT JO SoopId oFv19av Alva OYT-—GE ‘OPIWT 4ggq! 3Lv1d o——o——o LSVOu Gibd eeerereeeeeeee | NS go i hee seamen Nie Seat SYRBaLS SAM Ser ere reer i Rie m Pi ey LIN: Fal tts do SIIYd AV E161 40 SIOVINIDMAd NI GaSSauYdXa GNV ; SdI|Yd JOVYUSFAV EG YV1T00 €161 FHL 40 YIMOd INISVHIUNd OL qa2naay a0 SJOVINIIU3d NI GaSSaudXg I@61-E€l6L “OOVOIHOD SLND WIVLSY GNV “AaSaE AIVSAIOHWM ‘SHRRLS ZAIN : dao SADdINd ADVYHBAV ATHVAA Our Beef Supply. od Jood possorp JO puT s190}8 JO Sootad: oF WaaMJoq purords o4t ‘OZGT | oUM JVY JUBOYTUSS Sp Jr yng “Ppopvorpuy Uviyy Ajoye oy APFUeNbHoOsuoO. ‘out, O10%Z OF OF PAVMUMODP PoOLLees A]jUONdDoAT otoM Soormd YOK MON “pLvogves oFUBLFY YGF OF | T Sj]Soo avqjo pue woTpeytodsuvsy oydsoq “ytoX MoN pus OsRoIWO 7B opvad sSuypu 9 soolid Uv) TZ6L PUB OZEL Suptnp ATopyAr Ssoy Poyunjony OFvOTYO 7B Sdo0IS8 OAT] JO Sooptd oF vsoaew ALYOOM——"O9 “OL LL € 61 GS 2% 8,2 Ob Le El OF OI Z Bly 12 £ CZ 6 9% Zh 92 Zh 62 St t OL yp O02 9 C2 6 SZ ik OZ VILE ct EC 61 S 72 8 bz Ol 42 Cl Oe MITE di € i SRIPHENRTGNOGSROSEC GT ANVEDUIGADUIDERUUAOLULONY MIAOHONL PN ENE ae ‘ imei a =e: = Eee t = aS zs === =P es HoeS FEEe Sot Sw err. =< SJ = ——— — 22 = = = HEE 1261-0261 WHOA MAN GNV OSVSIHD Lv 4338 GASSaYyG NYALSAM gavyuo wnidsaM HLIM GaYVdNOD OOVDIHD LV SUBALS BQVYD WNIGAW AO SADIYd ATHASAM S9vVYyusaAV ‘ggg ‘AON «‘100 “Ldas “ONY AING ANNE AWW UdvV YVW 83d NVE ‘9940 "AON ‘190 1da3s “ONV AINE 3NNT AWW YdVvV UVW ‘834 Nv HINOW ke ‘sa7 OOL —yYBK 1921—_20 + 21 30 9991 300 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. ately, than did either wholesale or retail beef prices. The peak year for live steers was 1919, and in that year prices averaged 106 per cent over the 1913 level. Chicago wholesale beef prices, however, were 79 per cent over the 1913 average. It is noteworthy in this connection that retail prices of plate beef were highest a year earlier, or in 1918, whereas retail prices of sirloin steak and rib roast averaged highest a year later, or in 1920. Of the retail cuts considered, sir- loin steak showed the greatest advance, but even at the high- est point, sirloin § steak DIVISION OF was only 85 per cent CONSUMER'S DOLLAR above the 1913 average, | BEEF AND BY-PRODUCTS as compared with 106 per CALCULATED AS OF JUNE,1921 cent in live steers. 2 th Although live _ steers showed the greatest pro- portionate advance, the decline was sharper and much more _ precipitous than was that of either wholesale or retail beef prices. This is indicated by the fact that the 1921 average price of live steers was only 3 per cent above the 1913 average, Fic. 61.—Where does the consumer’s dol. whereas wholesale beef lar go? is always a pertinent question. : C A computation made in June, 1921, prices were 25 per cent indicated that a little over half went and retail prices of plate to the cattle producer. beef 16 per cent above that level. For that year the average retail price of sirloin steak was 64 per cent and of rib roast 55 per cent above the 1915 average. Expressing the above increases and decreases in terms of the purchasing power of the 1913 dollar, it is found that during 1914 the purchasing power of not only live steers but also wholesale and retail beef cuts exceeded that of 1913. The same was true of steers and retail cuts in 1915, but wholesale beef had dropped 2 per cent below the 1913 aver- age. By 1916, however, the purchasing power of all of these commodities had fallen below that level and remained so MARKET COSTS TRANSPORTATION Our Beef Supply. 301 through 1920. In 1918 the purchasing power of live steers came within 2 per cent of equaling the 1913 average, but that of wholesale and retail beef cuts was considerably below that level. (See right-hand side of Fig. 59.) In 1920 a divergent movement occurred. The purchasing power of live steers had dropped 3 per cent below that of wholesale beef, 6 per cent below sirloin steak, and 1 per cent below rib roast, and was only 6 per cent above plate beef. In 1921 the purchasing power of live steers was 32 per cent under the 1913 average, while rib roast was 1 per cent and sirloin steak 7 per cent above that level. Beef is the most important product resulting from cattle slaughter. For that reason it is reasonable to expect a rather close correlation between the price of beef cattle and whole- sale dressed beef. A comparison of weekly average prices of beef cattle at Chicago with wholesale prices of a correspond- ing grade of beef at Chicago and also at New York for the two years 1920 and 1921 (Fig. 60) shows that in general cattle prices were steadier than beef prices; that any pro- nounced or sustained variation in the price of one usually resulted in a similar movement in the price of the other; that beef prices at Chicago, as a rule, fluctuated less widely than those at New York; that at Chicago the differential between the price of cattle and wholesale prices of beef is fairly constant; and, finally, that despite the added costs of trans- portation and other charges involved in getting beef from Chicago to the Atlantic seaboard, New York prices were fre- quently lower than those at Chicago. In fact, in the two years considered, during one week New York prices aver- aged the same as Chicago, during 52 weeks they were higher, and during 51 weeks, or nearly 50 per cent of the time, they were lower. Another factor which has considerable bearing on cattle prices is the demand for the important by-products, such as hides, tallow, and oleo oil, and the prices resulting there- from. A comparison of such prices (Fig. 62) before, during, and following the war shows that under normal conditions there is a fairly close correlation between prices of cattle and of these three commodities. During 1915 and 1916 this was rather marked. Early in 1917, however, the World War began to exert a rather powerful influence over prices of “IZ6T Suyinp soorid 07399 YA poredur0d se syonpord-€q Jo sootad Mor AAT} vor out OJON ‘OT}}BO JO ddtAd oY) 07 UOTZBIeT OU JO O[}}IT[ OABY OF POlooSs Sout} 7B pur osued OPIM BoA PozyEnjonp Sonpva Jonpord-Aq “toAVMOT “ABA 9} SUPMOTLOJ Ajo) Brpouuty pue sung ‘“La6L Pp OZ6L ‘OTGL PUL CTEL SaBok o) SapInp YAels oAoGe oy} UL UMOYS ST STU, ‘TO Ov[o pueB ‘MoOTTR) ‘Sopry se yons ‘sjonpord-Aq JuLjrodiy ot} JO osoy, PUB o][}JRO JO SovoTd oy) HOO JOG WO Bfedtoo OSOPO JOIVA VSL oo} AT[VULION—Zg *oIyT tan Othe eS a a WO OATO MO1NIWWL SAQIH Sey TH it yy Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921, vi61-6061 YOS SADIYd JOVYSAV ATHLNOW JO JADVLINA9DYAd NI GASSAYdxX3a IZ61-SLEL;OOVSIHD 10 O3710 ANY ‘MONIVL ‘SACGIH ‘SATLLVD AO SHDIYd JAOVYSAVY ATHLNOW 302 303 Our Beef Supply. JO osopP) oi VV ‘S HOT}TPOMIUMIOD Tog! 3 Aypworjoevad AYIPOUMIOD WoOYAM © SIq} doygy ‘sooped Ay ‘AVI [un paradn ATTpvops JSOUTR I I 3 a I “€pwoys Ape ocoM ‘0T}}BO Jood Surpnpoul ‘SoTjIpomulod [[v JO Sooyrd ofesopoyM TET JO Vso[d 9G} 0} 1 atne AM i soorid SaILIGOWWOD 11V SALLyo 3d1Yd JOVYSAV E164 JO JOVANSOYAd NI GASS3AudXS S3ILIGOWWOD A1v 4O S3D01edd AIVSATIOHM HLIM GaYVdWOD IZ61L-E16L'OOVOIHD BILLVD 4339 GOOD 4O 30ldd JADVYSAV ATHLNOW { apauy 3 OT6L Ut *TOAVT 7BYI PAOGB JUV Tod GF TTS atom ULUBAPR o1OM Soopd o[}} RO 9TRp ‘OZG61 GZ ool Sel os! SLI 002 G22 0S2 SOVYSAV £161 40 304 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. most commodities. Asa result of this, tallow prices advanced out of all proportion to the advance in either cattle or other important by-products. On the signing of the armistice near the close of 1918, tallow prices fell precipitately, whereas cattle and oleo oil, being more particularly peace-time articles of trade, advanced. In the speculative period of 1919 practically all by-product prices went even higher than they had during the period of actual conflict, while cattle prices declined sharply. Toward NUMBER OF 1000 POUND CATTLE REQUIRED TO PURCHASE A WAGON, ACORN BINDER, A GRAIN BINDER AND A GANG PLOW IN ILLINOIS IN 1913, IN 1920 AND IN 192l. 99 - fa Se_ Ot OF er er er or | Loy 2 A ad dada add LEY BO Pe on Sk OO OT ee i hada d add 64.—In 1913 seven cattle in central Illionis would purchase a wagon, a corn binder, a grain binder, and a gang plow, whereas in 1920 two more cattle were required, and in 1921 four more cattle. (See Figs. 58 and 63.) FIG, the end of the year, however, there was a readjustment, and during 1920 and 1921 the normal close relationship between cattle prices and those of hides, tallow, and oleo oil was main- tained. This was especially striking during the last few months of the year. Cattle Prices and General Commodity Prices. Having considered the effect on cattle prices of the factors most closely related to cattle, it remains to discover how cattle prices respond to changes in the general level of com- Our Beef Supply. 305 modity prices. (Figs. 63 and 64.) From the beginning of 1913 to June, 1916, cattle prices and general commodity prices showed a fairly close relationship. At times cattle were shghtly higher and at other times slightly lower than the level of other important commodities. Early in 1916, how- ever, all prices, including those of cattle, started upward, and so far as general commodities were concerned the trend, with only one or two rather slight interruptions, continued until May, 1929. Although cattle prices shared to a certain PRICE OF STEERS BY GRADES AT CHICAGO WEEKLY AVERAGES. 1921 MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Fic. 65.—Grade in large measure determines the price paid for cattle. In the late spring, when fattened cattle are being received from the feed lots in large numbers and the movement of common cattle from the Western Range is light, the difference in price between choice and common steers is much less than in the fall months when the conditions are reversed. (See Fig. 52.) It is interesting to note that in 1921 the price of choice steers was higher in the fall months than in the spring, and the price of common steers was much lower. The scale of the graph is not carried down to zero. extent in this movement, at no time after the middle of 1916 did their rise equal the rise in general commodity prices. Not only was that true, but cattle prices reached their peak in August, 1919, whereas general commodity prices continued upward almost a year longer. During the reconstruction period of 1920 and 1921 cattle prices not only took their full share of liquidation, but closed the year 1921 below the pre-war average, while general com- modity prices were still nearly 50 per cent above that level. 306 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921, Choice Beef Steer. Good Beef Steer. Fic. 66.—In market practice a distinction is made between “beef” steers and “feeder” steers. In general, “‘ beef’? steers are those which go to slaughter, and “feeder” steers those which are returned to the country for further feeding. Four grades of beef steers—choice, good, medium, and common—are illustrated on this and the opposite page. Note in the choice Our Beef Supply. 307 Medium Beef Steer. Common Beef Steer. steer the straight, broad back, the thick loin and full round, the depth of rib and flank, and the generally smooth conformation, with an even covering of fat. Also note that the lower grades are deficient in one or more of these characteristics. Comparison with Figure 46 shows that, grade for grade, the chief difference between “ beef” and “ feeder” steers consists in the conformation and the amount of flesh and fat carried. The “feeder” steer shows ability to put on fat and flesh if properly fed, whereas the “beef”? steer shows the results of feeding. 308 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Standardized Grades for Cattle and Beef. While the factors considered in the foregoing discussion affect cattle prices in varying degrees and at different times, there is another factor which operates at all times and very largely determines the price which the producer gets for his beef animals. That factor is grade. Choice and prime cattle invariably bring more money than do common. How- ever, the price differentials between grades are by no means constant, as may be seen by considering the graph in Figure 65, which indicates the course of weekly average prices at Chicago during 1921. This graph shows that the extreme Side of Beef Showing Wholesale Cuts ROUND STEAK TOP ROUND STEAK ROUND | co770M ROUND STEAK AND } ROUND ROAST RUMP \ HORSE SHOE ROAST 24.09%: | SOUP BOWES RUMP STEAK RUMP ROAST SIRLOIN STEAK FULL \ S/RLOIN ROAST LO/N PORTERHOUSE STEAK 20. 38% TENDERLOIN STEAK 5 CLOB STEAK 7/P STEAK 7/P ROAST FLANK STEAK HAMBURGER fe eke CORNED BEEF PLATE ROAST(BER) STEW/ING BEEF \ CLATE CORNED BEEF | O-F67 STANO/NG R/8B ROAST ae R/B ROAST (8&R) OFZ | p18 STEAK BRISKET ROAST(B&R STEWING BEEF i ef CORNED BEEF -OO7 CHUCK STEAK CHUCK) CHUCK ROAST SOUP BONER LORE | 22./5%) CROSS RIB ROAST SHANA HAMBURGER HAMBURGER 35. 75%, Fic. 67.—Side of beef and important wholesale and retail cuts. There are numerous ways of cutting up a beef carcass, the requirements of the trade in different parts of the country determining which method shall be used. The cuts shown in the above figure are based on what is known as the Chicago method of cutting. Figures appearing under the name of each wholesale cut indicate the per cent of the total weight of the side repre- sented by that cut. Our Beef Supply. 309 range in prices of beef steers was widest during the latter part of October and narrowest during the last week of May. Although there are certain variations in the time when these expansions and contractions in the price range occur, a differential between the grades is always present. Because grade so largely determines the price, the ex- istence or lack of a standardized system of grading becomes a matter of vital importance to the producer of beef animals. Until very recently no such system existed. Heretofore most WHOLESALE CUTS OF BEEF FROM A CHOICE STEER FROM A COMMON STEER Fic. 68.—The difference in appearance between the meat of a choice and that of a common beef steer. Note the greater thickness, covering of fat, and marbling of fat in the lean in the cuts from the choice steer. The choice cuts are also more tender and palatable, and therefore in greater demand. 310 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. live-stock markets have used a certain group of trade terms to designate classes and grades of cattle and to describe market and trade conditions. The definitions of these terms, however, varied not only between markets but even at the same market at different seasons of the year. This situation made it virtually impossible to interpret market reports accu-_ rately. The United States Department of Agriculture has en- deavored to assist in solving this problem by adopting a standard set of classes and grades for cattle and calves and formulating simple and easily understood definitions for each. Cattle and calves for slaughter have been divided into seven classes: Steers, baby beef, heifers, cows, stags, bulls, and veal calves. Some of these are still further divided into subclasses based on weight, such as heavyweights, me- diumweights, and lightweights. Having grouped the animals in these seven classes, such grouping being based largely on sex and age, each class is further subdivided into grades. Although the number of grades varies somewhat between classes, the more import- ant grades are: Prime, choice, good, medium, and common, four of which are illustrated in Figure 66. Virtually the same classification has been applied to stocker and feeder cattle and calves. As there is even more confusion in the minds of most people regarding the various classes and grades of dressed meats than of live animals, a similar classification of. dressed beef and veal has been made. These grades of the dressed meat correspond with those of the live animals. In other words, a “choice” steer must produce “ choice” beef and a “common” steer “ common” beef. As a basis of understanding the classes and grades of beef, an idea of the important wholesale and retail cuts, their location in the carcass, and the percentage of the total weight of the “side” which each cut comprises, is necessary (see Fig. 67). Methods of cutting up a beef carcass vary in different parts of the country, and it is obvious that the number of pounds in the different cuts and the percentage of the carcass weight represented by a given cut will depend upon Our Beef Supply. 311 the method of cutting adopted. The Chicago system of cutting is more widely used than any other. However, as a large percentage of the total amount of beef produced is consumed along the Atlantic seaboard, the various eastern methods of cutting beef are also of interest. and importance. Table 10 shows the result of a cutting test made in Wash- ington, D. C., late in 1921. The difference between choice and common beef with re- spect to texture, fiber, quantity, and distribution of fat is shown in Figure 68. With a standardized system of grading both cattle and beef generally understood and in common use, the producer will be able to market his live stock more intelligently and therefore more profitably, and the consumer will be in posi- tion to purchase his meat more wisely and economically on account of his more thorough and definite knowledge of market conditions. TaBLe 10.—The weights of the wholesale and retail cuts of an open side of beef weighing 291 pounds- Pounds. Pounds. Round and rump (62 pounds) : Chuck (58 pounds) : Top round steak___._____ 24 Chuck roast, 25... 4 2: 32 Bottom round steak_____ er | TOSS TIpVTOAShe a fit Mound roast. < --. _.._- 23 | Boneless neck ________ 9 ACOH! TOAST = 2 = = 24 1 ENT heii 5 il nial ryngeeeioey 13 SURED SS 01152 ee ee alee 93 | (BONES 22 222 ake ae An Sop DOnes ts th yrs) 54 | Flank (93 pounds): ifvsh [21s em EC EES SSG Te ee ee etek Blank. tsteaks 1) .2701 al ae 13 POR Csr scat dB SEALE re; Lean trimmings ________ 34 Full loin (65 pounds) : Wait 3k Seah his eee. of 44 SET CFT ae a il i ala 22 | Plate (201 pounds): Porterhouse steak _____ 174 SLEWine beet nays tae 20 Pip tsteak: Ui sto) 52 Leans trimmings 7 Ab 4 ap FECAS He Sees Feed os 54 | Brisket (2137 pounds) : Hanging tenderloin _____ 2 Sticking: piecer-+ 32 e535 44 LOG Gy Geile 2 le ee ie al Stewing, Neer-- 22 ke 164 SUE ek I ee ee ee 94 Habe ote. 2st see Ae 14 DE no" I et Mia i Oe oe i als res 1 Fore shank (222 pounds): SUC TVECES Stal ise AR eS aes 1 Shoulderclod: =e eae ss 92 Rib (30 pounds) : Shank? -meacas “piety 5 5 AD PTOAS ts sees els eyes 3 29 Soup (homes 222 =* este: 3 ss 2 4 SLES sae eee 1 | Bones se see 4 1Loss in making wholesale cuts 13 pounds, due largely to the fact that in weighing the cuts one-fourth pound was the smallest unit considered. 312 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921, However, the matter of standardized grading, important as it is, is only one of the problems involved in marketing beef cattle. Many different agencies are involved in getting cattle from the farm or ranch to the consumer. Among the important ones are the country buyers or cooperative ship- ping associations, transportation companies, feeding sta- tions, stockyards, commission men, packers and slaughterers, cold-storage establishments and warehouses, wholesale and retail meat dealers, and banks and loan companies. These are links in the chain which connects the cattle producer with the consumer of beef and beef products. If there is a break or weak point in the chain, both producer and con- sumer are bound to be affected. Each of these agencies constitutes a distinct problem, but there are many more. Price fluctuations, competition for both the domestic and foreign markets, and lack of accurate and unbiased market news are among the most outstanding. All of these problems must be solved if the producer of beef cattle is to obtain the fullest returns for his efforts and the consumer is to obtain beef and veal of satisfactory quality at a fair price. Consumption of Beef. Consumption is the aim and inspiration not only of all production but of all marketing. If there is little consump- tive demand for a commodity, prices will soon decline to a point below the cost of production and ultimately both pro- duction and marketing will cease. While consumption exerts a powerful influence over prices, there is a reciprocal action in which prices vitally affect consumption. The demand for beef and veal on the part of the consuming public is by no means as constant as many suppose, but varies widely over a period of time. Exact data showing per capita consumption of beef and veal are not easily obtained and are not available over any considerable time. The most accurate figures pertaining to this matter begin with 1907, shortly after Federal inspec- tion of meat was first inaugurated. Considering the 15 years, 1907 to 1921, inclusive, per capita consumption has ranged from 87 pounds in 1907 to 60 pounds in 1915, a net variation of 27 pounds per capita (Fig. 69). When these per capita Our Beef Supply. 313 figures are converted into total consumption by multiplying them by the total population, the importance to the cattle producer of such a variation in consumption at once becomes apparent. The consumption of beef per capita has declined rather steadily during the past 15 years. If the two periods, 1907 to 1910 and 1911 to 1921, are compared, the decrease in consumption per capita amounts to approximately 20 per cent (Fig. 71 and Tables 11 and 13). BEEF PER CAPITA SLAUGHTER & DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION OF BEEF UNITED STATES 1907-1921 Fic. 69.—From 1907 to 1921, inclusive, excepting 1914, the amount of beef and veal, slaughtered per capita in the United States has been slightly greater than the amount consumed, the surplus being exported. In 1914, imports exceeded exports, consumptien being greater than the domestic Slaughter. The downward trend in per capita consumption from 1907 to 1914, reversed during the war period, but during the last three years trend- ing downward again, is significant. The problem is’still further complicated for the producer by the fact that one market wants heavy beef and another light beef. High-class hotels in the large cities want prime, fat, and finished beef, while the average housewife wants beef involving less waste. In warm weather the chief demand is for steaks and chops, while the winter trade demands more roasts and boiling beef. The orthodox Jew- ish trade uses only the forequarters, while gentiles, as a rule. prefer hindquarter beef. 314 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Not only is the total and per capita consumption of inter- est but it is worth while to inquire where the bulk of the beef and veal produced in the United States is consumed NUMBER OF BEEF CATTLE FOR EVERY 10 PEOPLE AVERAGE 1900 TO 1910 AVERAGE igi! TO 1921 Fic. 70.—The average number of beef cattle in the United States for every 10 people decreased from 4.2 head for the years 1900-1910 to 3.1 head for the years 1911-1921, or 26 per cent. See Table 11 for statistics of con- sumption. (Figs. 72 and 73). A survey made in 1920 indicated that at that time nearly 32 per cent was consumed in the North Atlantic States, which comprise New England, New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. The next largest quantity,or 24 per cent, was consumed in the east-north-central division. In other words, more than 55 per cent of the total consump- tion of beef and veal occurred in the territory east of the Mississippi and north of the Ohio River and Maryland. The smallest total consumption occurred in the South Atlantic division, comprising the States of Delaware, Maryland, Vir- ginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. Per capita consumption showed al- most as wide variations between divisions of the country as did total consumption, ranging from 83 pounds in the West- ern division to 39 pounds in the South-Central. The North Atlantic division, which was first in total consumption, was second in per capita consumption. CONSUMPTION OF BEEF AND VEAL PER PERSON IN THE UNITED STATES 1907 To 1910 ee Be 1 TO 1921 BF Fic. 71.—The per capita consumption of beef and veal in the United States decreased from 82 pounds in the period from 1907 to 1910, inclusive, to 67 pounds in the period 1911 to 1921, inclusive, or 18.2 per cent. This per capita decrease in consumption is smaller than the decrease in number of animals (see Fig. 70), a fact which is accounted for by the smaller net exports of cattle and beef in recent years, the slaughter of animals at an earlier age. and the increasing supply of meat from dairy cattle. Our Beef Supply. 315 ESTIMATED CONSUMPTION OF BEEF AND VEAL MAJOR DIVISIONS OF UNITED STATES 1920 AREA OF | ~~ REPRESENTS BEEF 920 | 6, REPRESENTS VEAL | 570 || Fic. 72.—The size of the circles shows the relative quantities of beef and veal consumed in the six geographic divisions of the United States, as esti- mated by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics. In 1920 the North Atlantic States consumed about 32 per cent of the total consumption of the United States, and the East North Central States about 24 per cent, these two divisions consuming over half of the beef and veal of the nation. The per capita consumption in the Northern States was about 75 pounds, in the Western States about 85 pounds, and in the Southern States about 40 pounds. (See Figs. 21, 53, and 54.) THE APPROXIMATE CENTERS OF BEEF PRODUCTION, SLAUGHTER AND CONSUMPTION *=PRODUCTION @=SLAUGHTER(UNDER FEDERAL INSPECTION) O= CONSUMPTION Fic. 73.—The center of beef production of the United States is in central Kansas, and the center of consumption is in western Ohio, over 700 miles eastward. Between these two centers is the center of slaughter under Federal inspection, which indicates the general eastward movement of beef before, as well as after, slaughter. These centers were found by determin- ing the intersection of north and south and east and west lines which divide the production, slaughter, and consumption, respectively, into four equal parts. 99912°—-yBK 1921 21 316 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. TABLE 11. beef and veal in the United States. Estimated annual slaughter, exports, and consumption of BEEF. | | Slaughter. Consumption. | Imports Calendar year. oda: Exports. | (less re- | Total. | allyin- | Other. | exports)-| otal. Per | spected. | capita. | Million | Million | Million | Million | Million | Million | pounds. | pounds. | pounds. | pounds. | pounds. | pounds. | Pounds. 1007! eee eee |” -7;319.| 45,336 2,983 B50) | Loess 6, 967 79.7 101), fee ee Se | 6,676 3, 955 2,721 DIS eked 6, 448 72.4 1900: 5.2. eee ort 4,189 2, 882 iS ee re 6, 908 76.2 POLO ye 2 6, 733 4, 054 2,679 10 | ee ees 6, 623 71.8 TOU steno 5 Bees 6,497 3, 984 2,513 yy ee oe 6,405 68.4 1912: este 5, 920 3, 731 2,189 56, | Seca eee 5, 864 61.7 OG an a 5,913 | 3,595 2,318 46 | 35 5, 902 60.8 LOT ae aa sare Ae 5, 639 3,601 2,038 95 | 253 5,797 58.9 SELES ae ae a a 5,816 | 3,979 1, 837 399 125 5, 542 55.7 AIGA eee ee 6,118 | 4,362 1,756 287 23 5, 854 58.1 UT if Seg eee are 6, 686 5,169 1,517 376 25 6,335 62.0 tS) Ese en 7, 320 5,638 1,682 728 125 6,717 64.8 19100 te gee ee 6, 283 4,774 1,509 314 53 6, 022 57.3 102) eee Sie ee 6,463 | 4,578 1, 885 164 | 43 6, 498 61.1 199b 5. oe 6, 194 4,113 2,081 52 23 6, 223 57.7 VEAL. i es 626 210 ALG a) set pec - Becaorsate 626 et i oe Co 605 203 402 |t ee eee Eel ae 605 6.8 Ue 2 5 ee 634 220 454 | RES RN ee er ree 684 7.5 1910: 92-4. 45. 6 22 687 235 LS NRO Bie. LAL He ae 3 687 7.4 TT Si) Me 657 229 Sa Re oe are, 4 657 7.0 bs a eee | 668 239 B00 "|S: 1 aslo, Ee 668 7.0 O13) ee | 488 176 2b ae eal a 488 5.0 1914. Le ete 433 158 P15) eee 5 438 4.4 15 255 2 es ee 428 168 2600 |e ees 1 429 4.3 1916 34 ae) = 536 220 SIGH. Fee 1 537 5.3 iy Peele, aaa ae 662 296 S66 | eseeernes 1 663 6.5 1918. <2. eee 791 352 CGT eee Sel 1 792 7.6 fle ee 860 378 ASE hs ee 5 865 8.2 19205 eos ook ee 936 | 402 BAA eae oe 8 944 8.9 577A ee mf OP 8838 391 497 Nene eeres 4 892 8.3 For several years past the general trend of consumptive demand has been toward lighter cuts of meat, with a cor- responding tendency to produce cattle of a lighter weight and earlier age. The consumption per capita of veal has greatly increased during the last seven years, as indicated by the increase in calves slaughtered. Lack of adequate credit Our Beef Supply. 317 for production, high retail prices, unemployment, and anti- meat propaganda have curtailed consumption per capita considerably during the last three years. Trend of Beef Production. There has been a marked change in the character of the beef-cattle industry of the United States since 1850 with re- spect to the age to which the animals destined for slaughter are kept on farms. In earlier years of our history steers were commonly kept to 4 or 5 years of age before slaughter- ing. The censuses for 1900 and 1920, in which the same age schedules were used, provide a basis for the calculations in the following table, which show that there has been an in- crease in the percentages of beef calves, heifers, cows, and bulls, and a decrease in the percentages of steers, especially aged steers. TABLE 12.—Changes in number of various age and sex groups of beef cattle in the United States (1900 to 1920). Estimated | Actual Relation to total. Groups. TPS 1G 6k | > ee 1900. 1920. 1900 1920 ecreases Head. Head. Per cent .| Per cent. | Per cent. Calves under 1 year old............-. 8,453,000 | &, 809, 000 22.70 24. 55 4.21 Heifers 1 year old and under 2...... 3,468,006 | 4,035,000 9.31 11.24 16.35 Cows 2 years old and over. ........- 10, 821,000 | 12,730,000 29. 07 35. 47 17.65 Bulls 1 year old and over........... 629, 000 735, 000 1.69 2.05 16. 85 Steers 1 year old and under 2....... 6,448,000 | 4,728,000 17.32 13.18 — 26.67 Steers 2 years old BNO OVOl=.-2 a. -05 7,412,600 | 4,847,000 19. 91 13.51 —34.61 Total beef cattle 2... =<+:-s-2. 37, 231,000 | 35, 884, 000 160. 00 100. 00 —3.62 About 1905 South America and Australasia became the chief sources of surplus beef. However, during the World War production in the United States was so stimulated that during 1917 and 1918 combined over 1,000,000,000 pounds of beef were exported, which was 7 per cent of our produc- tion and 22 per cent of the exports of the world during those years. At the same time our per capita consumption in- creased considerably. Figures 69, 70, 71, and 74 and Tables 11 and 13 show some of the changing relations between our population and our 318 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. beef supply since 1907. ‘There are no figures available giving separately the number of beef cattle and dairy cattle slaugh- tered for beef. TABLE 13.—latio of cattle to population, and of slaughter to cattle and to population, 1907-1921, with 10-year average, 1907-1916, and subsequent years in percentage of 10-year average. | Cattle slaughtered. | Calves slaughtered. Beef Dairy All est | eat | ea eae | people. | people. | people. | Per j00 | Per 190 | Per tao | Per 100 ii. SSVI) 9 43 35 78 20 15 9 7 PMSS. cere egal 40 34 74 19 14 9 7 he ea cae 38 34 71 21 15 10 7 lite aaa a 35 33 67 22 15 11 7 COR Ta ied ee 33 32 65 21 14 10 7 LOD ee eee | 30 31 61 21 13 11 7 ge er oa 28 31 | 59 20 12 9 5 TET, ee ame 28 30 58 19 ll 8 5 lie ate ga 28 30 59 18 11 8 5 (TE Mi deans 31 31 62 19 12 9 6 dia Seat sees eats 32 32 64 21 13 11 7 a aoe ee | 34 32 65 23 15 11 8 ieee te 34 31 66 20 13 13 9 jospeetee fs. 34 31 65 is | il 14 9 CA aaNet ee 32 30 62 18 rel 1B 8 10-year average, | | 1907-1916......-- | 33 32 65 | 20 | 13 9 6 REGARDING THE 10-YEAR AVERAGE OF 1907-1916 AS 100, THE FIGURES BELOW SHOW PERCENTAGES FOR DIFFERENT ITEMS IN SUBSEQUENT YEARS. AGI eke bee | 96 98 | 97 105 | 102 115 | 11 LOLS Sere eee 102 | 98 | 100 115 115 122 122 OTQ a ees Acres | 104 | 97 | 101 98 98 | 139 | 139 7p Pd dg pe 102 | 96 99 88 87 149 147 1 ees aire Be 95 | 94 | 95 90 85 | 142 134 | The number of cattle in the United States increased 12,- 200,000 from 1914 to 1919. During the last three years there has been a decrease of 2,000,000. The number of calves born in 1921 was over 600,000 more than in 1920, while in 1920 there were four and two-thirds millions less than in 1918. From the record established in 1918 the slaughter of cattle and calves decreased almost 1,500,000 in 1919 and 1920 com- (=r) CEl oqey, pue Ty puv ‘Oy ‘89 ‘SSI 909) ‘Junowe r jyuryjsuoo v A[[RoTJORAd oSvoTOUT OF ponutTjUOD Sey UOT}RINdod sTIqM ‘1oquINU UT YsveIdUL OU MOS SMOD Y[TUL uUBvyZ 10qG}0 913780 pueB oe) 919989 1830} 40d FEST V2UTg ‘uoTZe[Ndod UT oSRatOUL oY} YIIM ie 2: < sia S ihe 08 Bie ana 06 Het eI aaae oo! ECE EEEEEEEEEE ETH SNOITIIM IC6I-Z9BL ‘O98I ‘OG8I NOILV1NdOd HLIM GANVdNOD SMO2D WIIW NVHL YSHLO 31LLVD 40 GNV SaTLLVD 1V 30 YSEWNN 320 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. bined, and more than 1,100,000 in 1921. Meanwhile the slaughter of calves, which had increased in numbers beyond previous records from 1914 to 1918, increased almost 1,300,000 in 1919 and almost 200,000 in 1920, but decreased almost 600,000 in 1921. This unusually large slaughter of calves in 1919 and 1920 contrasts strangely with the abrupt decline in cattle slaughter during the same period. It is accounted for partly by the droughty conditions in the West, which induced heavy marketings of young stock during 1919, and TOTAL CATTLE ON FARMS AND CALF CROP COMPARED WITH CATTLE AND CALVES SLAUGHTERED 1909-1921 eee ALL CATTLE ewes == CATTLE SLAUGHTERED CALF CROP — —-—CALVES SLAUGHTERED BASE, 1909=100 Fic. 75.—The trend of cattle production and slaughter was downward until 1914. The downward trend in production was checked by a larger calf crop in that year and by still larger calf crops from 1915 to 1918. In 1916 the slaughter increased and about two years later exceeded the calf crop. The calf crop began to decrease after 1918, but the number of calves slaughtered continued to increase until 1919. This resulted in a reduction of the number of cattle on farms after 1919. (See Fig. 76.) the considerably higher prices for calves than for more mature cattle. In other words the stagnant condition of the industry re- sulting from the termination of war-time consumption was relieved by the liquidation of the calves and light cattle for which the market demand and price were more favorable than for mature and heavy cattle. While the number of cattle has decreased the situation is not as serious as might appear, since the number of cattle is greater now than in any vear from 1896 to 1917 Our Beef Supply. 321 The tendency is to produce earlier maturing cattle which are ready for market at an earlier age. The proportionate slaughter of calves and yearlings is much greater than for- merly. The greater proportion of beef cows, as shown in Table 12, makes it possible to produce and market a larger number of beef animals each year. If a sufficient number of them are fattened as yearlings intead of being slaughtered as calves, more beef can be produced than if fewer cattle were raised but kept to a greater age as formerly. Therefore, with ALL CATTLE ESTIMATED NUMBER, UNITED STATES JAN 1,1919-DEC 1.1921 Fic. 76.—The spring calf crop increases the number of cattle, the annual maximum being reached usually in June or July (see Fig. 50). The number is then gradually reduced by slaughter, the annual minimum being reached in January or February (see Fig. 51). This indicates the conse- quences of taking the census at different times of the year. There was a considerable decrease in the number of cattle from 1919 to 1920, according to the estimates. our present number of beef cattle and larger proportionate number of breeding cows, it is possible to produce more beef annually than the same number of beef cattle with a smaller proportion of cows would have produced when more steers were kept to a greater age. However, the system of using younger cattle for beef involves the use of more harvested feed per 100 pounds of beef produced, since a larger propor- tion of the gains in weight are made in the feed lot than was formerly the case when steers were carried four to five sea- sons on grass. 322 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Bulletins Relating to Beef Cattle. The Department of Agriculture has available for distribution a number of bulletins which deal with breeds, breeding, feeding, care, management, diseases, insect pests, farm equipment, fitting for show, judging, cost of production, marketing, and other related subjects pertaining to the beef-cattle industry. These publications can be se- cured free in small numbers from the Division of Publications, De- partment of Agriculture, or may be purchased in quantity at 5 cents each from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. A partial list of these bulletins is given as follows: 612. Breeds of Beef Cattle; 724. Feeding Grain Sorghum to Live Stock; 790. Contagious Abortion of Cattle; 1008. Saving Farm Labor by Harvesting Crops with Live Stock; 1057. Cattle Fever Ticks and Methods of Eradication; 1068. Judging Beef Cattle; 1095. Beet- top Silage and other By-Products of Sugar Beet; 11385. The Beef Calf: Its Growth and Development; 1167. Essentials in Animal Breeding ; 1179. Feeding Cottonseed Products to Live Stock; 1218. Beef Pro- duction in the Corn Belt. There are also available Department of Agriculture and Bureau of Animal Industry bulletins, which give the results of experiments and investigations dealing with beef cattie and beef production. They may be purchased at the indicated prices from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., as fol- lows: 25. Shrinkage in Weight of Beef Cattle in Transit, 10 cents; 73. Raising and Fattening Beef Calves in Alabama, 5 cents; 575. Stock Poisoning Plants of the Range, 50 cents; 580. Beef Production in the South, 5 cents; 588. Increased Cattle Production on Southwestern Ranges, 5 cents; 628. Wintering and Fattening Beef Cattle in North Carolina, 10 cents; 631. Five Years’ Calf Feeding Work in Mississippi and Alabama, 10 cents; 777. Fattening Steers on Summer Pasture in the South, 5 cents; 790. Range Management on the National Forests, 35 cents; 827. The Cut-Over Pine Lands of the South for Beef Cattle Production, 15 cents; 870. Effect of Winter Rations on Pasture Gains of Yearling Steers, 5 cents; 905. Principles of Live Stock Breeding, 15 cents; 954. Wintering and Summer Fattening of Steers in North Carolina, 5 cents; 1024. Feeding Experiments with Grade Beef Cows Raising Calves, 5 cents; 1042. Effects of Winter Rations on Pasture Gains of Calves, 5 cents; and Bureau of Animal Industry Bulletins 103, 131, and 147. Experiments in Beef Production in Alabama, 10 cents each; and Circular 166. Influence of Winter Rations on the Growth of Steers on Pasture, 5 cents. Reports on the meat situation in the United States, cost of produc- tion and marketing of beef cattle, have been issued from the Office of the Secretary of the Department of Agriculture. These reports are no doubt available as references, and some of them may be pur- chased from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., as follows: 109. Statistics of Live Stock, Meat Production and Consumption, Prices, and International Trade for Many Countries, 35 cents; 110. Live Stock Production in the Eleven Far Western Range States, 15 cents; 111. Methods and Cost of Growing Beef Cattle in the Corn Belt States, 15 cents; 112. Utili- zation and Efficiency of Available American Feedstuffs, 5 cents; 113. Methods and Cost of Marketing Live Stock and Meats, 25 cents. By A. M. Acetasto, Specialist in Cotton Classing, Bureau of Agricul- tural Economics; C. B. DoyLxe, Botanist, Bureau of Plant Industry; G. S. Metoy, Investigator in Cotton Marketing; and O. C. STINE, Agricultural Economist, Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Cotton the Great Crop of the South. greatest commercial crop of the United States is cotton. The corn crop exceeds it in total value (Fig. 1), but much the greater part of that crop is consumed on the farms where grown, whereas all of the lint and most of the seed of the cotton crop is sold off the farms. In comparing crop values often only the value of the lint of the cotton is considered. The hay crops and the wheat crop are usually about equal to and sometimes greater in value than the lint of the cotton crop, but, including the value of the cotton seed, the cotton crop stands second only to corn. Although American mills consume about half the crop, the value of the exports of raw cotton usually exceeds that of the exports of any other crop. Cotton is the great crop of the South. It is the chief and often almost the only source of income to a large proportion 323 324 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. ANNUAL FARM VALUE ANNUAL VALUE OF EX COTTON, CORN, AND HAY ee AND ESTIMATED COTTON, WHEAT, AND PORK PRODUCTS FARM VALUE or SWINE SLAUGHTERED 1910-1920 1910-1921 | iN APA ori N bins Fic, 1.—Note that cotton holds first place in exports but not in total value of the crop. Only the lint of the cotton is here included in the value of the crop. Adding the value of the seed, cotton would stand second to corn only in total value. of the farmers in the Southern States. It is so important that low prices or any other factor which greatly reduces the profitableness of the crop greatly disturbs the economic life of the Southern States. When the cotton crop is good and brings good prices the South is prosperous. There is a division of Jabor between the States of the North and those of the South by which the North depends upon the South for cotton clothing or the raw materials out of which to manufacture the clothing and for products of the cotton seed, and the South in turn buys many of the products of farms of the North. It follows, therefore, that when the South is prosperous it furnishes a good market for corn, flour, meat, and dairy products. and that a prosperous North makes a good demand for cotton and cotton products. World Production. Such a large part of the cotton crop is marketed abroad that the prosperity of the South also depends to a consider- able extent upon the conditions of the foreign markets for cotton. It is important, therefore, to consider the world’s supply of and demand for cotton. The Cotton Situation. 325 The United States has been for many years the world’s greatest cotton producer. India, China, Egypt, and Brazil are the most important competitive producers. Many other countries produce small amounts of cotton. (Sce Figs. 2 and 3.) India. Some cotton is grown in nearly all parts of India, but most of it grows in the western half of the country. As in the United States, there is a high degree of specialization in cot- COTTON PRODUCTION UNITED STATES, EGYPT, AND INDIA 1891-1921 ES SERGE BEBE BESS SSSSE SSS E eaEe ne 2 [SRS aS5eaR6 A! IA eeeeeae a8 poliabel Balad) ia ae BEBP AW A lia HH} NI /ANI A | Tt TT I Beecee AGAVE EES HE UR ISE Blan teh EEE ERE | PCE oe ae ue 1891 1895 1900 1905 1910 — Fic. 2.—From 1891 to 1914 the cotton crops of Egypt, India, and the United States nearly doubled. The total crop of 1914 was the largest ever produced. Last year the crops in Egypt and the United States were the snrallest in many years. ton growing in some districts. The area devoted to cotton in India equals about two-thirds of the area planted in the United States, but the low yields per acre return a total crop about one-third as large. The production of India varies con- siderably from year to year, with a tendency to increase. The crop of 1919 was the largest yet produced. (See Fig. 2.) Egypt. The cultivable land in et is limited to the Delta and a narrow strip along the Nile, of which nearly one-third is in cotton. The acreage is only att one-twentieth that of the United States, but large yields return a crop about one-tenth as large. The production of Egypt has declined since 1914 and in 1921 was the lowest in many years. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. 26 < 2 2 0 ah a ete “MOSRAS SSOT}SO1J 9} Jo YV30e, OY} Suyjooye suopjpuos a0q}O pak uoRAo[o uodn Surpucsdep ‘cf pu GE UoOOMJoq [[BF YINOS puv YPIoOU S}raaly [wUIpNzyBL s§}T “AJLInjeM sodoad puv YIMOAS AO AOYIVOM WARM JO WOSvOS Sao, V Soatnbar u0j}}O) ‘AZUBND [PRUs BV SMOIS OSTR BIPBAISNY ‘seTTueNnd [1eurs up AjUo ynq “Rolsoury YPNO, puv volayy Jo Sjaud Auvu UL UMOAS sy U0PJOH “puodoOs ST BIpuy BOPonpord [ePosowMUO) UT ‘seyrU -[yso snopiea Aq puodes poov{d st Bury Jo doazd [e}07 EYL, “dowd Uw0Z0d S,p[1OM oY} JO J[Vq AAO Soonpord sopeIg_ pezytuQ eE—g “Sit NOLLOD ONIMOND Svauv [7] S31VG 000'001 SLN3S3Yd3Y LOG HOVA eee S31va CoO'v9es’é6! SYV3A © JO JDVYSAV | NOILONGOYd GTHOM QIYOM NOILONGOYd NOLLOO The Cotton Situation. 327 South America. Cotton grows as far south in South America as the twenty- eighth parallel, which includes the northern part of Argen- tina. Within the zone in which the plant thrives the area suitable for growing it is limited. In a large part of the zone the altitude offsets the effects of latitude and tempers the tropical climate so much as to exclude this crop. In other parts the rainfall is too heavy. Very little cotton is found in the Tropics, where the annual rainfall amounts to more than 60 inches. The chief cotton-producing regions are the drier eastern sections of Brazil and the coastal zone of Peru. Some authorities believe that Brazil has an extensive po- tential area for cotton production. Quite recently production has developed rapidly in Sao Paulo, southeastern Brazil. In this region cotton must compete with the growing of coffee. Likewise an increase has occurred in the production of Argentina in recent years, but the total production of Argen- tina is still rather small. China. . There are no authoritative statistics of production in China. Cotton production has developed rapidly in recent years, replacing the opium poppy in many regions. The known commercial crop exceeds 1 million bales. Since the domes- tic consumption is large, the total crop has been estimated to - be about 4 million bales. Principal Commercial Types of Cotton. Wild species of cotton (Gossypium) are found in tropical regions of both hemispheres, and there are hundreds of cul- tivated varieties, differing in plant characters, as well as in the length, strength, and fineness of fiber. Thirty-eight principal commercial types are recognized at Liverpool, the chief cotton market of the world. A broad grouping into five general classes according to uses and commercial values is as follows: (1) Sea Island cotton (Gossypium barbadense) is a native of tropical America. It has yellow flowers with purple spots; bolls mostly 3-locked, black seeds, fuzzy only at the ends, and very long, silky fiber. “ Fancy Sea Island,” grown on the islands and mainland along the coast of South Carolina, has a fiber 2 inches long, sometimes 328 Learbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Tic. 4.—Principal commercial types of cotton. Combed lint of five important types: (1) Sea Island; (2) Egyptian: (3 upland long-staple; (4) upland short-staple; (5) Asiatic. (Natural size.) L he Cotton Situation. 329 even longer, and is the most valuable of the world’s cottons, sur- passing all other types in length, strength, and fineness. Most of the Sea Island crop, with a staple of 134 to 1} inches, is grown farther inland in Georgia and Florida and is known commercially as “ Flori- das” and “Georgias.” Before the coming of the boll weevil the average yearly production of Sea Island cotton in the United States was about 90,000 running bales, of which the fancy grades represented about one-tenth. Since the invasion of the boll weevil the production of Sea Island cotton has rapidly declined, and in the last few years the crop of the United States has been a failure. In 1920 production practically ceased, the crop amounting to less than 2,000 bales, whereas in 1916 the production was about 116,000 bales. The remainder of the Sea Island crop of the world, probably amounting to 10,000 bales, is produced mostly in the West Indies, principally St. Vincent, Bar- bados, and St. Kitts, and in Peru. (See staple No. 1, Fig. 4.) (2) Egyptian cotton (Gossypium barbadense) is similar to Sea Island in the general appearance of the plants, and has a fine, silky, strong fiber. The staple is from 1;% to 1% inches long, and is second in value only to the Sea Island. Egypt furnishes the bulk of the annual crop, averaging about 1,250,000 bales of 500 pounds each, of which from 150,000 to 350,000 bales have been exported to the United States. Egyptian cotton is also produced in the irrigated valleys of Arizona and California, the first commercial planting being made in 1912, although it was experimentally grown in this country many years before that time. The American industry has rapidly grown from a production of 7,000 bales in 1916 in the Salt River Valley of Arizona to a total in both Arizona and Californa of about 100,000 bales in 1920. (See staple No. 2, Fig. 4.) (3) Upland long-staple cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), grown chiefly in the United States, occupies a commercial position between the Egyptian and the Upland short staples. The plants resemble those of the short-staple type. having unspotted white flowers, bolls 4 or 5-locked, and seeds usually well covered with white, brown, or ' green fuzz, in addition to the lint. The staple ranges in length from 14 to 1? inches, and for some purposes competes with Egyptian. Most of the Upland long-staple crop of the United States is pro- duced in the delta lands of Mississippi. in the Pecos and Red River Valleys of Texas, in Oklahoma, Arkansas. California, and South Carolina. The annual production is about 1,500,000 bales. (See staple No.3, Fig. 4.) (4) Upland short-staple (Gossypium hirsutum) constitutes about 92 per cent of the cotton crop of the United States and about 50 per cent of the world’s crop of 20,000,000 bales. ‘“ American Middling,” the standard short-staple grade, is the basis.of price quotations for all short-staple cottons. The staple varies in length from five- eighths to 1 inch, with some varieties exceeding an inch when grown under the most favorable conditions. Hundreds of varieties are cultivated in the American Cotton Belt, differing in habits of growth, size of bolls, earliness of opening, abundance, length, and uniformity of staple. American Upland varieties have been introduced into 330 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Russian Turkestan and Transcaucasia, and now constitute the major portion of the crop in those regions. They are also being grown in India, China, Chosen, Africa, Asia Minor, and Brazil. (See staple No. 4, Fig. 4.) (5) Asiatic cottons include Gossypium herbaceum and several re- lated botanical species, indicum, neglectum, and arboreum. The staple is short, often only three-eighths to three-fourths of an inch, but strong and rather rough. Asiatic cotton is grown in India, China, Asia Minor, Persia, Indo-China, and Japan, but in several districts is giving place to the American Upland type. The total volume of the crop is large but unknown, most of it being applied to domestic or local uses. (See staple No. 5, Fig. 4.) Shifts in Cotton Production. In the development of the United States the cotton crop has moved across the Cotton Belt from east to west. Areas have been tried out north of the areas in which cotton is now grown. Practically all possible available area for produc- tion in the United States has had a trial. Within the limits of suitable climatic conditions, production expands or con- tracts with changes in prices or in the profitableness of grow- ing the crop. Shifts and changes in the distribution of the crop from 1839 to date are shown by Figures 5 to 9, inclu- sive. . In 1839 the cotton crop occupied only about half the area that it now occupies. Texas and the Indian territory west of Arkansas were not producing cotton. East of Texas all of the territory of the Cotton Belt had been opened to occupa- tion by cotton planters and was being rapidly developed. The addition of large areas of new land that was well suited to the cultivation of cotton increased production so rapidly in the decade 1839-1849 that prices fell to a very low point. Notwithstanding low prices, production increased 50 per cent. Prices were better during the decade 1849-1859, and produc- tion continued to increase in all parts of the Cotton Belt, the greatest gains being made in the Southwestern States. In this decade Texas and Arkansas began to contribute to the annual crops of the United States. In this and the pre- ceding decade, railroads were constructed from the coast to the interior in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama, increasing the transportation facilities and thereby encouraging the further development of cotton production in the interior of these States. The Cotton Situation. 331 The blockade during the Civil War temporarily ruined the cotton industry of the South. During the war some cotton COTTON PRODUCTION 1839 EACH DOT REPRESENTS 4,000 BALES --- 386,803 .... 326,785 pee sec 278 ROP —— ... 123,421 Tae U.S . 1,580,959 . 103,852 | W 402 Fic, 5.—More than three-fourths of the cotton crop of 1839 was grown east of the Mississippi River. Mississippi was the leading State and Georgia next. Several counties in Illinois and Missouri reported cotton. COTTON PRODUCTION 1859 EACH DOT REPRESENTS 4,000 BALES PRODUCTION, 1859, IN 500-POUND BALES iss... 962,006 | S.C .. 282,730 | IL = : 237.171 | Utah... - 116,411 | Kans .... Pata ape ee <3 eee N. Mex. . . +. 293914 | Va... 10,182 | U-5-- 4,309,641 * Census figures appear incorrect Fic. 6.—There was a great shift in area and a great increase in production between 1839 and 1859. The black prairie of Alabama and Mississippi and the alluvial lands along the Mississippi contributed largely to tbe increase in production. New territory was added in eastern Texas, was produced, but for the most part agricultural activities were diverted to the production of food. In 1865 the South 99912°—yeK 1921 99 332 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. was again free to return to a high degree of specialization in cotton. The recovery of production was necessarily slow. COTTON PRODUCTION 1879 EACH DOT REPRESENTS 4,000 BALES PRODUCTION, 1879, IN 500-POUND BALES iss. 963,111 pe se 20,318 U.S... 5,755,359 Fic. 7.—By 1879 production had practically recovered from the effects of the Civil War. It had shifted farther westward in Texas and Indian Terri- tory. In the East the effects of the use of fertilizers on the upper Coastal Plain and Piedmont began to show in increased production. “ COTTON PRODUCTION 1899 EACH DOT REPRESENTS 4,000 BALES N.C... 433,014 Tenn . 235, Ind. T. 155,729 Okla.. 72,012 25 | Fla 53, Mol 2 25,732) asc aaaaaae Va) fame jee ee Fic. 8,—Texas trebled her crop between 1879 and 1899. In the East produc- tion continued to increase with the use of more fertilizer. At this date the boll weevil had begun to operate in Texas but had covered very little ground. (See Fig. 23.) ttuation. The Cotton S oq} jo sjred yey SMOYS dum AMO, OGL OTT ‘TJACM T[Oq OT} JO STAT} oy} OF ONL “La6T 20F sjaoder SsaouUTs mory zed $31va 000'r SLN363Yd3Y LOG HOV3 1261 NOILONGO’d NOLLOO “1Rok JSvy ATLABOY JSOUI YSOT FIV 10}}0HD ‘sqavd W1VT}AOU oq} Ul UBT} Jed 10}}0) vq} JO sjivd udteyjNos oy} Ul VATJoNAJSep o1OUT ST SurMo AToSIRT 9IV GLGL PUL GEST WooAjoq OOTXoTT MON JO 4SBo S0}RIG 9G} Ul SeometoyIp JOMOT 9G} ‘GIGL OJ SUANJOI SnsM9d THOAZ VPvU SBA oinsy sty} Jo javd aoddn of [—'6 “SA u sere? CUD ceases nf SEINE so6'6es “"°°* FIV Saipan! es. 9S gpz'9LL °°°°" "ON SOOtEg Ea ent" 8 £98962 °° °° FV zog'zig °°" * “85 A) SATVA GNNOd-00S NI ‘1261 ‘NOLLINGOYd $31V8 000'r SLNaSaYd3Y LOG HOV3 6161 NOILONGOYd NOLLOO OgT'9Ze IL’ pLe'0g °° *** UNA, ararovibie eor'sie °°°°°* PW : gress °° °° °O'N wialetert ose'e9e RW sete ene LZ@S'LS6 sees * SST . * Zbz'900'L eeeee (8) uy | Sp9'aLb‘T "°° O'S eeeeee LO6‘189'T OOS OS a . “-* LSL'IL6'% °° * XOL SATVA GNNOd-00S NI ‘GIGI ‘NOLLONGOUd 334 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. The crop of 1866 was less than 2 million bales, which was less than half that of 1859 and a little greater than the crop of 1839. High prices stimulated production by the farmers along the northern border of the Cotton Belt and in Arkansas and Texas. It was not so difficult to reorganize agricultural activities where the farms were small and worked largely by white labor as it was to reorganize the large plantations which had been worked by slave labor. By 1879 conditions in the South were fairly stable again, and the crop of that year was the largest that had ever been produced. All the States, except Alabama and Louisiana, produced more cotton in 1879 than in 1859. Production doubled between 1879 and 1898. In the West the increase in production was largely from new lands. The expansion of railroads in Texas was followed by the rapid development of cotton production in the Black Waxy Prairie region, grazing and grain farming giving way to cotton. Production in Arkansas and Oklahoma had also increased greatly. In the East there was an increase in production, largely as the result of the extensive use of fertilizer on sandy soils and of improvements in methods of. production. - The development of Oklahoma and western Texas added a large acreage to the cotton-producing area between 1899 and 1909. The total acreage increased 32 per cent in the decade and continued to increase up to 1914. This period is marked by the spread of the boll weevil, by the intensi- fication of efforts to produce higher yields and better quali- ties, by the introduction of cotton into the irrigated districts of southern California and Arizona, by the great increase in the value of cotton seed, by the rapid development of cotton manufacturing in the South, and by increased competition from foreign countries. Since 1914 production of cotton has been reduced con- siderably by the ravages of the boll weevil. The crop of 1919 was only a little larger than the crop of 1909, which was a short crop for that period. The crop of 1921 was greatly reduced by the boll weevil and was the shortest crop that has been produced since 1895. It may be noted that the heaviest reductions were made in the regions most recently infested by the boll weevil. (Compare Figs. 9 and 23,) The Cotton Situation. z C) - U 5 Q ‘@) “ Oo. Q z » = Ww O x EF UV oy a UO w a. ra) | ul ca Wl 0 4 i « U < UNITED STATES, 1866-1921 (e} 42) by) Sn A RRENE SE EEE | BA Ee E\W WEEE EAVES WW EEE WT ACREAGE fo q fs >-. WW >r Col o> a @O) wz < >a a rm > 0% GES INDICATED eee TS NSA ANAS 0261 eS Vi A.W S061 WWW 0061 —_ S\WW G68l WW 0681 WW GBs __|_W 088i ESSA \\ SZ8l ERIN Zoo 9981 w °o wn We nded rapidly from 1866 to 1913. The The yield per acre varies gr¢ Soe —Y PRODUCTION SS LZ6L] WWW" p satly from rded. The cro from 1890 to 1907 and has been down- ar was the lowest reco a RE WSS g e Aa as OoBP aA Bonus oC 8 Ye ke Q a Sal 33g rata on na ss ep fea ee o os a Oo Vor » Soe Neat es vt) al o 3 Aso BgmyY day sI=| Pe Sake .238 oD mE _ ica ov n B=! x 336 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Acreage, Yield, and Production. Beginning with the earliest date for which acreage data are available, the area of cotton harvested has quadrupled. The very rapid increase from 1866 to 1880 was a process of recovering after the Civil War. The rapid expansion from 1893 to 1911 was for the most part an expansion westward in Texas and Oklahoma. In recent years a tendency seems to be developing to maintain a level or possibly to reduce the area in cotton. The ravages of the boll weevil have caused reductions in acreage in the worst infested areas. These reductions have been offset by expansion of cultivated areas in which the weevil has been less destructive. Yields per acre fluctuate greatly from year to year. The average for 1921 was the lowest of which there is a record. The trend of yields was downward to 1890, after which it was upward for 16 years, and is again downward. Three major factors in the trend of yields are shifts in area, fer- tilizers, and boll weevil. The downward trend in the first period noted was due largely to expanding low-yielding areas, the upward tendency, developed later, was due largely to increased use of fertilizers in some States, and the later downward tendency is caused primarily by the activities of the boll weevil. Production fluctuates with yields and follows a composite trend between acreage and yield. Unusually large areas planted from 1910 to 1914 and good yields produced very large crops, the crop of 1914 being the largest ever produced. Since 1914 the crops have averaged about the same as for the period 1904-1909, and last year’s crop was the smallest pro- duced since 1895. Diversification of Crops in the South. The averages of crops in the South as reported by the censuses of 1880-1921, inclusive, show no decided tendency toward diversification until the last decade. Several new crops have come into the South in this period and now occupy considerable areas. The area sown to rice has increased over 50 per cent but is still a small percentage of the total cul- tivated area. In recent years peanut growing has developed some importance. Soy beans and cowpeas are comparatively The Cotton Situation. 337 new crops in the South. Kafir and milo are new crops in Oklahoma and Texas. The total acreage of all these new crops compared with the total acreage of cotton or corn is not very great, but together with all other crops they now make up about one-third of the total crop area. Changes in acreages of selected crops in the cotton-growing States, 1879-1919. Number ofacres, Per cent of total acreage of principal 000 omitted. crops. | 1919 | 1909 | 1899 | 1889 | 1879 | 1919 | 1909 | 1899 | 1889 | 1879 Bicase see == 779 610 342 161 174 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.3 0. 4 Kafir, milo, maize, etc. ..... 2,635 | 1,108 | UE soscos§ 2S eee 2.7 1.4 23) Skea 55 - Hay—tame or } wild grasses... .| 4,360 | 3,518 | 1,950 | 1,543 | 454) 45| 44] 3.0] 3.2 1.1 Annual legumes— eae ak. rH PAbeae 2 cate a Ee le pale i Os SO eee |e ee ee Sorghum kafir— | forage .225.0555.2 2,566 | 1,148 (Ue AOS beers pay 1.4 5 a On eee See ee Peanuts........-- o13| 724| 398| 143|....... 9 9 6) ane ee ee ee eee ees ee ee Total...... 12, 592 | 7,108 | 3,525 | 1,847 | 628 | 13.1 | se) 23 | 3.9 1.6 Locally marked changes have taken place in the relative acreages of the different crops. The destructive activities of the boll weevil have been an important factor in bring- ing about these changes. The acreage of cotton in Georgia in 1919 - in wes vo | PERCENT OF TOTAL CROP ACREAGE siderably below | coTTON, CORN AND OTHER CROPS the acreage of COTTON GROWING STATES, 1879-1919 1909. The reduc- tion in cotton acreage here was offset largely by an increase in the acreage of corn. There was a con- siderable increase in the acreage of Fic. 11.—From 1909 to 1919 the percentage of land h : cultivated in crops other than corn and cotton in ay, especially the Southern States increased considerably. 338 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. legume hay, otherwise there were no very significant changes. Similar but even more striking changes have taken place in Mississippi. In a few States cotton has increased in im- portance, offsetting, in a measure, the decline in the relative importance of cotton in the States which have been seriously affected by the boll weevil. In the last year, 1921, there seemed to be every reason for reducing the acreage planted to cotton and increasing the acreage planted to corn. According to the latest estimate, the result was a reduction of the cotton crop for 1921 to approxi- mately the acreage for 1915, a total reduction from ~ 1920 of about 10 per cent. The high freight rates on corn from the North encouraged rig. 12.—Census returns of ie stock are not the increase in strictly comparable from date to date. The Corn production. figures available indicate that live stock has not ci : increased as rapidly as the acreage of cotton. For a long tame we have had this swinging from corn to cotton and from cotton to corn, main- taining a relation of about 50 to 50 between them. The number of live stock in the cotton-producing States has increased in the last 50 years, but not as rapidly as has the area planted to cotton. The number of cattle doubled and the number of swine increased about 25 per cent. The increase in live stock is supported by the increase in tame grass and legume hay. It is difficult to compare exactly the last two censuses. The change in number between the last two decades seems disappointing to one who believes that the South would profit by keeping more live stock. The Cotton Belt. The term “Cotton Belt” as it is generally used applies to that area of specialized cotton production in the South ex- tending from the Atlantic coast through North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, ‘Mississippi, NUMBER OF CATTLE AND SWINE TREND COMPARED WITH COTTON ACREAGE COTTON GROWING STATES, 1880-1920 339 tuation. Z S The Cotton ‘aaTjonpoad A19A SoPeIG JsvOD oT}URTPV JO nvod}eld }UOMIpeTT OY} PUB UBT [CISLO) joddn off} SeYVU A0ZI[I}19q “SCXAT, PUB TddISSISsTN “euRqely Jo Solead yorrq oy} ‘StoAtr Arvjznqecy pue Iddpssisstf ay} JO SUTO}}OC oY} 91k STLOS aatonpoad ysour 9, “S[fOS OF UONV[od Ut WorjJonNpord W0z}09 JO UOTNGLYSIP ef} e}0u pue G pure eT Sans a1rdu0yj ‘“pepnpoul oe aouR}1odmr amos Jo serjunoo SurmoaS-10}}09 A[UO ‘Bplto,y UloyyNOS Ut supjdooxy— ST “SIT spuey woo 4914 eWoYRIAO WABYINOS PUe SEXO, 40 S1BgU} 1 SSO4D 19CZ @WOYURINO UsIDISAM UY) HENNY Buoje SiijH PUeS Sexe M's JO Spue) PFN syes4g pue suleid pepa3 NeI1Biq PYeJaquNnd {UOW PI] d 94} 4O 1/9G BeUS PUe Suojspues PeYH Sexo) Pue eUuess/NOD 4O SOYSVEW IEPIL $Ojsj@1g AII|S PUS SWIONOH PUODIS 40A)Y 100/S6/SS\W pNoss}w W49}S5eE4INOS PUe SesuBHY jO @S3Piy $,A8IMOUD ewege@ly W24VON 40 Ad/BA 4040/4 SOSSAUUAL ewege|y Pue |dd/SS/SS}W JO SPOOMIR) 4 40/49}4} JAQ/SSISSIW JO SBP) 20301000 @Pjsoj4 wseUuINOS 4O VO[BayY GUOseW)!) |We|W SPOOMIe)4 [AA|SS/SS|W W4AE4INOS SNOIDS34Y SNE OL AAm LISNN3S ‘H HONH ae i1ag@ NOLLOS BHA sO SNOISSY NOS aC a Ca SNE 1 As s ‘sos a0 NvsaHnEa SYNLAINDIOV 4O LNAWLYVdad S3LVLS GSLINN 340 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Arkansas, western Tennessee, and northern Louisiana, and into Texas and Oklahoma. The densest production of cotton is found on the soils most suitable for its production in the center of this belt. (Figs. 9 and 13.) Both soil and climate are very important factors in the determination of areas suitable for cotton production. About two-thirds of the Cotton Belt consists of a broad coastal plain, composed principally of sedimentary materials, bordering and largely derived from two ancient and much- eroded mountain masses, the Appalachian Highlands (in- cluding the Piedmont) in the east and the Ozark Highlands in the west. From these highland areas rivers radiate across the coastal] plain, bordered, especially along their lower courses, by swampy flood plains often several miles wide; and in the broad depression between these two highlands the Mis- sissippi River flows southward, dividing the Cotton Belt into an eastern and western section approximately equal in area, in acreage of improved land, and in production of cotton. Beyond the boundary of the coastal plain the Cotton Belt includes northern and western marginal regions, comprising a portion of the Piedmont Plateau and of the valleys associ- ated with the Cumberland Plateau and Blue Ridge Moun- tains in the east, together with the valleys of the southern Ozarks (Ouachita and Boston Mountains) and a portion of the prairies and great plains of Texas and Oklahoma in the west. Soils of the Cotton Belt. Cotton is grown on practically al] well-drained types of soil in the Cotton Belt, but a comparison of the map showing distribution of production with the map showing soils brings out the fact that certain types of soil seem to be much more suitable for cotton production than other types. (See Figs. 9,13.) The most productive soils in a normal season are the dark-colored clay lands, particularly those rich in lime, such as the black prairies of Alabama, Mississippi, and Texas, and the red, brown, and black well-drained river bottom land and the second bottoms such as are found in the Mississippi, Ten- nessee, and Arkansas. The sandy loams of the Coastal Plain and the red subsoil Piedmont lands, when fertilized, also give high yields of cotton. The use of fertilizer permits the growing of cotton on light sandy land which would other- The Cotton Situation. 341 wise give yields too low to be profitable. The red prairie of Texas and Oklahoma east Oklahoma prairie and that part of the Grand Prairie and Edwards Plateau of Texas are also productive soils, but in western Oklahoma and Texas the yields of the crops are frequently reduced by drought. (For detailed description of the soils shown on the map on page 339, see Atlas of American Agriculture, cotton section.) Climate of the Cotton Belt.’ Although the most noticeable differences in the density of cotton acreage and variations in yield per acre within the Cotton Belt are due principally to soil conditions, the outer boundaries of cotton production are determined almost en- tirely by climatic factors. The Cotton Belt has an average summer temperature of 77 degrees along the northern bound- ary. This temperature appears to be the limit, beyond which commercial production becomes unprofitable. In the south- ern portion of the Cotton Belt the summer temperature is 80 to 85 degrees. Along the northern margin of the Cotton Belt the last killing frost-in spring occurs on an average about April 10, and the first killing frost in fall about October 25, so that the frostless season is about 200 days. In the southern portion of the Cotton Belt the last killing frost in spring occurs about March 10 on the average, and the first killing frost in fall seldom before November 25, the frostless season being 260 days or more in length. The average annual precipitation in the Cotton Belt ranges from 23 inches in western Oklahoma and Texas to 55 inches in eastern North Carolina and 60 inches in southern Mississippi, but throughout much of the belt is between 30 and 50 inches. The spring rainfall ranges from 6 inches in western Texas to 16 inches in Arkansas and southern Mis- sissippi, being heavier in the Mississippi Valley States than in Texas or the South Atlantic States. The summer rainfall is somewhat greater than that of the other seasons, especially in the southern and eastern portion of the belt, reaching a maximum of 20 inches in southern Mississippi and in eastern North and South Carolina, while in the black prairie region of central Texas the amount received averages only 8 inches. Autumn is the driest season of the year, practically all the 1Taken from the “ Cotton” section of the Atlas of American Agriculture, page 9. 342 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. DATE WHEN COTTON PLANTING BEGINS NORMAL YEAR BASEO ON REPORTS FROM ABOUT SOOO REPORTERS OF THE BUREAU OF CROP ESTIMATES Fic. 14.—In southern Texas planting begins about March 1, and the date becomes later going north to the northern border of the Cotton Belt, where it begins about April 21. The planting of cotton begins generally about 10 to 20 days after the last killing frost in spring. DATE WHEN COTTON PICKING BEGINS NORMAL YEAR BASED ON REPORTS FROM ABOUT SOOO REPORTERS OF THE BUREAU OF CROP ESTIMATES Fic. 15.—Cotton picking begins early in July in southern Texas. Through the center of the Cotton Belt it begins in the latter part of August and along the northern border not until about September 11. The southern part of the Cotton Belt has a long picking season, but along the northern border the cotton must be picked as early as possible to escape the frost. The Cotton Situation. 343 important cotton regions receiving less than 10 inches of rain during the fall months. February and November are the wettest months in the Mississippi Valley States, in Alabama, and in northern Georgia. August is the wettest month in the Carolinas and May in Texas and Oklahoma. October and November are the driest months throughout practically the entire Cotton Belt. Crop Combinations in the Cotton Belt. The high degree of specialization in cotton production in the Cotton Belt is in part explained by three things: First, the world demand for cotton is great, and the areas having especially favorable climate and other conditions are re- stricted. Second, cotton provides rather steady employment for labor from early in the spring to a little beyond the middle of the summer and from early fall to early winter. In fact, it provides so fully for the employment of labor throughout the season that a cotton farmer usually chooses his other crops more with a view to making the business and home partly self-sufficing than he does with a view to pro- viding profitable employment for labor at times when cotton does not require attention. (See Fig. 18, seasonal distribu- tion of labor.) Third, cotton is marketed direct—that is, it is not disposed of through live stock. If it were a crop to be fed, a farmer would in all probability need to give more attention than he does to the production of other crops which would be supplementary from the standpoint of caring for live stock. As it is, he produces forage and grain crops mainly for a few head of work stock. Considering these things, it is not surprising that cotton farmers are not in- clined to produce more corn, sorghum, oats, cowpeas, peanuts, sweet potatoes, etc., than they themselves can make good use of in the course of producing and marketing cotton. The accompanying map (Fig. 16) shows the Cotton Belt divided north and south and east and west on the basis of ‘certain differences in the choice of crops grown with cotton. The line drawn north and south through Oklahoma and Texas indicates where corn begins rather definitely to give way to kafir and other grain sorghums. But for the dryness of the climate to the west of this line, corn would hold its place on cotton farms throughout the Cotton Belt. 344 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. ON-CORW. ott SS Wer COMBINATIONS | IN THE COTTON BELT * VERY FEW ACRES OF SUCH CROPS AS COW PEAS, PEANUTS GOATS Fic. 16.—North of the line drawn through the Cotton Belt from Virginia on the east down through the Southern States and extending to the Mexican border on the west wheat and other small grains appear in the cropping system, South of this line small grains do not appear, their place being taken by leguminous crops. Another line drawn from the Kansas border across Oklahoma and Texas separates the kafir-producing area from the corn-producing area. COTTON ACREAGE irs 70% AND OVER EB so% - 59% 35% ~ 49% Whe Wy : ‘ 15% ~ 34% LAGE GE a) Y G e Y 'WBe2"-14% COTTON ACREAGE, AND PERCENTAGE COTTON ACREAGE IS OF ACREAGE OF ALL CROPS Fic. 17.—Considering State totals, the greatest specialization in cotton is in Texas, with South Carolina second and Mississippi third. In seyeral areas over 70 per cent of all the land in crops is in cotton. The largest area of this kind is along the Mississippi River in Mississippi and Arkansas. Ken} ‘WHOTPUO}JU TONU OAfoood JOU AuM Sdoazd oOyIO oso? doao oTquZgord Ated VS} UO}LOO oO PUY) ‘oLOJodoqy “SuySTAdANs Jou st yy] = ‘PoSoAIBIL SSULS PUL ‘np soojRjOd Joos ‘papoos oq PTNoys szRo ‘poddvus oq PTNoOYS WO otUT} OWS oY}? 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S Bese ee) oe aes) oO 346 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. important, oats are practically the only small grain grown. This lower part of the Cotton Belt lies almost wholly within the Coastal Plain, where climatic conditions generally are less favorable to the production of small grains than they are farther north. The choice of the large-seeded annual legumes in the southern division of the Cotton Belt tends to be cowpeas in the Mississippi River bottoms and to the east along the up- per part of the Coastal Plains, peanuts and velvet beans else- where between eastern Texas and southeastern Georgia, and peanuts alone in northeastern North Carolina and southeast- ern Virginia. The share of land allotted to these crops in the Coastal Plains of southern Texas is almost negligible. In the northern division of the Cotton Belt, where the small grains are more important, a little land is allotted to cow- peas and peanuts, but very little to velvet beans. General Farm Practices. Time and method of preparing land, of planting, culti- vating, picking the cotton, and the cost of preparing it for market vary much in different parts of the South. Prob- ably in most cases the causes of the differences are not to be found only in the different customs; there are also physical and economic reasons for the differences. Fic. 19.—One-mule plow in Southeast. The Cotton Situation. 347 Wherever crab grass, Johnson grass, and other weeds ‘grow profusely in the fields the cultivation of cotton re- quires from one to three hoeings per season. With one mule a man can plow, chop, and hoe from 10 to 20 acres, from which 5 to 10 bales of cotton are produced, and this is ordinarily all one family can pick. Therefore, one-mule implements are used over the greater portion of the east- ern part of the Cotton Belt. In some sections the topog- raphy of the land would make the use of larger implements difficult. In the level, black lands of Texas, however, where, ? . > . ¥ $ Fic. 20.—Two-muale plow in Texas owing to the smaller amount or absence of crab grass, the hoe work is comparatively small and where transient labor can be obtained to pick the cotton, 4-mule implements are frequently used in preparing the land and 2-mule imple- ments in cultivating it. The newest form of cotton cultivation in the United States has developed in the irrigated districts of the South- west. Here the essentially distinctive features are level- ing the land so that the entire field may be irrigated uni- 99912°—yxgxK 1921—_23 348 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. formly and regulating the water so as to produce the de- sired results in producing the cotton. Another special kind of culture is used in producing the sea-island cotton of South Carolina and Georgia. Fertilizers. Commercial fertilizers are extensively used in the pro duction of cotton in the Southeastern States. (See Fig. 21.) Comparing Figure 21 with Figure 13, the heaviest use of fertilizers is seen to be on the soils of the Coastal Plains of EXPENDITURE FOR FERTILIZER 1919 EACH DOT REPRESENTS 100,000 DOLLARS Fic. 21.—Distribution of the expenditure for fertilizers as reported by the census of 1919. The heaviest use of fertilizers is on the Coastal Plain and Piedmont of the Carolinas and Georgia. Very little is used west of Alabama. Compare the distribution of expenditures for fertilizers with distribution of cotton production (Fig. 9). North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, and also to _a considerable extent upon the soils of the Piedmont of these States. The fertilizers most generally used consist of acid phos- phate, kainit, muriate of potash, and nitrate of soda. In many regions the greatest outlay of cash in producing the crop is for the fertilizers. After labor, it is the most im- portant factor in the cost of producing cotton in these Eastern States. The Cotton Situation. 349 Cotton Pests. The Boll Weevil. The origins] home of the boll weevil appears to be the plateau region of Mexico or Central America. Previous to 1892 the insect had spread through much of Mexico. Little is known, however, concerning the extent or rapidity of dispersion. About 1892 the weevil crossed the Rio Grande near Brownsville, Tex. Whether it flew across or was trans- ported in some way is not known. By 1894 it had spread to Fic.. 22.—Cotton boll weevil. Puncturing young flower bud. (Natural size.) half a dozen counties in southern Texas.. Since 1894 it has extended its range annually from 40 to 160 miles, although in several‘instances the winter conditions have been such as to cause a decrease in the infested area. (See Fig. 23.) Outside of the United States the boll weevil is known to occur throughout the larger portion of Mexico and southward to Guatemala and Costa Rica. It is known to occur also in the eastern half of Cuba. In the newly invaded region of the Cotton Belt the loss from boll-weevil damage may run as high as 50 per cent or more of the crop and invariably creates a condition border- ing on panic among cotton planters. Under such conditions diversified farming and animal husbandry receive a powerful impetus. As time passes, however, and the planters learn the proper methods of raising cotton under boll-weevil con- “IRmak Lq IBaf [TAVaM aq} JO Pvaids Juanbasqns oy} sMoys dem sayy, ‘cast seansy OT} PUR OUT] FAOYS OG} Aq pa}RoIpUr ‘rare siq} oJ0N ‘SRKXay, Jo dl} W1loy}NOS otUe1}xe OY} Ul Baty JUROYTUSISUL UR patdnooo pur ooixeTY wos OPUBIY) OLY 94} Possold [LAVA T[OG 94} TESL UI— Es “DIT by Sel / BEY FL ho Sy Ia tee We MO 3 ba Iee=loctrorr Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. awe Eo e7i1261— 2691-4 = TIO NOLLOD 3HL4O AVaudS =e = Bs ord PONG oe aN: SN 7) i eR SN ar I BER ptt EO Lhe a RET bel SLES ALY YET peer ber SRL rn | 00700 F464 nrc term rwene| snote| wacin] aemmed ; OcDe fh 350 The Cotton Situation. 351 ditions, a considerable reduction of the loss incident to the presence of the weevil is apparent. The actual damage done by the boll weevil varies greatly from year to year. A very mild winter is invariably fol- lowed by a heavy weevil infestation during the following summer. Excessive rainfall during the summer months is also conducive to greater weevil activity. In prairie regions where the insect obtains little or no protection through the winter, it never becomes so numerous as in other quarters where conditions favorable for hibernation are found. The Bureau of Crop Estimates of this department in the fall of 1920 estimated the average annual loss for the last four years to be about $300,000,000. Hibernation takes place in the adult stage. After frost in the fall the last surviving generation of adults seek such shelter as may be found under old cotton stalks and dead grass, or in near-by woods. In regions where Spanish moss is abundant, this material provides a favorite place for the weevil to pass the winter. An average of about 6 per cent of the weevils entering hibernation in the fall survive the winter. A very cold winter will reduce the number that will survive, and a very mild winter will augment it. In the spring the survivors emerge from hibernation, breed, and thus start another generation. Several generations are pro- duced each year, each much more numerous than the last preceding. The period from generation to generation is about 25 days. The boll weevil can not be eradicated, but certain measures may be taken which, under ordinary circumstances, will con- trol it to the extent that a profitable crop of cotton may be raised. During comparatively recent years a system of boll-weevil control by the use of calcium arsenate in dry-dust form has been developed. It has been thoroughly tested for the last seven years and has proved to be fairly successful. Special- ized treatment of the plants with this arsenical is necessary for successful control. Publications giving details of this treatment are issued by the Bureau of Entomology. In addition to the use of poison, certain other measures may be taken to reduce weevil damage. Fall destruction of the 352 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. cotton plants, either by burning or by plowing under, de- stroys the possible hibernating places of the weevil in the fields. If it can be done before the first killing frost great numbers of weevils will be destroyed. The use of an early maturing variety of cotton is impor- tant. Likewise the seed should be planted as early in the spring as possible without risk of damage from frost. The object of this is to get the crop well along before the weevils have become nu- merous enough to be destructive. The Pink Bollworm The pink boll- worm has_ been known in other countries as a de- structive cotton pest since the year 1842, at which time an English entomologist FIc. of Dink talon Adult, larva, pupa, and called attention to egg. (Enlarged.) its depredations in India. It was first noted in Egypt in 1911. In the same year the pest was introduced into Mexico, evidently in two importations of cotton seed from Egypt. The fact of its establishment in Mexico did not become known to our au- thorities until 1916. An embargo upon Mexican cotton seed was declared immediately, but prior to this order large quan- tities of seed were shipped to certain oil mills in Texas for grinding. On September 10, 1917, the first infestation on American soil was found in a cotton field at Hearne, Tex. The Hearne district was then made a cotton-free zone— that is, no cotton was grown in the district—and was so maintained for three years. This district is now believed to be entirely free from the pest. demonstrating what may be accomplished where adequate control is maintained for a The Cotton Situation. 353 period of years. Other areas that have been found infested are indicated on the map (Fig. 25). The damage which might result from the uncontrolled infestation of the Cotton Belt of the United States by the pink bollworm can be estimated only by the damage done elsewhere, as so far none of the outbreaks in this country have been allowed to go entirely uncontrolled. In November, 1920, a commission organized by the Texas Chamber of Commerce, after a careful investigation in the Laguna dis- trict of Mexico, where the insect has been allowed to run its natural course, submitted a report indicating a loss of at pee Setece a oS relay 3] PESOS pat LACK DOTS REPRESENT INFESTATION @ \AS DETERMINED IN THE FALL OF 1921 REPRESENT FORMER INFESTATIONS FROM WHICH THE PEST HAS BEEN ELIMINATED, APPARENTLY,BY CLEAN UP OPERATIONS, SHADED DOTS AND ENCLOSED AREAS @ AND NON-COTTON ZONES Fig, 25.—The pink bollworm was discovered in certain very limited areas in Texas in 1917 and in Louisiana during the winter of 1919-20. The pest has apparently been stamped out in Louisiana, and the actual infestation in Texas is greatly reduced. least 50 per cent of the cotton crop of 1920 of that district due to the pink bollworm. As a matter of fact the pink bollworm is probably the most serious single cotton pest of the world. Its potential danger is greatly enhanced by the habit of the insect in the larval stage of entering the cotton seed and remaining there for several months of the year. By reason of this habit the pest is easily transported to any part of the globe where cotton seed is carried. The only chance of exterminating this pest is by the en- forcement for a period of years of noncotton zones for the 354 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. invaded areas, and any attempt at control which permits the continuation of the growth of cotton in such areas will be followed by the inevitable increase of the pest and its ulti- mate spread throughout the South. Perhaps the most de- termined fight which any nation has ever waged for the eradication of a single insect species within its borders has been carried on since the discovery of the pink bollworm in Texas, and the end is not yet. The Cotton Bollworm. Some doubt exists whether the cotton bollworm is a native species or came originally from some other country. At any rate, long before the advent of the boll weevil, it was one of the oldest, most widely distributed, and most de- structive of injurious insects. It is a general feeder, at- tacking a great many wild and cultivated plants other than cotton. A number of years ago the annual loss to the cotton crop caused by this pest was estimated at $8,500,000. The dam- age, however, is somewhat sporadic, being worse in some years than in others, and is likely to be very uneven over the Cotton Belt in any one, year. The insect passes the winter in the soil in one of the immature stages. Fall or winter plowing is therefore ad- vantageous in its control. In fact the same methods of control advocated for the boll weevil are applicable to this species. If calcium arsenate is used for the weevil, this should be sufficient for the control of the bollworm. The Cotton Leafworm. The cotton leafworm has been known to cotton planters in the United States since 1793. It is unique in that it does not spend the winter in this country. It is a native of tropical regions south of the United States, and in some years does not appear here in destructive numbers. At other times the adult moths fly northward, reaching our Cotton Belt fairly early in the season, and there lay eggs for another generation. This soon appears as the familiar defoliating worm. At the end of the season, when cold weather sets in, all stages of the insect within our borders succumb to climatic conditions. The species is easily controlled by the application of cal- cium arsenate as for the boll weevil. Oo or Or The Cotton Situation. Cotton Diseases in the United States. Several important diseases attack the cotton crop and cause losses which in 1920 were estimated by the Plant Dis- ease Survey of the United States Department of Agriculture at over 13 per cent of the total production. Cotton Wilt. Cotton wilt is a disease which causes stunting, wilting, and death of the entire plant. It is due to a fungus, Fusarium, Fic. 26.—Four important diseases of cotton. A, An eelworm bores into cotton roots and causes rootknot. B, The angular leaf spot produces dead areas on the leaves and rotting of the bolls. C, The wilt disease stunts the plants and causes blackening of the inside of the stalks. D, This boll rot is due to anthracnose. 356 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. which enters the roots and plugs the water vessels. This parasite remains indefinitely in the soil, so that infested fields cannot be planted to the ordinary kinds of cotton. Resistant varieties bred by the Department of Agriculture have come into general use, however, and constitute an effective remedy for wilt. This trouble is widely distributed in the sandy soils of the coastal plain, from southern Virginia and North Carolina to Arkansas and eastern Texas, and is occasionally met in the Piedmont and other districts. (See Fig. 26.) Texas Root-Rot. Texas root-rot is due to another serious soil-infesting fungus, which occurs from Texas and Arkansas westward, principally on the black waxy or heavier types of soils. This causes a wilting of cotton over large areas in midsummer and constitutes a serious problem, as alfalfa, sweet potatoes, many _ fruits, and other crops are also susceptible, and because no thoroughly effective remedy is known. Root-Knot. Root-knot, a disease characterized by abnormal galls or swellings of the roots, is due to a tiny eelworm or nematode. The plants are dwarfed and the yield reduced. Root-knot occurs commonly in association with wilt on the same types of sandy soil. It attacks a very large number of other crops. Its contro] is based on rotation with immune crops or varie- ties, involving a readjustment of crop rotation. Rust. Rust is a name commonly used for a trouble marked by the early defoliation and premature death of cotton on soils lacking in vegetable matter and potash or poorly drained. It occurs throughout the Cotton Belt and causes large losses annually. The trouble is controllable by good farming methods, particularly by the use of potash fertilizers, stable manure, or green manuring, and by drainage. Anthracnose Anthracnose is a fungous disease of the cotton plant spread through the use of infected seed. It may cause a damping- off of the young seedlings and some injury to the plant, but The Cotton Situation. 357 is most harmful as a cause of boll rot in wet weather. An- thracnose occurs to a greater or less extent over the entire Cotton Belt. It may be controlled by crop rotation and the use of disease-free seed. Angular Leaf-Spot. Angular leaf-spot, or bacterial blight, can be found in nearly every cotton field throughout the Cotton Belt as a leaf-spot, stem blight, and boll rot; but Upland cotton is quite resistant to it, and the losses are therefore not as great as in Egyptian cotton, which is very susceptible. The most effective method of control combines the use of disease-free seed with crop rotation. All of these diseases are described more fully in Farmers’ Bulletin 1187. Cost of Production. The problem of making ends meet has been especially serious for cotton growers in 1920 and 1921. Expenses have been high and prices low. Relief has been sought in efforts to enhance the prices to producers by various methods without marked success. Since the prices for each crop are determined after production and without regard to costs, farmers must attempt to forecast prices and to adjust op- erations so as to produce at a cost which will return a profit at the price for which the cotton will sell. Some farmers may not find it possible to reduce their costs low enough to meet prospective low prices for cotton, but may be able to produce something else with profit. In any case a knowl- edge of costs may be helpful to a farmer in determiniag how much cotton he should try to produce and how much he may profitably expend in producing it. A grower who knows his own actual cost of production, and has average or standard figures to compare with his own, is in a fair way to stop small leaks in his expenses and to reinforce those features of his practice in which he has an advantage. To assist cotton growers in establishing reasonable aver- ages and working standards and to assemble cost informa- tion, which individuals acquire only slowly, the Office of Farm Management and Farm Economics undertook compre- 358 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. hensive studies of the cost of producing cotton. (See Fig. 27.) The first of these was made for the crop of 1918, in 10 representative counties in 4 States, the actual cost of producing cotton in 1918 being worked out for 842 farms. (See Bulletin 896, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.) A similar study was made for the crop grown in 1919, the results of which are summarized in the charts on pages following. COTTON COST OF PRODUCTION STUDIES PeMmscon, Strands Lauderdale ¢; ‘les leew Ander: ington Masala ice Cente je Ee ag pee! Washingfor: Litton ¢ SURVEYED G 1919 %* OTHER YEARS Fic. 27.—Location of surveys and cost of production studies in the Cotton Belt. The first of these was made for the crop of 1918 in 10 representative counties in 4 States. The results of the surveys made in 1919 are summarized in charts that follow. Variation in Cost of Production. A farmer who is keeping his own records and comparing with others must recognize the fact that costs necessarily vary from farm to farm, as well as from one region to an- other. This is due to variations in the character of pro- ducers themselves, as well as in the character of the land and of the methods employed in growing the crop. The variation in the net cost of lint cotton per pound on 783 farms in 1919 (Fig. 28), illustrates the wide range of costs. The Cotton Situation: 359 VARIATION IN NET COST OF PRODUCTION OF LINT COTTON ON 783 FARMS 1919 ‘NUMBER OF FARMS 10 is 20 eo eaten eG OO-$NWSADNDOO —NYDADND OO-NWHSANDND — WII foes ween anne MOHHWH HO HOW OHO CGOOOMC0CD0S SSMS. VLA . LLL Willi llis SS ONAN te) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 o 9 CM Lise 7 pa YLLLILLMMMLLLL E11 WML hd. pa LLL LLL WE: WLLL hb WULLLLLLLLILSLULLLLLLLS LILLY bt ee LLL = TE: a Ubud sidasadsaa we MUMS ti Ue TITTLE AIL SLSLSL LLL SLY Se LL, YET a Mcsliitsdda LLL LLL, — — a a LZ, a LL — La WLLL LYS 10d —~+ WOW SSAS AAS sSsSsoa Maga aano VME tisorigon Kee LL LI. wae uma = ~ —— — SIL a SS YY We (LILLLTLIL1LS 11d; scsssssesges Ly Hy (Ltd ne a LLL LLL, Loy VL sdsssssccccsisdscsssssssss ——— LLLIYLLLS LL ff 335 a Les MM gfliddddidddda a OLLLLIZZZ. ae Liss -—~ Lig ne a — VME Witt, NO0OO=$NH SADVODOO=$NH SAAN O OwWW aan HUE Vi Lk hla ULLLLLLLLLL) LEE 4 ZZ YM LILLLULLU L114 777. ——— OLLI, tip rr a CLL LLM MLMMMIULILLLA fy AML LLL == NNN NNN ANNO WOO ONDOVO=N HOH IOOO=NW VRERERORRBLG Wits WULMSLTLSST A. - n ' Fic. 28.—The net cost ranged from 12 cents to $3.78 per pound of lint. One- half of the cotton cost 35 cents and less. The bulk of the cotton, 85 per cent, was produced at a cost up to 50 cents per pound. 360 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. It costs more to produce cotton in some regions than in others. The net cost per acre and the net cost per pound of lint in 1919 are shown in Figure 29 for each of 11 typical Cotton Belt counties. The average yields per acre reported in each case are shown in a column to the right of the chart. It will be noted that high cost per acre with good yields may result in low cost per pound, and low cost per acre with ordinary or poor yields in high cost per pound. Im fact, judicious expenditures for fertilizer, good seed, good care of the crop, or a combination of them, pays. In any year much depends upon the seasonal weather. The 1919 crop was practically a failure in three of the counties surveyed. REGIONAL VARIATION IN COTTON COSTS 1919 783 RECORDS IN 11 COUNTIES NET aN Aas ACRE NET or te POUND Aa AREA = oe ANDERSON CO. S.C MARSHALL CO. ALA BARNWELL CO. SC GREENE CO. GA. LEE CO. ARK. LAUDERDALE CO, ALA MITCHELL CO. GA. MONROE CO. MISS. LAURENS CO. GA ELUS CO. TEX. RUSK CO. TEX. Fic, 29.—Variations both in the cost per acre and in the yield per acre cause variations in the net cost per pound of lint. The average acre in Anderson County cultivated at the highest cost in 1919 produced the highest average yield at the lowest cost per pound. It is not always the greater the cost the higher the yield. Note Lee County, Ark. The distribution of costs differs with the practice, as is shown in Figure 30 for several of the more important factors. Thus labor per acre is relatively low in Ellis County, Tex., where the fields are large and level enough to permit the use of two horses and riding cultivators instead of a man to each mule. In the South Carolina and Georgia counties the use of fertilizer was very general and liberal, while in Ellis County, Tex., no fertilizer was used on cotton, and only one of the farms in Lee County, Ark., reported use of fer- tilizer, The value of the land, use cost, or rent of land is The Cotton Situation. COTTON COST OF PRODUCTION TOGETHER WITH VALUES OF FARM PROPERTY AND FARM INCOMES, 1919 AS REPORTED BY 783 FARMERS IN 11 COUNTIES (THE AREAS ARE ARRANGED BY TOTAL COST PER ACRE, THE HIGHEST AT THE TOP) HORSE AND MULE LABOR MAN LABOR AREAS: SURVEYED ANDERSON CO., S.C. MARSHALL CO. ALA BARNWELL CO, S.C. GREENE CO. GA. LEE CO. ARK. LAUDERDALE CO., ALA. MITCHELL CO., GA. MONROE CO., MISS. LAURENS CO., GA. ELLIS: CO., TEX. RUSH CO. TEX. ra aan eh cz LL uw aan Wh all bets Pe ACRE TOT nm MUM iti MMMM HOURS PREPARING, PLANTING & CULTIVATING HOURS DURING PICKING AND MARKETING POUNDS PER ACRE AREAS SURVEYED ANDERSON CO., S.C. MARSHALL CO. ALA BARNWELL CO., S.C GREENE CO, GA. LEE CO., ARK. LAUDERDALE CO., ALA. MITCHELL CO., GA. MONROE CO., MISS. LAURENS CO., GA. ELLIS CO., TEX. RUSH CO., TEX bye OF lao 20 ANDERSON CO., S.C. MARSHALL CO., ALA. BARNWELL CO., S.C. GREENE CO., GA. LEE CO., ARK. LAUDERDALE CO. ALA. MITCHELL CO. GA. MONROE CO., MISS. LAURENS CO., GA. ELLIS CO., TEX. RUSH CO., TEX. 40 300 100 SERREER 400 S00 600 AREAS SURVEYED ANDERSON CO. SC. MARSHALL CO., ALA. BARNWELL CO. S.C. GREENE CO. GA. LEE CO., ARK. LAUDERDALE CO. ALA. MITCHELL CO., GA. MONROE CO., MISS. LAURENS CO. GA. ELLIS CO. TEX. RUSH CC., TEX. AREAS SURVEYED ANDERSON CO., S.C. MARSHALL CO.. ALA. BARNWELL CO. S.C. GREENE CO., GA. LEE CO., ARK. LAUDERDALE CO. ALA. MITCHELL CO. GA. MONROE CO., MISS. LAURENS CO., GA. ELLIS CO., TEX RUSH CO., TEX. HOURS PER ACRE So 100 150 LTT 361 MMMM HOURS PREPARING, PLANTING & CULTIVATING (227) - HOURS DURING PICKING AND MARKETING AREAS SURVEYED ANDERSON CO., S.C. MARSHALL CO., ALA. BARNWELL CO., SC. GREENE CO., GA. LEE CO.. ARK. LAUDERDALE CO., ALA. MITCHELL CO. GA. MONROE CO., MISS. LAURENS CO., GA. ELUS CO., TEX. RUSH CO., TEX. | oo DOLLARS PER ACRE | aps ACRE 100 150 | oo DOLLARS PER ACRE | YIELD OF LINT COTTON ANDERSON CO., SC. MARSHALL CO., ALA. BARNWELL CO., S.C. GREENE CO. GA. LEE CO., ARK. LAUDERDALE CO. ALA. . MITCHELL CO. GA. MONROE CO., MISS. LAURENS CO. GA. ELLIS CO., TEX. RUSH CO.. TEX peer AREAS SURVEYED he oon Fig. 30.—Counties are arranged in the order of the total cost per acre, the Note especially the contrast between Anderson County, highest at the top. 8. C., and Ellis County, Tex. County stands first among all the counties, Cost per acre and yield per acre in Anderson is second in value of fertilizers used, in value of crop land, and in farm income; whereas Ellis County had next to the lowest yields produced with the smallest amount of labor, fertilizer, highest in value of any of the counties. no and gave an average farm income on crop land averaging. the 362 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. another widely variable item, the lowest values being found in Rush County, Tex. Tex., and the highest in Ellis County, In addition to the average expense of labor, horse labor, fertilizer, and value of land, the chart shows also the value of, the total farm capital, the farm income for 1919, and the yield of lint cotton per acre. An Example. As a guide for the use of farmers who wish to determine their actual costs for any season promptly and very closely, Example for figuring costs per acre of cotton and per pound of lint. Figures for Mitchell 3 County, Ga., crop Teme of 1919. | Amount. /|Price.| Cost. 1921 Your farm. Amount.|Price. Cost. Amount.) Price. 100 hours... 48) doses. $0. 30 25 330. 00 12. 00 Seed (bushel= 30 pounds)s.. fst <6 1 bushel... .. Fertilizer-- .....7 -'- 292 pounds. - 1.35 1,021 1.35 6.13 Total of foregoing items (84.4 per cent of operating Total operating cost(100 per cent) Credit seed Net operating cost 1s) 1 ee a ee Net operating cost per pound ($46.63= 159 Rent of land or in- terest on invest- ment, per acre.. Total net cost per acre (including 367. 00 Total net cost per pound (includ- ing rent)........ 1 Price, $42 per ton. 1922 Cost. 2 Operating costs represent all costs except interest on land. The remaining 15.6 per cent of operating costsis made up of manure, equipment, taxes, insurance, ginning, and overhead. 8 $80 per ton. The Cotton Situation. 363 an example is worked out, using the figures for Mitchell County, Ga., and space is provided for setting down the figures for any individual farm. It is best to use the actual ficures, if possible, but even in case no attention has been paid to the time and materials used one can not go very far astray if careful estimates are made by means of comparisons with average or standard figures. In each case the yield of cotton should be estimated zs closely as possible, because errors in the yield will make considerable differences in the computa- tions of cost per pound. Costs and Prices. Though producers are more or less at the mercy of con- sumers with respect to price, they can exercise considerable FARM PRICE OF COTTON AND THE PRICE OF FERTILIZER GEORGIA 1913 1918 AND 1921 NG TONS FORA BALE, Fic. 31.—The cost of fertilizers is a very important item in the cost of produc- tion in the South Atlantic States. The data represented here for 1913, 1918, are taken from surveys of Sumter County, Ga. For 1921 prices represent Georgia. 99912°—yBxK 1921 24 364 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. control over the cost of their product. When prices were going up and the prospects for higher prices were still good costs were voluntarily increased, because it was good judg- ment to pay higher prices for labor, fertilizer, land, and machinery, if it were necessary in order to produce the cotton. The average cost of the 1918 crop was approxi- mately 22 cents a pound, while the average farm price was TREND OF FARM WAGES AND COST OF ARTICLES FARMERS BUY COMPARED WITH DEC. 1 PRICE OF COTTON 1910-1921. 1913=100 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 Fic. 32.—The price of cotton fell to a low point in 1914, rose to high points 1916-1919, and fell to a low point in 1920. Wages and prices of articles farmers buy rose less rapidly in the period of inflation and fell more slowly with deflation. 28.76 cents a pound, or enough to cover the cost of 85 per cent of the crop. Prices were still rising in 1919 and costs averaged 35 cents a pound, which was just about the farm price of 35.36 cents a pound, and half the growers failed to make costs. When the crop of 1920 was planted cotton prices were still high and no particular effort was made to cut expenses. While the crop was growing the price was falling, with the result that the crop produced at a high The Cotton Situation. 365 cost had to be sold at a low price. Some retrenchment was made in 1921, as evidenced by the lower wages paid and the lower prices for materials, but not enough to offset the combined effect of a good crop, a large hold over, and a stagnant market. The relative changes in the cost of pro- duction for the years 1910 to 1921 are indicated in Figure 32, farm wages and the prices of things farmers buy being used as an index of the movement of the cost of producing cotton. Organization for Profitable Production. The cost of producing farm products, the farm income, and _ the welfare of the farm family and the community are strongly influenced by the enterprises selected and their rela- tive magnitudes in the organization of the farm. It has been found that those cotton farmers who in plan- ning their cropping systems provide first for sufficient acre- ages of corn, small grains, hay, and other feed crops (includ- ing among these cowpeas, peanuts, velvet beans, and similar crops planted by themselves and interplanted among rows of other crops), not only to feed pigs, chickens, the farm work stock, and the family cows, but also to build up and maintain soil fertility, are able to produce cotton at low cost, and they get the best returns for land used and capital and labor expended. These farmers usually plan for as many acres of cotton as they can care for properly and har- vest early with the available farm equipment and such out- side assistance as may be relied upon. Proper care of the crop involves thorough preparatory till- age, proper application of fertilizers and manures, thorough cultivation, and thorough and persistent combative measures against the boll weevil and other destructive insects. After providing for farm needs, including fertility, and for such acreages of cotton as can be well cared for, other enterprises may be selected in order to make use of unutilized land and labor. Such enterprises may increase food and feed for sale or for some productive live stock enterprise, but care must be taken that these added enterprises do not seriously compete with cotton in its labor requirements or tend to diminish the fertility of the soil. The choice of crops and groupings will vary according to conditions. For example, in Figure 33 are given the average 366 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. relative sizes of the crop enterprises on some of the more profitable 1-mule to 6-mule farms in communities in Sumter and Brooks Counties, Ga., in 1913 and 1914. A marked dif- ference will be noted in the organization of the two com- munities. In the Sumter County community, after making fair provision for the farm needs, the remainder of the land was devoted largely to cotton, the most important commercial enterprise. In the Brooks County community the soil was thinner and it was necessary to pay particular attention to the maintenance of soil fertility, so a system was developed which gave a smaller acreage to cotton and paid particular attention to corn, legumes, feed crops, and hogs. Besides the COTTON PERCENTAGES OF TOTAL CROP LAND IN CERTAIN CROPS AVERAGES OF THE MORE PROFITABLE 1706 MULE FARMS SUMTER AND BROOKS COUNTIES, GEORGIA PRE-WAR PERIOD SUMTER COUNTY, I913 BROOKS COUNTY, 1914 1STCROPS AVERAGES FOR 30 OF THE MORE PROFITABLE FARMS _, AVERAGES FOR 30 OF THE MORE PROFITABLE FARMS ; i eee PER CT] COTTON = CORN OATS & RYE PEANUTS MISCELLANEOUS 2"°CROPS COW PEAS INTERPLANTED COW PEAS \ & PEANUTS J — 29.6 ACRES OF CROP LAND TO EACH MULE 33 ACRES OF CROP LAND TO EACH MULE 2 COWS TO EVERY 5 MULES 4 COWS TO EVERY 3 MULES BROOD SOW TO EACH 2 MULES 2 BROOD SOWS TO EACH MULE 34 CHICKENS TO EACH FARM 80 CHICKENS TO EACH FARM AVERAGE { Fic. 38.—In Sumter County there is much greater specialization in cotton than in Brooks County. In the latter more attention is being given to the growing of crops that will maintain or improve soil fertility, consequently more live stock are kept and more leguminous crops are grown. regular peanut crop, peanuts were planted between the corn rows on about one-third of the corn area. The Sumter County farms carried 2 cows to each 5 mules, while the Brooks County farms carried 4 cows to each 3 mules. The Sumter County farms carried 1 brood sow to each 2 mules, while the Brooks County farms carried 2 brood sows to each mule. Among the important miscellaneous crops on these farms were watermelons, sweet and Irish potatoes, sugar cane, and garden vegetables. it is not intimated that these systems of cropping were the best that these farmers could have devised for their farms or for the communities represented, but they were evidently The Cotton Situation. 367 better than the average in that they yielded comparatively high returns for the use of land, working capital, and labor. Systems of cropping change as conditions change. Figure 34 gives the organization of crop enterprises on the more profitable 1-mule to 6-mule farms in Sumter County five years later, in 1918. The main difference between the 1918 and 1913 systems was a reduction in the percentage of land devoted to cotton in 1918 to better meet boll-weevil invasion and the high cost of fertilizers. The actual and relative number of cows and brood sows was increased. The 30 more profitable Sumter County farms in 1913 spent $1,057 for feed, while the 1918 ans, os aa pitt oboe ee pose. The 1918 a PER CENT system shows a at larger planting of legume feed crops to reduce the cost of maintaining the live stock, to utilize land and labor not required by cotton, and also to main- COWPEAS, PEANUTS AND tain fertility better. VELVET BEANS COTTON CORN OATS, RYE AND WHEAT PEANUTS MISCELLANEOUS 282 CROPS COWPEAS AND PEANUTS INTERPLANTED 31 ACRES OF CROP LAND TO EACH MULE 1 COW TO EACH 2 MULES 1 BROOD SOW TO EACH MULE 31 CHICKENS TO EACH FARM” Financing the Cotton Grower. AVERAGES q Fic. 34.—In 1918 cotton and corn held equal areas in Sumter County. Cowpeas, peanuts, and vel- The production vet beans were planted extensively after the of cotton in the other crops or interplanted with them. United States rests upon credit to a rather unusual extent compared with most other agricultural products. The chief agencies from which this credit is obtained by the cotton farmer are the bank, the merchant, and in the case of tenants the landowner. In this credit extension the merchant. of course, is essentially an intermediary between the banker and the farmer, while in the case of the tenant the land- owner, by guaranteeing the repayment of the credit ad- vanced, also acts as an intermediary, either between the bank and the tenant or the merchant and the tenant. 368 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Merchant credit as a rule is a particularly expensive and unsatisfactory form of credit, whether extended by the store- keeper, the implement dealer, or the cotton factor. The difference between cash prices and time prices usually far exceeds the cost of bank credit needed for the purchase of corresponding amounts of goods. The substitution of direct bank credit for merchant credit is therefore to be recom- mended wherever possible. The consclidation of numerous small loans into fewer and larger ones by means of credit associations would result in further economy. It is also to be hoped that the cotton farmer will, to an increasing extent, acquire and maintain his own operating capital and thus reduce the need for production credit and strengthen the security for such credit as is needed. Only in this way can be brought about a credit situation in which an ample supply of capita] will be available on terms favorable to the borrower. According to a study made by the Department of Agricul- ture in the spring of 1921, the average prevailing rate of interest on personal and collateral loans to farmers for each of the 10 leading cotton-producing States was as follows: Per cent INerth/Caroltingd = 2.222 == 2 oe ee eee 6. 23 Tennessegee tt. 82 eee 7.88 South Caroling _* seas eee eee 8. 06 IMISSISSIDDIE— = 2 302 ee 8. 11 Lonisianal7t ose) se Ss ees eee 8. 34 Alabama ie. 4 2:2 3 Sere Se eee 8. 46 Georgia >. 209) Sa Se ee ee eee 8. 94 POXaS hied geet See Bet ievy BPE or ee Eee 9. 68 Oklahoma Sere s eS. Se 9. 84 AtKaTISaS =.= 22. ste a ee ee 9. 70 ‘In all of these States the actual average interest cost, how- ever, was considerably higher than shown by the above figures, because of the prevalent practice among the banks in these States of collecting interest in advance, and of a common but less frequent practice of requiring borrowers to maintain a minimum deposit at the bank while the loan is outstanding. Because of the relatively high percentage of tenancy in the cotton-producing States, the question of security for loans is especially significant. The following table shows the pre- vailing forms of security for personal and collateral toans to farmers in the so-called Cotton States. The Cotton Situation. 369 Form of security given for personal and collateral bank loans to farmers in 10 leading Cotton States; per cent of loans secured by various forms of security. Note States» | Without |" 92°) age on \croptiens| Wake | Steck | otner | indorse- | indorse- liv e receipt. | bonds. ME A ment. | ments. | Stock- | | North Carolina...., 10.5) 68.6 | Ly 5.2 mi 7.5 4.4 South Carolina... . 9.1 41.0 13.6 20.2 ral 4.8 | 1.6 Georgia...........- Hos | ears 14.5 4.9 10.0 3.5 | 4.5 Tennessee ........- 18.1 67.2 5.0 1.5 8 | 5.8 1.6 Alabama.......... ee sel 20. 1 31.5 26. 1 7.5 2.4 | 2.0 Mississippi........-. 12.7 7.0 20. 2 15.1 8.0 9.1 7.9 Arkansas.......... \) fe 3 37.9 22.7 19.9 3.0 2.2 | 2.2 Louisiana.......... ides 5 52.7 12.4 | 5.2 27 9.0 | 2.5 Oklahoma.....-.... | 17.2 12.9 49.3 | 18.1 “i | 1.2 | 6 Mexns eee 65s. °) 21.9) 18.0 38.1 | 18.3 1.6 11) 0 Personal notes with one or more indorsements are the prevailing form of security in a large majority of these States. Mortgages on live stock and crop hens come next in importance. Warehouse receipts are as yet seldom used by the farmer, but will no doubt increase in popularity as adequate warehouse systems are established. One of the most common complaints heard with reference to bank loans to farmers from these States, as well as from those in other sections of the country, is that the term is frequently too short to meet the farmer’s credit needs. . The prevailing term of such loans may be seen from the follow- ing table, based on the study to which reference has already been made: Average term of personal and collateral loans to farmers: Per cent of banks reporting various average terms, March, 1921. Oneto | Oneto | Threeto Sixto | Nineto | More State. thirty three six nine twelve | than one days. | months. | months. months. | months. year. Nenu Carolinas: 470285 20) bob cet ho 28. 0 53.7 | 15.9 DANES ASP EEE Senthi Carblinagees. 52621 205..|-.).1-. 222 12.5 40.1 | 40.8 NOy eee oe - RORPIALON coi, 3 eS oe os 3.9 50.3 38. 5 [poe eee ease TiseineeReal RE SAB ae panies aia 28.5 45.0 14.6 | i171) ee el os ed i ee 4.2 S0NGi|£- * ft) Z W we < a ESSSSSSSSSSSSSSsy SSS SSAA A ‘a“aa»j» ESSAY SS SAAAASAAAA RSSSSSSSS SSS ESS SSSA wz ESSSSSH0w8 SSSA MILLIONS The business depres- The southern mills now use more than half the amount consumed in ll consumption, in mi sion last year caused a great reduction ic, 45.—The consumption of raw cotton by the mills of the United States increased constantly from 1876 to 1916. the United States. The Cotton Situation. 393 The consumption of linters in the United States, by seasons, for the seasons 1908-9 to 1920-21 is given below. The figures for the seasons 1908-9 to 1913-14, inclusive, are for the 12 months ending August 31. Those for the seasons 1914-15 to 1920-21, inclusive, are for the 12 months ending July 31. Linters consumed. [Bales.] Cott Cott | x United otton- | All other || = | United otton- | All other Year. rs owin Year G owin = States. | &Pwece | States. | | States totes’, | States. te Oe Be CEA BS | eee ean ees a 1908-9.....| 149,185 43,584. | 105,601 || 1915-16....| 880,916 | 449,602 | 431,314 1909-10....] 177,211, 58,827| 118,384 || 1916-17....| 869,702 | 446,659 | 423, 043 1910-11...) 206,561 | 79,352 | 127,209 || 1917-18....] 1,118,840 | 716,954] 401, 886 1911-12....| 238,237 | 76,345 | 161,892 || 1918-19....] 457,901 | 291,981} 165,920 1912-13....| 303,009} 98,775 | 204,234 || 1919-20....] 342,473] 131,484] 210, 989 1913-14. ... 307,325 98,121 209,204 || 1920-21.... 516, 307 154, 483 361, 824 1914-15....| 411,845 | 166,384 245, 461 || Supply and distrbution of cotton in the United States. {Linters are included for the years 1905-6 to 1912-13, inclusive, but are excluded for the years 1913-14 to 1920-21.] Supply. Distribution. Produc- | Exports, | Cansump- tion, run- running tion, run- | Year. ning bales, | Carry over, Imports, bales, ning bales, Stocks except from equivalent except except on hand round bales) previous | 500-pound |round balesround bales at end counted | year. | bales. counted counted | of year. as half as half as half bales. bales. bales. } } Ce eee 10,656,498 | 1,934,548 | 133,464 | 6,763,041 4,909,279 1,349,139 MOOG 7-5 22 sees 13,097,992 | 1,349,139 202,733 | 8,503,265 | 4,984,936 1, 514, 567 a: eee 11,527,833 | 1,514,567 140,869 | 7,573,349 | 4,539,090 | 1, 236,058 NOOR-Oe 2. =-25--=-% 13,418,144 | 1,236,058 165,451 | 8,574,024 | 5,240,719 1, 483, 585 Se ea 10,350,978 | 1,483,585 151,395 | 6,339,028 | 4,798,953; 1,040, 04¢ | SS Ce 12,384,248 | 1,040,040 231,191 | 7,781,414 | 4,704,978 1,375, 031 Cia) es 16,068,936 | 1,375,031 229,268 | 10,681,758 | 5,367,583 | 1,776,885 LUT 8 6 ee 14,159,078 | 1,776,885 225,460 | 8,800,966 | 5,786,330 1, 648, 438 A913 -14 2. aes 13,659,167 | 1,510, 606 265,646 | 8,654,958 | 5,577,408 1, 447, 817 TAY 0s Cee eee 15,905,840 | 1,365, 864 363,595 | 8,322,688 | 5,597,362 | 3,936,104 §915-16.. cos-o2=- 11,068,173 | 3,936, 104 420,995 | 5,895,672 | 6,397,613 3, 139, 709 Li ae 11,363,915 | 3,139,709 288,486 | 5,302,848 | 6,788,505 | 2,720,173 A9U7—-18< - 35-2. =-- 11, 248,242 | 2,720,173 217,381 | 4,288,420 | 6,566,489 3, 450, 188 (Ui 11,906,48° | 3,450,188 197,201 | 5,592,386 | 5, 765,936 4, 286, 785 Ci ea 11,325,532 | 4,286,785 682,911 | 6,545,326 | 6,419,734 | 3,563,162 1871591 (eae | 13,270,970 | 3,563, 162 226,321 | 5,673,452 | 4,892,672 | 6,590,359 394 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. ANNUAL SUPPLY OF COTTON (INCLUDING LINTERS) UNITED STATES, CROP YEARS, 1905-1920 BALES MILLIONS eee OS ee aah anal ha SS ee be a x IMPORTS~|_ JAD Le EBL ne a S27 o u Lal A Vy » 12 SAS x KX , bas XK RE ay wo 0.0.0 Rbses ote es RKP NY : sees tek ar Kd ~~ K x Xd estes ete Se KKK SRK neaeete stateteetaten ANNUAL DISTRIBUTION OF COTTON (INCLUDING LINTERS) UNITED STATES. CROP YEARS, 1905-1920 SLL alee al i Sal Se ces SSR Ee Yl ee Bk Be Stee ACSA RSTOCKS “ON HANOI : DI HO LI VIS | A a ZA Ta ee elee . PO ea as ES PORE a i een oe ee mie sere eee sens KS semennerren KKK SRN x ASE wars ae e014. tes S23 veer eee ees pore ee SP oehr roots S550 Fic, 46.—In recent years the carry-over from one crop season to ‘another has been large. The total amount available for the year 1920-21 was greater than for any previous year except 1914-15. Before the war the United States annually exported more cotton than was consumed, but since 1914 exports have been less than home consumption. The Cotton Situation. 395 Supply and distribution of linters in the United States. [ Figures for each season are for the 12 months ending Aug. 31, during the season 1905-6 to 1913-14, inclusive, and for the 12 months ending July 31, during the season 1914-15 to 1920-21, ] | Supply. Distribution. Produc- | Exports, | Consump- tion, run- | running | tion, run- Year. | ning bales,| Carry over| Imports, bales, ning bales,| Stocks | except from equivalent except except on hand round tales previous | 500-pound round balesround bales atend count2d year. bales. counted counted of year. as h-lf as half as half | bales. bales. bales. | es JUS PAT ELON bs ae ae Ry (ae EE) Eee A ee ae ee eee Pere Tie en [os Fee aS le been, 2 el SE oguelal Eee ee, eae Sane Le a ae 2 CEI LN ee aie eo ol ee ae es 2 RE eee Be eae nee ee ee ae 2 DAD iN ee oot eee oe os eS oe 149) 185 hcecwereze iD: | ae SIRS E UE gee ae eS OY Bee ee Pee ee ii G oe Se eee tO (Ss § Cae 3 BM ie a ee Oe: a 71 ye ee BOSH Tes ECT a Sa eee Mined oe ae Se fae ee 751 SPAY pears ee Le (COS ke eae Gi seamen. sel Ser! le Pe Be: 303, 009 37, 832 1913-14. .......... 631, 153 1ST, Wena. 2-2 259, 881 307, 325 181, 584 te ee 832, 401 ABIRDSA:| hoe Oe Fe: 221, 875 411,845 388, 786 if: Ss | oe hai 944, 640 BSSSTRD |. So Tsctcce. 295, 438 880, 916 263, 547 bE 5 a aaa 1,300, 163 Tid DELLS - Bone eae 436, 161 869, 702 453, 659 Vii fe 1,096, 422 453650 | os obs - 187,704 1,118,840 439,917 Leb aa 910, 236 439% S17 fest ocean e- 71,534 457,901 868, 897 NUSD-20 *=* 522 2s 595, 093 R08, B90 he soo aweniees 53,021 342,473 1, 009, 650 i See 439,637 | 1,009,650 |....-.-.-..- 51, 132 516, 307 684, 298 1 Subject to possible correction. Fic. 47.—Noon hour at a modern southern cotton mill. 99912°—yeK 1921 26 396 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. COTTON CONSUMPTION FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC AUG., 1920-JULY. 1921 CONSUMPTION | (EXCLUDING LINTERS) BREET oF: =< » PEFPRCTER TT: Fic. 48.—The mills in the cotton-growing States took 61 per cent of the total taken by the United States mills. Massachusetts, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia are the leading States. Most of the foreign cotton was taken by the mills of New England. Cotton Exports. The average annual exports of cotton previous to the late war were about 60 per cent of the crop. During the war period the United States consumed the larger proportion of the crop produced. In some years more than one-half the crop was consumed by the mills in this country. The economic depression of last year resulted in a reduction of the mill consumption at home. Exports were also reduced, leaving an unusually large carry over, 6,590,000 bales, or one-half of the production. The movements of cotton through ports and to foreign countries are indicated by the accompanying charts. The The Cotton Situation. | 397 in this chart. 1911-1912 INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN COTTON EXPORTS AND IMPORTS NET EXPORTS NET IMPORTS © ia, 49.—The predominant position of the United States in the international cotton trade is graphically shown iL | | | jee ae 2 = ° = 2 . =) = = - = = ‘shioduir pasieyuo sMoys under AyagQ ‘avod YsRy JoxyavUT eq) JO JNO oAOM VISSNY puR AueSunzT-vpysny ‘wwok sup puv popiod avmM-ord oY} TOOM JO S}USMOAOTE UT SoSuRYyo OY} OJON—'OG “OKT oa oo ost oe on so 06 sc oo or of L} oo 06 sor or se on 8 S31V9 000'00% SLNIS3Yd3Y INIT HOV] IS6|-OZ6I fs i? — SLYOdWI GNV SLYOdx43 ‘ ia NOLLOO Ni 3OVYL IWNOILVNYSLNI v \) P, Ke signs : | ) : | i Be om oo 398 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. The Cotton Situation. 399 war disturbed cotton movements by making transportation expensive and shutting out from our markets some of the foreign countries that were taking cotton. On the other hand, in Japan there has been a great increase in the manu- facture of cotton, and Japan has become one of the most important markets for the raw cotton of the United States. EXPORTS OF DOMESTIC COTTON SPECIFIED COUNTRIES 1896-97 To 1920-21 po |e NG SEGREERSNPNGER SZ ZENS SERRA AN OSREEEErY BRAVE NERERER ADE SR AND All SAREE bey |S sRerbeieeeesas HoH TLL ARE bebo eee REET ey LET Tb Fic. 51.—The United Kingdom is the best customer of the United States; Germany was second. Japan is becoming one of the principal importers of American cotton. In recent years there has been a very rapid expansion of manufacturing in Japan. Utilization of Cotton Seed. The utilization of the cotton seed has become an important economic factor in the production of cotton. At first plant- ers commonly considered all of the seed as waste material, except that used for planting, but as soon as they began to give some attention to maintaining the fertility of their soils they found the seed valuable fertilizing material. Be- for the Civil War experiments were being made in feeding the seed to live stock and crushing it for oil. In 1859 there were seven establishments in the United States engaged in the manufacture of cottonseed products. After the Civil War there was a great demand for fertilizers in the eastern States of the Cotton Belt, and the cotton seed was almost universally used for this purpose. In 1875 refined cotton- seed oil was put on the New Orleans market, and since then 400 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. COTTON SEED PRODUCTION AND AMOUNT CRUSHED SEASONS, 1900-1901 TO 1920-1921 “eT BSE Baek let Ea ES a al 6 = 4 3 2 1 [SES eS eae |B Fic. 52.—The amount of cotton seed produced, of course, varies with the cotton crop. Recently developed valuable uses for the seed products and high prices for the seed have caused an increasing proportion of the production to be crushed. the cottonseed oil industry has developed with remarkable rapidity. Increased demand for the various products of the crushed seed has greatly increased the value.of the seed. Deterioration in Quality of the American Cotton Crop. According to the testimony of the cotton trade in Europe as well as in the United States, the quality of the American cotton crop has deteriorated in recent decades. This can be understood when account is taken of the general custom among the American growers of planting many different varieties in the same locality, the crossing of these varieties in the field, mixing the seed at the public gins, and the general use of this ordinary “ gin-run” seed for planting. The extent of mixing of seed at gins has not been appre- ciated. Recent experiments have shown that modern ginning machinery retains a large amount of seed from each customer and passes it on to the next. No less than 26 per cent of the seed delivered to the farmer at public gins, as ordinarily operated, may be seed of another variety ginned for the previous customer. It is apparent that if such seed is planted there must be a vast amount of mixing in the field, and de- terioration begins. The Cotton Situation. 401 The degeneration that results from crossing in the field no doubt is the basis for the popular idea that cotton varieties “run out” in a few years and that “fresh seed’ must be brought in from other districts. The fact is, however, that locally selected seed of good varieties has proved better than the new stock and some of the best-known varieties have been grown continuously in the same districts for many years, with no indication of “running out” as long as isolation, selection, and clean ginning are maintained. Lack of discrimination on the part of buyers in the primary markets is also a serious factor in the deterioration in quality of the American cotton crop, and failure on the part of buyers to recognize superior quality when dealing with the growers has had the natural effect of leading farmers to believe that the most desirable character that a cotton variety can have is that of giving a high percentage of lint or “large out- turn at the gin.” Most of the varieties with high lint per- centages produce short and inferior fiber and have small seeds, yielding a low percentage of oil, but such varieties are likely to be planted so long as the farmer receives as much for three-quarter or seven-eighths inch cotton as he does for 1-inch cotton. Danger from Foreign Competition. Very active efforts are already being made to establish or to extend the production of cotton in many foreign coun- tries. Though such efforts in the past have not resulted in serious injury to the cotton industry of the United States, every season of high prices stimulates greater activity in other countries. Disturbed conditions during the war period resulted in the suspension of some of these efforts, but there is every possibility that important centers of cotton produc- tion will be developed in other parts of the world within the next few years. Many representatives of foreign governments have come to the United States in the last few years to study the Ameri- can cotton industry. They have come from Russia, China, Japan, India, the British colonies in Africa, Brazil, Argen- tina, Peru, and other countries. Foreign governments are also employing American experts and are purchasing large supplies of seed of improved American varieties. 402 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. The effect of such competition abroad will be felt first by the American producers of low-quality, short-staple cot- ton. Manufacturers in the United States had begun to im- port inferior cotton from India and China before the war, and though such importations may not become a regular custom, in any event they call attention to the fact that fiber of inferior quality is already being produced in foreign countries more cheaply than in the United States. Since a large part of the American cotton crop is ex- ported to other countries, the only adequate protection against foreign competition is to improve our own industry by growing better cotton and by growing it more cheaply than other countries are able to do, notwithstanding lower wages of farm labor. Improvement Through Utilization of Better Varieties. Fortunately the American cotton farmer is not limited to the production of inferior fiber, even under boll weevil conditions. Instead of preventing the use of better varieties of cotton, the presence of the boll weevil makes the im- provement of varieties still more important than ever before. In fact, the better methods of preparing and cultivating the land made necessary by the boll weevil provide more favor- able conditions for the production of superior fiber. There is available a series of early and prolific Upland varieties of cotton-producing fiber from 1 to 1? inches long, which are adapted to a wide range of conditions in the American Cotton Belt. With such varieties available; there are no agricultural reasons for continuing to produce cotton of less than 1-inch staple in the United States, and there does not appear to be any industrial or economic reason for continuing to produce the short and inferior fiber that now forms a large proportion of the American cotton crop. Importance of One-Variety Communities. Full utilization of improved varieties of cotton is possible only in communities devoted to the production of a single variety. Where communities are united upon a single su- perior variety of cotton and supplies of pure seed are main- tained many of the farming problems are simplified. Cot- The Cotton Situation. 403 ton growing is discussed with interest and profit at farmers’ meetings because everybody has had experience with the same variety of cotton. With a full understanding of the behavior of one variety, methods are adjusted more closely to differences in soil, season, and time of planting, as well as to the control of insect pests and diseases, labor supplies, ginning, handling, warehousing, financing, and marketing of the crop. The most rapid progress in American cotton culture has been made the last few years in the Salt River Valley of Arizona, where only the Pima variety of Egyptian cotton is grown. Single-variety communities are also developing rapidly in Texas, Oklahoma, California, and other States where millions of dollars in premiums have already been paid to farmers for superior cotton. Such progress is not possible in communities growing different kinds of cotton, where farmers usually ascribe their success or failure to the quality of the seed. The essential feature is that the community should agreee . upon the planting of one variety of cotton and take measures for maintaining the purity and uniformity of the stock by continued selection under the local conditions. This would mean larger crops, better fiber, and higher prices, not only because of the improved quality, but also because each com- munity would be able to produce a commercial quantity, a hundred bales or upward, of the same uniform type of cotton. Cooperative Warehousing and One-Variety Communities. Realization of the enormous benefits to be derived from cooperative warehousing of cotton has led to the rapid organ- ization in all of the principal cotton-growing States of farm- ers’ associations to finance the building of centralized, fire- proof warehouses for the proper storage and handling of their crop. Through such associations the farmer secures protection for his fiber from damage by fire or weather, his crop is marketed in an orderly manner, and a fair price is assured for the quality of cotton he produces. Full benefits of such associations can not be realized, how- ever, in communities growing many different varieties of cotton. Though the progressive farmer producing a superior 404. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. staple from selected seed may receive a premium for his cotton the first year of two, there would be no possibility of maintaining the high standard of his crop so long as his neighbors persisted in growing inferior cotton and ginning their crops on the same gin. Nor is it possible to receive a full price unless the superior fiber is available in the large commercial quantities that manufacturers require, and only one-variety communities can produce. It is only in communities devoted to the growing of a single, superior variety and maintaining its quality and uni- formity by persistent selection that full benefits may be realized from cooperative warehousing and a real improve- ment in the quality of the American cotton crop assured. Summary of the Situation and Outlook. The short crop of 1921 plus the large carry-over from 1920 gave the world a sufficient supply of cotton for the year 1921-22. Had there not been a very large carry-over from the crop of 1920 the low production of 1921 would have re- sulted in very high prices for cotton. Ordinarily a short crop in the United States should result in high prices, which would in some measure offset low yields. But the extraor- dinarily large carry-over from the crop of 1920 resulted in low prices to farmers with a very small crop. The situation was made worse by the industrial depression, which greatly reduced the demand for cotton by the mills of the United States as well as by manufacturers in foreign countries. In addition to these difficulties the South was further oppressed by high prices for fertilizers and high prices for almost everything else that the southern farmer had to buy. Not- withstanding that corn and other farm products in the North were very cheap southern farmers had to pay good prices for these products in the South because of the increased trans- portation costs. Taken together all of these factors pro- duced a severe economic depression in the South. Of course it is not expected that these conditions will con- tinue long. The revival’ of the cotton-manufacturing in- dustry in this country is strengthening the demand for cot- ton. There is reason to hope that the economic condition of foreign countries will also improve, so that the cotton-manu- The Cotton Situation. 405 COTTON MOVEMENTS PERCENTAGE OF THE TOTAL CROP GINNED, IN STORAGE, EXPORTED AND CONSUMED, BY MONTHS. 1913-14 COMPARED WITH 1920-21 ae re AS G (5 oc A oS oa AY. nul NTS 19> 4 os _——— 2 j MING ESTABLISHMENTS = "IN CONS. 19292 ae le 2 acs | “MN ae olay Olea es Tee a (cle Fic. 53.—Ginning begins in July and ends in February; the amount in storage increases from August to December, inclusive; exports increase August to October or November ; consumption in the United States mills is quite regular throughout the year. Movements last year differed from the pre-war average principally in the stocks in storage, which was largely owing to the unusually large carry-over from the previous year. facturing industries will revive and the demand for goods manufactured in this country will increase. The burden upon the farmer of the South in making his purchases in the North has been somewhat lessened by a slight reduction in freight rates. Reductions in wages and in prices of things the farmer buys to produce the crop will result in a reduc- tion in the cost. of the crop. The carry-over of cotton from 1921-22 is much less than in previous years, so that unless there is a very large new crop of cotton to add to this carry- over the supply at the beginning of the year will be con- siderably less than the supply last year. Already the pros- pect for a reduction in supply and an increase in demand has resulted in better prices. The boll weevil continues 406 Jearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. to be a very destructive pest, which there is as yet no pros- pect. of eliminating. Farmers who have been in contact with it for some time have learned to reduce somewhat its destructiveness. Until more adequate measures of contro] or destruction of the pest have been developed it may be expected that the boll weevil will continue to do enormous damage to the crop from year to year, varying in destructive- ness with the character of the season. A GRAPHIC SUMMARY OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURE BASED LARGELY ON THE CENSUS OF 1920 By O. E. Baker, Agricultural Hconomist, Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Introduction. TOUR COUNTRIES are preeminent in quantity of agricultural production—the United States, Russia, China, and India—and at present the production of the United States is considerably greater than that of any other nation. The aggregate value (United States value) of the agricultural products of the Russian Empire just prior to the war was only about two-thirds that of our Nation, while the production of foods and fibers in China, which can only be guessed at, is probably also about two-thirds and certainly not over three-fourths that of the United States. The agricultural production in India is less than half that of our Nation. Only the British commonwealth of nations as a whole—India, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Canada, and the British Isles—approaches the United States in quantity of agricultural production, with an ageregate about nine-tenths that of the United States. The United States is not only the leading nation in agricultural production, but also it leads all nations in exports of agricultural products. The teeming populations of China and India require practically all the food produced and most of the fiber for home consumption, but in normal times Russia has ranked with the United States in value of agricultural exports. War, revolution, and crop failure, however, have transformed Russia into a nation unable to feed its own people. Since the war the value of agricultural ex- ports from the United States has exceeded the aggregate value of those from all other nations in the world. Yet the agricultural exports of the United States at present are only one-eighth of its production. This vast agricultural production of the United States requires the labor of about one-quarter of our gainfully employed popula- tion, whereas 85 per cent of the population of Russia is classed as agricultural, and probably three-fourths of the people of China and of India derive their support from agricultural pursuits. Six and a half million farmers in the United States, assisted by a somewhat 407 408 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. smaller number of farm laborers, probably less than 4 per cent of the farmers and farm laborers of the world, produce nearly 70 per cent of the world’s corn, 60 per cent of the world’s cotton, 50 per cent of the world’s tobacco, about 25 per cent of the world’s oats and hay, 20 per cent of the world’s wheat and flaxseed, 13 per cent of the world’s barley, 7 per cent of the world’s potatoes, and 5 per cent of the world’s sugar, but only about 2 per cent of the world’s rye and rice. Totaling the cereals on the basis of tons, and estimating the produc- tion of China as somewhat larger than that of India, it appears that the United States produces about one-fourth of the world’s cereal crops. The average production of cereals per person engaged in agriculture in the United States is 12 tons, while for the rest of the world it is only about 1.4 tons. Nevertheless, the agricultural production of the United States is no longer keeping pace with our increasing population. The peak of production per capita of the total population was reached about 1906 or 1907, and although the decrease in per capita production since has been very slow and is yet very small, it is clearly apparent. This failure of agricultural production to increase as rapidly as popula- tion is not due primarily to the decrease in the proportion of our population engaged in agriculture from over 13 per cent in 1910 to about 10 per cent in 1920, according to the census returns’, for the acreage of crops per person engaged in agriculture was, apparently, 25 per cent greater in 1920 than in 1910; but, instead, is owing mostly to a notable decrease in the rate of expansion of our arable area. Improved land increased only 5 per cent from 1910 to 1920, as com- pared with 15 to 50 per cent in previous decades, and this 5 per cent increase was practically confined to the precariously productive semi-arid lands of the Great Plains region. The land in the United States suitable for agricultural use without irrigation, drainage, or heavy fertilization is nearly all occupied. Consequently, one of the great questions before the American people is how to maintain the supply of foods and fibers for the increasing population at that high level to which we are accustomed,—should we cultivate the pres- ent area of arable land more intensively, or, ike England, depend upon imports from foreign countries, or should the Nation embark upon extensive projects of reclamation ? The first part of this Graphic Summary of American Agriculture, therefore, is devoted to a series of maps visualizing in a very gen- eralized way the agricultural regions of the United States, and the 1 However, as the 1920 census was taken January 1 and the 1910 census was taken April 15, it appears likely that a large number of farm laborers were missed by the enumerators in 1920. Making allowance for this discrepancy, it seems probable that the acres of crops per person engaged in agriculture increased at least one-sixth between 1910 and 1920, and the production even more. A Graphic Summary of American Agriculture. 409 topographic, climatic, and soil conditions which determine these regions; also the location and extent of the land available for recla- mation by irrigation, by drainage, and by clearing of forest growth. This first part is concluded by two graphs, one outlining the trend of land utilization in the past, and the other venturing to set limits to the expansion of our arable area in the future. (See Figs. 2 to 18.) The second part of this study shows the geographic distribution of 50 crops in the United States, according to the census of 1920. For corn, wheat, and cotton both acreage and production are shown; but for other crops acreage only, since acreage affords a better com- parison than production of the relative importance of the crops in a region. The total area in crops in 1919 was about 370 million acres, an increase of 50 million acres since 1909. This increase of 13 per cent in crop acreage, as compared with 5 per cent in improved land, indicates that patriotic motives, supported by the high prices paid for farm products during the war and for some time afterward, caused the plowing up and planting to crops of much improved pasture. The trend of land utilization in the United States is toward the more intensive use of the more fertile or favorably situated land—that is, its use for crops; and toward the less intensive utiliza- tion of the less fertile or less favorably situated land—that is, its use for pasture and forest. (See Figs. 19 to 71.) The third part of this article consists of a series of 24 maps showing the geographic distribution of the several kinds of live stock, total and purebred only; also of the production of butter and cheese, wool and mohair. Fully three-fifths of the crop acreage in the United States is used to produce feed for farm animals, or about 225 million acres; and, in addition, our live stock consume the prod- uct of about 65 million acres of improved pasture, probably of 150 million acres of unimproved grassland pasture in farms, and 175 million acres of woodland pasture in farms and in our national forests, besides that of perhaps 500 million acres of arid or semi- arid open range land in the West. It seems safe to say that live stock consume two-thirds of the product of the improved land and practically all the product of the unimproved pasture, or fully 80 per cent of the total food and feed produced by tame and wild vegetation in the United States. (See Figs. 72 to 96.) The last part of this study considers the farm as a whole—the variations in size and value in different portions of the United “States; the expenditures for labor, feed, and fertilizer; ownership and tenancy; and, finally, the geographic distribution of country, vil- lage, and city populations. Four small maps also are provided, showing the number of farmers having automobiles, tractors, tele- phones, and running water in the house, as reported by the census 410 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. for January 1, 1920. American farms, in general, are different from those in other countries of the world, except Canada, Aus- tralia, and South Africa. English farms differ from American farms in that they are nearly all operated by tenants and employ more hand labor. The peasant farms of continental Europe utilize agricultural machinery still less and are much smaller in size than most American farms. The farms of India, China, and Japan are still smaller and are cultivated with only the crudest tools. There are 28 to 30 acres of crops per person employed in agriculture in the United States, as compared with 9 in Russia prior to the war, 7 in France and Germany, and 14 in Japan. (See Figs. 97 to 124.) The American farm involves a large investment of capital. This investment is increasing and must increase if the American farmer is to improve his standard of living. The average value of farms in the United States was $6,444 in 1910, and $12,084 in 1920. In Iowa, the average value of the farms in 1920 was $39,941. The area of the crops per farm in the United States increased from 50 acres in 1909 to 57 acres in 1919. Our farmers are driving larger teams, using more efficient machinery, producing more per acre and per person than ever before. Each American farmer and farm laborer, on the average, is feeding nine people other than himself in this country, and one more person living in foreign lands. It is in this increasing productivity of the American farm, amounting probably to 15 per cent in the last decade, that the expenditure for scientific re- search, for technical education, and for improved economic organiza- tion in agriculture finds its justification. This semicapitalistic American farm, however, is not organized like a factory. The one farm laborer per farm, on the average, is often the farmer’s son, or a neighbor’s, who eats at the same table with the farmer and expects some time to have a farm of his own. Corporate or communal agriculture is, in general, a failure in the United States. The family farm is practically the universal type. To keep this American farm large enough to support a family according to the American standard of living and supplied with sufficient machinery and working capital for efficient operation is important not alone to our agricultural but also to our national welfare. The characteristic and precious feature of American agriculture is its large production per man, and during the past decade the increase in the productivity of our farms was greater than in any decade preceding. But as popu- lation increases and poorer and poorer land is brought into use for crops—that is, as labor becomes more abundant and land becomes scarcer—it appears probable that larger production per acre will be- come more profitable than greater production per man, and that our agriculture, as well as our standard of living, will more and more resemble that of Europe before the war. A Graphic Summary of American Agriculture. 411 List of Maps and Graphs. I. THE PHYSICAL CONDITIONS AND USE OF THE LAND. Page. Aerieiinimaleresions or the: United States= === eee ee 413-416 Topography (photograph of land relief model of United States)______. 417 Average annual precipitation and length of frostless season__________- 418, 419 Silenresionstandaverctabion= Tekions= <5 ~ s9e sae ee 420, 421 mandein farms: improved land, and’ land in crops__=_ = 422-424 iipromed. and uMmmproved pasture. = 22°. 2 ave ea ee ee 425 Forest and cut-over land, total and potentially agricultural___________- 426, 427 Wet land needing drainage; irrigated and irrigable land_____________. 428, 429 Use of the land, and trend in population and food production________- 430, 431 II. THE Crops. Relative importance of the crops and value of all crops______________- 432, 433 ameesened ee: att prOguctiOn. 2-2 434 Corn for grain, acreage, production, amount sold; corn for silage and iRAie INDE ERE CWC RE ey otek re i, np en 4354387 Wheat acreage, winter and spring, and total production______________. 38-440 Oats, barley, rye, buckwheat, and velvet beans, acreage______________. 441-444 Kafir, milo, and other sorghums for grain and for forage, acreage____. 444, 445 Hi xesricen And tobacco, Acreage. 2 Se er et 446 Pavan mOrd eC malOlilaaGred eb a= tt ier Ps Srl i a eee es 447 Mimonnye: Clover, aAlfalta;and-wild. hay, acreage. 22-24 <5 AW, 448-452 Miscellaneous tame grasses, grain hay, and legume hay, acreage______. 452, 453 Hieldspeas, held. beans; and peanuts, acreage... ==5. eno 454, 455 Potatoes, and sugar crops (beets, cane, sorghum), acreage____________. 456, 457 Vegetables for home use, value; and vegetables grown for sale, acreage_ 458, 459 Cabbage, cantaloupes, and watermelons, acreage____________________. 460, 461 Green peas, sweet corn, and tomatoes, acreage______.__-_-____________. 461, 462 SMe CCAS And MULS approximate Acreage = = = Le 4635 Apples, approximate acreage, production, and amount sold___________. 464, 465 Peaches, plums and prunes, grapes, citrus fruits, and pears, approximate cone BOE Sect t Rea BRA 2 RS Se Se eee a nar erent need eae ee 466468 Pecans, almonds and walnuts, strawberries, bush fruits and cranberries, PD RRe MITTS bem ACT COG same ee os Sea eter de a PL epee os ees 468, 469 III. Live Srocx. _ Relative importance of the farm animals, United States and 20 States_. 470 Horses and mules, colts and work stock; purebred saddle and draft LE PTPSES, LATIOO) DYE Pe wae i Sa Se Reh IED ad i i > seg dee die ire heels 5 471474 Cattle, total number; beef, dairy, and purebred. number______________. 475A78 Dairy products, total receipts from sales; quantity of butter and cheese CR te ae eee 2 hPL FD ed So SOE SRE ae A) AT9AS82 Swine (hogs and pigs), total and purebred, number__________________. 483-484 Sheep, total and purebred, number; goats, number; value of wool and SUVS TE) a oe eee ee Re ee Sg eee 5 ey eee 484486 EOUHAY., DU ee SS ee ee en eS ee 487 ESE TED TINTS: Oe CONOMLCS See koa ae ge ee ee 488 99912°—ypK 1921 27 +28 412 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. IV. THE FARMS AND THE PEOPLE. Page. Number of farms, total and of classified: sizes. 22 eee 489, 490 Averare acreage of improved land per‘farm.. — 22222 eee 491 Value of -farm land: per ‘aéres22 =) ee eee 492 Value of farm property, and of bui:dings, machinery, and live stock__. 493-495 Expenditures for feed,.fertilizer),gnd labor == = eee 495, 496 Average, value. of; farms: =~ #29" 22 ee eee eee 497 Relative importance of tenancy from standpoints of proportion of the farms, of the improved land, and of the value of farm property oper- ated: by. tensints# >. See oe eee 498, 499 Number of farms operated by white and negro owners and tenants____. 500, 501 Country,: village), and..city. population 2 = ee Ee eee 502, 504 Farms having tractors, automobiles, telephones, and water piped into the howSe__. = 22 a ee a ee 505, 506 18 LOS ANGELES Fic. 1—This map should be used in connection with all the maps that follow when it is desired to determine the name of a State. The succeeding maps do not show State names, because the letters would interfere with the dots or shading, but the State boundaries are shown and the shape of these boundaries, or location of the State on the map, should be compared with this map to identify the State. The map also shows the location of the 30 largest cities, the names corresponding to the numbers being given in the lower left-hand corner of the map. A Graphic Summary of American Agriculture. 413 The Agricultural Regions. The United States may be divided into an eastern and a western half, characterized, broadly speaking, one by a sufficient and the other by an insufficient amount of rainfall for the successful produc- tion of crops by ordinary farming methods. The North Pacific coast and several districts in California and in the northern Rocky Moun- tain region constitute exceptions to this statement. The transition zone which separates the East from the West lies, in general, along the one hundredth meridian, the average annual precipitation in- creasing in this zone from about 15 inches at the Canadian boundary to 25 inches in southern Texas, where the evaporation is much greater and the rainfall more torrential. The East is a region of humid cli- mate farming, based upon tilled crops, small grains, and tame hay and pasture; the West, of wild hay and grazing, dry farming, win- ter crops in certain localities, and irrigation farming, with only lim- ited areas of ordinary farming under humid conditions such as char- acterize the East. The East and West may each be divided into six agricultural re- gions. In the East, precipitation being usually sufficient, the classi- fication is based largely on temperature and the crops grown, while in the West rainfall and topography are the important factors. In the East the agricultural regions extend for the most part east and west, following parallels of latitude; while in the West the regions are determined by the mountain ranges and extend north and south. Agriculture in the East varies primarily with latitude and soils, but in the West the principal factors are altitude and rainfall. The av- erage elevation of the eastern half of the United States is less than 1,000 feet; that of the western half, over 4,000 feet. (Compare Fig. 2 with Figs. 3' to 16.) In the East corn is the leading crop, constituting over one-quarter of the acreage and nearly 30 per cent of the value of all crops. It is grown in all the six eastern regions, but is dominant in the Corn Belt, and is very important in the Corn and Winter Wheat Region, and in the Cotton Belt. Along the Gulf of Mexico and the southern Atlantic coast the type of agriculture varies greatly from section to section—from rice farming to sugar cane growing and winter vegetable production, citrus fruit orcharding, and cattle ranching— so that the region is not named after any crop, but is called the “Sub- tropical Coast,” because the warm water exerts a controlling in- fluence upon climate and crops. In this eastern half of the United States there is scarcely any cotton grown outside the Cotton Belt, very little winter wheat outside the Corn and Winter Wheat Region and adjacent portions of the Corn Belt and Cotton Belt, and prac- 414 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. tically no spring wheat outside the Spring Wheat Region. Grass is of greatest importance in the Hay and Pasture Region, where in nearly every county hay and pasture occupy half or more of the im- proved land. (Compare Fig. 2 with Figs. 21 to 71.) In the West hay is the leading crop, contributing nearly 37 per cent of the acreage and 26 per cent of the value of all crops in 1919, and the forage obtained by grazing is probably of almost equal value. Alfalfa is the leading hay crop in the Rocky Mountain and Arid Intermountain regions, wild grasses in the Great Plains Region, and erains cut green on the Pacific coast. Wheat contributed 21 per cent of the value of all crops, oats 3 per cent, barley 3 per cent, fruit and nuts 18 per cent, potatoes 4 per cent, and other vegetables 8 per cent in these six western regions. The value of all crops in the western regions, however, constituted in 1919 only 15 per cent of the total for the United States. (Compare Fig. 2 with Fig. 21.) The contrast between the East and West is not as pronounced in live stock as in crops, except that swine are largely confined to the East, while sheep are much more important in the West. There is a marked distinction, however, in the manner of management, the jive stock in the East being fed in the barnyards or fields with shelter at night, while in the West the stock is mostly grazed on the open range. In the East, the Hay and Pasture Region is primarily a dairy area; while the Corn Belt is the center of the beef-cattle and swine industry. In the West, the sheep are generally located in the more arid and the cattle in the less arid areas; while in the North Pacific Region, with its cool, moist climate, similar to that of the Hay and Pasture Region, dairying is again the dominant live-stock industry. (Compare Fig. 2 with Figs. 74 to 96.) The farms, or “ranches,” in the West are, in general, much larger in area than in the East. Owing to the low rainfall in the West, except in the North Pacific Region, the land outside the irrigated and dry-farming districts is used mostly for grazing, and instead of 80 or 160 acres being sufficient to support a family, as in the East, 2,000 to 4,000 acres, or more, are commonly required. In the dry- farming areas half sections of land (320 acres) and sections (640 acres) are normal size farms. In the irrigated districts the farms are no larger in area than in the East. The 80 or 120 acre irrigated farms, however, are often worth as much as the 640-acre dry farms or the 3,000-acre stock ranches. (Compare Fig. 2 with Figs. 97 to 111.) A larger proportion of the farms in the West are operated by their owners than in the East, owing, doubtless, to the cattle ranching, the more recent homestead settlement, and the larger proportion of fruit farms. The proportion of farms operated by tenants in the western regions ranges from 13 to 23 per cent, except in the Cali- A Graphic Summary of American Agriculture. 415 fornia-Arizona Desert, where irrigated cotton farming increases the proportion to 33 per cent. In the East, on the other hand, over 30 per cent of the farms in the Corn and Winter Wheat Region are op- erated by tenants; in the Corn Belt over 40 per cent; and in the Cotton Belt over 60 per cent, owing in part to the plantation sys- tem and the large negro population. The Subtropical Coast and the Hay and Pasture regions, however, have only 27 per cent and 16 per cent, respectively, of the farms rented to tenants. (Compare Fig. 2 with Figs. 112 to 117.) The geographic distribution of the rural and urban population is particularly interesting. The rural population is densest in the Cot- ton Belt, where cotton cultivation and picking require large amounts of hand labor and the acreage per laborer is small; also in the eastern portion of the Corn and Winter Wheat Region, where the rolling to hilly lands and lack of capital discourage extensive use of machinery. The rural population is much thinner in the Corn Belt and the Spring Wheat Region, and is thinnest in the West, except in the irrigated districts and the Pacific coast valleys. Urban popu lation, on the other hand, is concentrated largely in the Hay and Pasture Region of the Northeastern and Lake States, where large manufacturing and commercial cities provide a vast market for the nation’s agricultural products. (Compare Fig. 2 with Figs. 118 to 120.) ' : Information concerning “ farm facilities,” including tractors, auto- mobiles, water piped into the house, and telephones, was collected by the census in 1920 for the first time. Tractors are found mostly in the Corn Belt, and the Spring Wheat, Great Plains, and South Pacific Regions. Over one-third of the automobiles are in the Corn Belt, where one-half to three-quarters of the farms have such ve- hicles. Water las been piped into the houses mostly in the Hay and Pasture Region, especially in New England, and in‘the South Pacific Region. Telephones are more widely distributed than any other of the farm facilities; nevertheless, the map shows a noteworthy con- centration in the Corn Belt and the Hay and Pasture Regions. These “ farm facilities” are criteria of rural progress and prosperity, and as such their geographic distribution is deserving of considera- tion. (Compare Fig. 2 with Figs. 121 to 124.) Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. 416 NW3LW1d WIY GNV THSIH N3NONS OL ONITION © svayuv NIVINNOW ATH OL ns." ONITION “GaLVISWID s svauy NIVLNNOW Y3HONOY BER ONY 3711434 SS31 SAITVA poo 3NOISAWN ITLYAd E223: ONY S39014 NIVINNOW “= TWYALINIIYOV-NON ATLYYS SYFEY SNONIVLANIOW YO AT7/H ‘9N/7708 a SAZTIVA ONY S¥UVd O3SHAdSUINI HLIM RSS NOID3Y NIVINNOW ANDO § FA ATH OL ONITION Ss NOISSaY WHNLINDIEYSV eH NSH aes 2 705 | O00 r98'586 000'09!'SEZ 30'S96'2E | o0N'ODS'TD dovawy aovaov ‘vad GNVT nology Oz6t SWYVA NI JUNY 1 G4AOUdWI|SWYVS NI ONYT SNOIDIY TWHALINOOV ocky ultural regions, mate. the result largely i R n, are io f topog- graphic and geo- the East and iarid cl fiuence o Cascade, and ric in d or sem ing, th one excep ing arl six ag t ina equal in area, ions, Wi he dom imate and the agriculture, topo (See pp. 7 to 9.) ided into systems of farm iv se of t her altitudes in the Sierra, subd jed into two parts, te, the West mostly an becau ivic st, In the East these reg he cl but in the We pon t fic coast and the hig atie conditions. i fic Ocean u ops; _and the P graphic names are used. r acl distinct combinations of crops or Each of these two parts has been of the different clim The East has a humid clima the ¢ 2.—The United States may be d North Pac alns. y cept the bh Fic. Mount the West. characterized by named after ex rap A Graphic Summary of American Agriculture. 417 Fic. 3—This map shows the topography of the United States in a generalized way. It is a photograph of a relief model of the United States supplied by the United States Geological Survey. The mountainous character of the West, except the Great Plains Region, is clearly shown; but the map fails to show the high altitude of much of the West, particularly of the Rocky Mountain and Arid Intermountain Plateau _ regions. Owing to the altitude. these regions have a much cooler climate than corresponding lati- tudes in the East. The vast expanse of the Mississippi Valley, with its level to rolling a except for the Ozark uplift in the lower central portion, should be especially noted. . 418 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. NCHES NCHES NCHES NCHES NCHES NCHES NCHES UNDER 10 INCHES 60 TO.100 INCHES 10 TO 15 15 TO 20 20 TO 30 30 TO 40 100 TO 120 INCHE 120 AND OVER * ia LZ4 SCALE OF SHADES REDUCED AND GENERALIZED FROM MAP PREPARED BY U.S. WEATHER BUREAU FOR ATLAS OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURE SSK ™ Aa vanane NN Asean RROD) NS AA ASSN [AEN SSIS SRD SSI IS SS aR eS tes BR SANSA gee sees RNA ANNAN SS QA NSS CORES SEs REET e ee EOS PEE] it SED ESECTE SY DR DR DDD) S SAN ASS ASA AAS ASS a ANAS SSN SAS SESS ou eb. x. | OEE OLee COS NAAN SSNS SAS SNS Sane das ys sy SESS RES ES ke NAS SANANS Sa Re. ss ~ weeeeeee ere ere sy Perens, PESOS T SSE SS RAR DS NVSNASNSS AS eS eee Tee eee rc Zz Oo = < = e UO Lu x o = < 2 Z Zz < uJ O < r a > < wt Cu as. PE BSCCHHASS ee PER CENT OF TOTAL LAND AREA OF U. S. AEN LAND AREA, ACREAGE 153,634,432 588,775,719 314,258,301 320,089,545 324,846,189 160,366,829 28,898,105 9,430,528 2,915,712 AMOUNT OF PRECIPITATION Under 10 inches ... 10 to 20 inches... 20 to 30 inches... 30 to 40 inches... 40 to 50 inches... 50 to 60 inches ... 60 to 80 inches... 80 to 100 inches ... Over 100 inches ... Fic. 4.—Precipitation includes rain, melted snow, sleet, and hail. The map is much reduced and generalized from a map prepared by the Weather Bureau and published in the Precipitation and Humidity section of the Atlas of American Agriculture. The map suggests why the United States should be divided agriculturally into an eastern and a western half. However, the division shown in Figure 2 does not follow a line of equal precipitation, but advances diagonally across two of the precipitation zones from 15 inches in the northwestern corner of North Dakota to 25 inches on the south Texas coast, where the evaporation is much greater and the rainfall more torrential and, conse- quently, more moisture is required for crop production. 419 , Agriculture. 2CQN unmary of Ame 10 S Graph A MIAO ¥ SAVG OFZ SAVQ OvZ OL O12 SAVG O12 O1 O81 SAVG OBl OL OSI SAVG OSI O1 O21 SAVG O21 O1 06 SAVG 06 ¥30NN SALV.LS Ga.LING dO VauvV_ AGNVT 4O LNAD dad ¢, 084, eS Kx xo OS 2, Xx Soe 2 > eS % SX ter oO EER Sa" NAN ANASANSS Ons > 333 = “UGa x yx yd XN = hs s ny) Sern) ee ee OD ANN x AN | heen ees k RSANS - ~ 000‘160‘°z02 000‘80‘ 122 000019‘ Z1E 000‘ TEs*Z1e 000‘6£0‘ZSe 000‘SLE‘ 808 000‘Z21‘621 Sauov i xD RNANAANDYS NAS AAS ANNE SDS NANA AA SNA SDS NAAN NARA NSS “~ ) ve ~ LSOUsA ONITIIA ‘vauvV OGNVT sAep OPS 1940 sAep Obz 93 O12 sAep O12 OF O8T s£eP O81 OF OST sAep OSI 9} Oat sAep OZI ©} 06 ssep 06 29PUN LAOHLIM NOSvas 40 HLONAT = Ms oN sv Bogeaes + Ras q sag 7 AR as HRqgS SQaooes Beat ae O54 Lie Shagso aes mae ES ieee cele) belle cisypry ae! PRESSE YD Sink wae or mHaAtA Bahn O5 Ey ae Aa ao Seley as =e oven f= ASS oq Sl EN alae no , e, 2 Bo Hohod gd o9 toe Leal Sta e eas eaecagra Bem Ay, a eS of SY on® om ae ISIS) pai, a iv} tose tend lene _ sla cng og PIO SY, Aca kk gaa joe ea NAS) eich oak o ot a Se" A bn one mens so 4 cast |e ole Calm? oo % Baeogo Ta mar aHoks a2 cs) 2 HR eit dagunt,»g” Va Wet cm tp eadonoag reset ce rt 3g oF bb's naar D mB aygrued GIA a Se aon ov & oh sHoe neo Be eb 2 aA Bava Apdo gd nq eae a” Plank Bay eg ees BOF 5 Pueciste its Cnr Zoos we Btored Bats ak one oe Bee B Hae = m—ooae aon oe asd hoad 420 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. @ IN THE OTHER SOILS SOIL SURVEY Pa Alluvial soils j2===>22] Marsh and Swamp PREPARED BY C.F.MARBUT AND ASSOCIATES A A ka ny soils warty lime: from limestor lays & clay loams 2 win dark yellowish brawt, sous, calcareous subsods Shallow, ston a) Cust brown soi Black a Bom oils A yeaa DARK COLORED SOILS ach soils 1. brown heavy subsoils Dark brown sous Ily cale subsoils clay subsoils vllowish brown rk brown loams Dark brown silty ae S SS < il | Hl| i ) Zz O Oo Lu oc = O a ‘ellowish silty, sandy to stony loams from sandstone Red. brown soils red subsoils fae Light colored soils brown subsous 9 Yellow brown soils 8 yellow subsous Mwesy Yellowish sandy loams ay) Yellowish silt loams LIGHT COLORED SOILS fees) Brown gravelly and stony loams J compact silty clay subsoils Cray to brown soils, EES heey clay subsous silt loams often stony aS PDEA D nanteake ars (ges Reddish sandy and clay loams Light brown predominantly si ey ane Por Limestone vat iy ARRPABR Gray to brown silty soils [89] Brown silt loams | Yellowish to reddish Fic. 6.—Soils originally or at present covered with forest are normally light colored, and are likely to be less fertile than soils in regions of lower rainfall. Grassland soils, in general, are dark colored, the humid prairie soils being commonly almost black and highly fertile—the subhumid prairie soils, blackest of all—while the semiarid short- grass plains soils are dark brown or chocolate colored, the color gradually fading to medium brown in regions of lesser rainfall, and to light brown or even ashy gray in desert areas. The light-colored forest soils in the United States total about 800 million acres, the dark-colored grassland soils about 600 million acres, and the light-colored arid soils about 500 million acres, A Graphic Summary of American Agriculture. 421 H. L.SHANTZ BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY PREPARED BY RAPHAEL ZON U.S.FOREST SERVICE AND NATIVE VEGETATION | i — Ty DESERT VEGETATION PEE: | SAGE BRUSH [=] CREOSOTE BUSH bd) D Nei ANO CHAPARRAL) == RHORT GRASS PLAINS GRASSLAND) GRASS. VEGETATION CONIFEROUS FOREST DECIDUOUS FOREST MIXED FOREST WOODLA =PIN (JUNIPER: RAIRIE GRASSLAN ‘ALL_ GRASS tt FOREST VEGETATION NN MESQUITE GRASS (DESERT GRASSLAND Fic. 7.—Forests, including semiarid woodland (pinon-juniper, chaparral, ete.), origi nally covered about 900 million acres in the United States. About 350 million acres have been cleared for agriculture, and as Many more have been cut-over or devastated. (See Fig. 13.) About 600 million acres were élothed originally with grass, interspersed commonly with various herbaceous plants. Some 200 million acres of this grassland have been plowed up and used for crops, or for pasture in rotation with crops, includ- ing about 7 million acres irrigated. Desert vegetation characterized 400 million acres, of which about 12 million acres have been reclaimed by irrigation. Half of the remaining forest and woodland is pastured, practically all of the grassland, and nearly all of the desert, (See Fig. 12.) Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. 499 S1L'88'SS6 | °° o09'Lee L1S'b¥6 086'868' $99'282'2 £91'LS¢'2 Luv‘ b6y'2 908'£09'2 118'St2'b 666'LSL'P —) = <=>2>2E2200u SL9'92b'21 a's VIS aor i (penunuo) SWYVd NI GNVT SLNISINdIY Lt WANV 3HL OL IWNOI ATALVWIXOddY Si LOG JH.L AG GAYIAOO WAY IWNLOY SIYOV 000'Gz SLN3S3Yd3Y LOd HOVE OZ6l ‘| ‘NYP SWYV4 NI ONV1 ole V2 61S S19 £19 OL Lis VEL L'65 rar) ANI) Yad OzL'pyz'el SIE'24S'E1 OSL'9SP'LI £5S‘L99'L1 616'961'81 ZU‘ 19S'81 196'2£0°61 95801561 958'91S'61 9£L'120'02 £08'2£9'02 "£90'IZ p10'zon'b2 190'L P'S? 19999862 8SL'122'0E SaWOV JVs SLL PLG IE 968'bLY'EE 16p‘9E9' HE 6L9'PLL'DE 959'0L0°SE 1SL'bI2'9e SLb‘S22'2b 6LUSZ¥'SP 129'020'PL1 |" * 9. SawoV VIS ALVLS JO VAY GNVT ILOL dO FOVLNIOWAd GNVY JOVIWOV SWYVA NI GNV'T Or considering in the East, In the East y all in xth of the Jand (See Figs. 81 ral, while one-sixteenth and nearl Ye But in the West only one-si West. more or less covered pi Valle D id farm land , SeMiarid, or irrigated farm land in the fertile, nge, or in ra the Mississip g open e to rainfall, two-thirds is hum swampy, oodland and chapar bein sandy, in w 13.) -thirds and used for grazing cattle or sheep. , stony, (See Fig. ; and one-ninth g two f the farm land is in qu distribution with reference s hilly arid y in farms ji the remainin arters o forest in sert, Three- de —— grasses and shrubby plants with ¢ and 92.) Fic. absolute the forest or recently cut over. and one-third is mostl not in farms is the land not is 423 A Graphic Summary of American Agriculture. L00‘E20'C0S |* * Sss'zel UbL'b6S '} 280'S9 980°L0L 206'20L £08212 pE8‘806 109‘Sss'T $6S°169'T O8E'STL'L b2z'L12'T 6ze°LL6'1 $00'201'2 sate ane RZL'9EL'E O89'LIS'b 1S8‘E16'4 g08'07S'S ACMNMENIVISENSKQEsnez = BOD DONSONT - 1a AQN Pd nu0) H'N zuy sseyy tN 1A at XO 'N OW ok 11z'162'2 |" "ld "PW onePl 5a1Q TAA SayoV FLV1S (pananuo5) QNVT CUAO¥dAI a Q3LVYSIOOVX LYHM3AWOS SI SNOISSY Gluv-INAS GNV GINV 3S3HL NI GNY7 G3AOudWI SHL JO IN3LX3 3HL 3ON3H ONY7 G3ILVOINYINN HONW NIVLNOD 1S3M 3HL NI NMOHS SLOIWLSIO G3LVOINH! Y398V7 FHL SLN3SaYdaH LI W3HV 3HL OL AWNO3 ATSLVWIXOYddyY Si LOG 3HL AG G3Y3AOO W3uY WNLOV S3YOV 000'SZ Oz6l ‘| ‘NVP SU Ngesaeaal fod ovs SWHV4 NI GNV1 G3AOudWNI 922'929'S 6S1'bS1'9 ohe'671'L LSL'PRL'L 60b'861'8 955'012'6 LL9‘S20'6 Z6b'09%'6 LOb‘£68'6 $22'L00'I1 Zoe'Sst‘ GILLS ‘LI 6£E'828'L1 912'2Sb'21 12s'sz6'Z1 602'SS0'EI I8L'8S1'E1 OpL'SLE‘EL 212'089'91 12e'S2t'st 0S2'661'81 £SE'2bS'81 OLL'T8b'1Z b29'601'E2 8L1'£9S'b2 996'2£8'bZ £ES' P6212 156'909'82 092°009'08 £0S'L27'1£ JLVLIS dO Y. JUV GNVT IVLOL dO SOVINIOWAd GNV JOVEYOV GNVT GaAOudNI ds, fifths of the and three-fifths i ure yar land in past vine ards, h ed; ore g.”” > y tilled or mow and in gardens lg ‘all land regularl g fallow; y buildings, y ; land lying udes l cleared or tilled —Improved land ine oe that has been Fic. s, and barnyard ard ce Ss con- in western rea 60 per cent ide this area the United States out S) a € Four are located In this ates, ted St , the points of which i d farm land, whereas in only 15 per cent is improved. eentral North Dakota. n half of the Un easter cupied b triangular-shaped area xas, and north- and oc and is in the humid and 1 ies ; in a ser mproved 1 of the land area is improve and nur centrated Pennsylvania, central Te i Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. 424 161'9L 0¢s'z6£ She‘ILY 12s‘61s $21'8hS $98'919 £h0'b99 918°261't ZSL'L61'L 0sz'012'1 681'0S9'T $98'628'T $06'S62'2 782'£0£'2 £b6°L6L'2 88£'566'2 EpAVINIaaea S|) +4 esusrHs = s -o (penunuos) $dOYD GILSIAYVH NI GNVT 4 SLN3S3Yd3Y LI WaYV.3HL OL WNOI AISLYWIXOUddY SI LOG 3HL AG G343AOO VEY IWNLOY S3YOV 000'SZ SLN3S3Yd5Y 1LOd HOV] (63341 LINYS ONINVISNON 4O 30vaHOV O3LVWILSS SAGMIONI) SdOYO GALSSAYVH NI GNV1 piel at4 Se benef =} wewsornsonwoans = Lee'pz6'¢ |" WOW 859'220'p |"*"" OLI‘IS2'y | Z1L91b'S | 1618'S | 91£'258'S |* 250'€09'9 |° 600'S29'9 |” 008'6£8'9 $08'0S8'9 | GLVIS 40 VEYV GNVT IVLOL 40 JOVINIONId GNV FOVIYOY SdOY) GFILSAAUVH NI GNVT 8ge'OLp'L Ip9'zes's 966‘160'8 891'b06'8 911'666'8 119'000°01 866'S9Z'OI Sb9'LES'Z1 962'E22'E1 6£2'bE6'E1 900'E1e'ST 962'£68'SI B Se'O18'91 £18'6bI'L SbLzep'6 1pz'092'61 758'29b'12 |** bes‘609'lz |** 18S‘cps'22 |" S6I'vES'Sz ited rn half of the Un gular shaped area described in the humid easte in the trian nd is a centrated rop 1 con which includes only about one-fourth of the land of the Ss two-thirds i In this are produced IG. 10.—Over five-sixths of the e¢ BP tates, Ss and nearly Fi unde a, are 9 gure r United oats size egions and few r ’ the world of equal n and hay o region in three-fourths of the wheat and s for the growth of cor N of the corn, y crop of the nation. four-fifths condition fifths of the ha rar natul conditions for e- favorable able 3 so States and thre affords (See grain crops. the culture of the small 2, 33, 34, and 38.) so favor 2a, 29; 30; ss posse Figs. — A Graphic Summary of American Agriculture. A25 1910 EACH DOT REPRESENTS 10,000 ACRES IMPROVED PASTURE | (Continued) STATE ACRES : 2,551,771 an: : f: poe ose ... | 2'385;360 | IMPROVED PASTURE, 1910 : E Va |) 2202826) L ay ; Minn. .| 2,006,150 | ACRES || STATE : ‘ S --| 1,900,159} ..| 7,427,840 | ml... .] 4,081,506 a; ¥ P [gee eee :| 6,271,197 ... | 3,828,564 eee ck et Kans. .| 5,925,590 . ¥ ..}| 3,098,982 “ae * 1632 552 ...| 5,534,034 | S. 3,066,616 FY "| 12'¢45°623 | 4,552,087 if..| 2.913,949 at per ee | 4,536,624 -.| 2,581,390 "| US . .| 84,226,304 | Fig. 11.—This map shows the location of the acreage of improved pasture, according to the returns of the 1910 census, which were tabulated in 1917 by the Department of Agriculture and published in Bulletin No. 626. The returns of the 1920 census have not yet been compiled. It appears probable that war-time prices encouraged the plow- ing and planting to crops of about 15 million acres of improved pasture between 1910 and 1920. The concentration of pasture acreage shown in certain Texas counties is owing largely to the census accrediting to the county in which the ranch headquarters is located the acreage that may extend into adjacent counties. The large acreage of improved pasture in the Ohio River valley and in the Corn Belt west of the Mississippi is noteworthy. UNIMPROVED PASTURE IN FARMS (INCLUDING WOODLAND PASTURE) 1910 EACH DOT REPRESENTS 10,000 ACRES UNIMPROYED | PASTURE (Continued) | 5,081,755 [ 4,684,082 Q | Oreg..| 4,631,179 : - inn..| 4,585,289 UNIMPROVED PASTURE, 1910 . ayaa epaaz ess (INCLUDING WOODLAND PASTURE) : Hes 4 «| 4,384,419 = ‘ ' 3,971,008 3,555,040 7 eal is . | 3,437,198 -| 12,121,484 .-| 6,028, 2 d...| 3,134,698 11,846,593 || N. 5,849, ..| 2,983,766 | 11,190,048 -| 5,350,9 «| 35,122,440 +++] 5.247, -* 207,213,211 Fic. 12.—This map shows the location of forest and woodland in farms that was pastured in 1909, amounting to 98 million acres, and that of ‘‘ other unimproved land ” used for pasture, which amounted to about 109 million acres. In the States from Minne- sota to Texas and eastward, especially in the South, forest and woodland pasture is much the larger item; but in the Great Plains Region and westward ‘ other unim- proved ” pasture, which consists almost wholly of native grasses and herbs, is the more important. In addition to the unimproved pasture in farms in the West there is a vast acreage of similar land not in farms, the aggregate of unimproved pasture and range in the West being about 800 million acres. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. 426 000'006"t 000'000' “WaydvH 40 QNYIG00MK (penunuoy) ANV1IGOOM ANY 4 Lsauod penunuos ONVIGOOM & is3240/ = ONnNaoa7 SLN3S3Ud3Y LI VaHV 3H1 Ol, WNOI AISLVWIXOYddY SI LOG 3JHL AG GIY3AOO V3YV WNLOV s3ay¥OV 00001 SLN3IS3Yd3Y LOG HOV] “* TH |} 000'000'02 ny ||" : “0 —GNVTGOOM GNV LSdxOd 026! ‘JOVSYOV ALVWIXOUddV (QNV1 Y3AO-LNO ONIGMION) GNVIGOOM GNV 1S3YO4 0Z61 ADVANOV GALVWILSA GNV1IGOOM GNV LSayod are , y tenta- s prepared erel portion of the have been made re m stern a surveys cut-over land, and woodland wa given in the table a The figures which forest tates in Ss rvice. States in the originally forested e ap of forest, dm several Forest Se alize e ates for the gener cept for Fic. 13.—This in cooperation with th The estim: States, ex tive. United aed it Saak LU] fo} mpo me to Aw p mH. Bagg tT" AS gee nm SMa waa g v Ou var =i ~~ Vd aad Ror ar mae ao aa cee ee a} b gan" Vor “esak SL Phas Bade id 2 a HS 2 Ome a a BSS 5 @ 5 LPO bo Bavak ee eae > ~ GP, Boos 2 fl AD iS x» omy gas al weaeor + oS TR ww ga. 8 Osa pa | ne eS ge ane tes Ose Sepan sow oOo «& =e: So4es A © Crew a® aks CUE bhveds iene | ae = ra a SBEye Ma Beeae Nin VRQ SvLener maou —e ea esse eat. A Graphic Summary of American Agriculture. 427 EACH DOT REPRESENTS 10,000 ACRES ACTUAL AREA COVERED BY “THE DOT IS APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO THE AREA IT REPRESENTS (SUITABLE FOR CROPS AFTER CLEARING) APPROXIMATE ACREAGE, 1920 fa a IRRIGATED AND IRRIGABLE LAND, 1919 AND 19207—~_ ° ESTIMATED | IRRIGABLE ‘sae , | AREA (INCLUDING Ea | 0 000,000 ‘1,000,000 000 000 600 AREA IN AREA IRRIGATED, ACRES: ioe .| $29,899 va] 467,565 454/882 442,690 143,946 100,682 .| 47,312 12/072 ! wf] 2,969 , } [U. S. . [19,191,716 | 26,020,477 | 35,890,821 {51,000,000 ESTIMATED I. IRRIGABLE a AREA (INCLUDING IRRIGATED) SoGeneaaoa Tress = S235 s2 s Terige | RRS=NSSTSS SELES | SSEe Ss we" |RSS SIRSSS* : Sle. 23.5 Z| SeesssessF 23.3 2) S322223352= 22e,5| =aSeaSsae= Seseces|s SS S252°S| oBSe ra) ej oa 2 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 | Fic. i8.—The amount of improved land kept pace with the increasing population from 1850 to 1870, increased more rapidly than population till about 1885, then more slowly till 1910, and during the decade 1910-1920 increased only 5 per cent, as compared with 15 per cent increase in population. Food production, however, increased more rapidly than population till about 1906, or for 20 years after the peak had been reached of acreage of improved land per capita, and has since increased more slowly than popula- tion. But consumption per capita has been maintained up to the present time by diminishing the exports. The per capita production and consumption figures are five- year averages centered on the census year, 432 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. PRINCIPAL CROPS RELATIVE IMPORTANCE IN ACREAGE AND VALUE UNITED STATES, 1919 ACREAGE VALUE MILLIONS OF ACRES MILLIONS OF DOLLARS 60 40 POTATOES TOBACCO APPLES BARLEY SWEET POTATOES RYE RICE GRAPES PEACHES KAFIR, MILO, ETC. ORANGES SUGAR BEETS PEANUTS DRY BEANS SUGAR CANE REERROTT OUD wd ou: Fic. 19—Five crops—corn, hay and forage, cotton, wheat, and oats—constitute nearly 90 per cent of the acreage and over 75 per cent of the value of all crops. Corn for grain is the leading crop on the basis of value, and if the acreage of corn cut for forage and for silage be added to that of corn for grain, instead of being included with hay and forage, corn is the leading crop also in acreage. Cotton ranked third in value but fifth in acreage in 1919, the value of the cotton crop per acre being about twice that of corn or wheat. Wheat stood fourth in value but third in acreage, while oats were fifth in value and fourth in acreage. Potatoes, then tobacco and apples ranked next to these five crops in value, but barley, rye, and the grain sorghums ranked next In acreage, CORN, HAY, WHEAT AND COTTON PRODUCTION PER CAPITA YIELD PER ACRE TOTAL POPULATION FIVE YEAR PERIODS. 1866-1920 FIVE YEAR PERIODS. 1866-1920 = = be rescren men (OF room be Pt PE fetuescaesoia reat ca Se tea ten = oe (a = fay 9 ate] = v >= Te) 8 2 6 5 4 3 2 1 Fic. 20.—These four crops—corn, hay, wheat, and cotton—constitute three-fourths of the total crop acreage of the United States. Production per capita, it will be noted, rose for 15 to 20 years after the Civil War, then remained more or less steady for 25 to 30 years, and has recently declined, except in the case of hay. The yield per acre of corn has remained remarkably constant for 55 years, of hay and wheat has in- creased about one-sixth, but the yield per acre of cotton has declined notably since 1914. In general, production nad kept pace with population until recently, not primarily be- cause of increasing yields per acre, but mostly because of expanding crop acreage. A Graphic Summary of American Agriculture. 4338 PER | ACRE! TOTAL VALUE 14,755,364,894 VALUE OF ALL CROPS, 1919 | (Continued) $1,000,000 EACH DOT REPRESENTS VALUE OF ALL CROPS VALUE OF ALL CROPS, 1919 TOTAL VALUE Fic, 21—The eastern half of the United States produced in 1919 about 86 per cent of the value of all crops of the Nation; the value of the crops produced in the Cotton Belt and the Corn Belt being nearly 50 per cent. The value of the crops_per square mile of land area was about $15,000 in the Corn Belt, and $8,700 in the Cotton Belt, descending to only $673 in the Arizona-California Desert Region; but the value per acre in crops was highest in the Arizona-California Desert ($95), where all crops are irrigated, and lowest in the Great Plains Region ($21), where most of the crops are grown under semiarid conditions. 434 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. REPRESENTS, 2,000 BALES COTTON ACREAGE EACH DOT REPRESENTS 10,000 ACRES ACTUAL AREA COVERED BY THE DOT 18 22 TIMES AS GREAT AS THE CROP AREA IT REPRESENTS PRODUCTION EACH DOT COTTON ACREAGE AND YIELD PER ACRE COTTON PRODUCTION Fics. 22 aNp 23.—The northern boundary of the Cotton Belt is approximately the line of 200 days average frost-free season (see Fig. 5) and 77° mean summer temperature, the southern boundary that of 11 inches autumn rainfall, because wet weather inter- feres with picking and damages the lint. This southern boundary is now moving north- ward, as the milder winter temperatures near the Gulf and longer season. permit in- creased injury by the boll weevil. The western boundary of cotton production without irrigation is approximately the line of 23 inches average annual rainfall (see Fig. 4). The densest areas on the map are districts of richer soils, notably the Black Prairie of Texas and the Yazoo Delta (see Fig. 6), or heavily fertilized soils, especially those of the Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain (see Fig. 109). 435 A Graphic Summary of American Agriculture. 662'1E SUS'SE 9gh'2h I ag‘ot 0 4 INDD O16) SMV SLNASSHdaY LI WIYV dONO SHL SV LV3HD SV SBWIL 9'f S! 100 BHL AG GSY3A09 VEY IWNLOV S3YOV 000'0! SLN3S3Yd3Y LOd HOV 6161 ‘ADVAYOV NIVYS YOsA NYOD S8z'0S1'T $s'692'l por'gve't OL6'v0S'T £18'¢s2'l 208'b08' 6112622 Ce? See’? | SOG 222 600'259°2 ve2'gg'? Le LR't S20'108'¢ vor'pee't Use'gys'¢ p20'919'¢ Ssv‘692'p ON 2SP'F $99'Sh2'p 620'298'S OSv‘669'9 S8e'806'L £02'900'6 O@6I= L1G “ANDY Wd GTSIA IOVYIAY GNV “JOVYIAY AO LNAD Wad 6161 ‘ADVIUNOV NIVYD YOU NYOO , and the d of the acreage of acre- portant crops gion im the United States, fifths of the hes mean summer rainfall and south of the line of o- ir arly tw ith spring oats in the northern in is are the other ing ne titutes about one-th ted w contribut 7 y, associa Ha early 90 per cent of the acreage of corn for grain Corn Belt, the Corn and Winter Wheat Re dominant N gions corn cons is it irds of the corn acreage of the world the is in In these three re In the Corn Belt age and half of the value of all crops. (See Figs. 29, 32, and 38.) States —Over two-th y all east of the line of 8 inc mean summer temperature. Fic. 24. nearl 66° in the United the Corn Belt.: portion and with winter wheat in the southern portion, in Cotton Belt. all crops. PE! 436 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921, CROPS CUT FOR SILAGE MOSTLY CORN EACH DOT REPRESENTS 10,000 ACRES ACREAGE, 1919 ACTUAL AREA COVERED BY THE ‘CROPS CUT FOR SILAGE ACREAGE AND YIELD PER ACRE, 1919 Fic. 25.—Corn constitutes probably 95 per cent or more of the acreage of crops cut for silage. In the Southwest relatively small amounts of kafir and milo are used for silage; and in the Northwest occasionally sunflowers are so used, likewise pea vines in Wisconsin; but the amounts, except of kafir and milo, are insignificant. Silage is fed principally to dairy cows in the winter, but its use for beef cattle is increasing rapidly, especially in the Corn Belt, and a small amount is fed to sheep. Consequently at present the area of silage crops corresponds in a general way with that of dairy cows, except in central Kansas, where silage is fed mostly to beef cattle. (See Figs. 81 and 82.) CORN CUT FOR FORAGE OR FODDER ACREAGE, 1919 EACH DOT REPRESENTS RECanewe |B BE _— [us uses! 133) Fic. 26.—Corn is cut for forage mostly around the margin of the Corn Belt and in the Middle and South Atlantic States. This practice corresponds, in a general way, with the areas in which corn is cut and shocked. Doubtless much, perhaps most, of this corn reported to the census as cut for forage was also harvested for grain. Much of the acreage of corn shown on this map, therefore, is also shown on the map of corn for grain (Fig. 24). The Department of Agriculture estimates the area of corn cut for forage only in 1921 at 2,600,000 acres. Corn forage is fed almost wholly to cattle, though a little is used to feed sheep and horses. A Graphic Summary of American Agriculture. 437 EACH DOT REPRESENTS $00,000 BUSHELS CORN PRODUCTION, 1919, AND- ) PER CENT OF AVERAGE PRODUCTION, 1911-1920 . BOdeNsesse [ae 69,060,782 = ; Oser| 188,315,371 51,450,012 = £ Fic. 27.—Corn is the great American cereal, constituting about 60 per cent of the tonnage of all cereals grown in the United States, and over 50 per cent of the value. More than half of this crop is produced in the Corn Belt; but corn is the leading crop in value also in the Corn and Winter Wheat Belt, and is the all-important cereal in the Cotton Belt. Corn is a very productive crop, yielding, in general, about twice as many pounds of grain per acre as wheat, oats, barley, or rye. The climate and soil of the Corn Belt are peculiarly suited to it. Probably no other area in the world of aby! extent produces so much food per square mile as the Corn Belt. (See Figs. 21 and 104.) CORN SOLD OR TO BE SOLD EACH DOT REPRESENTS 500,000 BUSHELS Other | 13.167, 47 {us| 460907,139] 196] Fic. 28.—In the Corn Belt most of the corn is fed to hogs, cattle, and horses on the Same farm that it is grown (see figs. 89, 81, and 76); but a considerable quantity, amounting to 41 per cent of the crop in Illinois in 1919, and about 30 per cent in Iowa, South Dakota, and Nebraska, is sold to nearby farmers, is shipped to consumers in the South and East, is exported largely through Chicago and the Atlantic ports, or is made into starch and glucose. The corn which the map indicates as sold from the farms in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and several Southern States, consists mostly of sales to neigh- boring farmers. Farms near the water front in Maryland and Virginia, however, ship corn by water to Baltimore, whence it is exported. lture, 1921, gricu earbook of the Department of A 438 (penunuoy) OVINOY LVIHM YALNIM SLN3SSud3u Li vaNV dOHO SHL SV 1VSYD SV SAWIL OF SI 100 IHL AB GSYSAOO vauV IWNLoYV S3YOV 00001 SLN3S3ud3y4 LOG HOV3a ao VadDy 6I16L LVAHM YSLNIM wy 10 86] ecm | on | 0261-1161 “AYOY Wad GAIA FOVAIAY CNV “FOVARAY dO ANID Wad 6161 ‘ADVAYOV LVIHM YALNIA = LE ~ ey BAS wn onsS5 Bae. ™ SE Gpe Avo a Ro yee Ysa Sova, wa ok Horiid rey Oo, NE 010 3 Baan O's. roo Om Rak DyZRe ASa— 7 Seales hee Nm Wy & Mynoo"d ot ~ open Or mS BSS ne Sanu ge an on [= _ ~ aHe ~- te Hoass GC) et Fal a Bae | coal DS ~Paeasoe*+ BAP MN S™ eq a A = 4 w AAS, 2 Fo sg Boat tot Smo Sy, FARES pe =| BaESS ~o = FLOn > agro Scan 8 SESE Y ie = Wom H oS ese ~ mo Basan —o'" ais | MD aHons NSA. Ss tee oe aeRO, 4 fr Oe La al -—| ~Ssoo Neen 1 on A's Sic 5 =| he ows) aa ort py Bo a ar by Ro ge 2s rahe | aco ED ae 2 oh =) ao A, or oon av Qn qv healt 4 P| Rr Bu os a | Sa ~ he ag Be be) a q BS ed om as ~- tw oo” oi an S) Fad ed HS v.o pe rm » a aE as Ag AA, South Dakota and Montana. across onally and Iowa diag ar A Graphic Summary of American Agriculture. 439 SPRING WHEAT ACREAGE—Cont. 10,000 ACRES ACTUAL AREA COVERED BY THE DOT IS 3.6 TIMES AS GREAT AS EACH DOT REPRESENTS THE CROP AREA IT REPRESENTS SPRING WHEAT ACREAGE—Continued WW O < W or O < ke uJ = o < a8) BUSHELS BARLEY ACREAGE AND PRODUCTION, 1919 Fic. 33.—It should be noted that a dot on this map represents only one-fifth as much acreage as on the maps of corn, wheat, and oats. Barley is a minor crop in the United States compared with these crops, except in southeastern Wisconsin, southeastern and northwestern Minnesota, the eastern portions of the Dakotas, and the valleys of California. In these five States nearly two-thirds of the Nation’s barley acreage is found. Minor centers may be noted on the map in northwestern Kansas, southeastern Michigan, and northwestern New York. These barley districts are characterized by a cool, sunny climate. The crop in California is grown during the winter. Much barley is also sown in California to be cut green for hay (see Fig. 45). 443 lture. CU umnmary of American Agi ic S Graph A Aversa! = — — — ; — - Fa Yim 800 & £22 266'SL | 500619‘ oze'set pape veut TT Ti (pte Mie isla ae, bee ap akon Tle aa 9 i 120 tl [Saeee i 892'906'L } 905/061 Stgaats aes 6OL'98I “-eq'M |] es9'6z2 vs ezvog | ust [ot 'N |] soo'goz'e | 6a6'2b2 Secale Sooke ; 965'082 izuilensel 2e5'261 nec pat'son |osste fo" Iz9'zi8'e | 969'618 Sa pe Pre seer gss‘ovz seer hy Hl cov'zie ba 916'cb0'L “fn Hl t6o'zer'h | 806‘0se 0 OS bos 8P6'L22 ahah O6s'6Sz'e | 926'6SE Nagas's S ‘| 50 epsitit'h | 2e1'sop DEVENS seeeey pastes exe'z19'9. | £90'6zS Hest a yeh 2gs'026'1 ‘N |] ove'zoc's | 609‘6t9 CN ey eres th'999'L sess o1yo |} zargar'zt | 156216 rete ees et cg $95'880'L Lue'ver'9l | £9S'z2v'2 S85 ond PO Sank @ BASSE aov"s dD an hee a RGD et es) ek Pe oe ae PS OFS co im Dr a ABvorvidg eoraggcHa Sor reer an Sg -~tagas FO SR Prod O-saeEH ~ Mu os hPa age 2oomas —e@ak at = Bosc ot oO SHS A Ae Fiesty ro bss Ho oe pwd ogo8n— Baesuseag © og = Ee o ORT? dH HOP OMAR O Soe een a aS eee es fo SS o a4 ’ By S| eos omg STH RS 2 .8dRi Ns fas Gi AS otnd os aces De in SA mer oh « u > eA Oo _ ae tye ,20E 8395 Ho 8S A AS eo) (<0) asodnd : bp gy both SE 2 Sntaofte Ba Hoe, soo Oot Wak Pe Seam eage 9 2 Mae oe DF ara : FeO wert ue SLNASSYdSY 1) VaHY dOHO SHL eo pcsd-4 An oi5~ SV LV3HD SV SSWIL 9! SI L0G phonons SHL Ad-GaH3A09 WAYV IWNLOV | 2s Boab SB SAYOV 0002 sone ~~ 3,5 SLN3S3ud3YH LOG HOVS aRoOoCne 2 AOVEYOV SAY SSinaageh ; mn SSS SF a Gene Ae rps Ss'gaa 99912°—yBK 1921——-29 444 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. BUSHELS | BUCKWHEAT | ACREAGE AND PRODUCTION, 1919 EACH DOT REPRESENTS 2,000 ACRES ACTUAL AREA COVERED BY THE DOT 1S 10 TIMES AS GREAT AS THE CROP AREA IT REPRESENTS VELVET BEANS ACREAGE, 1919 | | | Liu Oo < ui or Oo =< < < ae \O ox (2) i W = =) aa © & 2) i) BUCKWHEAT ACREAGE, 1919 (KAFIR, MILO, FETERITA, AND DURRA") VELVET BEANS ACREAGE, 1919 ACREAGE AND PRODUCTION, 1919 SORGHUMS FOR GRAIN Fic. 35.—The grain sorghums are, perhaps, our most drought-resistant crops. The expansion of acreage during the past two decades in the southern Great Plains area bas been extraordinary. From 1899 to 1909 the acreage in the United States increased from 266,000 to 1,635,000, or sixfold, and between 1909 and 1919 it more than doubled. Buckwheat, which is practically confined to the Appalachian area and the Lake States, has decreased slightly in acreage since 1909. It is peculiarly adapted to districts having cool, moist summers and sour soils. The velvet bean, grown as a forage crop, has increased greatly its acreage in the Southeastern States, where the boll weevil has discouraged cotton growers and awakened interest in live-stock production.. (See Figs. 22 and 81.) SORGHUMS AND SUGAR CANE, CUT FOR FORAGE OR FODDER, ACREAGE AND PRODUCTION (Continued) EACH DOT REPRESENTS 2,000 ACRES ACTUAL AREA COVERED BY THE DOT IS 10 TIMES AS GREAT AS THE CROP AREA 1T REPRESENTS , ACREAGE, 1919 a ce) w — = O ul Fa <= 19) je <= 2) — yn FORAGE OR FODDER SORGHUMS AND SORGHUMS AND SUGAR CANE, CUT FOR FORAGE OR FODDER, ACREAGE AND PRODUCTION, 1919 Fic. 36.—The sorghums are grown for forage much farther north than for grain; while the sweet sorghums, which are not commonly grown for grain, are frequently used for forage far to the east in the Cotton Belt and the Corn and Winter Wheat regions. The acreage of sorghums for forage is larger than the acreage for grain, especially in Kansas, where some sorghum is used for silage (see Fig. 25). It is in- teresting to note that the average yield per acre of sorghum forage was 1.7 tons in 1919, as compared with less than 1 ton per acre for corn in this area, and 1.2 tons for corn in the entire United States. The sorghums, apparently, yield more forage per acre in this semiarid area than corn in the humid regions. 446 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. FLAXSEED ACREAGE AND PRODUCTION, 1919 2,000 ACRES ACTUAL AREA COVERED BY THE DOT IS 15 TIMES AS GREAT AS EACH DOT REPRESENTS THE CROP AREA IT REPRESENTS oa => LJ — Q = mmo OR ot cole “So oko pS efSh oes. ree @lecie sto Pape orsee = - FO Kiba Ro oe Sor eatn array 8.1 SoaSee A GS5,S5Aoe pL el Hage ecg® oka 8 wp See sss Pea ABEEa Bi ep Soar Sho lel OS ae OPE, Lea Vmaaase ee aro) Pooaad o ° oA eh SUE ngoakio mn aeSoan on 53° 3 (3) AES Fon ee® SB” pyuotd a oon Beets sy magdoo™ gs Hm ewe) Pein go oe Di lahn es) ee Sa Sa oOn” ~ oO Ba eo Sy moiso oe 3° Pee aH ° = a oa elis s ay Osta nhP4ss os Seeage Sos, cB RES cea eas das Sis ay WS wm ) oS fe agse Ag Popnon” & HS 2b Bug POoRAZOS [gas ee" 3 a n og w SESS M oS SH By Grea sot Ss a8 S65 vodure nrerap Pi Sao Be SSBC oR peM 450 Yearbook of the Departme nt of Agriculture, 1921. WILD GRASSES—Continoed 2,000 ACRES ACTUAL AREA COVERED BY THE DOT 18 16 TIMES AS GREAT AS THE CROP AREA IT REPRESENTS EACH DOT REPRESENTS WILD GRASSES—Continued WILD, SALT, OR PRAIRIE GRASSES ACREAGE, 1919 FS. of. rice - J OZZ2Z lsseseessz eae) 2. . 4 roe . Ly ACREAGE AND PRODUCTION, 1919 WILD, SALT, OR PRAIRIE GRASSES Fic. 41.—The acreage of wild or prairie hay_is found mostly in the Spring Wheat Area. the western margin of the Corn Belt and Corn and Winter Wheat Region, and the eastern portion of the Great Plains; in brief, in the northern part of the subhumid belt. East of this belt the moister climate permits the cultivation of timothy and clover. which are more productive (see Figs. 29 and 40); and west of this belt the climate is so dry that the grass normally does not grow high enough to cut (see Figs. 4 and 7). The acreage shown in Wisconsin is mostly marsh hay and that in the Western States is located largely in moist mountain valleys or on high plateaus (see Fig. 3). 451 A Graphic Summary of American Agriculture. £f0'V99'81 111'629'8 |” pse'so 928'F9 Lze'Stl 86218 £pO'LEL SLNA3SSudaY 11 VAaHV dOXS 3HL Sv LVSHD SV SSWIL 9! SI 100 SHL AB O3YHSA09 V3EYV IWNLOV S3aHOV 0002 SLIN3S3YdaY LOG HOVS panuiue) 8rt'SL LbU's2t Sgb°LOl 626°6b1 (S's sayy FOVANDV VATVITY WqOvaeayoV VsAIVsATV OL9'FI2 p06'L81 229° Lte S6S'8L2 666'08¢ SBL'LSZ 9£0'S9¢ BEE'Seh 096'268 918'SS9 996'88 B1b'b6 ££9'601 926911 9SVLEL SLL Oz 1St £p0'2L1 ss9' 012 L8L'822 891'bIS 9bb'089 6h6'SbL £99'98S 91g'£9L SOL PL’ pss'zib'2 S00'6LL'T 6bS'612'2 9St'say'2 p60'0Ee LOO'LPE O61'S9E e2'ble 1£7'29b eLI'1S9 SIs‘8IL £99'18L 6b9'bIe a in the the in increase braska e replac creage N cured in best well This and Alfalfa ¥ alfalfa a airl pidly ansas st easily K years. it thrives f and gra increasin f ea and it is mo Consequently, stern is under irrigation, d section o its culture subhumi over sixfold in the past 20 summer, y soils that are not acid, the grown mostly ; where htly during acreage has increased 1S the East slig rainy where it in the alfa demands not is able Alf States, sections 2.— where th< climate that 4 Western en not FIG. limestone has be ge is f the even-eighths o crop. | 4, 6, and 16). ay River (see Figs. this area as the major h souri in ld hay west of the Mis wi CLOVER (REO. ALSIKE. CRIMSON. BUR. AND LESPEDIZA) EACH DOT REPRESENTS ACREAGE. 1919 2,000 ACRES ACTUAL AREA COVERED AY THE DOT 1S IS TIMES AS GREAT as THE CROP AREA IT REPRESENTS CLOVER ACREAGE, 1919 (Continued) CLOVER ACREAGE, 1919 STATE| ACRES |[STATE] ACRES Ill... .| 507,443 || Mo...| 173,428 Ind... | 334,974 || N.Y..| 121,959 lowa .| 273,912 || Mich .| 120,299 Ohio .| 250,010 || Ky...| 107,266 Tenn.| 239,596 || Miss..| 97,933 Wis. .| 186,761 || Minn.| 96,202 | Fig. 43.—This map shows the acreage of clover grown alone (for timothy and clover mixed see Fig. 40). ‘‘ Clover” may mean rea, mammoth, or alsike clover in the Northern and Central States, crimson clover, a very different plant, in the coastal plain of Dela- ware, Maryland, and Virginia, bur clover in parts of the South, and was specifically stated in the census schedule to include lespedeza. Consequently, the map above, like that of wild hay, includes several different plants, all legumes, however. Most of the clover acreage, it will be noted, is located in the Corn Belt and the Corn and Winter Wheat Region, particularly along the lower Ohio River and up the Mississippi as far as St. Louis. Much of this clover is grown for seed as well as for hay. MISCELLANEOUS TAME GRASSES (7 BERMUDA, JOBNSON, CLAS GRASS, ORCHAZD GRASS, RED TOP, MILLET, SUDAN GRASS ETC") EACH DOT REPRESENTS ACREAGE, 1919 pare cain OO OT 1S IS TIMES AS GREAT as ENTS Fic. 44.—This map shows the geographic distribution of the census item entitled “Other tame or cultivated grasses cut for hay.’”’ In New England and New York it consists mostly of redtop, quack grass, orchard grass, and Canada blue grass; the dense center in southern Illinois is largely redtop: in the Black Prairie of Alabama and Mississippi, and in general throughout the South, the dots represent Bermuda and John- son grass principally; while in eastern Tennessee orchard grass and tall rye grass probably constitute most of the acreage shown. The scattered acreage in the States from North Dakota to Texas is almost wholly millet, Sudan grass, or amber cane. SMALL GRAINS CUT FOR HAY. WHEAT. BARLEY. OATS. AND RYE) EACH DOT REPRESENTS ACREAGE, 1919 SPEC EERES AREA COVERED BY THE oS TIMES aS GREAT as CROP AREA ie Dak STATE | ACRES Calif 085 | 3 N 7, Fic. 45.—The small grains—barley, oats, wheat, and occasionally rye—are cut green for hay, mostly in the Pacific Coast States, where a hay crop is needed which will grow quickly during the cool, moist winters, and which need not survive the long summer drought. In California barley mostly is used, but in Washington and Oregon wheat and oats are more commonly cut for hay. The large acreage shown in North Dakota and eastern Montana is mostly wheat, and is doubtless larger than usual owing to the dry season which caused the crop in much of this area to be scarcely worth threshing. ANNUAL LEGUMES CUT FOR HAY (COWPEAS. SOY BEANS. PEANUTS AND VETCHES) EACH DOT REPRESENTS 2.000 ACRES ANNUAL LEGUME HAY ACREAGE, 1919 Fic. 46.—* Annual legumes cut for hay” was a new-item in the 1920 census sched- ule, which revealed that nearly 2,000,000 acres of cowpeas, soy beans, and peanuts are cut for hay, mostly in the southeastern quarter of the United States. The dense center in southeastern Alabama and the more widely distributed acreage in Tennessee consist principally of cowpeas. The thinly scattered dots in the North and West are mostly soy beans, except in the North Pacific Region, where vetches are frequently grown for hay. Soy beans can be grown in a much cooler climate than cowpeas or peanuts. and are quite drought resistant. FIELD PEAS, ACREAGE, 1919 (Continued) 1,000 ACRES EACH DOT REPRESENTS ACTUAL AREA COVERED BY THE DOT IS 35 TIMES AS GREAT AS THE CROP AREA IT REPRESENTS FIELD PEAS (CANADA, COW, AND OTHER RIPE FIELD PEAS") ACREAGE, 1919 FIELD PEAS, ACREAGE AND PRODUCTION, 1919 Fic. 47.—This map shows only the acreage of peas allowed to ripen for grain or seed. The acreage of green garden peas, even when grown in the field for canning, is shown in Figure 56. Peas cut for hay or forage are included in “ Annual Legumes,” Figure 46. Cowpeas, which are more like a bean than a pea, are of importance as a seed crop only on the Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain of the South, extending as far north as Maryland and central Illinois. Canada peas, which thrive only in a_cool climate, are grown mostly in Wisconsin, especially on the heavy soils of the Door Peninsula, in northeastern Michigan, and in the higher or cooler districts of the Rocky Mountain Region. A Graphic Summary of American Agriculture. 455 , 1919 PEANUTS ACREAGE AND. PRODUCTION EACH DOT REPRESENTS 1,000 ACRES ACTUAL AREA COVERED BY THE DOT I$ 35 TIMES AS GREAT AS THE CROP AREA IT REPRESENTS FIELD BEANS AND PEANUTS ACREAGE, 1919 «NAVY, PINTO, LIMA, AND OTHER RIPE FIELD BEANS”) BUSHELS . | 1,161,682 | 14,079,093 BUSHELS FIELD BEANS, ACREAGE AND PRODUCTION, 1919 Fic. 48.—Field beans are produced principally in five areas—in western New York and central Michigan, where the leading varieties are white pea, white medium, and red kidney ; on the high plains of New Mexico and eastern Colorado, where the native Mexi- can or pinto bean mostly is grown; in California, where practically the entire commer- cial crop of limas and nearly half of the crop of white beans is raised: and in Idaho, where both the white and Mexican, also various other varieties, are grown and shipped to all parts of the United States to use as seed. The acreage of peanuts shown on the map does not include the crop “ hogged off” by stock. The peanuts for human consumption are grown mostly in the North Carolina- Virginia district; those grown in Georgia and Alabama are largely fed to hogs or made into peanut butter. 456 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. 7,580 BUSHELS hy POTATOES, 1919—Continued 3,251,703 | 290.4 1,000 ACRES EACH DOT REPRESENTS ACTUAL AREA COVERED BY THE POTATOES, 1919—Continued Lu O we Fic, 69.—Only three kinds of nuts are produced on a commercial scale in the United States—pecans, walnuts, and almonds. The pecan is native to .the lower Mississippi Valley, and the largest acreage is found in a belt which extends from central Missouri across Oklahoma to south-central Texas. Recently extensive planting of pecan trees has taken place on the coastal plain in Georgia, the Carolinas, Alabama, Mississippi, and north- ern Florida. Almonds and walnuts have been introduced from the Mediterranean region and their production is practically confined to California, except for a considerable acre- age of walnuts in the Willamette Valley of Oregon and adjoining counties in Washington. _— ~~ A Graphic Summary of American Agriculture. 469 ————SSS - ———— STRAWBERRY ACREAGE EACH DOT REPRESENTS 1919 100 ACRES 1 ACTUAL AREA COVERED BY THE ! > DOT 18 400 TIMES AS GREAT as " THE CROP AREA IT REPRESENTS 4 of | 1 STRAWBERRY | (Continued) STATE ACRES f 4,007 | STRAWBERRY ACREAGE, 1919 —— | Sate 3401 | ni ...-| 4,985 3,087 | 4,974 2'812 | 4,872 2,768 4,472 2,446 4,172 15,106 4,008 .| 119,395 Fic, 70.—The commercial production of strawberries has become concentrated in un- usual degree in a few centers, notably, in Cumberland, Camden, Burlington, and Atlantie Counties, N. J.; Sussex County, Del.; Wicomico, Worcester, Caroline, and Anne Arundel Counties, Md.; in Hamilton, Rhea, Crockett, Gibson, Lauderdale, and Madison Coun- ties, Tenn.; in Warren County, Ky.; in Barry, Lawrence, McDonald, and Newton Coun- ties, Mo., and adjacent counties of Washington and Benton in Arkansas; in White County, Ark.; in Tangipahoa Parish, La.; in Berrien County, Mich.; in Sonoma, Sacra- mento, and Los Angeles Counties, Calif.; and in Hood River County, Oreg. These 30 counties, out of the 3,000 in the United States, contained one-third of the Nation's acreage of strawberries in 1919. BUSH FRUITS AND CRANBERRIES ACREAGE, 1919 EACH DOT REPRESENTS 100 ACRES ACTUAL AREA COVERED BY THE DOT 1S 400 TIMES AS GREAT AS THE CROP AREA IT REPRESENTS Fic. 71.—The centers of cranberry acreage are Cape Cod Mass., southern New Jersey, and central Wisconsin—all districts of sandy, marshy, acid soils. The centers of bush fruit acreage are southern New Jersey: the Marlboro district in the Hudson Valley of New York; the district east and southeast of Rochester; the belt along Lake Erie from Buffalo to Cleveland; the eastern shore of Lake Michigan, especially Berrien County ; the eastern shore of Puget Sound, especially the Puyallup district; and the Willamette Valley in Oregon, especially the district around Salem. This latter district specializes in loganberries grown for canning and bottling. Minor centers may be noted near many of the large cities. 470 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921, THE FARM ANIMALS NUMBER AND VALUE UNITED STATES, JAN.1,1920 NUMBER MILLIONS VALUE EXPRESSED IN LIVE STOCK UNITS =1 HORSE MILLIONS OF DOLLARS 500 1000 1500 DAIRY CATTLE HORSES BEEF CATTLE SWINE MULES SHEEP ONE HORSE EQUALS 1 MULE ae POULTRY 1 COW OR STEER 7 GOATS 5 SWINE 2 ASSES GOATS 100 POULTRY ASSES & BURROS Fic. 72.—Cattle in 1920 constituted the leading class of live stock in the United States on the basis of value. This value was almost equaily divided between the dairy and beef types. Between 1910 and 1920 the total value of cattle in the United States in- creased 143 per cent, due mostly to an increase in value per head of 125 per cent; whereas the value of all horses decreased 14 per cent, due to exactly the same decrease in value per head. Cattle constituted 46 per cent of the value of all farm animals, horses and muies 32 per cent, swine 12 per cent, sheep and goats 5 per cent, and poultry nearly 5 per cent. The swine, however, produce annually pork and lard having a value greater than that of the beef and veal from the cattle. LIVE STOCK ON FARMS NUMBER AND VALUE TWENTY LEADING STATES. JAN.1,1920 GQ HORSES, MULES ETC. Gaeeeeg CATTLE SHEEP & GOATS SWINE [———) POULTRY NUMBER VALUE EXPRESSED IN LIVE STOCK UNITS, MILLIONS . MILLIONS OF DOLLARS ILLINOIS MISSOURI NEBRASKA KANSAS NEW YORK MINNESOTA OHIO INDIANA SO.DAKOTA PENNSYLVANIA CALIFORNIA ONE HORSE EQUALS Ls . OKLAHOMA 1 MULE 7 SHEEP Z e MICHIGAN 1 COW OR STEER 7 GOATS TENNESSEE 5S SWINE 2 ASSES = COLORADO 100 POULTRY KENTUCKY NO.DAKOTA GEORGIA Fic. 73.—Iowa leads the States in value of live stock on farms, but is exceeded by Texas in number of animal units. It is noteworthy that 9 of the 11 leading States in value of live stock are located wholly or partly in the Corn Belt. On the other hand, Georgia is the only State lying almost wholly in the Cotton Belt that is included in this list of 20 leading live-stock States. The concentration of live stock in the Corn Belt, and in the dairying centers of the Hay and Pasture Region is shown in Figure 107. Cattle and horses and mules, it will be noted, constitute in the different States from six-tenths to nine-tenths of the value of all live stock. A Graphic Summary of American Agriculture. 471 HORSE COLTS ON FARMS UNCLUDING YEARLINGS) NUM 920 EACH DOT REPRESENTS 152,214 Fic. 74.—One-third of the horses in the United States are raised in the Corn Belt, one-sixth in the Great Plains Region, one-tenth in the Spring Wheat Area, and one twelfth in the Kansas-Oklahoma section of the Corn and Winter Wheat Region. These are the regions of surplus grain and cheap forage. Comparatively few horses are raised in the Cotton Belt, or the Central and North Atlantic States, because these are regions of deficient grain production and feed must be shipped in at heavy expense. It is more economical to ship the mature horses into these deficiency regions than to ship the grain to grow them. (See Figs. 11, 12, 27, 32, 33, 36, and 41.) MULE COLTS ON FARMS UNCLUDING YEARLINGS) NUMBER, JAN. 1, 1920 EACH DOT REPRESENTS MULE COLTS, JAN. 1, 1920 | STATE | NUMBER U.S... .| 780,697 | Fic. 75.—Two-thirds of the mules are raised in the western section of the Corn and Winter Wheat Region and the southern portion of the Corn Belt, the centers of production being about 300 miles south of the centers of horse production. This may be due in part to the adaptation of the mule to warmer temperature than the horse, but aiso in part to the shorter distance and smaller cost of transportation to the Cotton Belt, where most of the mules are sent (see Fig. 77). Formerly Kentucky and Ten- nessee were the leading States in mule production, but now a much greater Dumber are raised in Missouri, Kansas, and Oklahoma, where feed is cheaper. 3 lture, 19: Gruen © Yearbook of the Department of A 472 ce) I9t'9z 00s'se v69'98 961'LE Seu'se $96'8% 9Le'0L GOL'2L ooL'tL ¥2L'06 819'S6 606'66 ofs'Zt1 (£6811 6bE'621 QV3H 000'2 SLN3S34d3Y¥ LOG HOVW3 2L9'9%2 vec'Lez 82¢'Ss2 980'E82 822187 Oc6l ‘| ‘NYP ‘YaaWwnn (SHOVTILA ONY SGHLID NI SHSOM ONTOMTONI “SONTTAVA CNY S170 ONIanTDYa) SASYOH 003'199 O10'StL Z10'2bL 16S'L8L ZL1'608 St6'S7R PLO'RRE 666'S06 R16'SeI't (SONTINVIA ONY SLIOD ONIGNTOXS) 0261 * NVE SWYVd NO SISYOH in the eastern ) old and over he humid otton Belt and th years 9 -quarter of the mature horses ( 6.—Over one Fic. United t in and over three orn in the C are 1n ates St -quarters are Belt, stern A © Cz of horses in the C mber small nu Winter Wheat animals in The and mules as work half of the country o the pref- ps es of cro sure t The acr y the same as in large mea see Fig. 77). wing in ( acres) se regions Region is o otton Belt (17 the rn for per mature sections of the Co Corn Belt erence the of The number on January 1, 6 acres). 5,611 S. 6 is 1,70 arm is practicall (1 Wl ll <0 g2 a) = 4 rs, < = 036 528 731 S57 791 299, 262, 259 467 445 789,924 3 NUMBER OF BEEF CATTLE, EXCLUDING CALVES, AND NUMBER OF CALVES, JAN. 1, 1920 Fic. 81.—Beef cattle constitute slightly over half the total number of cattle in the United States, but slightly less than half the value. Over 8 million beef cattle (includ- ing calves) are in the Corn Belt, and as many more in the Great Plains Region, these two regions haying nearly half the beef cattle in the country. A large number of beef cattle will also be noted in the Subtropical Coast and southern portion of the Cotton Belt, in the Appalachian valleys, in eastern Kansas, in the mountain parks and valleys of Colorado, Utah, and Idaho, on the plateaus of southwestern New Mexico and south- eastern Arizona. and in California. Over 40 per cent of the beef cattle are in the west- ern half of the United States. (See Figs. 12, 27, and 42.) The corner table gives figures of beef cattle and of calves on farms only; there were 890.963 in cities and villages. A Graphic Summary of American Agriculture. 477 NUMBER OF DAIRY CATTLE (Continued) on o ee WwW wo WwaQ cz ow ui xs - oO oo an BE Oo =< WwW Lu = E = |< O >= = < a) a lw oO < = -! > a = < rm) ui = 9) ag | ne = a= OS zz =z z ave = Wl 20 See z aS lu > a = (3) u) zZ a = — S) ~< mt 99, | 500 . Dak} 478, 184 | 126 855 133 835 746 catves |] staTE | CATTLE 158 | 200,243 322 | 227,431 832 | 150,119 916 | 232,543 503,256 291,721 479,210 227 353 417 2,260, 1,789, 1,601 992 812 |NUMBER OF DAIRY CATTLE, EXCLUDING CALVES, AND NUMBER OF CALVES, JAN. 1, 1920 Fic. 82.—Nearly half the dairy cattle in the United States are in the Hay and Pas- ture Region and the adjacent northern and eastern margin of the Corn Belt. Other dense areas will be noted in southeastern Pennsylvania, which is really Corn Belt country, and in the yalleys of the North and South Pacific regions. In the Cotton Belt, especially the northern portion, dairy cattle are more numerous than beef cattle, but in the Great Plains, Rocky Mountain, and Arid Intermountain Regions they are much less numerous. Nine-tenths of the dairy cattle are in the East. The dairy cattle in cities and villages (‘‘not on farms and ranges’”’) number 1,220,564, which is less than 4 per cent of all dairy cattle and calves in the United States. (See Figs. 25, 40, and 85.) PURE BRED BEEF CATTLE NUMBER ON FARMS, JAN. 1, 1920 EACH DOT REPRESENTS 200 HEAD STATE | NUMBER | aa PE lowa..| 151,359 || S. Dak Minn. . U.S ..| 1,064,912 Fic. 83.—The number of registered pure-bred beef cattle is more concentrated geo- graphically than that of all beef cattle. Iowa alone has one-seventh of the entire num- ber in the United States. Five per cent of the beef cattle in Iowa are registered. The prairie and plains portion of the United States (see “tall grass” and “short grass” of Fig. 7) has nearly four-fifths of the pure-bred beef cattle in the country. About two- fifths of the registered beef cattle are Shorthorns—nearly one-half if Polled Durham be included—and nearly two-fifths more are Herefords. Aberdeen-Angus constitute about one-tenth of the total number. Iowa leads the States by a wide margin in number of ~- Shorthorns and Aberdeen-Angus, while Texas leads in number of Herefords. PURE BRED DAIRY CATTLE NUMBER ON FARMS, JAN. 1.1920 0 oo cccaccewrs | PURE BRED DAIRY CATTLE Fic. 84.—Sixty per cent of the registered pure-bred dairy cattle are concentrated in the Hay and Pasture Region. About 5 per cent of the dairy cattle in this region are registered. New York has one-sixth of the registered dairy cattle in the United States, and Wisconsin has one-eighth. Much smaller numbers may be noted in the valleys of California and of western Oregon and Washington. About 58 per cent of the registered dairy cattle in the United States are Holstein-Friesians, 25 per cent are Jerseys, 9 per cent are Guernseys, 3 per cent are Ayrshires, and 1 per cent Brown Swiss, the re mainder being unspecified. 479 A Graphic Summary of American Agriculture. SOs'8L6 S$ Stondowd viv (penuiuo,) H) sus Wows 010s StonaoNd ANIVO 6p 2186E2'1 S2E°991'Z1 |°* PW) S9'9SO'RE | HLS LI9'RT | 29S'227'21 | Hd 'S || $98'169'S ‘o09'¢2 |" W22L'E | S2b'Les's QS6'6RELS | 987'L29'6S | H Anno wrt | SOMONE |aivisl] AINO TIN LOS'916'SI |’ |) cOr'Zt9'21 | 982 C00'RE |* pRP'GIS'RS | OSZ'29E'SPs} £29'ES9°91 18} OL2:280'LL18) °°"! Alvis ee favs | 6161 ONINNG FIVS WOWd SLdI9IIN SWYV4A WOU GIOS SLONGOUd AYIVG penusuo)—SWriV4 WOUd A1OS SLINGONd AYIVA 616 ONIYNG AWS WOU SldIad3y (O13 ‘ASSIHS ‘YSLLNG ‘WvayD ‘WTIW) sLOndoud AYIVG SLN3Sauday 10d HOV in y 5 in largely farm is esti- ig. 82). Kan- g New and is region, Louis, s adjoinin market milk mostly ies de th St attle (F eonsin, > . The concentration dairy cai outsi in Wis so be noted near the large cities ts e, Washington, Cincinnati, Indianapolis 1¢ ies and cheese factor distr The value of dairy products consumed on the represent ing These, as also the center hern New York, al dairy greater than that of i and Detroit, in central and nort lk and butter fat sold to creamer , and 88). much 240,000,000. y al Cleveland, s the commerc Baltimor San Francisco. ion is Buffalo, resent mi ’ geles, and tricts Boston, is sus at about $ 87 ger d he cen p s. 86, Minnesota r Fi mated by t (see ladelphia i ar © Los An haa > i Fig. 85.—This map show the Hay and Pasture Reg Commercial dairy centers ma while the 1 notably Ph York City, sas City, 80 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. EACH DOT REPRESENTS 100,000 POUNDS BUTTER MADE ON FARMS—Cont. op) = cc < Le = O Lu oO < = or LJ = ke = a) 152 607 BUTTER MADE ON FARMS DURING 1919 TOTAL AND PER FARM REPORTING Fic. 86.—Butter made on farms in 1919 constituted 43 per cent of the total pro- duction of 1,646,171,874 pounds reported by the census. The areas of densest produc- tion of farm butter, it will be noted, are the Piedmont Plateau, extending from eastern Pennsylvania to Alabama; the Tennessee River Valley of northern Alabama and east- ern Tennessee; the upper Ohio River basin; the western portion of Kentucky and Ten- nessee: and the northeastern portion of Texas. It is notable how little butter is made on farms in Wisconsin and Minuesota, where the factory system is well developed. Over half of the farms in the United States made butter in 1919, but less than one- third of the butter made was sold. Most of this farm butter sold was consumed in the locality where it was produced. Cs 481 ONILHOUTY 40 WINK 1261 A Graphic Summary of American Agriculture. 696'82 p2L'sl SHYOLVA | SONNOd ‘IVLOL © (ponunwwop) ‘SIMOLV! NI J0VW WILLS vere [poe cee'eco'l |" 's ‘n SGNNOd 000'00! SLN3S3Iud3Y LOG HOV] IZ6| SAIYOLOVS NI SQVW Y3aLLng ————eEeEE—e—e ol uO Ay CLL'LS2'U | * 269'SZ1'FI | ° 820'91E PL] L98'S6L'bI | * S22'pLi'st|* pSe'seL'sl goe'ZLL'st $02'122'12 |, LLV‘L02'¢2 | ° 662'L60'98 |” SEL'2bL'0L TNILOUN SaNNOd SIIMOLYA so wsanny | — VL0L VIS SONNOd WALOL ZL6'S1P'2b 196'C6)'9P espt The concentration sh gri- cent total for ipped of the r e com- gion, is ap wer e at sed 74 pe m f the Bureau of A rot y the farmers st Regions. s the s rease th asture Re Coa increa i ine g th i y and Pa fic ivision oO the Ha and in the Pac in preparin in Belt, especially in the Corn Belt, indicate is made ince the map was prepared the amount of butter fat sold s The figures used he Dairy and Poultry Corn w cities to which the cream or butte y half as much butter was sold b in the ively fe ,000 pounds. , ’ lat Whereas onl 55 i0n 0 t Returns received 000 States to 1 2 ing in a re old 50 per cent piled from reports received by t cultural Economics. i the Un m a ted y the western por ll Fic. 87—Most of the factory butter spotted character of the map, cia United States in 1919 as in 1909, s from the farms. and of cre of butter mak A482 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. CHEESE MADE IN FACTORIES, 1921 (Contifued EACH DOT REPRESENTS 200,000 POUNDS CHEESE MADE IN FACTORIES 192\ aroun nwen a NUMBER OF FACTORIES REPORTING CHEESE MADE IN FACTORIES, 1921 NUMBER OF FACTORIES REPORTING Fié, 88.—Practically all the cheese is now made in factories, only 6,000,000 pounds in 1919. or less than 2 per cent of the total production of the United States, being made on farms. About two-thirds of the cheese is made in Wisconsin and half of the remainder in New York. Cheese production has developed in those parts of Wisconsin and New York having less than 150 days in the growing season, except along the lake shores, and in the central, sandy portion of Wisconsin, which has poor pastures. The short, cool season favors summer pasture and cheese production, just as silage, winter Gairying, butter making, skim milk, hogs, and corn complete the economic cycle in the wariner belt to the south. The figures were compiled from reports received by the Dairy and Poultry Division, Bureau of Agricultural Economics. — 483 A Graphic Summary of American Agriculture. p66 12 (ponus ANIMAS JO WIGAN 629'2L029 | Gov'greos |S] ovveal cy yea dvV3H 000'S SLNSS3Y¥day LOG HOVS | NV? YAsINNN (Sa9V1IA GNV SaILID NI NIMS SNIGNTONI) 990'900'T | * Ph saov TV [Sa | SMa’ [se posooe't | 1s6.060'1]™* Qasiva | SHDV TV Fag [ana ans GIGI NI QASIVY SOLd GN ‘0261 ‘I ‘NV SWUVA NO ANIMS JO WIGAN e€ x gion Re inder of t outlet for g of corn see Figs. Swine in cities and villages numbered 2,638,389, which is about 4 per cent of the tota] number in the United States, ine per square growin ing ( fifth in the Corn and 106 sw 32 in the Corn and Winter Wheat ther ited States are in the Corn re mile in the rema ’ gs in the Un Pasture Region finds the bes rich Corn Belt finds the d hogs its most profitable system of farm about 4 per squa and pi gs en, and ; so the warm, the ho real st as the cool Hay and s the Cotton Belt, and nearly ano In 1919 there were, on the average 27 in the Cotton Belt, DS GL e in Pasture Re Ju iry cow fifth ar ing da Winter Wheat Region. of beef cattle an Fie. 89.—Over two-fift nearly one the Corn Belt, in the Hay and in feed the United States. ps and feeding 27 and 81). Belt, its cro in 17 484 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. PUREBRED SWINE NUMBER REGISTERED JAN. 1, 1920 EACH DOT REPRESENTS |REGISTERED SWINE NUMBER ON FARMS JAN. 1, 1920 \STATE| NUMBER |/STATE| NUMBER 96,908 Ala. . Other Fic. 90.—Nearly 60 per cent of the registered pure-bred hogs and pigs are in the Corn Belt. About one-seventh, as with pure-bred beef cattle, are in lowa. Nearly 5 per cent of the swine in the Corn Belt are registered, and 3 per cent in the remainder of the United States. Duroc-Jersey hogs constitute 40 per cent of the registered swine in the United States, Poland-China 35 per cent, Chester-White 9 per cent, Hampshire 5 per cent, Berkshire 4 per cent, other breeds and unspecified 7 per cent. Iowa leads all States in number of pure-bred Duroc-Jersey, Poland-China, Chester-White, Hampshire and Tamworth; Indiana in number of spotted Voland-China; Pennsylvania in Berkshires ; Kansas in Essex; and Minnesota in Yorkshires PUREBRED SHEEP AND LAMBS NUMBER REGISTERED, JAN. 1, 1920 EACH DOT REPRESENTS Fic. 91.—Registered pure-bred sheep and lambs are more eyenly diffused geograph- ically than pure-bred cattle or swine. A few breeders remain in the old centers of production in Vermont and New York; many more pure-bred sheep may be noted in the more recent production areas of Ohio, southwestern Pennsylvania and southern Michi- gan; but the greatest number is now found in the West, Idaho leading the States with nearly 50,000 registered animals. Shropshires constitute 27 per cent of all registered sheep in the United States, Rombouillet 23 per cent, Merino 14 per cent, Hampshire 11 per cent, other breeds and unspecified 25 per cent. The Cotton Belt is the only region in which there are practically no pure-bred sheep. On Toov'66 | zt6's62 osresg'er | a1s'ee0'se|**s “n || aasiva | s3ov 11V US!IV | SIDV TV ‘WoO—SHNVT ONY dans av3H 000'S SLN3S3ud3Y LOG HOVS A Graphic Summary of American Agriculture. ‘NYP YSAEWNNN (S3DNVY GNV SWYV4 NO) SEWV1 IGNV dasHS OZ6I ‘I oes on Seeiagae Heel prin | on} 4 Pato Ue Ons a) o qa vay Sao Sa Sor wage a°_ “Snes ,APUdaE ei De ee ee = AR SoH on. gh a Bnd . Bog VSS e a Bana ES PAD DOSS Pnaoae ¢ SoA wa os A wet te hyctyy en H Benge ~ Bavtoaneess ost en. apt ane HH AOS i at) 2 obi eeofaage ores » = ee Spock eEe yeas) <= sOSH oS A,B Wom ~ BQor.8 gu a E as nodes d bp 2 Sos o oe Spr aq, fe o§ Do Od Y oo a wa (5) ro gy gaa = ,.& mo Yo AVage 2o ¢o om 8 eo & Ee Cari 4 ‘ rae oad Bec ae. Ss Sea @as ve) oA oo [ER ae Ss Cah CC Oon7l_o%°9 a a Pee big fia AS OD O'> Heid OmAae Vou Hoe 8. o& He Vrg Va V_or aU hb, PD Oras cs ne ob Sa Oath .~2 SoH ao iSe snes NYT LA as One wa rs ‘oA SPO” ie Shox ee os ms Begeos Mel ation ag pevrass ms within ent sheep on far e dense centers in the East, however, repres Th indicated. or more away. the counties 486 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. GOATS AND KIDS — (ON FARMS AND RANGES) NUMBER JAN. 1, 1920 EACH DOT REPRESENTS 6,000 HEAD GOATS AND KIDS (Continued) NUMBER OF GOATS AND KIDS JAN. 1, 1920 STATE | NUMBER || STATE | NUMBER -| 1,753,112 |] Calif. .| 115,759 Miss... Ga.-.. Ala. v: 123,800 }} La. ... 121,012 | Tenn. . Fic. 93.—Over half of the goats in the United States are in Texas—nearly all on the Edwards Piateau. Cattle, sheep, and goats (see Figs. §1 and 92) are grazed on the same land in this district, the cattle pasturing on the grass, the goats browsing the oak scrub and other brush, retarding its advance upon the grass land, while the sheep eat the weeds as well as the grass and brush. In the South and in western Oregon the goats are used in large numbers in clearing up cut-over land. In Texas and Oregon the goats are mostly Angoras, in Arizona and New Mexico Angoras predominate, but other i ag are common, while in the South practically none of the goats are raised for their fleece. WOOL -AND MOHAIR PRODUCED VALUE. 1919 EACH as MOHAIR SHOWN BY SMALL CROSSES VALUE OF WOOL AND MOHAIR PRODUCED ON FARMS DURING 1919 «| $10,421,524 10,231,133 10,075,214 9,574,466 8,753,178 oes : 8,230,902 5 4,088,528 Fic. 94.—The farm value of the wool produced in the United States in 1919 was about 420 million dollars, and of the mohair about three and a half million. Texas led the States in value of wool and mohair produced, but as the value of the mohair amounted to $2,673,275, the value of the wool produced in Texas was less than in Montana, Ohio, Wyoming, Idaho, or Oregon. The average value of the wool produced in 1919 per mature sheep January 1, 1920, was $6.43 in Ohio, $6.50 in Montana, $5.53 in Oregon, and about $4 in Texas; while the value of mohair in Texas per mature goat raised for the fleece was $2.40. The price of wool in 1919 was about three times the pre-war price. OLE'66E bLL' beh 487 “yp || gg6'9te SWYVS NO AYLTNOd A Graphic Summary of American Agriculture. SLNJSauday LOG HOV] OcGl ‘| ‘NVf YSAEWNN (SNO3DId GNY “IMO4 VANIND “3S3399 ‘SHONG 'SAAMANL ‘SNAMOIHO) SWYVA NO AYLINOd Ls2‘sio'tt|* 619'21Z'eL|° B9p'C0S'bE |” 62'vSL'91 |" 8b2'616'91 | pez'z90'at |" Le9'2¢2'02 |" S96'ER8'b2 |** epg'ozt'sz |" 0z61 ‘I ‘NV SWUVd NO AMLINOd JO WaGWNN O1S‘9p2'22|*¥0 |] » heastern Pennsyl- . > le s and County, Ca ion are mi lif., two are product and Sonoma County squ n sout from these f th sales of egg wi i Los Angeles hia, in the Corn Belt and arourd ies poultry, 1919. supplied largely cities draw their supplies from a much wider terr st notable districts o ion Six count uary i, 1920, or 4,000 to the Il in near Fhiladelp ties are 2 3 mi ia, + around Petaluma. ja Cl poultry in the United States are But the two mo were over 12 million dollars The Californ feed is cheap. in southeastern Pennsylvan 5 million poultry on Jan y the distric MA ma County there poultry. but the eastern had near iall where i especia es Sonoma ehickens amounting to over had 1,350,000 Fie. 95.—Half of the in eounties if vania its margin, while the count Lt} Cal itory. . “) SGNNOd AINOH Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921, 488 190'S2 W38WON SHINO109 (panwna0)) SWUVd NO Saad SLN3S3ud3aY LOG HOVS S3INO109 00S SLI'8z |" HY || B8b'796. | LET IP 6LO'IE |"*" "81 || 995'626 | P9Z'Sh “Omep] || LL9'LSE | VLR *"a99N || 902°96S'T | 908'9S Sannod |¥sGWON VIS || anon BSINOTO 00)—SWUV NO S494 40 STINOTOD Sama veely “Bug “"°n0 “qe OZ61 ‘| ‘NWF SNYVA NO 4a g@ AO SAINO109 aWnNn $20'0b8'Z 1 p89'lbh | 820'8S |** 4} OS6'E6p'2| £S2'E9 |" * ZOLU'IS2'L| peE‘L9 |” }SL8L6S | Lee's |" org'te | oLL'28|"* OSE'Z8S | ShO'LS | ** 689'616 | £19'68 |" Lpp‘1ze'L | Bbe'e6 | *" SONN0d | Wa8WAN AINOH INO10, 6161 ‘GIONGOYd AINOH JO SONNOd CNY ‘0261 ‘I NVE SWYVA NO S3ad JO SINOTOD JO YIGNAN SONNOd , the southern olonies in g from with only r colony. in the na along the d exten ted districts 000 ¢ fornia, much pe State i tinctly on 1s on the map alachian area, ~had about 600, ; whereas Cal three times as mt in 1919. ‘The irriga show d ted in New York flo-vers, Alabama, ds of honey or almost ds of honey ion of bees stand out ds, and The southern App about 7,000,000 poun bees may also be no -orgia in southern Illinois. rnia. Ge 500,000 poun 5,000,000 poun t and alfalfa furnish many sas of dense distribut ui to northern oduced 5 large numbers of duced over here fr s Ohio River, and Kentucky 1919 and produced 181,000 colonies, pr vin Texas also pro in the West, 96.—Two ar } alachians and southern Califo1 ts ha Fic. App istric eastern 489 A Graphic Summary of American Agriculture. L [fbe'apy'o|"* Ss "0 Core [Aa seo 1 $16'6 Ovt‘or SpL'st £25'02 $s9'22 299'sz SL0'62 ZOL'62 ppa'ez 1oo'ee 90l'ep 806'Lb L22'ah 902'05 §00'PS WiaWON |, SWHVA (penuywo) SWUVd JO YaaWAN SWuv4 00s SAN3S3Yd3uH LOO HOVa Oz6l ‘| ‘NYT SWYV4s AO YSSEWNN E665 882'99 Le9'bL |X" 'S 069°LL i 6R2'L8 OLLI |" Lip'pat |" foP'set | OR2'S9L |" BLP'SLI | JUWAN Lep'96L 092'202 921'S02 Can tg poo'zee [eet Cll bol 916 ze! UL 6'6L 6'99 618 $192 TRU Lez | belies |** G60'9S2 |"" $69'9s2 |"° poo'egz |'* £9L'692 |'* 929'0Le |" 1or'euz |" zeL‘ors |" fe0'0ED |" the nited any of the e of -) the upper tenths of stern Tennessee, the U in M ia, are little more than Nine e density of farm so serve as a map 104 and 118 sylvan S. s. Fig ht al ee mig The densest areas are southeastern Penn s ( The relatiy however, L t includes over one-third the valu Over half the farms the Cotton Belt and the Corn and Winter Wheat Region tenant farms on the plantat laborers’ allotments. farm property in the farms are population f farms, ississippi. i ion oO one-seventh of the farms. the Cotton Belt, although M in in 2 10nS and Georgia, eastern, central, and we is even greater than that of farms. The Corn Belt the eastern half of the United States. the United States, has only in the South y, and the Yazoo Delta States are in in i population. Piedmont of South Carolina Fie. 97.—This map, showing the distribut Ohio Valle of farm ‘SWS 009 | at6's6y | >110 HOLS |°A'N pozs'ts |* "tr vores |° sy $2L'09 1M 2129 |" td Op6'v9 =| suay } WamHAN | LVS } O—SWUVS Fi Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. OWYVd 009 490 SIN3S3udaY LOd HOVI SAINIG9uday LOO HOVa OZ6!I ‘| ‘NVF YSEWNN YSAO GNV SAaYNOV O92 AO SWYV4 gg0's9 |** py |) teete [HW | oppz9 [OW | ZIL'Is |*" £06'89 |"9'N || zee‘98 | ‘oO | 00z'IL |" AM |] Zep'ett |* *°L | Pwaawon | aivas | wauwnw avis SAUOV 66 OL 0S JO SWUVA OzG6l ‘| ‘NV YSSWNN it “e SANDY 66 OL OS AO SWYV4 tery SWuv4 009 SLN3S83Hd3Y 100 HOVa BWHY4 009 SLN3SINWIY LOD HOVE Ozél OZ6l * ‘L NY? YaaWNN SAYoV OS YS0GNN AO SWYV4 t ‘(NVC YSaasWnNn : z6v'z8 Sor'vg 601128 106'96 “spo |} s6z'211 “aA | pro‘OZT 19 || £96'921 uum || £16'9Z1 SAYDV 6S¢ Ol OO! 40 SWYV4 ZSP pz | N49L || SLs'ser |* BIL'SZ1 |* D'S || 68S'9br Ise's2t |* 4V || Opp‘ LOL goz'9et |" x91 || BpL'28L | waGWON | ALV.S | waaWON | ILV.S) the in size, in od soils of icher lands of the Corn Belt farms farm the Great Plains edmont of the Caro- ion in. ductivity than a quarter-sect . Farms of 50 to 100 es—are found in the so have small farms, both Pi lso of the fair to go gion. 260 acr rs_al -section “ dry farm” re from 30 to 50 acres inter Wheat Re in the upper a sa tf Texas; arme On the r rea—over le oO igan. in a A two Large farms gions Wheat re J Many white f in pro ypical negro tenant farm and Mich il. or > ic of the white cotton farmers is no larger a and the Black Prair Kentucky, Ohio, Fig. 103). s. 98 to 101.—The t however, reat Plains and Sprin ennessee, Fi of which about half is in cotton. in the Cotton Belt and in the Corn and W of 100 to 260 acres preva acres are characterist ( linas and Georgi ~ Corn Belt (see Region, . x 491 A Graphic Summary of American Agriculture. nea rage aw — 2 Roesoae as sn || a “CN || e792 | 79 | PATA yoy Dea eb ror OWN |] 8109 | b'b9 Pd a "nadsig ),'N a8 on ey v5 n wh . udo5 | #S9 A aa Bal B @ 44 o's $ ~ Wsaowa | onvt | avis Wald gad’ & sire NE ONWT|GVAONdMT! Ni ONYT GA0NdHI eel s ® a I st Med H'N ee “Fr eS = BO mH 4 © Ty "180)—SdOYO NI GNVT NV GNVT G3AOUdWI so Pasa IV Av ansog Vv ee Fan is ow t= mm =| r UV= 6 i . v9 SdOUD NI GNV1T GNV GNV1T G3AOUdAI ay Pag preg les - | lo} . eb Shu on 8 Ha te zie | 80S |*"""8A Nave Spoke [gue }ous | Ay Aaah soe wi'gnvt asA0vaNI| BAN | ae a 8 ae a prea Boos BS. CNV1 G3AOUdWI j SPS38 oS @ i A O60 oa Mae VHS DS, Galister SR Bele at We Ao pi [ies qd 35 BOS Fe See ag SP OF BH Pi ea PER SS. t ow al le ha Bo @ oe Ss 5° oH wees Sano do | Oi asa —| One naVedad ~ os ode ga Ba A ep * MHDBCma oA da BAS Sod a SSHaRreta mn a a Ow ed ~WrorS ie SB .Eausig) be Beas! oh AAs ot ose Sf eS ele qd a One weorhs Nig & Pope pd ka PS ako SES Ss aa ROggsaska toy, Sayov ooz 43\0 Ge Fos Foas fh ~? WP SAINOV OOZ-O9L sauov 08-09 W777 AE wp 58H 8 Ao $ S3YOV O91-Oz1 saypv 09-0r E774 \ | 23 ms be Fy S3yov 021-00! EF SayoV Ov-02 [eee] i; sae a a Y Sauov 001-08 3 sayovozuzann[__] " OF ema e Sy 2 Gy sas oz6i ‘| ‘NV og wwe Bako G : da aNaRR) WUV4 Yad ONT GIAOUdWI 4O IDVAYOV JOVYIAV AB NMOHS S¥ g SHR, oa g a SWHYV4A AO AZIS AOVYAAV BABB SH OOS ap = CPS SSE ORE or n ; PRE FON FR 32 —YBK 1921 99912° vulture, 1921, gre Yearbook of the Department of A os7s 43\0 oszs-10cs Cae oozs-1sis FARGy OS1$-1015 Fea OO1S-92 5. Re QNa9371 / qwoy—3yOW wad QNY1 WHYS 4O 3N1VA 4 £8'1Z 8Pze 69°9E 68°61 £0°eE SP'SE ze7ze 8th £9 lb 798 Op'0s LUIS 80°25 82'€S OS'bS 79'FS 72°09 Ig £7'8¥$ | 62'29$ |* 69°bE Of'fh O8"1y 08 1P FEES 28°96 9ULb 9£°29 20°56 85'28$ zp'b9 60'EL 092 18°8L 69°S8 0016 LL¥6 Ls'p0l O2°P9T 25'6618 G1V1S ol6t oz6r aLV1S O161 GNV 0261 ‘TUOV Wid CNV] WUVd JO 3NTVA land yalues in central- re in 1919. is map, average shown on the map as hav s on th Ss conspicuou i It n Be Cor land ated ld not id lands of and the North Atlantic There has to over $250 an ac e also rue of all the districts. ar since. $ cline ing ated areas a The irrig but thi ger irrig ts cou second box ic the ’ emiar where also much of the 0—-$10 ven the lar , e the arid and s Is of the upper Lakes area should read $ E and many smaller distr of the South in the legend soi leached lands in parts s is not ti The first box The regions of low land values ar 50, forest 9° 25 er 492 OZ6I ‘lL ‘NVI BYDV Yad ANIVA AOWesAV ONVT1 Wav and northwestern Iowa having risen 103.—The shown at all. the West, the sandy, thin, or stony St IG. ates, and the light or in F Illinois farm may be $11-$25. d areas were too small to show other than in black, been a de values of ov be 493 IND am 10k ~yuoy—ALWgdOUd WAVE JO aNTVA ALWIdO Nd wavs 40 a0TVA Summary of American Agriculture. eC i A Graph 000'000'01$ SLNAS3YdayH LOG HOV] ‘TL (NVE ALYSAdOud WYVA AO ANIVA TVLOL 40 SI NVI JO aN1VA NID Wid GNV ‘0260 ALYIdOYd WAVA JO INTVA in is ge value of Great the Coast Region does the value of farm prop- States a in compared with e ted aver i as $21 The $148 in the Corn Belt, and y in the Un Region, irm propert ¥< ic 1920, was vores 48 in the Hay and Pasttre $ the square mile and of farm land per acre ($114) d of the yalue of 104.—Over one-thir the Corn Belt, and nearly two-fifths of the value of farm land. farm land per acre Januar Cotton Belt, Fig. $40 in the Plains Re erty per South Pacific in Only gion. the ia, es in iladelph the valu k City, Ph ntucky. ch approa New Yor ing strict in Ke joinin s di ras G o the Blue ies, als it in C Note the districts of greater values ad and the Tw Corn Belt Detroit FARM BUILDINGS VALUE, JAN. 1, 1920 EACH DOT REPRESENTS $1,000,000 a ree Se ne me x | ; | VALUE OF FARM BUILDINGS TOTAL AND PER FARM JAN. I, 1920 [oe [a vat [OJ se | ve 4323 || Mio . 333, $5,086 lic. 105.—The value of farm buildings is greatest in southeastern Pennsylvania, where it exceeds the valve of the land, and averages $4,000 to $5,000 per farm. In the Corn Belt the average value of farm buildings is $3,400 per farm, and it is almost as much in the Spring Wheat Area, and the southern portion of the Hay and Pasture Region. In the Cotton Belt, on the other hand, the average value is only $738, owing in part to the large number of negro shanties. However, the value of the buildings on the landlord’s farm in a plantation is almost as great as the values in the Corn Belt. These values of farm buildings include barns and outbuildings, and since the value of the house is,.in general, about half that of all farm buildings, the average value of farm houses in the United States is only about $900. : FARM IMPLEMENTS AND MACHINERY VALUE, JAN. 1, 1920 | VALUE OF FARM IMPLEMENTS AND MACHINERY TOTAL AND PER FARM Fic. 106.—About one-half of the value of farm implements and machinery in the United States was reported in 1920 from the Corn Belt and the Hay and Pasture Region; but the greatest value per farm ($1,370) was in the Spring Wheat Area. In the general farming districts of the North and West the average farm had about $1,000 worth of machinery in 1920, but the much smaller amount per farm in the Cotton Belt ($215), and in the Corn and Winter Wheat Region ($400), reduced the Nation’s average to $557. The proportion which the value of machinery and imple- ments constituted of the total value of farm property was extraordinarily uniform, ranging around 4 to 5 per cent in all the regions, except in the Hay and Pasture Region, where it constituted 7 per cent. A Graphic Summary of American Agriculture. 495 LIVE STOCK ON FARMS VALUE, JAN. 1, 1920 EACH DOT REPRESENTS $1,000,000 VALUE OF FARM LIVE STOCK (Continued) atl ve | we 263 | 83, VALUE OF FARM LIVE STOCK TOTAL AND PER FARM JAN. 1, 1920 REDos pop, BER BS & 6 Fic. 107.—The Corn Belt contains one-fourth of the value of all live stock in the United States, or somewhat more than the entire western half of the country. There is also dense distribution in southern Wisconsin and Michigan, in New York, and in sovth- eastern Pennsylvania, in which districts dairying is very important. The greatest aver- age value per farm, over $3,000, is in the Arid Intermountain and the Great Plains regions ; the smallest, $583, in the Cotton Belt. However, the proportion which value of live stock constitutes of the total farm investment is 12 pe= cent in the Cotton Belt, as compared with 8 per cent in the Corn Belt. The greatest proportion, 18 per cent, is found-in the Rocky Mountain and Arid Intermountain regions. EXPENDITURE FOR FEED (CORN, MILL FEED. HAY, ETC) DURING 1919 EACH DOT REPRESENTS : | EXPENDITURE FOR FEED | TOTAL AND PER FARM DURING 1919 60,762,084 60,171,516 Fic. 108.—The expenditure for feed is greatest in the Hay and Pasture Region, where dairying dominates and the production of grain is deficient, and in the Corn Belt, where feed is freely bought and sold by the farmers, most of whom feed beef cattle and hogs. In north-central Illinois the expenditure for feed is much less because the corn is largely _ sold to the near-by Chicago market, and few cattle or hogs are raised. (See Figs. 28, 81, 89, and 107.) The heavier expenditure saown in the Puget Sound and Willamette Val- leys is largely for feed for dairy cows, while in California the feed is bought principally for dairy cows and poultry. 496 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. EXPENDITURE FOR FERTILIZER DURING 1!9!9 EACH DOT REPRESENTS $100,000 EXPENDITURE FOR FERTILIZER TOTAL AND PER FARM DURING 1919 TOTAL PAID | sit 48,796,694 46,196,434 17,277,705 «| 15,625,341 15,067,371 \Se24aee8 ia Fic. 109.—Fertilizer is used at present principally on the more intensively cultivated crops, particularly cotton, tobacco, fruit, and truck, ineluding potatoes ; and almost wholly as yet in the Eastern States, where the rainfall is heavier and the soils more leached. About half of the expenditure in 1919 was in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont portions of Georgia, the Carolinas, and Virginia. Minor areas are the trucking districts of New Jersey and Long Island, the tobacco-onion district of the Connecticut Valley, the Aroos- took potato district in Maine, and the fruit-trucking district in southern California. Especially significant and prophetie is the considerable expenditure shown in Ohio and Indiana and even in IJllinois and Iowa. - EXPENDITURE FOR LABOR (INCLUDING VALUE OF BOARD AND LODGING) DURING 1919 EACH DOT REPRESENTS EXPENDITURE FOR LABOR— TOTAL AND PER FARM DURING 1919 Fic. 110.—The expenditure for labor in 1919 was greatest in the trucking, fruit, and dairying areas, especially the coastal belt from Norfolk, Va., to Salem, Mass., the Ontario lowland of New York, the Elgin dairy district of northern Illinois and southern Wis- consin, and the irrigated valleys of the West. Heavy expenditure is also shown in most of the Corn Belt, and somewhat less in the Winter and Spring Wheat Areas. Although cotton is a crop requiring much more labor than any other major crop, the cash expendi- ture is small in the Cotton Belt because most of the labor is furnished by croppers and tenants. In the Black Prairie of Texas, however, many Mexicans are hired to pick cotton. A Graphic Summary of American Agriculture. 497 PER CENT IN VALUE vi [ o [™] LS (Continued) VERAGE AVERAGE VALUE OF FARMS GEE 5 30,000-$40,000 33 SS SS bs . 3 Se Yy © 5S. s' = Sy WA, Sy SS ~ pe HAS Y Yi ; Less THAN $2,500 BRSRJ $20,000-830,000 EZZ] $2.500- $5,000 RSS 55.000-510,000 SRREBPB 540,.000-$50,000 0,019 } 44.6 | 39.3] 5.8} 10.3 |} Olde 1 SASS £55.55. Se SSA RR JAN, 1, 1920 MSSSIINT TT SESS : SSS Soe TS <7 WS, ep) = te < a Le O Lil =) =I < > Li O < oe ui > < 4 = as NSSSSS5: PISS at ASSSSSSSS BSSSSS Poe Yi Ur: SSS SSS SS Se BSSSSSoS eS SSSSSSS SSNS SSSSASSSS ANS Yj BSI ESSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS ZaSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS 2 =NANASSSSSS SSSASSASS SAIS AVERAGE VALUE SSS SoS MACHINERY, AND LIVE STOCK. AVERAGE VALUE AVERAGE VALUE OF FARMS AND PER CENT IN LAND, BUILDINGS, Fic. 111.—The average value of farms, including buildings, machinery, and live stock, in the prairie portion of the Corn Belt and the southern part of the Spring Wheat Region is about $40,000. The high values shown in western Texas and northern Nevada are mostly of cattle ranches, which are few in number and large in area, often including thousands of acres of arid range. In central and southern California, on the other hand, many of the high-priced farms are small, but consist of expensive orchards, or of bean or sugar-beet land. The very low-priced farms shown in the eastern Cotton Belt are, in large part, small cropper or tenant holdings in plantations. The light areas in Ken- tucky and Tennessee represent poor mountain farms. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. 498 069'6 ' 188'02 61F'21 liL'y 860'FL i LEUSI 102°99 Sgs'f01) 1288 | 962 ¥20'2 689'E1 f1L'02 81661 40S'6 PRO'S, 6SPLIL | 0so'9 | eso gol'zt | £9L'er 020'62 z 216'8 “ACN |.OL8°UT | dae'se 122‘ |"* cers | eue't S86 | 1P8'ET 698'S¢$ | Ip0'9Z L66'£2 ~ uur | SEU'2 | ISSLL OIE | 1£2‘p2t 206'6_} 108°t SHuva 202'8 772d | 868'8¢ | +90'68 PSP | 692'8hT |" PrG'L | 616'E 30VHIA¥ | INVNAL ANYNIL 908'P “* "RA || bolic © | Of€'06 208°6L1 |” zéz'st | 996‘ £19'62 *"49°N |) 220'9 | 9E8'26 PS6'902 |" zee | 007 ZLP'91S “pay |} 890'Te$ | 961°L0L |" * GOL 'ZE2 |" swavd | aiyis (aren Swavd || antva INYN3L | D¥NIAY | Eee IE ANYNGL OVUIAY INVNGL | SWHYS | AVIS O261 ‘I ‘NVf SONIGTING GNY GNV1 JO INIVA JOVUIAV 1806 866'91$ | £26'6 | amva | swuva TOVHIAY panunuo>) Suddd0W9 CNY SINY NIL A O3LVuad0 SWUVA “1S? eee) A132 0fh TSYaddOUD GNY SLNYNAL AS G3LVH3adO Si LYHL SONIGTING GNV GNVT 4O SNIVA AHL 30 LN3D Y3d—3NIT GYIHL SYaddO¥D GNV SLNWN3L AS GaLVYadO SI. LVHL GNV1 G3AONdWI 3HL 40 LN3D Y3d—3NIT GNODIS SYaddOUD GNV SLNVN3L Ad G3LVYadO SMV LVHJ SWHV4 11¥ 4O LN3D YSd—JNI1 LSUI4 GNY SUdddOUD ONY SINVNGL Ad GALVYIdO SWYVA YIGWAN OZ61 ‘| ‘NVf ‘AONVNAL Wav AO LNALXA ,; but on of farms include over 52 hand, bout the clude only i s a in ion of the im- e tenant the proportion of the value of land and buildings included in: their ar farms ir ama, on the other farmers the proport 2 Ss i , and the In Alab nearly 58 per cent of the farmers are tenants, but the tenants operate only 1nols oved land as the tenants in IIli ficance about 40 per cent of the value of land and buildings. igni commonly measured by the proport per cent of the al s 9 o cy is qu and buildings in the State. put often of e instance, less than 4 for 1s, are tenants; or In Illino 112.—The extent of farm tenan Fic, farmers who proved land, Ss. farms these tenants operate 48 per cent of the improved land, and their per cent of the value of land same proportion of impr A Graphic Summary of American Agriculture. 499 S57 S12 1,208,222 ACREAGE OF IMPROVED LAND (Continued) 40-49 PER CT. 50-59 PER CT. GAGRM co-69 PER Cr. GREN 70-79 PER CT. GERM 90-89 PER CT. LEGEND 20-29 PER CT, 30-39 PER CT. [2277777 10-19 PER CT. E 0 c u a = c w a Ze =) SS ANS aN PER CENT OF TOTAL IMPROVED LAND JAN. 1, 1920 \\tep =Ssi(‘ (POPULATION OF INCORPORATED PLACES OF LESS THAN 2,500) PER NUMBER, i OF STATE PER CENT OF TOTAL Ind. Okla Mich Nebr VILLAGE POPULATION NUMBER AND PER CENT OF TOTAL POPULATION STATE | NUMBER, 1920 CENT 07 9 STATE. | NUMBER, 1 He jh Fig. 119.—‘ Village’ population includes many people living on farms within the village limits. It includes also many retired farmers, especially in the Corn Belt and in the South and West, and tradesmen who serve the farmers’ needs. In the Northeast a considerable factory population resides in villages. The geographic distribution of village population in the Corn Belt, and in the Spring Wheat and the southwestern portion of the Hay and Pasture regions, is remarkably uniform. Whereas, farm popula- tion and country population (see Figs. 97 and 118) are densest in the South and East, village population is densest in the Corn Belt. It is also relatively dense in Utah, where many of the Morman farmers live in villages. 504 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. URBAN POPULATION re) N fo) = < — oc rT an => = Zz e w = o a Zz < So o = N = ° ) - E ) z z 2S 5 =) a ce) = URBAN POPULATION NUMBER AND PER CENT OF TOTAL POPULATION Fre, 120—Over half of the urban population in the United States resides within the Hay and Pasture Region, The urban population in this region constitutes nearly three-fourths of its total population, and over-one-fourth of the total population of the United States. Into this region the food and fibers of the West and South constantly move. The center of urban population, however, is located in the eastern portion of the Corn Belt. near Piqua. Ohio: while the center of agricultural production is oyer 400 miles to the west. near Jefferson City, Mo. Outside this Hay and Pasture Region the principal centers of urban population are found along the northern margin of the Corn and Winter Wheat Region, and on or near the Pacific coast. Towns of 2,500 to 10,000 population are shown by the smaller size dot; larger cities by circles of varying size. A Graphic Summary of American Agriculture. 505 TRACTORS NUMBER OF FARMS REPORTING JAN. 1, 1920 EACH DOT REPRESENTS Fie. 121.—Tractors are most numerous in the Corn Belt, in the Spring and Winter Wheat Areas, and in California. In the Spring Wheat Area, on January 1, 1920, about 1 farm in 6 had a tractor; in the Corn Belt, in Kansas, and in California about 1 farm in 10; elsewhere in the United States 1 farm in 2) to 50, except in the States south of the Ohio and Potomac Rivers, where less than 1 farm in 100 had a tractor. The acreage of cotton a farmer can handle is not limited by the acreage he can plow and plant, as with wheat, or can ‘cultivate, as with corn, but by the amount he can pick, and a tractor can not help in picking cotton. ~ AUTOMOBILES NUMBER OF FARMS REPORTING EACH BOT REPRESENTS JAN. 1, 1920 : 250 FARMS Fic. 122-——Two-fifths of the 2,000.000 automobiles on farms in the United States, January 1, 1920, were in the Corn Belt (see Fig. 104). From one-half in the eastern portion to three-fourths of the farms in the western portion of the Corn Belt had auto- Mobiles, and about half the farms in Wisconsin, Minnesota, the Dakotas, and California. Eastward from the Corn Belt the proportion drops to one-third of the farms in New York and one-fourth in New England; southward it drops to one-seyenth in the Caro- linas and Georgia and to one-twentieth in Mississippi. An automobile is of little help to a negro cropper, or even a poor white tenant in the South, either in marketing his cotton or in attending to his businets. 506 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. WATER IN HOUSE NUMBER OF FARMS REPORTING JAN. 1, 1920 | ie we Fic. 123.—About one-half of the farms in New England and in California haye water piped into the house, about one-fourth of the farms in New York, Pennsylvania, Oregon, and Washington; about one-eighth of the farms in the Corn Gelt; and 1 farm in 50 to 100 in the Cotton Belt. Tlese differences are due, in part, to differences in per capita rural wealth in the several sections of the United States, and in the percentage of tenancy, and in part to differences in the consideration shown for the health and comfort of the housewife. TELEPHONES NUMBER OF FARMS REPORTING JAN. 1, 1920 | NUMBER OF FARMS AND PER CENT OF ALL FARMS REPORTING TELEPHONES ~ | 163,543 | 62.2 || Kans| 128,753 | 77.9 ! Gio | 159,478 | 62.1 |) Wi Fic. 124.—Telephones are most common on the farms of the Corn Belt and of Kansas, in which region from 60 to 90 per cent, varying with the State, possess this con- venience. In the Hay and Pasture, the Spring Wheat, and the Pacific Coast Regions about half the farms have telephones; in Texas and Oklahoma about one-third of the farms; in the Corn and Winter Wheat Region (except Kansas), in the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountain Regions about a quarter of the farms; but in the Cotton Belt, east of Texas and Oklahoma, only from 5 to 15 per cent. The proportion of the farms possessing a telephone is indicative of the general diffusion of rural progress and prosperity. APPENDIX. STATISTICS OF GRAIN CROPS, 1921. CORN. TasLe 1.—Corn: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1909-1921. Area. Production. Country. = ae | A | | ek rage Average : 1909-1013.) 1919 1920 | 1921 Ber 1919 1920 1921 a te TC fae ES ae NORTH AMERICA. 1,000 | 1,000 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 1,000 | 1,000 1,000 acres. | acres. acres. ecres. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. United States........ 104,229} 97,170} 101,699 103,850 2,708,334 2,811,302 3,208,584 | 3, 080,372 Canada: er = Ontario..:.......| 291 221 244 251! 17,486) 15,152 12,915 13, 542 Quebec-.-=--=:=: - 24 | 44 48 46 736 | 1, 788 | 1, 420 1, 362 “Ui S2 eT aS See es (oops Seaees See cae 3 Gil, wens - 2 eee 7 Total, Canada. .| 315 | 265 | 292 | 297| 18,178| 16,940} 14,335| 14,904 —_—_—_— [SSS Ses See = eee ——— ej Vit ae ee i a ees jee a 5 a pee iS ait GOW Py. Soe lee oo. Soe Total, North | J, SC Re WG Aa ee es eee | Seer = ere fas. ie (7 le ee ee eo ae SOUTH AMERICA. } Argentina............ 8,184 | 8,090 | 174,502 | 240,144 | 258,690 | 230, 423 COLTS t A Steoreeoras kee ) gcd emcee Co Cees | 57 1, 390 1, 702 1, 702 | 1, 805 oo AOS Peo 6, 027 6, 574 | ph. a Total, South | ATMCTICE sa} Stoo. | 10,417 |-......... } Seen oe = 181, 919:| 248,420 | 263,176 |-__.....-- EUBOPE. | Wretemnces 2: See 102) Sore # 214,536 | 2,115 2, 122 2, 456 Bosnia Herzegovina?.| «ss 5578 |..........|.......--- Page an Ed ee hk ta ea eee UT TUTE Sor | QU 3g CS a ee Ee ee Ze 2 Ga) ten eet el Emre ad | RRL Bulgaria............- 1,399 1,418 | 228, 219 | 39,412 | 34, 497 34, 385 oslovakia....... 376 5g CR ee 3448 9, 648 | 10, 501 eee Ls 22 $29 810 | 222,229} 10,113 | 15,267 | — 12,202 JL 2 eee ae ee 519 TO 4 ae Le Ol RE |. 2 sg tse 7,874 Pppepoery.-....=2:.-.- 2,017 1,050 15168,,081\ |i. 2-222). | 50,156| 27,141 Uo eae 3,710 3,707 | 100,349 85, 846 89,299 | 94,484 Portugal-........ | bein pd pat Sa ls Ly tal bo ng bipedal Ee 15, 000 G, 496, Tes .- sec loene Rumanis............ 5 7,330 6, 959 | 2 100, 620 | 4 137,412 | 692,952 | 799, 036 MnBenteene orl. 2 a. lee |- 55-6 al oaennes conlcosece eee. F150, 00s | ooo ES Sen (pe tech sees Mieepnern @ancasian=: | © 2750 |.22.22..-.)5..2.-.2-6 Eis ome es 213, G50) |. -222J2o22 (ee ae Nee fo ee 3 Se RS ec ee Pee ae ee ee ee ere BIS 128 |= 22-2325. Beate eee ee ee ee 1, 168 1,181 26, 548 25, 555 27,693 | 28,048 Switzerland.......... eee | oe Ae 287 280 | 218 Yugoslavia........... | — 3S beans eee 64,753 | 86,556) ..2.22 222. Total, Europe. | =e ae pepe ie 8) ne eee = Sale Oreos. 2 3. ee (i. 33 eee British India......... GO net 87,240 | 71,288] 98,760 |_......... eee (Sempre | 3,687 |....--...-|-------2--|----oocnon Philippine Islands. . . 5 eo | 7,446 | 13,095 | 16,978 18, 108 COC CO ———————____ Total, Asia..... § 082-9 == (ee IS 75 g eee kas faesiae ta resent (yd cata EE —————————————EeeEe ee ee | | } 22 | 24 | 461 236 254 | 358 25 | BD: [esac 257 110 | 315 BiosRlS ake 64,220} 63,977| 70,569 |....-.._.- 309 Cie eee ae 3,114 3, 436 3, 726 3,122| 3,493 | 26,498 | 41,422 | 43,916 43, 320 rrr eee SRO O05: | 186, 285 | on: oe 1 Five-year average, except in a few cases where statistics were unavailable. § Bohemia, Silesia, and Moravia. 4 Former Kingdom, Bessarabia, and Bukowina. § Former Kingdom, Bessarabia, Bukowina and Transylvania. 6 Former Kingdom, and Bessarabia only. 7 Winceshter bushels. 99912°—yeK 192133 507 508 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. CORN—Continued. TasBLe 1.—Corn: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1909-1921—Con. Area. Production. Country. Average Average 1909-1913. 1919 1920 1921 1919 1920 1921 1909-1913. AUSTRALASIA. Australia: ar pry bushels. | bushels. Western Austra- a ee Ase Dee eres ieee ta mmm iy Hi (2) ER South Austratia. |) Oo. Fe es). F] 8) = Picea a a otal Australa- | Re TS. | | Spemmeoeacanda | 362 298 | oT a Ge 4 10,757 | 7,328 —— ee ee Grand total...., 161, 270 | 3 See: [esvsaneses | arin ; fa sat,208 | - 8 Less than 500. TaBLE 2.—Corn: World production so far as reported, 1895-1921. 1 i Ht | | Year. | Production. || Year. | Production. Year. | Production. Year. | Production. Bushels. Bushels. 2, 3, 563, 226,000 || 1916...... 3, 309, 818, 000 2, 4 031, 630,000 || 1917...... 3, 540, 863, 000 2, 8, 481, 007,000 || 1918...... 3, 129; 473, 000 2 4 371, 888, 000 || 1919...... 3, 649, 815, 000 2 3, 587, 429, 000 || 1920...... 4,144 821,000 12 3,777, 913,000 | 1921......| 3,710, 115,000 13 | 4, 231, 780, 000 || 1 Excludes Poland. 37-year average. # 6-year average. a —- Statistics of Corn. 509 ° CORN—Continued. TaBie 4.—Corn: Acreage, production, value, exports, etc., in the United States, 1849-1921. Note.—Figures in italics are census returns; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of Agri- culture. Estimates of acres are obtained by applying estimated percentages of increase or decrease to the published acreage of the preceding year, except that arevised base is used for applying percentage estimates whenever new census data are available. Acreages have been revised for years 1890-1908, so as to be consistent with the following as well as the preceding census acreage, and total production and farm values are adjusted accordingly. Chicago cash : price per bushel, Aver- contract.t Domestic Acre- | Aver- age Farm exports, | Imports | Per age age | Produc-| farmj| value | including} during | cent Year. (000 | yield | tion (000| price wrt Decem- | Follow- corn meal, fiscal year | oferop per | omitted).| per eere. bushel | omitted). Dee. 1. Saar cla ; Hi! bag beginning| ex- eS ee .| Bushels. | Bushels. | P. & oS eS Re ee 77 |e Saar Bie bit PTT RII Waar is | cloehe. ieee aed OF Bp aaa ste ahh Sk EE Bek ik ARO eek 4,248,991] "49,190) 5 1866-1875....| 37,216} 26.1, 969,948| 46. 55 24,249°396] 66,076, 2.5 4876-1885....| 61,671} 25.4) 1,564,992| 39. 48 69,091,110, 33,334, 4.4 1886-1895...-| 74,274] 23.8] 1,769,616] 36. 3 59,293°085, 11,445, 3.4 1296.........| 86,560) 28.9] 2,503,484) 21. 233 178, 817, 417 ar 12 _) esas foam | 88,127] 24.3] 2144553] 28. 7k 212, 055,543 3,417, 11.1 1898.......--, 83,304] 25.6) 2,261,119] 28. 33 343/177, 255, 046 417i, 9.2 4999... 2... | 94914) 25.9) 2.454626] 99. 313 13) 123, 419 10.3 4900.......-- | 95, 26.4) 2,505,148} 35. 40} 181, 405, 473 5 i 8.6 1901.........| 94,636 Bo 1,607, 288) 60. 673 642| 28,028,688] 18,278' 1.8 ies 95,517} 27.4) 2.620,699| 40.0) 1 574 46 | 76,639, 261 40,919/ 3.0 a 90,661] 25.8] 2,339,417| 42. 433 50 | 58,222) 061 16,633} 26 eee 93, 340| 27.0) 2,520,682} 43.7) 1 49 644| 90,293,483, 15,4431 3.7 1905_........| 93,573] 29.3] 27441329 40.7, 1 504) 473| 50 (119,893,833, 10,127, 4.4 1906.........| 93,643} 30.9] 2,895,822] 39.2! 1,135 46 | 493| 56 | 86,368, 228 10,818 3.0 ie rs 26.5} 2,512,065] 50.9} 1, 277, 613! 673| 82 | 55,063,860, 20,3122. ae 95,693] 26.6] 2.544957] 60.0 1,527 624| 7231 76 37,065, 040 258,065, 14 "ae 88, 26.1| 2,572,336, 58.6) 1) 507, 66 | 56 | 63 a a 1.5 19102_... 2... 104,035} 27.7] 2,886,260| 48.0) 1,384, 50 | 524) 553] 65,614,522)........... 2.3 105, 825| 23.9) 2,531,488) 61-8, 1, 565, 70 | 764| 823) 41,797,201) 53,425) «1.7 ae 107,083] 29.2! 3,124,746] 48.7) 1,520, 54 | 554] 60 | 50,780,143 903,062 1.6 Me. <8 oc 405,820] 23.1] 2,446,988) 69.3| 1,692, 733| 67 | 723| 10,725,819] 12,367,369, 4 ie 103; 435} 25.8) 2,672,804! 64.4 1,722,070) 624! 68}| 503! 56 | 50,668,303/ 9,897,9391 19 ee 106,197} 28.2} 2,994,793) 57.5] 1,722, 680| 694' 75 | 69 | 783| 39,896,928) 5,208/497, 1.3 7916........-| 105,296] 24. 4| 2/566,927| 88.9) 2,280,729) 88 | 96 [152 |174 | 66,753,294) 2'267,999 2.6 7 ses 116,730} 26.3] 3,065, 233, 127.9 3, 920, 228/160 |190 [150 |170 | 49,073,263; 3,196,420/ 1.6 Se 104, 24.0) 2,502,665] 136.5) 3, 416,2401135 L155 1603/185 | 23,018,822) 3,311,211 9 megs). 97,170] 28.9} 2,811,302) 134.5| 3,780,597|142 160 |189 (217 | 16,728, 746| 10,229,249 16 Ca Ba 101, 31.5} 3,208,584) 67.0) 2, 150,332! 703| 86 | 59 | 66 | 70,905, 731| 5,743,384 2.2 Cael 103; 29.7) 3,080, 372 ee aay 464 51} wove|anee|esetnestenaleaeeceee hee pata ha 1432 creage usted to Census 3? Preliminary estimate. f 510 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. CORN—Continued. TABLE 5.—Corn: Acreage, production, and total farm value, by States, 1919-1921. Production (thousands of | Total value, basis Dec. 1 price Thousands of acres. State. } 1919 1920 19211 Maingt..+-.. 79 81 82 Massachusetts. ...| 64 64 | 65 Rhode Island..... 13 14 | 14 Connecticut...... 74 74 | 74 New York........ 762 767 798 New Jersey....... 261 236 241 Pennsylvania..... 1,581 | 1,556 1,589 Delaware......... ee 3 173 177 | Maryland.........} 645 650 | 645 | Virginia ==s<-<2< 1,868 | 1,884} 1,904 West Virginia. ...! 600 600 | 592 North Carolina...| 2,531 } 2,428) 2,552 South Carolina...| 1,796} 1,830) 2,022 Georrig. Foon 5 4,376 4,393 4,665 ee pe ae ae 800 750 | 788 achne abecscecs 3,943 | 3,965 | 3,886 Tadeana tea ae wae | 4,882 | 4,834 | 4,718 “Siilinoiseoe Ss. 422. 8,579 | 9,079 | 8,999 Michiodn.<.2....2 1,641 | 1,706 | 1,703 Wisconsin. . 2,067 | 2,110 | 3,288 | 3,427 | 10,300 | 10,330 6,646 | 6,096 North Dakota...., _ 432 569 605 South Dakota...-.| 3,288 | 3,650} 3,926 Nebraska......... 7,030 | 7,560 | 7,419 SAR. ieee od 4,188 | 5,007} 4,601 Kentucky........ 3,4 3,334 | 3,209 Tennessee........ 3,446 | 3,511 | 3,516 Alabama......... 3,655 | 3,593] 4,042 Mississippi........| 2,845 | 2,770 | 3,172 Louisiana.........| 1,523 | 1,569} 1,796 GENS Vales aes os 5,016 | 5,487 | 6,227 Oklahoma........ 2,611 | 2,820} 3,077 Arkansas.......-- 2,328 | 2,330| 2,734 Montana.......... 133 184 200 Wyoming........ 44 | 50 56 Colorado.......... 1,021 | 1,182 1, 102 New Mexico...... 254 276 290 IATIZONG. «cae ee 31 29 35 Utah ee eek oe 20 24 21 Nevada........... 1 1 1 TABOO. ce ee cee eee 40 45 47 Washington...... 61 62 60 Oregons. -5:25222: 72 69 66 California... .-... 149 139 116 United States.| 97,170 101, 699 103, 850 1Preliminary estimate. bushels). (thousands of dollars). 1919 1920 19211 1919 | 1920 19211 1,705 1,305 1,500 3,325 1,670 1,155 1,070 1,080 1,325 1,819 1,566 994 3, 674 3, 807 4,510 6, 430 4,797 3, 428 3, 347 2,560 3,120 nya a/f 3, 200 2,402 585 | 560 644 1, 088 1, 008 708 3,700; 2,960 3, 848 6, 660 4,144 3, 463 32,766 | 30,680} 36,708} 54,392] 35,589] 24,594 10, 440 10,384 11,327 15, 973 8, 826 6, 003 74,307 | 70,020| 76,272] 109,231] 70,020] 41,950 |. 5,340] 6,488 6, 549 7, 743 | ; 2,947 26,445 | 25,025 | 25,155 | 37,023] 20,270] 12,326 52,304! 56,520| 47,600} 88,394 | 56,520| 32,844 | 20,400} 20,400] 20,128| 33,456| 23,664] 15,096 | 48,089 | 54,630! 49,254 | 88,965 | 61,732| 38,418 | 28,736 | 34,770 32, 959 56, 610 40, 333 24,390 | 63,452 65, 895 69,975 | 101,523 69, 190 37, 087 12,000 | 10,125] 11,032} 16,800} 10,125 5, 847 169,549 | 172,081 | 159,326 | 205,154} 117,015 65,324 180, 634 195, 777 | 169,848 225, 792 115, 508 62, 844 308, 844 314, 133 | 305,966 401, 497 185, 338 116, 267 60, 717 66, 584 66, 417 83, 789 54, 558 31, 880 84, 690 89, 294 97; 482 | 105,862 68, 756 44, 842 119,920 | 123,300 140; 507 | 143,904 62, 883 43, 557 414,294 | 473,800 444° 190 | 497,153 222° 686 | 133, 257 160; 974 | 212,672 182) 880 | 222,144 136, 110 73, 152 14, 256 13, 656 16, 940 19, 958 9, 832 5, 760 93,708 | 109,500 125) 632 111 513 45, 990 32, 664 184,186 | 255,528 207, 732 224° 707 104, 766 , 088 63, 658 132) 686 102? 142 89) 121 58, 382 31, 664 82, 896 101; 687 82,150 128) 489 83, 383 45,182 73,744 | 98,308 90,713 | 115,778 85, 528 47,171 52,998 | 56,410 | 62,651| 84,267| 55,282] 38,844 42,675 44,320 57,096 68, 280 45, 206 31, 974 26,652 | 30,125| 35,022| 39,978] 25,606| 22) 764 150,480 142)662 | 156,920 | 177,566 | 119,836| 84,737 62,664 | 78,960} 76,925] 79,583 | 42,638} 24,616 41, 904 54, 522 60, 148 68, 723 52, 886 34, 284 532 2; 226 2 560 878 1,781 1,715 704 1,200 1 232 1,162 672 616 15,315 24, 231 15, 979 21 747 16, 962 4, 953 5, 486 5, 989 6, 409 8, 284 6, 588 5, 768 899 638 1,015 1,798 1, 085 1,015 384 526 517 576 789 393 27 32 29 38 51 35 1, 280 1, 620 1,598 2,112 1,620 799 2,196 2, 232 2, 400 4, 063 2,790 2, 064 1, 908 2,139 1, 980 2,957 2,781 1, 663 4,768 4,587 4, 060 8, 535 5, 504 3, 126 2, 811, 302 ’ 208, 584 |3, 080,372 |3, 780, 597 |2, 150, 332 |1, 302, 670 Statisiics of Corn. 511 CORN—Continued. Taste 6.—Corn: Production and distribution in the United States, 1897-1921. [000 omitted under bushels.] Old stock Total Stock on | out of Year. on farms Nl supplies. /f@tmsMar.1) county Nov. 1. | guantity. | Quality. | Proportion PP following. | where ys Y-| merchantable. | | | grown. | } Bushels. | Bushels. | Per cent. | Percent.| Bushels Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. 1897-1901..... 146,125 | 1,906,584 83.3 | 85.6} 1,713,997 | 2,052,709 706,886 | 357,470 1902-1906... 88,528 | 2,574,143| 88.1 82.9 | 2,144,803 | 2,662,671 | 1,050,083 | _ 577,978 | 1907. 52.2822. 130,995 | 2,592,320 82.8 77.7 | 2,013,208 | 2,723,315 962,429 | 467,675 lr Pee 71,124 | 2,668,651 | 86.9 88.2 | 2,353,370 | 2,739,775 | 1,047,763 | 568,129 1900-5 2.20.55 . 79,779 | 2,552,190 84.2 82.5 | 2,104,775 | 2,631,969 977,561 | 635, 248 i Se eae 115,696 | 2,886,260 | 87.2 86.4 | 2,492,763 | 3,001,956 | 1,165,378 661,777 Then eae ee 123,824 | 2,531,488 80.6 | 80.1 | 2,027,922 | 2,655,312 884,059 | 517,766 fiiD.£2 25268. 64,764 | 3,124,746| 85.5) 85.0 | 2,654,907 | 3,189,510 | 1,290,642) 680,831 Tio ae eae as 137,972 | 2, 446,988 82.2} 80.1 | 1,961,058) 2,584 960 866,352 | 422,059 Toi ene 80,046 | 2,672, 804 85.1| 84.5 | 2,259,755 | 2,752,850| 910,894 | 498,285 1915 96,009 | 2,994,793 77.2| 71.1] 2,127,965} 3,090,802 | 1,116,559 | 560,824 2,566,927; 83.8) 83.9] 2,154,487) 2,654,835 | 782,303 | 450,589 ] | 3 | 75.2) 60.0} 1, 837,728 | 3,099,681 | 1,253,290| 678,027 2 } 85. 6 | 82.4 | 2,062,041 | 2,617,343 855, 269 362, 589 2 | 89.1} 87.1 | 2,448,204 | 2°881/137 | 1,045,575 | 470,328 3 | 89.6) 86.9] 2,789,720 | 3,347,667 | 1,564,832 705,481 3 | 84.0 87.5 | 2,695,194 | 3,366,141 | 1,313,120) 590,505 TaBLE 7.—Corn: Condition of crop, United States, on first of months named, 1901-1921. Year. | July.) Aug. |Sept.| Oct. | Year. Bic. |Pact. We. cte.| Pact: 1901...) 81.3 | 54.0 | 51.7} 52.1 |) 1908... 1902...) 87.5 | 86.5 | 84.3 79.6 |} 1909... 1903...| 79.4 | 78.7 | 80.1 80.8 |} 1910... 1904...} 86.4 | 87.3 | 84.6 | 83.9 |} 1911... 1905...} 87.3 | 89.0 | 89.5 | 89.2 || 1912... 1906..-.| 87.5 | 88.0 | 90.2 | 90.1 || 1913... 1907...| 80.2 | 82.8 |'80.2 | 78.0 || 1914... July. | Aug. | Sept.) Oct. || Year. Healy: Aug. poe Oct. | | | | | | | P.ct.| P..ct.|| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P. ct. 79.4 | 77.8 || 1915...| 81.2 | 79.5 | 78.8| 79.7 74.6| 73.8 || 1916...| 82.0 | 75.3|71.3| 71.5 78.2 | 80.3 || 1917...| 81.1 | 78.8 | 76.7 | 75.9 70.3 | 70.4 || 1918...| 87.1 | 78.5 | 67.4| 68.6 82.1 | 82.2 || 1919...| 86.7 | 81.7|80.0| 81.3 65.1 | 65.3 || 1920...| 84.6 | 86.7 | 86.4| 89.1 m7 72.9 || 1921...| 91.1 | 84.3 85.1 | 84.8 TABLE 8.—Corn: Forecast of production, monthly, with preliminary and final estimates, Year. wee ee eee ewe ee eee ee eee eee of crops of the United States. 3, 123, 772 3,159, 836 2? 815, 430 , 2, 917, 403 3, 123, 139 [000 omitted.] Septem- August. ca Bushels. Bushels. 2,811,000 | 2,995, 000 2’ 676,000 | 2/351, 000 2) 634,214 | 2/598) 417 2)917,954 | 2) 984) 995 2) 777,030 | 2)709, 532 3,190,792 | 3, 247,512 2’ 989,351 | 2/671, 840 2) 788,378 | 2) 857,692 3, 003,322 | 3,131; 349 2, 864,893 | 2, 838, 593 | 3, 032, 170 | 3, 185, 876 | October. Bushels. 3, 016, 000 2,374, 100 2,676, 270 3, 026, 159 2, 717, 932 3, 210, 795 2, 717,775 2° 900; 511 3, 216, 192 2, 872, 859 3, 163, 063 | 3,151, 698 | November produc- tion estimate. Bushels. 3, 169, 137 2; 463, 017 2,705, 692 ’ , 2, 643, 508 3,191, 083 | 2; 749, 198 2; 910, 250 3, 199, 126 2, 902, 391 Final estimate. Busheis. 3, 124, 748 2, 446, 988 2, 672, 804 2,994, 793 2, 566, 927 3, 065, 233 2, 502, 665 2, 811,302 3, 208, 584 2, 821, 560 1 3, 080, 372 512 CORN—Continued. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Taste 9.—Corn: Yield per acre, price per bushel Dec. 1, and value per acre, by States. Yield per acre (bushels). Farm price per bushel (cents). > a is | State. |&. 55 | Log 14 aes} a= eS a =i SE BS ~ ao oS = > =x Ri sielS(81|8 essislsle\s wd — i Sie ia|-4 a] SS ea —— |] —— {——| —_— oe Bite... es. - 9) 045. Mai 37. 0)45.0/55.0' 45.0:50. 0 87, 88} 85 119) N. Hampshire. |45. 9}40. 0 45. 0)46. 5 45.053. 81) 82) 76, 115) Vermont ...... 3'45. 0188. 0:46. 5 47.0155.0 si} s1| 84] 110 Massachusetts -|47. 5 45. 0.52. 052.3 40.0 48. 85} 85) 80) 120) Rhode Island. -}43. 4/42. sim iteapaat , 99) 98 sa 138} Connecticut... pale 0.50. 050.0 40.0 85] 89} 85) 120) New York..._./39.2 31. 636. .0'43.0/40.0/46. 0 81) 88} 78, 110 New Jersey... .|42. 842. 0/41. 0/40. 0/44. 0147. 75| 76, 75) 100 Pennsylvania. .|43. 8/39. 0)40. 0.47. 0/45. 0/48. 0 72| 73, 70, 97 Delaware.....- ia ped Dp 59) 62| 62) 89 | Maryland...... 5:39. si 0'38. 5/39. 65] 68) 61) 89 Virginia ....... - 6,27. 0.28. 0:28..0)30.025. 0 76| 81) 71, 93 West Virginia -/32. 630. 031. 0:34.0)34. 80} 83) 74, 101) North Carolina 20. 4:20. 0/21. 0/19-0)22. 5/19. 88 86 77) 110 South Carolina i sia cm ‘exis 16.3 97 “ 87 113 Georgia.......- 15.116. 0:15. 014.5115. 0/15. 0} 1 91) 85 78 Florida........ 14.715. 0:16. 015. 0 13. 5/14. 0 82} 80) 73) Ohio......... ../40.3,38. 0/36. 043. 0.42. 4/41. 63| 61) 56 Tndiana........ 36.536. 0:33. 0.37. 0.40. 5.36.0 60| 58 51) 84 Tilinois........ ings Lage Wig RE 63} 61} 54) 84 Michigan ...... l38. gan. 5 30. os hp ag 67| 67 | 9% Wisconsin... .. 39. 322. 0:40. 2/45. 0:43. 2/46. 2 60, 65) 68 92 Minnesota... 37. 7:30. 0/40. 0)40. 0 37. 541.0 53| 52) 62) 80 aT 40. 7:37. 0.36. 0:41. 6 46.0/43.0 60, 55) 51 80 Missouri.....-- a iF 0 20. pi NEF ae 74 57 90 North Dakota . 22.6) 9.019.0 eed 52 84 South Dakota. 30.5 28.034. 0/28. 5 30.0:32. 0 56 77 Nebraska...... 26. 5 27.017. 7/26. 2 33.828. 0) 65 78 eke 16. 813.0) 7. 1/15. 2 26. 5)22. 2| 73, 63) 90 suiaandin el 5 1.526.028 0 20. 5325.0 76 “ 87 Tennessee... os. elz9.0104. 0121. 428.0 64) B14 64 8 a ee AGES. 1 2.8 2 Seen 228 fe 9 SS | BO le 641-68 1s 58/88] 6S Ce coke dub dee abt. i Lek. tale. LE (120 )o29}) 26/135) 26) 1.2] 681316] 23] 24). ol) aes A076 25 OR Sees be US. By MeN. B fonds Zend. '% omy 64 [eds % foods 1 [eBls3, Ine Bile O |. oA eee Ge RES Se 3.0 |ai9 1 22 | 69)°-.6]>- 2) 4.17965 | os (oF | eae 19048 | 208 | LS fee 4 foc eles Pek Lo .4 1960 1 61 ele |< se Cy ee A As a Uae Pe me os es ee ce a ee er gee) I Ue ae ee Op &7 1°46) .9) RI] 8 LOL e818 Pe len eal eee GA A Oe ORES A BS A e082 Ys lense & loge DB [eee [eoeye Be [699s © lones Ire B-| 2 Bee coda nem IGE, 5 ek. Coe 13,9) 3.0/0.8 |ec9| 0415.16 | 551203 02 | 0208) aac 1000. | a Bae ie 13.0) 07.3 }-.1.5 [0.0 |.5 | 1.6 |. 7125.8 | 218 ede . Average....... 14.9} 4.3] .9| 25 4 |2r0'| = Fe aang Laas 2|/ .6/- 30.2 1 Less than 0.05 per cent. TABLE 13.—Corn: Monthly and yearly average price per bushel of reported sales, No. 8 yellow, 1900-01 to 1921-22. CHICAGO.1 S | BS : | S 33 er ee crea Fe ; | 2 | « | 3& Crop year. | | | B 5 gj a ‘ : ; a g a as £ g 2 |8 i lire Slee Bb Ep S| 3° Se oo. © A Ey) sS i= 3 | a 5 {3} Og Z A & ry P= = = 5 5 < a ume 2900-10014 12.4... $0.37 $0.35 |$0.36 $0.37 |$0.39 $0.42 |$0.43 |g0. 42 $0.48 $0.56 |$0. 56 [$0.56 | $0. 43 eh, oe 2), .60| .64] .62| .59| .59) .62] .62| .63| .65/ .60| .59! .60| .62 .46| .43| .43| .41| .41] .46] .49| .51| .53| .51y .45] la7 144] .43| .46| .46| .491 .49| .50| .49| .52] 2531.55 | 249 -43| .42| .44| .47| .48] .50] .55| .57| .54| 253) 9:597 9 Gag .42| .42] .42|-.40] .42] .47] .49| .52] .54| 247) 46 da 142; .41| .43| .43|-.44] .52| .58) .54| 157] 164] .65/ “250 568,| 53] .54] .63| .65] .73!| ..72| .76 | S8f | see enenemas -59| .64] .65| .66| .69] .73] .75| .72| .70| .69| .59| 65 .59 | .64] .63| .61| .57] .60| .59| .62) .64| .58] .50] 159 .45| .45| .45| .45| .50] .54] .55| 163] .65| .674> 073 [es 61 | .62,| 164) .68) .78}..794.75.| 0881) 270 | 674+ -saseuuen 46 | .46.| 148 | 1491.55] °.57 | .60:| ‘62 | S74 |" 7a) amen eee G6. | 62]. 624.64). .67] ..70|. .72| m1 Sel. 78 cata eae 64 | (o71| wll .721 .75 | <77it . 72) 78 | Poel | eraenenee 70 2l-yearaverage. .74 “70 edOW oo tO Ip eteg) AO |e Gaul) ents 1 Compiled from Chicago Daily Trade Bulletin. Statistics of Corn. CORN—Continued. 515 TaBLE 13.—Corn: Monthly and yearly average price per bushel of reported sales, No. 8 yellow, 1900-01 to 1921-22—Continued. KANSAS CITY. B18 | os | Ei. |3s 2 5 be Crop year. q q o a ee P ; i Peer leciics 2 3) 5 S a : 3 : = 3 o | 2 5 3 a | a Ble] g 3 5 Geb ees vs A 5 ey = < = 5 = < nD ro) = PEI ise ee sit 72 $0. 47 |$0. 43 |$0. 44 |$0. 42 |$0. 44 [$0.47 [$0.52 |$0.55 |$0.67 |$0.62 |$0.66 \$0.71 | $0.49 Ty a Ree eS 67 | 562] 26626512 oa | .8k'1-580| .75| .75| 3.761 .71| 64] 269 Ve ae ae .45| .45] .47| .47/] .50!] .56| .58| .59] 62] .75| .75| .72) 55 Taf Ce ee ee el 272 EGG” One S63 eG) 6901 ae 73 |< 71] .70'| 1.81 | 378] .708] 267 TO TGs area ies So -64| .65| .73| .73| .71| .75| .75|) .74| .76| .76| .70| .59] .72 Ts ee 62.1 = 67e) “WOrl-eo7] bsesO85" 72 mega | 72 | .78| (82) .841 .9%| 260 TOS eeaenes -95 | .89| .95| .99| 1.16 | 1.41 | 1.58] 1.68 | 2.01 | 1.78 | 1.96] 1.91] 1.06 CAN SCE, - ee ae een Sed 2:02 | 1.66 | 1.65 | 1.74 | 1.66 | 1.59 | 1.61 | 1.54 | 1.63 | 1.76 | 1.66 | 1.45| 1.63 MMHG he 5.055552 1.47 | 1.52 | 1.42 | 1.34 | 1.48 | 1.66 | 1.74 | 1.79 | 1.92 | 1.93 | 1.64 | 1.42] 1.56 Pte a. 1.51 | 1.51 | 1.49 | 1.45 | 1.56 | 1.71 | 1.91 | 1.82 | 1.58 | 1.57] 1.28| .88| 1.60 igi 2 -67| .69| .60| .58| .57| .52| .56] .56] .51| .46| .49|] .38] .59 Tipo aie ABN RAMs oer de Aas ee CoN Be PER PRR We — 5 ae BA I” | CEN ll-yearaverage.| .92| .89| .89 | .88| .92/ .99 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.08 | 1.09 | 1.04] .94 | .93 OMAHA.8 | | l l E | i ee $1. 88 |$1.58 $1.61 |$1.67 $1.63 |$1.36 $1.60 |$1.53 $1.60 'g1.73 $1.61 |$1.41 | $1.53 Idi ea ae 1.42 | 1.45 | 1.45] 1.31 | 1.48 | 1.62 | 1.68 | 1.72 | 1.88 | 1.85 | 1.50] 1.38| 1.57 QUE et los os 1.48 | 1.44 | 1.49 | 1.29 | 1.53 | 1.65 | 1.86 | 1.77 | 1.51] 1.50] 1.19] .84]| 1.61 Tee S712 ea .69| .64 57 | FAs wag ARH e SI“ TTOT e292 1968 “2 (2896 [808 “ETT)""""""""*"~“TT-O16T Bi| 2 | Bg Ee sifles Bios B 4) 3 a 5 vs a a “reek dog “OOHNVMIT “OBBOTYO [/poqirur 000 “2 “} ‘sjaysnq Jo spuesnoy} Uy] 1 Ge-1e6I 02 TI-OL6L ‘spaysnm Ravwasd FT ‘syuoumdrys puo s7dre00. Ayunoh pun hyywopy 1nV—"bT ATAVY, “‘penuydoy)—N WOO 517 Statistics of Corn. GPF ‘8e eSb ‘OL 209 “Pe 829 ‘Ge 190 ‘0g 6F6 ‘LT COP ‘FE 961 ‘6L 261 ‘TT #1¢ ‘Ze 1920 ‘9% 166 ‘68 922 ‘8T ple ‘OT *sjyuemdryg *s}d1e00zY “410001 ON ¢ 602 ‘8 P16 698 ‘T 198 ‘T 806 ‘1 SOP T 6EL5T GoL‘T 99K ‘T 118% £26 Geo ‘8 910 ‘T 16S G09 ‘T 098 P16 29 £29 Z8T SSP PLP 989 868 ‘T 681 a CoP ‘T 10 ‘T org 186% OF8 'T S62 1 68) ‘T 0S ‘T CLO 626, S91 ‘T TS9 P26 T SIL ‘T OFS 969 ZOL 169 ‘T PoE ‘T BFS ‘T 808 ‘T 889 OTL 668 ST9 88 GG *sqodoy epeiy, JO plvog pure ujo][ng opeay, Ayreq ostvorgoO wor popidur0g + L06‘T |Z 028 OST «zee feat lett ‘ec Sop eh OCT FL = fk TGT 'T [S18 °T sce joc |80t (98 rer Feb 'T lace cos PE I@SCSFS HE 626 98h ‘T 706, [9 jOIT joo = oes fF8 “T6868 W8G'T [8B = 9S_— (GBT GFT = [298 ‘T j6c9'T FLT |98 {TIT (686. feBE = 1969 ‘T j916 “T 646 jOl [cor [ret lees jeza‘T loves #9, JO 06 $= 0G jaoe 8or’t jose ‘Tt vib ee foot (86208 (S9R ‘a [aus fe Scr iT OP = |z8_s SE JOST eto “T |299%% C96 'T |eh [81S TOE fuzb 0a “S [806 ‘e Te6 (8% (6ST FSS ize CSTS lesb T roo (Gr {TST = 99S eek = isz9_ 88 ee} tA giE|S|E2\ 8) Ee felEi/el|el ee] 8 8 eee Bh ee | deal oe Upemee od = MO =a Pee cass Ol rs 8 e n Es us 8 =| a o2e‘T \ep1 ‘Tt |918‘T #98 992 688 £08 (aan Z6e el ‘T Org TF e728 ‘T 090 ‘T Sr ‘Z Leo % 168 P88 ‘T £69 ‘T 086 ‘T ¢9P b gs % Bee‘ 466 ‘T 029 689 ‘T 998 ‘T S19 ‘T 998 ‘T 129 £6P *syuoudiyg 66F ‘E 186 ‘a 186 ‘¢ €F6 ‘ZL 88 ‘LT 962 ‘eT LL0 ‘IT 092 “TT £66 “6 69¥ “9 OTL ‘OL OLT ' 920 ‘L 618 §¢ 6210'S *sjusuldiys GPG ‘LT |7~ °° °° > **requteseq "s**""= = I9qUIOAON *- 19q0WO sreeses= 19qmI0}deg O18 ‘or |777* 777777 -asngny ¥96 8 eres ae le wee 1 [770 777" °° *""-eune Pat [Pore esoee Bose £98 nog pe sre eee Cue 2.2] OO 1 ugg ‘er jor 77777 Arenaqad 909 ‘Te |"°"" "°°" Arenuee “TC6T e2z g [7777 7° -IoquIEeDeT 106 ‘g |°°"*"** “4equreao Ny “0Z6T 3 3 “Hao 518 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. CORN—Continued. TABLE 15.—Corn: Visible supply in United States, first of each month, 1910-11 to 1921-22. {In thousands of bushels; i. e., 000 omitted.] | | Crop year. | Nov. | Dec. | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. Apr. | May. eae | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | | pe es : | | | | j | | | | | 1910-11......... 3,510, 1,545 5,099) 9,145 11,794) 11,166) 7,047) 4,685) 7,482) 7,100 6, 724) 6,339 1011-0 = 3. 1,703! 2,054) 5,140) 6,900) 14,257| 15,914! 7,490) 5,699) 8,204) 2,451) 1, 3,101 TT DS 6 eee 2,689| 1,525) 5,879] 9,717 17,918 21,494 7;270, 2)549 11,479 6,389 2,612] 7,308 1913 — Ie oc 6,206 2,026 12,126) 16,505, 18,374 ne 9,380 a2) 7,589} 3,203) 3,923, 5,461 1914-152... 3. 3,114) 3,382 19,703) 34,156) 41,238) 32,877] 20,203) 12,795, 5,225) 2,306, 2,382) 3,444 1915-16. ........ *3,288| 4,387) 8,919) 14,773) 24, 605| 27, 697| 21, 004| 14,505 6,870! 5,167) 3,330, 5,093 IGG 7eee se 2361) 2,677, 5,838) 10,671| 12, 931| 11/974 7,173| 2,629 3,277) 2,841) 2)371) 1,163 TY. eee 1,277| 1,932, 3,155, 4,623] 8,939 19,016] 16,111) 13,038 11,487| 9,466 #20 5,503 A018 furs 2° 4,733) 2,216 2,415) 5,549) 4,483| 2,514) 4,245) 2,600 4.038] 2,461) 956 2,163 1919-20... .c-c0 1,484 1,477 2,921) 3,575] 4,951) 5,669] 5,035] 2,740 4,364) 6,152] 2,564) 7,587 4920-21 oe coe 10,085) 4,597) 5,409) 14,297) 22,333) 32, 896) 23,018) 15,103 24,304) 14,584) 11, 500) 11, 765 1921-22. ce 18, | 15, si me cea wis\ aw cae aa] mrotatroin a iritieie | el ato arenatetl mitts | Sie aeiel cect fea Ue ee ae 1 Compiled from Chicago Daily Trade Bulletin. TABLE 16.—Corn: Summary in per cent of carloads graded by licensed inspectors for yearly periods, all inspection points. Total of all classes and subclasses under each grade. 1917-18 TO 1920-21. Receipts. Shipments. | Crop year. ) | No. 1., No. 2. No. 3. No. 4. Statistics of Corn. CORN—Continued. 519 Taste 17.—Corn (including meal): International trade, calendar years 1909-1920. [The item maicena or maizena is included as ‘Corn and corn meal.’’} GENERAL NoTtEe.—Substantially the international trade of the world. It should not be expected that “the world export and import totals for any year will agree. Among sources of disagr eement are these: (1) Different periods of time covered in the ‘‘year”’ of the various countries; (2) imports received in year subsequent to year of export; (3) want of uniformity in classification of goods among countries; (4) differ- ent practices and varying degrees of failure in recording countries of origin and ultimate destination; (5) different practices of recording reexported goods; (6) opposite methods of treating free ports; (7) clerical errors, which, it may be assumed, are not infrequent. The exports given are domestic exports, and the imports given are imports for consumption as far as it is feasible and consistent so to express the facts. ile there are some inevitable omissions, on the other hand there are some duplications because of reshipments that do not appear as such in official reports. For the United Kingdom, import figures refer to imports for consumption, when available; otherwise total imports, less expo’ Alaska, Porto Rico, and Hawaii. Average, 1909-1913. ountry. PRINCIPAL EXPORT- rts, of “foreign and colonial merchandise.” Figures for the United States include 1918 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 bushels. sn bushels. 1919 1,000 1,000 bushels. | bushels. ee ed 1920 es ce ING COUNTRIES. 1,000 hels. Argentina...........- 2 British South Africa. . 257 PEEP REI Et te 0 052 44 Lioriih ae 176 LS ee 335 United States......-. 1, 226 Unc as 5 PRINCIPAL IMPORT- ING COUNTRIES. Austria-Hungary..... 13, 877 GIFT). oc ceanin wo mee 25, 801 @ansdas 2 ee... fk 10, 629 Oni se... coe 2,746 WIGHT 22S. 5 c= 11, 440 LELENY ) 471 Wranee.... 625 -..>.-..., 18, 708 oemany =~ -.2-....-. 32,160 Th Oe So 14, 895 WNGRICO. |. Soom ecu e sce 4, 404 Netherlands..........} 29,580 INGEWAY.--202---- 2: 1,079 |. Ora ral, ee. ook 1, 674 Spanien eee ces .5 9,775 Ereden.- 220.22. 2.0 1,476 Switzerland.......... 3; United Kingdom.....| 82,976 Other countries...... 3, Total.......-.. 270, 991 | oe aS | Ae ie 1, 483 11, 757 48 | 6,459 (2) iy ,\ are ae 2; 308 6 (5 Lee 7, 781 61 5 48 8 82 6, 812 12| 6,921 206 | 10,856] (2) 8, 232 82 LA 4 ND RET RS €. La NY 8, 750 ph] ees Bini 9, 635 tern b: 2,530... ah os SAA 5 533} (2) 1,610 44 383 2) 509 26 1, 37400. 5d 3,199 1 oR RE Be 5, 274 96| 32,275 3| 38,986 9, 817 ,027 5,198 871 271,026 | 75,591 | 92,120] 110,084 132, 073 1 Does not include statistics of trade for Austria-Hungary, Belgium, and Germany during the war Peed, y 1914-1918. Therefore the total trade statistics of imports and exports for all countries are not strict’ parable during that period. 2 Less than 500. Ba $ Austria only, new boundaries. com- 520 WHEAT. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. TasLe 18.—Wheat: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1909-1921. ee es Production. ee Cree ms ae 5 Semen Berea oa mae a 9,995 | 214,239 | 714,951 |...2..22. Total North | imippics. 54). MRED picket Minder 1 ekesd +. | 893,805 12,175,478 |1, 111,167 ...-...--- SOUTH AMERICA. | Argentina. .......-..- 14,816 | 157,347 | 171,591) 214,143 469, 756 ak RC 13 1,142} 20,316 | 21,591 | 24, 501 25, 180 Uruguay.....-....-.: 840 700} 7,314) 6,890 5, 948 Total South America ..... 16,668 | 184,977} 200,072| 241,682 EUROPE MaSTIs = § Ne do 378} #61, 075 5,114 5, 424 | 6, 452 MoeleiumM 5.4 5.55554 353 | 14, 583 9, 895 10, 275 523 Pai raria + se asb ode 2, 361 | 3 43,725 028 39, 705 -4Z, 510 Czechoslovakia....-..|--.-.---- kp ea aes 515,369 | 26,362| 40,673 Denmark s+. 3 ...<.4 220 4, 916 5, 923 6, 945 ba caatse uti Bee aes eee 20 1 306 272 280 ferince 25 em er 2.3.4 11, 633 12, 586 13,170 | #317, 254} 187,094 | 236, 929 322,767 Germany............| #4768] 3,209| 3,413| 3,562 |3152,119| 79,701| 82,858] 97,864 Griete. is... | 2 SS 936 | 1,399 988| 67,200} 9,693; 12194] 11,170 Hungary........----- pl oe 2,662} 2,697 | 8156,523 |_._... 38,204 | 47.087 aly am as 4 11,746 | 40,503 | 11,290} 11,789 | 183,260] 469,769 | 141,337] 188, 126 Luxemburg.......... 27 26 27 27 | GES iE eZ. ba 449 661 Netherlands.......-.. 138 168 152 17%: 4,976.) .6,015| 5,766 8, 686 Morway.) 2.0 = ..c2s3 12 41 40 40 307 1, 071 999 941 Feland.. |) co =. 22a 31,260 71,064 1, 791 2,082 | 223,343.) 722,156 22, 741 35,576 Portugal.-...........| __1,190 ij eae he a 8 6Star a 5. -42c yA + ar Russia proper........ i so eS eee Be ee 8 522, 794. oe. 4. -| oc cedesatal be bears = Rumania.-...........] 44,576 84,271 5, 007 5,904 | 386,679) 966, 060 350 6,977 Retna Foo Ey | Se Be a Br eS Ms ke): 2 7 sd RSE 2 | sc ccecnseeleeeeeneeee Spain... 9, 547 | 10,378 | 40,355 | 40,350 | 130, 446 | 129, 20 |" 138, 606 | "143,205 Sweden... 255 348 360 360| 7,907] 9,509| 10,545| 12,566 Switzerland 156 130 119 | 117| 3/3141 305941 -3°-584 3,574 United Kingdom: | England ......... 1, 937 56, 411 61, 824 WEBS o 2 coc2 apse 39 1,117 1, 984 Scotland......... 45 2345 | 3,064 Brest See sesas 4% 1, 608 2, 452 Total United Kingdom.... 2, 084 | 61,481 | 69,324 Wgeslaviaes. = s52ca-|oee aeons eee; OOb) |e apo eeemee cae ppeceecees , 956 TotslEurope..| 118,567 |..<...-..-|*------,|-.--------[lp 606,104 |_--/oseaee| se eee ASIA, | British India ™...... | 29,114] 23,798! 29,949 | 25,722 | 350,736 | 280, 485 Cyprus ~.2 5264 eee See | Peepers] ie a ee Ny Be ee ad 2, 286 21, 861 1 Five-year average, except in a few cases where five-year statistics were unavailable. 2 Unoiticial. § Olid boundaries. 4 Bohemia and Moravia only. teats; Moraviz, and Silesia. 4. 7 Former Russian Poland, Eastern and Western Galicia and Posen. 8 Former Kingdom, Bessarabia, and Bukowina. 9 Excludes Transylvania 10 Includes some native states. Statistics of Wheat. . 521 WHEAT—Continued. Taste 18.— Wheat: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1909-1921.—Con. Area. Production. Country. , - verage, Average, 1909-1913, 1919 1920 1921 1909-1913. 1919 1920 1921 AstA—continued. 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 Japanese Empire: acres. acres. acres. acres. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. {bho a eer 1,17 1,344 1,300 25, 274 82, 562 28, 288 27, 874 Formosa - 4 SO bssecdescceh sth ee tee Maas ‘Chosen. . Persias. > Russia (Aslat Turkey (Asiatic) Total Asia AFRICA {RC eS cee PVD eaesh sccn scone ee Leyes el lees [ASA C eee Ji iS 3a ee eeeee 5 | Union of South Africa.|.......... 95 800 Total Africa...| 5,875 8,036 | 7,978 8, 065 | 77,754 | 87,774 112, 888 AUSTRALASIA. | | | | Australis: | Queensland ...... 95 22 | 46 176 1, 250 104 4,174 NewSouth Wales.| 2, 025 2,410 1, 474 3,124) 26,717| 18,325 53, 716 Wagtoria.. ..<9).2: 2,105 2,214| 1,918 2,296 | 27,656| 25,240 39, 469 South Australia..| 1, 993 2,186 1, 927 2,164 | 22,843 | 22,937 34, 237 Western Aus- foe! LY eae 544 1,145 1,042 1,255 5, 671 8, 845 12,177 WasMania... 25... 36 12 12 22 806 187 418 Ginonses 6-8. USS. PA eee. esse. 2 REE Yn See 2 SRLS es We Fedo... ee Total Australia 6,798 7,990 6,419 | 9,037 | 84,943 | 75,638 144, 191 New Zealand......... 258 208 140 220 7, 885 6, 568 6, 872 Total Australasia 7,056 | 8,198 6, 559 9,257} 92,828] 82,206 151, 063 Gatedibots1 201 aad ards, 6, ell Co Neen. Ae See) 3)Sre,@eF |< ob. ee ee Lae TaBLE 19.—Wheat: World production so far as reported, 1891-1921 Year. | Production. Year. Production. || Year. Production. Bushels. |i Bushels. 1907. ....-| 3,183,965, 000 |} 1915......| 4,198, 782,000 1908...... 3; 182, 105, 000 }| 1916... -.. 2 608, 545, 000 9900.0 aL - 3, 581, 519° G00 |; 2, 287, 889, 600 49105. 3,575, 055, 600 | 2 803, 616, 000 (ei Seas 3, 551, 795, 600 2) 742) 339, 000 000 4) 1912. ..... 3,791,951, 060 } F967 864) 000 HW H91SiL. 5. - 4) 197, 437, 000 | 2 965, 186, 000 BODGUC s+ sus 4 39145-55. - 3, 585, 916, 000 |} 9 — 52 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. WHEAT—Continued. TABLE 20.—Wheat: Average yield per acre in undermentioned countries, 1890-1921. . Russia = United Ger- Hungary Year. States. ae many. | Austria. | proper. | France. Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. Bushes | Busts 13.2 8.9 24.5 16227 (eta 118.6 14.1 9.7 28.9 18.0 17.5 120.5 14.8 210.5 28. 8 Wy Ay 318.6 17.9 Pe el Bay 24.8 Bs ie |e eas i6.1 Ll ees © 24.3 14.6 | 14,4 18.8 Aa Gi eee 27.5 | Ti Li 17.5 24.5 1 Winchester bushels. 27-year average. 3 6-year average. TABLE 21.— Wheat: Acreage, production, value, exports, etc., in the United States, 1849-1921. [See headnote of Table 4.] Year. price per bushel, | | ] | Chicago cash No. 1 northern Acre- aos arn spring. | Ami Se Imports, Per age har-) Aver-| pyoduc- | farm | value indiadin including | cant of vee aed tion (000 |. price | Dec.1 ep flour, < feet erop ia ee omitted). pshel red) ber ling May. | fiscal year besanine Ptad. ushel omitte * | | beginning ted). acre. Dee. 1. | July 1 July 5 ‘por Seat | Eh pe Set he S| ye | = SS Cts. ts. Cts. ts. Bushels. | Bushels. | P. ct. 2a at ee 17318133 ae ered |" ee ee I 05.3 95 |105 \110 |125 | 50,534, 641 20.7 92.0 97 |104 |101 |114 127, 468,781 30.0 67.3 74 | 80 | 75 | 86 |143, 076, 11 30.0 : 71.7 748| 932} 683] 972/145, 124, 972 33.9 ; 80.9 92/109 |117 |185 |217, 306, 005 41.0 : : 58.2 23| 70 | 68§| 793/222) 618, 33.0 : : 58. 6). 64 | 694) 633] 674/186, 096, 762 34.0 51,387| 11. | 62. q 693| 748, 70 Tob, 990, 073 41.4 52,473} 15.0) 62.6) 73 | 793| 728] 764/234, 72, 516 31.4 49,649] 14.6 63.0 712) 773| 743] 80%|202, 905, 5 30.3 | 51,632) 12.9 69. 5 773| 87 | 873|1014|120, 727, 18.9 47/895, 12.5 g2.4| 551, 128/115 |122 | 894)1133| 44,112, 91 8.0 | 49/389) 14.7 ~ 542,119} 823! 90 | 803) 874| 97, 609, 007 14.1 47,800, 15.8! 66.21 501,355]... .|.... 84 |106 |146, 700, 425 20.0 45,116, 14.1 86.5{ 552,074)... _|....1....].... 163, 043, 669 25.7 45,970} 14.0 92.2} 594, 09211064112 |126}|137 |114; 268, 468 17.2 44,262] 15.8 98.4} 689, 108|106 |1193|100 |1193| 87,364, 318 12.8 13.9 88.3} 561,051|104 |110 | 98 |106 | 69,311,760, 1,146, 10.9 12.5 87.4} 543, 063/105 |110 |115 |122 | 79,689,404] 3,413,626] 12.8 15.9 76.0 555,280) 85 | 903| 904| 96 |142' 879,596] 1,282,039] 19.6 15.2 79.9} 610,122} 893| 93'| 96 |100 |145, 590,349] 2,383,537] 19.1 16.6 98.6 878, 680}115 |131 |141 |1643/332, 464,975] 715,369} 37.3 17.0 91.9| 942 303/106 [1283/116 [126 |243 117,026] 7, 187, 23.7 12.2 160. 3| 1, 019, 968]1554 190 |258 |340 |203, 573, 928) 24, 924, 32.0 14.1 200. 8) 1, 278) 112} 220 220 220 |220 |132, 578, 633] 31,215,213] 20.8 15.6 204. 2} 1 881; 826/220 |220 |245 |280 |287} 401, 579) 11,288,591) 31.2 12.8 214.9) 2, 080, 056280 & 295 |345 |219, 864,548) 5,495,516] 22.7 13.6 143-7) 1,107, 23) 104, sy, 142 |178 |366, 092, 190] 57,398, 43. 12.7) 2. 37, 068|1184|1183] ... .]. =. .|....----=28| anceaeeeees) een sks 1 Acreage adjusted to census basis. 2 Preliminary estimate. Statistics of Wheat. WHEAT—Continued. 523 Taste 22.—Wheat: Acreage, production, and total farm value, by States, 1919-1921. Thousands of acres. State. 1919 Mamb.;.20053-4.-- 14 Vermont il New York........ 464 New Jersey..--.-- 85 Pennsylvania.....| 1,425 Delaware........- 126 Maryland eos. 25h 3 664 Varpinia'. <2... 991 West Virginia. . -- 298 North Carolina..-}| - 705 South Carolina... - 125 Gearrigs. os cc-c2-- 141 NOs. ss Soest = kc = 2, 922 Indiana...........} 2,799 HBOS =. c55525%. 4, 103 Michigan......... 1, 056 Wisconsin.-...... 561 Minnesota-.....-- 3, 793 WOW Sec S452) Je 1, 485 NGSSOUDES 22: 2242 4, 565 North Dakota....| 9,098 South Dakota....| 3, 896 Nebraska. .....-.- 4, 384 IPAUsass 62; - 2a= 2 11, 624 Kentucky........ 840 Tennessee.......- 685 Alabamas: ....... 34 Mississippi...--.-- 36 GRASS dae 222 -t 2 2, 435 Oklahoma........ 4,718 Arkansas-......-. 256 Montana..-........ 3, 621 Wyoming..-...... 181 Colorado.......... 1, 329 New Mexico.....-. 141 ARIZONA: Jat... 34 38 Balas tes oo cote ate 269 Wevadal f) 222.255 22 4012 ee 1, 142 Washington...... 2, 495 Operon? ne... 222 ; California......... 1, 087 United States...| 75, 694 1920 | 19211 13 ul i 9 467 455 74 81 1,368 | 1,365 116 113 598 568 892 847 253 250 680 600 107 118 124 138 2,395 | 2,314 2,080 | 2,016 2,990 | 2,811 1, 008 897 341 214 2,880 | 2,582 613 579 3,593 | 3,967 9,294 | 10, 554 588 634 424 450 20 20 10 6 1,583 | 2,081 3,380 | 3,786 126 103 2,787 | 2,297 1 199 1,405 | 1,719 195 227 36 40 273 276 19 2i 1,100} 1,123 2,459 | 2,480 1,073 | 1,067 714 557 61, 143 | 62, 408 Production (thousands of Total value, basis Dec. 1 price 19211 bushels). (thousands of dollars). 1919 1920 1921 1 1919 1920 263 286 187 579 658 176 209 126 400 418 9,753 | 10, 203 8,747 | 20,969 | . 17, 856 1, 530 1, 184 1, 539 3, 366 2, 427 24,898 | 22,700] 23,850! 53,779 | 38,590 1, 512 1, 972 1, 300 3, 221 3, 372 8,964 | 10, 166 7,952} 19,273] 16,774 11,694] 11,150 8,301} 26,195} 20,070 4, 023 3, 162 3, 125 8, 851 6, 008 5,67 7, 956 4,500 | 12,978] 16,708 1, 250 1,177 1, 298 3, 225 3, 001 1, 480 1, 240 1, 449 3, 892 2, 976 58,196 | 30,430] 28,697 | 123,375 | 50,209 41,751 | 24,960 | 24,192 | 87,677| 41,683 70,170 | 45,492] 45,234 | 147,357 | 73, 242 20,445| 15,383] 14,072] 42,934] 25,844 7, 568 5, 152 2,812} 16,271 7, 934 35,731 | 28,168] 24,943 | 89,328 | 36,618 21,245 | 10,732] 10,102] 42,490| 15,024 61,568 | 37,653] 34,462] 128,677 | 60, 245 62,776 | 80,244] 73,264] 151,290 | 104,317 31,793 | 26,920] 25,980] 76,303} 30,958 60,675 | 60,480] 59,875 | 122,564 | 79, 229 160,276 | 143,078 | 128,695 | 344,594 | 186, 002 9, 660 5, 998 6,340 | 20,383 11, 456 6, 370 4, 028 4, 500 14,141 7, 855 306 192 210 750 442 504 100 84 1, 260 213 40,178 | 20,579 | 20,810 | - 80,356 | 35, 396 66,052 | 54,080} 47,325] 135,407} 73,008 2, 432 1, 197 958 4,913 2, 274 9,889] 28,690] 28,168] 23,239] - 36,724 2,613 3, 920 3, 424 5, 540 5, 292 18,196 | 25,273) 23,239] 36,755] 34,118 2, 676 3, 566 3, 088 5, 352 4,993 950 864 840 2, 138 2, 264 4, 130 5, 331 6, 299 8, 672 8, 156 424 493 997 763 20,775 | 24,600} 27,079} 42,589] 30,750 41,888] 41,665 | 54,662] 89,640] 56,248 20,739 | 22,427] 24,317] 43,966} 29,155 16, 848 9, 996 8,355 | 34,370 | 17,993 967,979 | 833,027 | 794, 893 |2, 080, 056 |1, 197, 263 ' 1 Preliminary estimate. 99912°—yBK 1921——-34 524 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. WHEAT—Continued, TasiLE 23.—Winter and spring wheat: Acreage (sown and harvested) Me psoas | and farm value Dec. 1, by States in 1921 (preliminary) and Uni States totals, 1890-1921. [000 omitted, under acreage, production, and value.] Winter wheat. Spring wheat. | | | Aver | State. Acreage : “y | sown inj Acreage) yield Produc- preced- vested. | per tion. ing fall. | acre. | Acres. | Acres. |Bush.| Bushels.| Maine........ eee: See Ae eH: | bet Tf Meee sce imei apie! panera 2 FEA Pa cl Or ease et a - Bee! fogs ete its be ee ae {439 430} 19.5] 8,385 bs ee eA &2 81 | 19.0 1, 539 Pee. . | eee 1, 364 1,350 | 17.5 | 23,625 } Fy SE Ge 116 113 | 11.5 1, 300 | Ret: ee 580 568 | 14.0 7, 952 Va.. «2 856 847 | 9.8 8, 301 Wi Va... S25 254 250 | 32.5 3,125 WoOG 5 612 600 | 7.5] 4,500 aur. LES, 121 118) 11.0] 1,298 10.5| 1,449 eae y 12.4| 28,272 12.5 435 459 weass.__. Sip 12.0| 24,144 12.0 48 $1 CS 16.2 | 42,638 14.5 2, 596 100 2, 596 MCR oe 16.0 | 13,712 9.0 360 104 374 Winey. 2.3253 16.0 1, 424 il.1 1,388 bd 1,346 Rabe .. {See J 14.6 9.54 23,655 97 | 22,945 Co 19.2 10.3 1,174 8&8 1, 033 Met Le: 10.9 12.6 ee 99 7i 8.3| 73,284| 85| 62,274 9.0} 24930] 87} 21,689 1.3] 2316} 834 1,922 8.2 131 93 122 “"4,995 | 12.0} 33, 940 | "85 | “20,349 2686) 79| 2,122 7,087| 76| 5,386 946} 105 993 "396 196.34 $314] 7% | 2,488 432 130 362 16,800} 72! 12,096 17,205] 86] 14,796 4192] 85 | 3,563 : 207,861 | 85.8 | 178,343 _—S—S—_—__ LL? | a oe 44,861 | 40,016 | 15.3 148.6 10.5 | 222, 430 | 130. 4 | 289,972 i re 51,483 ; 50,494 | 15.1 210.5 8. 2 | 207,602 | 230.9 | 479, 251 at 42,301 ', 37,130 | 15.2 206. 3 16. 2 | 356, 339 | 200.9 | 715, 831 LS en 40,534 | 27,257 | 15.1 202. 8 12.5 | 223,754 | 197.0 | 440, 875 are 39, 203 | 34,709 | 13.8 162.7 8.8 | 155,765 | 152. 8 | 238, 062 BOIS: soho 42,881 | 41,308 | 16.3 94.7 19,161 | 18.4 | 351,854 | 86.4 | 304,154 CTE Rats | 37,128 | 36,008 | 19.0 98. 6 17,533 | 11.8 | 206,027] 98.6 | 203,057 1h ee ee 33,618 | 31,699 | 16.5 82.9 18,485 | 13.0 | 239,819 | 73.4 176, 127 Le a 33, 215 | 26,571 | 15.1 80.9 19, 243 | 17.2 | 330,348 | 70.1 | 231,708 i | 32,648 | 29,162 | 14.8 88.0 20, 381 9.4 | 190,682 | 86.0 | 163,912 19102 So 31, 656 | 27,329 | 15.9 | 434,142] 88.1 382, 318 | 18,352 | 11.0 | 200,979 | 88.9 178, 733 1905-1909... .- | 31,016 | 29,019 | 15.1 | 437,687 | 85.4 | 373,831 | 17,419 | 14.0 | 244,375 | 80.2 | 195,899 1900-1904..... | 31, 865 | 28, 887 | 13.5 | 390,690 | 71.8| 280,695 | 17,540 | 13.4 | 235,505 | 648 152, 628 1895-1899.....| 25,994 | 23, 886 | 12.8 | 305,398 | 69.0] 210,808 | 15,469 | 14.5 | 224,080 | 56.7 127, 072 1890-1894...../.......- 24,778 | 13.1 | 325,533 | 69.7 226,911 | 12,036 | 12.6 | 151,145 | 62.8 94,975 eee eee a Ss Statistics of Wheat. WHEAT—Continued. 525 TABLE 24.—Wheat: Proauction and distribution in the United States, 1897-1921. [000 omitted, under bushels.] Stocks Old in mills| stock Year. and on elevators| farms - | July 1. | July 1. " Dushas'| Bushes Bushels. Putas Pe ee 7, 340 GETING |) 5-0 00| 1, Joao 40, 384 nt BOS el 1080 54, 853 O° a eas pillage ie eit 33,797 Se ee re 15, 062 | Me EAs. 4822 | 35,680 | 635, 121 heed High ageing 34,071 | 621,338 Se eeeeend ale sae 23, 876 | 730; 267 mae. Lees 35, 515 ee Lc WOO. 32, 236 Cheat eee ITIEEIE) 98° 972 [1,023,801 LL voaeeeememaapens eee 74,731 ll eeaaeae” ae ee 15,611 Pei at. 063 a 19, 336 | 19261 1920............2....| 36,180 | 497546 | 8337027 EI MEEPS en o.0)5,0) 5.256 25,658 | 56, 707 1,054,773 | 244, 448 | 155, 027 711,049 | 100,650 | 89, 173 652; 266 | 107,745 | 66,138 929, 501 | 128,703 | 107,037 987, 240 | 169, 904 | 123; 233 882) 573 | 217,037 | 87,075 851,600 | 131,136 | 72,564 SERS SASS SRS Sss OOReH PORN NOW 923, 253 | 152,903 | 85,955 | 541, 198 } | Shipped Stock on} Stocks Total | farms |in mills| out of sup- Mar. 1 and county where plies. fol- jelevators lowing. | Mar. 1. | grown. 641, 998 | 155,915 |......... 25, 423 698, 089 | 154,551 |.......-- 378, 450 688, 940 | 148,721 |......... 367, 607 698, 399 | 143,692 |......... 393; 435 698, 441 | 159,100 |........- 414, 166 670, 801 | 162,705 | 98,597 | 352,906 655, 409 | 122,041 | 95,710 | 348,739 754, 143 | 156,471 | 118,400 | 449, 881 | 798,895 | 151,795 | 93,627 | 411,733 TABLE 25.— Winter and spring wheat: Condition of crop, United States, on first of months named, and per cent of winter wheat area abandoned, 1900-1922. . Decem- . Year. ber of | Area re- | aban- ous | doned. year. FP... gts hs. ct. ee 1s OF i EES 1905-1909..........-. 89.5 6.6 Oe 95. 8 13.7 SI 5... 5.55.28. 82.5 10.7 eS ee 86.6 20.1 LI. Sane 93. 2 4,7 Eee ee ca aici aes 97.2 3.1 IDG ae 88.3 20. iG 87.7 11.4 C7 (soe 85. 7 31.0 Di 79.3 13.7 iN ae 98.6 11 12 85. 2 11.9 (2 ee 87.9 4.6 ies oe 76.0 14.5 Winter wheat. a Ber SESE © - RPODOOD PWWOAD BWwoOow See See SENSe Sees Spring wheat. i | When | June. | July. |August.) har- | | vested. | } . | P.ct. | Pict | P.ct. | P. ct. 7; 92.8} 839} 78.2 73.2 9{ 932! 903] 85.6 82.8 5 | 92.8! 61.6} 61.0 63.1 8! 946] 73.8| 59.8 56.7 3} 95.8 89.3] $0.4 90.8 6) o25| 7881 701) 73 1| 95.5] 921] 75.5 68.0 4! 94.9] 93.3] 93.4 94.6 V7 | (88521) 80s 0) le Gae4: 48.6 Gol 0126; |. ‘83. Gules G8e7, 71,2 pol 195625]! © Soate, 7OrG 82.1 50)! “O12 |. (S0k0")) 5829 48.5 .7| 89.1} 88.0| 73.4 64.1 .2| 93.41 80.8] 66.6 62.5 526 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. WHEAT—Continued. TABLE 26.—Winter wheat: Forecast of production, monthly, with preliminary and final - estimates. {000 omitted.] August Final Year. May. June. July. roduction 5 4 ‘4 estima. estimate. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. 370, 714 363, 000 358, 000 389, 942 399, 919 513, 571 492, 000 483, 000 510, 519 523, 561 630, 319 639, 541 652, 975 675, 115 684, 990 692, 924 675, 500 668, 291 656, 866 673, 947 499, 280 469, 066 489, 030 454, 706 480, 553 366, 116 373, 032 402, 378 417, 347 412, 901 572, 539 586, 915 557, 339 555, 725 565, 099 899, 915 892, 822 838, 582 715, 301 760, 377 484, 647 503, 996 518, 245 532, 641 610, 597 558, 892 555, 097 551, 982 | 545, 351 567, 994 Sos 5 OLN 1 te REE) tae ete ee 629, 287 578, 342 573, 930 | 543, 879 | 1 587, 032 1 Preliminary. TasLE 27.—Spring wheat: Forecast of production, monthly, with preliminary and final estimates. [000 omitted.] si [alge eae ba pe Year. June. July. ugust. eptember.| production . , Bsraiites estimate. | Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. 265, 000 271, 000 290,000 | 300, 000 330, 391 330, 348 252; 000 218, 000 233, 000 243, 000 942) 714 239, 819 262, 135 274, 003 236, 120 221,482 | 216, 835 206, 027 273, 513 294, 977 307,250 | 322, 463 345, 163 351, 854 245, 801 269, 517 199, 329 156, 351 152, 851 155, 765 1 RG Mee “ek crate ioe, wae 62) 282, 813 275, 970 236, 019 250, 359 242, 450 293, 754 SMB = de el ove. ewes 343, 987 333, 591 322) 205 342, 855 363, 195 356, 339 AS sug Sex. Van hers lay 2 343, 181 322, 096 295, 080 208, 049 203, 170 207, 602 CS ah Bees Wea 2 Ba PE CAE 276, 547 291, 355 261, 506 237, 374 218, 007 222) 430 AWEPORO.21 300. 5.cge- 282, 775 283, 390 256, 723 253, 54 257, 197 254, 882 AU WR it ee 07 RAB Eo 251, 289 235, 482 212, 946 209, 979 196, 776 | 1207, 861 527 | Spring wheat. 1918 | 1919 | and average 1917-21 Statistics of Wheat. WHEAT—Continued. Winter wheat. © TaBLe 28.—Winter and spring wheat: Yield per acre, in States producing both, 1917-21, Cet: Sp 1920 1921 NOInow tidal ai sleleleia |B a=! 3 SiR EAIRIEIE soy bo 4 | Me........./18 8 14, 622,018, 822. 0/17.0) 171 29. 75 Viet. 18. 2/20, 0:22. 016.019.0140, 159 17.50 N. ¥_. 1.120.221. 0,18. 2/21. 021. 8119.2) 149 20.74 Nb Fr 2ya.s 17. 819. 017. 018. 0116. 0)19.0) 154 4421, 47 Pa.. Fy eae et 146 81,18. 02 Tee...) oF BS. oe be ae, oI 148 11.27 Maes ee 15. 417. 0/15. 5.13.517.0/14.0| 148 71 14, 42 Was bas 11. 813,012,011 812.5 9.8) 11.37 W. Va...... 13. 314, 0/14. 2.13. 512. 5:12. 5| 14.62 N.C.. see 8. Bia.9 70 rh i 10. 80 Sh eh oe 10. 7/10. 5)11. 0.10. 0111, 0.11. 0, 99, 88 Gatt. . O69 8.5 10. 2/10. 5 10. 0:20. 5) 18.38 Olden. F35 117. 2122, 0/19. 0/19. 912. 7.12. 4! - 13.39" Indl... 23 15. 7/18. 5 21.0114. 9.12. 0.12. 0| 12.72 1a 28.553 id 8/18, 7/22. it i ape 1) 16.10 Mich... He. shs:0!14.2h. 4h ais. 7| 16.33 Wis... _.... 17. 6(22, 3/24. 2113, 5/15. 1/13. 1} i271 Minn......- 13. 517. 5:20. 9 9. 4| 9.8 9.7) 9.41 Towa... ..111/17.7/19.9118. 9)14. 817. 5.17.4 15.31 Weiesen cee pe 15517. 215.512.5108 10.79 | N. Dak.....| 9.2 8,013.6! 6.9 a0 8.3 06! 7.06 S.'Dak -...7/11.9114.0119.0| 8.2} 9.2 9.1 14) 7.92 114. 1/13. 8/11. 2/13. $116. $115.1 98|12. 53 12. 2/14, 1/13, 8/15. 412.2 32/11. 35 112. 0/13. O11. 5,10. ap 0 39/11. 50 9.210. J 9.3| 9.5 110.0 4119, 00 10.0} 9.0) 9.0) 9.610.5 15 16. 06 |15. 016.5114. 010.014. 0 76 18. 20 12. 0110. 0 16. 5 13. 0.10.0 5) 22 10.00 11. 5|12.6 14. oe i 5 ee 83 10. 75 6,012.0 9.5| 9.5) 9.3] 145] 94 101, 163} 201) 207, 202) 190) 100/21.46 9.30 10. 4/12. 6| 2.710.312.3] 129] 64 78 161| 192| 194) 235] 128) 85/19. 0019. 46 21, 2/25, 4|14. 420.017.2| 128] 80 78, 145| 200, 189] 212) 135| 79/35, 85 13.59 22.6 12. 3/13. 718. 0/13. 5} 127| 73 80 159} 193} 195| 202) 135) 76/29, 95 10,26 a Se es e 90 90 150} 215, 210/ 200; 140 sid wie ie 25. 0:26. 0/25. 0/24.021.0} 167) 110 115| 150} 210) 240) 225) 262) 125|55. 5126.25 19. 1/20.215.419.5 22.8] 128) 75 86| 152| 178) 188] 210; 153) 75/33. 2817.10 27.825. 5/21. 2/22. 323.5] 142| 100 95, 140| 180) 206) 214) 180) 130/45. 7130.55 meee ace 122, 66 80 146} 182, 192} 205, 125 ages i! | . 9/15. 813. 116. ey 129} 68 82) 143) 193, 196 a4 135| 86/29. 77 18. 92 4/14. 5,14. 719. 220.922.8| 129) 72 84, 145| 182} 201| 212) 130) 85/31. 43 19, 38 7 wee ede 145| 93 95, 152) 200) 216) 204) 180) 107/30. 63 16. 05 8/14. 1/15. 6/12. 813 612. 079. 9/8. oj. 9/160. 3/200 8/204 2\214. 9 143. 792. 735. 34 UL 31 1 Based upon farm price Dec. 1. | Statistics of W heat. 529 WHEAT—Continued. TaBLe 30.—Wheat: Extent and causes of yearly crop losses, 1909-1920. =3|2£¢ P g la.j4 le Je.le S8/48|/.1| 8 2 |g |°a|Sei sal gala Year. e2/25| 2 | 42! 3 A lae|a2/ 23/22/83] 3 SF ma) 2s sei 318 6 /S8] 8°) pe) ae] s = AF | a i |e Him ja@je dm dale ja Bt | P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P. ct. coi Reece eet 8.1) 234 °0.2| 160] 1-0] 1.5] 04/17.6] 95] 44] 01] 01] 322 TI Dans tale sea tea WAG?) ALfes), Bi ey .8 | Ieee, 25 | eT a) Tene TN» Se ere £4 Bice Selccreds| eS | dabel at Bde pw (22 See dow fe dd | 3.) P| 25% et eae Ss ae ke Wales ea, sh baie | A ee ee | Cae ter Tee (oe dls cdr | Cees Lg Sion fl Ee CDE Re oS 8 ee SS ee a ee BE, Ter 7 ae 1.3) 723) °90) 1.29 987 129 89980] 24) se) iy ofa ae.7 LOTT NS ee ak EC RE BT 1 PL 2a we Be LOO tier aaa eg sae sh ate | 7 tee | 8 | ON. 1.3 Sed bod |, eee Lees ES ee oe 8/1) 0458 || 1.3) @o5s] 1.6) TBs .4)aolins| asl ia]. je 29:5 _ ie a ee 25.5.1. 023.4) Gb | 265%) (04) 34818. 11 S232 09 | a) |. 2) ORY 37.8 2S ee ae 18.9) ¢.0}, 2] 6580] 6) 2162 .2¢90's9) 2B] 4]. caah 33.8 Oe ee ee 8.5 | 802 | BF | 204k 2B) 1c: 6 bl 1B) aH] 2). csi 228 Average....... 12.0} 124 | «8 | 39) 11] 20) .3 | 2.6)0389| Ba] 2) ce] 298 j | 1 Less than 0.05 per cent. TABLE 31.—Wheat: Farm price, cents per bushel on first of each month, 1908-1921. aelsb| Blade] ¢ | 5 | se lade] oe sdelodel ss Year. aP|/es =; a ae 3a of SS |°SS/SR9| OF Ssife|s)/q4] s a ise ab ln | 5? Iz >2in P| 2a 89.2) 89.8) 89.3] 92.3) 89.5! 90.4] 88.7] 90.4) 91.5] 92.8! 90.3 f 103. 9| 107.0) 115.9] 123.5) 120.8] 107.1} 95.2) 94.6) 99.9) 98.6] 101.3 i 105.1| 104.5! 99.9) 97.6] 95.3! 98.9] 95.8] 93.7) 90.5] 88.3! 96.5 q 85.4] 83.8) 84.6] 86.8) 84.3] 82.7) 84.8] 88.4] 91.5] \87.4) 986.9 . 0 90.7) 92.5) 99.7] 102.8) 99.0} 89.7| 85.8| 83.4) 83.8) 76.0] 87.4 2 80.6! 79.1} 80.9) 82.7) 81.4! 77.1) 77.1) 77.9] 77.0! 79.9] 78.4 0 .6| 83.4) 84.2) 83.9) 84.4) 76.9] 76.5] 93.3) 93.5] 97.2) 98.6! 88.4 eee aa 107. 8} 129.9] 133.6] 131.7) 139.6) 131.5) 102.8] 106.5} 95.0} 90.9! 93.1) 93.9] 105.2 BUG OS 5 ek 102. 8| 113. 9] 102.9] 98.6] 102.5] 100.0) 93.0) 107.1) 131.2] 196.3) 158.4) 160.3] 125.9 7 ee. § Bt 150. 3) 164. 8} 164. 4) 180.0) 245.'9| 248.5] 220.1 . 9] 209. 7| 200.6) 200.0) 200. 8} 200.8 UN a eee 201. 9} 201. 2) 202.7} 202.6) 203.6) 202. 5| 203.2 205.6} 205. 8) 206. 0| 204. 2) 204.3 Oe a aa 204. 8) 207. 5| 208.0} 214. 2) 231.1] 228. 4) 222.0 205.7| 269.6) 213.2) 214.9} 212.7 PAROS St. deczessek 231. 8) 235. 7| 226.6] 234.0) 251.3] 258. 3] 253.6 218. 7| 214.3] 188.0) 143.7} 217.2 PO Sees excess. 149. 2} 149.3) 147.2] 133.5} 110.7] 127. 4| 112.2 101.2} 105.6 94.2}. 92.7} 112.7 Aver. 1912-1921_} 189.4] 145.4) 144.0} 145.0] 154.9] 156.6) 146.4 4) 142.3] 141.8) 141.1) 136.3) 143.3 I bushels). Month. 1916- | 1917- | 1918- 17 18 19 LT re 83 41] 136 PRUEPTISG co 255 h oe 111 69 154 September.....} 104 108 139 Mevoper.....2 3 87 101 107 November. .... 60 77 67 December...... 35 43 56 January..... pes 45 26. 36 February...... 20 22, 24 BRARCH. 5 --c- dcp 24 21} 16 in) See ie 19 931 13 Mayne 2st = ane 19 17 15 June... ......-.) 13 12, 12 Season...} 620 560 775 Estimated amount sold monthly farmers of United States (millions of 1919- | 1920- 20 21 137_ 82 186 97 125 108 89 72 60 47 45 42 34 | 38 24 36 23 33 25 34 27 44 25 47 800 680 by Per cent of year’s sales. 1916- | 1917- | 1918- | 1919- | 1920- | 5-yr. 17 18 19 20 21 | aver. 13.3 Cad, Mae) (Lia =-3255 13.5 17.9 | 12.4] 3199] 23.2) 14.3 17.5 16.8; 19.3) 180] 15.6] 15.9 17.1 4.1] 180) 13.8) 11.1) 10.6 13.5 97) 13.7 8.7 7.5 6.9 9.3 5.6 7.6 7.3 5.7 6.2 6.5 7.2 4.7 4.6 4,2 5.5 5.2 3.3 3.9 3.1 3.0 5.3 3.7 3.9 3.7 2.0 2.9 4.9 3.5 3.1 4.1 1.6 3.1} 5.0 3.4 3.0 3.1 1.9 3.4 6.4 3.6 2.1 2.1 1.5 3.2 6.9 3.2 100.0 | 100.0 | 100. 100.0 0} 100.0 530 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. WHEAT—Continued. TABLE 33.—Spring wheat varieties: Production in principal States, 1914-1991. The bulk of the spring wheat crop is produced in the four States of Minnesota, North and South Dakota, and Montana. The five leading varieties of spring wheat in these States have made interesting shifts in relative importance in the past seven years. Marquis was least important in 1914, but by 1916 it had jumped into first place, which it has held since, although its peak of popularity seems to have been reached in 1919, when it comprised 57.6 per cent ofall the spring wheat raised in these four States as compared with 57 per cent in 1920. Durum wheat is the only one of the leading varieties that gained, relatively, in 1921. This variety has been gaining, relatively, steadily since 1914. It is the heaviest yielder in bus hels peracre. Velvet chaff, bluestem, and fife have each lost in relative importance each yearsince 1916. Com- parative figures are given below. PER CENT OF STATE TOTAL, AND YIELD PER ACRE, a a a el State and year. Marquis. | Velvet chaff.| Bluestem. | Durum. Fife. | Other. 1 | ! Minnesota: Pict. \p Bu. i B.C. | Bue) Poct..|\ Bue | Poet. | Bu Pict. | Busca) Puck. |) Ba. 1921-5 Sen 74.8 9.6 9.8 8.5 4.9 S509} 8.1 11.9 1.3 9.1 au 10.3 4920-25 Secs 72.3 98) 144 &1 6.0 7.9) 5. 2 12.0 122!) 9.6 ab. 10.8 1919. = 2 67.8 9.7 17.8 8.3 7.9 7.8 4.3 11.9 1.4) 88 -8 9.5 191822 FS. 59.7 | 22.4] 22:4] 19.0} 11.8 17.0 33:1) 2050 £. 6) 4 256 1.2 18.0 ck) b ae 47.4 17.2 26.8 16.0 18.6 14.0}; 3.1 15s Brkt} £156 1.0 14.0 1916" == 3-5 31.7 11.0} 29.9 7.4) 31.9 RF hao 8.5 3.9} 6.9 Bot eae Ser 1914.2. 2s. mF 12.8} 30.6 Gul! Sek ol 98) 2.0 12.3 ask 10.3 4.1 11.0 North Dakota: | 1 kt 7) ee 41.7 7.4 5.0 7.4 2.8 6.8 | 45.5 9.7 3 5a ei 1.9 10.1 1920 Se oon 46.7 8.5 8.1 7.4 3.9 7.2 | 36.4 10.5 3.3 8.8 1.6 11.6 POI9 --Geek . 47.5 6.5 8.0 6.8 5.0 5.3 | 34.6 7.9 4.3 5.8 .6 7.8 1918 ooo ain 47.2 13.2 9.1 12.0 7.0} 11.0| 29.2 14.0 6.0] 11.0 1.5 12.0 Ie ee ae 43.4 8. Oh AOD |e cee bal, eae 1.2.) 2553 9.0 8.1 7.0 1.0 6.8 19IG? 2G. 38.5 6.0 | 12.2 5.2 14.2 3.8; 18.6 7.3 | 16.0 4.5 Pt) 5.0 IGTAY a cise 5.0 14.9 11.6 12.1 44.6 10.35; 12.7 13.9} 21.5] 10.9 4.6 10.8 South Dakota: | : (7) ee ee 49.9 8.0 4.3 fi! 1.2 (ea 42.4] i1.0 8 7.4 14 11.0 192002 te. 61.9 8.2 6.3 7.3 1.9 8.1); 28.0 12.4 6 9.2 1.2 ei'5 WI9G. seks 63.8 7.6 8.4 7.4 3.1 6.7 | 22:7 9.8 1.0 (Ae 1.0 8.8 1918s. oot Be. 59. 6 19.3 12.5 | 17.0 5u5 15.4) 20.4} 19.5 1.6; 16.0 4 16.5 IOUT 2 £ Jf 44.3 15.3 20.6 | 13.1 11.4 11.1} 20.6 15.6 3-1 10. Obs eaaseia = 1I9IG5. 2 So | (aoe 49> 2. 6.2 | 25.8 5.0; 13.6 8.2 2.9 5.0 eo 1914S ecu 5 ie 11.2) 32.0 9.3 | 30.9 aid. | aeksd: 11.2 11.3 9.3 1.0 8.7 Montara: | 192A. Sch 71.0 | 12.2 3.2 11.3 320 12.6: 15.5 11.2 2.9 12.2 3.7 12.4 19203. <3 Fy 66. 8 10.8 | 2:5 10.4 5.0 10.7 17.8 11.5 ook 10.7 4.7 12,2 TOT a2 se 71.4 4.8); 43 5.4 4.6 5.8 13.3 4.5 3.9 4.3 2.5 4.4 TOTR A Os 66. 2 13:0 |) 2 258)\9 32.7 5.6 10.5) 21.2 12.9 2.8} 10.8 14 13.3 (Oy ee 75.0 9.3 | Led, 7.5| 5.0 6.5 13.3 9.0 3.3 7.5 Oy 1.5 Four States: } | $920 85 55 Sus 532d) | 5. zene Lath sae cee Fees 21) | ee 34300) 23. sae Bed! | wes ese 2.0 | aceteelon 1920: =. 3. ee 5G; Gri acs 3 228s Os! oes J. par Mel thee. od 269 25. cae PED) | owacs 28 ee a Re 19195... ce wce Bai |2= ie 1 Os. 40) He 5 HeSriets oases P2Or| -2-o5s. Ve eee rere ie SE IL ee eee Beal tcimeteiats 1 ES}! il hares FRET (5B et ~ Tit) O70) Seer Oot | eeree x Agi Bert SOU Te =. 46.0) | 232.4 ae! VAC Re se | 1396: tee cease $6320) cscsess 4.9 |oseeces bh ieee == het | PRODUCTION IN BUSHELS. Bush. Bush. Bush. Bush. Bush. Bush. 17, 694 2,318 1, 159 1, 916 308 260 19, 232 3, 830 1, 596 1, 383 319 240 23, 412 6, 147 2,728 1, 485 483 276 44, 506 16, 699 &, 797 2, 460 1, 193 895 23, 807 13, 460 9, 342 1, 557 1, 557 502 8, 084 7, 625 8, 135 586 76 1, 302 12, 852 22, 302 840 2, 982 1, 722 30, 551 3, 663 2, 051 33, 336 2,271 1, 392 37, 474 6, 500 3, 129 29, 209 2, 648 1, 284 29, 819 5, 022 3, 139 21, 720 2, 699 377 49, 877 9, 616 7, 397 30, 856 6, 341 1, 585 24, 304 5, 656 6, 776 14, 168 4, 536 15, 140 4, 798 5, 584 7,314 6, 292 197 4,111 9, 425 36, 395 10, 389 17, 549 3, 723 12, 441 1, 072 299 10, 570 199 349 15, 766 1, 605 484 7,131 153 331 19, 247 2,534 935 6, 848 302 302 36, 237 7, 600 3, 344 12, 403 973 243 19, 226 8, 940 4, 948 8, 941 1, 345 0 5, 601 7, 078 5, 689 2, 999 639 44 900 9, 888 9, 388 6, 724 3, 501 199 531 bushel of reported sales, H RBe 8 N ¥ MANN AN: ID OMA Om > Ok n oD Ox + BANA AA IMHOO ON AO moO rida cies Aw ei io MANA ad: 3 ~-o BS: : mo riniain ani: RGA WZ: werage price per “oq uLODe(T i BSBS, Blue stem. | "| 1910-1911 to 1921-1922. No. 2 RED WINTER, CHICAGO.1 Statistics of W heat. WHEAT—Continued. Velvet chaff. heat varieties: Production in principal States, 1914-1921—Con. PRODUCTION IN BUSHELS—Continued. OY) GO ret YD o My rida an: wo ese $82 ASR ARs BHAA ANA Zane aR ue as ANS “aaa A188 BAAN AAR | 1.56 1.67 1.74 | 1.67 | | 1.61 | 157 1.59 No. 1 NORTHERN SPRING, MINNEAPOLIS.3 HAAN AAA AHANN Aine] A ee plier pring w Marq Crop year. Ub) hoe Sopa LU 74 bien Se See ons een I9I3 Soc o~s- BL 199063..." TaBLE 34.—Wheat: Monthly and yearly a TABLE 33.—S State and year. Four states: Lilia Se eee WLS eee Se ee CLS ts ae SE es EN -IDen ch J as. sc mug —ee.. 5-525. == Lidia sad ae SER 11 year average... 11 year average. - 3 Compiled from Minneapolis Market Record. 1 Compiled from the Chicago Daily Trade Bulletin. 2 Based on small number of sales. Se ie eee ied "Sag Qa Te i aa ae TS eee oe 532 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. WHEAT—Continued. Tas_e 34.—Wheat: Monthly and yearly average price per bushel of reported sales, 1910-1911 to 1921-1922—Continued. No. 1 DARK NORTHERN SPRING, MINNEAPOLIS.3 : 3 21 5 at a i 2 2 DB & 2h RB g 2 g & g 3 As Crop year. s 5 2 $ 3 zg E 2 q 5 3 28 Bate oa es Pane |e leis | se Jt eS Bee ts eee | Beare leo. 50 $2. 21 lea be $2.21 |$2.21 ($2.21 |§2. TG18-19. 2.2... 2... eee. $2.21 | 2.29 | 2.24 | 2.28 | 2.25 | 2.25 | 2.25 | 2 EOID-20 | occetoae ee 2.72 | 2.71 | 2.77 | 2.'84 | 3.00 | 3.25 | 3.34 | 2.90 | 2.97 | 3. 23 POOR LS OS. SINE oe tee 2.94 | 2.59) 2.65 | 2.21 | 1.82 | 1.72 | 1.81 | 1.74 2222 2 7 Ee ee me 1.81 | 1.57 4 1.56 | 1.377 °1.30 | 1.33 0.95 |$0..90 |$0.88 |80.88 |$0..90 |$0. 88 | $0. 98 1.05 | 1.03 | 1.05 | 1.09 | 1.11 | 1.09 397 -87 | .86] .86] .88] .87| .88 . 83 8 | .86| .88}) .87}] .90] .85 - 84 1.34] 1.54 | 1.49] 1.54] 1.50] 1.21| 2938 1.20 | 1.20] 1.05 | 1.12} 1.10] 1.00| 1.19 1.89 | 1.82 | 1.97 | 2.43| 3.01| 2.74} 1.71 2.12} 2.12 | 2.12 | 2.12; 2.12] (%) | 2.52 2.31 | 2.26 | 2.39 | 2.62 | 20) 247! 2.19 2.82 | 2.42 | 2.49 | 2.75 | 2.93 | 2.76] 2.42 1.72 | 1.62 | 1.55 | 1.33 | 1.47,| 1.88} 4.83 SN eed eg a Rama Pe tr [2s os a amnyena 1.46 1.48 | 1.56 | 1.51 | 1.52 | 1.60 | 1.68| 1.89) 1. | { No. 2 RED WINTER, ST. LOUIS. = oe : UST aL ee 1.07 $1. 02 $1.02 itt ipa 's0. 98 ($1.03 ($0.96 {$0.93 $0.90 |$0.94 |$0. 88 | 90.99 NO Wes inno ae 841 388) .94 : 97 | 1.02] 1.01 | 1.04] 1.13 | 1.21 11.11) —. ee eal EES 1.03 | 1.04 | 1.03 | 1.09 | 1.04 | 1.07 | 1.11 | 1.09 | 1.08 | 1.09 | 1.04] .99| 1.05 Ee a ae ae .85| .88| .94| .93/ .941 .95] .96) .95) .95] .94| .96] .84] 299 9 ee eee -87 | .93 |.1.10 | 1.10 | 1.11 | 1.18] 1.40 | 1.57 | 1.50 | 1.54 | 1.50] 1.19 | 4.20 | Site) 1 ental, ie 1.17 | 1.14 | 1.14 | 1-21 | 1.16 | 1.23 | 1.34 | 1.30 | 1.17 | 1.22 | 1.2011.10| 1.20 Ci) Sh 5 Oa aE 1.25 | 1.45 | 1.60 | 1.73 | 1.87 | 1.83 | 1.96 | 1.88 | 2.05 | 2.66 | 204 | 2.65) 1.63 Lie et | pa pede B 5 2.36 | 2.32 | 2.15 | 2.15 | 2.15 | 2.15 | 2.15 | 2.15 | 2.15 | 2.15} 2.15|215| 2.93 IE RT 2.91 | 2.21 | 2.19 | 2.22 | 2.22 | 2.32 | 2.41 | 2.38 | 2.55) 271/260] 2.41 | 2.23 a rr 2.22 | 2.20 | 2.21 | 2.24 | 2.29 | 2.48 | 2.70 | 2.55 | 2.58 2.76 | 2.99 2.89 | 2.30 1920-21..... “| 2.70 | 2.47 | 2.56 | 2.25 | 2.03,| 1.99 | 2.02 | 1.90 | 1.66 | 1.41 | 1.581 1.50} 218 1921-22. ..... [85 11.98 | 1,961 1-96) 1.20] 281 | ol oe eee eee Mae eae 11 year average..| 1.51 | 1.50 1.53 | 1.64) 1.52 1.56 | 1.65 | 1.61 | 1.61 1.68 | 1.75 1.61 | 1.52 3 Compiled from Minneapolis Market Record. « 4Compiied from Kansas City Price Current. 5 No sales. * Compiled from St. Louis Daily Market Reporter. t, Statistics of Wheat. 533 WHEAT—Continued. TABLE 35.—Wheat four: Wholesale price per barrel, 1921-1913. Cincinnati. | New York. St. Louis. Spring patents. Winter patents. | Spring patents. Winter patents. SS OEE eee Low. | High. Aver. Sis | $$ —_—$_———. | | _ rr High.| Aver. | Low.| High.| Aver.| Low. | High.| Aver. Low. High. Aver. | . Dolls. | Dolls.|Dolls.| Doils. ols. |Dolls. Dolls. lous. Dolis. \Dolls. |Dolls. |Dolls. |Doils.|Doils. 9.00) 8.40] 9.50} 9. 9.50) 11.25) 16. 9.00} 10. 9.61) 8.65] 11.50! 9.79 8.81] 8.20} 9.50} 8. 9.15] 10.00} 9.71) 8.25} 9. 8.98] 8.50] 11.00) 9.86 8.39} 8.15] 9.25] 3. 8.25} 9.65] 8.85) 8.15] 9. 8.801 7.50] 10.50 8.66 7.69, 8.10] 8.55) 8. 7.75| 8.65 8. 05} 7.35} 9. 8.11] 6. 8. 7. 08 8.28; 8.15] 9.60} 8.69f 7.50) 8.80} 38.31) 7.75| 9. 8.66) 6. 8.50) 7.7 8.59 8.50] 9.50} 8.96] 7.75} 9.00} 8.38} 8.25] 9. 9.06} 6. 9. 7.74 7.41 8.25} 9.60} 8.82) 6.50, 8.09 7.17] 8.25! 10. 9.03) 6. 7. 6.57 6.77, 7.65, 8.75} 8.24} 6.25] 7.25} 6.81] 7.75] 9. 8.49) 6. if 6.62 7.07, 7.05} 8.10} 7.70} 6.25] 7.35] 6.78| 7.85] 8.75] 8.30 6. 7.501 6.97 6.30, 6.90, 7.70) 7-17 5.75} 6.75, 6.28) 6.75} 8.40} 7.52 5. 7.50) 6.51 6.14, 6.55, 7.10) 6.89 25| 6.75] 6.60} 6:75| 7. 6.94, 5. 6.75] 6.25 6.14 6.60} 7.10) 6.76, 6.25} 6.75 6.50) 6.5 7 6.95} 5. 6.75] 6.25 5. 7.55] 6.55 6, 50] 10. 25 8.37] 5. 7.50 iz 10.72 7.90 8.25] 15.75] 12.82| 8.50) 15. 60) 11.77 9. 30} 13. 00} 11. 12) 10.00 4 10.35] 15.00] 12.23] 9.40) 12.65) 10.60 9. 10.62| 9.8 10. 50} 14. 95} 10.96] 8.89) 12.50) 10.22 AO 17-001= =.= =. 8.2 8.65] 16. 75]...... 7.90) 15.25]...¢.. 5. 5. 00 5.45} 10. 00|__.... 4.75) 9.00).....- 4. 4.50 4 GO. S225h. ok. 4.60) 7. 50\..... 3 3. 4.0 4,35] 7.00)...... 3.351 5.70.2... ST Ws (ete | 4.0 4.40) 5.00}...... 3.70 oa aay ! oe wo 6 lture, 1921. gricu Yearbook of the Department of A 534 SSP ‘Ezz: P¥6 ‘9G TPS ‘08% OFE ‘88% O10 FL LOT ‘F92, agg ‘CTE! ¥28 ‘TIE, 298 ‘602 192 ‘982 £0 ‘201 8&6 OZI €zg ‘epeieso ‘T |e8¢ ‘e \eb6 ‘CT GOL LE, £8 ‘804 190 ‘OIF £88 “FST. £21 ‘ELE Ih ‘21g 929 ‘SEP poe ‘Ore 66L ‘ORE 920 ‘eee B18 “Fee *s7dr1a003y ZOv eLt (r) 16h v TLb tL LLY 9 066 “% 068 ‘% 198 ‘F 820 ‘E 868 ‘T 099 ‘T OLT (5) ‘srode -UBTpPUy GLE 266 1% SIT ‘St 960 ‘9 122 ‘62 CZ ‘91 69 ‘IT 896 ‘TT eet ‘er 069 6 (©) ZS 02 GOI ‘8% 689 192 08d “61 G9¢ ‘8 ‘FOr ‘Te l89 ‘ez LOL “LT ech ‘OT B6I {02 0g0 “TT (s) “BYBUIG gio ‘% |189‘% 661% £99 ‘6 COP ‘E G6r ‘2 OL8 KG 809 F 982 ‘E 629 ‘T 196 ‘T Sig ‘1 110% 986 128 e (44 ai 89 % gee ‘g lea ‘8 Lida ‘T 919 ‘T 901 ‘T #10 ‘T |922 ‘T *syuemdigs *BIIO0 LLP ‘OFILTT “OSIF0L — |a10‘ J6z8‘% [0ST ‘9 1€9 ‘POISPI “28/GhE —9S9‘T JOOP ‘T /zg0 ‘sg E19 ‘SaIGTS ‘Z6|68G [880 ‘T |S8z '% /9F0 '8 969 ‘Se|90T “FS/908 {809 ‘T |8PE“T |Ob6 'g G92 ‘8 [92 ‘209% |269 ‘T Joze “T |eRs BL8 ‘Z9\0ZL ‘89/280 ‘T |PZL 1% |OGS '% [BTL 'S ZO ‘TSIZPP ‘OL|089 ‘T [608 ‘% | TLS ‘S [906 ‘6 099 FOlehL “LL/ZTOS [894% |89T b [680 ‘2 OBL ‘ealect ‘ce\cts abr ‘T [POL ‘e |z08 “9 STP ‘SelPLe ‘HTL |LL6, (SLPS [PEL 026 ‘91229 ‘ez LOP | 198 '% [FPO 'F 1086 (9 BOL “9ZILES OF|GOL —800°% jose "T [221 nD ny 2) gape ey els: plot: MR Bey Be Bete Be] B Bette len iee| silence mee | 1's Bon! Sopa) SR || “£110 "4101490 “Opsa[oy gusuLy qorjOd PIO L¥T GG 6LF ‘TE 996 ‘28 129 ‘s@ PES ET 080 ‘ge 9b0 ‘TE E16 ‘9% HS ‘8% BLT ‘12 062 ‘ZI 780 ‘02 $99 “eg 918 ‘St 996 ‘ch Los GF €20 ‘LT b20 ‘Th 926 ‘oF 961 ‘FE PFS ‘LZ Z6L ‘88 98 ‘GT 1Zi ‘02 “smno'T “45 ['poyyruto 000 “9 “Tt {speysnq Jo spuesnoyy uy] 886 ‘LP Cle ‘eh 199 ‘CT £6 ‘98 9¥9 ‘eT 682 ‘98 OF 8 298 ‘6S 662 $9 SEP ‘GL 1L9 ‘6% 29g ‘Gz 69T ‘TS £80 ‘oF 418 81 £88 ‘88 209 ‘OT 826 ‘08 PLO mu) 892 ‘29 662 ‘29 oes ‘es 86S ‘08 829 ‘8z *s} 10003] | “qyarad IZL ‘LElOPz ‘ETT PGL ‘0G/6L9 ‘811 89b “2e)61¥ ‘611 PLT ‘S€|L82 ‘LTT GLO ‘61|626 ‘28 689 ‘68/ TOL ‘6LT GEG “9/206 ‘COT OLS “6|9TL ‘ZIT $66 ‘82/629 ‘E01 TOL ‘Ze|19T “921 SPL 5/688 ‘96 998 ‘OZ| FLL ‘06 “‘syodvouuty 68S jose 6 999 % [bap PLO ‘8 190° GLg “CT|seg ‘oT gee 'T [ger ‘er 660 ‘8 |269 ‘OT G09 ' zee ‘2 010 ‘L |oss ‘6 oP 's |2Le ‘9 G89 'S /6ee ‘OT I1P ' |L6p ‘8 G18 ‘L 129001 *syueudmys *s}d1eo0y | “OOIME MTT Lye ‘cp jops ‘ZG |" "e8RI0A8 1804-1] 988 ‘2z [919 08 |°°~" "77777" *TS-OZ6T GIZA |LOTARL, lbs eee A CSROLEL ZGL 20 [680 $9)" ao ssse aT eRTeT SLL 8 9R2 eT me ose SRT BTOD GPE ‘LP [802 ‘og | “LI-9T61 1£9 “19 baa i) 3%) GIT ‘16 [STZ ‘LOT|""**""*"""""ST-PT6T S06 (LF [p88 fog [7° " "7°" "PI-8T6T Goolep IROL PP |e. ae SET OLeL £00 ‘08 |egg “og [°° °° "757" *"SI-TT6T 690 2000p Lo \oe een EROLAL 2 by 5 | B t= oO B a t : *1v0h dog ‘os BOTY. Se-Lé6L 91 TI-OL6L ‘siayune fiunursd Ty ‘szuaudwys puv sidiaoas hpavah pun hyyuopy :3vayA4— 9 ATAV, ‘ponut}qooO—LVAHM 535 8S 4 « tatistics o f W heat. HE ot 919‘ ~yaod P80 (0G fore ug pe fou O1ON LL Axo 710‘ 19 4 #00 ‘ 6 bY cP LT Tt Beeler altos 900 1 126 joa _fag PLP 4 ' ; ‘ a! i ‘ Teh ‘on 616 ‘89 |e TOr Sa 5 90 % a) 68 eve ‘@ |aez é s)10doyxy 0 ae ca 00L ‘69 eer |L8¢ 668 ‘g \08 86 G19‘ |198! £% eee PP Per 00% (06 lOsh (82 Lg 2s iar ig [rg ee lis Le aint aor uf . Jo, Pavog PE THON praeage: lege 10° loca @ (ue a eet 0 leo BLP «wll J 168, abel abt ous for fae oy [oot fu feces eso [eerie ip Or [ise 0u1‘t joo eOL Tuan aS be Ae OL 1226‘ % SP 928 ‘ oto ‘2 |e 9 ‘e1\% e |ee¢ Pez ‘ ogg ‘T |TS9 ‘2 198 ‘% “ae THO Wor £90 ¢ 106 0% Te & \tF Tg 2 4 GIT‘ T 4 C68 € l6R¢ ‘ 89°L 20 £92 ‘ ar ry 0 ST PRG! iat Zz «92g ¢ GPL‘ Hit wt 6 226‘ |20 @ leps‘ £2 ‘¢ % \oRxt ‘8 G96 ‘6T 881% G06 18 ‘t loon ‘ y lIzo‘e 6rG‘L |Z 69 681 108 'Y LL (Gon! 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T9L'T peal is (een'g oes § Sere ieee, | ln & (286 § 008 |z6r ‘ SPP ee none ea Cs aa a cee ¢ zo ‘¢ \caZ 9 |e v 182‘ 108 8 |L99 ‘ ZI ‘9 jog op T [8 ges | Lot ‘t...|° caak Zee Fe O82 ‘Og 0 & % |06 PL 8 q 8 GRL‘¢ I IZGT 8% 026‘ oso ‘gS 9 'Z 189% ggg ‘¢ £20 “F L {9g ab {| Dsisients soquie 128 ‘Gz 663 ‘LE 1S galpable ¥6 869 ‘G [Leg * It 2 9 elt 6 ‘T [828 ‘ 66 ‘% rede 886 | 980 ‘ST 82h F G61 |"- ~- goqur OCT ; 7 81 ‘00s POL ‘ 1g 9 OF Gét oc Z |228 ‘z 88 °% € lero‘ e902 ‘g |e 162 '@ |" = aSQACAG Boa ie 678 ‘EP IL ee 08 ‘Tt |S 9 |960‘ Fe 1s i ec |peg! 16S L £68 ¢ a N f tT 1966‘ cL‘ OTL CFT 60 ecz ‘z |S #69 ‘T G esp ‘ 6P6 z lee ‘ Rae ele iy 09 FZ 808 ‘gp \g¢ oze | 66 1 Bou LOT I 66 ort % ITO #82 ‘€ |8 1¥6‘% 6 0 GbP | > ST ‘ Joqut yO ; T a) 10 ‘Z |969‘ spre 679 Le T |126 ‘ oz ‘er \-* oydo 09F ST ze8 ‘OF | Sig 008 ‘% Sante SOT c1t |eeo‘ Nya LT |ggg‘ 969 ‘% |8 ¢ ToL ‘9 [eh 680 ‘E [8 € \0L0° seeee 5 SZL ‘12 FI poe‘ 822 ‘ G68 log OST 0 ‘9 |ga9 ‘ ILI a5 z igos SOF z LLY! ¥ 1Z9 802 ‘Z Ome Teles sess ee Gg ‘T \36 é Ste ‘e 1 sip 008 “P 99 9 |6 seo‘ z ole ‘ 288.- “18 he ope ‘ ¥oL‘ zie‘e |" wsene qsnan aaa adh GF ‘8 [982 ‘ 028 et ott: 609 ‘2 9ST LOY ‘¥ ‘T cos’ Zeb |e ‘1 \gpT 1 |908! cig ee Vv 3 anit ocr lb te (08. B09 % (2 ae ee O10 °r (600 "6 Pe ee eps “a iba evT ese AR ct ay elele obi ae Gr Meer area apa peaTies Re eee ee eS ick 3 (melon Gy ‘ 98 aa tal ; g9L‘ € lors‘ ian ran 8Te ! ase =e || PP IOLL 1% OL 180‘ T 128 ‘ GI8 F , GF “OTT ip nas Re @. y wn” oa, L 96 L 1 (929 ‘ & lE08 69% j rere |- anal d SaL Plelelely oe \aule Gees ag mrs a ner me RRS oa : : s | '¢ 3 E. 5 id org [sou 4209 (090'S see ‘9 ign pee eee sis 2 Keer a a 8 i 5 g Be id a » (ene °% 9 poe‘ 99 'g [123 ‘ 68 ‘9 901 908 f ‘ enue ‘ B 8 ee wae \re6 112‘ oro Gn Balter y0e (0%8 SLP‘ 126 f = z | 8 & |B 3 tg S Petes Same Bee renin’ OL 868 ¥6 Sel dpi t : & nD ; 01% 7 peo ee ome Wea, wp is a |e B |e Elilelile yeaa. |e ete ee vee [ene “2 soqu020N t : ish = —|— & oF f pis aes yk N a | E & |: alelele SR en ee ‘ee ‘ = B ayia m = 299% wae diet 104dog EVEL ELF E pleiglelel end hee he ¢ F s : a beatae over p : ss ; BL B| 8 | g mae | bal oe BO a & quo W 536 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. WHEAT—Continued. TaBLE 37.—Wheat: Visible supply in United States, Jirst of each month, 1910-11 to 1921-22. [In thousands of bushels; i. e., 000 omitted.) Ld Crop year. July. | Aug. } Sept. | Oct. | Novy. | Dec. | Jan. May. 19101ie a2 <2 12, 034] 12, 375] 26,452] 34, 967| 40, 1201 42,989] 44, 282 27,605) 26, 838 OTS ae 93, 833| 41, 316| 48,057| 52, 709| 65,199) 69, 948| 70, 489 41, 722| 30, 847 191913 eos 23, 350] 18, 841| 19, 586] 31,658} 41,712) 55, 400] 65, 342 47, 157| 37,940 4913-14825 5. -.-< 30, 163) 37,677) 44,530) 49, 026) 55, "5 58, 868) 63, 743 43,378) 29,775 1914-15. =... 14, 999] 29, 744) 31, 534) 51, 586) 65,922) 74, 086) 72, 861 26, 19, 082 wOIS-1beteee 7,948) 6,582 7,111) 15,900) 22,639) 48,797} 67,311 48,864 44,463 C5 by Ae 42,628) 40,889 54,660) 57,418! 60,470 62,026) 59,534) 48, : 25, 756) 28, 896 TOUTIR etesss. 14,209) 5, 819) 5,058, 7,789 14, 908 21, 031| 17,552! 13; 869, 9/739 2,194 1,146 | | IOIR 19 eC wanmin 785| 17,155) 48, 821 96, 886 122, 604 121, 561/119, 711/130, 613 118, 219 49, 23, 702 ae 8,681) 20,903) 56,828) 84,909 96,352 89,742) 75,363, 60, 359) 50, 875 42, 784| 37,101 1990-3. -.'55-2 ub g 777) 17, 487| 19 554| 27,391, 35, 500) 43, 149 43) ims 32, 555} 27, 822 13; 488) 8, 334 1991-99523. 22 8, 061 247 658, 33, tah 52, ae 56, ie 47, ie nein Pe nee on mee oriS Ce Sia on 1 Compiled from Chicago Daily Trade Bulletin. e TABLE 38.—Wheat: Yearly movements and local consumption at primary markets, 1910 to 1921.) [In thousands of bushels; i. e., 000 omitted.] ALL PRIMARY MARKETS. If Supply Supply} Local Supply Supply| Local Wonr . Re- Ship- | at end| con- corte at be- Re- Ship- | at 2 con- *|ginning| ceipts. | ments. of sump- || * |ginning! ceipts. | ments. of sump- of year. year. | tion. i of year. year tion. 1910. ..| 12, 034 | 222,783 | 124,478 | 23, 863 | 86, 476 | 1916. ..| 42,628 | 374, 754 | 266,500 | 14,209 | 136,673 1911... 23; 863 | 231, 322 130, 055 23, 350 | 101; 730 1917... 14) 209 | 177,551 | 80,717 785 | 110, 258 1912. . 23, 350 | 382; 409 238, 024 30, 163 | | 137, 572 || 1918...| | 785 439, O88 | 285 8,681 | 145,318 aa 19,799 | 163,796 1913... 30, 163 310, 283 205, 938 | 13, 248 | 121) 260 || 1919...| 8,681 | 402, 643 ee 248 | 432,055 | 304, 201 | 7, 948 | 133, 154 || 1920_.. 19, 799 | 401, 076 7,948 | 513, 476 313, 886 | 42) ee 164, 910 | 1921... 43, 063 416, 179 | 293 1914... 1915... 1 Compiled from Chicago Daily Trade Bulletin. TABLE 39.—Wheat: Summary in per cent of carloads graded by licensed inspectors for yearly periods, all inspection points. Total of all classes and subclasses under each grade. 1917-18 TO 1920-21. | ; | Receipts. | Shipments. Crop year. ee ek ee No. 1.] No. 2.| No. 3.] No. 4.| No. 5.| 8. G. | No. 1.] No. 2.| No. 3.| No. 4.| No.5.) 8. G. Ee Sie a Fe 1 Poem | bv) Se lee Picket P.. Chal eich ete ae ee bee 1917-18. 25.5... 23.2.1 734.4 |. 22:3 8.9 5.3 5.9 1918-1052... eS 48.2 327 10.2 4.3 1.6 3.0 1919-90. o55. 7.5 | 31.8] 31.0] 16.7 8.2 4.8 iL 7 a] ee 23.31 36.8] 18.9 7.6 5.8 7.6 | JULY, 1920, TO JUNE, 1921, BY CLASSES | Hard red apring:. ....=- 33.4 13.0 18.5 12.3 13.3 9.5 | 26.6] 25.6] 24.6 7.4) 10.3 5.5 lity ies eens 12.5 51.4 22.0 9.3 3.1 1:7 -8 86.4 10.2 1.4 -6 -6 Hard red win- ig 23.0] 41.4] 18.4 5.5 4.3 6.9 9.31 774 9.5 1.4 1.1 1.3 Soft red winter.| 20.0 44.6 15.5 5.8 2.3 10.8 15.1 76.1 6.1 -6 3 1.8 Common white. 49} SQA 22. 7. 10.3 3.2 3.4 8.5 | 76.6 8.4 x5 -6 2.4 White club.....} 13.1| 42.9] 33.3] |/80. o34/" 4-34 105) 90-3 |° 954 55] | .3]— 2. Mixed wheat...) 19.1 | 42.2] 20.9 8.1 3.3 6.4 5.4] 79.1 10.2 2.7 py 1.5 Statisties of Wheat. WHEAT—Continued. 537 TABLE 40!:— Wheat: Production and disposition of crop, United States, 1910 to 1921. [In millions of bushels; i. e., 000 omitted.] Canadian. Ex- Crop port. 132 61 231 77 224 104 232 152 161 91 394 177 263 227 234 186 189 100 193 114 270 144 Production. Re- _| On_} Total ‘2 Bah | Peat. year. | us| nana | ‘sop: | Sa | Cary | x. Winter Spring | mot] * |July 1.) ply. 8- : : wheat. | wheat. é sum p- Pct HOS 5S ot 434 201 685 0. 93 88 723 77 92 69 200) It be By aa PS 430 191 621 88 92 713 72 78 80 “(ete See eae ee 400 330 730 - 90 78 808 71 143 S932 oet-3 oe 523 240 763 - 93 90 853 82 76 146 Ly Sele ee 685 206 891 -90 76 967 86 55 332 Ge a a 674 352 | 1,026 «88 55 | 1,081 84 163 243 ol6. Lt 480| 156| 636] .87| 163| 2824 80} 48] 204 _{t" GR Ae epee be 413 224 637 -92 48 | 2708 95 17 133 2h ee ee ers 9 565 356 921 -93 17 938 100 54 287 C12) eo oe 732 209 941 - 82 54 995 90 108 220 1 2 gia ag 578 209 787 . 86 151 938 90 88 365 T9Al eo 53-.62 0 587 208 795 -87 79 ST 4c. cele casbuly> = aevnll od n= -cfe ee sont | Sap Lae 1 Includes wheat flour in terms of wheat. Calendar years. 2 Includes imports. TABLE 41.— Wheat crop classified by grades. [Based upon estimate of about 5,000 mill and elevator operators. ] SPRING WHEAT. No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 Under 5. State. Sa TT De oe el eas ee aad Ai. (| oe 1921 | 1920 | 1921 | 1920 | 1921 | 1920 | 1921 | 1920 | 1921 | 1920 | 1921 | 1920 | Seth eS 2.7.) . 0% | 16.5 |, 15.2.) 25. 1) 25rae | 25.6" (20: 8) 19.7 10.4) 14.1 CS 2G) a ee 5.6 6.8 | 12.3 8.0 | 30.9 | 14.5 | 28.9 | 19.3 | 17.0 5.3 23.4 LON Rees. oe 3.1 A. 2 12:5 | 15.2 | 27.97) 49.2 | 25.'5)| 19.7 |- 188 12.2 25.9 mporth Dakota.) ....2.8h0.2. 14.0 | 31.7 | 22.2 | 18.9 | 29.7 | 18.0 | 20.5 | 14.1 | 10.0 3.6 C7 South Dakota..-.. enceeeeee- 15.200 2. 5-|) 22,7 5.3 |.30.5 | 8&9 | 17.0) 149] 9.9 4.2 | 48.5 epee ka Si 2011 te 11.2 | 7.3 | 29.6 | 14.1 |} 26.9 | 17.1 | 17.4 |-15.8) 9,4 5.5 | 30.9 Might See es 74.7 | 64.6 | 18.2 | 20.7 5.6 | 10.1 1.4 3.1 SB Se. oe 6 WWivormimeest 8-5... 2k. 70.0 | 30.8 | 19.3 | 27.5 | 10.7 | 22.5 |...... 15<0/|-- setae gs eases 23 Creo he ia es 38.3 | 33.0 | 37.3 | 30.5 | 13.8 | 19.4 1.2 po rf bem! 99) 1.9 on New Moxicoiu. ...). 255-20]. 02.88 ch SCS |e 326 R|sSe25 WMD SS. oe | 4,2 ni sag apse per ri, RC och PIR crn} SCBS ; se od. Oc 25.9) | 400 | 51. BUSS 1 | Wey 6.6) VER 34 Pe’ .0 VATA UG ae os oe 37.8 | 26.9 | 44.5 | 49.6 4933.5 | 1507 3.8 | R44) 27 1 1,2 2.6 Washingtom.............-.- 22.0 | 20.0 | 44.2 | 36.4 | 25.9 | 28.5 5.9 | 10.9 KZ, .3 -8 kil i Le ae. ee 50.0 | 45.3 | 37.6 | 33.9); 9.6] 14.1 2.3 | 4.1 | 5 1 asco .8 United States...... ow| 24et.| 24.0 | 25,6 | 20.8 | 24.2.1 1606] 05.1) 2284 7.9.) 31.8.) sot 14.0 WINTER WHEAT. Now *YOnkts:s 2s 5052).) 2... 13.6 | 18.4 | 48.4 | 57.1 | 25.4] 18.8] 7.6] 4.6] 2.7| 0.9] 2.3 0.2 Pennsylvania. ..........2.. 12.3 | 13.4 | 48.6 | 52.2 | 27.5 | 22.3 |) 8.1 7.4.) sia 2: 9 1.2 Ks Maryland) aus .. 32 2... 12.2} 25.1 | 39.8 | 45.27 25:5 | 19.0 | 14.2] °7.6] 557 20}; 2.8 1.1 ESE TUG ee sie clue Op SITES Sie | 16.2 | 42.5 | 49.8 | 40.7] 19.3 | 11.8] 9.8) 3.4] 3.3 4 1.6 1.2 BPPIOL. -aat cee ok eS GS t 224 | 40 OY 48. 0 %Ssi2 | 20ets| 1s. Dee 4D +} - a 7: 1S 1.0 i.) Ee a Oe i eS 5.7 | 14.4 | 36.9 | 50.1 | 35.7 | 22.9 } 14.4 8.7 4.9] 24) 2.4 1.5 ISU) i peepee Sy deere EY [RRA So | 2a.2 | ta.0 | £1.08 | 20,4 | 1o. 9 | ia Oi, aed ook |. 2.0) 270 1.0 Mean itan | ZF ee) . | oy 12.6 | 20.2 | 49.3 | 50.4 | 26.3] 19.2} 82) 65] 25] 2.3] 11 1.4 TOC ARE (ACRE aor Ae 9.8 | 15.7 | 44.6 | 45.1 | 20.6 | 28.1 | 10.6] 7.7 24) 24 [2.0 1.3 jC CST ee 3.8 | 19.7 | 24.2 | 47.8 | 35.0 | 21.1] 22.8} 8.0} 9.2] 2.4] 5.0 1.0 538 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. WHEAT—Continued. TABLE 41.— Wheat crop classified by grades—Continued. WINTER WHEAT—Continued. No.1. No. 2. | No. 3. No. 4. No. 5 No. 6. State. — FS > > 1921 | 10 | 100 1920 | 1921 | 1920 | 1921 | 1920 | 1921 | 1920 | 1921 | 1920 Nebraska........2-2-.020-0- 23.4 | 21.4 | 47.0 | 42.9] 21.8| 20.9] 59] 94] 1.6] 35] .3}] 19 Sor ESS. See Ed Pe 24.2 | 38.4 | 39.9] 36.2] 215/167] 98| 59] 33] 23] 13] <5 Kentneky... 2222.55.01 2. 4.3 | 10.5 | 35.2 | 42.3 | 35.6] 23.3|16.91128| 63| 61] 1.7] 5.0 Tennessee. .......-.--2----- 82] 9.8 | 39.4 | 42.6] 32.6] 29.3] 1351125] 42) 39] 21] 19 Marne. oor) ncgies 8) gees 13.7 | 23.3 | 27.5 | 21.3 | 35.7 | 17.7] 1@7/165| 63|122] 21] 9.0 Oklahoma.......... Be 3 9.2 | 32.4 | 347 | 41.8] 342)168]140| 62] 5.7] 20] 22) 8 Montana......... = ee 68.1} 684 | 20.6) 20.9) 87) 85] 16] 14] .5| 1.4] 15] 24 €gloradazs:. .3s952---1 i 48.0 | 56.6 | 31.3|30.3|128| 95] 45] 29] 21] .4] 13] 73 Slaho-| sv... |-edhe- Lae - 29.9 | 32.9 | 50.4 | 52.6| 131/125] 24] 18] .6] .21 36] .0 Washington........-.....-- 36.9 | 37.4| 45.41 426| 143/167] 3.0] 23] .0o| 10] ..4] .o Gresow sen. . pie. hae | 49.4 | 41.3 | 34.0] 40.9| 112/112] 44] 3.8] .9] 14] c1]. £4 California... .1......--..-.- 56.7 | 42.1 | 26.3 | 30.4 | 11.8|160] 24] 65| 21| 31| .7] 19 United States........ 7 | 29.5 | 25.1 6| 12 182 10.2 | 6.7 | 351 24 1 1 TasLe 42.— Wheat, including flour: International trade, calendar-years, 1909-1920. “‘Temporary’’ imports into Italy of wheat to be used for manufacturing products for export are included in the total imports as given in the official Italian return. In the trade returns of Chile the item trigo mote (prepared corn) which might easily be confused with trigo (wheat) is omitted. See “General note,” Table 17. | Average, 1909-1913. 1918. | 1919 1920 Country. | : pei eis Imports. | Exports. | Imports. Exports. Imports. | Exports. | Imports. | Exports. | | ' } ~ | | PRINCIPAL EXPORTING COUNTRIES. 1,000 1,000 aad oS Gerla entina....-..----- D, Aeeeratia ions. OO: 7| 49,732 Br‘tish India........- 541| 51,510 Bulgaria---.--.-.---- 39 11, 244 Canada...-...-------- 426 90, 871 Gile+ 3 2.2 5h 170 2, 593 Rumania-...-....-.-- . ae eon Russia-.......------- 1,7 United States........ 1,537 | 100,310 PRINCIPAL IMPORTING COUNTEIES. Belgium. .....--..--- sgl 22,694 5: VAl eee er) ee Soacece British South Africa..| 6,397 258 Denmark. ......-...- 6,711 523 Penland...2.2.18.$5. 4,912} (3) France. -.. =. SSO 38, 698 1,529 Germany...........-. tg mo 21, 2 Greece. s2>.4-- == Ss EO Fa Fe a PR A 52, 866 | 8,273 afar. 5.5. se eee | 8,495 | 25 Netherlands.......... 76,653 | 54,394 Portugal ..2-.-..2- 3, 228 | 216 rh eee eee Ss 4,471 65 Sweden. = -i55-+ 5 7, 140 20 Switzerland.......... 18, 885 109 United Kingdom..... 219, 156 4,514 Other countries......| 57,338 20, 784 Total} 2-5-6. 700,526 | 745,194 1 Does not include statistics of trade for Austria-Hungary, Belgium, and Germany during the war Pi mast 1914-1918. Therefore the total trade statistics of imports and exports for all countries are not strictly com- parable during that period. 2 than 500. Statistics of Oats. OATS. 539 Taste 43.—Oats: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1909-1921. Area. Production. Country. A 7 verage verage 1909-1913, 1919 1920 1921 |rgog- 4913.1 1919 1920 1921 NORTH AMERICA. 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 acres. acres. acres. acres. bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. United States........ 37, 357 40, 359 42, 491 44, 826 A, 131,175 |1, 184,030 |1, 496, 281 | 1, 060, 737 ———_————=_—=_|_—s SXmHN—— ee BS —=—=~— | ——— het Lee i Didnt Beane Canada: ; New Brunswick... 204 305 309 285 5, 933 9, 261 9,118 7, 118 Quebecse acs. ce 1, 451 2,141 2, 206 2,367 | 40,294| 57,275 | 66,729 50, 591 Ontario? 2225.4: 2,964 2,674 2, 880 3,095 | 105, 036 78,388 | 129,171 72, 575 Manitoba. ....... 1,379 1, 847 1, 874 2,226 | 54,192] 57,698| 57,657 49 442 Saskatchewan 2, 293 4, 838 5, 107 5, 682 98,481 | 112,157 | 141, 549 170, 513 i ae 1, 223 2, 767 3, 090 2,912| 52,045| 65,725 | 115,091 64, 192 (COE) pear aera 326 380 384 383 11,697; 13, 883 ll, 395 11, 801 TotalCanada. 9,840} 14,952] 15,850 16, 950 367,678 | 394,387 | 530,710 | 426, 232 CSREES Shs Sea 8 CSS E eee (ee ee arene & ee 8 Te ae tt ead Ete ey Total North | America..... LIM | eee ee ee a) om eee ee ese scsced) 1498, 810 |5- 5-2-2 |e aen~ a= = |---e--eeee SOUTH AMERICA reentina Si2st. 167 Union of South Africa.).......... 564 | 7,197 7, 789 Total Africa ...|........-. 24,430 | 20 AUSTRALASIA. Australia: Queensland...... 2 47 New South Wales 75 1,571 Wirtorin- <2 3-2 3838 8, 592 South Australia... 101 1,37 Western Austra- | _ ce aeeeee 81 1, 204 Tasmania.....-.- 61 2, 066 Total Austra- list a a TOG im tet OTB | gon ASI |e Sie 14, 851 New Zealand. ......./ 376 | 13, 664 Totai Austral- | 9s18 232 22e 1 OS2 | Seiad ae ee oe 28, 515 Grand total....| 140,061 | OST ERE | ae | walwieersA 4, 331, 904 8 Less than 500 acres. : ° Including Federal Territory. Taste 44.—Oats: Total production in countries as far as reported, 1895-1921. Year. | Production. i Year. | Production. Year. Production. || | eye eet ee Per eee!) | | Bushels. | Bushels Bushels 1905.....- 3, 008, 154, 000 || 1902...... 3,626, 303,000 |) 1909...... 4, 312, 882, 000 1996...... 2) 847, 115,000 || 1903...... 3, 378, 034,000 || 1910... ..- 4’ 182’ 410, 000 le | 2 633,971,000 || 1904.22.22 3” 611,302,000 || 1911...... 3, 808, 561,000 1898... 2903, 974, 000 |] 1905.2 227. 3/510, 167,000 || 1912...... 4,617, 394, 000 1809... ... 3 256, 256,000 || 1906.....- 3) 544,961,000 || 1913...... 4 697, 437,000 1900...... 3; 166, 002, 000 || 1907...... 3/603, 896,000 || 1914...... 4) 0347 857, 000 1901.....- 2; 862; 615,000 |} 1908... 3; 591, 0127000 ||.1915.....- 4, 306, 550,000 J En aTEE ETE nn Ea nnn UNE Taste 45.—Oats: Average yield per acre in undermentioned countries, 1890-1921. Hun Proper. 1 Winchester bushels. 2 Seven-year average. 3 Six-year average. Statistics of Oats. OATS—Continued. 541 TABLE 46.—Oats: Acreage, production, value, exports, etc., in the United States, 1849-1921. [See headnote of Table 4.] Acreage ar- coe Year. soa yield 4 per omit- nere ted). ¥ Acres. | Bush. (8s See ae Th AS oe ee ee 1866-1875 .| 9,680] 28.2 1876-1885. | 17,143 | 27.4 1886-1895 .| 27,482 | 26.1 F906... 29,645 | 26.3 ¥O97......- 28,353 | 27.9 1898.......| 28,769 | 29.3 1999.......| 29,649 | 31.3 1900.......| 36,290 | 29:9 1901-......| 29,804 | 26.0 Woes... | 30,578 | 34.5 1903.......| 30,866 | 27.5 1904-._....| 31,358 | 32.1 W905-.-....| 34,072 | 93.3: | 1906.......| 33,353 | 31.0 1907.......| 33,641 | 24.0 1908.......; 34,006 | 24.9 | 1909.......| $5,159 | 30.4 1910%.....| 37,548 | 31.6 19f1.......| 57, 768 | 2h4 [a 37,917 | 37.4 1913.......| 38,399 | 29.2 Renew nn Cty 442 | 2% 1915.......| 40,996 | 37.8 a Rae 527-1, 300% ¥917.......| 43,553 | 36.6 1918.......| 44,349 | 34.7 I919*...._} 40,359 | 29.3 192:......| 42,491 | °35.2 W215... .| 44,926 | 23.7 Produc- tion (000 omitted). 778, 531 1, 055, 441 bus Chicago cash price per ic ei north- Aver- ing. Domestic age Farm tee tae ie expats, ee farm oF == bee uding Hoare? price ec. : our ? per (000 | December. Boeing fiscal year eee bushel) omitted). y: begi cf 5 July 1.2. Dec. F.} Low. |High. Low. High. Cents.| Dollars. | Cts.| Cts.| Cts. Cis.| Bushels. | Bushels. "37.5 | 102,423| 38 | 42 | 45 | 52 | 546,033 | 732, 615 32.5} 152,594/ 29 | 33 | 33 | 38 | 3,106,723} 366,123 28.9 207,040] 27 | 29 | 28 | 324| 5,607,237 111, 587 18.3 | 143,192} 164] 1 16% | 18% | 37,725,083} 131,204 20.8 | 164,386} 21 26 | 32 | 73,880,307 25, 093 25.2| 212482] 26 | 274*| 24 | 273 | 33,534, 362 28) 098 24.5 | 226,588) 223] 23° | 214 | 239 | 45) 048) 857 54, 576 25.4} 230,160) 213 | 223 | 27% | 31 | 42) 268 931 32; 107 40.0| 311,374] 42 | 49¢]} 41 | 49% | 13,277,612 28, 978 30.6| 322,944| 903] 32 | 338! 3 8,381,805} 150,065 33.8| 286,879 | 344] 38 | 398| 44%| 1,960,740 183, 983 31.0| 312, 467| 23: | 32 | 298| 32 | 98)394' 692 55, 699 288 308,086| 293 | 322] 32h | 349 | 49) 434,541 40, 025 31.8 | 329,142] 33 | 358 | 447 / 483 | 6,386,334 91, 289 44.3 | 357,340| 464! 50%] 523 | 564} 2,518,855 | 383,418 47.3 | 400,363 | 488 | 504 | 564 | a 2,333,817 | 6,691, 700 40.6} 433,969} 40 | 45 | 368 | 434| 2,548,726 | 1,034, 51f 344| 408,389 | 32 | 32%} 31% | 36 | 3,845,850] 107,318 45.0} 414,663! 463 | 478} 50%) 58 | 2,677,749 | 2,622,357 31.9} 452,469 | 31 | 312] 3. | 43 | 36,455,474 | 723,899 39.2 | 439,505 | 375 40 37 | 423 | 2) 748,743 | 22, 273, 624 43,8 | 499,431 | 46, | 4! 50 | 56 | 100, 609, 272 ; 36.1 559, 506 404 44 | 39% | 494 | 98, 960, 481 665, 314 52.4| 655,928'| 46¢| 54 | 59% | 74 | 95,105,698| 761,644 66.6 |1,061, 474 | 704 | 808} 72 | 79% | 125,090,611 | 2,592,077 70.9 |1,090,322| 68 | 744| 67% | 74% | 109,004,734 | "551,355 70.4 833,922) 77 | 89 | 100% | 1173 | 43,435,994 | 6,043,834 46.0} 688,318} 47 | 52 |... 2.2.22. 9; 391,096 | 3,795, 638 BO FP B21, MONE Bok ame Wa LL rte 1 Quotations are for No. 2 to 1906. 2 Oatmeal not included until 1882. 8 Oatmeal not included 1867-1882, and 1909. 4 Acreage adjusted to census basis. 6 Preliminary estimate. 542 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. OATS—Continued. TasLe 47.—Oats: Acreage, production, and total farm value, by States, 1919-1921. Production (thousands of | Total value, basis Dec.1 price Thousands of acres. bushels). (thousands of dollars). State. 1919 | 1920 | 19211 | 1919 1920 | 19211 1919 1920 | 19211 Mainglete) 33 17| ug} 12] 3,978] 4,974| 4,340] 3,660| 4,228| 2,397 New Hampshire. . 18 18 18 594 702 | 630 526 378 Vermont........- 83 81 81| 2,448| 2,835] 2,673| 2,203) 2198] 41,577 Massachusetts .... 9 9 9 297 306 26 245 165 Rhode Island... 1 1 1 30 28 28 28 5) 17 Connecticut......| _ 11 re 11 324 330 330 285 248 New York........ 1,008] 1,059] 1,038] 25,704] 40,772, 24,912] 21,334] 27,317| 11,709 New Jersey....... 71 72 72| 2130] 2304; 1,728| 1,704) 1,728 Pennsylvania..... 1,176 | 1,210| 1,238] 36,456] 47,190 j 29,165 | 31,145| 15,877 Delaware......... 6 7 6 138 231 168 124 162 Maryland......... 49 50 60| 1,372] 1,625| 1,620| 1,125] 1,138 729 Virginia....... 160| 148] 163] 3,520| 3,241| 3,342] 3,520] 2625| 1,872 West Virginia...] 180} 200] 210] 3,780) 5,400| 4620] 3,440 266 | 2) 402 North Carolina...) 170| 154] 170| 2,839| 3,388] 3,060| 3,009| 3,252] 2142 South Carolina...| 298; °307| 338| 6,854] 7,368| 8112] 7,530| 7,589| 5,922 Georgia.........:. 310| 344] 412] 6,200| 7,224] 8,652] 7,130| 7,802! 5,537 Florida........... 40 41 41 600 697 720 418 346 AA RE aoe 1,452] 1,540] 1,614] 47,916] 68,068| 37,122] 34,500| 34,034] 12,250 Indiana........... 1.750 | 1,875| 1,878] 56,000] 76,875| 45,072| 38,640| 35,362| 13,071 Illinois............ 4,291 | 4/334| 47594 | 123,730] 171,193 | 121,741| 90,111] 73,613| 35,305 Michigan......... 1,515| 1,485] 1,544| 37,875] 58,806] 28,101| 26,891| 28,227| 10,116 Wisconsin.......- 2,348 | 2)/408| 2/632| 78,423| 107,873| 63,958| 54,896 | 52,860] 21, 106 Minnesota........ 3/526 | 3,702| 3,924] 98,728| 138,825| 94176] 63,186 | 49,977| 21,660 gaan. Sct 5, 5,804 | 5,960| 192,584] 220,866 | 154,960 | 123,254] 982752| 35,641 Missouri.......... 1,767 | 1,918| 2,148] 46,089] 58,499| 42,960| 32,723 665 | 12, 888 North Dakota....| 2,397| 2,518} 2,619| °37,154] 60,432! 49,761 | 24,803] 21,151 | 10,450 South Dakota....| 1,963 | 2,219| 2,650| 56,927| 75,446| 58,300| 35, 864 397 | 11,660 Nebraska.....-... 2133 | 2/400! 2)585| 69,962| 83,040| 70,054] 45,475| 30,725| 14,711 cent Hares 1,554 | 2)127| 1,894| 43,667] 65,299| 38,827| 31,877] 25,467| 10, 483 Kentucky........ 280 | ’280| 293] 6,300] 6,580} 5,567] 5,733, 4,803) 2,672 | Tennessee. ....... 220| 250; 260] 4,070] 4,950| 5,330| 3,785] 3,861| 2,558 Alabama......... 222| 246| 308] 3,99] 4,428| 6,776| 4,196| 3,897| 4,404 Mississippi........ 150| 128| 147| 2,400] 2176) 2,940] 2,520] 1,993] 1,882 Louisiana......... 50 50/ 65] 1,100] 1150] 1,265] 1,100 943 886 Texas............ 1,863 | 1,490} 1,865| 78,246| 32,780| 33,570! 50,077] 21,635| 13,092 1,650! 1,765| 50,336} 54,450) 35,300! 35,235] 23,958| 9, 531 290| °300| 6,160) 7,250} 6,600| 5,421| 5,655| 2,970 533| 469| 3,474] 11,726] 10,787| 3,161| 5,980| 3,668 5! 150] 1,200! 4370] 4,500| 1,344| 2,709! 1,710 204| 217| 4559| 6,42] 6,727] 4103| 3,856| 2,290 | 61 61| 1,507| 1,671| 1,690| 1,432]. 4,887 gil 13 18 455 351 630 455 337 410 77 79| 1,730| 2,603} 2,876] 1,695| 2,082] 1,064 3 3 112 113 7 134 185| 180} 5,550) 7,030| 7,740| 5,439] 4,780| 2,477 210} 210| 8,400| 9,786| 10,500) 7,812| 7,046| 4,410 300| 272] 98,889|/ 10,950| 8,704| 8178| 7118| 3308 155| 140| 4,263] 4,650) 3,780| 4,092| 3,720] —1,928 United States. .| 40,359 | 42, 491 | 44, 826 ps 184, 030 a 496, 281 |1, 060, 737 | 833,922 | 688,311 | 321, 540 1 Preliminary estimate. \ Statistics of Oats. OATS—Continued. 543 TABLE 48.—Oats: Condition of crop, United States, on first of months named, 1901-1921. F a. oo) | Stirs Year : | @ | gS || Year. ‘ ‘ Am Foe 2 | 3 = E | es <4 |e | | 5 ie 1901....| 85.3 | 88.7 | 73.6 | 72.1 || 1908....| 92.9 | 85.7 1902....| 90.6 | 92.1 | 89.4} 87.2 || 1909....) 88.7 | 88.3 1903....} 85.5 | 84.3 | 79.5 | 75.7 || 1910....) 91.0 | 82.2 1904. ...) 89.2 | 89.8 | 86.6 | 85.6 || 1911....| 85.7 | 68.8 1905....) 92.9 | 92.1 | 90.8 | 90.3 |} 1912....) 91.1 | 89.2 1906....| 85.9 | 84.0 | 82.8 | 81.9 || 1913....) 87.0 | 76.3 1907....| 81.6 | 81.0 | 75.6 | 65.5 || 1914....| 89.5 | 84.7 U i Ss. j So || @ ss & | 3 < | 76.8 | 69.7 85.5 | 83.8 || 81.5 | 83.3 || 65.7 | 64.5 || 90.3 | 92.3 || 73.8 | 74.0 79. 4 Yea ois ; |S Year. | iw eee 3 ‘a ® |33 g = fs) ap 5 5 2a |= 1915....| 92.2 | 93.9 | 91.6 | 91.1 1916....| 86.9 | 86.3 | 81.5 | 78.0 1917....| 88.8 | 89.4 | 87.2 | 90.4 | 1918....| 93.2 | 85.5 | 82.8 | 84.4 1919....| 93.2 | 87.0 | 76.5 | 73.1 1920....| 87.8 | 84.7 | 87.2 | 88.3 1921....| 85.7 | 77.6 | 64.5 | 61.1 TABLE 49.—Oats: Forecast of production, monthly, with preliminary and final estimates. [000 omitted.] : October : Septem- — epee lime hor: | Year. June. July. August. a pee euler Wastimnte: } | Bushels Bushels Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. LEA Said Lot Sai etn ae ae 1,109,000 | 1,139,000 | 1,207,000 | 1,290,000 | 1,417,172 1, 418, 337 Pee ee NO ols Me 1,104,000 | 1,031,000 | 1,028,000 | 1,066,000 | 1,122,139 1,121, 768 TPL ESS Se ee ee ee 1, 216, 223 | 1,199,805 | 1,153,240 | 1,115,548 | 1,139,741 i, 141, 060 tree eee. Soak Spee Yee’ Ne 1, 287,854 | 1,398,996 | 1,402,100 | 1,407,670 | 1,517,478 1, 549, 030 IMME obs 3 2 i Se Se 1,254, 834 | 1,316,867 | 1,274,028 | 1,231,042 | 1,229,182 1, 251, 837 TAN? LS oe, Sa Se ae 1,380,593 | 1,452,907 | 1,456,138 | 1,533,476 | 1,580,714 1, 592,740 RO een ere Stee woe ond See 1,500,049 | 1,486,617 | 1,427,596 | 1,477,348 | 1,535,297 1, 538, 124 TONG). POETS Seis See ee eee 1,439,991 | 1,396,637 | 1,260,463 | 1,218,935 | 1,219,521 1,184, 030 TOE thane se Se alll ae 1,315,476 | 1,322,065 | 1,402,064] 1,441,839 | 1,444,411 1, 496, 281 J S01 1,289,780 | 1,299,322 | 1,290,070 | 1,309,095 | 1,356,184 1,365, 912 Hej MRS Se aicree cana taciee = 1,404,922 | 1,328,937 | 1,137,202 | 1,090,282 | 1,078,519 | 11, 060, 737 1 Preliminary. TABLE 50.—Oats: Production and distribution in the United States, 1897-1921. [000 omitted under bushels.] Crop. Z Stock on Year eee Total farms : Aeaeal Weight supplies. | Mar.1 os Quantity. per Quality. following. bushel. Bushels. | Bushels. | Pounds. | Per cent.| Bushels. | Bushels. BROT NOG He 5 ee = EERE 53,631 | 754,358 30. 2 86.9 807,989 | 273,014 Teo ee es a 53, 928 916, 931 31.0 87.7 970,859 | 350,013 754, 443 29. 4 77.0 822,701 | 267,476 807, 156 29. 8 81.3 844,953 | 278, 847 1,007, 143 3207 91.4 | 1,033,466 | 365, 438 1, 186,341 32.7 93.8 | 1,250,541 | 442,665 922, 298 31.1 84.6 990,099 | 289,989 1, 418, 337 33. 0 91.0 ; 1,453,212 | 604, 249 1, 121, 768 2b 89.1 | 1,225,684 | 419, 481 1, 141, 060 31.5 86.5 | 1,203,527 | 379,369 1, 549, 030 33.0 87.5 | 1,604,637 | 598,148 1, 251, 837 31.2 88.2 | 1,365,565 | 394, 211 1, 592, 740 33. 4 95.1 | 1,640,574 | 599, 208 1, 538, 124 noes 93.6 | 1,619,548 | 590, 251 1, 184, 030 63 Bal 84.7 | 1,277,075 | 409,730 1, 496, 281 33.1 93.3 | 1,551,100 | 683, 759 1, 060, 737 28.3 74.7 | 1,221,845 | 404, 461 Shipped out of county where grown. Bushels. 201, 387 257,540 438, 130 297) 365 335, 539 465, 823 355, 092 514, 117 421, 568 312} 364 431) 687 252’ 980 ees 544 - OATS—Continued. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. TasiE 51.—Oats: Yield per acre, price per bushel Dee. 1, and value per acre, by States. State. Masition 5555.5 5.2 New Hampshire. . VWeriirontes 02-2. Massachusetts... . Rhode Island... .. New Jersey. ...... Pennsylvania... Delaware. .......- Maryland......:..< ahs = 2 West Virginia -... North Carolina’ . -! South Carolina. .. Michigan ......... Wisconsin ........ Minnesota ........ North Dakota... South Dakota.... Tennessee .......- Alabama’. 222: | Mississippi-........ ee era ree 1 Wyomiligs. -...... Colorado.......... United States. - o Li a: 3a Sa am PS a oT | ae ae a= oS|/me | OWI/SaIiso|a 4 ela laja |e |S ise Yn) i_— — — —l =a Is (36. 0.29. 0 40. 0/34. 0/41. 8.35.0 '36. 638. 038. 0:33. 0/39. 0:35. 0 34. 9136. 0:41. 0/29. 5/35. 033.0 '35. 0/37. 0 40. 0/33. 0/34. 031. 0 - - 7 cm oe a 0 32. 1133. 0/38. 0 29. 5/30. 0 30.0 32. 8 35. 0 41. 0.25. 5/38. 5 24.0 32. 034. 0.40. 030. 0/32. 0:24. 0 (34.5 25. 0.39. 0/31. 0/39. 0:28. 5 (30. 2/32. “ 0,23. 0133. 0)28. 0) '30. 3.31. 0:33. 0:28. 0132. 5127.0 22. 4:24. 523. 0/22. 0/21. 9120. 5 (24.8 27. 0,27. 0,24. 0127. 0122. 0 17,916. 017..0'16. 7/22. 0/18. 0 - 6 15.0/22, 0,23. 0/24,.0'24. 0 '19. 6 16.0.20. slot abe 0)21.0 115. 4 14.018. 0.15. on7. 0)13.0 37. 6 44. 0.44. 0/33, 0/44. 2)23. 0 ~ 36.2 42. 0.42, 0132, 0/41. 0/24. 0 = ae 0/44. si 0/39, 5/26, 5 31. 8.36.0 40, 025, abs 6/18. 2 (38. 6 44. 0 46. 6:33. 4/44. 8/24, 3 (33.5 37.041, 0:28, 0:37. 524.0 37. 7/47. 0 42. 0:34. 6:39. 0126. 0 ae ig ay oly 30. 5|20. 0 19. 4/15, 0-23. 515..5:24, 0119.0 31. 634. 0 39. 6 29. 0/34. 0122. 0 30. 9/38, 0 22. 232. 8:34. 6|27.1 26. 5/31. 0 22. 0 28. 1/30. 720. 5 9 pect a 5123. 5119. 0 |21. 8/25. 025.018. LDP 20.5 19. 018. 0 19. 0.18. 18. 0/22. 0 '18. 4:19. 0 20. 016. 0'17. 0]20. 0 '23. 1/22. 3.25. 022. 0/23. 0/23. 0 ee 5\26.0.14. i ise 0|18.0 | /26. 4'23. alts 0:32. 0 33. 0/20. 0 124. 5:28. 0/25. 5/22. 0,25. 0122. 0 20. 2 20.0:30. 0; 6.0 22. 0123. 0 31. 4/36. 0 41. 0:12. 0.38. 0/30. 31. 3/38. apt aparrie 31.0 28. le 0:23. olan 421- 27. 35. 4/40. 0'40. 0135. 0/27. 0)35. (37. 544. 0:45. 0:27. 9/33. 8/36. 35. a cn 0.25. 3,37. 2/37. 7] 37. $138. 0:40. 0:30..0)38. 0]43. 0 40, 4|38.5}27. 0 40..0148. 6150. 0 30. 0'25.-0)25. 0 31.3136. 532. 0 30. 6)35,.0/32. 0/29. 27.0 Yield per acre (bushels). 31. oat ie 77 35. ao 7/48. 8 Farm price per bushel (cents). 1914 | | ol | | | | | | | | | | | SIRSR SSAss WL ODOOOIOD WOO MIM RBSS & Value er acre dollars).1 1916-1920. 1921 | 5-year average | 1921 Sesu ERRSS Bf SSSsS SRASe ~ a iy NESER 28S HSE a mm NHNS 8 S8a B38 NE ~190 Sa COUT PY Kanrop : BESSE SSSEA BE 29/24. 18 f=;) Dp 2S BSSee Beee NERES B NSe 3732.39 13. 47 7 iba 29. 06 13. 76 42 30. 98:21. 00 38 23. 76 12. 16 5127.01 13.77 30-8 20.32 717 | 1 Bascd upon farm price December 1. 545 OATS—Continued. Statistics of Oats. TABLE 52.—Oats: Farm price, cents per bushel on first of each month, 1908-1921. OHO OMHOm Oxom]H4 : BROMO OMRON Ror] o ot Se 7 ae pe re : 6 os ist | ol i BONS CGOKS 65H esvraAy | FASS Sanda RSee | BS aes 8 oa Hamed | Loken coaeer quae |S 1. | eRme wae conn lo Hoodies ctcoino mmo | a . QA BOGGS WHsS Sacre 3 Sr ae 3 re snl MNOAKG ARPOr~ ArmA | 3 “TOG ULOAO NT Seistcdes KRadigH Soddis | 5 : a | HHHN OMND aAnDNS/|o Sg pees ee ae Bi wy hy =i) MOSH SHAS dwida | Ss NONMO womMmnwm Ootnola = I x = *“TOUOIDG ||" cease ered cece 7 nied SARSAR SSSRS RSSER |S a ‘3 ait COMM ANNMH wmon|lo i. is 4 ae HIG most Bsr Ss NOHHO MOHAr ArRAWG |A = a ce Ss ‘roqmreydes | raiscs dadgt sida ls 5) 2 Fe SRE iS EP eS Bs PS a 5 \ RHO BMOMO HINOmD|o Tt? ™~o . eo | - -* . ns CDOMND OnHTHR COMAD|A 8 as an tT RTOS eat an Ee ne) OS aS a Le ysnsny | auc Pease ae are, ts = = G@euss Seace sédain | & ny MIN Oring Nod | o a COLO Mei cde SAC a SS mms Ne Rh) > on OHHS OGrsH wWHddi Ss ME) Sgard résoe ssid |e oS o heat S rs) HOD 19 OD OF) SH SH CO Eakwic ce ww o aS n ; WHOM SCOMNA NAD | 10 & 5 Es | RSS ARRA A s OUNE | Srgtis SSias Soar | od oI Ps b >! MOH OO OMG Mom | 0 oS a be 4 re &o HMMNS ANMHOO CaMmD la 3 ba COOH aHiInHMD © “SON | Sdas voddd goa | o = ote 4 | R284 ARAA A WD 1D “SH OD OD OD - Oran wD s bo an Late ~—sS ad ME tye ee ee ee SIS ole ™ cue eace i=) ID OI AL oD 0019 SBSn8 SS89S 28ES/8 s es ge FSee ARRa SAnB ba > = a AASCHH HAHA NSIA | HR = gq ‘YIN | rasas sodas sats] a . fo) SBGRK BSW FOSS |B es | 2, | bo | S828 SARS RRA a “AWNIGOT | wear aAGsas sxc |o3 an SFA ooH MOBS Roo | iS | q ' HOT gag 3 ro | 4 ge | t. diwesS sage -3 BHONH NHOnt aoanslo g LS Be a “ATONUBE | Seales aoa sso | of =| = Ot mmdaioin Reed | is fa S15 = nto =| Ye) Te eATT ; a BS oe BZBR RARR A & CE Whe That nel roy me eel een) a < a) 2 Ath be ee i = al ie! oO | Mau para ott 7 5 LPO Ee ariay ae = Ot RSM SRN Ste : 3 Lane asia 28 4 a ee eer per era 8 ; Cems eS ay i 4 PS caries A S 6iS: Bese 2 Womb) ay a) BD ‘ 3 g © Qe A Faces unten athe a g ‘aes Pree of D SAA A aneird lal Ch BI ' > =| b os os (3) DaDAN —- <4 ae Ee Q ow SE555 & S483 gaae 2 ees oS 65420 ZAG \ 546 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. OATS—Continued. TABLE 54.—Oats: Extent and causes of yearly crop losses, 1909-1920. [2 |e 3 “ z So o . e BE |e z 21g\a\/#/3 . ° . oO n at b 2 vor e858 12] |e }alalsl2lalé AER EM ETE a (be t Es iy Cen YR ee feel See S s 4 “Sb = ~~ = sS =I 3 i 2 os ° x ie £ S S s Ss Ss 2 a o i) A =) = i) ss) is} nN a a 4 < A & MU Min nh an i Dimas. pied bP. ct| Pet: | Pct: Pt | Pct. |e. ce| Poe! Pes | Pc ee ee fom. ke ES 6.4] 2.7) 03] 6.4| 08] 6.9| 04/121] 23) 1.4) 01] 61] 163 la5| 5.7| .4| .4| .7] 28] .4|923| 49| 22] @) | 11) 299 }i29] -5] :2] 13] 9] 1s]. :3|181| 11] .0| @ | 2 peaug 1.8]. 1.2] :2|.27| 78) 3.0] i3}is2] is] [4] @ [ieee 10.1| 40| .4} .6| .s| 28| .5|197| 51| 13] @ | onl one aa) sa) So) * lab aod Gere 1e)| a9 | oa le ae | 90 \15.7| 22] :2| :3| :s] 26] :4|227| 20| 1.7] cat .1| 276 mr Pak abe le) ae} la] /a78 | 6a eee haha he isthe ele gb aa 25) aa VG eats ay | eee ‘Vor eb ol ap Pics) cs) 81 11 a4 | 27 ae eae 17.0} 8) 2267 a ae ley 13 Paua Polo 26 |e 7.0) 52 {P16 tek | ao. |) 18) 2727 |e ae oe 2.7) 3.0] 2 7 3| 1.9 | 4| 20.2) 20| 1.0 1 2) 24.3 1 Less than .05 per cent. TABLE 55.—Oats: Monthly and yearly average price per bushel of reported sales of No. 8 white, 1910-11 to 1921-22. CHICAGO. 5 5 B B ¢ Lo} Ea ee emi aoe | £& Crop year foe eee eee ee lies . | Se Sle} S46.) 84 g be & fee le serene jz} ae 1ol/4j als [ea | als) a eye ES ee Se SS Se ee ee $0.35 |$0.34 |$0.32 |$0.32 |so. 32 $0. 33 $0.31 = 31 |$0.32 $0. a4 $0.39 liad $0.33 OTCTE ie eR ae eae | .41| .45] .47] .48 52| .53| .57 .53| .49] .50 SASS 2 Bo Beh) Ses" |. Beale ag “3 33 "33 | 132] 135] 138| i40| l40] 235 su ee | 42] 143] .40| .40| .40] .39] .39] .39] .39| .40| .40| 137] 240 ee ae eae | 242] :48| .46] .481] 49] .53| .58| .57| 257] 154] 149%] csadeage | ' C= ee aa we oe ee ee ee ee ee ee eee ay A ae | 144| 146] .49] .55| .53| .57| .56] .61] .69] .70| .67| .78| 154 a a ae 61|..60| .60] .65| .77| .82| .89|°.93 | 6891 277] e270) o77 eee CET ea See etd 1.70] .72| .69| .72| .721 .65| .58] 9.63] 370] 369) 20) . 784 eee lS ere | .73| .68| .70| .73| .82| .86] .86] .93-| 1.01] 1.09] 1.13] .91] .80 1990-21 oss ce-| 270!) 62) 1.544) Sie) .481)%.44 |. 42 a2 | 36) 289] bezier ons Co) i ere (eee ee IB ae Ee Pl ne eeessd Rea ee ws bo wo =| apn Soe oF 8 ll yearaverage... .50| .50| .49] .50| .52/ .54| .54 | 55 | ot 57 ae 57 | 52 | ST. LOUIS.2 | ! pis fee ee eR Pa 35 \so, 34 |$0.32 ‘so. 31 \s0. 34 $0.33 $0.32 '$0.26 30.34 |$0, 34 $0.40 |$0.29 $0.33 rE RE SED) Oi 43) .45 as '| .48'| ..5t | 1.52) cael eee | .53| .45| .49 ROTI AR: vem ts oe 40| 233 “3 | =32°1) 301 cae 381 223 eas 30 | .38| .40| .36 TUR Ss 2 Sle Seeegige 40| 142] 1411 :40| 141; .39| .40| .40| .39| .40| .40] .37] 240 AGG ts eee ee 41] .49| .45| .48] .50| .54] .58] .58| .57 -53 | .48| .53 | .50 aR Sena .41| .37| .36] .37] .42| .47| .46] .43| .45| .43| .40| 141 G42 1916-17. _.. | 1.431 .46| .49] .56] .55| .57] .58| .62] .69| .70|] .68| 377) 259 1917-18. . 2)_..60)|.. 259:|.58.] 267.|°.76)| .. 90] .93| .89] .78| .78| .76) 275 Pete Se ces ot 70| .71| .71| .71| .76| .66] .60| .65| .72| .70| .70| .77) .69 Ce ae ines ee .74| .79| .71|-.74| .83 | .89]..88] .90] .94 |] 1.13] 112] LOO sie (C2 ST ee eee .73| .63| .55| .52] .50| .45| .44] .43| .38| .40| .38] .36] .52 fe Ce re el a ee ee op ee a EE ee a i ete a 11 year average..| .51 | Bee -50 | ~5 | 54 | 154] .55| 54] 257|.-58| .57 58 | 54 | | | 1 Compiled from Chicago = Trade Bulletin. 2 Compiled from St. Louis Daily Market Reporter. Statistics of Oats. 547 OATS—Continued. Tape 55.—Oats: Monthly and yearly average price per bushel of reported sales of No. 8 white, 1910-11 to 1921-22—Continued. OMAHA.3 we u ' pa . | cm. Gah Sed So ee of Se a =e Crop year. 4 oe 2 5 | FI 3 = 4 oj 5 3 =e m | Stes - | 8 a lens = Eb P| ore 0 en leet 2 | 42.1o Bart eereies [os | «| so js | 4 be | | | | uy ab ein (4) sg0.58 |$0.57 [$0.72 $0.76 |$0.81 |$0.88 |$0.88 $0.87 $0.80 0.74 at $0.78 [CS eae lg0.68 | .70 66 | 69 | .64] .58| .62] .69| .68 . 67 I | ee eee |-.71| .66| .67| .72, .80 .85 | .86 | 189) 199 | 1.08 | 1. 10 “3 84 [SY ee eee . 68 60 52] .46 | .46| .42 -39 | Movlowsey [a7 |. 34 =) . 48 Ree oS | 29) 82281280280 tees eaten tees epee hie 26 Wy — — KANSAS CITY. POE Meee oT: lso. 34 '$0.33 leo. 32 $0. 32 so. 32 \so. 32 's0. 31 $0.30 $0.32 30.32 leo 39 |$0.43 | $0.34 DiS 06 See AFP SSE [OL3F PS 238d bBS0N 86 [=.39 | 237 | AD ithe 47 | 47| .45}°.47| .48] .53| .56 Bai .55 | .54| .46] .51] .54 SS) Se eee -38| .35| .36| .39| .42| .44| .47| .43| .44] .43] .39] .45] .40 igtede. eats ES ae cdg Shas .22 ea... 25| 22] 20) us| 20] 22] 23] 24] 23] 25] 25| 25 1919-20......... | Sale eo oO Bal Cet Ste!) £7 | 87| Lol} Le 17 1920-21......... Beesie 211-17) feels usleeorees|(15| f6| 1a) zh. 1s 1921-92......... ees 1.5 i 5)| Beach ayes tee o| 3... Ceci Rae e | atin 3, en | talcre ce Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921, 548 2 a mn a en DaEEEEEESEGT TEESE TEES GEESE VERE, EERE (EET TERE (EN (GEE TG GEE TN [nanan OF9 ‘eor}pas ‘eee 986 FE1)080 ‘Tz 800 ‘821020 {60z 902 ‘822 0F8 ‘862 T99‘T9z|6Lz ‘LEE LYE ‘CECIELP ZOE SOL ‘L07|P06 ‘COE GEL ‘ZGa|SEE ‘SLz O89 “FIG 286 ‘TE £90 ‘123/886 “662 €99 ‘OET/R6S ‘Sor T&z ‘SET|80€ “LET 81Z‘S |LL8 ‘OT 6609/60 '9T 820 '% |696'ST 91S‘F |0Z8 FI SOLET |Z28 ‘61 168 ‘OF |968 ‘FI 119°8 |L6L ‘81 ore b |878°¢ 808‘T 26's 918 °6 |981‘8 76g 1926 () | @ 2 Ps) gs 3 a 14 5 a A ‘ ‘sTrodvueipul 6FF (€T|269 ET 8zF‘8 |€Zo (0/9 OIT “aT si0: ‘ST 66 ‘0Z|199 0 SF6 ‘Te 19‘ Poll 68 LU9TS ‘sT 196‘ OUTar aus 916 ‘E1|8F9 ‘ET GLS ‘st LLB‘ al Z08 ‘vl 866‘ A! 96z ‘6 |808‘8 (s) | @) *syueurdrgs “BY BUIO 989 ‘IT 906 ‘2 960 ‘ST jZ1o‘8 TFS ‘LT 6F0 ‘TT 888 ‘TI 962 ‘TT 508 ‘ST 88 ‘ST LEL ‘8 68 ‘OT *sjuoumdryg coe ‘TT 9216 929 ‘OT Geg‘s OLT ‘oz eos ‘el P98 ‘TT 681 ‘TT est ‘aI Lev TT 899 ‘9 O&T ‘OT *$)d100 yy | “Bl100T £08°L [E02 ‘ST GET ‘g [LET 2 OST ‘¢ |oT9 ‘2 ere T1/889 ‘OT 98 CI|FPE ‘ST OST ‘OT/6S0 ‘OT zee ‘z |288 °F LOL'9 |see‘L 280 ‘TT|Sce ‘TT Geo ‘2 |FOLSL 120‘ |8t0‘9 990 ‘F |08¢ ‘9 “syuourdrys | “AqIO sBsue 3] os |r66‘e |r29‘e /F18“b |Ze0‘6T/pOF‘Sz/996‘s |TEo“F |8c0‘Fz]6e9 (9G [ORF ‘TZlO8s ‘Fz 98°26 [OZ ITT]: ““edeIOAD TOATT ose lepe‘e leee‘s |gr8‘e |Z8e‘TZ|0T ‘OE|Soh [TFG ‘9 [009 PT/800 ‘9c |L6z ‘€T)C90 (61/868 (FS [OEP GL | °° 7777 > 77 1C-OC6L Toe |STF‘z To9‘T Tze ‘e |e2e |220°¢ |c69 ‘OT /esz “ez/T9E “8 |OSE 6 [L68 91] TO /6T ORE ‘oz|ece (OT )SLe OTTEOT LA)" 77°77 7) ST ater BPE |Z2L‘z |T19‘e |oLB“Z [ORT ‘TTI6L8 ‘OT|6E0"F [Ozer |EFO (OT GEC ‘OT |F6T‘S [E98 ‘OT\060 (OL |EZ9 28 |" °°" 77777. CT -TT6T coz felo’e (cer‘e |e ‘s \eze STILTS ‘Oc Fe8S |FEP‘S [GPS ‘ET|GTH BT |818 “FT\P8 FT|S0L “68 [206 ‘Z0T)""""*"*""" TT-OT6T op bg op) bd TR by 2) i ea) 2 ! ES v2) by : FiElElElElElLElEle| ele laie |: Pete Sele EPS El ele leas et be 5 be Es Ms es Hi + Me es 2 5 2 “re0h doy ‘yoneq | ‘opeto, | ‘smot ys | “wiNINGd | sHodvenuryy |eoynemt | “o#orGO ['pe,,TU1o 000 “8 ‘I {sjeysnq Jo spuesnoy} uy] 1 Ge-1e6I 01 TI-OT6T ‘siaysnwm hanuisd TT ‘squamdiys pun sidiaoad hpivah pun hyywozy :s100— LG TIAL, “penur}w0po—sLVO 549 Statistics of Oats. “y10d01 ON 2 P28 ‘OL 08 F866 |8Vb Oey 108 ‘€1 GET |OSL LL6 ‘ST OES OB (oT 4 oP. ab 16S "TT bf POP CT 092 LEL‘OT TOF 656 FT Po ia m0 622 ‘OT 98h @10 (11 968 #90 ‘TT 86 O€8 ‘IT 916 Leh ‘TL p18 “sjuemdrgs T9S |L66 P82 1188. OT ‘T 292‘ bie 180 ‘T 26o =o T tse | pRO 6lF jose #99 /OLL tr long #96 |88L gc¢ ige¢ TPO Tes 08% ‘I |FOL 818/809 reo sleRS £99 |et6 es9 {egg ‘T z9og SIP +P T9L 809 Col 98 PRS 892 GL 89 $92 69h hx €¢ SLI lake 988 ‘O0T FPS POP 968 Lo SZ8 OLE 668 jer F6% ie} bo fas} i eis a B neh 5 a 5 & EB z IPT O&T PGT Tgé TL8 ‘T She st9 868 aly PEG LST vie 082 998 SEF, cert 9£9 £86 106, 608 ‘T gee ‘T 8¢0 ‘T POP ‘Z Sar % STe "2 G20 °% 098 ‘Z 968 ‘Z L9F nl 69 ‘F 898 ‘T T8¢ 898 ‘T S16 ‘T 002‘ 982‘ 891 ‘S *s3d1e007y IST OF 8% ses ‘T “syuomdryg | cog (168 ‘T coz =‘ |ST9‘T LTS 806 'T FES (608 ‘T Gor ‘T |eeL ‘T COG «|PaP 709 [RSL ste sec ‘T poz |6TO'T 128 |G20‘T O88 |Te0'T 969° \OSP‘T eee «1668‘T 602 |S80°T 804, |PGL'T geet |608 ‘T (ice eal creat yy ig) 8 jos ike a 5 a *s110dayy opeiy, Jo prog put utjor[ng operg, Ape oFeoryD Woy pop;durog 1 Gea ‘% 0g8 ‘T 669 ‘F 182 ‘F 682 ‘9 TES ‘T 668 ‘T 989 98 6Pr‘T POP ‘T 660‘ 66 °T OL6°T 10 866 'F 266 °Z *s}d1eo0yy | ogo ‘T cog ‘T 1S9°Z 892 ‘I 868 £8 BIZ ‘2 962° 600‘ ESE, 080‘ sIo +0‘ zor Tab‘T 094‘ 126 °€ L188 68 ‘F *s}d100077 | *syueurdigg peep |°° 77" -roqume0eq acr‘@ |°°°7 >> qequmeaAoN 0eL‘¢ * 100300 go9‘9 |°"""~" “sequreydeg Z69‘9r Joo 777777 cgsnadny Ato eee re poesaaly 806 °6 peeriey ai Fae lois coaeee AON RF S| oe TMG, 680 ‘9 Be “yore yl oog‘e 07°77 7 Arenaqay eez’g [7° °° coo Arenas “TZ61 goa} 7777 ~Jequredeq ele '+ ~*10qUIOAON 1g9°9 |777777~ 77 *40q0900 169‘6 {777777 “tequreydeg 189°6 |"""-" "7 - 4snény “0261 Sy 3 t os TIWOTT a 550 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. OATS—Continued. TaBLE 58.—Oats: Visible supply in United States, first of each month, 1910-11 to 1921-22.} [In thousands of bushels; i. e., 000 omitted.] Crop year. Aug. sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. 1G1031e 32.5 2, 761) 12, 551] 18, 802} 17,022] 15, 505] 16, 129) 15,997) 15, 769] 13,129] 10,559} 8,125] 9,570 es 11, 203) 20, 742) 21, 044) 22, 600] 20, 315] 18, 754] 15, 431] 14, 366] 13, 429) 11,991) 8, 052] 3, 690 1917182 eee 1,031) 4,160) 9,260] 10,552) 10,774] 8,457| 9,646] 12,343] 13,115] 8,704] 8, 105] 14, 756 11g214>. 1 ees 17, 131) 24,662) 30,718) 31,684] 29, 664] 26, 909] 24, 450| 21, 489] 19,755| 13,262} 8,144] 7,210 ye 6, 482, 20,124) 27, 285] 31, 866] 32, 471] 32,956) 33, 173) 33, 258] 27, 284] 23,022] 12,623] 4,345 1915-165. 1,309, 2,924) 14,381} 15,730] 20, 928} 21, 081| 20, 175] 20, 265] 17, 892) 12, 096) 16, 192) 12, 452 1916-175. 8, 537, 27, 691| 38, 866] 45,580) 47, 467) 48, 823| 42,675) 36, 740] 34, 191] 28, 933] 17,454) 9,741 SOPTSIRE EE pe 6,679, 7,277| 14,165] 17, 453] 18, 595] 17,657| 13, 879| 13, 947| 18, 098) 21,911) 20, 822] 13, 297 forerios ad 7,876 19,309] 24, 689] 22, 050} 29, 143] 34, 828) 30, 505] 27,666] 22, 882] 21, 507] 15, $27| 18, 094 1912001 eee 20, 481, 19, 411) 19, 552} 19, 196] 16, 922) 13,080] 11, 550] 10, 401] 9,576] 6,813 8,642] 3,623 1990931 se 3,786, 8,149] 27,602) 34, 414] 33,961) 32,194/ 33,632] 34,142] 33, 903| 30,740] 28 426] 34, 401 107129955 Gass 37, 562) 60, 455] 65, 843/69; 917) 69,198|-. 2-2 | o.2. 2. -|snon->-|oneacnclecmesuelacegenaiane E Ss 1Compiled from Chicago Daily Trade Bulletin. TABLE 59.—Oats: yearly periods, all inspection points. Summary in per cent of carloads graded by licensed inspectors for Total of all classes and subclasses under each grade. 1919-20 TO 1920-21. Receipts. Shipments. Crop year. No.1. | No. 2. | No. 3. S.G. | No.1. | No.2. | No.3. | No. 4. | S. G. IP Ct OPN che Ae PeCee Pct. | Pict..| Psct. | Pacha Seat eeree. 919290 ee aes 3.0 30.0 54.4 2.1 2.7 35.1 57.3 4.3 0.6 1 O20 Zi ee Seek 5.4 36.8 44.7 4.1 4.2 52.7 37.2 3.3 2.6 AUGUST, 1920, TO JULY, 1921, BY CLASSES. WW HELO: on oe ee tee 5.1 36. 4 45.8 8.9 3.8 4.2 52.8 37.4 3.2 2.4 odie. See eee ES 4.5 43.5 33. 4 12.3 6.3 2.9 53. 2 38.4 4.5 1.0 Grays. soon ss seen 30. 4 31.7 18.7 12.4 6.8 LA 73.2 8.0 3.9 3.8 Blacks: -.. eee | -O0| 57.9} 81.5 5.3 5.3 0} 277. 8)» 222 0 0 Mixed oo... coe tseeee 19.2 41.0 17.1 6.4 16.3 12.3 46.1 11.6 Von 22.9 Statistics of Oats. 551 OATS—Continued. TaBLE 60.—Oats, including oatmeal: International trade, calendar years, 1911-1920. Average, 1911-1913. 1918 | 1919 | 1920 Country. il. ee ee ; | Imports. | Exports. | Imports. | Exports. | Imports. | Exports. | Imports. | Exports | | } | | PRINCIPAL EXPORTING COUNTRIES. 1,090 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. Algeria......... = Sea 93 1, 296 (4) 6, 900 73 5, 438 3, 670 1,891 Argentina. . 54 52, 754 6 37, 347 19 225/958) |ic2 on cicu =| tose eetee= garia... 253 Pb) Ae RSA o 4 |-ReR eee LOR SESE ed HARE SS5 5 5-) Rare cbse 699 Canada....... 117 16, 583 3, 767 24, 024 3, 295 16, 346 1, 347 16, 909 Chitiste 2 2 S552. 22h 48 484 (@) 70 1 238 42 35 Cele Hotes 72 a ee 2, 499 30 496 20 1,835 31 196 IRSIMANIA 2 eile ooo an se 76 tO TOL Pena [nn Bee Bit) |e Rees EBS == 2, 436 Ter ecu eet ee aan 1643) pamGh 27OV Pe. 5 =P ISS ks tes oo oe fe eee Se | eo eee United States........| 5,557 | 12, 592 45 | 131,085 19 | 67,570 6, 728 16, 540 PRINCIPAL IMPORTING COUNTRIES. queiiec HENEAry, meres 3, 426 Lay (ft aes See) SA eee ie oo HERE E EOE 4109 iat 8, 845 GEN eee ape 4 eae | 3, 948 33 | 4,568 9 ID Gisverk: ee es | 4,126 151 @) 1 569 37 | 9 25 Pee maa ss =e: 2 HEE he renee BAD cece BOD be eect | bes boca | cee fa. Martane ee secsccrsck 1, 187 433 iy ee oe 114 | 4 | 265); s2aSas8 =. Hianicer e222 2% oi sse8 30, 746 122 | 35,010 | 31 | 31,632 65] 18,133 4,876 Ge gi Be eee 41, 320 Ce ae [paectacece sateen cenlbenasecaee 243 265 ieee ee 9, 040 104} 19, 255 3| 12,046 184 3, 147 1 Netherlands.......... 41, 901 33, 814 1 (CS Tom haha et 7 127 2, 080 433 Norway Soo ger eesdcns 698 39 Lit ee sea see + Q) 736 14 183 Philippine Islands... ASG ooeone=- BV eameesnece 1GTEaeece econ TOO" ee ae sees Suwrpienens arose... t 6, 055 2, 342 365 () 1, 605 36 14 595 Switzerland.......... 12, 484 215 2, 142 2 6, 334 3 3, 704 16 United Kingdom..... 64, 755 1,411} 55,595 107 | 29,944 3071s) || 24: Sede ae ae Other countries...... 1, 976 3, 151 524 3,437 585 4,457 1, 052 1, 690 Dt a ae 236,047 | 234,499 | 118,510 | 203,503 | 94,702 | 323, 780 70, 091 49, 255 | 1 Less than 500. 2 One year ‘Two-year average. 4 Austria only, new boundaries. 552 BARLEY. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Tape 61.—Barley: Area and production of undermentianed countries, 1909~1921. Area. 1919 1921 1,000 1,000 acres. acres. 6, 720) 7, 240! 9 235) 192: 569 462 894 1,043 493 498 414 568 24 2, 646 2,796 ee ————— eS ee ee ee Country. Average 1909-19131 NORTH AMERICA. 1,000 aeres. United States..-.-..- 7, 619 Canada: . New Brunswick.. 3 Quebee..--.-..-.- 99! Ontaript s....---+ 587 Manitoba. ....-.- 561 Saskatchewan.... 234 Alberta... ....<.-< 185 @ther 2.2255... 14 Total Canada. - 1, 683: Mex1G0= cpeeeese ss <=) 2205 =e ok Total North America.....! 9, 302 SOUTH AMERICA. Argentina-...-......- 268 GONG! 5... 4-caoc stone oe 117 Garuguay----o~2<-< 55 4 Total South America ....- 389 Production. Average 1999-1913.1| 1919 1920 1921 1,000 1,000 7,000 | 1,000 bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. 181,881 | 147,608!| 189,332] 151,181 79) 285: 2,382'| 5,344 17,017'|' 13, 134 15,954] 17,149 7,350 8, 971 5,364 | 10, 562! 3 48, 532'| 56, 389° 6;666l|: 1 ect ae 615 667 35626) peo. sac <2 GBY |eatece acct 139 3, 924 3, 977 pyetos ors aise 5 11 61) (245. 45--—8 ee ets eee 817 7, 611 ee EUROPE. Austria. ...224.....|' 22,712! 238 267'| *71, 988 3, 822 Croatia-Slavonia 2... . 1 RoeaR Sener Sere sce RESecee ees Ab 1 See Seebeeseoe se - 558 Bosnia-Herzegovina?! PANES bY Le SR 24 (Ore eee 33,455: | 22s slss_ cles dese Sale eeeceeeece Belpiugici----------+ 85) 90 91 4, 247° 3, 617 Bulgaria... -..--.----- 7616 545 551 | 212,425 10, 371 Czechoslovakia. ....-.)..2..2-.-- 1,711 PBS: |i too eee 321, 568 Deumarks-~—-.%: =: =<- 591 626 628 22, 589 24, 523 Luisa Eas Bat ees apie eae 293 296 5, 737 5, 295 ranean eno = <=. 21, 866 1, 641 1,653 | 2 46, 489 26, 285 GSCMAn yee ee easier 23,976 42,949 42,808 | 2 153, 52 476, 695 Gresesen oa. ce esse 2 195 4} Sees 3, 692 5, 020 Hungary Proper.-..-| 22,760 1, 266 LST |) POS" 812 jes cee eces Hiakyee os sec. eeceaee 613 494 541 10, 104 8, 327 Wuposlavia a2 canceee ee cisatecm alec seeienas TSU rics occas | sess eaee 20, 446 Luxemburg........-.- 3 5 5 82 oc weasacee Netherlands.........- 68 56 62 3, 270 2, 688 NOEWAY...-2-=--onsen% 89 156 156 2, 867 5, 275 PPUMIATNG =... se sno <8 21,319 3, 385 3,280 | 224,821 | 831,641 Russia Proper 3.....- Da OTON Se emote cen ace Seer tee mateseea BA tl Bee erect oan isscctocssS Poland >. .<2.-5a- = -5- 21,249 1,944 2,429 | 227,150 | 7 35,917 NorthernCaucasia 2. . S78 | es ccasestnewooseeer |(Semaareeme (iy Ap) il es eee seoecs Issac sccecs Ganbinae ieee | OATS i SO ee er ea ae 5, O72'| cosa -ccscehones ween eee Spal s--hesene sees 3, 509 4, 319 4, 261 74, 689 81, 808 Sweden. 2..-:. 2.5... 451 402 402 14, 592 12, 892 Swatzerland) s25 <2 <2) 2.220. e=2 United Kingdom: England......... 1, 400 IWidtOS=- Se went 88 Seotland -.-.../...- 191 iveinne 2s) 26 165 Total United Kingdom.... 1, 844 Total Europe..| 49,370 ASIA. British Indla......... 7, $36 CY PTUs. sa cor eee wal eee ee ness 1 Five-year average except in a few cases 2 Old boundaries. 2, 048 3 Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia. ¢ Summer barley only. 5 Unofficial. 6Former Kingdom, Bessarabia, and Bukowina. 1 Former Russian Poland, Former and Western Galicia and Posen. ————|——_—$| —— — — ———— ___ |_| SE | | 27312| 3,200 7108)... 16, tes 7,403) 7 64,760 | 57,704 40,973 | 129, 827 2151 | 62,393 where statistics were unavailable. . Statistics of Barley. 553 BARLEY—Continued. TABLE 61.—Barley: Area and production of undermentioned countries, 1909-1921— Continued. Area Production. | Country. x rec verage 1900-191: 3. 1920 1921 | 1909-1913.| 1919 1920 1921 Asta—Continued. : 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 Japanese Empire: acres. acres. acres. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. Bpanoeveee. ss. 2: 3, 183 2 OS Gap saat rar = 89, 528 89, 356 92, 140 89, 898 Mormoswes. =. Fo. Eh eee Ania see el Sacer cl ocecenco: = Oe alate retreat Sie aise = = ee IinG Se Se ee rr Wl (be SEES ESF Ee Seer ol InsemoaeoLe 19, 436 2 5 SM 2 = re oe en Total Japanese | Empire...... EC hea ee eee eee mvivecin eel = einen tetniaia 109, 017 | Sap eoete el bageee tes - | eh ey ee Russia (Asiatic)...... Ses Ute wane ies oa sic 11, 171 | fie wal | ii Mh ja 8 Total Asia. .... Cay ee ees Sane aE RE aes Sa eS F } AFRICA re 3, 353 2,795 2,508 | 41,961 | 33,667} 29,932 50, 491 teas / 394 340 pC er Be Ea | 10,283] 10,449 11, 371 Cs ee ee 2, 341 1: QOD AK. eee 26,394 | 39,645 29, 510 tg). BAIT. 1, 145 . 927 1, 230 7, 900 5, 511 2,618 11, 482 Union of South Africa|.......... 99 91 2, 015 1, 058 749 1, 137 Total Africa....|.........- 6, 502 6, Fase. HATE 76,913 | 88,393 | 103, 991 AUSTRALASIA Australia: Queensland...... 7 5 ee awe 119 9 35: bre cepeinire New South Wales 12 Bilp aocwseecs 204 86 bi eee S- Mieverins ss. 20 05.: 60 2} ae 1, 400 2, 029 1a) See South Australia. . 46 i og Geer 842 2, 417 2 44D Woes ea Tasmania........ 6 Gils senss cute 184 141 120 bh 2 ee Western Aus- V2 Ue Ee a 6 Cl Be Eee > 70 82 ElG | Soseos2- 3 Total Australia. 137 2 A Se a see 2, 819 4, 764 A BBN sia ae aot New Zegland......... 39 19 23 47] 1,402 | 711 si6| ‘1, 587 ——$—<—_—————— _————————— ee Total Austral- aa 176 274 a ee 42m} 5,475| 5,104]... Grand pital). 76805 [25.20 5. 22st cleswee-- bee 1, 528, 056 | TABLE 62.—Barley: World production so far as reported, 1895-1921. Year. | Production. | Year. Production. | Bushels Bushels. ERON355<.; 915, 504,000 || 1902...... 1, 229, 132, 000 ¥SS052 5. 932,100,000 || 1903...... 1, 235, 786, 000 ae 605, 1904...... 1, 175, 784, 000 1898......| 1,030, 581,000 || 1905...... 1, 180,053, 000 1899.7... 965,720, 000 || 1906...... 1, 296, 579, 000 WSO. <2. 959,622,000 |} 1907...... 1,271, 237, 000 Wie. «=. dy 072, 195, 000 || 1908...-.. 1, 274, 897, 000 ? Year. Production. | Year. Production. | Bushels. | Bushels 1909...... 1, 458, 263,000 || 1916......| 1,189, 868, 000 110% 2. & 1, 388, 734,000 || 1917.....- 936, 050,000 ii on 1, 373, 286, 000 || 1918...... 1,074; 153; 000 190 4 1, 466,977,000 || 1919...... ” 972) 937,000 nh Sona 1, 650,265,000 || 1920...... 1, 145,779,000 iC ae ee 1, 463, 289, 000 | III ee 968, 916, 000 Ate Se 1, 439, 857, 000 | 554 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. BARLEY—Continued. TABLE 63.—Barley: Average yield per acre in undermentioned countries, 1890-1921. - | . Russia i United , United | | Ger- -, j)Hungary, Year States. Se | many. | AUStia. | Droper.’| France. rae Average: | Bushels. / Bushels. | Bushels. ae Bushels. Bushels. | Bushels. 1890-1899. ... | 23. 4 | 13.3 29, 4 pA By ES ee D 122.6 39. 8 1900-1909. ... | 25. 5 14.3 35. 3 56. 3 23. 4 123.6 35.0 1910-1919... .... | 5.1 | 26.3} %24.2 123.1 33.6 ABSA | = eer 17.5 30.8 18.5 | 17.8 | 23.4 32.2 19.5 | 17.4 22.9 30.6 1 Winchester bushels. 2 Seven year average. 3 Six year average. TaBLe 64.—Barley: Acreage, production, value, exports, etc., in the United States, 1849-1921. [See headnote of Table 4.] ‘ 1 i Chicago, cash price per bushel, low malti Pee - — to fane: ae Aver- age | Farm =p Domestic | 1, vested | 28¢, | Produc- | farm value exports, ports, Year. | “(G99 _ | Yield | tion (000 | price a | Following | fiscal year fiscal year omit | sue omitted). -|_ per December. Ma 8 beginning uly 1 acre. bushel, omitted), y- July 1. yt. ted). | Dec. 1 — a! | Low. = Low. ‘High. | | | - 1949... ; | | 1859. _.... 15, 836 | 1966-1875 .| "1,196 |'"22°6'] 26; 992 |""79:2"| “21,382 | "94" "| 160 | 102 "|" 120 212, 563 1876-1885 -| 2,102} 22.4 47,029} 6L0/ 28,685| 75 82 (BIG | ace: 1, 008, 254 | ieee: | 3490| 228| 797616| 47.0| 37464| 56 | 58 | 54 | 58 | 2,597,671 1996......| 4,172] 23.8| 99,304| 300] 29,s14| 22 | 37 | 24%! 35 | 20,030,301 mae 4150| 249| 103,279| 352| 36,346| 254| 42 | 36 | 53 | 11,237,077 1898. ....| 4237] 23.5| 99,490| 389| 33,701] 40 | 503| 36 | 42 | 2,967,403 pi. eee 4,470 | 26.1 116,552 | 39.0 45,479 | 35 45 36 44 23,661, 662 Paras 4,545 | 211 y 40.5 38, 896 | 37 61 37 57 6, 293, 207 1901. ....- 4,742 | 25.7| 121,784| 452| 55,008] 56 | 63 | 64 | 72 | 8,714,268 Ei! le ee 5,126 | 29.1 149,389 | 45.5 67,944 | 36 70 48 56 8, 429, 141 TOS Foci w , 068 | 26.4 146,864 | 45.4 66,7 42 613 | 38 59 10, 881, 627 ae 5,912 | 27.4 162, 105} 41.6 67,427 | 38 52 40 50 10, 661, 655 1905. ..... 6,250 | 27.2| 170,174] 394| 67,005| 37 | 53.| 42 | 55| 17,729,360 1906......| 6,730] 286] 192,270| 416] 980,069] 44 | 56 | 66 | 85 | 98,238,842 3907222222 6,941 | 24.5 170,008 | 66.3 112,675 | 7 102 60 75 4, 349, 078 1908......| 7,294} 25.3| 184,857} 55.2] 102,037} 57 66 | 75 | 6,580,393 beget 7699 | 24.4| 187,973| 548| 102,9457| 55 | 72 | 50.| 68 | 4,311,566 19102..... 7,743 | 22.5| 173,832] 57.8| 100,426| 72 | 90 | 75 | 115 | 9,399,346 1911......| 7,627} 21.0] 160,240| 86.9| 139,182| 102 {130 | 68 | 132 | 1,585,242 itt 1 ee 7,530 | 29.7 824} 50.5] 112,957) 43 77 45 63 17, 536, 703 p11 8 ee 7,499 | 23.8] 178,189| 53.7 95,731 50 79 51 66 6, 644, 747 IGts 3 ss 7,565 | 25.8] 194,953 | 54.3] 105,903 60 75 74 | 82 26, 754, 522 1915......| 7,148| 320] 298.851| 516] 118,172| 62 | 77 | 70 -| 83 | 27,473,160 IStG Se as 757 23.5 182,309 | 88.1 160,646 | 95 | 125 128 | 165 16, 381, 077 IOI. 2c 8, 933 23.7 | 211,759 | 113.7 | 240,758 | 125 | 163 105 176 26, 285, 378 1918. ..... 9,740 | 26.3 ; 91.7| 234942} 88 | 105 | 110 | 130 | 20,457, 781 41919 3... 6,720 | 22.0 | 147,608 | 120.6 178,080 | 125 | 168 | 140 | 190 26, 571, 284 1920......| 7,600 | 24.9] 189,332) 713 135,083 »? 50 OS}: eens 20, 457, 198 19212... 7aay | 20;94.351, 181 |..42 2 b. 63,788 |o2 do ls ee ed | | 1 Prices 1895 to 1908 for No.3 grade. 2 Acreage adjusted to census basis. ’ Preliminary estimate. : Statistics of Barley. 555 BARLEY—Continued. TABLE 65.—Barley: Acreage, production, and total farm value, by States, 1919-1921. Production (thousands of | Total value, basis Dec.1 price Bg bushels). (thousands of dollars). State. 1919 | 1920 | 19211 | 1919 | 1920 19211 1919 | 1920 19211 eet) 3 SS 4 4 4 112 104 104 190 144 89 New Hampshire. . 1 1 1 25 26 23 47 38 25 Vermont........- 9 8 225 | 308 200 338 370 160 New York........ 71 58 3,762 4,930] 3,318! 5,116 4,881 | 2,057 Pennsylvania..... 343 360 280 439 324 174 Maryland........ 132 | 110 120 162 121 80 Virginia.......... 225 | 270 207 292 270 143 >) ee a 2, 622 2, 825 2, 037 3, 278 2,316 1, 038 Indians... ....... 1,850! 2,187 1,235 2) 183 1,903 593 in eae 4,779 | 5,533 4,550 5, 783 4, 537 | 2,093 Michigan......... 5, 049 6, 630 4,112 5, 958 5,768 | 2,344 isconsin........ 13,674 | 15,913] 10,642] 16,546| 13,367 5, 427 Minnesota........ 16,280 | 22,375] 17,720| 18,885] 13,872 6, 025 i i 6, 018 4,950 3,901! 6,740] 3,118 1, 638 issouri........ g 270 196 154 | 351 192 | 100 North Dakota. ... 12, 47 19,530 | 16,988} 13,476| 10,937 4,927 South Dakota.... 16,962 | 25,700| 17,323; 19,506| 13,364| 5,024 Nebraska......... 5,577 7, 424 4915| 5,577 ei7.| 1.3% Kansas...... Be 13,743 | 19,482] 13,200| 13,743 <767)| eae Kentucky........ 50 140 144 236 | 161 | Tennessee. ....... 120 138 189 | 216 152 189 oe eae 2,730 1,794 1,872| 3,058 1, 346 842 Oklahoma... .. z 2'310| 2,784 : 2’ 818 2) 004 1, 208 Montana....-.... 420} 1,152 1, 200 588 749 720 Wyoming........ 1 216 232 210 238 151 Colorado | 2,907 5, 292 4,444| 3,488 3, 969 1, 644 New Mexico 238 260 239 262 195 146 Arizona...... 875 680 928 1, 225 952 742 Mig es.s 366 593 512 516 593 246 Nevada........... 159 150 187 238 248 150 Tages... 2, 340 3, 220 29 3, 276 2,415 1, 308 Washington...... 2) 550 2) 895 2) 797 3, 442 2) 895 1) 454 Orergt a2 i255. 1, 548 2,415 2,240 2, 322 2,415 1,126 California... ..... 26,649 | 28,750] 29,700} 37,575| 28,75 16, 632 United States... 7, 600 | 7, 240 | 147, 608 | 189, 332 | 151, 181 178,080 | 135,083 | 63,788 1 Preliminary estimate. TABLE 66.—Barley: Condition of crop, United States, on ferst of months named, 1900-1921. ; When | | When Year. June. | July. |August.| har- || Year. June. | July. |August.| har- | vested. || | vested. Po thas|| Pict. y “Pacte- Pct. lI iB Cha Pach aah sth. |e rack. TO ee 86.2 76.3 71.6 WO 7) |PAoIaEs So 34S: 33 2 72.1 66.2 65.5 LU pea 91.0 91.3 86.9 tS ete | Ut RU by ae ee Se Sea 91.1 88.3 89.1 88.9 i ieee eee 93.6 93.7 90.2 SOFT 19138. 32 ee as 87.1 76.6 74.9 73.4 Se eee 91.5 86.8 83.4 S2h1 agora: - 22 95.5 92.6 85.3 82.4 iL: Ee 90.5 88.5 88.1 Si4, 099TH: 2A 94.6 94.1 93.8 94.2 iC See eS 93.7 91.5 89.5 HiaS I AStGs. f= esse ee 86.3 87.9 80.0 74.6 EG ee ee 93.5 92.5 90.3 8054 Wa4A9lts. Vee 89.3 85.4 77.9 76.3 WOR een soe ok. 84.9 84.4 84.5 C855 || 91st. 22a eee 90.5 84.7 82.0 81.5 REN ee RD 89.7 86.2 83.1 88:2 49198 9 es 91.7 87.4 73.6 69.2 Ue eee 90.6 90.2 85. 4 | 8055 149208. 2 2es 87.6 87.6 84.9 | 82.5 TORO eases. Jee . 89.6 (bv 70.0 | 6923 |) A920. Stee 87.1 81.4 71.4 | 68.4 99912°—ypBK 1921——-36 556 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 19%1. BARLEY—Continued. TasLe 67.—Barley: Forecast of production, monthly, with preliminary and final estimates. [000 omiitted.] Y J Jul August. "| Septertber | prodtictiait uel sar. une. y. ugust. September.) production Y ‘ estimate, | ©Stimate ! Bushels. | Buskels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Busheis. 223 192,000 194,000} 202,000} 209,000} 224, 619 824 177,000 | 165,000] 168,000| 168,000| 173,301; —‘178, 189 206,430} 211,319] 2027660 199,575 | 196,568 | 194,953 197,289 | 208,173| 217,441| 2297936 | 236, 682 | ; 189,285 | 205,989 | 1947842) 184) 441 183,536 182/300 214,371 | 213,952 | 203, 393 | 993,839 201,659 211, 759 235,272 | 229,816 | 231,815 | 235,835 | 236,505 «256, 295 931,757 | 230,900 | 208,525 195,207 | 198,298 147,608 185,108 | 193,090 | 195,925 | 194,858| 191,386 199, 332 Pre Me Be Boas | 203,168 | 205,804} 202,178 | 201,531 | 204,728 | 201, 450 _——— — — ———————————— —— ee Os RS ie eS vate Pa | 190,661 | 184,288} 170,511 | 166,906 | 163,309 | 1 151,181 1 Preliminary. Tasie 68.—Barley: Yield per acre, price per bushel Dec. 1, and value per acre, by States. Value Yield per acre (bushels). Farm price per bushel (cents). per acre (dotlars)2 So | 1 fees _ State. HE Sa So ox | 2 es 2S a £3 oy | } eo a'r ee SH SS jOSirm|/D/MRlOlH lagi alaol|s| wlio oO el Lon I Del AQ a ff ool a = —_ I > 5/8/88 |8 (688 (8/3 (218 She bom | ee bes al bites th on eee] a a hie ae) MEATNG..- + ix: = 52 125, 2'21. 0/25. 0.28. 026. 0.26.0} 109, 77; 80] 81} 75) 104 22, 36 New Hampshire. 26. 2'25. 0/32. 0 24. 8/26. 023.0) 118} 84; 80) 82) 79) 90 25.30 Vermont.....-.. 27.6 29.031. 025. 028. 0/25.0) 105] 80} 80) 75] 75) 100 20. 09 New York...... 28.3 28.031. 522.0 29.021.0; 94) 68) 69) 71) 75) 101 13. 02 Bennsylvama...|25. pe : i - im 0/21.5} 90} 68| 71| 70) 75| 75 13. 33 Maryland......- Le 3/25. 0.31. 0.33. 0:27. olan 6} 89] 68 64 66] 70] 73 20. 10 a |26. 4.30. 0.27. 0/25. 0/27. 0|23. 0} $9| 75} 70} 80) 75) 85 16. 56 GSS. Sass ee |27. 2.33. 031. 5,23. 0'27.7/21.0| 78} 55} 58; 59] 54] 80 10.71 Indiana.........|27.730. 5'37. 0,25. 027. 0|£9.0} 78) 60} 50 67| 65) 75 9.12 Ifimois.........- 31. ae 536. or 0/30. 4/26. ‘ 79| 53) 57| 61} 57) 103 12.10 Michigan......- to 0 24. 430. 0'17. oles, 0/17. 5} 62} 91) 9.98 Wisconsin. .... .|29. 732. 0.35. 7/26, 5/31. 7/22. 5 56| 105 11.48 Minnesota.-.... 24, 6 27. 0 31. 0}20. 0;2580}20. 0) 49) 8&7 6. 80 Towa. .......-...|28. 635. 0 31. 5/25. 5|27. 5123. 5 49) 91) 9. 87 Missouri...-..-- 126, _ 0 25. 0/30. 0/28, 0/22. 0 63| 93 14.30 North Dakota. -|15. 3/12. 5 21. 5/11. 5/18. 0115. 5 4.50 South Dakota . -|24. 1/27. 0/29. 5/22. 0/25, 0/17. 0 4,93 Nebraska....... 24. 5,26. 5/16. 5/25. 7/29. 0/24. 7 6.92 Kansas......... 18. 1) 8. 0/10. 0/27. 0/25. 4/20. 0 5. 80 Kentuacky..-...- 26. 6/28. 0/28, 0)25. cae 0)24. 0 14, 64 Tennessee.-.... 20. ths. He soo, 0/23. 0/21. 0 100/28. 31/2. 99 Poxas...........|23. 8}20. 0/17. 035. 0/23. 0124. 0 45/23. 91/10. sO Oklahoma. ... . ./22. 2\18. 0|17. 6/30. 0/24. 6/22. 0 45/22. 82} 9.90 Montana....... .|16. 1/15. 0/22. 0! 5. 6)18. 0120.0 . 6512, 00 Wyoming..--. . -/30. 7 0'37. 015. oy 0/29. 0 65/37. 89|18. 85 Colorado... .... .|23. 3/33. 0/18. i 0.24. 5/22. 94, 42| 8.14 New Mexico... .|25. 5/28. 0 28. 0:23. 8.23. 6|23. 9 . 32) 14, 58 Arizona...-....- 34. 0/35. 0.34. 0.35. 0.34. 0/32. 0 80/46. 22/25. 60 eitah 35:52 31. 6:37. 035. 0.22. 9 31. 2:32. 0 . 85) 15; 36 Nevada....-...- 31, 3/35. a a sim 0\31.1 . 44/24. 88 Soi tee 39. 0/29. 0.28. 0:26. 0:35. Bie 15. 04 Washingten. ...|29. 3/29. 0.15. 230.035. 3:36. 8 84! 19. 14 Oregon. ........|28. 3|29. 0.25. 0.23. 1:32. 2:32. 0 80) 16. 00 Califernia....... pe 0/29. 0.26. 0.27. 0 23. 0,25. 0 95, 56 30. 47/14. 00 United States. 23. 623, 7 26. 3.22. 0.24.92 0. 9173. 8/50. 5/53. 7/54. ae 6,88. oe ae sig 6.71. les 2 23. 21) 8.81 | | ee Pia a | i Based upon farm price Dec. 1. 557 Statistics of Barley. BARLE Y—Continued. Tasie 69.—Barley: Farm price, cents: per bushel on first of each month, 1908-1921. oo~rn AMANMD MMOGFO~n ODWMHAD!N mere i Fasdngtonins: ccleaner i 5 S hasot cs at cee stuoay | SEE Saaes Seee\< MOL | SAGAS SANS a ja 7 i : 1 deat sen *JequIe08q Rd |_| pees eatyoojed rs Re Ue Rca Jer, See > I 03 6) G2 CO Renan Oonm~r o S * “J Siidsieg tosei ged lx & (bss pumuy | Sas eee equIEAON | SRiBSS BES BS oneow ls * ysed [Bulla Vy ae OO SH reir CO wmaoninn ID OO N H io.¢) e 43 04 00 6c dH RAN i lls hs) eb Jeb ich ki - 5 fay 5 @ SS pip eip ase oe. wees 99010 | Bagdad sdses Seg/e | X | -swodqosr| Fass : 3 | AONSW AHWAOAS BOOO)t 3 Hisies om Gaile MELA al calgy eed al) os came aves cates ge & < s ; GOMOD raqmojdes | Bx BEakS Saeu le 2 | “esvastp weld | Mes * 8 ‘ol a see & gy AAeOO Ont MInD SCHON 2, age eine : yoo (RRS BRD AG 2a RT Cp eT R a r SOND ei jsnsny | BOBSS SARS dde|e S [ORCUNOTBIOL | coal Sodod ri ao ore S BP > RE rice ASOOnD MmnaomMmoe tHOoOo |= = G pene ero ates Tacs Ke poten al Csr) 1 19 tH “ ‘en | SSESR SISSS gees |e g TECHS || Peeicinsties cient a see a, WARM MWRRAD ARO) a 3 yuano ISLE ity | Ssesh fesse Sass |s S |ezeoyysoysong | St ta et re ri = Q Be idnshcrdiomchics ete leak s PMO omar olwyl Hin iD BSenw |S 8 *Spoop.T 'Ser eee oo eS ae Q my WHORE DOAN |S *. . HCO HOON re ree iad ° ose ei ce * > 01n)SI0Our Hay vada) 3 Arenige T ince 59% 315 E | we ere saan Aaaves 0960 & 1 os 3 = NMOm WHOA | : arent aves gdszie | 7 Se | PSeee eaoa DINO ABO | & | qUeTOTy eq A SRR 06 i OS xt [= & m4 : ; Bese gees < Rags saan Pea3 Sarees weet et wet etre St tt reese 1 Less than 0:05 per cent. 558 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. BARLEY—Continued. TABLE 71.—Barley: Monthly and yearly average price per bushel of No. 2, Minneapols, 1910-11 to 1921-22.} 8 Big S :: i 2a {onl & Crop year. 2 ge. 3 g § a 5 a : & Ce eeeeeere ee ee eee < a ° A A 5 = < = 5 5 < 1910-11 $0. 61 Iso 63 |$0.63 |$0.66 |$0. 70 cs a a 74 ne 81 xf e $0. 75 |$0. 77 |$0. 87 | $0. 74 1911-12 - - 4 ° ~ OL 1.00 95 99] .76| .60 .92 1912-13. . -46| .49] .50] .47]| .45 ee 48] 246 a +50 152 - 48 . 48 1913-14 -58| .61] .56}] .53] .50] .52 » 50 48] 147 -48) .47) .45 -51 AO14-15) 3 oe Ere 259 | 68). 50: fh 59 is OF |) 68h) oo: 75 pr. FON sc 7O hss JOM) POO] aes 65 A915-16. 352.26 te. -99 | .48) .51} .56} .61 |] .70}.5.66} ..65}-.68| .70] .68 69 - 63 SOIG—1 7 28. ee Se . 81 81 | 1.03 | 1.11 | 1.07 | 1.17 | 1.17 | 1.21 | 1.36 | 1.48] 1.388] 1.49] 1.17 LOV=H18. 22225: ees. 1,31 | 1.33 | 1.28 | 1.27 | 1.49 | 1.56 | 1.88 | 2.12 | 1.82} 1.46 | 1.23 | 1.18] 1.49 1918-19) oo. 32-585 1. 02 O58 lee OL 94 92 90 87 93 | 1.09 |1..13 | 1.12) 1.21 | 100 4910—20: Ase ee 1.33 | 1.27 | 1.29 | 1.33 | 1.52 | 1.52 | 1.37 | 1.51 | 1.60 | 1.74] 1.49) 1.16} 1.43 9920228) se sec eh eee 1.02} .99 92 2 74] .69 65 67 | .61] .59 57 | .62 74 cht 774 Ee ae 58} .55 50 54 AD Noe cccboso cease =-- fee cee [oe ee eee eee es 11 year aver- | BPOsc oo. ckee } «%8| .82 | . 83 84 86 91 92 |- .95 97-| .96] .88} .8 - 89 1 Compiled from Minneapolis Market Record. TABLE 72.—Barley and malt: International trade, calendar years, 1911-1920. Average 1911-1913. 1918 1919 1920 Country. _————— eT ee Imports. | Exports. | Imports. | Exports. | Imports. | Exports. Imports. | Exports. PRINCIPAL EXPORT- { : 1,000 1,000 1,000 ING COUNTRIES. 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. bushels. pipers... 3.220. +e 298 4,720 1 3, 743 32:15, 696 4, 055 1,715 ATPentNR 5-25.56 1,310 917 885 218 1,123 | d S7Lh) cote cee | eee Austria-Hungary... .. 839 18, O70 ts Nats sc salicdew ace cn <| ble caine ee alee 1 647 |. 325, Sr British Anidiaigs.). 2222 |0.2:.c22.% 7: £200) RS ee se 147784835 eee 598 (| Soe dee 251 Bulparias.-soosseee 26 ft 160i SES Seales SS aia» oleic) foimcisicte ser | COs eat tas Canadal.2: - oes... Se 166 6, 670 8 4, 556 75 13, 172 204 9, 954 Chiles}... en 155 631 (2) 1, 450 (2) 2,792 3 2,024 Olina! & 32 =. seeeenee 61 660 97 4 57 Rumania... .........5 109 LEAP Be oi Sete Belgceo Seos 20)\|5 eee see a ooeeecee 19, 253 IRGssia 54-3 S252 ee 974 (168,460 | oo. cade. se 22 ote oh] ses 3 50min] seirtaiein aoe | ee eee eee ee United States...) cb\s.-ssssee. oe UN Soe cee 19}620 i) 32. = bas 46, 745) seen eae 21,718 PRINCIPAL IMPORT- ING COUNTRIES. Brazil 255.224. Sane Norway 4) 333 (2) : Switzerland 2225 4,449 1 616 2 1,370 (2) 1,386 1 United Kingdom..... 51,727 932 11, 725 65 38, 906 220) 29,796 364 Other countries... .... 1,604} 15,500 859 | 3,421 1,529| 8, 754 1, 064 3, 875 otal .. sae Aven 294,096 | 299,641} 34,127] 48,654} 74,709| 91,626] 55,864 66, 050 1 Austria only, new boundaries. 2 Less than 500. Statistics of Rye. RYE. 559 TABLE 73.—Rye: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1909-1921. | | Area. | Production. Country. ye a verage verage 11909-19131, 1919 1920 1921 |ig999-19131| 1919 1920 1921 NORTH AMERICA. 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,600 acres. acres. acres. acres. bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. United States........ 2, 236 6, 307 4, 409 4,228| 34,916] 75,483 | 60,490 57, 918 ee —————— ——— ————— ———— ———— ———— ————————————— —————————— — Canada: Quebec. .- 2. <== 14 33 28 25 234 78 534 430 ONtArIO. . 52-2. - 77 140 133 123 1,405 2,219 2,350 1,776 Manitoba. ....... 5 299 149 258 96 4,089 2,319 3, 565 Saskatchewan.. 3 190 172 1, 208 55 2,000 2,535 13, 546 Mibertars.:222-- 12 84 161 222 297 1,173 3,420 1,999 OUhers! 222. 3< 25-2 1 7 ii 6 9 148 148 139 Total Canada. . 112 753 650 1, 842 2,096 | 10,207] 11,306 21, 455 MESICOMS eter c cen Seem cis coe ecm seesssls---2stsee | Leta US (irs RS eo) a |--222-22° Total North | America.....- Pe SAG ane soe He eS oe IBecdardage DISORD tepe es. oe |252 eer on. \oseetoemtece SOUTH AMERICA. | } | | | AT PONTNA: - 5. cess = Gale ase ee eae le ee O49 es. Seen bce am aecllsas eeeceee Gitte steep 8 8S: . 6 | Siteres 8 es) 3 144 192 192 55 WEGGUAYo os. s-- a > - - Cy) Ch i ae 1 | 1 (2) 4 Total South America. .... 74 1; 094s) 2:.> 22a) Ree eee |. cae EUROPE. Mystrigy << 3.52.2. 05 3 5,019 8 112, 752 9,035 | 10,046 12, 661 Croatia-Slavonia ?.... 185 23231 | es. Soest ee see all en coe Bosnia-Herzegovina $ 39 444 5. bad oc serail Sele ose = cee BplbInIMees 2... 644 22,675 | 14,505 | 18,168 17, 761 Bulvatins 2.2... 55: 2 530 8 8,553 6, 490 9, 798 8,3 Mzacunisiovakiaes = 2 elec See aa ARIA | 2 OOK, 2988 Nocsontk sec 32, 734 32,941 54, 382 Denmark. 2... ...-.. 632 18, 098 14, 909 13, 242 12, 204 Minland=s.22...5.-..-. 5 592 11,174 | 10,505 9,173 10, 385 ennceeese ss). 8 2, 960 348,647 | 30,577 | 34,098 44, 494 Gormany......:...-..| ® 15,387 3 445,222 | 240,122 | 195,729 260, 144 lgrcecaee so2se0.. 2 613 6 218 1,081 1,360 73,151 Tehri) eae 82,601 Jes ee eee 20, 564 22,095 Mnly@eecot soos... 303 5,328 4,571 4,539 5, 634 Yugoslavia....... eae se ceeelue OSaM| | Se OdGil taka ee Lee. Se 9,816 18,121 | Uasce eee. Luxemburg.......... 26 651 367 340 488 Netherlands.......... Norway Rumania Russia proper 3._.... WAHOSE soe mes eee Portugal Northern Caucasia3. . Serbia 3 pain... Sweden ASIA. Russia (Asiatic) 2... . 1 Five-year average except in a 2 Less than 500, 3 Old boundaries. few cases where statistics were unavailable. 4 Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia 6 1910 census. 6 1914, : 7 Includes maslin. & Former Kingdo 9 Former Russian m, Bessarabia and Bukowina. Poland, Western Galicia and Posen. 560 RY E—Continued. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. TABLE 73.—Rye: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1909-1921—Contd Area. Production. Country. a Average Average 1909-1913,, 1919 1920 1921 | 1909-1913. i24 AUSTRALASIA, Australia: Queensland. ..... (2) Di east ee ce (Ce | New South Wales) 4 1 i ae bo Re ae ee ais Oe Wickoris: 24 55...< 2 Lippe .-Vjaen.sess 2) ge) (2A 7 South Australia... 1 Ditevr - Udssesicsccc ep, TO S— ~ CHET se eee Western Australia i GC) feet@) [ascetic C5 ee Tasmania........ 1 Ailiog: 7) Uileecces sce) See UBS SOUR See Total Australia. 9 al aft? ITE © 81S. ase WS). New Zealand........- 5 (3- i lgescdcncckeencees: oe, ST ise See 4 3 Total Austral- _ ASE a aotenc abn se DEE nammmemesa|geccswancsleceascesccll (OU ese aoe ee Grand: total. <1) - 108,391 22> 252.3] oisc. 252. S ose scee oo JIT 5D) S08 cogs e alee eee 3 Less tham 500. TABLE 74.—Rye: World production so far as reported, 1895-1921. 1 Year. | Production. Production. Year. || Production. Year. | Production. Bushels. Bushels. : Bushels. _ 895......| 1,468,212, 000 1, 647, 845, 000 1916...... 1, 432, 786, 000° : 1, 499, 250,000 1, 659, 961, 000 7 191735228 473, 152,000 1, 300, 645, 000 ‘ 1, 742, 112,000 ae 53, 933, 0 | 1918:..... 561, 165, 000 89 1, 461, 171, 000 5......| 1, 495, 751, 000 wee 5 1919 cies 638, 745, 000° ] 1, 583,179, 000 || 19 1, 433, 395, 000 4 ty os 596, 845, 000 .-| 1,557, 624, 000 _| 1, 538,778, 000 | 1914:..... ier? ee 783, 234, 000 1, 416, 022, 000 -| 1, 590, 057, 000 | 00 u . TasLe 75.—Rye: Average yield per acre in undermentioned countries, 1890-1921. - Russia t H Year. ue ( par Germany.| Austria. see France: | Ireland. - Average: Bushels.| Bushels,| Bushels:| Bushels. | Bushels. iS ea eee 13.9 10. 4 20. 9 jae a TL LSTA | | ea ec cone 15. 7 11.5 25. 6 19. 0 17.6 TOW —l0e pcos seuss ees ool 12.7 211.8 25, 2 18. 0 $18.4 ino 32 2 tae aa o's a seit ALD Ree yA Nee DAE i |e Nee. <2 ch ataides + tomemn eae oe CRP Se eee 18.3 14.0 LTA Sede we alee Stnanetyl ses eR eat RYO wea 24.5 16.1 1 Winchester bushels. 2 Seven-year average. § Six-year average. 4 Nine-year average. : Statistics of Rye. 561 RYE—Continued. Tasie 76.—Rye: Acreage, production, value, exports, etc.,in the United States, 1849-1921. (See headnote of Table 4.] | Chi h price pe Cago Cas Tt Domestic Acre- Aver- = bushel, No. 2. a age Aver age arm 1nciu: 4 har- | age aio farm | value E rye Year. vested | yield 000 price | Dec. 1 December Following flour (000 per omitted) per (000 zs fiseal omit- | acre. | *| bushel} omitted). ted). Dec. I Low. | High. ) 2 ees ee eee Acres, | Bush. | Bushels. Cents.| Dollars.| Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Bushels. _ Si ee oe ees Te "RS & ARUBA S OE ae cee he, Dienst abet = ond _ ee ee ess Ey eee 5 Tea aa Kaeo Co oe ee Rar S Peete ny to. | PIGS. ants... 1,347 | 13.6) 18,267] 79.7 | 14,539 | 80 90 97 | 107 540, 342 re ene... 1,892 | 13.0] 24625{ 63.1| 15,540{ 64 | 68 | 68 | 75 | 2,890,901 _. 2 ee 2,188] 128) 27,975| 546| 15,278] 52 | 56 55 | 60 1, 827, 551 a se---:| 2,126| 13-6] 28,913| 388] 11,231] 37 | 425] 323] 353| 8,575,668 as ae 2,077 | 16.1} 33,433 | 43.2] 14,454| 458] 47 | 48 75 | 15,562,035 | TRG SRE ss Se Zot} 15.9} 32,883) 44.5] 14640} 52%| 55§| 564] 62 | 10,169,822 | RS b eae 2,054| 14.8) 30,334| 49.6| 15,046] 49 52. | 53 564 | 2; 382° 012 _ Se ee 70s} 15.1] 30,791) 49.8} 15,341} 45¢| 492] 51g] 54 | 2/3457 512 ee 2,033 | 15.3| 31,103) 55.4| 17,220] 59 | osg| 54| 58 | 2,712,077 i ee oe 2051 | 17.2| 35,255) 50.5] 17,798| 48 493 | 48 503 | 5,445,273 Me Ae. 2074} 5.4| 31,990| 54.0] 17,272| 503| 524| 693] 78 784, 068 a ere: 2085| 15.3/ 31,305| 6891 217993] 73 75 | -70 | 84 29; 749 SS ae 214i) 164) 35,167) 60.4] 21,241) 64 68 58 | 62 1, 387, 826 See 2,186 | 16.7) 36,559| 585| 21,381| 61 65 | 69 | 87% 769,717 ee 2,167 | 16.4| 35,455| 72.5| 25,7 75 | 82 79 | 86 | 2,444) 588 | Tae ee 2175} 16.4| 35,768| 72.8| 26,023| 75 | 773} 83 90 1,295, 701 _ “UNS Hl #198 | 16.1; 35,406| 72.2} 25,548] 72 so | 74 | 80 9A2, 262 __ | 2185] 160) 34,897/ 71.5| 24,953] so | 82} 9 | 113 9,13 ae Ser ers. | 2,127| 15.6 | 33,119| 83.2] 27,557] 91 94 90 | 953 31,384 "ee a | 2117| 16.8] 35,664; 66.3| 23,636) 58 | 64 | 60 | 64 1, 854, 738 Sa a 2,557| 16.2} 41,38t| 63.4] 26,220| 61 65 | 62 | 67 | 2,272 492 | Tae ae 2,541 | 16.8] 42,779) 86.5) 37,018} 1073| 1124| 115 | 122 | 13,026,778 1915....... - ee 3,129 | 17.3} 54,050) 83.4| 45,083} 912] 93$| 953| 99%] 15,250,151 - Ma aay 3,213} 15.2} 48862} 1221] 59676) 130 | 151 | 200 | 240 | 13,703,499 ” ae 4,317 | 14.6] 62,933 | 166.0| 107,447] 176 | 184 | 180 | 260 | 17,196,417 _ ee 6,391 | 14.2} 91,041 | 151.6 | 138,038) 154 | 164 | 1453] 173 | 36,467,450 19191... a 6,307} 12.0| 75,483 | 133.2| 100,573| 149 | 182 | 198 | 229 | 41,530,961 _ ae 4,409! 13.7| 60,490 | 126.8| 76,693| 144 | 167 |.......|......- 47, 337, 466 _ Sa ey 4,228| 13.7| 67,918} 70.2 '630| 84 | 89 | eSeese - fae [roosteestees B | 1 Acreage adjusted to census basis. : ast 2 Preliminary est 562 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. RYE—Continued. TABLE 77.—Rye: Acreage, production, and total farm value, by Siates, 1920-1921. States. Lf ovee fo op eeges See aees Pit es ee Pennsylvania Virginia <2 WeSh, Vilvinin=. 2 aoc ee eee ee Worth 'Garolins. <3... +. Le see Pn eee ee ee ee eee ee ee ee Wichivan © #6262353 koe ee sccesecst nT 1 ee Se oh OF See Fn A MINNICSOUH 05-0. oc an Sak ee omen aa Witveninip eee as eet a ae ee Colorado j | 1 Preliminary estimate. Total value, basis Thousands of Production (thou- Dec. 1 price acres. sands of bushels). (thousands of dollars). | | 1920 | 19211 1920 19211 1920 19211 | | 2 2 36 30 | 70 52 5 5 90 $5 157 142 71 52 1,212 806 | 1, 962 798 55 57 962 998 | 1,635 1,018 186 188 2,97 3,008 | 4,166 2,858 5 4 75 44 102 44 17 17 262 238 409 219 40 38 480 418 744 397 il 10 121 120 194 114 43 39 408 273 776 3il 5 5 55 50 | 165 125 11 12 110 108 | 231 189 90 &3 1,296 | 1,079 | 1,750 906 278 306 3,892] 3,978] 5, 2,904 188 197 2,933 3,349 3,813 2,679 670 642 9,849 8,346, 12,804 5,842 385 328 6,160 4,756 | 8,008 3,377 518 582 8,806 | 10,185 | 10,743 6,315 32 32 544 515 636 376 28 25 336 280 420 2:1 974 | 846 9,74 9,306 | 11,591 5,397 205 191 2,768 3,056 3,017 1,772 129 135 1,819 1,714 1,874 1,028 112 91 1, 456 1,138 1,456 774 18 18 216 180 324 202 19 19 171 152 325 205 1 ul 11 12 28 19 13 13 208 156 312 156 37 3t 555 408 555 269 1 1 10 9 22 12 59 59 472 530 510 313 22 21 326 315 455 13 100 92 1,180 1,058 1,239 635 16 15 133 140 200 98 8 8 112 160 112 112 20 21 190 294 304 191 35 39 420 554 525 377 4,409 | 4,228 | 60,490 | 57,918 76, 693 40, 680 TABLE 78.—Rye: Condition of crop, United States, on first of months named, 1901-1921. | De- ber of ero E Year. pre- April. | May. June vious year. FG. | 4h ch. |) Pott | Ps te 190152 99.1 93.1 94.6 93.9 9902 2-3 89.9 85.4 83.4 88.1 IBS es 98.1 97.9 93.3 90.6 1) i ee ee 92.7 82.3 81.2 86.3 1905 = 35 90.5 92.1 93.5 94.0 190625 95.4 90.9 92.9 89.9 cL 96.2 | 92.0 88.0 88.1 1908. =.= 91.4) 89.1 90.3 91.3 1909-7 2 87.6 87.2 83.1 89.6 ASIO-- 5. 94.1 92.3 91.3 90.6 st 92.6 89.3 90.0 88.6 When Hes | Year. vested. | P. ct. 93.0 || 1912..... 90. 2 || 1913.....| 89.5 || 1914..... 88.9 || 1915..... 93.2 || 1916..... 91.3 || 1917..... 89.7 || 1918..... 91.2 || 1919..... 91.4 |} 1920..... 87.5 || 1921._... 85.0 1922. 55 j Si } “| tems } } | } | oy | a> 3 | | | ta | ISS x eale|e ee elxi2|e2el/s ao | @ eye lice SE} ns |S |2/8/8/8 oeis|2/8/3/2/38|2)2)8 Sir") 8 | | } | } j | / | ieee oe (10 Dieta aces 0.18. ea 150 100 98} 101, 102; 127) 200 227 175) 195) 175/35. 45/26.25 Canty. oo= 2c 19.9'20.5.22.020.0.18.0)19.0) 145) 92) 92, 98 102) 125, 210 205, 200, 174 150)35.79/28.50 oT 16.9/19.0.16.516.017.5)15. 5| 122) 76| 75, 89) 93) 128 184 172) 150) 158) 99\27.61/15.34 LA ae 17.6)18. 5/18. 5/16.0)17.5|17.5| 123) 79) 80) 82) 92! 117 175! 173) 160) 170, 102/28.39|17.85 ‘3 ee ee Pedes | 0/16. 0) up) 77) 4 8) S| 109 170 165 id 140 ake 60,15. 20 i eee hs.sho.oha.s 13.015.0/11.0} 122) = 79) 92) Pe 123, 178 171) 160; 136 100 29, 50l11.00 j |<: Sees 14. 9)16. 0115.0 14.0)15.4/14.0} 119) 80} 76) 86) 8S} 110 168] 170) 163; 156, 92\23.25/12 88 1 a ee 12.3}15.0)12.011.5 i2.011.0) 123} 85 81) 90) 93) 107) 175) 175 170: 155) 95)19.76)10.45 We val . 12. 6/13. 5|13.713.0/11.0)12.0} 124! 84) 87, 90 93) 119 169 180 165 160 95/21.11/11.40 Ars ee os 8.9}10.0) 9.0) 8.9) 9.5) 7.0) 147 » 98) £4 105 130 a 198, 210 190 ry 8.75 | | | | | ees ee 10. 4/10. 0)11.2 atibaied 221, 145) 150; 150; 151| 185 285) 295 295, 300 25028. 43/25.00 Gas. 25. 9.0) 8.3) 8.8) 8.9100) 9.0} 186 146) 135) 150, 140, 160 270 210 272, 210 175 20. 26)15.75 Ohio) 28 [15:7 18.0/17.0 16.014. 4/13.0) 110 75) 69} 81} 83) 120 161) 150; 145) 135, 84/22 10.92 free Sere 14. 5/15.0)16.514.014.0/13.0) 107 68 62) 85) 82) 119 160) 152, 140, 130 73/20.71) 9.49 Soe 17.1)17. gs ball Re 108 ki 65, 85) 83) 122 165) 150 130 130 wis 13.60 wich 5.45 = 13. 9/14. 0)14.3,13.314.7/13.0) 108 65 62 91 8 130 165 150 128 130 70/19.85) 9.10 Wis. 2... ;. 16. 5/18. 517.6 15. 8,16. 0/14. 5| 108} 61; 57; 91) 87) 132 169 150 133) 130 71 24.17/10.30 i ae 17.6)18. 5/20.015.0 17.0}17. 5) 103) 50, 48 89} 81) 127 167, 150 130) i122 62/24.04/10.85 figura} ..3.¢ 17.2}18.0/19.0,15.9|17.0)16.1) 102) 62) 60) 77; 80) 115) 155) 147) 132) 117 73 23. 25/11. 75 MGS Sse 12. 8/14. sl ome 0 c 2 a 80) 75, 87| 86 123 165) 163, 150, 125 ia te 72| 9.63 N. Dak. ....} 9.8 9 sli0.5) 8.010.911.9 99) 47| 45 al 79| 125 164 145) 121) 119 58)13.80| 6.38 S-Dake- 2 - 15.3/16.0)18.013.0.13.516.0' 96, 52) 50) 78 76) 118 155) 141, 125 109 58/20. 48) 9.28 iy) 14. 3/15. 612.9 16.314.1/12.7| 95) 56, 60) 74, 73: 116 155) 135, 115) 103 60/18. 68] 7.62 Kans. ..... .|13.0)14.0)14.311.013.012.5) 106, 68 75) 80) 76 110 167! 170 141| 100 68/18. 43) 8.50 iS ee as mead 127 88 87, 95 94 129 175 161 175 150 ae eae | } i | | .| 9.0} 9. s'10.0 8.0 9.0) 8.0) 144 98 99 98 103) 135. 195 192: 200) 190 135 16.98 10.80 .(10.6) 9.511.0 9.510.912.0| 189, 134 140 110, 135) 175) 268 261 260, 250 160,25. 77/19. 20 .|12.1)10.0) 5.4 17.016.012.0) 138) 110 101; 99 103, 120 196 235 167 150 10019.34)12.00 _|12.4/10.011.014.015.012.0, 114) 87 86) 95 77 125 170 187) 150). 100 6617.21) 7.92 ‘ ci es ia 9.5 mi 9.0 143, 105 >) 105, 100 | 150 210 200) 220 he | ac saw 100) 60 55) 70 65) 96) 165 144 185| 108 salts. 40 5.30 14. 8/14.018.0) 9.018.015.0| 107 65 64) 81, 90 108 155, 152) 180) 115) 5820.54) 8.70 11.016.0| 7.0, 8.811.811.5| 94 55 60 65 70 105 146 140 130 105 6014.34) 6.90 9.1 neo es ty 9.3 111; 68 a 60, 4 as 160 180 | 150 Hy tee 6.51 | : | | | 15. 7/15.515.014.0 14.0 20.0 99 60 58} 67; 68 95 135 165| 175) 100 7020.06/14.00 11.612.710.012.0 9.514.0| 118 65 60) 85 75, 111) 175) 200 185) 160 6519.14) 9.10 11.7)12.7 11.0 8.412. 014.2 121; 70, 75) 100) 90) 115 170) 205 190) 125, 68 18.93 9.66 ' | as SSS SS SS SS ee eee ee ae ae a U a eh a a a 18.7)107.0)66.3 63.4/85.5 83.4 122.1 166.0,151.6 133.2 126.8 70.2 19. 54 9. 62 | | 1 | | 1 Based upon farm price Dec, 1. 564 RYE—Continued. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Tasxe 81.—Rye: Farm price, cents per bushel on first of each month, 1908-1921. ere Pe a ; Year. g 5 | < = ee a = & = Le) 73.3) 74.@) 74. 73.4} 73.8} 75.0 74.8} 76.1) 76.5 73.3} 73.1) 71.9 82. 7 84.4 84.0) 63.8} 68.9 63.2 62.5} 61.7) 61.9 90. 2} 100.6 105, 4 85.3} 88.3) 85.6 118. 5) 123.5 126.0 3 Oe as a | 8 glial s gZle|é¢ =| 2 B} 8 | 8 aie} s | & ae se < a 5 < n a A < 75.3) 74.7| 76.3] 75.4) 74.2) 72.8) 74.1 73.6} 73.9 77.3) 78. 81.2} 81.7{ 78.5] 72.4) 72.8) 74.8 74.2 76.6) 74.9} 74.8) 74.6] 74. 74.1) 72.8 74,5) 73:7 75.4) 75. 77.9| 76.9} 75.5; 76.9} 79.7 83.2) 781 85.1) 84.6} 86.1) 83.6] 77.9) 70.8] 70.1 66.3) 74,9 62.9) 62.4) 64.1) 63.2 | 63.0} 64.8 63.4) 63.8 63.0) 62.9) 64.4) 63.1 75. 4| 79.0 86.5) 72.8 160. 4} 101.9} 98.1) 93.7 85. 5} 81.7 83.4) 89.2 83.6) 83.7 . 8] 83.3 99.7) 104.1 122.1; 99,7 135. 6} 164.1) 183.0) 177.1 161.9) 169.8 166. 0) 156.5 35. 1 -6 159. 3} 154. 6 151. 6} 167, 4 5. 7 . 3} 135. 8 133. 2} 138.5 9 168. 9) 162.3 1 Ay 89. 9) TABLE 82.—Rye: Monthly and yearly average price per bushel of No. 2, Chicago, 1910-11 to 1921-22.) be Li . bed ete es Crop year : = a 3 a g B|\Bl|e/8)8] 8 5 < a O14 Qa pa at : WIE PS ee $0.77 |$0.75 |$0. 74 |$0.76 |$0. 79 |$0. 81 as Bee ees -84) .86] .Sb} OT ; .951 «98 iL APS BRS Sere eee 74) .72}] .69| .69F .64] .61 [ibs | ee -63} .60 )) .67| «65.64 -63 Wore ths Ck Se oe -64|) .84] .95 | .92| £02) 1.10 ttle ee ee ee 1.08} 1.00} .96| 1.01] .99)| .97 be eae ee eS 93 | 1.13 | 1.20 | 1.23 | 1.47 | 1.41 NONRK1S coord dewelso 2.27 | 1.90 | 1.86 | 1.84 | 1.78 | 1.82 PSeISS FS. Ae... 1.73 | 1.67 | 1.63 | 1.63 | 1.68 | 1.59: LL. 1,55 | 1.54 | 1.40 | 1. 38 | 1,42 | 1.66 FQQOH 21 oc even cecee. 2.04} 1.90 | 1.99 | 1.69 | 1.59 | 1.61 | 7)” 1,27 | 1.07 | 1.04 ~86 | .79) .86 11-year average. | 1E7 | 118i) 1529 | 1. 21 | 1.13 | 1.18 1 From Howard Bartel’s “Red Book.” Statistics of Buckwheat. 565 RYE—Continued. TasLE 83.—Rye (including flour): International trade, calendar years 1911-1920. Average 1911-1913 1918 1919 1920 : | } Country. SS | Imports. | Exports. | Imports. | Exports. | Imports. | Exports. | imports. | Exports. [ae OL ES SE. PSO bl Pe oe Pere PRINCIPAL EXPORT- ING COUNTRIES. 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. Ar rentinat i. 2.2. (1) AANee cost. Ss pp eos 160-|--..-.-... ES se Bulgaria. . 226... 25 <0 1 Py eat Seegesecr | See sae te Ioickehweeubasemas sas eee ences: 17 (Cris ae ee 86 69 295 798 | i0 1, 897 21 3,143 Germany............. aS OD Os MEOH 2.20 RE = 8 3 she nate bch shaw nndos 17,396 850 Roumania........... 49 SAUER Teese ca [e oe cacke qa LODE s saa dnsleeteca eons 1,560 Raseia..... swt6 Roose 5, 231 ee Sees |e eee Lrcwteieecbilts yink carey Jars sratdraagld Sra ae meee United States. 5.0). <.-2. 5 Eo) | Pa eee a 16: 30Ssitceoey cece 4074943[3) occu 59, 253 PRINCIPAL IMPORT- | | ING COUNTRIES. Austria-Hunegary....- 1,224 1G ees. ke fe os ce gahen Sek etetlie cb cerca shen nee esteem PRUE ob aes om a -toma 6, 157 O14. ae. cos Solis s aaesecis 1, 724 1. 3, 768 64 Denmark........-... 8, 587 303 Gye 641 396 748 965 Mmlarid’ 7/-=22=..-54. 15, 472 47 345 | (@) 4,672 (@) 2018) ee wes sete PANIC sO soe 525 4: 4,138 7 1,346 1 665 15{ 16,351 14 LiL are Be) ee 721 2 3, 506 (1) 379 9 2, 391 (4) Netherlands.......... 31,023 | 18,870 tl) (2) 1, 906 483 602 2,089 Norway.........--.-- 10,520 42 Ss 009e = 25242 6,190 4:| 8,374 10 Baveden. {bck =. 3.25. 3, 769 40° 138 | 140 96 | 5: | 68L Switzerland.......... 729 1; el @) FP) » ies Q) | 153 | 2 United Kingdom..... 2,195 4 5,300 | 8 1,620 3} 2,067 | 192 Other countries. ...-.-. 541 352 5 89 49 45 | 540 | 608 Totak...........} 107,343 | 107,587 15, 233 17, 987 19,345 43,955 | 54, 276 69, 448 1 Less than 500 busheis. BUCKWHEAT. TABLE 84.—BPuckwheat: Acreage, production, value, exports, etc., m the United States, 1849-1921. {See headnote of Table 4.] _ 1 ! t wn a U Ok Ln~ay moO wn | be abs Ow Ln wm oD 2 |B.| sa 28 |os | ee) |S | B.| 82 28 \oe | Ss S ae Ms |e Da ang 3 a) 22 |e =) A Blea | ES |B las mad mw. |mate:| Se |B lacs ms ea | SS G lan Se Sag SA) a5 4 l¢q AR ee ba BS IES |og 8 £3|23 |] 1 |22 | og pate Aa ee |) be 82 jal == tom Se | mo rs aa = ~~ Year. °° 2 So a ‘jam ro) oS 2 ot ls > aI on a Tey | gece a33 oS a orm eno) =\ea ons om | S| SO forte > a | Ber ae) (Os, | Sas | Sly . ese POl ee | So-lacal goa| Sah . | BO] SE] So Ss5| 6g] Bete 2 Bel se |jsesiBskt| 98s & |e Ba | 38 [p2s|Hae| sss 5 = Es |SA8\5C8| om & | 8 > 2a |FAS| 52S] See cae Mate Lepage tet Eee A me lt id |e ie fe A LEIS) eee] SSeS ee] eee te ON gOT Some ool sone salons camiserne 1907| 838) 17.7) 14,858; 70.0) 10,397) 116,127 1859... Ray aiaos Sel aise citi2 JH d Ae eS ee eee eee oe 1908 353, 19.4) 16,541) 75.7| 72,518) 186,702 1866-75..... 730) 18.3) 13,369] 72.8) 9, 735)_......... 1909) 878) 20.5) 17,983) 70.2) 12,628) 158,160 1876-85... .. 799 Was5) 116i); G47) 7, 520)... =~... 1910; 1860) 20.5) 17,598) 66.1) 11,636) 223 1886-95. .... 879} 14.6} 12,854) 5427) 7,031)........-. 1911 833) 21.1) 17,549) 72.6) 12,735; 180 i ee 853) 18:5| 15,805| 39.3| 6,211] 1,677,102; 1912 841) 22.9] 19,249] 66.1) 12,720, 1,347 1897... = 838} 20:6! 17,260) 42.1! 7,259) 1,370,403! 1913) 805! 17.2) 13,833! 75.5! 10, 445! 580 Uhh sae ae 841; 17.2) 13,961) 45.0} 6,278}-1, 533,980). 1914) 792) 21.3) 16,881) 76.4) 12,892) 413, 643 pi) 1 807; 16.1) 13,001) 55.9} 7,263 426,822} 1915, 769) 19.6) 15,056} 78.7) 11,843) 515,304 1900:.......| 705; 14.9] 11,810} 55.8] 6,588] 123,540! 1916] 828| 14.1) 11,662! 112.7) 13,147] 260, 102 Uy US See 852; 18.4) 15,693) 56.4} 8) 857 719,615 1917| 924) 17.3) 16,022) 160.0) 25, 631 5, 567 [7 85! 17.9} 15,286} 59.6) 9,110) 117, 953} 1918) 1,027, 16.5] 16,905/ 166.5} 28, 142) 119; 516 C.. > ee 870} 17.5} 15,248} 60.8}. 9,277 31,006; 1919; 1700! 20.6} 14,399) 146.1) 21,032) 244,785 1904:.......| 876} 18.6| 16,327| 62.5} 10,208} 316,399; 1920} 701) 18.7] 13, 1a) 128.3) 16, 863 399, 437 1995....---- 840} 18.8) 15,797; 58.6) 9, 261 696,513; 1921{ 2671) 21.0} 14, 079) SE. 27 U1, 488) ~ . asst Bh 865) 18. 2) 15,734) 59.7) 9; 386 WOOF AOU ania ams Seleme| se aictae |S ocaicee [acts Sajal tow tei nail teciers Se 1 Acreage adjusted to: census basis. 2 Preliminary estimate. 566 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. BUCKWHEAT—Continued. TaBLE 85.—Buckwheat: Acreage, production, and total farm value, by States; 1920-21. _ : Total value, basis Thousands of acres. itera relay Dee. 1 price (thou- State. * | sands of dollars). 1920 1921 1920 1921 1920 1921 Maine: 22=' 8 Joc posce-akees sean aee ee 14 13 378 351 578 351 New Hampshire 1 1 20 21 18 Vermont....... 4 4 84 88 113 79 Massachusetts 1 1 19 18 27 22 Connecticut loo ses seen ais saeesses 2 2 34 35 54 49 New York: sef.06 [5:65 5.2. acme ass sees ersciee 215 193 4,300 4,150 6, 020 3,444 Wows Jersey". oo oats ea cac ee = econ 8 8 144 168 216 168 Poeunsylyanis -. sec escanese sores ee cc eee 232 | 225 4,176 5,175 5, 011 3, 881 Delawares: 5s Eee ee cess peetceeee 7 7 126 98 151 74 Maryland eins se eon eee ae Sore sees 12 9 240 171 319 145 VWitpinia {2.2 5. atc eee at don ot eee cs cede 19 17 410 357 574 293 West Virginian... c2he. 3.202255. anese seen 32 31 624 682 874 559 North Caroling, 225, eae eee ee once 6 5 120 85 132 72 Ohio. 2 SRE ee Re ras css dea Scene 26 21 543 525 570 551 Wngiania s: Sy oe 1. Nadal s eee e soeee wc ewan 6 6 120 114 144 114 RNINOIS= 2": 5 Pee BES. acess - seuss - stee ee 4 4 72 70 98 77 Michipan 2 fees ..c cates cceacst detbsas cece 40 39 580 624 632 487 WVISCOMST NE Ae. oo. se bete ca ccateeeeaca oes 27 40 432 596 518 447 PTINGSOLS: Se ioe se tawete nw ocetee voto en 25 27 400 432 424 302 TOW o occ tee Se cnnk ete anbaccstes- 5 eee 6 5° 102 15 137 60 MAISSOUTL: -5. Gare. saw deiswe cee daceeestaeeae 1 1 16 14 25 21 Nebraska sts. < fac seeares er as eect eee 1 1 16 16 16 13 KeOTHCKy ec tue Sinewuaeaencomnetneaeen a 8 8 120 160 120 160 Wennessee: £62 4. .'s- Jah sa 2 Zee Ee aes 4 3 66 54 86 51 United States sarc saeco acccew cee 701 671 | 13, 142 | 14, 079 16, 863 11,438 TABLE 86.—Buckwheat: Condition of crop, United States, on first of months named, 1901-1921. j | | | When | When | When Year. | Aug. Sept. har- || Year Aug. | Sept. har- Year Aug. | Sept. | har- | | vested | | vested. | | vested. | | eae | eee | } then) bette | Pct. Paha | eehal Peace wP Cbs! ie. Eke 1h) eee 1901. -=.j 791-4 90.9 90.5 || 1908....| 89.4 87.8 81.6 || 1915... 92.6 88.6 81.9 1902. . 91.4 86.4 80.5 || 1909. - 86.4 81.0 79.5 || 1916....) 87.8 78.5 66.9 1903... 93.9 91.0 83.0 || 1910... 87.9 82.3 81.7 || 1917....| 92.2 $0.2 74.8 1904... 92.8 91.5 88.7 || 1911. . 82.9 83.8 81.4 |} 1918....| 88.6 83.3 75.6 1905. . 92.6 91.8 | 91.6 || 1912....} 88.4 91.6 89.2 || 1919....) 88.1 90.1 88.0 1906. . 93.2 91.2 84.9 | 1913. - 85.5 75.4 65.9 || 1920. 90.5 91.1 85.6 1907. . 91.9 77.4 80.1 || 1914....) 88.8 87.1 83.3 || 1921....| 87.2 85.6 87.4 | TABLE 87.—Buckwheat: Forecasts of production, monthly, with preliminary and final estimates. [000 omitted.] Y A September.| Octob Noe | inet ear. ugust. | September. ctober. | production . 4 estimate. | Stimate Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Le eee eee | Me eee 2 ei ee 16, 000 18, 000 18, 000 19, 124 19, 249 TOs ieee aaa tamed Fettig s or Te 17, 000 15, 000 14, 000 14) 455 13, 833 POU) a bboes. (SCE SB 3s 20 i eee 16, 897 17, 106 16, 882 17, 025 16, 881 IOUS: tetas 0h ea AE eee 17,651 17, 556 16, 738 16, 350 15, 056 tole. L! See MAS RS CAr see See 17,114 15,788 13, 922 11) 447 11) 662 S170 ethan, Tf REE RTT A ee 19) 876 20, 226 17, 895 16, 813 16, 022 CONE BURRS tars Aad cel Carers SPE 20, 623 20, 093 19, 473 18,370 16, 905 TOG BOCA 6 ROE ea at eet ae 18, 002 19, 193 20, 076 20, 120 14; 399 $000... 0 hed Bh Me Gite) Cae 4 14,790 15, 528 15, 532 14) 321 13,142 Deverage: SS ps Sie a eee 17,550| 17,610| 16,946 16, 447 | 15, 239 1921 ....0.:... ees as 8 | 12, 957 | 13, 042 | 14, 263 14, 894 | 114,079 Statistics of Buckwheat. BUCKWHEAT—Continued. 567 TaBLE 88.—Buckwheat: Yield per acre, price per bushel Dec. 1, and value per acre, by State. Conn... eee ew eee e115 States. Value pe Yield per acre (bushels). Farm price per bushel (cents), acre (dollars).1 g Wigt2 abe al g g | £3 | ES BQ on | | oN > cf | aS ay wo s a os Re Taal a= oS|r~ ao <7) oinw Sy Gc) tH D0 | © ~ 2) 2 S aed oD o E\e|S|S 8/8 ish s)a/8/s/5)/2)/8/2)8 |e" s ee aa | | peed 23. 9/21. 5) 20. ols 0/27. olor. 0 56, 60) 70 95) 150) 150) 175) 153) 100,33. 67)27.00 18. 4/16. 0/17. 0,18. 0 20. 021. 0 66} 70} 81) 100, 183} 200) 156) 122] 88/27. 15118. 48 21. 220. 0,21. 0'22. 021. 0/22. 0 80} 82} 82) 105] 150, 160) 170) 135] 90:29. 55/19. 80 .|17. 615. 0 16. 020. 0/19. 0/18. 0 80, 84 95) 140) 166) 196, 160) 140) 125'27. 45,22. 50 17. 8/17. 3/19. ee 0)17. 0/17. 5 95) 95} 96) 120) 200; 210) 200) 160) 13932. 10/24.32 19, 3/18. 0,15. 0 22. 0/20. 0'21. 5 81{ 76) 80) 122) 160) 175) 145) 140) 83,25. 92'17. 84 18. 6/18. 0 18. 0/18. 018. 0.21. 0 76; 83} 83, 108; 158; 170) 150) 150) 100 2¢. 71/21. 00 19, 7/18. 0,18. 0,21. 6,18. 0/23. 0 73| 76| 78) 111) 163, 160) 140) 120) 75.25.1017.25 18, 1/20. 0 20. 518, 0/18. 0/14. 0 69) 76) 75) 118 148 143) 160) 120) 7526.35 10.50 20. 6/21. Me is 0 20. 0/19. 0 75) 81) 72); 110) 165) 165) 155) 133) 85/30. 1616.15 -|20. 7\21. 1,21. 0)19. 0/21. 6)21.0 80} 84 80 95) 150) 163) 155) 140) 82:28. 7617.22 20. 4\20. 0 19. 5,21. 0/19, 5,22. 0 78; 83) 80) 101) 170) 173) 170) 140) 82:29. 84)18. 04 18. 8/20. 0 20. 0/17. 0/20. 0/17. 0 78| 83] 82) 85] 130) 150) 140) 110) 985'23. 3414. 45 20. 5/17. 2:16. 0/23. 2'20. 9,25. 0 76| 76! 77| 110 153) 156! 155} 105! 105'25. 73:26. 25 17. 1/15. 0|15. 0/16. 5/20. 0/19. 0 75, 78 80) 112) 155 160 150) 120) 100,23. 23/19. 00 18. 0,19. 0/17. 8/18. 018.017. 4 80 95 90; 130) 170) 180 180} 136) 110 28. 66.19.14 (12.7) 9. 0/10. 0/13. 8/14. 5/16. 0 70| 71) 72] -115| 147| 170} 137] 109] 78/15. 52)12. 48 15, 0,12. 2/15. 9116. 216. 0 14. 9 69| 76, 83, 116) 174 165 150) 120) 7521.4411.18 16. 4,14. 0/17. 0/19. 0/16. 0/16. 0 64) 70, 75, 112) 135) 170, 130) 106) 70/21. 25/11. 20 /14. 6/12, 0/15. 0/14. 0/17. 0/15. 0 81) 77 80, 125 200) 180 169) 134) 8023. 24/12. 00 | | 14. 6,15. 0/13. 0/15. 0/16. 014.0 85) 93 90) 133) 144 180) 184) 155) 150/93. 20/21.00 15. 6,16. 014. 0,16. 0,16. 0/16. 0 79, 84 95 110; 150, 165 180) 100) 80.22. 12/12. 80 L620 TSS0 4. 0)1320)15: 0)}20).0|55 = 25 sec) soee| = ceo) soe .<| oles Sass ease | 104) 120} 100)..... 20. 00 17.017. 0/18. 0,15. 5 16.5 18.0 75| 78 76, 100) 150° 140) 150, 130) 95 22.6817.10 -118. 7, 316. 5,20. 6)18. 7 21. 0,109. 2 66. 1) 5. 5 76. 4 78. 7 112. 7,160. 0,166. pias. 1 128.3 81. 2,25, 0817.05 ; | | | | 1 Based upon farm price Dec. 1. TABLE 89.—Buckwheat: Farm price, cents per bushel on first of each month, 1908-1921. | | . . i . 8 me a 2 b sal a ge | See Year. 5 peal eee : z ga | 3 I Bg | BS 3 = 2 Bb o re = $s ro} 2 o Ho als|s a =| Pa 3 a | s 8 ° | 8 & sy = = = 5 < 7) o) Z ey NS | a1. 7| 72.0) 72 77.0! 75.8| 86.0) 80.1} 80.0) 77.2) 77.1) 75.6) 76.4 74.3) 74.2) 75. 78. 8) 83.4) 86.9) 82.9) 76.9| 75.0) 71.6) ‘'0.1) 75.0 70.0} 72.0) 70. 71.0) 73.7) 78.0} 74.8) 72.6} 71.3) 65.9) 6€.1) 69.8 65. 8} 64.4) 64 65.8) 70.1) 72.4) 76.0} 74.0) 69.6} 73.0) 72.6) 70.3 73.7| 73.6) 76. 79.9 84.8) 86.2) 83.6) 76.6) 69.7) 65.5) 66.1] 72.6 66.8) 69.4) 67. 71.4; 70.8) 72.9) 72.4) 70.0! 74.1) 75.5) 75.5) 72.4 76. 6) 75.6} 75 77.3) 79.0} 85.5) 81.2) 79.8) 78.7! 78.0! 76.4) 77.9 77.9| 83.7) 85. 84.6} 86.9) 92.1) 89.2! 81.4) 73.7) 78.5) 78.7) 81.0 81.5) 80.7) 83 84.9) 87.0} 93.1] 89.0} 86.4) 90.4) 102.9) 112.7) 94.7 117. 2} 114.6) 124 150. 6| 183. 7} 209. 2} 189.3) 164.3) 154.4) 154.2) 160.0} 153.2 162. 7) 161.9) 168. . 1] 176. 0) 191. 0} 200. 8) 192. 7) 190.3) 180.0) 173.0) 166. 5) 174.7 162. 9) 158.1) 148. 49. 6} 147.3) 165. 6} 160. 8} 165. 9) 159. 8) 162.0) 151.0) 146. 1) 154.7 150. 7) 154.9) 155. 7] 163. 1) 168. 8) 180. 2) 202. 7} 181.3} 176. 3) 159. 4) 131.0) 128. 3) 152.0 125. 4) T18. 7; 116. 3} 109. 3) 115.9) 116.1) 115.3) 119. 7) 114. 4] 106.0) 83.9} 81.2) 102.4 Average 1912-1921.) 109.5) 109.1) 110.1) 111.1) 115.7) 124.5) 131.9} 126. 4) 119.9] 114.8] 109. 4] 109.2] 113.6 — 563° Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. FLAX. Tasis 90.—Flazr: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1909-1920. | Area (thousands of! | acres). Country. pas agel ig99- | 1918 | 1919 | 1920 1913. | NORTH AMERICA. Saskatchewan.... Alberta: - - Total Canada. Total North oe America SOUTH AMERICA. Argentima-........... Uraguny2-—- = 252. Total South | America ..... | EUROPE Mapa. one ee Croatia-Siavonia~.....) 17/5... .).2...<]2-.- Bosnia-Herzegovina. .|......|......|..-..-|.--.-- Beipigmn >-s2-22—---s|) ” OOlescscel Buleanaes 23 2e- | | Czrechoslovakia= 25.21.45 oNotcs-2 1 383 ice Se ae oe 361, 228 52 Bemesrye>. 5. C7 ane eee ivehndilss— 2 525-- Fa 53] 143 96 i a er oe 22} 48 47 Netherlands.......... 233 14 24 Hoarranias. .2- =... 52) 4186 548 Russia proper a ae De yj OR Se eS Ee | PUlgnd 4-2... ae =. ae | 776 Northern Caucasia.. ic eee | ee Serbres 2 esses 5 Ci | pee ae be a Spake oo Sos eeee eae ee | 4 2 Swateme 33 ce 4 |) ae Total Huropes.|. 3; Sf7i--- -.|o.- [2 ASIA. British. India *........| 3, 821).3, 707 1, 989}. 3, Bs 12). ” 85 983) 285 Russia, Asiatic... ee aoe aes Total Asia ..... ABS ES As AFRICA | 0) een ee ed SORE On. Sop Scare Se eae [obo — Grand total. ._./15, 261/...._- NER, -| 1,036 1,068 1,093 Sse oe a | Production. | Seed (thousands of bushels Fiber (thousands of pounds). Aver-| Aver- age agel 1909 1918 | 1919 | 1920 1909- 1918 1919 1913. , 473 16, 890, 28, 830 | 35; 299) 82° 980 35, 175 6, 289 5, 291 17, 276) 7, | 24 435) 1 Five-year average except in a few cases where statistics were unavailable. 2 Old boundaries. 3 Bohemia and Moravia only. 4Includes Bessarabia but excludes Dobrudja. Former Kingdom and Bessarabia. 6 Former Kingdom, Bessarabia and Bukowina. 7 Former Russian Poland and Western Galicia. 8 Includes some native States. § Unofficial. 565 Production. | | Year. Statistics of Flax. FLAX—Continued. Taste 91.—Flaz (seed and fiber): World production as far as reported, 1896-1920. Production. i nee TRO eat oy Biesee we > u BAsSnrsA We URS A RR AA On aa *, ee wWO1N 0 al ‘ . eve . ree . ’ Don ii . 0 wes . ‘. cw . ‘ Tae . ‘oe Poe eo ates ' oe es . Os tan € . ta , oe . oe . en (yen | . ‘ Loy . ae oo . yt Oe ’ Qethet Careertra ey ORHAN HIN Om OD SRS aS SS AXRXAAAAARAMH sr Bs oe Oo Oh De Dh DUS ooo s=cboeadec es SoA ree et = BSRRS SANNNES iseeeeeesssess a NA Ct ed nN a NN et et rt et ret ON eS .8228338383833 SOS OAT PID OS OUTS cEREE aeeuecce Eeeeaes Segaes 1896... 1897. 3998. ... 1899 1800 Yee ee To Bee eee LipSense + Se xports fiseal year e Domestic Farm value Dec. 1. ee ee eee reese | 1849-1921. | Production. y: 11, G00 | | | | [See headnote of Table 4.] Average | yield per acre. xe gexes ae ON Pee es dine es = Br as aveds I ww m° Rak meat PS) ‘Pe geage 5S S5R8nn Lr, Sn RAN cn RE “BR ’ mim Aa Sow et WS ‘ . 296. 215 233 988 529 886 934 7, 419 8, 653, 235 666 679 12) 393 366 426 391 16, 170, 415 593) 668 5, G02, 496 19, 2 ) 499, 227 6, $41, 806 976 4, 323 ar IRN isis Aa 1 st bs Betz Raass Fas SA aha RNR LOA bps Tal 882, 899 65, 193 4, 277, 313 Cte! Sanae Nese > z > > , 2 aca $2223 82388 Paate igdg seges 9 a rt 1 CO 6 age Tie RRS ; RANKS $09 te 00 oO co 3) aol FlS|2|8/8/8 18/8 /8/8/28/8/F S18 S| SIs laste ae Wis. . ./10. 8)... 11. 0/10, 5)11. 0/10. 5) 213). 127} 123) 125) 180} 240)..... | 330) 430| 212 1d 39)15. 75 Minn..| 9.4) 9.5)10. 4) 8.0) 9.5] 9.5) 220) 120) 123) 128) 176) 240) 295) 341) 445) 183) 151/27.37|14.34 Towa. .|11. 7/11. 0/11. 0/16, 0/12. 0) 8.7) 208) 124) 123) 120) 150) 215) 275, 320! 420) 180) 153)35. 15/13.31 N. Dak| 5.6) 3.9) 7.8) 4.6) 5.3) 6.4) 220! 114) 121) 128; 178) 252, 300, 345] 441] 178] 143/18. 86] 9.15 S. Dak | 8.0} 7.0) 9.5} 7.0/10.0} 6.5) 212) 113) 120) 123) 167 cs) 299) 325) 425) 165) 139/24. 21) 9.04 Nebr ..| 7.4) 5.5} 9.5] 5.0) 9.0) 8.0} 202) 128) 110) 119) 147} 230 250, 330] 400) 155) 150/19. 49112. 00 Kans. .| 6.4] 7.0} 5.0} 6.3) 6.9) 6.7| 206) 130) 116) 125) 145) 234) 290, 330) 380) 180) 135/17.35] 9.04 Mont ..| 3.0} 3.0} 3.0) 1.3) 2.6) 5.0} 215) 112) 115) 120) 170) 248) 295) 338] 440) 175) 140/10. 56) 7.00 Wyo..| 6.7/ 6.5) 9.0} 4.0) 8.2] 5.7; 223)..... peeag aseom 145) 225) 261) $25) 350} 135) 118/17. 41] 6.73 U.S.| 5.9) 4. 6) a : 5 5 a re 21s 1s 7,119. 9126. oj174. ous. Spat 6 340. aes 3 176. 7 144. ope 72/10. 07 1 Based upon farm value Dec. 1. TABLE 97.—Flazseed: Farm price, cents per bushel on first of each month, 1908-1921. B 5 2 | 8 ad u : Q ° Wer bc | hg | . i ee ae me i [== oO = ~_ o : oO 2 a ae eee a a eda a a Ma Se a es eg a ae ee et el ee Be ee eS | ae, et a 99.3] 101.0} 192.9] 103.0} 104.8] 109.2) 108. 1] 107. 4} 109.6] 107.0] 108.3] 118 4] 108.7 BERS can doiccer } 123.2} 129.8] 141.3] 145.6] 148. 7| 153. 4| 153.2] 137.0] 123.1] 122.8] 139.8] 152.9] 138.5 eniteees fare. 171. 2| 192.9] 193. 1| 193. 9| 209. 5| 195. 5| 183. 5] 209. 7| 220.0] 234.3| 299. 4| 231.7] 217.9 ieee od. dois 221, i] 233. 9| 240.7] 234.6] 241.9) 225.0} 205.6] 199.2) 203.6] 205.0] 210.6] 182. 1] 207.8 Se aa aie te 187.1] 190. 8| 183.9} 191.3] 181.0] 205.0! 198. 4! 175.2] 162.6! 147.7| 133.4] 114.7] 148.6 eee 106.2} 109.3} 119.0] 113.6) 114.3] 115.8, 113. 4} 118.6] 127.8) 122.6] 118.7] 119.9] 117.7 ee ey 124. 2} 127. 8| 132. 5| 132. 8, 134. 7} 136.8] 136.0} 150.7| 139.3] 127. 4| 118.7] 126.0] 125.6 2) a 134. 8| 163. 7| 157.9] 167. 7| 169.6] 169. 5| 152.5] 144.6] 143.5] 148 1| 162.9 174.0] 159.5 ae 2 es foi 185.9] 210.$| 202. 5| 202.1! 191. 8| 176.5] 163.2! 178.1] 190.2} 199.2} 234.7] 248.6] 218.4 i. ae 250. 7| 253. 7| 253.1] 266. 1| 300.6] 298. 8| 278. 0| 271.6] 302.8) 308.5] 295.9] 296.6| 288.7 oS ae? ee 310. 8| 326. 7| 349.8} 379.7] 373.3] 363.6} 349.3] 410.5] 381.2] 380.9] 339. 8| 340.1] 345.5 “2 GR oot ae 227. 7| 310. 1] 327. 4| 348.7] 361. 4} 389.3) 444.1] 540.6| 517.5] 438. 2| 382.3) 438.3] 398.5 oS ee ae 433. 6| 456. 5|-472.7| 455.7] 448.2} 421.1) 359. 6| 303. 7| 290.3| 279. 7| 240. 1| 176. 7| 280.2 1 2 ea aa 163. 7| 156.3] 150. 4| 142.6] 125.7] 145.7] 115.8] 162.1] 164.8] 182.9] 145.0! 144.6! 150.5 Average, 1912-1921 .| 222. 5| 230.6] 234.9] 240.0} 240.1) 242. 2! 234.0] 245. 6| 242.0] 231. 5| 216.6| 218.0] 224.2 99912°—yBxK 1921——37 5-yr. aver. 1920-21 Per cent of year’s sales. FLAX—Continued. Monthly marketings by farmers, 1916-1921. . . timated amount sold monthly by farm- ers of United States (niillions of btishels). Es s | Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. TABLE 98.—Flazseed. Month. 572 civic wodeics cSehcius ‘reson, Scalar NoOrw Odea -_ gases rags nae | | fi eee Laan eeteel | coe See: Denis Beets a, TTT} ArAD mary o g o. g AH OD OCNOM Fata “poos OATIOOJO: Sidgig Sdided cseledd |e pee a E | S & a WOON AHOM HHO] oO g 8}S0G [BULTIY arece Cw. a bo | seis a cis cicdeirs |S a eee ee ht SES Fy. is g m ee sod YROON AenoN wer | a ea! oe “A 34 ost Ie cpg ey ah ie vey gm a COMOID OAM comet l|o $ i I arenn Malai! bo | vicite aS wa |S |g ——_— > = | mN on ama! Ss aS) bs IR PON RON may | Ad toad OSBOSTP FUEL tH cae cdc | od nm OOOH WOrO MMOH! O = Oy ny lad) st ari ind S B e 0 ; Bro wo Seto O10 | © st S -oreuan ayy a eg tony nee ne FL METRE Ae eS POOP TOOL | vases Shs SES 1K q AAMO matte COMDo]o iri eT ae a ete cae 4 ; se; i SS 7 d alo ie os aa ee al S ‘seojyg | BSEQee BS SIT es Bee | tise BS Siri S : SPUYM OH | giaivicies i “Sol roid | 08 a 8 Brown naar waar Bs R WH | Crididit Adda a tle s 3 ta —S 3 . H Bowne SHIMOO Hi | Si me ‘OZOOT] PUB IASON | WS ‘odoi odcied wodci | os db = Ay th GET os erecta © Gre le see aa yet Ue & 4 Qoern CON Ass] nN il isa} Spool ac ee nt uated a tS YAR MONKm SAAN b= g *OINJSTOUL DATSSOOXAT ain Di =< Mela Ye fit bs 7 = g | NCNM ten tt | 00 *PINISTOUL JUITOIO TORR CRE en AER RS = aid Ry ySTOUL 4 ped | uttes Nis wg cj rs Nom NIwwonN OO TAN i) | ee or ae eer ra [Ear ae er eee 8 Gah ga al a ede, Se aes oat seo} for) for} wor Te Wate, we eae . a Es ote: ae ear nen tetetase FS ee TL RR aT a cove) SINNET EOS CLM EtN 68 A Se ee etalk SS mcanmrierte ts 4 - sbiiepsteeste dete oo biaio: be ia ‘ ‘Se pote Py ha Pen! LMR pao Jing Ba sore Te ie ae ee epee 1s be < 8 sete h Heir) Diabetes ae) Roe 854 H a Bi BARRA? SRR eri Ps ee yee b yr ie. het i- dtent roe te ae Bens ci: Vis lacs bee} See ln let) ia ee ES ERES BEES Soler gadaied eheis Base Seas gees SRG ERGe aes OO Zack Adee Bees Sete eee 1 Less than 0.05 per cent. Statistics of Flaw. 573 FLAX—Continued. TasLe 100.—Flazseed: Monthly and yearly average price per bushel, Minneapolis, 1910-11 to 1921-22. | ! May. | June.| July.| Aug. | A¥® Crop year. ‘Sept. Oct. | Nov. Dee. | Jan. | o sobseubeid ceed adinedl ean 8 My crs al ree $2.66 $2.62 $2.61 |$2.42 $2.60 '$2.68 |$2.60 [$2.56 |$2.47 ($2.24 |$2.10 \32. 34 $2. 49 ames 1 es | 2.47 | 2.35 | 2.04} 2.06 | 2.15 | 2.06 | 2.06} 2.15 | 2.23 | 2.25 | 1.97) 1.86 | 2.14 oi: Fe gee eee 1.76 | 1.60 } 1.35} 1.25 | 1.29} 1.34] 1.26 | 1.29} 1.30] 1.31 | 1.38] 1.47] 1.38 WNGUESS ies. 3 1.45 1.38 1.35 | 1.44} 1.49} 1.53 | 1.58 | 1.54] 1.56 | 1.59 | 1.63 | 1.64] 1.52 2 ie aoa oe 1.51 | 1.33 | 1.45 | 1.54 | 1.83 | 1.86 | 1.91 | 1.93 | 1.95 | 1.76 | 1.67 | 1.67] 1.70 _ See aa ae 1.70 | 1.86 | 1.99 | 2.07 | 2.31 | 2.32 | 2.27} 2.13 | 1.96} 1.80 | 1.96] 2.15] 2.04 MORties. ee | 2.10 | 2.54) 2.78 | 2.84] 2.89 | 2.81 | 2.90 | 3.18 | 3.33 | 3.11 | 3.01 | 3.46] 291 , Ey ieee goiter 3.29 | 3.48 | 3.60} 3.74 | 4.08 | 4.09 | 3.93 | 3.86 | 4.40 | 4.39 | 3:78 a 7 4.09 | 3.59 | 3.77 | 3.54 | 3.41 | 3.45 | 3.73 | 3.88 | 4.12 | 4.56] 5.94/ 5.87] 4.19 co 3 .| 4.92 | 4.32 | 4.63 | 4.99-| 5.12} 5.08 | 5.02 | 4.68 | 4.53 | 3.92 | 3.48 | 3.28] 4.52 7 Saas +| 3.23 | 2.83 2.27 | 2.06 | 1.96 | 1.82} 1.78 | 1.58 | 1.84 | 1.36 | 1.89 | 2.01 | 2.09 >, Fa ee 12.03 | 1.88 | 1.79} 1.98 |..2 2h. oad ee Sees Sy: eee Spend Seowrt Oy H-year average) 2.66 | 2.51 2.52 | 2.5% | 2.60 | 2.61 2.64 | 2.68 | 2.60 | 2.68 | Ea 2.61 1 From Annual Reports of Minneapolis Chamber of Commerce arid Daily Market Record. TaBLe 101.—Flazseed: Monthly and yearly average price per gallon of linseed oil, New York, 1910-11 to 1921-22) | Crop year. Sept.| Oct. | Noy.) Dec. | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. Pe er ae i | 5 So Ze | | | eS Se $0.90 {0.20 {30.95 |s0. 95 |s0. 95 |$0. 96 lee | 'g0.01 |s0. 91 [s0. 59 |s0. 87 [s0. 80 | $0.91 = 2a Saeeeieeras BETS SEY” OTE Sm ee 8 ca ica ek ee Eh is “62| is0| laa] la =46| 145) .44| 146) 145] 147] .49| 49 WAS oie. 47] 246] .48| .48 ‘a 150| 251] 250| 150] %52| 150] 50 205 aaa 57| .49| .44| .45] .48] .56| .55| .58} -62| .63| .54| .50| 53 eee 2s. -- 2 :55 1 .60| :61| .66| -72| .77| :76| -75| .67| .63| .71| .66 2 3 el 282] .90| :92] .94| 195] .94| 1.07] 1.21 | 1.21] 1.12| 1.18] 1.00 Ss Seapine 1,18 | 1.15 | 1.21 | 1.29} 1.29 | 1.41 | 1.57 | 1.57 | 1.57] 1.64] 1.98| 1.42 “oD ae 1.83 1.55 | 1.58 1.50 | 1.45 | 1.43} 1.54 | 1.61 | 1.81 | 2.10 | 2.22] 1.71 “a eeeiheaers 1.79 | 1.75 | 1.82] 1.7% | 1.77 | 1.80 | 1.83 | 1.69 | 1.65 | 1.52 {| 1.41 | 1.74 Ul = ee 1.20 .98| 182] .75| .66| .66| .6f| .70| .75| .75| .74| .82 2 ee OBS COTY LGR | ga i ee! Ss oat de Nis see [ca Vespe 1-year average| 1.01 | 88 | 8 | ot | 91 | 91! .93 6 | 98 | 29 | 09 | 1.02 .96 1 Figures for 1910-1915 from Monthly Labor Review; 1916-1918 from War Industries Board Price Bul- letin; 1919-1921 from Oil, Paint, and Drug Reporter. 574 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. FLAX—Continued. TaBLe 102.—Flarseed: Monthly and yearly receipts at Minneapolis, 1910-11 to 1921-22.) {In thousands of bushels; i. e., 000 omitted.] | Crop year. Sept.} Oct. oa Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June.) July.| Aug. tal To- of)-1iaa_ 9.1 808 tw | 954 |1,530 {1,202 | 535] 338] 300] 232] 12] 1s] 122] 133| 191 | 5,757 qgti-]992 tips sk P 563 |1,212 1,570 |1,716 | 531 | 459] 397] 468| 571] 440] 487] 160 | 8,574 1910-198 7) 281 & 700 |1,6A7 |1,520 |2,245 |1,450 |1,246 |1,057 | 742] 518| 514] 432] 281 |12,362 CES ee Se as ee 756 |1,686 |1,505 [1,131 | “711 | '478 | 592 | 270| 139] 165] 233| 117 | 7,783 1M ir bee tt 901 |1,890 |1,247 |1,016 | 599] 443] 384] 142| 77] 146] 239] 115 | 7,199 1915-16. ..........--. 347 |1,038 [1,506 {1,113 | 319] 399] 810] 486 | 440] 363| 441] 199 | 7,461 A916 17d: | Eo 316 |2,380 |1,694 (1,045 | 544] 442] 441] 384| 263] 565] 325| 921] 8,491 Giztee ess te 265 | 980 |1,112 | 614] 533] 553 | 527] 283| 349] 648| 208| 94} 6,166 1918-192 2.2 Bt ee 536 | 915] 857] 788; 558] 473| 8294 439] 436] 942] 642| 196 | 7,611 ani9-oney Sey 753 | 570| 568| 492] 344] 368] 409] 159 | 295| 522] 554] 297 | 5,331 PY ij eee I Oe 580 |1,444] 861 | -699| 298] 269] 364| 434] 578| 572] 338] 289 | 6,726 le a re 500-14 444-4 S76 A 54 sttoecansloreesphresiare RR MME DN BE yd ll-yearaverage| 597 |1,391 |1,248 |1,036 | 566 | 494] 549 356 | 344] 454 | 367] 185 | 7,587 1 Compiled from Minneapolis Chamber of Commerce Reports and Daily Market Record. TABLE 103.—Flarseed: International trade, calendar years 1911-1920. [See ‘General note,”’ Table 17.] | Argentina. Australia. Austria-Hungary. | Belgium. Year. ; = Mi s.d5 50. 5 Imports. Exports. | Imports. | Exports. | Imports. Exports. Tmports Exports. Sts es Pee ee ore ee ae 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. ine bes Ras © 1! go'301 atl 1788 i3| 8 730| 8,880 BOS. hd 1 OAs Se SL Day, “EAS « ane G7 139} (a) 2,526 36 | 10, 200 5,980 Pola! Mes ie dedct Be Q) 33, 132 180 re) eae bee EA es ey eee ee TS .5 SES. ED ASS 38, 627 350 (en eee Eine ee PAS ET ' 1016-5 32S [5 FE: | 25, 192 So5h| - [ed] St Fee ee | vatheasees | Sette E WTP oe GUE Seek | 5563 GEy | -i @y GE ES See OF Be PK 5 ee ; TEs AS ee oe Sl fi A | 15, 408 803 Q [ee 5s ogee shoe te ceeeetece | RAIS . AGIDS boss ee Ss 228 he od Q) 33, 677 369 ()~ SE P ees Ae | 1,000 38 TH? peers reppin tse Peps asecr S08gnoa an es Fesseoce jaereceekoes enero $27 lll fe. “f | | | | British India. | Canada China | Yinland. 1 amet aie antl el Pe Ripe emapaaerce: 256 | ne ee ae 2117 1 T9120 Sse Ee ae 353 | 14, 133 ay Page eS 900 2105 1 OES Ss 5s tee 294 | 14,685 Bin eeeegaa |e sce cae 396 2107 l (te 342 | 14, 067 () (AUER e Bate wee 444 ct 7 al ee = AO15t ses 272 a 155 7, 188 77 2021. | oss coe 364 S258 os eo, EEE Cpe Re ee Ae eee eee 335 | 15, 559 1 4; S050. Sees 482 ge 77 he ee BOL eee eee 314 7, 439 2 7 By PERS eS 333 ives) eRe . TQUGS Ba esa 379 8, 867 13 2, 088 63 210 oo epee oe ze PSUS Uae eee ee 243| 13,341 27 1,173 27 535 85 (Sees PR koe oe 280 7, 839 617 1,519 3 242 105) ooeees -. 1 Less than 500 bushels. 2Includes hempseed. ~I or Statistics of Flax. 57 FLAX—Continued. TasBLe 103.—Flarseed: International trade, calendar years 1911-1920—Continued. ! | France. | Germany. Italy. Japan. Imports. | Exports. Year. SSS SSS SS SS SS SSS SSS SS SSS 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,900 1,000 bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. LU. ee Beal RE Ae Ys 109} 10,879 250 1,619 1 27 i eee 5, 418 31 12, 995 213 1, 683 (7) -afeeeseee Sete pede 4 theses c 9, 346 41 1, 788 7 ee Pe as pe z oleae Ss te Lt 57 4, 861 78 1,275 @>. 2. SSS ee: ese ee 1, 322 73 1, 509 (@) TL Accenee eee [OTH ae eee 2, 471 65 1, 055 @) 272 90 co Seed » 2 BS a 1, 886 49 BO Acosta we aac 149 203 Ch eS ae 1,028 5 | 141 8 262 78 LLL 2S ee 4,001 22 519 1 347 344 2 eee 2 | 1,284 67 871 @) 114 74 Morocco (French). Norway. Rumania, United States. Uruguay. Other countries. | Total. Jill | ae eee 7,480 i |S oe 520 379 127 53, 852 32, 893 OP eee 7, 833 2D Beseresaet 658 513 208 60, 359 60, 174 NOUR ee aan ete sees’ s 6, 530 280 [esssecns 1, 804 832 81 92, 920 94, 420 (0 ee) See eee 9,247 pet & 1, 069 976 48 47, 870 63, 797 PDs eee | 14,697 | ee 564 1, 387 24 51, 338 49, 775 BGG tae 2 en ors 13, 098 2 esvaneece 322 1, 530 10} 47,721 47, 606 rl Se ene o.30e(C 2 8 lec: 14 289 34| 22 694 20, 328 1918 oan a ee 12, 974 Dh | 105 64 136 26, 303 27, 295 Lit ee an 14, 036 bY i (ager aeempeen 541 733 90 48, 236 49.926 21 oe 24, 641 cE pl ae 784 1, 064 53 52, 659 51,591 1 Less than 500 bushels. 576 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. = Taste 104.—Rice: Area and production in wndermentioned countries, 1909-1920. Country. NORTH AMERICA. Guatemala.......--..-|..-....- SOUTH AMERICA. Arpontima...<--<0.de<.<: re 32. 8/30. 0/32. 0/32. 034. 0/36. 1) 135, 94) 86) 92) 89) 86) 200) i97| 280) 125) 101/58. 77/36. 46 Arke ee cccoe (45. 5/41. 6/37. 946. 0/49. 0/53. 5} 130) 94) 90) 90} 95) 96 190; 180) 240) 131) 92/73. 84\49,22 Calif. >. iign 58. 7/68. 0/65. 5/60. 0/51. 0/54. 133) 91} 100] 100} 90) 78) 175} 190) 267] 121) 115)102.36)/62.10 -|37. aot ka 5/39. sie ojo. 1)131. = bn Pik tay 4/90. 6/88, 9/189. one eg eitt9. 1 95. 3/65. 37/38. 20 1 Based upon farm price Dee. 1. Statistics of Rice. 579 RICE—Continued. TABLE 111.—Rice: Extent and causes of yearly crop losses, 1909-1920. 1 lo 3 | : 4 3 : eal aaa: ae foe bea £ z la le\¢/¢r3 22 | &2 ig) Z & & é on = ak BA lee |e | 3 esl isabel eg: (FO on | i Eu Nees | Eb ey, SUE | Rs ia a i a a Neale ee te laetioe| a e e | Bde A | eee fom | Gr he Boch sy | ; —_ | Pick |. Prck, | Battle Pact. | -Pch.\-P: ck. | Pact. |b. ce: | Pct. \) Pct. | Poct.| Pict. Pct Tees a get eae) Osby) SO el aah eshte oe io geo ers | 3:1) 1.6 > eee 16.7 (ih eS ead eta ria i os haga a ag GO 8 ee EE 256 | aese |" Boho OF OLE 20.8 ie. ceo (On aed | ee ae 2 a al git EINO'| 3.) 2) Oy. eee 217 1 RR inte el Peal tony rot | BTU Pals 1 eOre to 5 a | eee et WONG: sr eee, es - ra eed ea ny koe ey BM fh gle lie (se 2 at Ul ea pl eR a ieBe cs nee O20 (2 dt anal ai To Re ae eae Pe) hale TY ako ah ea Ke eg Q)| 19.4 Wer ct pa. S25... ays | 2.3 eal; 284 Q) -6 RG Wel): ertie tell oats, fel) oSilemleno LE ae elerailal 7 Ula She i 5 al a Sah en el a 8 lecaee 28.5 ee ee: Bal V1, Tt BSB: . Sot 5 dealin 5 PN" 25 Oe 5 ecta6 il site 5 aaiearth eo ae Re fe = ett yj 5 a rT Ea ba oie ol Receee Paaie i ape 7] Sethe Ree Sera ed 1. Tele we 7 ine 2 1 dull; OPEO Lt, 3.4:,, 54 | 2 cw Ges Cp ae Sree 4563); |. Ot ee Seay. ont |e cas A all iaG: 6 Weds Sol 27d nn D) |" peecireae te lett. Average....... 5.7 | 4 20] .41 Q) | 5 21/141 1.3 | g| .4| .2| 189 } 1 Less than 0.05 per cent. TABLE 112.—Rice: International trade, calendar years 1909-1920. Mostly cleaned rice. Under rice is included paddy, unhulled, rough, cleaned, polished, broken, and cargo rice, in addition to rice flour and meal. Rice branis notincluded. Rough rice or paddy, where specifically reported, has been reduced to terms of cleaned rice at ratio of 162 pounds of rough or unhulled to 100 pounds ofcleaned. “Rice, other than whole or cleaned rice,” in the returns of United Kingdom is not considered paddy, since the chief sources of supply indicate that it is practically all hulled rice. Cargorice,a mixture of hulled and unhulled, isincluded without being reduced to terms ofcleaned. Broken rice and rice flour and meal are taken without being reduced to terms of whole cleaned rice. See “ General note,’’ Table 17. Average, 1909-1913. 1918 1919 1920 Country. ==. ss = Imports. | Exports. | Imports. |} Exports. | Imports. | Exports. | Imports. | Exports. | | | F; PRINCIPAL EXPORT- ING COUNTRIES. 1,000 lbs. | 1,000 lbs. | 1,000 tbs. | 1,000 lbs. | 1,000 lbs. |. 1,000 ibs. 1,000 lds.| 1,000 lbs. British India....... 278,272 | 5,337,516 | 341, 532 |5,488,517 | 285,928 |1, 581,737 | 176,082 | 2,390,397 Freuch Indo-China.|* 41 | 2,288,040 |....--.... }3, 550, 283 |... 22222 25109; O62) | sscocacce le cee tenes = ‘SOTT——n Se sell EA ae 1, 928, 507 8 |1, 893, 336 2| 987,873 5 621,398 PRINCIPAL IMPORT- ING COUNTRIES. Austria-Hungary...) 183, 411 cd No ea |e ae al I ae De |e ag Bae een 7 tl a Belgian. oa. 5 -<. - 180, 830 HL ee Sees |) Ce 49,192 5, 523 a eae 24 753 2102 14| 296,758 Wevien. 2. . cc scs es S2tGo4 er yee... 762, 405 678, 505° |PSee Ss ih Se eee Saeaee 104, 992s | Pe tet 28 931, 203 153, 567 41,578 (2 (a ee nd ei 202, 207 | ee ee eae es Ob OO, | ac oes ene|( Ole SID tne kecee eles s Waren ymebe CL Dutch East Indies..| 1,178, 111 132, 400 |1, 583,573 | 5,073 | 610,582] -9,031 }......2...]......-.-- Begpt.- oo. 98, 690 53, 700 10, 510 3 8,974 WPANEC se cee cae. 517, 861 79,087 | 379, 862 197, 119 36, 991 Wenmany-.--..'c 913,772 SUORULS, | oe ar ena| cee eect clan. op ecmacee ee eA eee 172, 865 1, 362 AN oe) ae ee = 655, 676 61, 936 |1, 549, 056 157, 028 25, 682 Mauritius.......... 132, 543 Aric 131, 665 142,049"). ee Netherlands........| 778,682 476, 276 10, 755 49,618 2, 490 Penang ob so. sss. 511, 035 357,548 | 522,641 301, 029 193, 904 BoC. 4 Ses oe 179, 187 CWS 31 OM aE eS 101, 165 26,605 Philippine Islands.; 412,781 54 | 428, 807 170,491 69 Mieco 250) 461 GY Alin oes 5 =a Bo See 8S SEH | eee ON Benes Ee ee Aoaae Selangor..... Gecees|, 109.178 Sale On| Sees ens 189, 938 df Singapore.......... 975, 095 758, 875 |1,385, 009 oe ae 445,193 221, 850 United Kingdom..| 768, 853 , 064 | 849,032 445, 828 89,074 | 422,231 32, 263 United States...... 209, 814 16,215 | 536,089 | 167,933 | 163,308 | 376,876 | 131,647 392, 613 Other countries....| 1, 242,051 592,361 |1,368,208 | 123,416 | 495, 436 51,046 | 230,302 130, 249 Totals eee: 11, 439, 950 |12, 720, 845 11,178,249 |12,928,111 |5, 401,546 5, 536, 602 796,878 | 4,428,713 1 Austria only, new boundaries. 8 Four-year average. 5 One year. + Three-year average. 4 Two-year average. 580 CEREALS CONSUMED. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. TABLE 113.—Consumption of specified cereals in selected countries, yearly average, Country and period. Austria-Hungary: UR ob Sy es oe Belgium : LOGS AOS en. eee eee France Wee eek INS IIS stesso eS Germany : 1909-1913 See eo ck ee ee ie JAY te SUT SRE te Oe Japan: Let i Le SS ane eo Say: CREE RBEE SR ee tas AES 1) | er eee see oss United States: 4 Vere Ee ee eee "ho 0 Le ae eee Se Country and period. Austria-Hungary: 1909-1918. Barley.) Per Total capita 1,000 bush. | Bushels. 140, 396 2.71 19, 303 2.57 52, 552 1.33 43, 796 1.16 302, 601 4.60 3 33, 010 .14 136, 325 54 10, 922 -31 11, 179 2 89, 542 1.73 88, 407 1.59 14, 334 2.38 6, 463 1.00 112, 820 2.50 87, 044 2.00 168, 859 1.80 188, 516 1.87 Rice.5 Total | Per Corn, Oats. Per Per Total. capita Total capita —— — | | 1,000 bush. | Bushels. | 1,000 bush. | Bushels. ~ 231, 675 4.47 241, 584 4.67 17, 267 2.30 49, 090 6.55 42,035 1.06 339, 865 8.59 28, 357 75 279, 832 7.41 31, 967 .49 595, 227 9.05 87, 240 Bee eee ee 89, 146 BO | Coreen 114, 852 3.31 45, 095 1.30 101, 011 2.77 56, 431 1.55 3 3,391 J07)| . qos SR 3, 980 07"| bag oe Soe eee 21, 735 3.60 26, 607 4,41 17, 445 2.69 22, 765 3.53 80, 602 1.78 249, 129 5.51 58, 287 1.34 246, 879 5.66 2, 669, 048 28.50 | 1,106,063 11. 81 2, 719, 378 26.99 | 1,309,844 13.00 Rye.§ Wheat. Per Per Total. capita Total. capita 1,000 ibs. | Pounds. L909 -—1913 . .. i cndacacasennese 182, 921 Belgium: $900=19135 nn 2. Si oc Ses acbe 80, 882 France: TI0S-191 5. . oe dou sees eee 440, 791 IDUA-IUIN. é. . a. dacmcctadscsc 469, 910 Gormany: TOO 1p nce ddewccecstone ts 517, 145 India ( British): RET a eee Bee ae ae 67, 890, 542 AQUI be 28 os hod 66, 053, 356 Italy: 1909-1913......... ed ght Hige act 518, 308 1914-1918. 3852 255. 52s based 855, 588 Japan: P900=1015 ee ne Te 14, 602, 192 TPE OTS, SS Maas ot hte ee 18, 040, 238 Netherlands: 1909-1913........- SN AAS 302, 407 914-19 ee St re ae 109, 190 United Kingdom: 1909-19 fib. cece to ccan cilop a 678, 290 5914-1Diis!s)- «7 soe Sy, 888,137 United States: ¢ 1909-1913...... cost bode Ok OY Oe CR 874, 765 1914-1918. ........ Sitecposs nS 1, 102, 844 3. 10. 53 79 1,000 bush. | Bushels. 162, 887 3.15 3. 68 27, 564 1,000 bush. meoare 228,110 63, 973 8.53 360, 927 9.12 294; 950 7.81 220, 458 3.35 301, 147 1.23 304, 056 1.21 236, 479 6.82 , 6.65 29, 338 .57 29, 698 -53 26, 952 4.47 22) 831 3.54 277, 535 6.14 264) 868 6.08 531, 813 5.68 597, 475 5.93 1 Includes malt converted to barley. 2 Includes corm meal converted to corn. * Two-year average 1912-13. 4 Includes insular ons. Possessi 5 Mostly cleaned and includes rice flour, rice meal, and broken rice. 6 Includes flour converted to grain. STATISTICS OF CROPS OTHER THAN GRAIN CROPS. : POTATOES. TaBLE 114.—Potatoes: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1909-1921. Area. | Production. Country. Aver- | bo | i919 1920 | 1921 1913. | —_—- -- -— SSS LS ee NORTH AMERICA. i 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,090 bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. United Stat@.................- 355,627 | 322,867 | 403,296 | 346, 823 's ; Prince Hdward teland......| 4,529| 6,175} 5,966 Nova Scotia......---------- 9,992 10, 209 6,414 New Brunswick. ......--.. 10,790 | 15,510 | 16,192 pepe ee ee Se Se 57,280 | 57,633 36, 089 Cr es 15,145 | 23,962! 15,400 Mantels. -—--.-2..-----<: 5, 283 3,410 | 5,858 Saskatchewan.......-...--- 11, 250 6,861 | 10,344 . 8, 241 7,138 | 8,143 British Columbia. . -....-.- 3,060} 2)933| 2/940 otal Canada. 2. 2-2.:-...- Mexico Newfo 3,770 | 3,807 : "610 | 323,527 ogo6 | 656 | #1907108 |. -'----| 76,968 | e502 3 Saeee 5,968 | 45,592 7s | Zr} 60,813 | 50,989 € 32, 261 35,116 Ee = 8 (ir se aaa |S ites: 8 7452 234/906 33 33} 6,439 6,505 5,284 | 2756 be Sarita Der Aes cs ee re es 427 | 430 | 110,153 | 105,318 | 91,304 | 84,768 130; 130; 24,821) 37,912| 31,076 | 27,305 # 240 | 402 | 23,694 10,443 | 13,226 |”. Saas se aeeee oe| 62, 798 Ries Scacscenchiontoce 4,062 | 4,777 | 2373,917 13386,315 | 644,920 | 567,083 Northern Caucasia3........----| 19% |--.-.-e2}-.---0--|eee- see. h | 15,663). 2. nce of aan s-t - |--=Seenre | AD WLS ie | Dee Lees EE Es We PR Geo eae SH | 789 | 93,413 | 101,020 | 107, $34 | 102,295 AL ees ) 367 | $63 | 60,327 | 77,574 | 61,655 | 62, 290 Switzerland. ...2...00222207027. 123} 13| 407537) 277995| 287956 | 25/373 ——— = ; [== [SSS 1 Five-year average, except in a few cases where statistics were unavailable. a or N Tage, excep 3% Old boundaries. 4 Average 1915-1916. 5 Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia. 6 Alsace-Lorraine included with Germany. 7 Grown alone. 8 Former Kingdom, Bessarabia and Bukowina. ®° Former Kingdom, Bessarabia, Bukowina, and Transylvania. 19 Bessarabia only. 1 Grown with corn. 12 Former Russian Poland, Western Galicia, and Posen. 581 582 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. POTATOES—Continued. TABLE 114.—Potatoes; Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1909-1921— Continued. Area. | Production. Country. Aver- | | | Aver- | | 1068. | 1919 | 1920 | 1921 og | 1919 | 1920. | 1921 ‘ 1913. | 1913, | | H EUROPE—continued. | ‘ . ; 1,000 |. 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 | 1,000 United Kingdom: acres. | acres. | acres. | acres. | bushels. | bushels.| bushcis. | bushels. Tip land cts ec bhetaet ate et | 408 448 517 532 94,487 | 95,984 | 113,979 | 104,981 Scotlands: -2-2 6 cece 145 155 162 154 34,674 | 31,061 | 46,181]. 3,897 Wales Bab. 2 ol | 26 2g 28 26 5,403 | 6,048 | 3/659 | 5,451 Preland 22220 | ese fw 590 | 589 584 568} 119,874 | 102,555 | 7,141 | 95,497 Total United Kingdom..| 1,169 | 1,219] 1,291] 1,280 | 254,438 | 235,648 | 237,960 | 244 6s6 Total Europe. ........--- 39 sok [iT ie Se SE 14,905,397 |.......2. fie @ AS ad | 3: Se ASIA | mor | bis. abl ie. jer - (2a ee | | H Sapan.) ote" | er oh Tee 174 344 E71 he ae 94/738: | 67,236 | 47,278 RoHssia CASAC): See So ee ial ee eed ee 33) 1500) 22222 eee Total Asia. .2.........--- iS oie 2h am | ee A 57,889 | 22.-.250 eae eS: AFRICA. | | i | ; | Algeria ee a 45 | 44 42 46 1; 73341 4 ee 985 | 633 Union South Africa.............| Ft ans i ee eo ees 3,269 | 133,669 | 133,668 | 133,357 Total Africa.222...2.2-.2-| ihm re ae ere aes Proc) eee Seniee i5 AUSTRALASIA. i | | | | Australia: Queensland. -|-4-2-5.2.i-23% | 8 6 ty eee ; 524 414 293 (| atte. New South Wales.......... 29 21 iV eee 2 3,378 | 1,133 S672 | eee Victoria’ ee 55| 52 re ies 5,983 | 5,135 | 5,446 |.--22. South Australia............ 8 3 CM Mie Go | 394 Ope. abies Western Australia. .-....-.- # 4 Bal ne ae te 399 437 | cite ba (tena ae Pasmaning sb seeesee ieee 24. 25 29 Wuenss2: 2989 |. 2,110: |~ 9-2 A7O: leak Total Australia .......... Pag ea dit enn | eee | 14,077| 9,722| 10,984 [2.2 L2. ew Zealand... ..222-....-.42 28 19 Date 22 6,047 | 3,938; 5, 402 | regaled Total Australasia .....:.. 165 130 130 Agee 22 20,124 | 13,660! 16,386 | eens Grand total............-. 37,895 | ae | Py i oa 5,474,045 1 eee ee | iris | | 13 Including quantities enumerated in Native Locations, Reserves, etc., in 1918. TaBLE 115.—Potatoes: World production so far as reported, 1900-1921. | If { ‘s . Year. | Production. || Year. | Production. || Year. Production. | Year. -| Production. | | i } | . | Bushels. || Bushels Bushels Bushels. 1900..... | 4,382, 031, 000 || 1906...... 4,789, 112, 000 5, 872, 953, 000 || 1918...... 2, 744, 444, 000 1901. .... 4, 669, 958, 000 || 1907...... 5, 122, 078, 000 5, 802, 910, 000 || 1919......| 2,963, 720, 000 Ta 4,674, 000,000 | 1908...... 5, 295, 043, 000 5,016, 291, 000 |! 1920...... | 2,815, 826, 000 1903..... 4, 409, 793, 006 || 1909...... 5, 595, 567, 000 4, 848, 726, 000 || 1921...... | 3, 303, 489, 090 1904..... 4, 298, 049, 000 |} 1910...... 5, 242, 278, 000 -| 3, 197, 224, 000 1905..... 5; 254, 598,000 || 1911...... 4 842’ 1097 000 3; 103, 876,000 || Statistics of Potatoes. 583 POTATOES—Continued. TABLE 116.—Potatoes: Average yield per acre of undermentioned countries, 1900-1921. . Russia United ane United Ger- -. | Hungary F sre Year. isis one many. Austria. proper. Trance. ne Average: Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels.| Bushels. | Bushels. HOOU900 osc Waa oe oes 91.4 99.9 200. 0 151.1 118. 7 133. 8 193. 8 1910-1919. Sehosaiteceqsee a= 95.3 1107.9 187.9 123. 2 1122.2 108. 0 217.1 BW ch ten ee. 7 Fie oy Sone | | 146.4 ata HEE cE =2 te 94.8 193.3 PON as eee eo) 2) ewe ee = ok WOKS. os Se. s8se 170. 8 84.8 121. 4 113. 0 184,3 TS 7 RR ae peo ee ee a a S089) oc odre aes 148.9 83.7 69.5 85.0 191,2 17-year average. 2 England and Wales. TABLE 117.—Potatoes: Acreage, production, value, exports, etc., in the United States, 1849-1921. Note.—Figures in igalics are census returns; figures in roman are estimates of the Deparment of Agri- culture. Estimates of acres are obtained by applying estimated percentages of increase or decrease to to the published acreage of the preceding year, except that a revised base is used for applying percentage estimates whenever new census data are available. Acreages have been revised for years 1890-1908 so as to be consistent with the following as well as the preceding census acreage, and total production and farm values are adjusted accordingly. | Chicago cash price per bushel, Aver- fair.to fancy.} ic | Imports Acre- | Aver- age Domestic during age age | Produc- | farm Farm a. fiscal fess Year. | (000 | yield | tion (000| price | value December Following year year He- omit- | per |omitted).| per Dec. 1. : ay: pase car | ted). | acre. pastel, ra vi g Saipae ec. 1. = : J Low. | High.| Low. | High. Acres. | Bush. pushelss Cents. | Dollars. | Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Bushels. | Bushels. 1859 1 PIER BETES 21) a Se, anes (Cece apnea baer Cael Nasptteehed ee (oes es 1875)) Pet | 03.0.) 117,266. 5815 | 62) 754)|....--.|o.-2.. 1. - [cee 5A9, 755 | _ 235, 346 Gere 1885) why098'| 8i2 |) 162,298 |¢ 501 G82, O85"1.--.-..|.. 0... -fa-caolecececs 551, 248 | 2,342; 421 1886-1895} 2,653 | 74.4] 197,285] 47.1] 92)908 46 56 49 72 | 551,736 | 2,841,614 1896....! 2,975| 91.4| 271,769} 29.0] 78,783 18 26 19 26| 926,646] 246,178 1897....| 2,813 | 67.9] 191,025| 54.2] 103, 442 50 2 60 87. | 605, 187 |. 1, 171,378 1898....| 2841 | 77.0] 218,772} 41.5| 90,897 30 36 33 52 | 579,833 | ” 530, 420 1899....| 2,939 | 88.6 | 260,257] 39.7] 103, 365 35 46 27 39 | 809,472 | 155,861 1900....| 2,987] 82.9] 247,759| 42.3] 104) 764 40 48 35 60| 741,483] 371,911 1901....| 2,996} 66.3] 198,696] 76.3] 151,602] 75 82 58} 100] 528, 484 | 7,656, 162 1902....| 3,078} 95.5 | 293,918] 46.9] 137,730 42 48 42 60 | 843,075 | 358) 505 1903....} 3,080] 85.1 | 262,053] 60.9] 159,620| 60] 66 95{ 116] 484,042 | 3, 161) 581 1904....| 3,172 | 111.1 | 352,268] 44.8] 157,646 32 38 20 25 | 1,163,270 | 186, 199 1905....| 3,195 | 87.3] 278,885] 61.1] 170,340 55 66 48 73 | 1,000, 326 | 1,948) 160 1906....| 3,244 | 102.2} 331,685] 50.6] 167,795 40 43 55 75 | 1,530,461 | 176,917 1907....| 3,375 | 95.7 | 322,954] 61.3] 197) 863 46 58 50 80 | 1,203,894 | 403, 952 1903. 3,503 | 86.2] 302,000} 69.7] 210,618 60 77 70| 150] 763,651 | 8, 383, 966 1909... .| $669 | 107.5 | 394,553 | 54.2] 213/679 2 58 16 34] 999,476 | 7 353,208 19102...) 3,720] 93.8] 349,032] 55.7] 194, 566 30 48 35 75 | 2,383,887 | 218, 984 1911....| 3,619 | 80.9] 292,737] 79.9] 233,778 70! 100) 90! 200 | 1,237,276 |13, 734, 695 1912....| 3,711 | 113.4 | 420,647] 50.5] 212/550 40 65 33 70 | 2,028,261 | 7337; 230 1913....; 3,668 | 90.4) 331,525| 68.7} 227,903 50 70| 60 90 | 1,794, 073 | 3, 645, 993 1914....| 3,711 | 110.5 | 409,921 | 48.7 | 199) 460 30 66 34| 150 | 3,135,474] 7 270,942 1915....| 3,734] 96.3] 359,721] 61.7 |- 221,992 53 95 80} 110] 4,017,760) 209, 532 1916....| 3,565| 80.5] 286,953] 146.1] 419)333] 125] 190] 200] 375] 2) 489,001 | 3,079, 025 1917....| 4,384 | 100.8 | 442108 | 122.8 | 542,774 93| 135] 280] 3250 | 3,453,307 | 1, 180, 480 1918....| 4,295 | 95.9| 411,860| 119.3 | 491,527] 390] 3225] 3125 | 3250] 3,688,840 | 3,534,076 19192...| 3,542 | 91.2| 329,867] 159.5| 514,855| 3280| 3360] 3685| 3925] 3,723, 434 | 6, 940, 930 1920....| 3,657 | 110.3] 403,206 | 114.5] 461,778 | 3120] 2225| 340] 3500| 4)803, 159 | 3, 423, 189 20712 .-2) 3,815 | 90.9 | 346,823.| 111.1] 385,192 | 2100| #245.) 2190 | 2235 |...........|..-.----2- 1 Burbank to 1910. 2 Figures adjusted to census basis. 3 Per 100 pounds. 584 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. POTATOES—Continued. TaBbE 118.—Potatoes: Acreage, production, and total form value, by States, 1920-21. . Total value, basis Production (thou- - ae Thousands of aeres. sands of bushels). Dec. 1 price (thou- State. sands of dollars). | | 4990 19211 1920 19211 | 1920 1921! | js rela gore aprneey ma g neem whey Ses 123 129} 20,771] 37,152} 27,214 31,579 New. Hawrpeeres os es ee i 15 14 1, 905 2, 240 2, 953 3, 024 Vesmornte = oe" fe ee. ee ES | 27 25 3, 510 3, 750 4, 388 3, 900 MassachisettS.......0)..-----b-nbececedes 32 29° 4, 000 3, 335 6, 000 5, 069 Rhode tginnal 5.8 ees Tt 3 3 330 345 528 552 Conneeticnt=-- ee 24 23 2, 760 2, 369 4,140 3, 554 IN GW. Vai ates ete SE gee 325 330 | 40,625 | 33,990| 47,938 36, 709 New Jersey... .- - a Se NEE oe eee 99 95. 14, 040 9, 625 17, 550° 12, 816 POUTSSIVAMTE soc sen eee ete cee ene 246 251 28, 290 21, 586 35, 080° 28, 709 DelaWare. o. . sso es nese ns oc oe eS 10 | 10 1, 060 500 1, 060 550 Mieidiniebecr ane 21) Je eid bert 5 ah he 54 49° 5, 508 3, 185 5, 233 , 504 Warentiny Wt ares: ls eapEINee. Bi ay 154 136| 18480] 14,693] 17,556 16, 157 Wet Virginie 622 bc reece esse 47 48} 5,640} 4.080| Z6I4 850 North Carolina. .........- al care. 2LOELS 46 46} 4£195| 4048} 5,944 5, 789 South Carolina.........-. PAIR ORE 28 30| 2800! 550} 35,080) 3,925 Gere eee et ee, els ne | 22 23 1, 628 1,725 3, 386 2, 848 Nini ee a a ae ae eee 17 2; 415 1, 564 4,330} 2,972 Olio... 07.2 Lea eases: | 116 116} 11,600 6,728 | 15,680 10, 428 Tndisnet 2... >, .csks...2. Ae 68 70 6, 528 3,570 8,682} 5,176 Simin: | SiLeteN 2 ee | 122 121 7, 930 6,413; 11,498 8, 978 [eee ee ee 345 340} 36,225 | 27,200} 333387) 25,840 Ciateta “er fo ea 308 315 | 33, 264.| 21, 420 607 20, 349 Wile mobatigcreed § a 319 367 | 31,581 | 27,525. 285 4, 772 Teves’. 2 oe Sen 8 ea oan 96 96| 10, 560 4,128} 12, 883 5, 779 Missourite, 5. Se es ee 80 82 6, 560 4, 756 9,906 | 6, 421 Norta Dakss. bess Ho as eck 83 120 6,557 | 11,520 8 426 8, 064 Sontitwakpin 5b bdo es 75 80 7, 950 4, 400 712} 4, 708 Biatneties cree te fret) ees alae}: 85 102 8, 415: 8,160} 10, 098 9, 792 5 Ps a Re aR Peay ie el 60 65| 5,100; 4,160| 7,650| 5,616 CEESTE Tash SEREP DISS, SL Tees 57 538| 5,64| 3,770| 8,464 6, 220 LOE Mi ivigst ie apie eee es 35 35 2; 905 1, 820 4, 648 | 3, 003 Mitiiae torsos 8 Sin ee i cae a7 32 1, 809 2, £00 3,618} 4, 080 TRG; (oe ne RE Was Anes 16 16 1, 392 1, 088 2, 784 2, 176 Bosisisniee ee tae. ek ie 27 27 1, 755 1, 809 3, 563 3, 256 Basns-t.3 73s cee 1 te’ Ee ee 36 37 1, 872 2, 072 4, 118 3, 937 @kdahonigs: w-. Oks te Le 35 36 2, 599 Oss 4, 662 3, 863 Werkaosad 252035 SAR ee 31 33 2, 48 4, 232 3, 267 Ltr el See Soe ee fe 2 eee 40 44 4, 400 4, 620 4, 048 Watming $92 eS") Sh = tee Pee 15 19} 1, 875 2 250 2, 421 Pnbiidoy 250 Sot. 04.00... Ec 73 90 9, 490 592 8, 081 ew Maxites O00 fae...) ON <2 Pee" 2: £ 390 639 533 Primsit - 505 500 5 1 et... ok Pee: 4 360 684 644 Uta: fh See 8 5 3; 024 2, 419 2, 053 Moeviila 2 SEE Ae. ee. TOL. 4 540 842 710 Ida. RE ee SRS SS 8; 100° , 508 , 120 W ailiin pid? 26S te 25. 22 BE OLS. & 8; 215- , 804 | 351 i dae a RS ee SS ae 5, 590°) 4, 472 4 218 Caiipriiines += oe ee eee 9, 800 14, 700 13, 083 Urtited: States. cc. 2. es SE: 461,773 | 385, 192 Statistics of Potatoes. 585 POTATOES—Continued. TaBLE 119.—Potatoes: Condition of crop, United States, on 1st of months named, 1900- 1921. | { } Year. July. | Aug. | Sept. Oct. | Year. July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Pe Each | eb ntt.al ke Ces Picks Woe sta) 2 eh hee ee 91.3 88.2 30.0 yg 7 | |) ae re ee 76.0 62.3 59. 8 62.3 87.4 62.3 52. 2 0 |) 19125. 225.528 -2 88.9 87.8 87.2 85.1 92.9 94.8 89. 1 8225) |} 19933 . -536.5--.- 86. 2 78.0 69. 9 67.7 88.1 87. 2 84.3 THO AGUAS . 22S oe - 83.6 79.0 75.8 |. - 78.3 93.9 94.1 91.6 S055 1} 1915: . S25 .2.e 4 -- 91.1 92.0 82.7 74.2 91.2 87. 2 80.9 TEES NN SOIC. | Soe net 87.8 80. 8 67.4 62.6 91.5 89. 0 85. 3 82-210 19475. 5. eS 90. 1 87.9 82.7 79.0 90.2 88.5 80. 2 C1207 AGERE A. ee 87.6 79. 9: 74.5 73.7 89.6 82.9 73.7 Car eb aa i ee 87.6 73. 1 69.5 67.9 93. 0 85. 8 80. 9 TaID HY 290s. ceases Soe 89.3 87.0 84.3 82.7 86.3 75. 8 70.5 Tee EPR Se S28. 2 SS 83. 4 65.8 63.7 66.5 TABLE 120.—Potatoes: Forecasts of production, monthly, with preliminary and final estimates. [000 omitted.] aby bid er pro- ina October. | quction | estimate. estimate. Year. July. EES SSE Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. 401,000 | 414, 289 420, 647 319,000 | 328, 550 331) 525 383,619 | 405, 288 409, 921 368,151 | 359, 253 359, 721 tl 452, 928 439, 686 391,279 | 390, 101 350,070 | 352,025 421, 252 375, 732 322,985 | 345, S44 315,918 1 346, 823 586 TABLE 121.—Potatoes: Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. POTATOES—Continued. by Yield per acre (bushels). o | ' State. | .| | Sa 137 | peat Sain |ale P lalals as — — aol Me. ...| 204, 125) 2nd 230 N.H..| 127, 107) 140) 102 (aes 122} 100) 130} 100 Mass. .| 116, 115) 133) 90 R.1...| 118 135) 130) 100 Conn..| 100! 110) 95) 75 N.Y_.| 106, 95; 98| 109 N.J_..| 111) 114] 92] 96 Pa.....| 95 92! 80! 100 Del....| 84 95) y 83) Md....| ss) 100 80) 94) Va....-| 107, 99 94 114) W.Va.| 99, 115 87) 90 N.C...| §9| 90) 95] 80 oid of 96, 1 85 Ga.....| 75) 84! 70) 70 Fla....| 93 91) 100) 76 Ohio ..) 78 100, 69 61 Ind.. TF 92) 80) 44 Il.....| 66) 90 72 ‘ Mich..| 91) 95) 84) 90 Wis...) 99, 114 110) 94 inn..| 96) 112] 105) 87 Iowa..| 73, 95) 72| 46| Mo.... 73 87 Su 75 N.D..| 76 43| 99) oa S.D...| 78 90} 91) 50 Nebr..| 81 85) 86| 55) Kans..| 67. 57, 53) 76) Cy....| 81] 96) 75 70) Tenn..| 73 94) 70) 67] Ala....} 75) 72} 80} 80} Miss...| 80} 78, 80} 85) -....| 68] 64) 79] 64 Tex...| 59) 60 55) a | | Okla..| 62} 69} 34) 75) Ark...| 67| 80) 50} 73) Mont..| 103} 95) 135) 60) ry ..| 124} 155) 150) 80) Colo...| 138} 160, 160, aly | i | N. Mex! 85) 116 100) 58) Ariz...| 93) 105) 85) 70) Utah..| 171) 189) 180) 136) Nev...| 159] 207] 171) 135) Idaho .| 172 185) 155 Wash..| 134] 125) 132) 125) Oreg...| 106] 108, 110) 94 Calif...| 139} 145] 143) 130 U.S. /97. 8/100. 895. 991. 2 1912-1921. RBA SERS ZEAZS SlAsa 55 60 70| Rect Naas: Meet Miva Wc Wee BS Ge He, [110.3 90. 9 100. 3.50. 5 68. 748. 761.7 1 Based upon farm price Dec. 1. Farm price per bushel (cents). Yield per acre, ae per bushel December 1, and value per acre, tates. g Value per 5-year average, 1916-1920. 85 247. 09 244. 80 135 191. 25 216. 00 104 158, 92 156. 00 152,189. 02 174. 80 160/190. 81 184. 00 150164. 43 154. 50 108 131. 84 111. 24 142 172. 70 134.90 133 129. 04/114. 38, 110 113, 51) 53. 00 110 112. 09) 71.50 110 141. 53/118. 80 163 149. 91 138. 55 143)129, 91/125. 84 150/175. 94/127. 50 165 140. 82/123. 75 140 103. 25 135 116. 47 BS 180 159, 52 133. 20 140 169. 25 161. 00 85 178. 71 136. 85 Bite 01 142. 45 99 147. 70 133. 65 109 115. 28) 98. 10 130,203. 76/176. 80 587 Statistics of Potatoes. POTATOES—Continued. TABLE 122.—Potatoes: Farm price, cents per bushel on 1st of each month, 1908-1921. | aver. Dec. Yearly f HOH OID HH HOOAAN ASS SA of at af att ft i 05 i ot ee Sksesx 3 RR BR SSASSASSIA so Ih hon oe he ho NORM OD OE ONDHID 112.1 100. 3 | 1g SSSECe Pea nNRAn Oinor toi 101, 4 AG agin A ied al of ed cd x MOootbrowadas i. 1 SHAS OMO MOOS 6 IN 0519 18 iS 3 O83 08 SERA OnE HOM A es | SAAS 38 37 5 1642 Cite apt ce) eS ie SRS ee a Oe ew ile | ie e| July | Aug.|Sept.| Oct. Nov. | Jun pe b gn Kogsegaddusdge MIS HONK AM ODOM AOS ners dsissésaisdde RANSOM BOE AQO - nm | 120. 4) 105.3 131. = 134.0 09 OO SHAD ODN SHAD GO DO rH DO © sddngdsdgsdgs as Year. rete oe eee eae LR Ss 5 eee BN Ui eee eee DOES ela odin a cepa o's ae i 7 9 ae 133.2) 135.5 | 118.9 U " Average1912-1921| 99.2 107.8 116.7 TABLE 123.—Potatoes: Extent and causes of yearly losses, 1909-1920. | og'a | 09'S | e's 1 G9°S | SAT STS | 00°F CLT OL T 00°% | 00°T 88 'T 00°% | GL'T Boe eee =) OOo L 18't | 00°S | OL‘T | 8B'S | GLP | o8° Ors | 92's | SLT GL'S | 0O'L G0 'T p's | 09'S | 00% OL 'T QL°G | Qt'T G'S 08 °G 8S OFT GZ °G GL° FL ‘GS | 00'S | 00'S | OTS | Gash 0 ‘I$ ‘oA | ‘UST | “MOT | ‘AOAY | “USTH | “MOT *(spunod get a0d) *(spunod got 20d) yeuupury yurqung ‘smory ‘4g OO'T | £8" weseeeslog*t | gz? pag dee eh 014 OR FR Ag verses] quot | 80° see] oz» | 06° *P9YSng aT ost | sa'8 | 08" 98'S | OSH | OF'T yop | 00°2T | 09°T 81'% | 00'0T | 09° 18‘t | Sd'T | 00T Lt 98 | 007 Tr's | 92's | 09 'T Ze | 00% | 92° 61h | O&'F | G's #9'T | GL°8 | 09° 92'% | 00'S | 2° 00'F | 00°8 | 00°T OTT | 00°OT | 00°T 0Z'T | OST | 03°T Ze'T | OST | St 'T OL ‘I$ | O8 “TS | O9°TS “IOAY | “USTE | “MO'T *(spunod got sod) syodvounty o8° QT° Rn 7 18°% | OL°T GL'T Bos ee OORGE eon ae OO°T- eda) 8 (OOhew | CDSE 00°% | 09° oe Seg. | GBs og’ |} 08" [7°°7""*) OO'TT | 00°E *JaYSNg aT ck Tt | 0¢"s | oh 80'2 | €&°8 | 00°T 68'S | Os'o | S8° y8"§ | 92°L | OT 50°F | ODT | Cet: [etree ce|sctses [tenet GST | 00°S | OF* er’e | 08S | 00'T cL |cr's | 00'T | 68° | 08'S | G'S OL'T | 09°% | 00'T | #8°E | GZS | OFS $L°% | OO |92T | 92" | SL"h | 00'S 12'% | OP'S | 92'T | 2° | 00'S | 09'S 5a Bf (ey a et cll eli il acne P8'T | 96'S | 9ST | 4 Bs Chie OD Ge 9 0F- 82 °T 00°T Lb'°% | 00°9 | OF* 00°% 09 ‘T Pl'T | OP'S | 02° oh G 09 ‘T eet | OFS | 96° £9°% 00°% StL | ORT Peer $L% 00 °% Te'TS | 06 IS | OOS | LF eS 00 "8 “IOAY | ‘UST | “MOT | “IOAY | “USTE | “MO'T *(spunod ogt 10d) T110}S0A\ BIg WIOA MON *(spunod got aod) AOU O} APB) ‘OSBOTY puv 0} “LE6I-SI6L ‘avd apvsajoy 4 8907070 —"GBL ATAVL ronuTyw0)—SaOLVLOd penteeeetesstess ss orgy ceeeeeeeseteeee seep ret “CT6T seetreeeeeeesees > -QTeT votre eee eeeeeeees TET se ceteteeeestesss -o7ey “616 “026T veeeeeeeees « r9quionac *""**JOQUIOAO NI seeeeeeeess' "4Qq0100 seeeeesssessi9qureqdeg a “asnany oee Siete ame eA mie,* Aart ve ewevenseee eemen pny -. "ke weteeetereeeees nad weet eeee seers GOUT om sos K7BNIqGO WT Sacomsio ini MEET “T26T ‘oyu i 590 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. POTATOES—Continued. TABLE 126.—Potatoes: International trade, calendar years 1911-1920. GENERAL NoTe.—Substantially the international trade of the world. It should not be expected that the world export and import totals for any year will agree. Among sources of disagreement are these: (1) Different periods of time covered in the eee of the various countries; (2) imports received in year subsequent to year ofexport; (3) want of uniformity in classification of goods among countries; (4) differ- ent practices and varying degrees of failure in recording countries of origin and ultimate destination; (5) different practices of recording reexported goods; (6) opposite methods of treating free ports; (7) clerica: errors, which, it may be assumed, are not infrequent. : i The exports given are domestic exports, and the imports given are imports for consumption as far asit is feasible and consistent so to express the facts. While there are some inevitable omissions, on the other hand there are some duplications because of reshipments that do not appear as such in official reports. For the United Kingdom, import figures refer to imports for consumption, when available, otherwise total imports, less exports, of “foreign and colonial merchandise.” Figures for the United Statesinclude Alaska, Porto Rico, and Hawaii. Average, | H i | isi1-913, | 1918 1919 1920 Country. |——_ ——_}—_-_-—— 2 | eas Se ia Imports. Exports.) Imports.) Exports. Imports.| Exports. | | : | ’ PRINCIPAL EXPORTING | COUNTRIES. | 1,000 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,900 : | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. 4,921 82s. Seal wees 136 3, 833 1,514 2,371 525 1, 207 728 2,126 616 6, 151 923 5, 583 36 OSS 2. . Se CO P ele 205° [2-5-2 192. | 40 928} (1) 1,703} (2) 4,610 30 7, 954 | 7,143] 8,683| 1,153 630] 11,691] 1,327} 2,465 7, 903 | 7242] 3,975| () 148 30 505 1 3,074 SE eee ee oy er eee AA Scere S20.) sowie Si) | ceuae ote 323 es | ~"1,952°| 16,451 i 465 | 103 | 13,549 44) 14,424 | 273 560 20 16 57. be ee [= ee = 2 CT ee boy) el ie OE mie hE ES ed ) ae ssc BBs 6844 e-— e as |, ee 326 PRINCIPAL IMPORTING | COUNTRIES. ; Bipot cst ccedaked eee 931 373 4 539 239} 1,630 472 Aponte... 22.) Jes3sc0- | 1,337 543 35 572 $1], if0n4 |. i32.. | ae Se Austria-Hungary...........-- | 4,070 es a a ee Pe ee eee ee -- 2 ee . i) 71 Co ee See 939 @) 16 191 43 14 276 () pe esc. oc. 2,001 2S |= fers = S 3,206 |... 2). 2 eee : epypLete ses. 2. <5 doses 599 223 () 163 1 736 () ee | 479 15 oe ME: ae = a BS 172 |--+---- 0 aarrrienny tn? 2 a ee | 2021S: a2 aI Eo ae ae | pone c |e mempeS Ear 26, 852 2,109 NORWAY ot 5. os ose cee | 215 60 412 @4 245 46 cee olan sebeswasee | Bott See ee 73g coe | 280" |. oe 291 |..------- Sweden <2 -. . -seazeccou 700 | 64} 1,256 Qi 732 623 204): ts------ Switrerland)-03--.-25.. 3-3-3: 3, 172 42 140 2 94 774 456 584 United Kingdom............. 11,382} 6,246! 1,896| 2,532! 1,846] 13,276| 9,719 690. United States_-..-...-2.2.2.: 5,707 | 1,814 1,201 3, 853 5, 544 3,642 | 6,062 4,154 Other countries.............- 1,993 | 782 1,476 4, 938 468 494 1,176 374 Mota 5-5 3 eee 78,767 75,151 | 12,593 18,268 27,706| 51,026| 52,697| 51,106 1 Less than 500 bushels. 3 One year average. TABLE 127.—Potatoes: Monthly average jobbing prices per 100 pounds at 10 markets, 1921. No- | De | Janu- | Febru- ee Au- | S€P- | Octo- ¥ Market. ary. | ary. March.) April.| May. | June. | July. gust. Lio | ber. ~ ty = New York....- | $1.80 | $1.31 | $1.51 | $4.41 | $4.18 | $1.90 | $2.23 | $2.90 | $2.11 $2.09 | $1.92 | $2.07 Chicago.-....... 11.29 }11.15 111.25] 4.83] 4.50 |12.42 |12.33 |13.11 |22.65 12.00 |1175) 1183 Philadelphia-..| 1.65] 1.20] 1.07] 3.96] 4.14] 1.93] 2.11] 3.07] 2.41 | 2.19] 201 2.00 Pittsburgh. ...- 1.60] 1.36] 148] 4.50] 437] 2.28] 2.73] 3.43] 271 2.30} 2.10 2.01 St. Louis....... 1.58] 1.39] 1.48] 5.76] 3.49] 2.77] 2.84] 3.16] 2.83 | 2.28) 1.89 1.93 Cincinnati......| 1.68} 1.58] 1.77] 4.12] 410] 249] 2.65] 3.52| 2.96 2.46 | 1.98 1.97 SAS a eee Be pe el eee ieee le Set 3:06 | 3.05): 3.49). -...2c|2. [Slo oe Minnespotis. | | 215268 ool sso ee | -peo eeee 3:05 | 2901) 3:43. .2..-3)4: 2a Se eee Kansas City... -|...- De Be eee 6.36 |] 3.93 | 3.06 |..-.... 3.09} 2.63 11.97 |1L 51] 11.65 Washington?..|/ 2.12] 1.69] 1.71] 4.73] 4.32] 2.11 | 2.39] 3.27 2, 83 2.61 | 2.43 2, 28 ee Se ees eee eee fre ee 1 Carlot sales. 2 Sales direct to retailers. Statistics of Sweet Potatoes. POTATOES—Continued. TABLE 128.—Potatoes: Carlot shipments, by States of origin, for 1917-1921. State. New York, Long Island New York, Other eM CESOV AP ra 2 Geom w'c «coc daisis'a Sooes aur eepeseslaaclees RPE OHMSUAN IN: 2.2. isco cs ccnche se sata suceeres cece ce irginia N orth Carolina PIP AUC ANGHMA S58 eet cee qs to cocts Saw coe cee eels view nwo AATEC ee ee to os Bereich net Meters waistidacstal MITC DIPATIOPISSS Se Ko ED ch cis Jo Caste cc bute se ear oS PVA SCRUE es se eter weitere Wade cme ee manne eee Pa as Cee tase cee eek on eB aden wae lees UE UR GTLT SA 7 5 SRE Se Sine yee Sets ae ere eee LDR, Seen 5 Eee, ee Oe a ee DRMID ee erat ome Nass Ss oti Se clone kee aon eceaes Colorado... 2.2... ..- BE es ee eta Ss cco Gate DSU eo eee) eee ee Seem ge Nevada. . Washington MORO feta sas sc Sa bos Sete sas ees Ses Se OSs Sees (STS SeT eS Re ee eee ee ee ae [AUC ee ee cee oe eee eee 591 1917 1918 1919 1920 | 1921 20,084] 16,048| 22,601} 18,851] 26,268 31582] 4,953] 3,902] 4/724 5,538 2,874] 5,651| 77511] 8,100| 15,476 11,402| 6,113| 10,484] 177017] 10,527 2,676] 2,691} 3,538] 5,038 5,033 2,538 1,144] 1,996] 3,024 2,742 20,440} 11,942} 12)399| 16,210] 19,678 4'709| 5,568] 3,346| 3,506 3,587 2,440| 2°812 1,217| 3,069 2° 501 4,984| 4846] 27978] 3/351 2° 342 5,187 | 10,271) 13,062 | 13,590] 16,556 10,28 18,453 | 23,886| 14,949] 15,21 12, 667 21,920 24,347 21,605 25, 1902 a 89 13 () 128-2917 et Hiboes 9,129 goo |. 1,223) 757 1,847 3, 297 1,52 31 2,534 2°51 451 ” 937 "824; 1,133] 13974 2) 389 17 691 pe p38 840 33 58 Q @ 695 1,063 | 4,045 553 392 1, 160 1,689} 21317 806 734 1) 109 ” 663 « 678 588 285 339 1 Q 293 129 (2) (+) 828 635 1,446 (2) () 401 470 774 9,791| 14,145] 12,765| 9,434] _ 12,902 667 567 476 509 1,121 1,158 815 875 414 483 5,830| 7,616] 8,859] 6,854] 10,756 2,762| 2,257| 4,095| 3,269 4,798 3,436] 1,816] 1,276] 13136 1,720 6,570] 10,933] 9,081| 9,588 8) 805 2,409) 3,292] 13713) well 13454 144,656 | 169,264 181,277 | 179,149 | 219,304 1 Included in all other. SWEET POTATOES. TABLE 129. = Sweet potatoes: Acreage, production, and value in the United States, 1849- 1921. [See note for Table 117.] Aver- acre, Produc- tion ted). Aver- Acre- age Year. | (000 omit- ted) Acres Lic 0 asl ee Rees ee ae Lee ee eect See MROe cel 5 SAI LTS. 1c ee ee rr eo eed SC enASnS SAC E pee 1899... 537 1900...- 544 1901... 547 1902... 532 1903... 548 1904.... 548 1905... 551 1906... 554 1907.... 565 farm | Dec. 1 price . per | (000 bushel ced). Dec. 1. a Cents. | Dollars. 53.0 | 22,065 50.6 | 24,478 57.5] 25,720 58.1] 26,358 58.3 | 28,478 60.4 | 29,424 58.3 | 29,734 62.2] 31,063 70.0] 34,858 Year. Produc- tion (000 omit- ted). Aver- 1921. -.- Acre- | Aver- age age (000 yield omit- | per ted). acre Acres. |Bushels 599 92.4 641 90.1 641 93.5 605 90.1 583 95. 2 625 94.5 603 93.8 731 | 103.5 774 91.7 919 91.2 940 93.5 941 103.2 992} 104.8 1,066 92.6 .| Bushels. 55, 352 57, 764 59, 938 54, 538 55,479 59, 057 56, 574 75, 639 70, 955 83, 822 87,924 97, 126 103; 925 98, 660 Farm Ao value si Dec. 1 price (000 per 4 bushel at Dee. 1. ed). Cents. | Dollars. 66.1] 36,564 68.5 | 39,585 67.1] 40,216 75.5 41, 202 72.6 | 40,264 72.6 |. 42,884 73.0] 41,294 62.1 46, 980 84.8] 60,141 110.8} 92,916 135.2 | 118,863 134.4 | 130,514 113.4 | 117, 834 88.1} 86,910 592 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. SWEET POTATOES—Continued. TABLE 130.—Sweet potatoes: Acreage, production, and total farm value. by States, 1920 and 1921. . Total value, basis Thousands of acres. Efoductiee Ghat: Dee. 1 price (thou- State 4 sands of dollars). 1920 1921 1920 1921 1920 | 1921 SESREEAESS SOSRECC AD TERRIERS REE 1 AUIS fev gas o aig Sah eStats See 16 17 2, 288 1, 870 3, 546 3,179 Pennsylvania 2 2 276 248 428 Delaware.........-.. 9 9 1, 152 900 1, 152 990 Maryland.............- 9 9 1, 134 900 1, 304 1, 260 WSEPINISs Sno ee os eee 42 44 5, 334 4,180 5, 067 5, 225 West Virginia 3 3 357 345 536 621 North Careline: <2: oa%. $422.1 Loe Ee 99 102 10, 296 10, 302 11, 737 9, 993 Sonth Canoliniac ..t sop. 0. 3. fae eRe ccb oe 76 83 7, 980 7, 885 9, 337 7, 096 Goercia Laie feos" esas ar. - See pees ee 132 146 12, 276 12, 410 11, 908 7,818 WlOrida.: Awe 2. 2 cn). ERE ocean ce 30 32 2, 850 2, 720 3, 420 2,611 ONO. -. LE. PO. ot ee ee 3 3 309 321 541 571 LO TSE agen se Sp 5eqone ayes ee 3 3 360 396 576 594 EET GIS 2 ee oe pe ae Bee es eee 9 9 873 990 1,179 891 LA ee bd 3-5 Soe Se Ss 4 3 416 312 1, 028 546 IMISSOUFIE Ree ere nse. dn ee cee 13 14 1, 430 1, 400 2,216 1, 400 PRARSASHS J 5d S aS jiacickpnioeabien Ss cs cee 4 4 540 500 864 575 LN) [cl a Sa oe 2 eee ee eee ss aes fs 18 18 1, 890 1, 872 2, 835 2, 153 @ennessee..--.. .. kes. - 42 44 4, 284 4, 400 5, 269 4, 180 Ala DAM ae <2 Bela 118 135 11, 446 12, 150 11, 446 8, 870 Mississippi 103 107 11, 330 8, 560 11, 896 6, 334 NSOMISUATI Gn) =) Sienna tee ol eae igh =e 80 88 8, 080 8, 272 7, 514 5, 377 fitters oie Semmens Rs ee 95 100 9,975 8, 200 12, 968 6, 970 Oinhorine sos. eee cere 23 27 2, 645 2, 646 3, 491 2, 805 RIGA DSAS St ot Shs Baa me ee eee ee 49 54 5, 145 5,670 5, 402 4,649 Mow: Mexzeo. ... < - :355.2-snoseeeecccts Ta i 1 118 126 Be 35 ATIZONAL S62 25. SRO. ek BPR We ees 1 125 125 Califormiavcet 04-ueel es --; BME 2e =< - ice 8 8 1,016 960 1, 626 1, 200 United Statess. . cob aoe ote 992 1, 066 | 103, 925 | 98, 660 117, 834 86,910 TABLE 131.—Sweet potatoes: Condition of crop, United States, on 1st of months named, 1901-1921. | | ’ Year. es Aug.|Sept.| Oct. |} Year. |July.| Aug.|Sept.} Oct. || Year. |July.| Aug. |Sept.| Oct. | Pod. UP oct WP-Cts, cb. ck, Beck Chall eh Che BP, chl P. tiqePsth. ybiet, 1 | 80.7 | 78.7 | 79.0 |} 1908....] 89.8 | 88.8 | 88.7 | 85.5 || 1915....| 88.7 | 85.5] 87.5 | 85.0 6 | 78.3 | 77.2 | 79.7 || 1909... 89.7 | 86.9 | 81.3 | 77.8 || 1916....| 90.4 | 85.9 | 82.7 | 79.2 2) 88.7 | 91.1 | 83.7 |] 1910.. 87.3 | 85.4 | 83.9 | 80.2 || 1917....] 81.9 | 84.8 | 85.7) 83.2 3 | 88.5 | 89.9 | 86.1 || 1911 78.4) 77.7 | 79.1 | 78.1 || 1918....| 86.4] 78.3 | 74.5] 77.4 6 | 90.1 | 89.5 | 88.6 || 1912 86.9 | 85.0 | 84.1 | 82.0 |} 1919....|] 90.1 | 87.1 | 86.0} 83.9 9 | 91.2 | 88.7 | 86.0 || 1913 86.5 | 85.8 | 81.4 | 80.1 || 1920.. 87.2 | 86.9 | 86.8] 87.1 9 | 85.7 | 85.7 | 82.7 || 1914.. 77.1 | 75.5 | 81.8 | 80.7 || 1921.. 85.1 | 84.5 | 80.7} 77.0 TABLE 132.—Sweet potatoes: Forecasts of production, monthly, with preliminary and final estimates. (000 omitted.] Séptember| October. | production |. aa Year. July. August. eptember. etober. | production . Pp estimate. | estimate. Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. 49, 474 49, 886 54, 958 55, 364 56, 030 56, 574 64) 067 62,779 65) 274 64, 800 66) 650 75, 639 73, 917 71, 041 69, 329 67, 794 67, 663 70, 955 82) 196 86, 405 88) 151 87, 244 84, 727 83, 822 92) 119 84, 474 81, 016 85, 473 88, 114 87,924 101, 942 100, 456 1007 320 99,413 | 102, 946 97, 126 98, 462 100, 683 101,779 | 103,779 | 105, 676 103, 925 80, 311 79, 389 80, 118 80, 552 81, 687 82, 281 7 114, 086 | 110, 164 | A 105, 841 98, 660 Statistics of Sweet Potatoes. 593 SWEET POTATOES—Continued. TABLE 133.—Sweet potatoes: Yield per acre, price per bushel December 1, and value per acre, by States. Value per Yield per acre (bushels). Farm price per bushel (cents). acre | (doilars).1 State. |5x act. fie | ss anes ‘aie: Gal ie | £8 am i | es | oa aS tod ch | = ee — So ES Sc | es ee o 2 lalSes a| es = 283 /8|8 [2 |2 22 Ei rsi ae Folge tek Se BS El ee eee es aa ees a aE tans ot 120, 115, 125 143 110] 134 170 205. 43 187. 00 EN ied 126 110 120 140, 133) 124 130 185 195. 38 223. 20 5 eae 120 112 120! 138) 128) 100 110 133. 09 110. 00 Ma .2 2, : 123) 118, 130 140, 126 100 140 151, 00 140. 00 Wa--f =... ae Jo Tad 140) 127) 99) 101 125 148. 61 118. 75 ! I | W. Va....| 119) 140 106) 115) 119 115, 139) 180 201. 73 207. 00 Ma = oo; 103| 95 110) 107| 104 101| 90 97 118. 28) 97.97 = ese 96, 95 95) 90/ 105, 95| 96) 90 112. 57) 85. 50 Ga....-..| 91] 93) 92] 92} 93) 85) 84| 63) 93.77) 53. 55 | a 97, 95 110; 100, 95, 85 98 96,117. 35, 81. 60 | | | | Qhio..... 100} 95 96) 100, 103, 107) 145 178 175. 60 190. 46 a ee j 114] 106, 108, 105) 120, 132| 141 150 190. 65 198. 00 lle 96} 97) 82} 95| 97) 110, 123 90 139. 74) 99. 00 Towa..... 92) 90, 93) 67| 104 104] 178 175 196. 68 182. 00 Mo.......} 103} 112 91| 104) 116 100) 130 Eos sages es 5 Kans..... 108} 92 80} 109] 135) 125] 141 115 176. 09 143. 75 sae 101] 95! 95) 105! 105) 104) 115) | 115 140. 19/119, 60 Tenn....- 101] 95| 98 112) 102 100) 94) 95 115.31! 95. 00 _ 3) 90 96 94, 97) 4 83 73) 90. 24! 65.70 | | | | i Miss...... 91} 65 95) 105 110, 80) 30 74 89.98 59.20 Pier 88| 79| 75} 90 101) 94) 82 65| 87.00) 61.10 Tex......| 87| 78 58) 110; 105 82) 113 85 118. 46, 69.70 Okla.....| 96} 90) 110} 115, 98) 131 sea 103. 88 Ark. .....} 102 110 90, 100} 105 105) 93 82/107. 39. 86.10 | 120) 118 126) 181 | 260 261. 80/327. 60 | 150| 125] 125) 193 | 227) 238) | 182324. 06 227. 50 | 170 130, 127) 120) 122) 94) 1 50! 125/220. 28/150. 00 | eS Se Se Se ———————— ee eee U. 8. .'97. 1/91. 2 93.5 | | | t 1 Based upon farm price Dec. 1. 88. 1/112. 55) 81. 53 | 103. ie 8 92. 694. a vi: 6 (| Lee 73. 0/62. 7 8110. § 135, 2.134. 4113.4 TABLE 134.—Sweet potatoes: Farm price, cents per bushel on 1st of each month, 1910-1921. | rei, Sept. Oct. | Nov.| Dec. | Yearly | & | 1 as a! aver od tr Mom] Sc Td es ort a eo Bi Pear ae GSAS EES: Bie |e oe 79. 83.4) 79.4) 75.1) 78.2) 81. al r¥é ; 71. A 67. i 77.5 Cop ease 84.4 99.3) 98.7] 99.0) 105. 8) 102.6} 91.8} 90.9} 75.5| 91.2 LE SS aes eee 98. 0 118. 0} 115. 0} 112. 2) 107.8) 95.7) 84.4) 76.8 .6 97.0 pi) ee te eee 88.9 93.8} 92. .1) 941) 94.3] 83.9) 75.7 6; 87.0 4: TA ra 86.7 94.5) 94. 97.5} 92.8) 87.3) 76.3) 0) 86.5 Tes sede: $4.7 95.6} 96. 85. 8} 84.6) 72.7) 63.7 ~1] 82.2 Llp bS 55 a aie 77.3 80.5) 83. 87. 1{ 89.9] 83.7] 80.6 8} 80.1 (07 ee 110.7 141. 3) 149. 129. 3} 132. 6} 116. 1) 111. 2 . 8} 1210 ii el Eee 142.7 155. 0) 148. 144. 7| 156. 2} 169. 6} 146. 0 2) 143.0 ell: GEESE Eat: Ree 153.7 174. 6} 173. 167. 9} 175. 4) 154. 7) 143.9 157.0 12 RES So Se 172. 2 2} 216. 223. 5} 200. 7| 160. 8! 122.1 175.7 Ci bea 5 ee 119. 8 144. 1} 135.6; 108.3) 89.5) 118.7 Average 1912-1921} 98.7] 105. 28. 2| 125. | 11L 2} 98.6} 947) 114.8 i O94 SWEET POTATOES—Continued. TABLE 135.—Sweet potatoes: Wholesale price per barrel, 1921-1913. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Baltimore. St. Louis. New Orleans. New York. All grades Jersey and Date. All grades. (per bushel). All grades. Sonthinen: See =— ite Low.) High. Aver. Low.} High. Aver Low. High. | Aver. owl High. | Aver. | 4.50 $3.89 |$1.00 | $2.00 Ls 62; 1$0.°75)) $1. 755191. 52 |. 5. eee eto 4.50 | 3.66/ 1.00} 1.75] 1.41] .75| 2.50] 1.65 |$3.00 | $5.00} $4.08 6.00 | 4.62 | 1.25 1.85] 1.58 | -.75 2.75 | 1.55 | 1.85 | 5.00] 3.02 5.50 | 3.92 | 1.50] 2.10) 1.76] .75) 3.25) 1.96 | 2.00} 4.00] 3.05 4.50 | 4.25; 1.75 | 2.10] 1.85] 2.00] 3.25] 2.24 | 2.00] 4.00] 3.00 A ha Eee Leo) {2 OO ABT | eee Le ee ee eae ee 8.00: |°7..50°) 2.25) | 4. 00) S284 | 7 orl © 3.700): 2°81: See eae ces ees 5.50 | 4.64; .75| 3.25] 2.22 | : “a et 00 | 2.46); 4.00] 6.00] 5.33 J0 lbs. 4.25 | 3.33] .75 | 1.50] 2.21] ..40| 1.75) 1.08 | 2.50) 4.25 | -3.41 3.50 | 2.81 | .50 -80| .71| .25) 1.75) 1.03 | 2.00] 4.00] 2.99 4.00 | 2.89] .50] 1.40] .86| .25) 1.75 | 1.06 | 2.50) 4.00] 3.25 4.50 | 3.38] .60| 2.00] .92| .40] 1.60] .94| 2.00] 4.25] 3.12 8.00 | 4.08| .50| 4.00} 1.69/1.75| 3.75] 2.03| 1.85] 6.00] 3 47 14.00 | 5.40} 1.00 | 4.00] 1.84 | -75 | 7.00] 2.27 | 1.00] 10.50} 4.38 12.00} 6.06] .90| 4.25) 1.99) .75] 5.50] 2.44] 1.50] 8.50] 4.50 10.00} 5.45] .65]| 3.25] 1.73) 1.00] 7.00} 3.14 | 1.25] 10.00) 3.11 T2500 ee ae Se BE ep Ar wee eee 65, | > LapOu| etter. + DOL, BOD eee. Late OM | see 1350)) 3. 2p exe es SoOs! ) 2400" | aeeeee T3006 50 eae o5. Os ee 1j50) (ed SDL) a reg nro. 0 Gul, oa OO) lea ee =00}), 7p: 00% 25... Da || ee oe 1750!) (4-007) cepa Pye Ua es Pa J Pes «4g 100 tee. TE00 Veer on SBS) | Go a eee oe e200) 2.00s sare eS 00 noes 1 Low, high, and average for first 8 months. . TABLE 136.—Sweet potatoes: Monthly average jobbing prices per bushel at 10 markets, 1921. | April. May. Market. | January February? March | average. | average. | average. | Range. | Average.| Range. / Average. | $1.76 $1. 82 $2. 40 ($1. 50-$2, 75 $2.32 $2. 00-$3.00 | $2. 73 2. 20 2. 29 2.35 | 1.75- 3.25 2.46 | 1.75- 2.50 2.13 153 LEGS 1.74 | 1.25- 2.00 1.66 | .80- 1.90 | 1.63 1.91 1.73 2.03 | 1.40- 2.15 1.89 | 1.50- 2.15 1. 92 1.68 1. 85 1.78 | 1.50-.2.10 1.81 | 1. 80- 1-90 | 1. 84 By Al 1.95 | 1.78 | 1.31- 3.00 1.80 | 1.35 2.10 1. 89 BEM PAU ee Jone sb ceee eee 2.18 2. 26 2.37 2. 25 2:25 |... Shs Ses ta Paes Mirimeapols *... 25. 10 200 13 13 | 13 234 12 12 | 13 180 1 i 1 17 9 9 9 170 65 65 77 975 20 23 27 | 364 22 23 27 336 1 1 2 8 4 4 6 52 13 12 16 130 il il 13 144 43 42 52 546 6 6 “4 96 19 19 17 243 6 6 | 6 80 3 2) 4 30 22 21 26 198 61 62 73 755 53| 60| | 68 607 358 364 458 3, 933 1,910 | 1,910 | 2,674 15, 892 622 4,077 157 852 2, 193 17,310 4, 049 15, 400 2, 361 9, 475 986 5, 588 23 264 58 667 25 384 213 2,074 625 2, 862 158 1; 215 260 11268 440 2) 442 6 132 585 176 «1,791 150 882 33 315 274 1, 152 177 1, 288 ||15, 787 |15, 483 |17, 460 |15, 235 |198, 115 |101, 083 Statistics of Hay. 597 HAY—Continued. TABLE 140.—Hay: Stocks on farms May 1. i | i] Production F | - Percent; Tonson Price | Percent; Tons on Price Year. sinatra onfarms| farms per ton Year ebicres onfarms| farms | perton | year (tons). | Mayl.| Mayl. | May ‘ year (tans). | Mayl.| Mayl. | May1 ! | i eee | | | | 1910....| 87,216,000 | 11.5 | 10,053,000 | $11.08 || 1917....) 110,992,000 11.4 | 12,659,000} $13.94 1911....| $2,529,000 12.4 | 10,222,000 | 11.69 || 1918....| 98, 439, 000 11.7 | 11, 476,000 | 17.97 1912...) 67,071,000 8.5} 5,732,000| 16.31 || 1919....| 91,139,000 9.4| $559,000} 22.31 1913....| 90,734,000} 14.9 | 13,523,000] 10.42 || 1920....| 104;760,000| 10.1| 10,618,000| 24.22 1914....| 79,179,000| 12.2] 9,631,000] 11.63 || 1921....| 105,315,000| 17.8| 18,771,000} 13.08 1915....| 88,686,000 | 12.2] 10,797,000| 11.03 || 1922....| 96,802,000} 11.1 | 10,792,000} 12.98 1916... -| 107,263,000 | 13.5 | 14,452,000 | 11.27 || | I | I } I TABLE 141.—Hay: Condition of crop, United States, on 1st of months named, 1908-1921. Year. May. | June. | July. |August. { | | | Year. | May. | June. July. August, i = = SS Se ee eS | a | 93.5] 96.8 92.6| 92.1 Wise ee 91.2) 89.6] 87.5] 90.1 ae 84.5| 87.6 87.8] 86.8 || 1916.............. 88.2/ 90.7| 93.5| 95.7 re ets Map, OLN) “ses, Shi N if7-....2- 88.7| 85.1] 84.3 84.6 Te ae aaa 84.2] 788) 65.0) 67.6 || 1918-2222 22222 89.6; 89.0| 822] 823 + nalts ie oh 86.0] 903] 86.2| 90.9 || 1919.......-...... 94.3/ 941] 911 | 91.0 1913...... Pans ae 88.5] 87.5) 795] 81-8} 1990.22.22 89.4} 88.9] 86.7 90.5 Tae 90.7| 89.1| 822 95) $.0| 795) 825 TABLE 142.—Hay: Forecasts of production, monthly, with preliminary end final estimates. [000 omitted.] 1 | | Septem- | | ber pro-| Final August. | quction estimate. | estimate. Tons. Tons. | Tons 100,154| 91,715| 98, 439 99,341| 86,254} 91,139 110,876 | 103,544 104) 760 107,266 | 106,451} 105,315 97,073 | 94,619 | 196, 802 HAY—Continued. TABLE 143.—Hay: Yield per acre, price per ton December 1, and value per acre, by States. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. 598 85 s Pee Besee BS8OR ens Geese Skee eeeeege tee Seen So50 ser) Bo SKHSR SSten SARS Sasids sada So Bienes Snead essex gaa 223 | onm | 8389 5e29 wenae Rasee eseeR Sa¥85 BEERN ARSE ESRe = S | ‘feiss wot-g | SEAGER SASHA SNSKA aSRAA ASANS ising SoNdn RASS SESS sass : SSSSs SSSSR SESSS SSSR SSSSS LFSSB RSRSF ASERS KRSRS LSS TOE] Sadie Sdaerr MGS Worn Gsdad Kdrésg Pdddd solders Adda sso SSSe8 SS888 SSRSS SSSRs SARAL SSSRS SBRee Besse Ssee Qeas CHET PRC is WERe or RESET Gat: oe OST a A a er TE i RY et aE, PET A wcot | 28848 SENS MHANM Hasss dedss oxddy gdrisd Sedcid ngds davis RSS8S RESSS SRSRS SSRSR VRSSZ SRszse SaRSs SRSSR ASES SSAA o ee ee ell oa ehh at ae” Tet secs Cane Set areay e/a) Ok ee RS PNP ce tab at st Wes TR) Levene of ie) 80 hice! ae owt | Bac § SSan8 A888 Mtddd HSS Sstse sNaes SSens Sans Ages SBRSR Sssrs SSSS2 RBRVS SSSRB SSERGR SRSRS SRSSR SSAE SSS SI6I | Sree aes Beater POA ARR Urea ke Looe eas Mn te open st (pape tpn Mie neces Papas SSSRG ASANN RRNA NSNSA HASSR SSUSR ARSAN SAAN RAS Sage SCS8se SSS2s SSSES8 SRSSS RSSSS BSSRSS SRSSS SASSS SZS8 SSRR ABT | aHSS SKSKS SHHSS SHSHS eealsic acum Gssis wsdrs ids SONS Seen mn Ne AN RAN 1 NSN QR cB hn Bh Dh ae ee aR nae Cel ee GSSSes SSeee SSsse KRSSSe SSSSQ SSSss SSSSR SRSSsS SSSS SLRS MEE | gids Sindd didwnd SSSSH Sdrdd Gsrrd sedis Sddad wai adc reese ed ral eet vet vont 5 on Bie Be ee ed ett et et ret ae ro et et et et Sn ih oon Boe Pan d nee wets ee ri SSSse S2SS8 RESSS SSSsSz RSSEs SSeSe SSS83 Sezee SSS3 RSRA ST6T _dovsa SESS SHGSH BSAGS cidddid wWHdda sadcre work dddr node eee Ol TON veel et vet Ped” ee es ee at eet et et et St ret me SSS eS SSSR SSSRS SRARSS RRGSR SSASS RESSS SLSSZ S SS2e3 BPR BSAA | | | E I z = 8 q 2 2 5 S § ES g z "s a z “g CE & | Farm price per ton (dollars). VI6I ed fas SHGdm Sens SHH AGGCSOH wWwssrs ppp Ed maonre SOr od geass Fr, es hc pI A, nh I Ph eh en rot. Lon SABAR ARSSR ABRSR ANDaS 22338 “BRERS RRSSB gee =Sa5 Ress |S Ma | duane sects eats noddd cided eddde evaded eaeés died recs ia RSSRR SSSSS GASES SASSS RSGRZ SASS BERK VSSSE S385 eee ae ae | gana Aeeee: Sees Sens Ress See eee wee Pa elle “1Z61-ZI6T BZARs SSKSA SERRE ShSS #8855 S2s58 SSSSS SaRsQ SBa8 eit _ | S8HRS SSkSU SERRE CHERE KSRGK SES5R GASES SEESs + _|eseoavsvosor] Sesein edge dddsg saeas giddd sedan Aesss SANs SSds sess |S r| Z8SRR BSBAR RERSS BRNSA anes ~BSS28 SSSkR BS22R FS3 & SE88 | & “I o ee 8 tet iii! elieintiet berlin 4 rnin nine dine anil aedcial adda la 3 d ozor | SABA AKGAH BANOS HSS RRLBS RESSR RSFSR SAzS8 BSSSH8 LSRS/5 14 2 r "S ~Srisiciri hit rt Se ee Ee ae idee doa ease Aeiaici ciciaid |_| g 2 ert | & RRR SASBR GRASS BES 8 SESBR SLSSS SSRtsS RISVS SSSR RSRKR/S | = S wae ineie Cditinidie didi Cae ee pc py ion dni Aen Ade Noda | a Fe siot | SRRRE "SRBRR BBSRI AASB SSSSS SSSRS SARRS RASSN RARBS SRRA| | E A, . tah anidinAa addin FARA AAA, db ae ht a Ha hats aan ANA AdAN SHA! | 8 y ner | 88828 BS8S8 ASN2S SSIkR SEBRI ARSAR ¢ 8 S928 S288 SRSS/5 | g & pede. oRaaa rene Siweias fastceies een he} Scce Benn FaAN SAA IA | A te ag, LO6I-LIGT 88 OBC BRASS SRSSR SBsas ASKSR RSAGR BRSRA RRS ERB |S = Josemae 1G) Sine elected eiciel | eine cicisicid eeitalet ot ciniel_ineiciel eld cleieiel | 9 ‘ . » at te ts ‘da! * hy i. e ‘Po [ee . tows é oud Prag gdcGe daau i Sake: Soe, Bad id adehs Sees 8Fa P| a Subse SZzeQ SeedG Shoe SESSS euzdM adeGe ofeeS z S2\a%3 ; 6 2 3 J all eer s 2S as 2) isd ° Bid aS Ss re . Ss 13 Sedge va Sh Te et ee a fi = S lk Ss 2 aborts hs fae hs s/s Aa |A Se} se | ae} ela tye tae | ete ya pe P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct. Th 21 a egies ato 7.2| 14) 0.2] 04| 0.2) 0.2] 01/107] 02} 10} O14) 0.1} 12:7 CLS ee tite S9P £90) 37> LOT alt beta 9} oa 1S iota) -1} 15.5 ot SO Rk aa 17.5| .7| 12) 27) [1| cs] i1)o27] i121] “ol a] @ | 9 Tis 1 F poe seme cade Len TES Lo on, 28 2)° “3h “51-116. 8.b- id fo a ei ee eee THe: OE ORAS 5.5 | rT ibaa! Sy 9 adhe 12} .1] 36] @) 31 @ 18 9.6 Pitaee oes eee eens 3.7| 49! .6| 18! .1 | 1} .3 {ato [ Coy? “5-4 - 6) | aes Tr Sil wind liebe pe] hs Sea ery 9 | 1} 4£.9}.@) [3L9] “1 f° 56) «cd fe cage Rone. Se 17.4] 22] “3} 42) .1]° 5] 1] obo? ore 939 1.8 1,706 9.18 15, 661 TABLE 158.—Clover seed: Forecasts of production, monthly, with preliminary and final estimates. [000 omitted.] ber. Bushels. | Bushels. 1,179 1, 078 1, 404 1, 383 994 1,015 Septem- | October. Novem- ber pro- | Final duction | estimate, estimate. Bushels. | Bushels. 1, 356 1, 488 1, 248 1, 197 967 1) 484 1, 593 1, 944 1,214| 11,499 606 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. CLOVER AND TIMOTHY SEED—Continued. TABLE 159.—Clover seed: Farm price per bushel, 15th of each month, 1910-1921. Jan. | Feb.| Mar.| Apr.| May | June| July | Aug. | Sept.| Oct. | Nov.| Dec. | ¥eatly Year. L5AMPT SL | WSOP AISNE 15. Wes) ate sal ee | 15, palethbs | 15a eae eg TCT ees. $8. 26) $8, 26) $8.15] $7.91) $7.47) $7.24) $7.17] $7.53] $8.27) $8.13] $7. 70| $7.94] $7. 84 1910. Choc. eee 8.27| 8.37| 8.56] 8.79) 8.74) 8.80] 8.83] 9.65) 10. 19| 10.33] 10.37] 10.62] 9.29 1Otess. | Oe ede 10. 89) 12. 22} 12. 89] 12.91) 12. 53] 11.69] 10.64} 9.80! 9.39] 9.37] 9.06] 9.00) 10.87 1913. = Ao toetes 9. 41| 10, 28} 10, 42} 11.00) 10.74] 9.77] 9.78] 9.37] 7.31) 7.00] 7.33] 7.70] 9.18 1014: 2 eeS Sa 7.99} 8.07} 8.17] 8.06) 7.87| 7.96] 8.12) 8.76] 9.10} 8.24) 8.02] 8.12) 8.21 1915.28 Ske. Lae 8.51} 8.60} 8.55} 8.36) 8.14| 7.90] 7.96) 7.94| 8.49) 9.70] 9.67) 10.01] 865 4916). PRE RA eee 10. 27} 10. 47| 10.76] 10.58) 9.98] 9.47] 9.15| 9.12] 8.65 8.54) 9.20] 9.40] 9.63 I . 32] 10. 41) 10. 40] 10. 29] 10. 50} 10. 53) 10, 89) 11. 92) 12.91] 13.53) 10.93 17. 86) 16.56} 15. 88) 14.71] 15.20] 16.61) 19.01] 20.03] 20.67] 17.08 24. 81) 24. 48] 23.37] 23. 25] 24.33] 25.38] 26. 47] 26.53] 27.63] 24.35 32. 23] 29, 84) 26.21) 25.52) 19.97} 17.77] 13.18] 11.64] 10.28] 23.15 10.37} 10.25) 10.21) 10.09] 10.38] 10.45 10. a 10. 71) 10.20) 10. TaBLE 160.—Timothy seed: Farm price per bushel, 15th of each month, 1910-1921. 1 eas Jan. | Feb. | Mar.| Apr. | May | June} July} Aug. | Sept.) Oct. | Nov.| Dec. phen ear. 15% ay 15.) eld. || ibe | Tseqls15; Wal. 11150 | se | eee eae eee Da SAP 20 pl (ROSA Ieee em EE oe BF Ba (es, P| mai | Peace lhe ee $3.77] $4.03] $4.08] $4.11]....... $4. 12) $4.51] $4.93] $5.17] $5.24! $5.24] $5.48] $6.52] 6.65| 6.91) 6.90] 6.72] $5.70 6.99] 7.26] 7.33| 7.27] 7.16] 6.68} 5.95] 3.20] 2.09} 1.95] 1.82! 1.79] 4.96 1.79} 1.78| 1.72} 1.74} 1.76] 1.77] 1.94] 2.01) 2.13] 2.02] 2.08] 2.10) 1.90 2.07} 2.12] 2.30] 2.28] 2.38! 2.23] 2.32] 2.43] 2.46] 2.34) 2.341 2.18] 2,99 2.63} 2.66] 2.78] 2.69] 2.75 2.65] 2.57| 2.56] 2.62) 2.72| 2.91) 2.86) 2.70 3.05] 3.19} 3.28) 3.51) 3.33] 3.26) 3.08| 2.36] 2.22] 2.27] 2.25) 2.31) 2.84 2.44! 2.46] 2.70) 2.76 es ste 3.04] 3.23] 3.31) 3.61} 3.25] 3.37| 3.03 3.57| 3.78) 3.84) 3.74) 3.84) 3. 56) vel 3.87] 3.79! 4.08] 4.26) 4.21] 3.85 4.34) 4.511 4.54] 4.69] 5.05) 4.63) 4.49) 4.581 4.55] 4.78 4.67 4.98] 4.65 5.35| 5.62 5.61) 5.63] 5.61) 5.46) 5.14) 4.44) 3.52) 3.25) 3.09) 3.16) 4.66 3.04} 2.75] 2.97| 2.84] 2.90 2.99) 2.98} 2.71 oie 2.70 eel 2.57| 2.79 TABLE 161.—Clover seed: Monthly and yearly receipts at Chicago, 1910-11 to 1921-22.1 [In thousands of pounds—i. e., 000 omitted.] Crop- Season. Sept.| Oct. | Nov.| Dec. | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. July. | Aug. woe otal. SOL veces bee - 4 1,340) 1,375) 865} 231 94, 524) 751) 378 405) 59| 270| 6,656 CEC oe 519| . 198] 176| 95 331| 337| 357] 307 194| 343} 574] 3,644 LT es Ce RR 271] 950] 521 2951 493/ 545] 901] 279 165, 41 4610 TTA he ee eae 188| 225] 939] 1,446] 1,035] 418] 837| 412 836] 429] 1,180| 8) 155 1016-96. A ee 789| . 595| 1,136] 1,723] 1,773| 1,993) 900] 438| _55J...... 48| 327| 9,778 SIG OF ee 2, 190} 1,921] 1,953] 1,205] 980] 1,236] 1,123] 974] 294|...... 53] 138 12, 067 MIG ET on. < case 1, 356] 1,308} 7995] 1)416] 660] 1,192] ”$33| 798 307 2} 602] 9) 362 re et, eee Se 1,346] ° 945] 1,149} 587] 1,079] 1,688] 797] 217 108} 22} 135] 8,371 APIS AGS sects 192| 1, 597| 1,337| 1,146] 1,974] 1,002| 1,175] 464] 8s}...... 271} 798| 10,044 1910-20 Core ee aed 1,539] 1) 816| 17941] 1) 606] 2) 840] 2) 557] 2) 239] 884 200} 195] 213] 16,037 “To tS ae eae 1, 549| 2) 448) 1; 033] 1,314] 2,762] 3, 150] 3,996] 1,570 319} 841 365] 197 008 Te ee 739| 1,235) 2)040) 2.064). =... -|.cc--.|--c2 <0)» 00 -SION Se Soe _ Oe en! PS hoops West Indies: British— Barbadoes........ Be 2Od oo a 1,179 By 200) 5 Ab S211) es, «ote 32h eee es ee Grenada *.........|...- ves) SPOS ze 3, 638 649 7714 CUTS TeT CL eel Sal es ee ie ene: ey ee | |) See eee (ee eee |e ene Legg! Tei or NE es ee | ees ee eee 7g pla ee AP eRe 4 Sepa sc| oouseorsc 0 SS sess oer eee een aaa pera EEE coe The - =e - eeeee BiVATI CONE. socba| ba dose cs ee ae bsbessct 8, 000 # 903 4920) 41,157 eae ican Repub- #9 PREIS jos a'-| ou wen ane | se < aeratarntoc| ow a0 Sa titell ME 's'< bs ew AAO). ose %-'5-|- <= 22422. oa ecee (DEST Fe 2 Tg eae 245, “i 5 425, 939]...-...--. eS 201, 541 199,000} 188, 000 SOUTH AMERICA. | | Argentina. ........... 5, 356 33,000} 33,000) 59, 2, 646 16,000, 28,000 eles ee tee | 05, 685,000} 805,000; 290, 400 384,000, 451,000 TE ie BS ee OTE ee OR BS 4 87, 120 155,000| 164,000 EUROPE. | Bit Po a ae oe 6 1, 829) 7, 334 2, 500 4,100 6 871 711 1, 255 hii See ee 1,095 744 818 600 433 " 293 ASIA. | ica recess oe 212) eee 20, 997, 000/23, 353, 006/21, 341, 000) 3, 511, 684 4, 850,000) 3, 013, 000 De esate tacks Sixes, = 55 ORs cick eae eee eee (4) Spain..... 1 Sweden..... 1 Switzerland. ._. # United Kingdom... .. Other countries. .-... Totak. vs. os. J cf 14005 13, 956 1 Less than 500 bales. 1918 Exports. | Imports. 1919 1920 Exports. | Imports. | Exports. 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 bales bales. bales. bales. S Saetose uel OD |b Soe vce cite 114 14 1, 528 24 2, 052 67 299 189 105 9) 1,390 () 829 1 : HO eee ee see ee Ss 183 Oya 6 ee 367 7,045 628 6, 651 56" fd cive ape dl 506 221 Ber ste fe52 DATE Dn tere erereaes 82 1, 083 151 691 3 2 1 cheeks siaea PB el ESSE 1085 er saree ED sonic of 114 ee re naa 8 rer ee RE Bh se is a ke we: 2. L1d> | reeceloce es eA OF. | 2 --kere stems SB 3 3, 457- bax eeee 35 167 2 10, 689 10,752 10, 140: ® Four-year average. Statistics of Cotton. - 617 COTTONSEED. TaBLE 181.—Cottonseed: Production, by States, 1917-1921. [As reported by the United States Bureau of the Census.] Production. Total value. state. ‘2 : (a stirs Wenn Beene Cue ee 1917 1918 | 1919 1920 | 19211} 1917 1918 1919 1920 19211 ul 9 7 $550 $740: $740 $230 $220 410 355 | 18,630 | 26,810 | 27,340 | 10,550] 11,650 720 338 | 38,200 | 47,550 | 47,460 | 16,620 | 10,971 628 373 | 58,660 | 64,170 | 55,250 | 16,640} 11,802 8 6 1,660 1,130 530 220 166 294 282 | 15,910 | 23,910 | 23,020] 7,840 8, 326 397 387 | 26,900 | 35,340 } 28,100 | 9,571 Ek, 225 172 131 | 18,080 } 16,650} 8,660] 4,490 3, 922 1,934 980 | 89,290 | 74,670°| 82,640 | 41,350] 27, 383 | 28,420 | 28,240 | 24,880 | 12,400 | 11, 055 145 151 | 7,090} 9,440} 9,210] 3,700] 4,736 35 35 | 1,730] 1,760] 2,040 790} 1,033 594 236 | 26,310 | 15, 920 | 27,130} 11,210} 5,308 85 57| 2,180} 3,160] 3,460] 1,380] 1,021 United States. 5,971 | 3,721 |333, 550 |349, 490 |340, 470 |236, 990 | 108,972 1 Preliminary. May vane July | Aug. | Sept. Boil nee Dec. Yearly 5. ; Jan. | Feb. | Mar.| Apr. 5. 15. 15. Year. is | dips (2d - cine. sessesnee PARR Ree CERES EES Sees ieee as ogre $26. 02 $26. 35/$25. 61/$25. 49/ $26. 12/335. 46 $23, 38/$22. 70 $20, 45 21.98 16.57) 16. $i] 18.21) 18.62) 19.21] 19. 241 19. 04 18.45 ; : 2.79 23. 37} 23.60) 24.1 20. 40 23. 33] 22.32! 22. 24. 57 36. 75| 36. 56| 38. 42, 81 51. 43] 53.18) 55. 58.30 66. 95] 68.27] 68. 66. 18 64. 65) 64. 00! 64. 65. 56 69. 34| 67. 18) 68. 51. 73 19. 76| 13. 92 17. 22.18 618 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. COTTONSEED OIL. TABLE 183.—Coittonseed oil: Monthly and yearly average price per hundredweight of spot prime summer yellow, New York, 1910-11 to 1921-22. [Compiled from New York Produce Exchange Reports and Oil, Paint, and Drug Reporter.] Crop year. Aug. | Sept.) Oct. | Nov.| Dec. | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June.| July. a NAS) Li be See ae $10. 84/$10. 12) $8.11) $7. 29) $7. 24) $7.32) $7.03) $6.60) $6.19 $6. 43) $5. 89) $7. 47 191T-12.. : Bee. ste 5. 85} 6.96] 5.97] 5.73} 5.37] 5.39) 5.54] 5.69) 6.46) 6. 86) 6.67) 6.14 1912-132 eee 6.47} 6.38) 6.22) 6.01] 6.30) 6.25) 6.35) 6.44) 6.96 7.70) 9.41) 6.77 19%3-14. EG BR 8.88] 7.67| 7.00} 7.05) 6.86) 6.98) 7.12} 7.38) 7.51 7.30) 7.18) 7.34 5:22) 6.55] 5: 831) 6. =| 7.08] 6.70) 6.61 6.18) 6.06) 6.23 7.71| 7.93) 8.38) 8. 99| 9. 59) 10. 53) 10. 73 10. 91; 10.04) 8.98 11. 75} 12. 53] 12.38) 12. 32) 12.51) 13.62] 15.30 16. 26) 14. 52) 13. 07 17. 99} 18. 59] 18. 65} 20. 09) 20. 33] 19. 84) 19.75 20. 25) 20.25) 18.91 20. 25) 20. 25) 20. 25} 20. 25) 20. 25} 20. 25) 21. 25 25.03) 27: 37) 21. 41 23. 00} 22.75) 21. 50) 21. 86) 19.67} 19.07) 18. 54 16. 76) 13. 21) 20. 23 11. 43} 10.14) 8.91) 8.44) 7.29) 6.21) 6.06 17.45|1 8.70) 8.96 Bez Ba s.ogtl 2) tot) se ee Ri) 5d 11.39) 11. 26| 11.06] 11.31] 11. 16| 11.12) 11.40 1l-year average. “ 11. 55 11.92) 11.73) 11. 41 | | | | | | | | | | | 1 Largely nominal. TABLE 184.—Cottonseed oil: International trade, calendar years, 1909-1920. [See ‘‘ General note,’’ Table 125.] Average, 1909-1913. | 1918 1919 1920 Country. SSS SS SSS Imports. Exports. | Imports. | Exports. | Imports. | Exports. | Imports. | Exports. PRINCIPAL EXPORT- ING COUNTRIES. 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 gallons gallons. | gallons. galions. gallons. gallons. gallons. gallons. Chings. 2+ AS. ee es aed O81] 22 Bk 9.369 ibe. 2224328 3) 4304 passes 1,606 10) 37) 0) oe a ee 257 [3 ee Sere 12 59 30 418 United States........ 1629 | 38, 968 2,450 | 15,876 3,707 | 25,751 1, 261 24, 634 PRINCIPAL IMPORT- ING COUNTRIES. Algeria 96 United Kingdom.....| 5,899 7, 189 5, 727 15 | 8, 035 2,930 2, 802 5, 162 Other countries... ..- 3, 562 6| 2,044 902 2,165 961 025 |. 2.22 aie na 5 ae 2 44,498 | 48,929| 17,170| 19,905| 31,141] 35,908| 23,673{ 33,808 | U 1 Three-year average. 2 Four-year average. 6 Two-year average. ‘Less than 500 gallons. ‘One-year average. Statistics of Tobacco. TOBACCO. 619 TABLE 185.—TZobacco: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1909-1920. | Area. Production. i Country. Average | Average 1909- 1918 1919 1920 | 1909- 1918 i919 ; 1920 1913.1 | 1913.1 | St | 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 } 1,000 1,000 1,009 1,000 NORTH, AMERICA, acres. acres. acres. acres. pounds. pounds. pounds. | pounds. United States......-- 1,148 1,647 1,951 1,960 | 996,176 |1, 439, 071 |1, 465, 481 | 1,582, 225 Porto Rico.........-- 18 24 40 42| 12,700] 17,196 | ' 23,690 | ’ 25,340 Canada: | | sh a= Quebec.......---- 10 7 23 3 6, 262 7,732 | 16,770 26, 400 ODEO. -o—sc-5-- 6 17,000 | 21, 689 Total Canada. - | 33,770] 48,089 Costa Rica-- 22.6.5 -- 9298 Nao saree Cubaiic.s:2..- = = oes peeaaereete| CESSES poe BEES Sedss| Marsden Megs Ge Ue Be eet il Se Se Reiter |e eee Dominican Republic - 230} O00 R | oeeecsiore Guatemala.........-- ) Jann een enna jereereene ee ey 2. Make (8 Sage ree 28 53,900 |.-...-.-.- 2 E : Sl Pate a eee (we Uruemayets.c-=-2-4-- 3 2 See | a 2,371 oc O he Sees se See ee bo yt dy a Sees Sl Dee Seapeaees 4 el Baer: Bl eerie 8 oe 13,000 30; S64 er a0) 21 Ack on cca EUROPE. | INTSSE coéeraaibeagde Ath esa ace Peacoat S eleebe B2 TSO EEr - ase BPE Bae Beer Es < OTST RTESH ON G10 900 a ee ee! eee SRSRREr eR fete LOTS | Se eeen dese bisa alpha eae etree Bosnia-Herzegovina *. ee ee eceme ses seecciaerr tiie de = 48 ONSaRal aise. - 44. OF. =|. 3 eee Belgium... ..--..0: 10 15 | 17 Til iee DONTE A. doe 30, 050 13, 490 Bileatay shee sss cls 424 89 55 G35) AS32200 sees 35, 260 53, 490 Denmark. .....-...-: 1 ee ene ere =| neat Sere, PO Vi Ea (onl ir Me <= HBANCE 3. 57)-5 do sink oo 439 20 23 29 | 445,272) 419,568 34, 670 46, 031 Germany 22. -.. 22.2.5 439 29 31 32 66, 536 51,528 gape te | ees = farpoces- 26-14 2k.) ek .52o.2 1460) 49t seve S66 0%.-< Joss 63,165 | 57,195 68, 506 IP AT Y os. Js ies oes ett) at Se a) ee ae Higa 4eletioi e 4 2 ee oe A ee TRY Sos och aac oa: - 19 17 21 20| 22,120] 19,841} 21,160| 28,260 Netherlands........-. 1 1 1 1 | LAG2O0) ae. 30 eke phe «| ci-oao eee PuNANIA AS | Lt. 8 425 5 32 36 540 | 416,426 | 513,470 | 526,477 6 5,378 Russia proper 4....... FOSA|s.. 4% 2: Saal teen See J et et. 1-e Ty BLT | 2 Se sa ee 5 2 Northern Caucasia $. . 64a (Et ar PS eR Re SR - 58 Sb Saat Cot Slee) Ge 13. . eee Serbia 4 ASE Ses asciaee See asliet ee oR SlORBO eee 24S le esas. [3.2 See Sweden 1 1 ee 1, 657 IE BRGr | seas See 1,690 Switzerland 1 1 1 1 1, 448 es 122-3 660 | 866 British India......... 1,026 1SOTSN| ee Shes; |Bes JSLk LS} 450; 0008) Saar tos. cinfaceee ULE epeeee ss British North Borneo\........-- i) Se OER: lege OL 8 248915] BAR ONS SP ees ss SRE WOW GH ae oie mance wala 14 Rule: 5 =k eee eee. See A ZIOUN Ge as peicem =| ha cldoeicicee [f= eas Seer Dutch East Indies: Java and Madura ASP EA cd 5-881) ee SAS oR 117,180 | 261,480 |.......--- jascaoeliel Sumatra, east | Conshtol 5 Se 2.6) oe 1322/6. ORME Re BR 46,699 | 251,801 |........-- {aca Japanese Empire: ) Ja Japanss.i 2. ..! 72 64 76 76 93, 717 83,544 | 107,480 113, 366 _ Chosen (Korea). - AGOE IR SCE EY PAS Se, EU 29, T3it| Ree TI soma a ose Formosa........- s (ol eae OO ee aS 120K Ree A oe als < eas | S2s5-Seeee Philippine Islands. . 155 194 182 250 63’ 907 | 135,705 | 124, 560 143,078 Russia, Asiatic....... RY G| eseee Ones BEeeneneea Pe see SAN080 eda toe Sei oR ee te ae AFRICA, | UP MEE oe. colons 21 27 43 32 23,9741 33,069] 31,660 24, 65 aS SC SUR SEGRAREe Saas (7) 1 1 259 484 G20 tees eee Nyasaland. .......... u 89 6 3 2,416 | 84,701 2, 553 4, 006 RAGHESIAe ns. sk sake 5 3 z 98 901 2 620 1, 468 92,930 Union of South Africa 19 Dae eect 6s ap a 2 13,789 | 14,931 | 014,183 | 1011, 644 OCEANIA | Australia............. 2 1 2 2" 837 459 2,664 | 12,352 ) ae (Sctaeieoonte dy |e bo See e|S2 sees cin 42 eS Heese Fo es ee so-scee | | 1 Five-year average except in statistics were unavailable. 2 Unofficial. 8 State of Bahia. 4 Old boundaries. a few cases where 6 Former Kingdom and Bessarabia. 99912°—yvexK 1921——_40 6 Bessarabia only. 7 Less than 500. 8 Cultivated by Europeans. 9 Southern Rhodesia. lo K zor 2 i ll Excludes Victoria. ative locations, reserves, etc, 620 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. TOBACCO—Continued. TABLE 186.—Tobacco: World production as far as reported, 1900-1920. Year Production. | Year. Production. Year. Production. Year. | Production. Pounds | Pounds. | Pounds. Pounds. 1900...... 2, 201,193,000 || 1906 | 2,270, 298,000 || 1912 | 1,274, 319,000 |} 1918 | 2,138,274, 000 1901...... 2,270, 213,000 | 1907 | 2, 391,061,000 || 1913 | 2, 149, 258,000 || 1919 | 2, 178,382,000 1902...... 2, 376, 054,000 | 1908 | 2, 382,601,000 || 1914 | 2,254, 087,000 || 1920 | 2,175, 351,000 19s: 2, 401, 268, 000 1909 | 2, 742, 500,000 |} 1915 | 2,153, 395,000 |} 1921 |........-..2+e 1904...... 2, 146, 641, 000 1910 | 2,833,729, 000 | 1916 | 1, 547,867,000 || 1922 |777777c7ITTS 1905...... | 2, 279, 728, 000 1911 | 2,566, 202, 000 1917 7 1,766, 760,000 || 1928-22 oevoeeen = TABLE 187.—Tobacco: Acreage, production, value, condition, etc. 1849-1921. [See note for Table 117.] | | Acre- Aver- age age Year. | (000 | yield omit-| per ted). | acre. | (yess | | Acres.| Lbs. iRoEM ERS I SaaS sop Seo i ee oe ee 1860 320 s|eseceselssecire 1879.... 639 | 793.1 1889....| 695 | 658.5 1899....| 1,102 | 728.5 1900....| 1,046 | 778.0 i901....| 1,639 | 788.0 1902....| 1,031 | 797.3 1903..-.| 1,038 | 786.3 1904....| 806 | 819.0 1905....| 776 | 815.6 1906....| 796 | 857.2 1907...-|. 821.) 850.5 1908....| 875 | 820.2 1909....| 1,295 | 814.8 19101...| 1,366 | 807.7 1911....| 1,013 | 893.7 1912....| 1,226 | 785.5 1913....| 1,216 | 784.3 1914....| 1,224 | 845.7 1915....| 1,370 | 775. 4 1916....| 1,413 | 816.0 1917....| 1,518 | 823.1 | 19181...) 1,647 | 873.7 1919....| 1,951 | 751.1 1920....| 1,960 | 807.3 1921....) 1,435 749.4 | , in the United States, Domestic Imports exportsof = of un- unmanu- manifac- factured, | tured, fiscal year fiscal year beginning b July1. | Aver- age Produc- | farm tion (000 | price omitted). | per pound Dec. 1. Pounds. Cis. 199, 753 434, 209 62, 738 506, 663 6.0 457, 881 6.9 802,397 1% 814, 345 6.6 818, 953 folk 821, 824 7.0 815, 972 6.8 660, 461 8.1 633, 034 8.5 682, 429 10.0 698, 126 10.2 718, 061 10.3 1, 055, 133 10.1 1, 103, 415 9.3 905,109 | 9.4 962, 855 10. 8 953, 734 12.8 1, 034, 679 9.8 1, 062, 237 9.1 1, 153, 278 14.7 1, 249, 276 24.0 1, 439, O71 28. 0 1, 465, 481 39.0 1, 582, 225 21.2 1,075,418 19.9 30, 200 31,696 | 315, 787, 782 | 301, 007, 365 368, 184, 084 311, 971, 831 334, 302, 091 | 33, 288, 378 312, 227, 202 | 41, 125, 970 340, 742, 864 | 40, 898, 807 330, 812, 658 | 35, 005, 131 287, 900, 946 | 43, 123, 196 357, 196, 074 | 46, 853, 389 | 355, 327, 072 379, $45, 320 418, 796, 906 449, 749, 982 348, 346, 091 411, 598, 860 289, 170, 686 629, 287, 761 648, 037, 655 48, 203, 288 46, 136, 347 79, 367, 563 83, 951, 103 94, 005, 182 Condition of growing crop. July Aug, Sept, | When 1° Te 153] . vested. | P.ct.| P.ctl Peete P. ct. oe Oo | eww ewee 100.0 | 92.7 | 781] 83.7 | 88.0] 77.01'87:0 }..:..-- 39.9 | 84.4| 76.2! 80,7 83.7 | 80.0 | 84.0! 81.9 88.5 | 82.9|77.5| 76.1 | 6.5 | 72.1] 78.2) 81.5 | 85.6 | 81.2] 81.5) 841 | 85.1 | 829) 83.4] 82.3 85.3 | 83.9 | 83.7} 85.6 87.4 | 84.1 | 85.1 | 85.8 86.7 | 87.2 | 86.2| 846 81.3 | 828/825) 848 86.6 | 85.8 | 84.3] 84.2 89.8 | $3.4] 80.2) 81.3 85.3 | 78&5|77.7| 80.2 72.6 | 68.0|71.1| 80.5 87.7 | 82.8| 81.1} 818 82.8! 783|745! 76.6 | 66.0 | 66.5 | 71.4) 813 $5.5 | 79.7 80.7) 81.9 87.6 | $4.4 | 85.5) 85.6 $6.8. 88.1 84.5 87.8 83.1 | 83.6 | 824} 87.4 83.6 | 75.1 | 71.8} 73.6 $4.3 | 84.1] 84.6] 83.3 71.9 | 66.6 | 70.5 | 75.6 1Figures adjusted to census basis. Statistics of Tobacco. TOBACCO—Continued. TasiE 188.—Tobacco: Acreage, production, and total farm value, by States, 1920-21. 621 1 Total value, basis Thousands of Production Dec. 1 price acres. (thousands of pounds). (thousands of State dollars). 1920 1921 1920 1921 1920 1921 Massachusetts..............22..-202-0- 10 10 15, 500 13, 700 6, 293 4, 932 Tai eee aa ae ee an 30 31 44,400 45,074 | 15,540 | — 18, 480 EWING Re cho ce a eiciciald 2 S| S atk CR eae BA "16T-LIGI RBie BSSSESSe/*% 1a a SOS ae tea a ae oFvs0Ae reg | BS * Bagh BEE EEE oe TEM la) > F we lah ee Et mat Se i ern . e 8 " 8 8 “ ~ - + ny Ate te ae a hs eer aH ee oe H iw Bae stielhctiae Le HE Tica: 3 Pe nate tn awe oat |e Rohe $5 ster Ab ata oe Pe FS iiboma ea pars 2 Mev it tk cat gle Be BRE od bee er 3 Asia $f thee es pl en HS RETA i te Rete mths hed Se eT 149 Seri (ete Werte ce ne thus ' wh g3¢3e2 Cs deees nea 4 is Sdene seed see SOZMASEZHOROFE AMA 4 mace ei ele 1 Less than 0 05 per cent. Statistics of Tobacco. 623 TOBACCO—Continued. TABLE 193.—Tobacco: Wholesale price per pound, 1921-1914. Hopkinsville. | Louisville. Richmond. | Baltimore. | Leaf (Burley dark Leaf,smokers’ | Leaf(Maryland), Date. Leaf, common to fine. red), common to Sera common to fine | medium tofie red. | Low. | High. | Aver.| Low. | High. | Aver.| Low. | High. Aver.| Low. | High. Aver. | 1921. Cents.| Cents. Cenis.| Cents. Cents. | ay Cents. | Cents. Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. January... 3... 8.00 | 35.00 | 20.19 | 7.00} 25.00 | 16.06 | 10.00 | 20.00 | 15. rs y February......| 8.00 | 42.50 | 2856 | 7.00 | 25.00 | 16.00 | 10.00 | 30.00 1 iol 8.00 | 45.00 | 25.12 | 7.00 | 25.00 | 16.00 | 10.00 | 30.60 a a 8.00 | 52.00 | 27.60 | 7.00} 25.00 | 16.00 | 7.00} 30.00 i. 1 a eee 8.00 | 55.00 | 25.25 | 7.00 | 25.00 | 16.00{ 7.00 | 14.00 ERT A dente Salama Sag eee 2 sie ee ee | 7.00 | 25.00 | 15.50] 7.00} 14.00 AIS eS le ae Ee oie ca a | 8.00 | 30.00 | 16.00} 7.00 | 14.00 Augustl.....- z .--| 9.00 | 30.00 | 19.38 | 7.00 | 14.00 September ?_. -| 11.00 | 30.00 | 20.50; 7.00 | 14.00 October 1..:.-.- P ie ee) | 11.00 } 30.00 | 20.50] 7.00 | 14.00 INDM SEOs isecisl 2 = = Sale ke ca|. ee w= | 12.00 | 30.00 | 21.00 | 7.00 | 14.00 December. ..... | 12.00 | 45.00 | 25.12 | 12.00 | 30.00 | 21.00} 7.00} 14.00 8.00 | 55.00 | 24.47 | 7.00 | 30.00 | 17.83} 7.00 | 30.00 NC. ee 14.00 | 53.00 27.01 | 13.00 | 42.00 | 27.05 | 10.00 | 37.00 | 24.40 LK) hae See 12.14 | 36.50 | 21.90 | 10.00 | 48.00 | 26.60 | 15.00 | 45.00 | 27.31 AOL Sein Sac ose « 14.00 | 25.00 | 19.03 | 25.00 | 44.00 | 34.34 | 16.00 | 45.00 | 28 5S 2 (a aaa ele 10.00 | 20.50 |..-...- 1 43000 foe. 00) fiscoae - 9.00 | 27.00 1QIG-E ee. | 5.00 | 14.50 |..-.... 16.60" 119500 jo-.< 7.00 | 18.00 DON ee cetisis ee - j 4.60 | 12.50 |....__- 8.00 | 25200! |5-*; os 7.00 | 20.00 ee Fos ate cuere J j 7.50 | 14.00 |.....-- 9500" 16200 feo see ae 7.00 | 20.00 1 No quotations for Hopkinsville. 624 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921.- TOCBACCG—Continued. TaBLE 194.—Tobacco (unmanufectured): International trade, calendar years 1909-1920. [Tobacco comprises leaf, stems, strippings, and tombac, but not snuff. See‘General note,” Table 125.) Country. Average, 1969-1913. | 1918 | 1919 | 1920 r imports | export. ines | Imports. | Exports. “Imports. Exports. imparts, Experts Exports. Imports. 1,000 ING COUNTRIES. pounds. a eee eee ae 4,776 | Draml.. Oo se 7 Ss 20 Britisn India... ...... 6,538 Bulgaria............- Oy | (Seamer PON aE | be ee’ real Lge ae Goyson 2 2) A540 Sb st |S Cure: . 5 0) 2 est 141 Dominican Republic.|.........- Dutch East Indies. -. 8,074 12/024 1845 Persia 797 Philippine sa aed a 45 Mmssiae ooo 2-5 s- == 1,084 23° 283 TS eee rer pee ee ee United States........ 52,763 | 881,227 PRINCIPAL IMPORTING COUNTRIES. bien -oeee tt ee: 11,619 7,739 Argentina. _W. --..-5-- 14,988 41 Australia...../..-.... United Kingdom..... . Other countries. ..... 24, 799 60, 742 777,658 |1, 186, 734 |1, 607, 223 |1,315, 367 1 Less than 500 pounds. Or Statistics of Apples. 62 APPLES. TABLE 195.—Apples: Production and farm prices December 1, by States, 1917-1921. Total crop (thousands of bushels). Farm sia yr spam Dee. 1 State. | 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1918 | 1919 | 1920 | 1921 Maine...... ~ EB est 4,275 2,010 4, 829 1,680 4, 060 95 | 117} 120 115 New Hampshire. . .. 1, 035 1, 155 1, 364 1, 200 7 110 160 150 175 Vermont........-... 1,248 990 960 993 600 140 | 175] 150 | 195 Massachusetts.-...... 2, 163 2, 430 3, 187 3,575 1,125 160 | 200; 120 240 Rhode Island. ...... 195 189 334 390 155 | 195 | 200 250 Connecticut........- 1,251 999 1,395 2,375 758 240 is | NG Gor ae Oe 16, 266 40, 878 14, 350 47, 087 12, 557 205 New Jersey. .......- 2, 058 2, 463 1, 666 , 942 667 270 Pennsylvania. .....-. 11, 646 16, 080 5, 513 18, 584 2, 208 260 Delaware. .-.--...-- 798 714 606 822 68 | 220 | Maryland........... _2,559| 2,034] 1,519| 2,600 225 | 195 Mirpinia.o 3. . 2.5 ee 11,778 10, 068 8, 943 13, 744 708 235 West Virginia....... 4,320 5, 856 4,189 8, 040 420 260 North Carolina...... 4,500 3, 588 2, 000 6,320 593 250 South Carolina...... 1,635 1, 407 216 440 293 230 ROTPIRE cece as aoe 417 1, 270 698 200 DE aye sain pes 2, 976 13, 960 3, 390 225 RMGINNA = 5s ~--s-5- 1,190 4, 596 1,029 230 Tinois — ee<- 3.6: 4,673 5, 866 2,381 250 Michigan...........- 5, 844 s 6,317 195 Wisecnsin. 1,545 2, 250 1, 050 242 Minnesota..........- 1,336 1,350 260 ate head ons ost 1, 810 4,410 630 274 Missouri... /:..3.--. 5, 132 4,724 480 255 South Dakota 168 180 126 280 Nebraska...~.......- 907 797 125 270 Kansas. . - 1, 835 1, 144 17 250 Kentucky. 1, 281 5, 022 6236 250 Tennessee. 1, 259 4, 280 754 245 Alabama.. 577 1,185 890 200 Mississippi 218 190 14, 240 isiasierttt 3... .-se0|F 22-3, cites. 44 34 35 | 200 WOES =. 53 36 260 J a 3, 843 1, 200 3, 800 3, 420 130 Washington......... 19,830] 16,491] 25,295] 21,502 125 Orerou-~--=-.------- 4, 335 3, 384 6, 921 , 158 115 @aliformia: 22.25.02. 6, 804 6, 560 8, 200 , 000 135 4 6 United States.| 166,749 | 169,625 | 142,086 | 223,677| 98,097 |121.7 |132.8 |183.6 |114.3 | 167.3 _— 626 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. APPLES—Continued. TABLE 196.—Apples: Estimated annual production of the commercial apple crop in the United States for the years 1917 to 1921, inclusive. {By commercial crop is meant that portion of the total crop which is sold for consumption as fresh fruit, One barrel is equivalent to three boxes.] State 1917 Me. ~-2:5; 400 Nees. oS 120 Vite 132 Mass .2.2. 225 en 19 Conn... 96 Ne-y¥ 2. % 2, 058 Ne dias 408 Pal on sh8 854 Deals .4.02 191 Md. ..0.t4 263 Wai..58 1, 687 Wis. 3 688 WE .3. 4 269 GO... see 120 Ohio..... 503 Ind. J.3: 456 Tite t: 23 1, 554 Mich..... 515 Wis. 124 Minn.. 69 Towa... 275 Thousands of barrels. Thousands of barrels. State. 1918 1919 1920 1921 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 226 675 230 630 || Mo....... 1, 128 735 | 1,010 924 30 122 187 170 110 || S. Dak... 3 5 0 105 203 190 116 || Nebr..... 226 72 180 110 17 300 335 375 172: | Kans... 3 650 333 459 286 29. 2 65 75 8 Pe ees 153 108 57 218 31 108 119 215 70 || Tenn..... 192 218 68 204 45 5,950 |. 2,975 | 6,500 | ~3,000 |} Ala....... 24 26 9 20 15 514 456 848 132i) Lemes ee 23 il 37 21 21 1, 116 759 1, 547 221 || Okla_...- 54 17 43 21 186 155 219 14 || Ark -. 2. 409 241 1,i¢d 724 16 315 177 399 20 || Mont... .. 74 75 140 128 175 1, 766 1, 653 1,988 136 || Colo.-.... 701 527 828 736 812 1, 092 648 | 1,340 130 || N. Mex. 175 117 264 108 123. 184 92 250 25) |}eATIZ.2.0. 5 16 15 15 10 6 Wian ss. 184 163 121 196 198 117 3D, 106 58 902 280 1,445 360 || Idaho... 873 112 1,008 756 1, 349 266 137 2 109 || Wash....] 4,620] 4,296 | 7,167] 5,734 8,300 837 712 1,369 397 || Oreg....- 713 671 1,357 1, 667 Canis? .: 1,174 | 1,127] 1,200] 1,230} 1,280 1,495 | 1,050] 3,167 | 1,208 [|_| | 414 108 161 64 U. S.| 22,341 | 24,743 | 26,159 | 33,905 | 21, 204 40 61 78 64 101 211 420 25 TABLE 197.—Apples: Total aggregate production (bushels) in the United States, 1889- £9 Year. Production. Year. Production. Year. Production. Year. Production. 1SRGE2 ES ... 143, 105,000 || 1898......- 118, 061, 000 || 1906....... 216, 720, 000 || 1914....... 253, 200, 000 18902... ee 80, 142, 000 |} 18991.....| 175,397,000 || 1907....... 119, 560, 000 |} 1915--..... 230, 011, 000 ri ee ed 198, 907, 000 |} 1900.......| 205, 930, 000 || 1908....... 148, 940, 000 || 1916....... 193, 905, 000 i ee 120, 536, 000 || 1901....-.. 135, 500, 000 || 19091... 146, 122, 000 || 1917.....-. 166, 749, 000 1896... 38. 114, 773, C00 || 1902....... 212, 330, 000 || 1910....... 141, 640, 000 || 1918....... 169, 625, 000 1894. f 134, 648, 000 || 1903.......| 195, 680, 000 |] 1911.......] 214,020, 000 |] 1919.......] 142, 086, 000 F805... 2) 219, 606, 000 |} 1904....... 233, 630, 000 || 1912....... 235, 220, 000 |} 1920.-..-.. 223, 677, 000 1296.......] 232, 600, 000 |] 1905...... 136, 220, 000 || 1913....... 145, 410, 000 || 1921......- 98, 097, 000 $807 0 163, 728, 000 1 Census figures. : Statistics of Apples. 627 APPLES—Continued. TABLE 198.—Apples: Forecasts of production, monthly, with preliminary and final estimates. [000 omitted.] | aeEUr ead | | £ er pro- ina Year. | June. | July. | August. | 5¢ ar October. — | = oe yl esti- mate. | mate. | s. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. 193,852 | 205,333 213,597 | 214,896 | 230,011 230, 011 217,593 | 214,572 | 203,037} 198,507} 202,245| 193,905 200, 341 187, 743 177, 157 176, 620 177, 733 166, 749 195,419 | 198,514] 195,828! 198,389] 197,360] 169,625 155,608 | 155,004 | 153,242 | 156,721| 144,429} 142,086 200,421 | 213,187 | 223,241 | 227,978} 208,219| 223,677 193, 872 | 195, 726 | 194,350 | 195,518} 193,000] 187,676 or sell a et aoe | 109,674 | 102,190 | 109,453 | 106,928, 109,910| 109,710, 198,097 | | | 1 Preliminary. TABLE 199.—Apples: Farm price, cents per bushel, on Ist of each month, 1910-1921. Dec. lYearly tant‘| Feb. Mar. | Apr. | May : ue Ll. 1. lk i aver. June! July | Aug.|Sept.| Oct. | Nov. Ee I’; i 1. 1, 1 108. 8 75.4 75.5) 83.4 97.1 117.2 83.9 68.0] 69.4 103.0 95.8 75.0 61.8} 62.4 88.4 76.4 80. 6 81.0; 90.0 85.0 116.8 79.9 58.8) 56.6 99.9 iz. 2 70.1 62.0) 69.2 73.3 88.0 80.4 83.1] 87.6 90.5 110.0 127.0 106. 8} 117.5 125.5 140.1 128.1 5 140.5 160. 4 174.7 : 184.9 214.7 198. 4 208.1 128. 4 171.2 158.1 Average, 1912-1921 112. 8} 120.2); 127.9] 137.9) 149.3} 157.2} 144. 5} 118. 4) f 5 .9| 110.5) 125.4 TaBLE 200.—A pples: Extent and causes of yearly crop losses, 1912-1920. fieinc Geman OO ; a z = Sa | | | | | | age tae | ¢ | | if aetna | 8 BH" wc | 3 A | | & 3 = 2 ; = Year. & 2 | 3 | A 3 v7 | g =| a = =| : = Ea oY — CN Sed EB Ek 5 ol ae ps RS I s ° a = ~ me (in | 3 § 3 ° rd & B 3 i) gS 6 8 2 A =) A <2) ey & q q n = | Ay na < o Pact,|\ Patiab bt. ie ch WP. Ct. tects Pct.) Pact. \ Poche: cb: | RP. chal BP ct: TR? jails, Seana Ra pele 22}, 0.8 1 (052 14002) 1058°|" 052) 0:7 || 16.6.) 4.4 19} 0.1 235.9 Ce ee eee 4,3} 2.9 oh} 20.2 6 6 1.0 | 39.1 bok 2:7 oe 52.7 Ilias 265 Sa: See 7.5 ars 7m Pe 62 8 1.0 ie Gk aes Sar Gl |S ine: SOA Ve) -2} 44.9 LSI ne Bae Ses Rr Ae etn Ie 4.1] 3.9 eee ple: 3 Thee 272 Ont <4 Tar +288) Cait a (He | LAU Be a8 3a 4 eee lee ee 5.4] 3.2 O74 hee a) 9 6 1.4} 22:8 | 5.6] ° 3.0 ‘ol 38.6 Pt ereese: Seem 5 Ob dD. 1.2 1.9 oe | 45:8 9 BL ca (ares £7 ols bats ltt Fae Las Ha af 35.4 UNE ged ee ae 6.5 -3} () 6.4 6 4 POmelovk Sil oe0 el | 28.2 [SL boe (Se 5d a BS ae 10.3 4 -4) 25.3 .6 9 -6 | 39.9 dey ad ba a ja C9) 53.5 LT ge eS Be) ee ie 2 2.5 Ba .o [210.2 “ni / 3 eG} 162: Or} © 42 Sh 2 te 32.4 TN a ee ee Ae toy 245) a IGS 8 Ey Sa PDGi besarte oto 1] 39.5 iLess than 0.05 per cent. 628 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. APPLES—Continued. : TaBLE 201.—Apples: Monthly average jobbing prices per barrel and per box at 10 markets, 1921. BARRELS. April. | May. ; January mihenaryt March © | Market. average. | average. average. | Range. Average. Range. Average. | ES ES EE Eee | { $4. 80 $5. 01 $5.01 | $3. 50-$10. 00 $5.79 | $4. 00-$13. 50 | ~ $8.03 5. 36 5.15 5.38 | 4.50- 8.00 5.55 | 5.00- 9.00 6. 53 4,05 4.17 4.44 | 2.85- 7.00 5.07 | 4.00- 7.50 6. 00 4,59 4.73 5.06 | 3.25- 6.50 — 5.34! 4.50- 8.50 6.31 Gt: Tionis.| #55” 2.85 4, 68 4. 88 5.23 | 475- 8.50; 5.92) 5.50- 10.00 6.68 ' j GincinvatiL 2-5=$54-. 5.22 4. 46 4.65 5.31 4.25- 8,00 6.02 | 5.00- 7.75 6.70 St. Paul... .. 5.31 5. 69 5.87 | 4.75- 7.50 | 6.30. |e 5. ceeeeeeen yes Minneapolis 6.13 6.17 6.14) 6.00- 7.50. 6.78 | 7.00— 8.25 7. 51 Kansas City.........-.. 5. 58 5.97 5.73 | 5.75- 7.00. 5. 91 5.75- 6.00 5. 83 Washington! .......... 4.68 4.71 5.19 | 3.50- 7.50 5.56 | 4,00- 10.00 6. 61 | September. October. Novem- | Decem- : ber ber Market. average, | average. Range. Average. Range Average. Mini orks 3bsh2 2h Po 98e3 3 $5. 00-$11. 00 $7.72 $7.18 $7. 82 Chicago. ...... 6. 00- 10. 50 8.00 7.97 8.10 Philadelphia.. 4. 00- 12.00 6. 63 6. 57 6. 65 Pitishureh 322) SS fon Gases i E 5.00- 9.00 7.16 6. 55 6. 25 St. Jouisan 5-3. 52-4 Seo. oeS- it oxi te ee ele Je. gke- 2 4.85- 8,25 6. 48 35,44'|. U-cebos Cineinniai., ae. 24. - Scie. 15. 2 5.00- 8.50 7. 64 6. 98 6.72 t-Pauk =... 7.00- 8.50 7.37 7.73 7.97 Minneapolis. -. 3 7. O- 10.00 8. 78 9.77 8. 89 Kansas Clb. i. 95. 3 en. hr. 355 58 ¥ i 300). eee be eee caer 33-5595 -lovens aces eee Washington Vs. ao! 55 ee oe. 7. 50- 11.00 9. 23 8. 42 8.12 BOXES. | | | April. May. | January | February; March Market. | average. | average. average. | | Range. Average. Range. Average. Now York.5..52.23.. Pi 3°70 $3.90 | $3.77 | $2. 50-$6.00 $3.98 | $2. 75-$5. 00 $3. 87 BATE . - ae coe on i [3.14 3. 30 3.62 | 2.25-5.25| 3.23] 2.50 4.50 3. 23 Philadelphia............ | 3. 44 | 3. 3 | Pe a ea nel pete 6. 2. 00- 4.00 3.11 Pittshburzh?+2.-2- +2 Oa) ee eens 3.11 2. 25- 3.75 | 3.04 2. 25- 4.00 3.18 | Cinginmatin boo. Jose: 2.40 | ies eee ee | ae Se | otters» SoS benden| haces des ladeee eee ee eet ae St, Palges ps es 3.09 3. 54 3. 28 3. 00- 3. 75 | 3. 29 3. 00- 3. 50 3. 27 Minneapolis............ 3.18 3.45 3. 41 3. 00- 3.75 | 3. 38 3. 00—- 3.75 3. 38 Kansas City ..........-- 2. 84 3,29 3. 53 3. 50- 4. 50 | 4.00 3. 50- 4. 50 4.00 | / September. October. Wasnt . Market. —————— ber | Range. | Average.| Range. | Average. URES | Serre: | 3 2 oe OU a ee 8 eS Se eee Wow. Yok. 3.056. La 5. . acest a $2. 25-$6. 00 $4.06 | $2, 00-$5. 50 $3. 36 $2. 80 $3.12 i Cy See Cie Ob Reel tient Roan OF? Poca es Ee Gaye (Bp Yerner- oped BP 2, 00- 4.75 3.43 3.05 3.00 pati FN: Pe) TE: pepe CoglAE Bedh onal Seat lad Sud Dees H5- e ee Sees =e 1, 38- 5.00 2. 88 2. 41 2.40 Pitistiorph. Jo¢-5--b- -1a-50-b ely-te- ae ray 2, 0 4.75 3.22 9.95. | ee ¢ ig t ers ose bo dee Siok se 2. 25— 3.75 2.81 3. 00— 4. 25 3. 62 3. 56 3. 62 PEPEUNIGAPOUSS 5c. boc a> o Se oes oe 2.25- 4.75 3. 22 2. 90- 4. 75 3.75 3. 57 3.77 ROMSSS CHS an ye 8. 75- 75 2, 75- 4. 50 3. 54 3. 63 3. 52 wresnineton! ~ och a ac 2 lon pe bas as Atha tac oa 2, 25- 5.00 3.75 3.64 3. 38 1 Sales direct to retailers. 2 Bulk per barrel measure. Statistics of Apples. 629 APPLES—Continued. Taste 202.—Apples: Carlot shipments, by States of origin, 1917-1921. | State. 1917 | 1918 | 1919 | 1920 | 1921 State. * 1917 | 1918 i H Maine........ 1,264 | 319 | 2,300 415 | 3,994 || Missouri...... 2,370 | 1,327 New Hamp- | | Nebraska..... 659 | @) Shite <2 0056- 268] @ 515 249} 306 || Kansas....... 1, 132 398 Vermont. ..-. @) @) 189 135} 159 || Tennessee...) -@) (4) Massachusetts] 345] 235 | 407 588 | 229 || Arkansas..... | 1,412 | 1,175 New York....| 7,486 |19, 293 |12, 496 | 27,657 |22,031 | || Montana..... 171| (@) ‘New Jersey...| 1,029 936 743 812 | 219 || Colorado..... 2,088 | 2,041 Pennsylvania} 781 | 1,659 | 1,349 | 2,863 916 || New Mexico..| 634 404 Delaware.....| 349 375 495 pe ee) 9] bene, 25 ees 343 452 Maryland....|. 410] 690] 602] 1,538} 283 || Idaho......... 2,988 | 1,100 ‘Virginia... = .| 3,808 | 4,315 | 6,619 | 8,043 | 2,087 || : } || Washington..|14, 477 [18,075 West Virginia! 1,063 | 2,989 | 2,672 | 4,558 | 1,303 || Oregon....--.- 3, 235 | 2,836 North Caro- California....) 1,555 | 3,058 dina. 22'...- aa et) ie ee I 566 | (1) || Potomac Val- Georgia.......| 262 133 |; (@) 157 137 fh ey 4-55.27... - lima ORS ee 55s 5 ens e221 pape Ee 27 | 463 | 298 882 | 695 || All other..... 415 | 1,051 Indiana...... 20 166) () 257 1 162 |} } 8 Total. .|57,048 (68,840 |81,552 |102, 962 TMHinois....... 5,529 | 2,481] 2,880 | 3,571) 625 | Michigan... . 1,366 | 2,869 | 3,443 | 5,978 | 6,188 || Towa...-.---- 336 |) @) @) 5 4 2 Included in all other. orate Potomac Valley” includes Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia, January to June, usive. TABLE 203.—Cold-storage holdings of apples, combined in terms of thousands of barrels (7. €., 000 omitted). Year. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June./ July.| Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Now. Dec. BAS. «ais «63,4 4,293 | 3,585 | 2,491 | 1,343 | 474 108 | oe Se Genel et See elena | 3,689 | 5,441 9916.2 esc. Joceg 4,813 | 4,236 | 3,242 | 1,984] 1,035 | 304 |..-...- Bass Po hae aiel eeee 3,260 | 4 492 Ne aes Beate 4, 132 | 3,385 | 2,442] 1,545 | 808] 265]....... GSE Sin LP pester 3,296 | 4,689 8S Spo. 5 cis 4,599 | 3,957 | 2,830] 1,783 | 678) 159}....... ES Pees Ifo: 3,752 | 4,928 A193 cee | as 4,294 | 3,105 | 1,772} °956| 380] 125]....... aes ayes 971 | 4,523 | 5,923 MO. } pee - 5-062 5, 529 | 4,524 | 31621 1,699| 806] 213 |.-.22..|..-2. ioe ae 544 | 4,475 | 6,787 | Tae 6,386 | 5,105 | 3,650 | 2,210 | 1,119] 445 |....... | Bie os = 792 | 3,643 | 5,739 630 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. PEACHES. TaBLE 204.—Peaches: Production and farm prices, by States, 1917-1921. Total crop (thousands of bushels). Farm De Sept. 15 State. ae Eee ee 1917 1918 1919 1920 | 1921 1917 | 1918 | 1919 | 1920 | 1921 | 5 Bh Sy an | New Hampshire. ... 46 0 | 39 0 210 | 400 317 Massachusetts. ...... 0 213 4 220 | 400 357 Rhode Island... 29 3 350 | 415 357 Connecticut...-....- 195 10 250 | 425 371 New: York -5.\2:--- 1, 262 2, 600 270 | 225 255 New Jersey........- : 1,653 2,134 270 | 220) 335 Pennsylvania : 1, 100 2,000 300 | 250 345 Delaware... -. 22... y 227 203 190 | 225 300 Maryland......-...-. : 564 692 190 | 210 300 Witeinia 2 5.bs secs 682 1, 092 200 | 185 300 West Virginia....... 900 680 760 992 48} 175| 180 | 220); 225 300 North Carolina...... 1,978 | 1,150 575 1, 539 644 125 160 210 184 235 South Carolina...... 1,030 998 390 832 566 120 167 | 220] 200 145 Georgia. S bees cee 3, 668 6, 092 5, 895 3, 799 6,550 | 160] 150{ 250| 171} 160 Mloridassckeenseccoe |--- 2-2 ece|e eee ceeone 148 150 TAD Je ical ek 250 | 300 210 @hiOs: oasis ocean oe | 341 174 618 3, 238 335 215 300 330 215 365 Indiana-cs-scexsesss 518 0 82 405 26 210 340 | 330 258 352 MNOS as ee ee se 461 0 450 770 76 195 350 | 270 317 371 Michigan. =< 2... = 744 85 448 1, 500 358 | 200 | 350] 310} 230 290 OND Pe ee sacka cs lee eee eases 0 2 100 85 | 220] 330] 330] 347 341 Missouri...........- | 728 0 1, 263 1, 427 0} 135} 330] 200] 254 ]...... Nebraskal 2M 24uN ai Se 0 0 0: | 235) 3300} -310Sh 403.122 8.2) ACATISHS Sn oye = ae Soe tle cee Cone 0 214 187 24 195 | 350] 260} 400 320 Tent CK yee ae ceniees 1, 100 119 460 988 80 | 150] 275) 240 | 225 300 MMENnneSSCOs.caer to eee 595 833 1, 285 1, 500 320} 120; 170} 180 180 230 Mlganiases. bo coos > “1,281 2,440 1, 083 974 1, 230 145 110 | 170 175 165 Wa Nisin Sig isd cron rceliaprs eestor e | 776 412 322 | 120| 150| 150| 175} 150 Vouisinng ee: 2. o.oo ccteiconnsutee| eee ae | 382 269 D64S an Mises 4 190 | 275 250 Goce nae Seep 1,728 2, 333 4,621 800 2, 200 170 | 175} 180} 310 165 Ohiahoms 32 accscese 798 167 | 2, 924 180 360 | 135 | 190 | 140] 250 150 Arkansas 3, 340 17 435 | 125; 190| 160] 235 160 Colorado...... 722 670 860 | 200 | 200} 250) 250 175 New Mexico-. 204 6 8| 195 | 2385| 200} 250 325 MANITOU eee ee toe 140 48 a | OME SN ts 180 | -350 300 TTT eee, a 884 471 763 130 | 150] 160] 250 171 Nevada 5. st02¢ cctlascaaeanaslostbeewere 6 6 DY Senos Benes - 270 | 300 250 LG DY eee a eaareaae 211 51 | 293 42 150 120 , 190 180 | 290 175 Washington..-....... 1, 747 575 1, 545 155 772 100 | 160 170 280 182 Oregon crys en oes aie 273 93 504 100 190 110 | 200 | 140} 330 250 Walifornmias..cccoscs. 15, 724 11, 920 17, 200 15, 200 12, 848 100 | 140 150 190 100 United States.| 48,765 | 33,094 | 53,178 | 45, 620 | go0759" |-seses}e — | a eet | ae | | | TABLE 205.—Peaches: Total production (bushels) in the United States, 1899-1921. Year. Production. Year. Production. Year. Production. 189090) Sas See 15; $53) 000 LOOT 2c eatin were wero 22, 527, 000 A O00! Rs ees AQHASS 2 OOO) 1 G08 chee cas eee 48, 145, 000 AGO eee co se 46, 445, 000 || 19091._...........-- 35, 470, 000 [eee ae ES 372 STOO el OlOh aso yes eee 48, 171, 000 TOR pee aie eee a 28, B50, 000-1 191. es Soccer ne 34, 880, 000 Le a aes 41,.070;,000)||1 191235 ae 3) Saaees 52, 343, 000 TRS. c 2 ene ee 36; 634-000) |a1 9132 sncecc hee neore 39, 707, 000 1906s. ssa eo AG TOLD: 1914s eae eee 54, 109, 000 1 Census figures. Statistics of Peaches. 631 PEACHES—Continued. TaBLE 206.—Peaches: Forecasts of production, monthly, with preliminary and final estimates. (090 omitted.] Sea == + z er pro- ina Year. June. July. August. dietinit estaiaiee estimate. A Bushel. | Bushel. | Bushel. | Bushel. | Bushel. TC Sec ae Oe Seen ee Bee Pee oo 56,587 | 57,786 | 59,101] 64,997 64, 027 1, dae 2 ER ES sg Oe ee eee en eee 42, 062 42,123 40, 320 36, 239 37, 505 AGT TL Ee: See Se Slee eee 8 ee = | 45,446 | 43,522] 42,691] 42 606 48, 765 fet ae ae SS ee ee 9 eee ee 52,860 | 40,251] 40,921] 39,14 33, (icc Ee ae ees OS ae eee eee 50,348 | 50,001} 49,793} 51,327 53, 178 i 27 INS SS Re Bt a es eee eee 45,067 | 45,218] 45,521 | 44,593 45, 620 jo eS Ee se ee ee eee | 30,982 | 30,758 31, 279 33, 195 1 32, 733 1 Preliminary. Taste 207.—Peaches: Farm price, cents per bushel, on 15th of each month, 1910-1921. | } | | | | i i Date. 1910 | 1911 | 1912 ; 1913, 1914 | 1915 | 1916 | 1917.) 1918 | 1919 | 1920 pis i } { j | | i i } Jaaie 1b 282 . 2.02 Le aameee | Loeocer pe Ie 52: 119.6 | 170.3'| 134.0 | 101,1 | 236-8; 490.2 Jay AS Tet ct f--o-ees 151.0 | 112.1 | 130.5 | 120.4 99.5 | 109.1 | 144.8 | 169.4 | 201.6 | 226.9 | 205.3 Aug. 15.........} 110.9 | 138.0 | 108.3 126.2 | 105.0} 85.4 | 114.9 | 143.3 | 178.9 | 199.6 235.0 | 216.3 Sept. 1542...s.22 115.1 | 129.0 | 110.0 | 136.3 | 102.2 81.1 | 118.3 | 143.8 | 185.3 | 205.7 | 219.8 | 227.5 Geto 152 Sc. . 5.22} ; 122, 8 | 131.6 | 105.0 . 145.0 105.3 | 85. 2 112.1 | 160.6 | 193.2 | 211.7 244.2 | 244.3 TABLE 208.—Peaches: Monthly average jobbing prices per 6-basket carrier and bushel at 10 markeis, 1921. | 6-basket carriers, | Bushels. | 6-basket carriers. | Bushels. Market. | i 0. eS eer ee June. (Jar. | Aug. | June.: July. | Aug. | June.) July. ; Aug. | June. July. | Aug. _—— si, ick 1G aa hn hl GL fe Gs, | as Lo New York..'s3 34 ga 04 $500 |. &..! s2.62 |... | Cincinnati. |s2.97 's. 7 ee ‘po. 42 1$3:02 |....-. Chicago... - | 2.47 | 2.95 | 4.23 |$2.74 | 3.20 | ae BE Pant to ls 22: eee CO | lee be le Philadelphia) 2.73 | 2.86 | 4.28 |/...... | 2.07 = || Minneapolis.|.....- Bee Cae ee le Ee Pittsburgh... 2.59 | 2.87 | 4.29 Ls Foor > aap | Kansas City.| 2.59 83 ope RS | 14.04 | 3.29 ose St. Louis....| 2.84 | 12 47k 2. | 3.27 pers } Washington}| 3.04 | 3.29 |$4.75 ||......!.....-|..-5.. i | } i i 1 Sales direct to retailers. TaBLE 209.—Peaches: Carlot shipments, by States of origin, for 1917-1921. State. 1917 | 1918 1919 | 1920 | 1921 State. 1917 | 1918 | i919 | 1920 | 1921 feet = Connecticut. .. aia rt) el eee 73 || Missouri......- ie eee ai @) | @&% New York....| 7,308 | 1,057 | 1,434 | 4,666 | 2,828 || Tennessee..... (4) 152] 116] 149] 218 New Jersey...| 1) a 748 | 1.148] 1,307] @) || Alabama...... (1) 17if 199} 126 47 Pennsylvania. 257 | -’366 | 316 | @) Texas ee 825.| 1,579 | 1,940 |' 62] ~ 964 Delaware 153 | 173 if ty poets BL Oklahoma.....| 278 24 | ee (@) 7 2 Maryland 222 | 617] 481] () || Arkansas.....-| 1,597 | _ 190} 2,335} () 596 Virginia....... ol ee ae Oe ee || Colorado...... 1,347 | 1,111 | 1,334| 773 | 1,219 West Virginia. 322010425 100 458. JL Ss New Mexico..} 120 |......- <9 Bee eee North Caro 56| 66) 343] 510 || Utah.......... 1,146| 577] 1,102} 402| 839 South Carolina 88 | (4) 60 31 Tdahors. 3. Ate 197 21 265 |} ©) | 108 Georgia....... 7, 995 | 7, 236 | 5,663 |10,636 || Washington...| 1,920} 647 | 2,219 | 204 | 1,097 @bip..-:----.. 105 | 1,035 | ° 76 || Oregon........ 65] () | 105] _@) |” 60 Midiana-=-22-2] 1) \stce-. fies 1 |=: || California ..... 2,858 | 4,518 | 7,846 | 7,354 | 7,463 Tilinois........ 23| 295{| 540| (1) || All other...... 113 341 7105} 7109! "108 Michigan 76 270 | 2,275} 198 | te } | Moraes ae aru 20, 409 |30, 923 |26, 967 27,066 ' 1 Included in All other, " 632 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. PEARS. TaBLe 210.—Pears: Production and farm prices, by States, 1917-1921. | ! Total crop (thousands of bushels). Farm price per bushel Nov. 1. (cents). State. 1917 1918 1919 1920 | 1921 1917 | 1918 | 1919 1920 | 1921 Maine.......-------- 24 20 14 10 New Hampshire. . -- 19 15 17 18 Vermont. .. 2si.05- 14 13 10 10 Massachustts......-- 71 77 84 83 Rhode Island..-..--- 7 10 11 ll onnecticut.....---- 29 34 57 61 Now Works 4 1,708 1,352 1,830 2, 700 New Jersey - -------- 590 650 402 690 Pennsylvania. ..-.-. 448 518 421 845 Delaware. ..-.------ 294 238 98 140 Maryland 525 455 287 421 Virginia.....---.---- 194 119 288 438 West Virginia... 33 40 66 North Carolina... 150 108 120 208 Seuth Carolina 100 98 99 120 GROSS ree aateie 140 188 178 173 LESS eae ee eee es | 46 132 43 24 Cin SS ae 334 304 157 478 Ci oe ae 410 260 107 375 Malmgis- ©. 253-2 2.28 456 302 375 603 Michigan... -....:-2: 1,080 704 405 1, 044 Wasoonsin®=>.... 425]s-5-c2t 49 A802 Se 20 2 (EPs at ae ere 82 32 30 90 MISSOENT. > coc oncact 265 112 431 418 Rinihrsidien es 14 6 120 22 140 38 , 221 41 204 140 55 132 75 112 115 200 80 152 163 158 30 | 136 125 167 52 52 59 47 280 246 637 338 45 38 250 42 102 64 123 42 11 6 6 6 Colorsags - 3225-2 320 194 345 386 New Mexico. ......- 46 56 67) 32 ATIZONA P2562 Ses 21 19 20 12 2S eee 48 51 76 87 Nevada............. 6 6 4 5 TdshG- ees eee 70 60 49 58 Washington......... 595 1,300 1,781 1,140 Orerane: 5 oe 600 672 761 760 Criitortis <= > 3, 523 4,240 4, 600 4, 080 United States.| 13,281} 13,362] 15,101] 16,805 TABLE 211.—Pears: Total production (bushels) in the United States, 1909-1921. ear. Production. Year. Production. | Year. Production. POG best ont 8,841,000 || 1914.......... Che 12, 086,000 || 1919.02... 22.2... 15,101, 000 iv eS ee 10,431, 000 |} 1915.......000.2.2.04 11, 246, 009 1920.52... 28.2.2 oe 805, WD 25 Jos 4592 lope: 19,450, 080 || 1916......a2kebl... 12 , S74, 000 || (F921. a2... 555. 10, 705, 000 Eee See ee a1) | 2) b eae PEE ES 13, 200 | Statistics of Pears and Oranges. 633 PEARS—Continued. TasLE 212.—Pears: Forecasts of production, monthly, with preliminary ond final estimates. {000 omitted.] Novem- ; Year. June. July. | August. i a October. bee aie A estimate Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels.| Bushels. ae ee ee 11,450| 10,902) 11,068| 11,196| 11,131| 11,216 11, 216 feet Stas. 3 06s. 2-62.25 11,041} 40,703| 10,570{| 10,292| 10,193] 10,377 11) 874 T° aR Ag rea ae arenes 12,526 | 11,368| 10,847] 10,841 | 10,848| 11,419 13, 281 WM ogee} br, 63-51-02 5a. 10,345] 10,322] 10,239] 10,337] 10,189} 10,342 13, 362 CU NGONET: Dick oo Saab aay eee 12,298] 12,068| 12,260] 13,686] 13,687{ 13,628 15, 101 W063 \ pia c--) Gh dt cee e: 13,568} 13,636 | 14,526| 14,611| 14,873) 15,558 16, 805 [SOT St ae hinds ig 8, 880 9,016 9,310| 9,475 9, 665 9,780 | 110,705 1 Preliminary. TABLE 213.—Pears: Farm price, cents per bushel on 15th of month, 1910-1921. { 4 { { | Date. 1910 | 1911 | 1912 | 1913 | 1914 | 1915 | 1916 | 1917 | 1918 | 1919 | 1920 | 1923 — S| | —_— soe pe pees Se, SE | i TNT ble ee | jade ee 118.0 | 106.3 | 109.9 98.8] 80.8 | 109.0 | 132.2 | 168.4 | 188.4 | 195.5 | 165.2 Pept ia ae =a. 100.9 | 103.8 ; 100.0} 119.3 | 92.8) 83.8 | 102.7 | 125.0 | 157.8 | 183.0 | 197.9 | 175.1 (OS ns aaa Be ee 98.6) 97.2] 83.1] 95.6 | 80.4] 82.7) 96.9 | 118.2 | 147.5 | 181.3 | 184.2 | 186.4 NOVO --- +. 100.8 | 85.1] 79.3] 93.0) 77.5] 89.8 } 93.3 | 116.1 | 140.1 | 182.0 | 170.0 | 194.9 Depstheties. 5.5. 122.4 | 411.0 | 92.8) 97.9) 82.5] 89.7 | 105.6 ere: 156.6 | 219.5 | 164.5 | 198.7 State. 1915 1920 1921 Wexasecsscasedsecsewscstt 100 83 $6 | Colorado... 524 604 733 || New Mexico. (1) 35 2 LU Nee ge ae So. Q) 75 31 Washington: .. s2522...-2 2,454 | 1, 888 2, 844 Mrepows 2 i Wi SO, | 930 847 970 | California... 222.0306 525 | 3,664} 4,594 4, 389 Malother=<-- sees case see 230 169 107 10,158 | 14,950 | 12,772 1 Included in all other. ORANGES. TaBLe 215.—Oranges: Production and value, 1915-1921. | | United States. Florida. California. Year | Aver- Farm Aver- Aver- Farm S | Produc-| age value j Produc- age age value tion (000° price | Dec. 1 |tion(000| price price | Dec. 1 omitted). per box (060 jomitted).| per box er box (600 | | Dec, 1. jomitted). ec. 1. ec. 1. |jomitted). | | Bores. | Dollars. | Dollars.| Boxes. | Dollars Dollars. | Dollars. Ue eae | 24, 200 2.39 | 50,692 6, 150 1.88 2. 60 39, 130 LIBS etl? tccaszas: - | 24, 433 2.52 | 61,463] 6,933 2.05 2.70 | 47,250 WO s 4. k9- bes =i | 10, 593 2.60 | 27,556 3, 500 2.30 2.75 19, 506 POTAR Ae ose s cane : 3.49 | 84, 480 5, 700 2.65 3. 1D 69,375 PUTO Meee eo is 22) 528 2.67} 60,202] 7,000 2. 50 2.75 | 42,702 HOD) Memes a S| 700 2.19 | 64,908] 8, 100 2. 20 2.18 | 47,088 BOD ee sess caments 30, 700 2.08 | 63, 850 8, 200 0 2. 20 49, 500 - 634 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. CRANBERRIES. TABLE 216.—Cranberries: Acreage, production, and farm value, by States, 1920 and 1921, and totals, 1914-1921. [Leading producing States.] Average yield Poduction Average farm Farm value Acreage. in barrels (thousands of | price per barrel} (thousands of per acre. barrels). Dee. 1. dollars). State and year. 1920 1921 1920 1921 1920 1921 1920 1921 1920 1921 Massachusetts....... 13,000 | 13,000} 21.5] 12.7 280| 165 | $13.50 | $20.00| 3,780} 3,300 New Jersey. ....-.-. 10,000 | 10,000 | 13.3] 17.9 133 179| 10.50] 14.00] 1,396} 2,506 Wisconsin........... 2/000} 23000] 17.9) 14.4 36 29| 9.40] 13.30] 338 386 Total .| 25,000 | 25,000] 18.0| 149] 449] 373] 12.28] 16.60| 5,514] 6,192 rte at eee 25, 000 22.0 549 8.37 4,597 LONER satan! 25, 400 13.9 352 10.77 3,791 IGRI 53 eae 18, 200 123.7 249 10. 24 2) 550 IOIBNEER as 25a eee 26, 200 18.0 471 7.32 3, 449 1915G. eas ace 23, 100 19.1 441 6.59 2) 908 CTP ea Ort Seka 22; 000 31.7 697 3.97 2 766 TsaBLE 217.—Cranberries: Forecasts of production, monthly, with preliminary and final estimates. ¥ Septemiber.| ‘October. .| production | _funl ear. September.| October. | production A estimate. | °Stimate. Barrels. Barrels. Barrels. Barrels. 5 aA RS Cee SIPS, Se: MASH y: LR 495,000 | 488,000 374, 000 352, 000 LOIS ee es Se eee 637, 000 559, 000 546, 000 549, 000 Per acini hd kod, Sais Rae Se GRE” 3: 474, 000 449, 000 432, 000 449, 000 mind pahceenstia Glen oie Se SE CGP ono = Mee | D. 422, 000 388, 000 376,000 | 1373,000 1 Preliminary. FRUITS AND NUTS. TaBLe 218.—Fruits and nuts: Production and value in California, 1919-1921. [Estimates of the agricultural statistician for California.] Production in tons. ; Price per ton. | Total value. Crop. aoe 1919 1920 1921 1919 | 1920 | 1921 1919 Almonds. .---- ae 7, 250 5, 500 5, 500)$440. 00\$360. 00/320. 00) $3, 190, 060 ATICOLS eae con 175,000} 110,000; 105,000} 80.00) 85.00} 50.00) 14,000,000 Cherries=2-<- seer 12, 400 17,500 13,000} 150. 00) 200. 00} 125.00) 1, 860, 000) Fie ean Unofficial. 6 Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia. TABLE 220.—Tops: World production so far as reported, 1895-1920. Year. | Production. 1895....... 204, 894, 000 =e 168, 509, 000 1897....... 189, 219; 000 1898....... 166, 100,000 1899... .. 931,563, 000 1900... 2. 174, 683,000 yeaa 201; 902; | i F } | | Year. Production. || Year. Production. | Year. Production. Pounds. Pounds. |} Pounds 1902......| 170,063,000 || 1909....... 128,173,000 |} 1916....... 92, 143, 000 i903 55S. 174, 457, 000 1910, 2°2-_2 188,951,000 || 1917....... 81, 104, 000 it a eae 178, 802, kT pipe aoe 163,810,000 || 1918....... 45, 589, 000 1905: a= 277,260,000 |) 1912....... 224,493,000 || 1919....... 71, 257,000 1906...-5..| 180,998,000 | 1913....... 174, 642,000 |; 1920....... 106, 877, 000 19076525. 215,923,000 |, 1914....... 224,179,000 | ] 19085 =< 230, 220,000 | 1915ic25._) 163, 084, 000 | | «< 99912°—-yBK 1921——-41 . 636 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. HOPS—Continued. TaBLE 221.—Hops: Acreage, production, and farm value, by States, in 1920 and 1921, and totals, 1915-1921. [Leading producing States.] > ) Average yield | Production Average farm Farm value Acreage. in pounds per oo of | price, cents per| (thousands of State and year. acre. Nee is sa S). pound Dee. 1. dollars). / 1920 1921 | i920 1921 1920 1921 1920 1921 New York.........-| 1,000! 1,000; 950! 580| 950] 580 Washington......... | 3,000 | 3,000/| 1,910 1,700 5,730 | 5,100 Omron oc 12,60) | 12,000 725 | 770! 8,760] 9,240 California -........-- , 12,060 12,000 | 1,575, 1,185 | 18,900 | 14,220 Total... =2. 2* 28,000 | 28,000 1,224.3 1,040.7 | 34,280 | 29,140 {p19 wey Pacey SY 21, 000 1, 189.0 24, 970 BBS... LORE Se. S 25, 908 829.4 | 21, 481 E017: ..- .- S225. / 29, 900 982.9 ; 29, 388 ee oo os 43, 900 1,152.5 50, 595 |) Se oe es 44, 653 1, 186.6 52, 986 TABLE 222.—Hops: Forecasts of production, monthly, with preliminary and final esiamates. Year. July. August. | September. production aga | estimate. Pounds Pounds Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. a ee cn . oe es 32, 494 30, 473 Bi i eee ee oer 21,481 SE SERRE ieee hE S 33, 912 34, 906 34, 813 33, 121 247 970 11, | aS eae ES ee See eee | 38, 764 37, 696 38, 685 38, 893 G4 Tae? AEC RRP ae Se I | 39) 471 31,196 | 29, 479 | 29, 750 29) 140 1 Preliminary. 3 TABLE 223.—Hop consumption and movement, 1910-1921. [The total hop movement of the United States for the last 12 yearsis shown. The figures on the quantity consumed by brewers have been compiled from the records of the Treasury Department; exports and imports are as reported by the Department of Commerce.] 7 = Exports. | Totalof | ~ Consumed brewers’ Net Year ending June 30— by | / consump- Imports. domestic brewers ‘ Domestic. _ Foreign. | pai | movement. | | | epee res 3 |) i ; 1 Pounds. Pounds. Pounds.| Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 1910.8. 53 cosacn- = - 355 43, 293, 764 10, 589,254 | 14,590 53, 897, 608 | 3, 200, 560 50, 697, 048 TA ae as EOE 45,068,811 | 13,104,774 | 17,974| 58,191,559 8,557, 531 49, 634, 028 1992 a ae 42, 436,665 | 12,190,663 35,869 | 54, 663, 197 2,991, 125 51, 672, 072 (SSS eee steer 44,237,735 | 17,591,195 | 35,859 | 61,864, 789 8, 494, 144 53, 370, 645 (Uy) ae eee Brees 43, 987,623 | 24,262,896 | 30,224/| 68, 280, 743 5, 382, 025 62, 898, 718 AGRE ee be 38,839,294 | 16,210,443 | 16,947 | 55,066,684] 11,651,332 43, 415, 352 116s. < poten ee 37,451,610 | 22,409,818 | 134,571 59,995, 999 675, 704 59, 320, 295 TT ae ie we eee, 41, 949, 225 4, 874, 876 | ,215 | 46, 850, 316 236, 849 46, 613, 467 SUE Fai a oh E shine a 33, 481, 415 3,494,579 | 37,823; 37, 013, 817 121, 288 36, 892, 529 TCT ee as eS 13, 924, 650 7, 466, 952 4,719 | 21,396, 321 6 21, 396, 315 Po ae ee ot EE 16,440,894 | 30,779,508 104,198 | 37,324,600 2, 696, 264 , 628, LH he eee eee 1 5, 988, 982 22, 206,028 | 827, 803 29, 022, 813 4, 807, 998 24, 214, 815 ‘ Including hops used to make “‘ cereal beverages.”’ New York, | choice, State. Date. i ‘vos Hi A Aver- | S hiiainalii as oe 1921 Cia. | Cis. | Cis. January...-. 42) 45) 43.5 February...| 38 44 | 41.5 March....:.:) 37 40 | 33.9 » i eee 36 40 | 38.4 RIE eats ce 28 40 | 32.9 2 28 30 | 29.0 Yh ees 26 30 | 28.0 August...... 26 30 | 28.0 September 28! 50] 39.9 October... -. 42 45 | 43.3 November. . 40 42 | 41.3 December... 36 42 | 39.7 50 | 37.0 Statistics of Hops. HOPS—Continued. TaBLE 224.—Hops: Wholesale price per pound, 1921-1913. | | San Francisco.1 Low. ee “326. | | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. || 33 | 35 | 34.0 |i 33 | 35 | 34.0 33 | 35 | 34.0 33 35 | 34.0 12 35 | 30.4 12 20 | 16.0 12| 20 /| 16.0 12 20 | 16.0 17 22 | 19.5 17 22 | 19.5 || 17 22 | 19.5 17 22 | 19.5 12{ 35 | 24.4 Date. Penn cccce 637 Pa ae San Francisco.! itr: Aver- : Aver- Low. | High. age. Low. Hm age. Cts.) CBr) Cis. | Ces. 4/ Cle, OB. 41 105 | 80.2 33 75 61.7 37 85 159.8; 34 84 56.7 23 54 | 37.9 19 224 19,4 34 902s ‘Hel kee | lal Ee 154255 |... i ha hy ae 13 JU Eoenes TO leds cee 23 15 OD (ee ee 11) PE. Ure Se 17 BS creo 19 30) [ossee = | | | cree 1 Called ‘““Washington”’ hops in 1916; ‘‘Oregon’’ hops for January-March, 1919; “‘1920 crop’? 1920; “1920 crop,”’ 1921. TaBLe 225.—Hops: International trade, calendar years 1909-1920. {Lupulin and hopfenmehl (hop meal) are not included with hopsin the datashown. See “General note, Table 125.] | | | Average, 1909-1913. | 1918 1919 | 1920 Country. See (a ae Te ee PF | Imports. |} Exports. | Imports. | Exports. | Imports. | Exports. | Imports.) Exports. PRINCIPAL EXPORT- ING COUNTRIES. 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 pounds. | pounds. | pounds. pounds. | pounds. | pounds. | pounds. | pounds. Austria-Hungary. -.--- 938 PSS bs eae Sk ee A ee ee | os Ae A) ee oe SE a ee Germany ...----- 3 7,688 TAG ess ee | Sh | ea ee 87 21,624 New Zealand. . 61 352 29 | 225 28 248 19 181 ISSN - b= 1, 258 ZW |occsrdaceslasco-secna|toss-ccses|e sees cere. | casa eeeeee United States........ 6, 235 15, 416 77 } 3,670 467 20, 798 5, 949 25, 624 PRINCIPAL IMPORT- { ING COUNTRIES. 1 Australia............ 1, 106 22 598 | 195 76 i as pease pak. Seip 2 Sos sss! 6,915 MBAR NSS Sgaset Ne secaee sac 8, 089 2,653 15, 681 12, 222 British India......... 7 BS Sap eee e 37a eee ee ee oy al Beers Pea AS. 350 British South Africa. 391 @) S7Ol | coecee sete Esti ll Lae See Se ATG Ni 532 ae eee @anadaest 2-22. = 2.24. 1,396 176 849 15 1,780 7 1, 657 63 Denmark. .22..5....- 1,027 21 2,147 5 1,417 1 526 28 Ce he 5, 436 335 8 612 2,859 1,620 5, 877 4,170 Netherlands........-. 2, 938 1,405 4,612 | 26 1,178 1,471 1, 562 3, 013 pseu te 7 ips hl or Oe 987 1 4,151 4 834 17 O97 ea eee ome Switzerland.........- 1, 257 32 GOO) oso tew ie eS apgeige Be ph ea See ee United Kingdom..... 21,028 Bs 162. cmemescicg = | 775 17, 258 292 51,049 411 Other countries. -..... 4, 062 10 4,005 2 3, 835 2 2, 286 5 ie a a ee een oe fare Pots 22 52552 62, 969 62,941 18,680 | 5,529 39, 219 27,132 86, 441 | 67,341 ‘ i Less than 500 pounds. 23 year average. 31 year. 638 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. BEANS. TABLE 226.—Beans: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1909-1920. Country. NORTH AMERICA. United States (6 States) Area. Production. Canada: : Nova Scotia New Brunswick. - Total Canada. . Mexico SOUTH AMERICA. Argentina Brazil we eee ee ewe nett Austria Ital Luxemburg Netherlands United Kingdom: England Scotland BAL aC» Treland Total United Kingdom.... Yugo-Slavia. - ASIA, British India......... Japanese Empire: Japan Formosa Chosen (Korea). - Total Japanese Empire...... Russia (9 govern- Ments)45 0. Rs oss55 1 Five-year average, 2 Seven States. 3 Unofficial. 4 Old boundaries. 5 Grown alone. 6 Grown with corn. Average, 5 ; Average 1) 1909-1913. 1918 | 1919 | 1920 1900-1912 1918 1919 1920 1,000 1,000 | 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 acres. acres. bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. 788 1, 744 11, 166 17,397 | 213,349 29,077 1 9 87 2 5 106 6 110 853 42 100 289 menor hae 4 Se sere S 54 51 228 1, 389 110 ok ee ee a saa ee 544 494 12,816 | 10, 283 40 | acne elewteeeouc| | TOL ye Bae except in a few cases where Statistics were unavailable. 7 Includes pulse. . 8 Former Russian Poland, Western Galicia, and Posen. 8 Republic of Poland. 10 Includes peas. Statistics of Beans. 639 BEANS—Continued. TaBLE 227.—Beans (dry): Acreage, production, and value, by States, 1920 and 1921, and totals, 1914-1921. [Leading producing States.] Average yield Production Average farm Farm value in bushels (thousands | price per bushel (thousands per acre. of bushels). Nov. 15. of dollars). Thousands of acres. State and year. | 1920 | 1921 | 1920 | 1921 1920 | 1921 | 1920 | 1921 Wevw ¥ orkt<. °° <2 54 67 14.0 16.0 $3.50 | $2.95 | 2,646 3, 162 Michigan............ 286 263 | 13.0] 11.3 2.50| 2.40| 9,295| 7,133 Colgrado Sete. 2 SS 52 38 8.0 9.0 3. 15, 2.70 1,310 923 New Mexico......... 114 105 7.5 7.9 3.04] 2.50] 2,509] 2,075 rizong be i 8 6.3 8.5 4.10 3. 50 180 238 Winkio, Se oh ore 25 1g] 11.5] 12.0 3.04] 2.95 876 637 California. ........-.. 300 272| 10.0 iss 3.30 | 2.80] 9,900] 10,130 Totals. 422 838 771 | 10.8} 11.8} 9,077} 9,118| 2.95] 2.66 | 26,806 | 24,298 Sf ere ed ee 1, 060 12.6 13, 349 4,26 56, 811 Tih eee ye 1, 744 10.0 17, 397 5. 28 91, 863 WT 1, 821 8.8 16, 045 6.50 104, 350 PGE ore ey 1, 107 9.7 10, 715 5. 10 54, 686 Mpa a i St 928 11.1 10, 321 2.59 26, 771 Title SS OR RN, gee 875 13.2 11, 585 2, 26 26, 213 TABLE 228.—Beans: Forecast of production, monthly, with preliminary and final estimates. [000 omitted.] October Final Year. July. August. | September.| production estimate. estimate. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. © 22, 141 19, 443 19, 969 15, 814 16, 045 19, 791 19, 497 19, 894 17, 802 17, 397 12; 302 11, 638 11, 363 12 690 13, 349 9 451 9, 074 9, 101 9, 364 9, 077 8, 982 8, 783 8, 730 9, 332 9, 118 _——— Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. MSY, June | July | Aug. | Sept.| Oct. | Nov. | Dec. Year. peli iso | age | iB: 15, 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 2.23 | $2.17 | $2.16 | $2.17 | $2.29 | $2.34 | $2.27 | $2.28 | $2.25 | $2.14 | $2.20 2.23 | 2.17 | 2.20) 2.17] 2.19} 2.23 | 2.20| 2.26) 2.27] 2.34 2, 42 2.38 | 2.42 | 2.37] 2.52] 2.62 | 2.47 | 2.40| 2.38 | 2.34} 2.25 2.31 2.19 | 2.10 | 2.11} 2.18] 2.23} 2.22] 2.11 | 2.08 | 2.25] 2.20 2.12 2.09 |} 2.05} 2.11 | 2.31] 2.28) 2.22) 2.54) 2.46] 2.17} 2.28 2. 40 3.02 | 2.89 | 2.81} 2.93 | 2.87} 2.75 | 2.67 | 2.70] 2.93} 3.03 3. 30 3.43 | 3.34 | 3.42] 3.56] 3.72] 5.09 | 4.59} 4.60] 4.47] 5.53 5.77 6.07 | 6.49} 7.37] 8.94] 8.99] 807} 7.29} 6.69} 7.48] 7°33 7.00 7.08 | 6.95] 6.95 | 6.67] 6.28] 5.88] 6.11 | 5.67] 5.52) 5.46 4. 86 4.52 | 4.40] 4.44] 4.19] 4.39] 4.25] 4.30 | 4.36 | 4.27] 4 42 4. 41 4.47 | 4.32 | 4.41 | 4.36 | 4.49 | 4.47] 4.17) 3.83 | 3.47] 3.27 2. 99 2.85 | 2.89 | 2.69] 2.73 | 2.82} 2.75 |) 2.83 | 2.99 | 2.87} 2.85 2. 83 640 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. BEANS—Continued. TaBLe 230.—Beans: Wholesale price per 100 pounds, 1921-1913. San Francisco, small Boston, pea. Chicago, pea.! Detroit, pea. Shey Date. = R.Ph oP wa ne Toa ae Aver- . Aver- . Aver- P Aver- Low. | High. age. Low. | High. age. Low. | High. age. Low. | High. age. 1921 | Dolls. | Dolls. | Dolls. | Dolls. | Dolls. | Dolls. | Dolls.| Dolls.) Dolls.| Dolls.) Dolls.| Dolls. January--....-- 4.75 | 5.25 | 498 | 4.25 4.50] 4.388 | 4.00] 4.00] 4.00] 3.75] 4.00 3. 82 February. ...-- 4.25] 5.00] 4.68 | 4.25 4.75 | 4.55 | 3.75 | 4.00] 3.89] 3.50] 4.00 3. 86 Marea. eR 4.50] 4.85! 4.64] 4.25 4.751 4.56 | 3.50! 3.80] 3.68 | 3.50] 4.00 3. 63 Sy eee 4.25| 4.75 | 4,521 3.60 4.50} 4.06) 3.50] 3.75] 3.60] 3.30] 3.75 3. 49 oo: eee 4.25 | 4.75 44 | 3.60 4.50} 4.01 | 3.60} 4.00] 3.70} 3.20] 3.60; 3,39 JRO: . =. HK 4.50 | 4.75 | 4.64 | 4.00 4.50) 4.26| 8.50] 3.75 | 3.60] 3.25 | 3.60 3, 42 Jee SS SS 4.50 | 4.75 | 4.58] 3.80 4.75 4.02} 8.30] 4.00] 8.47] 3.25] 4.00 3.68 Avgust...-.-...- 4.50] 5.50| 496 | 4.50 5.50 | 4.84) 3.85) 4.75) 441) 3.75] 4.65 4, 22 September... .. 5.25} 5.50] 5.41 15.10 5.50] 5.34] 4.30] 478] 4.58] 440] 4.75 4.55 Oetotier=-=----- 5,00 | 5.25 | 5.24 14.924] 5.50] 5.22) 4.20) 4.55] 4.39] 4,50] 4.80 4.68 November.....| 5.25 | 5.50) 5.34] 5.00 5.50} 5.17} 4.20] 445] 430] 4.50] 4.90 4.79 December...... 5.00} 5.25) 5.08 | 4.75 5.25 | 4.94] 420} 4.30] 4.27) 4.60] 4.90 4,79 4.88 | 3.60 5.50] 4.61] 3.30] 4.78 {| 8.99] 3.20] 4.90 4. 03 6.98 | 4.25 9.25) 6.76} 3.90] 7.90] 6.25 | 3.75] 6.75 5. 72 7.74 | 6.50 9.50 | 7.92] 6.50 | 9.00} 7.54] 5.75] 8.90 7.05 12.08 | &25 | 15.00 | 11.49] 8.63 | 13.25 | 10.75 | 890] 12.75 | 11,64 9,24 16.40 | 14.50] 9.09] 6.25 | 18.25 | 8.60] 10.50 | 16.00} 18.20 4.96 | 3.00 8.00 | 4.24] 3.50] 7.00) 4.82] 6.25 | 11.50 8. 05 3. 36 | 2.40 4.10] 3.19] 2.00] 3.60| 3.06] 4.50] 6.40 5. 30 2.10 | 1.60 3.10 | 2.22] 1.80] 2.90} 2.22) 4.00] 6.00 4. 98 2.36 | 1.15 2,50}: 4.81 | 1.75 | 2.20 | 2.50] 4.50) 6.00 5. 16 | 1 Hand picked, choice to fancy. SOY BEANS. TasLEe 231.—Soy beans: Acreage, production, and value, by States, 1920 and 1921, and . totals, 1917-1921. [Leading producing States.] Average yield Production Average farm bce ais in bushels (thousands price per bushel State and year. per acre. of bushels). Nov. 15. 1920 1921 1920 1921 1920 1921 1920 1921 Virginig..-...-.----- 11 12 19. 0 13.5 209 162 | $3.10} $2.60 North Carolina. ..... 91 113 16.5 18.0} 1,502 | 2,034 2.78 2. 05 South Carolina. .--.-. 1 1 10.0 10. 0 1 10 3. 00 2.10 Georiae-.----—--.-- 1 1 11.0 13.0 ll 18 3.35 2. 15 Ginga s.2s200- 5 =e % 8 8 8.0 7.0 64 56 4,00 3, 00 eo 3 4 14.0 11.0 42 44 5. 00 2.7% DENIES 3. Teas <> ane ae 4 6 11.5 9.8 46 59 3. 92 1, 42 WACHI PRT. oe pee <> 8 7 12.0 8.0 96 56 4. 00 3. 00 Waseonsin. 5... 4 4 7.0 8.2 28 33 4,00 2. 65 WSSU sen ss-b. 6-5 3 4 16. 0 14.0 48 56 2. 60 2. 50 Kentucky..-...---..- + 6 15. 0 13.0 60 78 3. 50 2. 50 Termessee.........-. 8 8 7.5 8.0 52 64 2. 85 2. 20 Adabanta.. 2... 4-2: 8 9 9.8 12.6 78 113 4, 00 2. 20 Mississippi........-- 2 2 10. 0 11.0 22 3. 06 2, 20 Louisiand. 2.2.0.5... 1 1 12.5 15.0 12 15 Be id 2.75 ot 2k acm ae 156 186 14.6 15.1] (2,278 | 2,815 3. 04 2. 16 155 13.2 2, 045 3. 33 169 aif 2, 997, 3. 20 154 14.8 2, 283 | 2. 86 * . . Statistics of Soy Beans and Cowpeas. 641 SOY BEANS—Continued. TABLE 232.—Soy beans: Farm price per bushel on 15th of month, 1918-1922. e | { oo 1913- | 1914 | 1915- | 1916- | 1917- | 1918- | 1919- | 1920- | 1921- - 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. | 1918. | 1919. | 1920. | 1921. | 1922. | Lo ee ees $1.96) $2.08] $1.88} $2.13] $2.73} $3.36| $3.34] $3.41| $2.20 - a re Ls7| 25] aes} 2493| “2668| 3.20) 3.35] 3.00} 2.22 Die Se eee Pel 2A) 23h 2181 “Set 3.09 340) “2 o8'l@ 3 og 1. 7 es Sa ees ae 196] 235| 231/ 220| 3.47] 3.00| 376) 218] 21 = eT 5S 1.80} 226] 239] 245] 3.82] 3.00 4.05 | 217) 2.16 ! 1 COWPEAS. TABLE 233.—Cowpeas: Acreage, production, and value, by States, 1920 totals, 1917-1921. and 1921, and [Leading producing States.] Average yield Productior Average farm | Farm value ees in bushels (thousands price,centsper! (thousands State and year g per acre. of bushels). | bushel Noy. 15.! of dollars). ! | ; 1920 1921 1920 1921 1920 1921 1920 1921 1920 1921 | | Warpingayt. 2: i. - 2 21 21 11.0 10.0 231 290 | 26¢ | 670 | 546 North Carolina. ..... 110 93 9.0 3.2 990 257 | 260) 2,544) 1,984 South Carolina...... 252 302 9. 0 6.0 2, 268 225 177 5, 103 3, 207 Eris eee 150 165 9. 0 9.4] 1,350 217 160 | 2,930 | 2,482 (diets Se ee 6 6 8.0 10.0 48 275 240 132 144 lin 6 8 16.0 15.0 96 300 262 | 288 314 SUMO ae Sos. se —e 18 17 6.5 6.6 117 281 135 332 151 (Say 10 15 12.0 10.0 120 200 220 | 240 330 ‘Kentucky..........- 12 13 |) -"12.04"" 110 144 375 178 | 540 255 Tennessee..........- 16 16 5.0 6.0 240 185 192 178 palabaman > 2 i... 162 188 9.7 8.5 200 145 | 3,142; 2,317 Mississippi--.......-.- 100 150 8.0 10.0 212 70 { 1,696} 2,550 eWISANAS 3.25. 24 23 7.3 7.8 261 223 457 | 399 11.0 12.0 285 173 | 2,088; 1,453 6.9 7.4 230 | 150 78 | 56 5.0 10.0 245 | 145 404 594 9.0 8.5 233. 4 | 177.0 | 20,786 | 16,960 6.: TAA 16,533 6. 931. 4 28,756 7. 227.1 29,039 TasBLe 234.—Cowpeas: Farm price, cents per bushel, on 15th of month, 1915-1921. | { sc: Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. { Oct. | Nov. | Dee. LER i ae) aoe 153 1. 14 15. 15. 15. 15 | 15. 15. 15. | | 194.5 | 179.8 | 174.4 | 155.4 | 156.0] 151.4 | 151.8 148.8 | 140.0 | 135.1 | 141.3 | 142.4 | 148.1 | 161.6 177.0 293.1 | 309.1 | 303.2 | 265.4 | 217.0 | 219.5 | 227.1] 237.5 257.4 | 248, 4 | 241.3 | 226.2 | 233.9 | 231.4 237.6 43.9 | 342.8 | 310.3 | 269.4 | 266.9 | 270.7 | 280.6 83.7 | 470.8 | 422.7 | 368.8 | 273.7 | 243.4 229.0 265.1 | 287.2 | 240.9 | 199.7 | 201.2 | 184.8 | 176.1 642 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. PEAS. TABLE 235.—Peas: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1909-1920. Pp Area. | Production. Country. Aver- z : | age verage!| - 1909- | 1918 1919 1920 1909-1913 1918 1919 1920 1913 NORTH AMERICA. 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 acres. | acres. | acres. bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. United States; ..- 222 2-5.5- @ ips 2 SME e aaa (24 oie ees Canada: : Prince Edward Island...-.. 1] (3) (3) 4 7 8 3 Nova ocotia: ..2628--..4-45.- 1 2 2 14 33 38 21 New Brunswick...........- a | 4 5 21 60 69 43 Quebec... =. j4,-2 5 -5-ee 33 107 82 520 1, 664 1, 225 1, 035 Ontario. pare ee. 267| 114 rh 4,482] 2,381 b a7 2, 210 Manitopa obs <.2csen.-sceces|-seeeeeeseeacsch OO)” |, A eee Saskaichewan=. ...apee%] Safeaee aos eee = DCIPUG iene? oot ae coe aes taal many Lee emer chee eee ol oeeeee SOU! loca a okeee eRe bees Branicesey eee certs oe pee OA | eee 471,380 464 Fae eae un PATy, 0 32 5-sone == s-aeee =| a OS leeeeeee el eee eaee OE (PP rine es Se aly = seen 8 a ES Bee Beg BE [ee 8 (hh fr des i 3 ase eee | 456 » 625 AIXCMMDOTES. .- Cok asccbemsacc- af) om set |-mecseesl-boes--utepdeeecdlig, So: 02] s oc. ae eee A QUHGEEANGS. 2 - ooo sare Somes 6 oe SES Oe [etna 1, 581 2, 932 |----- 22-7 -|- sae POland ae 22 caus oss eR pone- 89141 139 5, 428 eo eee (89 1,802 Bamana! 2. bse = oS eae os ee MGM Seen cs 67 67a eee } 247 RUSSIA PUADEE tt Soa. sso Somewcasa] pegOLS neers tae ce eee eee ee 21, 913. eet eee ee NiuriliormeaCnsiiel s2° Sere 1 een Daihen tsa: > Sem ol eee ot A Sey Bet ee POU Smee oh seacg = =e een ail alg UP ae Lo eet ee Ie eee 10, 402} ©8, 243 eee eee eee Swodernt.* cee 2. eens 96 94 1,227} 1,854| 2,197 United Kingdom: 2 | an ASHE Bees anno Sass care 132 129 3, a 35 rue 3, a2 CAs Sees ST eee a me 1 1 DCOMAaARG.. 5... osc ease oo (3) (3) 14 2 2 ITOUING = 22h ace esse ses 10 Tee ceo 8 1D) Saeceseaee Total United Kingdom ts 4 one 4,010:|.. 3, Bi ee eee ASIA. DVT aaah Siegert Sage SF 91 AOD |Bodecsc|baceearee 1, 804 2, 436-6... --ae- Russia (9 governments)?7....... ee) eee see ee Se 794, NSs so. cagt ale anon cee AUSTRALASIA. tk lt ot a oe ree Se (4) 10 43 SY (gh Wwe ee (2) 10 744 815 New Zasiand. +.-.2.5..5--< 2.3.3 Gabe fea. 1 14 7 313 506 . 1 Five year average except in a few cases where statistics were unavailable. 2 Not separately stated. 3 Less than 509. 4 Includes chick peas, lentils, and vetches. 5 Unofficial. 6 Includes lentils. 7 Old boundaries. § Includes beans and vetches. ’ Former Russian Poland, Western Galicia and Posen. 10 Includes beans. 1 Ineluded under beans. Statistics of Broom Corn. 643 BROOM CORN. TaBLe 236.—Broom corn: Acreage, production, and value, by States, 1920 and 1921, and totals, 1915-1921. {Leading producing States., Average farm Farm value price per ton | (thousands of Nov. 15. dollars). Production (tons). Average yield Acreage. in pounds «per acre. State and year. 1920 1921 1920 1921 1920 1921 1920 1921 1920 1921 ss ee ee SS ee 20,000 | 16,000 500 550 | 5,000 | 4,400 |$175.00 |$125. 00 875 550 3,500 | 3,400 465 550 | 800 900 | 145.00 | 125.00 116 112 20,000 | 10; 000 375 345 | 3,800| 1,700] 89.00] 55.00 338 94 -..| 33,000 | 25,000 230 310 | 3,800 | 3,900 | 118.00 | 75.00 448 292 -|178, 000 |1287 000 216 300 | 19,200 | 19,200 | 129.00} 64.00] 2,477] 1,229 7,000 | 127000 370 400 | 1,300] 2,400] 70.00] 45.00 91 108 14/000 | 13,000 372 394 | 2)600 | 2)600 | 100.00 | 65.00 260 169 Total..........|275,500 |207,400 | 265.0 | 338.4 | 36,500 | 35,100 | 126.16 | 72.76] 4,605] 2,554 Ce ee 352, 000 303. 4 53, 400 154. 57 8, 254 To eee 366, 000 340. 4 62,300 233. 87 14, 570 Mie iet ces: 345, 000 332. 8 57, 400 292.75 16, 804 Ty) 2 es 235, 200 329.3 38, 726 172.75 _ 6,690 aT 230, 100 454.1 52) 242 91. 67 4789 TABLE 237.—Broom corn: Farm price per ton on 15th of each month, 1910-1921. | Jan. | Féb. | Mar. | Apr. | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. ; Nov. | Dee. Year. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15=.. |e; 15. 15: $200 | $204 | $199 | $151 | $180 | $142] $139} $108 $96 $93 78 74 81 69 68 72 92 121 124 108 99 101 83 79 85 83 77 70 69 57 57 58 53 61 57 91 106 102 100 93 91 89 85 88 88 91 77 67 66 58 68 71 75 77 79 83 75 86 92 101 104 96 101 102 103 120 129 168 173 174 212 227 292 223 194 308 240 270 296 280 130 145 146 145 113 142 125 126 123 88 72 69 66 76 75 67 68 72 68 86 TABLE 238.—Broom corn: Forecasts of production, monthly, with preliminary and final estimates. October | . Se - | ‘Final SEL me July: August. | tember. Provucion| estimate. Tons Tons Tons. Tons, Tons Fn ES a eee Rr ee ere Pee A BD ES LON tan eee ae 59, 300 50, 100 57, 400 TOES, < 5 a ih Git Sele I: Riptie ote Rai ae 70, 500 62, 900 56, 100 52, 100 57, 800 TOE faa ee ara ee ep gs hes Get an 56, 500 59, 100 60, 300 55, 800 53, 400 RS 20 eS Bee 6 ee Bie Je Solids o wioistae me htore arma oe 43, 400 45, 400 45, 500 37, 000 36, 500 BON See SE oe BF. io ard a Sicjersfelweiula te slarele cre. 32, 200 32,700 33, 100 30, 200 1 35, 100 644 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, GRAIN SORGHUMS:! 1921. TsBLE 239.—Grain sorghums: Acreage, production, and value, by States, 1920 and 1921, and totals, 1915-1921. {Leading producing States.] Average yield Production Average farm Farm value Pens of in bushels (thousands of = cents per} (thousands of State and year. per acre. bushels). ushel Nov. 15. dollars). 1920 1921 1921 1920 1921 1920 1921 Bows.) sc... tse 29 23.0 30.0 780} 115.0 70.0 767 546 Missouri: 2-2. 2 12 30.0 | ° 23.0 276 160.0 80.0 576 221 Nebraska... .......- 17 21.0 22.0 330 | 100.0 40.0 357 132 mansasce x... . 2 OFS 1, 194 22.3 21.4 361 69.0 34.0 | 18,372 6,243 Wexas ash S. Te A 1,906 32.0 29..0 550} 121.0; 41.0] 73,800 | 23,186 Oklahoma. .......... 1,350 26.0 21.0 , 040 60.0! 30.0 | 21,960 7, 8i2 Colorado. .......---- 282 47.0 | 16.5 7910} 84.0] 52.0] 4,027] 2,033 New Mexico..-.-..... 156 24.6 24.8 7823 99.0 40.0 | 3,800 1,329 Asvizonsale.3-. ADA 24 26. 0 30.0 , 200 99.0 60. 0 618 | 720 California.......:..2 150 27.0 31.0 , 340 | 105.0 70.0 | 4,252) 3,038 Petals. 5,120 | 4,6524 26.8 24.7 115, 110 92.9 39.3 {127,629 | 45,260 ey ee ee 5, 060 25.8 127. 166, 510 19m CS 6, 036 12.1 73,1 60 150. 109, 881 ee Ree 5, 153 11.9 61, 409 161. 99, 433 tt) eee Sea ee 3,944 13.7 53, 858 ] 105. 57,027 1915. 4, 153 27.6 114, 460 | 44, 51,157 1 Kafirs, milo maize, feterita. TaBLe 240.—Grain sorghums: Forecasts of production, jinal estrmates. monthly, with preliminary and [000 omitted.j Y s per.| Octab@r. |production| _ Final ear. August. eptember. - | production A estimate. | ©Stimate. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels Bushels. Bushels. 1916 See eee. bee tee eee 89,474 74, 662 78,135 61, 024 53, 858 i OS Ae a ee = 83, 198 102, 938 98, 609 73,380 61, 409 19185 #5. 1 eh Eee! ee 95, 441 74, 211 72, 650 61, 182 73,241 ctu ( RE eee eS eee 5 ee 130, 153 129, 509 127, 053 123, 343 130,734 i hs eS See eee 125, 924 133, 964 139, 503 148, 747 1 137, 408 BO oo ee ete sa eee 129, 602 126, 967 127,930 125, 724 115,110 1 Preliminary. Y Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. oe 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. Een Wi 15. Ef i nent eee gee del VER Get 53.6 | 58.2] 60.0| 62.8] 72.4] 83.8) 80.8 ig... FBS 119.1 | 129.0 | 147.0 | 152.0 | 188.0 | 206.3 | 214.0 | 243.3 | 187.7 | 174.1 wig 2 Pe 170.8 | 185.7 | 193.5 | 204.0 | 211.0] 179.6 | 165.6 | 177.2 | 181.0 | 175.9 To eg eek: 153.7 | 156.9 | 150.9 | 162.1 | 173.6] 174.1 | 175.6 176.9 | 153.71 139.7 TEP, ase Bi fate. 137.3 | 138.7 | 129.8 | 145.4 | 154.5 | 153.9 | 135.21 150.0 | 124.84 95.5 =) ces 65.6 | 57.8| 67.3] 53.8] 5L5] 62.0] 51.0] 580] 549] 48.3 Statistics of Grain Sorghums. 645 GRAIN SORGHUMS—Continued. TaBLe 242.—Grain sorghums: Monthly and yearly average price per 100 pounds, No. 2 white, kafir, Kansas City, 1910-11 to 1921-22. 1 Compiled from Kansas City Price Current and Grain Market Review. 2 No quotations. Crop year. Nov. | Dec. | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. poe Pan, June.| July. | Aug. | Sept.| Oct. Aver- ; | age aie § Se $1.12) $0.96 $0.96) $0.93, $0.94 $0.94 $1.06 $1.24) $1. 42 $1.34) $1 $1. 21| $1.12 aan a ww Snowe ne | = a Om aa eee ete Se ea “Be : ae are I) 2 eee A ee =, Me fale 82). 8S 1.41) 1. ~4 = -5 re i ee 1.57|_ 1.63 1.72, Fa 1.76) (2) | 2.00) (2) | Q?1@/]@e@}]@© | 17% 19id-15 - aera 1.08 114 1.33 1.38 1.28 1.18} 1.14) 1.20) 1.16) 1.09) 1.04 1.05) 1.17 “2 eae i 99]. : 93] 1.06] 1.05) 1.11) 1.22 1.58) 1.71) 1.84 1.19 2 aa 2.34) 211) 2.43 2.48 2.66] 3.17) 3.79] 3.36, 400 4.48 4 3.69) 3.24 Bate SS 3.40) 3.25| 3.33) 3.69) ha 3.37, 2.93 2.68 3.03) 3.40) 3.40) 3.27) 3.28 | 1918-19 aS pipe ee 2.98 2. 61 2.69 2.70 2.56 2.67} 2.97] 3.42) 3.51] 3.61) 2.41] 2.34) 2:86 | India | | exports. | exports eee ele il tee imports.| Exports. i ei yess | / i [ae eee 7, 352 | ASS, |e Sees | 224765) 60, O46 a1: =n eae 3 79,027 | 53,088 363 | 450, 275 6, 588 | 209) |-)35: 22-88 ) 1820) 28.0675 2. 2H 57,817 | 33,698 383 | 488, 722 71) | 358 | ..cel, 1,580'| W987 | cecce eee Sem gS Le .| 6,759 | 312 5 | 459 | 4,687 | [to ee Ss ee 40} 1,060 490 | pMAelas eae =| 173 | in| AD29Ri 493 | Seca Beeeee a 1 204A = rose s|* 16473" || Ped h5O I 5s homens re BD |p sae al, OARS 1 066 | 185 1919) POS: IS ag Rae 7, 476 285 | 2,520 Eee Sa|b ates BY eo) 63270.) Feet eS eee 8 ee eee | | | | China. ig ae Se Egypt. Formosa. Year. jimports. Imports.| Exports. Imports. Exports, Imports, Exports. | 16,072 | 19,949 | 143,186 | 4,620 375 | 70,457| 4,548 1,933 3 17/212 | 34,128 | 114,234 | 2,629] 1,004| 58,987| 4,191/| 1,750 114 g 18,622 | 44,568 | 157,997 | 8, 459 457 | 51,401} 5,253} 1,228 |. 91 IOFS 3 JE - 1 8, 872 | 26, 885 | 195, 369 9, 938 456 | 47,302 3,615 652 27 195.6. 8 16,952 | 27,086 | 87,509 | 21,076 655 | 34, 262 581 359 284 1916-2) 110,160 | 23,679 | 113,896 | 21,972 | 1,070 | 28, 042 584} 2, 167 96 19172 8 -- 114,217 | 57,934 | 87,419 758 | 80, 833 194| 5,401 20 1918_..:-22 116,659 | 93,528 | 103, 238 J. 28 AE 444 | 23, 367 7 | 2,387 167 4919-222 22 15, 7: 23,970 | 251,295 | 18,207 473 47, 787 672 5,709 2,140 1920....... 90;234:| 96.150.| 246.a43"l (10S8ide || See. -2 les... eee ee = eee |scansdiipn pateage France. French | _ Germany. = Guinea (French). | Guinea 2 | sles | Gambia, | (Portu- Year. — = a exports. | | guese) | ? ' Imports. Exports. pei Pear: Exports. lmnpotee Exports. "exports. 19012 ES Le | 1,067,774 | 47,782 | 274,218 | 105, 669 itt i ORE BS SE epee 1,301,230 . 48,813 | 295,131 | 141, 467 ADS h—- cesses cote: 1,349,974 44,727 | 350,755 | 148,599 EGU ene nae 1,487,917.| 33,946) =. +252 147, 455 BGS ae esses |-1,026,510:}- 29,621 |..------- 211,977 TS] Vite 4.-tltad 1,046,574 | 10,500 |......... 102, 218 A017 oee ee tet: B44 498 1 at, ABbele ee 163, 902 1918205 Sse 2- 222 194,613 — 805 |....---- BES SSS ee wie cle | See eee eta 1919 er Ee 591.058]. (2,188'|" BOro75 jis... Sa. | ae ee ee TU, ee eae ort eg 15062 0000 age, W0IA aoe eee ee | r } | Hong Kong. Japan. Mozambique. | Netherlands. ry | Italy, |} (ga Sees OR ve eae ae ee Year. imports. | | | exports. Imports. Exports. ‘Imports. Exports. ferapbets! Exports. Imports.| Exports. peak: BP tS cone Baie Gi Eee es SS NOLL A! oe Re 5 Se aaa fe ee noe See | HO AID ALO Sos BA ee 104, 899 | 28,135 4,601 12 8 Pa ESS EAR eae ee ee 8 641 | 866 | 19,117 | 115,035 | 28, 206 9, 484 1919 1S Blt BAL SRS Te Cae es ea a 13,069 | 1,331 | 12,697 | 148,652 | 42,248 | 343,205 1914 foe t ree ee Nee aoe | 12, 250 416 | 16,886 | 141,464 | 47,840] 38,073 $915... [2.0 ie ee CR Beg, i} 61,902 | 12,303 | 142 | 23/609 | 102,776 | 15,646 | 19,958 Cae Sara OR Be ai FS al | eae | 4,263 | 15,463' 38 | 15,353! 42,061 5 | 112,824 ay) We ee |S ee 8 ee SE 3,748 | 18,776 | 124 | 29,329] 21,669] () 112, 748 140, 951 | 106, 789 |........- 14,173 | 18, 855 63 | 15,039 475 |-22:2tscs}etooee 56,545] 88,693 | 7,135; 25,131 | 14, 587 |...--...- Cae oe 48-915 |) CAT peeee ees ee jee 31,045 | 43,824} 11,928 tomes aoe 52,946 | 1,165 |......... 1 Includes some unshelled pecans. 3 Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria. 2 Less than 500 pounds. Statistics of Peanuts and Truck Crops. 647 PEANUTS—Continued. TaBLeE 245.—Peanuts, unshelled, international trade, calendar years 1911-1920—Contd. Philip- | Senegal. Singapore. | Vear Perak, ine |Selangor,, Spain, | Tunis, | Uganda, Z imports. Islands, | imports.| exports. | imports. exports. imports. ae a Exports.) Imports.| Exports. | poe ANP View pst) ae | TOUT cio. 1,442 1, 857 1, 928 | (1) 363,556 | 16,474 9, 622 0; DAG eee eae 791 TP meee aa L727 22, 4004 2196 |esaeeen ee 407,328 | 23,710| 14,760| 8,249| 2,037 1, 024 Ota Se Se 1, 662 2, 583 1, 834 Sade 006028 1S. Ses d-es| Session - 11, 827 882 1,319 i Deab rete 2; G8 | W535, |otensse o= 6184440. eres. feet | Bae se oS 5,613 | 1,145 860 ee 1,337 | 2,210} 1,159 | Base. ar cea Op en Bee ae el eae ae 7,863 1,107 18 I ee 2440 | 5. tse- 502 /2S. cngeex 21a; 684 [oes a2 s|Ssa-a505.- 7,160 883 190 5 freee Re ae RE WA, See SWE Raceeenes Bie LOA fee aee oe tomes eee 6, 840 262 408 ECC EE SS ean PA 1 Ee ee oa 279,958 | 69,996 | 51,193 | 2,431 312 108 1 OG Ss ta Rea pie F/B ie pap 6205555, ome do4 aes Bees 10, 377 5O7eleseee esse Popo 5. Ee 6 i a 495; | hme 15-320) |2;-62517, || - 5, 058.| 1,138) ae British South | | i AGea, e United | United States. ee Other countries. Total. Year King- FS ‘ dom, imports Niger, Imports.) Exports. Ports.|Tmports.|Exports.} exports. |Imports.|Exports.| Imports. Exports. 1911....] _ 2,422 Daina) 19,179 | 5,557 | 11,268] 8,694 | 9,255 | 1,510,294 | 1,617,316 TARE ECPI 2} (a) 14,304 | 7,146} 12,854] 8,172] 16,171 | 1,752,270 | 1,747,509 1913....} 25608 8} (2) 29,481 | 7,710 | 18,909] 2,529] 21,082 | 1,840,532 | 2, 039, 406 1914....| 2,677 208| (2) 59,105 | 6,737 | 6,494] 1,7 2,224 | 1,761,336 | 1,775,173 1915....} 3,208 176} (2) 275830" |, Gs 405e| Seen: 1, 664 282 | 1,226,725 | 1,412, 818 1916....| 4,184 19] (2) 34 Obie). IR Acitleacseaae 1,810 578 | 1,195, 020 | 1,093, 613 1917....| 3,088 5 | 305,509 | 71,556 | 12,891 1,597 598 | 1,129,230 | 1,159,977 1918....| 3,508 56 | 304,120 | 1037591 | 12,319 802 224 | “876,299 | 737,188 1919... 751 324 | 238,755 | 41,937 | 19,778 540 818 | 1,072,998 | 1,246, 676 1920....| 1,896 58 | 275,126 | 174,919 | 9,366 235 66 | 1,742,528 | 565,898 1 Less than 500 pounds. 2 Included in ‘‘ Nuts and kernels for expressing oil, other sorts.’ TRUCK CROPS. TABLi 246.—Commercial acreage and production of truck crops in the United States, 1918-1921. Num- Acreage. Production. ber of Crop. oe duc- | 1918 1919 1920 1921 1918 1919 1920 1921 ing. : Acres. | Acres. | Acres. A Asparagus...... cris. . 12) 30,431) 28,280] 31,419) 32,820} 2, 239, 200} 2, 040, 600] 2, 482, 800) 3, 460, 800 Beans (snap)...tons.. 36| 51,060] 59,261) 57,400| 53,375] 108,230] 106,788} 114, 5841 "100, 657 Cabbage........ tons. .|: 25} 92,230} 87,497] 115, 838] 94, 035 682; 138 587, 838} 1, 029; 662 606, 275 Cantaloupes...-.crts.. 23| 55,281) 77,445} 81,127] 80,418] 8, 550, 150/13, 049, 050 12; 493, 600/12, 531, 050 Cauliflower... .. erts.. 5] 5,363] 6,596} 8,502] 8,712 1 526, 800 1, 714, 800 2 272° 800 2 347, 600 @elery ! 25.5. .5.2 erts.. 8} 12,885] 14,012) _ 16,260) 14,903 vik 525, 580 2 906, 280 3, 707, 100 3, 307, 140 Corn (aated) | tons. 20) 279, 336] 245, 735] 243, 031} 118, 810) "494° 958 "525, 632 496, 101 "314, 176 “Cucumbers... .. certs... 30| 83,787] 74,187} 74,498} 89, 167 i 707, 600} 8, 050; €00) 6, 737, 000/10, 053; 000 eee erts.. 13] 17,041| 18,766| 31,903] 30,234) 5,031, 316] 5,318, 468| 9,023, 752| 9,479, 558 Seeelalsisia'sin.< Duss 22) 64,690} 53,046} 64,650) 55, 829]19, 329) 500/14, 202} 000/237 435, 000/12; 652, 000 P tons... 27| 148,116} 155, 046 158, 101 137, 588 150, 147 130, 306} _ "154 204 110, 520 Potatoes (early Irish) = he eee a ee bu.. 17| 266,122) 202,618} 246,650) 240, 708/24, 667, 000/19, 464, 500/27, 025, 500)24, 945, 000 Strawberries... .crts.. 27| 100,146] 83,162| 89,377] 104,817] 6,312,600] 6,378, 300} 6, 101, 550] 7, 838, 100 Tomatoes...... tons... 38] 478, 813] 377, 748| 361, 915] 204, 076| 1,977,358] 1,386, 460] 1,647,707| 976, 002 Watermelons ....no.. 18| 70,595] 126,445] 152,669] 153, 877|28, 600, 000/43, 224, 000/62, 992, 000/61, 917, 000 648 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. CABBAGE. TasBLE 247.—Commercial acreage, yield per acre, and production of cabbages in the United States, 1919-1921. } Acreage harvested. Yield per acre. Production in cars— 25,000 pounds. State. | PS ty | | 1919 1920 | 1921 | -1919 1920 1921 1919 | 1920 1921 j | Early: Acres. | Acres. | Acres.| Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Cars. | Cars. | Cars Califosiii? 22 £18050; 6,055 | 9,050 7,129 4.0 74 7.0| 1,938] 5,140] ~ 3,992 Florist 26.26 Ha oak 4,417 | 9,285 | 5,267 6.0 6.8 6.0 2,120) 5,051 2, 528 LOunIsnA S52. 3 3 Joe 1, 574 1, 605 1, 585 4.0 8.2 6.4 504 | 1,053 812 et Texas sce Ot ie 4,615 | 16,250 | 11,210 5.0 4.8 4.0 | 1,846 6,240 | 8, 587 te: 2 Alabaum. 02. ees. ee | 810 985 1,000 7.0 7.8 7.0 454 | 615 560 Colorado................., 4,003 | 4,390] 3,995] 10.0] 15.1] 11.7] 3,202) 5,303] 3, Illinois... .. je hh. | £515 | 1,605 | 1,325 5.0 8.1 5.0 606 | 1,040 530 indiana 3. es See | 1,232 1, 240 1, 090 | 6.3 9.8 6.0 621 972 523 TU acme cc Centee seen eee | 740 | 1,000 575 | 4.5 8.0 5.0 266 640 230 Kentucky ......2..-2..-- 3ag| 350| 350| #861 66] 60| 239| 185 168 Manglanid: Sscoep eh ne 2,072] 2,185| 2055; 8.0 5.8 4.8] 1,326] 1,014 739 Michigan ............---- | 2069! 1970| 1365; 6.8| 10.7 6.5| 1,126| 1,686 710 inmAsOte ses. cs 845 | 2,918 | 2,521 8.0 8.9 5.0 1, 821 2,078 1,008 Mississippi..............- 1,608 | 1,760! 1,315 5.5 8.4 4.8 | 708 | 1,183 | IMESSOUN eee one eine 694 725 7 8.0 8.0 8.1 444 464 | 454 New Jersey_......----.-. | 3,895 | 4,522 20{ 7.5 8.1 6.5 | 2,337 | 2,930] 2,194 New York... ..-| 22,530 | 25,472 | 21,860; - 6.5] 11.6 6.5 | 11,716 | 23,638 | 11,367 Ohio....... 2354 | 2,885! 2 168 7.0 9.9 6.0| 1,318] 2,285] 1,041 Wresone es Se. | 775 820° Goat 11 10 9.5 682 505 ~~ 589 Pennsylvania............ | 2,700 | 2,865 | 2, 680 8.0} 10.3 6.0| 1,728] 2,361] 1,286 South Carolina... ....... | 2023 | 1,993) 3) 425 7.5 7.4 9.7) 1,214] 1,180] , 2,658 emnessees-o.5 5.) Soo. 2 | 624 575 | 655 6.0 4.0 6.1 300 184 820 Virginia: Eastern Shore and | | Norfolk section..... 2,587} 2,840 |" 3,195 6.5 5.8 8.8) 1,345| 1,318| 2,249 Southwestern......-.| 2,206 | 2,575 | 2,500 7.5| 12.2 6.0 | 1,324} 2,513] 1,200 Washington. ....-..--.--, 1051 | 1,026 920 10.0} 10.2 8.0, 841 589 WiIstoMsitt. oe a seas $32 755 765 250 344 5 416 51 idano +2 fesse lesss 28 61 275 145 500 558 570 61 307 165 PHinoig #4) <.525335525 S222 909 954 1,052 200 430 210 | 364 820 442 Indiana............------ 4,779 | 4,582] 3,931 200| 498 237 | 1,912| 4,564] 1,863 Towa, 2.) ae e 1,296 | 1,345] 1,250 300 454 202| 778) 1,221 505 Kentucky. ....02.-s-a- 1,000 1, 000 300 368 175 600 662 350 Maryland = 300 300 300 250 300 250 | 150 180 150 Massachusetts........-.. 4,405 4,850] 4,500] 340 | 497| 260} 2,995} 4,821] 2,340 Machiggn’s 355220522252 | 21,9984. 15275 175 498 225 | 549 | 1,387 574 Minnesota........:------ 1,415 | 1,280 275 310 122} 791 312 New Jersey 2,610 | 2,380 250 241 239; 1,188] 1,258 1, 138 New York. 8,537 | 7,255 265 410 268 4 538 | 7,000 , 889 Ghigo 2e2. 2 SS8t RSs. OS 6,511} 5,593 250 410 191 | 3,046] 5,339 2,137 Orevon.. - 2552 sa 5st ee 300 372 296 456 |. 656 361 Pennsylvania 350 289 300 425 200 199 298 116 @xase.: S5e8-- Baas ae 750 800 250 250 275 212 375 440 Usahe le. eee 120 124 500 480 250 124 115 62 Varprriid }32305. fet. 228 950 820 250 316 280 433 600 459 Washington 770 789 400 412 271 633 634 428 Wisconsin's. .< fo... is 1,175 | 1,010 | 140 467 M4} . 318] 1,097 230 1 Does not include acreage grown under contract with seedsmen. TABLE 252.—Onions: Farm price, cents per bushel on 15th of each month, 1910-1921. = Jan. | Feb. | Mar | Apr. Ma Jun July | Aug. Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dee. Year. 15. 15. 15. 15. tet 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. _ 15. 15. a eee ee ERR ace et ip, ES | I | a a Pe 94.4 | 100.1} 92.5 103.4 | 102.8 | 105.8 | 104.5} 99.8; 99.4) 93.2] 94.6 98.8 101.0 | 104.0 | 105.0 119.0 | 129.0 | 134.0 | 122.0 | 116.0 | 164.0 | 102.0} 103.0} 113.0 117.0 | 140.0 | 167.0 | 175.0 | 177.0 | 155.0 | 114.0 | 100.0 | 89.0} 85.0] 84.0 84.0 81.6 | 77.5] 77.0 79.0} 87.2] 95.6} 101.7 | 105.1 | 103.9 | 110.2] 114.9} 114.9 121.0 | 140.7 | 155.2 | 159.2 | 152.6 | 140.8 | 170.4 | 137.9 | 103.3; 88.3] 84.4 92.3 88.9] 97.6} 95.3 | 104.4 | 102.9} 102.9| 93.0] 86.3| 82.8/ 94.8] 94.8 99.6 113.2 | 126.3 | 130.3 | 123.5 | 123.3 | 133.8 | 147.3 | 133.5 | 122.9 | 131.4 | 153.8] 175.7 | 208.4 | 357.9 | 476.2 | 495-6 | 398.0 | 308.0 | 201-0} 154.7 ‘W42.9 | 157.5 | 176.6 | 177.0 -| 178.9 | 183.2 | 147.0 | 134.1 | 134.7 | 138.7 | 162.6 | 164.7 | 163.3 | 143.2 | 143.1 | 131.7 | 133.5 | 154.7 | 199.8 | 202.1 | 229.9 | 234.1 | 232.0 | 225.8 | 195.4 | 196.4 | 212.5] 245.8 | 280. 8 307.3 | 325.6 | 344.2 | 337.6 | 264.2 | 204.8 | 176.4 | 172.9 | 158.9] 143.8] 132.0 | 135.2 | } 131.2 | 114.2; 98.4 | 106.7 | 138.2 | 147.7 | 159.1 | 168.5 | 186.6 | 219.9 | 245.2 ‘ TABLE 253.—Onions (various common varieties): Monthly average jobbing prices per 100 pounds at 10 markets, 1921. Market Jan Feb Mar April | Aug.1 | Sept Oct Now: Vorke2-=2)- 5.228522 $2.80 | $3.43 | $5.06 | $5.63 $5. 45 Chicago 2 2e 5525 oo: eee 2. 58 3.61 4,47 5.11 5, 62 Philadelphia aaver sete eae em 3. 02 3. 80 4. 80 5. 34 5. 52 Pittsburgh 96. =: 3. 05 3. 82 4. 86 5. 44 5. 57 Sb LOUIS. oh soen ba oe ee 2.95 3.70 4. 88 5. 45 5. 68 Cinemnsti_2-oe-- 2S = 2. 92 3.74 5.19 5. 59 5. 45 ee 2. 85 3. 49 4.92 4.83 4.44 Minneapolis. . af 2.70 3. 34 4.76 4, 81 4. 60 Kansas City...... as 2. 97 3. 60 4. 38 5, 48 5. 42 Washington 2: =... 22525 | 3. 64 4,27 4. 93 5. 93 5.78 i Quotations began August 22. 2 Sales direct to retailers. © Statistics of Onions and Tomatoes. 651 ONIONS—Continued. TABLE 254.—Onions: Carlot shipments, by States of origin, for 1917-1921. | | | State. 1917 | 1918 | 1919 | 1920 | 1921 State. | 1917 | 1918 | 1919 | 1920 | 1921 Massachusetts.....! 2,295) 2,862) 2,917) 3,373) 2,835 |} Iowa.............- 676 971 502 824 466 New York......... 1,557) 2,621] 2,588] 2,721) 3,564 || Kentucky... 185, 213) 339} 299] 365 New Jersey..-.-..- 561, 597} 638) 629) 436 || Louisiana... --| _ 174) — 450) 101) ~—-106 79 Pennsylvania..... (!) 77 118 80 164 OXOS~.- Ss te. ds 5, 896) 3,575) 2,876] 5,086) 4, 209 Maryland......... (1) @) (4) 89 150 |} Colorado.......... 185} 198) 198 177) 392 Vala a 153 99 134 181 140 ||Pldahon == se a @) | @) @) 28 46 IMC 8 Fie Se te eee Gye ae Bile ace Washington | 308! 467) 611) 766) 585 ClO oSes SEAS 1, 664) 1,805} 1, 890} 2,909; 2,128 || Oregon............} 207) 138 310 85 270 In@iang=.2.22::..) 881) 1,829] 1,158] 2,646 2, 428 || Calfornia........-! 3,257) 4,008) 5,219] 4,526) 3,648 | AT othersceso ss Nobeadl (fa! 88 128 3 108 Min ols.954. 53-4 164, 305] 195] 300, 279 | —— Michigan..........| 121) 590] 308, 576 591 | TOPs sae oe 19, 152 22, 027/20, 874125, 950/23, 359 Wisconsin: «22... . 150 = 302 155) -~..257|-< 5 254.1" Minnesota......... 545; 832] 489) 232 222 | | 1 Included in all other. TOMATOES. TABLE 255.—Commercial acreage, yield per acre, and production of tomatoes for canning and table stock, 1918-1921. 98912°—yEK 1921——42 Acreage. Yield per acre. Production. State. =p z ] 1919 1920 | 1921 | 1919 | 1920 | 1921 1919 1920 | 1921 Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Tons.| Tons.| Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. pe ATARMEAA. . 52. <<. a0 883 890 198 | 3.07)" 2:2) 354 2,649 1, 958 2, 713 AVIGSNISHS4-2-2-- 02-5: 4,978 5, 830 2) 265-|- 258) |= 858-1 303 13, 938 19, 239 7,474 California 39,153 | 14,145] 7.0] 5.5) 5,4 326, 788 215, 342 76, 383 3, 435 1267 | 951 | 653°) 650 25, 562 21, 640 7,602 1,010 TO2T 5.07 6.7 |) 3.0 4, 940 6, 767 3, 063 19, 677 2,503 | 16] 45] 49 36, 491 88, 546 12, 265 22,745 | 18,030] 2.8] 2.3] 5.7 57, 792 52,314 102, 771 440 425 | 3.0] 2.5] 3.5 1, 404 1,100 1, 488 190 283 | 6.0] 2.5] 7.0 366 475 1,981 9,310 7,064} 3.6] 6.4] 3.5 30, 672 59, 584 24, 724 44,876 | 25,753) 4.2] 4.5] 5.0 170, 705 201, 942 128, 765 2,690 2,091 | 6 458.|\- 5:6.) 3.3 14, 770 15, 064 8, 550 1, 241 1, 245 D180! S40) nd.3: | sa0 4, 964 6, 598 3, 540 Wentucky.-....-.--s.| 4,830} 6,907 |~ 4,870'|) 55°] 413.3 26, 565 28, 319 16, 071 WGOUASIANA: ><. -- 2-0-8 - | 391 255 205 | 3.0 | -6.0} 3.0 LATS 1,530 615 Maryland..--........- 60,071 | 49,511 | 17,386) 1.5] 3.5] 4.2 90, 106 173, 288 72, 811 Massachusetts. -....... 1, 696 1,700 1,725) 5.0] 3.9] 6.0 8, 480 6, 630 10, 350 Micghigan® =~ 9-22.22... 5, 130 4, 200 3,440 | 4.1) 5.51 5.6 21, 033 23, 100 19, 264 ME MOSOGA a. ssa etnies 556 575 540] 5.0] 3.5! 3.0 2,780 2,012 1,620 Mississippi..........-. 5, 777 6, 440 7,350 | 4.0] 2.6] 2.9 23, 108 16, 744 21,315 WEISSGUIN en Sees crcbiscc.- = 18,274 | 18,595 8,149 | 2.0] 3.4] 3.1 36, 548 63, 223 25, 262 Nebraska! te... 9. 2: 349 445 294) 1.5] 40] 4.0 524 1,780 1,176 New Jersey........-.. 39,857 | 36,560 | 31,717) 2.6] 4.9] 5.1 103, 628 179, 144 161, 757 New Mexico.......-.. 700 100 707m Scr | | Sy 420 2, 590 180 280 Mew: Yorka2...../.28 14,229 | 16,347 9,254 | 6.5] 85] 8&2 92, 488 138, 950 75, 883 North Carolina....... | 487 410 380 | 6.0] 3.1] 3.6 2, 922 1,271 1, 388 TQ pee ae a< ='n.256 13,232 | 13,745 | 11,629| 5.7] 6.6] 5.8 78, 422 90, 717 67, 448 Oklabomg.< cc... ci: 830 880 680} 4.0] 5.0] 3.0 3, 320 4, 400 2,040 Oregons .-2o5525-5. 752 535 515} 3.2 | 6.0) 12.0 2, 406 3, 210 6, 180 Pennsylvania......... 6, 579 6, 110 5,326 | 3.6] 6.9] 48 23, 684 42,159 25, 565 South Carolina........ 419 442 562) | -3.0)| 92.5 | 3.1 1, 257 1,105 1, 742 Tennessee 9,349 | 10,327 5,914 | 3.3] 3.2} 3.0 30, 852 33, 046 17, 742 Basie a 4,519] 8,385] 10,436] 3.0] 2.5] 3.0 13, 557 20, 962 31, 308 Wiis Sea sae 4, 747 3, 925 1,178 | 85} 9.6 | 12.3 40, 350 37, 680 14, 489 Minpimta 2)... .< 27,462 | 20,115 ZA Qadal S20) s-0 74, 147 70, 402 6, 639 Washington. ..:.....- 695 650 658 | 7.0] 7.2] 10.0 4, 865 4, 680 6, 580 West Virginia........ 1, 886 1,990 1,068 | 41] 3.9] 3.0 7, 733 7, 761 3,204 WaSCONSIN'. 2: -3.655.2 1,131 16275) 2a oe 2h BU Ss leoe 2 5, 881 4,845 3, 974 Co tileaesseerase 377, 748 | 361,915 | 204,076 | 3.7] 4.6 | 4.8 | 1,386,460 | 1,647,707 976, 002 | 652 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. neon TOMATOES—Continued. TABLE 256.—Tomatoes: Monthly average jabbing prices per 4-basket.and 6-basket carriers at 10 markets, 1921. 4-basket car- Spas: 4-nasket car- | 6-bas- + Tiers. ] riers. ket Market. Se eee Market. —"____loarriers, June. | July. Jue. | June. | July. | Sune. New York. ..........) 1.70} $1.9 $2.96 | Be Lot 2 ey $1.61 | som fcc. Ginga? Fae ek 1.59) 2.054.000... Omecinnwti: 22... 22502). 1.52} 105] $263 ee a 5 ree SA oe ot Se se 2: 58.4) Kansas Citys. 2..-fe=.-]| 1.68 OF I. cc aoe Pittsburgh.........--_-.. | 3.58] 4.22] 3.39 || Washington 1.222212... | WES 32 | 3.03 ! / i] 1 Saies direct to retailers. TaBLe 257.—Tomatoes: Cariot shipments, by States of ortgin, for 1917-1921. H i { i | State. 1917 | 1918 | i919 ; 1920 | 1922 | State. | 1917 | 1918 | 1919 1919 1920 | 1924 ; : { H } | | wh Ladd New York........| 143} 381] 457) _ 8 1,098 | Missouri.......... 97, 89 i ge eg) @ New Jersey -......| 2,239] 2,006! 1,012) 2,356] 2,132 || Kentucky..-...---- 93, () @) 559] 367 Pennsylvania...) ()_| "53 "389 24 Tennessee......... 917, 654] 368| 805} 357 Delaware... 77, 1,1 502) 189 || Mississippi_....... | 1,063) 1,379) 1, $1,353} 1,961 Maryland... 290 © 206) cS ee 1,278 1, 123) 1,205) 1, 288) 1,954 Virginia.- ...- - (fe @) 85 ' Rreeussds 2 See rae i 24 22 South Carolina @) 26; @) 58 | Stes eee oe | @Q 633} 338; 251} 190 Florida... ... 3,700| 4, 487| 3,749) 5,774 || Washington....... | @. .) @mr@ | “gal 3h Cinch 7 | 330) 351 i Catifernia.. 222-2. 519 1,514) 2,185) 1,958) 1,681 {) Allother..........| 115, 87} 91) 97| 151 Indiana.........-- 1,150 948 1,143] 528 ae SS ee ee Himois. 222... :- 5 393. 340; «155 Total I 14,115 15, 471 14, 503/15, 555/17, 169 Michigan.......... 83 @) CE ae ti I a | a ao | hi 5 1 1 Included in alo other. TasLe 258.—Tomatoes: Farm price, cents per bushel, 15th of month, 1912-1921. Date. | 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 | 1918 July 15. - 127. 161.4; 167. 161.5 | 194.3] 219.1 Ang. 15. 75.6; 95.8 $2. 88.4] 124.3] 133.1 Sept. i5- a 58.7} 68.0 63. 75.6 | 108.5 | 103.0 vee oh tee oe 62.3; 73.0 60. $2.1 | 117.6 | 108.6 TURNIPS. TABLE 259.—Turnips: Farm price, cents par bushel, 15th of month, 1912-1921. Date. | 1912-13 | 1913-14 | 1914-15 | 2915- -16) 1946-17 [1917-18 | 1918-19 1919-26 | 1920-21 | 1931-22 Nov.i5.....--..---.| #6] 56.1] 474| 459] 684) 76.4 | 79.6| 989] 941) 8&5 ee ee ee | 4973) 55.1) 484| 45.1] 733] SLI) 70} 1018) 85.9) 86.5 ae aS Owl ee | 496 56.8] 42.9| 48.6] 78.6 s3.4|/ 821] 124] sa7{ 87.5 5, ge fe eel Se 31. 2) 60. 6 51.1 49.6 1.1 89.9 | 84.7) 1241 83.7 $0.3 | t i i i 3 CELERY. ABLE 260.—Celery: Carlot shipments, by States of origin, for 1919-1921 State. | 1920 | 1921 | State. Mew, ¥ Of gee <= 1 5s 1, 5 3,084 || Colorado--......-.-------- eta CISGY 2. ee ~ See 246 1| Galiternia.. 22. -.--5-2.35 Pennsylvania 2ag)i| AB Other) 257 .. -. S22 <= pL eae eal et re | 1,011 i Totabs--.-. 385.22 1 Incjuded in all other. Statistics of Vegetables. 653 LETTUCE. TasBLE 261.—Lettuce: Carlot shipments, by States of origin, for 1919-1921. i j if i { State. | 1919 | 1920 | 192i jj State. | 1919 1920 | 1921 ie / Se | New York............-.- | 1,761 | 2,138 | 3,444 |) Leuisiana........-32..--. } 36 | @ (4) ee 245 | 515 | ~ | Be 56: en PD $0 | 176 1i4 Pennsrivania.--. .... -.. @) 17 | 32 || Colorado..........-...... bee Oh |” S23 243 | i eae 31 | 25 | AD SRLPOONER Stee eo. eae oe 41 | 165 155 North Carolina... ........ 319 | 265] 448 jl Wdaho_...-.........---..- 1 ©) | 3 182 | | j South Garolina. .......... 385 336 583 | Washington.............. } (1) 345 632 Merges . 08 | Sh 2,134 | 3,120 | 2,286 || California---.............| 2,731, 6,350 9,735 aren 200i, Sle so] 0) | @) | |] AH other... 2000200022202 nd” 95.0... 69 ltt a ae ee 63 | 110 | 74 SS SS Minrpsota....-..-_. 45 | 51 | 43 | PN 0 aie Re | 8,018 | 13,821 | 18,685 iIneluded in all other. STRAWBERRIES. TABLE 262.—Strawberries: Monthly average jobbing prices per quart at 10 markets, 1921. | Market. |warch. | Apri. | May. Market. Merch.) April. | May ——— { Newyork oo)... 000... | $0.47} $0.41 | $0.27 || Cineinnati__._........... | $0.33 $0.27; $0.23 CRNCAr BR) oo sos se Ae ge80e) 37 | ee St. Parl [eas . 44 | 23 Philadelphia ae 3d | 34 .23 || Minneapolis. ip s -37 41 | 31 Pittsburgh.............--- ep peepee ©. -26 || Kansas City............-- 33.1... _soue wes Peaiuopas 2 6p 8! Pee oo -31| -33 .23 || Washington *........... -D -35 | 2 i | : i 1 Quotations began Mar. 17. 2 Sales direct to retailers. TABLE 263.—Sirawberries: Carlot shipments, by States-of origin, for 1917-1921. | | 1 D 7 State. 1917 1918} 1919 | 1920) 1921 State. | 1917 1918 | 1919 | 1920 | 1921 ‘ | ‘ | i | i Massachusetts..... | 55 75 84 8% 162} Kentucky......... 676; 410! 132) 239 387 Now work: ....’.. | 210} 242; 112; 362/ 244 |) Tennessee......... 1,781) 1,234; 1,099] 1,182 1,693 Net Jersey - ....-- 829; 445, 326; 559) 425 || Alabama..._...... | 196: 279} 229; 147; ~ 285 Delaware. ..._.... | 2,340! 822) 430) 640) 855 | Mississippi--_...-- b2o98 oat) 102] ay) Kp Maryland......... 2,193] 838! 611) 787} 1,069 { una? 55) | 1,200! 556; 682} 858, 1,517 | ; | itt: 1,352) 342, 208 349) 697 } Texas...........-- ite * et Go) Ma Wh a fed > tp 2m (a North Carolina....| 696 585, 484} 446) 479 || Arkansas ......... 1,096; 651) 1,034 896, 1,094 Biouda! 5 -..--< 193 79 (4) 153; 108 || Washington....... 531.42). 4 ©) | @®.s- 49 Rpmhiena. —_.....-- 76) 0) 1): | 62} (4) Geafan = 25."5- 523 | 106 ; 120 116 ee lm BAT 125 ‘i 98 74 ] | California... ...... 245, 509) 703) 569 291 Michigan.........- 75) 272 439, 455 i Ali-other -5.. =. 2. 161) 161) 158 Tk 131 Wisconsin........- 3 om © 68 52 |) |__| i ae eae 55} 66) ©) | Gf Total. ......115,065) 8,452) 8,105 8, 490, 10,631 Missouri.......... “073 om if 7081) 318, 466 | | j u i i i 1 Included in all other. WATERMELONS. Taste 264.—Waiermelons: Carlot shipments, by Siates of origin, for 1919-1921. | | j | State 1921 | State. * 1919 | 1920 1921 WelawasO= <5 22s. =k } 499 | Mississippi= <2 %5,3BL4._......... | 46,446 | 260, 180 1861-62 to 1865-65... 269| 74,036 He tS ae 54,488 | 202,503 1866-67 to 1870-71... 448 44; 768 See) OG 1144_ | ss asa 81, 485 226, 633 1871-72 to 1875-76... 403 67,341 4113 87, 606 () 119,557 | 279,020 1876-77 to 1880-81... 470 | 104,920 5,327| 76,579| 27,040| 169,067! 383,403 1881-82 to 1885-86... 692 | 124, 968 7, 280 87, 441 76,075 | 189,277 485, 633 1886-87 to 1890-91... 1,922 | 163,049 8, 439 70,112} 125,440| 186,129 555, 091 1391-92 to 1895-96...) 19,406 | 268,655) 6, 634 63,280 { 162,538 | 286,629} 807,142 1896-97 to 1900-1901.-| 58/287 | 282/399 4,405 61,292 | 282/585 | 134,722) §23'680 1901-2 to 1905-6. ..._. 939,730 | 352,053 12)126| 141,478| 403'308| 103,978) 1,257,673 1906-7 to 1910-11... 479,153 | 348,544 13,664 | 282,136 | 516,041 | 145,832 | 1,785,370 103,152 | 355,611! 75,011 | 1,082,705 100,576 | 437,991 | 123,108 | 1,252, 984 138,096 | 367,475 82,855 | 1,107,160 151,088 | 426,248 | 125,271} 1,359)745 oS SS Fee | 312,921 77, 162 13,440 | 214,480 | 429,213 | 138,645 | 1,485, 861 ul a eee | 483, 612 257, 600 14,560 | 206,864 | 440,017} 132,602| 1,535,255 ae | 463°628 | 380,800 13,440 | 230,095 | 521,123] 167,242) 1,776,328 $908-9. ccc. .2.....| 495,884 | 397,600 16,800 | 277,093 | 535,156 | 123,876 | 1,776,409 i ee | 512,469} 364, 000 11/200] 346,786 | 517,080} 140,783 | 1,892,328 1910-11...... EPR te Be | 510,172 | 342,720 127320| 349840 | 566,821] 164,658 | 1,946,531 2 Oe oes | 599,500 | 352,874 8,000} 371,076 | 595,088 | 205,046 ' 2,131, 534 Jo So eee 692,556 | 153,573 9,000} 398,004 | 546,524 | 5345,077| 2 144,734 2 ee ae | 733°401 | 292° 698 7,800 | 351,666 | 612,000| > 408,339 | 2,405,904 RIB ae 2h sl see: 722,054 | 242,700 3)920| 346,490| 646,000 | © 421,192| 2,382) 356 ES Sea eee 874,220 | 137,500 1,120] 483,590 | 592,763 | 5412274 - 2,501, 467 ac Be eee 820,657 | 303,900 7,000 | 503,081 | 644,663 | 425,266 | 2,704,567 Bie Fok es) os 765,207 | 243/600 2°240| 453,794 | 576,700) 474,745 | 2,516,286 un ey ee 760,950 | _ 280,900 3,500 ,002 | 600,312} 453,346 | 2,505,010 ee ee ree 726,451 | 121,000 15125 | 485,071 | 556,343 | 466,912 | 2,356,902 Se Ree 1,089,021 | 169, 127 6,987 | 489,818 | 521,759 | 608,499 | 2,885,211 ce: at Soars eae 1,020,489 | 324,431 ihe 7, ly ARS aetna maton sds ire PGE 1 Census returns give production of beet sugar for 1899 as $1,729 short tons; for 1904, 253,921; 1999, 501,682; roduction of cane sugar in Louisiana for 1839, 59,974 short tons; 1849, 226,001 hogsheads; 1859, 221,726 hogs- 4 S; 1869, 80,706 hogsheads; 1879, 171,706 hogsheads; 1889, 146,062 short tons; 1898, 278,497 short tons; 1899, 159,583; and 1909, 325,516 short tons; came sugar in other States, 1839, 491 shert toms; in 1849, 21,576 hogsheads; in 1859, 9,256 hogsheads; in 1869, 6,337 hogsheads; in 1879, 7,166 hogsheads; in 1889, 4,580 short tons; in 1899, 1,691; and in 1969, 8,687 short tons. 2 Includes Texas only, subsequent to 1902-3. Unofficial returns prior to 1913-19. 3 Exports for years ending June 30. - 2h regs data not available for this period. Production in 1878-79, 1,254 short tons; in 1879-80, 1,304 short tons. > Production. 658 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. SUGAR—Continued. Tasie 270.—Sugar beets and beet sugar: Production in the United States, 1912-1921, Area and production of sugar beets.! Item and year. ——$ | —K q— Ke qc qjqyqy—q_— lc \quu ——_ 29 88 978 18 78 882 49 21 79 872 . Bee eras 33 17 71 815 er cent 0 Dp 7 an a eee 90. 50 | 86.69 | 78.32 | 91.31 | 91.63 | 91.28 | 96.96 | 71.33 | 88.54 89.08 fp ee ee ene 88.91 | 93.48 | 78.56 | 90. 100. 66 | 91.20 |101.21 | 91.48 | 89.63 | 92.36 Beets paid for (1,000 short tons): | 7, ee | 1,074 | 2,325] 396] 1,313] 718 | 436 | 1,390! 190] 696 8,538 es ae pase nee a a - ' 1,046 | 2,279 380 | 1,153 773 264 | 1,152 148 583 | 7,782 ield per acre (short tons 1920... Sooee ees ae eer eeeee ' 8.74) 10.58) 877] 878) 9.93 | 8.86 | 12.35 9.19} 8.75 9.79 473 Eee ee 8.67 | 11-39 | 9.18 7-80 | 10.72 §.10 | 10-26 | 8.821! 8.23 9.55 Farm value (1,000 dollars): | | C2 CE Se 52a OS 14, 096 loz, 627 | 4,787 |13,236 | 8,587 | 4,313 16,713 | 1,940 | 8,026 | 99,324 Waals. See eet 5 SS 7,841 114) 316 | 2,280 | 7,002 | 5,076 | 1,583 | 6,341 | 1,034 3,681 | 49,154 Se a growers per short ton | (dollars): i eee A eae oe | 13.13 11. 88 | 12.10 | 10.08 | 11.96 | 9.89 | 12.03 | 10.20 | 11.52] 11.63 cL es ee ee ete ce | 7.50} 6.28 | 6.00} 6.07 | 6.57| 6.00] 5.51} 7.06] 6.26 6.32 Factories operating (number): | m4 | i : 3 Lal ripe OO So SE Bn 17 5 5 1 5 12 97 1908 oe oe ee L Oi Ws 7 17 5 5 i8 5 ll 92 Average length of campaign | (days): j 7. ee 90 98 72 87 110 100 102 80 70 91 19305 232 Set... een | 84 95 71 106 62 78 51 60 76 Sugar made (chiefly refined): | a 1920 (1,000 short toms)..... 168 294 57 166 47 163 21 §3 | 1,089 1921 (1,000 short tons) ...-- 171 295 57 122 105 26 156 14 74) 1; Sugar beets used: = eas Area harvested— 1920 (1,000 = Lee 123 220 45 150 a 49 113 21 79 872 1921 (1, we Seres)) 22s - 121 | 200 41 148 72 33 112 17 71 815 Average yield per acre— 1920 (short toms)--.-..- 8. 56 9.85 | 8.97 | 832] 9.26] 7.77] 11.20] 8.16] 8.07 9.17 re 1921 Ses tons)-- 222. 8. 62 | 10.79 | 8.57 | 7.55 | 10.12 61] 9.66) 7.96) 7.69 9.10 eets worked— 1920 (1,000 short tons).| 1,052 | 2,166 | 405 | 1,244 |- 670 | 382 | 1,261 i69| 642| 7,991 1921 (1,000 short tons) -.| 1,040 | 2,15 355 | 1,117 730 248 )1,08: 133 548 | 7,414 ? , ? : 2 anelyae of beets: : *ercentage of sucrose— j 1920 (per cent)........ 17.66 | 15.81 16.26 | 15.79 | 15.74 | 15.44 | 15.62 | 15.86} 15.45 | 15.99 - 1921 ‘oe cent) 22 .25.-2 17.80 | 15.66 | 17.45 | 13.28 | 16 60 | 13.41 | 16.52 13.47 | 15.41 | 15.77 urity coefficient— | | 1920 (per cent)...-..... 81.44 | 85.15 | $6.42 | 84.04 83.94 | 82.45 | 84.27 | 82.53 ect 8.96 1921 (per cent) ...-..-- 81.46 | 83.28 | 86.54 | 81.68 | 84.55 | 81.41 | 84.72] 82.11 | 81.89! $3.09 Recovery of sucrose: / : | Percentage of weight of | } bLeets— | : 1920 (per cent).......- 15.97 | 13.60 13.98 | 13.34 | 13.37 | 12.31 | 12.89 | 12.40 | 13.06} 13.63 1921 (per cent) Seu gen 16.48 | 13.66 | 15.99 | 10.95 | 14.43 | 10.46 | 14.37 | 10.59 | 13.50) 13.76 Percentage of sucrose in | heets— 1920 (per cent)........ 90.43 | 86.02 $5.98 | 84.48 | 84.94 | 79.73 | 82.52 | 7818 | 84.48} $5.24 = 1921 (per cent)..--....- 92, 58 | 87.23 | 91.63 | 82.45 | 86.93 | 78.00 | 86.99 | 78.62 | 87.61 | 87.25 oss: } 4820 (per Cent) -. 2. se |. ot 69| 221 | 2.28) 2.45| 237] 3.13) 2.73) 3.46) 2.40 2. 36 IGA (per ceny)- = 4-_ -s55--4 1.32 | 2.00-; 1.46] 2.33 | 2.17 2.95 | 2:15.) 22. 8841. OL 2.01 1 Acreage and production of beets are credited, as in former reports, to the State in which the beets were made into sugar. z Statistics of Sugar. 659 SUGAR—Continued. niin 270.—Sugar beets and beet sugar: Production in the United States, 1912-1921— Continued. United States. ss Jiem. ; - | | 1912 1913 1914 | 1915 1916 | 1917 1918 1919 1920 | 1921 ut TO Gee: | le ewe ey ecg emaeieg GAL MRC lacs | or pe > Planied (1,000 acres)..-....... SA pee 635 515,| 664 768 807 690 890 978 | 882 Harvested (1,006 aeres)......-.- 555 580 483 6il 665 | 665 594 692 872 | 815 Per cent of planted Se Pe See 91.33 | 93.94 | 92.02 | 86.57 | 82.42 | 86.13 | 77.77 | 89.15 | 91.73 Beets paid he (1,000 tons)... -.| | 5,648 | 5,886 | 5,585 | 6,511 | 6, 228 | 5,980 | 5,949 | 6,421 | 8,538 | 7,782 Yield per acre (tons) .....-.. .-| 10.20 | 10.10 | 11.60 | 10.70! 9.36" 9.00] 10.01 | 9.27] 9.79 |) 9.55 Farm valve (1,600 dollars)... .. 32, 871 |33, 491 )30, 438 36,950 38,139 44, 192 |59, 494 75, 420 99,324 | 49, 154 Price to growers per ton (dol- ; A er ay rn od acme 5.82] 5.69; 5.45) 5.67) 6.12] 7.39 | 10.00 | 11.74] 11.63; 6.32 Factories operating (number). 73 71 60 67 | 74 91 89 89 97 | 92 Barve length of campaign | | (UE: as See eae 86 85 85 92 80 74 | 81 78 | 91 |} 76 ae made, chiefly refined | | | (1,000 short tons)...........- | 693 733 722 874 821 | 765 761 726 | 1,089 | 1,020 Sugar beets used: | | Area harvested (1,000 acres)| 335 580 483 611 5} 665) 594 692 | 872 | 815 Average yield per acre | } | RSMOUE, LOUS).....—----<-2> | 9.41 | 9.76 | 10.90| 10.10] 8.90| 8.46) 9.39| 8.50] 9.17 9.10 Beets worked (1,000 short tons)| 5,224 | 5,659 | 5,288 | 6,150 | 5,920 | 5,626 | 5,578 | 5,888 | 7,991| 7,414 Analysis of beet: | Percentage of sucrose 2....| 16.31 | 15.78 | 16.38 | 16.49 | 16.30 | 16.28 | 16.18 | 14.48 | 15.99 | 15.77 Purity coefficient * (per Reviess cr: wiz . ........-. 3-05.) 2.82 POU Bin) We ae 2.44] 2.68 2.54] 2.14 2.36 2.01 2 Based upon weight of beets. * Percentage of sucrose (pure sugar) in the total soluble solids of the beets. 4 5 Rercentage of sucrose actually extracted by factories. ercentage of sucrose (based upon the weight of beets) remaining in molasses and pulp. TABLE 271.—Cane-sugar production of Louisiana, 1911-1921. [Figures for 1920 are from returns made before the end of the season, and are subject to revision.] | } Average Cane used for sugar. Molasses made.! Factories sugar eet ene in opéra- SUEBE made } tion per ton Area. | AVetage} Produc- Total Per ton } of cane. = | per acre. | tion. . of sugar i | Ks Number. Shorttons., Pounds. | Acres. |Shorttons.| Short tons.| Gallons. | Gallons. 188 | 352, 874 120 310, 000 19 5, 887,292 | 35, 062, 525 99 126 | 153,573 142 197, 000 11 2, 162, 574 | 14, 302, 169 93 153 | 292) 698 139 | 248, 000 17 4,214,000 | 24,046, 320 82 149 | 242°7 152 | 213, 000 15 | 3,199,000 17, 17, 443 71 136 | 137,500 135 | 183,000 il 2,018,000 12, 743, 000 93 150 | 3063, $00 149 221, 000 18 4,072,000 | 26, 154,000 86 140 | 243° 600 128 244° 000 15.6 | 3,813,000 30,728, 000 126 _ 134 | 280, 900 135 | 231,200 18 4,170,000 | 28, 049, 000 100 121 121, 000 129 | 179,900 10.5 L 833,000 12,991,000 107 122 | 169,127 136. 1 182, 843 13.6 2, 492° 524 | 16, 856, 867 100 124 324,431 | 155.2] 226,366 18.5 | 4,180,780 25,423,341 78 1 Figures for molasses, 1911-1914, are as reported by the Louisiana Suga Planters’ Association; figures for later years as reported by the Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates, U.S. Department of Agriculture. ‘ 660 Yearbook of the Depariment of Agriculture, 1921. SUGAR—Continued. TaBLe 272.—Area of sugar cane and production of cane sirup, United States, 1920 and ETAL. | Total cane area. | are on for Sirup meade. State. i | y901 | 1920 | Acres Acres Acres. Ar Senth Cantina 29%). 5 ee H 8, 700 8, 200 8, 200 ere CR RS RRR Pie 61,100| 53,100| 45,200 a PEE SER PE ae, 34,000 | 28,000] 30,009 SRMoras F1 S ot ee | 71,600 | 55,000 | 60,000 Mississipga Sate <>. fA Be Se | 39,200 33, 100 33, 700 Wesisiarge | 121i A Re I | 283/100} 2587300] 21/500. Wexagt 58 3-1 Me Lee ee 18,000 | 16,400] 12,000 Apkanisnss: << Sere. siey ee. ob 3, 000 3, 200 2, 400 otal a. to 50 Bry eet ee 174, 100 Note.—Care has been taken to exclude sorghum from the above estimates, since this crop is sometimes confused with sugar cane. The production of molasses (a by-product from sugar) in Louisiana is forecast at 22,568,000 gallons for 1921, as compared with 16,357,000 gallons in 1920. TaBLe 273.—Total and per capita sugar supply of the Uniied States, 1901-1920. The Beans Be shown below consists of domestic production, plus imports, minus exports, and is quoted from the Statistical Abstract of the United States for 1913, pp. 560-561, fcr all years except 1919. Figures for 1919 are based upon the Bureau of Crop Estimates reports on production and the Bureau cf Foreign and Domestic Commerce reports on exports and imporis. The average per — supply is com- puted from the Census estimates of population for June 1, each year. No allowance been made for sugar carried over from cue fiscal year to the next. . Supply {(‘consump- tion”’) of Supply \(consump- tion’’) of ;, bupply tion’’) cf Year ending June 30. Island, and year end- ing Sept. 30. eek @ . )Shorttons.; Statistics of Sugar. 661 SUGAR—Continued. TaBLe 274.—Cane sugar production ef Hawai, 1913-1920. [Figures for 1920 are subject to revision.] Sugar made. 195, 267 186) 062 83, 569 104, 988 116, 630 135, 896 126, 113 128) 831 521,579 555, 727 = Average extraction Cane used for sugar. of sugar. Total | area | ar.| Average in cane. | Per cent | Per short ee | yield |Pzroduction. of cane. ton { per acre. | of cane. Acres. |Shorttons.| Shorttons.| Acres. | Per cent.| Pounds. 52, 1,790,000 | 108, 200 10, 91 218 50, 800 | 31] 1,505,000 | 115, 400 11. 67 233 19, 800. 45] 884,000 42, 700 9.45 189 21, 900 41 897,000 | 42, 800 11.70 234 | 19, 200 46 876,000 | 38, 500 13.31 266 19, 900 48 947, 000 | 44, 300 14,35 2387 21,500 51} 1,167,000 47, 100 11.35 228 21, 500 48 | 1,034,000 | 45, 400 12. 46 239 113, 100 41 | 4,657,000 | 236,500 | 11,20 | 224 114, 100 39 | 4,473,000 | 247’ 900 12. 42 | 248 119, 700 40] 4,744,000} 239,900 12, 65 | 253 _ a = ae 8 ne 800 11. 88 238 ‘ 5,220, 5, 100 12. 35 247 115,419 42 | 4/859) 494 | 246332! 12.90 244 rd a8 - oa hed 239, 800 12. 46 249 ey 900, 000" | 202. 225221 12, 49 250 114/600 39 | 4)476,000 |.......... | 4224 | 244 662 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. SUGA R—Continued. TABLE 275.—Sugar: International trade, calendar years 1909-1920. The following kinds and grades have been included under the head of sugar: Brown, white candied. caramel, chancaca (Peru), crystal cube, maple, muscovado, panela. The following have been excluded: “Candy” (meaning confectionery), confectionery, glucose, grape sugar, jaggery, molasses, and sirups. See ‘‘ Genera] note,” Table 125. | Average, 1909-1913 1918 / Country. | | | Imports. | Exports. | Imports. | Exports. 1919 1920 Imports. | Exports. | Imports. | Exports. PRINCIPAL EXPORT- | ING COUNTRIES. 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,009 pounds. : pounds. pounds. | pounds. | pounds. | pounds. Austria-Hungary....- 4; S841), G97, G50lS. Soe <= as Soe. es Seer seas 35 132, 595 1s Barhadocn.- =-<->-45- | 1 466) 51, 65 74,384). . Sse... .. 113, 819) .<=<.2enk 116,043 Helpiom st. EF PA, 7e4l 308.952) Ab aan. | See 110,294) 50,222) 127,356| 159, 333 Bray sees ets | 1 234 254, 926 231 153, 063 240, 612 British Guiana....... 112, 224 210 340) eo 186, 234}. cxcaece 187, 658 Gale. tapes 1,312 7, 293, 915) S51 8, 995, M75). <5 ae | eee. Dominican Republic.| 21,533 ” 264, 624 798] 7357, 885}-c.ceeee es 2 Dutch East Indies. . . 7,124 3,395, 304, 6, 195) 45115, S14 oe oe eee wie Tene Ee ee i ae Cy ee a eign etige Rie 144, 140) 2 2222.0 163,520 Rrances. thee oe. e ces 372,395 136,914, 1, 254, 263 173, 835) 1,332,178) 186, 247 Germany...........-- 6,973} 1, 72) i SS Ba ete Beat ne ome Bosses = oe 203, 166 14, 162 Guadeloupe. ..-...... ”300| BA G51) CS Ses eee ae | 2 Aes STIBIQUC.= 22 =... 2 461) 45, 661). Sa | GUE eee Mauritius. ........... 14) 403, 931 667, 610 i} 402, 262 Netherlands........-.- 165, 443) 51,027; 105, 134 , 240 92,826) 167, 827 Pers: Pee oer ee 1, 451 436, 485 195] - “599, 920) 228.4 SEE SS Philippine Islands...| 7,900 602, 425 3, 261| 299 de 5,379| 397,579 aces Hh SS oe 34 $5,240 een eee ree RBI SS [eae 2S MSSURS oo eae phe ee | (C7 ] rie Aes! BERR ORE Se) A OOS reme| oe ts aSoS | Paeeee Pemerios sal eae Sse Trinidad and Tobago. 11,045 78, 634 53] 84/685]. 252 eee 111, 948 PRINCIPAL IMPORT- | ING COUNTRIES. | Argentina...........- | 103, 380 144] — 73,489 21) 181,318 ‘Australia............. 152, 465] ° 535| 117,770 1,956) 252, 683 British India..-......| 1,431,980] 53, 222) 1,190, 562! °71,221) 941, 930 British South Africa. - 61, 282 1,513 45, 091 5, 533 9, 561 Canada... Soda 595, 785 1,639] 657; 926 6,872, 1,059, 898 Ciile:s.c on Ba ee. 169, 931 181] 195,774, 7,249, 198,022 China ob eee 687,243] 29, 867| 1, 165, 173| "905 691, 717 Denmarks->s 2-5. 25-< 43,627 45,073 i 23, 263 4,142 Meypt...2--t ace 86,041! 16,171} 40,704) 37,659, 27,574 dnoiind.... 20. ne 100, 153).-2----64, Fo WeWees a 62, 468 Ttalyes ose. 18, 499 603 81, 638 235) 175, 224 Fann 0: "555 of 353,885} 120,407] 496,720] 259,193). 606, 457 New Zealand........-. 125,924, 126,955} 112,974 2, 335) 131) 340 Norway: ite oe 104 651|22= 2 eee 2 75 635). e Sseest 187, 229 | igciecih: Seeger: POSE ee ae 218, 703 13,114) 124,875 3,701 82,557 Portugal -22 3. 72 2—5.- 79, 262)... .- 222: 44,301 wigcotl 64, 741 ! Suigapore--4 4.322 163, 220 95,878] 415,363) 358, 265).........-|------.--- Switzerland.......... 236, 403)-.-------- TEU RRS Se | 231, 322 | United Kingdom..... 3, 707, 211 65, 207 2, 016, 755 1, 804) 3, 509, 118 2,867) 3,035, 175 5, 212 United States.......- 4, 245, 034 79, 368) 5 170, 976; 407,296) 7,023,620} 1, 475, 408) x 073, 760| 924,192 Other countries... .... 9547557| 287,612} 373,963] 190,257| ”406,141| °743,905| | 424, , 136) 548, 728 Tatas |14, 250, 121/14, 944, 141/12, 993, 315)14, 794 » 263)17, 327, 573)18, 835, = 16, 863, Be 4,154, 9 S i 1Four-year average. 2 One-year average. 3 Three-year average. a Statistics of Sugar. 663 SUGAR—Continned. ‘Taste 276.—Sugar production of undermentioned countries, campaigns of 1909-10 to 1919-20. BEET SUGAR (RAW). ; f { { 1 Average | Country. ore to! 1915-16 | 1916-17 1917-18 | 1918-19 | 1919-20 | 1920-21 1913-i4. | F puew » : } ne AMERICA | Short tons. |Short tons. |Short tons. \sthrect foes. \Gibaré tons, \Shart toes, Skortfons. ‘United States............ 609,620 | 874,220 | 820,657 | 765,207 | 760,950 726,451 | 1,090, 021 “Da 2 a ae a | 11, 457 19, 758 | 8,512| 11, 688 25,046 | 18, 920 38, 823 igs a ee 621, 077 | 893, 978 829,169 | 776,895 | 785,996 | 745,371 | 1,128,844 ———————— SS ee —_—_—— ——————— EUROPE | J a ae epee TL, RE RO ae a RS ere |......-...-] 5,657 | 15,432 i: nn i | 276,075} 119 m6 140,473 ; 135,869| 77,954! 151,515 | 267,859 ¥ garia eee 1 FT 7, 688 | 12,777 9,945 | 11,543 | ots 13, 074 8, 267 zechoslovakia.........-. ETT 5 oR ea | eee iY lei Ss SO 687,553 | 559,325| 770,386 Dereetingtgs se | "127, 602 | 143, 475 | 123,584 149, 653 | 117,836 | 176,368! 131, 922 | MEMOS inicisecee see 8 | 759,426} 149,802) 204,405 220, 752. 121,374} 170,969 | 370,032 Cin) a ee 2, 296, 131 | 1,678, 402 | 1,721,250 1,726,483 | 1,483,807| $08,304 | 1,211,944 Haparye 0-8 467,742 | "303,999 | '289'107| '173,021| ' 97,5:7| 12,477| ” 36,376 Italy. at ae tae | 02, = 675 | | 165, 781 | 159,690 | 102,100} 119,524 185,001 149, 913 ugoslavia.............-- ae = = 5 eee. eee eee ee eee bee ers eee Netherlands.............. | 246,341 | 263, 826 | 286,102 214,891 | 181,986 | 263,110} 314, 486 Poland - =i Se ee.) ate | | 279,874 |... je. Se re eR pee 5 198, 414 188, 493 ori. oh Vs | FE cad DEERE Coen Corer rer Cee eee 1, 213 16, 534 ip fees a a | 1,726, 231 1, 823, 602 | 1, 456,800 1,133, 804 | 317,793 85,537} 55,115 Lone 115,727 | 117,334, 139,280! 154,317| 169,223 91,089 | 104,456 Pll... fore l URSET GeE Ty! | emi SS a ae ee Pee See ae 180, 777 Switzerland.-............ 4, 390 | 2, 646 | TiS) Say 2a 8 Dae Tees Rae ees |e See Wipiaterte =. tooo 7, 819, 296 | (76 221, 950 | 4, 532, 620 | 4,013, 436 | 3,378, 340 | 2, 722, 053 | 3, 824, 992 OCEANIA ll i imnsiehlint see: 225. 28. 719 | 627 2, 182 | UE oe ans Ss 2 ee Grand total........| 8,441,092 | 5,816,555 | 5,363,971 4,792,285 | 4,164,336 | 3, 467,424 | 4, 953, S36 CANE SUGAR. | / NORTH AMERICA. — | | j United States: | Louisiana............ 301,173 | 137,500} 303,900| 243,600| 280,900/ 121,600! 169,127 ci: ek 9, 664 1, 120 7,000| — 2,240 3,500} 1,125 6, 987 Eicon a ee 567,495 | 592,763} 644,663 576,700| 600,312| 556,343| 521,759 Bertaicd. s,s... 363,474 | 483,590 | 503,081 | 453, 794 406,002 | 485,071 | 489,818 youn islands ee 9, 212 15, 000 6,720} 6,048 10, 080 13, 888 | ee | erica: Pritish Honduras..... 575 | El lhe pom sete (en 2am et (Fee nana tl Un em eS I Beko A: GcctaRier =... -.... 2, 922 5, 740 Ch ae ae Bo 2I5 | 3 Dalek Sate Guatematey peaOeee TTS 8, 284 33, 069 33, 069 33, 069 25,142| 14,816 |... (2 DDD SRE S | FHSS SSS Bm) ee rae ea (ee St | ee IR (ie ee See) pa eee Nicaragua......-...-- 5, 000 10, 000 15,000 | 12,000 12, 000 16,000 |.........- alwador.. ii... - 13, 616 18.818). 2 2 Fete | 20, 385 30, 515 15 ae ee Mexieo- ugg 163, 000 71, 650 55, 115 38, 580 78,400} 103,049} 110,230 es ies British— | rapes ee. 9. 5. 55 12,919 12, 218 20, 769 19, 181 14,679 18,667 | 11,396 Barbados:-:. /.:.2..--- 27,788 82, 411 77, 691 58, 195 84, 304 77, 983 62, 957 qemaica eee = 23, a 25, yr 43, i 38, gat 48, 160 52, 500 42, 560 ontserrat........... 5 151 151 Bt. Christopher....... 13, 252 10, 244 19, 040 LE Reaetieg ee! NE a Beet a panda. Paes atte , aa 5, ee 5, 011 3, a 4 a 4, ad 5, 682 . Vincent........... 599 1 560 Trididad and Tobago.|__51, 275 65, 881 71, 939 79, 140 50, 687 53, 592 65, 426 Sabet F592. 5.1.8 2,295, 353 | 3, 436,649 | 3,441,771 | 3,957,061 | 4,596,710 | 4,209, 349 | 4, 408, 365 Dasninican Republic...| 106,539 | "140,443 | "149,943 172,800 | ” 186, 225, 920 | 229, 278 —a | j Guadeloupe......-. 40, 917 39, 256 35, 690 eS ee ae ee [oo ee. Martiniaue......... | 42, 567 37, 968 23, 017 22,831; 11,230 |... -....... | ae eee eo eapperemereneees 4,065,301 | 9,220, 530 | 5,464, 616 5, 786, 110 » 6,477,657 | 5,970, 919 | 6, 124,296 664 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. , SUGAR—Continued. TABLE 276.—Sugar production of undermentioned couniries, campaigns of 1909-10 to 1919-20—Continued. CANE SUGAR—Continued. T Average | Country. 1909-10 to| 1915-16 | 1916-17 | 1917-18 | 1938-19 | 1919-20 | 1920-21 1913-14. | SOUTH AMERICA. | Shorttons. | Shorttons. | Shoritons. | Shorttons. | Shorttons. | Shorttons. |Shorttons. Argentina... _............. 193,853 | 164,572 669 97,085 | 139,463 | 328,095 | 230,990 Brazil Dak how, EG. 38,274 | 486,114 492,728 | 440,479 | 496,035 | 579,959 mana: . British. Voge... . 28s. 106,194 | 128,007 107,520 106, 400 ne eR ees 12,571 O00) 85,0204 © 22.957 }-—- -&960 |... ee ee LST See eee eee 1, 363 2,355 i waS 4.2 AS ares Venn en el | 2107608} 304, 236 316, 890 | 336,000} 392,000 | 385,805 ne ps Side cas. Sucks 562,873 | 1,094,378 | 922, 969 1,226,395 | 1,308,154 EUROPE . Sreifa eee. 17,059| 4,700 5, 053 7,452 6, 864 Sa Se ———— ASIA. | | British India-_.........-- 2,614,326 | 2,950,080 | 3,057,600 | 3,708,320 | 2,617,440 | 3,361,086 | 2,760,800 Wormi0ea..<- 1927299 | “361,518 | 7504,807| “518,089 | °379,323] 321,614} "385,895 Japan...- | 75, 718 ec ve S01 99,914| 141,438{ 102,498 |__....0...- Ligases Se ee | 1,513,736 | 1,796,558 | 2,008, 521 | 1,960, 118 | 4,478, 103 | 1,472,796 | 1, 578,657 Philippine Islands. ..._.._ | 479,47 | ° 412,274.) "425,266 | “474,745 | "453,346 | "466,912 608, 499 Totsied. £2... 285. | 4, 566,526 | 5,598,821 | 6,096,198 | 6, 802,730 | 5,030,640 | 5, 622, 408 | 5,333, 761 APRICA. | / / | We een 67,128 | 109,088 | 112,080 87, 620 | 83, 663 99, 207 88, 184 Mauritins...........---.-. | 233/671 | 236,463 | 230,419 | 248,531 | 278, 187 385 Rigtak- oc} ss 4ssee- Pac | 88,165 | 112,000 | 128,240 | 119,000] 164, 0:0 176, 368 Portuguese East Africa...| 27,800 41, 128 40, 406 47) 926 22, 724 44) 092 Wem s-ceshs..- a... | 41,658 43,320 49) 604 46, 462 55,115 44’ 092 Pee | | 458,492 | 541,999 560, 749 638,121 OCEANTA. ; | | | | Aaediin .-- 2-72 216,331 | 179,788 | 216,201 c 219, 358 | 183,925 fT ER aie + ol Gey $4,629 105,577 | 134,992 | 109,014; 72,070 65, 138 Lr a ae | 300,960 | 285,365 | 351,193 | 463,955 | 291,428 | 263,517 | 250,064 Total cane sugar. ...| 9,971, 231 |12, 754, 793 i13, 400,777 14,648,946 |13, 426, 236 [13,799,460 [13,656, 260 Total beet and cane | Sis 5.x. baa 1s 412, 323 18, 571, 348 is 764,749 1, 441, 181 BT, 590, 662 |17,266, 884 ‘meen TasLe 277.—Suger: Toial production of countries as reported 1895-1896 to 1920-1921. | rotation | ction. | Production. Year. - Year. See eeee seer ti) eee | Canes Beet. | Total. | Cane.1 Beet. Total. i ——_—_}—_— | Shorttons. | Shorttons. | Sherttons. | Shorttons. | Shorttons. | Shorttons. 1895-96......- | 3,259,000 | 4,832,000, 8,091,000 || 1908-9.......- 8, 654,000 | 7,350,000 | 16,004, 000 wap6-97... ...2! 3,171,000 | 5,549,000 | 8, 720,000 | 1909-10. ...... 9, 423,000 | 6,991,000 | 16,424, 600 1897-98_._._.- | 3,206,000 | 5,457,680 8,663,000 || 1910-11....._. 9, 540,009 | 9,042,000 | 18,582, 1998-99....... 3,355,000 | 5,616,600 | 8,971,000 | 1911-12....._. 19, 275,060 | 7,072,000 | 417,347,000 1899-1900. .... | 3,389,006 | 6,262,000 9,651,000) 1912-43......- 16, 908, 680.| 9,509,769 | 20,518, 000 1900-1901.....| 4,081,000 | 6,795,000 | 10,879, 009 | 1913-44... H1, 270, 260 | 9,433,783 | 20,703, 983 1901-2. ....-.. 6,818,000 | 7,743,000 | 14,561, 000 || 1914-15._..._. 11, 292/967 | 8,330,628 | 19,523, 535 ee ee 6, 782,000 | 6,454,060 | 13,236,600 || 1915-16...__.. 12, 754, 793 | 5,816,555 | 18,571, 343 103-4...) | 6,909, 060.) 6,835,060 | 13, 744, 060 | 1916-17... ..... 142,400,777 | 5,363,971 | 18,764,749 190L5.. 0S 7, 662,000 | 5,525,609] 13,187,060 || 1917-18....... 14, 648,945 | 4,792,235 | 19,444,181 1905-6...-..-- 7,551,060 | 8,090,000 | 15,641,000 || 1918-19......- 13, 425,286 | 4, 161, 336-| -47,590, 622 CS See 8,365,000 | 7,587,000} 15,952,000 || 1919-20._..... 13, 799, 4°0 | 3,467,424 | 17,266, 884 $507 B=: 7,926,000 | 7,390,000! 15,316,000 | 1920-21....._. 13, 656, 260 | 4,953,836 | 18,610, 096 1 Prior to 1901-2 these figures include exports instead of production for British India. 2r Statastics of Sugar Beets and Maple Sugar and Sirup. SUGAR BEETS. TABLE 278.—Sugar beets: Area and production in undermentioned cowntries, 1909-1920. 665 = / Area. Production. — Average,| Lice | | 7 1909-1913 1918 1919 1920 aes 1918 1919 | 1929 (SED Lee | Se SS | Pe ae a es eee eee pees 2 = | 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 WORTH AMERICA. 1,009 1,009 1,909 1,000 snort short short ehort acres. acres. acres. acrés. tens. | tons. ions. tons. Tavited States 2... ..---2--222- 568, 594 62 873| 5,555! 5,949| 5,888 7, 999 OE Ee ee eee 48 | 18 | 25 36 | 174 | 180 240 | 12 Weigle 5 02-2), ees | 586 612| 7,717] 909) 5,729| 6,129) 6,128) 2,411 EUROPE ie | | ee eee 642 | 21 13 18| 8,202 188 | 83 | 2 Hungary prover.........-..-- EOE creel Se 78} 5,275 97 13 "i Croatia-Slavonia........--.---| LU) eee ee) aeeee> a ees 13 [ho s=- 5.2] 2 eee eee Bosnia-Herzegovina.......... 2) Lea ear ae 12 (he 22st cob gece en ee eS oP |) ee 112 | ek Rat op on 793 16 SC ee 8 4 a | 23 | 81 4 130 i feeeiniseakia a Seer es scone) ode ae 455 433 | 2 SE oe 5,034, 4,008 53 ares Wh 2 ON ak 8 89 102 | 95} 43,025] 1,041| 41,132 9 Meritt tet 5 _ i = — Paes ee pee 22,c7 ee fees et PReicecs cc toe Sos we Bae ET oe Gea eee oss 1) pe eee Vererer * 815 eee “iS 623 148 14} = 222, 7,254] 1,051 | 1,825 2,285 PRBACC-EQETMAIO < . - ..- Joe 882 U| = oe - ee LA Sees | 3 eee 2h) eee See eee DEIN, 2 ae 1,335 906 668 | 692} 18,509 9,600 | 5,287 7,241 _ Ea Se Gees Te 143 106 166 | 126} 2,465] 1,250! 41,881 1,823 WO OS SDD Ls ses eaeeeeeeenes Soeur Seas Meee eee jee Se 43 1. 5S eets| 2 sees 66 88 Pesiteriantie® = .... 2.27) 22_. 154 | 92 122 | 157 2,117 1,372 1,647 2,320 Oe eee ae 34 18 $ | 8 316 |) 4- + abo asco Pee MAlsSia preper-.......-2.2..-- iN iy | eee aes ee i a2, 19 | (ee2<2S: spose ee TEE oe a ee “F/)\ (ae 60 | TZ5 ny 1,398 | 3 -ces.-14- 2 ee ee es Caueasia (Kuban)... pape e eae Oe ee PEE Cee ees es 5222 2, eee 126 | 163 | 134 176 2,130 742 1,160 14 Reston ete 69 | 75 | 87 in4 949 2} 1,603 i,lil Pamiezerland —. 2 -5------5-- 2 | 1| 85 | 1 21 14 | 9 ee i ae 5,563 | 2,115 | 2,106 2,572) 63,742] 21,401 18, 582 | 14, °51 Grand total. .=......... 6,149| 2,727| 2,823 3,481 | 69,471 | 27,539 24,710 23, 362 s. MAPLE SUGAR AND SIRUP. TABLE 279.— Maple sugar and sirup production, 1839-1921. [Figures for 1921 subject to revision.] CENSUS. | lPotal product) Average per tree. State and year. Trees tapped.| Sugar made. | Sirup made. in terms of | ; sugar. | | | ; AS sugat.| AS sirup. } H | United States: | | Gallons. , Pounds. | Pounds. | Gallons. Sy S Se ei : (3) 1 | i) ee ae | : (3) | PiSS. ipa iene ees 1,597, 589 i) ne ee eee 921,657 1879... 1, 796, 048 1839. 2, 253,376 1899. 2,055, 611 i liece ee ee 18, 899, 523 | 14, 024, 206 4,106, 418 [OS = oa a a 17, 457, 144 9,691,854 3,507,745 | P 1 One gallon of sirup taken as equivalent to 8 pounds of sugar. 2 Reported as “‘sugar”’ (not cone sugar”’), but for States which are too far north to make cane sugar. - No beet sugar was made at this tim: 3 Not re 666 - Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. MAPLE SUGAR AND SIRUP—Continued. TaBLe 279.— Maple sugar and sirup production, 1839-1921—Continued. BUREAU OF MARKETS AND CROP ESTIMATES. | otal product Average per tree. State and year. Trees tapped.| Sugar made.| Sirup made. | in terms of sugar 2 s As sugar. As sirup. | _———————— ee Oe Total13 States: 2 Number. Pounds. Gallons. Pounds. Pounds. | Gallons, iL) by GR a Ae i 17, 466, 400 10, 838, 650 4, 286, 100 45, 127, 450 2. 58 0. 32 IQIS SSeS oo SES 19, 312, 200 13, 270, 865 4,905, 264 §2, 512,977 2.72 . 34 1919-¢ DPSS 3. 2 EP 17, 531, 463 10, 466, 306 3,528, 160 38, 691,600 2. 21 . 28 LOS ines temeete renee nee 17, 638, 013 7,070,291 3,339,682 | 33, 768, 300 1. 92 24 = RPA Se aaa eee 15, 234, 100 4, 891,732 2, 400, 707 24, 097, 400 1.58 - 20 aine; LAAT C!S SOUR on «Sige Seas 304, 000 63, 232 41, 496 395, 200 1.30 -16 My. eee ee 329, 000 35, 840 59,520 512, 000 1.60 - 20 1921 free =) aS 284, 800 11, 952 48, 306 398, 400 1. 40 Si New Hampshire: 1010) a nae 800,000 409, 600 | 108, 800 1, 280, 000 1.60 . 20 1920 beet a: eae 900, 000 324, 000 162, 000 1, 620, 000 1.80 22 : TOZ 5: sea es 20 a aes 800, 000 456, 000 133, 000 1, 520,000 1. 90 ~ 24 ermont aC) ae eee 5, 955, 513 6,105, 780 650, 152 11, 307, 000 1,90 ~24 TOROS ee Pe So: 5, 955, 513 4, 068, 000 904,000 | 11,300,000 1. 90 24 CEP Se eee Sere 5,100, 000 2, 937, 000 745, 375 8, 900, 000 1.75 a Massachusetts: 1G), SS ere oer 252, 751 150,360 48, 330 537, 000 2.12 27 T9Q0:» eee See eases 309, 500 158, 490 53, 564 587, 000 1. 90 24 z O21. 2 ot ee FS -eees Se 269, 300 112, 640 49,920 512, 000 1. 90 -24 onnecticut: $919: b S35 e....3 O8R. 3 9,000 6, 720 2,660 28, 000 3.11 -39 1920 Sees: ns See oes Ss 12,000 3,600 4,050 36, 000 3. 00 -38 i Se eas §, 000 6, 480 2,190 24, 000 3. 00 38 New York: ith Sea ae eee 4,827,000 2,516, 800 1,115, 400 11, 440, 000 2.37 «30 71 ere a ea SS 4, 875, 000 1, 755, 000 999,375 9, 750, 000 2. 00 ROE i NODA TE eeey e . Sep. 4,193, 000 880, 500 623, 687 5, 870, 000 1. 40 mils ennsylvania 1919 ay Rog 1, 020, 000 561, 204 263, 899 2,672, 400 2. 62 «Bo 1920! sax” 4 nee: ae 1, 061, 000 414, 851 253,181 2, 440, 300 2.30 «29 Ase eS Se ey 800, 000 172, 800 | 98, 400 960, 000 1. 20 5 Maryland: 1919 Ete fc hoee 75, 000 150, 800 | 13, 650 260, 000 3.47 43 LA 7. 1 ane omen Ses rar = 76, 000 114, 000 9, 500 190, 000 2.50 aa ct 73 Ee i eee ae 65, 000 109, 480 16, 065 238, 000 3. 66 46 West Virginia: 1919. 2 ese Meee= Se a 100, 000 160,000 30,000 400, 600 4.00 - 50 1990 soit |. eee! - |—"B2 80 1, 066 960 1, 492 | 960 11 10| 75 88 825 880 1,19 | 871 6 Pilea d7s 70 450| 140 810 | 196 2 2} 100 110 200 220 10 8| 90 $4 900 672 | 52 23) 8 86 4,316 | 2,408 | 2 2| 95 86 190 172 | 5 5| 86 81 430 405 Kentucky........... 51 48 95 85 845 H Tennessee.........-- a i 42 90 96 230 Alabama............ 71 90 99 85 029 Mississippi.-.......- 50 53 90 | 88 500 Louisiana...-....... | 2 1| 110 90 220 iit ee 36 35 94 87 384 Oklahoma.........-. 18 18| 94 81 692 ATKauNSAS. 25... - | 42 | 45; 90 88 780 New Mexico. ....... | 1| 1} 63 63 63 | fit | ase | sis] 924 | 87. | LD 487 80.9 i 375 79.1 Ree oo Pn 415 90. 3 99912°—yeEK 1921——43 €68 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. TEA. Tasre 282.—Tea: International trade, calendar years 1909-1920. {‘Tea’’ includes tea leaves only-and ee ma and yerba maie. See “General note,” able 125. | Average, 1909-1913 1918 1919 Country. < 7g Ed EE France 2, 805 61 3,176 34 4, 626 88 French Indo-China... 3, 295 u Fae yy ee STL 2, 290 2,719 1,989 Germany..----4-.s=4 8, 964 23 |. J aiciejabaferall Bimalabrera mine! aeeteem nee |b area WNetherlands-.......-.- 11,383 45 1, 412: | 63,710 17, 089 New Zealand......--- (6: 7 a eee | 9692's... see BB, DOS: || em icine Persia. = Ask} aes - Less than 500 pounds. 2 Three-year average. 4 Austria, only new boundaries. 6 Chiefly fromPorto Rico. 670 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. OIL CAKE AND OIL-CAKE MEAL. TABLE 284.—Oil cake and oil-cake meal: International trade, calendar years 1909-1920. [The class called here ‘‘oil cake and oil-cake meal” includes the edible cake and meal remaining after making oil from such products as cotton seed, flaxseed, peanuts, corn, etc. See ‘‘ General note,” Table 125.] | { Average, 1909-1913. | 1918 1919 1920 ' |. eee | | | | | 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 unds. ounds. unds. unds. unds. 19, 258 of eae wi Pi, O24 Bee a ea : 2,063 | 191,307 2,192 | 305, 134 4,331 | 258, 686 44,919] 2 456 12,312 | 41,222! 14,060] 19,260 1 33, $21 5,323 | 15, 604 Country. Exports. oP Tras re Sipe oo” | - oe Imports. Exports. | Imports. Imports. ! Exporis. Imports. | Exports... PRINCIPAL EXPORTING COUNTRIES, Bi parntitings.c ees nas |e ce sees te Ly ih bea re a Austria-Hungary..... British India........- PRINCIPAL IMPORTING COUNTRIES. 753 1, 646 3, 015 HET Re eel 185, 118 Netherlands. .-.-..-- Switzerland.......... United Kingdom..... Other countries... ... 1 Three-year average. 2 Less than 500 pounds. a ao Statistics of Rosin. ROSIN. 671 TABLE 285.—Rosin: International trade, calendar years 1909-1920. [For rosin, only the resinous substance known as “‘rosin”’ in the exports of the United States is taken, See “‘General note,” Table 125 Average, 1909-1913. 1918 | 1919 1920 Country. ] } 1 Imports. Exports. | Imports. | Exports. | Imports. | Exports. | Imports. | Exports. j PRINCIPAL EXPORTING | COUNTRIES. 1,000 1,000 1,000 | 1,000 1,000 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 pounds. ounds. | pounds. pounds. pounds. pounds. | pounds. | pounds. Mipanices: 5.0... . 2,432 | 118, 286 1,062} 36,516 1,795 |. 114, 200 1,634 | 129, GrOCGe as: 252.2% 2 35 10, 423 306 is OO ere a ery OOO" ame ae 10, 303 SPS E 2 .2sss6.2%0-- 1, 827 20,073 198 12, 461 203 28) 748 617 | 26, 855 SUL 0 Ce 655, SLURS Sea cats 218; 12S (eee 338, G96)" ees | 326, 012 PRINCIPAL IMPORTING COUNTRIES. } ! Argentina............ 32, 719 145 | 31, 106 11 34, 965 73) fl eeditep cei Bie ee mae e Australiacs= <<: --- 13, 724 1,255 | 11, 453 29 | 13, 420 43 -|in ios 3-5 <9, OO eae Austria-Hungary..... 75, 705 | Pre opt coegece l OGS CEOS Cl RI Te CIES 2] Lies ee Co a ol eee Belgium 47, 163 32, 830 ravil ano ai ee «2 - =» wi British India Canada (A CREE eee Soli ae. ee Denmark Dutch East Indies. - Finland Germany Halyiccogece2:< 2). Japan. cf 2-3). Netherlands Norway Rumania . IRGSSIn So these ae - - SOND isats nyo ce «se ,2.0% Switzerland “ United Kingdom..... 166 O7iile-c 0 eee 84, 193 | “ayaa 2 N96 ¢1S Malis fee xe GOTT (ee Other countries. ...-- 18, 699 82 12) 805 8, 367 7 043 12, 201 6, 964 129 mnlag. | 900, 441 | 950, 381 | 290, 379 | 277,807 | 450,149 | 510,275 | 417,726 | 540,112 ! 1 Four-year average. 3 Austria only. § Less than 500 pounds. 4 One-year average. 5 Phree-year average. 672 TURPENTINE. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. 1921. TaBLe 286.—Turpentine (spirits): International traae, calendar years 1909-1920. (“Spirits of turpentine’ includes only ‘‘spirits’’ or “‘oil’ of turpentine and for Russia skipidar; excludes crude turpentine, pitch, and fer Russia turpentine. See ‘‘General note,” Table 125.] Country. PRINCIPAL EXPORT- ING COUNTRIES. Russia Spain Uni PRINCIPAL IMPORT- ING COUNTRIES. Argentina. Anshratia so. ao Austria-Hungary... - Belgium Sweden’ <5 tes e United Kingdom... Other countries Average, 1909-1913. 1918 | Imports. Exports. | Imports. | Exports. 1,000 1,000 gallons gallons. | gallons. 3 731 4,493 1 Less than 500 gallons. 1919 | 1920 aa | Imports. | Exports. | Imports. | Exports. | | 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 gallons. | gallons. | gallons. | gallons. 82 2,078 85 3, 659 a oe 1,360 |---22 hee 944 See eek £0, 672i). ee 9,488 480 |: 20 25-2 -B]ssce home sl aareeee 391) Ler FF s--ele. sees e 4p eee "4,086; 315| 1,526] 1, 864 1,139) lous eee O02 |..<. foes AS ees Seo. oe 28d Heel cds oe83 lacs e see Soe eee 1, 252 18 1,198 2 749 3 971 50 947 12 1 fal Oe = 93 || depot 115 102 112 244 473 () Ba0 il.) Seabees R642 hs pee Se 6,752 236 1, 233 695 1,080 4 -.-. ems 13,922 15,274 14,375 16,438 Statistics of India Rubber. 673 r INDIA RUBBER. TasLE 287.—India rubber: International trade, calendar years 1909-1920. [Figures for india rubber inelude ‘‘india rubber,” so called, and caoutchouc, caucho, jebe (Peru), hule Mexico), borracha, massaranduba, manabeira, manicoba, sorva, and seringa (Brazil), gomelas tiek Dutch East Indies), caura, ser nambi (Venezuela). See ‘‘General note,” Table 125. ] Average, 1909-1913. | 1918 1919 | 1920 Country. : a | Fes a Imports. | Exports. | Imports. | Exports. ; Imports. | Exports. | Imports. | ines ores. | PRINCIPAL EXPORTING 4 | COUNTRIES. 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 pounds. | pounds. | pounds. | pounds. | pounds. | pounds. | pounds. | pounds. LE Se eae 5,620 | Belgtan Kongo .-...\..|.-2=------ os: a | PERV ECE SE se cisis\cles sib cae es cise vlan ones 11,299 Dutch East Indies. - 24 CO ae rea ae es French Guinea. ...... 241 French easy mamieeee (3) GotHOonst ive: ei. os. | sees ceee Ivory Coast ee 210 Tei al oe eae | Se Eee. RCRD) es ORS Sw alba: See LEG gee Se | te HeuGralte neces ccecce = 44 Singapore...-.......- 2,867 ee eee Ni leer Sembilan... -..|...2-....- ee PE AMRE Hote Aes |e Sees gos) WOT OE Ca ae PRINCIPAL IMPORT- ING COUNTRIES. Fe ES, Bates 6, 696 nT 32 [ie pel ha PSE al ip me Ss | Sey RE eo Mi aes Sap e Belpium- as. VL S. , 291 20, MEP ES. SSL. 12,389 3,441 13,151 5,519 (CHILE IS See BR On spceeeeses 1S, 216) os sse es i a ee eee 26, 682 (3) BURRELL T2023 32, 704 21,615 36, 811 4,974 67, 676 21, 849 60, 042 23, 588 Genrmamyiec Joh ep a eee 1912-13 © 30.705 18,399} 10,653 10,0419 7,289 3,208 1918 | €37,500........ 817,329] *7,205, * 6,920) ®6,055,__ 8 3,222 British Guiana....... 1913 | a ihe i 18! 14) 1 a| 6 June 30,1918 | Tile Cy 13 n| 11 1| 5 5 1 Census 1910. 4 Less than 500. © 7 Old boundaries. 2 os 1920. A ae need as work animals; mules less than 500. § Year 1916. indeer. nofficial. 675 676 . Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. LIVE STOCK, ALL CLASSES—Continued. TABLE 290.—Jive stock in undermentioned countries—Continued. Country. Date. Cattle. bel Swine.| Sheep. | Goats. | Horses.) Mules.) Asses Thou- | Thou-.| Thou-| Thou- | Thou- | Thou- | Thou-| Thou- sands. | sands. | sands.| sands. | sands. | sands Bulpe flac dees o/22, Dec. 31,1910 1,603 416) 62%| 8 63e| si, 1920 854 TSO. 2 2 Sele eecteeeefeesescece| alien era eeem eee Cape Verde Islands (Portugnese)..-..-- 1914 po yk ai 14 4 30 1916 ql eh 17 6 38 Cansdat.- 2 nto June 30, 1913 A) Sol MN | I [Sage oe June 30,1921 | 10,206)........ 3,905[ .3;6761.......+| 2) Sp Qed sui a Cent = Cayman Islands....... 1913 Ae Te as SR (<> ae Go) es wr ee 1918 1 ee dk 1h Sat Saree Gam eel 2) el ears ailcsara ete Geylonest 3-2 2. caewe 1913 1, 484 86 90] oes : 6 1919 jt 2 Sa 59 68 180 @hile. 22 2.<: anes sas. 1913 Ai: ore 184 4, 567 288 1919 yaa ee oo 292) 94 500 460 Ohirigtee ee ee 5. FH4 | 25, 98F |... 76,829) © 22) THB... 22. y. Calnmitem: . . 522222872. 1915 3 0g5| ee. 6 TAL 164 Gosta Bica--.52).. 2 5 2 1914 S86 eos ce 64 (4) 1 | Croatia-Slavonia 7..... Mar. 24,1911 1, 135 | 1,164 850; 96 Cubasks. oa Dec. 31,1913 EATEN Meee ea epee coe Bla Ly ALi sDec. 31, 1918 SE OBS eed ee CR De Ne CYDIUSs «25. 32am ears Mar. 31,1913 GL). dete 40 10 256 1921 riots ce eee Dutch East Indies: Java and Madura. 1915 bio ee FD 4 | (ene ee ee ener sy) ee aS 6 Dec. 31,1919 3,699, 2, 128; 66 739 Other possessions. 1915 DPV at ole |e. ee | Se ee | ese 5 Dec. 31,1919 641 959 600 HA; = OCBOSh “SOIT. . appeeer esc Dutch West Indies: Curacao and de- pendencies. . -.- 14s Usa | ai ied Ae eRe | 4 ace) 1918 a. | 3 27 Surinem or Dutch @tisma.0 7:52. 2 1913 fate Se By 5 ae} (4) (4) 1918 ig se 3} (4) iv Hey pu ears es 1914 601, Li; 5) Oe Be 816) 40; 22 632 Sept.-Oct.1921 PH O46) ce 986 34 19 623 Esthomia!3........... 1920 112 il FBS ae 261 530) TOS =. ete see Falkiand Islands (Brttish)eo12 2... : 1913 (2, it SS (4) 698 13 Meee ) oles 2- Seases 61918 ikaapeoe. cease 6S9 Alb totcetiee ose Faroe Islands (Da- Tish Ae 1914 ig Tele (4) 112 ae 1919 SUED oe canal se eec ee 69 Lae Peeee Fiji Islands (British).. 141913 BONE cea s 2 3 7 61919 | ee gee oS eee 10 a 4 Less than 500. 6 Unofficial. 7 Old boundaries. * In addtion there were 42,019 alpacas in 1919. 10 One year of age and over, U1 Includin gincorporated South Jutland Provinces where census was taken in October, 1920. 12 In addition there were 118,414 camels in 1914, and 145,008 in 1921, 13 Excluding the District of Petseri. 14 Animals owned by Europeans. Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. LIVE STOCK, ALL CLASSES—Continued. Tasie 290.—Live stock in undermentioned countries—Continued. Country. Alsace-Lorraine... French Equatorial Afriea (French Congo) French establish- ments in India French Guinea resich Indo-China: sees weet eee ee India (native States) . Ivory Coast (French). Japan... :. Chosen (Korea)... Dec. 31,1913 3 Reindeer. Date. 1910 Sept. 1,1920 Dec. 31,1913 Dec. 31, 1920 Dec. L 1913 Dec. 1, 1920 | 1918 1,1913 1) 1921 1911 1918 1913-14 1919 1913 1919 1913-14 6c. io Apr. 1919-20. A 1913-14 | Dec. to Apr., | 1919-20. | Mar. 19, 1908 | | Apr. 6, 1918 | 1918 D Dee. 31, 1920) 4 Less than 500. 6 Unofficial. 7 Old boundaries. 15 Exclusive of Alsace-Loraine. 16 Exclusive of army horses. | Swine, Sheep. | Goats. | Horses.| Mules, 677 ASS€S. But- Cattle. | faloes. Thou- | Thou- | how | Thou- sands. | sands. |sands.| sands. 1,573} 2190) 418) «1, 309 1812, *53) 370, «1,032 14, 788|.......- 7,038, 16,131, 12-79. 4,584 9, 372) =r ae 493) 44 = Boe en, 358) 4 anny} 2 150| 1,000) | 8 toe oe 12 iy pie | SPAS 18 6 4 7 @) | | rT Oe es 150 sie ee | ee ee 102) 215) BFS me | ee ee looceccces 109 40 709 3 ents er = 277 3 20,444). | 25,166, 5, 476 16, - immed | 15,876) 5, 882 F | i 1) eS fae ea) ee - Fe 2 =) RRR Ae 19 93,081) 19 30, 69 , 984 21 24,18 18124, oad 818,214)... 127, 4281 98,498)... | 18 $2,954) 18.1, 772). 2). i } 15,109, 3,911).......| 6, 199) 19| 2,508 6,240 24 #839) } | | =) "Sens 11) Oe 31 Cy) ae | ae | | 1 © 310] oc Ta 470) ] ' ped ol ee | 761] ON. 25.) — STHES 17 Enumerated ioe tax returns. @) Thou- | Thou-| Thou- sands. |sands.| sands. ee eee ee ae Spa) earth ee 3,222} 188] 356 2542; 181| 298 ray ° = a “ae Shoe) ae . 6) || Bean | ree == 3h oe ss 3 Sas * tees Sanus a a ni 2 207) eee | eee 16 3, 683 : 5 r, Poe eer» Pie ie 1 1 149 80} 133 201 334 : | 64 FS | eee 150, (renee... 2. 20' 4 13) 3) (4) fie! [I | a rains S..- ne pio Me 2. 1 16 FT, Due | lee amnohelay wey Rape pee a ee 19 1,644 19 79lt9 1, 508 1,699 75, 1,372 176 182 e77 s 1% : 956 388, 850 20990, 497/949 7 @ ee pada t | | fee peel eka) |. ri) aa (a ees 51| if) 43 55, a 10 13 Buffale calves included with cattle. 1 Exclusive of Ben to the Royal army. Including 855 in transit and 186,328 belonging Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. LIVE STOCK, ALL CLASSES—Continued. TasBLeE 290.—Live stock in undermentioned countries—Continued. 678 | Country. } Date. i | Japan—Continued. Formosa (Taiwan)! Dec. 31,1913 | Dec. 31,1918 | Karafuto (Japan- | Dec. 31,1913 tS Dec. 31,1918 Kwantung (leased; rovince of BPA) .25.<-=- eS ec. 31,1913 |> c. 31,1917 Kenya Colony and Protectorate (Brit- ish East Africa)..... Noy. 31,1913 June 30, 1920 Fatviaen.: 4 ee | 1921 Libia (Italian) ....... 1910 Lithuania ............ 6 1920 Luxemburg.......... Dec. 1,1913 Dee 4, 1919 Madagascar........... 17 1915 6 1920 \(Mar. 31,1913 EN | se ae Mar. 31,1920 1913 Mauritius 23......... Dec. 31, 1920 Mexieg A028 June 30,1902 é1921 Morocco: Eastern 2.2 2-2. 1915-16 Western. 225. . 52. May-June, 1915-16. 1921 Mozambique.......-.- 1916 Netherlands.......... June —,1913 ar. —, 1921 New Caledonia....... (8) Newfoundland (Brit- Se ee 1911 New Zealand......... Apr. —,1911 1921 Norwity =. -..s03-...< Sept. 30,1914 2% June 20,1918 Nyasaland Protecto- Fate te so ace Mar. 31,1913 61919 Palestane. .-: 5% 52.2. €1921 Panama. -. 525. -<22< 1916 Papua, Territory of (Brisash) 3! 225-255. 1913 61918 4 Less than 500. 6 Unofiicial. 17 Enurcerated from tax returns. 21 Includes zebus. i | Balk oa 3- | Cattle. | Pac 'Swine. Sheep. Thou- | Thou- | Thou-. Thou- sands. | sands. | sands.| sands. 1) 21418) 1,322, (4) 385 | 1,279} 7 Ae oe rN | Bape 22 <3 Pea ieee | Sao 3 eae eae 66 Sy | eee 76 a i een 3) «6,5 2 5181.5. Be: 9 = 2, 628 FT ee 482) 1, 332) bl-) =. 2 oe 8 sé eee: 1, 400| # = BER Ae 187 Se 89) a Ul Seer 600 295 TABIOICS oe = 457 166 | 4 ih aaa a | ties pee a ee 19 18)-- en ‘eee 8 5 | Se 1 7 eee 4 1 6 pS, eee 616} 3,424 + aa 1,913, 2 = 7 |p Seem (Sas 664 roi Mean 29, 4,054 1,300) 286) 130) 6,600) ACB i 4 10 P| ee ae 1, 350 $42 063 -t = 1,519 668 ik aoa 25 25) Cy a [Ea 19 76 2 02 Rees 349| 23,996 2, 13h ia 350| 23, 285 1, 146| Say 228] 1,327 ae a eae 209; =«:1, 185 a ee 22 23 B4).--....- 21 40 byes pew nes 262 raed JS Ma 2p ea2222- (4) (4) 5 | Sere sete ae?) ee et ee 2 In addition there were 103,152 camels owned by natives. %3 Animals on sugar estates only. 34 In addition there were 216,440 designated as sheep and goats. 2% Camels. % Incomplete. Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Producis. LIVE STOCK, ALL CLASSES—Continued. TaBLE 290.—Live stock in undermentioned countries—Continued. 679 | ly | ' | Country. | Date | Cattle. eur Swine.| Sheep. | Goats. Horses.| Mules:| Asses. j Thou- | Thou- | Thou-| Thou- | Thou- | Thou- | Thou-| Thou- sands. | sands. |sands.| sands. | sands. | sands. | sands. | sands. Paraguay............. 1915 |. 8, 249}....232. 61 600) 87, 478) «1718 Dec. 31,1918 57500| i222 =2 87 600, 93 490 19 20 VE a rs Ce 6 1921 = apg Yai (Bh 27 10, 050 ‘i SO Philippine Islands....| Dec. 31,1913 418) 281,047| 2,087 104! 528| a BEEP Al SER Dec. 31,1919 679) 281, 388} 3,130 168 732| pa) Be [steers Bortnealess. eee. : Oct. —, 1906 108) Aon 1,111} 8,078| ‘1, 034| 88 58} 14h Mar. —, 1920 Balt aeons O21|" SE R51GE A083) 53.52] ae pas bes Portuguese East Africa 6 1921 TORIES Sek Caner ee | ete s eal See eet: eee je speed (4. ogeeset Mates 1,87 1,903 (4) (4) ussia {European and Asiatic) for 1913 have been added in the prewar totals while the most recent estimates available for Soviet Russia (including Germanand Austrian territory) and the Balkan States Soviet Ukraine), Poland (192i boundaries, sthonia, Latvia,and Lithuania have including some former incinded in the post-war totals. Figures for Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia are included in the total of recent estimates, since they wereincluded in the prewarestimates in the countries to which they formerly be 2 35,042,000 designated as ‘‘cattle and buffaloes” included with cattle. 39 435,000 designated as “cattle and buffaloes” included with cattle. 49 9,982,000 designated as ‘‘sheep and goats” included with sheep. 41 50,980,000 designated as “‘sheep and goats” included with sheep. 4 42 3,614,000 designated as “horses, mules, and asses” or “‘mules and asses”’ or “horses and mules” included with horses. ged. 43 3,825,000 designated as “horses, mules, and asses” or “mules and asses” or “horses and mules” included with horses. ES Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. 681 HIDES AND SKINS. Tasie 291.—Hides and skins: Iniernational trade, calendar years 1909-1920. GENERAL Nove.—Subsiantially the internationaltrade of the world. It should not be expected that the world export and import tctals for any year willagree. Among sources oi disagreement are these: (1) Dif- ferent periods of time covered in the ‘‘year’’ of the various countries; (2) imports received in year sub- sequent to year of export; (3) want of uniformity in classification of goods among countries; (4) different practices and varying degrees of iailure in recording countries of origin and ultimate destination; (5) different practices of recording reexported goods; (6) opposite methods of treating free ports; (7) clericai errors, Which, it may be assumed, are not infrequent. The exports given are domestic exports, and the imports given are imports for consumption as far as it is feasible and consistent so to express the facts. While there are some inevitable omissions, on the other hand there are some duplications because of reshipments that do not appear as such in official reports. For the United Kingdom, import figures refer to imports for consumption, when available, otherwise total imports, less exports, of ‘‘foreign and coionial merchandise.’ Figures for the United Siates include Alaska, Porto Rico, and Hawaii. ——<——— Average, 1909-1913. | 1918 1919 | 1920 Country. | Imports. Exports. | Imports. Exports. | Imports. Exports. | Imports. | Exports. COUNTRIES. 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,009 | 1,000 pounds. | pounds unds. nds. | pounds. | pounds. | pounds. ana ae 207 | 293, 950 PA Sth No eT iL ones 2 ea 12g ee eae 8 eee 252 rr | Soe eeene Ol 134-060 nas 8, 782 British India......... 20,376 | 169, 857 80,524 | 13,234 |° 196,286] 10,585 | 91,971 British South Africa . 221] 51,159 45,573 | 2,566| 73,867 1, 247 51, 766 pao DE wee Sew. 4 2,317 | 72,751 85, 3,754 | 94,707 3,222 68,523 Chosen (Korea). ....-. EY oe ot eee eee | ~ coe ee eee ono ec] a ee ie PE 166 | 14,293 9B a5d [12.1 | To Pe te (ccna 2 eee ,S42 | 21,998 7,409; 5,638] 12,135 4,176| 9,606 Dutch East Indies. . - 135 | 16,708 eT Cae a Oe ee Bermeried s0e TR? ee eee | 30, 754 6, 386 | 263 8, 943 293 | 5, 064 Mare-2- bo &.. . ois 17 eS TD Se eee eee gee § [ed aE) Se eS New Zealand......... 752 | 25,577 31, 279 PS eS aa ee | 6,195 3, Switzerland.......... 6,659 | 22, 866 Or a 71, 105 152, Wenerela. .-- = -. .. -.:}22--2----. 9, 764 5, United Kingdom..... United States........ 514,249 | ° 25,432 Other countries. . .... 43,767 | 195, 862 SR ete cote a 959, 521 2 991, 355 1 Four-year averags. 682 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. MEAT AND MEAT PRODUCTS. TABLE 292.— Meat and meat products: International trade, calendar years 1911-1920. [See ‘‘ General Note,”’ Table 290.] Country. | Imports. | Average 1911-1918. 1918 1919 1920 Exports. | Imports. | Exports. | Imports. | Exports. | Imports. | Exports. EEE EE ee EOE PRINCIPAL EXPORTING COUNTRIES. _ ties eee se on xe — 1,000 pounds. s. | pounds. unds. | pounds. unds. < nds. Argentina... 3, 487 1173, 461 Pon 5AG 1,960, 499 Pee" 206 1596, 70 |. Australia... _.| 1,967 | °507,143 1,211 | ’370, 286 1,083 | "521, 487 |. .< core eee Brasil: 236 2-2 -..| 54, 012 1,520 7,919 | 214, 940 3,194 | 251,192] 11,071 | 192, 937 British South Africa.| 32,479 537 7,271 19, 143 6, 434 46, 481 17, 847 14, 250 Cait 43,327 | 60,242] 33,176] 302364] 74,842] 410,481] 70,111] 203,013 5 EE Pee 85 | 64,684 1,324 | 89, 195 1,221 | 148,088 1,612] 89,599 Denmark...-........ 32,184 | 363) 188 1,274| 60,816] 33,482| 34,177 8,170 | 157,661 New Zealand......... oe 960 326, 539 1,865 | 272,528 1,007 | 552,770 1,584} 593, 445 IIR arta nit ee (5) Se ee ere | Seamer eneeerecs -| | 224-25 -- a2 United States. ....... 18,719 1,277,524 | 34,490 |3, 061,873 | 107, 643 |3, 118,727 | 196,425 | 1,851,692 Uripuay-<.-<-.<---o- (AUP PLE GL) ne a 350, 291 }.......... BO2H lsc .noeeees , 41 PRINCIPAL IMPORTING COUNTRIES. . Austria-Hungary..... 49, 268 12, 490) (eNews 222 eee be. cee eee eee eeet ena 179, 496 7, 208 Belgium gee. oF 179 120 os Soren eee 158, 778 113,204 | 154,770 57,999 pitas 22 foe ce sake 5 72 31, 106 |---....2-- 141, 005 12 |.n252 002 ee France FREES TS Mi 496 88 261 782, 104 8, 625 |1, 283,383 | 72,519 601, 072 80, 8i6 ermany J. 222.55 -t ; 559 FYFE ae NMS jy me = Sa ol eo cas Thaly! <22< 225522252225 104,619 | 15,708] 491,881 2,781 | 525,523 5,374 | 174,708 8) 507 a eae 5 in He sl =a : . “ 41,046 is a“ 218, 686 oe = = He Ub i ercaeccnse a) 5 , 346 ae en 37,974| 3,200} 12607! 2,905| 19,021] 5,853 | 28,328 2) 776 Sralcigca | Te] SRS | aes] | ae) S| eee) ee United Kingdom... -|2, 843,605 | 117,226 |3,300,554 | 13,588 |3,057,420 | 99, 391 |2, 854, 559 98 306 Other countries Ava 170,686 | 57,611 | 131,888| 71,916 | 101,865 | 33,537| 68,558 31, 806 countries: ee eee | 2, 044, 172 |2, 162, 336 |1, 955, 647 |3, 052, 768 |2, 104, 885 |2, 877, 386 |2, 186, 659 | 1, 288, 078 Mutton -| 611, 744 | 560, 284 | 274,008 | 318,807 | 559,334 | 732,932] 874,331 | 456,703 ork.... - .|1, 632, 382 |1, 638, 145 |2,064, 995 |2, 490, 771 |2, 298, 400 |3, 159, 926 |1, 893, 352 | 1, 891, 639 Other: 22 702, 072 | 663,891 | 718,928 | 983,637 | 991,568 | 895,241] 636,857| 371,342 Tota! 25...) 4, 990, 370 |5, 024, 656 |5, 013,578 |6, $45, 983 |5,954, 187 |7,665, 485 |5, 591,199 | 4,007, 762 1 Reported only for 1911. 1 Less than 500 pounds. Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. 683 UNITED STATES MEAT PRODUCTION, IMPORTS, EXPORTS, AND CON- SUMPTION. TaBLE 293.— Meat production, imports, exports, and consumption, 1900-1921. Production of dressed-weight meat in calendar years estimated by the Bureau of Crop Estimates for 1900, ascertained b the Bureau of the Census for 1909, estimated by the Bureau of Animal Industry for 1916-1919; edible oftal estimated by the Bureau of Crop Estimates for all years from these percentages of dressed weights: Beef, 19.047 including lard, 15.66 per cen ag cent; veal, 7.455 per cent; mutton, including lamb, 4.65 per cent; pork, . Some of the foreign trade numbers are approximate averages, and the small numbers of meat animals in this trade are not included. Beef statistics include veal; mutton includes lamb and goat; pork includes lard. Class of meat. 1900 ] ..| 8,962, 805 616, 385 +..| 9,286, 245 Total....|18, 865, 435 Total.... 2, 460, 804 8, 107, 763 | 9,050,015 | 7,504,744 | 8,289,679 | 8,797, 294 | 8,052, 266 615, 785 7,683, 583 | 8,529; 730 |10, 799, 818 | 8, 489,683 |10, 312, 150 |10,083, 500 | Preduction, dressed weight, and edible offal, in thousand pounds. 646, 277 9, 532, 453 |12, 663, 724 513, 997 526, 973 9, 545,343 | 7, 859, 854 | 8,670,651 | 9,563, 895 | 8,403,598 | 8,699, 924 639, 710 8, 567, 233 1909 | 1916 | 1917 | 1918 | 1919 | 1920 | 1921 302, 148 655, 936 268,010 | 9,805,989 |12, 571,909 |12, 748,350 |11, 814, 791 |12, 225, 737 19, 724,073 |20, 791, 588 |18, 990, 637 |22, 662, 777 |21, 791,658 |21, 081, 948 /21, 183, 821 Imports, in thousand pounds. 499, 828 1) 600 1,003; 223 | 1, 1,504,651 | 1, 40, 423 17, 235 1171 58, 831 395, 535 5, 258 469, 363 870, 156 27, 639 5, 624 2} 822 36, 085 408, 611 2) 862 1, 319, 128 1, 730, 601 3, 061, 873 3, 118, 727 196, 675 90, 492 101, 168 5, 015 279, 043 3,575 1,569,073 | 1,661) 558 1,851,691 | 1 Consumption, dressed weight, and edible offal, in thousand pounds. 644, 677 675, 701 516, 759 525, 950 644,910 Total....|16, 407, 131 |18, 224, 422 |18, 980, 263 |17, 296, 121 |19, 635,394 |18, 780, 676 Per capita consumption, in pounds. 99912°—ysK 1921——44 10, 250, 733 8, 511, 373 | 8, 664, 826 | 10, 19, 426, 932 |19, 124, 846 673, 815 566, 884 365, 545 684 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. HORSES AND MULES. TaBLE 294.—Horses and mules: Number and value on farms in the United States, January 1, 1870-1922. Norte.—Figures in italics are census returns; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of Agri- culture. Estimates of numbers are obtained by applying estimated Dect of increase or decrease to the published numbers of the preceding year, except that a revised base is used for applying percent- age estimates whenever new census data are available. It should also be observed that the census of 1910, giving numbers as of Apr. 15, is not strictly comparable with former censuses, which related to numbers June 1, [in thousands—i. e., 000 omitted.] | Horses, Mules. Year. Number. papxaine Number. oe $0 Spe 18! OD PAG | ORG | 188 Oa | 145] gasi,7i9 1,126 | $101,431 ig enh PS OR SB BS 10,567 | 560, 916 1,81 112, 749 MOO Same 12) heh eee ee SE St) 14,969 | 1,051, 182 2 179, 176 AOFM ben es SUR TES? Me ren inns Sa beer ge 18,267 | "797,907 3, 265 167, 855 WG. Rept 15 0 68 a a SS a ee | 49,883 | 2,149) 524 4, 210 ; Eos CH feat eit | 20,277 | 2,259, 981 4, 544,359 Wid sess aciis OMRON ates 20,509 | 2172’ 694 4 362 525, 657 Re SORES ek | 20,567 | 2) 278° 292 4 386 545, 245 ag iY Sale, RE aS, Sema, 5 SRI 7 | 203962 | 2° 991’ 638 4) 449 551,017 > ERS Cenhh oa ee ee eR DS Re | 21,195 | 2,190,102 4,479 503, 271 OSS RRS SaaS ete an er se Paras | 21,150 | 2)149, 736 4. 593 522) 834 Fc RON aR EES Hire eles big ah | 215210 | 93 4182’ 307 4,723 558, 006 Mee om eet. Lee ne Sie Be | 21,555 | 2) 246/970 4, 873 627, 679 W192. - aise ee | 9,482 | 2,114,897 4, 954 672, 922 Tg APCS een a ed, ee eh op | 195766 }~ 1, 907; 646 5, 427 805, 495 (TF eS RRR OH ak ei mend kd gg eh 19/208 | 1/619, 423 5, 455 636, 568 | ORE RE OTS Wises es Se EY | 19,099 | 1,346, 154 5, 436 479, 306 TABLE 295.—Horses and mules: Farm price per head, Janwary 1, 1867-1922. Year. | Horses. Mules. Year. (Horses. Mules. | Year. ‘Horses. | Mules. |} Year. |Horses. | Mules. $69. 79 || 1895....| $36. | 29 | $47.55 || 1909....| $95.64 | $107. 84 71. 35 || 1896.---) 33.07 | 45.29 || 1910.---| 108.03 | 120. 20 79.49 |) 1897.12.) 31.51! 41.66 | 1911-221) 191.46 | 125.92 3 $4.22 |) 1898.17.) 34.26 | 43.88 | 1912.11) 105.94 | 120.51 oy 82.38 || 1899...) 37.40 | ee 1913....| 110.77 | 124.31 i 79.60 || 1900....| 43.68 51.41 |) 1914...) 109.32 | 123. 85 i“ ; 78.91 |) 1901-22-) 52.86 | 63.97 | 1915.--_| 103.33 | 112.36 ae " 79. 78 || 1902....| 58.61 | 67.61 | 1916....| 101.60 | 113.83 od 79.49 || 1903..1} 62.25 | 72.49 || 1917....| 102.39 | 118.15 : 78. 04 a oa 78. 88 |) 1918... 104.24 | 128.81 sr .| 55.0 | 64.07 | 1801....| 67.00} 77.88 || 1905....| 70.37 | 87.18 || 1919....| 98.45 | 135.88 1878..._| 56.63 | 62.03 } 1892-77") 65.01 | 75.55 || 1906....] 80.72 | 98.31 || 1920..--] 96.51 | 148.42 1879....| 52.36 | 56.00 | 1803....| 61.22 70.68 1907....| 93.51 | 112.16 | 1921.-..| $4.31 116.69 1880....| 54.16 | 62.19 | 1894.02°) 47.83.) 62.17 || 1908.2.) 93.41 | 107.76 | toe2ss--) 70.48 | 88.26 | ! i I! ! l nn a. Statistics of Farm Animals and Tivetr Products. 685 HORSES AND MULES—Continued. TaBLe 296.—Horses and mules: Number and value on farms, January 1, 1921 and 1922, by States. | Horses. Mules. P | Number | | Farm value Number | Average price Farm value | Average price | State. (tiosands) he | (thousands of | (er per head aap Serpe of Jan. 1— Jan.1— | dollars) Jan.1— | yo Jan. 1— TE | Maine... ......:..| $13,671} $11,500|..... hee res (a Ls coda New Hampshire. 14.00 4, at Cae EES Rae) eae Merced hi Vermont......... j Bee 2 548 OT UE Bee od Oe el eee ee eneeey ee Massachusetts.... 135. 00) 6, 480). 55 2..). 222-4 52-202 452 45 lees oor eeee Rhode Island. . + 138, 00) eee eee a | ees aS oi | Connecticut...... 135.00) 5,471 4 905 ees Bere Be ee ees ee New York__..... 117.00] 67,725 7 $137.00/$133 $959, $931 New Jersey... ..- 133.00) 10, 368 6| 161. 00; 151. 00 966 906 Pennsylvania. - 112.00) 60,016 53 141.00 124. 00 7,614, 6,572 Delaware......... 66.00}. 2, 187 9 it 00) 1,008 792 Maryland........ 87.00] 13,524 33) 125.00) 115.00) 4,125) 3,795 Virginia......2..- 84.00} 30, 906 96| 129.00) 105.00} 12,513) 10,080 West Virginia... 89.00, 16, 15| 116.06) 97.00| 1,740 1,455 North Carolina. 108.00} 20,750 257| 156.00 129.00) 40,560) 33,153 South Carolina. 88.00 10,318 218) 188.00) 129.00) 41,360) 28, 122 Georgia.......... 76.00) 11, 394] 153.00} 99. S 118) 39,006 Florida........... ii5.00| 4,674 42| 167.00] 148.00| 7,014) 6,246 i i 85, 31] 112.66] 100.00] 3,584) 3,100 66, 101] 109.00} 84.00) 11,009| 8, 484 104,7 161, 97.00] 75.00) 16,102) 12,675 WISe Ses S388 838 EE = (—) 2 Oo-~rs] Si Wows $88 Ss8ss sssss sssss \ os) Or B S B 112, 79| 101.00 8,181, 6, 162 52.00| 65, 377| 94.00 North Dakota... 55.00] 52, 8} 82.00] 72. 656] 576 South Dakota... 49.00, 48, * 14) 81.00} 70.00 1,134 980 Nebraska........ | 56.00} 65, . 106| 89.00} 70.00] 9,434) 7,420 Kansas...........| 1,040 1,040 48.00, 68, ‘ 282} 88.00} 59. 00| 24,552) 16,638 Kentucky........| 374 68.00, 32,538) 293| 111.00] 82. 00| 327523) 24° 026 _ Tennessee........ 75.00/ 29,016! 23,625 346] 110.00! 86.00] 38,390) 29, 756 Alabama...._.... 76.00, 11,7 9, 880) 113.00} 94. 00| 34, 126, 28, 106 Mississippi....... 70.00| 18,568! 14,770 296| 121.00] 92. 00! 367179] 277232 isiana........| 71.00} 14,875| 13,321 178} 143.00) 118.00] 25/740: 21) 004 Teas cs :.. 58.00] 75,537 = As an 110 a 85.00) 93,940) 73,355 Oklahoma........ | | 45.00) 43,722) 31, 860) 337| 89.00 65.00] 29,726] 21,905 Arkansas......... 57.00, 18,620] 14,079) 328| 107.00, 79.00) 34,775] 25,912 Montana......... | 41.00) 33,450, 27,96 9 87.00) 69.00, 77 621 Wyoming........ | 39.00| 8,372, 7, 449) 3| 7.00| 61.00] _ 231/183 “ah EM 54. 00 ee ie | a a8 69.00) 2,880) 2,208 50.00] 10,443) 8, 850) 21! 38.00 72.00} 1,848| 1,512 68.00) 11,968 9, 180 12) 131.00 89.00} 1,572} 1/068 70.00, 9,906, 8, 960 3| 72.00, 66.00, °216| "198 47.00, 2,784 al 2| 66.00/ 53.00; 132) 106 63.00} 19,880| 17,703 8 ‘ 81.00] 73.00| 648| 584 70. 23,534 19,670) 22} 97.00] 88.60! 2,134) 1,936 76. 22,397, 20,672| 14| 14] 95.60] 81.00! 1,330| 1) 134 82, 37, 436| 30,094, 60] 6 123.00) 102.00| 7,380) 6, 222 1,619, 423 1, 346, 154.5, 43515, 436 116. 9 88. 26 636, 588.479, 806 686 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. HORSES AND MULES—Continued. TABLE 297.—Wholesale price of horses and mules at St. Louis and Chicago, 1921-1902. . Average price per head for horses on the Chicago ie ae re market 1902-1921. Year and month. sioner, Pee to} Mules, a to 163 Draft- choice t. h ; - = a ands Draft- | Car ers? iw agon?| Farm: | South: ers, | Tiage | plain — horses. ichunks.| .©& ; heavy. | teams.!) to me- Low High. | Low. | High. i dium. | | 1921. | January $125.00 |$215.00 |$125.00 |$280.00 $209.00 Rebruayjo seg. 2222 140.00 | 325.00 | 150.00 | 400.00 | 230.00 | 167.00 |........ : ; 73.00 PQiSiS ni5 2) MES. 190.00 | 242.00 } 201.00 | 307.00 | 220.00 |..-...--)....---|.-0.--20)--22--2-|2--s 2-2 1917 >. - Jobb as ee! 165.00 | 245.00 | 172.00 | 272.00 | 212.00 | 470.00 | 162.00 148.00 | 170-00 93.00 T9163, Usa. BAU! ued rai Pace. Pb i 252/00+14: -222e. 166.00 | 160.00 167.00 109.00 | | | 1915 =! Pak tt, 160.00 225.00 | 120.00 | 275.00 | 205.00 | 473.00 | 164.00 | 155.00 | 166.00 | 88.00 Cie Pes ARS eed FaReS: 175.00 , 220.00 120.00 | 250.00 | 208.00 | 483.00 | 169.00 | 160.00 | 171.00 | 93.00 N13 25 SREY sz sake ee. 200.00 250.00 | 160.00 | 280.00 | 213.00 | 493.00 | 174.00 | 165.00 | 176.00 | 98.00 1912 oe Se 165.00 240.00 | 160.00 285.00 | 210.00 | 473.00 | 177.00 | 160.00 | 175.00 | 97.00 cE ok ee 165.00 235.00 | 150.00 | 275.00 | 205.00 | 483.00 182.00 | 155.00 170.00, 92.00 1910S: Bees. BS. 165.00 | 240.00 | 150.00 | 275.00 | 200.00 | 473.00 | 172.00 | 144.00 | 161.00 | 87.00 1909 -.. eee: £ See 140.00 | 225.00 | 130.00 | 235.00 | 194.00 | 482.00 | 165.00 | 137.00 | 152.00 | 77.00 1908 .: es | BEB rst 175.00 | 250.00 | 125.00 | 200.00 | 180.09 | 450.00 | 156.00 | 129.00 | 138.00} 69.00 1007. oe Sear 175.00 | 225.00 | 125.00 | 250.00 | 194.00 | 482.00 | 165.00 | 137.00 | 152.00} 77.50 125.00 | 215.00 | 188.00 | 486.00 | 158.00 154.00 | 147.00 72.50 120.00 | 210.00 | 186.00 | 486.00 | 156.00 | 132.00 | 145.00} 70.00 135.00 | 200.00 | 177.00 | 475.00 | 150.00 | 140.00 | 140.00} 64.00 120.00 | 175.00 | 171.00 | 455.00 | 150.00 | 122.00 | 140.00 oar 120.00 | 160.00 | 166.00 | 450.00 145.00 | 117.00 | 185.00 1 Expressers, 1902-1919. 8 General, 1902-1919. 2 Drivers, 1902-1919. 4 Bussers and trammers, 1902-1919. TaBLe 298.—Horsces: Farm price per head, 15th of each month, 1910-1921. "Year. | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. Bente Oct. | Nov. | Dee. W910: Koes osm $140 | $147| $150] $154] $148] $151] $148| $148] $145) $144! $143 $141 jh i 9 Se ee 143 144 145 147 146 145 139 141 139-137 136 134 Cpa eee 134 137 140 142 144 145 142 142 141 140 139 139 (LL Sa ae 140 146 146 148 145 146 143 141 141 138 136 135 a i) oo = i) © i ew a ov w al wo rs _ w iS) — w w _ w _ _ wo hs 8 _ iS) =) 8 ~ _ oe _ bo w Leal i] ~1 _ w a _ w i] _ w o _ bo ~~] ¥ _ _ © _ i bo 8 Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. 687 HORSES AND MULES—Continued. TABLE 299.—Horses and mules: Yearly receipts at principal markets, and at all markets, 1900 to 1921. {In thousands—i. e., 000 omitted.] Receipts at principal and other markets.! Bs a he| | is lis Year. ‘S 5 S| shes g A. Bt St a ee ee elie Toa a S2| a2 an a | 2 aod i= be o | Be bo oS = o i) eae So 1/2 ialetel/s./3/S)S! so lem) ee AlSiels| 2/8 /8/8la|/sle /s TOTES Pe ae hy Bs eee ee ee 99 | 103 | 60 | 27 | 145 | (8) | 23 | 31 | 13 TTT eee SY ail Rte Re a Ae ee 109} 97] 36| 15 | 129} (%) | 17] 18 | 23 102 8|109| 5] 24] 19! 20 101 8 | 129} 10 19 | 12 | 20 6 | 181} 18/13] 4 | 29 61178} 18| 16 | 15| 32 9| 166 | 21/17 | 19 | 28 15 | 117} 19 | 11 | 16 | 27 7 | 109}. 12) 11 | 13 | 23 6| 112] 21 | 15 | 15 | 23 5 | 130 | 34 | 16 | 16 | 28 Rietyieles a Lewteline) 42 5 | 164] 49 | 15] 10| 39 5 | 157 | 57 | 16] 10 | 32 6 | 148 | 48/117] 10 | 25 10 | 271 | 55 | 72 | 22 | 41 12 | 267 | 79 | 53} 17 } 27 10 | 280 | 115 | 20 | 29 | 34 7 | 242) 79) 15} 23 | 39 11 | 250 | 60 | 23] 16 | 43 10 | 141 | 45 | 18 | 23 | 30 4 3/41 (@) 8 eet ee iet ol PRS reas cick 5 toeista m/e wjninia al-E Mia jaro jeraroiele 2 4 Silla eed POs! sake hale 2 MUST = Gauge Boe ASE aE Berio ae 6 t i by oe! 8 1 1 i! 2 IAI gic ae ogee BE rea Se ES ete eee Ps Sal AG 9 ee CO ae WU toss 7ESERSRELe Ss - SBR oREAEaRBtpe sree 3 2 (4) ¢ Salil CO) Cg GD LG) (int a 5 Re Oe es 5 Seer ee eae 2 1} (4) } () 2 Saye Lote) 1 (4) (A Ge ooide EgRPRSHe SSeS SGShOrGBEe CF Seabee 1 1} (4) } (@) 2; 4M;);4M14/1@® PIOUS eee cee creterdictic ance ticket Be. qeimete.cjc'sl= 3 1 LLC® 5 Qe Lay A EMLOMMEl ass ciach Scns. setae ne ons 'e 2 pal al (iad b Necro al ost bal ase Lert ia! OP TORRE etre & acs ~ See ole 3 aie Heine dies 2 41 (4)| (4) Sole cule tale joe IROMEATITDGE coisa sats omiee pimca + ates sath nin= setre eee Ss | 6 U8 poo 5 -- PY SeSaoec8 Se555545=- | a2 eae ee AIDREG, Tee ee eee eae 14 13 15 15 13 2 Aenea, Ga so pn Smee ee ee eee [seeeeeeeee |---2---n-- 78 60 26 3 Augusta, Ga... ....-.--:,.-------5--------- edb 30S 33 22 v 1 'Beitimort, Md S225. -.- <3 ee | 14 7 9 5 4 2 panes ee ASE ee ee 2 2 Q) : : Q) 1 @) 2} 1 () OBLOn, Mass = . 2.0. 32 sa 5. fact ba ceerl | eh tO i BD Nice ole rig eee Bakalo, We. Ver =! te ee ee ae 56 17 10 19 22 24 Cheyenne, Wyo-...-..---.----------------|----+----- 6 oa 2 2 1 Oliicago, TIM. 22 :28-s A coh ee eee 205 107 88 46 | 43 34 Cincinnati, Olio. .....2.-..2.--2!1-.20.0-- 20 7 19 19 | 14] 6 Cleveland, Cane ofan Se ae eae dae donee hee ae aeteee = 7 ; r : . 2 eae MRE ee RE aad carpe ee : re oF teak aT 7 Daytart; Olio. .:5- 25 Sea at ID Q) FP )--*@) (t) 4 SEAR eee Penuwer, Coles?) 25 s.8F Le Le 53 20 15 23 18 10 Dabkn” — Se. eel ey , PE OE Oa Gn Q) = (1) . Q) 3 Q) 4 ra ublin a oe eS ee EE, il I oy) MR | Delete ahi gp) tet War dene Qt tt Hat Tt, Ranean ss 2 2201 8 Ie tO 267 230 242 250 141 63 TEE er eW ts) SSE BEE Gees eae eg Ogee 23 15 9 16 14 9 REI, POS ci Ge ee eee eee one ee en eee ae aeee et 2 ee a ak CEE Evansville, lava): 2. be ee 25S Eee 1 1 1 1 1 @) Rort Worth, Tax: 2: 55) 8 2 FS Wee 79 115 79 60 45 13 Indianapolis, iGcts Sere) Se Bee eee 29 62 20 9 9 3 Jacksonville; Fia:.2.2.¢2.).2,..22.:. 22... | 1 gy i ee @) Gye S. SS 3 ERR SOEs Yy! Cay NeW se as tke bee a een nee 155 70 42 11 3 2 Kansas 'Gity; Mo. 22.822 MA _ 12 128 85 8 72 30 Knoxville, Pens 22 sect eee ee hee teen | 7 8 6 7 4 2 Rancaster: Pall.) 2.20 EN St oF. ee 1 8 ll 2 " : if Topanspert, lard j 25 [ons os cee eser ee oe Te Se ee @) (9) i Fogo k.. AL 4: 36308 | BRS DEB Ye | 5 14 *s 17 - 9 : arion, SSE Sect caae soccer osrae = pe sag) i a Menurahin: Benns> 5 jsann sce. eet asssataarm () aloo se + @) = ee (4) Sis City; LOWaes - te oo hee os cea 7 Sioax: Malls, Ss Dak. 22-285. 254.-cp acerca oseeeeaeee (@) @) (1) (@) (4) Spokane Wash! --2ee-s- sees s-- 5 - 7 7 : : 3 2 ‘ "Taepma, Wash: .4.-- S26) 26 tee Soe @)) as ee @) (@)i09 ||. Sab a ‘Toledo. Ohio: =...4---. 21 =-5 Se -- 28.*- = 1 2 2 3 4 1 Mien Dee ee ee Q 7A a Bo ie © Woe ee ee ee eee | ikl a te. ii ‘Piftali-2 o>. 5.15. apenas en cee ee 1,478 1,476 1, 216 1,067 725 317 — ee Statistics of Farm Animals and Thew Products. 689 HORSES AND MULES—Continued. TaBLE 301.—Horses and mules: Monthly and yearly receipts at all public stock- yards, 1915-1921. [In thousands—i. e., 600 omitted.] Year. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May.| June.) July.| Aug. | Sept.} Oct. | Nov. | Dec.. |Total. Isa aS oe 97 95 95 88 98 103 94 74 85 110 97 70 | 1,107 BOGS eee ee fo tae 118 105 111 84 120 104 162 138 139 153 129 115 | 1,478 MORE. = sonal eo ks bad nd 148 95 117 93 68 63 83 58 129 236 | 223 163 | 1,476 LN RA Be Se ee 161 149 133 Ad 36 45 54 84 128 162 145 76 | 1,216 iL See ot 115 87 71 53 37 43 53 92 148 130 146 93 |} 1,068 112 aS ae ee 146} 112 87 48 43 34 38 75 62 40 B 17 725 ERED «50-5 ato aota pare seat 35 41 44 25 18 14 11 17 22 36 29 25 317 TABLE 302.—Horses and mules: Imports, exports, and prices, 1896-1921. Imports of horses. Exports of horses. Exports of mules. a aad ————— ae Average Average Average June 30— ghee Value. | import export |Number.| Value. | export : price. price. price. eae S 9,991 | $862,591 | $66.32 $140. 52 5,918 | $406,161 | $68.63 1h ee 6, 998 464, 808 66. 42 120. 64 7,47. 545, 331 72. 97 T2093... 5. y 414,899 | 134.49 120.75 8, 098 664, 789 82. 09 WRG? =). 1. 3,042 551,050 | 181.15 118. 93 6,755 516, 908 76,52 1900. ..... 3,102 596,592 | 192,32 117.62 | 43,369 | 3,919,478 90.38 TOs 4: 3,785 985,738 | 260. 43 107.89 | 34,405 | 3,210,267 93. 30 mae os 4,832] 1,577,234 | 326.41 97,53 7,536 | 2,692, 298 97.61 1903......| 4,999] 1,536,296 | 307,32 92,69 4,294 521,725 | 121.47 1904. ..... 4,726 | 1,460,287 | 308.99 75. 93 3,658 412,971 | 112.90 2 5,180 | 1,591,083 | 307.16 91.19 5, 826 645, 464 110. 79 1906... ... 6,021} 1,716,675 | 285.11 108. 91 7,167 989,639 | 138.08 A907... ..-- 6,080 | 1,978,105 | 325.35 131.99 6,781 850,901 | 125. 48 bt) Pees 5,487 | 1,604,392 | 292.40 137. 50 6,609 990, 667 149. 90 19092 s.c=:.: 7,084 | 2,007,276 | 283.35 156. 67 3,432 472,017 137. 53 1910......] 11,620 | 3,206,022 | 283.65 141.17 4,512 614,094 | 136.18 Lt) k ee 9,593 | 2,692,074 | 280.63 152. 92 6,585 | 1,070,051 162. 50 1912.25 5: 6,607 | 1,923,025 | 291.06 136. 81 4,901 732,095 149. 30 AGIS 5. ou 10; 008 | 2,125,875 | 212.42 137.95 4,744 733,795 154. 68 78. 89 148. 79 4, 883 690,974 | 141.51 77.25 221.35 | 65,788 | 12,726,143 | 193.44 104. 03 205.65 | 111,915 | 22,946, 312 205. 03 150. 06 213. 60 136, 689 | 27,800, 854 203. 39 232. 33 176.06 | 28,879 | 4,885,406 | 169.17 187. 43 186. 10 12,452 | 2,333,929 187. 43 173. 34 8,991 | 1,815,888} 201.97 152.16 | 6,770 | 1,063,254 | 157.05 2 US: 4,044 | 1, 205, 457 | 298.09 690 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. CATTLE. Tasie 303.—Catile (live): Imports, exports, and prices, 1896-1921. Year ending June 30— Average t price. $1,509, $6.93 372,461 | $34,560,672 $92. 79 2,589, 857 7. 87 392,190 | 36,357,451 92.70 2,913,223 9.99 439,255 | 37,827,500 86.12 2,320, 362 11. 62 339,490 | 30,516,833 78.35 2, 257, 694 12. 47 397,286 | 30,635,153 77.11 1, 331, 433 13. 23 459, 218 37, 566, 980 81.81 1,608, 722 16.75 392,884 | 29,902,212 76. 11 1,161, 17.55 402,178 | 29,848,936 74. 22 310, 737 19. 35 593,409 | 42,256,291 71. 21 458, 572 16. 46 567,806 | 40,598, 048 71. 50 548, 430 18. 90 584, 239 42,081,170 72. 03 565, 122 17. 44 423,051 | 34,577,392 81. 73 1,507,310 16.32 349,210 | 29,339,134 84. 02 1, 999, 422 14.37; 207,542 | 18,046,976 86. 96 2,999, 824 15.37} 139,430} 12,200,154 87.50 2,953, 077 16.14 150,100 | 13,163,920 87.70 4,805, 574 15. 09 105, 506 8, 870,075 84. 07 6, 640, 15.75 24,714 1,177,199 47.63 18,696, 718 21. 53 18,376 647, 288 35. 22 17,513,175 32. 54 5,434 702, 847 128.16 15, 187, 593 34. 58 21, 666 2,383, 765 110. 02 13, 021, 259 34.74 13,387 949, 503 70. 93 17,852,176 60. 78 18, 213 1, 247,800 68. 51 , 36,995, 921 $4.01 42,345 2, 092, 816 49. 42 45,081,179 78. 36 83,039 | 11,921,518 143. 57 23, 634, 361 71.62 145, 673 10, 950, 507 75.17 TABLE 304.—Cattle: Number and value on farms in the United States January 1, 1870-1922. Note.—Figures in italics are census returns; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of Agri- culture. Estimates of numbers are obtained by applying estimated percentages of increase or deerease to the published numbers of the preceding year, except that a revised base is used for applying percent- age estimates whenever hew census data are available. It should also be observed that the census of 1910, giving numbers as of Apr. 15, is not strictly comparable with former censuses, which related to numbers June 1. [In thousands—000 omitted.] Milk cows. Other cattle. 5 F I F lu 3 armvalue} >: ‘arm value Number. eG Number. Jan, 1. ISTO, TRH 22525 38Ssee er aes eb eS e 8, 935 290, 577 ~ 14, 885 277,947 TRR0 “Fine 13225223 a a ean 12, 443 286, 785 23, 482 388, 990 19) Dus" - jo oe eee en 16,512 363, 352 $4, 862 544, 601 1900, June 1.. 17,13 535, 091 50,684 | 1,251,080 1910, Apr. 15.. 20, 625 727, 802 41,178 785, 261 SS. - 22 20, 823 $32, 209 39, 679 815, 184 IGT Fe 20, 699 815, 414 37, 260 i jE I ree a Spiced ae ee he El te a ee 20, 497 922, 783 36, 030 949, 645 6 EE a ee ae aR ee AE AN amy 20,737 | 1,118, 487 35, 855 1,116, 333 M916 5 So Ce so tgs so Se ee 21,262 | 1,176,338 37, 067 1, 237,376 $016.8 : BR Set es el, SP 22,108 | 1,191,155 39,812 | 1,324,928 SOUP. Se. POS se cece es soso sh At kia 22, 894 1,365, 251 | 41, 689 1, 497,621 RONG teu! 25S Re Ae IA LTA te Sa ee 23,310 | 1,644,231 | 44,112 | 1,803,482 AGIOS Pras, 18 5 50 Si eens oot EAN a 23,475 | 1,835,770 45,088 | 1,993,442 Toy ee eae» ey Sere ee eee See eee! ee eee Se | 23,722 | 2,036, 750 43, 398 1, 875, 043 TEES eee PENRO RE UT ent Siete 7 erg 93,594 | 1,515,249 | 41,993 | 1,316,727 RD Be Saas 5 ost Oe te iy Sn 24,028 | 1,224,767 | 41,324 982, 666 Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. 691 CATTLE—Continued. TABLE 305.—Cattle: Farm price per head, January 1, 1867-1922. : | : | 2 | : Milk | Other Milk | Other | Milk | Other!) ~- Milk | Other Year. cows. | cattle. | Year. cows. | cattle. Year. cows. | cattle. | Year. | cows. | cattle. 1867. ...| $28.74 | $15.79 || 1881....| $23.95 | $17.33 | 1895... $21.97 | $14.06 | 1909....| $32.36 | $17.49 1868...) 26.56 | 15.06 || 1882....| 25.89 | 19.89 || 1896....| 22.55 15.86 | 1910.-..| 35.29 19.07 1869....| 29.15 | 18.73 || 1883....; 30.21 | 21,81 || 1897....| 238.16] 16.65 || 1911_...] 39.97 20. 54 1870....| 32.52 | 18.67 || 1884....| 31.37 | 23.52 || 1898....| 27.45 | 20.92 || 1912....} 39.39 21.20 1871_...| 33.89 | 20.78 || 1885....| 29.70 | 23.25 || 1899....| 29.66! 22.79 | 1913... 45.02 | 26.36 1872._-..| 29.45 | 18.12 || 1886....| 27.40 | 21.17 || 1900....] 31.23 | 24.73 || 1914....| 53.94 31.13 1873....| 26.72 | 18.06 || 1887....| 26.08 | 19.79 || 1901....| 30.00} 19.93 | 1915....] 55.33 | 33.38 1874....| 25.63 | 17.55 || 1888... 24.65 | 17.7 1902....| 29.23 | 18.76 || 1916....| 53.92 33.53 1875...-| 25.74 | 16.91 || 1889... 23.94 | 17.05 || 1908....| 30.21 | 18.45 || 1917....| 59.63 35.88 1876....| 25.61 | 17.00 |} 1890... 22.01 | 15.63 || 1904....| 29.21 | 16.32 || 1918....] 70.54 40.88 1877....| 25.47 | 15.99 |} 1891....| 21.62 | 14.76 || 1905....| 27.44 | 15.15 | 1919... 78.20 44.22 1878....| 25.74 | 16.72 |] 1892....| 21.40 | 15.16 || 1906....| 29.44] 15.85 || 1920....] 85.86] 43.21 1879....] 21.71 | 15.38 || 1898....] 21.75 | 15.24 |} 1907.. 31.00 7.10 || 1921....] 64.22 | 31.36 1880....| 23.05] 16.57 j 1894 T3) 21.77 | 14.66 || 1908....| 30.67 | 16.89 | 1922....| 50.97 23.78 TABLE 306.—Cattle: Number and value on farms January 1, 1921 and 1922, by States. Milk cows. | Other cattle. | Number see Farm value Number pvauee Farm value State. (thousands) aad (thousands of (thousands)! eS Head (thousands of Jan. 1— ou dollars) Jan. 1— Jan. 1— Pp dollars) Jan. 1— Jan. 1 Jan. 1— 1921 | 1922 | 1921 | 1922 | 1921 1922 | 1921 | 1922 1921 1922 | 1921 | 1922 eainp eet 215| 212/360. 00/48.00| $12,900| $10,176 70 —_71/$25. 60 $20.20 $1, 792} $1,434 NewHampshire} 120) 121) 74.00) 60.00 8, 830) 7, 260) 43) 41) 30. 30) 22. 70 1, 303 931 Vermont....... 363} 363) 65.00) 55.00) 23,595} 19,965) 84 84] 21.40) 16.80} 1, 798 1,411 Massachusetts..|_ 177] 180; 94,00] 79.00) 16,638) 14,220, 40) 42) 31.90) 28.20, 1, 396 1, 184 Rhode Island. . 26, — 26,100.00) 79.00 v4 609) 2, 054 7 7| 35.60) 31. 20) 249) 218 Connecticut....| 135! 138] 90.00] 74.00 12,150} 10,212) - 38, 39! 37.40) 29.70, 1,421) ~—s- 1,158 New York...... 1,695) 1, 695} 73.00] 67.00} 123,735] 113,565 410) 402) 29.50 23.70) 12,095} 9, 929 New Jersey..... 148, 151/110. 00 86. 00) 16,280} 12, 986 | 31] 47.70) 37.60 1,431, 1,166 - Pennsylvania ..| 1,050 1,071) 77.00} 60.00) 80,850/ 64,260 481 491| 37.70 29.00/ 18.134] 14, 239 Delaware....... 38 39) 81.00) 57.00 3, 078 2,223 9 g 35. 90) 26.90 350 242 Maryland......| 188/ 192] 79.00} 63.00} 14,852} 12,096 95, —98| 46.00) 33.20) 4,370} 3, 254 Virginia........| 422} 426) 59.00] 43.00) 24,898) 18,318 487) 448) 35.60) 24.7 17,337, 11,066 West Virginia..| 210, 216] 66.00; 49.50} 13,860, 10,692 368, 354) 41.7 | 28.60) 15,387, 10, 124 North Carolina.| 361) 365) 58.00) 42.00 20, 938) 15,330 285) 274) 24.20) 17.30| 6,897} 4, 740 South Carolina. 229) * 58.00 40.00, 13, 282) 9,440, 201 201 20.30, 13.80. om 2,774 Georgia. ....... 489 509) 45.00) 29.00 22, 005, 14,761 666 686) 19.69) 10.90, 13,054) 7,477 MlGridis ==... 2. ae, zi 74.00) 57.50) 6,660, 5,462) 766 = 774) 21.70 16.10, 16,622) 12, 461 Riot Roe: Li | 1,038) 1,048) 71.50} 56.00 74,217) 58,688, 816, 833) 38.40) 29.70) 31,334) 24,710 peindiannt 2 ...52 720) 727) 65.00) 53.00, 46,800) 38, 531 778, _ 778; 38.70) 30.00) 30,109) 23,340 linois......... 1, 114) 1, 125) 63.00, 52.00, 70,182, 58,500 1,492, 1,477| 36.80) 29.30, 54,906, 43, 276 Michigan....... 948) 967) 70.00) 53.00, 66, 360) 51, 251 588) 576} 29.00 21.80) 17, 052 12, 557 Wisconsin......| 2,180) 2,202) 65.00] 52.00, 141,700) 114,504; 880) 889) 25.90) 19.60) 22,792| 17,424 Minnesota-......| 1,532) 1,578} 58.00} 48.00) 75, 744) 1,429) 1,343] 23. 20} 18. 00) 33,153) 24,174 Wawatewess. 5 st 1, 072} 1,093) 62.00 57,929) 3,231| 3,134] 34.50) 29.60) 111,470] 92, 766 Missouri........ 761 769| 57.50 33,836) 1, 890) 1,890) 34.20) 26.50) 64,638} 50,085 North Dakota.. 20, 597| 848] 831] 25.20| 18.50] 21,370| 15, 374 South Dakota.. 5 19,599) 1, 748) 1,601] 29.80} 24.20} 52,090} 38, 744 Nebraska....... 27, 348) 2,452) 2,427) 33.10) 27.40) 81,161) 66, 500 ACANSAS~ -22 22 32, 614 2, 317) 2. 224] 31.50) 24.50) 72,986) 54, 488 Kentucky...... 20, 800 549) 511] 28.40) 20.00) 15,592) — 10,220 Tennessee.....- 17,325) 634) 597} 20.60! 15. 20) 13, 060) 9, 074 pana sss 14,674) 536) 515) 13.10) 10.00, 7,022) 5, 150 Mississippi.....! 16,230, 684 677| 14.10| 10.80, 9,644 7,312 ouisiana...... | 9,460| 586) 591) 23.70) 15.20] 13, 888 8, 983 Lo es 1, 042) 1,073 46, 139| 5,310) 5,363) 31.20) 19.90] 165, 672, 106, 724 Oklahoma...... 21, 840] 1,393] 1,421] 24.40) 17.50} 33,989) 24, 868 Kansas....... 14,964} 528) 549) 14.30) 10.90 7,550| 5, 984 Montana....... 9,512) 1,080) 1,200} 35.40) 27.20) 38,232) 32, 640 Wyoming...... 3,124} 816) 775) 38.40) 29.70) 31,334) 23,018 Colorado. ....... 13, 851| 1, 447| 1,375] 33.50) 26.40) 48,474) 36, 300 New Mexico.... 2,880} 1,204) 1, 132} 35.20) 24.90 22, 3811 28, 187 1: re ae 3, 800} 1,100) 1,000) 38.00) 26.90} 41,800} | 26,900 ERE Ss 2 2 5,307| 425) 433) 29.80) 26.40} 12,665) © 11,431 Nevada........ 1,311} 343} 346) 35.80} 30.40) 12,279} 10,518 Idaho..-.--. aie 9,945] 543) 521! 32.90] 27.50; 17,865) 14,328 Washington... 20,020} 269) 256] 33.10) 28.30 8,904! 7,245 Oregon.--2-+-<. 13,392] 616; 628) 37.70} 29.71 23,223) 18, 652 California...... 48,032) 1,380) 1,350] 45.20) 34.7 62,376) 47,886 United States, 15, 249)1, 224, 767 $1, 993 41, 324 31.36) 23. 78/1, 316, 727, 982, 666 692 Yéarbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. CATTLE—Continued. TaBLE 307.— Milk cows: Farm price per head, 15th of month, 1910-1921. May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. ee ee ee | 41.18 |$40.35 ($41.75 |$42. 22 |$42.38 1843.46 |$42. 86 [$42.77 |$42. 68 leas, 20 |$43.34 | $43. 41 .70 | 44.48 | 45.42 | 44.81 | 44.54 | 43.86 | 42.44 | 42.26 | 42.22 | 42.69 | 42.70 | 42.72 2.89 | 43.40 | 44.09 | 45.14 | 45.63 | 45.84 | 45.41 | 46.11 | 46.79 | 47.30 | 47.38 | 48.62 -d1 | 51.42 | 54.02.| 55.34 | 54.80 | 55.20 | 54.80 | 54.78 | 55.78 | 56.47 | 57.71 | 57.19 99 | 59.09 | 59.23 | 59.60 | 59.85 | 59.82 | 59.67 | 60.72 | 59.58 | 59.53 | 58.77 | 58.23 .47 | 57.99 | 58.00 | 57.78 | 58.29 } 58.59 | 60.31 | 58.34 | 58.38 | 58.76 | 57.35 | 56.79 79 | 57.99 | 59.51 | 60.68 | 60.98 | 61.63 | 62.04 | 61.32 | 61.41 | 62.19 | 62.67 | 63.18 -92 | 65.93 | 68.46 | 72.09 | 72.78 | 72.87 | 72.81 | 72.53 | 73.93 | 75.79 | 75.00 | 76.16 .54 | 78.36 | 80.71 | 82.45 | 84.11 | 84.74 | 84.97 | 84.06 | 85.21 | 85.41 | 84.51 | 85,78 10 | 86.15 | 88.15 | 90.91 | 93.43 | 93.84 | 94.51 | 94.72 | 93.42 | 93.43 | 93.27 | 95.54 -42 | 95.27 | 94.94 | 95.36 | 94.56 | 94.56 | 91.23 | 90.50 | 89.40 | 85.90 | 77.56 | 70.42 §. 82 | 63.44 | 65.37 | 64.35 | 62.63 | 59.89 | 56.55 | 55.85 | 54.33 | 53.39 | 53.28 | 53.30 TABLE 308.—Beef cattle: Farm price per 100 pounds, 15th of month, 1910-1921. ° ] Year. Jan. | Feb | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June.} July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. $4.71 | $4.64 | $4.87 | $5.31 | $5.23 | $5.20 | $4.84 | $4.64 | $4.65 | $4.64 | $4.48 | $4.45 4.58 | 4.57 4. 66 4.67] 4.59 | 4.43 4.28} 4.39] 4.43] 4.32] 4.36 4.37 4,45 4.61 4.75 5.15°} 5.36} - 5. 23 5.17 | 5:37] 5.351 5.36 | 5.22 5.33 5.40} 5.55] 5.88] 6.08] 6.01] 6.02] 5.98] 5.91} 5.92] 6.05] 5.99 5.96 6.04] 6.16] 6.28] 6.29] 6.33] 6.32] 6.38] 6.47] 6.38] 6.23] 6.02 §. 01 5.99 | 5.93 | 5.92] 5.96) 6.13] 6.20] 6.07] 6.18] 6.06] 6.04] 5.85 5.75 5. 85 5.99 | 6.37 6.66 | 6.73 6.91 6.78 | 6.51 6.55 | 6.387] 6.44 6. 56 6.86 | 7.36] 7.91 | 8.57] 8.7 8.65 | 8.30} 8.17] 8.40} 8.351] 8.21 8. 24 8.33 | 8.55] 8.85] 9.73 | 10.38 | 10.40 | 10.07} 9.71] 9.63] 9.33 9.14 9. 28 9.65 | 10.02 | 10.34 | 10.81 | 10.84 | 10.20] 9.96 | 9.82] 9.02] 8.65] 8.65 8. 63 8.99} 8.98] 9.08] 9.20] 8.97] 9.32] 8.93] 8.56] 8.29] 7.77] 7.15 6.36 6.32] 6.02] 6.36] 6.08] 5.98] 5.65] 5.40] 5.39] 4.98) 4.81] 4.69 4, 62 Taste 309.—Veal calves: Farm price per 100 pounds, 15th of month, 1910-1921. Year. | Jan. | Feb, Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept.| Oct. | Nov. | Dec LATE ds ATS ea Bie 6S) ee ee $6.28 | $6.59 | $6.54 | $6.30 | $6.57 | $6.37 | $6.29 | $6.43 | $6.41 | $6.39 | $6.38 6.38 | 6.48| 5.96| 5.68] 5.72| 5.74] 5.93] 6.11] 6.15] 6.10] 5.98 6.07} 6.11| 6.22| 6.23] 6.33| 633] 6.62| 6.83] 690] 6.77] 6.88 7.23} 7.49] 7.38) 7.17] 7.53| 7.46] 7.53 | 7.73| 7.72| 7.70) 7.74 7.90| 7.92} 7.68] 7.59] 7.69] 7.80] 8.083| 8.06] 7.97| 7.78| 7.61 7.62] 7.50| 7.31| 7.35] 7.53) 7.87] 7.75| 7.80] 7.91] 7.69] 7.61 7.87| 811} 8.00] 8.08] 8.39] 854] 859| 8.77] 859| 860] 879 9.88 | 9.94 | 10.49 | 10.48 | 10.60 | 10.77 | 10.56 | 11.08 | 11.10 | 10.66] 10.98 11.17 | 11.33 | 11.71 | 11.62 | 11.88 | 12.33 | 12.92 | 12.57 | 12.35 | 11.94] 12.31 12.18 | 12.65 | 12.78 | 12.11 | 12.40 | 13.38 | 13.43 | 13.39 | 12.87 | 12.65} 12.67 13.12 | 12.98 | 12.72 | 11.69 | 11.68 | 11.44 | 11.64 } 11.88 | 11.64] 10.77] 9. 9.08] 9.05| 7.73| 7.55] 7.43] 7.37] 7.31| 7.67| 7.61| 7.20| 7.14 ors a Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. 693 CATTLE—Continued. Taste 310.—Cattle: Monthly and yearly average price per 100 pounds of good beef steers, Chicago, 1910 to 1921.* Oct. Nov. Dec. © > @4 Clin) Year. Jan. | Feb. | Mar.| Apr. sac sip ne be i ilest 4 ] | 36.351 $7.35| $7.55] $7.50) $7.50 $7.10] $6.85| $6.80] $6.60| $6.20) $6.00] $5.83 6.15, 6.20 6.10] 5.9 6.05) 6.30 6.95 6.80| 6.75] 6.70, 6.65| 6.40 6.60] 7.20| 7.65] 7.951 8.00] 7.90| 8.50/ 9.15] 7.90, 8.10} 7.85 7.80 a4 8.30} 8.15, 8. 8.15) 8.25} 8.30 8.50, 8.40 8.25) 8.20] 8.21 8.30] 8.35 8.50) 8.40, 8.60) 8.80] 9.10 9.35 9.05 8.60 8.35 8.65 7.50, 7.65 7.70| 8.35) 8.80, 9.20] 9.05 8.95] 8.80, 8.70) 8.35) 8.43 8.35, 8.75) 9.10] 9.50) 9.85 9.25] 9.45 9.40] 9.75 10.15) 10.00] 9.33 10-59 1 11.75| 11.90) 12. 15| 12.35| 12.70) 13.10| 11.70 1 19 11.40) 11.67 12.00| 12.60| 14.70] 15.40| 15.85, 16.05] 15.75| 16.00] 14.80 15.05] 14. 90] 24. 60 15.95) 16.05) 15.85] 15.00, 13.55| 15.60] 16. 45] 15. 50| 16.15) 15.10, 14. 35) 15.45 13.05) 13.10, 12.30| 12.25) 14.95, 14.68} 14. 30] 14.95] 14.61] 11.65, 10.08] 13.32 8.57] 9.41, 8.22) 8.33 7.93] 8.09 8.33 7.67| 7.50) 7.52| 7.31] &16 9.90 2 9.30, sa 9.80 ose se 10.20) i ay 10.18 9.76; 9.45 __1Prior-to Tuiy, 1920, from Chicago Drovers’ Journal Yearbook. *Simple average of monthly average prices. Tasie 311.—Calves: Monthly and yearly average price per 100 pounds, Chicago, 1910 to 19213 | { ' . | ' Year. | san: F. | Mar.) Apr. May.| June. July. | Oct. | Nov.| Dec. pe | = pee eS eee es es See de et Coe eee ti) $8.60 $8 65) $9 85) $7. $8.65) $8.75, $8. Py $8.25 "} Sie SESS $75) 8.40, 7 . 60, 73 8.60] 8.35, 7.85, 7.91 Bintte She te 8.75, 7.50 8 40 8. 10.00) 9.85) 10.25] 8.94 pne Les: 9.75} 9.851, 10 50, 9. 10.50) 10.35 10.75 10.19 | yh Seis 11.00, 10.75, 9. 85 9. 10.65, 10.35, 8.65, 10.10 Wipes ee =. i>. . $5) 10.35) 10. . 40) 9.69 10.85) 19.15) 9.65) 10.08 ee 10.15) 10.651 9 75 11. 25 11.50] 11.85] 11.75, 10.98 igipeeee Mee 13.40) 12.65, 13. 50 13. 14.85] 13.50) 15.25 13.78 ca a 15. 35, 14.15) 15. 50 16. 16.83, 16.86] 16.01) 15.92 Tl, 15.62) 15.75, 15 3 16. 18.05) 17.60) 16.56) 16.83 OC ie s_e 17.74| 16.73) 16 22 13. . 39| 14. 18| 13.74! 10.39] 14.58 > ee as 11. 02| 10.33] 8.12} 8.66] 872, 9.73) 9.39] 10.71| 8.68) 7.70 7.81) 9.36 — os 1 12-year average... an 1.37 11.19 10.00 10. 24} 10.97 a 12.34 “= 11.94) 11.59] 11.12) 11.41 1 Prior to June, 1918, from Chicago Drovers’ Journal Yearbook. 2Simpleaverage of monthly average prices. lture, 1921. 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Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. CATTLE—Continued. TABLE 313.—Cattle and calves: Yearly receipts at principal markets, and at all markets, 1900 to 1921. [In thousands—i. e., 000 omitted.] Receipts at principal and other markets.1 ity. Kansas C Omaha. R hry S bet beat 3 cr de bo NERS 19988 S882 H aie oo SEES ir . aS ase £ WOO 79 7 ‘ 46 ION Ne to aS tot pat eat be bet 2 wee ~ 1. z § LENNY UD hm o je ES ~~] om POS eS iN) © 8 g . 832 F| =} S = = S = | = Do _ Bl os las oa = & -o | *.o 5 (S) 2 os == i =e 24 s F- Ss _ Cc a om | m fee OR aH | : 910 487| 1,121, §38 329 385) 520| 1,133 1,022, 307 410) 463| 1/145 1,069, 420; «3851 497| 1,241 1,197, 426) ie ‘oe 1,208 Lov 3991439 539 1/067 "884 298, 487) 524; 1,200, 1,039 414 431 582 1,100 1,198 499 a0 585 1,041 1,176 443 368 856 992 "944 494 534 553 941 1,200 1,08i 601 602) 36 17,676 1,197 1,405, 1,960 653, 707 066 | ; 1,430 1,509, 1,665 728 813) > , 295 1,491 1/473) 1.267 824-814 750/15,932 8 624 1,373) 1,254, 1,134 617 752) 13, 8, 472'22, 197 985) 1,077, '984 482 629 558|12; 150) 7, 637,19, 787 t ' . 1 Prior to 1915 receipts compiled from yearbooks of stockyard companies. 2 Figures not available prior to 1915. 3 Not in operation. Taste 314.—Catile and calves: Monthly and yearly receipts at Chicago, Kansas City, Omaha, and East St. Louis, combined, 1910 to 1921.' [In thousands—i. e., 000 omitted.] Jan. | Feb. | Mar. Apr’ 641 515 | 500, 498 | 7 518 | 555 498 660 | 485] 502/ 515 | 606 | 486, 481 ic so | aus} as | a5 | 518| 377| 523| 465| 606 | 534] 558| 452 | 807 | 567| 533 600) 763 | 709| 779) gst | 998 | 682] 646 | 706 847 | 642] 698 | 532 744 520) 679 608, 540, 586) 561 | May. | June. July. } 553 | 630| 662_ "612; 620) 630 434 462 | 516 45 525 | 68 404 | 473) 457 461 | 474 | 462 558 | 530! 535 708 | 701} 773 4 688 | 705 967 668 | 641/| 881 642 | 696 669 625 | 675 | 542 571 | 504) 643 1 | Aug. sept. Oct. Nov.} Dec. ‘Total —— > f + Sen = 915 | 995 11, 040 | S34 | 617 | 8,400 764 | 766 |1,044 | 757 | 555 | 8,067 | 667| 868 1,010 674] 676 | 7,520 688 93 | 4 605 | 88 7,270 | 565| 784| 813 558| 581 | 6,532 | 611| 730| 834| 708| 605 | 6,858 $07 | 961 1,145 | 915 | 716 | 8,218 | 808 11,029 1/309 1,143 | 864 | 9,847 | | | Qi 11,347 1,320 1,167 1,032 11,289 926 11 131 11/362 1,169 976 \10, 786 | 868 {1,032 | ’932 |1,029 | 618 | 9, 205 863 856 1,019 | 795 585 | 8,521 | 78 | 44 1,054 a ToL | 8,540 1 Figures prior to 1915 compiled from yearbooks of stockyard companies. Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. CATTLE—Continued. TaBLE 315.—Catile and calves: Yearly receipts, local slaughter, and stocker and feeder shipments at public stockyards, 1919-1921. [In thousands—i. e., 000 omitted.] 1 Less than 500. 697 Stocker and feeder Local slaughter. | shipments. l 1919 | 1920 | 1921 | 1919 | 1920 | 1921 4 3 2 1 1} Q) 1 1 1 122 90 84 ll 15 18 4 1 3 9 8 8 3 2 2 145 170 156 5 5 3 1 () Q) 9 ity Es - 22 | 24 19 cil fete (1) aa | 190| 167" nee oh esas ie. ace 8 10 10 ll 2 2 4 sues 1 OT ge EE a Bees 4 5 S| ee. 3,032 | 2,603 | 2,377 509 418 332 305 | 283 302 28 28 22 244|. 298 228 6 3 6 6 6 5 Tip boys seas © saan? Q) 1 1 () () (7) 9 8 Th: (eel eee Cee 25 | 26 27} Q) rR eee 174 153 122 483 407 274 189! 202 168 17 16 14 | S = Sb | @) (4) (1) () @) 1,019} 744 466 234 168 185 24 | 21 24 151 115 102 36 | 38 EBT aoe Bee a UR 13 | "Th eS (a Ce eee fos WSs 16 24 21 1 1 1 715| 558 576 327 278 172 2 | 3 2) 5 5 3 245 257 230 | 50 48 41 16 6 SelM e Sy Wa \ Ch meg [Seem 735 1° ag] ee feo ees —a 1,617 | 1,264} 1,200| 1,036) 778 788 9 | 11 10 8 | 4 3 7 8 9 2, | 1 1 45 55 37 95 87 1 @) (4) @) (2)... | ra A) 87 87 | 81 36 30, 37 1 1 1 1 Ck yor) 1 @) 5 @) Pil 1 334! 390 402 16 | 15 | 2 3 | 4 3 9 28 | 10 es ened M [Eee 7 Pete Bente par ease Lage 8. 41 46 42 | 11 14 12 (3) On eee ee See eee 1 (4) (4) RE uk | gin a) 1 1| @) 163 174| 160 | 18 17 15 399 315 200" 5. 2aFoed tne ee epee = 22 11 16 | 13 | 48 28 2 363 228; 203/ 136 106 80 1, 136 914 797 656 451 443 6 Ig A a eh ee ABR Dk Meapeai ae: ie Aare ee Oe eee —— ite == 18 18 21! (1) 4 195 OOM lie pease ot ee 151 tittle? WES|s. ss i oe 62 70 | 59 | 21 26 9 70h) 2 ae ea 1 7 5 4 17 18 | 20 | 2 2 2 531 410| 370 124 103 103 530 710! 564 416! 316 270 19 14 | 25 25 16 12 14 37 | 36 138 96 26 64 BO te MBN O21 -aderie (2) 363 342 | 273 329 | 238 240 1 6! if 1 1 5 Receipts. Stockyards =o 1919 | 1920 lban yew Ys 528. 5.05 ae. 39 36 marillo, Tex..........---.. 185 147 JAG I Ta 6 i 2 i i ie 18 21 Ry | Se 14 13 Baltimore, Md..............- 249 287 | Pemnps, WOM 2---3:.....-- | 16 2 | irmingham, Ala...........- 24 24 boston; Masso. -.-<.2--.+2- 98 75 | Meenipoeh We... 749 677 | Chattanooga, Tenn........-.. 12 13 | Cheyenne, Wyo...........-- | 47 23 | Tan i ai oie 4,253 | 3,849 | Cincinnati, Ohio............- 460 441 Cleveland, Ohio........-...- 305 281 UTNENA ake 30 <2 222s = = 7 6 | Columbus, Ohio....-.......- 3 2 PR arc a sctrat a cca bee 9 8 Dayron, -ORi0-.....20-.-.--- 31 33 Denver, Colo...........--.-- | 924 617 somtroip, Wich=. 22... ....--.-.- 227 234 tro ED i | 2 4 | Bast St- Louis, Tl...........- 1,473 | ~1,254 | wo GST, Se eS oe 203 152 Emeryville, Calif........-.-. 36 38 | gh ee oe 38 26 | Evansville, Ind.....-...-.... 38 45 | Fort Worth, Tex............ | 1,267] 1,134} Hostoria Oni... ..---..-) 11 14 | Indianapolis, Ind............ 515 597 | Jacksonville, Fla............ 16 7 833 2,500 21 19 287 1 245 32 19 ; A 444 Montgomery, Ala............ } 52 68 mammbbriv,. G3". 2.2.2... 5-- AE Ree Ree ee Nashville, Tenn. ............ 83 | 99 | Nebraska City, Nebr... _.... | 2} 2 | New Brighton, Minn... ..... F\ at | 73 New Orleans, La. . 191] 213 New York, N.Y 402 316 Ogden, Utah... 104 64 Oklahoma, Okla 593 400 PaNobr. .-.- 1,975 | 1,603 Orangeburg, S. C Gye eal et eg ASCH me ase eo...) eo. 1. ae 8 j Siiiiiews Ce Oss Sears ee iia 27 37 Philadelphia, Pa............ 201 227 Pattsbuerh, Pa... 2... oo 616 733 Portland) Oreg.. 22.2.2 ...-2 125 | 141 Pueblo, Golo................. 217| 178 Richmond, Va........-- ..... 29 30 St. Joseph, Mo............._- 750 643 St. Paw, Minn... ..--...... 1,491 1,373 Salt Lake City, Utah........ 67 | 49 San Antonio, Tex........... 250! 233 gaitle, Wash... - ...22-- nie 66 58 [ Sioux Gity,Towa............| 814] 752 Sioux Falls, S. Dak.......... 8 14 698 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. CATTLE—Continued. TasBLe 315.—Cattle and calves: Yearly receipts, local slaughter, and stocker and feeder shipments at public stockyards, 1919-1921—Continued. [Im thousands—i. e., 000 omitted.] Receipts. Local slaughter. seg ce Stockyards. ee 1919 1920 1921 1919 1920 1921 1919 1920 1921 Spokane, Wash..........-.-- 74 67 41 36 35 23 28 23 7 Tacoma, Wash...........--- 29 22 25 24 22 25 3] @ () Toledo, Ghio.- 4-5. °--..5 20: 57 64 25 13 18 14 4 5 Washington, D.C........... 23 27 28 20 25 27 (4) Q) () "Wichita,"Kans.!.¢...-..225-- 311 | 242 285 133 84 83 116 104 132 1 Less than 500. TaBLE 316.—Cattle and calves: Monthly and yearly stocker and feeder shipments from all public stockyards, 1916-1921. {In thousands —i. e., 000 omitted.] Year. | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June.| July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Total. 1916}... 221 197 | 250 262 289 264 171 330 464 682 461 | 256 3, 847 af fy Ge 260 213 249 306 401 353 262 330 588 768 729 344 | 4,803 1918... 222 214 319 385 491 393 274 418 604 704 623 366 | 5, 013 1919... ..| 364 264 277 391 442 272 236 397 611 839 723 470 | 5, 286 1920... . 349 240 241 244 | 323 272 218 314 488 580 553 280 | 4,102 245 | 3,504 1921....| 205} 166 236 238 | 214 209 122 355 395 622 497 | | | Se Completeinformation for 1916 not obtainable from many markets. TaBLe 317.—Cattle and calves: Monthly and yearly receipts, slaughter, and stocker and feeder shipments at public stockyards, 1921. {In thousands—i. e., 000 omitted.] | Stockyards. Jan. |Feb.| Mar.} Apr. | May. June.| July. | Aug. sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. ‘Total. Chicago, Tl.: | Receipts: --.2: 205. 353 | 243] 315 | 300] 284] 313] 225] 282] 298 333] 321]| 273 |-3, Localslaughter....} 233 | 150 | 215 | 198] 192] 225}| 168] 194] 203] 230] 203| 166} 2,3 Stocker and feeder shipments......- P23 el? 31 23 17 18 6 27 32 52 51 30°): "332 Kansas City, Mo.: Receipts:- -4-5-2--< 168 | 125| 170} 141 | 167] 154] 155] 310| 309) 387) 234) 150 | 2,469 Local slaughter. . 94] 72 92 85 92 97 99} 129} 126] 1388] 107 69 | 1,200 Stocker and feeder | shipments....-... 40! 39 57 42 39 38 20 99 | 102! 167} 100 45 788 Omaha, Nebr.: * Receipts.....------ 136 | 98} 130] 108] 104] 122 841 150} 145] 169] 115 74 | 1,435 Local slaughter. - 92} 60 83 69 72 83 56 75 58 69 52 28 797 Stocker and feeder. ) shipments....... 25 | 20 28 15 13 15 14 64 78 90 53 28 443 East St. Louis, Hl. : Receipts......-..-- 87 | 54 64 59 70 87 78 | 121] 114] 130] 125 88 | 1,077 Localslaughiter....} 54] 30 30 27 34 38 37 50 43 48 45 30 Stocker and feeder shipments......- 10 8 10 9 Af il 5 20 20 34 35 16 185 St. Paul, Minn.: | Receipts..-...-.--. 72) 59 89 64; 70 71 52 88 88 | 134] 131 67 985 Local slaughter. - 50 | 44 52 41 47 49 33 43 42 59 65 39 564 Stocker andf eeder shipments.....-. 9 8 i8 16 i3 12 9 32 32 50 50 21 270 Fort Worth, Tex.: Receipts So sae Ser. 60) 35 43 54 79 76 87 | siB2| £20 1 335i) ile 984 Localslaughter....| 31] 19 21 22 31 67 59 79 77 78 60 32 576 Stocker and f eeder shipments....... 13 8 13 23 19 7 5 14 13 25 22 10 172 Sioux City, Iowa: Receipts.........-- 65 | 43 66 45 47 45 35 58 55 75 47 39 620 Local slaughter....| 33 | 23 29 24 25 27 14 23 19 21 20 15 273 Stocker and feeder ; shipments....... 1s a3 19 13 13 10 12 31 32 45 23 14 240 a Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. CATTLE—Continued. TaBLE 317.—Catile and calves: Monthly and yearly receipts, slaughter, and stocker and feeder shipments at public stockyards, 1921—Continued. [In thousands—i. e., 000 omitted.] 699 Stockyards. Jan.| Feb.| Mar. | Apr. Jersey City, N.J.: GGCLDLS-2- 2252-202 66 | 68 70 77 Local slaughter....| 66 | 68 70 77 St. Joseph, Mo.: FRGCBINES 2.24 ance 54 | 44 48 37 Local slaughter....| 34 | 27 31 26 Stocker and feeder shipments....... 5 6 {i 4 Indianapolis, Ind.: MISCBIDES-=<5255--<2 46 | 33 41 42 Local slaughter....} 22} 14 20 20 Stocker and feeder shipments......- 3 2 1 2 Buffalo, N. Y.: ereipts?.22. .. 265 51} 40 53 58 Local slaughter. - 14] 10]- 16 16 Stocker and feeder shipments....-.- Ce C4" ee) Pittsburgh, Pa.: : Receipts Beare 60 | 41 44 52 * Local slaughter....| 14] 12 15 15 Denver, Colo.: Reveipts!: 2 2203.8% 39 | 21 25 21 Local slaughter....| 13 9 12 9 Stocker and feeder shipments......- 19} 10 5 5 Cincinnati, Ohio: Receipts f-- 2-25 -- 30 | 23 35 38 Loeal slaughter....| 23} 18 25 28 Stocker and feeder shipments.-....-.. 1 1 3 2 Oklahoma, Okla.: BOCAIDUS 2. « RS] {+415) 3 387] 3297/5... 2. .2-2_|..--.--| ese ee 5,522) 5,250 5, 098) 33, 747, 381, 614 460, 763)414, 366 458, 495,526, 101) 293, 617 94] 39; 7341099, 104)> 6B, 246) bce. . |e. dl geo Sole ofl. Soc ae" 143, 471 348| 2,317} 7,413, 3, 768 1, 083 85 5| 12, 35,992, 14,902 843) 1, 157 1,442)” 453) 52| 82} 291! 10, 755)... ...- eee "ea 5,371, 5,653, 4,472 2,109 472) 1,276] 583 3| 126) 826 United Kingdom. . 785, 736/824, “3 396, 652/1, 030, 771 990, 591 963, 389,789, 826 681, 796 844, 055 721, 274 1, 027, 106 United States......| Soaps [-s+---+ posse: fs 35, 822,254, 319 118, 500) 39, 72 22? 072, 23, 7339) 38, 462 50, 182 1 Not yet available. 5 Classified as ‘‘ Beef” for Austria only. HIDES. ° TasLe 319.—Hides: Monthly and yearly average price per pound, heavy native steers, at Chicago, 1910-1921. PACKER HIDES. Year. | Jan. | Feb. | Mar.| Apr. | May.| June.| July.| Aug.| Sept.| Oct. | Nov.| Dec. eee 7 IDG: tgp en done = 's0. 17 |$0.15 |$0.14 $0. 15 |$0. i $0. ie 30. 16 ‘$0. He $0.16 |$0.16 |$0.15 |$0.14 | $0. “4 1s i ee wane Whe A A Ioyaeset 5 -13 Au? 13 16 -16 -16 .16 «16 p(t) ee ee eee cet -16 116 116 116 17 tT 118 19 120 :20 +20 “19 ie (21 5 Sees eee eee | .19 -18 SEI aE ag 218°) 18!) .19| .19 | .20) -20iiee te «18 | Ct a es | | -18 | .18 AS bes dS epee 156] eee 19) [ere 20? ferro 2k -21 al 2 PS 20 19153 en eee eee -2B 2B 21 19 . 22 . 24 26 Bs -26) .26}) .26] .25 24 19)62 022 eee aes 1) x 2e 2 ae 2B - 26 -27 27 - 26 26) .28 32]. -.33 26 Cy ioe oe ee Se ie 32 -31 | .30)} .30 -o2| «32 32 | .32 33 .34 30.1, nae 32 1998... so. Cases SS L p332.1 29 - | 27 31 33 33 | .30 30 -30 29] .29 -30 a 28 - 28 - 28 31 37 -41 - 50 -53 46 .48 47 . 40 40 OMe: Se a2 | 40] .40] .37| .36] .36] .36] .31| .28| .28] .26] .22]-.20) .32 19D1 se ociowa wa58 = 2522 bisa? 15 aAZ\], odd 12 -14 .14 .14 14 | 15 -16 -16 -14 12-year average....| .23] .22 | Bier ZA daly) elas | Teo tria Peo 25 | «25 | 24 24 $0.12 $0.11 so.12 [0.13 |g.1g |to12 $0.11 $0. 12 1247.19 .13| .B] .14) .B -12 18, 514 a :16 | .16 116 -14 -14 15 15] .16 17 -16 -16 S625 58a 17 -21 20} .20} .22 - 20 21; .21 23 - 26 27 | .24 28 -28 | .24 24 24 43) .47] .41 38 -23|..20) .19 18 -08 68} .08 09 Compiled from data in “‘ Hide and Leather.’”’ Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. MILK. 701 TaBLe 320.—Milk: Monthly wholesale price, cents per quart, in cases of 12 quarts. [Standard or grade B milk.] City and year. Jan. Boston: 3 71 ape eee ee Se 15 LEE F se ee ae a 16 New York ht 7. a Be Se 18 Ty ipl | eis tee peas ae Paes tf Philadelphia: ie eee oe 13 Tip 4 bo eee eS oe |. 2B Pittsburgh: 17. 2 ee ee ee ae | 16 i 74 ene, aes le kD Washington Ue ee 16 ii a oe 14 Atlanta: iO?) 2 See 18 Luiz 2s ee eee Jacksonville i? Se 17 i ae Ee as Se New Orleans: | SOA 44 LE 17 Li) ee ae a | 15 St. Louis: | oe 2 BY? 15 Lie. ie eee Be 15 Kansas City itl) SOs rr 14 Se ae eae 12 Chicago: | 1 a So 14 1 1 Re, eRe 14 Detroit: Aye cee Bes 15 Tie ES rn 12 Cleveland: eae 9 tS 14 7 oe eee oe 14 Milwaukee LoZ0eh. 3.84.) 5 12 TTA ee Sees BS eee Minneapolis Lic) ee eS 12 _i 12 re 12 St. Paul: 71 en ee 12 Ue ae Sa 12 Denver: 171 a 12 Liza ls pee. aes 2S eee ae Dallas: 171 See a ae | ee | ital es 2 ee de Wi eee ee Los Angeles: 19204 cl eceesel- 15 ii) 71 ees eee, 17 San Francisco: 7.\) 3 Saar et 14 itn 6 See 13 Portland, Oreg.: ity \\= See ae ee 14 it rik 2 Seis Bs 12 Seattle: | bil? Se) Soe 12 ice ee aoe 9 Apr. | May.|June. July.| Aug. | Sept.} Oct. | Nov. 15] 14] 14 14| 14] 14 15| 15] 15 oe a ee 13] 13] 13 ae 10| 10 | 14] 14 14] 14| 14 15| 14] 14 oh ae ee 18 184" Sip tess men SNe 16 17] 15] 15 14] 14] 14 oes 71S eee 12), siBih, ee 14{ 14] 14 @) so) w 4} 14] 14 re ee oN es 15] 14] 14 12). 1p, ae 14} 14] 14 Bi) 1d) se HY waht ow Bilt RH Gas | van ap 10] 10| 8 a ee, | 10} 10] 8 os eee u | wy) 9} 9 18 oo 1B (Vb: 15] 15] 15 a Fae 15 14] 14] 14 2) i) re a a ace ae a 9 Cy eee 10 9} 8 15 | 15 | 14] 14 . os 17 14] 14 13| 14 10} 10 14] 16 14] 14 14] 14 11 ean 22) 2 aes 16 15) 15 14| 14 14] 15 tas) sie 14] 14 12] 12 14] 16 18) 3 15] 15 12] 12 14] 14 12| 12 12] 12 y 8 12] 12 8| 10 12] 12 mero 10 HOA ota) 8 9 | 10 |...... a74b 47 14| 14 14] 14 12) 18 12|' 12 9 8 tat Sag 8 Dec 16| 16] 16 rs eae lot: 18| 18] 17 14.) 14) “Ae 15} 14] 12 10} 10} 10 16] 16} 16 14| 14] 12 15 |---16-| --16 w2| 12]° 12 ; He is} 18] 18 16.|. 16, -“46 17-{>-~17- 46 4| 12] 12 15} 15} 15 Hj a |__eee Us}. -914y | 4a 12| 13}. 11 16-4: 244>) >-25>-25-|>= "79" oP kee eae SWEGGR as ccn em sees 330 45, 870 11, 426 3 13, 817 76 16,941 53 United States.......- 1, 647 4,125 1, 655 26, 194 9,519 34, 556 37, 454 17, 488 PRINCIPAL IMPORTING , COUNTRIES. : Austria-Hungary..-.- 6, 281 BOTT iy bet BeenSs 54 ade Jooce Saat ery Bet crsencins 3 pal Pe SRO Belgium... 02.<550< 14, 024 S195 Wil ceee el esse saa | 11,176 | 11 18, 468 7 Braviltssc+= 806-55 4,551 34 4 173 42 563 167 0 British South Africa - 4,025. 38 2, 446 1, 425 387 567 658 629 Dutch East Indies... A152 ee eee A, 38) 2 stp ae- == 5, 681 |......--2-|--- eee one elon eee eee PIP woes ees sone 2, 350 3166 302 460 602 19 391 3 Germany: -s20.s--e55 111, 441 75a Pe | Se See cc ors. 17, 227 429 Switzerland......-.-.- 11, 106 44 fx ae ee 13, 250 (1) 18, 140 3 United Kingdom..... 455, 489 1,179 | 176,692 197 | 174, 568 262 | 187,799 363 Other countries......| 23,563 3,380 |, 6,119 1, 651 7, 349 1, 704 4,110 1, 132 TBpalfarco hee 674,014 | 689,293 | 207,874 | 213, 471 | 261,806 | 289,801 | 333,219 286, 499 | 1 Less than 509 pounds. 2 Austria only, new boundaries. 3 Two-year average. Tague 326.—Butter: Monthly receipts at five markets, 1918 to 1921. [In thousands of pounds—i. e., 000 omitted.] Year. Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June.| July. | Aug. Sept.| Oct. | Nov.| Dec. } Total. New York: 101 Sse ecal see = oleae 15, 750)14, 325)17, 550/27, 900/25, 875 20, 250\15, 600|18, 375)13, 125 13, 725]! 182, 47; 1919 4..2/s5 Sees 16, 439)16, 119 16, 232) 17, 125 22) 904) 28, 419 23, 372) 22) 893 19, 650) 16, 219 15, 285 12, 041 226, 698 Pee HEA 4 201 12, 972 6 845 13, 383, 20, 205) 21, 534 18, 203 14, 914 12, 079 10, 436 10, 042 164, 608 SIYSESE Se iL, 027 12’ 969 147 265 21 ,389)27, 233) 21, 635 23, 664 21) 187 17, 072 15, 564 14, 892 212; 948 191825 2. SE. Aesth Sse 24, 051 21, 039/20, 780 36, 173) 34, 554, 27, 037\21, 134'21, 91616, 122/14, 544) 237, 350 12, 324|10, 177 te 458 12, 89123, 168|33, 373, 24" 627/18, 556) 13, 156 10, 758 7, 722 re 569 185, 779 065 9, 447 ie 398 10, 344 ve 118 25, 344 (27, 633)20, 200 15, 455 1, 417 9, 528 8) 797 176, 746 9, 908 12) 195 14) 513 21, 785 28) 571, 21, 55121, 290 14, 864 1s) 664 ie 185 13, O11 193) 591 ee ee eee 2,620) 2,484| 3,591) 4,941) 4,721 4,069] 3, 419] 3, 445) 2, 693) 2,898 1 34, 881 3, 250} 3, 748 4, 101 5, 064 6, 660 5, 026} 4, 356) 4,141) 3, 847 4 181| 2,993} 51, 191 3, 520} 3, 398 2, 964 3, 980 6, 237 5, 850} 4, 773) 4, 698 3, 771| 3,010 3,165) 48, 630 z, 817| 3, 860 4) 084 6, 139 fe 803 6, 486] 5,713) 5, 107 4, 780) 4,184 4,543) 58, 766 ms ae eee ey 4, 323] 4,071) 6, 159|11, ea 237| 7,569) 5, 377| 6,218) 5,079| 3,429) 1 66, 336 3 82i| 3) 140] 4 378| 9, 554|14, 107,13, 699] 7, 609) 5, 241 3,412) 2,210) 2,038| 73, 223 3 176| 5,368| 3,709| 6, 323/12, 060/14, 406] 8, 749| 6, 762 4, 372) 2,378) 2,474| 72, 993 3, 752| 4) 147| 3, 881| 8, 045/12, 536, 9, 433) 9, 357) 6, 994 6,296, 3,282| 3,093] 74,538 1,851] 2,564] 3,129] 2,771] 2,170] 1,762) 1,531 1, 178| 1,215) 1, 258) 1, 201 22,908 ~ 1, 479} 2,014) 2, 792 2, 979 2 434 2) 202) 1, 832| 1,094) 1, 337 L 333] 1,269} 22,031 1, 665] 2, 178) 3, 140) 2,767 2, 197 " 744) 1,789} 1, 722 1. 739) L 565| 1,572 f o.. Se ss4 52| 1,431) 1,982) 2, 345 2, 255) 2, 306 2 359] 2,710} 2,064 2) 538 2) 206| 1,718) 25,566 1913 eee penne | See) mace 49, 308)45, 048 50, 851/83, 058,79, 149|60, 456/46, 708|51, 169/38, 277/35, 797|1539, 821 iG Rae A eet 37, 867/34, 846) 36, 592 41) 287 63, Sane 993 68, 926) 55, 246/43, 282'35, 573/30, 731 25, 910 558, 922 66 000 , 167/53, 714|43, 55133, 378 26, 917 26, 050 486, 543 ee 449/61 Be ili 734 50, Jose ini 350 36, 420/37, 257 565, 410 1 Ten months’ total, March to December, inclusive. Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. BUTTER—Continued. TABLE 327.—Cold-storage holdings of creamery butter, 1916 to 1921. [In thousands of pounds—i. e., 000 omitted.] 705 Jan.1.| Feb.1.| Mar.1.|Apr.1.| May 1.|Junel.| July 1 31, 139} 15,033) 3,346 30; 474 16, 952 6, 805 26, 618 18, 808 14, 629 36, 777 24, 191 iL, 909) 38, 359 22} 568 12) 555 41) 486 27, 103 14, 732 61, 991 -|Aug. Lic | /102, 537/105, 836) 88, 992|1087 179 88, 305| 99, 334 123, 546/131) 388 82) gi 92) 292 Sept.1./ Oct. 1. 109) 154, 87, 883 121) 816 113, 385| 90, 116 Nov. Dec.1, 100, 522) 85, a 67, 292 100, 115 80, 874 100, 474 /101, 778 77, 983 79, 928 65, 111 73, 654 79, 750 65, 129 TABLE 328,—Butter and cheese: Monthly production of creamery butier and American cheese, United States, 1916 to 1921. {In thousands of pounds—i. e., 000 omitted.] Year Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | | May. June. | July. | Aug. |sept.| Oct. | Nov. Dee. | | otal. Creamery but- | ter: | } | Te LORS RES BEARES erasae| mots) PREPS CCTeeae RE Eee PE Ea pcre 76, 028/54, 308/43, 469)40, 203) 1214,008 1 ne 43, 997 38, 459147, 371|53, 809| 75, 108| 98, 898| 94,151) &3, 936|76, 744 56, 176,42, 705/48, 157| 759, 511 TIS 44” 357/42, 389149, 086/57, 332) 85, 564/104, 385| 97, 440| 85, 148/72; 397 63, 886145, 741/45, 560| 793, 285 191Osse32 52, 189|44, 343|54, 822|67, 487 103, 941/119, 357|104, 156| 84, 458,68, 815,58, 723145, 041/46, 662| 849, 994 Z DODD S825 , 044/46, 355|56, 303/60, 622, 86, 845/114, 695|110, 844/ 90, 669.7, 106 65, 129 53, 570/52, 295| 863,577 NOMA 25. ks 55, 442 54, 87665, 596/80, 363, 116, 053/127, 941/109, 288] 103, 897/87, 634 82, 785/68, 60469, 104 1,026,583 American | | [is cheese (whole bt ese | milk): CU ee] eel Bese Beemer eee ae BEE Be Sey ores (a ec Sere |29, 984 18, 162/11, 772) 7,607) 167,525 1917......-| 8,519) 9, 41 aii, 918/17, 577 28, 932| 38, 796| 35, 296| 32, 24837, 613 22, 303) 14,262) 8, 070| 264,949 191St et 8, 143 7, 860/11, 992)17, 931) 31, 285| 40, 184] 34, 332) 29, 996 25, 424) 18, 862/12) 172] 9/097] 247, 278 i ae 10, 956/11, 855/19, 009/21; 642| 34, 849] 44,599) 35,465] 30, 940126, 257 23, 114.13” 107/10, 044| 281) $37 1920; 128k 10, 457/11, 509) 14, 954/18, 856, 29, 832] 41,376) 34/313 36, 787\22' 935 20, 05413, 308/10, 303) 254, 684 i!) | ee ne 717, ryan 604] 33, 005) 35, 083 26, dee 26, ee $52 20, 851 fa — a 254) 927 | 1 Four months’ total, September to December, inclusive. 2 Preliminary. OLEOMARGARINE. TABLE 329.—Oleomargarine: Yearly production, United States, 1918 to 1920. [In thousands of pounds—i. e., 000 omitted.] Uncclored. Colored. | Year. Animal | Exclu- | Exclu- | Animal | Exclu- | Exclu- | Total and sively sively and sively sively vegetable|vegetable| animal poet vegetable] animal oil. oil. oil. oil. oil. LOIRE 2h ose see ee 255, 197 , 862 3, 307 7, 056 112 1,003 | 355,537 TOTES Oe Pe a ae a 214,759 | 132, 906 3,391 9,303 9,793 1,165 | 371,317 BO2O Rotyse ee eeU 6c otek ee 161,636 | 190,280 3, 843 8,951 5,359 94 370, 163 ROD eM SO EE 2 103, 962 : 624 5, 960 2,026 30 | 211; 867 706 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. CHEESE. Taste 330.—Cheese: Monthly and yearly average price per pound, New York, 1910 to 19 Year. Jan. | Feb. | Mar.| Apr. | May. | June.| J al hj Aug. [eaRe JOD Seen oe ees ee Say jn (ary ody oad fon. 14 [s.15 [6.38 ORS Jans eee ee ee 15 15 4a) oO dh sb es eee 16 “17 18 -19 15 pe ee zt 116 10182 J23--s520es ee Tela o 16} .15 13 14 14} .15 19142 32. ote besos 17 164 484% 16 ]5. 144 15 ]> 15/96 ry Rees Se es RS Se 15 16] .16| .16 17] 2154 > . 15nd DS Bee oe 17 18 | eS! 418i) .18 | ae 45 15 17 Uy (oe Nee esas =e OA D5. [im oot 20 co 2O Late 24) .23 1918 5.255. sce - Sen 24| .26| .24| .23| .24 23 |25 +}. 6 26 ph ea 35 SON Se ne SL |... S21 soemeOd | soos NR = seta mein ate 32 30} .29] .30 30} .28 27 27 (i) eae 24 21 20 22 17 16 19 21 12-year average....) .21 21 21 591°] 1319-1 1S 1.29") 2e TaBLE 331.—Cold-storage,holdings of American cheese, 1916 to 1921. [In thousands of pounds—i. e., 000 omitted.] pa a I Year. Jan. 1.| Feb.1.| Mar.1. pane 1 May. 1.\June 1. July sil niap 1.|Sept.1.] Oct. 1.|Nov.1.| Dec.1. I9l622.59=-ce2- = 28, 558) 18, 908) 13,373) 8, 443 6, 546] 7,301) 16, 357) 31, 569) 46, 776| 49, 579| 45, 713) 37, 080 : cb Se en 31, 855] 22, 113 15, 9, 842 % 928) 1 626 34, 159 67, 595 91, 545) 90, 671) 78, 087| 75, 166 1918: Sass EGS 66, 784 56, 298 37, 743 27, 965 17, 736 20, 395) 30, 054 48, 804 55, 742 42, 065) 33, 402) 25, 625 ft eer oe 19, 823 15, 436 9, 837 6, 750 6, 027 12, 478 37, 501| 62, 645| 76, 661) 81, 359] 72, 889 62, 508 A ES SS eeet oe 53, 168) 43, 631 34, 039 23, 431 16, 963 13, 502 297 654 51, 512 60, 372 55, 007 48, 566) 39, $21 sogtae ee te 34, 115] 25, 000| 17, 477| 14, » 204 13, 466| 17,814) 34, 948| 41, 284| 46, 635| 45, 163] 42, 969| 34, 055 TaBLE 332.—Cheese: International trade, calendar years 1909-1920. [Cheese includes all cheese made from milk; ‘cottage cheese,”’ of course, is included. See ‘‘General note,” Table 291.] Average 1909-1913. 1918 1919 1920 Country. | Imports. | Exports. | Imports. | Exports. Imports. | Exports. | Imports. | Exports. ding 7 = ae ge 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 <= - ponies. pone pounds. pounds. pounds. pounds. pounds. | pounds. PATIBE ooo as cate 1 584 |. ce ccecnc|eacs- 252 =|o0eewece==|amene ante al ame eons =e cee Ganada: sso 1,054 | 167,260 224 | 164,163 253 | 107,633 480 | 142,768 Tidilyae.-- Le, PaaS pase Argentina..... 10, 447 26 82] 14,177 200 "| 39, BBB |... ceazesale-nseneues Australia........ a 360 799 14 2,303 29 a a Austria-Hungary 12, 298 TF el ees SESE EeEad SESE) cisce seers bees cere- Eorctacrs S Plein 31s o-oo 31 771 pi 2 ly Bee deme 16 548 179 | 28,092 7,397 Brags ccto.. + - 9s. Stes ce 3.886 | 2 4,202,000 4.688 | 2 4,260, 4.310 Waste, loss, and unspecified uses. 2.776 2,689, 000 3.000 2, 965, 868 3. 000 rang Coral oo os oo noce= 5 100.000 | 89,658,000 | 100.000 | 3 98, 862, 276 100. 000 1 Based on a per capita consumption of 43 gallonsin 1920 and 49 gallonsin 1921. Population estimated on census figures. ’ 2 Based on a consumption of 200 pounds percalf. Calfcrop estimated as 90 per cent of dairy cows; calves Fi 2stimated as 85 per cent of dairy cows, and calves lost and slaughtered at birth estimated as 5 per cent of dairy cows. 2 Represents annual production of 25,061,000 cows, averaging 3,945 pounds of milk per cow. UTILIZATION OF MILK IN MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS, 1919-1921. . 191 192 1921 Milk 919 920 9 ee Gaal @el fe eens lee bach el bo Product. ght suan-| Total Per eS Per ee _ Per unitof| tity of whole |centof| “ty of Whole centof| tity of Whole prod- |product fais total product| milk total product| milk raical uet. | manu- wrth we Marae factured | used. milk, |.™=a@nu- used. stile Lbs. | M.lbs.| M. lbs. | Per ct. M. lbs. M.lbs. | Perct.| M. ibs. M.lbs..| Perct. Creamery butter | 21 | 875, 000/18, 375, 000} 20.404) 863, 57718, 135, 117] 20. 226)1, 054, 938/22, 153,698) 22. 408 Farm butter... .| 21 685, 000/14, 385,000) 15.973) 675, 000114, 175, 000 15.810) 650, 000/13, 650,000, 13. 807 Cheese (all kinds)} 10 420,000) 4,200,000) 4.664) 362,431 3,624,310) 4.042) 1355, 838) 3,558,380) 3.599 Condensed and - evaporated gen eek 2.5 1,925,000) 4,813,000) 5.3441,578,015 3,945,038) 4.4001, 464,163) 3,660,408 3.703 Powdered milk..| 8 9,000 72,000; .080; 10,334 82,672} .092) 4,243) 33,944) .034 Powdered cream | 19 670; 12,000] .013 309 5,871| .007 130 2,470) .002 Malted milk.....| 2.2 18,000, 40,000; .045, 19,715 43,373| .048) 15,652 34,434) 035 Sterilized milk | | (canned) ...... ft 4,500 4,500} .005) 5,623 5,623) .006 5, 074 5,074} .005 Miltaenocdlate <2) 5.5.44) -2 aod foocseeeencleoece: joeesee oa 260,000} .067)........- 240,000) .041 Oleomargarine..} .065) 371,320 87,000) .097) 370, 163) 24,256) .027| 211, 867 (65 fear) SE ne M. gais. M. gals. | M. gals. Tce cream....... £13.75 | 230,000} 3,450,000} 3.831) 260,000 3,575,000} 3.987] 244,000 3,355,000] 3.396 Total whole milk used | in manu- | | | facturing..|....... eae aoe on gon S.zan tet 43, 676, 260) 48. 712|......... 46, 493, 408] 47. 030 1 Includes 6,000,000 pounds offarm-madc cheese. 2 A large quantity of milk chocolate was made from powdered, condensed, and evaporated milk. 8 Omitted in 1921 because of negligible amount of whole milk used. 4 Batch-made ice cream averages 6 pounds per gallon, and continuous machine made weighs 5 pounds Per gallon; average amount of milk to make 1 gallon ofice cream taken at 13.75 pounds. 708 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. EGGS. TaBLE 335.—Eggs: Farm price, cents per dozen, 1st of each month, 1909-1921. | Year. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June.| July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | — | Poin. tt an Gels 7 Reel ie | ea | 1 Re Seer al Rae | 29.8 | 20.1 16.8 | 17.8} 18.4] 18.5 19. 2) 1's 20. 2] 22.18) 2a 28. 4 1) ee SRS 30.5 |} 28.9 | 22.9) 18.6] 18.6 18.37] 18. 2.) L7G TSe a Bee a oe 29.0 10112) .65.23 30.4} 22.1! 16.5] 14.9] 147] 14.5| 14.2] 15.5] 17.4] 20.0] 23.5] 28.7 POIZLE. 8 226,.G8E 2OF5) [ON QZONT, e2455) [LTS |oekiol 16.7 16.7) [ook 74 [MOOD |e 2200)) 26.9 29.7 IIS FL reve 26.8} 22.8| 19.4] 16.4] 16.1] 16.9| 17.0] 17.2) 19.5] 23.4] 27.4} 33.0 IGIZRE 5.6 2k 30:7, emagud [pease |eo8'726) vsd608' 72703! [eA 7S6! jek See, |Raglao: |engsz5) |= 26.3 29.7 IQI5 SS ceccack 31.6 2952 || QL. 3)) 16: 6 | B71! 16.6} 16.8 | 17.00 185%) 22531) 2658 30.6 ih) iat Seer 30.6 | 26.8] 21.2] 17.9] 181) 19.0] 19.7] 20.7] 23.3) 28.1] 322) 38.1 AO cecenen eae Sie AonsdsO t SasSal (aoe S| BOO fools 28.3.| 29.8) 33:2] 37.41 304 43.3 | 1991S oe ceed 46.3 49.4} 40:4] 31.2). 31.0} 29.8 | 30:7 (34.4) 36.4 | 41/60) 472 55.0 TOTS eee ee on 57.2; 48.3.) 33.1 34.3 | 36.8 | 38.6] 36.8] 39.3] 41.0] 44.7] 54.0 61.9 1920S screcinnacetic 64.8 56..9'| 46:6) 38.8 | 37.4 | 3720] 36.7] 40.0) 44:2) SOSD | 66:9 65.0 fUgieraee cee 61.1] 49.6 | 29.2} 20.4| 20.2] 194] 22.0] 26.6] 30.4| 34.2] 44.2] 51.1 | | | TABLE 336.—Zggs: Wholesale price, cents per dozen, 1921-1918. | Chicago, Cincinnati, St. Louis, Milwaukee, New York, | fresh firsts. | fresh firsts. fresh firsts. fresh firsts. fresh firsts. | } | D 7 . . ae | . . yr % & & % % : Dl B) hep i| © Niet a : a le : i/ 8 Bt oS 1 Boe | oot Be eb fos [Be inreh de ile eo ee es ° = > ° = > io) Far] - ° - - ° > PO sf eee fn Oe ed rh d= OR => Mey 6 ih == ce 1921. f January ..-.---- --| 52 | 724 | 62.6 59.7 | 49 | 67 | 58.3 | 55 | 67 | 59.9 | 58 79 | 67.8 53 .6 35.8 | 30 | 50 | 34.8] 31 | 54 | 36.7 | 364 | 57] 42.8 334 ok | 26.9 | 194 | 32 | 25.9 | 22 | 32 | 27.4 | 24 39 | 31.0 254 | 23.6 22,2 | 19} | 234 | 21.2 | 22 | 244] 23.2125 | 29] 27.1 ave, 20.6 | 174 | 20 19.2 | 20 | 224 | 21.3 | 204 | 27) 24.7 Bits 22.9} 18 | 23 | 21.2 | 20 | 254 | 22.8 | 244) 30] 26.6 4 28.3 | 224 | 243 | 23.8|25 | 29 | 27.9129 | 37] 33.0 .0 32.0} 25 | 28 | 26.9 | 28%; 30 | 28.9] 324) 38] 35.3 3 & 35.4127 | 34 | 30.5 | 29 354 31.8 | 34 46 | 38.8 Ss 47.5| 34 | 46 | 40.51/35 | 46 | 414/36 | 58] 47.9 4. 48.3 | 46 | 50 | 48.2]45 | 53 | 50.2] 51 | 64] 60.4 5 45.9 | 38 | 50 | 45.0] 40 |; 53 | 49.3 | 45 62) 55.6 36.3 | 18% 35.5 | 174 | 67 | 33.0| 20 | 67 | 35.1 | 204 | 79| 40.9 Sy kay | 37 52.9) 33 | 73 | 48.6| 35 | 77. | 50.2} 408 | 89] 57.5 48,2 | 324 48.7 | 33 | 72 | 45.5] 35 | 74 | 46.4] 363 | 94] 55.6 [ 44, 2 42.5 | 26 | 63 | 41.8] 30 | 63 | 47.1 Sat 72 | 48.6 BY inate cael DOs) She chen ee ee 254 | 55 |...... or eee res Spee Ie by (0 Pees Lhe. |. 39g hse es =| Ley) |588 || S5. ee] aa eee ee poet © i Cc 144 | 37) |2.-..:| 154 | 34 |Joscoke) 08,0) pale ee Pen cet| LOA aseel oe ccie.c 14} Bo lances LOO foe, aiseeeeee Douala ent ee Ge by oe Pee 12> ||. S5gieaecs -| LS ye lesd eae 20 Gonjse-5- TABLE 337.—Cold-storage holdings of case eggs, 1916 to 1921. {In thousands of cases—i. e., 000 omitted.] Year. Jan.1. Feb.1. Mar.1.)Apr.1.| May 1.| June1.| July 1.! Aug.1./Sept.1./ Oct. 1 Nov. 1. Dec. 1. 1916 eee ee on 1,508 458 35 264 | 2,327 | 4,593 | 5,574 | 6,060 | 5,600 | 4,868 | 3,985 |. 2,146 1917. sees 920} 149 7 | 190 | 2,105 | 4,922 | 6,617 | 6,895 | 6,436 | 5,837 | 4,638 | 2,948 1918 - _...-.| 1,300 | 200 20 | 344 | 2)957 | 5,499 | 6,554 | 6,568 | 6,265.1 5,369 | 3,812 | 2,071 19192 tte 740 | 130 26 | 320 | 3,278 | 6,098 | 7,659 | 7,850 | 7,685 | 6,858 | 5,087 | 3,341 102). tree eee 1,542 | 342 29 | 122 | 27135 | 5,143 | 6,747 | 6,872 | 6,372 | 5,295 | 3,838 | 1,824 1021. Brit 408 43 43 | 1,926 | 4/909 | 6,844 | 7,534 | 7,605 | 7,210 | 6,269 | 4,380 | 2,403 Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. 709 CHICKENS AND TURKEYS. TABLE 338.—Chickens: Farm price, cents per pound, 1st of each month, 1909-1921. Year. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept.| Oct. | Nov. Dec. i 9.9; 10.0} 10.2} 10.6| 10.9} 11.1} 11.2} 11.1} 11.3} 10.9 | 10.8 AES Wedd; Gin FE OY HDs 4h AQ 4] 2 1253)) 282 Zi 1094 1G dts3 10.6 10.6 10.6} 10.8} 11.0] 11.0] 11.2] 11.2] 111} 10.9) 10.3 9.6 10.3 IG SAIS list ste EE OW 13) 1.3) TLS] 122 10.8 10.9} U1) 11.6] 11.8) 12.0} 12.1] 12.4] 12.4] 12.5] 12.1] 115 ADF T8211 | 2.3 | 9255 Pees aay 23'| 12.7) 12.5789 11.3 105 | IL D496 ah9 | 22.2 2) 22 poms 12.1 12.0} 11.8 11.5 11.9 | 12.2} 12.6) 13.2} 13.5] 13.8] 13.8) 13.9] 143) 143 14.2 M4. 7-|--15.5-| 16.1. 17.5 |-17.54- 47.3-|47.1,17.2 |. 18.1} 1h 7 | 17.5 18.8} 19.9) 19.8] 19.8} 20.0] 21.2) 22.6) 22.8} 23.1] 22.4 21.8 21.6] - 22.2) 23.5 '|-25.2 | 25.71] 25.27°°25.9| 25:7} - 24.2 22.9 | 22.3 24.1; 25.4) 26.8} 27.4) 27.2 27.0 | 27.4 | 26.7) 26.4} 23.4 22.4 24.9 | -22.1-}- 22:2) 21.7 | 20.7) 21.1) 282) 20:9}- 20.3 0 | 18,4 | 19. TaBLE 339.—Turkeys: Farm price, cents per pound, 15th of month, 1912-1922. | Year. j2912-13 1913-14 tits | 1015-16 | 1916-47171 1918-19 | 1919-20 1920-21 1921-22 |) |} } | | i. ae 13.6) 146| 141) 13.7 | 17.0| 20.0| 23.9] 2.6! 300| 25.7 Nebr 32222500"- 5 etd peat ong ee OO fees 2 ry toes 6 21.0 | 25.7| 28.3 | i1.8 | 28.2 ne ea 148! 15.5] 145| 15.5] 19.6| 23.0] 27.0] 31.1| 33.1 32.5 TEN: i a ne 14.9| 15.5] 145] 15.6] 19.5 22.9 | 27.3) 32.0) 33.0 | 30.7 TaBLE 340.—Cold-storage holdings of frozen poultry, 1917 to 1921. [In thousands of pounds.—i. e., 000 omitted.] a | : Year. Jan. 1.{Rep. 1a. 1 Apr. 1. May 1. June 1. July £; ‘Aug. iL sept. |Oet. 1. Nov.1.|Dec. 1. eee = =e Se Se ee SS i aS oleae 32, 184) 35,601] 27,796] 25, 988) 67,212 64, 286| 60,194) 54,132) 56,093] 46,737) 51,743| 49, 561 ATS bia 64, 557| 68, 238) 56,950) 44,115 26,523) 18,929) 17,652 18,756, 23,034) 29,798 44,433) 71, 238 17 fears ela 108, 722/119, 675|109, 627| 92, 897) 71, 162) 55,616) 49, 212 40, 573) 32,918 30, 492, 33, 139) 54,749 24,790! 22) 364| 21,331] 22/953 31,070! 49,046 2 87, 512| 92,253) 78,421] 61, 436| 40,525) 30, 535 | | 5 27, 268, 21,188) 20,064) 25,602 34,876] 65, 167 ee ne 79, 025| 81,096! 79; 001| 62; 315) 47, 651| 35, 408 710 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. : SHEEP. TaBLeE 341.—Sheep: Number and value on farms in the United States, January 1, 1870-1922. Note.—Figures in italics are census returns; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of Agri- culture. Estimates of numbers are obtained by applying estimated percentages of increase or decrease to the published numbers of the preceding year, except that a revised base is used for applying percentage estimates whenever new census data are available. It should also be observed that an census of 1910 giving numbers as of Apr. 15, is not strictly comparable with former censuses, which related to numbers June 1. [In thousands—i. e., 000 omitted.] le ‘arm value | Farm value Year. Number. tan Year. Number. Jan. 1. 1S: June ie es ee e 28, £78 4: O82 || 1015-8 529 8 eee 49,955 224, 687 190, Fup de-.P 2 so ee 36, 192 BO, 757'l| dbs ce eo ee ee 48) 625 251, 594 1900, Junede- <5 >= 35, 935 $6,467 1917") 3, S55 og See ee 47,616 339) 529 190). June be eee ne 61, 504 186; 271%}! 4918 ee Re ee 48, 603 574,575 1910, Apr. 15-2. 2222.. 20 52, 448 ZG, US0'||| 1919S 8 ee ee ae et 48, 866 568, 265 TOE. eo ee sy eee oe oe 53, 633 ph He Gl Mi, | Saale Aa me a ge 39, 025 408, 586 1912. BEG' GORGE Stes 52, 362 1815970 d| 1981 aie ees eacdas | 37, 452 235, 855 1913... aoe ae 51, 482 77Oi|| (922 oe eee 36, 048 173, 159 191452325 oe 49,719 200, 045 | TABLE 342.—Sheep: Farm price per head, January 1, 1867-1922. = Price || Price Price Price Year. Jan. 1. | Year. Jan.1 Year. Jan. 1. | Year Jan. 1. } pe kf i} 19672523058 $2.50 | WSSba ih dsce $2.39 || 1805.....2.22. $1.:58. |} 1909 25.22.2.-- $3. 43 1968) = hs To | Pits a oe O97 Mh IRnGs sae ag 1. 70.|) 190. sacs 4.12 1900-2002-5-5-1 1.64 || 188302022222. 2:53) |b, A80¢: so. cea PDE a BU tee a 3.91 it 7 oes 1.90 || 1884.--......- 2 37-|| 18ns see ee AG 1912 Fees 3.46 Wi. D1 4-WISRGe 2 214"|| 18905. 2.75 || 1913........-.- 3 3.94 iz NSIT 2.61 | tgage TU ty 1.91 || 1900.....--..- 3.03 | 1914 ae 4.02 Ply coatig MOO BS 7; RT > eae aS SU | [rte es 2°98.ll 1015 ccsbaeeae 4.50 ARTBiw ed dee | eh. a 2:05 ||. 1902529 028 2.65, || 1916 2 eens 5.17 Wie. ETA 2.55 || 1889......-..- 2.43 || 10052 2 ee 2.63 ' || 19172 ae. ese 7.13 7 (eee 2.37 | 199026 20 Ee 2.41 || 1904: .22 0.2. 2.59 || 1918.......--.- 11. 82 Rie. HME: 5. 13'|\ sgt oF Ler. 2.50 || 1905.........- 2.82 || 1919........... 11.63 18790 See D. D1 || 19998 ios PEE 2.58 || 1906.......... 3.54 || 1920-.22..2.-- 10. 47 ARI eet es 207d, 1805s 266 TO072- 2 3:84. || 1991e eee 6.30 ISAO ES eee eles 2,29 || 1894.......2-- 1.98 || 1908..... RES 3.88°|| 195s ea é 4.80 Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. 711 SHEEP—Continued. Taste 343.—Sheep: Number and value on farms January 1, 1920-1922. Number (thousands) | Average price per head | Farm value (thousands oj Jan. 1— Jan, 1— dollars) Jan. 1— State. j 1920 1921 1922 1920 | 1921 1922 1920 1921 1922 MAING. on cecieriod ss stciseie es 119 100 95 | $9.60} $5.50] $4.80] $1,142 $550 $456 New Hampshire..........- 28 24 20 9. 70 7. 30 5. 60 2 175 112 ASTER TT Fey See Seely Acedia a 63 58 48] 11.50 6. 70 5. 00 724 389 240 Massachusetts. .........-.. 19 17 17 | 12.60 9. 50 6. 60 239 162 112 Hione tslsnd.-oos- cc. 3 3 3{ 12.10 9. 90 6. 30 36 30 19 Connecticut. 5. -2.<-2 5.5% 11 10 9} 12.60 9. 50 7. 50 139 95 68 Wely, Yorke! 228.22. : 2528: 579 550 512 | 12.20 7.50 5. 80 7, 064 4,125 2,970 New Jerseyl.. 32.22. 5.22085 10 10 10} 11.00] 10.50 7. 40 110 105 Pennsylyaniast.).2. 22.2422! 509 478 468 | 11.60 7. 60 5. 80 5, 904 3, 633 2,714 Delaware 2... doi cn-cecs ec. 3 3 3] 10.40 7. 40 6. 00 31 22 18 OU bh A 103 93 89] 11.00 8. 00 6. 20 1, 133 744 552 itp Soe ae onc Se. 342 335 328 | 11.80 7.50 5. 60 4,036 2, 512 1, 837 West. Virginia. ....2...-..- 510 485 480 | 10.70 6. 40 4. 80 5, 457 3, 104 2, 304 North Carolina........--.- 91 89 84 9. 60 6. 60 4. 90 874 587 412 South Carolina..........--. 24 23 22 7.10 3. 70 3. 00 170 85 66 Georgis: 5-7 2eseece-. << - 72 69 70 4. 80 4. 20 2. 70 346 290 189 uli as Se eee 65 63 64 5. 20 3. 50 3.10 33 220 198 Goo EE SEE EE ED 2,103 | 1,977] 1,957] 10.10] 5.70] 4.60] 21,240] 11,269] 9.002 ined Oia? a a ee 644 606 11. 80 6. 70 5. 20 7,599 4,060 3, 151 WUMOISS 2s cece sigs «at = oe 638 561 516 | 12.60 6. 90 5. 30 8,039 3, 871 2,735 Michigan. ..-.............. 1,209 |} 1,161] 1,115] 11.70 6. 80 5.20 | 14,145 7, 895 5. 798 RVRSCOStT sees So lee ae Es 480 432 367 | 11.00 6. 40 4. 60 5, 2,765 1, 688 INTEMONNUA So. Ss ec cece. bce 509 468 445 | 11.00 6.10 4.70 5, 599 2, 855 2,092 Wowiasae asec tee tes 552.1 Sos 1,092 | 1,005 854 | 12.20 6. 90 5.40 | 13,322 6, 934 4,612 IMESSOUNIO sc ise occa. ise. ees 1,272 | 1,158 | 1,042] 12.20 6.00 4.50] 15,518 6, 948 4,689 Norsh Dakotas... ....--- 299 272 250 | 10.90 5. 70 4.60 3, 259 1,550 1, 150 Pouth Dakota. /i--.......- 844 675 689 | 10.20 5. 60 4.50 8, 609 3,780 3, 100 WebraSka:-dercsssssle le 573 521 521 | 10.70 6. 00 5. 20 6,131 3, 126 2,709 ETISASER Ps on en Stak Sos 361 321 279 | 11.70 5. 90 4.80 4,224 1, 894 1,339 Mentiickys.s-scescss002-2- 708 651 631 | 11.20} 6.40 5. 00 7,930 4,166 3, 155 Mennessee.. 25: .ssd-.2.2 25% 364 349 332] 10.90| 5.80} 4.00] 3,968] 2,024 1,328 PAisbamans.feecseist..l 3.8 82 79 83 5.70) 4.40 2.70 7 348 MISSISSIPPI. aeet eles. = => 164 148 142 6.30) 3.40 3. 00 1, 033 503 426 WCOPISIATIA Ss 223), 25.0. sce Ss- 130 124 124 5. 40 3. 80 2. 80 702 471 347 SIONS es Be nt Os 3.5 ae told 2,650 | 3,047 | 3,077 9.60 | 6.10 3.40 | 25,440 | 18,587 | 10,462 Dia GE Bae 105 91 91} 10.70 6. 20 4.30 1,124 564 391 days qr ya STC a eee 100 96 90 7. 60 4, 20 2.90 760 403 261 IWOWtA ae en eee ccc he 2,083 | 1,973 | 2,170] 10.40 5. 80 4.70 | 21,663 | 11,443 | 10,199 IW.VODN Noe tos coke 2,500 | 2,350) 2,374] 10.30 6. 30 5.50 | 25,750 | 14,805 | 13,057 9) 0 a 2,085 | 2,306] 1,954 9. 10 5. 30 4.60 | 18,974 | 12,222 8, 988 2,468 | 2,343 9. 20 5. 90 3.90 | 23,607] 14,561 9,138 1,200 | 1,100 10. 20 7. 00 4.90 12, 240 8, 400 5,390 2,200 | 2,250] 9.70] 6.50| 4.90] 21,776/ 14,300] 11,025 1,100} 1,190] 10.50 7. 60 5.30 | 12,390 8, 360 6, 307 2,914 | 2,623 | 2,361] 10.70! 6.30] 6.00] 31,180] 16,525 | 14,166 WaASHINpton . 2-22) 5.....-.- 624 555 500} 10.90; 6.90] 5.40] 6,802] 3830| 2,700 COUPE Ey oa et 8 ele I elena 2,250 | 2,025} 1,823 | 10.80 6. 70 4.50} 24,300 | 13,568 8, 204 California..... AOE: Sena 2,500 | 2,500} 2,450] 11.00 6. 80 5.30 | 27,500 | 17,000] 12,985 United States........| 39,025 | 37,452 | 36,048 | 10.47 | 6.30 | 4. 80 | 408,586 | 235,855 | 173,159 TABLE 344.—Sheep: Farm price per 100 pounds, 15th of month, 1910-1921. Year. Jan. Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May.| June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. EG oF RS EB Te EA Ses eT Fahy! eae SSRN era $5. 64 | $6.10 | $5.79 | $5.44 | $5.47 | $4.68 | $4.81 | $4.68 | $4.63 | $4.54 4.45| 4.55| 4.51] 4.24| 4.19| 3.98] 3.91] 3.68| 3.65| 3.71 4.12] 4.57| 4.74| 4.52| 4.21] 4:96] 4.11| 4:19| 4.05] 4.21 4.97| 5.16] 4.91| 4.84] 4.20] 4.32] 4.93] 4:16] 4.97| 4.46 4.77| 4.96| 4.87| 4.70| 4.75) 4.87] 4.80] 4.81] 468| 4.95 5.36| 5.60| 5.54| 5.43] 5.35] 5.16] 5.06| 5.18] 5.18] 5.38 6.35] 6.61| 6.66| 6.54| 6.33] 6.22] 6.25| 6.20] 6.41| 6.77 9.21 | 9.69 | 10.15| 9.84] 9.32] 9.33] 10.05 | 10.24] 10.20] 10.44 11.41 | 11.98 | 12.32 | 11.56 | 11.04} 10.99 | 10.79 | 10.35] 10.11] 9.46 10. 45 | 11.33 | 10.93 | 10.34] 9.25] 9.06| 8.69] 846] 8.35| 853 10.25 | 10.66 | 10.34] 9.13] 8.21| 7.54| 7.24| 6.62| 6.20] 5.54 5.27| 5.11| 5.11] 4.74| 4.34| 438] 411] 3.96] 3.84] 410 712 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. SHEE P—Continued. TABLE 345.—Lambs: Farm price per 100 pounds, 15th of month, 1910-1921. Year. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. May. | June. | July. } Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | 1910; . 3... f283.-. $5. 82 | $6.62 | $7.37 | $7.47 | $7.26 | $7.13 | $6.71 | $5.70 | $5.85 | $5.78 | $5.54] $5.60 191 eee eee 5.71 | 5.44] 5.49] 5.77) 5.74] 5.51] 5.42] 5.29] 5.02] 4.68) 468 4, 93 119i 5.22 | 5.15} 5.38] 5.98] 6.16] 6.02] 5.7 5.60 | 5.49 | 5.42) 5.37 5.70 1913-2 eee 6.03] 6.34] 6.56] 6.59] 6.66] 6.36] 6.05] 5.50] 5.51] 5.51] 5.64] 5.85 NF ee 6.16 | 6.18] 6.31] 6.47] 6.49] 6.47] 6.55] 6.26] 6.27) 6.09| 6.14 6. 33 10152) Saar ee 6.47| 6.67] 6.06| 7.35| 7.32] 7.26] 7.21] 6.70| 6.71| 6.70} 6.76] 7.02 LT SER deo ween 7.29) 7.78] 810} 8.58] 849] 836] 8.16] 815] 822] 8.02) 841 8.72 19U7 2b cee 9. 59 | 10.51 | 11.46 | 12.03 | 12.51 | 12.64 | 11.19 | 12.08 | 13.06 | 14.09 | 13.79 | 13. 81 1918. .4 25>. .- 13. 83 | 18.77 | 14.11 | 15.34 | 15.39 | 14.98 } 14.20 | 14.20 | 13.73 | 13.20 12.54 | 12.44 1919). 28s 2 12.71 | 13.17 | 14. 03 | 14.61 | 14.34 | 13.89 | 13.09 | 12.91 | 12.25 | 11.47 |.11.45| 11.85 1920 -< Pee 12.91 | 14.08 | 14.17] 14.63 | 14.26 | 12.82 | 11.79 | 10.84] 10.31] 9.65) 9.37| 846 7A Dias Se ee | $44) 726i). 7.90: 1). 7.553) A178 4 7. 5 7.37} 6.99 6.27 | 5.98 | 6.12 6. 60 { | i TaBLE 346.—Sheep: Imports, exporis, and prices, 1893-1921. Imports. Exports. Year ending June 30— | Average Average Number. | Value. import Number. Value. export | price. . price. ings ioe | Se ALL Oe 351,602 | $972, 444 $2.77 296, 882 | $1, 861, 231 $6. 21 303, 990 | 1, 082, 047 3. 56 252,138 | 1, 525, 800 6. 05 195, 983 , 150 4, 52 143, 011 839, 219 5.74 126, 152 696, 879 5. 52 44, 517 209, 000 4.69 53, 455 377, 625 7.06 121) 491 636, 272 5, 24 23, 588 157, 257 6. 67 157, 263 626, 985 3.99 15, 428 , O21 5. 83 187, 132 605, 725 3.24 223, 719 532, 404 2. 38 152, 534, 543 3. 50 153, 317 533, 967 3. 48 47, 213 182, 278 3. 86 235, 659 917, 502 3. 89 52, 278 231, 535 4.43 160, 422 856, 645 5. 34 58, 811 367, 935 6. 26 177,681 | 1,979, 746 11.14 7, 959 97, 028 12.19 163, 283 | 1, 914, 473 11.72 16, 117 187, 347 11. 62 199,549 | 2, 279, 949 11. 43 59, 155 711, 549 12. 03 161,292 | 1, 541, 793 9.56} 80, 723 532, 510 6. 60 TABLE 347.—Sheep, native and western: Monthly average price per 100 pounds, Chicago, 1910-19213 | Bes fae | Year. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. Apr. | May.| June. July. | Aug Sept.| Oct. | Nov. leew sh Bat AES Le A os loss] ) oe a : 191: | 2 2S, OS \s5. 55 |s6. 50 |$7.60 |$7.60 |$6. 55 |$5. 10 \s4. 20 |g4. 20 |4. 25 '$3.95 [83.70 7111 i cS La | 410 4.15 | 4.70 | 4.20 | 4.45] 3.80| 3.95 | 3.50 | 3.80 | 3.65 | 3.45 fale Ser ee 4.30 | £15 | 5.30 | 5.90 | 6.15| 4.50 | 4.25| 4.05 | 415 | 4.00 | 4.05 1912. > cent was 5.35 | 5.90 6.40 | 6.45 | 5. 85 5.05 | 4.50 | 4.35 | 4.30} 4.55 | 4.60 cP ER eee red 5.50 | 5.70 | 5.95 | 6.25 | 5.65 | 5.10] 5.40] 5.55.) 5.30 | 5.30] 5.65 Te Rene aes 5.80 | 6.45 | 7.45 | 7.70 | 7.35 | 5.50 | 6.05 | 6.25 | 5.75 | 6.00 | 5.85 ee ae wee 7.20 | 7.75 | 8.25| 8.15 | 8.20| 7.35 | 7.25 | 7.35] 7.80 | 7-50 | 800 Det ee BaP 10. 00 |11. 25 [11.70 [12.10 13.00 10.00 | 9.10 | 9.75 |11.15 (11.65 |11. 25 ING: BAG.) Bae | ‘ 20 |12. 35 |13. 60 |15. 65 & 75 |13.40 |12,65 |13. 15 |11. 80 /10.45 | 9.85 1M9: Levee 8] 10. 35 |11. 35 |14. 05 }14. 50 |12. 25 | 9.30| 9.70| 9.75] 830 | &15 | 8.30 1900. 175.2. 2t a! 11. 80 13. 35 (13. 40 |14. 25 12.25 | 8.50| 8.90 | 7.70| 6.85 | 6.45 | 5.75 4001. Vk ek! 5.07 | 4.90 | 6.14| 6.58 | 6.33 | 4.46 | 5.08 | 4.53] 4.49 | 4.71 | 4.40 12 year average....| 7.27 7.82 | 871 | 9.11 8.58 6. &4'| 6.75 | 6.65 6. 50 | 6.38 1 Previous to 1921 figures compiled from Chicago Drovers’ Journal Yearbook. Av- Dec. erage. $3.90 | $5. 26 3.55 | 3.94 4.45 4.60 4.95 5.19 5.40, 5.56 6.20 | 6.36 9.00 | 7.82 11. 50 | 11.04 9.40 | 12,44 9.60 | 10. 47 4.70 | 9.49 4.92} 5.13 6.46 | 7.28 > ee a Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. 713 SHEEP—Continued. TABLE 348.—Sheep: Monthly average price per 100 pounds, 1921. CHICAGO. Lambs | Tix | Ewes. Breed- ' | a 7] Spring| ling | Weth-| ing | Feeder | Feeder Month : aot ni Culls lambs, weth- vedi | Meai- | Culls “fall” | labs, | ewes, onth. ; : medi- | ers, | medi- | - medi- | medi- ae Pgs ee um to | medi- | um to | um to ane ee /um to um and pounds| pounds} mon. choice. | um to | prime. | choice. cea ear- | choice. | good. down).| up). ie ae January....| $10.66 | $9.94} $8.49 |........ $8.82 | $5.85 | $4.77 | $2.57 February...) 9.03 8. 36 G'35) sat. 6. 82 5.23 | 4.54 2.74 March... S|, geld 7569 |b. 202 S14). -6. 60) — da79'| 30 Aprie ss. 9.88 9.24 320 gee 8. 40 6.71 6.11 3. 42 i Char 10.76 | 10.36 8.28 | $11.84 8. 88 6.65 6. 06 3.38 ij ae 10 A eee Soe ee 6.93 | 11.98 7.99 4.89 3.84 1.80 abyss =.= Ol7e ee Sees AE Se ee 7.23 5. 49 4, 21 1.94 August ..... 9.14 | Me Re 2 O33 |b. 6.94/ 5.11} 4.10] 2.18 September... 8 5Or | ss. 8 = 6513 |: 22... 2 6.16 4.57 3. 86 2. 23 October. ... SA lee. 2; 6:26 [i #2... 4 6.30) 4.94 4.11 2.18 November. . O.6er Ok: et. MA09' |) ee. | 6.88 4.93 3. 80 2. 07 December. .| 10.65 ........ eee oe 8.48 5.67) 4.47| 2.46 Average..| 9.67 | 19, 42 | 72g =e 7.59| 5.55, 4.64| 2.52 January....| $9.78 |........ $4.53 | $2.85 February... 8.33 | $7.73 4.29 2. 57 March...... 9.14] 8.52 5.34{ 3.35 Aprils... J. 9.18 8. 58 5. 80 3. 69 Mayo .5.-. 10. 05 9. 62 5. 48 3.33 THC cc. se 9.64, 9.19 3.27| 1.75 Fit a JERKY oe 3.89 | 2.02 August ..... 8.81 ...----- 3.78 h cl. 98 September..) 8.10 |........ 3.63} 2.00 Wetober sac) 1. 97-|..d.5506 4.04 2.07 | November..| 8.51 |....:... Safe | sods December..| 9.76 |...-...- 3.94] 2.28 Average..| 9.03. 18.73 4.31 | 2.50 OMAHA. January....| $10.32 | $9.33 | Per ee | $7.67| $5. 56 | § its 5 8. 8. | 0.07 | 9.67 | SPAS INSS Hee EID G9 GOMOD Hore December - - Average. - 8 January....| $9.88 |.......- $7. 16.10 BA. L268. S7ipee 4 38 $4. 40 | February.... 8.88 | $8.00| 6.45 /........ | "6.60 pee 4.20 March... ._. oy 6 (i py AS es 7.32 | $6.00| 5.14 | April. 1.321] 9.15|° 8.51] 7.15 | $13.22 | 7.26] 6.25] 5.40) Mary: -.- =<: 9685 -|-— 9-45 | 7-504 > 11. 10 | 8A |e | 5.45 chi Seem 50+}. -9:13-|-~ 6.18 |) I TAd on FeAd low ante! | 3.46 Se MOEt nc: 5.76 |-...2---| 5.63] 463| 3.56 August ..... Py ee erg ee 5.56 | 4.52 | 3.62 September..| 7.62 |........| (oa 4.94) 4.11] 3.49 etobebss 2 |e 7-67 |.------- ee ee 5.25 | 4.40} 3.59 November..| 8.29 |........ SiC el ES eee 5.87| 4.48] 3.30] December...) 9.95 |-..----- (EER Sse 7.39 | 4.90; 4.09} Average... 8.94) 18.83 | 64 6.62 | 44.91 | 4.14 } 1 Five months average. 2Six monthsaverage. * Eleven months average. 4 Eight months average. 714 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. SHEEP—Continued. TABLE 349.—Sheep: Yearly receipts at principal markets, and at all markets, 1900 to 1921. {In thousands—i. e., 000 omitted.] Receipts at principal and other ‘markets.1 a + a ‘ ' ig he Year. 5 . | @a] # ia a ag eu : e —_ i} ~ | ieeoadl BB) Shy | okt) el OST Ds eee eee ae , | ed | cS | = g s a a. 2 z 2 = i) _a sa | a 8 a S 3 3 2 = 3S =8 | cf 3) = re) nD 3) & A a a a < & 1900-3... 2 Se | 3,549 860 | 1,277 490 416 (8) 306 61 pO) ees ses | 4,044 980 | 1,315 332 520 (3) 226 67 1902... ........| 4,516 | 1,154 [1,743 602 523 10 317 61 1903S ones aN 4,583 | 1,152 | 1,864 876 528 125 465 42 CC) ate Ped | 4,505 | 1,004 | 1,754 73| 688} 104] 519 28 1905. .....22.5.| 4,737) 1,319 | 1, 97% 818 645 125 738 57 1905...........| 4,805 | 1,617 | 2,165 | 735} 579 98 | 826 64 1907......--..-| 4,218 | 1,582 | 2,039] 568| 565} 113 65 4,352 | 1,641 | 2,106 | 359] 679| 120] 675 59 4,441 | 1,645 | 2,167| 496]. 776] 188] 632 78 5,229 | 1,841 | 2,985 865 736 163 600 151 5,736 | 2,175 | 2,978} 712] 990| 187] 617] 212 1912... ....-.--| 6,056 | 2,134 | 2,951 628 | 1,031 284 775 207 1913.......-..-| 5,903 | 2,095 | 3,222] 785] 950] 328] 623] 271 Cit Sees 3 5,378 | 2,002 | 3,114 795 749. 408 691 404 1915..........-| 3,510 | 1,815 | 3,268 | 704 363 | 765| 337 18 1916-5 st ese 4,291 | 1,758 | 3,171 623 671 431 | 1,409 321 20 ci ieee eae 3,595 | 1,499 | 3,017| 430] 531} 406] 2,060] 267 20 1918...........] 4,630 | 1,667 | 3,386 | 630| 536| 335]1,652| 387] 827 |14,050 | 8,435 | 22,485 1919...........| 5,244 | 1,945 | 3,789 | 912| 724] 453 | 2:087| 686 | 1,007 |16,847 {10,409 | 27,256 1920..........-| 4,005 | 1,687 | 2,801 | 729] 605] 394 | 2:07 358 | 843 |13,591 | 9,947 | 23,538 199s.) 4984s) 1, 780 | 2,753 | 633 | 636| 357|1,468| 288| 931 |13,580 |10,588 | 24,168 1 Prior to 1915 receipts compiied from yearbooks of stockyard companies. 2 Figures not obtainable prior to 1915. 3 Not in operation. TABLE 350.—Sheep: Monthly and _ yearly receipts at Chicago, Kansas City, Omaha, and East St. Louis combined, 1910 to 1921.1 [In thousands—i. e., 000 omitted.] f | | | | | | Year. Jan. Feb. | Mar. Apr. | May. | June.| July. Aug. | Sept.| Oct. Nov. Dec. Total. | / i111 Pe Oa coe Se 651 | 522| 551 609 1,820 1,258 | 702 /10,791 1 (ag Racca ES | g22| 686] 740 | 566 2,003 1,115 | 810 |L1,879 igs... WS. Ts 1,020 | 849 | 856 | 528 4,906 {1,113 | 905 |12) 172 1GGS hea eo es (7892 | 750] 710 | 869 a8 1 MA: : eee 7 | 934} s63| 909 558 1,512 1gig | 799| 670} 723 337 |1, 000 77 aa Rigi BIA | 7421 697] 632 301 |1; 403 OTC ERE deine le Be | 796 | 693} 682 111 |i; 210 A Toe a i | 716 | 525] 620 770 |1, 569 PEN SECS Sie el Sees 730 | 547| 564 968 |1; 400 199). ep cena ca=-| COO) PxGIG: |) S80 288 | 946 Se aca a | $13] 700] 819 173 1,095 12-year average. ...| 803 | 677 | 6 pee 1 Prior to 1915 compiled from yearbooks of stockyard companies, _ Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. SHEEP—Continued. 715. ‘TaBLe 350a.—Yearly receipts, local slaughter, and stocker and feeder shipments at public stockyards in United States, 1915 to 1921. [In thousands—i. e., 000 omitted.] Cattle. Hogs Sheep. Your. Bex ee ee Pane — erg Receipts. feeder | Receipts eek feeder | Receipts — feeder slaughter ship- slaughter ship- slaughter ship- ments ments ments. = SE Lee Bal = =e 1915.......| 14,553 7, 912 | Q) 36,213} 24,893 Q) 18,435] 10,254} () 1916.......| 17,676 | 10,294 3,847] 43,265] 30, 984 194] 20,692] 11,228 3,277 1917.......| 23,066 | 13,275 4,803 | 38,042] 25,440 783 | 20,216 9, 142 4, 448 1918._.....| 25,295 | 14,874 5,013 | 44,863] 30,441 989 | 22,485] 10,266 5, 208 1919... 3. 624} 13, 633 5,286 | 44,469] 30,018 902} 27,256] 12,646 6, 955 1920.......] 22,197] 12,194 4,102| 42,121} 26,761 728| 23,538] 10,981 5, 180 1971 1p 19,787 | 11,078 3,504 | 41,101 | 26,335 499 | 24168| 12,858 3,095 1 Complete information for 1915 and 1916 particularly on disposition of stock is not obtainable from many markets. TABLE 351.—Sheep: Yearly receipts, local slaughter, and stocker and feeder shipments at public stockyards, 1919-1921. Stockyards. wee pee cece eee = Cheyenne, Wy0.....-.-...-- Chicago, MRE ited. =. 3 Cincinnati, Ohio............. Cleveland, Ohio. ............ - Columbia, 8. C.........2..-- serney GatveiNs Jo. =.-.5.-.52 eansas City j/Mo 22 .. 2.22. - Knoxville: Penn... .. 2... Ga Fayette, Ind. ..2.2...20s. Mancaster, Pa. 22 26. -. 535. 1 Less than 500. {In thousands—i. e., 000 omitted.] | Receipts. 99912°—-Ypx 1921——-46 1919 L| @) @) (4) 236 189 2G Cae Be ae 2 1 2 1 4 @) @) @) 371 367 466 103 121 7 26 = ae a eee 1 1 hb ee 1 4 5 Jy) lea Se ee Se 1,100 | 1,052] 1,380 | 231 263 3 2 3 2 2 442 223 LAS |e ree ie Se 5,244} 4,005] 4,734 | 3,935 | 2,803 335 366 438 84 81 467 420 370 176 168 @) @) @) @) @) 1 1 ri ©) @) (1) 1 #1, .C) 1 11 9 7 4 6 2,087 | 2,079 | 1,468 241 239 328 343 212 216 @ a eee 724 605 636 599 465 251 136 71 3 7 156 157 170 156 157 38 SS ee 4 1 14 14 8 1 3 453 394 357 164 206 11 17 20) 1-2) @) 131 136 145 31 2 i ~ @) 1) GG) 1,532 | 1,554 | 1,994] 1,532| 1,554 1,945 | 1,687 | 1,780] 1,176] 1,066 2 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 2 1 74 122 12 1 2 Local slaughter. Stocker and feeder shipments. | he ae | | 1920 | 1921 | 1919 | 1920 | 1921 1919 1920 1921 116 86 ep ha) pe AE ES () @) @) @) 1 @) 17 gueree Se Pee | Bhai me oe 14 Hk Bye 4 1 @) | be oe B* "3/383 | 1,106 ee |) Ba & 8 | 13 + @) | 4 jaaeBs “1,290 | 1,349 | 643 8 20 15 De eee pee a ee 70 60 | 33 189 95 21 ie Lapel: Ta schngaees costes Q) @ | @® 164 71 80 @) 1 1 bs os eet 6 10 1 jt Se ee Bite Pte on a eee 672 474 | 324 phy hee ae a 1 1 | i 716 SHEEP—C ontinued. Y earbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. TasBiE 351.—Sheep: Yearly receipts, local slaughter, and stocker and feeder shipments at public stockyards, 1919-1921—Continued. {In thousands—i. e., 000 omitted.] Stocker and feeder shipments. 1919 1920 1921 (1) (@) (1) 31 20 25 2 i 1 seceeese[eeeee ese (t) 1 1 ee (1) Lo}. 2@) Ts a0: 1-6, _.oset4 1 @)2.]2. Bet: 33 3 75 1 1 1 ae ce Be 133,42 34 196 6 3 2 1,787 | 1,124 670 131 OS sseseree 1 (4) 4 ais a7 | 40 X18 @) Mey ee, 2 1 1 200 142 107 201 113 78 277 211 142 46 33 5 Bae ra nny Tp oenig 64 28 1 (1) 35 75 12 1 2) ed (1) Fa bea Re 19) eee Receipts. Stockyards. 1919 1920 1921 LOparisport, ING. ce. = 6-5. (@) il 1 Louisville, Ky..............- 273 277 286 Marion: Obion ose e ncn case 32 50 15 Memphis;.'Tenn.- > =-*--...-.- 1 2 (1) Milwaukee, Wis...........-. 65 61 59 Montgomery, Ala..........-- 7 4 2 Moultrie, Ga. 2f. Cee AA Deb sees 1 Nashville, ‘Tenn. .../5. 2... 147 129 138 Nebraska City, Nebr- -..-.-.-- 1 1 (1) New Brighton, Minn......-- 276 166 293 New Orleans, La........---- 6 6 5 New York, N. Y.....--...-. 291 158{ 221 Ogden; Utah: - cea - ce 516 603 575 Oklahoma, Okla.........-.-- 19 15 18 Omaha, Nebr.......-------- 3,789 | 2,891} 2,753 Pasco; Wash-. 2. i s-couscess 131 92 72 Peoria, We case ce or ect 4 3 7 Philadel phigehae s--- o- seca 298 349 454 Pittsburgh, Pa.............. 767 922 | 1,197 Portland, Oreg...$....-..--- 215| 236] 329 Pucblo;Coleiver ..<.--2-< 5 837 734 541 Richmond, Va........-.---- 10 10 13 Die J OSSD MOne =f ec nceaccen 1, 007 843 931 Ste aul, (Minn :... 2 4.2286 912 729 633 Salt Lake City, Utah.......- 388 481 368 San Antonio, Tex........... 88 70 49 Seattle, Wash.........------ 102 91 91 Sioux City, Towa. -j<.--2-8--.- 686 358 288 Sioux Falls, 8. Dak... -.--.- 37 5 2 Spokane, Wash...-....-...:- 117 127 73 Tacomay Wass Stl? See Denmark.....--------- 4,605} 4,055, 3,072| 4,357) 2, 913 Siig| IREAE | 1 ee (3) 835| 1,340 ligetii(t: eee: eee see 155 2} 1,194 975 6, 346] 20, 409) 29,309) 35,172) 29,944) 63, 448 8%, 405 Germany. ..-..---.----- 651 488 716}... 1, GBB = ao op) oe aap oe ees |e ee = - | ee 4,971 Netherlands...-...-.-- -19 116 69 42 49 10 40| 2,985 13] 1,224 1, 116 Sweden) 2b -eaae2 eae 1,268} 1,331) 1,384 938 522 116 26 3 37) () (3) United Kingdom...... 622, 296 611, 868/574, 6981604, 132/577, 339527, 517/406, 814/292, 922/237, 862/478, 987/742, 601 UnitedsStateses.b| “186. RON est 18.6 ibe SS Are 18.6 | 20.2} 22.8) 22.7) 22.0| 23.7] 24.2) 23.8] 23.3 | 22.7) 22.7 23.3 LOLS ec biahh aii’ 23.3 | 24.2] 25.9] 26.3] 28.0] 28.7] 28.6) 29.0] 28.4] 28.7] 29.4 30.8 LOL... Seep. eee 31.8 | 32.7] 36.7] 38.8] 43.7) 49.8] 54.3) 54.8) 54.2) 55.5) 55.9 58. 2 IOUS ee oboseteps 58.1] 57.1} 60.0] 60.0| 58.2] 57.4] 57.5) 57.4| 57.7] S77) 5604 56.2 AE ee Se 2 ee 55.2) 51.1} 51.3] 47.9] 48.0] 50.5] 51.8) 52.2] 51.3] 50.6 | 51.0 51.6 1920 ee eee << = 53.3] 52.5] 51.5] 51.3] 50.3) 38.6] 29.5] 28.3] 28.0] 27.5) 24.9 21.9 bt 74 ee 19.6 | 19.8} 189] 17.9] 16.0) 15.4] 15.5] 15.4] 15.5] 15.8] 15.6 16.9 TABLE 357.—Wool: Monthly and yearly average price per pound, Boston market, 1910 to 1921 OHIO, PENNSYLVANIA, AND WEST VIRGINIA—FINE CLOTHING, UNWASHED. Yearly Year. Jan. | Feb. | Mar.| Apr. | May.| June.| July.}| Aug. | Sept.} Oct. | Nov.| Dec. | aver- age. ON ee eee $0. 28 |$0. 28 |$0. 27 |$0. 25 |$0. 24 |$0. 22 |$0. 22 |$0. 21 $0.21 |$0. 23 |$0. 23 |$0.23 | $0.24 RUG Te Be Bea aa 23 22 QE 3204 51901 519 [bs 2021 5 2081 22 Ue art yee ae ee 21 DOLD ee Poa see wcmicasic 22) QB A Be) S22 ee BO ale 22) | a 24a. SAR Ae eee epee ee ~23 MOISE Wastes anacimesd 24) 24.2384 S22) Dll 20 | paQie) . Qe i eee 22 | COE aria Sean “20 | 221 | 222] 522] 223) 224] 225 525i] 25 | ae oa eee 23 SOLS Ee soe wowace 25 29] .29 26 26) .26 20) 220 27 27 ZU Se 2T ~27 Tae Be eee 28 28 29 31 3h 3-3 | pasiay Soins co 33 34] .37 31 COW Bee a See 39 42 45 44 47) .55 58 | .63 66 63] .65] .65 54 IOISe Mee seston SS 65 65 65 67 64] .62 67 64] .62 67} .64 62 . 64 1919). ei csecwesces 57 56 54 53 | .53]| .58 68 70 70 67} .68] .70 62 10201. baa. ocss 70 75 76 70 65 | .60 57 54 54 42) .38 38 - 58 ht? ae Se oe 31 31 32 32 31] .30 28 28 28 28 29 31 30 12-year average...| .36] .37] .37] .36| .36] .36] .37] . 37). 88) 187) Sn eae .37 ef. oe tas Le ee Ee 1 Prices June to December, 1920, largely nominal. TERRITORY—STAPLE, FINE, AND FINE MEDIUM, SCOURED. Cee es ee ee Ee Yearly Year. Jan. | Feb. | Mar.| Apr. | May.| June.| July.|} Aug. | Sept.| Oct. | Nov.| Dec. | aver- age. $0.74 |$0. 73 |$0. 71 |$0.68 |$0.63 |$0.61 |$0.61 |$0. 62 |$0. 62 |$0.63 |$0.63 |$0.63 | $9.65 -61 5 5 02] 5: +5 = A -59| .54 3 2 5 56 59°} 60 1? J6L eet -57 -6L | i609) S6L7]) 2617] 360] (60 | 5.63.) . 6851. 1689) PGS t= [671s a7, 64 -66 | .64] .59| .56] .55] .54] 1.54] .54] 54] 253] .53] 252 - 56 52] .56 57 59 60] .61] .61 63 61} .59} .61] .61 59 63 | .73 TS. | se iS NAL pes 71 WL 2 Tee ae 73 yi l MAN ATOM STE Nee Du] re O per OL | hare 85 89} .89] .97) 1.05 . 84 1,13 | 1.23 | 1 1.33 | 1.38 | 1.74 | 1.74 | 1.78 | 1.81 | 1.80 | 1.80 | 1.80 1.57 1.80 | 1.80 | 1.83 | 1.85 | 1.80} 1.80 | 1.85 | 1.80} 1.80} 1.85 | 1.80] 1.80 1. 82 1.60 | 1.52 | 1.58 | 1.65 | 1.65] 1.75 | 1.85] 1.85 | 1.85 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 1.78 2.00 | 2.05 | 2.05 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 1.75 | 1.60 | 1.45 |] 1.30] 1.20] .95] .90 1.60 84 90 89} .88 86] .82 82 82 82] .82 84] .88 -85 12-year average...| .99 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.02 | 1.01 | 1.02] 1.03 | 1.02 | 1.02 | 1.02} 1.01 | 1.02 1.02 1 Prices June to December, 1920, largely nominal. Source: 1910-1920 data from National Association of Wool Manufacturers; 1921 data from Boston Com- mercial Bulletin. a Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. WOOL—Continued. Tasie 358.—Wool: Quarterly average price per pound on farms, by leading districts, ‘ 721 1910-1921. quan Florida, . «ye 7 Ala- Ohio, | Michi- : Wyo- hata Pennsyl-| gan, rene Missoun, a rg _ Missis vania. iscon-| tuc owa ali- ta. ew ET, Yearand month. | ‘and’ |sin,and|_ and and’ | TeXas- | fornia. | Idaho, | Mexico. Louie West | New | Indiana.) Illinois Oregon, i ae Virginia.) York. pewnda, At Area’ Georgia =a 1910-14: SARBMATY o> oe w= <= $0. 23 $0. 21 $0. 22 $0. 20 $0. 16 $0.14 $0.17 $0.15 $0. 21 AY see eee === «22 . 20 21 19 -16 14 -16 TLS, -19 A SeSsaseaar 7? 21 21 19 -16 Ail 16 14 19 age Peer cs Py 7, ~2l -20 19 sD 13 -16 14 18 January ...-.--- 24 23 .23 -20 -15 16 21 od -17 1407 eae .26 - 26 26 24 18 -20 «22 18 -18 eee eee +28 199 128 126 119 :20 i) “19 ‘21 October... << - 28 28 «2d - 26 -18 Ba by -21 -19 - 20 | January.....-.- +29 | .29 -28 26 -20 -18 .24 21 . 20 PADTU Soacee cc~ 50 2o2 ~32 .33 .30 .23 24 o2t Py) .25 JIM ess5eheass 34 34 34 -ol 24 24 oat 24 eas) October ..------ 35 34 34 ool 220 21 -28 24 - 26 January .--...--- .38 on -35 33 - 26 -3l .35 at .25 A es ee - 48 48 - 48 45 35 ~45 44 od B37 uly 1.00! o5e. 164 “61 .59 157 144 152 153 46 44 @ctohers- .<2... . 66 64 - 62 - 58 47 51 - 56 48 - 46 January ...----- . 69 65 . 62 59 - 50 - 53 opt, 47 ~ 45 ADE acts == = . 69 65 . 66 - 61 51 49 55 . 54 .49 DHlvonneeeaas =.= . 67 65 . 65 -61 - 52 - 50 «0D, 49 750 October ...----- . 67 65 . 64 . 60 51 - 50 4 44 - 54 January ..-.-.... «62 58 . 62 . 56 45 -42 . 51 35 - 50 Apmls= 268.052. - 58 52 . 53 .49 42 4 48 ~42 44 aly. 1 eis 2es.. 763 +58 155 153 .46 147 149 46 145 October... .-.---- . 63 Pisy f 55 -d1 44 42 48 -48 44 January .-.----- .63 .58 .54 52 46 45 .50 45 .48 AD esesaica'sp's - - 58 - 50 48 44 45 44 44 44 -41 Mil Verecons-=0- Ae) .30 . 34 - 28 . 30 28 - 28 25 ap ais moo BRED - 28 26 27 - 22 .24 -23 -26 «22 -19 January........ af .23 .22 .18 .20 .13 .19 15 217 JX oat ae Sears 22 19 ole ai bg 15 -10 16 14 16 UN yseccbdccpece cs 19 18 16 15 .14 -12 -16 -12 a3 October.-....... - 20 -18 ohT -15 -14 13 16 -14 14 722 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. WOOL—Continued. TABLE 359.— Wool: International trade, calendar years 1909-1920. “Wool” in this table includes: Washed, unwashed, scoured, and pulled wool; slipe, sheep’s wool on skins (total weight of wool and skins taken); and all other animal fibers included in United States classi- fication of wool. The following items have been considered as not within this classification: Corded, Se dyed wool; flocks, goatskins with hair on, mill waste, noils, and tops. See “General note,” able 291. | Average, 1909-1913. 1918 1919 1920 Country. cous =. /Imports. Exports. | Imports. ipa bows exports | Imports. | Rxporte PRINCIPAL EXPORT- | : ar 1.000 | 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 SR CAO, pounds. pounds. pounds. pounds. | pounds. | pounds. | pounds. pounds. Migeria: = so--lcssi-ccl ) 24a | 19 Bet 19 10, 269 2, 689 16, 892 2, 392 13, 978 Argentina............ 214 | 328, 204 36 | 256, 613 54 | 339, 208 |..-.--2222 215, 472 Mustralia- 25-52 Fs25- 6 324 | 676,679 397 | 607,585 43°) G80, 769) 12 => Sees oe ED t RR British India......... 23,721 | 56, 496 29, 495 22, 766 British South Africa- 7) 164,651 97 83 Chile. 252.s265:.:i 56 1, 247 28, 223 206 Ghia: £ 525-222 -see) on ose ee | 42,684 |. 2. 7. New Zealand......... 1 194, 801 6 isin: 5 ee ee 12,753 | 10, 023 946 Pero... 2235322. Se 1 9, 333 1 Spain | 2) oe-.--~ 5 ec 2, 446 505 24, 406 PRINCIPAL IMPORT- ING COUNTRIES. Austria-Hungary.....| 63,942. 9,622 |..........].....4....|....2...-- Belgium .--.......... 300,357 .| 196,490 |... 1. %e...|.2 5.0622. - @anada_!.22...-.. 188 7, 794 1,323 | 19,396 Wraniee) fe. we 691, 628 84, 973 90, 185 Germany.--........-- 481, 988 AZ BAT 322 Sosn | - = soa op | ee ee Japan... 52.3 Se | 102223 150. 5-232. 49, 590 Netherlands.......... 31,991 | 26, 362 274 ssn See 2 te 1067 182;)) (32; 406 ||. 2 23:@h, 21-2 | ae | ee oh: ee ee 7, 267 149 754 Switzerland .........- 11, 211 338 7,959 United Kingdom..... 550,931. | 42,027 | 444,687 United States........ 203, 298 446 | 453,727 Other countries......] 48,668.| 55,754 | 84,418 Totale--2.1 12, 458, 820 2 190, 905 a 1,347,373 |2, 111, 844 4, 896, 549 |1, 953,250 1 Three-year average. 2 Austria only. 3 Less than 500. 4 One-year average. SWINE. TaBLE 360.—Swine: Number and value on farms in the United States, January 1, 1870-1922. Norte.—Figures in italics are census returns; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of Agri- culture. Estimates of numbers are obtained by applying estimated percentages of increase or decrease to the published numbers of the preceding year, except that a revised base is used for applying percentage estimates whenever new census data are available. It should also be observed that the census of 1910, giving numbers as of Apr. 15, is not strictly comparable with former censuses, which related to numbers June 1. {In thousands—i. e., 000 omitted.] | | | | Farm || Farm Year Number. value, || Year. Number. value, | an. 1 | Jan. 1. $570: Sunie bee et Be Sh ASB 4 S140 52 IDs de ee 64, 618 $637, 479 ISS Sutie to ce 5 PS 17, 682 241 O36 A) Potion. tenn ences 67, 766 569, 573 1890; Fimie Ws os 57, 410 Sat Glo MEy ne care aes ee 67, 503 _ 792, 898 1900, Jime de. ores A 62, 868 OD ie ee le SS 70,978 | 1,387, 261 1910; A pridhe ore 38 58, 186 533! 300) ||| A119 9 i - Cee 2. = eae he Sem 74,584.| 1, 642, 598 19112 2 :ORE BS TOTESO. =) 28 65, 620 615;470 I 1990). et 3 Pe 59,344 | 1,131,674 CTO BIT PEST Si sy 9 3 65, 410 BOR ROS TOOL. 53) Se ee ee 56, 097 727, 380 RS Se ar as ea Pa 61, 178 CSET T= aS SS IRS SE 56, 996 573, 405 5 RIN ee le El es a le | 58, 933 612, 951 Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. 723 SWINE—Continued. TaBLE 361.—Swine: Farm price per head January 1, 1867-1922. Price, | Price | Jan. t | Year. | Jan. 1. $42977) 1909 7 = 5... | $6. 55 23594 (i C1 ae 9.17 45103] 1990 Seis. 5... 9.37 4=30rl| 1912. 5. 2. 8.00 4°40 |) AMS F 2 Jaen 9. 86 SIOOT | AGIA se. = see = 10. 40 6220"1) 4915s 352 Saas 9. 87 Ze 33a | pe to a ES 9 8. 40 7.78 AOU Te. sea aen ke 11.75 6:.15,|| 1Gistae Sesame 19. 54 5.99 || 1919 22.02 6.18 19. 07 7.62 12.97 6.05 10. 06 TABLE 362.—Swine: Number and value on farms January 1, 1920-1922, by States. Number (thousands) | Average price per head | Farm value (thousands of Jan. 1— Jan. 1— ollars) Jan. 1— State. a. a dollars) Jan. 1 1920 | 1921 1922 | 1920 | 1921 | 1922 1920 1921 1922 ' | | na ard | 91 73 69 | $24.50 | $21.00 | $14.70 $2,230 | $1,533 | $1,014 42 33 | 30 | 24.00/ 20.00] 15.00 1, 008 660 450 73 63 58 | 22.50] 14.80] 12.40 1, 642 932 719 Massachusetts........... 104 83 76 | 27.00| 20.50] 16.30 2,808 | 1,702} 1,239 Rhode Island............ 13 12 | 12 | 30.00} 21.00) 17.50 390 252 210 Connecticut..-....-.-.-- 61 55 | 47 | 27.50 | 20.00} 17.00 1,678 | 1,10 79 inhi: ee aaa aa 601 559 520 | 22.50 | 17.50] 14.50 13,522 | 9,782| 7,540 New Jersey............-+ ji (2139 126 132 | 25.20} 20.00} 17.00 3,503 | .2,520| 9) 944 Pennsylvania.-......... 1,191 | 1,143 | 1,143 | 23.70] 17.50] 14.50 28,227 | 20,002 | 16, 574 Welaware-: - 222 2552:.5. 39 37 41} 19.00} 16.00} 10.00 741 592 410 LAs re ea a 306 291 285 | 19.00} 13.00} 11.50 5,814 | 3,783 | 3,278 Wangimin <6 22-32. 022 - 941 847 805 | 15.00} 11.50} 9.60 14,115 | 9,740} 7,728 West Virginia........... 305 293 293 | 18.00 | 14.00} 10.80 5,490; 4,102] 3,164 North Carolina.......... 1,271 | 1,246} 1,258] 20.00] 15.70] 12.00 25,420 | 19,562 | 15,096 South Carolina. .......-- 845 853 938 | 21.50] 13.50| 9.20 18,168 | 11,516 | 8,630 2,131] 16.90] 11.50| 8.60 35,000 | 23,345 | 18,327 725 | 13.00] 10.00} 7.00 9,815 | 7,400} 5,075 2,862 | 19.20] 13.30] 10.90 59,213 | 37,320 | 31,196 3,567 | 19.00] 13.00] 11.00 71,383 | 45,916 | 39, 237 4,046 | 20.50] 13.70] 10.50 95,100 | 56,567 | 42,483 1,051 | 22.00] 14.30] 11.30 24,332 | 15,501 | 11,876 1,659 | 23.50 | 14.50} 10.50 7,506 | 24,302 | 17,420 2,330 | 24.00] 15.30] 11.20 57,144 | 34,609 | 26,096 7,546 | 21.80] 14.50] 11.00] 171,435 | 108,330 | 8.006 3,693 | 16.50} 11.00| 8.50 64,168 | 40,216 | 31, 390 435 | 21.00| 14.00] 11.00 9,618 | 6,034] 4,785 1,900 | 21.50 | 13.50] 10.00 42,011 | 23,745| 19,000 3,680 | 20.90} 13.50} 10.00 71,812 | 47,318 | 36, £00 2,113 | 17.50] 12.00} 9.50 30,328 | 22,044 | 20,074 1,214} 13.00| 9.90] 7.50 19,552 | 12,652 | 9,105 1,546 | 15.00} 9.50] -8.00 27,480 | 15,143 | 12,368 1,307 | 12.80} 10.00) 8.60 19,162 | 13,470} 11,240 1,219 | 14.50} 9.50] 8.00 19,908 | 11,352] 9,752 756 | 14.30| 11.70] 8.60 12,169 | 8,763] 6,502 2,475 | 19.50] 11.80] 8.50 43,407 | 28,627 | 21,038 1,334] 15.10] 10.30] 8.50 19,690 | 12,494 | 11,339 1,255 | 12.50 |» 8.80 |: -7.10 17,225 | 11,158| 8,910 180 | 20.00] 16.50} 13.10 3,340 | 2,640]. 2,358 73 | 18.40] 14.00} 12.00 1, 325 952 876 455 | 18.00] 12.30] 9.60 8,100 | 5,092] 4,368 94 | 21.80] 15.00} 9.00 1,918} 1,350 846 53 | 18.00} 16.00 | 12.00 768 636 90} 15.00} 13.00] 10.00 1,485} 1,170 900 25} 14.00] 11.00] 10.00 378 275 250 JS 7 240 206 196 | 17.80] 12.50] 11.00 4,272 | 2,575 | 2,156 Washington............. 265 236 212 | 23.30 | 15.00] 12.50 6,174 | 3,540} 2,650 Go a 267 240 233 | 19.50] 12.80] 10.70 5,206 | 3,072| 2,493 Pallifornin® 2-2 22252. 999 818 834] 1800] 14.50] 11.70 16,362 | 11/861} 9,758 United States... -. 59,344 | 56,097 | 56,996 | 19.07 | 12.97 | 10.06 | 1,131,674 727, 380 573. 405 | | 724 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. SWINE—Continued. ; TABLE 363.—Hogs: Farm price per 100 pounds, 1910-1921. Year. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June.| July. | Aug. | Sept. Oct. | Nov. | Dec. [Si eae eS | $7.76 | $7.87 | $8.93 | $9.26 | $8.59 | $8.46 | $8.15 | $7.78 $8.27 | $8.08 | 37.61 $7.16 it ee 7.44 7.04 6.74 6.17 5.72 5.66 5.92 6.54 6.53 6.69 | 5.86 5.72 (UD eee ee 5.741 5.79] 5.94 6.78 | 6.79 | 6.65 | 6.64] 7.11 7.47) 7.70 |. 7.05 6.89 1033... ccude daw 6.7 7.17 7.62) 7.94 7.45 7.61 7.81 7.7 7.68 | 7.60] 7.33 eo ié UNF ee oa Be 7.45 7.75 | 7.80 7.80 | 7.60} 7.43 7.72) 8.¥h 8.11 7.43 | 7.00 6.62 | i ERD atest! 6.57 | 6.34 | 6.33 | 6.48] 6.77] 6.80] 6.84] 6.61 6.79 | 7.18] 6.35 6.02 ft. =o. Sooner 6.32 | 7.07 7.86 8.21 8.37 8. 21 8.40 8.61} 9.22] 8.67 8.74 8.76 * | Is gap ane ere 9.16 | 10.33 | 12.32 | 13.61 | 13.72 | 13.50 | 13.35 | 14.24 | 15.69 | 16.15 | 15.31 15.7 ISIS. 2... case eee 15.26 | 15.03 | 15.58 | 15.76 | 15.84 | 15.37 | 15.58 | 16.89 | 17.50 | 16.50 | 15.92] 15.82 MOL: c= deserves 15.69 | 15.53 | 16.13 | 17.39 | 18.00 | 17.80 | 19.22 | 19.30 | 15.81 | 13.88 | 13.36 | 12.¢6 S920 2: = seessese | 13.36 | 13.62 | 13.59 | 13.73 | 13.44 | 13.18 | 13.65 | 13.59 | 13.98 | 13.57 | 11.64 8.90 se ee eee } « 8.82) (8258+) 9513 7.96 7.62 | 7.22) 8.09 | 8.73 7.51 7.31 6.66 6.52 Taste 364.—Hogs: Monthly and yearly average price per 100 pounds, Chicago, 1910 to LUBE i on Year. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June.| July.} Aug. | Sept.) Oct. | Nov. Dec. ee ——— 6 hs ripe goer |] 10a ee M010 26t.c5 eee 38.55) $9.05)$10. 55) $9.90) $9.55) $9.45) $8.75 $8.35) $8.90) $8.50) $7.60) $7.65 $8.90 IOI. < eeeees. 7.95| 7.40) 6.85) 6.25) 6.00) 6.25) 6.70) 7.30) 6.90) 6.45) 6.30 6.40 6.70 NOLS... eae. J 6.25) 6.20) 7.10) 7.80} 7.65) 7.50) 7.65) 8.25) 8.45) 8.75) 7.75 7.40 (5) 1915 ee oe 7.45, 8.15) 8.90) 9.05) 8.55) 8.65) 9.05) 8.35) 8.30) 8.20) 7.75 7.70 8.35 1914s) eee to 8.30} 8.60) 8.70} 8.65) 8.45) 8.20) 8.70) 9.00) 8.85) 7.65) 7.50) 7.10 8.30 i Se eee 6.90) 6.80) 6.75) 7.30) 7.60) 7.60) 7.75) 6.90) 7.25) 7.90) 6.65, 6.40 7.10 1916S Fo oh | 7.20) 8.20) 9.65} 9.75) 9.85) 9.70} 9.80) 10.30) 10.70) 9.80; 9.60 9.95 9.60 Sy aes a 10.90) 12.45) 14.80) 15.75), 15.90) 15.50) 15.20) 16.90) 18.20) 17.15 17.40 16. 85 15.10 1913. . tees eS | 16.30) 16.65] 17.10] 17.45) 17.45] 16.60] 17.75) 19.00] 19.65] 17.70) 17.70 17.55 17.45 OL... gas eS | 17.60) 17.65) 19.10) 20.40) 20.60) 20.40) 21.85) 20.00) 17.45) 14.35) 14.20 13.60 17.85 1520. <2 See. ae | 14.97) 14.55) 14.94) 14.79 14.28) 14.68) 14.84 14.74) 15.88) 14.17) 11.83 9.55 13.91 jk) bee eel 2 9.41; 9.42) 10.00) 8.50) 8.35) 8.19) 9.69) 9.26 7.61| 7.72} 7.01 6.92 8.51 12-yearaverage 10.15) 10.43 11. 20) eit] oat 11.06) 11.48 11.53 | 10.70) 10.11, 9.76 10.78 1 Prior to 1920 from Chicago Drovers’ Journal Yearbook. TABLE 365.—Hogs: Monthly average and top price per 100 pounds, 1921. CHICAGO. Butcher, pao shipper Packing sows. | | 7 SSS! Stock Pigs , | Me- is . ae pigs : Light | Light 130 ? . etl aught weight, | lights, pounds Passe Month. FY | “Sor to’ | 151 to | 130 to |Smooth} Rough | down, |?) of | Top. . cotas| bsg° | 200 | 150 | (250 | (200 | me-’ | 4°¥%, | sales. Li me-lpounds,|Pownds, pounds, | pounds |pounds |dium to Core, . jUP, pe ?/ com- | com- | up). | up). | choice. : dium to|_me- Soo lanonit choice. choice. aioe os choice. | choice. | $9.36 | $9.54 | $9.72] $9.75 | $8.76 | $8.37 9. 20 9. 55 9.90 9. 94 8. 45 7.91 | 9.64 10.14 10. 65 10. 53 8.75 8.17 8. 34 8. 69 8. 96 8. 96 7.46 6. 92 : | 8.29 8.49 8. 56 8. 46 7.63 (Fe ( 8. 23 8.35 8.39 8.33 7.80 7.43 9.96 | 10.33 | 10.47 | 10.34 9. 04 8. 57 9.47 | 10.07 | 10.25 9.95 8.32 7. 86 8. 03 8. 46 8.39 8. 05 6. 87 6. 45 October 2-2. -5-.56 8. 04 8. 26 8.17 8.05 7.04 6. 57 November.......... 7. 08 7.12 7.12 7. 30 6. 56 6. 23 December-........... 6. 90 7.05 7.25 7.43 6.14 5. 68 > 282 5 480) Lon be 14,125} 4,780] 7,662) 18,274) 20,461) 7,443 1} (5) (5) United States........-.. 927| 2,232) 2,608) 3,183) 1,251) 24, 230) 55,112) 49,373) 11,633) 26,777, 38, 305 Uruguay..............- ae ae [eecceec|eseteee|eeesee|seeteee|erenees 26 6 3911) | A) 1 Not yet paalable,. 2 Year beginning July 1. 3 Less than 500 pounds. 4 Unclassified. 5 Not separately stated. 730 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. SWIN E—Continued. TapiEe 372.—Pork, fresh, chilled, and frozen: Yearly exports and imports, by principal countries—Continued. [In thousands of pounds—i. e., 000 omitted.] IMPORTS. Country. 1910 | 1911 1912 | 1913 | 1914 | 1915 | 1916 1917 1918 | 1919 | 1920 Imported by— | ‘Austria-Hungary - .... 7| 3,885] 6,964) 2,404)....... ee: Sel ieee meee hr tae Belgitmms 8622 932 459 38 7 | eee ee Bes ee | eee 63 274 Canadas. 2+.4-4.-'- 552 251 645, 496 380, 64 9,063) 57,533) 101,223) 1,564) 44,937) 11,977 Cuba's. 265- 2255 ---. 2. 148 107 88 123 186, 216 107 158, 316 564 (3) Denmark. +22 .=...522 134} 1,263) 1,830) 1,794, 4,654 714}. 2022) 228s - ee eeesaceee (8) Rranee2: 665 taste 54, 15,187| 10,794, 3,208, 2,189, 91| 2,184 9, 848) 10,222) 18,889) 6, 803 Germany .-....--..-.-| 8,211] 3,129] 29, 123) 35, 875).....-- (Se Ee | 2b co22) eee 14, 445 Netherlands. .......-.- 42 49) 2,321 101, 47 60, 2 6 1 10 189 Swedenus..:.005_-- 80 2s ease 4 1 4) 2 ri} 43) - 902 2) 6) | ©& Switzerland..../...... | 3,926, 14,606) 22,172 12, 606, 7, 545 59) 4) 1 2 67, 4,764 United Kingdom..... | 53,750, 50,728) 35,027) 55 5, 358) 96, 455) 30, 162) 32, S47 18,015 11,150) 15, 253 56, 245 United) States..---5.<-|- 3 | bat hd PoE ee el a | } } | Beef: | | Steer— Choige: Joo osses& $20. Aer 33 $18. 86 $18. 10 g17. 251916. 4lg16.56 $17.17) \g17. 13/$18. 31 $18. 34 $18. 08|$17. 89 Goods) ose. cst | 15.20} 17. 06 16.65) 15.94) 15.22) 15.10) 15.74 16.20) 16.65) 16.49 16.48) 16.26 Medium......... | 16.38 13. 80, 14. 62) 14. 85| 14. 76) 14.02) 13.54) 12.99 13.04) 13.30) 13.00. 13.98) 14. 02 Fe Ta 13.43 11.83) 12. 55) 13.00) 13.43) 12.02) 11.55) 10. 4 9.39) 9.76) 9.50 10.75) 11.48 - ow— } | Goods Ui | 14.63 12.33) A 14.39) 13.93) 12.95) 12.85 12.36) 11.64) 11.86) 11.50, 11.50) 12.81 Medium ........- 12.30 11.13 12.06) 13.10) 12.84) 11.88) 11.38) 11.28 10.36) 10.23) 9. 50 10.25) 11.36 Common. ......- 11.30 10.13) 10.82 11.30) 10.95) 10.04) 10.00) 9.45, 8.31) 8.26 7.50 8.25) 9.69 A reals 10.75 9.69) 10.37. 9.80) 10.48) 8.81) 9.32 8.61) 8.05) 7.73) 7.00 7.26) 8.99 eal: Choice: 2. -2---.--- 20.10 18.96) 19.82 17.55) 17.43) 16.26) 18.18] 17.72, 20.41 19.10 16.61 15.71) 18.15 Good 5. Sess: | 18.35 17.90) 18.46 15.85 15. 78| 15. 26) 16.60) 15.52) 18.60) 16.58) 15.19, 13.71 16.48 | 16.40 14.10) 13.83) 13.26) 14.60) 12.70) 15.43) 13.35) 13.23, 12.71) 14.34 13.64 11.43) 11.03] 10.76) 12.18) 10.00] 11.93) 9.55) 10.93) 10.54) 11.54 21.92 21.25, 23.95) 23.60) 25.68| 23.02) 19.70) 17.85) 19.16) 23.80 21.95 19.28 18.75 21.53) 20.88) 23.50) 20.46) 17.70) 16.25 17. 86 21.62) 19.76 17.26 16.25 19.03) 18.06 20.68) 18.22] 15.45) 14.08) 15.36 19.58) 17.39 14.68 13. | 15. 78) 14.32, 17.28) 15.50 11.93) 11. 28 12. 06; 17.08, 14.38 | 14.66) 15.50 16.00). 1 115.89 | 13.50| 13.50 14.00... 114.18 11.50] 11.50] 12.00). 2222 2|22 222. (112.23 / 13.72) 14.43 15.05) 12.98 12.18) 12.26) 10.53) 10.20} 9.83) 11. ee 11.93 11.42) 12.30; 13.05} 10.98 9.95] 10.34) 9.05) 8.25) 8.66} 10. nip aie 10. a 9.44 9.90 10.55| 8.46) 7.45) 7.84) 6.90} 6.40) 5.82 Fresh pork cuts: | Loins— : 8-10 pounds. ....| 22.45) 20.02) 25.78) 27.20 21.55) 20.09) 22.78] 29.00) 28.31) 25.03) 17.10 18.25. 23.13 10-12 pounds. ... 21.05, 18.60) 24.44] 25.18 19.68) 18.86, 21.11] 26.88) 25.59] 22.33| 16.13) 17.01) 21.40 12-14 pounds. ... 19.40} 17.23) 22.28) 23.00} 18.18] 17.69) 19.69] 23.26) 21.95] 19.33) 15.11) 16. 11) 19.44 14-16 pounds. ... 217. 63) 16.11 19.90) 20.58) 16.55) 16.54) 18.09} 20.10) 18.70) 17.28) 14.11 15. 09 317.55 eke et oe over..|..:...| 14.88] 17. 80 17. ae 14.45) 15.41) 16.66) 16.66) 15.46) 14.55] 13.08) 14. 19 315.52 oulders— ee tA 15 38 13 99) 15.62 14.90 12. 85} 12. - 13.05) 14. | 14.91) 13.43) 11.69) 12. my 13. 86 iecnies— | | 4-§ pounds....| 14.30; 13.70) 14.14) 12.85) 11.45 12.69) 14.23} 13.91} 12.18) 11.01) 11.01) 11.56 12.75 6-8 pounds. ...| 13.20) 12.70) 13.14) 11. 35) 9.50) 11.95! 13.53) 12.94) 11.33] 10.31) 9.90) 10.76, 11.72 8 pounds over..| 12.20|......|.-.---|------ | GRR cd (ae A |S | | MEAN ee eee ee! eS Butts, Boston style! 17.90 15.61. 18.12! 17.28 14/13) 14.39 15.15) 18.52! 18.58! 16.08! 13.42! 14.88 1 Five months average. 3 Eleven months average. 2 Fourteen pounds over prior to February, 1921. pila tia, Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. MEATS AND LARD—Continued. TABLE 373.—Fresh and smoked meats: Monthly average wholesale price per 100 pounds, Chicago and New York, 1921—Continued. CHICA GO—Continued. Class of meat. Cured pork cuts: Hams, smoked (14- ~ 16 average)...... Shoulders, picnics, smoked Bacon, breakfast...| 26.25} 27.81) 27.80] 27.38) 25.69) 25.53) 26.44) 27.30) 24.88] 22.50 Lard (tierces) Lard compound (tierces) Jan. | Feb. | Mar.| Apr. | May.! June.) July.| Aug. | Sept.| Oct. $24. 25/$25. 63/$25. 50/$25. 38/$25. 16|$25. 60/$29. 44/$29. 50/$25. 56 17.85} 17.38) 16.73] 15.94) 15.35) 16.53) 17.91) 17.45) 14.25) 13.63 on | Nov. | | \$22. 19 15.95 21.80 16.03) 14.91) 14.48} 13.07] 11.88) 12.03) 13.94) 13.65) 13.51) 12. % 11. 62 12.38) 11.69) 10.63) 9.31 9.63) 9.70) 11.00) 11.73) 12.28 NEW YORK. 12.13) 11.30 $21. 38/$21. 22 731 Aver- age. i 16. 66} 16.30 20.56) 25.33 11.25] 13.21 10.94) 11.06 Dec. $18. 47/318. 85 4817.92 14.92) 15. 66 12.95| 13.98 11. 32/311. 89 11.38) 412. 49 10. 36) 11.30 . 78) 49.81 21. 65/621. 17.98) i8. 16.25] 15. BG 12.95 26.65) 23.4 24.98) 21. 22.85| 19.4 20.37 515. 22.38) 26.1 14.00) 15.97 24.00) 27. 79 11.25) 13.22 Beet: Steer— } LLL Ts Sa es ORE | PA SEM $18. 60/$16. 97 $16. 84 $16. 80/$18. 33|$17. 94 $18. 46 Tl Leet cee $17. 36/$14. 45|$17. 08) 17.04] 15.64] 15.56, 15.25) 15.85 15. 34) 15.05} 14.34 16.00) 13.36) 16.01) 15.94) 14.71) 14.42} 13.35) 13.40) 13.03] 12.64) 12.00) Seessesiices =<: 12.71; 15.00) 14.81) 13.16} 12.17) 11.03) 10.35) 10.62) 9.92) 9.70 4°36| 2S. 14. 40) 14.63) 13.39) 12.84) 12.75) 12.42) 11.25) 10.50) 9.52 13.35} 10.76) 13.59} 13.68) 12.40] 11.82) 11. 14) 10.52) 9.75) 9.50) 8.73 12. 48}. ..... O47 | | Sees 10.48} 9.82) 9.04) 8.47) 8.56) 8.11 ee EE) Ee ee AS SOLE SG) 4S CLP Git So ae I. Seat AS.081020.220115 02) 9595) 1142) 102818 2 IS. IR... foe |- 11.89) 9.44) 10.23) 9.56) 10.59) 8.87) 10.17) 8.74 8.21) 6.87 27.25] 22.12) 21.58}... fo. ce. 18.48) 18.58) 20.08 21.80) 18.23 23. 63) 19.85) 19.74] 17.75) 16.30} 16.34] 15.95) 16.88 3} 19.18) 16.40 20.63} 14.73) 17.24) 15.38) 14.58] 15.17] 13.88) 14.12 5 16. 32) 14.11 16.30) 15.03) 14.38) 12.83) 12.47) 12.90) 11.68) 11.28 11.80; 10.69 ° | | 25. 78} 20.33) 22.40) 22.75) 25.98} 26.88] 25.75) 23.34] 20.73) 19.24) 21. 26) 24.53) 18.58] 20.68] 20.68) 24.23) 24.55) 23.53) 21.26 19.00) 17.90) 19.70) 22.33) 16.72) 18.48) 18.88} 22.05] 21.88} 20.94) 19.12) 16.75) 16.05 17.31) 2 Se SE ARE RAE Ne 17.14] 15.79] 14.44 12.40 halen 13.40) 10.97) 12.82) 15.26) 15.55) 12.84 15. 40) 12.28} 12.01) 11.25) 10.33) 12.03} 9.65) 11.40) 13.38) 14.28} 10.12] 12.36) 10.56} 10.50) 10.00) 9.17) 10.05} 8.49) 10.18) 10.94) 10.87] 6.86} 9.20) 7.78] 7.55) 7.61) 6.74) Fresh pork cuts: | Loins— 8-10 pounds. .... 25. 73| 21.65] 24.32) 27.58) 22.98) 22.09] 23.69] 27.98) 29.21) 27.70) 19.23 10-12 pounds. ... 24.18) 20.22) 22.58) 25.55) 21.28) 20.78) 21.71) 25.82) 27.20) 25.75 18. 24| 12-14 pounds. ...| 22.98) 19.06) 21.16) 24.08) 19.90] 19.18] 20.30] 23.12) 23.92) 23.40) 17.38| 14-16 pounds. ...|220.75/ 18.00) 19.68 21. 68) 18.35; 18.02} 18.70} 20.04 19. 94) 20.10) 16.88 16 pounds over. .!.....-| 16.66) 18.24) 19.48) 17.13) 16.58] 17.40) 17.38) 16.92) 17.42) 15.62 Shoulders— Skinned ......... 16.33) 15.00) 15.77) 15.84, 13.66) 13.40] 13.35] 15.96) 15.05) 14.99) 13.41 Ce re Te Se ae a EE I a ee re (eine Sere Send Re eel beet | Mee eed eel ee 6-8 pounds. ...| 14.20) 13.84) 14.26) 13.83) 11.86) 11.82/ 11.90] 13.38] 11.86] 12.25) 11. 60! mparmnidwover. se. f |52 2s) fcs Je cce e eo eg) As) as ae Ee Ee ee) Pe eee Butts— | Boneless......... 23.38| 19.20}....-. 23.56)02 252 (7) PPPS ARE) STEEN Deerys SPE! REET, Seneee Boston style..... 20.15) 17.10) 18.23) 18.33) 15.60) 14.79] 15.12) 17.33) 18.82) 18.96) 16.42 Cured pork cuts: | Hams, smoked (10- 12 average)...... 24.63) 28.00) 27.60) 27.68 25.50) 25.60) 28.50) 31.86) 26.50) 23.00) 22.00 Shoulders, picnics, | smoked-......... 19.88) 17.25) 16.60) 16.25) 15.00) 15.40) 16.25) 17.72) 15.25) 14.00) 14.00 Bacon, breakfast...| 29.13} 30.25) 30.00) 30.00) 29.50) 28.05] 28.00) 29.56) 27.00) 24.00) 24.00 Lard (tierces)........ 14.13) 15.13) 13.90) 13.50 12.44) 12.45) 13.13) 13.58 = 12.75) 12.45 Lard compound | (tierces) .50) 11.75) 10.65 9.88) 11.20 11.95 wt ewww wee ee | 9.50 8.75 11. = 12.25 2 Fourteen pounds over prior to February, 1921. 3 Eleven months average. 4 Nine months average. 99912°—yBx 192i1——47 5 Six months average. 6 Ten months average. 10. bs 10.74 . 732 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. MEATS AND LARD—Continued. TapiE 374.—Cold-storage holdings of frozen and cured meats, 1917 to 1921. [In thousands of pounds—i. e., 000 omitted.] | Year. January 1. | February1., March 1. April 1. May 1. June 1. } WD Fite cs seteessoeesWewscw sae 803, 669 875, 450 913, 659 851, 990 827, 951 831, 867 FL fe eee RE SO ed “ERE an Be 981,378 | 1,117,965 | 1,265,554 | 1,354,961 | 1,319,328} 1,299,779 19192, 4 Peer eee eet os 1,199,292 | 1,452,312 | 1,436,378 | 1,388,764 | 1,332,443] 1,283, 768 (7 | ae Mis a MRE 1,015,558 | 1,186,530} 1,278,729| 1,304,142 | 1,251,508} 1,208, 728 1987 22S ASC ERL SES ; 976,058 | 1,138,033 | 1,107,706 | 1,042,552} 1,017, 209 eee Su oo Year July 1 August 1. |September 1) October 1. November 1 December 1. | DDE ee nian soweecocs- =e 878, 598 893, 472 778, 119 632, 802 587, 245 709, 043 pe) 1 pipes eee we aie pe ee Ee 1,149,377 | 1,136,501] 1,035, 861 905, 326 882, 230 938. 1010 Mra ro etapes eee 1, 254,457 | 1,171,381] 1,061,274 984, 259 830, 719 865, 101 LOBOS eee Se Seatesseeeee 1, 194,464 | 1, 115, 082 7, 783, 777 670, 295 , 636 iy) ee ee 989, 402 , 406 776, 981 607, 455 490, 648 504, 659 TaBLE 375.—Lard, pure: Monthly and yearly average price per 100 pounds, Chicago, 1910 to 1921.} « Year Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June.| July.| Aug. | Sept.| Oct. ig Ci) (Bee ee ae Lee $12. oe 50/$14. 08/$12. 33/$12. 95'$12. 11. 85/$11. 82/$12. 44'$12. 93/$10. 82)$10. 31/312. 23 1911.......-----------| 10.32] 9.50] 8.83} 7.93) 8.03} 8. 8.30} 8.97} 9.32) 8. 9. 8. 86 1912. 352 stt ees 9.24} 8.90) 9.37) 10.06} 10.77} 10. 10. 57) 10.73} 11.08) 11. 10.39 191g acces <2 ean 9. 88} 10.50} 10.66) 12.00) 11.05) 10. 11. 53} 11.28] 11.15) 10. 10. 83 10. 67} 10. sal 10.23) 9.95) 10. 10. 9.69} 9.68) 10. 10. 24 10.53) 9.84) 9.95) 9.71) 9. 8.05) 7.92) 8.13} 9. 9.31 9. 99) 10.79) 11.77} 12.80) 12. 13.12} 13.44) 14.47) 15. 13.21 17. 00} 19.30} 21. 22. 30) 21. 20.77) 22.40) 24.03) 24. 21.73 1918: - cae. etneee eset | 24.39) 26.05) 26.07) 25.44) 24.53) 24. 26. 09) 26. 78] 26.98} 26. 25.79 pt: bt Ms ie gk ee ee Se 23.46) 24. 83} 27.35) 30.09} 33. 58) 34. 34. 76| 30.01) 26.19) 27. 28.40 1920..... =i FS 23.52) 23.14] 22.93) 22.71) 22. 75| 22. 21.71; 21.16) 22.58) 23. 22.25 1923.5... Seebes hosel 16.03) 14.91) 14.48) 13.07) 11.83) 12. 13. 94) 13.65} 13.51) 12. 13.21 12-year average....| 14. ‘G 14. 88) 15.35) 15.47) 15. at 15. 15. 4 15.65) 15.80} 16.02) 15.98) 14.99) 15.54 | 1 1 Prior to February, 1920, from National Provisioner. TABLE 376.—Cold-storage holdings of lard, 1916 to 192.. [In thousands of pounds—i. e., 000 omitied.] { | Year. Jan. 1. Feb. aes nan 1.) May 1.|June 1.) July1.)Aug. 1. Sept.l. Oct.1.|Noy.1- Dee. 1. 1916.....-...--.-| 63,304, 92, 342/111, 897| 97, 237/108, 731] 85, 113] 87, 127] 95,991 82,028) 71, 570) 56, 929) 58, 950 1917 Jt | 80/977, 86,208) $8; 460] 65,179| 61,640] 72, 365| 95, 197/112, 249 102, 172} 69, 929] 37,095) 44, 367 1951S ekasts eens | 54/539, 59,310) 65,355] $9, 854) 103, 373/106, 194/107, 871/102, 411 104, 668} 90, 398) 76, 124) 81, 676 1219. -- 104, 274 138, 353 125, 410|112, 469/112, 409 83,096) 92) 132/100, 478| 87, 947| 76, 456| 66,036) 49, 147 --| 62,614) 97, 649) 111, 975]132, 993|141, 819|152, 307 193, 316 191, 531/170, 774/109, 258| 47, 329| 36, 683 50,319 83, 5491117, 690|128, 614 152, 428/181, 992/204, 301/194, 490 149, 886) 85, 115 48, 850} 42,001 | a EE Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. LIVE-STOCK VALUES. TABLE 377.—Aggregate live-stock value comparisons. [Farm values Jan. 1, in millions of dollars; i. value of all animals.| 733 e., 000,000 omitted; States arranged according to 1922 rankin Total (cattle, hogs, P Cattle, dean? and | Horses and mules. aS and ae es = State. == Aver- Aver- Aver- é age, age, age, 1921 1922 ee 1921 1922 1916- 1921 1922 1916- 1921 1922 1920. 1920. 1920. 356 238 438 120 99 162 476 337 600 uf i 293 184 298 169 131 186 462 315 484 2 2 224 147 251 121 95 164 345 242 415 3 3 205 151 224 72 61 82 277 212 306 4 4 176 124 201 89 81 103 265 205 304 5 B 182 128 191 79 70 96 261 198 287 yf 6 153 134 178 69 62 83 222 196 261 10 Zi 188 133 248 75 60 105 263 193 353 6 8 180 120 214 101 70 133 281 190 347 13 9 148 109 211 93 67 136 2Al 176 347 8 10 Pndianar ssc. o cs. se) 152 104 164 78 65 97 230 169 261 9 11 Pennsylvania.......... 131 98 130 68 62 78 199 160 208 12 12 Califormia’=.— 9910) 2472s 155 119 152 45 36 51 200 155 203 ll 13 PI CHIP AT otc +..:..2-..5....- ade = 732 (Cit el See ee gallons... 4o7| 1919 Quantity.) Value. Thou- Thou- sands. sands. 642} $53, 296 5 803 225 2, 473 21 758 ow aaeoe 707) ft Se 58, 037 2, 384 896 9, 519 4, 860 11, 332 4,073 me 3,685, 1, 850 16, 509 2,080 mie | 12, 863 1, 247 395 7, 978 6, 061 24, 891 8, 470 309 2, 698 1, 600 853 | 852 487 44,817] 329,339 9,853| 12, 061 55,522} 341, 887 | 334,100} 171, 289 7, 734 4, 584 96,948] 35, 898 7,111 3, 994 445,893] 216,765 449 242 866 209 454 566 1920 Quantity.) Value. Thou- Thou- sands. sands 379] $27,419 4 1,089 173 1,730 1 23 maeictaee 1,291 5 igs « 31, 552 4, 143] 1,418 37, 45 18, 646 15, 094 5,657 4118) "2,702 23, 756 3, 332 SSE eemea0nas7, 1,709 618 9,111, 4,593 29, 023) 7, 234 143 1, 088 3,720 1, 509 } 201 315 30,058) 284, 891 9,401] 15, 832 39,660} 301,038 212,392} 109, 001 6, 643 3, 834 35,870} 11, 564 4,712 2, 572 259,617, 126,971 2, 313| 1, 225 2,777| 662 1, 335 1 Forest products come within the scope of the cane Ena of Agriculture and are therefore included in alphabetical order in these tables. 2 Including all imported free of duty. 3 Jan. 1 to June 30. 4 July 1 to Dec. 31. 5 Not stated. 737 738 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. TaBLE 384.—Agricultural imports of the United States during the $ years ending Dec. 31, 1920—Continued. Year ending Dec. 31— Article imported. 1918 1919 1920 Quantity, Value. |Quantity.| Value. ecsummee Value. ANIMAL MATTER—continued. Thou- Thou- Thou- Thou- Thou- Thou- Packing-house products: sands. sands. sands. sands. sands. sands. Blood dried t= sss Fe = eo pounds. £3 $639 11, 004 $380 14, 463) $575 Bones, hoofs, and horns..-..--.-..- do... Q 685) 50, 388 841 178, 067 3,338 Bristles. oe ose ees ee es dosed 4,151 5, 705 3, 159 6, 035 4,945 10, 388 Grease ees ees ee ae do. s=- (1) 3, 559 33, 871 3, 304 26, 323 2, 843 Hair— | FROrset sce se: 40 5) seer. do. .28 2, 880 998 4,015 1, 644 4, 896 2, 202 Other animal >= <2 20 5-5 s32 oO. 3, 476 317 4,545 542 6, 770 1, 218 Hide cuttings and other glue stock Fea, See ope ees SS pounds. . 9, 382 455) 13, 781 979 36, 856 2, 239 Hides and skins, other than furs— = | | Buffalo hides, dry.-....... pounds. . 9, 484) 2,721 Cabretta=.- 33. 02<... ..2.\8. 22. 3d long tons... 2 365, (4) 2| 1 77 Chicory root, prepared........... pounds: |=se | eee (*) @ | 9, 115, 620 Cocoa and chocolate: ; | Cocoa, crude, leaves and shells of-.do.. 359, 960 37,955 391, 397 57,999, 343, 667) 54, 308 Cocoa and chocolate. prepared ..do.... 56) 17 967 342) Ae ss 503 Total cocoa and chocolate.do....| 360, 016, 37,972; 392, 364 58,341) 344, 986. 54, 811 | ee 1 Not stated. 2 Except sheepskins with the wocl on. 3 July 1 to Dee. 31. 4 Less than 500. 1 Not stated. Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 1 920—Continued. Article imported. 739 TasLeE 384.—Agricultural imports of the United States during the 8 years ending Dec. 31, Year ending Dec. 31— 1918 Quantity.) Value. VEGETABLE MATTER—Continued. Thou- sands. CIEL Is, ee ae ea ae I .-pounds..| 1,052, 202 Fibers, vegetable: NS ee ee A a do....| 112,684 TGS ae eR a long tons 8 J255)17) 0 2 Se Sa as eee dor .22 4 ISULGs oa 6eaeea. Ben Meee eae do... 32 Jute and jute butts............. dowst2 71 ECU 32 eee epee do.. 10 LWEET TEL >) Ss SE Tr es ee do... 79 New Zealand flax............... doze: 14 STC OPTIC Ces Se ae es mee dolzt! 152 Ode cic: So EY RE eee dosnte 14 Total vegetable fibers -..........].........- Forest products: Cimehonaibark’..2--. 0c pounds. . 3, 508 Cork, wood and bark........... dos: 1) Dyewood BROLACES = eee ee eee gore: 31, 459 Dyewoods— ppwoodessi= 13.2... long tons. . 30 (0 LET oe ee Ee ee dozs:2 31 Total dyewoods.......... do:-*s 61 Gums— Arabic or Senegal........ pounds. . 3 4, 461 Camphor— Grd ese ere 2 tt dose! 3, 474 LRA TLTCR(E 6 hepa piace Neha ray ae 947 (Ci Oa es ier Sepa a 7, 251 Copal, kauri, and damar... sa: st] 33, 664 Gambier, or terra japonica..do.... 8, 764 India apibet gutta-percha, ete.— alata foes i. see pounds. . 1, 547 aaraié Ts ee ee do. 1,376 Gutta joolatong or East Indian CATE et ee A pounds... 9, 932 Gutta-percha.-......... dows: 1, 208 India rubber... -....... do....; 325,959 Total Indiarubber, ete.do....| 340, 022 SUL GTO 5 ace aaa eee eae dou- 18, 664 Oi eee lt ee eres do... Q) PROLAP SUMS S250. 2... 5s" GOs 223 Sscec gash Ivory, vegetable................ doze 22 41, 142 Tanning materials— Mangrove bark......... long tons... Quebracho, extract...... pounds.. 131, 110 Quebracho’ wood... 5: long tons. . Sumac, Total tanning materials......... W ood— Brier root or brierwood and ivory onlaurel route. 222 =. a2 5. oaceses2 3 Includes ‘‘ Waste, refuse, etc.,”’ prior to July 1, 1918. | 1919 1920 Quantity.| Value. |Quantity.| Value. Thou- Thou- Thou- Thou- Thou- sands. sands. sands. sands. sands. $99, 423| 1,337,564) $261,270) 1,297,439] $252, 451 41,624) 175,358 71,886) 299,994 138,744 7, 362 4 3, 997 7 3, 849 1, 982 2 954 8 3, 226 3, 649 21 2, 523 24 3, 335 6, 463 62 8, 384 96 9, 693 2, 820 11 3, 673 10 3, 848 29, 333 69 19, 255 67 20, 515 4, 868 Zi 1,641 6 1, 034 54, 937 145 39, 554 181 33, 535 2, 973 7 1, 797 7 1, 342 156,01. sad 22 32 153, 664). ......... 219, 121 eed 792 5, 981 1, 076 4, 068 1, 526 21,898} 28, 287 1,803} 63, 972 2,725 3 183 1, 157 210 1, 156 170 668 29) 550 796 2 38 1, 464 31 588 3 816 5, 943 819 1, 547 2, 694) 2, 506 770 2, 125 3, 830 3, 917 9, 446 6, 217 3, 250 20, 326 2, 083 952 4,745 432 836 1, 628 937) 413 3, 204) 761, 684 18, 663 2, 214 226 6, 496 1, 069 146, 378 535, 940 215, 820) 148, 537) 565,931] 220, 801 9, 029| 24, 426 11, 869 1,903} 11,291 3, 387 170,721) 646,927} 251,944 1,323| 31,779 1,172 97 88 5,699) 144, 497 6, 903 357 54 425 14, 725 558 ASB) = «UN bees 1, 824 (AL eee 9, 427 Soil Fete = 2k 1, 288 255) 245 cee 236 3 July 1 to Dec. 31. 740 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. TaBLE 384,—Agricultural imports of the United States during the 3 years ending Dec. 81, 1920—Continued, Year ending Dec. 31— | Article imported. 1918 1919 1920 Quantity., Value. |Quantity.| Value. Quantity. Value. VEGETABLE MATTER—Continued. Forest products—Continued. Wood—Continued. Cabinet woods, unsawed— Gedar. .tes¢ rr. - ese M feet... Mahoganys.4.....2-.-.- do... Others: Ssah- 3 eo oes do: -!¢ Total cabinet woods...... do:../ths. 3. 24 Logs and round timber..... doz Lumber— Boards and other sawed lum- 13 ed Poteet ISS LAGRie M feet... 1, 209 baths. pee Ser os M. 282 CUT Cee Rar yeaa —2 M.. 1,798 Other: - 4329s sd wn. ee EE ee Total Jamber...2=33-535-< < aie. 86k ee Pulp wood, peeled, rossed, and VOUpRS 6 =. 322, oh Des cords ; Rattan. and reeds... 22. .=ch:. ec. - Se Timber, ship and other: ..........|5.-..---2 All other woods 25-3 ee 8 ies ae AUTEN E71 0%s Rees MERE NR be kee ee, 111, 172 ‘Woodpulp--. «456-2 5...24 long tons.. 516 89, 418 Total forest products............ [2.32 0b ook 521, 332 Fruits: Fresh or dried— Oranges...... Pineapples. ...... MeIsINS 25525605 ee ss (OY ATT eRe Sw en eR pe eS lb Smee Bh 2 | Prepared or preserved Metal fraitses -- 2... pees scet ce Grain and grain products: Grain— CORR. wes «oo SiS Seo 50 oe bushels. . 1,990 10, 967 7, 784 9, 297 0) eee Me ee ea do: 23 is 470 6, 728 6,549 Wepat So 45aBn=a=V|SS|SS|——S= Grain products— | Bread and biscuit. .....-pounds.. Q) 72) 993 206 1, 469 368 Macaroni, vermicelli, etc....do.... 402 41 903 102, 805 107 Meal and flour, wheat flour rr eee barrels. . 167 1,512 17 171 801 8, 669 Total grain products............ | So ae | | fa 5-7 i 479, sooner ee 9,144 Others... 3205.2. do.... 3,304 2, 466 QPS os ee ees 1, 186 CUES 1 Se eeerereneren eer ae 59, 659 ‘DVN Ae pounds... 37, 780 4,415 Oils, vegetable: Fixed or expressed— Chinese nut «sssocco07-< =< gallons... 5, 696 7,180 8,121 9, 062 11,077 Cocoa butter or butterine. pounds . 3 1 1 72 25 Corprut oilss2. J... .. 32.8 do.... 281, 063 35,380) 216,327 33, 080 Cottonseed s= EEE Sage, tapioca, -ct@ss .....-- = do. ...| 90, 850} 14, 098) 56, 441, 11, 642 i a leek ot SE See: er es ee 2,108} 2, 612 243; -19,139 1 017 Sugar and molasses: Molasses 290.2 asa sc aen ee gallons. . 141, 339 10,424, 120, 156) 4,177; 160,208 5,119 Sugar— i. ee 7h eS ae pounds..| (2) ; (2) 1 (2) 36, 754 6, 402 Ce ee oon ae do....| 5,166,841 241,390] 7,019,690! 393,171) 8,028,668) 1,008, 786 Maple sugar and sirup...-.-- do.... 4,135) 875 3, 928) 1,11 8, 338 97. A EE ee o....| 5,170,976) 242, 265| 7,023, 619| 394, ma 8, 073, 760) 1, 017, 163 Wirnsiee.s ee oa” cs Be ae - | Filla, DS rewa ace eee ta tare do. 76, 201) 41, 674) 78, 210, Total tobacco. ..........-- do 90, 977) 54, 080) 85, 985) Wanilla beans: ... =. F2>-3- -<.-2s5 552 do. .-.| 759) 1, 196 1,150 Vegetables: al and dried— | Beats. <2 Ss2-+ --- soso bushels 4,972 Giese Se eee ounds 9, 961 8a 1 See ushels 741 WOAS OTied 2 Se eset do... 2,141 Potatoes— Srishh.. . 2225 Os = .2 Soe sore do.. 5, 544 Sweet and dessicated or pre- pared 222.5. <2. Bike Ses. on aee|) Oy eee een sas Ot: napetarse emer SPE SEE MEe| Ree ay pen yt RCE Ne Total fresh and dried?..........- ee eee | eae 1 July 1 to Dec. 31. SLess Gia 500. Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 743 TaBLE 384.— Agricultural imports of the United States during the 8 years ending Dec. $1, 1920—Continued. Year ending Dec. 31— Article imported. 1918 1920 Quantity.| Value. |Quantity.| Value. |Quantity.; Value. VEGETABLE MATTER—Continued. Vegetables—Continued. Thou- Thou- gio or preserved— sands. sands. SSNEOOINS 9+ Jee. . 555 pounds. - 1, 289 $1, 565 receipes and sauces... 2722 22... $5 [e sce tcp Oe.” S87. Sao. 522} - - 1, 19S Se 1, 554 0) 15 Ds Sr at Rt Si) | BARD ys Be 3,319 Total prepared or preserved.....|-.-.-.----| 1, 618)..-.....-.) 4, 733}...22 2.22. | 6, 438 Total vegetables..............--- ee 32, 689] eee 40,646) oc25.c200%% | 40, 422 ci ee D gallons... 30 99) 59) 193 90 Wax, verctable: =: =: - +. 52-5. 5.-: pounds. . 9, sisi 3, 682 10, si| 3, 810) 6, 554) 2, 168 Total vegetable matter, includ- ee | | ing forest products. ...-.---.-:|---------< 7 a7) a 1, 772, 033|..---.---- 2, 722, 180 Total vegetable matter, exclud- | | ing forest products..........-- 45,007,805). .-...--.- 2 OTe 7S| eae ae 2, 200, 848 Total agricultural imports, in- | cluding forest products-...-.... 7,950; 801). 220.22 3<3|, 2,467, 336) 2 5 2 f- 2 | 3,532, 700 Total agricultural imports, ex- | cluding forest products........|.....-.-.-- 1, 671, “i See ese 2, 392, 880)..-...----| | 3, 011, 36S TABLE 385.—Agricultural exports (domestic) of the United States during the 3 years ending Dec. 31, 1920. [The figures are in round thousands, i. e., 000 omitted.] Year ending Dec. 31— Article exported. 1918 1919 1920 Quantity.| Value. |Quantity.| Value. Quantity.| Value. ANIMAL MATTER. as Thou- | Thou- | Thou- Animals, live: sands. sands. $10, 753 1 x 716 9 1, 866 49 572 684) 55, 1,724 Sees e 702 ene | 18, 333 _ (ess PS ee 17,488, 10,142 16,292, 5,054 f Condensed, evaporated, and pow- { Me eee ars wine a ae pounds... 121,893) 414, 250) 65, 239 q Other, including creaam............-.- Ay p'\) eee ee eee 382 Total dairy products...........-...- 1G ATAS ae 80, 817 | ‘S 2 te it ee ee ra dozen. . 18,812} 26,842) 13,569 pee canted eres ete... 222. fale 1) pase eae 310 ot ast ehp tS ae ee eee oe 3] Eee 67' Moe animal, wool...-..2..-..2 pounds... 2, 231 8, 845 4,937 Co apa aa eat areata ies 1,481 13,565 2) 415 i SO ao ee an do.. 1,955 1, 540 265 ie 744 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Tasie 385.—Agricultural exports (domestic) of the United States during the 8 years ending Dec. 81, 1920—Continued. Year ending Dec. 31— Article exported. 1918 1919 1920 Quantity. Value. |Quantity.| Value. |Quantity.| Value. ANIMAL MATTER—continued. Packing-house products: ee — f. Gauneds 2... 185% 18... - See Cured or pickled Tool | am a een - 1 A BR Oils oleol0ll ss Aewscws Saws Oleomargarine Stearin.. ..s<<2cs. Seb eae 8 820) So. 2 oer aa Mutton s Se ee Cee se ee 633 Oils, animal, n. 6.S...........- Pork— Canned 25. ose ee Cured— ETC i: eS 5 bees a 3 Ts PP m2. 315, 968 156, 297 Hams and shoulders : 145, 675 50, 888 Salted or pickled............- i 8, 535) 7,670 Potalicnred: .-2 032 Js fe 470, 178) 214, 855 ee Eee =e [2,908 ardor ct ete Bt eS sks f 144, 933 Lard, neutral......... E do. 1, 613 Ofls; lard ons ee ae on 75 otal Pork. eee oe see ees Sausage— BRT 22.328) Meee os oa WERE | otter eee ee Sausage casings. :.-..2.....-2.52-- AIDOtHe os: 22 322 toot poet boats ot ae ee ee 944 Total packing-house products....... | weere res Jnzrceteeee | Poultty aud Pane... ....--s:5* csc. becrece ERE C= 935) Total animal matter................ | oe cwicien te 978, 980) VEGETABLE MATTER. Broom, COrm=sens-: ete tt cess long tons. . 1,396 Cocoa and’ehocolate..2.--. 22222226 6, 961 Coffee: | Green > tS ee ee ae 6, 365) ORS tOd See see eet ceteoe ee 297 Total entiee:: 20 5, Ja¥-2! 6, 662 34, 351) 1 One gallon is estimated to weigh 7.5 pounds. Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 745 TaBLe 385.—Agricultural exports (domestic) of the United States during the 3 years ending Dec. 31, 1920—Continued. Year ending Dec. 31— Article exported 1918 1919 | 1920 Quantity.| Value. Quantity Value. (Quantity, Value. VEGETABLE MATTER—continued. | Thou- Thou- Thou- Thou- Thou- Thou- Cotton: sands. sands. sands. sands. sands. sands. DEMESISTIG aSer . 5 senting Seed o pounds. . 1, 057) $856 2, 492 $1, 543 975) $919 aT ae rae ee do....| 2,047,096) 664,386] 3,352, 494| 1,134,817] 3, 154,296) 1, 133, 871 Mernitoree = ek do....! ° 70,022 8,881| ' 12,692 1,011) ° 24 043 1,619 Wotalentton. | _..2--2-21.2... do....| 2,118,175} 674, 123} 3, 367,678) 1, 137, 371 3,179,314) 1,136, 409 Flavoring extracts and fruit juices. ......- 1, 342 eS eee | 1, 428 Mlwers CHE; ee. 2 ee 8 | Yj] ee eS 181 Forest products: a. Peeper Barks, and extracts of, for tanning— Bark 2 ee a long tons... @) 18 HAPESURETHCLS Ola -- Scot oes ss ese can ‘Segeecosrtl lneesiee pit (apa se] PENG ccs Bete le 3, 678 a AL Ke CLG Enc e cece tcloneer rece | ht Or tao ee eee = 5046) ees 3, 696 wei POULT TEER Si eames ae regains iil tee IS tegen io(7) | Bee eetcree| lemmas 5 Pee 2, 605 JUS e ee ot ee Se ll ee oe bs ee ees |) | Pee eee 115 Naval stores— iS Rae SSS UTS Aaa ee a eee as 1 1, 164) 19, 469 Tar, turpentine, and pitch...-... ‘ 40: 51. 448 Turpentine, spirits of........ gallons. . 9, 458| 14, 586 Meotrecidaal stinpss. Joo. a Sie 34. 503 Wood— Deny Soa hy. ——_— eoeand round timber— ipl? SRS eee ae M feet 15 455 Binespollow 2 1325. 5.....722-% do... 10 307 Other logs— i Cie do../# 8 640 DOMWON= 2-22 32... 2s do--* 50 1,583 OTC: 208 seeks pees do.... 83 2, $85 Lumber— Boards, deals, and planks— aged eee Bee M feet... 11 908 s Weyer Pose isis. he nes de: =e 451 17, 641 ES LLU ge epee ai a eee eam! do. 2, 748° Or ea ees do... 105} 12, 459 eH WANLES soe Sete eee do... 39 2, 693 Pine, yellow— [5 Di CGR a ee aps 637 37, 695 Sirorieal peek ee do. 16 Ue PS es Sees do... 105 5, 276 [57/1 Oy Sees Satis do... 19 2,314 Ser woods-téreres... 2b. 3. do... 45 3, 159 Sirrict See ee ee do... 22 1,781 Other— CSET RD Re a do. 60 7, 906 Softwood ................. do 14| 913 Wotal fiber es . "= been 2 do.... 1,551) 96,381 Railroad ties.',_.._..-.---< number 4, 246 5, 566 SULLD hans = ee as M..| 20 89! 34 197 LT ee Os Poe ees | cane yre ty 7A 53} SR aaa St. 5| a Se 4,249 Cooperage -- =... -....-... number. .| 1, 542) 4,428) 2, 857 8, 489) 1, 747) 6, 916 Oinenss Aso. fos. tas ts) | 363 758) 480 546 180 159 ieealielicnies n79 .. laa ‘ax? .. 21s ace-. ote | 7, 924! Eke 7| eae caeee |. 41,324 Staves and heading— a a Ha = Epon crigs = SSS per ts PE Oe eh ato 564): -84). ee - - - 50D ee 1, 028 Sve number..| 53, 374 3, 605) | | 8 584| 15, 408 ee Total staves and heading 4100 piccot--| 13, Tolfrasks ba. 16, 436 LE) Te a seas ES peaeeieeyee “Sl eee Se >). eee ig el: (1) ot Pe ees 5, 093 | Total lumber 66,022 ciacaca | Se | 134, 997 | 1 Less than 500. 746 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Taste 385.—Agricultural exports (domestic) of the United States during the $ years ending Dec. 31, 1920—Continued. Year ending Dec. 31— Article exported. VEGETABLE MATTER—Continued. Forest products—Continued. Timber— Hewn— Hardwood --222).-..<2222 M feet... Sofwoud-—-5>>> ==> ---<24s-- WG-5. Sawed— Pitelr pind - ses ooo esace cee do2=<. Other— Hardwood. ........-.2-:- doe: HOlWO0d=------ +=. oe eee do--o- Total timber.....-4..- d0..2 All other, including firewood-...........|---------- otal W000... cinxcaséawenaueessswaealesss>-S=s- B¥00d alcohol - <= -22e 12 -c en. 2 gallons... Wood pulp 5c. --6- ss seen et long tons... Total forest products............-.-.|---------- Fruits: Fresh or dried— Apples, dried —. 323. 37.-..3-. pounds.. 1, 509 Apples iresh -. occessssewsanx barrels. 4,089 Apricots, dried. .--........-- pounds 2, 982 ats ee eae eer (Se ee RARE cos 792 DEOSIMOWAS ooo cent on ccc boxes 1, 188 Oranpes. 35 on eee do: 7,519 Peaches, dried....... LOM Tx! pounds. . 1, 465 Sora Tres on se 2 swe a oe ee eee ee ‘e = PLE + << ee Oe ay IS, ounds. evs j Per Ch epee Seperate ES ae 9, 505 Other— > BEEP EP EEE ER A ce 2 Bresh Soe eae. ek eee eee 4 Total, fresh ondried.. =>. --.-=.58|s=2--<<-— Preserved— Canned— Reaches ..= 2486s Se a EIS eee ee Other preserved.; = <> =..-JU5...-...- Be -- see Totalpreserved += <>. -2s422-.-=:...82=2-----=- otal triitts s- ---- =24-253---- co oe ose 2- eee Saitinenip oon ae a ecaaenes=stoseeee pounds... Glucose and grape sugar: Giticose.. >: 2... =. Soest Peace pounds... Gripe spar cots ase eee eee do... Grain and grain products: Grain— Barley.- onc: ss32e0550--2-=5-- bushels. - Buckwheat: .-~+522 2... i222 0.. Com 228s. ee Sess do On eee oe oe ee do... yee s-- oe eee sig -> itl .\ or ae do. . Total ram... 3295 == 25-5) 2-2-5 do.. Grain products— Bran and middlings...-...- long tons... Bread and biscuit.-.-......-- pounds. Cereal preparations, for table food -....|..---.----- Distillers’ and brewers’ grains, a eae ee Ree IIe long tons. __ | eee ee oe eee bush 1 Less than 500. Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 747 _Tase 385.— Agricultural exports (domestic) of the United States during 3 years ending Dec. 81, 1920—Continued. Year ending Dec. 31— Article exported. 1918 1919 1920 Quantity.) Value. Quantity, Value. |Quantity.| Value. | VEGETABLE MATTER—Continued. | Grain and grain products—Continued. Grain products—Continued. Thou- Thou- Thou- | Thou- Thou- Thou- Meal and flour— sands. sands. sands. | sands. sands sands Barley fleas 2 Kener Rt onied barrels. . 1 ae 1 $3, 878 ; 25 i a (?) 4 (2) BenTeRRES ot: 8. 2 ae eS do. 1, 790 18, 761! 2 1 7 $7,478 Grime. 008 £.-\.- 4g pounds.., 299,198] - 17,353, 220,967 11,999! «65, 921 3, 891 Ryvehours: = 29% - . i. |s8e— barrels. .| 1, 446 15, 450) 1, 266 12, 425 364 3,638 Wihteatdour.isss 5. Beek: doce 21,707) 244,653 26,450 293, 453 19,854] 224, 472 Total meal and flour...........-.- oad 300, 095]... - <=. Sait S60]. sos ewe 239, 479 Mall fea.) ) Je-- =e pounds... 33, 620) EEG te onaeeee See goes orso ct dos. 16, 083 Stearin, vegetable.............------ do... 1, 020 Sugar, molasses, and sirup: Molassesizs=4s0-222 3. ------25522 gallons... 5, 414 Girne sass ees ee eee do.. 3, 184 Sugar, refined............-....- pounds, 407, 296 Total sugar, molasses, and sirup--...]..-.------ Tobacco: i Capa ae SSS ee aS pounds 403, 871 Stems and-trimmings..........-.-- oO. 2, 955 otal toObACCO.. «3455-94 --n52 do.. 406, 826 Vegetables: resh or dried— BeanSis. eoeesceeadscon sa. eae bushels. 2, 399) Onionseece’ «2.5 eee. oot nse ee O-.> 693 Peas, dried... 222s%.....e oe do. = 322 Potatuessst oases een eacane du-=-- 3, 853 Total fresh or dried-.........- do...:| 7, 267] Prepared or preserved— Cannietie & ©. . ete fas Saeki so $acc|- see ee- se Pickles and sauces.-.:-...2...£----:-.-|---------- Total prepared or preserved.........|.--------- All other vegetables...........-.----.--- Total vegetables WINGO J caeaassssscrctece se saceze 2 | SS Scot SoS CEE Ey FC Total vegetable matter, including forest products... .....25522055502-|-------00% Total vegetable matter, excluding | | forest products=2----==-----e2ss oh aa Sap ae 30,241,699) 126,347,952) 100,138,702 457, 408/1, 022, 282, 044 ae ere naten epee eee. ac oben lek 2522. -~-5) dabeaset case 145, 864) 24, 392, 427 - Tobacco... ... 122,918,151| 259,985,764) 245,532,069 145,564) 81,630,011 WR LET Liter Pectin Bete Bs ety AE oes 407,093) 2,406,335 Vegetables. ........-...- 38,616,058} 47,832,634| 32,784,416 645, 256) 40, 420,326 TEU ELE Gg Seow d bbe! 6 Stee Bh ok a eo dh, Sea E 809,635) 2,168,410 Othervegetablematter..; 4,791,451) 6, 048, 106 60, 252) 785, 963 ee a Total vegetable | | atinbters .. cose es 1,777, 684, 959 2, 880, 257, 460|2, 858, 971, 950'1, 007, 665, 250|1, 397, 577, 625 2, 200, 847, 652 Total farm prod- | Tic A ee (2, 756, 664, 721/4, 107, 158, 753'3, 466, 619, 819 1, 671, 196, 05%!2, 392, 880, 382 3,011, 368, 157 Forest Propucts. | PEtbamomorcorichaArici(6 2 2002 5. 222220 Je [coc we ede 1, 898, 193 1,802, 506) 2,725, 008 Dyewoodsandextractsof; 1,551,380, 1,355,936, 2,605,060| 1,923,749) 1,066,238, 2,427,288 2. ifs ec ashcac Roane Ber eS Ee ee aes) 170, 722,432) 251,944,196) 300,203,574 Navalstores...........-- | 10,235,981] 31,433,997) 34,503,389)............. [litte cn ectgrsa eee ORES Tanning materials, n.e.s- 3, 144, 5, 645, 875 3, 696, 356) 6, 738, 920) 9,159,245, 11,311,058 inne 69,228,405) 107,998,339] 146,735,936) 64,728,468) 71,187,038) 111,170,275 Wood pulp ee 1,733,872) 3,048,491) 2,947,267| 31,477,175] 37,048,381) 89,418,185 Other forest products. ... 2,127,617 , 642 1, 359, 543) 2,115, 572) 2, 247, 823 4, 076, 827 Total forest prod- | TICES ees sel. | 88,021,904) 150,324,280] 191,847,551) 279,604,509] 374,455,432) 521,332,215 | eee ————F ——— eee Totalfarm and for- | | est products..... P, 844, 686, 625/4, 257, 483, 033/3, 658, 467, 370 1, 950, 800, 567/2, 767, 335, 814 3, 532, 700, 372 ! i i | 750 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. TABLE 387.—Exports of selected domestic agricultural products, 1852-1920. {Compiled from reports of Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. Where figures are lacking, either there were no exports or they were not separately classified for publication. ‘Beef salted or pickled,” and “‘ Pork, salted or pickled,’’ barrels, 1851-1865, were reduced to pounds at the rate of 200 pounds per barrel, and tierces, 1855-1865, at the rate of 300 pounds per tierce; cottonseed oil, 1910, pounds reduced to gallons at the rate of 7.5 pounds per gallon. product of 4 bushels of corn, and 1 barrel of wheat flour the product of 5 bushels of wheat prior to 1880 and 4} bnshels of wheat in 1880 and subsequently.] [In round thousands, i. e., 000 omitted.] S é | Year ending | cattle. Cheese. June 30— Thou-| 1,000 Average: sands. | pounds. 1852-1856. 1 6, 200 1857-1861. 20 | 13,906 1862-1866. 7 | 42, 683 1867-1871.|...-.-- 52, 881 1872-1876. 46 | 87,174 1877-1881.) 127 | 129,670 1882-1886.! 132 | 108, 790 1887-1891.| 244 | 86,355 1892-1896.| 349 | 66,906 1897-1901.! 415 | 46, 109 1902-1906. 508 | 19,244 1907-1911. 254 | 9,152 1912-1916. 35 | 22,224 Beef, cured— salted or pickled. Beef, fresh. Packing-house products. ucts— | Pork, cured— bacon. eee ee eens tis assumed that 1 barrel of corn mealis tho a a a i T90Te tee os = | 459 | 39,814 19D ES = = 2 | 393 27, 203 196ds Sens) | 402] 18,987 TW0tis fn 2 te | 593 10a saan. - +23 568 | 10, 134 19065. Suse 2 | 584 | 16,562 107-525. 423 | 17,285 1908 55°14": i¢ 349 | 8, 439 190055555022 208 | 6,823 191022 * 5. & 139 | 2,847 Cy bo Sepa 150 | 10,367 1S 106 | 6,338 1913 5- one. ae 25 | 2,599 1gtas es 18 | 2,428 Uy) ee bees 5 | 55,363 CTs eee 21 | 44,394 19175 Soe-c eae 13 | 66,050 1918532 -.22% 18 | 44,303 Calendar year: 1918...... 17 | 48,405 1 Tk eee 70 | 14,160 19205. 252 85 | 16,292 351, 748 301, 824 254, 796 299, 580 236, 487 268, 054 281, 652 201, 154 122) 953 75, 730 42,511 15, 264 7, 362 6, 394 170, 441 231, 214 197,177 370, 033 514, 342 174, 427 89) 649 Beef and its a prod- ee * Beef oils— total, oleo oil. | tow. | os far as ascer- tain- able.! 1,000 1,000 1,000 pounds. | pounds. | pounds. = a tere Sr 7,469 | 33,449 SA nase 13,215 | 40,200 ean ras 43, 70, 865 Oe ia ee 27,578 | 54,532 ie ee 78, 994 | 114, 821 ore ae i: 218, 710 30,276 | 48,745 | 225,626 50,482 | 91,608 | 411, 798 102,039 | 56,977 | 507,177 139,373 | 86,082 | 637, 268 156,925 | 59,893 | 622,843 170,530 | 66,356 | 448, 024 99,892 | 24,476 | 281,576 161,651 | 77,167 | 705, 105 138,546 | 34,066 | 595, 255 126,010 | 27,369 | 546, 055 165,184 | 76,924 | 663, 147 145,228 | 63,537 | 575, 875 209,658 | 97,567 | 732,885 195, 337 | 127,858 | 689, 752 212,541 | 91,398 | 579,303 179,985 | 53,333 | 418,844 126,092 | 29,380 | 286, 296 138,697 | 29,813 | 265, 924 126,467 | 39,451 | 233,925 92,850 | 30,586 | 170, 208 97,017 | 15,813 | 151, 212 80,482 | 20,240 | 394,981 102,646 | 16,289 | 457,556 67,110} 15,209 | 423,674 56, 603 5,015 | 600, 132 69, 106 4,223 | 792, 793 75,585 | 38,954 , 432 74,368 | 20,692 | 268,317 361, 211 250, 419 216, 572 227, 653 2147 183 194) 949 203, 459 537, 213 596, 796 185, 247 141,821 166. 427 149, 506 52” 355 40, 032 45, 729 56, 321 53, 749 45, 543 45, 656 63, 461 46, 993 33, 222 36, 672 34/114 33,709 1 Includes canned, cured, and fresh beef, oleo oil, oleomargarine, tallow, and stearin from animal fats. ——— ae : Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 751 TABLE 387.—Exports of selected domestic agricultural products, 1852-1920—Continued. J | | Packing-house products. Corn- Corn A Cotton | Pork and and corn Glucose pa | seed oil- Year ending its prod- Apples, meal (in atten and and: --| cake June 30— Pork— | ucts— Lard | fresh. | terms * | grape oil | 20d oik il total, as com- , Of | sugar. | core, | cake- *. | -faras pounds. | | grain). | TTipAl meal. } | ascertain- 5; | able.t | 1,000 | 1,000 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 Average: pounds. | pounds. | pounds. | barrels. bushels. pounds. | pownds. pounds. pounds. 1852-1856...) 33,355 105.3900 |. sans-as | 37 7, 123 | 1,110, 498 |.-..-.--- |-----00e > See dept | rts | eas [onnn | ato abo | geass on 1967-1371,. | 53,579 | -,128,249 | o.2.- 2. |...- 2. Pe og TT ee Be es se oe 1872-1876... .| 194,198 | 568,029 |.-........ |; 133 | 38,561 | 1,248 805 |oo22 22212 egies ns 3 eee SBE -3 1877-1881... .| 331, 458 | 1,075,793 |.--....... 510 | 88,190 | 1,738,892 |-- 22-2... [creetets ceseeeeees 1882-1886... .| 263,425 | 739,456 |....2..... 402 | 49,992 | 1,968,178 | 4,474 |........|..-.0-0--- 1887-1891... .| 381,389 | 936,248 |.......... 523 | 54,606 | 2439 650 | 27,686 |........|..-....... 1892-1896... .| 451,547 | 1,052,134 |....2..... 521 } 63,980 } 2,736,655 | 125,574 |- 1.2} oe 1897-1901... .| 652,418 | 1,528,139 | 21,792 780 | 192,531 | 3, 447,910 | 209,280 |._...... 1,005, 100 1902-1906. . .| 592,131 | 1, 242,13 52,954 1,369 74,615 3,632,268 | 154,867 21,888 | 1/066, 790 1907-1911...| 519,746 | 1,028,997 75,765 1,226 56, 568 4,004,770 | 145,065 | 61,733 989, 738 1912-1916. .| 487,056 | 1,109,488 | 62,221 1,786 | 38,774 4,469,202 | 183,141 54,361 | 1,151,609 23, 360 884 | 181,405 | 3,359,062 | 204,210 | 12,703 | 1,258,687 36, 202 460 | 28,029 | 3,528,975 | 130,420 | 14,740 | 1,050, 466 152,769 | 14015! ” 820/349 | 175,251 | 247171 | 1,251 908 | ' | } : ! | | 6: | 189,656 | 48,421 | 1,110,835 518,217 | 151,629 | 56, 809 8 | | ? ? ? | 064 | 3,816,999 | 129,687 | 66,128 | 929,287 75, 183 896 | 37,665 | 4,447,985 | 112,225 | 53/234 | 1, 233, 750 74, 557 922 38,128 | 3,206,708 | 149,820 | 49,109 | "640; Gs9 73,754 | 1,721 | 65,615 | 4,033,941 | 181,963 | 83,385 | 804, 597 Vee ae 532, 256 | 1,071,952 62,523 | 1,456 | 41,797 | 5,535,125 | 171,156 | 72, 490 | 1,293” 690 BAR coe -- | 599-025 984,697 | 67,457 | 2,150 | 50,780 | 4,562,296 | 200,149 | 76, 263 | 1,128,092 TT: score espe aa 481,458 | 921,913 58,304 | 1,507 10,726 | 4,760,941 | 199,531 | 59,031 | °799, 97 (OSS: | 475, 532 | 1,106, 180 69,981 | 2,352 | 50,668 | 4,403,578 | 158,463 | 45,026 1, 479, 065 OT a ee | 427,011 | 1,462,697 | 52,843 | 1,466 | 39,897 | 3,084,070 | 186, 406 | 18,996 | 1,057) 292 a Ae | 444,770 | 1,501,948 | 56,359 | 1,740 66,753 | 3,088,081 | 214,973 | 15,758 | 1,150, 160 clu tgett Besos eee | 392,506 | 1,692,124 31, 278 635 | 49,073 | 2,320,512 | 97,858 458 44, 681 Calendar year:- ; | : } AGIB oe 548,818 | 2,251,033 | 43,977 580 | 47,059 | 2,118,175 | 57,332 | 69 11, 667 PAD o>... 760,902 | 2}638,721 | 124,963} 1,712 | 16,002 | 3,367,678 | 255,618 964 | 628, 133 ee | 612, 250 | 1,536,894 | 32,051) 1,798 | 21,230 3,179, 313 | 162) 496 131 | 340, 048 1 Includes canned, fresh, salted or pickled pork, lard, neutral lard, lard oil, bacon, and hams. 752 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Tas.e 387.—Exports of selected domestic agricultural products, 1852-1920—Continued. | | Oils, | * = eta- ear ending e= June 39 Prunes. Hops. | ootton- Wheat. Average: ely Bay 3 geet A (ete a peitpaliey eddie os Beers = TR77-1881 = --| -- se oe 332, 465 243, 117 203, 574 34, 119 132,579 Calendar year: rule eee 111,177 208, 857 1914 ee ae 148, 086 267, 111 1920-L 0) ORS | 218, 287 307, 630 Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 753 TABLE 388.—Jmports of selected agricultural products, 1852-1920. (Compiled from reports of Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. Where figures are lacking, either there were no imports or they were not separately classified for publication. ‘‘Silk’’ includes, prior to 1881, only ‘‘Silk, raw or as reeled from the cocoon;”’ in 188i and 1882 are included this item and ‘Silk waste;”’ after 1882, both these items and “‘ Silk cocoons.” From ‘‘Cocoa and chocolate”’ are omitted in 1860, 1861, and 1872 to 1881, small quantities of chocolate, the official returns for which were given only in value. “Jute and jute butts’’ includes in 1858 and 1859 an unknown quantity of “Sisal grass, coir, etc.,’”? and in 1865-1868 an unknown quantity of ‘‘Hemp.’’ Cattle hides are included in ‘‘ Hides.and skins other than cattle and goat’’ in 1895-1897. Olive oil for table use includes in 1862-1864 ’ and 1885-1905 all olive oil. Sisal grass includes in 1884-1890 ‘“‘Other vegetable substances.’?’ Hemp includes in 1885-1888 all substitutes for hemp. ] {In round thousands, i. e., 000 omitted.] | | Cocoa | Oats, weit endian | Al- preols and includ- Tone aaa Cheese.| Silk. | Wool. | monds. wine | Choco- | Coffee Corn ing |Wheat. fees late oat- | ; | total meal 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 1,000 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,006 Average: pounds. \pownds. | pounds. \pounds. \pounds.| pounds.| pounds. | bush. | bush. | bush. 1852-1856...| 1,054 |........ 19,067 | 3,461 |........ 2,487 | 196,583 |........ Bean 2 Se 2,122 1857-1860...} 1j3781|-...5.-. fs eee 3,258) 42... 3,064): ©216, 235 |.....-.. ‘ee 2,617 P1866: 22-8 |. SE DASTH Ti, S55. 02, ABS T1248 55D |S). es a ee | eee 1867-1871...|..-...-- 6382 SF) Rae ete 2,361 3,503 | 248,726 fo | ee 3 1, 296 PST2St8765-2\e4. ==. 7A es es | Bs 4,951 | 4,857 | 307,007 57] 1515] 1,308 RET ya1881-.<|_2. $23.2 1, 922)| 627440) 2 oes 12,403 | 6,315 384,282 42} 1126 871 1882-1886...|........ 4,673 | 83,294 |.....2.. 17,552 | 11,568 529,579 Oe 507 1887-1891...| 8,335 | 6,564 | 117,764] 5,861 | 21,434 | 18,322 509,368 15 118 339 1892-1896...| 9,650] 8,383 | 162,640 | 7,488 | 26,470 | 25,475 597,484 8 105 | 1,629 1897-1901... .| 12,589 | 10,962 | 163,979 | 7,361 | 24,380) 38,209 816,570 4| 54| 1,274 1902-1906. ..| 22,166 | 17,188 | 193,656 | 10,921 | 27,647 | 70,901 980,119 20 94 873 1907-1911...| 37,663 | 22,143 | 199,563 | 15,297 | 29,351 | 113,673 | 934,533 92 |1 1,650 286 1912-1916... .| 47,988 | 33, 295,851 | 17,130 | 29,256 | 182,395 | 1,013,931 | 5,686 |15,383 | 2,321 47,620 | 854,871 5 32 | 600 52,879 | 1,091,004 | 18 39 119 65,047 | 915,086 41 150 | 1,077 75,071 | 995,043 17 184 7 77,383 | 1,047,793 15 56 | 3,103 84,127 | 851,669 | 10 40 58 97, 060 985, 321 11 91 375 86,605 | 890, 640 20 383 342 132,661 | 1,049, 869 258 | 6,692 | 41 111,071 | 871,470 118 } 11,035 164 140,971 | $75,367 52| 1107 509 148,786 | 885,201 53 |12,622| 2,699 143,510 | 863,131! 903 | 1724! 798 179,364 | 1,001,528 | 12,367 122,274 | 1,979 194, 734 | 1,118,691 | 9,898 | 1631 | 426 245,579 | 1,201,104 | 5,208] 1665 | 5,703 340, 483 | 1,319,871 | 2,267] 1762} 24,139 3997312 | 171437891 | 3/196 |12,591 | 287177 360,015 | 1,052,202 | 1,990 11,444 | 17,036 392,365 | 1,333,564 | 11,213 | 1609] 7,911 344,986 | 1,297,439 | 7,784 |16,728 | 35,809 rrclud. Un Jut Yearending | ecte - - uve, | Licorice Fonsaeee | Whett ing | Rlaye | manu.) Fiax. Hemp. | Hops. | andjute| “ico * | wheat fe Mace: | butts. flour : | | ; | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 Average: | barrels. | bushels. bushels. | pounds. long tons. long tons.| pounds. \long tons.| pounds. 411 |. 4,178|.. 1,133 |. 5,044 1 | 2 ee ae 3. | Boe 3,3 eee | Pat BET | nae ont god, 15S Ine hy A Sees f. 17 1,373 Te as Se oes ee a Ge 2d Bie be ee eo ge eh 3 1, 888 ios | pi, ibe e AE es ee Baap a hepa is | Pasa 74| 1,680] 2,915] 8,886 4 vai Paes se Ay eae ee 7 | 906 | 1,224] 7,871 4 C7 ee oe 2 | 517} 1,541 | 13,672 6 31 | 1,619 a |Soeeceree : 3 | 352 1,833 | 21,640 g 37 7,772 105 59, 275 1| 1,634] 1,181] 25,871 7 3 aa 84 ; 1| 1,280 404 | 16,958 7 4| 2,382 94 | 87,476 27 993 234 | 33, 805 9 5| 5,206 102 543 93 706 | 3,249] 42,813 10 6| 6,770 100 | 96,111 150 | 2,996] 9,227] 55,556 9 7| 5,839 105 | 80,459 — ———— ————_—_—_——_—_———_————e ee = a 1 Does not include oatmeal, 754 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. TaBLEe 388.—Imports of selected agricultural products, 1852-1920—Continued. Tea. 103, 364 151,315 134,418 | Un- : 7 lud- ut Year ending Wheat | 1° Flax- | manu- : June 30— | flour ear epee seed. |facturea| Fl@x- | Hemp. | Hops augjuie flour tobacco. | 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 | barrels. | bushels. | bushels. | pownds. |long tons.|\long tons.| pounds. \long tons. | eR RE © 1! 603] 1,632 | 26,851 7| 4| 2,607 103 pL! 5) ER Ee 15 ~() 121 477 | 29,429 8 | 6 2, 805 129 1}; 1,080 129 | 34,017 8 | 5 6,013 80 47 218 213 | 31,163 10 6 2, 758 97 41 | 3,286 296 | 33, 288 8 4| 4,339 98 45 262 52 | 41,126 9 | 5 | 10,114 104 48 590 90; 40,899 9 9 6, 212 104 40 520 57 | 35,005 10 6 8, 493 108 92 457 594 | 43,123 10 5 7,387 157 145 816 5,002 | 46, 853 13 6 3, 201 68 142 | 1,147] 10,499] 48,203 8 5| 8,558 65 159 3,414] 6,842 | 54,740 11 5 | 2,991 101 108 | 1,282 | 5,294) 67,977 12 | 8| 8,494 125 90 | 2,384; 8,653) 61,175 “10 | 9; 5,382 106 | 64 715 | 10,666 | 45, 809 | 5 | 5 | 11,651 83 330 | 7,188| 14,679] 48,078 7 7 676 108 175 | 24,925 | 12,394) 49,105 8 10 237 113 675 | 31,215 | 13,367] 86,991 6 7 121 78 | 167 | 17,788 | 12,974 | 90,977 8 4 77 71 17 7,986 | 14,036} 85,986 4) 2 467 62 801 | 39,412 | 24,641 | 82,221 7 8| 5,949 96 l pert 6° [Rice and 3 = ae. ive oil, ‘ Tice flour, A ugar, SAS ne Manila. IMolassés. for table yee Potatoes. ricemeal, ae w and e use. c and bro-| 8'SS- | refined. ken rice. 1,000 | 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 Average: \long tons. gallons. | gallons. | pounds. | bushels. | pownds. \long tons.| pounds. 1852-1856. ...- 12 | 5 ASO fee eee = Pe lO SRY | t PAO Te ee eee eee 479,374 15 7-1epie AL ah. es FIOH {E20 LEN Oh Bata A ESR eS le SRR | Oe 691, 324 1862-1866. .... 16 | 34,263 70, 893 1| 672,637 eyo: eee ee 53,322 52, SoA OS |. Cae 1,138,465 A872-R7G>.% Sales. c- 2: 44,815 42, SOAs ot J. 555 1,614, 055 1877-1881" 2 27: 2 Sat 32, 639 62, 615")! -3 4. 22 1, 760, 508 LSS2-IRRG ok ln nba 35, O20) bana 5 21 Fees (A Ml eee Bese 2,458, 490 1887-3891 ~... cf. E.-'. 22 30, 543 156, 859 40 | 3,003, 284 1892-1896..... 47 | 15,475 160, 808 50 | 3,827, 799 1897-1901. ...- 47 | 6,321 165, 232 70 | 3,916,434 1902-1906..... 61 | 17,192 1,783 150, 914 97 |. 3,721, 782 1907-1911..... 67 | 24,147| 3,897 215, 892 102 | 3, 997, 156 1912-1916... ... 64 54,144 | 6,042 | 250, 775 180 | 4,993, 125 Hagiee 2 PET HE 44, 11,453 117, 200 70 | 3,975,006 17 ee SEIT 56| 14,391] 1,339 157, 659 $0 | 3,031, 916 i eee eee marr se 62 17,240 1,494 169, 656 87 | 4,216,108 gh ee eee as 66 18, 829 1,714 154, 222 109 | 3,700,624 1905.01, 1. 220k 62 | 19,4781 1,923 106, 484 100 | 3,680,933 1903. ..4. tis 59 16,021 | 2,447 166, 548 98 | 3,979,331 WO ac Sieh seem = 55 | 24,631 3,450 209, 603 99 | 4,391, 840 1908-223 ececescc= 52 | 18,883 3,799 212, 783 104 | 3,371, 997 (ee Oe SEE 62 | 22,093] 4,129 222, 900 91 | 4,189,421 iT ee ee ae 93 | 31,292 | 3,702 225,401 100 | 4,094, 546 aes 7 23, 838 4, 406 208, 775 118 | 3,937,978 i nine 8 Sa 69 | 28,828] 4,837 190, 063 114 | 4,104,618 HOS Ae 74 | 33,927 | - 5, 222, 104 154 | 4,740,041 Poise xe ok OE 25 50) 51,410! 6, 300, 195 216 | 5,066, 822 Cs ee 51 | 70,840] 6, 277,191 186 | 5,420, 982 Teil te oe ne 79 | 85,717| 7, 264, 324 229 | 5,633, 162 ee Ee Se es 77 | 110, 238 4; 216, 049 143 | 5,332, 746 i Ce co ee 86 | 130,731 | 2, 456, 059 150 | 4,903, 327 Calendar year: ie A ee 79 | 141,339 558, 048 152 | 5,170, 976 POIG Sab oo 69 | 120,156 | 9,024 174, 596 145 | 7,023,620 yO SANS 67 | 160,208 | 4,079 142,951 181 | 8,073, 760 1 Less than 506 90) 247 et oe ale — ee —eE— Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. — 755 TABLE 388.—Jmports of selected agricultural products, 1852-1920—Continued. Plums | | Year ending June 30— Beeswax.| Onions. and Raisins. |Currants.| Dates. Figs. prunes. | | | | 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 Average: pounds. bushels. pounds. | pounds. | pounds. pounds. pounds. Peet WOOL . cast anciccacccwst's 129) |p aesastese 60, 238 1 hG7 Ly SBS e SSS ies ae 9, 784 1892-1806. = Sisceceregrecewmene 28Gi 2 cSsaeae 12, 406 17,746 34,398 14,914 10; 117 TOF E10 hehe Bele See ee 265 628 561 7,670 27,520 15,654 8, 920 1 457 924 564 7,345 35, 457 25,649 14) 335 1 846 11037 1 sae 20 5,283 | 35,259] 26,059 19, 848 1, 406 O97. UTS | 2,845 | 30,350] 29,922 16, 564 214 774 746 3, 861 16,049 20,014 9,934 409 796 522 6,684} 36,239] 21,681 11, 087 489 926 634 6,716 | 33,878 | 43,815 16, 482 425 1,171 494 6,868 | 38,348 | 21,058 13,178 374 856 672 4,042] 21,743] 19,257 13, 364 588 873 497} 12,415] 37,078 | 22,436 17, 562 917 1,126 323 3,967 38,393 31,271 24, 346 672 1,275 335 97132 | 38,653 | 24,058 18, 837 765 575 296 5, 794 32,482 21,869 15, 236 972 151024; [x33 - SSE 5,043 | 33,326 | 22,694 17, 362 903 net oe eee 2,479 | 33,440] 29,505 23, 460 1,077 14436. ootos - 3,256] 33,151} 25,208 18, 765 829 180i). soceeas. 2,580 30,844 34,305 16,838 1,412 PSS. eee 4,555] 32,033 | 34,074 19, 285 1,565 S20r 2 12eee et 2,809 | 30,351 | 24,949 20, 780 2,146 BIG). i550 1,024} 25,373 | 31,075 7, 153 2,686 SE ee A 1,850] 10,477} 25,485 16, 480 1,827 TAR} Gs) aes a $44 5,168 5,573 10, 473 1,558 712) SE) eS 4 ee 100 5,091 10, 721 11,775 2,384 TAI oJ LAE 1,567] 14,852] 36,921 25,359 4,143 S150]: Aisi 46,039 | 55,832 | 32,347 31, 437 Hides and skins, other than furs. Macaroni, verml- Year ending June 30— Other eet areas Lemons. | Oranges. | Walnuts, than cat-| prepara- Cattle. | Goat. | ‘tieand | tions. goat. 1,000 1,000 1, 000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 Average pounds. pounds. pounds. pounds. pounds. pounds. pounds. Ze: Ug SC ULE ee ee ee | bn a 68, 053 SEE Gh aoe seat ak [Se ten lela ah a a cemraca|erawcsseee woos 99068: 1.80087 TT ET) 126,995 | 93,675 | 115,952 |........-- 158, 1684|.' 41,105 (0.0... 510 1ogpaoties 124041 178,682 | 94,330 | 143,351 | 99,724 | 153/343) 12,344 | 30, 981 POIDIONGS to cone 313,508 | 88,711 | 188,388 | 83,838 {11487528 | 19) 941 34) 275 Cr ees 2 ee 129,175 | 73,746 | 77,990 |.......... 148°5154|,! 50,333). 9701. __. 164, 075 52, Eo Re eee Det wee 208 FT oe I 148,628 | 88,039 | 89,458}... 1. 2... 152,004 | 56,872| 12, 363 131,644 | 85,114 | 102,340| 28, 788 85,370 | 86,339 | 103,025| 40,224] 171,923] 35,893 23) 671 113,177 | 97,804 | 126,894 | 53,441] 139/084 | 28,881 21, 684 156,155 | 111,097 | 158,045 | 77,926 | 138,717] 31,134} 24,917 134,671 | 101,202 | 135,111] 87,721 | 157,860 | 21,267] 32/598 98,353 | 63,641 | 120,771| 97,234 | 178,490| 18,397] 28,887 192/252 | 104,048 | 148,254] 85,114 | 135,184| 8,436] 26,158 Se eae 318,004 | 115,845 | 174,771 | 113,773 | 160,215| 4,676| 33,641 Peers hE) Ss. 150,128 | 86,914 | 137,850| 114,779 | 134,969 7, 672 33, 619 i 2 ae 251,013 | 95,341 | 191,415 | 108,231 | 145,639 7,629} 37,214 con a ae 268,042 | 96,250 | 207,904] 106,501] 151,416] 12,253 26, 662 ~ be eS ee 979, 963 | © SE FEO 196; 548) 126, 199 f._ 5... |e eceeel 737, 198 een skeet k TA gotsat | 66-5474) 137,490 56,549 [oe col tec) BB ade ie isin RS 434,178 | 100,657 | 208,835 | 21,790 |..........|..--.-..-.| 36,859 ene ie Sc 386,600 | 105,640 | 207,967 WY 6 i ete ed BO Me Bae 8 eee Seen CE oe, 267,500 | 66,933 | 98,084 (ly Sees ee I RR |e tie Sc eeeeeenees BO) dr wits 221,051 | 62,364 | 78,476 rT Wetec om Se Chee ea) 13, O11 dak lg al ei a 407, 282 | 133,657 | 203,897 903 tees Ste | Fes ae si. 406 = ar ae el ee 275,325 | 80,205 | 154,710 iy SER, Sins ian rt ramen aC 1 Two years, 1912-15. 756 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. TaBLE 389.—Exrports and imports of selected forest products, 1852-1920. {Compiled from reports of Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. Where figures are lacking, either there were no exports or imports, or they were not separately classified for publication.] Domestic exports. imports. | Lumber. al | Year ending Tim- June 30— Spirits] ber, Boaresy Rosin. | of tur- hewn eals, pentine.| an and Graves. sawed. jplanks.1 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | i.000 | ae Average: M feet. \number.\barrels.\gallons. M feet 1851-1856. - - bt sa $52 |1.89369 |.. 2.525 1857-1861... pe) Fe a 664 | 2,735 |-.2-2:. 1862-1866. . . Bil) eee 69 202) |\...3-ee6 1867-1871. . - ISO 282. babe) 492 | Pe 695.1 Scere a. 1872-1876. . - 27 ee BAG | So ceee = 210 1877-1881... - BU) ae Se ee 7,139 220 1882-1886. . . A344 55.--5 5 1,290 | 9,302 164 1887-1891. - - 7S | i a a 1, 534 | 10,794 296 1892-1896... HIGs| poe ches 2,006 | 14,259] 336 1897-1901. . | G7 ee ees 2,478 | 18,349 491 1902-1906...; 212) 51,234 | 2,453 | 16,927| 556 1907-1911. ..| 1,649 | 56,182 | 2,256 | 16, 659 521 1912-1916. . -| 1,914 | 65,431 | 2,128 | "5, 674 353 2,821 | 20,241 590 2, 536 | 19,178 477 2,386 | 16,379 570 2,585 | 17, 203 604 2,310 | 15,895 | 533 2,439 | 15,981 595 | 1, 669 2,561 | 15,855] 640 | 3, 138 2,713 | 19,533 522 | 2,814 2,170 | 17,502] 419 | 1,990 2,144 | 15, 588 491 | 3,007 2,190 | 14,818 532 | 3,726 2,474 | 19,599| 438 | 2,155 2,806 | 21,094 512 | 3,709 2,418 | 18, 901 441 | 3,477 1,372 | 9,464 174 | 3,729 1,571} 9,310 201 | 4,574 1,639 | 8,842 184 | 6, 885 1,071 | 5,095 106 | 3, 638 Calendar year: | 1918S esc | 1,024 | 53,374} 779] 3,717 75 | 3,474 1919........| 1,311 | 81,658 | 1,210 | 10,672] 183 | 2,694 1920.....-..| 1,551 | 82,584 | 1,164 | 9,458 171 | 3,833 1 Including “‘ Joists and scantling’’ prior to 1884. 3 Includes “ Gutta-percha”’ only for 1867. Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 757 TaBLE 390.—Trade of the United States with Hawaii and Porto Rico in selected domestic : farm products, 1918-1920. [These shipments are not included in the domestic exports from or imports into the United States.] SHIPMENTS FROM THE UNITED STATES. Hawaii. | Porto Rico. Article. Year ending Dec. 31— = 5 - - 1918 1919 1920 1918 1919 1920 | Beans and dried SS eee bushels. - 8, 539 10, 558 17,142 207, 422 363, 738 , 495, 385 Panry products, .pormds.. 3,575,998 | 5,054,231 | 6,045,552 | 5,584,422] 5,3927805| 9,272 439 = Ly aper se eee do...-| 7,565,857 | 15,575,417} 17, 192, 467 | 82,263, 122 |163, 949, 679 | 153, 820, 633 Bucs r,Tefined.......- Noe 176,011} 1,102,075 | 27920, 531 194, 926 $06,282 | 3, 862,45 To , unmanufactured * ak a eee porinidsbe Saas. es ee es, Se 2) a aS) 798 $03,638 | 7,391,691 SHIPMENTS TO THE UNITED STATES. > cL a DR DR | Gaffer 22... ---pounds..| 4,485, $43 3, 144, 351 1, 885, 703 292, 879 667,318 418,127 Grapefruit........-2 ON REE OTE ER ROSACT COS ap pen. 445, 083 401, 174 412, 644 Molasses and sirup.gallons..| 12,492,091 9, 882, 567 “12; 126, 132 | 14, 071, 657 | 15, 554, 493 | 20,770, 640 OFATIBCS .< .. 620 c0rs oe See eae bm mrt eer "509, 020 "355, 226 256, 387 iS) OT eee oe cary 1,009,749,843 |1,158,904,433 |1,099,627,131 |801, 329} 419 |728, 391, 059 | 826, 108, 162 To , unmanufactured Se 6 5 eee pounds... 20, 643 Bd, OBE Ties a eoscee 15, 620, 562 | 18, 467,967 | 17,990, 5i2 TaBLe 391.—Destination of principal farm products exported from the United States, 1918-1920. Quantity. Per cent of total. Article and country to which - consigned. Year ending Dec. 31— ANIMAL MATTER. Cattle r PNY Sa ipoe Sree Re eo eee. || SER ee OY eo ETE oc eee See eee 4 eu ee eee eee .3 oor = Tpit stage t ni i Om. a eee ee el. eee | _) eee ei! Other countries................. 4 2D Sp oa 0 Horses:— Log eS LS Se ee | See ee ee 4 ar Craigs. 2) SEAM EA: . 0 43.2 Coby Bl A St. 7 15.3 1 eee eee Ce .6 22.9 United Kingdom............... ES 2.5 Other countries................. 8 9.4 ii: , eee ee ee ee eee 105.0 Butter: 7 Belpsuia 63.2... el 40, 000 5, 214, 778 x: 3 29.8 ET 7 ee ee rT 12,518 855, 150 1 ES 4.9 Central American States and British Honduras. ............ 521, 152 2.0 1.9 4.9 ee a er eI 313, 615 1.2 1.2 4.6 United Kingdom............... 22,250,115 | 21,817, 613 84.9} 63.1 TOME: Jae 2,970 35, 563 (@) ah ae West Indies and Bermuda...... 1,775, 416 2 249° 201 6.8 6.5 16.5 Other countries................- 1, 278, 629 6, 226, 601 4.8} 18.1 16.9 TTT Ep Ae a eee es 34, 556, 485 00.0 .0} 100.0 Less than 0.05 of 1 per cent. 758 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. TaBLE 391.—Destination of principal farm products exported from the United States, 1918-1920—Continued. Quantity. Article and country to which Year ending Dec. 31— consigned. 1918 1919 ANIMAL MATTER—continued. Beef, canned: Pounds. Pounds. Wanrip paid PONG s+ 5-- > 542 dee coe en eee eee eee United Kingdom... ..........-.- 51,250,973 | 13, 947, 951 Other countries... <> 2... -=-- 90, 206, 190 39, 919, 376 Potall: ac abet. 3 =o em pee nee 141.457,163 | 53,867,327 Beef, fresh: SROUPTONE oS anise se teeelat an Be 105, 600 GRETNA. hoo wise een ee ee tally: Men ae. Oe Aen 8, 877, 471 Netherlands: . - 221... 227492 Gator» Ranga. -Soeee hee ae 357, 366 United tompdom): >=. 466, 080, 785 Other countries: - =. 275 2... 38, 920, 907 Maral: See 222 28. Top I Se Beef, pickled and other cured: PRT pee ae oo eee ee Germany ...-.--- Netherlands Newfoundland and Labrador. - - United Kingdom............... West Indies and Bermuda....-- 1, 690, 183 Other countries.<.....--.<----:- 31, 823, 821 Potale.2.0 2-51 -- 4-aee be. 69, 106, 350 75, 585, 164 Lard compounds: | SL es 2 ee eee | 8, 608, 423 8, 611, 137 MEXICO. 62 635-3552 246ibeo wep as - 6, 886, 888 4, 620, 050 United Kingdom................ 4, 345, 867 62, 739, 201 Oihier comntries <=" 25 * 24, 136, 232 48, 992, 562 | 24,454,474 | 34,253,197 | 16,101,208} 15,956,981 Rh eres 39, 039, 883 | 98,496, 402 | 178,431,224 =ceee aus Bea RS cere | 98,079,060 | 48,128,149 1, 680, 601 United Kingdom..-............- | 789,253,478 Other countries................. 9, 278. 843 Total. ..:.) 2352-25 -2Q5 26 -<2- 1, 104, 788, 081 1 Less than 0.05 of 1 per cent. 43,977,410 | 124,962,950 67,444,015 | 90,823, 427 5, 247, 646 23,766, 000 35, 205, 492 26, 159, 680 211, 447 15, 922, 196 86, 537 5, 699, 488 6, 364, 308 89, 649, 148 6, 879, 030 74, 368, 344 6, 918, 040 6, 217, 160 4) 008, 562 14; 907; 696 32,051, 458 35, 086, 345 12° 473, 768 21, 190, 518 6, 642, 344 25, 040, 866 76, 035, 297 18,844,911 61, 759, 267 6, 760, 290 17, 410, 673 344, 555, 982 10,875, 311 | Per cent of total. | Year ending Dec. 31— ile gs a |e Co Comp, Aig mn, 8 bet at boo -_- 3] ohlnb Oo ao oOowou ne, o Orr On i 1 S Stee & G3 ong go mMwWOWwWRON SR SR oon COMWAIMD bd CO ——————— 25,771, 176 3 o = ° a = Pam S Or cron Od Ci we OO i 8:0 ,e = Noom po NAIF AWSPODor BN oom = SS s —) S ° _ —_ 5 0 3 0 9 $ 0 7 1 7 1 8 0 — pe Bigopt pons CO] MMPNKROMOWNWNOD Byver: ‘a an tae Y 5 2. 3. je 3. 11. 3. 9: ty 2. 54. 1. rbprop —_ ~~ Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 759 TaBLE 391.—Destination of principal farm products exported from the United States, 1918—1920—Continued. Quantity. | Per cent of total. | Article and country to which = : a | : we consigned. Year ending Dec. 31 | Year ending Dec. 31 1918 1919 1920 1918 |. 1919 1920 ANIMAL MATTER—Ccontinued. Hams and shoulders, cured: Pounds. Pounds. Pounds, PittNecPacha Pact Blame eee. ook dtc BHR os 5,853,423 | 30,054,740 6,596, 959 4 5.0 3.6 Canddag otis...) {Sub Ds = 11, 112, 784 7, 457, 307 6, 354.128 2.1 1.2 3.4 Cine Le eis ee ee 8, 707, 061 9,863,103 | 15,612,342 1.6 1.7 8.4 Hiram CRMs ss yas2 eck SOU. Set ot. - 30,336,829 | 103,201,727} 26,209, 164 5.6 | 17:3 14.1 Tay ee. ok AAT OTT. 7,102,044 | 65,245, 793 3, 236, 225 1.3| 10.9 1.7 United Kingdom....) 55. a.2.. 470, 415,228 | 338,028,382 | 116, 256,553 87.6 56.6 62.8 OLDER COUTTICS. owe ecw eciee ees} 3,685, 672 42,944, 611 10, 981, 384 =f 7.3 6.0 US Ee ee eee 537,213,041 | 596,795,663 | 185,246,755 | 100.0 | 100.0] 100.0 | | 116, 784,152 | 155,802,228 | 55,021,415| 21.3] 20.5 9.0 2, 478, 926 5,090,459 | 12, 730, 298 5 7 2.1 46, 008, 414 44,766, 460 65, 720, 975 8.4 5.9 10.7 75,000 |. 33,805, 333 6,329,275); (1) 4. 4 1.0 1, 339, 946 2, 407, 180 2, 897, 992 “9 53 5 35,841,676 | 96,296,935 | 48, 755, 791 GF: |b 2 1D 8.0 ae dee Uc abeee SL |: .. seen S: 39, 495,017 | 127,836,008 |........ 5.2 20.9 1, 145, 112 2,463,197 | 23,153, 676 2 53 3.8 15, 452, 095 7,134,448 | 17, 302, 006 2.8 .9 2.8 Vie e. 21 en 228 ...|. LL eB: 68, 596,924 | 91,297, 867 |........ 9.0 14.9 1,080, 095 | 944, 742 2, 413, 735 S, sl .4 560,295 | 24, 483, 937 5,000, 274 a! 3:2 .8 12,609, 344 | 32, 247, 743 1, 912, 574 2.3 4.2 ag 309, 987, 044 | 219,306,542 | 128,771,843 | 56.5] 28.8 21.0 5,455,802 | 28,360,466 | 23, 106, 222 1.0 3.8 3.8 548,817,901 | 760,901,611 | 612,249,951 | 100.0} 100.0| 100.0 Bess eee ee 5, 445, 681 497/480) |. 2225 -|- S284 2a Petes 3) Sor 950, 837 118, 684.) . so33 See 4.1 ae) ee See 9,313, 883 2,998,410 ]........] 40.6 12.9 INOD Weare: 4 -Bgees 3) ROE LIA | 56. ek 1, 653, 325 1, 88a; OL: 22... -- 7.2 8.1 United Kingdom.............--- 5, 433, 851 2,000,074 | 14,255,712] 86.2 8.7 61.3 Other countries..............--- 873, 313 3, 593, 337 3,481,968} 13.8] 15.7 15.1 Wotwiee2? ests. ==: ae be elas AL 6,307, 164 22, 957, 137 23, 238, 071 100.0; 100.0 100. 0 Pork, pickled: BritishyGuianga. .....1 Bat sk... 1, 040, 430 205, 700 901, 185 2.8 -6 2.3 pei@tnnda ook t LA Ee 14, 708, 735 8,372,796 | 15,480,971] 40.1] 24.5 40.0 COD PAR eo ane et eae a 7,659, 439 6, 560, 984 4,775,388 |. 20.9| 19.2 12.3 ati 4.8.92...) J. RA S| 739, 655 464, 678 988, 996 2.0 1.4 25 Newfoundland and Labrador .. 6, 303, 799 4, 833, 214 4,848 954 17.2 14,2 1255 EAP SEREL ee IE iar wrareerchorerererers 135, 720 124, 683 240, 872 4 4 -6 United Kingdom................ 2,102, 744 3,378, 871 1, 902, 869 5.7 9.9 4.9 OTRO COU ETIOS sen emcees nox 3, 981, 138 10, 172, 949 9, 569, 606 10.9 29. 8 24.9 Mota 1s 5h2 es LEER ALG GL 36, 671, 660 34, 113, 875 38, 708, 841 100.0} 100.0 100. 0 VEGETABLE MATTER. Cotton: / JAUS PIAS EDS AIY wperatemea nee sashes tenes tasins 48, 609, 352 2'2,880, 580 |..:....- 14 al Belpiame se seach... shessett|-05.-.ahsewet. 81, 894,621 | 100,905,512 |......-.- 2.4 3.1 Canada 148,561,448 | 83,405,725 | 110,328,914 7.0 2.5 3.5 France... 289, 714,337 | 398,168,968] 334,460,950] 13.7] 11.8 10.5 Gonmarigeerd. 3.5222) 2b 3G. 2. .|o2d See eee 77,914,351 | 376,071, 268 |........ Pe 11.8 Italy 194, 528,036 | 280,849,977 | 282, 851, 308 9.2 8.3 8.9 Japan 299,728,224 | 440,520,341 | 335,934,543] 14.2] 13.1 10.6 Mexico 1, 992, 554 345,852} 23, 970, 192 RS Ro £8 INT Tio aac CSR Sa, eaten (eee Fees Goh 105, 261, 030 44, 457, 873 |.....--- Bees 1.4 RUSSIAS ITO Cas-se2cet aes 2s} Ai et. Bh28 LSDROP ete Sosa nee: baansace Oy Waal Biase (ye eS = ea ee eee 122,197,270 | 126,076,028 | 145,027,632 5.8 3.7 4.6 Swedeneeawen-<.. 42 atedeuet 16,550,343 | 43,099,176 | 44,055,629 <8 153 1.4 United Kingdom................ 997, 866, 017 |1,619, 088, 787 |1,303, 896,422] 47.1] 48.1 41.0 Other countries.............-..- 47,036,953 | 62,288,762] 74,472,513 Shit 2.0 233 MGtallepss even ssa cae ee le: 2, 118,175, 182 |3, 367,677,985 |3, 179,313,336 | 100.0] 100.0| 100.0 iLess than 0.05 of 1 per cent. 3 Austria, only. 760 Yearbook of t he Department of Agriculture, 1921. TaBLE 391.—Destination of principal farm products exported from the United States, Article and country to which 1918-1920—Continued. Quantity. Per cent of total. censiened. Year ending Dec. 31— Year ending Dec. 31— 1918 1919 1920 VEGETABLE MATTER—Continued. Fruits: Apples, dried— P..co| "PLA a Pre! Denmark f.t ..-.. MARS 8.7 14.2 10.1 Rrance! 22.5.2: Mi cist . 5.7 6.6 7.9 Germany 9.:..--. SRA LAL RRR) feu JONI9. |) AS 258 areas (@) 5 Netherlands’... .) 220.205. 222]. 2555. SSR” Pp eSaSO ONS? |~ TLL 28S, 225 ie senate 2.0 14.5 Sweden =.2.2..... Pest. @) 29.6 16.8 Other countries. ...........-- 85. 6 47.6 50. 2 Total... os0-. <.sesesesse 2, 200, 483 100.0} 100.0 100.0 Apples, fresh— Barrels. Cc 331, 453 57.2 9. 15.3 eS Or a a ae ce rE I @) @) 125, 987 21.7 70.7 69.5 122, 476 21.1 20.0 15.2 579, 916 1,712, 367 100.0 Apricots, dried— Pounds. Pounds. Belgium’ --- =: 5s JAE 250 1, 921, 532 3.5 Canada-.2 -2....: BRR AL 1, 809, 357 724, 844 27°79 Denmark: .< . 5225 322 eo IR 139, 852 5, 979, 190 9.7 Fravice: 62.2.2 LSS AS. 365, 100 8, 328, 363 18.4 Germany _.-.5<} 3-2-2382 = -| 2: Seto oon 30,473 .3 Netherlands?.::-. Hada +-.|-.i% Re tein oats 1, 140, 230 1.5 United Kingdom..........-. 1,169,333 | 7,633, 498 43.1 Other countries. ........-.-.- 1, 778, 314 11, 385, 694 15.6 Matal.:0.00!..: IRS 22 5, 262, 206 37,143, 824 100.0 Oranges— Bores. Bores. Candida 1s ss2525< aces eel te (AD i ccceas peel eee » United Kingdom......-.... Other countries. ........... -~ . Ol; RnN OM CONN™D 8) 8 Turpentine, spirits of— Argentina... Garmariy- +225 ice oe ee | - > eee eee Netherlands: = *i 22> Soe. 11 i ee ee United Kingdom........... Other countries...........-. CO] CWWRR WOO 10,672,102 | 9, 458, 423 _ 1 Austria only 2 Less than 0.05 of 1 per cent. a Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 763 TABLE 391.—Destinaiion of principal farm products exported from the United States, 1918-1920—Continued. Article and country to which consigned. Quantity. | Per cent of total. Year ending Dec. 31— | Year ending Dec. 31— 1918) | 1919 1920 | 1918 | 1919 | 1920 | FOREST PRODUCTs—continued. Lum ber | Fir— ge if ject. Mfect. | M feet. Pict.) PAPE sk Jr ehh Se Pe ee 54, 958 37, 650 72, 144 20. 2 12.5 16.0 Riaissineess secs ee 16, 557 27, 846 10, 151 6.1 9.2 2.2 Chile... 28, 488 6, 068 | 23,088} 10.5 2.0 5.1 China. 13, 479 49, 544 | $8,567| 4.9| 16.5| 19.6 Japan..... 20, 926 27,310 | 63,165| 11.4 9.2} 14.0 Mexico...... 6, 880 | 7, 879 8, 101 2.5 2.6 | 1.7 New Zealand 4,153 3,873 5, 035 1.5 1.3 1.1 Panama..... 2, 980 18,231 | 8,372 1d 6.1 1.8 Tai = yee oT einen 50, $30 33, 353 57,086 | 18.7] 11.1 12.7 United Kingdom............ 341 | 40, 522 41,032} 8.9] 13.5 9.1 Other countries. -........... 48, 363 74, 462 14.2; 16.0 16.7 Watal-=-. 2... aaa, 301, 144 451,223 | 100.0] 100.0; 100.0 ak— | events -=32051.0%553-_ 13, 105 AAG. 43. ln 2 SI 4.3 CEE a Sas ee: Cae 42,799 42, 487 |. 68.1] . 27.1 40.4 ACES. arabes oc ce 2,520 385 | 1,2 1.6 4 United Kingdom.........22. 70, 915 33,615 | 13.6 | 44.9 32.0 Other countries. .......-.... 28, 598 24,114 12.8) 18.1 22.9 2) oe en oe oe | 64, 663 157, 937 105,141 | 100.0| 100.0! 100.0 Pine, yellow, long leaf— je |, 17, 902 * 73, 978 92,59' 6.0) 16.9 14.5 5 Da aes ee ee 920 1, 024 | 9, 902 | -3 | 2 1.6 SE TRE Sea ee ae ae 1,845 | 1, 106 | 753 | .6 3 at Ee eee 168, 75 154, 843 | 254,959 58.3) 35.4 40.6 (itt Sa ee 167 | 9, 408 2,129 | At 2.1 3 a eee 2, 67 2, 621 2,019 | .§ 6 oak i ig 2 ee ae 30, 298 | 34, 896 73,865 | 10.1 8.0 11.6 = ee sees 12, 442 | 7, 369 10,511; 4.1) L7 1.6 es eee 339 | 7,797 | 18, 971 | ei 1.8 3.8 Uated Kingdom..........-. 18, 365 | 66, 108 | 43, 589 6.1 15.1 6.8 OE ee ee ae 2,019 | 16, 394 | 18, 956 | Pes 3.7 3.6 Other countries-.......-.... 44,202 | 62, 229 | 108,902} 14.7| 14.2 17.2 TLCS ee Be a ee 437,773 | 637,152 | 100.6| 100.0; 100.¢ Railroad ties Number. | Number a SS ee 1,573, 937 922,547} 58.9] 33.5 21.7 Cuba s=! t.. 3 op eet ep ee } 319, 224 | 758,039 | 17.6 6.8 17.9 Lo eS See ee (Ey ee EE | ky ee Fipepiigad’? 3202222. 252 2015... 54, 463 | 282, 027 1.6 12 | 6.6 Mexico... ss 476, 970 516,754] 11.8] 10.1 12.2 United Kingdom. re 2,001,994 | 1,229,570 -7| 42.6 29.0 Other. countries =< -. .s:.--....-.- 210, 771 | 537, 301 8.3) 4.5 12.6 on SE 2 2 Seer ee 4,699, 902 | 4,246,238 | 100.0| 100.0 100.0 Timber, sawed: = Pitch pine, long leaf— M Jeet. M feet. DoE Be eee 2a 39. 736 L5 oo 6 MEN 282 Poets soscsscoss 8, 423 5, 950 -5 5.5 4.4 Tope ne oe ee 17,551 pedi fe 1H ise 11.4 4.0 United Kingdom.......... == 100, 133 74,017 55.5 64.9 54.9 Other countries. ............ 27, 67 48, 806 42.5) 17.9 36.1 loo a eee 154, 186 | 134, 939 | 100.0 100.0 102.0 99912°—ygBxK 1921——_49 764 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. TasLe 392.—Origin of principal farm products imported into the United States, 1918-1920. | Quantity. ‘ Per cent of total. Article and country of origin. Year ending Dec. 31— Year ending Dec. 3i— 1918 1919 1920 | 1918 1919 1920 ’ | i] = | ANIMAL MATTER. Czittle: Number. Number. Number. P.ct. Eri fe ek ae a pe i 249, 316 550, 004 316, 559 $3.5 MariGe Seok. ee M52 5b tet Ags 100, 632 90, 541 58, 926 15.5 Other countries... ...5...05...... 2,653 1,850" 3,629 | 1.0 dtal2..!2 2t.... $e. .35- 352, 601 | 642, 395 | 379,114 (100.0 100.0 Horses: Canara 2-5) 222. dee csae 3, 386 4,495 4,084 91.2 Wramee...-) 2. 4 eee es 2i1 il 25 .6 Monee! Fs : 5 Pewee oe 141 4} 178 4.0 Other counties_...........------ 131 76 189 4.2 uel Ve eee a | 3, 869 4,994 | 4,476 109.0 Cheese, ineluding substitutes | « Pounds Pounds. Pounds. Argentina SEA) ge 6,589,121 re 043, 010 9,871,815 61.7 Cana int Weer eas. SE 100, 243 731, 529 $13,001 5.1 Rrape@s 20 2a ae ae 542,010 * 60" 867 1,583,119 9.9 ctalgees 2 fe a 5,044 373, 807 985, 197 6.2 Nosucelands?. 2... cee so. 2-1 | bie eee se 4,947 863, 405 5.4 S Witeeand 3 Ff oc 2tS. ES. Se cn Se 12,354 801, 902 5.0 Otherepuntzics: 225 $5034.93 2 | 325, 626 485, 690 i ,075, 286 6.7 ie eee pe Pree eee | 7,562,044 | 11,332,204 15,993, 725 100.0 Fibers, animal: | Suk, raw— | China 5, 750, 902 9, 099, 492 5, 931, 863 19.7 AR OE Ee Fe 3 503 1, ” 865, 807 es ul; 132 aa Japan 27, 074° Sil 33, 726, 581 22’ 903, 609 76.2 Other countries 34, 237 "125,038 111,770 4 Total £38 tame wt SS” | 32,865,453 | 44,816,918 | 30,058,374 100.0 Wool, class 1— Resentnne, 5. Week ee | 203,238,338 | 118,854,446 | 71,910,150 35.6 33. Astral. os co ocke des coos | 65,117,777 46, 034; 615 37, 371,888 13.8 17 Belin >. 45 -. + ci SEi- |. Saeeec ws 9047210 1,249,998 |........ ach British South Africas........ 51,063,594 | 51,466,180 | 17,296, 45 15.4 Gagndaca oe. oes. 2 2,717,725 | 12,066,657 7,628, S12 | 3.6 1 CE ai ail as 10,886,730 | 11,959,417| 14,514,334 3.6 Chives 8 22s) 2. eee. 10, 505, 636 8, 528, 802 525, 409 2.6 New Zealand...............- 6,276,375 | 14,234,386 | 25,531 4.3 United Kingdom............ | 38, 675 14, 704, 025 28, 967,677 4.4 Winnpuryece-ce eee |. Ube, 655, 598 49, 931, 366 29, 767, 584 14.9 Other countries............. | 6, 430, 427 6,115, 424 3,134, 401 1.7 Metal: =, ... 988 pee 4. | 373,910,875 | 334,099,538 | 212,392,240 Wool, class 2— | Argentina ae. Soe ea bec 2,357,025 2, 087,101 1,347, 067 Dena Rs. 2ss2 ccc ee ews | 709, 549 650, 924 199, 247 Ginnas See 1, 205, 567 642, 970 2, 63, 800 United Kingdom............ | 60, 280 3, 382, 806 3, 063, 162 Z Other countries............- | 6,192,218 8,081,171 ae 881, 918 58.8 Tytak 3... eee: | 10,524,639 | 14,844,972 | 11,355,194 | 100.0 Wool, class 3— | ee ewvewresewceeeects | 15,068, 215 14,045, 112 1, 764, 692 2 14.5 "575 66,218 | ”365,900 | (2) a 2, 3386, 257 | 674, 041 6.4 2.5 13,274,457 | 3,715,570 | 11.8] 13.7 29, 813, 744 | rm 762, 921 45.0 33.8 1,539, 889 2, 650, 565 4.0 1.6 aseey | Meise 2 sso pan ene 1,353, 398 | 2,310,036 1.4 Turkey, European j 2,931,914 2,349, 343 |. 3.0 United Kingdom Reiser 5 eset re ee 19, 044, 860 6, 380, 016 19.6 Other.cotntries. 22.5.2 =: 7, 636, 569 12, 492,475 35 397,123 12.8 LUA eee ee te nas 69,291,858 | 96,948,324 | 35,870,207 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 “Less than 0.05 of 1 per cent. 7 Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. “Tasie 392.—Crigin of principal farm products imported tnto the 765 United States, 1918-1920—Continued. | Quantity. Per cent of total. Article and country of origin. Year ending Dec. 31— Year ending Dec. 31— | j | 1918 . 1919 1920 | 1918 | 1919 | 1920 ) | ; | ANIMAL MATTER—continued. | | Hides and skins other thanfurs: | Caliskins— Pounds. Pounds. | Pounds P.ct. | P.ct. | P. ct. = ONL. 2 tb c-5 a35- ot cee 4,467,257 | = 2, 872, ie 5.8} 6.9) os ginnis-ct-.-.2 721, 686 753, 092 We cass 1.1} 7a Canada........ 5, 280, 116 2,719,149; 13.6) 82) 7.7 Denmark. . 4, 086, 657 50, 908 1 SL: | 6.3 | 6.4 aeipbnilies. 35.5. a. - 24, 045, 701 7,708,506 | 43.3) 37.2) 21.9 Brance eae neh setae 4, 590, 533 8, 291, 685 al bey oe ee IEE oot ee See te ae eee ee ee ee (A a) Beeee- 2 ‘Besceete 1G) Netherlands 7, 737, 059 3,108,863} il] 120) 8.8 [Ta ae reraeen Barer Seren 2,012, 338 1260-112). 5-3 | 234 3.9 United Kingdom...-......-- 12, 643 1,664, S78 811, 420 2 ae 2.3 Other countries.........-..- | 1, 923, 968 9,949,296 | 5, 356, 829 25.3 15.5 15,4 Lc Stel Bipteiea Sid 7,582,723 | 64,555, 521 35, 132, 286 100.0 | 100.6 100.0 Cattle hides— | Bepentina’ =<: 2) po ocr Sec - 89,072,009 | 146,103,225 |. 113,117, ae 40:3 | ik fi Ato 174, 056 139,018 |........ ie af 29,517,585 | 19,488,355 58| 70) 7.1 43,062,218 | 27, 567, 282 ae eee (Os 10.0 7, 748, 834 $755, 174 2.3 1.9 7 14, 979, 377 9, 977, 059 3.4 3-8. 3.6 12, 500, 062 6, 549, 229 5.0 31-4} 2.4 14, 350, 871 9, 046, 283 a7 3.5 | a3 7, 701, 942 | fi ee a 1.9 | 2.6 ly 93, 351 4/900: 452 fos Cyn a7 Biceps teat Ris 2) ik | 22,976,876 | 26, 288, 312 7,064,925 | 10.4 6.5 | 2.6 Metherlands: - 2) 2. 222. 2.-- ) 37, 258 4, 031, 983 2,422,620} (3) 1.0} 9 United Kingdom............ 27, 459 5, 370, 120 1,907,200} (4) Es | Mt Gok | ea eae 35, 541, 069 |. 48,294,455 | 25,905, 15 16.1 11.9 9,4 Wetvetielt se: . <<) so. sy. 2282 | _2, 753, 236 7, 922, 391 4, 733. 757 1,2 1.9 1g Other countries. -.......--.. | 13, 485,670 | 39, 143, 489 33, 519, 371 6.1 9.6 12d LST ee eee 221, 051,070 275,324,507 | 100.0| 109.0| 100.0 Goatskins— oo Asp eanacse ot 865, 760 4,301, 269 1.4 5.0 | 5.4 iri w nT CIS eee. ose. 31, 172 2, 355, 373 ae | 2.9 MisPon tivia'o: At, eee 22 2, 326, 191 2, 898, 427 af 5.6 3.6 Lin 7 eel B62 ee aS 2, 906, 40 4, 894, 496 4.7 4.9 | 6.1 British Africa ...........-.-. 3, 190, 091 3, 938, 275 5.1 5.9 4,9 lt ie a he eee 13, 811, 654 19,061,548 | 22.1 11.4} © 23.8 ast bridias 32, 446, 710 29,295,295 | 52.0] 47.0] 36.5 (1 3 ee SE 12, 630 816,267 | (@) 1.4 1.0 _.. ee | 2,889, 599 5 | 1, 633, 663 4.6 2.5 2.0 United Kingdom............ 227, 539 | 1) 865; 025 14 2340. 23 ) Ee en 752, 546 1, 650, 788 1,2 Ta | on Z494o1| 47| 91 9.4 80,204,637 | 100.0| 100.0; 100.0 2, 494, 391 | 1, 352, 834 i2 2.9 | 1.6 15,674,103 | 13,679,809} 17.3) 18.4 16.5 3,175, 161 2,420, 531 1.9 3.7 j 2.9 2 4,931, 618 5.3 5.5 | 6.0 23,880,470] 47.7} 19.9| 28.9 027 4,678,403} 11.3 8.7 | Td 3,111, 231 1.5 6.3 | 3.8 600, 878 2.9 2.4 aT 094 653, 980 5 | 4 8 AQSTAN est as Sh eerey 11, 950, 393 11.7) 144 830, 733 2.9} 1.0 14, 567, 861 17.1) 17.7 | 82,748, 981 . 100.0 100.0 ; Z Z Beet! eres 1 Less than 0.05 o {1 per cent. 766 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. TaBLe 392.—Origin of principal farm products imported into the United States, 1918-1920—Continued. Article and country of origin. Quantity. Year ending Dec. 31— Per cent of total. Year ending Dec. 31— @enrnoc 1918 | 1919 1920 1918 | 1919 | 1920 ee 4 ue wie ee ee ee ee VEGETABLE MATTER. i Cocoa, crude: Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. P. ct.) 'P chee ee Bydee se ee eee eee 65, 007, 884 69, 990, 057 69, 577, 524 18.3 17.9 17.6 British West Africa...:..... 93, 473, 1¢5 158, 713) 898, 82, 053, 130 26. 0 40.6 23.9 British West Indies...-. 51, 535, 501 30, 199) 700 34, 642, 516 14.3 ES hn 10.1 Dominican Republic...... 38, 099, 255 44) 655, 321 42, 998, 532 10.6 11.4 12.5 ichsxdor- > ose ok eee 68, 920, 773 46, 404. 529 61, 178, 384 i9.1 1.9 17.8 Porhtieal 23 2252 222 oho ne eae oe == |e eee ee i, 087, 271 42° 190)057 '5i5 ce aes ee 325 United iginedom. 2 kes 478, 421 - 957, 064 13, 464, $02 Af 1.9 3.9 Wenesnela. 220 2.52. hae eee 23, 318, Til 10, 726, 250 16, 381, 647 6.5 2.7 4.8 Ofhercomirics soe oee eae. 18, 126, 110 22? 353, 219 20, 180, 220 sik 5.6 5.9 Barats, “5° =" S056 °0 eens 359, 959, 761 391, 397, 309 343, 666,812 | 100.0 00. 0 100.0 Coffce: | | Braviloco th aase ote cee aoe 599,991,374 | 787,212,293 | 785, 810, 689 57.0 59.0 | 60.6 Central American States and | j British Honduras. ..-.--.--.-- 195, 259, 324 | 131, 638,695 | 159, 200, 281 18.6 | 9.9 | 12.3 ON) Tn) DAE CaP as Ree eS Ae | 118, 909, 462 | 150, 483, 853 | 194, 682,616 1s 11.3 15.0 SSTNGICS. oot os oc bie eo cai es F 4 756, 528 56, 919, 126 28) 674, 951 5 4.3 22 Wersce 6 or 8 ee eee H 19, 843, 230 29° 567, ae 19, 519, 865 1.9 2.2 LS Netheriangs-) 2... 0 bee em era eat o|os anemia eee 1,126: 546i: be sie es () | 4 Venues. eo eee 557654, 080'| 100,777 881 | ost970;9s4 | ‘ae! 54 West Indies and Bermuda...... 53, 459, 694 42) 013) SAL 29, 294, 734 5.1 ee 2.3 Other countries.......--.......- 6, 3217 809 25, 849) 624 13, 248, 674 ex L9 «9 Dikah nn: '. | eS 1, 052, 201, 501 1, 333, 584, 067 |1, 297, 439,310 | 100.0 | 100. 0 100.0 Fibers, vegetable: Cotton— ‘ British india... -.--2----e- 1, 665, 279 | 4,927,097 7, 044, 100 Pa 4 eo WEyp is sess sheen ce eiere 63, 521, 653 | 86, 485, 327 | 179, 894, 406 56. 4 49.3 60.0 Mexico S35 pald BS ae 227 993,541 |- 30,890,061} 38,034,625; 20.4) 17.6 12.7 Ter ee ne eee } 4, 403, 503 20, 213) 172 25, 456, 455 3.9 ind 8.5 United Wein gdom< ooo 22.02 - | aston aes 18, 545, 720 14, 006, 601 j...2..-- 10.6 4.7 Other countries...........-- "20,100,316 | 14, 296, 991 35, 508,191 | 17.8 2 11.8 ETT NAS en yr 112, 684, 092 | 175,358,368 | 299,994,378 | 100.0 | Flaxs— | Longtons. | Longtons. | Long tons. | BOlSEINE Fe oo ee ee ae cea ee eee 18 i? hy eae = 4 : Canada. ot oe 4, 582 | 1,370 3,872| 583{ 381.0] 57. Russia, European.....-..--.- 2. 502 | 21 385 31.8 75 GE United Kindgom............ 304 | 1,510 319 3.9 34,2 4, Other countries. ......-..--- 467 | 1,501 2, 163 6.0 | 33.9 31. Wala oh eee 7, 856 | 4, 420 6,791 | 100.0 Juteand jute butts— | au | British East Indies.........- 71, 309 | 61, 966 94,683 | 99.9 Other countries. ....:...---- 105 | 366 , dal | et Beall i Des 2 Soe HAs 71, 414 62, 332 96,039 | 100.0 Manila fiber— = Philippine Islands. ..-....-- 78, 305 | 68, 044 66, 675 99.4 Other countries><.------- - | ” 478 Waiaikt ne 3 eee 78, 783 Sisal grass— | | Wexico!=-2f.- 222.225... 139,351 | 133, 591 164,187 91.8 92.4 Other countries. 22.52.22 .- 12, 525 | 10, 951 16,572 2 6 OCS. eeee eee e | 151, 876 144, 542 180, 759 Bananas: | Bunches. Bunches. Bunches British West Indies...........-- | 8,033, 262 6, 912, 779 7,143, 128 9.4| 18.7 Central American States and | British Honduras. -.........-- | 23,470,560 24, 293, 461 27, 006, 605 72.8)" Ghat Cabot. 'a ie. DB oe ae | “"?972}426| 1,515,832 | 1,697,020] 3.0) ) 4.1 SotrtheAmerica-3-4 2 see | 4, 652, 004 4, 034, 940 2,679, 154 14.4 11.1 Other comutriéss=. 52> 32----- 2 | 120,776 | "176, 083 793, 655 4 3 Mobals sen eee hee | 32,249,028 | 36,993,095 | 39, 319, 562 1 Less than 0.05 of 1 per cent. Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 767 TABLE 392.—Origin of principal farm products imported into the United States, 1918-1920—Continued. Quantity. Per cent of total. Article and country of origin. Year ending Dee. 3i— Year ending Dec. 31— 1918 1919 1920 1918 1919 1920 —— z VEGETABLE MATTER—Continued. | Walnuts’ Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. | ‘Pets | "Pach \s Pace CHIT aie OL 53 8 = 5s ee acta - 1, 891, 243 7, 080, 192 6, 701, 431 14.5 22.5 21.0 Yam CONe=-.¢ jaa? - <5-beRsaceen-- 6,552,094 | 8,519, 292 14, 718, 220 50. 4 27.0 46.2 Npalicger en est of Aes 5S ass eae 909, 196 6, 360, 433 5, 411, 393 7.0 20. 2 17.0 PIR REVE RAS PA Ghar sinra toe tyson afer RS eens fol ee ee eee 151, 695 .| -ccmitse |b weaaay | m5 OiHer COUNTIES .s10<. 5-22-5000 3, 658, 871 9, 536, 060 4,908, 103 28.1 30.3 | 15.3 PUP ba vatacoraratmsS nietmratastemnr= =i eicielesi> 13,011,404 | 31,495,977 | 31, 890, 832 | 100.0} 100.0 100.0 Oils, pyceetable: | | Olive, edible— Gallons. | Gallons. {| Gallons. | ANCE! | 2. 2s eam ee <= 3} 88, 088 | 183, 124 | 382,040 | 51.5 2.0 9.4 aby sos a. Sees ces ers Eases. 5, 729 251, 902 1, 124, 041 3.3 2.8 27.6 Sith 16s See bas pe. oo eae 65, 895. | 8, 507, 416 ry 420, 592 38. 5 94.8 59.3 Other countries. ...........- 1: 449 | 31; 694 ” 152; 138 6.7 A ona INCE pS a he ok Oe 171, 161 9, 024, 136 | 4,078,811 | 100.0| 100.0 | 100.0 Soya bean oil— Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. | DEW anne! 4 tee sea ce. Se 13, 538,334 | 11, 230, 292 2, 484, 191 4.0 5.7 oa Japanese-China.........-.-- 230, 839, 925 | 99,042, 642 57, 426, 720 68.7 50. 6 51.2 dE See oe aes eee te 1, 1 805 23 ra 84, 218) 232 52, 301, 232 27.3 43.0 46.6 Other countries. .......-...- 6 1; 317, 255 | 1, 607 () ei (1) OLA e aes cease tee ase 335, 984, 148 195, 808, 421 | 112,213,750 | 100.0 | 100.0 100.0 Opium: : Turkey, Asiatic and European..|.........---.- 641, 187 sb sy Gi)? teil ees Aes 87.8 89.0 United Kingdom............... 121, 324 40, 207 4,753 | 76.0 5.5 2.2 Other countries. ..........-:--.- 38, 297 48, 878 18,546} 24.0 6.7 8.8 ERTS TT ad ET. Seg ae eee ee el ae 159, 621 730, 272 211,277 | 100.0] 100.0 100.0 | 1 Seeds: Flaxseed or linseed— Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Aropeting, pee = s-pck ar pent 9,668,119 | 12,353,932 | 22,778,359 | 74.5] 88.0 92. 4 British India erat ae LTS oto I een el eee a a SLATE SAAR. Bsa or apa (CADE GE oe Eg 3, 240, 043 1, 279, 132 1,637,813 | 25.0 9.1 6.6 United Kingdom........... We |jceene. 252 ac lscoasns spe sore (ss, |e scien cer leo tecrae Other countries. .-:..:.-.... 55, 205 | 403, 120 225, 018 4 | 2.9 1.0 TOS Lie eee ae 12,974,476 | 14,036,184 | 24,641,190} 100.0 | 100. 0 Grass seed—clover— Pounds Pounds. | Pounds. mandate tee os nee NT 7,209,330 | 10,870,385 4,379,656] 75.7| 43.4 eos Se eS ee 631, 911 | 8, 530, 878 12, 198, 012 6.6 34.1 (Genmianyy eo 22 ey wee ss Oe | Pe iaiieeres feel fo or 27, 517 is 505, 692i |. ae: al Neal ee eee settee LS 1, 328, 715 4, 639, 31 5,095,882 | 14.0] 18.5 Other countries.........- <5. | "350, 010 973, 900 2,307, 840 3.7 3.9 20 a See on ee 9, 519, 966 | 25, 041, 998 25, 487,082 | 100.0} 100.0 Sugar, raw cane Culbay spire Semioalsyro.= 2 aise -jser='-t - 4, 953, 689, 419 |6, 686, 141, 983 |5, 762, 152, 794 95. 9 95. 2 Dominican manublic Gee eee 4, 831, 020 7,989,541 | 184,071, 693 ait yl pas Bast Indies. . 2-2 2.5.0.-4. 3,272 | 30,963,112 | 546,193,950] (1) 4 pine fags Jeis Pon Te oe 135, 602,975 | 175,872,529 | 291, 716,240 2.6 2.5 en AGNOLICH 5 = TekG oS aides 29, 429, 746 35, 040, 367 | 522, 999, 268 -6 a) Other countries... 2: 242 5...- 43, 284° 440 83, 682, 943 | 721,534,130 8 13 Tivigi ate: i eee 1.2. .|5, 166, 840, 872 |7, 019, 690, 475 |8, 028, 668,075 | 100.0} 100.0 Tea: ETE ite > Smeets ee Sees eae ae 2, 294, 155 2, 257, 012 1, 644, 840 1.7 2.8 Obitigace= 2scccerecteersecscsc:: 14, 202; 680 10, 557, 985 10, 624, 821 10. 6 13.0 ODS A Taye Wee a a 60, 364, 828 26, 987, 615 Si 334, 537 44.9 33.3 Sepals soe Se cee see emcees oc 56, 436, 650 39, 959, 916 29, 749, 891 42.0 49, 4 Wnited Kingdom : 5.5.2 ..2.5... | "381; 799 34, 647 13, 931,177 AR) adi Othercountries 2. 325.252 ses - 738, 089 665, 745 2, 911, 349 -5 .8 TUN ile Os i eee 134, 418,201 | 80,962,920] 90,246,615 | 100.0] 100.0 ILess than 0.05 of 1 per cent. 768 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. TABLE 392.—Origin of principal farm products imported into the United States, 1918-1920—Continued. | Quantity. Per cent of total. Article and country of origin. | Year ending Dec. 31— Year ending Dec. 31— | 1938 1919 1920 VEGETABLE MATTER—Continued. | j Tobacco lea: | Wra | Pounds. Pounds. ct. patch East Indies. ......... | 6, 984, 516 6, 504, 615 21.2 Netherlands. - 3 -.. 222::::=°.- | 1,315 109, 723 77.8 Other countries............- 327, 269 539, 804 1.0 Wotal.<-so.50-oet ee | 7,313,100] 7,154,142 00.0 Other leaf— Cre ted ee we I ae 20,490,954 | 21, 969, 643 33.5 Dominican Republic........ | 18,953, 663 6, 433, 478 5.8 Germany ----..---- me (es ee ne eee eal: Greece .--......- ..-|. 17,496,045 | 20, 702, 622 12.8 Turkey, Asiatic.....-...--.. 23, 880 11, 878, 239 26.8 urkey, MuLopeanon 72-2 -|.5-22-5="----- 3, 094, 792 4,2 Other countries ............- 19, 236, 473 14, 131, 362 16.8 Waele eee 76,201,015 | 78, 210, 136 00.0 FOREST PRODUCTS. India rubber, crude: Pounds. Pounds. Belpigm Sano 5-2 o- se eae Becpeseboe- == 665,001 ie eee | 40,332,620 | 58,845,384 ieee ea ee 2, 712, 336 5, 320, 540 Central American States and | British Honduras-.......-..... 387, 144 | 448, 827 TEAS SROIES © oe ena | 265,040,618 | 390,884, 566 (iper eis tl. S325 8 ee 169, 318 9 410) 319 Mexitess... 22 Feo 5-0 See 2 | 2, 185, 809 ” 963) 242 Oth&r South America..-........ | 3,590,744 6, 965,752 Gg ee ae | 494, 424 87, 422 United SST ST OT Eas Soa sep eee | 6, 627, 165 60, 251, 894 Other countries... --/--.--.--:-<- 4,489,130 | 9,097,474 Toye i Oats eee ee | 325,959,308 | 535,940, 421 Cabinet wood, mahogany— | Myfeet. -| British Africa.....--........ 6, 353 | Central American States and | | British Honduras.........| 22,971 | Mrivo ees a 10,711 United Kingdom............ | 77 Other countries.........--.- | 3, 986 3) bemonconet Sta, Tae | 44,098 | Boards, deals, planks, and other | sawed lumber— Ps A ere | 1,183,015 | Other countries. ............ 23, 01 Metal} | el eet See | 1, 206, 027 | Wood puip: | Long tons. Candie... 2822.) eS a oe | 508, 081 Or on ee ee aah |. Sop eee a Gy Ae ae ee 5, 134 Weipa ee oe ea ean 700 Other eoantries~ 5+. 5--- 202-2 2e 2, 343 Lf Saale Seine Fae Seer | 516, 258 1 Less than 0.05 of 1 per cent. ~ Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 769 TABLE 393.—Foreign trade of the United States in agricultural products 1852-1920. [Compiled from reports of Foreign Commerce and N avigation of the United States. All values are gold.] [In round thousands, i. e., 000 omitted.] ee ES it hers. nadia ee Agricultural exports.1 nar wis Forest products. Excess of | Domestic. aeeeultet. Exports. Year ending Tal exports Exe June 30— Per | (+) or of ae. | Per | For- | motal a imports Im- | ports | cent-| eign. 4 tee ee Do- | For. | Ports. (+) orof Total. | age of ot oe : imports attest? ports. mestic.| eign. vate | Ports. Thou- Per | Thou-| Thou- Per Thou- Thou- | Thou-| Thou- | Thou- Average: sands. | cent. | sands.| sands. | cent. sands. sands. | sands.| sands. | sands. 1852-1856...| $164,895) 80.9 $8,060) $77,847) 29.1/+ $95,108} $6,819) $694 $3, 256)+ $4, 257 1857-1861... 215, 709; 81.1) 10,174 421,018; 38. 2/+ 104, 865 9, 995 962) 6, 942)-+4 4,015 1862-1866...| 148,866, 75.7| 9,288} 129° 999/ 43 ol. 35, 932| 7,366] 7908] sp5i1|— 347 1867-1871.../ 250,713 76.9) 8,538] 179, 774, 42.3/4 79, 477, 11,775, 6911 14° 813|— 2,34 1872-1876...| 396,666! 78.5] 8,853! 26371561 46, 5|+ 142,364| 17,907] 960! 19° 798|_ ~’ gg0 1877-1881... 591, a 80.4) 8,632) 286,384! 50. 4/+ 333” 7 17, a 553) 22,006|— 3, 874 ¥882-1886...| 557,473’ 76.3} 9,340} 311, 708| 46, S+ 255,106 24,705) 1,417, 34,253|—_8, 131 1887-1891. __| 573, 287 74.7| 6, 982 366,950} 43.3)+ 21 3,319} 26, 061) 1, 443) 39, 647/— 12, 144 1892-1896... 638, 748, 73.0) 8, 446 398, 332} 51. 6/+ 248, 863] 29, 276) is 707) 45, 091)— 14, 107 . 1897-1901... 827,566, 65.9 5 50.2)+ 461,978) 45,961 3, 283 52) 327|— 3, 083 1902-1906...) 879)541) 59.5 46.3/+ 403,583) 63,585] 3,850] 79) 885|— 19” 451 1907-1911...) 975,309) 53.9 45.2/+ 352, 954) 88,764 6, 488) 137, 051|— 41, 799 | 1912-1916...) 1, 256,452 45, 50. 1+ 356, 028) 92,129] 5, 563] 185, 390) — 87,698 ==———————S ———— i a iid ie 951, 628) 65. 47.6|+ 570,990! 55, 369 3,599) 57, 144/+ 1, 825 1902 63. 45.8\+ 453, 677| 43,9991 3'609| 59° 187|— 6, 649 63. 44. 5\+ 435, 787| 58, 734) 2, 865 71, 478, — 9 879 59. 46.6/4+ 41 , 350! 70,086) 4) 177] 79,619|— 5, 356 55. 49.6)+- 285,370] 63, 199 3, 790 92; 681)— 25, 691 56. 45. fe 432,728) 76,975] 4,809] 96, 462|— 14 678 56. 43.7/+ 439,182) 92) 949] 5, 500) 122} 421|— 23° 972 55. 45.2\+ 488,005] 90,3621 4,570) 97,733|— 2 801 55. 48.7/+ 274,210) 72,442! 4’ 993) 193" 920|— 46, 495 50. 44.2'+ 198,119) 85, 030 9, 802) 178, 872;— 84, 040 51, 44.5)4+ 365, 254) 103, 039 7, 587} 162, 312/— 51, 686 48, 47, 4/+ 279, 277 103, 122) 6, 413 172, 923) — 57,988 46. 45, 0|+ 323, 381 124 836) 7, 432 150, 502! - 48, 235 47, 48, 8)+- 207, 456) 106, 979) 4, 515) 155, 261|— 43, 765 ities ei 54.3 54.4/+ 599, 571/ 52,554) 5, 089] 165, 849-108, 207 Eth Sheri mc ice 35.5 54.1/+ 370, 68,155] 4, 364) 252, 851 —130, 331 Bees etna =< a 31.6 52.8)+ 600,921) 68,919 11, 172 322, 699 —242) 699 <=) ee 39.1 55.0/+ 701, 144 87, 181 6, 066! 335, 033 —241, 787 oes 45.6 55. 1)+1, 159, 88, 022) 5, 891) 279, 605) —185, 692 Mar. 15. Pounds. ~ 772 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. CROP SUMMARY—Continued. TABLE 394.—Crop summary, 1921, 1920, and 1919—Continued. Producticn. Farm value Dec. 1. Crop, Acreave SS Per acre. Total | Unit. | Per unit. Total. Cow peas: Cents Dollars OT ete eS ge 8 1, 133, 000 8.5 9,581,000 | Bush.. 177.0 16, 960, 000 iT eadeaiea 7 990, 000 9.0 8,904,000 |...do.....| 233.4 20,786, 000 aes 4.7) 6.8 9.1 18.2 | 40.4 | §14.0 4 Gnigns o6. ste eae ees = S74 A 28 7.24" S25 apes Ai pete Botaiies.-. 34a sees eee 3.3| 68] 121| 33.7 | 39.2 3.3 4 | Sweet potatoes......-.-..22- “1, 17) 62] 25| 49:1] 206 17 Womiatoes2s5,245--. et see Le 3.81 9, 1.4) Cop.2 1° * ao.7 |e 1.5 3 Bing AlN «44 get. oe d -2| 15.3| 47.8[ 21.8 10.7| 19 Se Re ad ee a ae | ol] 33] 241] % 2801 B5{ 16.4 3.7 . 3 eee Alfalfa Neodhare ee k N. ceee ie Aa -6| 10.7 | _ 30.5 45.1 13.0 mip BR DPREASS SORRt cae... hee <)> - ager | 51] 43.0} 23.6] 16.4 : aia Reape @loverseed 2-2- oe. nee ba Sea ai |-----0-- 2) 3.4 21.2 4 20.0 Aig te S52 thts o> oe, ere: se ee eee 1 “el 271° 164] “4.5 | eS ee ES eee ak Sel ES ae ee ea 7-1] 73.6| 17.8 1.5 [see bees sees Timothy seed....1.......2202|0-2202-2 bee 38 | BOK 54.0) 20s Ieee eee Wilithay. 625. .c2.-- iss 5es, oz; ge 41) 289) 365] 26.4) 83 )--.2...[ 2. Norms ss ee | ee eee 23| 9.7] 29.0! 43.1| 144] 10]... Cotton! 224 ee ee 4 ep re aes bar 1.4] 1.5! 31.6] 344] 16.0 4,7 Flaxseed 1000s nesses eceiee UO) BES) B65) 88 saceseeleeereeee ops eS es eee eee ee ee Pee ; ° . o ee ie ol Seer a Se | i . Pe Te A ah toe tented IED | py ae <) 21) 125 39.3 | 37.7 8.0 38 Sorghum (Siruip)ss~ = uci ote |- < aes saloon aya A 13. . SS ee ee fect ene | ee este 3 eee / 1.0 3.8| 18.5| 563| 20.2 3 ible. 2 oe cece Beas ee “6 | 7.5) °27.14 "se7 | ae eee a5... | i n Miscellaneous Agricultural Statistics. 775 PLANTING DATES. TABLE 399.— Mean dates when planting of specified crops begins, becomes general, and ends. Corn. Oats. Spring wheat. — State. =e: Bas | = : egin- | , 7 egin- | nai egin- : ning. General. | Ending. ning. General. | Ending. ning. | General. aa SS Fe eae Pau? ctl = nee ‘a May 17] May 26 | June 6} May 2/ May 13| June 1 |.........-).......... | epee pe ee es May 14] May 24|June 4! May 4] May 12/ May 27|..........|_........- La - ite ec May 17-| May 25 |...do.-...- Apr. 29| May 9| May 22 Apr. 28 | May 8/| May 18 Mass.......| May 10 | May 20 | May 31} Apr. 10} Apr. 27 RS aS Sah ee oe a as oo do..... May 19 | June 11| Apr. 13 Apr. 25| May 8 | eee ee Peale eee fo re 22 June 4] Apr. 9 | AP oe [oe -G0: 2s.) 5.0.5.6). | Se apes cee = 21 | June 3} Apr. 19} Apr. 30 | May 18} Apr. 14 Apr. 28 | May 12 12 (Maye dis) Aprive Db) Apres tay iipr. 22 jos os 2. pol 2 oncies i225 15 | May 29} Apr. 6 | Apr. 19) May 2] Apr. 3/ Apr. 17 ; May 2 | j | May 21 | Mar. _ a hm He Oreo LH ole Lac. 3 (5) je SRO Dike iea ty Degie sen aie ee Th ees Se eS A bushels. . 1,84 1:3 30 2.0 Besns Gnid-cmalll 2256-4 -cece ea. ea ne eee ae oe eae do...- - 76 -5 to 1.0 Beans Sold, tare 8. so eo ee eS ASSES ap Bot ae ee doz... 1.29 1.0 to 1.5 Beets, epmimon Gipt Sugar) - 2 -5s- ass. 4a < = ee 2s oe - we ounds. 6.3 5.5 te 63 GOES i ee ee nn ee eee ad cape ee eae een bushels. . 1.07 .75 to 1.25 LoS Ltd 17 iene Salaries hereteereer aim Sta Ses ainsi r= 2° vey Se - or pounds. 6.0 & | 7 Rrclvevtvent na on ie oe ee owe ee bushels. . - 98 .75 to 1.25 CE Ser Corl eo es aes Sees ae eee number..| 5,658.0 | 5,000 to 7,000 lover, Aisne Mee. oot oan - ga = ie oe OO De a aa ee pounds 8.7 8 to 1 ee Ut Lot Se eee eee ee ee cee Sass 9.9 9 to 15 lover, SAsNIOLE =o 8 Sea ee a ee an ee ae an 10.4 8. to, 12 Clayer, fod, alone. .sh2a-52 2° ee ee ee 10.7 8) ~ta ++ 12 isver, ran. OF Prantl 5556.3 5e =~ oneness oa eee tore eee ae 9.8 8 to 12 PIOVEE; QEUNSGins heen ne oe eae ee mee Boe aaa ne eee mene 12.1 10 to 15 Carretar Pyne sone Sn ebeew eas eae eemee= eae ent ee 9.5 6 ~ to 12 Com fodder for sare. oo. bn ae paces coo = See ee 26.0 15 to 35 Or = Ee Sige ie eee: melee 5 en Nes ese sess ee - 96 -9 to b FS Cowpeas, for forage. -.- 1.31 1.0 to i. Cowpeas, in drill with corn. - 63 .49 to - Cowpeas, for seed... -70 .50 to 4 Field peas, small. - - 93 -75 to hs Meld Peas, larpe.... <<... .-- spe 1,17 1.0 to i hes tT eee Se ee ele Sete See 29. 2 25 to 30 i ae Nem ain pa ‘i adacienrate ace, ome eee Songs eye Se 2.37 2.0 to 2. Orchiar a OTass oo. 221-0} 0s see pa ee eS eee 12.6 10 '- to « % PORES: = 5-550 ok ee oat oo ae ee a eo aaa ease p oom 1.02 1.0 to iE Bg ry 2 CR teh Obie eats Dats Bytes nee t det Ss eos eee 8.6 TY ae 12 1 17, Oe eeiatehens aid Shs a” Ree arsed Seer aie ae tes Se 1.98 1.5 to 2. Ryo.der praia Ao.) ge) 3 4 oe ores s et eee ono oe 1.44 1.25 to A. Byes, SOT MORALES ok foc ore 3 So a 5 ae ae lw ae de toe eon mw om 1. 82 1.5 to 2. Say penns parabens | 22-550 ss oecn age oe tee data mee ee nae e = : -79 .50 to as Boy, DEANS DIOSGeaSh: | este as Has an ae = ts = ge Pa oe eee een es 1.37 j 1.00 to 1. Shar a Tt eee SNe Tene pene ete Sot Begs et eat Se pounds. .| 13.1 12/2 ae Sweet potato plants ._:.....2 5.24. 33. se ee ee number...) 6,605.0 | 6,000 to 7,060 MGIHOLIy ee eee oe a ee gp a ee eee pounds. .| 9.4 ae ee +2 Wpbacve Diatts . oa. 2. scores ee pee fe eae eee toe ae mpitber..| 4,762) 0" }2. cc. peeeeae ses see 4 Le eatin ails, Seige reaieligy! Sat aieteelis 4 Pore BR thee Ae a sey Ao De yam | 1.38 1.25 to 1.75 BBO Moo ob aT oe <<" Miscellaneous Agriculiural Statistics. 777 COMPOSITE CROP YIELDS. TABLE 401.—Composite numbers of all crop yields. The figures below are obtained in the following manner: For cach State the average yield per acre of each crop (as corn, wheat, cotton, ett.) is reduced to its 10-year average yield per acre; -these percentages are combined into a composite or general average, viz., the figures shown. The relative importance of each crop is taken into consideration in making the composite averages. Stateand division. ; 1921 | 1920 | 1919 1918 | 1917 | State and division. | 1921 | 1920 . | 1919 | 1918 1917 i / Mae 95| 90/ 106 100] 100|| North Dakota..... | 82] 91 | 69| 108! 65 New Hampshire -. 94 104, 105 105 110 |, South Dakota-..... | 87 104; 89; 139; 115 —Mermront-.>=2--2:- 87 | Nebraska. .-......| 104] 137} 114] -73)- 103 Massachusetts...._| 93 Kamsas......-.-2.. | 102] 129} 111| 82| 92 Rhode Island......; 95 —— Connecticut.......| 102 N. C. west of | | | PR iew, worke-..-- 84 aoe Is | New Jersey........} 92 IVE? pose nse: 5.6 |113.0 100.2 |101. 1 | 104.6 Pennsylvania. -... 94 SSS SS SS SS EE — | Kentucky......... | 93 105} 95{ 100 109 North Atlantic...) 90.3 6 || Tennessee........- 97} 105 | 96} 96 105 Se Dee een eeetes ie Alabama. ......... 82 87 | 82 101 9 Delaware......-...| 88 | Mississippi........ 85 90 $2] 102 103 peer end os oes 90 {|| JaGudsiana .. -... 5: 95 97 87 85 95 PINIAS A gos - = = 86 PROERS: toe soon 3c | 92] 184] 124 65 74 Wat Virginia. .... | 91 Oklahoma.........; 105] 140] 139] 65 87 North Carolina... 85 Arkansas.......... | 92] 107| 98| 76] 110 South Carolina....| 74 ——— - Georgia........... 73 South Central...| 92.9 |107.4 | 105.5) 83.6 | 93.0 Florida.. a a 90 = —S _— ny Montana.......... | 84 83 40; 69 55 South Atilantic..| 80.8 (100.4 | 93.1 |100.3 | 100.7 || Wyoming......... ; 86} 113 65 105 8&8 | | ——___}______!|____ || Colorado. ......... | 99 | 105 / 90 6 103 ee 89} 107 | 105 New Mexieo......| 96| 107} 104) 96 85 t 22." 6.00} 6.00] 5.94 5. 94 exas- 2 fd2_ 2-2 2eee Maryland............ 6.00 | 5.99} 5.93 5.92 |} Oklahoma........... Vian Bere ce 6.26 | 6.14] 6.21 6:21 |)\:Arbansas:. . ) aeoce = West Virginia---...-. 6.00 6.00] 6.24 6. 28 See aie ae es 6.48 | = ba 6. = . s S. Central outh Carolina... .-. 8.10 = 8. : Geared? 2.253252 10.36 | 9.94] 9.98 9. 67 || Montana: 522-22 >. PAGTIARS = =2 227s 53 8.44] 8.44] 8.80 8.77 7 onnne so ee ———_ |_| ——__ | Colorado........-..--- S. Atlantic... - 7.261 7.36 | — Mexied:2=------ TIZ0NS . 62522022 |o. eee OID! 32-2 oe 6.44 | 6.23 1G. 2A tall 2228-82 eee Endiain- 2232) ses 222 6.86 | 6.47 624631! Nevada.-o-+2-2>- filings. S252. 6.52] 6.31 6.25); idaho. . ..5-:22222224 Mielipan => Sy 2022 ==: 6.40} 6.88| 6.82 || Washington......... SV iscunisin:= 322 Se see 6.50 | 6.24] 6.23 Grea Setseete2e te: ornin: see: N.C.E.Miss.R. 6. 56 Far Western... Minnesota..........- 7.89 ; = BN emer pp eee 7.42 | United States.| 7.95 MAISSOHED rsa Sanne 7. 20 =~ Miscellaneous Agricultural Statistics. 779 MONTHLY SALES FROM FARMS. For every $100 worth of product sold from the farm, about $12.60 are soldin October, the month of heaviest total sales; $11.70 in November, $10.50in December, and $10.10 in September—in the four months, $44.90. Smallest sales arein May and June, when the amount in each month is $6.10 of the year’s $100. Sales of crops alone are more concentrated in the fall months; for every $100 worth of crops sold in a year, $15.50 worth are sold in October, $15.70in November, $12.60in December, and $12.40 in September; in the four months, $56.20. Smallest sales ($3.10) are in June. Sales of live-stock products are fairly evenly distributed through the year. For every $100 worth of live-stock products sold in a year $9.60 are sold in June, the highest proportion in any month, and $7.50in January, the lowest. These estimates are based upon reports made by crop correspondents of the Bureau of Crop Estimates of their actual sales in 1914, modified when necessary to make the figures typical of sales in recent years. More than 5,000 reports were tabulated. As the correspondents are A RUN farmers, the averages of their reports in the United States and in the larger States are probab y nearly the same as the averages for all the farmersin the States. Details of monthly sales are given in tabulation below. TaBLE 405.— Monthly percentages of year’s receipts from sales by farmers. [Monthly rate ofsales from farms, averages for recent years, estimates based upon reports of actual monthly sales made by crop correspondents of Bureau of Crop Estimates.] FROM SALES OF ALL KINDS. pe afi. | e'pe a ‘s | q a : Q & Division. Ae eg ee le S Pere | ee | B/S (ELEIS|SIS|P/BI 8/218] 3 Sere |e. ep a re te | ar ae \o la ]al rm MOrHHVATIENLIC. at.ccccwasiccoscsee 7.0! 6.3) 7.6) 7.9) 7.8) 6.9) 7.4] 8.6 10. 1) 11.1} 10.8} 98.5) 100.0 Bout ATENtG... -5. keane occ ses 8.4) 5.8 5.8! 5.8! 4.7] 4.8] 5.9] 5.6) 9.0) 15.6] 14.1) 14.5) 100.0 North Central east of Miss. R....}| 8.4} 7.0} 9.2) 7.7| 7.6) 8.3] 7.7} 8.3] 9.0} 8.1] 8.9) 9.8) 100.0 North Central west of Miss R....} 10.0} 8.5} 8.1) 8.0} 6.0) 5.7| 6.2} 6.8] 10.7| 10.7] 10.1) 10.2) 100.0 MOTUGOUIFOLS ne occ ch cicccsse ee 8.6] 6.0; 5.9] 5.0) 4.8) 4.0} 5.6} 5.1) 11.9} 16.0, 14.9] 12.2) 100.0 ie MAWES Cig CS ae ee a 6.4, 4.2] 5.5) 7.4] 5.0) 6.8} 4.9] 6.1] 9.3} 20.0) 16.0) 8.4] 100.0 PEL EMER LOS em ais cic ck woncs— os = 8.5) 6. ‘| 7.4, 6.9] 6.1) 6.1] 6.4] 6.9) 10.1) 12.6] 11.7] 10.5) 100.0 FROM SALES OF CROPS. IGEHMMADIAT GIG Sok.cccctee Pocus oer 5. al 425(0 05.5) i5241),- 4. 8,43. 3) 5. 8} 10.4] 13. al 15.4] 15.7) 10.3] 100.0 MOMLN OA MATIUIG. oe << <..\. oo ..2-ec 8.7| 5.0) 4.3) 4.5) 2.7) 2.7) 5.1) 5.0} 8.5) 15.3} 19.0) 19.2} 100.0 North Central east of Miss. R....| 6.6] 6.9] 7.6] 6.7| 6.5} 5.9) 9.3] 12.9] 12.3) 8.3) 9.3) 7.7) 100.0 North Central west of Miss R....|. 8.1) 6.3) 5.8) 4.6) 4.4) 2.6} 7.1] 7.3] 15.0] 13.6] 13.2} 12.0) 100.0 POUL CGHLTALS Fai ctarcre(oi5 cies 00cm 7.4) 4.2) 4.4) 3.1) 2.1) 2.3] 5.8) 4.8} 12.3) 19.3} 19.1) 15.2) 100.0 Lie iGo 21) ee soocSe eS eSnanSS eee 7.1) 3.2] 4.0) 4.0] 3.0} 2.6] 5.0) 8.2) 10.2) 22.8! 19.7) 10.2) 100.0 MIHIGOG SUALES cc Suck ee Ss eine ese ws 7.4 5.2) 5.3) 4.6) 3.9} 3.1) 6.5] 7.8} 12.4) 15.5) 15.7} 12.6) 100.0 FROM SALES OF LIVE STOCK. GninrAtIANtIC. <<< .ccs- cia cms 7.5| 6.4] 9.6] 10.8] 10.6) 5.2) 5.8] 5.6] 8.8} 9.6] 12.7] 7.4] 100.0 SVT WGC 17 (Ce er 8.0] 5.6] 7.7] 6.1) 5.9] 6.3] 5.9} 5.4] 10.4) 21.4) 8.4) 8.9} 100.0 —North Central east of Miss. R....| 9.8} 6.8] 10.9} 7.9] 7.0) 9.5) 6.1] 5.0] 7.5} 7.9) 9.4) 12.2) 100.0 North Central west of Miss R....| 12.6] 10.3] 10.1] 7.9] 6.0} 6.9] 4.9) 6.5) 7.7] 9.3} 8.3) 9.5) 100.0 SnATK eae? ee eee 9:9} 8.6] 8.0} 7.1) 4.2] 5.2] 5.0) 5.4) 12.5] 13.6) 11-1) 9.4) 100.0 OES IG Ce eae 5.9) 4.5] 5.0] 11.3) 5.3) 9.2 4. 5| 2.4) 9.4) 21.9] 14.6) 6.0} 100.0 Munster SUSbES <4 chcaccG - wscs ~~ 8-2). Oa" tA Oo: # 5.5} 8.7] 11.8] 9.8 9.5} 100.0 FROM SALES OF LIVE-STOCK PRODUCTS. PEER BNORUNGl ROi rr a tb sew war blah piriays bok yee en WN si Sati) etary ets be Sele | | WorthiA tlantios ose... k cca. %. Sia Ta6 cS. Sn 8x8 £9o2)) 19. duc8ath nBs4tie 8: ol 8.7| 7.7) 7.8] 100.0 MOuUtmA ANIC 5 oso.) 55sec e 5. 7.9) 8.0} 7.5) 8.4) 8.1) 9.2) 7.5) 7.9) 8.9 8.9} 8.7} 9.0) 100.0 North Central east of Miss. R....] 8.0} 7.4] 8.4) 9.1) 10.0) 9.5) 8.6) 7.7) 7.7| 7.9} 7.8) 7.9) 100.0 North Central west of Miss.R...| 6.4] 8.0] 7.8] 9.4| 9.9} 10.7) 8.9] 7.9) 8.3) 7.3) 8.0) 7.4} 100.0 PIGMLOWONEPAlets so acct koma ate tise 8.7| 8.6] 9.1) 9.3] 8.4) 8.1) 7.4! 6.6) 7.0} 7.7] 9.1) 10.0) 100.0 TOSS UGE) ot ee 6.3} 5.9] 7.0} 8.0} 8.5] 10.7} 8.7] 8.6) 7.4) 10.4) 10.6) 7.9! 100.0 United States........... seaceee 7.5| 7.6] 8.1] 8.9} 9.3) 9.6] 8.5) 8.0) 7.9) 8.3) 8.3) 8.0} 100.0 99912°—yBK 1921——_d0 780 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. RECEIPTS FROM FARM SALES. About 10,000 crop correspondents of the Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates have reported their year’s total value of all sales of farm products, divided into four classes, viz, (1) live animals, Vit en products, (3) crops, (4) miscellaneous. Correspondents were requested to give their 1914 sales if that year Was representative; if 1914 sales were not normal, they were to give figures which would be typicai of sales in recent years. Oi every $100 worth of products sold by all who reported approximately $36 were for live animals, $20 were. for the products of live stock, $40 were for crops, and $4 represented miscellaneous items. As the corre- Fie aie are representative farmers, the averages of their reports in the United States and in the larger tates are probably nearly the same as the averages for all the farmers in the States. The character of farmers’ sales varies widely in different sections of the country. In the cotton States, as would be expected, by far the greater part of the sales are stag Thus, in Georgia, for every $100 worth of products sold, $75Tepresents crops, $14 live animals, $8 animal products, and $3 miscellany. Even in Texas, regarded as a caitie as well as a cotton State, cotton so far prdecminates that $72 represents cro $16 live animals, and $9 animals products out of every $100 ofsales. Itmay be that the cattle section of State is not so fully represented in the returns as the cotton section; but complete returns from ali farmers probably would not materially modify these figures. TaBLeE 406.—Receipts from the sule of (1) live stock, (2) live-stock products, (3) crops, (4) miscellaneous, out of every $100 received from all sales; average of recent years. [From tabulation of reports frem crop correspondents of the Bureau of Crop Estimates.] | j Live- He | Live- . = Mis- . Mis- Live | stock | x Live | stock State stock.| prod- Crops.) cella- State stock. | prod- Crops.| cella- | ucts. | Sabi ucts. ee } | | Wrasieee = ee $15 $42 $35 $8 || Minnesota 333 $43 ot New Hampshire..-.. 20 51 25 4 { VOWS See ae eee 63 22 3 Warman, - 2 > tk 18 64 10 3) Mixsouts —.- fe nos 62 21 aA Massachusetts... ...... 19 50 27 5 || North Dakota 25 66 3 Rhode Isiand..-...... 13 62 22 1 |] South Dakota 41 36 5 Connecticut. ........- i2 62 2 2 j| Nebraska 36 32, 3 lew Yate pos 14 53 27 6th) Korisag - so 25 te 39 42 3 New Jersey —_--._.-.- 6 26 62 6 || Kentucky 45 31 5 Pennsylvania-....... 21 42 32 5 || Temmessee 42 49 6 Maryland and Dela- B 17 65 3 WHEO = se ae 23 32 42 3 || Blississippi 12 76 4 Warps. eo. cee 46 15 35 4 jj Louisiana 13 72 6 West Virginia........ 58 2B 13 6 il, esas ©.) Sree see 16 72 3 North Carolina....... 18 15 60 7 || Oklahoma 32 53 + South Carolina. ._.... 8 12 72 8 |; Arkansas 34 438 7 Georgia 2.) 262 oa i4 8 75 3 || Mountain States!... 49 34 4 Pisrids > 2.8. -h 2. 16 16 ics 41 Washington. 1§ 36 2 @Obig.&: ct sf? Ey 41 22 31 6 li) Qrevon: 2. 1.55 | 33 30 5 Ing@tane SS. i .G2- 2-35 50 16 30 4 i! California 15 72 14 Biinpin® 355282! ie oe 42 20 35 3 ; - Michigan..........-.. 34 30 31 5 United States.| 36 | 4 Wisconsin .....<..-..- 31 47 17 5 i Including Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, and Idaho. PRODUCTIVITY OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES. Index figures are usually applied to price comparisons, but they can as readily be used to compare the relative productivity of different countries. Six crops—wheat, oats, rye, barley, corn, and potatoes—com- prise the bulk oi crop production in most countries of the world. Of the total area in cultivated crops (before the war), excluding hay and grass crops, they comprised in Germany approximately 82 per cent; in France, 75 per cent; United Kingdom, 72; Denmark, 79; Holland, 70; Belgium, 75; Austria, $4 Himgary, 87; Italy, 45; Spain, 65; Rowmania, 92; European Russia, 87; Asistic Russia, 91; Bulgaria, 85; Algeria, 85; Japan, 31; Australia, 91: Canada,91; Argentina, 88; United States, 82 percent. Al these figures are only approximations, they are sufficiently accurate to indicate that index numbers oi the relative yields per acre of these six products combined would fairly represent the relative per acre produc- tivity_of the various countries. For each country the average yield per acre for a series of years was ob- tained (except in a few countries where data for only one or two years were obtainable), and these aera yields were reduced to their percentage of the average yield of ali countries. The at for country were combined, weighted in proportion to the relative acreage of the various crops in country, to obtain the index number of production. Following is the result obtained, 100 representing the weighted average of all countries: Taste 407.—Index numbers of productivity of countries named. Beloigns 2 ee PAA ad i Se apatite 2 ee eee 136: | Australia 7-5 = eee Byyrtverigertl ores * 328 eS en) ERY oo aoe eee meee ee 128 | SGEDIRS one eens WoLheriands 9755022) See 190); Hrasios- 52. 2 Se eee ee 12 | Argentine Sp decree sone United Kingdom -............ Ze: ISR EES oe ee 120 | Portugal... 2-3 seeee ee 73 Semen y. te 25 oes ee 160)) Hinivary- >> 4 eee 113 | Russia, European... ..--.... BUGTOETAE Rae ee ee ee 168.1. United States. soe eee 108 | Russia, Asiatic.............. New.zealand. . 220.) 222222. AGL aly? = a son at sr ete ane oeeee 96 | Uruguay: .- > 2 ee eeeaae= EA a ance pS Se TG a) Eprints 50 ee 941 Alperia_. oo 2. 53 aseeee ee PRASAD ons on ak eee U6 7 dad ats) +> Cr compen Se i jo | Mexico. 2) ° 2a eee SCC aoa a ee4 136 | Bulgaria..............------. 87 | Tumis......-.-..------.-.---- Miscellaneous Agriculiural Statistics. 781 WORLD PRODUCTION AND EXPORT TRADS, ‘Taste 408.—Production and export trade of the world in important crops, average, 1909-1913, in millions, 7. e., 000,000 omitted. [Substantially the total production and exports for the world. However, China’s probably large cotton prsuciion, also some minor items of production and exports for other countries, are omitted owing to ck of trustworthy information. One short ton=2,000 pounds.] | Production. Expoxts. Crop. : pee SES | worla | United | States = | ut ¥ States World. | produc- | World United | OOP q. | crop ex- tion. States, ; Porte ported Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent 3, 726 18 745 13 15 3, 807 71 745 17 af 2 4,324 26 1234 15 15 11 1, 468 12 1300 13 120 14 1, 788 2 1108 10.8 16 12 5, 471 6 175 12 i} 10.5 2,712 37 41 3 38 Oe ee ee a do....| 110,780 0.6 12,721 0.1 il 2 C01): a 500-pound bales... 21.1 62 14.0 64 &6 69 ants ee eee short tons. | 18.7 5 | 7.5 0.5 40 4 1 Three-year average, 1911-1913. INDEX NUMBERS OF CROP AND MEAT-ANIMAL PRICES, - Taste 409.—Inder numbers of crop and meat-animal prices, monthly and average, 1908-1921. The trend of prices to farmers for important crops is indicated in the following figures; the base 100 is the average price December 1 in the 43 years 1866-1908 of wheat, corn, oats, barley, rye, buckwheat, pota- toes, hay, flax, and cotton. CROPS. 1 ; . Wear Jan. | Feb. | Mar dings May | June | July | Aug | Sept. Oct. | Nov. | Dec. /Yearly tet wt s is Bred << 3: Tg et eae oes © 1. re 1, | avert at ace A ha eS (nae | Oa | fee | pre eer sea | brea | Raper | 1908.... | 120.1 192.2 | 124.3 125.7 | 127.5 18.6 | 15.3 | 135.5 | a. 127.2 | 119.6} 117.4] 125.1 1909....| 117.8 | 120.4 | 126.3 | 130.6 | 139.6 | 146.5 | 149.5 | 142.3 | 132.9 | 130.5 | 129.3 | 127.7 | 130.9 1910. ..-| 134.1 | 138.5 | 139.9 | 138.8 | 133.5 | 133.5 | 133.1 | 137.1 | 137.0 | 129.8 | 122.2] 118.4 | 130.6 19i1-._.! 118.6 | 119.8 | 117.9 | 118.0 | 122.2 | 127.7 | 136.3 | 148.2 | 141.6 | 138.0 | 135.6 | 133.1] 1BL8 1912....| 133.9 | 140.2 | 144.7 | 153.4 | 166.3 | 168.3 | 160.1 148.0 | 137.6 | 128.6 | 118.3 | 110.3 | 134.6 1913....| 110.9 | 112.6 | 113.3 | 113.6 | 116.2 | 121.2 | 122.9 | 125.4 | 136.3 | 139.1 | 133.9 | 132.7| 126.7 1914....| 132.5 | 132.1 | 133.8 | 134.2 | 135.9 | 138.8 | 137.7 | 137.6 | 141.3 | 136.4 | 127.4 | 122.8] 132.9 1915....| 126.7 | 140.5 | 144.0 | 144.5 | 150.0 | 147.3 | 139.1 | 138.9 | 132.5 | 128.2 | 124.4 | 120.41 132.1 1916....| 129.0 | 139.9 | 138.6 | 140.2 | 143.3 | 145.8 | 144.8 | 147.7 | 161.5 | 163.6 | 178.8 | 187.9 | 158.3 1917... .| 183.6 | 195.6 | 206.5 | 225.2 | 280.6 | 291.3 | 289.9 | 307.8 | 279.6 | 277.0 | 261.3 | 252.3 | 254.5 { H | 1918. ...| 264.1 | 271.6 | 288.8 | 288.6 | 281.8 | 271.9 | 272.9 | 280.6 | 293.3 | 289.3 | 269.5 | 265.2 | 277.4 1919....| 272.4 | 259.9 | 257.1 | 271.2 | 293.7 | 307.2 | 310.2 | 329.0 | 317.7 | 290.0] 279.4 | 282.4} 283.4 | 296.7 | 311.0 | 314.3 | 334.1 | 362.1 | 380.4 | 3740 | 329.8 | 294.7 | 248.7 | 201.1 | 165.5 | 271.9 192i ...-| 158.5 | 151.4 | 147.5 | 139.3 | 128.7 | 134.6 | 130.6 | 133.8 | 124.5 | 137.3 | 121.4 | 120.9 | 134.7 { | MEAT ANIMALS.? $910....| 6.67| 6.71] 7.39| 7.74| 7.37| 7.29) 6.98] 6.67| 6.92] 6.80| 6.47| 6.21] 6.90 W9ll....| 6.40| 6.19] 6.09| 5.80) 5.54) 5.45 | 5.52] 5.87] 5.87] 5.58| 5.44| 5.37! 5.77 1912....| 5.44 | 5.54] 5.69] 6.30] 6.39 | 6.27| 6.23) 6.56] 6.74] 6.86] 6.45| 6.42| 6.25 1913.-..| 6.40 | 6.70| 7.08] 7.35] 7.08] 7.19| 7.25| 7.20| 7.415] 7.14] 6.94].6.85] 7.00 $514._..| 7.05] 7.27] 7.37| 7.40] 7.29| 7.22] 7.41| 7.63] 7.58| 7.141 6.80|’6.61| 7.19 -91915....| 6.57] 6.46 | 6.46| 6.59] 6.80| 6.85] 6.83] 6.74] 6.77| 6.96] 6.45| 6.25| 6.63 -1916....| 6.46] 6.94] 7.53] 7.85] 7.98] 8.00] 8.04] 8.05] 8.38] 8.04] 8.09] 8$.15| 7.77 1997... .| 8.53 | 9.42 | 10.70 | 11.71 | 11.84 | 11.72 | 11.47 | 11.84 | 12.79 | 13.04 | 12.47 | 12.74] 11.56 1918... .| 12.59 | 12.65 | 13.06 | 13.55 | 13.83 | 13.62 | 13.68 | 14.21 | 14.50 | 13.79 | 13.37 | 13.40] 13.49 1919... .| 13.46 | 13.51 | 14.06 | 15.01 | 15.34 | 14.98 | 15.61] 15.56 | 13.44 | 12.22 | 11.88] 11.54] 13.89 | 1920... .| 12.14 | 12.43 | 12. 52 | 12.72 |.12.41 | 12.31 | 12.40 | 12.12 | 12.22 | 11.67 | 10.34| 8.48] 11.69 | 1921....| 8.42] 8.24] 8.67] 7.89| 7.66] 7.31| 7.65] 7.94] 7.11] 6.88] 6.47] 6.37| 7.49 1 Weighted average. 2 Prices 15th of month. 782 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. PRICES OF ARTICLES BOUGHT BY FARMERS. Tasie 410.—Prices of articles bought by farmers, 1909-1921, and purchasing power of 1 acre of crops. Purchasing | power of 1 acre | of crops, per Article. 1909 | 1914 | 1919 | 1920 | 1921 _ cent of 1914. | Price per cent of as eh ea | 1909 1920 | 1921 | 1909 | 1920 | 1921 | | j AReSege. sce e eee each..| $0.89 | 30.96 | $2.06 | $2.25 | $2.00 93; 234) 207| 99 60 43 Barb wire.....- 100 pounds..| 298] 3.08] 5.73| 6.10] 5.20 97, 198} 169| 95] 71| 52 Barrels== 32" —- ee each=2|---2s25 2 50 - 76 BS eer | 304) DAL case 47 43 Rackets: Vo eee (ofr ae (a eit Maes 8 ee - 60 bs UM eae PS Bee eee bd lS Bone meal.........---- COHSscl ae eee 31.90 | 60.00 | 65.00 | 54.00 |...... a = Ieee 69 52 Brooms.......---- ...each..| 634] .38] 1.00] .98| 78] 89) 258) 205} 103] 55 Wagries | ss .2205ch.- do...-| 64.90 | 70. 10 |123.00 131.00 108. 00 93, 187, 154, 99] 761 57 Buggy whips........-- dp. =. 2f ) 20a a] SF 739/70 95] 200; 164, 97} 71| 54 Calico... -.4-¢--00<-8s yards..| .06 .063) =. 23 . 227 . 142 95} 360} 225 97 3 39 Churns.. 3-2 2---=-2554- each..| 2.19} 2.30] 2.90] 3.25} 3.00 *| ia 130 | i | 68 (Oi ae Bete SS Se ton..| 5.50] 5.80] 9.50 / 13.30 | 11.50 95) 229, 198 97 6 45 Coal oil 22.5. -- - 522- gallon... . 157) 139} -.22 -25 19 113; (180) 137 81 79 64 Paltcd erent pound..} .211) .245) .46 41 32 86) 167, 131) 107/85, «67 Corn knives.......-.--- each... 27 29} .58 +65 -55 93). 224. 190 99 63 46 Cream separators.....- do....| 63.10 | 59.30 95.00 |102.00 | 90. 00 1s 172 152 87 58 } } Dinner plates.....- 4 dozen... . 5d -57| 1.40] 1.58] 1.31 96, 277, 230 96 51 38 Dish pans..........--- each..| :32] .34| .83{ .95] .75{ 94] 279! 221; gp)” 51) 40 Minupy{OrkS--..+-.2 ese AOs= a le AD -76 | 1.40} 1.60} 1.40 92, 211, 184) 100 67, +48 Fertilizer, commercial. .tom..| 22.15 | 23.20 | 42.00 | 44.00 | 35.00 95, 190-151 97 74 58 GU orsa oes ne barrel..) 6.30 | 6.40 | 13.50 | 12.90 | 8.80 98 oi 137 94 i 64 Lingit) Epes ae sce dozen..| .73 | .74/ 1.15] 1.25} 1.16 99° 169 157 84 56 Gasoline......--..--- gallon..| 1202) .179 .29] .33] 265) 113; 184) 148 81 a 60 Gloves, cotton.....-.-.- pains 2: Bra ere - 26 -27 AD: \ob tube laedeae eae be Sal genset es ak Gloves, leather....--.- do-..-|-.....-}-.--.-2 1.78] 1.85) 1.30 }...---)..--.. J. ise beeen pe Seanere ' pat Grind stones......-- pound. .}....... lesbaces = O48) 5 e000 1508 045/222 228 1oee ces eee Pee ae Bees ees 3 LPR: eas See each. . 8 395) 1585 |) 1-987] 155 sa! 208° «4163, ~=—:108 54 Harness, single.....--- do....| 13.50 | 15.25 | 29.00 | 32.00 | 25.00 89) 210-164, 108 67 54 HIarrowS..=-.--=--5---- (Se, Ba ae ashe: Eee es 30.00 | 25.50 |...... BEE ee Sarees PSs ee eee 3) LEED 70) 2) ee do... 4 - 59 -62| 129; 1.50] 1.29 95} 242} 208 97 58 42 PERN Pelee sear mommies do....) 1.94] 2.03 | 430] 5.00 | 3.50 96 - 172 96 58 51 3 ae Seles eee a do... 41] 45) .83| .93| .80| 91) 207) 178 101 683 50 Horse blankets....-..- do....| 2.254 2.40| 5.00] 5.35| 415] 94 223) J7a| | 98) 63) BL JUMPETS- =222 = vss sa ~ se do.... 7 | .8 | 2.50] 250} 1.55 93} 301; 187 99 47 47 Kitchen chairs.......- BoD. 72 | 80 1.70 |. 2.10; 1.65 90; 262) 206 102 54 43 Nianipse: fees eons ee o> 50 52| .98]° 1.10] “.95 | 7 212, +183} 96! 67|- 48 ATL OS sop. ceo ome o> GOR ho oi ln Oy Eoae 1 eo th tg 96] 181) 162 96 73| - 55 Th ona ao tone pound.. - 132) 141) «34 = 200! oO 94 188; 113 98 75 78 WATIG J ae sacs cases, barrel..| 1.29 | 1.36] 2.65] 3.10] 2.65 95| 228) 195 97 62 45 Linseed oil--........- gallon. . 79 -82| 2.50) 2.21} 1.22 96, 270) 149 96 52 59 Lumber, 1-inch.....100 feet..| 1.95 | 2.10 4.75) 5.15 | 3.55 93 me 16) 99 58 52 Manure spreaders..... each../111.60 |106.70 180.00 |194.00 167.00 iis 182,157) 87 Men’s suits..........-- do....} 13.15 | 14.00 | 38.10 | 41.00 30. 30 94 293, 216 98. Milk cans, 10 gallon....do....| 2.40] 2.45]; 6.00) 6.20; 5.30 98 253; 216 94 1 Uy 6-201 pas Rees do.... . 43 +45 90} 1.00 | 80 96] 222; 178 96 MOWEIS... cecesec ce woe do....| 44.30 | 46.50 | 84.00 | 83.00 78.00 95} 189 16 97 MOSHI. cose ean eee ae yard... 09 093; .31 . 30 18 97 aa 194 py rae (2k (ee Se a 100 pounds 3.34 | 3.40] 6.50] 7.30) 5.75 98] 215) 169 94 aie i Rees pair.. 82 89} 2.60] 2.60) 1.58 92} 292; 17 100 PRAIOCKR penance each.. 27 275; ~—«. 90 - 60 | 50 98; 218) 182 94 Paint brushes........- Givers. 49 ~o4} 1.15] 1.35) 115 $1) 213; + 101 Paint, mixed........ gallon..| 1.62} 1.74) 405) 430) 3.35 93; . 247, = 193 99 Paris green.........- pound..} .29 30 62 64 -52 97} 213) 173 95 BERS Pee cn otn smoep ese each..| .71 42) 1.40] 1.50) 1.22 99} 208) 169 93 Pincers Shoo =e s8e do.... 49 -d1 95] 1:40 - 90 96) 216, 176 96 Pitch fafksS—.<) wo Som oe none 62 -66' 1.30) 1.45) 1.22 94 ) 185 98 BSS25 FSSRE SEES sana aaa te a a Miscellaneous Agricultural Statistics 783 PRICES OF ARTICLES BOUGHT BY FARMERS—Continued. TABLE 410.—Prices of articles bought by farmers, 1909-1921, and purchasing power of 1 Article. 1909 Plows, turning........ each. Agi. 50 Portland cement ) pounds..} .70 Haincoats-s-: s=.-52-< each..| 4,25 Rope, hemp....-...-- pound..| .135 Rubber boots........-- pair..| 3.55 Sacks, grain.-.......-. each. 15 paddles: =.t-2:-2.. 2-2 do....| 17.45 Salt, for stock........ barrel..; 1.50 Saws, buck............ each..| .89 Screw hooks.......---- Dox. 2)-6 2. = SoyhiNes: = 42 - - -- ee 2 each..| 1.02 PMCeINE sa o-fe. --. sae = yard. |; -l’Z, Shingles. ca. cles os oe RE 3) 350 Shirts, flannel......... each..| 1.34 SNOGS Hee oh as si» <[aic= = pair..| 2.00 BHOMNS. = 2 -. 2/30: each..) 12.45 Shovels. ... ee GUO at) seid & Staples -100 pounds..} 3.69 Starches... 255. -.1.2. ound..} .07 Steel wire.......100 pounds..| 3.43 StOVeSs=-nase-----|--i- 2 each..| 22. 50 BUSaRee: fac ae: ~~. pound..| .058 Silphyna. | yet 2.2 doz... 075 Wedders-s. 5.2 -5 -|--<- 2 each..| 39.00 ini or haan do=--.. 25 Tobacco, plug.....-.- pound..}| .45 - Twine, binder......... dos=-2) + rol Wagons, double....... each. .| 66.00 Wagons, single.....-.. do....| 45.50 Walking cultivators. ..do....!.......]-.....- Wheel barrows........ do....| 2.80 Wire fence. . sx... .)..--/- rod. 31 Pedi! Wooden buckets. ...-. each..| _ 31 Wooden wash tubs....do....| .77 acre of crops—Continued. per cent of 14 Purchasing power of 1 acre Price 1914 | 1919 | 1920 | 1921 1909 $12.10 |$21.00 |$23. 00 |$20. 00 95 .69 | 1.05] 1.30] 1.02] 101 4.40 | 9.20} 10.50} 7.50 97 .149) .36} .355} .26 91| 3.75 | 5.10} 5.30] 4.55 ‘| .163) .45| .42!] .26 92 20.35 | 42.40 | 45.00 | 35.00 86 1.65 | 3.00} 3.50} 3.20 91 92 i ay 1.90 1. 50 97 sat aid 91 of 0 (an ae 1.06) 1.82 2.10 1, 85 96 SAS) ae bSilie eae errant 94 3. 70 7.90 8.10 5. 80 95) 1.41] 3.85} 3.90] 2.85 95 2. 30 4.75 5, 00 3.65 87 12. 85 | 28.00 | 33.00 | 29.00 97 .738| 1.62} 1.85]. 1.55 95| 3.75 | 6.80] 7.60) 6.20 98 .07 | .118} .125| .103| 100 oo0D 6. 90 7.30 | 6.00 97) 24.00 | 50.00 | 61.00 | 52.00 94 069) 15 17 ly caOddlin p84 SUStl rete sl hele Nhe el OSiut ord 39.50 | 74.00 | 78.50 | 69.00 99 27 59 58 . 58 93 .45 - 93 - 94 85 100 MEI rey ae BS) Ie cel 92 73.25 |138.00 1155. 00 |134. 00 90 48.00 | 83.00 | 95.00 | 79.00 95 35. 20 | 40.00 | 34.00 |...... 2. 97 5. 50 6. 50 5. 50 94 Beh yi 59 . 64 53 98 +35 98 1.05 - 90 89 83 1.75 1.90 1. 50 93 mee wigs, 3 = 95 1920 | 1921 190 165 188 148 239 170 238) 174 141 121 258 160 221 172 212 194 207| 163 246 192 198 174 317| 222 219| 157 277; 202 217 159 257 226 237| 199) 203 165 17 147 206 169 254 217) 246) 106 150} 131 199 175 241 185 209 189 179 14 211 183 198 165 219 185 202} 167 300} 257 229) 181 224 176 of crops, per cent of 1914, 1909 | 1920 | 1921 97 74 54 91 75 60 95 59 52 101 59 51 97/ 100 73 100 55 55 107 64 51 101 67 46 95 68 54 ae anes 58 46 96) 71 51 98 45 40 97 65 56 97} 51 44 105 65 56 95 55 39 97 60 44 94 70 54 92 79 60 95 69 52 98 56 41 109 58 83 98 94 67 93 71 50 99 59 48 92 68 47 100 79 62 102! 67 48 97 71 54 98 65 48 94 790 53 102 47 34 99) 62 49 97 65 52 harvest. Per day other than Per day at harvest. FARM LABOR. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. , Per month. Taste 411.— Wages of male farm labor by classes and States, 1910 and 1921. 784 re 2 | S8SSRRES9 ASRSSBR |S BeBSR SeNRses | S| ASSSS85R | 8 | SRSSSSSRRSS | Ss _ B : gS iciebe hth Be rimimei Col mt ot St el i od rinnidiads cl maeinninndeind | ei NANK ANA Add a Es ; ae Hetee gee BS | SESASSER,| S SRRSER 4 ages |cigreasse SERSSERR BRHAZSRSAaES a ANN 06 05 od 95 led | OF S Senens |= ease N | BS. 99 Bl ae . mijdiidrein AANANN odedaied | od |] oi _| & | RANARSRR ALS =5a8 |x igee8erea | ehaenes RRINSBSLARFT ay |. giriminidddninint PC ein Pipa ideinind | oi ee |W edtctetedetetedeedad | ot Fs | q | sreasesae|a 3 aeagese [8 |ateeeses |alaen 8 | Sicingiddinidie | ai |lmadnin nm |e cieigicial | alll aicdaiccia | alla * tdictintas fet BLatetier eter ol etedet al }raz (ot 4. |g | seeeesase |e] etRaeee |e (asseses IE BE | A | girisirisicicicie | i | Paniciieinin | oi |f cicioicicd | ai || cicirisioicicd | oi dteeideite lei lacey of || i ee : coal tamil Sek i Be a ABA ROOR | BI BRASS & Sato m | os |RRSCreeS | A | RORBSRAS | S| SLSVSLSssee | sie | gpedeates co ededed | od cdcdededeidrind | tll adedededed | cd Sescidsiese G3 || Nedeiricicded | ef || edededokedededed tieded | of | of 2 | successes |s |essaseea |s|sease |e | seeasss | cl ergeeage |=|seeeneaacag [als ae A | gadddddan mi llvteicinied © tod [et || deteieint| dll adoieicicieted|ei|ldtd °° deded | a lleiteieidctedotadcl | oe a = _t q +2 rll Ry cai a si as TSS 2A ER a ares eo eae NL Se Pe | aq | saneaeses |e |sasasans |s|sexnes |slseseese |2|eeseness |2|aseaaserans |s la a} HAANAANN OA | A | ANA reid | | AA | i ll A ododod et fod || Haddad | AAAAA AA od od NN a fe Eee ee a ae eee |! - el —_——— Woe, = | bebe labile? he ZiMBSSRSSS | 2 /SSESR | S|/SSRSSSS | AISSRBRase RS aoe ie Be Mh ars d lspeitacs Ss its ihe PAS A ita haul abba Palle tanned ache tar Sg, sal fie +o eduasded |d |dddseeda | ladies | SSRIS |B | NASSRARS | A || SSsaesasssss | $F //s B= | q | ssaseeaae ee S29 |8 sssgs|s |agaaese |sl|eseseses |e |isesasaseses lala 4 3 ANAS | 8 | SISKE |S | SIISASS |S || SAdaadsd | 8 |sdedssessss | sie - esesees |t |sees |= |seaeeas |= |ssssesen|a|ssaeeesses [2a ay | * BARR IRI AAARR | A | SANKASS | 8 | Sassedss |S | oetdasessas | ais img & rs] mo B'S2 wt GE RE RO , A RZakuam & FESEN abaya ws: OCBSGR005 A DAHTSESS wm AUASA 2 AEASaS a Hgagsea A shRonso & bp Bar eeOnary AZEEZach CFASe Beezaas Meda saod BeSedpasecs eee .hUCUr Miscellaneous Agricultural Statistics. 785 FARM LABOR—Continued. TaBLE 412.— Wages of classes of male farm labor, yearly, in United States, 1910-1921. By the month. Day labor at harvest. | Day labor not harvest. Year. Wit Without With | Without | With Without board. board. board. board. board. board. | al eae $19. 21 $27.50 $1. 45 $1. 82 31.05 $1. 83 20. 18 28,77 1.49 1.85 1.09 1.42 20. 81 29.58 1.54 1. 87 1.14 1.47 21.38 30. 31 1.57 1.94 1.16 1.50 21.05 29. 88 1.55 1.91 1.13 1.45 21.26 30. 15 1.56 1.92 1.13 1.47 23.25 32. 83 1.69 2.07 | 1.26 1.62 28. 87 | 40. 43 2.08 | 2.54 | 1.56 2. 02 34, 92 48. 80 2.65 | 3.22 2.07 2.63 39. 82 56. 29 3.15 | 3. 83 | 2.45 3.12 46. 89 64.95 3.60 | 4.35 2. 86 3.59 30. 14 43. 32 2.24 | 2.79 | 1.68 | 2.22 | 23.45 35.29 1.67 2,12 | 1.30 | 1.71 42.18 63.39 3.09 3.86 2.59 | 3.30 51.92 75.54 3.78. | 4.68 | 3..20 4.0 38. 66 57.25 2.73 8.45 | 2.20 | 2.90 24.52 33.78 1.88 | 2.29 | 1.35 1.75 42.12 58. 90 3.56 4. 32 | Ola 3, 44 51.49 70. 09 4.17 | 5.00 3. 22 4.01 [UA 2S Saale Remperepee 34.98 48, 24 2.68 3.33 | 2.04 2.61 North Central, West: { LOS eS ree eae ee 26.60 36.68 2.12 2.54 1. 48 1.91 50. 29 68. 10 4,48 5.33 TD 4.03 59.63 79.79 5.03 | 5.94 | 3.78 4.67 35.53 49.90 3.03 | Sry 2.09 2.73 | 15. 88 22. 62 1.16 1.45 | 85 1.09 30. 54 44.03 2.28 | Pa 1.85 2.39 35.75 50.56 2.69 | 3.30 2.13 2.74 22.33 32. 26 1.59 1.97 1.22 1,58 16.70 23.85 1.21 1.51 93. | 1.18 32. 42 46. 47 2.56 | 3.14 2.06 2.61 36.53 51.94 2.80 | 3.41 2.29 2.89 22.7 33.10 1.63 | 2. 04 Let 17 33.52 48.17 2.,02 | 2.53 1.52 2. 07 62. 96 87.12 3.80 | 4.67 3.08 4.02 73. 21 99. 43 4,48 | 5.39 3.66 4.61 47,29 68.01 | 2.87 3.63 2.26 3.01 HOW FARM LABOR IS HIRED. Of the total labor hired on farms of the United States, the percentage which is hired by the month, by the day, with board and without board, is estimated as follows, based upon reports of crop reporters of the Bureau of Crop Estimates: Tasie 413.—Perceniage of total hired labor, by divisions. United North | North | North | South | Scuth Item. States Atian- | Central,| Central,; Atlan- Cen- West. peace NBR ACE east.2 | west2 | tic.4 tral.s Hired by the— Month— Per cent.|Per cert. |Per cent. | Per cent. |Per cent.|Per cent. |Per cent. WitiepO0an Gs. spas sb wae-- see 36.1 39.3 44.8 52.7 33.7 29.0 37.4 Wiathonbh DOard:2 2. << 2b. ...25-- 15.5 16.5 15.1 9.4 17-2" 17.0 9.5 Day, excluding extra harvest— Wakeboards. 1 .2).... $2...5.0 15.3 14.2 15.5 13.3 17.4 14.8 13.7 Waiteut beard |.24.... 53. ...-% 15.7 13.7 9.2 4.8 16.6 21.0 14.9 Day, harvest labor— WikmeOdraes 508. ... 3022.58 10.5 9.0 10.8 15.9 | 8.3 9.7 36.9 Without beard ...:..-......2-2 6.9 7.3 4.6 3.4 6.8 8.5 7.6 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100.6 | 100.0 100. 0 1060. 0 iiredswith Weard. o5--.: -Ge---j.cb 4-2 61.9 62.5 71.1 82.4 | 59.4 53.5 63.0 feliredbwithot DOA... 2 pnp --msen-~ =e 38.1 37.5 28.9 | 17.6 40.6 46.5 32.0 2 1 Maine, New Kampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. 2 Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin. , 8 Minnesota, fowa, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas. 4 Delaware, "Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida. 5 Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas. Deopatt a Wyoming, Ceiorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, Idaho, Washington, Oregon, alifornia,. 786 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. FARM LABOR SUPPLY AND DEMAND. TABLE 414.—Farm labcr supply and demand, 1919-1922. Farm labor supply, Farm labor demand, Per cent of supply to hr per cent of normal. per cent of normal. Menage Division. 1919 | 1920 | 1921 | 1922 | 1919 | 1920 | 1921 1922 | 1919 | 1920 | 1921 | 1922 North Atlantic..........- 82.8 | 62.3 | 92.1 | 99.2 | 101.0 | 107.8 | 92.7 | 94.8 | 81.9 | 57.8 | 99.4 | 104.6 South Atlantic........... 81.9 | 72.5 | 94.3 | 97.3 | 103.9 | 107.4 | 86.6 | 88.4 | 78.8 | 67.5 108.9 | 110.1 N. Cent. E. Miss. R...:.- 86.6 | 68.4 | 95.1 {101.4 | 101.2 | 106.6 | 91.2 | 91.0 | 85.6} 64.2 |104.3 | 111.4 N. Cent. W. Miss. R.....| 85.6 | 77.8 | 96.6 |101.1 | 100.9 | 103.4 | 89.1 | 89.3 | 84.8 | 75.2 |108.4 | 113.2 South Central........-.-- 83.2 | 72.8 | 94.3 | 97.1 | 101.3 | 104.2 | 83.0 | 86.6 | 82.1} 69.9 |115.6 | 112.1 Far Western.......------ 90. 0 | 82.1 |102.3 |107.0 | 102.4 | 101.5 | 89.0 | 89.9 | 87.9 | 80.9 |114.9 | 119.0 United States...... Sid | 724) 05,2) 09.5] 101.8 | 1058 | S75 | 80.8 | & 9 | 68.8 108.8 | 111.4 VALUE OF PLOW LANDS. Tasie 415.—Value of plow lands, by States, 1919-1922. Average of peu plow Average of good plow Average ofall plow lands. lands. lands. State. Nd oF Se ee 1919 | 1920 | 1921 | 1922 | 1919 | 1920 | 1921 | 1922 | 1919 | 1920 | 1921 | 1922 pe ee eee eee 2 “oe ea See eens i Ie $24 | $30 | $25| $22] $50| $56/ $50| $47| $37] $42| $36 5 New Hampshire........... 23; 24) 24) 20 4| 64] 63| 64} 39| 42] 31 nt Vermont.......---..--eeeee 30 30 29 27 4 69 67 63 44 48 47 45 Massachusetts.....-.--2++++ 41| 40| 40} 39] 92] 103) 98] 105| 68) 72) 69 69 Rhode Island ..........2..- 47| 50} 50] 50) 92] 105) 105| 105| 73) 85) 85 86 Connecticut......--.------- B74 Shu) "Shs 23201" S80 i= 100) 90N|" op 55 | 60) 58 58 Se ee 38| 39| 40| 38) 80 si] s3| 60| 6£| 65] 62 New Jersey. ....----------- 50} 50|, 55| 48] 103] 104] 125) 109) 76| 80) 92 84 Pennsylvania. .....-------- 38| 40) 39] 33] 79) 86] 81] 73| 60] 66) 62 54 Delaware...--.----++------ 36 ("44") 3841) SBE 70 | 86) | 72:67 1 aaoal SGbr abe 50 Maryland... 39; 46| 31] 31| 66| 82] 70| 67| 53] 60] 51 49 Virginia......- 31| 34] 32| 27] 62] 73) 70) 60| 47] 53) 50 43 West Virginia 29 32 bl 27 64 75 70 62 44 51 48 42 North Carolina 31 42 36 33 67 | 87 76 67 50 63 55 49 South Carolina 27 41 32 23 56 82 68; 46 45 61 50 35 RON PIAS sce a ose - | 664] 27,878 43 Wi VOmMminp 3, sessceo-o.— 35 396 | 6 Petal = sheet sap: 3h 20, 589 | 513,067 | 953 | 521, 284 1 Source: Compiled from Table 15 in “ Grain and Flour Statisties During the War,” United States Grain Corporation. = Miscellaneous Agricultural Statistics. 795 FARM IMPLEMENTS AND EQUIPMENT. Taste 427.—Farm equipment manufaciured in United States in 1920. GAS TRACTORS. | A | Number | Total re Number Description. manufae- | value (000 | T{jnited sold for tured. | omitted). Stated: export. Size, belt horsepower (makers’ rating): DEON CS a Re ee, Se ee a ee 11, 044 | $4, 571 8, 711 1, 007 Oa eG ee a 147) 746 119) 521 119) 371 227 461 eon hs SE ANE oe... 08380... 222022808 37,934 | 49, 751 297 558 4,968 aN nN. ot KEK <2 >. 208558222 scdeccns. 6,483} 19,720 5,348 707 My eA AD. 5. .- 4-099298. 202 2ac0c5e. | 203,207 | 193, 563 152, 988 | 29, 143 STEAM TRACTION ENGINES. aera TN — CUNOEE es: Ae ene Neate 2 celles | 1, 766 $4, 661 | 1,401 | 121 PLOWS AND LISTERS. Horse-drawn moldboard plows: } | PROTO ere ee 2 oS icc ainsi Ju n/sic x cma nenciessse-s 370, 979 $2, 532 298, 653 81, 442 Walking (2-horseiand darren). 7 = 1.025 Soe... ese ecne- 346, 331 5, 707 | 302, 425 77, 803 CAT Eletei ei ca) OL) Se SS As a ea 5 3, 209 | 57, 903 6, 176 sulky @paigin) 21 ee... 5 4,590 | 40,074 15, 547 Sulky (3-bottom and larger) 335 2,021 | 359 PRR ee ee SSIES TOE TU STS SSUES SST SS we oes 16, 373 | 701, 076 | 181, 327 =e ee plows: | cn URGE UBEE Peete tee Seen ae ee 414 21,472 12, 965 sitet BB ee se 2k See doa Eee 5 470 | 5, 229 69 7 cp es SMRAS Sieh phat a ae | gs4| 26,701 | 13, 034 Horse-drawn disk plows: | 5 | SCS SE Ree | 2,927 143 | 1, 496 123 Pade. Lo ce eg I 2 11, 112 911 9, 485 969 eoeRPa RS EIGN OD | c6 EEE owcreya sue Seger le ctlareiSecerersine 2,392 258 1, 962 282 TUUIGI = Sao ee oo 16, 431 1,312 | 12, 943 Tractor moldboard plows: DET UG)04 ae era oe ae ee 4, 569 405 CSIDTOTTT Lea SO a eo Sa ee 87, 059 8, 908 (SST ie.) 2 a ey el 44, 509 7,211 A DOLGOM CI RESET +. LE 5 se ciadde Baling s ce eeeceicceee 7, 405 L777 Lig) (2 UCAS oe = See ee ae 143, 542 18, 295 eration pe plows: BR oa craic SOR os aise c che Sane ete wls ewes ee 12, 327 1, 626 | 3 disk ws ane A. DORON Sec Semineiiaies Sef. BP Y dicey imams 8, 982 1, 394 | GASES ATTGMRAEE PTS «2 Se bo c.cicieias'e alo Neicistth cin wwe ene 7, 007 1, 319 | Le SS a eee oe ee 9 28, 316 | 4,339 Horse-drawn listers: casa) ho. 2 RS es ae 0 Se 35, 551 869 | 37, 190 DELP VES 0 Ce Ae a or 3, 232 343 | 2,008. |zscbsacsaece St.) 27 ge a Be eee eee 1,212 | 39, 691 Tractor-drawn listers, 2-bottom. .....- 314 2) D197 ast ne cases TEAMING SUES: Son acse aries (ROC Oee See nE: Eee EEE eee 493 288° 694 Lon, oyster ee iaiadee 2 Coeelien ame Siete! ere 43, 222 | Pe dah | Fa ns 99912°—yBxK 1921——51 796 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. FARM IMPLEMENTS AND EQUIPMENT—Continued. Tastr 427.—Farm equipment manufactured in United States in 1920—Continued. TILLAGE IMPLEMENTS. ! Number Total Se | 1 Description. manufac- | value (000 F | tured. | omitted). baer: Harrows: 1-horse spike and spring-tooth.-........-.---.------ Spike-tooth harrow, 2-horse ard larger, complete. - - Spike-tooth harrow, sections}... ........-..-------- Spring-tooth barrows, 2-horse and larger, complete... Spring-tooth hsrrow, sections!..........----------- orse-drawn disk. .......--.- | Tractor-irawm Gisk........-- Other harrows: - -.-.-.-.-.... WRECHENS = ase ee ne een Smooth land rollers... ....---------s+.-------- Soil pulverizers, corrugated roilers and packers... ae Other tillage machines... ..-..---.--------------+------ Bs SRRE Bay ~ & & Zoey BSEB feta vwuuwurws @ S$ ~ Bea . 1 Not reported by manufacturer as complete harrows. PLANTING MACHINERY. Corn planters: i Feand: 5 Se Bo aeee =.= Eh reat a eseen / Cotton planters, 1-row...-..--.-..2------2-2++e-ee2---- Combination corn and cotton planters: ° or 5.4 +] me ' . ‘ ’ ' . ’ ’ ‘ ‘ ’ ’ ' ' ’ . ’ ' ’ ‘ ' ‘ . ‘ . ‘ . . . . . . . ’ . . ’ ’ ’ . . ’ ’ ' a Combined listers and drills: i J-row tbe at... 22 tek Rk. 2a aces : 7, 607 ——_——— Potato planters, horsedrawn .......-...---------------- i 8, 471 | Grain drills: ; { Biorse... 22222. Bay Bs 3S eee Se Oe 100, 637 Weartor: 2o!.2....:.2.litebe. eRe. - 2 Ses j 3, 406 Broadcast seeders: Wheel (horse-drawn)-2.2.....-2.-ccccee ee ee eee eee End-catesck A oe... 5 - POE te. 2 Re a - 3 ooo so cee Hand (wheelbarrow and other) Beet drills, horse-drawn ..--..---=--.2---22-----0<-c0--- | Transplanters, horse-drawn....- ee | eee ee Total planting machinery.-......-.......-------- Cultivator (row crops): 14a) Tee oe ee RE tee ES ee emer sea 865 Horse-drawn (straddle row): i-row walking. ...-. 2-22. Pe IO SPS 62, 329 i-row riding. <..6 225.20. Re eee 152, 644 PEO bos att, Sen eae os 90, 427 1-horse, including shovel plows, etc.........-.---.-- 273, 576 Weot cultivators: 22.238 2 Aes oe Pee 5, 336 Other cultivators (horse-drawn)..........-----.2------- 4, 653 589, 839 ae Miscellaneous Agricultural Statistics. FARM IMPLEMENTS AND EQUIPMENT—Continned. 797 Tasue 427.—Farm equipment manufactured in United States in 1920—Continued. HAYING MACHINERY. Number | Total oe Number Description. manufac- | value (000 Unit ed sold for tured. omitted). States expert | } SSS | = LDS 2 ots 7 ER A ee 239, 165 $15, 393 | 172, 654 68, 229 Sulky LLUSED. 4 se Cae Oe eM See SO ae eta 84, 495 3,107 | 77, 622 19, 695 pee IOV ER VAEHICCS 28 hee) oe ok tigae anc cone sees swe 15, 195 1,227 | 16, 658 414 arcop rakevees fi Ri 22 eee sett 22, 964 819 24, 078 865 JE SHU ilo le Le See ae Oe a | 5, 992 347 4, 803 1, 981 33, 337 3, 050 32, 399 2, 509 ae, 10, 129 825 | 9, 628 318 aT 279 35 | SrA, Jae eee 411, 556 | 24, 703 338, 112 | 94, 011 | | HARVESTING MACHINERY. 1 ] 1 Grain binders ...... Lenin) cap ule Oe reel SE eae 139, 372 $24, 593 99, 546 25, 122 Sunt (Ga Sa es Oe So eee ees £ 725 1, 295 3, O71 945 Combined harvesters and threshers....................- 3,627 4, 253 2, 717 929 EARP ITINGE <3 4 Ry BSS ae hued So een aes 2, 135 446 3, 662 42 (OTEE TATE iW ioy 9 LSet ee aes Sia a ce GRE pee = 40, 793 6, 690 32, 559 833 EES Pei 0S Ss ee ee Re eer eee eee | 14, 949 1,170 1, 798 12, 377 Corn-pickers and huskers (field). .--..2..22.22.-22-22--- 2, 882 1, 068 pee Ws beeen Ai Be Potato diggers oS ST) RE eS ee ee } 11,718 1, 090 10, 463 | 657 Eotato digeers.(plow type): 2. l2.. -.2 saccbec-..cssceceee | 6, 452 =, 6,781 | 22 J eTR Lh TERIA OS Ae eee) iS) SRY a ee ee 498 AOD eos fone Peer MRRn eee SE hoe Lo. chan auto coe ss - see 5, 026 O86 4, 893 | 201 0) nerhees tate a 77 | 41,015 | 168, 829 | 41, 534 ae | MACHINES FOR PREPARING CROPS FOR MARKET OR USE. Gain threshers.............- .| 22,159 $19, 059 | 20, 753 1,961 Bicathresbers .......-.-..- -| 510 501 | 596 6 Pea and bean threshers | 216 | 156 | 211 a eo Lean Le Ee SER ee oe Eh | re | 690 | 910 | 767 162 “HIST 2 en OR Se | 27,004 | 4, 852 | 23, 896 | 1, 085 Corn shellers (power):, } | } SS SOP EET 2 eee ee rere 6, 379 1,133 5, 549 | 125 DOES EE C8 Ce ay eres 850 511 | 957 25 Corn ae! Sritshreddans eee. 0) NESE. 2 sesusces 4,953 | 2,116 5,101 22 Hay forse | SEs Soe) MOE eee od 2,225 | 781 2,795 483 1 ESS ERT SS ee eR eee 5, 247 2, 539 | 4,251 329 mesa Brindait and crushers } Sse Sara SS PaaS ede sa ce metric et erers sou teeet 44, 797 226 | 23, 535 20, 346 Ly ip DESC SSSSt SOSH DSCEE BSE SnA ao Sener Cena 61, 977 | 2, 244 | 52, 314 4,579 Grain cleaners and graders}... .........020500-20002000 19, 765 584 | 19, 193 1, 162 JOTI 5555 SASS aS eae eens RS 196, 772 | 35, 612 | 159, 918 | 30, 220 1 Not including seed-corn graders. HORSE-DRAWN VEHICLES. —.— ———_|— Farm wagons: | HOES rns aoe aise cSinceced cee saces ee bore 32, 934 | $2, 076 31, 165 122 Light 2-horse, 3,500 ‘pounds Toaded sits 49, 498 | 5, 413 46, 571 32 . Medium 2horse, 4,500 pounds loaded...... 72, 399 | 8, 325 68, 439 43 Standard 2-horse, 6,800 pounds loaded......... 50, 926 | 6, 457 48, 380 67 Heavy 2-horse, 7,500 pounds loaded... 1.1........+- 9,666) 1, 384 9, 317 213 STGS EGTA ae eit, «ee 11, 800 | 1, 140 | 11,800) es 3-35. ees Horse-drawn farm trucks with wood wheels......-....- 47, 238 | 3, 280 | 44,757 725 Horse-drawn farm trucks with metal wheels.........-.- 36, 856 | 1,617 | 34, 607 471 PMN VOHICIGS: 52 2 ts-525 5-4-0. = aeecs soca Saslom ae 5, 532 | 477 | 3, 409 2, 137 Ei. Looe eR Ae ee cee eee 132, 246 | 12, 254 | 132) O14 he as 2Se =e ee THT oie Sa aie Se Rae aes Ee eee er 449, 095 | 42,423 430, 459 3, 810 798 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. FARM IMPLEMENTS AND EQUIPMENT—Continued. TaBLe 427.—Farm equipment manufactured in United States in 1920—Continued. MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS. peter Total | Number | Number , Number soktae Description. | manufac- | value (000 | hited sold for | tured. omitted). States. export. @ane mills! 4.265. 2c 5 eee ere 3 oe ee oe Boe 11, 923 | $780 7, 539 1,879 Cream separators, centrifugal. .............-..-.-------- 222, 587 | 15,501 169, 057 27, 954 Farm elevators: | , PUTA DIONE ssa. na. 5 Pees ans ach ee dee een eee 7, 703 1,776 7, 423 69 Stitionierges to he pea one eee eee ee 3, 052 924 | 2,910 8 Reed Gud hitter carrie:s?--o4 2 2 ee eee eee | 15, 093 682 14, 274 7 Fertilizer distributors (horse-drawn) .............------ | 48, 540 453 51236 |. cesalpeeeee Gasoline and kerosene engines (stationery and portable) A ai eS ee Renee Sh RRR SES Bas Sita eh 268, 287 25, 693 216, 144 22,059 daemie Spreaders 362°." 52! per 8 4 ae ge -| 9, 153 325 9, 093 83 Marmre spreaders ~ 2 22 o-oo see ec ene “| 103, 036 14, 744 104, 444 1,120 Milking machines. ee eee : 29, 555 2, 962 23,130 921 Pdrtabic cord crits. oo eee eer so 4, 502 731 <5 Ce Portable grain hins= = 3) 252 een nee ce ce eee eens 6, 137 1, 206 im by Ae ee Bumps 20st So eee eas eee ak we a eS eee | 500, 690 5, 087 269 | 27,177 PETER JHOKS no ono tebe ees eee en oe | 84, 948 | 877 85, 198 | 2, 349 poct-potato CHvigtSS. [Secon et a eee } 1,442 | 14} 9 en ee eee 31 ESTES = ae 6 2 1 ess Saar CE 24,052 | 9, 492 23, 637 | 24 Spraying machines (power or traction)................- 11, 000 2, 488 10,715 | 228 PoAAI CULLEES ee smash ap anne op ae eee nates 24, 054 1, 098 22, 455 43 pe | ee ees A RE bd } 3, 216 310 2,113 1, 008 HIOTRD OR ENPING 22! a ek ee ee et ee ees 1,646 308 775 241 2h BVADULALUING~ ota meee 6 rape DONO ae ta ene 11, 355 275 9,114 233 Warne) iS he ee ae ee a ee eee eee 75, 736 5, 443 57, 108 17, 464 Wood sawing machines: Circulars: seo soon ee eee ee EPP pes Sains 29, 084 732 29, 195 36 een es Beer eg wh eS ea See ae 11, 482 1, 633 10, 427 13 t 1S: Seg ie Re Oe er Sane Sena, see 1,508,283 | 93,544 1,318,997, 102, 984 1 Not complete. RECAPITULATION OF MANUFACTURE AND SALE OF FARM EQUIPMENT IN 1920. Dractors, Pasha: .. o-oo Paes aso 5 ee sonc ce ee eans =e 203, 207 $193, 563 162, 983 29,143 Steam traction engines! 28s > . . 22. ate Bisse sclcnecose 1, 766 | 4, 661 1,401 | » 121 tren smublinbers. 5 Ae Ae Rs cd es 1,361,578} 43,222 | 1,215,979 221,077 PillacoumpiginGnts.- 5P6t 2 5 3 AE hos os dC cece | | 22) $10. | cian eal Plan ine ana MN Ony ogee te Re. oo Se Oo nae eaene 472, 248 20, 097 498, 853 16, 822 Cultivating machinery~ 5+. .2.......550-5.2..-ese-secae | .. 580,179 15, 186 589, 830 45, 863 BGS TOMO ORY lara < 5 = ans Soca hase sasssessceceesee 411, 556 24, 703 338, 112 94,011 Harvesting machinery _— tev =-.-- --- 338 Sascha ceecol ay « Ord 41,015 168, 829 41,334 Machines for preparing crops for market or use......... | 196, 772 35, 612 159, 918 30, 220 SIOTHG ae WHIVEMICIOR | 82. oc occ Soc e ein tewetn shaban eee 449, 095 42, 423 430, 459 3,810 Miacclianeoustlems. . 2 Ae =. - 9. See eg ee | eee et 93,544; 5... soe eee Gearthiaiab: ...?-t99-" 22, 2b 5a OR ede 3, 908, 578 536,945 | 3, 566,369 | 482, 401 a ——=- ; Miscellaneous Agricultural Statistics. 799 VEGETABLE OILS. TaB_e 428.—Imporis of vegetable oils into the United States, for calendar years specified. {Source: Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce.]} Oils. 1912, | 1914 1916 | 1917 1918 | 1919 | 1920 | 19211 } | } i ae sles | ie ed | 1000 _ 1000 | pounds. | pounds. | pounds. | pounds. | pounds. unds. unds. | pounds. Co 56 1,661| 3,071} 4,406 | 8, 780 | a 000 | 4 1,372 148 Chinese nut.......-..- | 42,787 30,137 | 57,649 41,091 | 42, 718 | 53, 853 | 67, 962 27, 249 Cocoa butter or but- derstge: Wee. 5: o 4,749 1, 244 558 1 3 | 1 | 72 2,373 Ooconnt. 16052 .... = & 46, 720 58,012 | 64,349} 163,091 | 356,089 | 281,063 216,327 189, 717 Cottonseed... ...-.... 2, 160 16,017 | 16,598 13, 826 18, 373'| _ 27,806 9, 458 669 Linseed.2..-.2.------ 2,134 4, 350 | 711 633 | 195 | 16, 143 35, 200 60, 091 POlivetstiest S S . 49,154 | 56,466| 61,769| 55,531 | 1,286} 69,799} 31,087 53, 881 Pali se ae ao = ae- = oe 52, 771 49,092 | 29,270| 34,257) 20,993 | 41, 818 41, 948 23, 155 Palm kernel.....-.-.- 27, 681 21, 089 | 4, 324 Ors 34 | 1, 929 | 1, 694 2, 383 RN oon ee 7, 626 7, 365 | 15, 674 27, 405 68, 466 | 154) 052 95, 124 3, 021 Rapeseed .~ - 225+ =. ~~ 10, 266 145172 20,181 | 10,132 | 23, 079 8, 375 12, 907 7, 152 Soy: beats... ..-<-2--| 24959 | 127555 | 145,409 | 264,926 335,984 195,808 112,214 17, 283 } I i i t 1 Preliminary. 3 Includes oi! ior mechanical purposes. 2 Imports for consumption. 4 Less than 1,000 pounds. Nore.—Conversions on basis of 7} pounds to the gallon for all oils except castor; castor oil, 8 pounds to he gallon. TABLE 429.—Domestic exports of vegetable oil from the United States, for specified calen- dar years. [Source: Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce.] 1912 | 1914 1916 1917 1918 | 1919 | 1920 19211 Oils. | | 1,000 1,000 1,000 | 1,000 1,000 | 1,000 1,000 1,009 pounds. | pounds. | | pounds. | pounds. | | pounds. pounds. | pounds. pounds. ACORN Ih a5 oe = pode oe oe 22, 870 16,199 9,119 4,709 | 171 6,415 | 12,059 4, 400 Cottonseed........-.. 355,930 | 216,309 188,214 | 124,704 119,067| 193,133 | 184,754] 252, 592 iamnngedin se es ses ae 3, 151 1, 993 6, 180 | 11) 465 5, 806 | 11,266 5, 366 3, 512 Cocoa atéer or but- | eee F a mM. % ice.) WE SorS. ot! 3h oeeg2e4 Se Oe eeeeraees | 5 et ae ae Mees | Seats ois CEA eae 2118612. 25,694 7, 498 Lara | ee el eee aes (eae es Ce 1, 425 1, 708 em pears. 2 5. a22 She sn eke Rot delet Sete eee nt 58 28 = | 3 27, 715 | 43,512 1,944 E | | | i 1 Preliminary. 2 Not separately statd prior to July 1, 1919. # July to December. NotEe.—Conversions on basis of 74 pounds to the gallon. TaBLeE 430.—Production of vegetable oils in the United States, for calendar years specified. [Sources: 1912-1918, Supplement to Bulletin 769, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture; 1919-1921, Animal and Veg- etable Fats and Oiis, Bureau of Census (Bulletin.)]) | | Oils. 1912 |, 1914 | 1916 | 1917 1918 1919 1920 19211 | | ' | } | 100 | 1,009 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1,000 | 000 | f.000, | 00 . | poun pounds. is. | poun pounds. | pounds. | pounds. Castor....... a eRe 23,359 | 20,423 | 22, 766 PD, 02 14,184 | 24,637} 24, 187 20, 595 Coconal? - =~. -=.~ << 31, 729 38,272 | 104,727 188, 488 341, 235 215, 542 131, 218 113,194 Oe eee eee 72, 832 91,810 | 109, 963 118, 021 111, 065 97, 400 | 98, 619 87, 481 Cottonseed3.......... 11, 435, 401 |1, 789,777 /1, 492, 430 |1, 343, 849 |1, 283, 823 |1, 429, 948 1,142, 671 | 1, 277, 030 Linseed... 2.2... 461, 656 | 507,422 | 531,586 | 482,199 | °375, 452 | 452,928 | 485,272 | ’ 482,918 Mustard-seed......... 360 306 729 1, 098 1, 296 (4) (4) (4) Ope: eS: 966 1, 128 1, 462 963 618 439 643 974 Palm kernel?......... 3, 200 402 8, 619 6, 453 3, 784 2,517} — 2,671 1,327 Peadtie Pee re 454 1,006} 28534} 50,499} 95,934} 87,607! 13,685 ; Raisin seed........... 320 435 752 667 586 (4) | (4) (4) Rapeseed 2225---5...- 90 19 223 232 139 7 | 128 (ei aR eee ecg ay 30 129 304 299 (4) (4) @ DEC) TIN AS RS A= Re en CR eee 3, 974 ot A ee «3 (4) (4 22) TED Eee ee Beene 2,764 9, 920 42, 074 | 79, 861 (4 (4) G | 1 Preliminary 2 Crude oil only. Edible and 1 inedible from 1912-1918. 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Soe poet > ap fe" -QoUB IIL Bo 50> as 10 pam meena oe dae £62 ‘680 ‘T (1) ie fr} (1) gee Shae ae pp a eral: ~* > yaeuuo(y POT “GOL ‘T 90T ‘Ges ‘Z SLL ‘CTE 1@L ‘909 9) D ry) () 008 ‘9F6 ‘T hits Sel patna aT Oe Ae 7" TOMS [Og “spUunog “spunod *SpUunoT *spunog “Sspunog “Spunog “Spunod “Spunogd “spunog “Spun. ee —E —— ees | i *sqodx op *sqiodury “Sod xy *S}todury *sH0d xy *sqodury “‘spodx ay *syodury “‘sqodxny “syaodury : *soTajyunog L161 eI6r ["uoj[e3 or} 09 spunod ¢-z Jo stseq WO SUOTSIOATIOD] "110 yruvad UL opp} PDUOYDULIUT—' Sep ATA, 803 UCS. ltural Statist TUCU Miscellaneous Ag ‘spunod pee‘cey ‘Tet ‘spunod zog‘ozz ‘ster ‘spunod 6¢9 LIT ‘ZT6T ‘SMOTIOJ SB ‘QUOTATIOAOD puklROZ AVON oY} JOJ SJ1Odutt SuTpnypouyT + *S}IOdO x ODIOUTTOD ¢ PLE ‘LST ‘T £96 ‘CET 9 POL ‘TL ‘8 LLE ‘SLT 1 €hO ‘6SF ‘G+ T6b ‘861 ‘T 198 “TPF , ISL ‘F416 % 268 ‘Ly L386 (083 e £09 ‘862 STE ‘O8T sa A ‘ 662 ‘OL L191 ‘e99 ‘% £99 (LST 96 ‘66 126 ‘682 % PSP ‘LCT p Z20 ‘600 ‘S 1L9 ‘SF e (D *Spunod *syodury rs £01 ‘500 ‘2 wet ee eee ee 809 ‘283 “I ee wanes ig saws ec [oeyeneeces BES ea Sbced-Sliagatear a oF |wscmmeeese a. Coe Rei Pa) SU a i a aS aah ee ee Lt ee Oe Ree 698 TOT ‘GOL ‘T » RM Asc uPe corsa peta hens Rl SR Mmok. tee tes PSY “P69 °Z £96 ‘08% ‘G OOT ‘¢89 1 cei Pet cos alc kc oss gt 26s ORE RE? :: 7") 802 ‘EL ‘S : 990 ‘96 £29 "826 '8 928 ‘coe ‘¢ oe ‘t ‘TT eRe ‘cor ‘OT | OFF m0 g Beriteumer sane lene =e eee : T ‘oe8 F : 096 ‘826 ‘80T | O21 699'E | OSF‘F00 ‘SOT | OFZ "ORTIZ —|_ OL “926 “8 Bones tetguie aa Bos tiegsg = |ipe eens aay ee 190 ‘8h6 9 | S28 E, Beaded tac: 69 rectvesecesnes| grpiggpeg.. eeeeenessseee-| GPR eigig > [Steen enone £19 188s 6S | OTe “LET'S | STZ “OLE ‘8@ | 066 ‘TE9'% ~—| 626 {LET FOO "G68... .| AE9161G 16. | T90lzeh'e | ORT Zee 'S | Lee CLE ia ale oe edhe eS 989 ‘960 ‘Sh ¢ | 666 “6ST ‘T picleoet: aaa Rea a G OLT ‘BES ‘Fe t 980 ‘211 ‘OT 928 ‘TET Tet ‘29901 | 882 ‘122 02 “spunod “SpUunod “SpUunod “Sspunod “Spunod *sqodxcy *syiodmy *s}lodxay *syodury ‘swodx a Oz6T 6I6T ST6I ee 808 ‘8c0 ‘T eee coeseaseees R66 ‘88 e Be Se [69 ££96 “L “recesses -+++l Gon Qep Sele eS ss 209 ‘Tee ‘T + SLL ‘eo 619 ‘880 ‘g wee ete ene ecee L9G ‘SPT ae 888 ‘208 “f 629 “£06 STL ‘S68 ee ee 899 ‘89g eeeossestesese OFL ‘202 ‘T eeces ereeee 9ST ‘620 ‘9 org ‘coe ‘e P9008 889 ‘POF ‘IT 220 ‘Ee9 9) C10 ‘788 GZt TSB. +16 1. 84 1. 54 LEN hig a oe ae b Io's -ol 15 Pe Sy) es Tt 7 / prea ae If i 2. 07 1.73 ee idw Gis. 6-252... .. 107 | =. 47 aA 17} 101 69 .16 1.96 1. 64, 3-plow, moldboard.........- ee | Lae 14{ .16} 89 62} .11] 1.76] 1.49 PUTT ihe iar Ee | 46 15 | 16} .98 | 67| «15 | 1.90 1.59 } | ! } x 1 30.7 cents per gallon. 2 20.4 cents per gallon. 3 85.2 cents per gailon. NovEe.—Cost of fuel for kerosene-burning tractors includes gasoline for starting (average value $0.02 per acre). Repairs computed on basis of an annuai repair charge of 4 per cent of first cost of machine. Annual interest charge equaled 8 per cent of average investment. TaBLE 436.—Cost of power on tractor farms of different sizes (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois). | Per cent Cost of | ~ | Cost of | Total tractor Size of farm (crop acres). co rasa | keeping ee cost -of | cost was | horses. | ork power. | of total | cost Less than 80....-.-.-.--2-2..-4-eees ee ee ieee tenses: | 21) 8172 | 8793 21.7 Er eek ag) sat et oe hc ae NM ace od PV J geese eBETOLL 56, 1,006 | 331 1, 337 | 2.8 "SES cat GREYS BAe ob oe nee Tr Sie 7 47} 1120] 340 1, 460 | 23.3 DUE TEL a SEE EEE Bear make Oe 36| 1,292 386 1,678 | 23.0 LOLI ou) eee eee iene A scare evecamenan” aha 19 | 1,367 452 1, 819 | 94.8 “SS GE e Rape ne ae Or ae eee | 22| 1,966 57 2, 542 | 22.6 1,417 | 24.1 ! i) a oe Se eee re 296 | 1,07 TABLE 437.— Cost of power for different operations as furnished by horses and by tractors (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois). [Cost per acre.] | 1920 1921 | Operation. Tractors. Horses. SL Borsess || "8ractors: 2plow. | 3-plow. | All. | whe | Spring plowing........... i ee $2. 89 $2. 01 $2.15 $2. 07 $1. 53 $1.70 plewing 21652 2205. =: 3. 04 2. 06 2. 22 2.13 1.62 ibis i a eS aes . 64 eis 59 67 34 55 Disking in combination . . . - 98 Sy 76 -12 By 59 Harrowing, rolling, etc...... EA 34 35 49 37 .18 30 Drawing hay loader .........- 98 1.14 1.05 sett 52 91 Drawiie gram binder. .-......2.4--.-+---- - 59 . 64 76 7 31 - 55 Note.—The cost of man labor and of the umplements used must be added to the cost of power to obtain the total cost of performing the different operations. The horse costs shown for 192i are 53 per cent and the tractor costs 82 per cent of the 1920 costs. 1Table 435 taken from U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Farmers’ Bul. 1278. Tables 426-442 taken from U.S. Dept. of Agricuiture Bul. 997. . 806 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. COST OF TRACTOR WORK—Continued. TABLE 438.— Fuel and oil requirements per day and per acre of tractors for different oper- ations (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois). 2-PLOW TRACTORS. Requirements per | Requirements per Number day. acre. Operation. - of tractors. | Fuel | Oil. Fuel Oil Galls. Galls. Gals. Calls. Spring plowingls. sts ees. st 2 8 104 17.97 -10 2.71 0.17 Rallninwing--) bobs nus Jaccase Sone ee ee 129 18. 46 1.05 2. 86 -16 Pinkie wy ce Ps Ae eee The ara ea 95| 17.98 1.03 83 205 Diskin ein combinations.<&..-.<- css. ess... et 101 17.78 1.09 +90 - 06 IATTOWING SOCC = eas = a: San oe See ason ee eee 53 16. 23 1.61 42 -03 Drawanigibay loader... S550. 5 Ae ers See 24 11.45 85 1.09 - 08 Drawingigrain binder.<—95-.:.-2 $222 4 Soe Bee 101 14. 50 - 92 -73 - 05 3-PLOW TRACTORS. Sprenpmlowing 2 ie Om Sok eee, Sale eee 94 23.12 1.29 2. 68 0.15 Hal Plowing! secu St | WIAs PS PI eae 80 23.33 1.32 Oey 715 1D its) sin) eee SE ae ae Poe ee Senne Ft j 46 22. 02 1.34 ara 04 Disking m'combmation: <2... 222-225. 2520s. SS. 64 22. 74 1.30 -95 -05 WIatrOWIne: .e6GA. os) ne Senet. Lee. eth ee or rE 21. 60 1.51 -42 - 03 Drawiue hay loaders tees e st ee ee ee te ee eee 13 15.06 1.09 1.30 09 Drawine erain Pinder) 52 St. SS ES See 27 17.31 1.16 775 +05 TABLE 439.—Days of tractor work, on farms of different sizes, 1920 (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois). Days of work on Days of custom home farm. work. : Size of farm (crop acres). oy packet po 5) el ae cere ; Taw- raw- rae Belt. nar Belt. Wess than 8028s. 2.32 25.2.6 eas 7 11.1 2.0 4.0 5.9 23.0 STOO en a ae ee 28 17.5 2.3 2.3 3.1 25.2 B26 TO Logs ese ee Ba eens cack eee ae aoe 71 19.1 3.1 2.6 oud 28.5 1G060:1 99: 59582 eer Sn - ah sees ogee 56 22. T 3.0 2.2 2.4 29.7 PLU Tes 0 es ee a ee ee eas eae 47 26. 0 pepe 1.3 1.3 30.7 PA LO Dies oe 52 th Oe EEE 5! St 36 28.5 2.1 1.9 1.6 34.1 DOGS plete ne Sorento eS ee ee we eee 19 Died, 2.0 1.5 0.4 35. 6 SU ANIOVED - See Na cts oe ee ee eee 22 32.6 3.9 1.0 4.3 41.8 <1 [ sadae on tna cab raihh oavae dee 285 23.5 | 2.7 | 2.0 | 2.6 30.8 TasLe 440.—Average number of days per year 2-plow and 3-plow tractors were used for different drawbar operations and average number of acres covered per day, 1920 (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois). [174 two-plow tractors and 194 three-plow tractors.] be] ° + [=] = ’ ' ' ‘ ' ’ ' ' ' ' . x o 2-plow. Operation. 4 Days per| Acres per| Days per| Acres per year. day. Spritit PlOwing-—-< thi es oe SR oo do eeow oe bee eee Sees 7.9 6. 62 A . Fall plowing - : ey te, Oe at PE oan 5.1 6. 46 3 . BT gb es Re ee eee a ee eee eee 4.0 21. 60 5 i Diskng in combination . =. 3.02/42. ~. ce) so ee wees cee 3.4 19. 69 S : Harrowigy rolling etes.e lm b2 ad. 22010. bee ee fit 39. 05 C 5 Drawing hay loaders 22. 2et A ees Reo 2S Re 4 10. 50 : id Copninp erain 26... k2 coecac ce. Seea eee eee eee 1.9 19.73 Z Other Worl... 2555 <2 ate See ee eee DAW nee eo , fe en a ee Ee eee Cost Data for Farm Products. 807 COST. OF TRACTOR WORK—Continued. TABLE 441.—Proportion of different operations done with horses and with tractors, all farms (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois). Days of | eter eS | Percent- ; horse ENN age done Operation. alent of | Total. . labor per | Rochon with farm. | works tractors. EO MATE me. oooh oe ac See se seit ou oo 2s a Sede sh ok 18.9 109. 2 128.1 85. 2 Pith eeraund after plowing? S\feni 8s. sec---' s+ se ss akieelc we 34.5 68. 4 102.9 66.5 SETI Says Erin 2 ees aie ee eee Se = 2 PN Cag Se ee 1 Ee Be eee 11.8) |. sees LEE CnUTTS (0a) ee Se De ee Oe ee Sti es See eee 12.2 | see ocen TAP ee eae OW EENTS ITE. semerae BeBe RO EEn Se Seca eee aes (2, a a [IS cs Sec B04 eee tr PWIND ocr too So Set SESS ERGOSEE SE Coc SeE IS eee ae eee 17.4 1.5 18.9 7.9 PUTT > SE eee a ee 10.7 7.4 18.1 40.9 UPPER LG) T Wel oe 5 a gare Bp ae ae fe a Ieee oe ors Sean re peer Ses |= st eeoe BER yal See se Warm harvestss.--. 4.4.3. Be Be ap Pe seen ce ie Sees ok 99:0) | 5222 ¢e-- 2 99.0 oa. seers hie PG TER ee Bee ee ee es Real ene el aes ae ee 4.4 (ee) UDB a te PE =e PEER BILE 2 2 aac e Sila fe sia ate eon ah ae SRl= se eens > » BO Ae) leer eta 43.8 02 eaS ee U NOEL ON Kamel tg. on |e ense | ords. acte. | to har eer | Total. | to pal ey Total AEE ee vest. ; vest. |“ by fore- j going | | } | | eae ai Jay is | | Minnesota: | Bush. irs. | Hrs. | Hrs.:| Hrs. \ Hrs. | Hrs. | Bush., Tons.! Lbs. Ciay County... 5L16 103 18.3 |?10.9 |229.2) 46.1 | 19.6 } 65.7 | 12.3 | 2.3 )ec-.- 74.5 Anoka County | 54) 104] 349] 28.8! 63.7) 60.3} 266) 86.9] 95) 6.0)...... 77.2 Wisconsin: | Porvon Gemniys| 47; 152) 47.6 | 45.1} 92.77 61.5 | 38.8 |100.3 | 11.6 7.1} @) 80. 6 San Coun- | : wecececeese-| 50) 123] 41.7) 35.7) 77.4 |. 46.3 | 30.9} 77.2} 10.6) 5.5 |...--- 82.3 Michigan: | | } Montecal m | j : j | | County...---..! 49 109; 40.1 | 33.8] 73.9) 54.8 | 30.7 | 85.5] 7.7 6.0} (3) 80.7 Grand Teaversal | | County----..-| 52 124 49.9} 40.3 | 90.2) 544 | 23.6) 78.0 | 11.3) 5.0 /...... 80. 4 New York: Steuben Coun- | Paw. Renn eee | 50 141 40.8 46.3 87.1 58.4 | 40.0 | 98.4 | 11.2 4.5] (3) 81.2 MonroeCounty. 50 110 | 47.9) 37.7] 85.6} 76.5 | 39.5 |116.0 13, 2 Oye 81.2 Maine: | Aroostook) | | | County. 32s! 58 254 50.4 | 227.2 |277.6 | 71.1 | 38.9 pate 14.0} 2.0 /1, 965 83.5 | 1® 1 Excluding interest on land. 2 Picking not included in time for harvesting and total hours. 3 Commercial fertilizers not generally used. Taste 450.—Sugar beets: Labor and material requirements per acre (1,220 records, 1914-1916). | Farmers’ | Contract | Total hours | Per labor. | labor. } ‘per acre. cent of “ \operat- —_— Yield | | Ma- | Fer ing ex- Region. ree, | Pew | | Seed. | wre.| tit | pense? aceis | acre. | yyra_ | Cash ‘aba | | “| izer. | cover- chine. Hand.) per | alent | Man. | Horse.| ed by | acre “hours. | } fore- going | California: | Tons.| Hrs. | Hrs. | | | Lbs. | Tons.| Lbs. Los Angeles. . . SLi 1425) 27. Gals. =. 2. 1$15.01 | 60.0; 87.7 | 109.3 |. 20.7 | () Fee ce 84 pit ins ae 45 G0 le 20.241. so =~ 14.82) |. 59.3), -79.'5, | UII. 5 I" 1656 |) (@)y [225 2. 85 Salinas. ....... i] lie 3 i 23Sy l e 18.87 | 75.5 | 101.2 | 124.3 | 146) () }.-...- 85 Utah-Idaho | Garland....... 79) 14.8) 36.7 | 21.2) 18.87 | 75.4 | 133.3°} 985 | 147] 5.1 ]--...-. 87 PLOVO= 2.0} ee eee 3.1 76 Wisconsin......-. 12 |'16:2") - 4.5 9.9 | 14.4] 12.3] 8.5 | 20.8 t ‘ ose 49.0 1.9 73 Chios es erik 10 | 14.6 6.0 | 10.4 | 16.4 | 11.9 7.5 | 19.4 1. OM aes Gam 2.0 67 al, New York....... (2) | 17.0] 9.9 | 13.4 | 23.3 | 21.2] 7,1] 28.3 | 1.9 |183.0 0.8 4.0 76 New Jersey...... (2). | 17.6-| 10.0 | 11.4 ] 21.4 | 22.7 | 5.4] 28.1 1.8 [387.0 eee 2.8 74 1 Excluding interest on land. 2 Figures taken from the results of a special investigation. TABLE 459.— Mixed tame hay: Labor and material requirements per acre (197 records). — | : Man Horse Seed. Seen: | Number labor: | | labor: | |_____________| ing ex- 5 Yield per | Mowing, | Mowing, Region. of ki ki pense Tecords! |) seen ee oa covered © and and Timothy.| Clover. by fore: hauling hauling sais 1 Tons, Hours. Hours. | Pounds. | Pounds. MATIN ASOLA ice Selea aerate 11 1.5 7.8 10.1 4.6 4.0 74 Wisconsin. <5. Soir settee eee 65 1.4 9.1 10.2 4.6 3.8 70 New. York. 2:3: (ho 8 2 Pee 23 1.4 7.9 ria 9.2 4.9 82. Bennsylvania...- <5. Met. e* 37 125 7.5 7.8 9.1 10.5 80 ORG MMER ciate ae 52 1.4 7.9 8r5 1... 2 see ee 71 New England Bes Soe ee 9 1.6 10.7 9.5 10.0 212.0 77 i Excluding interest on land. 2 Timothy and redtop. Cost Data for Farm Products. 815 LABOR AND MATERIAL REQUIRED PER ACRE FOR DIFFERENT CROPS—Continued. TABLE 460.—Clover hay: Labor and material requirements per acre (99 records). | ; | } Man Horse | Per cent : . ofoperat- labor: labor: | ing ex- Numive Yield per; Mowing, | Mowing, 7 apni | acre. | mists. ralane, fet aot | = by fore- Lease Ml leet hauling. hauling. | going.t tee Hours. Hours. | Pounds. Lo LL to Saeens emeetncmesd Sareea tara 31 1.5 | 8.6 12.4 | 10.7 | 73 ye on ee ee 37 2.2 14.2 | 15.5 | 7.2 | 79 i Tje ta | SU Sees eee Bea e ees 7 2.0 | 8.9 9.9 10.1 80 _) CUTS. Se. 2. ee Pee Se Fee tee 20 1.6 | 11.6 10257 SS i 76 LLUTTIS Ee. 0 aa kee ee eee oe 4 1.3 8.7 10.0 2) -1 Excluding interest on land. TABLE 461.—Timothy hay: Labor and material requirements per acre (49 records). | | Per cent | | pone Some | ofoperst Number | yiewd per| Mowing, | Mowing, | nes as Region. id) ol sno | seed pense records ere. 1} | raking,’ tain, i | covered hauling. | haulin by Se 5 going.! | | Tons. | Hours. | Hours. | Pounds LOT 2 Se eae ee BRL ee a 13 1.3 | 8.0 11.4 5.4 80 LO Re Se Se aoe een eee 21 2} a2 11.0} 5.5 82 2 ee Garrtne 8 1.2 S| ate: | eis 75 eee oe ee ee eee eee 7 1.8 7.5 | 8.8 4.0| 70 1 Excluding interest on land. TABLE 462.—Alfalfa: Labor and material requirements per acre (105 records). 2 | Percent p; Man Horse art of acreage cut N | labor: labor: = ag. more than once. A of | Yield per; Mowing, | Mowing ; ee Sf Renioms records. | acre. | raking, | raking, | Seed- | expense by fore: | .TO | Three going.! times. times. | | Per cent. | Per cent. 73 80 60 72 93 59 69 100 72 38 aes ee 67 86 58 69 91 64 1 Excluding interest on land. TaBLe 463.—Wild and grain hays: Labor and material requirements per acre (83 records). Man labor. Horse labor. | MS ; ; joperat- Kind of | be f eae F ind o: r of. pense Region. y- Prior | yar- Prior | tar. | Seed. cov- 0 har- vest Total. | to har-| — est. | Potal ered . vest. by ‘ | fore- | | going. Hrs. | Hrs._| Hrs. | Hrs. |- Hrs. | Lbs. Minnesota.........-. Wilda. 52s 18 ln 7.6 (ACS Seeaeee 1029) 1) 1029 [== es 46 bt eee cea tos 6.9} 11:3) 1827 2.2) 1271 35.91 35.9 69 North Dakota.....- ae fs eee oe 5.1 8.3} 14.3 8.1} 22.4} 21.0 8 Wisconsin .......... | Grain... 1 8.5} 16.6] 16.4 8.1] 24.5] 75.0 80 a ees |. oS 1) 3.4| 6.57 CED) Ss Pistey MeO 12s... Minnesota.......... -- Bdgecse- 9 8.3} 11.2 8.9 9.8 1 Excluding interest on land. 816 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. LABOR AND MATERIAL REQUIRED PER ACRE FOR DIFFERENT CROPS—Continued. TasLe 464.—Timothy seed: Labor and material requirements per acre. Man labor. | Horse labor. Per cent Num- = _of oper- ber | Yield ating ex- Region. of per Seed. | Twine. pene rec- | acre. cove! nals. ion aaa Total. |Harvest.} Total. by fore- tae ea | | Bushels Hours. | Hours. | Hours. | Hours. Lbs. Lbs. Wamnnesota:.. ...-4-. sag lade 4.0 6.3 6.3 7.6 7.6 5.6 1.9 45 Wisconsin! 1.22... 3 lant: Cie 3.9 3.9 4.4 4.4 4.6 8 62 ty ers pends Fee Fe | 10 5.8 6.9 6.9 7.6 7.6 4.0 3.1 49 EL See etree Bee | 3 ae 6.0 6.0 5.0 SIO. ole aake oe eeeeee 64 INOw; Mork 522 4.255 15 eee 6.3 10.0 10.0 8.9 8. 91400) 26 Ane LG) oe Ee 1 Exchiding interest on land. Taste 465.—Clover seed: Labor and material requirements per acre. j | Man labor. Horse labor. Per cent | of eer: Number| Yield one Region. lofreeords. per acre. Seed. cepennd. Harvest.| Total. | Harvest. by fore- going.1 I Bush. Fs. Ars. Lbs. Minnesota............ 8 0.9 5.3 5.3 10.7 56 Wisconsin-- 2s 225.-.2 17 1.6 8.9 8.9 19.3 40 Ohio2-feeareere VGs- | i9 1.0 6.0 GS. O05 4. SSyt to pee eee ee 53 THN IS2 hee es soe 2 bye 8.5 8.5 6.6 55 1 Excinding interest onland. TABLE 466.—Apples: Labor and material requirements per acre (642 records). | 2 be | Man labor. Horselabor. do a Be 2 ; ee 3 2S = n | i Other bo Ls} ° Bo s <) : : & | sprays. |g ke 8 3 z i S=| 3 |? Region. 3 2 2 a. S| 2 85) 5 E 5 Be eS) 3 | 3° 5 aq ; a : Pa] es pee s Z Sy Sj 8 2'3|./218|./8/S/2 18) & seers xy - |E/8lalelelalsilels 3 ioel 3 ls Gi g |S 8/8/85, 2818/818 18) 8 938) 3 | 8 g ti asjolna|s lslels is 3 8° & > 4), PF [eA jee Ape ie le jalan | mw pa E | £212) lel = eee ejelts|sisks|S)a3)28 2 Iss] 8 RIR/RIEIR/R IS IAs | & jas] & Wenatchee Valley, Wash, 87; 1914 | 230 364) 594° 96) 62) 158) 2.2)....| 467) 2,4) 1,185) 89) 593'$1,925 Yakima Vailey, Wash... 120} 1935 214 300| 514; 91) 59) 15 4. 7)-28 $30 4.9 1,619 39 = 1, 080 ood River, Oreg......- | 54) 1915 | 142) 164) 306) 82) 33) 115) 1.5)--.. Payette Valley, Idaho...| 38| 1915 | 177| 235| 412) 72 41) 113| 4.0!....| 389] 3.1] 1,155) 93| 337) 613 Western Colorado......- 125 1914-15] 161 191) 352, 76) 47 123 3. see | 353) 4. 0) 2,020 " Pi 653 | | Ss. Western New York. --.. 218, 1915 77 ‘4 170| 63, ae = 4. 8 | 264) 2.3 | 91) 384) 514 i | | i | i Per cent that man and horse labor, manure, fertilizer, spray materials and containers are of operating expense, exclusive ofland rent. é 2 The average yield represents the yield over a five or six year period. 3 To reduce to boxes, multiply by 3. Cost Data for Farm Products. Sy: O'S | OT'Se | LTE ee se | $°9% (or) | 8°OT L : { T26T \ SIP ISRAELS £212 OES 4 ie we ae oct | once | sos | sacze | 8°12 (or) | 8° stn | L161 9 OFdO fa “9 0Z ‘22 .18 . 9°LP z° | 2 eee 3 peo ee ee ee eee (ae | oy Ve o1 pots 4) JEST fe uomoas usoysom ‘oSmuaay i it's BL° ot GLE (or) | 9 g° , cleiiee WESaeror on secre ree ge 19 g9'°1 | 62 f° (or) | 8 6 islets LI6I } PB EEIPL G° 20 °& 69° ( ; ( aes eT G wes cess Materia Be sree fort lees | € Gy Le iI ors Het e STOTT W10ISeE iG * OL” ; vA 18 Teeny . eke re. 2 1S 00% | «ee ¢ tox) F aul Of ¢ tae 9 SOUNTT W10359 M4 : OL" gc 6 ( ¢: : wh beeen Ws Gaveallung _ ba} ‘ | a CC ¢ Heer \ 9 BAOT [RAJU SUA gc" 06° ¢" (or 1 T | 8'T 1261 Hest Ly O's | og 86°I CF ra She LI6T Se ee Ls° OOF, | €4°ce | G8" 9 (or) | 0 at TZBT, aN cane aseysersre® per - 0c: ovor | FL0e | en z cn \F eT We L161 } sAASPION re O°cs | 06°6T 4; SS” : ft or 0 0'T - 1261 ia acini a ee Gs" site | 86° |9t-es |¢ COMIC o'r %e LT6I SuCety ot ooo Waa sane ae aL olian| o cares (ot | 8 6° Ly PIGI |" Aug sHOo.g ‘eIB100H “Sp.Looaey a ee SOL eicetera/ei a bila ta eres sid ZIZ sreceresl g-e g° 0 ‘089 ‘T FIOL = “3 BUT[OIBD YyNog ee kod a tea Eien eee rie ee ae) Z°8S RS eel te (Ct L3G 0°Les STGE-O16T ie > Ba 795 *y mossiyl 91°86 | 28° 0°08 "none: | Gar I'l 9 °£06 OZ6E. |° 77" 79 Aqun0g uosxoer 6& C$ | 90 ‘0S soe lee |2'9 ¢"T Z LEO 0z6l—-|""7***» Ayunog uossey OW IStSUuBy pitge ire (ace 0% %°90¢ | ST6T-606I "T7755" *7 =") TISMOOST AA eee |e9 | 2°01 rata 39°Gzz__|-LIGI-ET61 77777 7*5 "9 09BHOO 132 (aL | 9 Or ad 0¢ 89% e | LIGI-SI16T 77757272" 09BHOQ 1% (29 |8'8 9% 6L ‘19s | LIT-ST6I |-7 7777777777 oe DBISTRL Pez | Oty 0'8 ee €I‘I9 | 2161-8061 |" "°°" * "> Ayun0g sory r% | ee | SL 9°@ | 9°86 96 °E0L 2 | ZI6T-8061 |°7 7777777 , SyumMo9 WeUTIO N #66 «| F°6 Crh L% 0'TS 2G'G)e gellPGTOl-S06L ltede ns + AyuM0D WoA'T 8 kteel Tes Sz WG Aspaee PE 1082 | ZT6T-806T |" “>>, AqUNOD oor OF eho wes] o8 0% | #19 Tr 'seee | L06T-co6r |" 777777777. ¢ Ayunog wodT ooe | Lt oz | 8'e9 hohe | LO6T-ZO6I |” “7777 _ AJUMOD GOTY | :B{OSOUUTTY Cake | (pri ty a ea: ve[->=25-0"1 Gp topeul. OG T malig sols 6 Zee] O Oval S TEeee| 6 Oem [10K rc ae a 16 BIOL koi tease “T7585 77 HIOK MON ‘paysng 20 lag | 90 dag | °F lad | “79 sag,| Podad | “Jolad | Pdad |p lad | Pda | *pOsag | *sasoy - a . - | ee 3 “laMod e 19 _ “4800 “Sq *y800 |‘as1tTO] “prety “‘queUl |. ‘emu “I9Z 2 [vum1ue "Id MO! ‘ . - goo | PIA | gon | -parg | pejog, | purty | -s0ao |-dmbq|°UL) -epy |-qrsog} P8°8 | pue jpemmuy| AT) SSP ead i JON 10qe'T | | “suojanf j8oa fo sishijnun abnyuaoied pwn ain sad pyark yun ‘usoa fo woyonpoud fo 3809 aoy—' 19 ATAV I, ture, 1921. dTrieu v Yearbook of the Department of A $18 . “TONRNG’) OAOGS OY} UIT POSN WooG Jou OABY BIBP TOTAL ‘1300 SuIONpo Ad Jo 4800 OY} UO TOTBSTSOATY UB JO S}TMSOI O17} SOATS ‘TT6T “Wad y aoy 1010doyy Cory oy L—"GLON ‘QINA NOT y JO FUOUTZIBdOC “Ss */ JO SoTY UT BIEp poysyqnduy 9 *yoOoYS WO1y POJSOATBY PUB AND ir “6LT [NE BIOSOUUTY 9 “quOUIdINbE UT POpNOUT PROYAOAD ox “GPL "[D EL BJOSOUUTTN » "RPO “TNE OANg[NoLdy Jo yuOTA,ABGOT “8 “1 6 *syTeys Surpusys sie pOYsNL « “109 "TOG GAN} [NOpAS y Jo quouniedeg "9S" s “ey TNET ‘SOWSTIBIS JO NBO gE ‘Qing Hows y Jo FUoTTABdEC “8 “Ns “OZ ‘(NEL MNOSSTN 2 *og "[NE_ OANATNOTAS y JO JUOUTPABAOC, YIOX MON 1 pa SR BS Bi. ok SO — t 21s . Lg" O'so | 68°98 | Z's | Tesh | Z'% (or) | 2'Or | 6° zo ‘FT | | St 9° 9'sh =| 00% | 9'8% 1Z6T \|----+, yomoog uz0}SBe “OBIOA 19" ovsg | poree | pee | s8'#h | O'S (or) 166 | IT ¢ PT 8" hog «=| ¥'9e «(| eee f| PU LI6I ame ‘ 6L* OOS | 986s | et'y | 6F'eh | 8'8T (or) | o'Or | TT £'02 | | 2% Ny Loh «|| BLT | 88% \\ og |, T2OT Yee se sen ener neers sp QIBMBOCT gs" O'Lh | Z8°6E | £08 G8°Lb | O'&T (or) L‘6 I £ 0% 0'T L‘t¢ 68% 8 °O€ LI61 69° 0°99 | 46°88 | Lb | BLOF | 2°08 (or) | 1°6 OT Est || 1 o7 Q° Ter | St | 8 Vier, TOOT V-----+ +--+ +--+) grupapAsuued og" 0°29 , | LPT 00°Le | b°T% Cor £°6 eT ¥ ‘OT 9° O'1g £°9% L°S% LI61 : 9° 0°09 G69 | OE "Sh | B'S ba v'Or =| 8° i a gig | 01% [2:08 \or,, TOOT \J----eee ee een ee ees 9 purpdaeyy $9" 0°09 VO'OT | S8'8h | ZT et) 8°6 0'T L i iN 9 ‘99 19% C08 ' ue 9L° 0°0F OF 98 "bE | Lk o1 8°01 6° 0°OT PT 9" 9'% 68% L “8% Pa 106 ase seceesecerenenne sso MITTS IT gp 07g po. | on'se | 9°91 tox) 20r 1 er ra 6" geo late teue sich Vater o SUA 819 *9148} OAOGR OY} Wt PopNpoUl Uaeq 4OT Sey ‘S97VIg 10409 [TR JOJ SO SOATS YOM “GEST ‘SONSTVBIG JO WOISIATC, ‘OANyTMOUsy Jo yuourjIedeg *g *_Q “(SeLeg “oSTW) OT ‘ING—aLON ‘PO "TNE ONAN y Jo WUOUTZIedeG “9 "fp e 699 "TN OMY TNoNs y JO yuourIEdod *s “AQ « “Te9 [Ng oINANoWsy Jo yueuTABde *g “fp +» ET “| BOSE | SET 846 | eeccass| €T “FT | O8 “FT | LUGE | 82°29 | 8°L BL"eL | #168 | + OT EOL | O8"1L | °F PSE PE RBE| | Eve ie a OI PSH Gre [SS OL 86 || GALT GEST | SF 'E9 | 9°OT I8"ST | 20 °FL | TOT Ge "CTS! 66 FLS) 86 qua Mad . scisies sil oo TAGs al ss 3 veeceee] yey [teeee ee | S widsee es] gag ci eee < Sees Ae he hy een? ap eran S 82° | Sst | 98 ‘iF = ‘Gos:__| 927.4 | gz79¢ 3 Ry meee eee ore seesecs oe |b ae ae = 89% | 99°¢9 Sl ghz | 80°99 S POL | TL FS ~ Me | beh g rae | Kelsi 4s 8zo.s«| «BE 98 RS 91s | OL FE & a PRE | 80 ‘RF 09% | 92°89 116 | PROSE “Sq'T q “10 “quiT | “4800 4800 | ‘PIPLA | 90N ON ig “quad lag || Uden *SqT | *4s00 |‘osreyo} “Sura | *peor “pei | 18100 | pueyT ‘suojovf 9800 fo sishjnun abnjzuaosad pun air sad park yun ‘uojnoo fo uoyonpoud fo 81800 a0 f7—go9F ATAV, -I0AQ No oD aon am ip “soxB} pue aoe -mMsuy *sqooys pur syorg ‘on “BW <=) be oe) 7 aa ada wmIAN root Aan Anes NMHNOMOS AMO ANS E n S & ‘ounynosy Jo yuouryedog “g “fy ‘SoTy eo1yoO UT Byep poysTIqnduy », “O68 “IN Oany[noLs y Jo quouriedeg "gs *Q 1 ‘romod jeune pues loge'T mam “*|"* “S$pl0d01 FE ne sie Spl000.0 [6 O"Sh |" Spaooed FIT 6°9G | S0.108 0899 ‘% T'88 | S008 O'gFT'S Toes" "1" *Sp10del SoZ L°Th |" Sedov O°08#'> 0'ZG |" Sede g*cg6‘e GPG | 7Sosoe g°G9B'S 6°09 |" 88108 C°9Z0'T 6 "9 | "SOIT G*6FZ‘T 0°99 |" Sato O'69T'T GG |"*"*Sps0001 ¢ 8°T¢) |°° “Splo0de7 16 it 4 Bet. Sp.10001 Eg L°1G _|"So108 G°gsT'> 9°89 *|"S8108 GLFT'y 1°09 |*"Se.108.0°8968 “puad ad “IOGR'T *SISRE] i? “"*"g 4SBOT FIO NT _ -BUTOIED YON ~"s7*_ AQUNOD UAB :BTMOYRETO Jasco mat ~*, AyUMOD BuIOYBOH Td. ISSISsT AL [ Pane ~o APUNOD STA “-s > 7 AQuMOYD Ysny “oro y AQUNOD STITH tSBXOJ, Ajyonoy Smaqosuei9, ~, Aqunop uosiepuy =, AQuUNOD [PMU Eg ~, AyunoD uosiopuy PBUTTOIBD YYNOS ores, AQuNOD eed >, Aqunog [TeYysIeW I yang esoodeye, seule ely ~ =, U09}09 PURIST BOS “>>. 109409 puvld ==", AQUNOD syoorg, --") AyuMOH J9j;0mMg ~---_ AQUMOD omVeeI4) sor essse*s-) STOINGT 2B13.1094) “UOTZ0Y Yearbook of the Department of Agrieulture, 1921, 820 EE “GOL “IN MNOsst o *MBIIS PUB OIMULIT ¢ , $8 ‘The einjymonsy jo ywouryiedoqg YIOX MON + "E76 "ING oINMopIsy Jo yuourytedeg *§ *N a “eMIMOUSY Jo guourzredeq “sg “— Sy7 JO seTYy ey} UT BBP poystqndug ¢ “116 ‘IN oMA{NoTIsyY Jo ywourjiedog “$*A 1 “SPT [Ng “UUTW s “Tg9 "NY oMy[NoUsy jo yuoumswded *§ * » "SL ‘Ng ‘soyysyeIg JO NeoNg ‘eingqnowsy jo yuouTedeg *§ A 1 BR LOPE | 08e2a 285" | 198s LO OE | Ts as ee sre (es el (as Ig OL NES Not frre | Leet | List FIL‘Gt| 6T6T =|" s Boe JRETTAL ‘ IOJUIM OSBVIOAY 89 °T TBL | 29°82] 90° | 8L'8S | 8°88 | 0°90" 9°9 I's |9T. |OM |S | 8% [ete | o's. | Fes] gesF] GIer |’s Aguneyg qITey SI'S | TST | 68] He | 88°68 | Ses | S°8 | O° 0's Lo |S: |G [8h | 6% co] 6°98 9] TAT) 8°6L.) 800 8) 6I6T || Ayumoy Pures eo SOL | Pees | Aeor || Ess | SSS | OE | OS TS oP LY 9% |s'8 {te [9° [eve | tt | ce). rOr%| GIG je 49uhoD Ca FLT {OOL | SLE} IS* | PVE} 9 | GL |S Pea PS “""|peelot |e | 19 [FT | 2:98 | esr | Fer | S808] GI6r Tee f OST | S6L | FOFE | FLL | 82°98 | 8'8c | BL | 8° it mal DP g'¢ |oTelSt |O% | 6% | 9° | TR] Zt [6G] 6S] GIEr “3 Aqun09 sodsup 91% CLOT, HERG Gea Lone Go oad. | psO) |) Giah= espe env qe pe liGieae a Sil Sz |i0F (9° | 70S | TSL | S2t} cbeS i) GTeL “9 AO) OUT mh TIN 88°% =| LSE | 0208 | 89° | 8808 | FL] | FE | 8° Tapa oO ---lete/ Te [on 169 | TT | ze | 8'or | eur} eao%| eter |-7*"*"e49unoD uosloyd oW 99 °T Bes GOVSCA CGAL SES \NGokS al gel IG woe ORM. slbre wa Pee wOu 88 [irs |} E°R | OFS | SkSh | Leet 2606 | 616T sAJUNOD eoUMBd $3‘1S | SET | 08 F291 1208] TOG | OHS | S| Sh Cy Tye Ore a es | BT LBL LOH | SO) S88 +] 26 | 8 Rt 1186 | 6161 |°°sAjuno9 a ae au DiI SUBST M IOUT AA GG 'SF | 19 B01 el O% [ST [75775] esr | 9°8% | 971% 8 LI6r) | 77°", PIO AYOOY 88 Sh | 0 FE 101 9'T OF lle GFE | BLT | 2°91 201 LI6L «|p UBSIOW W0q 61 TF | 0°0F £02 6'T 72S. |r 8°8S | Or TE a} OF Lt 09 LI6E = |" 9777 7 Aopeods) sOPpBIO[OD Z6°L | 6'8T 19 BSU Were e271 66 OLS 1h Wiel! SSR. LPOG ci) STB eek FI6T =| 9 BUTOIBD YINOS 08 ‘ZI | 8 OF 0'8 eee es en aes 2 ee tG EP eOEN Pores |posce: WuSben. (Meno CHI | S16T-OT6E |" “***~"*" "~~ "7-9 Ethosstpy 61 SZ | FIZ 6° PO De AV SRE I Vie! FL | 3°9 F988 | 2°02 | 2°27 |. 898 TICE || i ein FIO X MON 88 ‘8% | L ‘81 82 8 “08 eT 6'8 | 87 1°98 | Z°6L | 9°LT 8&8 SI6E [77777 IO MON GL “ST | 6 FT Lae * | eaenen| CoS ONS pet Ore POS [Les | LOR ro es | 2TBD oh oy eee BION RG ION. GIL | 8 0 SAlaala oa eae SGeal | Gsa GST | 6°¢ 9°0F | 0°8% | O°LT [777777777] QTGI-L16T |" ~*~ >>> “eg BIOYVC WHION OI ‘ZT | 8 ‘82 9'P o'T Gcer (Ripe hs eeal Guny [Orla jeagee LL, | 8161-6061 |"""" "a WISUOOSTAL anaes Le OT | 6 '8% 8°¢ AT | Scr |e [Pa] PBS 7 |e 7) eh 080.8) CLS T8061 ~-*, AqUNO() UBULION aici 86°9 | 1°08 G9 6S, NG sET RES Ce laa al eee €8 “961 “G| LO61-ZOST | ~*1 A}uMOH UBULION Si ia 09 ZI | 81s 8°9 mis | pense ins €"8T | OL 0 ‘Fe GE "STF |Z16T-S06T “7777, AJUNOO UOA'T 68°8 | L°Se G's pases eT Cse.. allGr bee ele L'€8 86 168 “S| L061-Z06T Sey uo0A'T #0 ST | 9 FS ey comme tess S551 SB tQae ia hei 8°28 96 9FE | ZLGI-RO6T |" ~*~“ AJUMOD eoTY 98 6g | ¢°¢s 9's ae an Fee agree on ay epee eal 06g foot} OL TH | L06T-ZoeT | *--*1 AQUNOD oorgy O° \P'd| 2'T |) Ped |'Pid\ Pod | Pd | P'd| P'd |" P'd) Pd | Pd |" J} “8a40y *BOSOUUT AL “90118 ‘romod -ysnq . le nena li } < : F ; : a z “r9Mod) , . 4soo | ‘Sq 4soo |'oZ1eyo| “pBoT{]-INsUT} 104 sur Jezy{ | °9.1nU |, r quer | “104 \[euUITUe) “- TOUS ones , , Jed | "PIelA JON |-poi9| [e0g, | puey j-z9AO| doz | -eM |-qselyy|-1..teq) -By CONE Roe -dmbq garth pus [Moiese -B'T SISeE ee! mowed 4800 | da : 10de Tuy ION | Tepeds 10qe'y ‘suoqonf 3800 fo sishynun abojuaosad pup aon sad pparh yyun “qoayn fo uoyonposd fo 8}809 aoy— EOP AIA J, . Cost Data for Farm Products. 821 “MON BINGT OAOGS OL} UT PEST HeOq Jou OARY BIRP YOTYA “YRoyM FupONposd Jo 4809 oY} UO MONBAYSOATT UR JO SiTNsor OY} SOATS ‘TTET ‘AvP Joy Jo}10doxy dosg OY L—aALON “qRoyA Fuponpord jo ysoo wo yaodoa Arvuyurnoag oy "MBIIS PUB OIMUL 5 “EPG [NG OMyNoMAy jo yuour4Teded *g ‘Ns 08’ |8%6 | e28'te | Fe’ | ores] OT | cee | 6" ree eee | siatal ee a bees AOR Bieee "1 9'8 | OLT | OST] Foe‘L | 0261 [or AQUMOD prvApoO A, Soe een wl Coe oe”. WATRIOB IOCO8, lie we We: | ize e™ Oeil Tatee Gal etar 92. 6°OE. 11 BOS «| OT | CHT] «66002 |. 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ro9 | SG"eIe | GRRE ctttceteefeeectet g | #8° ol‘ Q0g *¢ 1942 6E'S 092 “9 Te “esi | LL L$ 16 ‘L$ “snoou Swrul mes SSO ATIC seuned pate THIOL | -erpoosryy 94780 OBEIVAY | 1ON “SHPO GF “ST OF “82 OF “96 99 °SLz 00 ‘Gr SE 0&% Pe “ST 88'S 96 2 00 °0Z Eh CPT 00 0G €8 “Z¥1 00 *0G EF “6ST £0 “6P 61 “OF ES. oe Z0 09 CZ “1G ZZ "9G LP OL L¢ "TOT Sent =| 76°12 Lo ‘OT 61 ‘£01 09°91 SE “OST o8 “LIS 1G “Slag “O.MNUBY *SySO0 [| V — EE 000 69 “TS 06 "G6 66°89 IL ‘22 66 “ET 49 ET 99 ‘OE LE “SS 206 0€ “eT OF ‘08 eh PL L6°ST TE ‘98 TE "st 00 ‘ST er “Ts #9 “SC 6F oS eT "Se GE FE 96 “6E CT ‘00 *s}S00 Joyo [P19.L : . *$]S09 WoT} e}.10dsueIy pus “UOT BIYsIdaI ‘syWeOoJUTSTpP ‘Juryso} oo ‘soy ArvupojoA ‘soxv} ‘OURINSUT SopNpPUy ¢ . *purpAreyy W190 -YION UT YP Zuponporg Jo ysog uo ylodoy Aavumuaypoud + "10g "Ing, omy Nosy jo yuourjreded "Ss "Ae ssosavyo peWeseuvur pur “ysqt ‘soxe} ‘oouRIMsUT sopnpouy z “6T “IN “IX spyosnyorsse 1 18% 66" e's ZI6I-606T Saleen CSS pte See re sere Sarees < Ike STOTT StL 9€ “IT Go "8 1261 Bu SON yynos ri a $0 IL 84'S 1261 wretgspeceeseecerss qr AQUNOD Xossng :Aoslor MON 62 P 02 °T PI'S LIGI-QIOL |e GE E287 eos oo 16 'T 09° Lo°% AEGT=STGL se tutes peyr’ “""""y_ UOSBOS JOUIUUNS GEG 09° SoG LIGI-GIGE | “°° 7 4, WOSBOS LOFT sBUBIPUT CG °€ GL °S PIGI-S06T | "7" "— BUTPOICD UION reo c3°e LIGIHSTGL | > ksi 1 ToL cS ie eee eI 6o°T €8°1 HIGTSCLGDG |i ake samme 1. “*"""*" "9, WOSBOS JOCUUUINS SLT 60% LIGI-GI6IT | °°° "°° 7°77" 77777777 gy TOSBOS JOU M : :CUTTOIBD YON FL ‘I 19 °¢ L9°S OSOTSBTOL | GT tO OIA 99° 69% CLS OCGTTRTLOT Pea os wee ak “"**"2, WOSBOS JOUUINS 80 ‘T 66% 96 °% OSGTSSIOL. |) Geet iit io "7757" "gy WOSBOS JOPUTAA VUBISMO'T SEP 6° "PF a) OZGTSLLCL. | emeeiae tos sssrsss Ieok OLQUG $61 62% 09 °E OZ6I-LI6T | °° WOsBes JomIOINS by % Of % 69" OCGESATOL |: p@mieia ie des "Tes" "yy TOSBOS JOZUT MA TUOYSUTYS AA. 618 | 8L°P OZBESLIGT || ;aeatevtua iy. . sorsressssn Teak OITQUT cc's OF (DEAOPESPA GN B|! GE PCR e “*""o WOSBOS JOUITUNG $9'P 88% OZGESAT6T | eer pA tts or UOSBOS 107UTM | /BISVIGON 00°F ieetebspae|= ss «ates Rel DERE grag. lt earn Seer asa se net veer eses=s 9 OVBHOO 00'Y [eet abe 9 Oe mhr) LOL SGLOL "res" 3 DUqSTBET 00 F Mica vatiete sseeeeel preregogr [occitcttarcrtsectstetet tes « PIOUUIION GY Ss | OF TS ‘I BOBI-ROGT_ lit wettantor +. °° epee 7") peys[eH 80% 1; 98° 19" BOGTER0C I (Seeirteg ooo to eae 1 T(BUSLe WN 86 '1 61 '€ £°% 606I-SOGI | ~-"7* 2 PPPUUIAON | sRIOSOUUT CI ‘ét OGAT) * |) SPR So" aren 9 OC OL GIGI-606T | TSUOOSTA\ g¢'9 6161 ) DUvpArey L0G £T6L-O16] CTUBATASULOg 06 “P 9IGI | oF gatsOGl GO ‘98 AUEGLGT asl i >? ES Tee 1 S}jyosnyorsseyy fe the, ) career *4Sod0}UT be te a “uoldoy Cost Data for Farm Products. 835 TasrE 485.— Yearly feed, bedding, and man and horse labor requirements per cow in dairy herd.+ | | | Concentrates. | Roughage. | Ani- | l Region. Year. | Labor.) mal | Succulent. | | power.| Pur- | Home a. Bed- chased. | grown. Total.| Dry. | | | Total ding. nie) Ctier.| Hrs. | Hrs. | Lbs. | Lbs. Lbs. | Lbs. | Lbs. | Lbs. | Lbs. Lbs. Massachusetts. ...| 1916-1917 | 185 |17 |........|.....:-- 2,662 | 4,075 | 7,817 |....... 1, 809! |e peste ss. 1916 150 ie lal Ee aed (BE, vl oe 2, 430 | 4,379 | 5,984 |.......|10, 363 |...2-- Pennsylvania.....| 1019-1913 | 170 | 210 fo..2 2222] ieaeealeS0R | Resists 10, 619 |.....- Maryland.........| 1919 201.3 | 29.6 | 1,747 512 | 2,259 | 4,348 | 6320 |......./11, 168 |. 2. -2. Wisconsin........ AOETOROM OES [gare Ss [. eee 1,605 | 1,907 | 7,081 |....... 8; 988: 12 aie ae eee ID pases Sa 1, 100 990 | 2,090 | 2,440 | 7,500 | 595 10,625 |... Minnesota: | Northfield... .... 1905-1909 | 132.7 | 35.1 326 538 2 ee 5 DOOM a = 25 5; 990! |. 25 aee Marshall........ 1906-1909 | 92.4/22.4 209 789, 998 [os_ : Eee | eee A N28 [ease Halsfad = 0,....- 2 1904-1909 | 137.2 | 17.4 | 46 722 y(itoiy |S ee 73) 0 D; DOL [sores Northfield...... 1908-1912 | 145 40 Wrens wiaclhen sha oe 1,058 | 3,917 | 4,020 |....... 1,030 baa alstad —. ..-. 5. 1912-1916 | 160 v4 pteote 22h eee 866 | 4, 843 | 2,993 |...---- 1,800 |=5-ee Gokato.-.22.525.- 1913-1916 | 132 | 34 AOS eee Sena ee 1,119 | 3,972 oe eee 3,92 \oosaee Nebraska: | | Winter season. .| 1917-1920 | 58.2] 1.9 | 129] 1,082] 1,211 | 2,798 | 2,749 |.......] 5,547 | 325 Summer season.| 1917-1920 | 55.4] 2.3 34 284 318 | 1,477 roe te | 2,321 | 15 Entire year..... 1917-1920 | 113.6 | 4.2 163 | 1,366 | 1,529 | 4,275 | 3,593 |....... 7,868 | 340 Washington: | Winter season. .| 1917-1920 | 60.1 -29 711 235 9461, 2, 990 | 45.680 sees - 7, 600 289 Summer Season.| 1917-1920 | 60.9 . 67 214 27 241 346 | 1,864 |..-.--- 2, 210 6 Entire year..... 1917-1920 | 121 1.00 925 262 | 1,187 | 3,336 | 6,474 |....... 9,810 | 295. Louisiana: Winter season. .| 1918-1920 | 75.3 | fA rah ee O27 em OAG IH e534 ad 020+ a raeeee 1, 529 4 Summer season.| 1918-1920 89.2 | 12.1 929 5 944 | 35 145: dates ASO ee Entire year....- 1918-1920 | 164.5 | 23.7 | 1,866 Te | A 893 es382| 7k |e 1,709 4 North Carolina: | | Winter season. .| 1915-1917 | 173.2 | 44 1,394 40 | 1,434 | 1,945 | 4,499 |....... 6, Ags jee Summer season.| 1915-1917 | 163.1 | 42.7 1,161 19 | 1,180 ROS. | De LOT a esas 2; 020 3h Seer Entire year... .. 1915-1917 | 336.3 | 86.7 2, 555 59 | 2,614 | 2,844 | 6,620 |....-.-. 9,464 12 ee Carolina. ..| 1908-1914 | 262 8 deel borate 4 ieee 2,320 | 4,298 | 3, 867 |.....-- 8, 1655/5 Se jana: Winter season. -! 1915-1917 | 90.1 8.9 707 659 } 1,366 | 2,365 | 5,224.)...2.-. 7,589 | 720 Summer season.! 1915-1917 | 74.4] 7.4 491 i87 678 930. |.2;042 |. ..-.-- 2; 972.) - ose Entire year. ---- 1915-1917 | 164.5 | 16.2 1,198 848 | 2,046 | 3,301 | 7,276 |......- 10, 577 720 New Jersey: | | 1 Sussex County.. 1921 LES, fo? ey per ape = | A Re 2,577 | 3,832 | 2,075 |......- | 5; 907 |-sose- South Jersey... . 1921 202 eS Bistcue sce =o ces 2,597 43,394 | 6,392 |-.....-| O60 |e Michigan. ........ 1999-1912 | 230 Dae MWe le ceca} ae eee 2,855 | 3,663 |11,638 |..-..-- 14,301. |. see 1 For number of cows and production per cow, see Table 484 (yearly cost, production, and value of by- products per dairy cow). Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. 836 LTOTOL frre een te teens eres EMOSST HT ssoeyss"sl7y 1608 |ZEP 19° j8°9 | TSP se 10° \zo° loge joer ocr jt ¢ |t0 lor’ |pce § ject zoe jog ssselrsoslgz [erg jope loa |b'% [09% pit lal eget Cotta pian eeaguer gs Bore Fu ssselsssolyTT loge Ie0s [Fe |e"s |For 753) eb baa seegee cn snnppe cosec eer eavume Nt Teme |S sip OgSe i) eee oss = |9¢ “(adausvHoUund rae ee AdVa nnn EETIEEEESEEEREEENEISEEERESRNNENN INTE I oF 80° |za* |60p Los ~--slesenlg ipg@ loge le'e [@'S (68h [et | LT-OTOT |rr-772no TTT TTT Oa ge |g0° jee" \260T jou |9TS sorelereslagz lo6g |T88 [8°T [L'S (606 6 | 2T-9T6T 777777777 RESEAUS Weta “*"UMOT UdOISCI 9 to" to" [ez |98@ oe (98 77/777 7JOUH TTT TITS PB 48GB OI “Ir joog leas jo’ [a's ieee eT | 2t-916r |7"7 77" “ooo s BAO AGUMO,) OTUITIFALH}OT sp ia or lees ieee (o's [o's [ove jet | at-orer [7m ION ‘AjUNOD JAN, EEE ——————EE ee 9 {~~ "jOT* |FT9 ce aides (QASVHOUNd TTV)-SONITUVIA Nee EERE ae De a EEE Da ET TT ————— oe Ito" leo: lore, lot oor far frzz-):22cfage fozcc]scccfocccfoge focecdee BRETT |r ieee eee Ok ee OBE Ie | Soret Suektanae a ess o ‘AqunOg T1018 cg |It’ |G&° |660 T \928 £26 ror Mal eae Weed] a a (ee Sb [2410 Go| eel lee GL |Sh9 JIZZ [SP [16'S [S69 3% |8z L-GlOU ed oe ee ees brent’)! ‘AQuNo,) oUlTeg 6¢ loz: leo° oot, |vss7"loot fog. fcc) 22f8Ut feces yt eet |777186. joe [7724777 y [eps lece p's fee [uze‘@ foo | 2t-9T6r |777*7° cian earn “OW {Apo WOIUNTD eg Ico" loc° (Gor ‘T Ic20‘T (266 [OOK |7 7° JABS J oe (Pave RGR al mls oe) oz lege (coz |T' (O'S |ZZT‘L [0G | ZT-OT6T |" **” a damnabiis Baie grec lee BAO] WIOISVH, 6 10° {90° |2eG 99 TOP VSL tee =? */ORENI ENE ns BS GE ei 11 | ae Ah “"T"""1GbS O08 1S 16'S RODET 8). lea CHOUGs |e ne mses -BMOT ‘AQUNOD OTUTEIIE A BIIOT 2 |to° lore eee ls2 treo feat |vv-*| "fang frrnynn tne Gea iteeireeton -| eagles: e lesz lox |e [t's [poe ‘t [PP | LT-OT6T |---""” serseesreessssee*-agONT £JUNOD WN sy | *SQT | SOT \89T|"S8QT|"SQT) 89 T|'SAT|'89T SOT | SQT|'80T *8QT|'8QT|'89T|"89T "SOT | 8QT) SOT) S41 |S 4H. eh ee Bale 2 | s|alel alee] e] BF EIS|S/ BP Si Si sli al é e | gl + fo oat | & el MM 5 S| 3 o> o| & poiaiel adle f ete § > * =] st ° geal 2 Bet QEQ gee DEERE E EE o | & || Sel ‘ a : a | 2 § |2 6! g : 3 | = hells 2 4 i ; p : e)2\ Fl « 3 Se) EEE Fag i ele BF) | 8 1804 ores @|/e|a) - “1 |p l8e 4 hs e 3 4 a |%a BB g a ® re %| 8 8/8 : ; i g | 8 Fee | rs JoquInN E Sao et RG FE | | pale inal i 2 ed le onto onainad ‘SUTALS ATIOUVAASG 70) paaf ayy Ww. aqyno foaq wo ub spunod oor fo woyonposd ay) Up pasn Logn) pun paaf fo sanyunniy— ggp ATAVL 837 Cost Data for Farm Products. ‘OINGMOWSY JO JouTjIedog sejeig poy oy} JO ;eLIE}RUT poyst[qNdun Wo] GI-RI6T GOUT O[1980 TO BIB “HOTSSTUIMLOD OPBLL, [RIOPAT 947 JO “TA Weg ‘Aysnpuy suppoV vow Wor uoyxe} ‘Jaoq Aqeq pue ‘ssuypaved ‘s19948 plo vad-z uO BBQ isis, Sik ht THE, (81S, (86 eo FOL |" "" "9G |T IG POT 8h JOT [fh |Te [""""/e [LOL [hE [o'€ E'S [GET'S [GOT | Te-OzET |-"7 77 12, SOSeT 1 eae tale Oe TE6 TE /99G T [899 628 TPS |THE fia €O eh IT Oh |" """/@E 129 [02% |T'S jO"S [68'S [68 | TS-O6T | -7T Iecuan 4S eae Me See lke 69LG TLL T 866 ESO JET |" "7" /2TT jL «AT. (99 [gg ["*"")h «ZT FE ITS (06S [Sez 6% 8*F |eeo"e |96 | Te-Oc6T |--77 "77 i te liscerece ORE Cs Tee Poh GL = GE LTT OT |" *"l9@ GRE PL PT 7777/6 |S «|__|: ST (16S |ece jot jes freo‘e [rer | 12-026T sail Dieta jh pahen ae "EMO 1G ales a aa {AoT RSS io TM NY NSS i Paes at A Yen oie Ft Sn ed Gn) Weg; Pa 9s 2M Hv Palsy IVE CoM YF 5-\9¥.(54 | Pini ea oles eles BysBiqeaN WH Nei |e BAL, (ESE, (LGB (OCT 66 f°" (9 FO 148 [TO 1 IPE 08 [et ["**8IBTe iueg lors Ic" [PST G [OOT | OcrBTOL [8 en ers Lmosst Tie le ealece 20'S \TZP 1 189, (SPE ier |" ice 6 if 00 feo IIT 16 if |TF IT jk lege jogs Ig‘ 8" loTo’e 146 | OG-BTGT | -77 nome BUBIpU] OR eye SP9'S Och S 6G T 658 \6h | °°" OTT |ST [ST [ROL fbL |"" ST (8% JO |T |G f€Zs jars TG [L°S [209% [ROT | OS-BI6T |" 77 souny ANS Na ae LOL (646 |P6E 08 PE [LOB [& |OFT Gh BT fT TIST fe 777)" T "BL [808 joss joe 9's [Fes %H Jett | OS-OI6T |°77 Tr J OER ENS F BAQT ST yo" "1262 (86 (689) TOT EEL ES «ME TB SPEC OT faGL J0zs |T°S 16% |zss‘s |oat | Oc-6T6T OL e383 we BS B19 N G |'777["77"]98@‘T [806 ste Set jez |7"""|tm |T [eo [OT fect jog lee joc jes |"*""Ist |z9z |soz leva [e's GLP ‘E |08 | 6I-SIGT 3ST URE haacreianauad Wnosst Ce erie, 268 T |9TS T (err (L8G [6G |'"7"/68 |" "19 (cE [OPT [es [Th [€ j6L |T [PL |16E |PrE Jo" [9% OFS 'T OF | GI-SIGT |"-°7 77 TTT te EES BUeIpuy TT [Tl 1/112 [888% [982° JOST 'T joes jo |*"" "sor |g st 96 [TS |" ce [er [em [gt jor |s6c [OF |6°9 |s99%% \cL | 6I-8TET CoP es SaaS data eae * SIOUNTIL TT fir... .8P6 TZP Lp OOT JIGT 8 = f€% 16 ok 9B BL IL (8 SL IGT 0G |8t [S18 \z2z j8‘c jee j966‘e |Is | 6I-RT6L |-77 TTT “**BA0T SL fe fil iene OCO mma AECuey COL mea GeGalGea 027 Ke ees Pecan |O lo Celene (ed sells OFsgal COG GBcu| Guten SiGhan|GOc: Cn OLe 4 |KO TSO: |jaunn stances eiacea una aimee oan ea camane BYSCIGO N “SOT | “S8QT | “SOT |'SQT SOT |"8QT|"89T)"89T |"89T |"89T |"89T |'8QT |'8QT | SQT|"89T |'SQT |" 807 |8QT|"8QT |" 84H |° 84H viele! a wn S| als] = | |] Ol xs a Bw) oO B/ > e}s elsl|s/ 2) #2] sieislSlBleisielel BEIEIS Bl e| ei) si 2) Fi) sls Fig/@/ 2/8 | BI/SIB S| Seles Sls ele lel el File Sil eta . . . S es psy i - = 5 . 8 eee lee eo{ |") Fle |Slele| 8 lege] e| 2 | - a) 2) § : & 2 = & B4 me ale eal aus Fs Bel’ | a1 & S/ 218 “160K "09819 “4 : Ci ' st = es aes alia 3 4 g | Re BI} g 4 ; + > g § B|/ *TOquUInN : ‘SSHDV ITV 4O AILLV) ‘penunwoy—ro7 paaf ay) ur 71709 fo0q Uo Uwb spunod gor fo woyonposd ay ut pasn 4ogn? pun paaf fo sayUuongO— 9gp ATAVY, 838 & ~R 3 ™ S S FPL | Le S 09ST _| OFE mS 12918) 208 3 = - S bre] ——— Ze FI | 098 ‘SS ztor| ise 4, OB LT] 898 > L918 862 S 2 ~ S & 3 = 19 "et | oze QQ ski | tz 1% ez | 6S¢ DS 080% | 992 rm 61 ‘ST | 008 o> - PESTS 02% rar A s on | S 8° )e¢8 S zo | &2 rm 22/86 NS Baan Shy Ss = ; “wre}* @ Be weet 8 86°29 | 86°9 | Fo'°S | FF’ | 96°89 | FO'S | FO" | 88° SIRNA BRAS £0"e9 eg "19 29'°8 PEST GP I9 | 62°8 GP SO | OL FT 16 ‘8#8) OF ‘PIS! GL °LT$) 19°28} Le “€9$) 06°13 80 TT $8 '8 L6°LT 98 °L 69 °0T 69 ‘OI LO‘L 20 GT 06 °E 86 GT | G8'T 3% “8S ‘Be s-o7°") CL°T | 98° | OF OS | OFT | LOE | TEP 8 LI-OT6T |" oe OSS BOTs SON TRL TOOK G, (PST S| GO ol Pha ae ee Saree Me eee lit ge “| OLS | 19°C | PUSS | OST | LET | OSs Or ANSOIGL 2) eke. ts SL 96 ‘8h3!| F6°L3 | FF ‘98 0S "1$) 06 °9S$! GL °TS) 28°28] FB "OS) "I" a | caceees) ahi hee NM uk st PP 7S) SSS! OT OFS) OL°T | TST | FOF GT EGLO Laer ee ***BYSBIQO NT SUAGTHEA AAVE 7 inst : oe ee ce ee C8 1 68580.| SO" Sal SPAG | G82 |e ee eee Sima” “"="""] CO°L | Lb°S | OF'ZS | OFT | 19S | BSF al LI-QT6T |7 °° 77777777" MOSST I 68'F | 12°69 | #9°T | STF | COT | }saaer lat = go it theo iz #6 °F | 28'S | L9°FS | OFT | 86% | 602 6 LI-9T6T |~~ “BMOT UOISB OT GG’OL | €8°T | Fo'S | OFT | oT” ahs [eae cee ies treo" ") $L°S | 26°C | T8 $9 | OBL | SL | CLP eT LI-QI6L |* BOT ‘AUD “440g 1¢ G8} 90°S | Frei) | | SS: mes fice. ot "7"! Gees] PS ZS! FO SSS) OB“T | SST | O9F eI LI-GI6L |" AQON ‘AyUNOD 4angy “SONITUVOA 19° | O8°T9 | 29°2 | OFS | OL" “"""""1 06°T | €h°S | 94°09 | T9°T | 106 | O6F | 8 LI-916T |* "OW ‘AyD [OLD Co a SOLD heron COs leccuil Ipeearell teen fea i |: Same | A “""") L6°T | O8"E | $24°2S | OFT | 80Z | $69 % | 8% LI-9161 |" "OW ‘Aqumo) ouyyes OOS APS AROD| eorenlsPOGSel aur: ‘lhae pel bees [eects ad *"""1 CLT | 29°F | $6 'S8 | OE" | FOS | ALL‘% | 9% LI-QT6T [7 °°" °° OW UOQUTTD 76° | G9°T9 | 68'S | ZE'E | LOT [ye] 62°! | S2°% | L2°8F | Te°L | 10S | AL1‘t | OZ =| ZT-OTET |*"*"*"* “BMOT TAISIseTT BOT | -OS209.| O28 Ne|eQL2S-1- LOAT—leenmes| ote: Paseo "| 69° | Sh'% | Gb'HG | HZ'S | HEL | SELL | Se | LI-OTET | “BMOP‘AIUNOD "140g PE '2$| 18 °6S$) HOTS) BP °ZB) TES) | uaAeE) leet cll e PREM ow LG °@S] 11 °e$| 98 SPS) O'S | EEL | 9ST | VF LI-9I61 |" GON ‘Ayano yang, ————— — pen ee tS ees eS ee ef ee ay) a, a — omental peSEST eT. ieipleettchedy a ‘ » = | MH | ‘ ~ ; <_< Bele ob Bibel ie) Bo eye Be gh eB gel eg Pe el. gt 5 Ml ell ae sie | eh I elt ioe S| meh ice esi ae a | el wm] SS 1 og 5 5 eo} § SS c) fi re) sf re aI : eo | Be © © © © Se) Be) tb | B a lee 5, 54 | Sa si " 24849 eS a lle @ 2 8 5 | B® Aig | 23 ; ‘ = or : 3 =] re) Kb FS) ue & % " "Be oN a) } ! | ‘OTLLVO GTO*YVaAS [*s]809 40] pooy pve 107] “yog Udon ay} fo suorjoas ur a7))p0 Burwapyof fo so) —" L3p ATAY J, 839 Cost Data for Farm Products. Co 4J9N “spunod GOT aod 4 GPE OLE 89a ce 608 696 064 LEG 9G OLG T@ 09 PP ‘OF 99 "OF £0 “eh LO "&? 89 "89 BG EL £0 G8 88 “SL LL $9 £2 “89 GO “LL GPG PL 6 IT "828 *4S00 JON | G6 LT €8 "218 "qIpaio 1210,L ‘OINY[NoWUSyY Jo yuourjindodg soyeig poyuy oy) Jo peojyeur poysyqndun u10Ij GT-STST OOUTS 071989 TO BBC “HOISSTHIMIOD OPBAT, [RAOPAy OY} JO TA Wwe ‘Aasnpuy suLyowg Yeo Wow uoyey Jooq Aqeq pur ‘ssurpaeod ‘0[49°0 ppo-1woA-Z U0 BBC | ' 89° | 89°99 | 69'S | 88°F 6h* | £0" | ZO" | 69" | Ze" | SOF | BT 'OS | OFT | ase | BET ‘S | GOT | Te-OzET |--"- "°°" "**"TMOsstyy, 91°F | ZS "0G | 86°% | 98 'F 19° | 10° | 90° | ¥O°L | G2°T | 22'S | 90°FE | €9'1 | GOL | 668'% | 68 | Te-OZ6T |" °°" * ** BUBTpUT 60'S | SG 'FS | 18°% | 62'S $o° | 10" | 20" | O8* JOT “T || GL29 | 21 82 | Sh LT | PAL GONG 1B sie=Ocb Tse" 7 ns sets © “SlOuTTTT 80°% | L129 | 62°F | SbF Po* | 80" | PO' | 29° | OTT | O8'E | 68°98 | EST | HET | HEE"S | HET | Te-OZT |----°*°* 8 °F * “BOT O8'T | 1S ‘0S | 88°F | eo 'F Of° | 10° | 90° | Th° | GET | 62h | ZTE | 98° | GOL | 228°C | 96 | 1e-OzBT |----"*"**- “eyseaqen 228 | 86°. | 88°SZ | 96° | 99'S |"-"-"*] OF +1 83° | 20° | 80° | so° | BL | 29°F] TL°S9 | HE°L | GOT | FST‘9 | COT | Os-BI6T |----*°°*°*"*-TmMossTW 90 IT | LOT) FP'FG | OLS | ET 18° | 40° | 81° | 82° | 12% | 86°S | 6O'OL | 89°T | EST | OTO‘ | 46 | OG-BIGT |7-**7- 7°77" 7 BUeTpUT 16°9 | 9% ZI] BI “IOT| 82'S | ee LL’ | £0" | 20° | 1h" | S6'T | 89°9 | 80°F8 | Sh°T | OLE | LO9%% | BOT | OZ-BTET | “stout Of OT | 26°F | ST°26 | 86°% | OS 99° | FI" | HO" | Ob | BLT | TH | OF 8 | O8'T | HBT | H6G'F | ETL | OG-6TET |7*° 77777777777" BOT £6 ‘OL | 19'F | 19°62 |. FPS 9f° |---| 90" | 8° | 8h°T | 08"E | FB°99 | GZ°T | OST | zg8‘e | Sot | OZ-616T |--*-"-°° °°" “BYSBIQON 82°9 | #° | 92 ‘CL | 29'% QT° | 92° | OT | 26° | 99" | 68% | 16°99 | 99'T | TOT | euFie | OF | GI-BIGT |-*-""*-°"*"-"EMosst Hy GS"TT | 99°S | 9% 6 | 8o°1 OL°T | ST° | FI | #L° | 89° | F6°S | ZO°SL | SBT | EST | OST | GF | GI-BIGT | ~-Buerpuy GL‘TL | 99 °OT] $2 °S0T} 62 °% | £6 °F £577 66> FOE COs Ze MN rors Gb lie: FS) |"6de Ts "Ostersoohanitcze OT-RTOkels =. ae ek SIOUnTT F9 FI | 82°E | 90°26 | 89'S | O8"G |----""| LES | 8S" | OO" | BT" | GO" | ThE | 2O'F | OLS | SLT | OST. | 96618 | TS | I-BIGT |"*** 7°77" 77" BMOT OF “FIS| LE "eS! $6 °S6S) 6Z 7S] 26 "eS|""-"- "| 1S °OS] SI OS] F0°OS) FI OS) SFOS) FL ‘1$) 10°28) 69628] 8O'T | DLT | 862°C | OL | BT-BT6L |-"*""** ">" “BYSeAqoyy 4 onl Lord a SUR ce RUE RS Se) Be | Bee) Ble eee ge es 3 So lag ies | 6 oe A F s | ee S a | alae] & | 8 5 baie. RRS iB) a eRaae eh ee] a | ae Beh Pa |. f eae pa a = B 5 B 4 | a9 : ' 981g oe Pua B ce Hg t4 a Poa Ray) ° a ‘ Bp» © as | o 5 oS OF head beste r : A 5 a “SHDV 'T1V ["sqso00 }0] pooy proy 10g] ‘ponuyu0g—yag ulog ay? fo sworoas wi 977709 buruaynf fo 7809 —"L8p ATAV 840 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. TaBLe 488.—Relative importance of each item of cost of keeping work stock. Indiana. Cost Items. Madison ee County. homate. : .| Per cent.| Per cent. Feed and: bedding -. 2. <6 sno 5c eee ‘ C . . 70.3 Chores? : 23-055 seek ee eee E 9.4 Depreciation. soo. 3s eee eee 8.1 ntereshec set Sac eee es eee 2 Subtetal-<...3....22-. +. 35 ae 90.5 Bineing = 3 oe ne eee 1.3 Siablinige: (225s 283 Pei eee eee 5.6 Use of equipment 2.0 MASCONANCOUS- orem os cea sno 35 ou Boe eee 6 POtas 2. 2-2s.6 -osesset <> .>-be se eee , Q 100.0 | Wiscon- Cost items. sin, southern. Per cent Feed and bedding 73. ‘ 59.7 Ceres. Sasso-2s-55 i ECE hee B 13.4 Depreciation. . 2 : 1L0 Interest=. 25... / 5 : 20 oe 3.6 regina ee 87.7 Shoeing....... 3.1 Stapling 9 2%. .5252 6.2 Use of equipment. . . . 2.5 Miscellaneous......-. - - | 2. Totals). .2..s sete bee 100.0 State and district. Hay | Tons. New York, western........- 3. 41 Ohio: Scattered =.5-....22usos5ce5 26.5 2.09 Madison County.......- ee tao Uh aati 1. 63 Seneca County........-.. thE ee eee 2.72 Indiana: Madison County .......- “7 ie a es 1. 66 Montgomery County.. -- “Se Ae Ro 1.54 Tilinois: West Central... 3325 $1.2 Bre f Livingston County.....-. 29.9} ~ 2O.34. 52222 47 Kkuox County =e CALA (RE ae 8, Sees 1.15 Iowa, Iowa County.......--- MRED A < Bite Qe Soc es ooe 2. 96 Minnesota: BOUNEKIC. 2h oe eens 14.7 3. 29 Steele County ........-.-- 32.1 2. 08 Wisconsin, southern......-- 16.4 1.95 ———— Cost Data for Farm Products. 841 TABLE 490.—Average chore hours of man and horse labor per horse and per farm. | Total hours per Average | Hours per horse. faerrl Ros number i 7 State and district. atlorses per farm. Man. Horse. Man. Horse. NEW DIODReNVESL CDH ce 2 so = ccc ms sop ere gate nanan 4. 84 127 8 615 39 Ohio: SUERTE AS 2s orc! BOS ICE BOC OES SSOInC See aes 4.50 165 8 742 36 NUD Sige CRT VETS ge = ea I Sa 8. 25 7) ia LOWE SA sco GOES OOMUUV =o coe fae sco ows ose cccljeinescinas 4.78 DORSS a. CY ae eee Indiana: We HSi Chie: 1 a ai ne a aren 4, 82 G6 4: Secccced BGG 45. Js55 Mantgamoery County ---5. <5. <2. 05. -ce ees eeamecd 6. 04 Lt ea B99) | Soc e ae Illinois: VE Sih, Ciera holes SEE eee SE Se eee 8. 56 65 13 728 lil NTRP OMG os tee Ee os wine: ain o's 5.0, 0'ste sjeisicie,nig 8.45 1 Ey en ee TE ee ee ee LST Maal eae ee ae ee ee eeeeeae ae 6. 98 BOS ces sce. - ALD) Sas ee Nowe POW NGGHNCY 2 66 = ole np een nae c cee aebasss 9.63 76 4 751 38 - Minnesota: Southern 7.00 108 19 756 133 Steele County " [a7 |e ee: a a 2 CE ae eS Wascoupan southenn <> 5 .\. So boc. ae cee Seen a 5. 95 120 3 714 18 Ss ‘amynousy Jo quouryedec, *g “A Jo sary uTe}yep poystanduy + fe FS LE - 0g * 10° LO" G2 fl ch ee eee! ce Go" cg ° cc" car 8° 1% 801 690‘T | 6 SI6T |" HIOK MON ce*9 09° ge" c* c6 9 ie" 20° LT" 08° 6r* bP 81's 9 1X6 O&T for xa SIGE ura ae ao oh 'F8 69/03 | SOS | FE°0S | FI'SS Z'0S | €0'0S | O1°OS | SL°OS | OF OS | 9E°0S | TL"e$ | 4°9 Te S&T 9P9 &T LIT [777 UBB TOT “‘DNIGHHY NUvVa a Ea 9L°E L6° aS de alee £0 °F G8 €0° to Go" ¢0° 80° 00‘ 9°9 $0 G6 981% | 98 Pages: wis gene * Se Oar IO] OSVIBAV 10 [B4O, 61'S OF 0S) irs “ai6L°08: [1868 8g" 90° Ley 02° €0° 80° G6 °% bss LT 16 £96 | rai STO Shot seats oe ee ON BOS | meer aR Sosa teres goes. 3) 6c.08 -| cOOs || FEOS WScr0S" WecO0'0$ |) 60°08 | PONES | | 7. 4 £% c6 esl tT | ST6L [°° °° °° * BYSBIQON U10}seqy “SadTHId NYOO NI DNICHHA ee . G6 °9 60° Pave ale oe es tari TO re 9° 8t° (4 60° 20° eb 16 ‘T ¥6°S 16 TOT 20S) GGTI> se eee te oee aol Goa ee neue COTaaa 10} O8VIOAB IO [VIOT, £2 6 90° 62 °6 oe es 1e° (4 S0* 61° CFS 9F °9 (ae 96 ZI ‘bP PA) \c) en sea we wise ores

    BYSBIQON T9980 17 80° 80° ale Geos 6L°P PP’ res ¢0° 8t° 80° 9¢* cc's 9°¢ b2 ZET 1¥% & oT DE bee 1 3) OY ae a awe OpBIOTOH UsOyNOS 96 PS BleOSn) LOS. | banana + Or’s$ | 99°08 IL°0$ | 20°0S$ | €S'0$ | OT'OS | GES | P9'SS | 7S 9% LPT fol So | FS LI-OIBT |°*° 777 OpBIOTO W1OY}AION ‘ONT | or “que UL *("Sq]) *(sAup) “ured - CI TOOM “U1e3 Lennart SRA -dmbe mies AT) *(*sqy) | potsed | *squrey |*spr00e1 Jo 4800 | *]B}07, JO 4800 |"yoyIeyy) viele “¥SIY a 1) pue ‘Ioqey | *pedy |-yjyuoww jures ose) Bur | Jo Joq | Jodseq | ‘Ivo “mower 48N ei gO) TROSt I I s3ut eve | -loay |-poojjo| -wny | -umy - -IOA VW Suer eTpAIO pling IOAY yysue'] VONICAYA LOTNYdO “squip) Buruaqwf Lof pooy wad 780)—' [6p ATAV Quin? bul f LOf pvay (No iL 843 Cost Data for Farm Products. OS “Tet OL LOL 00 “191 Go "SET *so7]B14 -Ue000 TRIOL Sete e rs teed fa 2h apa wl 5 0°6 0°6 | LT le al L BICT Llis ices Syemiea ee ee cree Oa ON Lae SRE Ge 2 Sens sie | beta ne ONG GIES “lie e O DaeeT es ae | 8'Fr ia SP #6 SGT esse sean eee bind enn ree iipe od ens Weert |e th MTP tae lee iain a L°0 ee es ap) Geer 6 oy Wh sath ih *sdo! he é i "fk § ; § "fk ‘pony odey | 18A0jg eed -o8e [BIOg, | ‘osBT[TS | “sJoogT | “peo, ae Ave | sypeig | “Aveang itera rat “sud StpMOd | 8 ae |) plot gen: Ne Sear ome | eke: ebay 80 X “UOTSOY sAeq [BIOL 2 “Soy ‘oseYsNOA YuOTMOONG oseysnos Aig “PNIGUHA LOTNULO 845 *(SIG6L) S86 UNO][NgG ,SIOMNIB,, OINQ[NOWSy Jo yueMyIVdEG “S “hs LL SS 60°08 “4ys0o WON *su0ly ~uped 90° 6L°S$ “4800 sso1y Po" 0° 06° £6" 16° £1 “08 ‘ps0 u0 4s0 -10} UT te (ce 18°03, ‘snoou -B{[oo “STI ‘oNy[NOWSy JO yuomMyItdo “Ss *Q JO SeTY UT Rep poystiqnduy 1 “Surppeq spunod 9°, pu® ‘Avy z9aojo punod 7'0 ‘Avy B[V[e punod 1°09 Pec all tke 40° oS * GLP FURS 2 16° 240° ¥g° LY* GZ"8 | 690 I 16° tS) i 66° Sas ee | 08 9) ee0GeR Pepe aclkOn s Or" gg" | 98° | T'9. | ToL ‘es oe OR (0) OS * 2g° 18 “aT 180 16 90°0$ | TF°0$ | FO'O$ LF 0S | SS '0$ | ZZ'ES | 970 E19 “quo UT MDTeM S| roc -dnbo |. Sul A’T ; ‘peonp “HSI ch romod : pus |. ong |. pur ‘07 -paaiq IOqey| | pooy | oud MPT | s3uy |PAMV) yon poo} VT! seg a spunog -pring wide | IL ‘spunod gor “ad ysod burnpoud fo }s09 —'FeF ATA], ~ - coal oe ieee Cost Data for Farm Products. SCONrOCHOMHARAN HANNO pooe“esssctca = oa a “spooy snoouey ~[00STIN, P16 9°TE * oT 6° Reese aed lteee B Srneet lene ci peavey 1 ue £°¢ ar 6° £01 0°9 g° 9° ST ¢" PL £"F #9 0's 0% 0°22 JAN 1°0 "yyrur | “spaey wg TIEN BSrVISHssorwsds AAROMOMAMDON wD Pel¥ s OTS T ‘oF ¢ “08% 7 *[BOUL [IQ |‘osByUV, {eo AN *paoy jo spunog “AOTC ET 9°12 18 £°69 1001 “SIO 9 “POF L°G9% GOFE LOST T 668 @ Ske G ‘OLE rag GL8E 9 ‘POP L°86¥ L‘1GP 0°29 & “66P 6 °LEP bS0F “UI0D §l° 08 ‘F Il 06° 029 OO 08 * o1’9 OF OL'T 08 °9 09 Itt ol F cP 69° LL°% ¢ a 92°F 6 98 °T 89°S cI ¥8° OFS ral OL'T 99h id 99° ST's cs Wie 8&'E 0% 29° 69°% 9% 99° 98°E €1 59° 92°¢ 9% 20 dele (GE ‘romod | . peurrury 10qeyT *SsoAO1(T *sanoyy *ssOqT | SOAOICT qetor aie LI6T-ET6T 1161-8061 L16T-£16T L161 9161 C16 PIT ST6l L161 L16T L161 L16I 161 May 9161 pis bie Siok CaS aris rh okeyayele| LIGI=ClOlalnae = ae ~""""" "7 TISUOOSTAA LIGT 806T |\°°° °° 57>" 7 BIOS UU UTGTSSTCT. | ecacs ame ae “=== =) TIMOSSTI, LI6L = |; BMOT pure “VysvaqaN ‘TANOSSTW 1261 se eeeesseessy STOUTIT PUG BVAOT “agecy *UOTSOXT ‘suryduimd punod ¢’9 ‘suveq Aos punod 7°0 sepnyouy ‘oinqjynowsy Jo ydoc *g “CQ JO Soly UT Byep poysTqnduy + *" WISMODSTAA COCO AACR OO GES CIA (=F [2h Cyr mis SIQrm S.07s 0 ni as =e oi = GOTO) MELO Ry sense cores 5 TBIUMOC SAAN >BjOSOUUTPY OsRIOAY see te este ea resageresene ee seseeenge Stare ee eee ereeeesseeeseesecenger teeters eseeeeseseeeseengg Wrote tees ee reese esses sees eeenggy Sse sso oss*= TITOSSTW “-""""spl0oad ZIG 1Oy OSBIOAW GAOT JSOMTQNOG sett teens ereceseseeesesese= BM OT [RITMOD son ge sees t eee e esses eeeseessese= = TINOSSITY ra ae a aie ae HESSD NT Feo eeeeeeeeserereeees=*=-StOUTTT PUB BAOT “MOTSOYT i —— rylod fo spunod oor buronposd sof syuamaunbes 10qn) ascoy pun unw pun poaf hjuwex—EEy ATAV I, LB =f ¥ Pa te e s sows. = = & hgh - o he RE ‘co < ob ss £2 +? Gtk Oe De rs} Te LLOQ: <- aetee | 34 “Y bs weer” aie 7 Vogt ttyl is 11 ier (ae ARE LONE ; Spgs Deady oo NAG ! i» ‘ I : 3 fo Mi. 9i).4 ne, ORR Rag met Aut tag) t'g 2 nse oY % Bally nls ‘del her falidtian ae! t Chinsid ebariod OF Sox Pear afd Kahiog (MG nai bono TY rien Dpegs , ye {oa hathrony & £0 wehe ut) a a ee i u Tt&t MOY Le 1 >» i ; . ’ % 7 ‘ - P, ¥ ‘ ‘ OM OMA (a jad) og) wiah} j i “% = ¥ J ¥- baa daniel Ee . a ery etme : : S ae , : i ‘ a: ’ ' a : ' N i . \ i bet : ' : ’ - ‘ i; Wvtal ‘ “ jet ent ‘ | $ 10 4 nd } . 5 wil i tenrrns P ¢ Vege Prt: muh af wre fe ee | ; i jpuyoatl ).sfetl. cminest . : i A Lp ie UG i i } i ie RC ee , - i toy { 4 J oat he t fies ; : H Y ; 4 i ’ ; ih Vd i ; «gat Aah ‘ ro hie? \ | ve ¢ byay a . 7 i ~* ; ‘ PLL ad ; ‘ = lt , > : } a ‘ ! Meson bhp Ada gee amt as ‘s oe _ ne |.66 08 ‘ b ° Oe DPA. Oae Ay te ri . a bef (= Tey, . 7 ” ‘ t i eo { | : } 1 i ib amt fevg > ? ‘ Ny ¥ > 4 : - t ae . ~, i | A ber i’) et ‘ t hes it pound o } j vi , ~ a! he t ey A , ; . vs TT : , rs. ‘ is iFo4uj Of BR}. ; ; ! a fia Fe . ‘ sf i : ha - Wet b dare + exuttoniet Ma ; ue ci ‘ ° + A ~ ) ore t ; ; bee a y > ; ' 3 a % ee ls & mp Pa Bere: . "gaye om 4 ' 7h 2 . 4 i's y : 1 ‘ ' . Pe. ~ 3 { t ee , 4 | 5 . ’ y oh : an ms a we ¢ a » Teer ley Seer?" A ae, “shee « rh oeMinktictyy? erticeehe ;. eIUTY Bear papetintt “s we eae © PST Teege ine tg Nye. | a Lee . Lis « | ba \ A, ‘ Tan PEA 5. | : : * A P Al Moor Mn 7. * ' . * v “A. oe | A INDEX. Page. Aberdeen-Angus cattle, distribution.__..22---- 242 AGELAsTO, A. M., C. B. Doyre, G. §. ME toy, and O. C. Srinr, article on Pe eevienenitiation’!:.... Diu) jvtinon bity soit soon mses 323—406 Agents— eer eter ae Sets eb en 2 NE IO 8] Spoon . apes 38 eee aid by local funds. 20-0) Fie oe 36 Agricultural— Bepaoumcy Bureau, organization -~-__~-~~-~ U1 0 ol ris tainting 16-18 epueadon,-worl-or departmentit! 8. 20 os fou Cols EPO hy Sey 29-31 REP nar ee J OAINE WCOMIMISS OM M a= NR Ee 15 production— increase, comparison with population increase... 408 pe remiielice OF United States. eo! tain 407-412 products— Peete CO mbeth GALES neo ee EDL PRETOS OTE eet tid at * 407 Rea eda COTES ae en NTRS YU PO ~V ECT a) eo 737-769 Seaersuics of production and exports —\) 2? 9h hbo on ae 71-76 regions, divisions, descriptions, crop ACLU TG Ys CLC eae seman 413-506 Beeneear (te, Lrenas, 1500-1929" s == =~ - Ee 2 eee 787 Agriculture— American— Gescripaen oF craphic summary. - 27)" 89 30 8 toierg 408-410 graphic summary, article by O. E. Baker_______ 407-506 eter USE see ee ek ee IGE ROR 411-412 Department— appropriations, expenditures, and receipts, 1921_..- 68-70 cooperation with Vocational Education Board ______ 30 Brin aaeeetil@ i 2 ene te SBN) HO AOIST PSR Bae 25 Peale Tenner OL WOrKerS. eS 65-66 LUIS Bhs SETS he et tlemateale eatetala eee ef ae a 61-62 Past Ca eUI Sea gn a ee ne eS 6 OPE SEED TORY 31-33 Seiten Heitels Sh aTiCg = ae ee EY cS ASTI EI BS 63-64 LLU 7 eat SR alse nt Ap eS 0 INES AINE I le ise Lh 24-25 CEES {SG 1 5 Sm a ahs kA at ME te I hep ine 25-29, 67 BeEViCe WOLk. THDGE GANG DIMES <2 eer eee ee Ot BENE 39-40, 69 WOR In Alaska. VarlousebuLedlis= os == oe ten (oS ees 60-61 economie conditions, discussion by Secretary_________.-_ 1-13, 66 peeaeeety. report, 1921 < S27 Het ei Dol near Shik {host Rotana 1-76 Alabama, interest rates on loans to farmers__----- = 368 Alaska— PoP OO RIND INTCS: <2 ee 2 ee 59-60 mL SUL vey. areas mapped. (0 Se eve ing Bh Pins Amiel ref Alfalfa— SUCH Paha Secs | aber SM AS jeter a ae a2 Raunt cene eae Ree Monee Rete La Se RAE ny 451 Seem, prices at Kansas City, by months, 1912-1921! 7 oO se 608 Almonds— rr Ma ee ee ere a SE ee Pee GR, be 468 Beene St hiShlcs <8 ee Oe 741, 753 Analysis, methods, development, by research work ___-_--_-_ 28 Animal— ese COMUOL WOlK (ome = oan ae ae ee eee Benen a 41 mater, amports and exports; statistics: YS ee BS 737, 738, 743-744, 749, 757-759, 764-765 ~ products, statistics, 1921_______ 681-683, 700-709, 718-722, 730-731, 735-736 847 848 Yearbook of the Pepartment of Agriculture, 1921. Animals— Page. condemnation at Slaughter, 1901-1921 =<). Eee 736 farm— aggregate value, by States, comparisons: 2). =e Toe number and ‘value, Jan: 15 1920.0 EE Eee 470 number in world countries." 2 ee ee eee 675-6890 Statistics, 1921. 3 es eS eee 675-736 live— CXPOELS, \StUtISHICS.< <22° Ea a ee 743, T49 ~ Imports, 4StAbSHCS 22 ee eee eee 737, 743, 749 meat, prices, index numbers, 1910-1921 _..- - Eee 781 “predatory, eradication_____..-=-- ___e.-4344e. 2 ee eee 4546 Anthracnose, cotton, n natine and contre). 22 — +s _ +t ee 356-357 Aphis, corn-root, injuries and control studies__________-______-_-____ 186-187 Appalachian region, cattle industry, feed requirements, ete__________ 258-260 “Apple irees, acreage in 1919.2) a eee eee 464 Apples— cold-storage holdings, by months___.=___-_-_._=-_ = =: =) ag 629 commercial crop.in 1919_-— 2 =. a ee 465 cost of production per acre, by States_.._........4 +._4-54, ee 816, 827 exports, statistics. = =.— os 2 we ee 751, 760 losses, causes and extent, 1912-1920__._____-_____.____ aes 629 prices, by States and, by, months. -- ss = te eee 625,62T-628 production— iS) A RN cit aI ae RUA) SPI ANNE ie MOE N.S 465 labor and material requirements per acre____-__-_____________- 816 shipments, 1917-1921, by StateS.___-__..- = eee 629 statistics, production, value, Cté,_- 2 se 625-629 Appropriations, Agriculture Department, 1921, details-________-______-__ 68_—70 gpricots, EXPOrts,, SLATISHIGS..._ -=— _- _. (ane = pass eee 760 Argentina— corm production. and.e=ports2_2=- se eee 205, 206 production; quality, and price... Eee 205-207 Arcais, imporis, StatistiCs_ "=. =" = eee 753 Arizona— cotton 2TOWiE esse Ee ————— 372 WheAL. PrOGUCLION..- ee eee $0 Arkansas. interest rates on loans to Tarmeérs___ "eee 368 Asses— number and Value; January 1, 19202." eee 470 world Countries: nuMver___ et ee ee 675-680 Assistant Secretary, supervision over extension work___________________ 37 Automobiles, number— : of farms using; and per cent of "total farms=_*--- >>" eee 505 on, fatiis, by States. 222222 Se eS ee 789 Baby beef, cost— of production, feed, and labor requirements___---~---__-______-___ 266-268 of 100 pounds of gain, by States._._.-—_. —_.._- + eee 838 Bacon, exports, Statistics... ---22 as eee 1DS Baker, O. E.— article on “ A graphic summary of American agriculture ”________ 407-506 C. R. Batt, C. E. Leieury, and O. C. Strng, article on “‘ Wheat pro- duction and marketing ’_.. =... —=--.-____._ --- eee 77-1 C. E. LEIGHTY, C. W. Warsurton, and O. C. String, article on “ The COMM: CLOD "2 en a eee 161-226 BE. W. SHEETS, C. E. Gresons, O. C. Sting, and R. H. Witcox, article on “Our beef stpply ”_—__— ees 227-322 Bales— cotton— density. after recompressing_-- = eee 374 Size, Shape, and weight. on eee 373-374 UintBes aWelgilis..-— Sooo a ee ee 382 eane: PET eS cee So cet ee gen gee ie ae ee 373 BALL, ©. 8, U; H.Lewrry, 0... C. STINE, and O. E. BAKeEr, ga on ; is Wheat production and marketing ” Be eae, J oe eee 77-160 Bananas, imports, statistics... =.) == eee 740, 766 Index. 849 Banks, loans— Page. LOeenoOnLtoaWweEn in. leading. States... _-- a 359 PAawaneTSrmteres, rates, by: Stakes2o- 22 5s 778 sme CTECE ROT SLSR TLIO of ae a ee ee ee 45 Barley— acre, labor and material requirements by States____________>___ 814 acreage— TLE CNT ee I eer nat: teri y 102 ne OL ee ee a eee are rier Le.“ 0e 5 442 consumption in world countries, 1909-1918_.. .... 580 conor procuction: per acre, Dy »tabes__..__._. =. __ 814, 822 TST LE ES) SEUEEI ES BAS ea Fe ener os aaa ae Ragin Den tem te FA6 PN CAmNCS EAN $812, 829, 832 TOTS fark SSE ST SEa Gp pee on acre cook we: sumed settle enh anebeetlat fh be eelartih tlie tt Mit ead y's 742 Eos an. Dy MONS —— ee 639-649 PMC ViiC ee Stites. ee eee 639 soy. statistics, acreage, production, prices, etc.________________. __._ 640-641 statistics— ee DEACON NaC: GLa. = eee 638-640 sD S Be Tipe apSh oh) Sis 2 see gue eb ceed aed en Rela ld ite a) SA (ee Ee Re REDE ee ee ee LE ee ee eee ae 444 ra gala production and acreage, by countries__________________--___.. 638 eef— ia tieeled CXPOrLs, StAaLIStiCS "= = 758 cattle— Meelichtte eutetity THprovement oe Pe SLE AEE AE 28 pecan re ee ee ee tee Sh EAL Rie 692-695, 734 receipts at stockyards, and slaughter, 192f_________ 693-699, 715, 735 See also Cattle, beef. CoMnmtnILIem Per Capita 1o0l—lool oe Sh noe reset) See 312-316 cost— of. produetion, factors, variations, e€te.20 2 oe ee 265-275 to consumer, distribution of profits eS See 2 2s ee Te See ere TICPIEIYACH 2 a ea eRe tee ae Sener eee a) Lee VT TREES 308-312 ARES GE EES IKCSS 2 BN ES ee eee ie TAA, T58 SUL. SG By) Se Se ee ee ee ee ee eee 308-312 MMII. 1910-1920 “World. COMMErICS= ~~ =~ 52> -—2s-—2 7 Ses eae 700 pee ae MEI SL CEC IRL VS ae ee a ee 2 SEER Ae ee 750 production— Stee fe Sa 0 en ere St en rh nd ee ee a ee 245-264 UGE GUSTS i) a ee eres RE MP et eal aie See ell Bi! 317-821 supply, article by E. W. Sheets, 0. E. “Baker, C. E. Gibbons, O. C. Beane Hite ese Etsy Vy MC Kae = ne eee 227-322 MEE eCOUNITICS CxHOrts, - 1910=1920—" Se eee ee 689 Peceanomper of colonies: on farms, Jan. 1920°= see 488 Beeswax— EA) TT SR rs (ga eons ee eae serene eel IE alll Rak, Beat eh ete 743 MEME ely SUSE TEINS ACS oe oh ee ee 737, Tdd - Beets— statistics— PPLE EO TYE RUGS Doped REC ak (3 72 aha tpl PS so Tal ae a OR lS telah l Dia ot nba et Sh 73 Suimiary, (909, 192719212 == 2 == Se ee ee ee T71 850 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Beets— Continued. sugar— Page. acreage and production, by States-_—_ {2 = see ee 658, 659, 665 ACTOALE TL a as ee 457 cost of production’ per acre, by States=2 2 eee 811, 825 labor and material requirements per acre, by States________-___ 8il world production, by countries. 2. Eee eee 665 Beeves, by-products price“ fuctud dons - eee 302 prices at ‘Chitazo 1909-1914 = ee ee eee Berry, Cotmnbian, description <= ee ee eee 26 Billbugs, injuries-to ‘corn, ‘control studies= = eae 186—-iST Binder— EWine. Costas factor, in wheat protits= ="= === ==" es eee 117, 120 wheat, use in threshing =~ ee 92, 93 Biological Survey— CEE POE RS RTT) cad we ree ee re oe ee ee —2 ee eee 69 SURtIONS. in. Alaska oe ne ee ee eee 60 Bhent, chestnut; destructiveness 42 Blister” rust; white-pine; ‘destructiveness—— eee 42 Blue vitriol; use acvinst punt in wher eee 110 Boards of-trade; supervision by Secretary_*-- "= * = eee 384-385 Boll weevil— cotton— Cost in destruction Of cotton - = ee eee 41 origin, history, habits, and control2—_-- eee 349-852 damage to cotton crop, by States. eee eee 613 mjury tO Cotton. production eee 334. 406 spread in “cotton, region, Map -—=- >">. ee 350 Boll worm— cotton, habitS and Control. =: _ = = eee 354 pink— eradication WODk... a en a ee 42-43 history and. coutrel work=_ =. Eee 352-354 Belly cotton, description _——— SE SE prmior sas 381 Bonds, farm-loan, and farm-mortgage extension________-__=-_--_-_-____ 14,15 Borer— ¢corm,. Huropean, infested areal... eee eee 187 European-corn, injuries, and control studies______________-_==__--_ 187 larger cornstalk, injuries to corn, control studies______—__~»__-> = = 187 Boys = chabsadvanta ges. 4-4-2. = eee RY 6 Brahman cattle, advantages for Cotton Belt_-_________—___=____= => 254-255 Bran, prices at Minneapolis, by month§S, 1916—1921-__-______ > 603 Brazil _ cotton-crowing increase... === eee aot Bread; making of, flours of several kinds_..____.___-- . = =s eee 123-124 Breeders, wheat, cooperation with market specialists___-________________ 21 British Empire, agricultural production, comparison with United States__ 407 Broom corn, statistics, acreage, production, prices, etc_________________ 73, 643 Buckwheat— acreave in 1919 _2_ 0) = ee ee 444 cost of production per acT@=—-—=--_- 2 + *" = eee 826 exports, statistics -—_ = 25 eee 746 harvesting with reaper, note. ————eeeeeee 8S statistics, acreage, production, value, ete________________-__ 71, 72. 565-567 yield; and.value per. acre,,,and price. * eee 567 Bud: selection, perennial plants_—— = = = Saag ee ae a, Buenos ‘Aires, freight rates on wheat 22222 eS eee 136 Buffaloes, number in world counivies___-_ se eee 675-680 Buildings— Agriculture Department, condition... => eee eS 61-62 farm value, January 1, 1920 ~~ oa eee 494 Bulls, purebred beef breeds on tatms2 2 es ee eee Ein d a Bunt, damaseto' wheat..." $228 ss ete eee ee eee Se Burros, number and’ value; January: 1,1920 082222 > AS Bushel weights of grains, 1902—1921-_~ "22 ee 778 — s Index. 851 Butter— Page. EAEUGICGR A SND LSP GS et a lp en ale 8 743, T57 POE StS aes ee en Pk ZOE eee ee eee 737 Pee es eee eet ee es Se en Sn Ae SIS ee eee 703 production— BE EAPC OGLCN MEE: 40 ote “arene SSSR LLC)» Fy RCRD AED SABES Sohn S57 ooh 481 SPT eT ELE SES TT OE ee = ern: EE Teh 00088 bo od POS EE eee 480 statistics, production, prices, and international trade_____________ 703-705 Monier eninities.,Cxports;, 1909-1920 - 8 - e 704 Meric-countrics- imports; 1909-1920 Va SP Oe en eee 704 Cabbage— Sent on production per acre, by States_a==22-~ += == == ams a8 ese ns Pees PEA ee 634 Pee Tea e HOG ANG TICES: = oe = === Ss - = ses ee FS 634 oranges, production and value, 1915-1921________________ 633 WHEN producthon- Periods —— 2) ts = eer a 89, 90, 91, 94, 95, 96 Calves— [DSSS Fs CY 8 ph ec sie pn Se! 287 ceudemnation-at slauchter, 4907—1921--- 28 ee ee ee 135 OLR, SEES Teh 7 STE TE (ss SS ee ee ee | 4T5 BineCSPAt DrMCcipal-Mmanrkepss ——— — S27 s we Sein * a ee 692-695 raising for baby beef, feed and labor requirements_________-______ 266-268 -receipts at stockyards, and slaughter, 1921__.-_-_______________ 698-699, 735 SURE a Sores Se 7 es (Pt 316 Blauchier ander ederal inspection-====--=-—=-=-—- =)! ee 291 See also Cattle. Cane— acreage— RUSS ECDL Se ee re Og Paes Eee he pred on 8 SS 660 pl SiN ag aaa sd I Lee eS BLE ALAM pio ey es. eee ees 457 POE Awaba cen sa SE Ss Ses Shi Se gia? 661 mune OL production per acres: >= 22=5--— See et eh es $29 enavesor.todder, aereage in-191942 Mis ite ss Om esas 445 Beardie =produchion, 1911-1921 = es a ee ee ee 657 Puaeeninenol surar,.acreage inv 1919--.—-- ~~». 2 += > ee ee a ee 457 Poameaemaintads control. cost;.etesi.-----..-) =f 2 Soe eee oe 42 Jantaloupes— EonimG@RnOGICLLON per acres 222 ----.L25h sb See eee 829 market— peeren oe. LON. 3222 5 re oe ee os ee Ee A Se eee 460 shipments. 1917=1921, by States lees sss ea 6 as es eee 654 Garioads: weight of various .commodities____—-_~---~~----+-422_ 4) 52 -} 791 BLIerDictaeost OL. production per acre. =—22-2—- S55 === == eee 829 Cattle— beef— Pree s ai ShhOlGON «2662 5 ae eee ee 242-244 2osof.400 peunds of gain; ‘by: States=—2 = = 836-839 rae mupoLtancesin acriculturee = 283 SS eS eee ee 221-232 Abr peiicCLincInGtNOGS 2. ee ro oe es ee 277-280 marketing, seasonal movement___—.—~—.------~+-==2-+=+_==2 287-292 nouImberanaeyalue..januaryl, 19202228 = ee 170 MED er a eat OL) 2 en ee ATS pHEMT EAS wT Dee a a eS 229 852 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921, Gattle—Continued. beef—Continued. Page. prices at-.Chicago, monthly. averages__.—-____ ss Sa 292-304 publications relating to 222. ee eee 322 pure bred, number on farms, January 1, 1920__________ ies 478 pure bred, value and numbers on farms, ete_-__--~-~_.--___.._ 289-244 westward movement.-of industry_—_..______@ 2 2 222.3 gee oe condemnation at slaughter, 2907—192k. 4. ee ha 735 dairy— number and. value, January 1, 1020_acce2_.2..225_.oheheeee Biles 470 number, Januanyel 1920-2 = eee 477 pure bred, number.on farms January 1, 1920_____-_4- == ee 478 exports, statistics2. 24-2 /2 2 este aat Scie ope ee ee 743, 750, T57 fattening, feed and labor requirements________as=+ 2+ ces Sade 269-275 imports, -StatishiGss:...—- Se cate th at See Seo 737, 764 industry— growth and extension ______ qa copetes aed = SR eS ek 232-239 in Important’, Countries - = 422) ~~ =a ee eee 230 relation+to: soil fertility —-——— ain. -net os se ene ee 228 numbers— increase. in South, 1880-1920... 22.122 s2 abe n aap ee ee 338 on-farms,, January. 1, 1920... +... 3s eee 475 pure bred, relation to other cattle, by States_______.__2s- Lp snes 241 Fange, development. of industry___=____=-—_=_____ tee 235-238 ratio, to population, and «slaughter_____- =) ee eee 318-320 slaughter— In D9O( 1921 oe as se ee a eee es tacpey cee 3E ee 316 monthly ..-2 3 2 en a eee ee 289 under Hederal Inspection :uA< = se2 —-2 Se oe ee eee 290 statistics, number, value, imports, and exports________-_____-~-_- 690-700 testing for tuberculosis____- pes ooo et So ee eee 45 tiek,, eradication. work ___=="-—-/2_- = == eee 44 tuberculous,. indemnity funds. sess ss5s_«.s4enuts Je eee 45 value— comparison with hogs and sheep___——-0..1...- j54264nes ee eee 228 on farms, 1910-1924..222 5 eb ts SoS 555s eee ee eee 163 wintering in Cotton Belt, feed used per 1,000 pounds____--_--__-_---_ 256 world— countries, number =.= -— sant eel Eee eee ee eee 675-680 production-=22..-._._--=_-_ = __ ee ee eee 231 Cattlemen, loans, needs and. practices-_-___=-=___--— ee 275-277 Celery, shipments 1919-1921, by States_.-__________-_____==* = See aeeee 652 Cereals— breeders, cooperation with market specialists_______________uiui___ 21 consumption in world countries, 1909-1918____________ ih eat ee ee 580 production in tons, per farmer______ ____- a= +2 4p ae eee eee 408 statistics, acreage, production, and exports, 1910—-1921____-_______ Tl, 72, 74 Cheese— exports, Statistics .....____..-. ict pn? aosern= =eeme me 737, 743, 750, 764 production.in factories in 1921_.________ os: _ Seis (ae eee 482 statistics, production, prices, and international trade_____------__- 705-707 Ghemistry Bureau, receipts in 1921________.__._. ese peek ee eee 69 Chicago— ; freight. rates on, wheat... = 2 2 eo a 135, 136 market for corn, price. determination.uc _-1 1-0). 12! pees = Pay, prices. of .wheat.. 2... abit hbewuiess ape ee ee 145, 146 wheat. .market 2 a et ee eee 92 Chickens— breed. establishment_-...2- 2 4- = =- 2s eee 28 prices, 1909-1921... a2 ee ee eee 709 China— agricultural production, comparison with United States___-_-__---____ 407 eotton. production. 8 ele See 327 wheat production, note=..=—-- =. s#essnus les eae See 81 a en Index. 853 Chinch bugs— Page. RIL ENI EE EEO WV L1G be eet Sigs Terr i pe PR le RE 108, 109 iAJULTY, ania T4L Bedtime PONET ON: CONE, these ies Spee Tee ene 4h Coffee— saan am CARREY a OS Aah tree een orlt ore ay 744, 749 THE TPO AS SRS TE RST? Cs a Le Prey oe eee eee es 739, 749, T57, 766 trade, international, 1909-1920, by eountries___________ aut » 669 Mmidectorace. Snace. py, slates, A921. 8 ecg 793 Mplorsina, whet. production. periods... eae ee ek 92, 26 Colts— horse, on farms, number, January 1, 1920.0 =. 471 Mme On Cars Jangary 1, J990 i) JNest ot yntoy Kise pyar es eee 471 Seg DeTEY.. GPSCTIDTION = ses b3 31 se) 8 ripe tts ges Ths tS pe Somprensine-.coton,.and, recompressing_._-.__ = __ --§ _§ =. - ee ies 374, 399 ation— nporianece in eradication OF pespst. ofc. ee fens Feet hee epee te 46 iM LOlesinve wOLlk.and. fire control___________.-- _=._=____ --astedeney 54, 56 is minha Sse acains, bunt in wheat... =. ee 110 rn— acre, labor and material requirements by States_________________ snus (80S acreage— ane, jn nitend Sta termes +. a este eh eek phe edes Fire nee Pye 161 cui.tor forace or fodder, fist Qt Get ot cen) 4 see ee Epa ceieges tony peepee, 436 paerermpi ia, ina 9O)s cere wer. eangcesb ps es epee pap eee oh yep gs peer cee ee Egle aeiqg ~AS5 “EXT FTIR S OA Ar ce ee ey Ge ee 103 in. South, comparison. with @ots@Rs.. 0 te eh ee “oat yield. and jproduction;, IS66—1921 ee a ee eet. 169 pavaniaces, and. climate 2 ee sp ee eat, 103 amount required to purchase various farm tools, efc., 1918, 1920, ity) =e ee eee eee eee 216 854 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Corn—Continued. Page. Argentine, production and exports, 1901—-1921____________ 205 Belt— cattle industry, management, fattening methods, ete___________ 260-265 crop ‘combinations — 2+ 22. ==. 25-0 ee nO) eee 176-178 location; area: and. description: 201420 2 ee eee 175-176 borer, European, area-infested2=:— ~~ =--2=-. 1) 2) 3. 09 eee ase consumption in world countries, 1909—-1918_______- = 580 cost of production per acre, 1992-1921, by States_____________ 808, 817-S18 cribbing, methods: 2... 298355 1. ee ee eee 202 erop— article by C. E. Leighty, C. W. Warburton, 0. C. Stine, and O. W- Bakers. -==-~2--22ccsanettl OR 8 ols J 2a0 a eee 161-226 marketing: channels.20 22100) oh ee eee 224 eutting— foer-silage,. ete —.-~.<=-i=-ee-s= se ee ee eee 178-181 with harvesters. --2-=+==—= ==. sass a 2 ee 180, 181 danger and-effect of: early frostsi2. Lo 2oe 0G ie ees 182 destruction: by smut, 1917—1920..... +... =- —-— ee 185 diseases, injuries and effect on corn yield__-__-________~_________ 185, 186 early- history and crop development______----__--________= 171-175, 219-220 exports— 4891-1920 2030) 2 I A eee 203-205 and per cent of crop, 1891-1920. —.-—~~~~2---. + eee 204 comparison with wheat..=~--=- 2... S33. tee ei ee 80 St#tIStICS =.=! SW Se eee 746, 751 farmers growing, and per cent of all farmers_—________--__s_=_) 162 | farms producing in 1919.——-~—-~-—-++=-21 4). se eee 163 feeding- to: live stocki0it b) it isi 20. ee eee 13 freight rates— ; in: -1910—-1921 2 =>. milol Sie sd. aie pe eee 207 . rail-and ocean ---2 > 2 a ee ee eee 207-208 grades, condition governing, effect on prices, ete__________________ 195-199 . erading, quality, ete., as factors-___._._._. == See eee 195-199 — growing— ; Central Northwest .--===-=-=+=—-=---+= = See 105 season and frost_..-=2. 422.352.2254) Je eee 106 season. -and.. requirements... --- _-— ~-—- ee ee ee Ss 183 season, leneth, various .sections..-.===-==—--=-— > ee 182 handling: the- crop, method. ~—~--+———~ 2-2 See 178-181 hauling; cost: per-ton per ‘mile_=+.. ~~~... 2=..-2 ee ee 791 husking.-from standing stalks, valuelu_._-_ =) )_ bee een Si 178, 192 imports— in 1914 oe ee 2 2 ee ee ine ee eee 205 Statistics 02 i -toln tes QOS eh ee 740, 753, 766 leading crop in United States, in acreage and value________________ 161 losses, causes, and extent;-1909-20. 28) 2 es _ eee ge See 514 market prices, determination at- Chicago_______-________~--+_______ 217 marketing— movement from producing farms_____________________s=a)e@ 199-202 receipts at principal markets, 1917-1921__________-____________ 195-197 marketings— monthly ._-._..-~— ~~. eet So die ene ee eee 201 per cent.of total.crop in. 1919... eee 4387 merchantable, per cent of total crop, 1886-1921, 1911-1920_________ As AS moisture— content and shrinkage in storage, tests____________-___-______ 202-203 content, principal markets, by months____---______-_==-_-=____ 203 monthly movement from county where grown, per cent of crop, 1911— Se ee ee , 201 new, shrinkage, by months, 9-year average________________L___-___- 203 Dlanting— j date, various sections -==.----—--+-._-. Simi bag Ae ba se dates, by. States {i £015) stioiiey, sesuo ity 0) Dope ee ee season, various sections =—==2=-==-===-===-2- farm, 4566-1920: discussion; “ete se oO ey 220-223 on farms, and farm value per acre, 1866—-1921_______ 220 en farms, and marketings, 1909-1914, by months____-__ 213 on farms, and purchasing power, by months, 1912-1921. 214 on farms, December 1, 1921, with comparisons_______________ 209-212 rerulation by grades, fluctuation, etes-=2__-22 + 195-199 Broder Wwinterfen Cathie. sn See a ee 8 ae O78 OT Variations, seasonal *and annual. <9 VOU Lo Aiea ee) Ss TOOT production— SOO eR SS ECECE ES UP ESE CSET ee nn nr eerie RAD” SANA A FEL «See 165 and exports, United States and Argentina, average 1900-1920____ 206 ENTER Se TENE EE SE METI oe mates 2 Pare ae eo 8 A EI Sd Se ReRA NSE SS MOI CTIA IT ee ye eat 8 ee ce ee eee ee 170 CSS SSS SS a a a SE 188-194 ease rag ee eens ee eee See ee ee a eee 189, 191 DSL Pic Sa LT Sales CG 1 gS el etn a Sa, at ell i Lh Soke Lb Rae 190-194 Gisp-werkine standards; -studies,’ ete) 2S a ee 188—190 costs, estimating methods, and samples_____________ 193-194 Lk 2 Af Sin gh LCs LCST» pe i nl i i lags elt Se SS TS 181-187 atte hyn et NiKy ere ee nenee eA 20. Oe 208 eee ee et teh ee eh IO 1 tp ee a a ae ee 171-173 Rieter Tati “tO promdcrioln, 19 Fl =1920- =~ = es ee ee 437 SUEY URL SS EE a ae a nk 161 pide COREG by Sy iri) RES od 2 od eT | sag ie pe elaine Lig A a a 198 in United States, 1912, 1920, 1921, acreage, yield, ete._____+_ 168-171 ERICA TAT Ant yield - per Aer e nen. 2S. 2 3 Se Oe ee et 432 tee tetris 0 re ee es ts ee a ee eee ee 222 price and purchasing power December 1, 1866—-1921__-__________ 222 SCLAMON = CO™ IEA T SUP yer a rs Ss le ee 22-2 purchasing power— serena ON Met NOG aaa" See FOE «ee tT 215 ra AUG Ee ee ee EE Lites su yl 220-222 WEES Y TVA ENERO’ FREE ERY 0 Snr we SSE ET es BL 224-225 receipts, by grades, principal markets, 1917-1921______--__________ 196 a EEE SET PTO 11 SS rrr ee et TOS 27 statistics— acreage, production, value, ete., 1921__-___-__--_ 71, 72. 74, 80, 507-519 SEITE YT OT). ~ POZO A ee ae i ETSY = 770 Sennett ep OU MEELON “ATCA et een ke ee See i) eee ee 199 sweet— MOS AOE* pT OC UCT ON = DEP “al Cl Ona ee ee eee == 829 mpcket acreage in -1910= = he Ye ee 462 use— and value for food and a feed for stock _-_-_---------_-_ 164-165 for-feed and per ~ cent -of -crope-2s- == 2 = a > Ae 165 uses— ERI VAIO tee he et eine ote TE EEE AERTS = 564 on=tarms-and > per cent’ of "Crop ea 2a She Sees 165 value— comparison: with -other-crops==2 2222-5522 2S a aS 238 164 ef Erop:-comparison: With-wheat=. 2S" ss So ee eee 80 of crop in United States, 1910-1914. and 1915-1919_______-_____ i164 GH EATING: “TOT O—10 2 ao es ee ee ee ee 163 world— ‘ PEOCROLtSe hy. COUMERIES. 1900-1990" sa) As se eee 519 dmanerts: by.-countries; 1909-19202 20s 2 bo et 519 856 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Corn—Continued. world—Continued. production— Page. and. @3POBtS. Se ee 781 by countries. +. a ee ee ee —. 166-168 equal to any other cereal___________ a OE eb eee 161 | in», 1890-192 1 1989 1OF te ee eee 167, 168 increase, 1895-1897 to 1918-192)... 2 32 Se ee 168 yield— and value per acre, and price, 1917—1921_____>__.+ =____- see 512 ; increase, aid of Agriculture Department and colieges_____-_-_____ 175 Cotton— acre, labor, and material requirements, by States__-_--_---_---___-___-- 809 acreage— ; and production im, 1999... tn 434 Geckeanses, LOST.» DVLCC = a oe ce seh 13 yield and production, 1866-1921, trend______________-_-_____— 335-836 American-Hgyptian, location of crep and quality of fiber______-____-_ 372 angular leaf-spot, nature and control_______----____------~-~--- eer ai anthracnose, nature, and \controla- = eee — 856-357 bales, size, shape, and weight..__._____._---------+--~-~-~----— 3873-374 7 i a eT eee 373 | Beit— . Deet-cathle. SNdUStR y= ee ee ee ee —_ 254-258 ‘ definition, and general conditions_______-__------~-_--______- 338-348 . soils, climate, and farm practices___-________-----~+---—--—-—- 340-345 boll weevil, history, habits, and contrel_____----_-_-~_-__-_-__--_-- 349-352 bollworm, habits and control____--__-----_-______-------------------- 354 bolly, description ___------_-~_-----------~------—-_------------—--- 381 classification by Agriculture Department__-_----------------—____-- 385 compress, description _---_-_-------~-----------------------—------ 373 consuming markets _------------------__---------—----—---------- 385 consumption— : et SOG—1OOd = ks a ee eee ep eh ee ee 391 Of CRODY 2. - teh yo OE ee ee Se 391-409 cost of production per acre, by States____------------------------ 809, 819 crop— American, deterioration in. quality____________--__ -_---__——— 400404 importance in the South_-___------------------------------- 323-524 1920, slump in price_-__~_---_---------------—---- —— === 13 cultural practices against boll weevil___-__-----_-__-____---------—- 352 diseases, description and contro]______-----------~-------------- 355-357 Egyptian, description_________---------------------____-------—--- 329 export markets__-__.--_____----__--- -_--------—-- —---=---+=+ 384, 385 @xDOTES etre he 3538, 394, 396-399 exports— reduction in 1920 effect en prices, 1921__________-______--___ 396, 404 statistics 252s ss Pe lh 8 Leyes, os oe ee 745, 749, 751 to specified countries, 1896-1921_______----__--__-----------—--- 399 farms, organization for profitable production_____--------------- 365-367 fertilizerste 2) seth el ee) aye Se ee eed 348 future, markets or exchanges___---------—----_----__-_-_-----_--- 385 ginning, baling, and compressing____---~---------_-_-----------—— 372-3875 grading 2 ~~ -- to ee a et ee Be _ 378-881 growers, financing _____-_-------_------~—---~---+-=--------- + === 367-369 growing— foreign competition_______-_-________---------------+—+- _. 401-402 one-variety communities, benefits_______------------____- —_._ 402-404 under irrigation farm practices________-----------------——- itty - 846 handling and marketing____-__-_____~---__-~--~------------——- 370-330 hauling, cost per ton per mile_________-__-__------—---______-_---—-- 791 imports .32=-_ oper sey en oer oret oe Bee at eee 393 imports, « statisti@ss so. oo ee ee 739, 749, T59, 766 improvement by use of better varieties_______---------------------- 402 industry— problems, improved methods and outlook———--_________-____- rs leaf worm, habits and control____-_------------------------+------ 354 long-staple, fiber length and quality------------------------------- atk Index. 857 Cotton—Continued. Page, ldases causes and vextent, 1909-1920... eter ee, 613 TLL ei eee eee en, SPER) Sore, SI 370-390 PECs IN AN ATLCCN = Se wees yes en eee 585-390 PiAnceis. ClaSSinca tions and. lOCALION. 3 .s.5k se Sate ea 8 383-385 — esus ROCSClimblon. ANG. CONLOL = sk 349-354 pet SG OAbeS I ROXAS. <2. = 25. oh 5f., thes Tak aga meh 342 Pima, fiber length________ bos EO 372 PTI LLCS a ae eee Ege Be Ae TT5-TT6 LPN ESES SRL LES CC 1S gO ES ere St Pee Re yep 342 aA ES CTT SAQA rr oe ae LN TERR TG: prices— SEY, TELS Ba) is a aa Se a eee ena ~ 610, 612-615 And (GUOLATIONS, Varia Tions=.% - 3-2 at te hoes eh tnt ee Bet BH ee 356 sea-island— SPECHT LUAU LIA 082 eeIb IESE bis Ae ae oh ey cy epee bate ee ty Ba’ 327, 329 Gquabhtyand: decrease: in quantaty 2. <= 52 2 ote ee 372, 374 Patent Re NeCU i. ita: Sia 8 tes Fie tee bas arte eS 375-376 Bhorestaple) fiber length and quality... =. - 222 Sesser 4s dene 3T0-571 situation, article by A. M. Agelasto, C. B. Doyle, G. S. Meloy, and OD GE ST eS ee ee anew ies) mee ee 323-406 SRE eMC SLALOM eee Se Sie pete il ele ee er sys lB a hogy 881 SpotemMackers location and, functions... =~ 383-385 BeMasrasS. Oneal, distribution —— st ev fine pees) epee, tye 379-381 statistics— acreage, production, value, etc.__-2-+--44-4- Has 71, 73, 75, 609-616 Rete eye ODOT 1O2he ster ete ee ee 779 supply— anda orsneiniion,. 1905-1901 =k yagi tele oot mil ph meets 393-394 iGe5 i. OVO Gls ee = ee ee AQ+ Miers TOG Lob. FOSUILS. = =) ee ibe = yee hl pa bee 355 trade, international— : TSGGg-19921. by years and dyxreounéries:. 24 ** = hesewiey pisetper 3 610, 615 RM Rai re Se ees ee 397, 398 FLOM SMOLLATION, DEACLICES = Sst tetes Seeetvens! veri tslos ar ie ee ool 390 hecemcommencial, description... asp aelng Seep seeeieie 327-330 upland— iaeeet pO eCSCEIpLION: <8 =e ea ee 329 ShetiSiaple Gescription. —— 9 = 2 a eee ae eet 329-330 value— comparison, wiih other crops ——~oet= sis sees See eee 324 BEIErOD, COlparison, will. wheal =| see 80 oumcarms: | 9101921 8 ee ee eee 163 varieties— ; RIEMAROMERACIE nae hor sone beepers ee eas Sy i soney 402 protection. by community actiowl 2225 sui tae see ta 402-404 PEE ConeeS SlOCHbIONsANG. USC = =a 376-378 SAT Se aa aterm arennesoewemeemere se 212k eh Ee it 316-378 Wil weaduse ANG prevention... I Ieee eee 355-356 world production. 2295 13 BP Pout Ts eet BE Se ee ees 324-327 858 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921, Cotton—Continuec. Page. world—Continued. production -and-expertS2-2- 2 eS eee 781 production -by~countries; <1909=1920 = 22s. San ee ee eee 609-610 yield-and- -value—by* States =<. si ie eee 612 Cottonseed— crushing “processand -products: obtained==—— == Eee 376, 399 delinting 02. ssh SoS i Ba Be ah ee tee te eee eee SS 376, 381 disposal-at- public cinneries=—- = en ee ee eee 375 €xports,--Statistiess. oi 28 abs bh Ree eee hee en ee eee TAS Nandline-and“Wsdg- 3s ee EE a ee ee 376, 399-400 meal, prices at. Memphis; by: monthsi2_2=) 222253... ae 604 oi]l— * exports, 1913-1920, .world-countries== 22 ee ee 800 imports; 1913-1920: world Countries] 3. Seah i eee 800 prices;“by- months; 1910-1922-<-5 as a sae eee 618 production, imports'and exports, 1912-1921- . 7) ae es 799 trade, international, by countries______--____________ NSIT RARE: 618 prices; by nronths; 1910-19024 228 2S ae enn be SS ee 617 production-and-value:by.-States-=---s--2-5-50 8) eS eee 617 products, value and increased demands__-~---~_-___~___--+__-_ 376, 399-400 Cotton-free zones, enforcement in fight against weevil________________ 352, 353 Gottous, Asiatic, description 2 se eee 330 Cowpeas— statistics— acteageproduetion; “prices; ‘ete: -==)25 2 Ss eee 641 summary,-1919,-1920: 1929 22 en ee 771 Cows— cost of feed and labor in producing baby beef___-~---------------_- 268 dairy— feed and labor requirements, by States__------—_-_-__--__ =e 835 yearly cost, production and by-products, by States______-_____ 833-835 Mill, number-and:- value, and. prices. EEE 690-692 Gradie:- wheat harvest-se. 2 ee eee ee eee 87, 89 Cranberries— nereace in. 19194. 222 226 ee ee EEE eee 469 production; acreage, -value.-by_States= Eee 634 Credit— cotton growers’, forms-andhratess2.-—- Soe ee Eee 367-369 farmers’— beef production; = 2 ee 185-186 poem action to marke, values 22 Seen amis control work..." = ee eee 41 Teieeesorcrop, inthe South. 336-338, 366 Doyte, C. B., A. M. AcEtasto, G. S. MELoy, and O. C. Srrxe, article on ee eMEMnmr tnt cn | |S ee EE 323-406 re eMERI Arann og ae Pa = SR 28 Pereeemeect On wheat guility. = See 127 re eMbinttOm, Tecenrci: =) ee RTS RP ee Sa 28 Dry— farming, wheat rotation, factors in choice_____ === 97 rae TMi HicLagat: = 2 ee Pes 8a ee ee OS ee © 93, 94. 96 Durum wheat, production, yield, and district_._.--- 123, 124 Economics— mericultaral Bureau, organization... so 16-18 ee ama MEReL LS Yon = ie Milingty Late 2d eles Ue igi Te 15-18 enna ete 6 at TS he BL 2 a nile ie ie MIs TE 31 Education— agricultural, extension and improvement____--_- ess 29-31 Seeste-Lraining in Department)» 80080 eee Ahoy oe ee 65-66 Eggs— CM areeeE SUTIN EC So 55 oe Ok ARO yea irk is tis eat iigs 2 743 ppeeemrninittics hoe | Tors eGo, Peli tin wet BTS Poe eGelOlin G1 ER PIS peFahT P4 5 ae es TOS mmnenrrproduction. 82295151" O08r ee Use RD 325 on enan SOeReriptiowm is FUOT AOTC! ie ou nr, Jute yee | 329 euertere Mente, Wse-on farms) statistics 0 rou ae eg 788 Bucvarer-wneat, use in marketing oe ee Blevators, grain, remarks and illustrations__-§- 131 Seeeeiens, fern, oiahttacture, 1920... = 9). oS 795-798 Expenditures, Agriculture Department, 1921... 69 Experiment stations— Seeeeeernee and Mederals i MN 29 PESeaech =wOrk, “expenditures-in 19212000) fen ote. Ree vig - 70 Zaqomives, manufacture-from. linters-.---...... ee 382 Iexports— asricuttural- products, “statisticSis2----- 8 es 744-748, 750-752, 769 Parley -for-werld countries, 1911-1920. ee 5538 99912°—yvsK 1921 DD R60 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921, : Exports—Continued. Page. GAlLblC, SLALISHOCS S22. ee ee eee 743, 50, THT coffee, 1909-1920. by ‘countries... 30 £29 SE ae eee ee 669 _ corn— aud pert cent. of crop, 2691-1820 28s ee eee 204, 206 LOK TBO 610 a os ar cere a Bc 263, 205 for world countries, 1909-1920- (og oe ee iA oe re 51S CObOD nn nn ao re ae a 55S SE 398, 394, 396-399 cotton, IS66—19ZL . 2 a ae ese Ba ee eee 610, 616 cottonseed oil— by ‘countries, °1909=192022.5.5.5228 et Sole eee 618 1913—1920;-world eountries =) =F 4 eee ie ee 800 farm -products,. 1910-1071. 2.222 on ee ES eee T4015 flaxseed, of world countries, 1911-1920" -- >). = 5 ee eae 5145 ta hides and skins, 1909-1920, world countries________________________ 681 ops, [St 1oZ bn ee eee horses 2nd nitifés, 191S—1920> ee eee linseed ol, 1913-1920, WOMd COUILTICS 2 SS See 803 DIaTkets for COLLO =~ Se oe ee ee ee 384, 385 neat and meat products, 1911-1920, world cotntries___._.._._......._. 682 mutton, 1910-1920. world countries 2 eee eats’ of world’ countries’ 1911-1920.) eee eee Olive oft, 199S--1920, world ‘countries eee pearret. olf, 1923-1920, world cowtttiés.._—-- =. ee 802 | peahute. Py COUTtTICS .. =e se eee 646-647 , pock, FOte-1926, world CUuntfies—— eee 729 . potatoes— . for 1866=1971_ ee world 'cotitries..__ 2-2 = = a 590 | tree, of world. countries, 19098-19202". ee ee rye, of worki countries, I9EL-1920 eee eee sieerp, EGER E O20 743 SSW TERECS,. POLE ONY ne 743 tex, by countrics. = * ee 668 vewetabie ofls, 1912-1920 225 - e e e wheat, for world countries, 19909-1920_- = ee 538 wool, 1909-1920, world countries. * o> eee 722 Extension work— : avencies’ eniployed 22 => a ee eee Rie to Testy TarMners: os oe ee ere 36 Cgisoidation Of OMmees.” ==> a Se eee 35-36 for improvement Of farm Neiies eee ‘BI in States, expendiinres, 1921" es ee ee eee 70 eftices Consolidation________ ee ee eee eee 35-36 supplemental funds by States and counties_________________ ae 36 UHifed - Programs. eee 38 Farm— American, investment, organization, ete.1-~_._+++_s~+--1. 25 ett: Lore 410 animals— number and value, January 1, 1920... =" See eee e See also Animals; Live stock. ; buildings, value, January 1, 1920522 --__= eee eee 494 crops— acreage and production, 1910-1921, statisties__________.-_____~ 71-73 purchasing power of 1 acre, per cent of 1914_________________ 782-83 statistics summary, 1919, 1920, 1921_ 2:2 224: 3 ee eee T70-T72 enterprises, selection by cotton farmers, examples... 1-.—sinees 365-367 imp!lements— and equipment manufacture, 1920______--__----_---___----=-- wa and machinery, value, January 1, 1920, and per farm __~~_~~--= labor— supply and demand, 1919-19222... 2 cs2usu.ese se ee wages, 1910-1921 = ee ee ee eee T84-785 lands— aren.izr United States... = ee ee ee increase iff value. “sos see see ee ee 3, 4, 10, 24 Indem... + 861 Farm—Continued. Page. Momacement Once: COnSOLIGaAtION= --— 2 = 2 ee 16 tet patty TOC TCe Se ee ee eee ee 225 prices— CRSA CIIDE CITI 078 CRELS CORON CS Fn OB a 5, re eR eee, Fh 8 7-10 RIPUT ESTP EHTS CT OPIS re eee 12 products— COTTE ee On ee, eee nee ee eee ee SET TE CREST bell syn oh a aa a aa eran er ee pee NS ete ean elt 804-845 LOCH tu TOR OTS, SULtIStICS. a 71-716 Paiiweye treo, Lunilaee, 1T9IG Toate ee 790 Sales py larmers, mouthty percentaves__-" 779 SG EOS a 0 0 a I ee eee ee ee eee ti2 BLO inerease, Sbudy, of production cost. 111 Tis Ai ieis eV CUM ELS 9G 10? 2a OO | JE teen re Fel 493 eorLCORC ION, UGInDrOpOruoudte 2 5a I mate, ard by nome denwrnstration work _.2- = 36-37 Farmer— nee me RteT ete eee ree oS ee 5, 24 anecdotal ry’ cae eg eS aI a i reign pee TE Aon SP. cs 1-6 Pin yee rorneuron Csi Ome Of View == 7 112 Farmers— Seng iniOt eOiscuSsion hyo secretary—_—-—-____- __ 1-13, 66 py couon— WISE RSG) SEER SUSS) Feit: |: nr rr ec i Sie ae na Rese 367-369 caRME Se eaneTO MEPS eee eee Ne 387-388 ReIeCHIOnN OF CINeTprises, exumpies_____ 365-367 Sr hy si RS ong ca a a i Ne Pre Seeger a4 4D DiMenHACS IMatLeCL- Or NALIONAL CONGeErD 11 be kj che Eiji ae = Sore a i Rai a aay 5 13-15 a STEBC RE fae VTE ON Unt A EOS ee 778 Pee areeToaSett rire at ra 10-11 Beenie DY SXLCNeOl NVOPKENS. on oo) 36 number growing corn, and per cent of all farmers__________________ 162 MERE Age OS haGes soe 407-408 number reporting use of gas, electric lights, and telephones________ 7838 Dire LEO TO Man OmWwiHOtL Si yt SUAbCS 2 Se 78 PRICING ere seiOn TOT 119 sales— MEE a Ti OreTCCCTIIB IS. ClaNSOS = a ee 780 PECs NOIAINy, PErCCOLAPG.— ge 779 VERE D TG TN a eee, eee PT TO supplies— cost, comparison with farm wages, 1910-1921_________ 193 SLANG SSS ty la Shy rs 2 pr Rie le a ects ele pe aaa 782-783 cae EEA CLOTE COSC AL = 22 tare 28 ee 805-807 Farms ‘ rari Peetet) SATITA TY tes VOD Sa ee 491 beef cattle, number reporting pure bred, by States_______----____-__ 241 cotton— orfanization Tor profitaple preduction__.. ..- . __.. = 365-367 supplies and wages, cost, comparison with cotton prices, 1910— TE ee atl ee dni ertahabe edie oerke hc Sateen eer haat je fe tDp als Wel re EE OD 364-365 crop production und nrrketing cost, studies. 28 arene eaS PRRLESTI ITCH COU > ore nn ee tea ee nn rs ee eee 498 home improvement, by extension workers___________----_--------_- 31 aPC TIME tenCH OC Se ans Spree Sry Seibert 2 SS eee 256-258 Fertilizer— ecost— as factor in-wheat profits. 222282 iss eee 117 in Cotton production _— 22 92 Se aa a ee ee 361, 362, 363 expenditure per farm; in 1919" >>. ee eee 496 Kertilizers; COtton<=2— 22> SoS ee ae ee ee ee ee 348 Fibers— animal— Gxporis:. StatistieS £255" 5220 ees sk ee 743 imports. statistics=<- 2" Ol is er eee 737, 764 VECCLADIC, LMNDOLES: SLAUISIICS <2 > oe ae 739, 749, 753, 754, 759, T66 Wires; imports, StatisticS ==" "=< = =s~s $222" s0" *- <3 eee 89 LMNDPOTUS: StalllStiGS en ee ee en ee eee 739, 753, 754, 766 Statistics, acreage production, value, etce=_"__ = eee 568575 Fliaxseed— exports of world ‘countries, 1911—-1920_ <= - ===. eee 574-575 imports— i of world countries, 1911-1920" 2>) = eee 574-575 StatishiGns ee ee ee TAS, 753, 754, 761, 767 losses, Causes and~extent, 1909-1920" °°) = Eee 572 statistics, acreage production; value, ete__--_ = = eee 73, STO-5T5 Florida, oranges, production and -value, 1915-1921 > = eee 633 Flour exports, "Statistics. 2 ee ee eee TAT, 752, 761 TMPOlts, StALISLiCS = * ooo" Se ee eee 740, 753, 754 kinds and ‘blends; discussion==°) 0° =<" **=s 32 eee 123 prices per barrel for, 1913-19216 eee 533 Fodder— cane, ‘acreage in 1919" oS eee a eee 446 corn: acreage cut in 1919 00> 2+ EE Ee 436 sorchum. Acréaze in “1919_--- =o ee ee eee 445 Food— 3 and drugs act, administration 28002 SS ee 32 composition, reseafeh 2.22) 22-2) 2, eee 28 corn; Use ‘and value= ee ee 164 inspection, Service Work__-— "3222 2 eee 40 production, relation to. farming....-__- eee 18 supplies inspection for other departments___-________ 40 supply, importance to Nation_=-_-~-______ eee 1-3 surplus, need by Starving nations=— = eee 6 Poot-and-mouth disease. control —.-_ "=. ee eee 42 Forage— aereace an 1919. 9S en eee 447 callie, acreave in: 19198" ee ee 446 character on western Tanges_____. = eee 251 corn CTGR LC Cubs a 179 acreage cut in 1919. eee 436 kinds and preduction in 1919, by- States_______-__-________ 2 262 sorshum, acreage. in 1919. =) ee eee 445 Worecasts. weather, service. Wo0lk=___ eee 39 = Foreign— competition, relation to high freight rates—_—_-______ ee 9-10 © nations, need of, SUrDlLUS .CTOPS25— 8 ae ee 6 Index. 863 Forest— products— Page. exports:> statisties:<= =< -~= =... so 745-746, 749, 756, 762-763, 769 BI ORES me SGU SUICSi a= 5 a ase ee re 739-740, 749, 756, 768 laboratory -at-Madison. Wisiav o's uni ils 36 Olina 53 AGT ZA L OU Se ee iw bee ee 57 Service— cooperaLione with other: bureaus 24 i" b esse Ou BATE Beers 58-59 PECCUDISemb Onl sas oe we ee a OS OEE ee 69 Horestry, acricultural«problemis- 12-2. 2 st ap, pe ea 58-59 Forests PREC PIINEL 2) etek aie ob Ro oe A SE 426-427 consenvation™ and:-protection--+==—.-< ~~ ts Puls Gh Lao Beh. Sete 54-57 desinuctionsbyewasteful-methods-+--~..-.=.\ ...-... _._. . ON ee 52 Sxperinicnesvablons.scope:of work... ---—..-. 22 1 BOR Atom Bae 53, 5D National— Beneath ese 26. fe EI? Joasnih O. noulnled Sse @ae 792 Uesisnanon. andsadministration-_—--——+—.-..-._ “ee Nete as 51-57 PUOMCyOMAGmiMIGh rations sis - oo. ck bo) ee be eee 52-54 FEVERUCH I TOnEAVablous SOULCeS=—-— == | Sie See 792 CLOAGS TEA PDE OMI a plone Ss = Sire ee a OOS OT “berry 50 BURT CIMT AeS MOinIShICS Ee eae I eT 792 RETAIL Zieh MEOh MRO EPA ee 57 new. purchases- to -protect-watersheds__--—---—.-22 8. Us 2s 53, DD private, owners’ cooperation with Government______-__-_-________ 54 PLOLCeOmmeinOm MnP <2 == 2. SA BN iO RE gi) eee 54, 55, 56 Formaldehyde, use-against-bunt-in wheat_—-—--—~-----__ 22 ee 110 Freight— rates— imo COnelon) COMpeulhion=—~22 6 9-10 Relahion=tO TALMEers? Incomessi#. 2 ly _ 2 wets i Sat an 7-10 Oceana torscornlOLO—LO Fie EE hs So ee et 207 tonnage on railways, farm products and other, 1916-1921____________ 790 Prost aus coin wGrn and: NOrth Daketa=sUlt jaitley oii) ur sais 106 HCOStS, "Canlte- Gan fer. Lov GOrM.GrO pe. Lt) ie 182 Fruits— ate eT Gmiil a MONO = 52. Se Le i ape 463 leqriS)OS eerter: feua ho ua (00 f2 Ons inn . 0S aE Sy tse ee Lee eee Beers ist LA? 469 SRST eCrea Cem nel Ol Obata. > st ee ET cl se oe etl y 468 fresh or dried— CSE OTIEC ISLE DNS CN Soin ite Ss oe py ge ET a eee oe 746, 760 TRIP ORS. be SOICS aa ae ee Je a ee ys pide te 740, 757, 766 improvement. Dy spud selection: =. 224 0 See bra is fivere yy he 27 MKC tEC CEL US; m1 OLG—IO21 a ae ai ee 652-656 statistic¢s— aereace. production: value, ef¢@. 2... 82st fete loous ne 72, 625-634 SHEA as yee BO WS YR 1S 2 YO IC 3 a a ee eee oT 771 Fuel, tractor, requirements and cost per acre________________-_------=--- 806 Tar mRIM AO CREO SWIRG db ee a pei ee 110 Future— menkets.copton,.domestic-and. foreign... -__ 45 tes sek 385 bE OMMes eh wo ClmUIISEL A OMe RE om tro os yer ee ete 34-35 St RCROMEEATING «Slab ShleCGease en Seyteltabe Stent 788 Georgia— cotton— farms orcanization for profit, examples... = 365-367 ADR CLTO Ne, COS CS © ee ee ep ee ee nee 363 iMPereSt ALCS ON lOAMS tO, farmers. = a= fame nigh oe 368 Gisgons, C. E., O. E. Baxer, BE. W. SHeeEts, O. C. Stine, and R. H. Wiicoxeaniiche on (Our beet suppliys? =! <--4=. 220 2 Jae 227-322 Gin} cotton, roller and saw, description and. use__-2—- -—--=~—--—--_--__ 372-373 METIS oI G. CUSLOMMAVCORI: — ea Rees oh) os 8 es ee 875 Ginning, cotton, machines, description and use____-____-_-_-------__- 372-375 Som SVvartiguh MCOnUTOL:WORK= = see ey eee Say Se 43 Bimiswelnns waguantaces == 2 2. ee ee ee 37 TEMES ee CEB BLON Et Sy Se ae ek Ee tS ae ee ee 751, 760 864 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Glue— Page. exports, statistics___---____---------------------------------===== 743 imports, statistics____--_-----------------------=----+-------=-- 737 Goats— condemnation at slaughter, 1907-1921-~--------------------------- 736 number— in world countries________------------------------------=== 675-680 on farms and ranges, Jan. 1, 1920.--_--------------------~+--—- 486 Goatskins, imports, statisties_____------------------------------ 738, 755, 765 Grades— corn, relation to marketing and prices__------------------------- 195-199 cotton, official standards ___---~------------------------—-=--= 379-381 standard, for cattle and beef__--------------------------------== 308-312 Grading, cotton.___.__--<.__ ----~_--- = - -sbeds=s¢isseseee 4 See 378-381 Graduate work, department_____--------+-------------=-----------—=——— 65-66 Grain— diseases in relation to market values__-----~-~-----~-~----~-====-— 22 exports, statistics_______-_-------~--------- 746, 747, 751, 752, 753, T60-761 imports, statistics _____-----------------=---—-----—--—-———- = AD? 153, 102 exchange, supervision __-__----~---------------------=----+==== 14, 834-35 harvest time relations_______-----------------—+---—-—=$—— == ===—— 100 marketing studies________----------------- spobte ited eS eee 21-22 products— exports, statistics_______-----+~+-~--—--—- ---=—-$- + 746, 747 imports, statistics __-.--------~--------------------——---——- F46—-TAT selection for rotation with wheat_---------------------—----------= 97 statistics of crops of 1921_---_---------------------~+---—---——-=== 507-580 storage, capacity of mills and elevators, by States, 1918=-==="===2ees 794 Grains small— acreage in comparison with whettes ao. 45425 eee 99 cut for hay, acreage in 1919___----~~---------=-----=-==--== Bete: 1333 use as feed, profits._-....—_—____+- -- ++ --- ee 13 weights per bushel, estimates, 1902-1921... - + = ee 778 Grapefruit, imports, statistics_------------------------------ = 740, T57 Grapes— imports, statistics__._.--.---~-~<=_-------=- 3 —- 740 shipments, 1919-1921, by States__---------------=-=--==-~-—-———= et GOA Grapevines, acreage in 1919. on eee L Aeedl VAG Grasses— tame, acreage in 1919__----------------------------------—" eit 452 use in rotation with wheat—----~~-—-------------——--— == 97 wild, salt, or prairie, acreage in 1019. 4 eee 450 Grasshoppers, damage to wheat--------------------------—~—— 108, 109 Grazing— ® capacity of western ranges_--~-~---------------- nnn 251-253 FO GsSE aes = pees 57 Great Basin, wheat production---~~-----------—--=-~--=---=-=— =~ Pee | 91 Great Plains— ij wheat. production__-__-_-2- = =~ —- —-- = - == <-> 95, 96 wheat rotation —..—~+——-———-— ess = sete 97 Growing season. average length ____---_-_---- 3+ Se a 5 419 Grubs, white, injury to corn crop, control studies___---------------+--- 186-187 Gums, imports, statistics_——-----—-~--—---=-- 739, 749 Hams and shoulders, exports, statistics __..--=—-----—==—=_ == ne 759 Harvest— monthiy, of crops, percentageS_—---~-------------- 9 774 order of precedence with graims__—---------------~-~-~---——— sears 109 Harvesters, wheat, methods of asell 2! Sus ee 92, 93 Harvester-thrasher, use in wheat harvest.._._------------------—----= 93 Harvesting corn, cutting with harvester. 2 ee oo, i aROnaa Hauling, by wagon and motor-truck, cost, etc., 1906, 19861205 | VUES == 791 Hawaii— sugar production 1943-1920. , | i a ania 681 imports— : a ay oe hash, 738, 755, 765 eed OUD TON) a cad had 681 et OF a ee 700 Puerta eemituh Progress oo a 46 Hogs— condemnation at slaughter, 1907-1921_.....0.00= 2 = = 735 importance in BOBS IBID (Of. COMME 2 Bit es be cs ce, Be se, gusting, 164 market receipts at stockyards, and slaughter, 1915-1921___ 715, 727-728. 735 number— SEU eS iat Me ae oe C7 | oe res 470 aia eningcountwics tie) tes tes cnr ay 675-GS0 puctense in, South, 1880-1999: cee ea cet, Ble ee 338 CEMESE SRS TG 7a as 1 2. | a 483 i a ee Per pr cy 723-725 Me CORTE, 191 1921S Se Tiare 729 registered, on farms, J ABUAT ye OOO. a Orr Se tes ee 484 statistics, number, value, imports, and CRpIOEins Hit tr ore | 722-729 value, comparison with cattle and SHEE) eset” ber by Bia 228 weight 1921 and 12-year average at principal markets._.._________ 729 : See also Swine. me eter tes Simiilyoe dt ue Deer ee orm geor ay 31 Homes, farm— improvement by extensign workers... 31 Meeober Teporiing, water, stpply 0008 60 ecole Seuu bos jan DOG Homesteads, relation to wheat productionyimnete tei OP Air seta $3 Honey— Se eee AR SIRI ead De bts = ener tt os fiT POl Mi. yet 7438 I ebeMEDIIRI Ca eere tite Cum ieee Rigner Fer ilo inane 737 866 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Hops— Page. consumption by brewers 1910-1921_________--_-_-_--_-__-____-~---- 655 exports, statistics: _— = = TAT, 749, 752, 761 imports, statistics_________-_--_------------__----__-----—-~ 741, 749, 754 prices, by States and by months____------___---_--------------- 636-63 production and value, by States__------------------------------—~ 636 statistics .acreage. production, value. etc_—__------_____________- 635-627 trade, international. by countries. 1910-1921_________________--_-- 636, 637 world production, 1895-1920, and by countries_________---_--_------ 635 Horse— American. “utility type 22 2 28 feeds, kinds and amounts per animal, by States__----------_____-_-- 840 labor— cost, as factor in wheat profits__-__----------------________-- 116, 117 factor in wheat production===——=—_ === =-—__ 2 129 Horses— eolts. on farms, January 1; 1920_-—-=------_-—_-- -___ = -__- == 471 cost of keeping on farm____-------------------------------------- 805 exports, statisties___—_- = __-_ —-_-— = == ____--_"__* —___ 743, T57 imports, statistics___-___-____------------------------------------ 737, 764 number— ; and-value, January, 19202 ee 470 in. -world.coumtines:--. (st e en eeee 675-680 on farms: January 1, 1920°- eee eee 472. 474 BEL COR = a ee 684-686, 689, 734 receipts at principal markets_____-------------------,----_~------- 686 statistics, number, value, imports and exports________---------__- 684-689 Horticultural Board, receipts in 1921____--___-__----_----------------_ Husking, corn, from stalk, notes______.-_______-_________ === 178, 192 Idaho, wheat production periods___~—_________--~----~=-=-----_______-- 90, 94 Tllinois— cattle industry, historical notes____--—_-------____--________-~__— 233-235 wheat production periods___—-_~-_-------==-~-~-~-~-----___-- 88, 93. 94, 96 Implements, farm— manutaciure, 1920 2-2 795-798 value ‘on January. 1,1920_ = 494 amports— : agricultural products, statistics_—-—-—-—_—__----_-__-_ 737-143, 753-756, 769 barley of world countries, 1911—1920_____________________________—_ 558 Cattle: 1901610 ee ee “937, 764 coffee, 1909-1920, by countries________-------------___-_____---—_ 669 corn— for 1914. 8 Se eee 205 of -world. countries, 1909-1920... 0 eS eee 519 COtton.. ee ee 393 cotton... 186621921. SS SS See 610, 616 cottonseed oil— by countries, 1909-1920_______-__--------=---------_--_-___== 618 1913-1920... world countries ee ee flaxseed of world countries, 1911—-1920_______---=___-___-___-__—__ 574-575 hides and skins. 1909-1920, world countries____—-_-__--_--=-~-___ 681 hogs, 1918-1920 2 eee G37 hops, 1910-1921 33 eee 636 horses: 1918-1920... eee 737 linseed oil, 1913-1920, world countries______ gutted en 6 eye a meat and meat products. 1911-1920, world countries___--~---~ ett. G82, mutton, 1910-1920; world countries 221284 $8 2 EEE 718 oats of world: countries; 1911-1920 = eee ee 551 olive oil, 1913-1920, world countries______________---~----=--=--——= 801 peanut oil, 1913-1921, world countries_—-_----------------------+-- 802 peanuts, by countries____________--_---------___--------------= 646-647 pork, 1910-1929. world countries_____-_----~---------------------- 729 potatoes— for - 186G—1908 0 2 os on ee ees world: coun trid®s. U2) = ee eee — 590 rice of world countries; 1909=1920_ >= -__-__ =. ee 579 rye of world countries, 1911-1920________-------_---__------------ 565 Index. 867 TImports—Centinued. Page. Shivers SES Boas Oo | a a st pee | eee 737 Svea ees POS i EL _ Dye) sebstanty Seep ee 737 ES UCM OST TAY Rie als oa eee ee a ae a SO ae BON Pre ae ts) eee 668 moretaplieSOuS.J91o—1OF): avi te ail saree eer eyes oe mete, 799 wheat— [OL WOTIS GGUDEEIES, “190931 920-6 shew eect cela sigiy sey ee _ 2 pet 538 PrAphiCg SMOwUInes = iat Seen, co) a Ab ay Tit tee Ae 156, 157 mato TOA world COUntTICS2 = 22-95 ee ee 722 Tneome— Pt nAabre Ando wneertamty.— = ee bay los Tees a Sycy ieee on petted 1-6 enMetiy ot AmtMeT A DELCCRtALE 22) ss 1,2 India— agricultural production, comparison with United States_____-______ 4OT Sameer ICRUMEINOU. 2 = as ES arin ee ert te Sept ee 325 rubber, trade, international, 1909-1920, by countries________________ 673 Piduana...wheat. production: perigdS#=2 i222 20002 (ene ately erie e _ 2) oes 89, 91 iM CHL CONUPOGL SEUGICS Qf 2 el eaeal feud ype slug tate Beye 28 Pemet eee OMNIS EAL IO eS ise dee: fr) eet ee toe 32 Insects, corn enemies, injuries, causes. and control___________ 186-187 Inspection— ERODE SRR UST Ng eae ee ee 40 DER eh esa 0 Si 2 ee Oo og Oe as Ye ee 735-736 NE MCI SLISS OTT G@CLAPIS 0 2 a ee Fete ee 129-130 eae Ee OPP GI SCUSSIOTM = 8 eee i 120 Interest rates— RMSE iA hme tlO2NS DY) States se 778 Pat IMeT SIRE SOULNeTMStabes es ee eee 368 Iowa— neem Gl meses 2 104 Paras IRRE ANOLE OS 30S Ey gt) sa a gS 106 fae tate. Lots Lol). Per aye Ala) ty) egg 198 Perea CiIOn, CTOs ne = se If pee | ten ies sie ee 88, 96 iyvaremecrtame. impor. Statistics... 48 paver 9. Bul s in Det 739, T49 enmheW ODM amaAceniawheAb+ == so. ISI Debi) se yimiis Be 108, 109 Judgment notices, number filed during year______-_______-______________ 3 2g E. TTSES SUED st SS ees ae) eet eee eee 739. 753, 754, 766 Kafir— acre, labor and material requirements, by States______---___--_-_-___ 812 P/TPENG TE, See SiS ee ae ee eee ee es 337 cost. of production per acresby Statesc_ 27s e e s 812, 826 MomiEs statistics summary, 1919, 1920; 1O2L swe te us eo et 71 Kkansas City— Seam Ne eN TSS CER WV LLC ES eS I ES es) 135 prices of wheat, discounts by grades_________ ———————————— 144, 145 Kansas— igjounnoe farmers “kinds of security 5 121 wheat— RAGS ATER ETRE POST © TVET: HS a 0 een ts eee ee he eI AE a Bee 33 PEOGHeCEIVE=DCTLOG S ets Saat ee oe I Er AN eo Set 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96 Peerrapieeter= ht ores OLN wilee ta ae en TE a eee Sie 136 Kids, number un farms and ranges, January 1, 1920_________-____-____- 486 Mabor chore hours-per-farm) by States. ee es ee 841 cost— and requirements in baby beef production_=——_____---------_~ 267-268 OPES SoS Tae a RI A 362 distribution by seasons in Cotton Belt——--—-—-—--~——> =-+-—__--_ = $45 expenditure for wages, per farm, in 1919----_------______--_______ 496 farm— , asitactor-in Cost of wheat production 2+) Bower ee 126 power, cost comparisons of tractor and horse_________________ 805, S07 relition-to crop sclection === 2-2 ee Be Es EL eee 165 868 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Labor—Continued. farm—Continued. Page. supply and. demand, 1919-1922 ee 786 yirenkerets ea £25 Ng 5 Fe 74 Mee ene oe eee ene ree Pe 784-785 horse, chore hours .per farm, by States___._._)s«) ss0) ates Sie 841 influence on cost of corn production, studies______________________ 192-193 Wages on farms, comparison with corn prices, 1910-1921 ____________ 193 wheat growing. as, factor in profit making. ____._ Sse eee 115-118 Laborers, farm— decrease in number. 2 = a ea eee 5 £2 hiring. periods and. percentages_2____._._ ssi epee hee See es 785 Lambs— fattening; cost. per head; by States. 222-22 ee eee 842-844 number.on. farms): January 11,2920 000 eee hires ae 485 registered. on. farms, January. 1,. 1920. eee 484 Land— area in United States and uses and conditions_______________-______ 23 banks, interest. on, farm Joan: bonds eee ee 4 cost..as. factor in. wheat _protits..-.___. ei tee el ye eee 116, 118 farm, location .and. descripthorr fs: 2a): oi) oe _ Bees ae 422 improved— Ba TN Ss ger sO eee 23, 423 operation: by tenants and croppers..._._. 2 ie ee ee 499 im harvested. crops he i ee 424 rents. Increase —— 2 2 ee 10-41 utilization: study 22 2-2-3 Se eee 22-24 Lands— acreage per capita. 2 3. 28 ee a eee ei pepe es 4381 erop;, relation: to population, 1850-1920) —) 222 eee 431 farm— increase in value_______ J es ee 8, 4,10, 24 prices for wheat growing, note. 9) Pn) aia eee 118 value per acre, January 1, 1920. __- Sete pein ee eee 492 irrigated and irrigable, acreage in 1919 ~2>-: 4:2 Secu ss) eee 429 plow, value, 1919-1922. by, States..2 =. 2-*_ eee 786 relief map. of United. States__._=-._.- 5 _~ - susie As ee ee 417 use. in 1920 and possible. use_—sis2: sss eh ts or eee 430 wet, acreage needing drainage.__._.__._. 22. Se eee ee 428 Lard— CX POLES; * SLabIStIGS.. 2.5 <= emu ee es Le ee ee 744, 751, 758, 759 PIICCS Set ee ett roel Sat ye 731, 732 Laws— administration by Agriculture Department_._.___._____.___-__-_- _~ 81-33 violation, cases in, department 22: 2202. cee ne eee 33 Leaf spot, angular, cotton .disease, control__________ ____ = ae 357 beaf worm, cotton, habits and control_-—.+—) 4-2) 4 ee ee 354 Bhevislation, aid for farmers... = - se ee eel eee eee 18-15 Legumes— acreage in South, 1879-1919... tet ee eee 337 annual, cut-for hay; acreage in 1919. —_- = + 2 ee 453 growing in Cotton, Belt... 22.823 as eee 346 hay production. in 919. by, Statess... ===. - 2 = = 264 use. in rotation; with wheat_.2— = = ee 97 LeicHty, C. E.— C. R. BALL, O. C. STINE, and O. E. Baker, article on “ Wheat produc- tion..and marketing ” _ 2-8 — 3 sce tan $89 eh ee 77-160 C. W. WARBURTON, O. C. STINE, and O. H. Baxesr, article on “ The @OLN, CROPy? 2-2 at ote ee cece: Seah oe et 161-226 Lemons— exports, statistics:.. 2-225 328 746 imports, statistics 22. <2 Mos pee a ae 740, 755 Lettuce, shipments, 1919=1921,, by States... 2-222 22 eee 653 Library, number of books and inerease during year____________-____-____ 29 Ereoriee, root, imports; StatiSties tose ess ee 741, 749 Kicht, relation.to plant crowth, studies. = 2 27 Linseed— @xports,..statistics..3.2 42) ee ee ee eee 761 imports,,statistics:..o 284 = 284s) 2 2 ee eee 767 Index. 869 Linseed—Continued. oil— Pege. EXPOLLS, fol 1920) world cOUntIIeS:- => oa So ee 803 HNpOrts, 1915-1020, World Countries. st ES ee 803 Production, IMIpurts AH Exports, 19121977 ee 799 Lint, cotton— RE CTEH UH Gctit te CCN oe ne St OM A Fe eel o28 Santor MOMc COs VATTAGIONS = Rt ee eee 358-362 Linters— PRE OTOL Oo di ahs is 8 ee ee erie i Le 398, 395 Bescuenion im 1899-1921 and -useSi2=- 2-220 ese 381-382 Rae Ne merry TT COLLOHSCCU == ==" “Seow set re eee 376, 381 PEPpecind CISLriDmiOn, 190D—1921 =) eee 895 Live stock— igen aomDper and value, January i 1920 2 ee 470 pe ESL CS MCA GL Se a Ia a a aa a a OI Oe 165 a mNIReCeASENT OSs eee CTU) SUG) yi nee iaes et Pee s Se re ee h e he e 734 manero MuchiNniLy Tor TUDErCuIOUS Cattle ee. 45 prices— JS) GaSb cue re! ns): BS 6 9 Lp a eR ea eB. 734 Se LUIS STE TLS ke a a a er ae meee 13 PriCchSs. sales, Hy MOvtmiy percentare. = ee 779 sales— ayerriiets iniOntmy Percentnres. = Fae Ee ee 779 by farmers’ per cent of all receipts, by States_..._____-. TS0 meagre uneer Meneral mspection_———— ==) 2 735 ST ELSES LS ES 2 all oe i 675-736 MaNenotetarin, saniaty 1, 19200) oo eo ee 495 ACS SEAGER. *COMMATISO LS. 2s TaD Liverpool— JS JELUR TESS ONS Le Se a So 136, 137 dE Taller saeeete areata ie dae a ll aa ec a a eee 145, 146 Loans, farmers— im SOOSMEEM StILeS, LOrnis and Tates— 2 2 367-369 BPELR LG TLR ES) EAS OMAS Ee cee el i ap pee pn ea 77s Louisiana— eR CMTE LUCNCION. Tl 11028 659 Pers er TeCN mee aot GO TaTmerS a eee 368 PERMUENV OI COHLTOL WOK = 292. = Sa ee B00 Lumber— SAT AL GS, (SES LOS we oe ape ee a SI ee ee a 745, 756, T63 TEE Gb) PS pogerS2 Be 5S 7 se a Sen ES Bn ene pe Ee 740, 756. 768 Pee Be STN PUL LS. BEA LINCECS ne eS ee RE ere ee TDD Machinery. farm— eee PT RCE LL SNES) A) Cees PORE Oe By EEE See Oe ere T96-T9T re sanrerry +. 1920 sine per firm ee ee ee 494 Wunsesmeterest=producis iaboracory. 53 Man labor— ee TESONCE LST MEY Uy PECTS POE ETS es ae eee 116 peer meET CCA TESTS TST ONATICLTOT ne rie emer gt EN Se eS 120 EUTPeTMS TIN VOrtS: Statistics. ee PE 739, 753, T54 Maple products, statistics, production, yield, price, etc______________ 665-687 Marketing— ieee SEL TIC nae eee ee re te ae ee ee 277-280 corn— Esa Wiices, ele. Taclors FOVerning oe 195-208 PR eMICNG Toni: ta Tit oe Se Rene a ana 199-202 Gere aAnG. DrICES=. os fo ae contd s ix aig gl en eee ae 385-390 ola. Ed GUS eee tes en tere aes cacy anpeapeinaer eee ayaa me elm be ieee, ie ils ae let eat 21-22 LOLLSE DA UES See ei ne pes ee ae ml a a a le ete Ra 18-19 Tie DUBS. SURE DES at ee TES a Ea a pa dR a ee ie OR 28 PES Eig Bln eG dgi et 28 ome pe ee laa eo eae Ne al ePaper i 19-21 wheat, and production of wheat, article by C. R. Ball, C. E. Leighty, Re esti AT On ols Seer ee en ee 77-160 870 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Marketing—Continued. wheat— Page. discussion: of: factors; tebG22 eee 122-146 freighinrates == ee 135-137 movements. from farm And exports—__—_-=-—_ = 2 eee 131-134 receipts. and, exports, graph... = Eee 132 PeMmarks” =~ = ne = 122,830 TOULES 1D ASSOn= 2 aS ee ee 88 Markets Bureau— CONSOLIG AOU <= eee = ee op on 16 contract’ designation by Secretary. eee 34 TecPipts 19S ee ee ee ee 69 cattle,” reeeipis, location, Ci@=- -- .-- = a ee 280-281 corm, prices, .etc., factors 2overting—————__ _* == eer cotton— Gassincation, and, lOCa On 2-5 ses ee eee pte vt 383-385 prices. by Months == = Ss 613-615 spot, Jocation and: functions--.2.. 4 383-385 NEWS “SErvice: WOlK. = = ee ee eee 40 wheal sprincipal-in’ 18602" 2 en ee ee 1 ee 92 Marquis: wheat, popularity, n0t@= =" = eee 123 Meade cotton, substitute for Sea island. -___- =) eee 372 Meal— cottonseed, manufacture. —_ + 2 ee 376 EXPULts;. StatiStiGS==———_-—*- ==" eee TAT, 751 THIPOLES PS te tis Les a— me a 740, 741 Meat animals. See Animals, meat; Beef cattle; Calves; Hogs; Lambs; Sheep. consumption, per capita; 1900-1921- eee 683 inspection— lanv, .adMminiStTabion —. = 2-2. 32 statistics, 1907-1921 3 ea 735-736 work and reports on. meat trade. __-_ eee 40 statistics, production, imports, exports, and consumption, 1900-1921_ 683 supply, relation, to corn production______ ._- | eee 225-226 Meats— exports— : BiATISTIGS see 2 eo Mee 8 Fe a ae 744, 750, 751, 758, 759 world countries, 1911-1920. ee eee 682 imports— Statisties ..- 2. = 0.) 2 8 eek er 738 world countries, 1911-1920__ eee 682 prices.- 2 ee eee 730-731 quantity imported and condemned, 1914-1921______________________ 736 statistics, production and exports, 1909-192] __-_. ____-__- = 75, 76 Me toy, G. S., A. M. AGELASTO, C. B. DOYLE, and O. C. STINE, article on “ The cotton. situation ?. »22e sie o> ee eee 323-406 Michigan, wheat production, periods: =___ = _____ = ee 88, 91, 93 Middlings. prices at Minneapolis, 1916-1921, by months________________ 603 Milk— cows. See Cows, milk. evaporated, -etc., exports, statisties-_________-__- =~ ee 743 iMpOris. (Statistics oe ss SE ee ae a eee Lies eee 737 priees; 292021920 a ee eee 701-702 uses, 31919-1921 30 eee ee ee eee 707 Mills— cotton” consumption, 1876-1920 = eee 392, 393, 396 cottonseed oil; products from seed=___-=-— ee 376, 399 Milo— acre, labor and material requirements, by States_____-__-__-___-__-__ 812 cost of production per acre, by States_.__+-- = --- 812, 826 Milwaukee, wheat market=_—-....- ee EEE Eee 92 Minneapolis— milling center and wheat selling___----~_--~ 22 ee Ee 143 prices of wheat. discounts by grades_____________-__-_-- === a=— 144 Minnesota, wheat production periods_--__--_-_------------ 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96 Index. . 871 Mississippi— Page. piCerest rates ou loans to: farmers... = 368 Velleswheat. production note=_--.' "Ves ee) Aad SORES ere 94 Masourl -wieat Production perieds-=-=--—.-- “1 Le a Boor 88, 94 Mehatn- production and-value; 1919-=-—- -- -- =... -=*I0S 4) oes 486 Moisture, relation to wheat production... 107-108 Molasses— Sn UES ES OG) aT SCS 6 Ce a eA ae Le RR RRS See RE Da ee 748. 749 ERO ELR EE TLASLICK eam ann nen i a AN MR od 742. 749, 754, T57 Perit Syaten TD COOUCLION ==> = ROT AR ARS ae L AD he OD 92 Ree net rth eX CEN SION 92 = - - MER eeh BU oe, e 15 Motor trucks— EeemeeOpeCEniion 1t- Corn belt=- 2-22 2/08 1 ee i ee ae S07 Haus, eistance, load. and cost, 1906, 1918. ee 791 REEEPEROTASIE SCE RELLS: AVY. 499 CELLOS ee oe oe en 789 Pr maT ment tbr Fale 1 TODO! en ne te en 471 Mules— rp SIEEISE TINA Catt CaS pe nr ee ves Ts OSU. Les hee 743 number— LE) REST Be rl PS oS 18 2 SE eB ten ee a RB i a Dae ce 470 CL ISLS TSS PCE ih 5 Ss eS oe 473 SeeeneEE UMN OT TO COUMNET ICN = = a Fe 675-680 oe he eS et a rn lla i es §S4-686, 689, 734 Statistics, number, value, imports, and exports______________ 684—689 wo LS US aT id 25 ed fe 2 he 2 US ci a le a a a ea RH 460 Mutton— Pein at ne 420. world countries. £2 es et, 718 Let te toe WTI COUMLTIOS! 2 8 Ey h Tae Re eet 718 tne E SEPT ES- StsT LIN TCR ot Ses ee eae 745, 762 DitcmeriMne. tndustry Gevelopment. 9 82-8 ee 19-21 ‘Nebraska LD DE Sc lee ede ED 198-199 ete Cen eenil PCTIOUS == = 4 te es 90, 91. 93, 94, 96 Mesto ariners aid iy extension WOrkers. = es 36 eto OWherEs On farins, January 1; 1920-- 9... 501 ie ente ey NEAT PEOUTICLION =n n nin 88, 90 ewe reas there tales "ON WEA tr 135 New York— CEE SYP TARP ERA CEE LS | a a So 135-137 PSR EET C7 Cie et anos ree oye A ER ng NE et I ee 145, 146 Same E rT TCV ETP TENETT OCIS = nt ss ea 2 Mg Ph et Od _2 eek 87. 88, 89 ae TET NCCE SET SESE TG FE TTT oe ny a erent wer IS Pf | North Carolina, interest rates on loans to farmers__________-____- >» 368 North Dakota— aN ERTS RLCSOE MT RET OD CLT CSS Oar ee 5 rae wie wcrc von Erte TENE ata eA 106 PE Rrant yrIMmers + KINGS Of SCCULILy see ee eee TN Os See Se 121 ME EPL TSST HEGGTOEI® Ck 1 OC Sa 8 = es a Se se 94, 96 Nursery stock— ETPE et SSUES CG Se Fi a Err on 749 wee LE SS a CS ee etre i 743 Nuts— Sarna RENEE CEL TTC: 119) 0) bop nese eee EE A ee 463 el VIEL. SECU, Se oe a Se T47, T49 DUP GSES oS 741, 749, 753, T67 Oats— - acre, labor and material requirements, by States-_________________ 814 acreage— Rampur son wath owher ti... == 2) AOE ble as Foe ta 99 EA Se Od Ye ai eee ae ee ee a we Bd 102 eee pees. See AE PASE PTA! NOE TOA ot 44] consumption in world countries. 1909-1918. === 580 Coste GF production: per *“acre*by- States! 9 se et a ee 814, 831 exports— of worlds countries: -1911—1920. es aaah SUNS hs eS ee ee ee ere ee aE See 746 STowine-i. central Northiwest=— = ak eC ee eee 104, 105 imports— world «countries, 1911—1920_-—~-—---2 i452 £05 Se es SSL RSet akes Naess ee Ee ey SAL EE a ee eS ee 740, 753 _ 872 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Page. Oats—Continued. losses, causes and. extent, 1909-1920 oa | cet cele sete 546 prices at. principal markets... —— . es peepee hse sowines dates;.by Statescus. ==. see et: al ue be ee 715 statistics— acreage, production, and exports, 1910-1921_________ wre ih Mog acreage, production, value, ete.____.___._._ > a eee 539-551 smmnmary, 1919, 1920, T9231. eee 770 value of crop, comparison with wheat... ee dies eee ‘nies 80 weight per bushel, estimates 1902-1921. ee ee ee world production. and €xports. 22-262". ee eee eens SE yield.and, value per acre and price.__=— 42.22 22.03 at eee ees yy DA: Ocean freight rates— fOr PRA eke Se ne ee pint ce oe oe 207-208 On \WhGRts2 oo 136, 137 Ohio— : eattle industry, historical notes_.._....- --. eee ee 233 Valley; -wheat productions +=— << eee 95 wheat, production periods=—_—.2- Se a ie |e ee ee 87, 88, 89, 91, 93 Ooil— cake— GENOME, -SURISICS 2-2. iste ee 747, 751, 761 STERDOT UES SUB UI SCS race pe = an hr 741 cottonseed, manufacture and value__—— 226 - ~ 6 tee 376, 399-400 See also Cottonseed oil. linseed, prices in New York in 1910-1022................. . 455.65 oe sain ig MOTD mills, number in Cotton Belt, and products___-__----~-__ PRY Hae eae? 376 say pean, imports, Statisuics.....- — 27 2 =< se eee e TSS Fe 767 trade, international, 1909-1920, by countries________--__. eagh -teal sa vbccings tuk eae Oil-cake meal, trade, international, 1909-1920, by countries__________--_.~ 670 @il meal, prices at New York, 1910-1922_____ es ee 604 Oils— EX POLES; AB UAUES UL CS ae anaes pi at co pare een cea i a ee 744, T61 vegetable— CXPIOTTS,. SLAGBSHCB. S22 32 — e _ 747, 749, 762 TEADOTES; (Sta EISULCSs se. a eS ah eee a 741, 749, 767 statistics, production, exports, imports, and international trade. 799-803 Oklahoma— cotton growing, development_.____________._________-_ <2 eee 35% interest rates oh loans to farmers. ——_——— = = rrr ee eS wheat. production..__.__.___ =» -____ 96 Otleo oil, ete — CX poris, .Statishes — 1-25 eee 758 imports, statistics _._._.. 2-2. ee 738 Gleomargarine production, 1918-1920 WW. ne ae et re mag es 6) 5° Olive oil— , exports, 1913-1920, world countries._.____--__ _-=. --_+_ =e 801 imports— SURTISTICS*! 5-3 24 88s ee ee er .. 441, (54, 767 Wworld.. countries; TD13—1920 2 ss eee 801 production, imports, and exports, 1912—-1921___ ire 799 @lives; imports, .statistics=.—..____._ =... + _=_.__ eee salts de CAO Onions— . cost of production per acte___._.__ == =. 5 eee 829 imports, statiStiCS cones. Wt ates Ee te ee 742, 755 prices, by months and by States, 1910-1921 a ee 650 production, acreage, and yield, by States____-__-_-___--.--~~ aaa cag 650 shipments, 1917-1921, by States.______.-_- -_.__== .2t..3> ae 651 statistics, acreage, production, prices, etc_______-__-_-__--=--_ 72, 650-651 Qpium, imports, statisticS__- =e. dese - oor sienna <¢2 5. = pk Soper 754 Grange, navel, indusiry developmentui...-24) sone ee se ee 19-21 Oranges— exports, statistics: -:..-—2>- >. =e eee en ee Re eR 746. 760 imports, Statistics. 22 a ee 740, 755, TAT production and.value, 1915, 1921_._____ s--.i-= é.hesint pan 633 Orchards, losses from codling moth eee Dh eo Sa 41 Oregon, wheat production periods___--------.----~~--=+---- 88, 89, 90, 91, 94, 96 Packers— Page. ACE. MONTANA NESE 1 ee =) A ae eet eee Seen wee enon 7 Maar a 55-34 SIU SPEARS HKOS Te] ONY COON CS) OU ois) a: | S| a a ae 14 Packing-house products— Remo IER me SUCULRS UNC Ses eee de a Le 744, 749, 750, 751 REPU TSOS am SUES GLC ce Ee ee OAD en MOEA BBOFTISSIRG UST ESLICGS ot. Loe pe tS en eee 741 PaPmLEy TiS enV eD Ean (IS GTEC Gy, LOGO se png ea ep acer ee 96 VS UTR STARE ETT VERO SIT 2) cE ae mg ere TE 519 510) TATE OU TNO EU WGI pa LR Vank ATU Space pence 2 gee es wae set ps eee Sr AChCAO CIT TONG... ocala) kel ee Ue 466 Peaches— Pceomova States ane: DY MORtHS. -. 52 ese ee at eer ee WOOHOO: production— Aim G! TOES LenS Nie en ae Se ee ee ee es ee ee a ee ee ee 630-631 o) TELE Se eS ee ee ena ye eee oe 466 Melis eto lool, Dy StabeSo. 2. 2 2 ee ee ee eee “ODL statistics, production, prices, shipments, ete. -_~.....2.22..--.._ 630-631 Peanut oil— Sports wots —1O20, WOLlkd COUNtTIC# <2. 228 esos a eee 802 Mines sols —1920) world) COUNTIICS. ...2- oe eet eee, 802 production, imports, and exports, 1912-192l- =... - 22s essence 199 Peanuts— acreage— SPOON yc p NNSA EES ARES CC ge pie pete eae eee Sn ee ee 45D TED SSNOUOTELELS \ TINS} (05108 1, 7g ery a ere Lee Se ee See 337 CESS) SOMERS, SUAS UTES) CSD Sa er a me SY (5 RAY (17 PAT OTHLEE!, SCEEVERTISY ETS SS oa EE SE ae CO PU een S EROS 741 statistics— MELETOR CPrOUUChIONs WalUC) ClC@2. = i528 oe ee ae, OFD—O40 PERO CG TORENT Ora A 9 DIG Sb en lle aa ne Oe a 73 ELA GeeIMTeENaiMOll Dy NCOUMETICS. fo 646-647 TS CEE [HES SVGi Sais rip a LO CG Ye OS cee nn Ce a cn ee ET 468 Pears— THE EEE! MUAY SSSR CES! METS UY Bie Tau C04 a) 0), a eS EE 632, 633 PLGCMICHLONSUnCe Prices wDy, States. 632 2) ASS [Ny SSS ee a ee ae eee er ay Se eee Ocsen _, statistics, production, prices, shipmetits, ef¢._..............--.+. 632-633 Peas— Sanne cats foe FNS CRE TEL CG LaKCD TONY NSTC EL CG DO a et ee ep OO SESS Gere Se cose TH oy DGS ja 0 rah a aeRO yo Se 454 TORT TS ARETE SESE y STAT US J I a a a RoE 461 world production and acreage, by countries_.._._._.- 2. 2. 642 ates EI ETC CROC NIECE hee ee Oe eT ee eS 468 Penmegivatiin. whet Drouuchon PeCTrds. 2... 22 PU 83 Pests— MOEVOT IP OESCER P10 te 20) Us CORGE O bars =e eae ee oe 349-354 eradication— ROME att ON MOT te COz ae ae ae a re ee 46 RES) Gab TR ESTEE TIC 1k 2 Se ea etanercept ee Dee 42-44 SHUR CaN eMC SPE NAG TSS MOM SUED (NSS = eg a ape 28 Biikippines, sucar production, USsG—I927i 8 2. 2 657 Pbosphorme acid, Manuracture. néw Process... 26 Panel OM fh Ss: TH etOhg eee oe 2 ABS Pinewailires Wlister rtist G@estrucurveness. = a 42 ange MET CCMT TORS) | Shiatistice se 4k eS ee eee 740 Plant— PSHE SS QSe PLM ETOR ENG yCO Nel ke ao ee Sg re va! 41 Stommulee TClanOls tOMlenetl Of OAV noose ee 27 GiarAnbine ach, AGHIMISthHtION. 20 25 2 a 32 Planting— GHEE aLeS win VanIOUS PEZIOUS =. -—- = Se 183, 184 (MAES GR OTE + ESE BET a CEN uC 0 yea a a le a ea ee T75-T76 ee DUIETT MN CMa TREO nai Te UN tere cee ee ee ea AGT IIS AME WOKURES) AMNPOLtS, StabistCS-—- = a et 755 Population— ; country, number and per cent of total, January 1, 1920__~------~- 502 Turan UcbaneaisiipUMOM == aaa ee 415 S74 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Population—Continued. Page. urban, number and per cent of total, January 1, 1920__-=)_ 2 _ et 504 village, number and per cent of total, January 1, 1920__-_-) 503 Pork— cost of production per 100*pounds; by- Statess-=== == een 845 exports— StalIStiGs= =. S= ees soe eee eos eee 744, 750, 751, 759 world ‘countries, 1910-1020 === + = eee 729 imports, world countries;-1910—1920-=-- == --=- See 729 production, labor, and material requirements for 100 pounds_______ 845 Porto Rico— Soil’survey, areas mapped. —- === See Se Ss ee ee eee at sugar -production;> 1856-19222 2 ae = Se A 657 Potatoes— acre, labor, and material requirements by States________-_________ 810-811 Acreage in: 191982804 eee ee te ee ee ee eee 456 condition” for 1900192142 2223s 29 a ee es eee 585 cost of production per acre, by States_—. = = ae 810-811, 823-824 imports, statistics {22 OS oss Ses Saw Bn Se ee 742, 754 losses; causes’ and” extent, 1909=1920 222 Bhs) Si ee eee 587 pricés> by “States and *by smonths 322 ee eee 583, 587-590 shipments. “by States; 19U (1921s) ee eee 591 statistics— sereaze. production; “vyalue) etcl oe ee 71, 72, 581-591 summary, 1919-1920, 1921) - eee 770 stocks-on- January 1 and prices, 1915-1922) ee eee 588 sweet. (See Sweet potatoes. ) trade; international, exports, imports, ete] eee 590 value of Crop. comparison, with wheat. >= 80 world production and “exports eee 781 yields ‘by countries;and by. States= 2-9 583, 585 Poultry— number and, value; January 1, 1920-2 eee 470 number on farms, January 1, 1920229 ee 487 Power farm work; Cost Gatal eee 805-807 Precipitation— SPLINT eC Tea ea eee eee ps Sie 2 pA piobars stray > ie 418 relation to wheat production=—_-- 107-108 Prices beef cattle; at Chicazo, monthly averazes___— eee 292-3804 cattle, comparison with general commodity prices____-_________+_~ 304-305 corn— annual “variations; “studies__-- = ss" <2 213-215 fixine on. Chicaco Market. ee rll on farms, December i, 1921, with comparisons__________-_-___ 209-212 seasonal fluctuations, studies_-__ eee 212-218 war period, with comparisons. = eee 215-217 cotton— and Supyly: in (O20 Se a eee ee ee 404 Varia tions 2 So ee 385-387, 388-390 farm supplies, graphic showing. of changes = eee 119 farmers’ supplies, table; 1909=1921 eS eee 782-783 food crops; conditions detetmming 9" __-- 9 eee 2-3 market, for corn; determination at ChicagoL__ = 217 reductions for. 10 leading (Crops_—_- ee 12 variation..for: wheat. ==-2 2 eae ee 139-141 wheat— factors in! determination _____._.___- = 122, 137-146 fixing on Liverpool market, note*2_. = eee 217 fluctuation <2 ee 139-142 fluctuation, in. Civil War and World War __ eS 147 on principal Wotirkets——— ee 143-146 relation to other prices in’ 1921, remarks==__*_=— “= eee 141 Primrose, growth, relation to length of day, ilustration_________________ 27 Prune. trees, acreace an 1919: =a ee Eee 467 Prunes— G@EDGECK,. /SLATISTICS | Fete eee eee 1) pees 760 Index. 875 Publications— Page. pe REET A Sd oe ii 1. vs ie 69 Mere tet eine REECE WORKS = oe tae 40 Pulpwood— IDNA S eR RRL ene Se ee SO ot analls 746, 749, 756 RELA SET ed See ee er OS A Sirf. fyatt ies 740, 749, 756, T68 international trade, 1909-1920, by countries_______.__ 674 VU Sp 2 ee 59-60 erent rei ALCS fOr Sra esti, Sy) hss Cr ois toy 207-208 Railway freight tonnage, farm products and other, 1916-1921___- 790 Pome ean tO wheal Procuction.__— === t hehe i eo a ee 107-108 Rainfall— Oo Pee TAS Sa es ee ee oS ee ge ee SR OS eos BY 341 SUE) UD VEDn TL Se ee eee 184-185 Mrieeetel sO LO COL yield, ASSS—l92i — == ae 184 Raisins— ala Ra SESE ESS gle eee re eee tubing tea ine DiS DRE. QUEENS BY eS Sa na bs Er ape a eee ages ee ee 740, 755 Range— Bae GCVCLOPRICNE OF LHOURGL Yi LE ole ef pipes) t ereeevtyet ofall 235-238 western, carrying capacity for cattle and horses______________ 245-253 Ranges, cut-over pine lands, grazing capacity________________________ 255-256 Reaper in use in harvesting flax and buckwheat_______________________ 89 mine veIopment and. Use. 8 ee ees ie tt 87, 89, 92 Powviwerey wey wheat. promiuction “= = te 93, 95 Regulatory work, relation to research work___-_--~_-___-_ -- te 33 men Cost ts factor im owheat, production. 9—=— = - ss 2ee sy) ee tees te 120 LL PS. 2ISTE TMG. wer So a ee ee 10-11 Research— Wate TClntion (oO marketing. = 19-21. i aernCHE ON eCEANECOSt= == = ee Ler 25-29, 67 work— Tea EE TOTINE SS EO ORI AEOE VOWE OT Re 8 a es | eda ihe gi icy eee 33 value as national investment___----____ pe PRs Lepaw pF oy} oss yi 815 =m 3 Oeste 28-29 Mercere .need-ot betterisalaties.-258t4 yi etre Se tee a te 62-64 Rice— acreage— SE DEUS ee a ae ee ee hs sa pe Sis bs eoe see eee ee eS 446 CPErop GY E18 es Mi Ui (2S Ls U2 ES Teo be SE eee een ee ke ee eee rege ESR EN ES Be 337 consumption in world countries, 1909-1918_________________________ 580 EQUU DGS. SUED CRIG ATS ecleas e et h eh ee es tL ee e TAT, T49, 752 OSTEO DEDIESS SSUE PES Sy 901 GS Sop gee Sa ee See eee 741, 749, 754 feces -eATiseN Ang CXbent,. 4000—-1o20! 2 reir eys Ler se eyo ry types elves 519 statistics— Merete PTOUUCLLOH WaAlUes CLC2 == ses — = 71. 72, 576-579 Raa enenient wate) tart GA) eh aie oe oT ee aa ts pitt T70 world countries— REE 1 SO — 1 (pe reest rere eee Ps col Seepage hes Tee yeh frets Be eh eee 579 tase ATLA pe mee el ee eh! 579 corer eH COWS \CSPOELS =) he 781 mildew alte per ACTC) and) price==— =~. ee a sh Be 578 Road— construction, record under Federal-aid road act-____-_______----_-_-_ 47-51 fame ole appropriation and provisions. SE 48-49 Hraiecin Hederal aid. miledve and ‘cost= = sss)! beeen sete oe 47-48 PneSelot SUrpIUS WAT Materials. 22 2) es se a Soe eee 50, 51 Roads— ee OT Kon ALIS AD ee SS ee ent te ere ed 66 construction— iM ee EN eS EE AE es ne oe a 28 Rete CHET OD IETS es Se Sf eg ee OE ees _ 50 Federal-aid— eerie Ge resnec! 9 se Se EE Se a es ee eee 7 iw cons Ge tion= =e ee eS 47-51 Mini Pennie! wale niles= = ee ee eS 48, 59 99912°—ypex 1921 56 876 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Roads—Continued. materials— Page. iInvestigations_= ——.. - ——.._. <2... + 2 ease eri eee 28 transportation, improvement 1921________-..___ =) 2 eee 48 Redents \eradication, work..2-—~...2.-+— 24.3... 4 ee eee jo> 46 Hoot Tot; Lotto, cause and resulis_._.___..=.-_..—.__.-_ss eee ae 356 Root-knot, cotton, cause and preyemtions: sil 1) ert shew? eemiees 356 Rosin— €Xporis; stalistics==.2) = s=A5 “any Ses en eee 745, T62 trade, international 1909-1920, by countries_______ -§- 671 Rotation— crop, use in control of cotton diseases_—__ =. 224) a ee 356, 357 wheat, systems, for several climates___—-.________2__=__ == ee 97 Rotations, corm, with other crops__..._._-— = ee 176-178 Rots— corn— injuries,.to: corn, .causes and control-_.___=--____ > _ eee 186 * investigations... — =.= 5 == ee 27 eotton-root, cause and results__21_.—...______.__+_.__ssbigi tei eee 356 Roughage, marketingthrough. beef cattle__.__-__ ---»._». = eee 227-228 Rubber, india, international trade, 1909-1920, by countries______________ 673 Wirral dife, standards... sees dats allies soo a tinge ne witless or eee 24, 66 Russia, agricultural production, comparison with United States________ 407 Rust— cotton,..cause and control._——___- .._.___._S#0_ be: Jee snot 356 damage to wheab, = .—- -2.. 2-2. ee he jee Pate ae 110 effect. on. quality of wheat_____ #1042 somes oh suit le sia eee 127 wheat, spread by barberry..---_-2s0lbuthiees 145i ot 4egae pe gee 45 Rye— acre, labor and material requirements, by States______-_________--__ 814 acreage— , in-1919. i Se ee ee eee 443 comparison withiwheat.+—-=5-. = Se eee 99 graphic. Showing... —.-_+-=2......_ Jew Sitolpien pt aotigigeg== 103 consumption in world countries, 1909-1918__________________-_____ 580 eost of production per acre, by States_-s ~~ 24242) te been tied $14, 822 eXpPoOrts, \StatistiCs.< 2 ee ee eee 7A6 prices ..at.. Chicago... 3.3 ee 564 statistics, acreage, production, value, etc________________ 71, 72, 74, 559-565 value of crop, comparison with wheat_________C 1G) 2940 sft ees 80 world countries— exports, AGUI-AG20 |. ee eee 565 imports, 1911-19290. 565 world production and, exports_____ULcl ube l ineaize hag Seer eae 781 yield.and-value per acre, and price________________-____ _ = aa 563 S20, umports, statistics__._._.___..__._.___..___._ tl see) Pee eee 741, TA9 Sales, farm products, percentage of receipts by classes__-_--____-____ 779, 780 Salaries, professional, standards outside department__~____~______--____ Scab, damage to wheat... eS eee 110 Schools— aid by..department...._.... =. but but a tee a eee 30 receipts from. foreStS.= =~ 522 === = 8 eee 70 rural, study. courses. tus fuses Pes feel seh” Sareea ee area 30 Scientific— werk, director, appointment._..._iweL_ bie soos bis bese 29 workers, need for better salaries. 2.055280) 22u_ subside 56 Bee ee 62-63 Scientists, trained, value to Nation=-==_---._ =. EEE 64 Sea-island. -cotton,. description... ES See 327, 329 Secretary of Agriculture. (See Agriculture.) Seed— : alfalfa, prices at Kansas -City_..____.___.__- __ SS ee ee ~ 608 clover— statistics, production, 1910-1921 ____.______ Ico! sesuiibeee 73 statistics summary, 1919,1920, 1923 ees ine tees See 771 See also Clover seed. Index. 877 Seed—Continued. cost— Page. asciaetor in wheat. production. cacencsecsee eee See 120 aS) tactertin wheat. profststhwss lositow bie oem Bo 2 era oe TTL 117 cotton, mixing as cause of deterioration of crop____________________ 401 Miitihy spervacre\ various: crops. tt tetiys Give? 4st Dns: T76 timothy. (See Timothy seed.) Wihlests bceatment for -bmnits 223 ubtietens _ mageay Siam segs 110 Seed-grain, loans to farmers in 1921. sedans Sites to sel es us 70 Seeds— meen SEREISECS. 2 ed pj) oes T4S, 749, T61 ERED) TONES prs oft SS eee eens | 2,508 20S Sah 742, 749, T67 Soham Wheat: use im threshing (0 lars. Ten Bis toe 1 eee 92, 93 Self-raker reaper. See Reaper. Perit aKING An Use .._ieiiiat yintiet pong solnbieiy tahigh 124 Seaerettor, cca use in wheatharvest—._._._.__. el eee 92 Sheep— condemnation at slaughter, 1907-1921.___.._ 735 EUMEMP EU SGA HISEICS = ee Ree ee ee Pe obnSiIes ST I ns) seonenn sole? Names ToT mmpecsand valueeJanuary 1,:192022..._-_ ee AT Mimerreon farms. January 1.1920... I eh eee 485 aeons eae ee 2 PI EO AL lignes sy 710, 711-713, 734 receipts at stockyards, and slaughter, 1915-1921. = = Ss 15-717, 735 resistered, on farms, Janwary = - eae 339 Ssurvey;area mappeds 25-2 2u2. 2... eee Zt Soils— Bureausof, receipts{in: 1921 ___.__________ _4Asec et gn > eee 69 colloidal particles, separation. method__________#2"_ 548 suiey et 26 Cotton. Belt =... =.=. -— = see Apes of ee eee 340-341 influence’ on. corn. production -and. “yield=._ eee 181 Sorghum, sirup, production and acreage, by States________________-____ 667 Sorghums— 7 forage or fodder; acreage.in.J919-+—.. __._.__.__ 445 grain— acreage) in, 1919. ST. Tere: Lee 444 acrease in /South;) 1879-19102 = ese 2 ee ee 337 eost.of. production! per -aere, by States_ lee: ahve 4990) s ae eee 812, 826 labor and material requirements per acre, by States____________ 812 statistics, acreage, production, value, etc_______-_______ 71, 72, 644-645 South America,cottonsproduction__.- +. eee 327 South Carolina interest rates on loans to farmers____-_________________ 368 South Dakota, wheat-production periods=) -__ 22 4222260 eo oo ie 94, 96 Southern. States,.cotton.crop importance..-=.= 2 Wei eerie 323-394 Soy-bean,.oil, imports, -statistics..2__.2_=__---. 0358 _ 2g 741, TAT, T67 Spices— exports; stabisticsie) = S555 Wn a eS rok ck Bee LS ages | {+S 748, 749 imports, -statiShicS)2s__—. =. -2-.ssss255355- 5 eee Eee 742, T49 St. Louis, prices of wheat discounts by grades_—--~-_______-~-__u__=-__ 144 Standards; grade for cottonses_ 32) Sts. EEE 379 Starch— imports; .-statisties.....----=Lsss-=ssss=2==-222-101_ 12 eee 742, 749 exports, statistics... .-~ 22222222. 360102 Sees EEE eee 748, 749 States Relations Service— extension work -in-.-Alaska_— —--===-2=2-=)254_ _ sais ee 60 receipts: ;in- 1071 sn ena ca css SE SE Eee 69 Statistics— agricultural— data’ trends; ~ 1899-19242 2 ee = =e es 787 miscellaneous == <-~-22-2 2 e _Se eeee eeee T70-803 cropssether-than-et2ins-2>-ss22=25=25=22. 225 eee 581-674 farm animals :and:theiz: products, 4021. ee sSaeaeeeee 675-736 grain -crops: Of: 192 esas nt ee ee ee 507-580 live: stock, 1921222 =. Eee eee 675-765 tables and. charts; use suggestion==+-——->---==-~ - see 112 truck crops;( 18181921: - =~ ee eee 647-655 use: by: farmers in:secking profits... _-___- ee 119 vegetable oils, production, exports and imports, etc______________ 799-803 world production and exports of 10 principal crops_____---_-_----__ 781 Staves! exports): statistics=-22-- ss eee 745 Steers— beef;--conformation;; requirements. 2) Vi? 2S ee eee 3806-307 fattening— in Corn Belt, roughage requirements_________________ = === 261 in Cotton Belt, feed requirements=2_==--—-==22 ss ee 257-258 feeder, conformation, markets, and shipments____-_-_-___-___-_-- 282-286 piney-woods, value for lumbering in pine woods____-_-_--___-_-__---_ 255 prices;comparison) with-beef prices=_4 ee EE 297-300 Stem rust; wheat; spread by barberry2.24¢!_—_ eS eee 45 Index. 879 STINE, O. C.— Page. A, M. AGELASTo, C, B, Doyle, and G. S. MELoy, article on “The estton-situation- 222 usa, eet ee elt _ unt neces taba 323—406 C. BE, Leieuty, C. W.. WARBURTON, and O. E. Baker, article on “ The CORIREGL OD |e eit = Stn oe eh ge ee 161-226 - C. R. Ba, C. E. Leieuty, and O. BE. Baxker, article on “ Wheat pro- duction and marketing? 2-225 3. 2 I i Oe 77-160 - E. ee SHEETS, ©). E. Baker, C. E. Gipson, and R. H. Wiicox, article ‘Oar beet supply: 2 Poteet Gt piri ay eoisrt jeretal . ote 227-322 Stocky wad ice CaMinist ration 2. ere a ee ee 33-34 Storage— Maarseespace Dy states, 1921. sO 793 grain, capacity of mills and elevators, by States, 1918 -- = 794 Strawberries— Perereeein 1919 Se RD eis fee tebe 469 peices. 2b-principal markets... 2 58) ot sue). a6 ahlen Seossiial 653 shipments,..1917—-1921,. by. States lilo oles wets afl eperyd i hepeh segate 653 Sugar— beet— MOCUCHION, “POOIR 1922 98-8 2 a ee ee Pe 657-659 world production, — eountries®:)tiurlg jgeties al aie g? pies 663 cane— PLrLOduchion, “1656—1022 = i Sd 657 world.production; by..countries 2228" 4020_..jt asia Syitten 663-664 BEOprHaAcCLease iP tO19) 2 ot ete te bree. lige 457 Gal ST ISe GHEU S 2 e ene S 748, 749, 752, 757 Siawe EXPOS: Statistics .—— eaten ee to 751, 760 ES SEU ETI TOC UCTION 3 ante ane ee ee ee 657, 661 OULD TLE, OSI Un Shy a ro ee eee eee 742, 749, 754, T57, T6T maple— BEIcess-py~ Months. 6S ee ee 667 production,-1839—1921,. by. States22Us! tet. sie cotesen Ieee 665-666 PRPC. 1500-19022 02 =. ieee + oe ee 657 statistics exports, 1910-1921 oe ee 74 pronuction...by-producis,..etce 2.22) a oe hen,e. bowtie a nle fe ‘651-664 mae SOI DA920. 1928-2 771 supply, per capita and total Fp aca eh ed a Re Spee eS 660 trade, international, 1909-1920, by countries_______-_-_______________ 662 world production and @xporta=st tases te hee lal eee 781 Supplies, cost on farms. comparison with prices of cotton, 1910-1921__ 364-365 SEDI SCLObN iti zation: SbUGICS <= se 28 SHrVveys. cotton-production: cCost,.Chartse. 2 = feo jen at aloe 358-364 Sweet corn— SOS OR PLOGUCLION per ACTe.- =Ae32 wil. cepye tegee_opest ys Spee ee Pa 829 manwenperectenee. in 1919: ee eee 462 Sweet potatoes— Cesisot production per acres =. sah) ) iNet) eeteo Jie 6 ya eine 829 prices by states and. by. months____..___-__ stash ets eet 591-594 BEOnUCcLiOn atid value..by States... _._ 24 eyee eh be oelh a 1 ee ee 591-592 auapiments: by States, 1917-1921 2 24 _eeles je. soneenn elles 592 statistics, acreage, production, value, ete., 1849-1921 ________ 71, 72, 591-595 meideaind prices by States. _=22e1 sat sete be eee 593 Swine— GEMOELS. StALIStICSJ2 26) > See ee papas 743 RUEDOCES, -StAtIStiCS 2. = en a Pen ee ee 737 wale on farms, 1910-1990 = © — sewsiloe pl tie pepe ernest gees ee Seley 163 See also Hogs. Sydney, freight rates on wheat__-_---~--__--_- Dae ee See 136 Tallow— pauperis. statistics... gee es Bi fares 3 744, 750 MRUITOES, SCA LIS LICR er 738 Tanning materials— CXPONES: StALiSuiCS..-- _-_. Sa es e es Se See eae 749 RUNOEIS, Stitisties=——— =! =o) = See eae ee 739, 745, 749 880 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Tea— Page. ingports,..Staltiisiies S.) yale 2) fe ep rie h Se 742, 749, 753, 754, T6T trade, international, 1900-1920, by countries_______-_ +. 668 Teachers; aid by department publications. Yk ee ee 8 30 Telephones— 32 number of farms reporting, and per cent of all farms _________ 506 use on farms, statistics... = = Be eee Be ee 788 Temawme yy SP ice he 83 th ae egepegey ips Ss ee SE ge 498 Tennessee, interest rates on loans to farmers__________ 368 Texas— cattle industry: historical | notes... - -...* __.- > eee pa BS cotton— growing practices...) ) =! sen tenfs Spe ollie Yee hin ee ee 347 grown, development.) ee eee 331-334 planting and picking dateS..20).8 LE ee pee 342 interest rates on loans to farmers. tosh e beeebie en Oe ES pink bollworm, introduction and spread ____________ 352-353 wheat production: periods: <1: << ~ oi. tt ate bee eee 89, 90, 94, 96 Threshing— eost— as.factor in wheat productions: be tere; i! yi testers Rieggy 120 as factor in -wheal, profils-.- ....-..._. -._.=5 _ = =. eee 116 wheat, Hlnustratione:: 5.1070 s9\ - epee 92 Fie) cattle, eradication progress=— ssbodee ee vel _ rey) tyyete ee Hide ee ae Ties, railroad, exports, statistics. eT tye een a ee 745, 763 Timber— @xDOFES,-Statisties= set i ol ie i eee FAG, T56, 763 growing— Pores Vand 2h es ee a ee 5T on private-land, encouragement—=———__._~----_--~_.-- -§ = ieee 54 imports) statisties ot .="*=— === eee 14 materials, surplus, transfer to Agriculture Department____-___-___ 50, 51 World— ‘ , effect on United States wheat production_______________-=_= 85-87, 96 See also World. WARBURTON, C. W.,. C. E. Lercuty, O. C. STINE, and O. E. Baxer, article OM PE ME COLD CLOD oa ee 161-226 Warehouse— act, benefit to cotton farmers____--------------------------------- 378 grain, value to farm credit__--__-__-____-_---_+---__________--4-_ 134 receipts. value as security on loans___-—-------~-----------------~ 378 Warehouses, location in Cotton Belt, and use_-_~---~-_--_____------ 376-378 Warehousing— cooperative, protection of cotton crop__-------------------------- 403-404 COLEOT ne ee ee ee een ee 376-378 Washington, wheat production periods________--------------___-- 91, 92, 94, 96 Watermelons— cost of production ‘per acre__ 2020222 -- 2 829 market acreage in 1919 Se 461 shipments, 1919-1921, by States_______---------------------------- 653 Watersheds, protection in forests_________-__--__------=-------__-----= 53 Wax, vegetable, imports, statisticS____------------------------------ 743, 749 Weather— Bureau— ; TECeIpts, TOD Te 69 stations in Alas a 60 forecast, service work____-_--__---------~-----=-------__-----—---—— 39 map, daily service__---_--=2-2 =~ ==-——--+--------_-- 4 40 publications 208 8) = eee eee 40 Telation tO wheal oLO Wilt ee 107-108, 122-124 Western range, beef-cattle industry___-----------~---_--------------- 245-253 Wheat— ’ acre, labor and material requirements, by States_--.--------------- 813 acreage— and yield, 50-year record______------~-----~------------------ 85-110 increase in 25 years... ae ee eee 149-150 percentage by States, ete__--------+-------------------------- 98, 99 area of infestation by Hessian fly_-----____----------------_____--- 109 areas of study of production cost__-------------------------------- 111 black stem rust, spread by barberry_—_------~--------------------- 45 classification— discussion of subclasses—_—_2 ~~ 29222 22==- = = 129 standards, classes and their areas__--_-_------~--~_-~---~---~-- 122-126 climate suitable to growing_-___-_-------_-_---------------_---==—— 81 Common White, production, yield, and varieties_____-____----~--- 123, 126 consumption— domestic and exportS______--------------------------------- 151-155 in world countries, 1909-1918_-_-___--_-------~---------------= 580 cost— of production and price in 1919_-__-----____----_-------_-~-_ 118, 119 of production per acre, by States__-_------------------- 818, 820-821 per bushel as factor in profit-_------------------------------ 114-115 countries producing surplus____----------------------------------- Si cropping systems__——-—~~---._-------=-=5 3+ — EI SO percentage: of- crop;,.graphie-showing= 24 6 fs SBR 8 154 Eemew= front S86 on nT DOES 31h SRE 152-155 SHEESH S| as ae TR EY, phd 746, 752, T61 world countries; 1909=192002 03! 50. ee IO OT ATF 538 farmers growing and harvesting, percentages by States_____________ 78 freich¢srates,-rail-and’ ocean — 2-4) eet ALU, Ee 207-208 grades and prices on principal markets!L_ ~)__=- =" 143-145 growing— historical review by decades in United States__._---_-_ ST-96 map Suowines principal regions se. oe ee 78 Orcamization Lor pro fit= 2 + I 104-105 season:-and —frost——-<=- <--->: = + = PRICE ROD 8. Ie 106 Hard Red SPLiIos-proguetion “and ise ==" <2. =~ 20h Sy) eee ee 124 Winter.-production-anad Varieties” (6s +08 MMOLY 5 ea eee 123, 125 ep > COSE PEL"LON = Per Tile SS ee 791 implements and machinery for growing________-______ 87-88, 89, 92, 93 SMH OECAT CO —A8y Ar CLO Psat ee ee PR ee 77-80 imports— REESE rw le ee ae Sk ED RSD NE ee ee eS ae seen marign COUntLrICS, 1909-1920. 2. ee 538 MSOC CIOn-Ciscassion Of details 2 BMis9 ih bl ee are 129-130 international trade— RBESAPE SST) He sare wm ore = en pce ss Se ee OYE SA ee ae ene een 155 SERENE LE CREO WW/TER S18 r ae neo Sree ee PSE ER ee eee £56, 157 C0 USEINES Tt SAUL a ag ae PE Ba Rn eo he fm per ner Ege 108 losses— cS) lui¢e¢ te =e ee ee ee see ere ee 108-109 Cases -and- extent; 1909-1920 Sate oe ee 2 Se 529 marketing— SERIE LIS sTyLe | pe a Sm 135-137 Mane tT Onl farm: -remarks: 4)! ? eo A ee ee eee 131-133 MreeSCHasion: Of f4Ctors; eG eet A ee eee 122-147 Coe See nee A Tg SS 8 a a OE a od DY eg Se 88 Saieotenor principal Markets 22-5222. eee 132-133 official standards. discussion of classes and areas_________________ 122-126 rece BETES TCL VV RT m8 gers pe ee I SS ee See ne (i price— Cis eT NIC - SHO With se sean Se eee 119 enatarm- statisties-for-Deeember’ 1, 192922 ee ae 138 purenasine power, -in ‘terms’ o- 1919’ dollars" 7 -** =" ae 148 -elation-to world production: of-wheat. = eee 81 prices— af 7pEIMneipal- Markets es ee eee 143-146, 531-532 Comparisons: fOr 192) = - 2222 ek a ee eee j47 aRCEEES PTE Eben ~ CECE ante ESR ER ESE een eee 137-146 OneLinm- monthly average for-1912—1921>) Se ee eee 138 Mens On- On EG fal ees 8 pe ee ee _ 139-141 OIC nan RCUS. = oan Te 2 ee ee ee 145, 146 production— and marketing, article by C. R. Ball, C. E. Leighty, 6. C. Stine, nave Baker a3 2 2 ee een 8 eS eee ee 77-160 aneenabural it wences 2-4 = 2) ee ee eee eee 107-110 Conainons- and - OUL00 Ks 2 ae ee eee 147-160 IS fan a er se ee eee 111-121 pane examples of reckoning —-= "52-22 ee 2 eS eee ee eosin variation. With Te@Si0n==—- = "2 114-118 exports-and consumption per capita soe 159-160 ETA SU ET ORT a re ar nn ee ee ee ee 120-122 BRE PON i ow nf eo Se sn EI eS ae ee eee 440 iNSrelacior-to- population, -eraph=+. > See 158 AA NETL. CEE SS base e e Soe ete ae ee es ee 85-110 884 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. . Wheat—Continued. production—Continued. Page. in world.» -.-2. ~~~ et eh es es 81—S4 increase in.29 Years-: teeta nist op. iy ie oo ee 149-150 inerease.in United StateS_.._.._______ ___ —_ sete het ee 85-97 per capita, and yield per acres________.___..___-___ aa 432 relation to. World War, ete., reviews: set —c.bsee Liege 155-160 surplus and, Gehciency ...- ee ee ke ee ee 130 world, graphs, 1891—1921__________§_ +... hen fae aoe 83 world, percentages for countries, map-————- —-~-—--_~._L+~__=—--= 82 world, trend, —=.___-+ = ee eee 84 profit in growing, comparisen..with COP. 20 24 tt Ly ee 104 quality— and receipts, graph_ 5. | te ee 128 variation, ete:, disCuSSION —<-- 2=2..- =.= = i ee 127-130 regions in United States of principal production, changes___________ 88-96 seed treatment for diseaSe.-. ==) 2 ee Be ee arr 110 soft red winter, production, varieties, and use_____-____~-_~~-+___ 123, 125 sowing dates, by, Stafes__=.- 9 ts ee ot ee 775 spring— Acreave IN, IOV. so ee eee ge 439 SERCH es Se a ee ey Sa ea ay nob ee 101 growing in relation to other.crops__________________,jge eee 100 statistics— acreage, production, and exports, 1910-1921_______-________ Fi, 72, T4 acreage production, value, etce___.__——___ -_-_ — te tee 520-538 production, graphic showing —._—-__-__=-___ ==. = ae 86 production, value.and exports_2__—..-_. - aap See 80 summary, 1919. 1920, 19271. sea ee 770 storage in dry climate, n0le- =. .--~ = e EEEEEeeeeeeee 132 value— ' in terms of other goods, discuUsSi@m:. 4:5 222222 ban eee 147-148 of crop with comparisons_..__—_==_—~-~____-____ == eee 80 on. farms, $910-1921...-_._- = ee ee ee 163 values, comparison of purchasing power_~__—-~-~__~-~-_--.--..-.__- 148 weight per bushel, estimates 1902—1921_._ __--__.+-._ _______-1._ + __ 778 White Club, production and use2_-.——--__________sugs-ef sete 125 winter— : aereagve in N91 once Sete eget a Ee ees Se ee 438 advantaces in erowing, ete@2o 2 ee 100, 101 cost variations, graphs, and discussion__________--___-__=_ aq 113 world production and. exports. =.=. )— =~ 23.2 oh ee 781 yield and value per acre, and, price. 2.18 oa et ee 528 Witcox, R. H., E. W. Sueets, O. EB. Baker, C. E. Gissons, and O. E. Stine, article on “ Our beef supply 722 ens ee et «Ae Willamette Valley, wheat. production___-. __-_=__.-- ...___ = ee 90 Wilt, edtton,-eause and prevention.~ —35—— . — t 355-356 Wisconsin— farm, aid by home demonstration work __-—— 2. 222i =e o_o 36-37 Madison forest products laberatoty2_—~ — 2. 35 ee ee 53 wheat. production periods... -_ ~~~. __-_s2est 333 -e eee 88, 89, 93 Wood— consumption and. production._.._____-__._______-_-_._..._- = eee 54 exports, statisties..i224 ws seiet- oes eh See. oie 745, 749, 768 SIN DOLLS, SEALISLICH — oe ee ee ee . 739-740, 749, 768 pulp, trade, international, 1909-1920, by countries____._.---_---___ 674 Woodlands, acreage im 1920. _ 2-5) 225 at ee ee 426-427 Woodlots, acreage and value... -____...___._ = eee 54 Wool— exports— - ‘Sfatisties 24. 2 sate oe ee ee 749 world countries, 1909-1920__.___. = ee 722 goat, camel,. étc., Imports, stafisfics___- ____.____-__+___.____ ae 737 imports— SEARISELCS ap a ere os oe ees ee ee ee 737, 749, 753, 764 world Codntries, 1900-1920 _— = ee ee eee 722 Index. 885 Wool— Continued. i Page. [OLE ETS Ee SO SE AAS Bema eae ge nye GPR Ree ee A! oe SM es Pe 720-721 NPEOGUCTIONL ANG: VALE. IOI Oe 0 Sa ee a ee 486 statistics— DEGAUEETONE aH OOO = NO Fils sik se ee he a ee eed ee 76 production, value, and international trade _________ 3s == TAS=122 WOMGKCOUNERIES: 19101920! %: 22 saa od Te ee 718 Work stock, cost of keeping, relative importance of items, by States______ 840 Workers, department, educational advantages_________________________ 65-66 World— pLoduction and export trade; 10 great crops_-=______-.-_. 781 War— CHE CURONMWINe A ty DI COS=2 o- = Bate Saat es) ee 139-141 CHeCmOMaynedh DOCU CON 225" 42 8 ee eae 149 Worm— COLn-ecar injuGy torcorm, Control studies. 186-187 Coni-root injuries: and control Studies. 22 ee 187 Yields, wheat, changes in 25 years in United States.___._._._-_______________ 85-87 See also Statistics of all crops. O . Le «4 moar trap a ¥ yuIQS a tie See ges 7 f ineijronbls toeninet ie = ae ¢ tig 1ot ds > TR Minty tesie oo-cieS < + vie 1a need S y.S. Dept. of Agriculture al Yearbook of agriculture A35 1921 cop.3 Biological & Medical Seria!s PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY Si ae IB iological & Medical Serials ~ r gi + peice eetite ste sits : het fapee: ray oie ty ea Se ‘lise Sy WIE ag Be ecpraartee +