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DATE DUE 1

UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS
LIBRARY

SF

191
A98
A7
1902

NEW HAMPSHIRE

SOLITAIRE, No. 6548

milR

Bumr

Record

From January 1, 1901, to January 1» 1902

^ George H. Yeaton's
Herd qf Ayrshire*/*

Hickory Hill Farm, Rollinsford, N. H,

Post Office Box 202, Dover, W. H.

Herd Age Pounds Per ct. Lbs.

Book in of of butter of
Name of cow No. years milk fat. butter

Lukolela 12357 7 9104 3.64 387

Yucca 11470 9 9099 3.76 . 407

Xoa 11469 9 9028 3.69 389

MissOlga 13984 4 8715 4,45 452

Biotia 12351 8 8691 3.61 366

Ponema 13983 5 8573 4.70 469

Annie Bert 9670 14 8223 3.59 345

Oke Mar 13307 5 8129 4.00 379

Gladiola 12352 8 8054 3.63 341

Olah 11471 9 8045 3.45 325

Gebic 13981 5 7875 4.09 357

Ouija 11882 8 7355 3.61 310

Creamer 15137 2 7335 4.00 342

Olo 15136 2 6629 3.40 263

ionaS 12350 8 6379 4.51 336

LadvCudlip 15134" 3 6346 4.25 315

Yuba Lass 12353 7 6193 3.53 255

Fifi 14548 4 5986 ■ 4.09 285

You're Mine 15133 3 5^32 4.04 275

Y'ensie's Best 15138 2 5796 4.06 275

Garda 13985 4 5744 3.72 243

Ravn 12358 7 5630 3.65 240

Yeusie 10663 11 5024 3.70 217

Freda 11134 10 4920 3.48 20,0

NEW HAMPSHIRE AND NEW YORK

Qeorg^e C. Clark,

ORFORD, N. H.

Bull Calves for sale, from carefully selected

foundation stock, bred for the highest

ability for dairy production.

€1111 Ualley Rerd, ^ Jlyrsftire Cattle,

W. Q. TUCKER, Proprietor.

ALDINE

7704

Milk record
of one year
when 14
Years old
9282 lbs.

PRINCESS ALDINE
7815

Milk record
of one year
when 10
years of
age
14,300 lbs.

The Foundation of the Herd.

Thirty Head for Sale from 1 year to 8 years of age.
W. G. TUCKER,

Allegany Co. Elm Valley, N. Y.

Year Book

Hfthe

Ayrshire Breeders

^or the year 1902.
' Containing the pro=
ceedings of the Annual
Meeting, « recent Milk
and Butter Records «
and General lnforma=
tion about Ayrshires
*"the Ayrshire Breeders'
Association.

BRANDON, VT.

BRANDON PUBLISHING COMPANY,

1902.

LIBRARY

UNiVE Y OF
MASSACH SEHS

AMHERST, MASS.

Cj o2^

PROCEEDINGS

The Twenty-seventh Annual Meeting of the
Ayrshire Breeders' Association was held at the
Crown Hotel in Providence, R. I., January 15, 1902,
in response to the call of the Secretary, and was called
to order by the President, L. S. Drew, at 2:30 p. m.

The minutes of last meeting were read by the
Secretary and approved.

The President appointed S. M. Wells, J. O. Magie
and J. F. Converse Auditors to examine the accounts
of the Treasurer and Secretary.

The roll v^all was responded to by the following
members present :

Baton, John A. Brown, Obadiah

Converse, J. F. Copeland, Davis

Doe, Charles C. Dorrance, Henry & Son

Drew, Iv. S. Fletcher, Etna J.

Hayes, Charles H. Joslin, H. S.

Magie, J. O. Palmer, Edwin G.

Piper, Anson C. Sherman, Everett B.

Smith, Daniel A. Turnbull, Thomas, Jr.

Wells, S. M. Winslow, C. M.

Winsor, N. S. Yeaton, Geo. H.

The following members responded by proxy :
Arnold, Geo. W. Bacon, P. K.

Bement, George Betts, Henry

Blodgett, J. W. Bowker, George H.

Bowen, Edward S. Boynton, C. H.

Brodie, Hugh
Byrne, Christopher
Clark, George C.
Cookingham, H. W.
Davidson, George
Garvin, W. R.
Griffin, J. H.
Holt, E. A.
Hubbard, George D.
Irving, Thomas
Leach, Philo
Milliken, Charles R.
Peck, C. L.
Pierce, George H.
Scott, John W.
Shinier, B. Luther
Smith, Peter D.
Stewart, John
Surget, James
Tschud^^ Fred
Underbill, C. S.
Viner, William

Butterfield, Jerome F.
Casterline, J. Andrew
Cook, Howard
Crozier, William
Fletcher, George A.
Gold, T. S.
Hinson, W. G.
Hopkins, Willis W.
Hunt, A. W.
Larned, J. H.
McCrea, Robert
Peck, Cassius
Peirce, F. C.
Pike, George E.
Sears, B. C.
Smith, Oliver & Son.
Stevens, Wm. Stanford
Stowell, L. D.
Topping, Robert R.
Tubbs, Ambie S.
Venable, A. R. Jr.
Watson, H. R. C.

Whitingham, W. R.

REPORT OF SECRETARY

There has been more than usual interest manifested
in Ayrshire cattle during the past year, especially by
those seeding information and an unusual inquiry as to
where Ayrshire cattle can be found near the inquirc-r,
which is easily answered by sending a copy of the Year
Book. We placed an advertisement in a few of the
leading agricultural papers saying that the Year Book
could be obtained by application and a large number of
copies were disposed of in that way, going to people for

5
the most part unacquainted with the merits of the
breed. We took a great deal of pains to make the
book as attractive as possible and to contain all the
general information needed to attract a stranger to the
breed.

We still find great difficulty in obtaining desirable
photographs from which to make our halftones to print
the cuts. We have a good many photographs sent, but
many of them are too small and many more are not in a
good position to make an attractive picture, and here
let me say that there are not many good animal
photographers, for it needs a very different skill to
catch the animal at the right time and favorable
position to bring out an attractive picture than to take
ordinary pictures.

DEATHS

The following deaths have been reported during
the past year :

Albert Cooper, Java Village, N. Y.
P. Lorillard, Jobstown, N. J.
W. R. Pierce, Middleborough, Mass.
William H. Stickney, Brownfield, Me.
Alfred J. Taylor, Worthington, Mass.

NEW riEflBERS

The following new members have been added to
the roll of membership :

C. A. Abell, St. Albans, Vt.
Geo. C. Clark, Orford, N. H.
Charles W. Emmerson, Charlotte, Vt.
E. A. Holt, Hudson, N. H.
W. P. Schanck, Avon, N. Y.

6

C. E. Stewart, Lenox; Ohio.

Geo. F. Stone, Littleton, Mass.

F. C. Peirce, Concord Junction, Mass.

W. C. Nye, East Barre, Vt.

A. H. Paget, Lakeville, N. Y.

Elmer F. Pember, Bangor, Maine.

HOHE DAIRY TEST FOR 1901

Iij accordance with the vote of the Association at
its last meeting your Committee made up a list of prizes
and rules for a twelve months' dairy test for butter to be
under the official direction of the Experiment Station in
the state where the herd entered was located. Seven
herds were entered and are being tested, owned by the
following breeders :

L. S. Drew, South Burlington, Vt.

Dr. Wm. Stanford Stevens, St. Albans, Vt.

L. C. Spalding & Son. Poultney, Vt.

Geo. H. Yeaton, Dover, N. H.

E. J. Fletcher, Greenfield, N. H.

W. V. Probasco, Cream Ridge, N. J.

C. M. Winslow & Son, Brandon, Vt.

This is by far the most satisfactory test that has
ever been made with Ayrshire cow^s, excepting perhaps
the Model Dairy Test at Buffalo of which we will speak
later.

There has always been great difficulty in obtaining
any knowledge of the dairy ability of individual
Ayrshire cows, either from private or public tests and
nothing official in butter for a longer period than seven
days, but this test will give a number of official tests
for butter and milk for a full year, which should give
the Association some valuable data from which to make
known to the public the reliable merits of the breed.

7

The public wants information, reliable, and for as
long a period as possible, and it is this more than
anything else that will attract buj^ers, for the buyer
wants to know what your cow can do at the pail. I
know of no better way for the Association to spend a
reasonable amount of money yearly than in inaugurating
lengthy official tests of Ayrshire cows, and one that will
return so much to the individual breeder and notoriety
and fame to the breed in general.

I believe it will do far more good than any amount
of special premiums offered at fairs for Ayrshires in the
ring.

Of course it is pleasant to have a lot of fine
Ayrshires shown in the ring and shows a lively interest
in the breed in that locality, and would seem to indicate
that the breeder who won the first premiums had the
best Ayrshires, and give him a lift in notoriety for his
herd', but is of no especial value to the breeders in
general unless the fair is a large one and there is a large
and attractive display of Ayrshires that commends
itself to the general public, but official milk and butter
records, while they attract the public attention to the
individuals making the record, also show^ conclusively
that there is dairy merit in the breed and help every
breeder who owns an Ayrshire cow.

FAIRS FOR 1901

The exhibition of Ayrshires at the various state
and national fairs the past season w^as, on the whole,
commendable as far as heard from. The Pan-American
at Buffalo was the largest exhibition of Ayrshires and
made a fine display of Scotch bred Ayrshires, which
had the characteristic white color predominant, but in
other respects seemed to have been selected with a view

8

of pleasing the American taste, for they had longer
teats than are usuall}^ found on Scotch bred Ayrshires.
They certainly made a beautiful displa}' in the ring.

There were but few herds from the States and
those entirely from the state of New York, and many
of the animals shown from the States' herds were
strongly represented by Scotch A^^rshires with only a
few really American bred Ayrshires and still fewer
States bred.

Unfortunately, Mr. Converse's best show cow had
not calved and his bull had been dehorned which in a
close contest worked against him, but the cow that he
led into the ring showed b}^ far the greatest milking
capacity of any cow shown and was awarded the first
premium.

At the Vermont State Fair as usual the}^ led all
breeds in numbers shown and attractiveness oi display,
having four full herds beside scattering individuals.

The display at Brockton, Mass., was a credit to the
breed, being the most numerous and most attractive,
having five full herds.

THE nODEL DAIRY

The Model Dairj^ at Buffalo was the means perhaps
of the most good to the Ayrshire breed of cattle of
anything that was done the past season and great credit
is due the Canadian Government and to the Canadian
Aj^rshire breeders for stepping into the gap and saving
the reputation of the breed.

It was voted at the last annual meeting to appro-
priate $500.00 to pay the expense of placing five
Ayrshire cows in the Model Dairy, the intention being
to place five States and five Canada cows in the Dairy.
Your Committee immediatel}' sent word to every known

9
owner of an Ayrshire cow to see what could be done in
the way of obtaining a loan of an A3^rshire cow that
was to calve about May ist or a little before and w^hose
record for dairy ability had been kept and was
sufficiently good to warrant placing in a six months'
breed contest.

Your Committee felt that we should know some-
thing of the merits of a cow^ that was to risk the
reputation of the breed for a six months' test and that
it would be better to not enter at all than to enter
handicapped with untried cows.

The time was short in which to obtain them and
between the vote of the Association and May ist did
not give time to find out anj^ new facts about the cows,
and if we took any we must take those that had already
made either public or private records,

A number of the breeders offered cows, but did not
know what they could really do, but thought they
were good cows.

Other of the breeders had cow^s that were tested,
but were due to calve at a wrong time for this test, and
of those that were tested only four seemed to be
desirable for this test, and as we could not obtain the
fifth without placing an inferior cow we thought best
not to send any, which should teach the Ayrshire
breeder a lesson of knowing what sort of a dairy cow
he is milking.

The Association is in better shape today with its
7 herds being tested, and if we continue the next year
with a test, the World's Fair at St. Louis should be
provided with a set of Ayrshire cows prepared to make
a record that is representative of the breed.

A cow, to enter a test of that kind, should be
capable of giving at least 6000 pounds of milk and 300
pounds of butter in six months.

lO

I hope the Association will at this meeting make
such arrangements as will er able the Ayrshire cow of
the United States to show what she can do in the dairy.

While the Ayrshire cows at the Model Dairy were
a credit to the breed, I believe it would have been a
greater credit if there could have been home bred cows
tested, rather than foreign bred and particularly such
as were so recently imported that they were not
acclimated, but handicapped as they were they stood
second for milk and third for butter, and I have seen
an ingenious table prepared to show the test from a
creamery standpoint that placed the Ayrshire first.

Thk Secretary — The Experiment Stations
throughout the United States have manifested an
interest in Ayrshire cattle and several Stations have
placed them in their barns and have published the
results of their tests. Other Stations are looking for
Ayrshire cows to purchase for experimental purposes
and it seems very much for the interest of Ayrshire
breeders to give them all the help and assistance
possible. The Stations have always cheerfully
responded to any and all the requests of our Association
for official help in testing cows at fairs and at the barn
of the owner, doing the work either free of charge or
making a light charge for those whom they sent out as
agents, and charging nothing for Station work in the
laborator3\ It seemed to your Executive Committee
that it would be proper to recognize the friendly feeling
manifested by making the Stations honorar}^ members
of the Ayrshire Breeders' Association and in accordance
with the recommendation of the Executive Committee I
offer the following resolution :

II

That such of the Experiment Stations of
the United States as are breeding and owning
Ayrshire cattle and desire to become members
of the Association and register their Ayrshires
be enrolled as Honorary Members and allowed
to register at member's rates.

( Unanimously adopted. )

DAIRY TEST OF THE BREEDS AT ST. LOUIS

IN 1903

The Secretary — It was recommended by the
Executive Committee that a sufficient appropriation be
made to allow the Ayrshire breed to compete in the
Breed Test that is expected to be made at the World's
Fair at St. Louis in 1903, and that the Association
appoint a Committee to take the matter in caarge.

The President — You hear the recommendation
of the Executive Committee. Are there any remarks
to be made on the motion.

Dr. Turnbull, Jr. — This in my judgment is a
very important matter and needs the careful attention
of the A3^rshire breeders as it is in all probability to be
the hottest fight between the different dairy breeds the
world ever saw.

This fight began at Chicago at the World's Fair,
was again taken up at the Pan-American, and is on
stronger than ever for St. Louis. Nothing has ever
been definitely settled as to which of the dairy breeds,
all things taken into account, is the best for the farmer
and dairyman to buy.

It has always been the generally accepted opinion
that for a purely butter cow the choice la}^ between the
two branches of the Channel Island cows, some liking
the Jersey and some preferring the Guernsey but the

12

test at Buffalo last summer threw a firebrand into their
midst by presenting the Ayrshire as a strong competitor
for dairy honors in the line of a butter cow, and I hope
the Ayrshire breeders of the United States will be pre-
pared to send a set of Ayrshires to St. Louis that will
place the reputation of the breed where it belongs and
I would amend the motion by appropriating not to
exceed $1500.00 for paying the expense of placing a
herd of Ayrshire cows in the Breed contest at the St.
Louis World's Fair, and that the Executive Committee
appoint the committee to have this mat er in charge.

Mr. Doe — In seconding this motion I would
heartily endorse all that has been said in regard to the
importance of the Ayrshire breeders being prepared
with suitable cows for the Committee to make their
selections from, and have them in proper condition to
enter this test.

Mr. Hayes — If we are to have cows ready for this
test now is the time to begin to prepare them for the
test. This is no ordinary test, and the cows should be
just exactly right in every point, as to age, time of
calving, condition accustomed to a grain feed, naturally
hearty and with a vigorous appetite for they will have
to be sent along at a fearful pace and for all they are
worth, in order to win, and win they must if they go in
as the standard bearers of the breed, win or die.

I second the motion.

(Motion unanimously carried.)

Afterwards at a session of the Executive Committee
the following Committee was appointed : CM.
Witislow, J. F. Converse, Dr. Thomas Turnbull, Jr.

^3
SPECIAL PREMIUMS AT ST. LOUIS.

The Secretary — It was recorD mended by the
Executive Committee that the \ssociatioii appropriate
a sum of mone}^ as special premiums for Ayrshire cattle
shown in the ring at the Worlds Fair at St. Louis in
1903. '

The President — What have you to say on this
motion gentlemen.

Mr. Converse — It is my opinion that the Asso-
ciation should do something for this Fair to encourage
a show of the breed that will be a credit, and I would
second the motion, with an appropriation of not to
exceed $500.00, and that a committee be appointed by
the Executive Committee to arrange for the terms on
which the Association offer the special premiums.

Mr. Weli^S — I would second the motion and
suggest that the Committee to be appointed make an
effort to have a creditable exhibit of Ayrshires shown
from the States.

The President — I would like to hear from
Veteran Brown on this subject.

Mr. Obadiah Brown — I should approve of
appropriating a reasonable snm to encourage a good
show of Ayrshires in the ring at the fair at St. Louis.

(Motion unanimously carried.)

At a later meeting of the Executive Committee the
following Committee was appointed to take charge of
this matter : C. M. Winslow, J. F. Converse, Charles
C. Doe.

14
HOME DAIRY TEST FOR 1933

The Secretary — It was recommended by the
Executive Committee that the Home Dairy Test of
1 901 be continued for 1902 on the same terms with the
same appropriation and the same Committee, the
following being a copy of the last year's plan :

AYRSHIRE BREEDERS' xASSOCIATlON

HOME DAIRY TEST FOR I9OI

The Ayrshire Breeders' Association offers the
following premiums for cows or herds of Ayrshires
making the best records for butter for one year under
the conditions hereafter named : For individual cows,
$30.00, $20.00, $10.00 ; For herds of five cows each,
$75.00, $50.00, $25.00.

CONDITIONS OF TEST

1. All animals competing must be registered in the
Ayrshire Record and stand on the books of the
Association as owned by the person competing.

2. The year's test will commence April i, 1901, and
notice of proposed entry to tests must be sent to the
Secretary of the Association not later than March 15th,
so as to allow time for arrangements for test to begin
April I St.

3. Each contestant shall be allowed to name from
five to sixteen cows to be tested through the year, and
at the end of the year he may select any three of these
for the individual cow prizes and any five for the herd
prizes, but shall not select the same cow for both
individual and herd prizes nor shall he be allow^ed to
duplicate entries.

4. At the end of each month every contestant shall
report to the Secretary of the Association upon blanks
furnished them for such purpose by said office :

15

a — A complete record of the weights of
each milking.

<^— An approximate statement of the amount
and kind of food given the animals, and
as to the manner of stabling and care of
same, including the dates of service.

A full statement for the first month, and after that
enter on the blank for that month any changes in food
or care as they occur from month to month through the
year.

5. About the middle of each month the contestant
shall take a composite sample of all the consecutive
milkings for two consecutive days of each cow in the
test and send to the Experiment Station in the state in
which the animal is located or to such place as may be
directed or approved by the Committee in charge of the
testing, the result of such tests to be reported by the
tester to the Secretary of the Association.

6. These tests shall be under the supervision of the
Committee appointed by the Ayrshire Breeders'
Association but any member of the Committee owning
animals competing in said tests shall be barred from
having supervision of his own test or tests. All cows
shall be wholly under the control of the owner so far as
feeding and general treatment are concerned.

7. All the expenses connected with the tests shall
be paid by the contestants except those incurred by
carrying out the provisions contained in Rule 8.
About all the expenses incurred by contestants will be
the express charges on samples of milk sent monthly by
him to his Experiment Station, and a set of pint jars in
which to send the samples.

8. At such times as the Committee supervising said
test or tests shall see fit, but at least twice during the
year, they shall send anyone whom they may deputize,

i6

to visit the herds from which animals are entered, to
weigh and test the milk from cows competing, the
agent sent being approved by the Experiment Station
doing the testing for that herd.

9. The results of each 3^ear's tests shall be computed
in the following manner : The weights of milk
produced each month shall be multiplied by the per
cent, of butter-fat as shown by the official test for that
month and the amount of butter computed by the
Experiment Station method of the addition of i-6th,
and the sum of the results thus obtained shall be the
year's record. The milk will be also tested for per cent,
of total solids, but this, however, will not be considered
in making the awards which will be on amount of
butter only.

The statistics obtained from the above tests will be
of inestimable value to all .breeders of Ayrshires
because, covering a long period of time and being
official, they will show to the public the value of the
Ayrshire cow by the year in quantit}^ of milk and butter
and per cent, of fat and total solids and an approxi-
mately correct idea of the food and care which has been
given to obtain such r results.

It is earnestly hoped that this opportunity for an
official test of Ayrshire cows will be very generally
responded to by the owners of Ayrshire cows, that we
ma}^ obtain some valuable statistics to publish in favor
of the Ayrshire cow. The Secretary is frequently
inquired of for official yearly records of Ayrshire cows
and there are none.

C. M. WINSLOW,
THOMAS TURNBULL, JR.,
JOHN W. SCOTT,

Committee on Home Dairy Tests.

17

The Secretary — I believe there is no way the
Association can appropriate money which will return so
large a dividend to all Ayrshire breeders as in
encouraging official tests of Ayrshire cows in a dairy
line, and the longer the tests the more valuable,
because they more clearly show the real cow and what
she is and what she can do. A year's test is of far
more value than a seven days' test, because some cows
can be made to show a wonderful yield for the short
time of a week or so, but when pushed along for fifty-
two consecutive weeks she has not the necessary
staying qualit}^ to make her anything more than an
ordinary cow, and as it is not for a week or a month
that we want a cow, but for a full year, so a full year's
test is what we want to help us in our selection for
breeding.

I hold in my hand the record ot the seven herds
that are in the last year's test and I believe this record
is of great value to all the breeders of Ayrshire cattle,
because in it are some very fine records that will do
much good in establishing the reputation of the
Ayrshire cow as a dairy cow, and I hope the Associa-
tion will continue the test for another year and that
many more herds will avail themselves of this grand
opportunity to help themselves and help boom the
breed, and I believe there is nothing we can do that
will do so much to attract buyers as an abundance of
proof that the Ayrshire is a noted dairy cow, of dairy
ability second to none. If we had known as much
about the dairy capacity of the Ayrshire cow a /ear
ago when we were looking for cows for the Model
Dairy at Buffalo, we would not now, in my opinion, be
bemoaning our not having had a hand in the Ayrshire
test at Buffalo.

i8
Dr. TurnbulIv — This dairy test that we have been
running for the past year has given me strong hopes
that we aie on the eve of a different standing in the
dairy world as a breed, and that we are waking up to
the opportunities we have within our grasp and that
another year will enable us to show to the world that
there are some Ayrshires that are wonderful cows at
the pail, and that the average run of them are more
profitable than ordinary cows.

Mr. Hayes — I would like to amend the motion by
imposing a fine of $100.00 on every Ayrshire breeder
who fails to enter the Home Dairy Test for the coming
year. (Laughter.)

A Member — I would move that Mr. Hayes be
appointed a committee of one to collect the fines.

(It was voted unanimously that the Home
Dairy Test be continued for the next year
beginning April 1st, with the same appropri-
ation and the same committee.)

NEW FORHS FOR REGISTRY

Mr. Converse — I would like to suggest that the
Secretary adopt a different form of Registry Certificate,
an^ have it larger than the one we now have and more
showy.

Other associations have Certificates of Registry
that are more attractive than ours and have more paper
and more to them. These are small and easily lost,
and are not showy enough when you give them to a
purchaser.

19

Mr. Doe — I would also like to suggest that a
Certificate of transfer of ownership be sent to the
purchaser instead of the postal now in use.

Thk Secretary — I understand the Association
wants more style used in its forms used in registry, and
I see no objection to it and on the other hand there are
many advantages in having a changed set of forms all
around, beginning with the application for registry and
application for transfer, and it is a complete system
that I have had in my mind for a year or two working
up to perfection, and it can be easily placed in operation
only it takes more labor and more time and more cost
all around, but is really an improvement. We have
from time to time added safeguards to our system of
registry to prevent errors by mistake or design, but in
one point we are still at fault, and that is our lack of
dentification of animals recorded. There has been an
improvement on the part of several breeders, and there
would be no difficulty in identifying their animals from
the description given in the Herd Book, but many still
give a very vague description, simply giving red and
white or white and red to all their animals, and so far
as the color description goes, any animal might be taken
for any other animal.

I have had in my mind a form of application for
registry that would enable any animal to be identified,
and save possible confusion, but it would make more
work for the breeder and make more work all around,
but I should be glad to see it done and if a change of
forms on the one side is desired why not make a
complete change and have it as near right as possible,
and acting on the suggestion made I will, as soon as
practicable, make a complete change in the forms used,
both for application and return certificates.

20

ADVANCED REGISTRY

The Secretary — It was recommended by the
Executive Committee that the Ayrshire Breeders'
Association at this meeting adopt the Advanced
Registry and appoint a committee to frame rules and
regulations and attend to starting the testing for the
Registry by next April. This is clearly an advance
move on the part of Ayrshire breeders and one from
which we may hope much in connection with the Home
Dairy Tests.

The time has come with all dairj^ breeds when the
public wants to know more about a cow or a bull than
that it is pure bred or even that it is a physical type of
the breed.

The public wants to know more about it than that
it may have won first premiums in the ring, for this
does not always insure a good dairy cow, but what the
public wants to know today is where can dairy cows of
high excellence be found.

It has taken the Ayrshire breeders a long time to
awake to the necessity of finding out for themselves
what kind of dairy cows the Ayrshires are and as long
a time to get themselves and their cows in shape to let
others know the real dairy value of their cows, but it
looks now as though the Ayrshire breeders were getting
into line to place their cows before the world in their
true position.

(The motion was unanimously adopted.)

C. M. Winslow, George H. Yeaton and Charles H.
Hayes were appointed as the Committee.

21

THE GROUT BILL

The Secretary — The National Live Stock
Association have sent an earnest petition to the
Ayrshire Breeders' Association to organize against the
passage of the Grout Oleomargarine Bill in Congress,
and I would like to move that the Ayrshire Breeders'
Association place itself on record as in favor of the
passage of the Grout Bill and hereby request Congress
to pass the bill.

(Motion unanimously adopted.)

AMENDMENT TO BY=LAWS

The Secretary — It was recommended by the
Executive Committee that Regulation lo be changed
by the addition "That the surviving member of a firm
be the member of the Association, and that no firm
name shall have the right to register under a firm
where the herd is divided and has two addresses."

(Motion adopted.)

REPORT OF TREASURER

Balance on hand Jan. i, 1901,
Received from sale of books.

Postage and express,
Deposited in bank Aug. 15,
Deposited in bank Jan. i,

$23

6S

66

74

$ 1

84

40

00

48

02

$90 42

$89 86

Cash balance in hands of treasurer, $0 56

22

Balance bank book Jan. i, 1901, $3759 72
Dividend May i, 75 18

Deposited Aug. 15,
Dividend, Nov. 15,

I3834

90

40

00

77

08

$3951 98

Deposited Jan. i, 1902, 48 02

Looo 00

Total funds in hands of Treasurer, $4000 56

Respectfully, N. S. WINSOR.

Providence, R. I., Jan. 15, 1902.
We have this day examined the account of N. S.
Winsor, Treasurer, and find it correct.

J. F. CONVERSE, )

S. M. WELLS, ^Auditors.

J. O. MAGIE, )

SECRETARY'S ACCOUNT

Ayrshire Breeders' Association in account with C,
M. Winslow, Secretary.

Cash on hand Jan. i, 1901,
Received for entries and transfers,

For pedigree blanks,

For milk records.

For Herd Books, Vol. 13,

For membership fees :

F. C. Peirce,

C. E. Stewart,

W. C. Nye,

A. H. Paget,

427

96

I3IO

51

2

00

3

50

4

25

25

GO

25

GO

25

GG

25

GO

23

W. P. Schanck, $25 00

Blmer F. Pember, 25 00

Geo. F. Stone, 25 00

E. A. Holt, 25 00

C. A. Abell, 25 GO

C. W. Emerson, 25 00

Geo. C. Clark, 25 00

CASH PAID OUT.

Postage stamps,

$59 75

Postal cards,

3 00

Printing Vol. XIII,

562 72

Brandon Publishing Company,

233 60

Halftone plates.

30 09

Stenographer,

18 75

Telephone,

2 25

Telegraph,

2 75

Home Dairy Test prizes, 1900,

50 00

Home Dairy Test expense, 1901,

24 81

Advertising Year Books,

7 50

Express,

5 33

Sundries,

3 05

Salary of Secretary,

500 00

Traveling expenses, Sec,

241 52

Cash on hand,

278 07

$2023 22

$2023 22

Proyidknck, R. I.,. Jan. 15, 1902.
We have this day examined the account of CM.
Winslow, our Secretary, and find it correct.

J. F. CONVERSE, )

S. M. WELI.S, ^Auditors.

J. O. MAGIE, )

24

ELECTION OF OFFICERS

The President — We will now proceed to the
election of officers and the first in nomination is a
President, and, before you make* your nomination, I
would like to say that I have occupied the position for
five years and decline another nomination. Thanking
you for all past courtesies I now ask for nomination for
a President and would like to ask Mr. Brown to state
his opinion of a change in the custom of expecting a
President to hold his ofiice for five consecutive terms.

Mr. Brown — I think it has been the custom from
the beginning to re-elect a President from term to term
until he had held the office for five years, but I see no
reason why that ueage should continue.

Mr. Converse — I move you that it is the sense of
this meeting that the time of holding the ofiice of
President in the future be limited so as not to exceed
two consecutive elections.

(Motion carried.)

Mr. Brown — I move that an informal ballot be
taken and that the three names receiving the largest
number of votes be considered the candidates placed in
nomination,

(Motion carried.)

The President — I will appoint Mr. Brown and
Mr. Hayes to act as tellers.

The President — Will the tellers report the result
of the informal ballot ?

Mr. Brown — By your informal ballot you have
placed in nomination Dr. Thomas Turnbull, Jr.,
George H. Yeaton and S. M. Wells.

Dr. Turnbuel, Jr. — It will be impossible forme
to act as President if I should be elected and, thanking

Q
O
t^

d

n
o

o

CO

o

a
z

60

o

Pi

m
m

25

you for your courtes}', I must positively decline to
allow my name to be placed in nomination.

The President — You hear the remarks of the
Doctor and I think he is a man who means w^hat he
says. Please prepare 3^our ballots.

The President — You have by report of the tellers
elected Mr. George H. Yeaton as your next President,
and will the tellers please escort Mr. Yeaton to the
chair.

It was voted that the Secretary be instructed to
cast one ballot for Hon. Obadiah Brown as Vice-Pres-
ident.

It was voted to instruct the Secretary to cast a
ballot for James J. Hill for Vice-President.

It was voted to instruct the Secretary to cast a
ballot for Dr. Thomas Turnbull, Jr., for Vice-President.

It was voted to instruct the Secretary to cast a
ballot for Etna J. Fletcher for Vice-President.

It was voted that the President cast a ballot for C.
M. Winslow for Secretary and Editor.

It was voted that the Secretary cast a ballot for N.
S. Winsor for Treasurer.

Charles H. Hayes and E. B. Sherman were elected
to serve as Executive Committee for three years.

A vote of thanks was tendered to the retiring
officers.

The Secretary — We have been in the habit of
printing a volume of the Herd Book every two years,
but the last volume contains 560 pages and is too thick
for convenience in handling and I think our Herd
Books would look better to be uniform in thickness and
to not exceed about 400 pages.

On a motion it was voted that the Secretary give
notice to the breeders of the closing of Volume 14 and

26

print the Volume when there are sufficient entries
recorded to make about 400 pages.

It was voted that the Secretary and Treasurer be
authorized to have as many of the old volumes now in
folded form bound as they in their judgment think
best.

Considerable discussion was had in regard to the
place of holding the next annual meeting and it was
finally left for the Executive Committee to decide and
locate.

It was voted that the Association invite all
members present at the next annual meeting to lunch
together at one o'clock at the expense of the Association.

NEW flEHBERS

The following names were presented for member-
ship and voted that they be received and enrolled when
they pay the Ivife Membership fee of $25.00.

Forest Park Farm, Brandon, Vt.,

Dr. Adams, Supt.
Edwin G. Palmer, Plainfield, Conn.
Henry Dorrance & Son, Plainfield, Conn.
John A. Baton, Warregan, Conn.
Davis Copeland & Son, Campello, Mass.
R. Parker &. Son, Ferrisburg, Vt.
Frank E. Russell, Greenfield, N. H.
ly. A. Reymann, Wheeling, West Virginia.
David Whitney, Wilton, N. H.
Herbert N. Sawyer, Atkinson, N. H.
Jay L. Colburn, Milford, N. Y.
J. V. Probasco, Cream Ridge, N. J.
J. D. Honeyman, Portland, Ore.

27

EXPERT JUDGES

It is the opinion of the Ayrshire Breeders' Asso-
ciation that the men selected by the Agricultural Fair
Associations throughout the country, to judge Aj-rshire
cattle in the ring, should be men acquainted with
Ayrshire cattle, and men familiar with the scale of
points and characteristics of the breed.

The Executive Committee have selected the
following names of men in different parts of the country
whom we believe to be experts in judging Ayrshire
cattle, and would recommend to Fair Associations as
Judges :

Alonzo Libby, Westbrook, Maine.
Charles H. Hayes, Portsmouth, N. H.
George H. Yeaton, Dover, N. H.
W. R. Garvin, Dover, N. H.
L. S. Drew, Burlington, Vt.
F. W. Spalding, Poultney, Vt.
H. R. C. Watson, Brandon, Vt.
C. M. Winslow, Brandon, Vt.
George A. Fletcher, Milton, Mass.
Obadiah Brown, Providence, R. I.
H. S. Joslin, Mohegan, R. I.
Dudley Wells, Wethersfield, Conn.
S. M. Wells, Wethersfield, Conn.
J. H. Larned, Putnam, Conn.
B. C. Sears, Blooming Grove, N. Y.

A. S. Tubbs, Mexico, N. Y.
Frank Converse, Woodville, N. Y.
J. O. Magie, Elizabeth, N. J.
William Lindsay, Elizabeth, N. J.

B. Euther Shimer, Bethlehem, Pa.
H. Hayward, State College, Pa.
J. P. Beatty, Pataskala, Ohio.
John Stewart, Elburn, 111.

C. S. Plumb, Eafayette, Ind.

Etna J. Fletcher, Greenfield, N. H,
E. B. Sherman, Harrisville, R. I.

C. M. WINSEOW, Secretary.

28

OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION

President

GEORGE H. YEATON, Dover, N. H.

Vice=Presidents

OBADIAH BROWN, JAMES J. HIEL,

Providence, R. I. St. Paul, Minn,

THOMAS TURNBUEE, JR.,

Allegheney, Pa. ETNA J. FEETCHER,

Greenfield, N. H.

Secretary and Editor

CHAREES M. WINSEOW, Brandon, Vt.

Treasurer

NICHOEAS S. WINSOR, Greenville, R. I.

Executive Committee

J. F. CONVERSE, JOHN W. SCOTT,

Woodville, N. Y. Austin, Minn.

S. M. WEEES, J. O. MAGIE,

Wethersfield, Conn. Elizabeth, N. J.

C. H. HAYES, E. B. SHERMAN,

Portsmouth, N. H. Harrisville, R. I.

29

MEMBERS OF THE ASSOCIATION
California

Bement, George East Oakland.

Coutts, Peter Mayfield.

Hig^ins, Asa Petaluma.

Connecticut

Baton, John A & Son Plainfield.

Connecticut Insane Asylum Middletown.

Dorrance, Henry Warregan.

Dunham, J X Sharon.

Ennis, Alfred A Danielson.

Gold, T S West Cornwall.

Greene, B D Stamford.

Earned, J H Putnam.

Palmer, Edwin G. Plainfield.

Roode, Joseph Jewett City.

Sears, N E Elmwood.

Weed, John W Noroton.

Wells, Dudley Wethersfield.

Wells, S M . Wethersfield.

Delaware

Sellers, William Edgemoor.

Kansas

Adams, A A Berryton.

Delap, S N lola.

Stowdts, H Abilene.

Illinois

Blodgett, H W Waukegan.

Jones, D & G Galesburgh.

Stewart, John Elburn.

Indiana

Oliver, James So. Bend.

30
Iowa

Coldren, J N Iowa City.

Maine

Dearborne, A J West Falmouth.

Hunt, A W Brunswick.

Libb}^, Alonzo - Westbrook.

Milliken, Chas R Portland.

Pember, Elmer F Bangor.

Maryland

Cochran, T Allman Baltimore.

Harrison, Chas K Pikesville.

riassachusetts

Bacon, P K Campello.

Birnie, Chas A Longmeadow.

Blodgett, J W East Saugus.

Boise, Enos W Blandford.

Bowker, George H Barre Plains.

Bradford, J H, Supt Monson.

Calumet Woolen Co Uxbridge.

Choate, Charles F. Southboro.

Clark, Franklin P Sudbury.

Copeland, Davis & Son Campello.

Crissey, Warren Great Barrington.

Curtis, E W Globe Village.

Fletcher, George A Milton.

Hamilton Woolen Co ..... . Southbridge.

Harrington, H A Worcester.

Heath, G P Northboro.

Jones, N P Billerica.

Knowlton, George W West Upton.

Lawrence, James Groton.

Leach, Philo Bridgewater.

Massey, DA Asylum Station.

Merriam, Herbert Weston.

31
riassachusetts (Continued)

Millard, L D. Taunton.

Peirce, FC Concord Junction.

Perley, Charles Bradford.

Pierce, George H Concord.

Piper, Anson C South Acton.

Reed, Hammon, Lexington.

Sage, Chas D North Brookfield.

Smith, Peter D Andover.

Stone, Geo F Littleton.

Thorp, John C Holyoke.

Tyler, Arthur F Athol.

Walker, William I Great Barrington.

Wolcott, CW Readville.

Young, Gilman P Grafton.

Minnesota

Hill, James J St. Paul.

Reeve, C McC Minneapolis.

Scott, John W Austin.

Mississippi

Surget, James Natchez.

New Hampshire

Boynton, CH Lisbon.

Cater, H F & Son North Barrington.

Clark, George C Orford.

Edes, Samuel Newport.

Fletcher, Etna J Greenfield.

Garvin, W R Dover.

Hayes, Charles H Portsmouth.

Hayes, Charles S Portsmouth.

Healey, C N Exeter.

Holt, Andy South Lyndeboro.

Holt, E A Hudson.

Kimball, Herbert M Concord.

Sawyer, E E Atkinson.

Yeaton, George H Dover.

32
New Jersey

Beach, Frederick H Dover.

Burke, Joseph F Morristown.

Casterline, J x\ndrew Dover.

Crane, Fred Roselle.

Crane, John Union.

Farley, FC Milburn.

Howatt, DE New Brunswick.

Kissel, Gustave Morristown.

Lindsa}^ William Plainfield.

Magie, J O Elizabeth.

Probasco, J V Cream Ridge.

Sadler, Edward W Mont Clair.

Whittingham, W R. Milburn.

New York

Babcock, F M Gouverneur.

Barney, C S Milford.

Barnes, N -.. Middle Hope.

Bell, George H Rome.

Brayton, CN South Wales.

Brodie, Hugh, Rural Hill.

Brush & Rowley, Northport.

Burnett, John W Salem.

Buttrick, C A Liberty Falls.

Cam,pbell, John S New York Mills.

Cass, George L McGraw\

Clark, CW Guymard.

Clark, N E Potsdam.

Clarkson, T S Jr Potsdam.

Colburn, J E Milford

Converse, J F Woodville.

Cookingham, H W^ Cherr}' Creek.

Crozier, William Northport.

I)oane, Franklin.... Middletown.

Dorn, Elmer J Johnstown.

33
New York (Continued)

Emery, C G Clayton.

Griffin, J H Moira.

Hall, Lott Gouverneur.

Ham, Eugene Verbank.

Harrington, AD Oxford.

Hawkes, E B Wells Bridge.

Hubbard, George D Camden.

Hyde, J B 120 Broadway,

New York City.

Jackson, Ward R Boonville.

Jay, William, Katonah.

Jenkins, J W .- . Vernon.

Jones, Ira W Alfred.

Kemp, Edward New York Citj^

Krebs, J DeWitt 439 Manhattan Ave.,

New York City.

Magone, Daniel Ogdensburgh.

McCrea, Robert Champlain.

Miller, James Penn Yan.

Nichols, James H Carmel.

Norton, W H Allentown.

Oneida Community, Limited,... Kenway.

Ormiston Bros Cuba.

Paget, A H Eakeville.

Pike, George E. Gouverneur.

Ramsdell, H S Newburgh.

Rhodes, TF Camillus.

Schanck, W P Avon.

Schouten, E A Cortland.

Sears, BC Blooming Grove.

Seaver, Henry E Canton.

Smith, JB Walden.

Smith, Oliver & Son ,. Chateaugaj^

Stowell, ED Black Creek.

34
New York (Continued)

Taber, George East Aurora.

Taylor, John I, .... Owego.

Thurber, C S New York City.

Topping, RR Amsterdam.

Tubbs, Ambie S Mexico.

Tucker, WG Elm Valley.

Tuttle, MA Hornellsville.

Underbill, CS Glenham.

Verplank, Samuel. Fishkill-on-Hudson,

Viner, William Arden.

Whitney, CP Orleans.

Winter, N. H Cortland.

Ohio

Beatty, J P ^ Pataskala.

Betts, Henry Pittsfield.

Cook, Howard, Beloit.

Crane, J H & Sons Toledo.

Fuller, C C Nelson.

Mason, F H Leon.

Spencer, A B Goldwood.

Wilson, A J Grafton.

Oregon

Tongue, Thos H Hillsborough.

Pennsylvania

Ayer, H S Columbus.

Bo5^er, R A Catasauqua.

Butterfield, Jerome F South Montrose.

Byrne, Christopher Friendsville.

Carrons, Robert M Washington.

Cloud, James & Son Kennett Square.

Cornell, AM Altus.

Cornell, F P Sylvania.

Fairweather, William Meadville.

35
Pennsylvania (Continued)

Farrell, W E-- Corry.

Hopkins, Willis W Aldenville.

Logan, A Sidney Philadelphia.

McFadden, George H Bryn Mawr.

Miince, R J Washington.

Peck, C L Coudersport.

Shimer, A S Redington.

Shimer, B lyiither Bethlehem.

Turnbull, Thomas Jr.... 835 Western < Ave.,

Allegheny.

Valentine, John R .' Bryn Mawr.

Rhode Island

Angell, Edwin G Providence.

Arnold, George W Warren.

Bowen, Edward S Providence.

Brown, Obadiah Providence.

Carr, Lewis Providence.

Davis, ED., Newport.

Haskins, J P & Son Providence.

Hawes, Addison S Providence.

Hazard, Isaac Providence.

Hopkins , William H Providence .

Joslin, H S Mohegan.

Robinson, Isaac R Providence.

Russell, Henry G Providence.

Sherman, Everett B Harrisville.

Sherman, Eeander Harrisville.

Smith, Daniel A Tarkiln.

Vaughn, William P Providence.

Winsor, Nicholas Greenville.

Wood, Lucius H Cranston.

South Carolina

Crayton, B F & Son Anderson.

Hinson, WG Charleston.

36
Texas

Pope, Rev. G Stanley Grand View.

Turner, J C Longview.

Virginia

Venable, A R Jr Farmville.

Vermont

Abell, C A St. Albans.

Ball, A P Derby Une.

Brainerd, L St. Albans.

Doe, Chas C South Newbury.

Drew, ly S South Burlington.

Emerson, Chas. W Charlotte.

Fisher & May St Albans Hill.

Nye, W C East Barre.

Peck, Cassius Burlington.

Proctor, Fletcher D Proctor.

Sanford, Chas Orwell.

Scott, WF Brandon.

Scribner, G S Castleton.

Smith, EA Brandon.

Spalding, I^ C & Son Poultney.

Stevens, Wm Stanford St. Albans.

Watson, HRC Brandon.

Winslow, C M Brandon.

West Virginia

Reymann, LA Wheeling.

Wisconsin

Hazen, Chester Brandon.

Johnson, Joseph — Hartland.

Jones, Sam Juneau.

Tschudy, Fred Monroe.

Residence Unknown
Rhome, B C ...

37
Canada

Allan, Andrew Montreal, Que.

Cochran, M H Compton, Que.

Davidson, George Fairfax, Que.

Drummond, James Petite Cote, Que.

Gibb, John L Quebec, Que.

Irving, Thomas Petite Cote, Que.

' Scotland

Stewart, John I^orne Island of Coll.

38
CHARTER

An Act to Incorporate the Ayrshire Breeders' Association.

It is hereby enacted by the Genejal Assembly of the State
of Ver7no7it :

Sec. I. J. D. W. French, James V. Converse,
Alonzo Ivibby, F. H. Mason, Obadiah Brown, Henrv E.
Smith, C. M. Winslow, S. M. Wells. H. R. C. Watson,
James Scott, George A. Fletcher, Charles H. Ha3'es,
John Stewart, their associates and successors, are
constituted a body corporate by the name of the
'"Ayrshire Breeders' Association," and by that name
may sue and be sued ; may acquire by gift or purchase,
hold and convey real and personal estate, necessary for
the purposes of this corporation, not to exceed twenty-
five thousand dollars ; may have a common seal and
alter the same at pleasure.

Sec. 2. The object of this corporation shall be to
publish a herd book, and for such other purposes as
may be conducive to the interest of breeders of
Ayrshire cattle.

Sec. 3. This corporation maj^ elect officers and
make such by-laws, rules and regulations for the
management of its business as may be necessary, not
inconsistent with the laws of this State.

Sec. 4. This corporation may hold its meetings at
such time and place as the corporation may appoint.

Sec. 5. This act shall take effect from its passage.

JOSIAH GROUT,

Speaker of the House of Representatives.

LEVI K. FULLER,

P^^esident of the Senate.

Approved November 23, 1886.

EBENEZER J. ORMSBEE,

Governor.
(A true copy.)
Attest : E. W. J. Hawkins,

Engrossing Clerk.

39

CONSTITUTION

Preamble

We, the undersigned, breeders of Ayrshire cattle,
recognizing the importance of a trustworthy Herd Book
that shall be accepted as a final authority in all
questions of Pedigree, and desiring to secure the
co-operation of all who feel an interest in preserving the
purity of this stock, do hereby agree to form an
Association for the publication of a Herd Book, and for
such other purposes as may be conducive to the
interests of Breeders, and adopt the following
Constitution :

ARTICI.E I.

This Association shall be called The Association of
Ayrshire Breeders.

ARTlCIyK II.

The members of the Association shall comprise
only the original signers of this Constitution, and such
other persons as may be admitted, as hereafter provided.

ARTICI.B III.'

The officers of the Association shall consist of a
President, four Vice-Presidents, a Treasurer, a Secre-
tary, who, together with six members of the Association,
all chosen by ballot, shall constitute an Executive
Committee.

The President, Vice-Presidents, Treasurer and
Secretary shall be elected annually.

The six members who make up the balance of the
Executive Committee shall be elected as follows : Two
members for one year, two members for two years, and
two members for three years, and hereafter two
members shall be elected each 3^ear tor a term of three
years.

40

The Treasurer shall present at the annual meeting
of the Association a full statement of his accounts,
audited by two members of the Association, appointed
by the Executive Committee.

The Executive Committee shall, under the general
direction of the Association! prescribe the manner in
which the V>usiness of the Association shall be
conducted ; shall have general control, of all matters
pertaining to its interests ; shall have authority to
appoint an editor of the Herd Book, and may fill any
vacancies occurring among the oificers. The office of
Secretary, Treasurer and Editor may be filled by the
same person.

The Treasurer, Secretary and Editor shall receive
compensation for their services, to be fixed by the
Association. The Treasurer shall give such bonds as
may be required by the Executive Committee.

ARTlCIvK IV.

The annual meeting of the Association shall be
held each year, at such time and place as shall be
designated b^^ the Executive Committee (of which
notice shall be sent to members at least one month
previous) , for the discussion of questions of interest to
the members, and for the election of officers for the
ensuing year. Special meetings of the Association may
be called by the President or by the Executive
Committee or at the written request of ten members.
Twenty days' notice must be given and the object of
the meeting announced in the call, and no business
other than that specified in the call shall be transacted
at the special meeting. Time and place shall be
determined in same way as annual meeting.

At all meetings of the Association members may
vote in person, or by proxy, or thej^ may send their
ballots by mail to the Secretary, whose dut}^ it shall be

41
to vote the same and to acknowledge their receipt. At
least twenty members present, represented by proxy, or
written ballot, shall be a quorum for transacting
business.

ARTICLE V.

Only breeders of Ayrshire cattle shall be eligible
for membership, and members shall be elected at any
regular meeting of the Association ; also by the
unanimous written consent of the Executive Committee
at any time between the annual meetings, subject to
the following conditions :

Each applicant for membership shall be recommen-
ded by one or more members of the Association, as a
trustworthy and careful breeder ; and no new member
shall be admitted if objected to by any officer of the
Association.

The Secretary shall notify the candidate of his
rejection, or in case of his election that he will be
admitted as a member on signing the Constitution and
paying the initiation fee.

An applicant who has been rejected shall not be
voted on again until two years from the date of his
rejection, unless by the unanimous consent of the
officers of the Association.

ARTlCIvE VI.

Each member shall pay an initiation fee of twenty-
five dollars. These fees shall constitute an Association
Fund to defray the expenses of publishing the Herd
Book, and other charges incidental to the organization
of the Association and to the transaction of its business.

No officer or member shall be authorized to con-
tract any debt in the name of the Association.

ARTICLE VII.

The Herd Book shall be edited by an Editor
appointed for that purpose, under the control and

42
supervision of the Executive Committee, and shall be
published only with its official approval.

The charge for entry of the Pedigree of each
animal belonging to a member of the Association shall
be fixed by the Executive Committee, but shall not
exceed one dollar, except for an animal two years old.

Animals not belonging to members of the Associ-
ation may be entered in the Herd Book upon the
payment of twice the amount charged to members.

The Herd Book charges shall be appropriated to
the examination and verification of Pedigrees, and the
preparation of the Herd Book which shall be published
by the Association and shall be its property. The
price of the Herd Book shall be determined b}' the
Executive Committee. The Editor shall keep on file
all documents constituting his authority for Pedigrees,
and shall hold them subject to the inspection of any
member of the Association, and shall deliver them to
his successor in office.

ARTICLE VIII.

Should it occur at any time that an^^ member of the
Association shall be charged with wilful misrepresen-
tation in regard to an3^ animal, or with any other act
derogator}^ to the standing of the Association, the
Executive Committee shall examine into the matter ;
and if it shall find there is foundation for such a charge,
the offending member may be expelled by a vote of
two-thirds of the members of the Association, present
or represented, at any regular meeting.

ARTICLE IX.

This Constitution may be altered or amended by a
vote of two-thirds of the members present or represented
by prox}^ at any annual meeting of the Association.

Notice of proposed alterations or amendments shall
be given in the call for said meeting.

43
REGULATIONS

1. Onh' such animals shall be admitted to the
Herd Book as are proved to be either imported from
Scotland or descended from such imported animals.

2. All animals hereafter imported, to be eligible
to registr}^ in the Ayrshire Record, must previously be
recorded in the Ayrshire Herd Book of Scotland, and
an application for registr}^ must be accompanied b}^ a
certificate of registr}- duly signed by the Secretary in
Scotland.

Entries of calves imported in dam must be
accompanied by the certificate of registry of sire and
dam in the Scotch Herd Book, also certificate of bull
service, signed by owner of bull.

3. No animal not already named and entered in
some Herd Book at this date, shall be accepted for
entry under a name that has already been offered for
entry ; also, the afiix, ist, 2d and 3d, shall apply only to
calves of the cow bearing the name used ; not to her
grandchildren, nor any other animal.

4. The breeder of an animal shall be considered
the one owning the dam at the time of her service by
the bull.

5. No Pedigree will be received for entry from
anyone except the breeder of the animal offered, unless
it is accompanied by a certificate of the breeder or his
legal representative, indorsing the Pedigree.

Entries of calves, sired by bulls not owned by the
breedef of the calf, shall be accompanied by a certificate
of bull service signed by owner of bull.

6. All animals sold, in order that their progeny
may be registered, must have their successive transfers
duly recorded. Records of transfers will be made only
on the certificate of former owner, or his legal represen-
tative .

44

7- A transfer-book shall be kept by the Editor, in
which all changes of ownership shall be recorded.

8. The Editor shall keep a record of the deaths of
all animals which may be sent to him. (And breeders
are requested to forward the same, stating cause, etc.)

g. The fees for recording are one dollar for each
animal recorded b}^ and in the name of a member of the
Association, being either bred or owned by him, and
two dollars for animals over two 3^ears old at the time
of entry.

Double the above rates are charged to those not
members.

A fee of twenty-five cents will be charged for
recording ancestors necessar}^ to complete a Pedigree to
importation or to cattle already in the A3^rshire Record.

Transfer fee twenty-five cents. All the above fees
should accompany the entry or transfer papers to insure
attention.

10. An individual membership shall be continued
after the death of a member in the settlement of his
estate until the same shall be settled and then the
membership shall cease. The inheritor of a herd of
Ayrshires shall also inherit the membership of the
Ayrshire Breeders' Association — subject to approval of
said Association. In case of corporations, the
corporation may continue as a member so long as they
are interested in the Association, and shall be represen-
ted by such person as may be designated by the
President and Secretary of the corporation.

The surviving member of a firm may be the
member of the Association.

A firm shall have but one address.

11. These Regulations ma}^ be altered, amended
or added to, with the consent of two-thirds of the
ofiicers of the Association and Executive Committee.

45
RULES FOR ADVANCED REGISTRY

PREAMBLE.

For the purpose of encouraging a better S3^stem of
keeping milk and butter records, and that we may
obtain more and reliable records of the dairy 3deld of
Ayrshire cows, we hereby adopt the following rules
and regulations for the establishment of a system of
Advanced Registry for Ayrshire cattle.

RULE I.
The Secretary of the Association shall have charge
of this Registry under the general supervision and
direction of the Executive Committee, he shall prepare
and publish blank forms and circulars needed in
carrying this system into effect, receive and attend
to all applications for this registry, and have general
oversight and direction of all official tests of ■ milk and
butter production for it and perform such other duties
as may be required to secure the efficiency and success
of this system. He shall make a full report of his work
in this branch at the Annual Meeting each year, and
publish the entries when so ordered by the Bxecutive
Committee.

RULE II.

Classification of Tests.

Cows may be entered for record from a seven day
test of milk and butter, also from a year's test for re ilk
and butter, and the seven day test may be included in
the year's test.

RULE III.
Classification of Animals.

Cows from two to three years old shall be in a class
known as the two-year-old form.

46

Cows from three to four years old shall be in a
class known as the three-year-old form.

Cows from four to five years old shall be in a class
known as the four-year-old form.

Cows above five years old shall be in a class known
as the full age form.

RUIvE IV. '

Eligibility of Bulls.
No bull shall be eligible to Advanced Registry
unless he shall have been previously recorded in the
Ayrshire Record.

a — A bull to be eligible to Advanced Registry,
shall be a typical Ayrshire bull in general appearance,
shall scale 80 points, and have two daughters in the
register.

b — A bull may be admitted to Advanced Registry
without physical qualification, and without scaling
provided he have four daughters in the Advanced Reg-
istry.

RUI.E V.

Eligibility of Cows.

No cow shall be admitted to Advanced Registry
unless she shall have been previously recorded in the
Ayrshire Record.

Two-year-old Form.

a. — Seven day record. If her record begins the
day she is two years old or before that time she shall,
to entitle her to record, give not less than 200 pounds of
milk and eight pounds of butter in seven consecutive
days, and for each day she is over two 3^ears old, at
time of beginning the test, there shall be added : .014
pounds to the 200 pounds of milk and .0055 pounds to
the eight pounds of butter.

47

b. — Year's record. If her record begins the daj^
she is two years old or before that time she shall, to
entitle her to record, give not less than 5500 pounds of
milk in 365 consecutive days from the beginning of the
test and 225 pounds of butter, and for each day she is.
over two j^ears old at time of beginning the test there
shall be added 2.75 pounds of milk to the 5500 pounds
and .014 pounds of butter to the 225 pounds.

Three-3'ear-old Form.

For the Three-3^ear-old form the requirement shall
be:

a. — Seven daj^ record. 250 pounds of milk and 10
pounds of butter, with the same addition made to these
amounts for each day she is over three years old when
the test begins that is made to the Two-year-old Form,
which addition shall be made for each form to maturitj^

b. — Year's record. 6500 pounds of milk and 275
pounds of butter for the 365 consecutive days from
the beginning of the test, with the same additions for
milk and butter as are required in the Two-j^'ear-old
Form for each day she is over three j^ears old at time
of beginning test, which addition shall be made in each
succeeding form to maturity.

Four-year-old Form.

For the Four-year-old Form the requirement shall
be :

a. — Seven day record. 300 pounds of milk and 12
pounds of butter.

b. — Year's record. 7500 pounds of milk and 325
pounds of butter.

Mature Form.

For the Mature cow the requirement shall be :

a. — Seven day record. 350 pounds of milk and 14
pounds of butter.

48
b. — Year's record. 8500 pounds of milk and 375
pounds of butter.

RULE VI.

Period of Making Tests.

All tests for a 3^ear shall be commenced as soon
after calving as practicable and shall not extend
beyond 365 days from the commencement of the test,
and in no case shall the test include the milk or butter
from a second calving.

The seven day test ma}^ be made at any time, and
should be made when the cow is at her best stage of
the milking period.

If a cow is being tested for a year, the result may
also include a seven day's test made within that time.

RULE VII.
Application ior Tests.

Application for intended tests should be made to
the Secretary as long before the desired time for
beginning such test as possible in order to allow
sufficient time to arrange wnth the Experiment Station
of the State where the owner is located, for their super-
vision of the test.

In making application for a test the owner should
give sufficient evidence of the capability of the cow to
qualify, to warrant making the test.

RULE VIII.

Method of Conducting.

All tests shall be under the supervision of the

Secretar}^ and the Experiment Station of the state

where the test is being made, or such persons as may

be appointed by concurrence of vSecretary and Station.

For the seven day test the Agent shall see the cow

milked clean tw^elve hours before the test begins and

tSi

49 _

shall be present at each subsequent milking, shall weigh
each milking and take a sample for a Babcock test, and
shall take the entire charge of such sample until tested,
and shall report the result of such test to the Secretarj^
on blanks furnished for that purpose.

For the year's test the owner shall weigh each
milking and keep a careful record of the same on
blank forms furnished by the Secretary, and about
the middle of each month he shall take a two consecu-
tive day's sample, according to directions and send to
his Experiment Station, and in addition to this the
Experiment Station will send an agent to the stable at
such times as the Director of the Station and the Sec-
retary of the Association mutually desire, and not less
than three times during the year, and said agent shall
take a copy of the owner's milk record of the cow or

cows being tested for the two days immediately pre-
ceding his visit and shall weigh the milk for the two
days of his visit and take samples of each milking for
a Babcock test, which tests, taken in connection with
the tests from the monthly samples made by the owner,
shall be the basis of computing the year's record of the
cow.

RUI.K IX.

Expense of Making Tests.

All the expense of the seven day test shall be borne
by the owner of the cow being tested.

In the year's test the expense of .sending the
samples taken monthly by owner of cow shall be borne
by the owner of the cow, but the expense of Station
work in testing samples and in sending an agent to
verify tests shall be borne by the Association.

50

RULE X.

No Fee Required for Entries.
In view of the public benefits accruing from investi-
gations under this system of registry and of the
personal benefits to owners and breeders of Ayrshire
cattle from demonstrations of their superiority by
properly authenticated milk and butter records, made,
gathered and preserved through this system, no fees
will be charged for any form of entry in its Register.

RULK XI..

Amendments.
These rules may be altered, amended or added to
b}^ a two-thirds vote of the members present at any
regular meeting of this Association, notice of proposed
amendment having been given in the call for said
meeting.

GENERAL INFORflATION
Price of Herd Books, etc.

Each volume, I to XIII inclusive, may be obtained
of the Treasurer, N. S. Winsor, Greenville, R. I.,
postage paid, $2.25.

Milk Record blanks to accommodate herds of from
12 to 36 cows may be had of the Secretar}-, C. M.
Winslow, Brandon, Vt., $1.50 per 100,

Blanks for extending Pedigrees to five generations
may be had of the Secretary at $1.00 per 100.

All blanks necessary for recording and transferring
Ayrshires ma}^ be had of the Secretary free of charge.

In giving sire and dam be careful to always give
the Herd Book number of sire and dam.

When purchasing an animal be sure to get a
transfer or see that the seller sends one to the Secretary
for record.

51

When buying a female in calf be sure to get a
certificate of bull service from the owner of the cow
and attach it to the entry of the calf, when sending in
for record.

Be careful to send pay with each entr}^ and
transfer.

In filling out an entry of an animal that is sold
there is no need of a separate transfer, but enter it in
the line for owner with date of sale.

When the transfer is entered on the original entry
for record there is no extra charge for the transfer
above the entry fee.

When buying Ayrshires in Canada our government
admits tree of dut)^ if they are registered in our Book
before being entered at the Custom House, and it is
much safer not to move them from the owner until they
are recorded, because sometimes it happens that the
pedigrees must be looKcd up at the Canada office and
there is often considerable delay. Then, too, there are
some animals recorded in the Canadian Books that are
not eligible to record in ours, and if the}^ are recorded
in our Book before closing the trade it saves loss to
buyer.

Sometimes buyers go into Canada and are
persuaded to buy and pay the duty to save time, but
this is risky as afterwards it is sometimes found that
such animals cannot be recorded in our Book.

The Canadians sometimes try to convince the
buyer that it is just as well to simply continue the
Canada Register and record there instead of in our
Book, which is not true, as a record in the Canada
Book is only valuable in Canada , for all Ayrshires to
be salable this side the line must be recorded in our
Book or be eligible to such record.

It would be wise for anyone having an Ayrshire
cow of extraordinary dairy^ ability to have her tested for
Advanced Registry.

52
AN EARNEST PLEA FOR THE AYRSHIRES

(From the Breeders' Journal.)

After all said and done, where are there any more
profitable dairy cattle to keep than the old Ayrshires ?
They are the most hardy and healthy of all cattle, live
long in usefulness, make the best of high or low
keeping, give a good quantity of milk of marketable
quality, are gentle to handle and stand changes of
weather wath the best. While their milk is less rich
than the Jersey's it keeps and transports far better and
fully equal to the Holstein's. They give better milk
than the latter and more quarts to the ton of hay. You
may not appreciate this last point if you have unlimited
pa:ture, but when j^ou strike winter quarters 3^ou do
not have to keep tally to find that a Holstein cow is an
awful feeder, and though she out-milks "all-creation"
she out-eats creation with a mortgage on top of it. An
Ayrshire will give more quarts of as good milk for an}^
purpose from a ton of haj^ and maintain her condition.

An Ayrshire will beat a Jersey in everything
except cream, and her milk wall keep better and not
separate so easily when transported by rail. She is less
dainty and cleans up rough fodder better than a Jersey,
but no better than a Holstein. On pasture the question
of profit is the same, though not as apparent. When
drouth comes, the first to fall off in milk is the Holstein,
because she must have abundance, next the Jersey,
because she is dainty and refuses tough grass of older
grow^th and new fails to come, but the Ayrshire holds
out much longer because she is an active forager, and
what is to be had she wall find and appropriate.
Holsteins make a splendid showing on rich, heavy
limestone pasture where they can fill their enormous
carcasses without stint, but like the Short- Horn they
quickly deteriorate when moved to a less luxuriant

53
feeding ground, where Ayrshires would continue to
thrive. The Hollanders discriminate in selecting stock
as to the nature of the soil cattle are raised on, and
some Herd Books note the facts in registering. Thus
heavy breeds are known to be at a disadvantage in
many regions where A5'rshires would thrive.

It is true that consumers like Jersey milk best
when they can get it quite fresh, but it is a mistaken
taste. Probably Jerseys are likely to hold the call over
the immediate retail market, but where milk has to be
shipped any distance on cars before being retailed, all
know that Ayrshire and Holstein milk is best. The
greater number of producers have to ship by rail and
do not want Jerseys. As between Ayrshires and
Holsteins, there are several advantages in favor of the
Ayrshire. Ayrshire milk is not liable to drop below
the inspection standard if the cattle are even half
decently kept, w^hile Holstein milk on flush pastures is
vSO liable to this mishap that almost every shipper gets
caught occasionally unless he feeds much extra grain
as a safeguard, or keeps a few Jerseys to cream up
with.

I know that very little is said about the merits of
the Ayrshire in the papers. It has never been worth
anybody's while to engineer a boom for her. She can-
not appal you with a great list of milk and butter
records made under unusual conditions that are apart
from the natural qualities of the breed. She has not
been worked with that object in view. She could do it
if required, but perhaps only to mislead practical men,
as has been done with Jersej^s and Holsteins. Not but
what those cows have done the great things ascribed to
them in special instances. That is all right for the
instances. I speak of breeds as practical men will find

54

them, and do find them, when they invest their money
and go to work.

What does it matter to a farmer if Holstein Maid
under manipulation makes a record of a tub of butter a
day ? He cannot buy her and it does not alter the fact
that such Holsteins as he can buy are very poor butter
cows, and average Jerseys are very small milkers,
though we grant that Matilda Jane, a rare exception,
gave over 16,000 pounds of milk in a year. Practical
men should not confound exceptions with rules. There
is no glamour about the Ayrshire. Her reputation has
come of the merits of the breed, and not of its excep-
tions. They will not give you as rich milk as the
Jerseys, but it will be good milk and more of it, and in
bulk it sells for as much per quart. They will not give
as much as Holsteins, but it will be liked better by
consumers, and cost less per quart to make, where
food-cost is worth considering. The Ayrshire first and
the Dutch- Belted next for a "Producer and Shipper,"
who writes in the Country Gentleman.

AYRSHIRE COWS AS fllLK PRODUCERS

(Paper read by Robert Wallace before tlie recent meeting of the British
Dairy Farmers' Association.)

The origin of the Ayrshire breed of cattle, whose
fame has now reached all parts of the habitable world,
is not very clearly recorded in the chronicles of the
bovine race. Their recognition as a breed does not
extend back much more than one hundred years. This
justly celebrated breed of cattle have neither been
imported from abroad nor raised to their present
excellence altogether from the magical effects of
gigantic bulls brought into the district, for though
some alteration may have been effected in the size,
shape and color by the introduction of a few cows and

55
bulls of an improved breed, yet the dairy breed of
Ayrshires are in a great measure the native indigenous
breed of the county of Ayr, improved in their shapes
and qualities chiefly by judicious selection, coupled
with better feeding and treatment for a long series of
time by the industrious inhabitants of the county. To
increase the quantity of milk the farmers bettered the
condition of their stock, and selected for breeding such
as they found to be the most productive. By these
means their stock gradually improved. The farmers
acquired in course of time more correct notions of
making still greater improvements. It was chiefly by
these means, and not by changing the original breed,
that they have attained their present high position in
the dairy world. The Ayrshire breed of cattle, as it
now exists, is, in my opinion, as pure as the 'Booth' or
Bates Shorthorns were when these celebrated breeders
left the scene. Since I remember, A3'rshires have been
gradually spreading over the south-west of Scotland,
and at one time looked as if they were to displace the
native breed or breeds altogether. What I consider the
points of a good or model Ayrshire cow are : Head
medium size, forehead wide, nose fine between muzzle
and eyes, muzzle wide, eyes full and lively with a docile
expression when not disturbed, neck long and straight
from shoulder to head, gracefully tapering from brisket
upwards, free from loose skin underneath, and fine at
its junct-on with the head ; shoulders thin at top,
brisket light, the whole forequarters thin in front and
gradually increasing in depth and width backwards,
back short and straight, spine well defined especially
at the shoulder, ribs well arched and deep at the flank,
hindquarters long, broad and straight ; hook bones
wide, thighs deep and broad, tail long and slender and
set on at a level with the back, legs short, the bones

56
fine, with nice broad firm joints ; milk vessel or bag
large, extending well forward ; hind part thick and
firmly attached to the body, the sole or under surfac e
nearly level, with teats from 2 to 2 1-2 inches in length,
about equal in thickness, round at the very point like
your finger, rather than bottle soled, soft and elastic to
the touch like a kid glove, well set and hanging
perpendicular, their distance apart at the sides should
be equal to about one-third of the length, and across to
about one-half of the breadth ; the milk veins large and
well developed, skin soft and elastic. In color I prefer
a distinct brown and white. An Ayrshire cow should
move gracefully and carry her head nice and high.
These combined points give a wedge-like shaped
appearance to the animal which for beauty and
symmetry are not equalled by any other breed of cattle.
In attempting to ascertain the merits of the different
breeds of dairy cattle it is essential in fair competition
to ignore the wonderful yields of individual cows as
reported by the various experimenters. There are in
almost all these cases exceptional circumstances
calculated to impose upon the unwary, such as milking
them three times a day and feeding them on their own
milk and other costly foods. Such trials, in my opinion,
furnish no criterion of the real merits of the breeds for
milk producing. I have heard of from 60 to 80 lbs. of
milk per day, and from 14 to 18 lbs. of butter per week
from individual cow^s of this breed. I don't know what
treatme.it they received, but I assume it would be very
liberal. At the milking competition held in connection
with the Ayrshire Agricultural Association exhibition
in i860, commonly known as the Duke of Athole's
milking coxnpetition, in which all the competing
animals were of the Ayrshire breed, the following is the
average of ten successive milkings, twelve hours

t

o
u

cl

57
between each milking, viz : 26 lbs. 5 1-2 oz., 24 lbs. 7
oz., 22 lbs. 10 oz., and 22 lbs. i oz. At a more recent
competition, held under the auspices of the same
societj^ in the year 1886, prizes were offered for the
Ayrshire cow that would give the greatest quantity of
milk in twenty-four hours. This trial was not altogether
satisfactory ; several of the cows did not take very
kindly to the wooden erection put up for them, and a
dog show was held within twenty yards from where the
cattle were stalled, which prevented some of them from
feeding. The weight of the four at the top was 57 1-4
lbs., 56 1-4 lbs., 55 1-2 lbs., and 51 1-2 lbs. These are
the only two milking trials, so far as I know, held by
this society, which, if worth anj^thing at all, goes to
show that the Ayrshire cows of 1886 were somewhat
superior to those of i860. At the Oxfordshire Agri-
cultural Society's open show at Henley-on-Thames on
the 19th and 20th of May, 1886, for the greatest
quantity of milk at two successive milkings, and not
more than twelve hours apart, the first prize was.
awarded to Mr. George Feme's Ayrshire cow I^ady
Elphinstone, with a yield of nearly 7 gallons, or 68 lbs.,
in competition with all other breeds and cross breeds.
I consider this a very great feat when it is taken into
account that she was fully four months calved. At the
Bath and West of England Show at Bristol, in June,
1886, this same cow also beat all comers for quantity
and quality combined. It may not be out of place to
give the yield of my own forty cows at the time when I
write (25th May). They are giving four gallons each
per day, which is a very fair yield when we take their
ages into account and the high locality in which my
farm is situated. Two of the cows are two-year-olds,
sixteen are 3 year, nine are 4 and the rest 5 and
upwards. The pasture is very good — better indeed

5»
than I have ever seen it in May. Mr. Robert McAdam,
who had several years' experience in dairying in
Cheshire, says that he found very little disparity in the
amount of milk yielded b}^ Ayrshires and Shorthorns,
and he also adds that the same may le said in regard to
the ratio of yield, in cheese or butter, from the milk ;
but as the Shorthorn is much the larger cow, it
naturally follows that more Ayrshires can be kept on
the same land. This, I believe, would be verified
under the most careful trials. The average yield of
cheese during his 27 years' experience of dair\4ng in
the south vvest of Scotland, except one year, was over
520 lbs. per cow per annum for Ayrshire cows. Within
recent years the demand for really good Ayrshire cattle,
even for export, has reached a very high figure, and
realized prices which a tew years ago were never dreamt
of. A really good bull or cow, of a prize strain, will
now sometimes give ^roo and upwards. I say that in
modern times, in the eagerness to secure fanc}' bodies
and prize vessels, there has been a tendency to neglect
or ignore the milking properties. I also look upon the
small teats as a delusion ; and this point has operated
more than any other to prevent the universal adoption
of the Ayrshires as the dairy cow. In some showy ards,
of late, the very small teats have been discarded, and
not a da}" too soon. I think the time has now come
when the several agricultural societies ought to take up
this matter, and have a firm rule laid down that no cow
get a prize whose teats don't come up to a standard size
laid down by them. The small teats would disappear
faster than they were introduced, and the Ayrshire cow
would then, I make bold to say, be the dairy cow of the
world .

59
THE AYRSHIRE AS A BUTTER COW

(JOHN SPEIR in London Live Stock Journal.)

Although the Ayrshire has never ranked very high
as a butter-producing cow, she alwa3's has been
considered, and in all probability is, the second best
butter-producing cow in the world. In a mild climate
she certainh' does not favorably compare with the
Jerse}^ in that respect, which from a certain quantity of
milk would probably yield three pounds of butter for
ever}' two produced by the A3^rshire. Reverse,
however, the climatic conditions, bring the Jersey from
its island home to the bare and exposed hillsides of Ayr,
Lanark and Argyle, and it is more than probable that
A^^rshire cows of equal weight with the Jersey will
yield three pounds of butter for every two pounds pro-
duced by the latter, thereb}^ exacth^ reversing the
positions in which they are usually placed. Compared
with the Shorthorn it is also able to keep more than its
own, in regard to both quantity and quality of produce.
During the height of the season, when pasture is
plentiful and succulent, it may take 27 lbs of milk to
make i lb. of butter, and in exceptional cases over that,
but on the average about 25 lbs. to 26 lbs. is what is
reckoned on. After the cows have been several months
calved, and the pastures become firmer, the milk also
becomes much richer. Compared at this season with
the produce of Shorthorn or Dutch cows, it appears to
considerable advantage, and when it is taken into
account the manner in which it keeps its milk well on
to the end, it appears much more so. Cows for butter
appear alw^ays to do best where they get a sufiiciency of
food suitable to their requirements, without the
necessity of having to exert themselves much to obtain
it. With cows whose milk is to be made into cheese,
the case appears, however, to be quite different, as the

6o
latter seem to give the best results when the}^ have a
sufficiency of food with a good fair amount of exercise ;
such as most Ayrshire stocks get. The belief is
gaining ground that the proportion of casein in the
milk is in some way connected with the albuminoid
waste of the body, and that it is not derived direct from
the food. The theory advanced is that the nitrogenous
part of the food taken up by the blood is, in great part,
employed to repair the waste of the body, the waste
albuminoid matter being to a greater or less extent
thrown off in the milk, instead of by the kidneys or
skin, as in the usual course. As yet, however, the
matter is only very indifferently understood, even by
experts. Be the fact, however, as it msiy, cheese-
makers find that they cannot to any appreciable extent
increase their dair}^ produce of curd by any reasonable
amount of nitrogenous food ; while butter-makers can
always see the effect of their food in their cow's produce;
and where the former rarely use artijQcial food when
their cows are on the grass, the latter very often do,
more particularly froro midsummer onward. As a
commercial product of the farm, butter is rarely made
in quantity in Scotland, other than in the immediate
vicinity of the collieries or watering places, or between
a five and a ten-mile radius from Glasgow. Under
most of these conditions the buttermilk can always be
easily sold at very remunerative rates. Where the
butter milk cannot be sold, butter-making is considered
not to pay, and cheese making then takes its place. In
the southwestern counties there is no such thing as
salting up butter on an extensive scale for sale, all the
butter produced being either perfectly fresh or in a
slightly powdered condition. The bulk of it is also in
many cases retailed from the farmer's cart, what he
cannot thus dispose of being put into grocers' shops at

6i
one penny per pound or so less, there to be disposed of.
With the exception of one creamery at Dunragit,
in Wigtonshire, and others recently started at Dundee
and Mauchline, all Scotch dairy produce has been
manufactured at home. About 20 to 22 cows is the
number usually kept, and as little ploughing is done,
and almost no green cropping in very many localities,
few men servants are required, as with few exceptions
the milking and attendance on the cows is all done by
women. These may belong to the farmer's hoiisehold
or be hired, as the case may be, so that little labor is
employed, and the people find steady work all the year
through. Churning the whole milk prevails to a
greater extent in Scotland than in any other country
we are aware of, which we suppose to be accounted for
by the ready sale of the buttermilk ; and unless in the
creameries already mentioned mechanical separators
are not used in a single instance, their want not being
telt.

AYRSHIRE CATTLE

by C. M. WINSLOW.

As I am frequently inquired of in regard to
Ayrshire cattle in the following lines, I will try to
answer all these questions in this article.

What is their history, what kind of cattle are they
for size, for hardiness, for easy keeping, for milk and
butter, for beef, and do they cross well with other
breeds.

HISTORY.

The Ayrshire cow originated in Scotland, in the
County of Ayr, on the western slope towards the
Atlantic ocean.

62

The countr}^ is natural!}^ productive, and admirably
suited to grazing, and on account of the mountains on
the east and ocean on the west the country has a
frequent rainfall which keeps the grass luxuriant and
fresh .

There are, ho\vever, occasional coast storms that are
very severe and, while the cattle are abundantly
supplied with food, they must be prepared for great
severity of climate and occasionally endure severe
hardship.

The earliest history points to the wild white cattle
as being common all over Scotland, and the first
accounts of attempts to improve the native cattle
indicate that the old Durham was largely used to breed
up these white cattle of the earliest times.

The first we hear of the Ayrshire cattle as a
distinct breed was about one hundred and fifty years
a^^o, and from that time to the present they have been
kept as a pure bred cattle.

The type in Scotland has changed essentially
within the last forty years, judging from old
photographs taken in i860 of a milking contest for
prizes offered by the Duke of Athole.

The five cow^s in this contest look like large
substantial cows, more for business than for show, with
large udders and long teats, more like the Ayrshire
cows of the present New England type than those
recently imported from Scotland.

In this contest the prize was for the cow^ that
would give the largest average for ten successive
milkings, and the first prize w^as for 26 pounds 5 1-2
ounces, the second 24 pounds 9 ounces, the third 22
pounds 10 ounces, the fourth 22 pounds i ounce, and
the fifth 22 pounds.

63

In color these five cows do not vary much from the
Ayrshires seen in New England today, being from
solid red to about one-third white. The Ayrshires in
Scotland today, judging from the cattle that have been
imported within two or three years, are mostly white
with larger horns and shorter teats.

The aim in Scotland of late seeming to be to
produce a white cow wdth an udder on a level with the
belly, and short teats well spread. Ayrshire cattle
were early in the past century brought over to Canada
by the early Scotch settlers and on ships from Glasgow
to supply the passengers with milk during the voyage
and sold lo the farmers on arrival at port, either at
Quebec or Montreal.

They were about the same time brought to the
United States by the Massachusetts Society for the
Promotion of x\griculture, and let out to the farmers of
the state to improve the native cattle.

Ayrshire cattle found a congenial climate in
Canada and New^ England and were able to adapt
themselves to their natural surroundings in their new
homes without any great change in acclimating, and
have steadily found increasing favor in an}^ section
where they have been introduced for a dairy cow, and
particularly where the food supply is limited and
economy of production is an object.

DESCRIPTION.

The Ayrshire is generally red and white, spotted,
the proportion of red and white varying according to
the taste and choice of the breeder in mating.

White is easily obtained and unless care is exercised
the Ayrshire cow will in a few generations revert to
white, due no doubt to her having descended from the
white cattle of ancient Scotland. The Scotch breeders
seem to prefer white and the Canada breeders also

65
amount of latent energy towards the production of milk
if favorable opportunity be granted. She is a handsome
and attractive cow to look at, being symmetrical and
shapely, w^ell formed in all her lines and a typical dairy
cow. She has a small bony head, large muzzle, wide
forehead, dished face, prominent e3^es, large and
brilliant, small slim neck, thin shoulders at the top,
wide through the region of the heart and lungs, large
barrel with ribs well sprung, heavy hind-quarters,
broad hips, thin at the thigh with large udder capacity,
shapely and with large teats of fair length well spread
on the four corners of the udder, and level between the
teats both on the length and width, the udder extending
well forward and back without too much pendulence,
large milk veins and holes.

While an Ayrshire cow should be shapely and
handsome to look at as she stands or walks, she should,
when handled, reveal much looseness of vertebra,
flatness of rib and wddth between the ribs, indicating
large dairy capacity.

The Ayrshire is a vigorous feeder wdth a voracious
appetite, and not dainty as to the quality of her food,
being alw^ays hungry and a rapid feeder. In the
pasture she takes everything that comes in her way,
good and poor, so as it is filling, and is a good browser.

Having got her fill she unremittingly chew^s her
cud, and that with a seeming nervous haste to get it
finished, and when not actually taking .in food is
constantly chewing whether lying still or walking and I
have often seen them chewing while on.; the run.

It is, perhaps, these traits as much as anything, that
make an Ayrshire alw^ays look well-fed and give a lot
of milk, for she improves every opportunity to take in
supplies and utilizes every particle of her food for the

66
utmost there is in it and spends no time hunting around
for the tit-bits of the barn or pasture.

The Ayrshire cow is a very intelligent animal,
quick to learn and of a retentive memory.

In the stable she readily learns to take her own
stall and will always take the same one until changed
to another.

She is quiet and pleasant to milk and not particular
who milks her and gives her milk down rapidly and
fully in a vshort time and is done. She is not easily
disturbed by commotion in the stable, and people or
noise in the s" table seem to make no difference with her
giving down her milk.

AS A MILK cow.

While the Ayrshire may be used as a profitable
butter cow her best and most profitable place is in
producing milk for town and city trade and it is here
she finds no rival in producing a quality of milk up to
standard and for the least outla}?- for food consumed.
Besides the ability to produce milk cheaply and of a
superior quality she produces a large quantity and
holds out for a long period with a uniform flow, and
unless care is exercised she will not go dry at all.

Her milk is in itself peculiarly adapted to the needs
of a milkman, bearing transportation without churning
to butter, having "a good body" and not looking thin
and blue.

The cream being in small globules does not readily
rise and when cold if poured two or three times back
and forth from one can to another will thoroughl}^
remix and will not readily rise again, making a good
milk to peddle and attractive to consumers because,
even to the last poured out of a pitcher, it will retain
its uniform richness.

67

The quality of Ayrshire milk makes it a desirable
food, especially for invalids with weak digestive oi^^^,
and a complete food for children.

The reason for this is that the butter/fa't and'
casein is evenly balanced and the curd i^ friable,
making it easily digested. Ai^fe'#

The following official test made at BrantyPlf^^n^
between an equal number of Ayrshire and J&^y cows
is a good illustration of the food value of th^ A5^shire
milk as compared with the Jersey. Ng^ce that while
the Jersey is higher than rhe Ayrshire .in butter-fat it is
lower in solids not fat, also in total soMds, so that while
the Jersey would give a thicker cre^&i or make more
butter, it is not as rich in casein, and/ not as nutritious
as a food. It is a settled fact that fat has no nutritive
value, also that milk containing an excess of fat is mo^e
indigestible and causes serious dij^rders in the
digestive organs of children and young calv^.^

Breed
4 Ayrshires,
4 Jersey,

The average Ayrshire cow will give about 6,ooo
pounds of milk in a year, or about 3,000 quarts, on fair
food, but selected cows on better food will give much
more*than this, and the following records, taken from
reliable sources, show the milking capacity of the best
of the breed:

Ayrshire flilk Records

PRIVATE^ TEST.
The following are yields of milk that have been
reported of 9,000 pounds and over for 365 consecutive
days :

Name No. Lbs. milk

Sheba 11931 9043

Belle Hebron 13013 9084

Nancy B 2d 11936 9096

Clover Leaf 2d 12681 9142

Roxie 4498 9191

,bs. solids
not fat.

Lbs.
lat

-T-€,,tal
solid'i

21.608
19.725

8.847
10.680

30.455
30.405

68

Name No. Lbs, milk

Yuba Lass 12353 9237

Rose Deruth 10346 9253

Lady Teazle 6579 » 9268

Rose Alta 9529 9307

Murrilla 13376 9333

Bettv Lightloot 7498 9394

Clanwood 11103 9401

Acelista 12094 9407

Diannalvnne 11109 9418

Olah ' n471 9490

Yucca 11470 9496

Nett 3d .' 12647 9538

Rose Sultana 12072 9603

Annie Bert 9670 9613

Freda 11134 9615

Comla 8396 9620

Belle Temple 3353 9624

Roxanna 5th 4606 9671

Rose Erica 12775 9893

Island Belle 1292 9982

Biona 12351 10024

Vinewood Oueen 8092 10026

Ethel Dou^Tas 2d 2342 10066

Queen of Avr 3d 4464 1(>143

Xoa .'. 11469 10155

Rose Electa 10336 10207

Fernleaf 8997 10252

Rose Eola 8510 10323

Jennie Clvde 12028 10344

bueen ot Avr 4th 4465 10426

Nellie Clyde 12723 10507

Queen of Ayr 1766 ; 10632

Rose Deross 10347 10645

Duchess of Smithfield 4256 10748

Ellen 8324 10823

Oueen of Ayr 6th 4881 10989

Meewe 11130 11252

Ladv Murcia 11111 11543

Queen of Avr 5th 4466 11801

Manton Queen 4th 6600 12162

Lukolela 12357 12187

Lady Fox 9669 12299

OFFICIAI, TESTS

of the quantity of milk given in one year of io,ooo
pounds and over :

Name No Lbs. milk

Ruth 4816 102191/2

Queen Marv 6578 11154

Myra ". 2955 11908

Rena Myrtle 9530 12172

Alice Douglas 4398 12617

69

OFFICIAI. YlKlvDS

of milk for one month, of 1,200 pounds and over :

Name No. Lbs. milk

Simplicity 12560 1210

Olah 11471 1236

Banjo Music 13527 1280

Xoa 11469 1291

Himona..., 13032 1294

Rose Drummond 10173 1301

RoseCieima 11153 1309

Collinwood 11404 •.... 1311

Cad's Beautv 13606 1428

Acelista 12094 1441

Hornell Girl 13993 -. 1458

Durwood 12680 1477

MissOllie 12039 1649

At the Pan-American Model Dair}^ the A^^rshire
stood second in quantity of milk and profit on milk.

BUTTER.
The Ayrshire cow being so much sought after
as a milk producer for the milkman, has had hardly
a chance to show what she is capable of doing as a
butter producer, but from the few experiments made
she seems to be a natural butter cow and it looks as
though if any effort were made in selection and
breeding, with the idea of developing her latent butter
quality, that she would easily push the so called butter
breeds and possibly lead them.

The following are illustrations of her butter ability
collected from various sources :

Ayrshire Butter Records.

PRIVATE TEST.
There is a long list of records of 300 pounds and
over but we have given only those reported as 400 and
over :

Name No. Lbs. butter

Aunt Abbie 13220 402

RoseClovis 12777 402

Queen Selga 9545 404

Rose Veritas 12076 405

70

Name No. Lbs. butter

Olah 11471 412

Freda 11134 413

Biona 12383 413

Nancy B 2d 11936 414

Annie Bert 9670 417

Pnntsteps 2d 8410 418

Mexic 11131 419

Yuba Lass 12353 419

Rose Alta 9529 420

Rose Sultana 12072 421

Minnehaha 3d 12646 424

Ruth 4816 425

Nett 3d 12647 432

Sheba 11931 434

Acelista 12094 438

Clio Rose 7525 441

Yucca 11470 444

Lovely 9596 448

Rose Clenna 11153 455

MissOllie 12039 458

RoseLadve 11158 463

Rose Electa 10336 467

lola Lome 12773 474

Xoa 11469 475

Miss Olga 13984 491

Rose Erica 12775 504

Lukolela 12357 543

Meewee 11130 567

RoseDeross 10347 572

Lady Fox 9669 624

Private Tests for Butter for One Week and One Month

Name No. Lbs. butter

Quess 2nd 3120 14.6 in seven days

Rosa 3143 14 15

Bessie Bell 3d 4323 15.4

Tempie 3263 15 6

Juniper 4th 4578 17.11

Duchess of Smithfield... 4256 19.6

Rose Cleon 11143 49.8 in Jan., 1897

Rose Electa 10336 57.8

Rose Sultana 12072 64.0

Rose Ladye 11158 78.4

Ayrshire Butter Records

OFFICIAI, TEST

of pounds of butter for seven days :

Name No Lbs. butter-

Rose Clenna 11153 12.27

Diannalvnne .• 11109 12.44

71

Name No. Lbs. butter

Ladv Sears 12641 12.45

Sadie Tascott 11483 12.56

Rose Allie.. 11154 12.67

Olah 11470 12.69

Cremona 11436 12.74

Miss Edna 13218 12.76

Printsteps 8th 12643 12.76

Hersa 11204 12.78

RoseSultatia 12072 12.86

lona S ,. 12350 13.02

Aunt Abbie 13220 13.19

Xoa 11469 13.78

Clem 11135 14.14

Nonpariel Myra 14707 14.34

Lady Murcia 11111 14.67

Ouija 11882 15.40

Yuba Lass 12353 15.60

Lady Fox 9669 16.08

Rvan 12358 16.10

Annie Bert .^ 9670 16.31

Nett 3d 12647 16.44

Miss Olga 13984 16.70

MissOllie 12039 17.85

Lukolela. 12357 18.98

Official Yields of Butter

for one month, during the year 1901, of 50 pounds or
over :

Name No. Lbs. butter.

Rose Clenna 11153 50.41

Printsteps 8th 12643 51.02

Xoa 11469 51.20

Rose Clenna 11153 51.29

Annie Bert 9670 51.45

Durwood 12680 51.80

Gebic 13981 52.38

Ponemah 13983 52.90

Rvan 12358 53.06

Acelista 12094 53.08

Rose Clenna 11153 53.45

Acelista 12094 53.80

Miss Ollie 12039 54.24

Hinda Douglas 14703 54.62

Roanette 11476 54.88

Cad's Beautv 136 6 54.91

Ladv Romona 14085 56.19

Printsteps 8th 12643 56.74

Himona 13032 58.12

Simplicity 12560 59.28

Collinwood 11404 59.65

72

Name No. Lbs. butter

Himona 13032 59.69

Miss Ollie ; 12039 60.42

Cad's BeautY 13606 61.23

Durwood 12680 63.76

Durwood 12680 68.12

Rose Clenna 11153 71.65

Banjo Music 13527 71.73

Miss Ollie 12039 77.30

Miss Onie 12039 90.42

Cad's Beautj 13606 96.66

Ayrshire Butter Records

OFFICIAL TESTS FOR ONE YEAR.

Name No. ^ "Lbs. butter

Acme 5th 10342 386

Nancy B 9581 ., 416

Atalanta 10777 ?. 429

Rena Myrtle 9530 546

BEEF.

The Ayrshire, being a dairy breed, does not, of
course, excel as a beef producer, but is the best for
beef of all the dairy breeds.

She has heavy hind quarters, thick loins, flesh
finel}^ marbled, small bones, light in the cheaper parts,
and, as the butchers say, "cuts up well," and at any
time when fattened will give enough beef of good
quality to pay for her raising.

I am told that the steers, full-blood and grades,
make profitable steers for feeding.

Mr. F. S. Fulmer, of Gibbon, Nebraska, in a
paper on "The Ayrshire cow," read before the
Nebraska Dair3^man's Association, said :

"The fattening quality of Ayrshire grades is
reported bj^ Mr. J. A. Patterson of this state. He says :
'I am wintering on my farm seventy steers coming two
years old. Among them are high grade Shorthorns.
The}^ will average 950 pounds but are thin in flesh.
High grade Ayrshires that will average fully 900 and
are fat enough for good beef. Polled Angus or
Gallowaj^s, about the size of the Ayrshire steers are fat.

>

O

d

00

o
o

o
>

CO

73

Also a few Jersey steers that will average about 600
pounds and are poor. They are all fed together at
stacks and about ten pounds of corn per day each."
Mr. P. adds ; "This feeding, I think, is a fair test and
proves be3^ond a doubt that for common purpose cattle
that will receive the care of the average western farmer
the Ayrshire or Polled Angus are by far the best.' "

An Ayrshire will always weigh more than its looks
would indicate.

TOP CROSS.

The Ayrshire makes a favorite top cross on high-
grade and unregistered Jerseys. Those who have tried
it claim the offspring to be larger than the Jerseys,
more hardy and having a stronger constitution, and as
dairy cows they give more milk and are more profitable.

On the native they make a profitable market cow
and grade Ayrshire cows are always in demand.

On the milking Shorthorn they make the ideal
market cow and command the highest market price.

Ayrshire cows, high grades and full blood, are
eagerly sought for in the cow markets of the city on
account of their always having a milky look.
Official Dairy Tests Between Ayrshires and Other Breeds

At the New Hampshire Experiment Station, with
four cows of each breed, the average results for a full
year's test was as follows :

Ayrshire Jersey Holstein

Pounds of milk 5,845 4,847 5,971

Pounds of butter 267 2691/2 207

Per cent, of butter-fat 4.28 5.12 3.15

Cost of keeping $44.48 $46.49 $50.12

Pounds ol milk to pounds of butter ... 21^! 18 29

At the British Dairy show in 1879, twelve samples
of milk were tested representing seven different breeds
and three crosses. One Ayrshire, three Jerseys, one
Guernsey, one Kerry, one Dexter, one Brittany and
two Dutch cows. Highest on the list ranked the
Ayrshire, showing the least water and most fat, followed

74
in turn by the three Jerseys and the others in the order
named above.

The Ayrshire gave 5 1-2 per cent, butter fat, and
the Dutch cows only 21-4 and 21-2 per cent, butter
fat.

At the same show in 1880, an Ayrshire in competi-
tion with eighteen other cows of noted breeds, yielded
twenty-five pounds and two ounces of milk and in pure
butter fat 6.82 per cent., and was onlj^ beaten by a
Jersey with 7.78 per cent., which, however, only
5delded for the day sixteen pounds of milk.

In the report of the New Jersey Experiment
Station, experimenting for the most of the time with
three cows of each of the following breeds, the average
cost of food per quart of milk was: Ayrshire, 1.66
cents; Guernsey, i. 71 cents; Holstein F., 1.75 cents ;
Jersey, 1.91 cents; Shorthorn, 1.71 cents.

In a milking contest at Bristol, Kng., 1887, under
the direction of Dr. Voelker, an Ayrshire won, with
105.98 points over four competitors, one of which was
a Guernsey.

Some comparative statements come to hand from
Canada, at Ottawa, in 1888, in the milch cow
competition between Ayrshires, Jerseys, Shorthorns
and Grades ; the Ayrshires won ist, and at Quebec, an
Ayrshire cow scored 98.95 and took 2d and 3d prizes,
while the Jersey that took ist scored but a trifle more.

At the Dairy test at the New England Fair at Old

Orchard in 1900, open to all breeds or natives, for the

largest quantity of milk and butter from a herd of five

cows for one day the following was the result :

5 Holsteins gave 225% pounds of milk.

5 Ayrshires gave 197% " "

5 Devons gave 149V4 " "

5 Ayrshires gave 8.14 pounds of butter.

5 Holsteins gave 7.85 "

5 Devons gave 6.34 " "

75
Some interesting tests have recently been made
at the New York Experiment Station at Geneva, which
go to show the value of this cow's milk, and the
peculiarities above mentioned. And from the tables
given in the published bulletin we gather the following
figures :

POUNDS OF FAT IN lOO POUNDS OF MIIvK.

Month

of
milking Ayrshire Guernsey Holderness Holstein Jersey

1 3.53 6.14 5.04 4.18 6.10

2 3.48 5.13 3.61 3.59 5.27

3 3.40 4.61 ' 3.37 4.86 5.18

4 3.40 4.63 3.44 3.64 5.75

5 3.68 5.00 3.33 3.41 5.68

6 3.53 4.93 3.33 3.56 5.73

7 3.83 3.35 4.18 5.72

8 3.93 3.49 3.72 5.80

9 ;... 4.10 3.59 3.70 5.76

10 4.33 3.65

These figures are extremely interesting as showing
the uniformity of the Ayrshire milk and the gradual
increase in the fat as the time of milking is extended.
This is specially useful in milk that is used for the
domestic purpose above referred to, as the infant,
increasing in age, will require a stronger milk, as it is
more fully able to digest it, and variation in the
quantity of food for an infant is to be most carefully
avoided as highly injurious. And further, as the milk
lessens in quantity as the time of milking lengthens,
the proportion of fat increasing equalizes the product,
and the butter keeps up in quantity, while the amount
of cheese will also be increased by the increase in the
milk solids, of which the fats are the most valuable.
Moreover, the milk of Ayrshires is found, contrary to all
previous supposition, to lose less of the fat in the
skimming than the vaunted "butter cows." The
following table shows this :

76

POUNDS OF FAT IN lOO POUNDS OF SKIMMED MILK.

Month

of fl

milking Ayrshire Guernsey Holderness Holstein Jersey

1 0.35 0.16 0.63 0.58 0 44

2 0.28 0.18 0.42 0.78 0.40

3 0.42 0.23 0.38 0.74 0.25

4 0.38 0.21 0.42 1.45 0.2n

5 0.42 0.20 0.43 0.50 6.41

6 0.40 0.37 0.36 0.70 0.52

7 1.00 0.33 0.51 0.31

8 1.17 0.44 0 53 0.29

9 0.83 0.56 0.83 0.38

10 1.19

These figures will surprise those who have all
along held that as the milk of the Ayrshire has smaller
fat globules than any other milk, it would necessarily
hold more of them in the skircmed milk on account of
the difficulty of their separation while the milk is
standing for the cream to rise, and that as the Jersey
milk has much larger globules, that milk should
separate from the cream so much more easily. But the
very reverse seems to be the case, and the loss of fat in
the skimmed milk is less in that of the A3^rshire than
in any other cow except the Guernsey, and is precisely
the same as that of the Jersey, taking an average. So
that for butter making for which the Aj'rshire has
been held to be inferior, the cow stands equal to any
in respect of the ease and completeness for raising the
cream. Two more tables may be given and are worthy
of study.

Ayrshire Guernsey Holderness Holstein Jersey
Pounds milk for

pound butter 29.40 18.40 28.20 40.00 17.50

Pounds milk for

pound cream 5.28 3.73 7.89 7.57 4.01

Pounds cream for

pound butter 4.73 4.86 5.81 5.05 4.40

Per cent, fat in

cream 19.50 18.08 18.05 20.47 21.00

The Aj^rshire seems to stand third in this list, but
when the next table is studied it will be seen that the

77
largest product of milk puts her at the head of all cows
except the especially rich buttermakers, the Guernsey
and Jersey :

MONTHLY YIELDS.

Ayrshire Guernsey Holdern's Holsteins Jersey

Pounds of milk 617.9 494.7 488.8 783.1 480.6

Pounds of skimmed milk 518.4 360.7 392.2 675.1 358.7

Pounds cream 99.5 134.0 85.6 108.0 131.9

Pounds of buttermilk.. 77.9 106.9 68.7 86.5 94.3

Pounds fat in milk 21.7 24.8 17.4 28.4 26.7

Pounds tat in butter... 18.4 23.7 14.4 17.3 23.5

Pounds of butter 21.6 27.1 16.9 20.5 27.6

Nothing is said about the food, but it is well
known that the larger Holderness and Holstein
consume fully one-half more food than the smaller
Ayrshire. And when this is taken into account, it is-
readily perceived that the latter is far more profitable
than these large breeds, and as much so as the other
two, whose slightly larger product does not make up
for the greater money value of these high-priced cows.
It should be noticed that the smaller quantity of cream
of Ayrshire milk is due to the less amount of milk in it,
as shown by the small quantity of buttermilk left after
churning, and the cream is, of course, richer in butter.

REPORT OF THE PAN=AnERICAN MODEL DAIRY

TEST

Net profits on butter basis, by breeds for six months:

Estimated In chnrned Cost Net

bntter butter feed profit

Guernsey $230.11 $220.37 $136.99 $220.37

Jersey 225 41 214.51 137.78 214.51

Ayrshire 217.91 212.91 140.98 212.91

Holstein 210.62 192.88 164.69 192.88

Red Polled 198.15 191.83 138.03 191.83

Brown Swiss 182.99 181.81 113.10 181.81

Frencl' Canadian.... 176.45 176.83 147.26 176.83

Shorthorn 171.82 164.77 162.12 164.77

Polled Jersey 169.24 160.59 109.47 160.59

Dutch Belted 116.79 111.96 132.32 111.96

78

Net profits in total solids by breeds for six months

Breed

Holsceins

Total
Lbs.

4742.57
4185.30
3943.92
3774.93
3773.73
3769.98
4086.53
3287.36
2831.67
. 3066.47

solids

Value

$426.83
376.68
354.95
339.74
339.64
339.30
367.79
295.86
254.85
275.98

Cost feed
$164.69
140.98
147.26
136.99
138.03
137.78
162.12
113.10
109.47
132.32

Net profit
$262.14

Avrshires

235.70

Brown Swiss

207.69

Guernseys

202.75

Red Polled

J e rse vs

201.61
201.52

Shorthorns

French Canadians..

Polled Jersevs

Dutch Belted

305.67
182.76
145.38
143.66

Net profits in estimated butter and total solids
combined, for six months.

Holsteins $472.77

Ayrshires 453.78

Guernseys 432.67

Jersevs 426.03

Red Polled 399.30

Brown Swiss 390.50

Shorthorns 377.45

French Canadians 358.28

Polled Jersevs 314.42

Dutch Belted 249.39

PRODUCTION OF MILK SOIylDS AND I.IVE WEIGHTS.

Breed

Holsteins

Ayrshires

Shorthorns

Brown Swiss...

Red Polled

Guernseys

Jersevs

FrenchC'n'dian
Dutch Belted....
Polled Jerseys..

Total Solids Live weight Total
Lbs. Value Gain Value credit

4742.

4185.

4086.

3943.

3773

3774.

3769.

3287.

3066

2831.

57 $426.63
30 376.68
367.79
354.95
339.64
339.74
339.30
295.86
275.98
254.85

391 $11.73

58
92
73
.93
.98
36
47
67

218
802
198
349
195
189
288
376
275

6.54

24.06

5.94

10.47

5.85

5.67

8.64

11.28

8.25

$438.56
383.22
391 85
360.89
350.11
345.59
344.97
304.50
287.26
263.10

Cost
feed

$164 69
140.98
162.12
147.26
138. 03
136.99
137.78
113.10
132.32
109.47

Net
profit

$273.87
242.24
229.73
213.63
212.08
208.60
207.19
101.40
154.94
153.63

COST OF BUTTER AND PROFITS.

Cost per lb. of
butter.

Guernseys 9.31 cents

Jerseys 9.48

French Canadians 9.76

Polled Jerseys 9.80

Ayrshires 9.81

Red Polled 10.27

Holsteins 10.93

Brown Swiss 11.14

Shorthorns 12.10

Dutch Belted 13.27

Profit for every dollar

invested in food.
Butter fat. .Butter.

$1.67
1.63
1.55
1.54
1.54
1.43
1.27
1.24
1.06
.86

$1.60
1.55
1.60
1.46
1.51
1.39
1.17
1.20
1.01
.84

79

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FINAL REPORT OF THE SIX HONTHS' DAIRY
TEST AT PAN=AMERICAN

PLACING THE FIFTY COWS IN THE ORDER OF THEIR
NET PROFIT ON ESTIMATED BUTTER.

The tabulation published on next page, and placing
the fifty cows in the order of their net profit on
estimated butter, makes an interesting study, and
many valuable lessons may be worked out from it.

One of the most valuable things to be learned from
it is the ver3^ wide difference in the performance of
individuals of the same breed. If five individuals of
each of these breeds, gotten together in most cases after
considerable search and pretty careful selection among
the available animals, by men supposed to be good
judges, show such a great range in earning capacity as
we find here, what must be the case in the herds of even
our most intelligent farmers who have been too busy or
too indifferent to appl}^ the test and scales to the
individuals of their herds.

82

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84

The following tabulation gives the best and
poorest cow, from the standpoint of profit on butter-fat,
in each breed, with the number of position, average fat
test, cost of feed, and net profit :

Breed Cow No.

Guernsey Mary M 1

Medora F 43

Jersey Primrose 4

Rexina 29

Ayrshire Betsv 1st 8

Lady Flora 28

Holstein Beauty 6

Meg 33

Red Polled Mayflower 2

Tryste 40

Brown Swiss Belle T 19

Nicola 42

French Canadian Denise 21

La Bouchette. 47

Shorthorn Miss Molly 15

Daisy D 44

Polled Jersey Oueen 16

Phyllis 37

(Justina left out)

Dutch Belted Belle of W 31

Alberta 50

Cost

Test

feed

Profit

5.36

$29.16

$59.40

4.36

24.36

29.36

5.64

26.81

50.25

3.98

25.48

38.52

3.59

28.57

46.07

3.4

27.68

38.70

3.42

32.65

49.35

3.25

34.11

36.60

4.45

28.69

52.10

3.68

27.15

31.59

4.09

28.38

41.23

3.25

29.18

30.35

4.03

23.52

40.64

3.67

18.65

22.94

3.71

32.36

43.01

3.43

32.38

28.80

5.63

23.60

42.89

4.38

23.83

33.20

4.15

26.93

38.02

3.09

24.11

11.49

85
AYRSHIRES IN THE MODEL DAIRY

(J. A. M., in Hoard's Dairyman.)

THK ACTUAI. RESULTS OF THE SIX MONTHS' TEST

FROM THE VIEW POINT OF THE CREAMERY AND

CHEESE FACTORY PATRON.

The following summary of the results of the six
months' test at the Pan-American as it appears to a
creamery patron, and also the result as it appears to a
cheese factory patron, must prove of especial interest,
since nothing of this kind has so far been attempted. It
is curious to note that the application of these two tests
to the final results places the Holsteins in just the same
position as given them bj^ the authorities at Buffalo,
and as the Holstein people are vainly attempting to
show by various juggling of figures that their favorites
should have been given first place, the following results,
figured at much trouble, if not a good deal of ingenuity,
on the basis of the average creamery and cheese
factory during the period, show very conclusively, as
far as the Holsteins were concerned, that they received
the best of fair play.

If anybody has reason to growl at not receiving
fair play it is the Ayrshire people. Had the milk from
the Pan-American dairy been sent to an ordinary
creamery, it will be seen by the subjoined table, that
the Ayrshires would be given first place. If any
people have reason to feel proud over the result of the.
test it is the Ayrshire people, for had the milk been
sent to a creamery and the skim milk and butter milk
returned to the patron, the aggregate results of the six
months' competition places the Ayrshires ahead b}^
more than $3, with Guernsey second, Jersey third and
Holstein fourth, although the difference between the
four leading dairy herds is small.

86

But what is the more surprising is, that in the
cheese test, that is, the application of 1901 cheese
factor}^ conditions to the six months' test, neither the
Aj^rshire nor the Holsteins are "in it" beside the
Guernse3^s and Jerse3^s. This I feel sure will appear
surprising to manj^ of the readers of the Dairyman, who
possibly may not have taken this phase of the question
into consideration. I confess it was a surprise to
myself, for, on reading the final results, I felt sure that
had the milk from those cows been sent to a cheese
factory, the Ayrshires and Holsteins would certainly
come out ahead, but, appearances are deceitful, and I
find by delving into the matter and analyzing the Pan-
American figures, that the Ayrshires and Holsteins,
notw^ithstanding their larger milk yield, would have
been beaten by the Guernseys and Jerseys had the milk
been sent to a cheese factory under the conditions
prevailing during these six months.

The Pan-American test, in so far as the final
results in weight of product and feed eaten, affords a
splendid object lessons in the difference of breeds,
or rather perhaps in the difference of individual
cows, but when the authorities take upon themselves
the responsibility of giving a fictitious value of 25 cents
per pound to the butter and totally ignoring the by-
products of skim milk and buttermilk, the final results
when brought to dollars and cents, are certainly
misleading and grossly unfair to the cows, or breed of
cows, giving milk of low fat content, as the Ayrshires
and Holsteins. It was unfair to those two breeds,
further, in that no recognition w^as given to the large
quantities of milk yielded, and consequent greater value
in by-product.

A great opportunity was lost to the dairymen of
America in not placing before them at Buffalo the

87
direct and indirect value of the by-products. In totally
ignoring the skim milk and buttermilk it is difficult to
see what real benefit was intended to be conferred on
dairymen. And it certainly was not a breed test as the
breeders of the leading dairy breeds refused to enter the
competition, and if there were competing breeds in
Holsteins, Jerseys, Shorthorns and Guernseys, too,
they were only obtained in a surreptitious manner by
the superintendent, and, for my life, I cannot see how
Holstein breeders, Jersey breeders, or even Guernsey
breeders can take credit for the results of the Pan-
American test.

With regard to these breeds, therefore, the results
at Buffalo cannot be recognized, at least by the Jersey
and Kolstein breeders^ as a bonafide test, from the fact
that if animals claiming to lepresent those two breeds
were in competition ac Buffalo, it was none of their
funeral. For example : if Buffalo authorities decided
to have an international competition in feats of strength
somewhat after the manner of the Olympian games of
the ancients, say betw^een the Scotch, Irish, English,
French, German, Dutch, etc., and the Dutch English
and French or Channel Islanders refused to enter the
contest on the plea that the conditions of competition
w^ere, as they thought, unfair, it would hardly be
considered a test of strength.

Well, if not to be outdone in these imagined
Olympian games, Supt. Converse went out into the
"streets and the by-ways," as "it is written," and
called in the required number of Englishmen, Dutchmen
and Channel Islanders, and forthwith went on with the
competition, would, I ask, the English people, the
Dutch people or the Channel Island people be justified
in hooting did it happen that either of the three
so-called national representatives won the competition ?

88
In answering this question I hardly think they wouhi,
neither can breeders of dairy cows representing those
countries do anything except totally ignore the
Pan-American test so far as their representative breeds,
so-called, are concerned.

It is not, therefore, to sh-ow that any one breed, of
the special dairy breeds, was better than another, that
I present the following tables at all. If by my showing
the Ayrshire comes out ahead in the creamery test it
only goes to prove the importance of selection. Every-
one knows that the headquarters, the habitat, of
Ayrshires in America is in the eastern ownships of
Quebec and in eastern Ontario. Here ma}^ be found
any da}^ in the year the best Ayrshires perhaps in the
world. From this home of the Aj^rshire in the New
World the Ayrshires were selected. Can as much be
said of the selection of the Holsteins ? Or of the
Jerseys ? Is it surprising then, that under creamery
conditions as they obtained May ist to November ist,
1 90 1, that the Ayrshires come out ahead ?

In the quotations from the Pan-American, decimals
and cents are dropped for convenience in figuring. It
will be seen that although the Holsteins gave 15 lbs.
more churned butter than the Ayrshires, also more
soiids-not-fat, the fact that they consumed $24 worth
more feed places them $11.38 below the Ayrshires in
the final profits. The average export price of creamery
butter for the six months was 21 cents. Any fair
minded person will see that the export price is the only
just and proper basis of valueing the butter under
creamery conditions. The local price at any given
locality varies with that at another, and in fixing the
price, 21 cents, this is the average export figure for
creamery butter at New York and Montreal.

89

The skim milk and buttermilk is the greatest
incentive to dairymen patronizing the creamery rather
than the cheese factory, and at this moment and for
months past the Chief of the Dairy Division, Robertson,
is pushing the creamery, using the uncontrovertible
argument of the value of the by-product in addition to
the butter, as a feed for fattening hogs and chickens,
and to this end is encouraging the dairymen to breed
and feed hogs and chickens to a larger extent than ever,
in order to reap the full benefits from the creamer}^

To ignore the by-products, as was done at Buffalo,
is incredible, particularly in a year like this when feeds
of all kinds are away up. The value attached to the
by-product in the following tabulated statement is 2
cents per pound for solids not fat, which is as fair as it
could possibly be. On this basis the value of the
Holstein by-product is shown to be $69.34, or $21.42
more than for that of the victorious Guernseys ; and yet,
though the Holsteins gave one pound more butter, in
the final profits they are $6.41 behind the Guernseys.
This goes to show that unusual large milk jdelds are not
always the more profitable, even when the skim milk
and buttermilk is given full credit. The showing of
the Ayrshires is indeed creditable. As an economical
producer for the creamery patron she stands in the
following list without a peer.

The charge of 4 cents per pound for manufacturing,
marketing and delivering is the usual charge, and I am
sure no one will object to this figure.

90

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91

Now we come to another phase of the dairy test,

that is the

CHEESE FACTORY TEST.

This will surprise a great many readers. In this
test the breeds stand just in same rank as given out by
the authorities at Buffalo. I am sure few of us have
ever claimed the high-per. cent-fat cow as being the
best cheese producing cow, but this is just what the
figures of the Pan-American results show. This was
true also of the Chicago test, but the Holsteins did not
compete there. In the following tabulated statement
the Holsteins, though giving some 12,000 pounds more
milk than the Guernseys, yet only produced 67 pounds
more cheese. A surprising statement surely, but a
statement borne out by facts nevertheless, and goes to
show, as all up-to-date cheese factories have known and
practised, that the fat test and not the pooling method
is the only fair and equitable method of paying for milk
for cheesemaking. It is only the back-number factories
that now take milk on the pooling, or "weight of milk"
method. It assumed, and fairly, that 2 1-2 pounds
cheese are made out of i pound fat. On this basis the
breed that was considered a special cheese cow, the
Ayrshire, comes third in the list. She produced less
cheese than the Jerseys or Guernseys, and at a greater
cost per pound.

In arriving at a fixed price for the cheese, the same
basis of comparison as for butter was taken, viz : the
average export price for the season. This price is 9
cents per pound. The whey of course is assigned a
value as it is at all factories, or why would the patrons
take it away at all. Whey is variously assumed to be
worth from two-fifths to three-fifths the value of skim
milk. The whey from cows giving rich milk is

92

assumed to be worth slightly more than that from cows
giving poor milk.

In this case, in assigning a value to the whey, I
took what I thought the fairest method of all, viz : by
rating one pound of total solids equal to .6 cents in
whey equivalent. Multiplying the total solids by $.006
gives us the money value of the whe}^ B3' this method
the value of the whey from the Guernseys is seen to be
$22.64, while that from the Holsteins is $28.45.

The trouble with the Holsteins, that is if these at
the Buffalo test are representatives, seems to be that
they are not economical producers. They require too
much food to produce and appear to be in no sense as
economical producers for the quantity of milk given as
the Ayrshires. In order to produce 140 pounds cheese
in excess of the Ayrshires they required $24. worth
more feed. The usual factory charge of 21-4 cents is
charged for manufacturing, milk drawing and
marketing the cheese. The other breed mentioned in
this statement, the French Canadian, has not been
referred to.

Those of this breed represented at Buffalo are
certainly bona fide representatives of the breed and
probably, for this reason, make a better showing than
they would were they represented in the way the
Holsteins and Jerse3^s were. In the cheese test they
stand up well as economical producers while in economy
of total solids they stand second only to the Ayrshires,
producing total solids at a net cost of $3.44 per pound.
In percentage of profit they show 161 per cent, in total
solids and 156 per cent, in butter fat. Their showing
is certainly creditable.

I regret I have not the time to follow the so-called
dual-purpose breeds, as the Shorthorns, Red Polls, etc.
The Shorthorns should approach verj'- closel}^ to the
Holsteins in the various phases of final profits.

93

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94
AYRSHIRE COWS

It has alwa3's been claimed by the Scotch Breeders
of A^-rshires that it was necessar}^ to return to the old
countr}^ for fresh blood every now and then in order to
keep up the standard of the Ayrshire cow in her highest
perfection in form and dair_y quality, which theory has
been believed b}' our Canada friends, but not by the
breeders of Ayrshires in the States.

It has seemed to us that we had produced a type
of Ayrshire cows that held in form the original type,
and had added to that a more practical addition in
increased length of teat and dairy abilit^^ notwithstand-
ing the changed conditions of the climate of the States.

It has ahvays been conceded that the climate of
Ayrshire was moister, with a greater rainfall than is
found in the United States, being thereb}^ more suited
to grazing, and that the same cows gave a less quantity
of milk on this side of the ocean than in their native
home. This being the case it is not to be expected
that with the same cows the breeders can hope to
compete in 3'ields of Ayrshire cows at the pail with the
Scotch breeder, and in order to obtain an equal amount
the breeder of the States must produce a cow of
increased natural ability.

It is not often we can obtain comparative yields
that are both authenticated and made on so similar
plans as to be of value in comparison, but this year we
are favored with just this in the official report of the
Scotch Derb}^ for 1901, and the Home Dairy Test in the
United States for 1901.

The Scotch Derby is a competition in the County
of A3^r in Scotland thai: is entered into by the A^^rshire
breeders with great strife, because it is a hard contest
both on outward shape and dairy ability. A cow is
entered for the Derby and showm in the ring. Later,
after she has calved and in her best form for a twent}^-
four hour milking trial, a committee is sent to the home
of the cow without notice to the owmer and she is
milked clean and the milk for the next twenty-four
hours is weighed and tested for butter-fat and total
solids, and the award made from her product in
connection with her ring examination which is

95
substantially the same as the Home Dairy Test of the
Ayrshire Breeders' Association as far as the dairy side
of the contest is concerned. A comparison of the two
made in 1901 should be a very good index of the
performance at the pail of the Scotch and States
Ayrshires in the quiet of their own home, though in
making the comparison, due allowance should be given
to the natural advantage the Scotch cow has over her
cousin in the States, on account of the better grazing
conditions in Scotland.

For a more complete and uniform comparison I
have copied the whole number of the test of the mature
cows in Scotland and have omitted their report of
award made by a scale of points, including the ring
aw^ard, and have confined myself to the dairy award
simply, and to further compare the two I have figured
the butter yield of the Scotch cows on the same method
as the Experiment Station figured the butter yield of
the States cows, thus making the two uniform and
official.

SCOTCH DERBY TEST.

Ow'Ber Age

William Winter 6

James Littlejohn 8

James Littlejohn 6

William Winter 4

W. C. Alexander , 8

David Gray 6

W, C, Alexander 4

John S. Hunter , 4

Owner Age

Etna J. Fletcher 6

L. S, Drew 7

C. M. Winslow & Son 8

Etna J. Fletcher. 6

Etna J. Fletcher 8

Etna J. Fletcher 7

Etna J. Fletcher , 10

L, C. Spalding & Son 8

The average of the above tests show the Ayrshire
cow in vScotland to give more milk in a day, while the
Ayrshires in the States give more butter.

Brandon, Vt. C. M. W1NS1.OW, Secretary.

I>bs

Per cent

Per cent

Lbs

milk

fat total solids

butter

60

3.80

12.22

2.66

46.5

4.57

13,62

2.48

53

3.87

12.67

2.39

51.50

3.77

12.67

2.27

52.75

3.82

12.49

2.35

44.75

3.72

13.59

1,94

46.50

3.07

11.62

1,67

52

2.95

12.00

1,79

)ME DAIRY TEST.

Per cent

Per cent

Lbs

butter

total

Lbs

milk

fat

solids

butter

47.61

5.80

12.48

3.20

54.96

4.70

13.96

3,01

39.36

5.20

14.00

2,39

42.68

4.80

12.76

2.39

42.80

4,40

13.01

2.26

37.90

4.50

13.33

1.99

42,30

3.90

12.34

1.92

39.03

4,20

13.05

1,91

CONNECTICUT

S. M. WELLS & SON,

Wethersfield, Conn.

}|yr$bire$

S. m. melts, Mlird%lr/?C l^^^d established
mm. t. mens, nVI difll ^^ 1^^^

In securing foundation stock for our herd choice animals were
selected from the most noted herds in the country and the high
character of the herd has been maintained by the use of sires of
superior individual merit as well as approved lineage, of deep
milking ancestry, of excellent iorm and constitution, viz:

WAVERLY, ]S"o. 914, bred by Walcott & Campbell, New
York, out of imported White Lit.y by imported Baldy.

GIBE'S DUKE OF COMPTOW, Wo, 2253, bred by J. L.
Gibb, Que., out of imported May Morn by Pretender; he out
of imported Heather Bloom.

ROB ROY 2d, of PARK HILTj, Wo 5173, bred by Jas.
Drummond, Que., out of Lilly D, by Rob Roy of Park Hill;
he out of Viola 3d of Mill Farm, imported.

The Home Bred Bulls were Equally Choice.

ne Bulls in Service at Present are:

GLENCAIRlSr OF RIDGESIDE, I9"o. 6248, bred by
Robert Reford, Que., out of the noted cow White Floss, by
Glencairn 3d, imported.

ISAIiEIGH OSBORN OF CASTLE HILL, No. 6926,

bred bv J. N. Greenshields, Que., out of The Gem of Castle
Hill, imported, by Matchless; he out of the many times cham-
pion, Nellie Osborn, imported, by Glencairn 3d, imported.

Consignments have been made from this herd to riAINE and
MEXICO and intervening States. Also to BERMUDA, CUBA
and JAPAN with gratifying results.

Inspection of this herd is desired and correspondence solicited.

N. B. After May 1st our address will be NEWINGTON,
CONN., where owners and herd will be located. Electric cars
pass the farm every fifteen minutes, running between the cities of
Hartford and New Britain.

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