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A WILLIAM i, |
~ SECTIONAL LIBRARY :
DIVISION OF MOLLUSKS

WILLIAM DAMA

SECTIONAL LIBRARY
DIVISION OF. MOLLUSKS

Madeley litho: & Welle ngcons = Strand

Pub + by Ja® Fraser Re gent 5* London.
Ss 8

THE

YOUNG CONCHOLOGIST’S
Hook of Species,

UNIVALVES.

CONTAINING

DESCRIPTIONS OF SIX HUNDRED SPECIES,

AND

Lilustrated bp many Figures.

By SYLVANUS HANLEY,

OF WADHAM COLLEGE. ‘ian

aS ty

LONDON:
JAMES FRASER, REGENT STREET.

1840.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY ROBSON, LEVEY, AND FRANKLYN,
46 St. Martin’s Lane.

TO

JOHN KIDD, M.D., F.RS.

REGIUS PROFESSOR OF MEDICINE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD,

&e. &c.

TO WHOSE
ZEALOUS SUPERINTENDENCE AND DISCRIMINATING TASTE
THE RADCLIFFE LIBRARY
OWES MUCH OF ITS PERFECTION AS A TREASURY OF

NATURAL HISTORY,
Chis Book,

PRINCIPALLY WRITTEN WITHIN ITS WALLS,

IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BY

THE AUTHOR.

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ADVERTISEMENT.

Tue following pages, intended for a sequence to the
Conchologist’s Text-Book, will, I trust, be found service-
able to those beginners, who, after having mastered the
difficulties of the genera, and so far arranged their col-
lections, are now resolving to enrich their specimens by
the specific titles also. The Author is not aware of any
English work, on the Lamarkian system, that would aid
them in their endeavours, and has therefore compiled a
descriptive catalogue of those shells, which, from their
moderate price and comparative commonness, will be
most likely to reach the cabinet of the youthful amateur
in this pleasing science. The references to figures are
solely made to modern works,—as the more ancient,
from their rarity and costliness, seldom, if ever, are pes-
sessed by that class of readers for whom this book is
especially written. With similar views, four books only
have been quoted for the iconography ; but wherever
no illustrative drawing was to be met with in them,
the outline has been added in the accompanying Plates.

I need but further state (previous to committing

vi ADVERTISEMENT.

these pages to the mercy of the public), that continual
comparisons have been made of the descriptions of dif-
ferent writers for the selection of the best; and that
scarce in a single case have the characteristics of a shell
been given without the shell itself being either in the

Author’s possession, or before his eyes.

ABBREVIATIONS.

B. British.

W. Wood’s Catalogue of Shells.

S. Sowerby’s Manual of Conchology.

T. Turton’s Manual of Land and Freshwater Shells. 1st edit.
E. Encyclopédie Méthodique.

The size is expressed by inches.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

1. CHITON magnificus. - : : oy 2

2. PATELLA longicosta 4

3. PATELLA deaurata 5

4, PATELLA leucopleura : ahs : 6

5. PaTetua plicata : ; A . Front. 1

6. EMARGINULA depressa 8

7. EMARGINULA emarginata 8

8. FISSURELLA barbadensis ; : wn LO

9, FIssuRELLA viridula : ' ‘ sr) LO

10. Fissure xa hiantula ; : . ae 10
11. Fissure ua fascicularis . ; : i
12, FIssURELLA minuta . : : : Pe
13. PILEOoPsIs intorta : : y ‘ vip
14, CALYPTREA spinosa . ‘ : ; was bo
15. CALYPTREA imbricata ; : : a
16. Buta australis . ; : : ; ee
17. Hexix barbadensis. : : : i 23
18. Hexico1na pulchella . : : : ay agers
19. Butimus gibbus : : : , 8b
20. AURICULA fasciata : : : ~ + Pront..2
21. CycLostoma truncatulum : : » Al
22, NeRITA malaccensis . : : “1 ae
23. Natica glaucina : . : ; . 54

24, NATICA maculosa ; ! ; : 8 OG

Vill

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

. SICARETUS australis

. Hatrotts lamellosa

. HALIOTIS sanguinea

. ScaraRrta fragilis : -
. TROCHUS zigzag :

. TURBO punctatus

. PLANAXIS undulata

. PHASIANELLA angulifera

. TURRITELLA cingulifera

. CERITHIUM fasciatum

. MvureEx adustus

. Murex radix

. STROMBUS mauritianus

. Buccrnum cribrarium

. Espurna areolata :

. TEREBRA cerulescens .

. CoLUMBELLA rustica

. MARGINELLA longivaricosa

ANCILLARIA ventricosa

. OLIVA episcopalis
5, OLIvA sanguinolenta
. NavTILus umbilicatulus

’ PAGE
Front. 3
Front. 4
Front. 5
ol Sab
Front. 6
Front. 7
74
<n
Front. 8
78

90

91
OF
Front. 9
111

113

114

120

129

131

132

145

THE

YOUNG CONCHOLOGIST’S
ook of Spectes,

MOLLUSCA.

GASTEROPODES.
LES PHYLLIDIENS.

CHITONELLUS.

Body creeping, elongated, with the middle of the
back adorned its whole length with detached
testaceous plates, the alternate ones principally
longitudinal ; sides naked.

C. travis. W. 1.39.

CHITON.

Body creeping, oval-oblong, convex, rounded at
both ends, and margined with a coriaceous
skin; the back covered with a longitudinal
series of testaceous plates, which are trans-
verse, imbricated, and mobile.

C. saguamosvus. Olive; with eight semi-stri-
ated valves; margin shagreened, with light-green
and dark-olive scales. 14. E. M. 162. 5, 6.

B

2 BOOK OF SPECIES.

C. FASCICULARIS. Cinereous; when perfect,
the whole surface ofthe valves appears covered with
fish-like scales, except the beak, which is smooth,
and of a yellower colour than the rest; margin
with lateral tufts of hair. B. 2...4. W.1. 19.

C. MARGINATUS. Dingy brownish or red-
dish; with eight carinated, most minutely sha-
greened valves; margin serrated and reflected.
BB, Bete sae) Veo ll. fens

C. maeniricus. Large, ovate, flattish, sub-
carinated, dark olive; the extreme valves with ra-
diating granular striz ; the middle ones transverse
and straight, with their centres very finely and
irregularly striated, and their lateral areas with
transverse granular grooves; margin dark olive-
green, sometimes zoned with black, granular.
32. This of late has become common.

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PATELLA. 5

C. acuLEATUus. Ovate, thick, blackish brown ;
margin with short, subulate, various -coloured
spines; terminal plates elegantly waved with
sub-concentric undulated lines ; the lateral areas
of the nest scarcely marked, and prettily waved
by undulated lines, with irregularly disposed
elongated granulations, gradually disappearing
towards the summit. 21...14. W.1.6.

PATELLA.

Univalve ; not spiral; shield-shaped or obtusely
comcal, concave within, simple, entire ; sum-
mit anteriorly inclined ; imperforate.

P. GRANATINA. Flattish, angulated, with
numerous muricated ribs and striz; muscular
impression dark-reddish brown; numerous zig-
zag undulated transverse purplish-brown scales
cover the shell, and are manifest in the interior
through a pearly coating. 2}...13. W. 37.
27.

P. BARBARA. ‘Toothed, with very numerous
muricated vaulted ribs; colour sallow, and some-
times ringed without; the inside white. 1}... 1}.
W. 37. 22.

P. puicata. Angulated, with blunt undulated
transversely - wrinkled ribs, brownish ; summit
obtuse. 2... 14. (Front. 1.)

P, saccHARINA. Angulated, with seven blunt

4 BOOK OF SPECIES.

carinated ribs; interstices longitudinally striated,
and marbled with brown; inside white. 1... 3.
W.at/e lye

P. toneicosta. Convex-depressed, reddish
brown, with from twelve to fifteen sub-carinated
ribs greatly projecting beyond the margin ; white
beneath, and the borders acute; vertex obtuse
and white. 2... 14.

P. uMBELLA. Large, ovate-depressed, with
irregular decussated striz, and narrow longitu-
dinal grooves; margin crenated, white or yellow-
ish streaked, and sprinkled with dots of pale
vermilion or rose-colour in various ways. Up to
Skier. - AVC ens.

P. cocHLEAR. Ovate-oblong depressed, lon-
gitudinally ribbed and striated, one end con-

PATELLA. 5

tracted like a scoop; summit acute; margin
slightly angular; greyish or brownish white, and
the inside white, with a dark horse-shoe-like
mark environing the muscular impression. 1}
Perds.- Wes. 40.

P. compressa. Oblong, slenderly striated
longitudinally, tawny yellow; sides compressed,
and summit beaked. 13...3%. W. 37. 53.

P. GRANULARIS. Ovate, brown, with narrow
ribs provided with white granulations; inside
whitish, slightly pearly ; muscular impression
yellowish ; summit not central. 1)...3. W.
37. 26.

P. peAURATA. Oval, with numerous sub-
nodulous obtuse ribs, and somewhat imbricated
transverse wrinkles; margin plaited, brown with-
out, silvery within, and the muscular impression
bronzed. 13... 1.

P. vuteaRis. Sub-oval; many sub-angular
ribs, and intermediate striz, greenish or yellowish

6 BOOK OF SPECIES.

ash; margin dilated and acute. B.2...11. W.
37. 38.

P. LEUCOPLEURA. Conical, ovate, smooth,
light reddish ash rayed with irregular dark brown
furcated lines ; summit white, obtuse, and girded
with red; small.

P. puncTURATA. Oval, convexly tumid,
white spotted with crimson; ribs flattish, radi-
ating, and separated; inside white; muscular
impression citron; summit blunt and sub-cen-
tral; small. W. 38. 76.

P. pecTminaTa. Oval, thin, obliquely conic,
yellowish brown, with longitudinal strie, gar-
nished with black imbricated rough scales; sum-
mit inclined nearly to the margin; smallish ; not
unlike genus Pileopsis. W. 37. 46.

P. peLLUcIDA. Smooth, thin, pellucid, ob-
ovate, gibbous, olive, with blue interrupted rays ;
summit inclined to the margin. B. small. W.
37. 58.

P. monopis. Ovate - flattish, with about
eleven large ribs, and intermediate smaller ones ;
brown; when perfect, rayed with minute blue
spots, but the outside is generally eroded; the

PLEUROBRANCHUS, UMBRELLA. PARMOPHORUS. 7

summit blunt, and inclined toward the front;
margin strongly digitated, and within of a tor-
toise-shell brown; muscular impression tawny.

eee. WW. af. 10.

LES SEMI-PHYLLIDIENS.

PLEUROBRANCHUS.
Shell internal, fragile, dorsal, flattened, and ob-
liquely oval.

P. MEMBRANACEUS. S. 232.

UMBRELLA.

Shell external, orbicular, slightly irregular, flat-
tish, rather convex above, with a small sub-
central apex; margin sharp ; interior slightly
concave, and offering a coloured callous dise ;
lips smooth.

INDICA. 6, 250.

LES CALYPTRACIENS.

PARMOPHORUS.

Oblong, somewhat in the form of a parallelopiped ;
slightly convex above, with a small sinus above ;
apex pointed and inclined backwards.

P. ausTRALIS. Solid, smooth, but appears

8 BOOK OF SPECIES.

somewhat furrowed from the strie of growth;
dirty yellow; inside brilliant white. W.38. 84.

EMARGINULA.
Conical, shield-shaped ; vertex inclined to one side ;
internal cavity simple ; dorsal margin fissured.

EK. FissurRA. Oval, convexly conic, cancel-
lated by small longitudinal ribs and transverse
strie, pellucid, whitish; summit curved; margin
crenulated; small. B. W. 37. 86.

K. pepressa (Blainville). White, limpet-
shaped, ovate-oblong, laterally depressed; sum-
mit salient, pointed, and inclined, from which
proceed nine principal ribs, and smaller ones
intervening, which are met at right angles by
transverse striz, and at their junction appears a
tubercle ; greenish within ; small.

E. EMARGINATA. Ovate, conic, patelliform,
and ribbed, white or greenish white, channelled
within anteriorly ; margin sub-emarginated ; eight
of the ribs more prominent than the rest; sum-
mit pointed and sub-central. #$...2.

FISSURELLA. 9

FISSURELLA.

Shield-shaped, conically depressed, concave within ;

vertex perforated ; destitute of a spire, and ob-
long-ovate shape.

F. nimposA. Ovate-oblong, convex, yellow-
ish white, and adorned with purplish-brown rays,
and many close-arranged longitudinal striz ; mar-
gin crenulated ; perforation oblong, and contracted
in the middle;:greenish within. 13...1. W.
doe go.

F.craca. Ovate-oblong, cancellated; sum-
mit somewhat lateral; margin arcuated, and in-
ternally strongly crenated, whitish, and sub-rayed
with greenish; a dark horse-shoe mark almost
surrounds the perforation (English specimens of
this species are devoid of this latter character-
iat) >. inside white: lt... 2.; B.. W. 38. 91.

F. noposa. Oval, convexly pyramidal, whit-
ish, transversely annulated ; longitudinal ribs
armed with great tubercles, which are cleft at
the apex, and laterally compressed; perforation
oblong, contracted in the middle like a key-hole,
and surrounded internally with a white callus.
Lae) OW. 38) 98. 7

F. BARBADENSIS. Ovate-oblong, with un-
equal longitudinal nodulous ribs, yellowish white,
either rayed or concentrically spotted with red;
perforation round and sub-central; margin toothed

B2

aol

10 BOOK OF SPECIES.

inside, whitish within, and greener towards the
margin ; the callus around the perforation oval ;
smallish. Excessively common.

~

F. viripuLA. Ovate-oblong, rather convex,
greenish, radiated with small white ribs, and an-
nulated by concentric striz, which form longi-
tudinally compressed tuberculations at their junc-
tion with the ribs; perforation oblong, inclined,
girded with a dark line; inside white; margin
crenulated ; small.

F. n1AnTULA. Oblong-elliptic, convexly de-
pressed, with the extremities elevated and arched;
strie slender; perforation large and lengthened ;
margin entire, above lilac-red, beneath whitish ;
small. There is a black variety, smallish.

PILEOPSIS. ll

F. pustuLa. Roundish elliptic, flattish, and
truncated in front, dirty white, with decussated
strie ; longitudinal striz rather prominent; per-
foration not central, lengthened, enlarged in the
middle, and girded with a pink line; small. W.
38. 90.

F. FascicuLaARis. Small, oblong - elliptic.
flattish, sallow, and rayed with pinkish-brown
fasciculated lines; strize crowded ; perforation as
last; internal border apparently entire; nests

only on its sides. jj.

F. minuta. Minute, oblong-elliptic, convex,
white, decussated with slender striae, of which
the longitudinal are sub-granular, rayed with thin
black lines; perforations small, not central.

PILEOPSIS.

Univalve ; obliquely conic ; anteriorly recurved ;
summit hooked, sub-spiral ; aperture elliptically
round ; anterior margin shortest, the posterior
one large and rounded; the muscular impres-

12 BOOK OF SPECIES.

sions elongated, arcuated and transverse, situ-

ated under the posterior margin.

P. uneaRIcA. Conical, finely striated lon-
gitudinally, and somewhat wrinkled transversely ;
summit recurved and spiral; base roundish, from
one inch to two in diameter, often coated with a
brown shaggy epidermis; inside white or pinkish.
B. large. W. 37. 41.

P. miTRULA. Roundish ovate, obliquely coni-
cal, solid, whitish, with concentric imbricated
wrinkles ; summit slightly recurved; small. B.
Ws 3748.

P. 1nrorTA. Ovate-roundish, peculiarly ob-
liquely conical, white, with obsolete longitudinal
strie ; summit lateral, exserted, and spirally
twisted ; small.

CALYPTREA.
Conical; base orbicular, and summit vertical, im-
perforate, and acute; imternal cavity with a
spiral septum.

C. extTincrorium. Sub-orbicular, conical,
whitish, and rather smooth, with unequal spiral
circles; summit sub-acute. 1. WS.8. 5.

C. veviegata. Orbicular-depressed, nearly

CALYPTREA. 13

smooth ; summit sharp and erect, whitish ; in-
ternal appendage oblique. W. 37. 4.

C. rquestris. Sub-orbicular, wrinkled, and
minutely striated longitudinally ; summit lateral
and obtuse, white; margin sinuated irregularly.
PW 37.7).

C. rapians. Orbicular-depressed, trochi-
form, whitish or yellowish, adorned with sub-
nodulous, distant, rayed and elevated strie ; be-
neath concave, whitish, or spotted with brown,
with a spiral plate; summit sub-central ; epider-
mis lamellar and brown. Size sometimes very
large. W. 37. 7.

C. spinosa. Base ovate-roundish, conic, lon-
gitudinally wrinkled, with super-imposed tubular
spines, dirty brown; interior rich coffee-brown,
except the borders of the cup; diameter an inch.

t
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tyly

C. rmpricata. Whitish, thick, sub-conic,
and ovate, imbricated by longitudinal ribs and

14 BOOK OF SPECIES.

transverse scales; apex acute, sub-incurved ;
margin crenated ; cup depressed: diameter 1.

CREPIDULA.

Ovate or oblong-ovate; convex on the back, and
concave within; spire inclining to one side;
aperture with a horizontal partition next the
spire, extending to nearly the middle of the
shell.

C. rornicaTa. Oval; margin entire, and
the summit obliquely recurved, chestnut, with a
white spot on each side the apex, or white vari-
ously mottled, or longitudinally rayed with brown ;
internal partition concave, brown. 1|...%. W.
37. 10.

C. PORCELLANA. Oval-depressed ; margin
entire, and summit recurved ; internal partition
flat, whitish or brownish, variegated with dark-
brown or red spots, or purplish undulated lines ;
inside generally white and glossy. 1...4. W.
37.9.

ANCYLUS. BULLEA. £5

C. ACULEATA. Oval-depressed, shallow, with
longitudinal prickly ribs, and the summit recurved
and lateral, brownish whitish or chestnut; the
internal partition white. 2...74. W. 37. Il.

C. GoREENSIS. Oval, shallow, much de-
pressed, transversely wrinkled, with the spire
obsolete, and the summit recurved and lateral;
coarse and whitish; interior white and glossy ;
Bimiallcs) Wi 37. 12.

ANCYLUS. FLUVIATILE.
Thin, obliquely conical; aperture oval, with a
pointed apex, which is inclined backwards.

A. LacustrRis. Semi-ovate, membranaceous ;
vertex sub-central; aperture ovate, sub-oblong.
B. very small. T. 126.

A. FLUVIATILIS. Conoid; point of the ver-
tex. excentral; aperture ovate; very small. B.

ee B25.

LES BULLEENS.

BULLEA.

Thin; somewhat involute on one side, and destitute
of a columella or spire ; aperture large and
wide.

B. aPpERTA. Roundish ovate, pellucid, white,
faintly striated and slightly wrinkled ; almost en-

firely-opem. Ay... /éqe. Ba W..18. 1.

16. BOOK OF SPECIES.

BULLA.

Involute, without a columella ; spire but slightly, if
at all, exserted ; outer margin acute; aperture
extending the whole length of the shell.

B. niGNart1A. Qblong, loosely convoluted,
attenuated towards the spire, transversely striated,
pale tawny, thin, semi-transparent; spire trun-
cated and umbilicated. B.23. W. 18. 20.

B. ampuuua. Roundish opaque, cinereous,
dotted in waves, ard marked with various shades
and spots of reddish brown; apex umbilicated.
Bece tse NY Slo. Lb.

B. striata. Oval-oblong, opaque, dotted
in brown waves, cinereous, striated at the base;
outer lip contracted in the middle ; apex umbili-
cated ; in colour resembles the last, but is smaller
and longer in shape. W. 18. 19.

B. puysis. Rounded, very smooth, pellucid, ,
with waved brown transverse stripes, more or less
crowded ; aperture large; spire depressed. 13

Ve Ws 18. 24:

B. rascriata. Sub-globose, thin, pellucid,
whitish ash-colour, with four transverse brown
bands, of which two on the middle of the back
enclose between them a white one, and the others
are placed at the extremities of the shell; longi-
tudinal striz most slender. 14+. W. 18. 27.

BULLA. jy

B. apLuSTRE. Roundish ovate, white, with
two flesh-coloured, bordered zones ; pillar some-
what twisted ; spire elevated and retuse. 2. W.
18. 26.

B. wypaTis. Ovate-rounded, thin, pellucid,
and slightly striated longitudinally, yellowish
horn-colour. 4%; in shape resembling somewhat
B. naucum. B. W. 18. 17.

B.naucum. White, rounded, pellucid, finely
striated transversely, and umbilicated at both
ends; be. es (Wo 18. 22:

B. souipa. Cylindrical, white, umbilicated
at the apex, and striated at the two extremities ;
aperture extending the whole length of the shell.
2. W. 18. 56.

B. austRALIs. Elongated, nearly cylindri-
cal, mottled; spire very slightly perforated ; in
colour greatly resembling B. ampulla. 14.

18 BOOK OF SPECIES.

B. cyninpraceA (Pennant). Oblong, elon-
gated, cylindric, transversely striated, white ; ver-
tex umbilicated ; aperture suddenly dilated at its
base; columella flattened; small. B. W. 18. 57.

B. umpruicata (Montagu). Oblong, oval,
white, involute, minute, rounded, and umbilicated
at the apex. B. W. 18. 58.

B. retusa (Montagu). Sub-cylindrical, in-
voluted, minute, striated longitudinally on the
upper part; apex truncated and umbilicated ; the
aperture is most contracted in the middle. B.
minute. W. 18. 59.

B. oprusa. Minute, cylindrical, involuted,
white, opaque, wrinkled longitudinally, and be-
coming rather narrow towards the apex; spire
somewhat prominent. B. W. 18. 60.

‘

LAPLYSIENS.

LAPLYSIA.
The animal with a dorsal, subcartilaginous, semi-
circular shield.
A. Perersoni. S. 254.

DOLABELLA.
Oblong, subarcuated, somewhat shaped like an axe;
on one side narrowed, thicker, callous, and sub-

PARMACELLA. LIMAX. TESTACELLA. 19

spiral ; on the other broader, thinner, and flat-
tened.

DP. Roumwewuir. §. 255.

LES LIMACIENS.

PARMACELLA. TERRESTRIAL.
A rare genus of slugs, bearing a testaceous plate
enveloped in a fleshy shield.

P. CALYCULATA. S. 256.

LIMAX. TERRESTRIAL.

Shell small, extremely thin, enclosed in a coriaceous
shield, oblong-ovate, not convolute, but with a
cavity at top.

L. cINEREUS. Small, very thick and hard,
variously formed, rarely concave, and easily dis-

tinguished by its short obliquely placed keel.
| es ee 2

TESTACELLA. TERRESTRIAL.

Shell very small, external, somewhat ear-shaped ;
apex obsoletely spiral; aperture very large,
oval, with outer lip inflected.

T. HALIOTOIDEA. B. E. 464. 3.

20 BOOK OF SPECIES.

VITRINA. TERRESTRIAL.

Small, extremely thin, depressed ; spire very short ;
body very large; aperture ample, rounded, and
oval ; left margin slightly inflected.
V.pELLUCIDA. Extremely thin, pellucid and

glossy, depressed, with the spire very short, of a

pale yellowish green ; aperture large and oval.

B. very small. T. 21.

V. EvonGcATA. Whitish, nearly globular,
hyaline ; aperture oval-oblong; volutions two,
outer one extremely large in proportion, minute.

Be ay ate

TRACHELIPODES.

LES COLIMACES.

HELIX. TERRESTRIAL.

Orbicular, convex or conoid above, sometimes

globular, with the spire somewhat elevated ;

aperture entire, transverse, very oblique, con-

tiguous to the axis of the shell; margin dis-
united by the projection of the body.

H. puuua. Sub-globular, with the body-

whorl ventricose, and the spire short, obtuse,

and convex; aperture large, with the outer lip

HELIX. 21

white and marginated and notched at the pillar ;
brown, with two or three white bands on the
body-whorl; inner lip minutely striated. 2...
Bea OW. 31.117.

H. pomatia. Sub-umbilicated, ovate-ventri-
cose, with five longitudinally-wrinkled whorls ;
aperture roundish-lunated, and the outer lip
slightly marginated, pale dull yellowish brown,
with generally three darker obsolete bands on
the body-whorl; inner lip much reflected over
the umbilicus. 2...2. T. 34. B.

H. aspersa. Imperforate, sub-ovate, and ob-
tuse, with four irregularly creased and wrinkled
whorls, and a semi-lunar rather elongated aper-
ture, with white reflected margin. It varies
much in its markings; but is commonly of a
pale dull yellowish brown or ash-colour, with
darker bands, which are usually more or less
broken, and mottled all over. 1$...1$. T. 35.
The common garden-snail. B.

H. naticorpes. Imperforate, fragile, sub-
globular, brownish olive; whorls transversely stri-
ated; aperture very large; outer lip simple and
acute; diam. 2. W. 34. 131.

H. nemastoma. Globosely conoid, ventri-
cose, thick, imperforate, chestnut, with a white
band on the lower part of its last whorl; apex
rose-colour; columella and lip purplish red.

22 BOOK OF SPECIES.

There are five whorls, of which the body-whorl
is almost twice as large as the spire; aperture
white; diam. 14. W. 34. 127.

H. meLanorracus. Differs from the last
only in its apex being yellowish, and columella
and lip black. E. 462. 4.

H. PELLIS-SERPENTIS. Umbilicated, sub-
carinated, convex, orbicular, yellowish white,
with zones of reddish-brown and white flames ;
beneath, several series of spots of a like colour ;
spire extremely obtuse ; margin of outer lip white
and reflected; diam. 13; the surface shagreened.
W. 33. 39.

H. tactea. Orbicular convex, imperforate,
greyish, banded with brown or red, and marked
all over with minute milky dots; spire retuse ;
mouth black; outer lip expanded, and its margin
reflected; diam. 13. W. 34. 128.

H. zonariA. Umbilicated, orbicular - de-
pressed, smooth, whitish, banded with brown, and
sprinkled with red spots; spire flattened; outer
lip expanded; its margin white and reflected ;
diam. 14. W. 34. 94.

H. crrrina. Orbicular-convex, sub-umbili-
cated, smooth, diaphanous and shining, generally
pale yellowish or chestnut; last whorl girded
with white or black; outer lip sharp; spire ob-
tuse; diam. 1}. W. 33. 81.

HELIX. 93

H. BARBADENSIS. Orbicular-convex, imper-
forated, depressed, smooth, pale reddish ; spire
obtuse; aperture narrowed, with the margins red
and connected; outer lip marginated ; sometimes
there is a white band on the last whorl; diam. 3.

H. srnuata. Imperforate, sub-globular, and
slightly keeled ; lip reflected, with four teeth in-
side, and three plaits without; the shell is reddish
brown, and covered with most minute raised
dots; diam. 3. W. 33. 29.

H. nrppocastaNnumM. Imperforate, sub-glo-
bose, slenderly striated, chestnut ; the last whorl
girded with a white band; columella armed with
a great tooth; inner margin of the outer lip many-
toothed; diam. 3. W. 33. 38.

H.arsustorum. Rather globose, perforated,
yellowish or brownish, marbled, and girded with
a brown band, slightly striated; spire short,
conoid; outer lip marginated and reflected ; diam.
2. Ee aos

H. NEMORALIS. Sub-globose, imperforated,
slightly striated, variously coloured, and banded ;
outer lip marginated, and dark chocolate; diam.
palin = ane ea

24 BOOK OF SPECIES.

H. norrensis. Differs from the last by
the whiteness of its margination. B. Diam. 3.
T. 24.

H. pisAna. Globose and depressed, per-
forated, thin, whitish, and painted with inter-
rupted yellowish and brown bands; lip simple ;
inner maraingpink. /Bl20..¢. Tiel: .

H. ericEToRUM. Orbicular-depressed, um-
bilication shewing the whole of the whorls,
slightly striated, whitish, with brown bands; lip
simple. .+...%. .T. 37.

H. CARTHUSIANELLA. Orbicular - convex,
depressed, perforated, smooth, pellucid, whitish
horn-colour, obscurely banded ; lip with its inner
margin brown, its outer white and sub-reflected ;
diam: 2. /,, B.4.2. 26.

H. cartTausiAna. Orbicular-convex, de-
pressed, perforated, smooth, pellucid, white or
grey; spire short; margin of lip sub-reflected ;
diam: 200 Bei. |

H.ceLuAria. Umbilicated, slightly striated,
pellucid, glossy, with five depressed yellowish
whorls; base white; lip simple, acute; diam. 75.
B,. T:.40.

H.niripa. Flattened, orbicular, umbilicated,
thin, pellucid, minutely striated, brownish horn-
colour ; lip simple, acute; diam. 3. B. T. 38.

H. uispipa. Convexly orbicular, sub-de-

HELIX. PAs

pressed, umbilicated, pellucid, brownish horn-
colour, covered with minute bristles; lip thin,
sub-reflected. B.small. T. 41.

H. rotunDaATA. Flattish orbicular, rather
convex, widely umbilicated, deeply striated, grey
or reddish; spire peculiarly obtuse; lip simple.
This shell is generally rayed with a darker colour.
B. very small. T. 44.

H. puLcHELLA. Minute, umbilicated, white
or ash-colour, depressed, equally convex on both
sides ; aperture nearly circular, with the margin
flat and reflected. B. T. 49.

H. acuteatTa. Minute, conic, brown horn-
colour, with the suture deep ; the epidermis rising
into thin spinous foliations; aperture semi-ellip-
fies, by. T. dd.

H. GLABELLA. Sub-depressed, perforated,
smooth, horn-colour; aperture semi-lunate, round;
lip sub-marginated ; last whorl sub-carinated, con-
vex, and marked with an obsolete white band upon
the keel. Small, B. T. 28.

H. sericea. Sub- depressed, horny, and
brownish, thin, fragile, pellucid, perforated, hairy,
and last whorl carinated ; aperture extremely
small, semi-lunar, simple. B. small. T. 29.

H. pyemea. Depressed, umbilicated, most
finely striated, above rather convex, immaculate,
brownish horn-colour, with four rounded whorls ;

Cc

26 BOOK OF SPECIES.

umbilicus peculiarly open ; aperture simple, most

minute. B. T. 46.

H. crystaLuina. Minute, thin, perforated,
depressed, white, shining, and diaphanous. _ T.
42. B.

CAROCOLLA.

Orbicular, more or less convex or conoid above ;
circumference angular and sharp ; aperture
transverse, contiguous to the axis of the shell;
outer lip sub-angular, frequently dentated be-
low.

C. ALBILABRIS. Imperforate, convex on both
sides, chestnut-brown, with a paler obsolete band
on the keel ; six obliquely and slenderly striated
whorls; aperture transverse and ear-shaped, with
a white reflected lip. W. 33. 34.

C. ~tucerna. Orbicular, umbilicated, and
somewhat depressed, smooth and whitish; lip
reflected, with two teeth in the inside, and corre-
sponding impressions without; diameter 13. W.
30. 30.

C. GUALTERIANA. Imperforate, flat above,
convexly turgid, beneath rough, decussated, dirty
ash-colour; spire extremely flat; lip thin and
reflected ; diameter 13. W. 33. 44.

C. mareinata. Umbilicated, obliquely stri-
ated, and the spire depressed; base convex, and
the aperture ear-shaped, with a white margin ;

CAROCOLLA. ANASTOMA. HELICINA. 27

white, with a broad brownish-red band in the
middle of each whorl. Diameter 11. W. 32. 4.

C. tycunucuus. Imperforate, orbicular, co-
noid, slightly convex beneath; the apex of the
spire depressed ; lip with two teeth; margin
white and reflected; diameter 1. W. 33. 30.

C. tapicipa. Orbicular, depressed above,
more convex beneath, widely umbilicated, trans-
versely striated, greyish red, with reddish-brown
spots ; lips united, reflected, white. B. diameter
me eit Ol.

ANASTOMA. TERRESTRIAL.

Sub-orbicular ; spire convex and obtuse ; aperture
rounded, dentated within, turned upwards, and
grinning ; margin of outer lip reflected.

A. pepressa. W. 33. 26.

HELICINA. TERRESTRIAL.

Sub-globose, wnperforate ; aperture entire and
semi-oval ; columella callous, transverse, flat,
with its margin acute, forming an angle at the
base of the outer lip; a horny operculum.

H. puLCcHELLA. Sub-globulous; spire conic
and pointed ; the surface adorned with tolerably
large transverse granular strie, of which the one
which occupies the circumference of the last
whorl is thicker, and sub-dentated by oblong and

28 BOOK OF SPECIES.

largish tubercles ; margin whitish, adorned with
three reddish or tawny spots, thin, and reflected;
the shell is yellow, triply banded with red, and
sprinkled over with dull white spots; the open-
ing is very oblique, and the columellar callosity
is straight and thickish ; small.

H. auRANTIA. Sub-depressed, ovate, sub-
globose, smooth; reddish white, with sometimes
a white or brown band; peristome thickened,
reflected, and orange; columella callous; co-
lumellar angle of the aperture sub-tuberculated,
small. W. Sup. 8. 65.

H. masor. Depressed, ovate, sub-globose,
brownish, smooth ; spire convex; rather convex
and palish-coloured beneath; peristome thick-
ened and white, reflected; columellar angle ob-
tusely emarginated; lips thickened and pale ;
diam. 4. S. 307.

H. Browni. Depressed, ovate, palely brown,
smooth, pellucid, convex above, rather so beneath ;
peristome thickened, reflected, white; lips and
columella thickish and whitish ; columellar angle
of the aperture cleft ; operculum reddish, horny,
with a small appendage at its anterior extremi‘y ;

small. W. Sup. 8. 64.

PUPA. 29

PUPA. TERRESTRIAL.

Cylindrical, generally thick; aperture irregular,
semi-ovate, rounded and sub-angulated beneath;
margins of outer lip nearly equal, and reflected
outwardly, unconnected at their upper parts; the
plait of the columella interposed between them.

P. Mumia. Sub-cylindrical, obliquely ribbed,
white ; aperture semi-ovate, two-toothed, and the
inside tawny; lip marginated. 1$...3. W. 32.
Lb: |

P. uva. Cylindrical, obtuse, with straight
longitudinal ribs, and about nine whorls; aper-
ture semi-ovate, with one tooth: greyish or red-
dish white, and the inside white. 2...%. W. 31.
110.

P.suLcATA. Ovate-obtuse, umbilicated, ob-
liquely striated, and white; aperture semi-ovate,
and outer lip reflected and yellow. 1... 3. W.
32. 115.

P. rusus. Cylindrical, obtuse, thinnish at
both ends, and obliquely striated ; aperture semi-
ovate, with one tooth, inside white; lip sub-re-
Hecteda Winn d. Wv32. 192:

P. sECALE. Cylindraceous, rather obtusely
attenuated, striated, palish brown ; aperture with
seven or eight teeth; margin reflected. B. 3.

(EaSb.

30 BOOK OF SPECIES.

P. UMBILICATA. Minute, cylindrical, obtuse,
sub-pellucid ; aperture with one tooth ; lip with
a white reflected margin; umbilicus open. B.
Le 78:

P. muscoruM. Principally differs from the
last by its tooth not adjoining the margin, but
being placed further in the interior of the shell;
it also has a prominent white rib at the back of
the outer lip. B. T. 79.

P. FrrAGILIs. Turreted, pellucid, with the
whorls reversed, and the aperture toothless; yel-
lowish brown. 4. B. T. 70.

P. pyemMeA. Minute, fulvous horn-colour,
cylindraceous, obtuse ; whorls five; aperture four-
toothed; peristome reflected; umbilicus very open.
Dises 355-

P. vertTiIGco. Minute, reversed, horn-coloured ;
five whorls ; aperture with six plaits; peristome
sub-reflected, sinuated ; umbilicus nearly closed.
B,0. 36. é

P. ANTVERTIGO. Oval, ventricose; aperture
with eight unequal teeth, three of which are su-
perior, and between the lips of the peristome ;
deep chestnut, and margin of aperture whitish ;
minute. B. T. 85.

P. Goopatu1. Oblong or conical, cylindri-
cal, brown horn-colour, semi-transparent, quite
smooth and glossy, except close to the sutures;

PUPA. CLAUSILIA. 31

whorls seven, flattish; aperture pear-shaped,
curved, and narrower at the upper and outer
angle; the peristome thickened and obtuse ; um-
bilicus imperfect ; aperture with three teeth, one
above, and one on each side. A variety of this
shell has two additional denticles alternating
with the larger one. 1. B. Azeca Matoni of
Turton, 52.

CLAUSILIA. TERRESTRIAL.

Simstral, generally fusiform, slender ; summit some-

what obtuse; aperture irregular, rounded, oval;
margins united, free, and externally reflected.

C. PAPILLARIS. Reversed, fusiform, peilucid,
most minutely striated, brownish horn-colour ;
sutures margined with a brown line, crenulated
with white spots; aperture two-plaited. 74. T.
96.

C. pLICATULA. Reversed, fusiform, striated,
reddish brown; columella with four or five plaits,
two of which are more conspicuous. 7g. B.
T. 54.

C. rugosa. Reversed, slender, elongated,
acute, striated ; chocolate-brown; aperture two-
toothed ; margin of lip white, and reflected. 75.
By TT: 58:

C. srpens. Elongate, fusiform, sub-ventri-
cose, solid, sub-striated reddish horn-colour ;

32 BOOK OF SPECIES.

aperture ovate, pyriform, with two laminar folds,
one of them straight, placed near the top of the
aperture, and nearly central, the other curved,
and in the middle of the pillar-lip; operculum
emareimate.! 3/0 B. T2533.

C. veEnTRICOSA. Ventricose, opaque, grey
brown, with regular raised striz; aperture with
two plaits; margin white, and detached all round;
lateral margin narrowing the mouth. 32. B. T.
55. Differs from C. rugosa by the flatness of its
eleven whorls.

BULIMUS. TERRESTRIAL.

Ovate, oblong or turreted ; aperture entire, longi-
tudinal ; margins unequal, and disunited above ;
columella straight, smooth, entire at the base,
and not effuse.

B. ovatus. Sub-umbilicated, ovate, ventri-
cose, longitudinally wrinkled, with the summit
and outer lip rose-colour; pillar white; the
shell tawny white, covered with a yellow epi-
dermis; outer lip reflected, and thick. 43. W.
34. 101.

B. HaMAsTOMUS. Ovate-oblong, ventricose,
sub-umbilicated, longitudinally striated, tawny
white; lip and columella rose-colour. Smaller
than the preceding. W. 34. 102.

B. unpDATus. Ovate, subconic, thin, smooth,

BULIMUS. 33

whitish, with longitudinal waved brown streaks,
and other transverse ones encircling it; pillar
tawny yellow; lip acute; margin brown. 12.
W. 18. 52.

B.1nversus. Reversed, ovate-oblong, smooth,
bluish white, with oblique longitudinal streaks,
some reddish yellow, others brown, last whorl
girded by a white line; lip white, and reflected.
Bx IW. 34: 118.

B.citrinus. Reversed, ovate-oblong, smooth,
shining, citron-colour, either unspotted or trans-
versely tessellated by red spots; lip white within,
and reflected. 12. W. 34. 112.

B.pecoutuatus. Cylindrically turreted, longi-
tudinally striated, white, and (excepting when very
young) truncated at the summit, reddish horn-
colour; aperture oval. 1. T. 60.

B. LYONETIANUS. Conical, obtuse, white,

longitudinally wrinkled, distorted, and the side
opposite the aperture gibbous ; mouth compressed.
12. W. 35. 161.
-. B. rapratus. Perforated, smooth, most mi-
nutely striated, white, with longitudinal ash-co-
loured or brown streaks ; whorls rather convex ;
lip simple or sub-reflected. 33...?. W. 35.
156.

B. GuADALOuPENsIs. Oblong, perforated,
whitish, with three transverse brown bands; outer

c2

34 BOOK OF SPECIES.

lip (of the adult shell) thickened within ; summit
rather blunted. %. W. 35. 157.

B. ocronus. Turreted, sub-cylindrical, whitish,
diaphanous, with eight rounded whorls, and the
summit obtuse ; aperture roundish; lip thin, and

acute. 2. W. 3b. 150.

B. acutus. Turreted, oblong, slightly wrinkled,
generally whitish, with brown streaks or bands ;
whorls from nine to twelve ; apex and lip acute.
2) Bin TiG/.

B. montanus. Ovate-oblong, perforated,
striated, brownish horn-colour; whorls seven,
convex; aperture semi-oval; lip with a white
and reflected margin. 3...}. B. T. 62.

B.HORDEACEUS. Small, ovate-oblong, smooth,
brownish horn-colour ; aperture ovate; lip with a
white reflected margin. 3. B. T. 63.

B. tusricus. Small, ovate-oblong, smooth,
brilliant fulvous horn-colour; aperture ovate; lip

sitiple.) iB) t.7 E: Go: |
B. MELANOsSTOMUS. Ovate-oblong, ventri-
cose, crowdedly granulated, marbled with whitish
orange, brown or cinereous ; base perforated ; um-
bilicus obtuse, black ; whorls rather convex, the
first longitudinally plaited above ; aperture ovate,
black ; lip thickened within, and without reflected ;
emarginated at the base. 13. W. Sup. 7. 23.

B. BinInEATUS. Oblong-conic, thin, smooth,

BULIMUS. 39

pale, fulvous, with two brown bands, with the in-
terstice white; whorls convex, narrow; base per-

forated ; aperture sub-rotund ; lip thin, and acute.
3 1

Pere:

B. OTAHEITANUS. Reversed, ovate-oblong,
smooth, chestnut ; apex obtuse; base perforated ;
whorls six, convex; aperture white, ovate; lip
reflected. 3. W. 34. 110.

B. taBiosus. Sub-cylindrical, polished, dia-
phanous, and white; aperture semi-ovate, mar-
ginated, and one-toothed; the last whorl is as
large as the rest united. 1. W. 34. 108.

B. eispus. Ovate-conic, perforated, most
minutely striated transversely ; pinkish towards
the apex; whorls flattish, the last yellow or
whitish and gibbous; suture with a white margin;
aperture ovate; lip expanded, marginated, and

white. 32.

B. rABA. Ovate-oblong, perforated, smooth,
brownish, with a broad brown band at the base,
and a narrower one at the suture; apex obtuse;
whorls convex; aperture ovate; lips thickened,
reflected ; columella with a kind of tooth upon it.

l. W. 33. 47.

36 BOOK OF SPECIES.

ACHATINA. TERRESTRIAL.

Ovate or oblong; aperture entire, elongated; lip
acute, never reflected ; columella smooth ; the
base truncated.

* Last whorl ventricose, and not depressed.

A. PERDIXx. Very large, ovate-oblong, ven-
tricose, decussated, white; apex rose-colour,
marked with longitudinal dark-chestnut flames ;
columella of a violet purple; lip white within ;
sutures slightly crenulated. 5. W. 18. 53.

A. ZEBRA. Very large, ovate-oblong, ventri-
cose, obsoletely decussated, and marked with
crowded, longitudinal, undulated, red and brown
lines or streaks; lip white within; sutures and
size as preceding. W. 18. 52.

A. PURPUREA. Ovate, ventricose, cinerous,
covered with a yellow epidermis ; apex pinkish ;
mouth purple, both lips margined with brown ;
spire obtuse; sutures crenulated. 4. W. 18.
D4.

A. VEXILLUM. Ovate-conic, smoothish, most
minutely striated, variously coloured, banded, and
spotted ; whorls eight, rather convex; columella
pink, by age black. 3. W. 18. 46.

A. VIRGINEA. Ovate-conic, smooth, white,
elegantly girded by black and red lines; whorls
convex ; columella rose-colour; lip purplish ash-

SK

ACHATINA. SUCCINEA. 37

colour within, and one-plaited ; apex obtuse. 14.
W. 18. 45.

A.priAmMus. Ovate, ventricose, thin, smooth,
diaphanous, brownish rosé-colour, reddish chest-
nut square spots disposed in transverse lines ; spire
short; lip acute. W. 18. 5].

** Last whorl depressed and attenuated towards the base.

A. FOLLICULUS. Small, sub-turreted, smooth,
diaphanous, white or yellowish horn-colour; whorls
convex ; apex bluntish. 4. B. T. 102.

A. AcicuLA. Slender, smooth, polished,
white, with six flat volutions; the last equal in

size to the rest together; minute. B. T. 71.

SUCCINEA. FLUVIATILE.

Ovate, or ovate-conical; aperture very wide, entire,

and longitudinal ; outer lip acute, not reflected,

united to the columella, which is protracted ;

columella smooth, attenuated, and acute; no
operculum.

S. AMPHIBIA. Ovate-oblong, most thin, pel-
lucid, yellowish ; spire short ; aperture dilated be-
neath, sub-vertical. #. B. T. 73.

S. oBLONGA. Ovate-oblong, fragile, longi-
tudinally striated, lighter horn-colour than the
last ; whorls four, convex ; aperture scarcely larger
than the spire, 3.:/B. T. 74.

38 BOOK OF SPECIES.

AURICULA.

Sub-oval, or ovate-oblong ; mouth longitudinal, very
entire at the base; above narrowed, and the
margins disunited ; pillar with one or more
plaits ; lip either reflected, or simple and acute.

* Lip reflected.

A. mip. Ovate-oblong, very thick, decus-
sated, granular above, white, covered with a chest-
nut-brown epidermis ; spire short, conoid ; aper-
ture narrowed in the centre; pillar with two
plaits. 3. W. 19.1.

A. supa. Oblong, cylindraceous, conic,
thick, most minutely decussated and granulated,
fulvous, white ; aperture narrowed in the centre ;
pillar with three plaits ; smaller than the last. W.
19. 2.

A. GLABRA. Ovate-oblong, smooth, per-
forated, ventricose in the middle, the apex ob-
tuse, yellowish white, mottled and streaked with
brown; whorls broad, rounded ; mouth narrowish,
ovate ; pillar with a large plait; lips thickened,
reflected, and white. 13. W. 19. 5.

A. LEPORIS. Ovate-conic, depressed at the
base, perforated, white, with clouded tawny flam-
mules and decussated striz, impressed at the
sutures; mouth with both lips widely reflected ;
pillar with one plait. 13. W. Sup. 8. 75.

AURICULA. 39

A. FELIS. Oval, rather thick, transversely
striated, reddish brown; whorls flattish ; spire
very short; aperture narrowed centrally; colu-
mella with three plaits. I. W. 19. 15.

A.SCARABEUS. Ovate, flattish convex, longi-
tudinally angulated on both sides ; aperture grin-
ning and seven-toothed, smooth, either maroon-
colour, or spotted with brown on a whitish ground.
BROW, S20).

A. MINIMA. Minute, ovate-oblong ; apex ob-
tuse, smooth, diaphanous; mouth with three teeth,
ip reflected: Bi. 'T. 77.

** Right border simple and cutting.

A. CONIFORMIS. Obversely conic, attenuated
at the base, rather wrinkled longitudinally, whitish,
banded with brown; spire extremely short; pillar
with three teeth; lipdentated and furrowed within.
oon WV LO. 15.

A. niTENS. Small, ovate-oblong, smooth,
shining, chestnut-brown; spire rather exserted,
acute; pillar with three plaits; lip with an inter-
nal transverse rib, and sub-striated. 3. W.
19. 20.

A.MONILE. Small, ovate, turbinated, smooth,
shining, fulvous, with three white bands; spire
short; columella with two plaits; lip striated
within. 4. W. 19. 17.

A. FASCIATA. Ovate-conic, turbinated, smooth,

40 BOOK OF SPECIES.

attenuated at the base, bluish white, with many
fulvous bands; spire very short; pillar with four
plaits; lip toothed. 4. (Front. 2.)

CYCLOSTOMA. TERRESTRIAL.

Variable in shape ; volutions cylindrical; aperture

circular, entire, and reflected, in the adult state;
operculum horny.

C. votvuLum. Trochiform, deeply umbili-
cated, transversely striated, variegated with red
and yellow; spire acuminated ; aperture white or
yellow ; lip with its margin reflected. 13. W.
oo. /-

C. LABEO. Oblong-obtuse, umbilicated, pel-
lucid, decussated, white or reddish, with minute
yellow forked spots in transverse series; lip re-
flected, white, dilated, and open.: 13. W. 32.
120.

C. FLAVULUM. Cylindraceous, chrysalis-like,
solid, smooth, reddish yellow; whorls eight, rather
convex; aperture surrounded by a yellow ring;
lip margined without. 17. W. 32. 114.

C. ELEGANS. Ovate-conic, with five ventri-
cose whorls, strongly striated transversely, and
crossed by very fine longitudinal lines, greyish or
purplish white, elegantly spotted with chocolate
brown. 7%. B. The lip of adult specimens has
its margin slightly reflected. T. 75.

CYCLOSTOMA. PLANOBBIS. 41

C. sutcatum of Draparnaud. Ovate-conoid,
yellowish or reddish flesh-colour, spirally fur-
rowed, and decussated by most minute longi-
tudinal striz; mouth circular, and perpendicular
to the axis of the shell; lip simple, and thickish.
ey... E76:

C. rRUNCATULUM. Cylindraceous; apex trun-
cated, sub-pellucid, rather solid, more or less longi-
tudinally striated, reddish horn- colour; mouth
ovate; lip reflected. 4.

p>

LES LYMNEENS.

PLANORBIS. FLUVIATILE.

Discoid, spire depressed ; volutions apparent on
both sides; aperture oblong, and lunate; axis
of shell remote; margin not reflected ; no oper-
culum.

P. cornuarisetis. Reversed, solid, flattish
concave and white above, beneath widely um-
bilicated and reddish brown; whorls cylindra-
ceous, smooth; the last banded with chestnut
brown; diam. 14. W. 33. 55.

P. corneus. Deeply umbilicated above and
rusty brown, beneath flattish and whitish ; whorls

42 BOOK OF SPECIES.

five, obliquely striated ; aperture semi-circular ;
diam." 13 i-B. PrO5.

P. carinatus. MHorn-colour, transparent,
striated, nearly flat on both sides, with a promi-
nent obtuse keel in the middle; diam. %. B.
fo 87

P. sprrorpis. Whitish, striolate, a little
concave on both sides ; outer whorl with a sharp
keel in the middle, pale horn-colour ; four or five
whorls ; aperture heart-shaped, acute at the top;
diam. 3+. B. T. 92.

P. conrortus. Nearly flat above, deeply
umbilicate beneath, horn-colour, but generally in-
crusted; whorls five, remarkably compact and
equal ; aperture very narrow, lunate; diam.+. B.
T:06.

P. nisprpus. Concave on both sides, with
finely raised, hispid, spiral strie; whorls five ;
the first large and rounded, pale horn-colour ;
aperture roundish oval, dilated, higher than wide,

with the upper angle much produced. 2%. B.

deere

P. nitipus. Orbicular, flattened, keeled at
the circumference, umbilicated beneath, diaphan-
ous, shining, pale horn-colour ; whorls four ; aper-
ture oval, inclining to triangular; diam. +. B.

T. 99.
P. imBRIcATUS. Flat above, umbilicate be-

PLANORBIS. PHYSA. LYMNAA. 43

neath, with a spinous ridge round the outer whorl;
aperture oval, united all round, thin, pellucid,
blackish or greenish horn-colour; diam. 5. B.
OA.

P. compLanatus of Turton. Glossy, trans-
parent, striolate, concave above, with the outer
volution very convex, and abruptly larger, and a
strong, prominent, obtuse keel near the base, flat
beneath; diam.3. B, T. 89.

PHYSA. FLUVIATILE.

Generally sinistral, convolute, oval or oblong; spire
prominent ; aperture longitudinal, contracted
above; columella twisted; outer lip very thin,
acute, partly obtruding above the plane of the
opening, destitute of an operculum.

P. rontTinaAuts. Reversed, oval, diaphanous,
smooth, yellowish horn-colour; spire very short,
somewhat acute. B. #2. T. 110.

P. uyrpnorum. Reversed, ovate - oblong,
smooth, diaphanous, shining, yellowish; spire
exserted, very acute ; aperture narrow, oval, cover-
ing about half the shell; whorls scarcely raised.

Birt. TA Fis.

2

LYMNAA.

Oblong, sometimes turreted ; spire exserted ; aper-
ture entire, oblong; outer lip acute ; lower part

44 BOOK OF SPECIES.

of inner lip rising on the columella, and forming

an oblique plait; no operculum.

* With the spire as long, or longer than the aperture.

L. sTAGNALIS. Oval-oblong, with the lower
volution much inflated, and somewhat angu-
lar; suture deep; thin, greyish white; whorls
six or seven; apex acute; lip spread. 4. B.
T. 104.

L. pauustris. Conic-oval, with six rather
tumid volutions ; the lower one somewhat angular
by raised transverse and longitudinal striz ; brown
horn-colour, somewhat opaque; whorls scarcely
raised. 9.\, Boe Ti sbO7:

L. minuta. Oblong-oval, with five, six, or
seven rounded and deeply divided volutions, stri-
olate longitudinally and across; pale brown or
greyish. 2. BF. 108

L. teucostoma. Elongated, taper, with
seven or eight convex volutions ; and the aperture
very short; the last volution is not larger in pro-

portion than the rest. 1. B. T. 106.

** Spire not so long as the aperture.

L. AURICULARIA. Extremely inflated, stri-
olate, with a very short acute spire; aperture
oblique, vastly expanded, and roundish oval ;_pil-
lar with a strong fold, light yellow horn-colour.
Legit ad 31 00.

L. perREGRA. Ventricose, more or less striate,

LYMNAZA. MELANIA. 45

with a moderately short acute spire; greyish or
yellowish ; the lesser volutions not so abruptly
disproportionate to the body as the last. B. #.
ETOr.

L. euuTinosa. Semi-globular, extremely
thin, and inflated, amber-colour ; spire with three

scarcely produced volutions ; the larger one regu-
larly striate. B.3. T.- 103.

LES MELANIENS.
MELANIA. FLUVIATILE.

Turreted ; aperture entire, ovate or oblong, effuse
at the base ; columella smooth, and incurvated ;
operculum horny.

M. rruncata. Turreted; apex truncated,
solid, dark brownish, with small longitudinal ribs,
the upper ones more prominent; numerous trans-
verse striz decussate the ribs ; whorls plano-con-
vex. 12. EK. 458. 3 ab.

M.amMaArRuLA. Ovate-oblong, with the whorls
transversely keeled above, and the keel spinous ;
pale chestnut; seven whorls; somewhat ribbed.
li. W. 35. 164.

M. FascroLnatA. Oblong-subulate, ventri-
cose at the base, thin, diaphanous, finely decus-
sated, greenish white, with brown longitudinal

46 BOOK OF SPECIES.

flammules; whorls convex, about ten; sutures
somewhat hollowed; spire acute. ?. W. Sup.

oh fe:
MELANOPSIS. FLUVIATILE.

Turreted ; aperture ovate-oblong, entire; columella
with a callosity above, truncated at the base,
and incurvated, the outer separated from the
unner lip by a sinus ; operculum horny.

M. LevieatTa. Ovate-conic, smooth, chest-
nut, with seven very slightly convex whorls; the

last longer than the spire. 2. W.S. 4. 28.

PIRENA. FLUVIATILE.

Turreted ; aperture longitudinal; outer lip acute,
with a distinct sinus at the base, and another
at its junction with the body; base of the
columella turned towards the right ; operculum
horny.

P. TEREBRALIS. Turreted, subulate, smooth,
and black; whorls flattened; aperture white;
apex generally eroded. 3. W. 25. 40.

P. auriTaA. Turreted, muricated, reddish;
whorls armed in the middle with obtuse com-
pressed tubercles ; aperture white ; apex eroded.
There is sometimes a white band near each suture.

13. W. 25. 41.

VALVATA. PALUDINA. 47

LES PERISTOMIENS.
VALVATA. FLUVIATILE.
Discoid or conoid; whorls cylindrical, umbilicated ;
margins united and acute; operculum orbi-
cular.

V. PISCINALIS. Globular-conoid, somewhat
trochus-shaped, deeply umbilicated ; apex obtuse,
longitudinally wrinkled, covered with a greenish
yellow epidermis. B. 4. T. 114.

V. sprrorBIS. Slightly concave above, and
umbilicated, so as to expose the interior volutions
beneath; horn-colour, striate transversely, three
volutions. jy. B. T. 115.

PALUDINA. FLUVIATILE.
Conoid; volutions rounded or convex ; aperture
sub-rotund, ovate or oblong, angulated above ;
margins of inner and outer lips united, with
edges acute, but not reflected ; operculum horny,
orbicular.

P. vivipaRaA. Thin, oval, acute; whorls five,
much inflated, olive, with three brown bands ;
sutures deeply impressed, finely striate longi-
tudinally ; aperture pear-shaped, a little produced
at the upper angle; inner lip a little reflected, so
as to close the umbilicus. I}. B. T. 118.

ya . e
i P. acHATINA. Thin, conic-oval, acute;

48 BOOK OF SPECIES.

whorls six, tumid, olive, with three reddish-brown
bands ; sutures well defined. 14+. B. T. 119.

P. rmpuRA. Oval-oblong, yellowish horn-
colour, smooth, pellucid ; whorls five; no um-
biheus. S.)- Bi), t2 420.

P. viripis. Somewhat conic and obtuse,
pellucid, inflated, smooth, with four tumid volu-
tions, and no umbilicus; light greenish. % B.

E22:

AMPULLARIA. FLUVIATILE.

Globular, ventricose; base umbilicated; left lp
without a callosity; aperture oblong, entire ;
margins united; outer lip acute, but not re-
flected ; an operculum.

A.gFFUSA. Orbicular-ventricose, widely um-
bilicate, smooth, white, with yellow and brown
bands; spire exceedingly short; mouth orange;
margins effuse; diam. 23. W. 33. 73.

A. AVELLANA. Sub-orbicular, flattened above,
perforated, thickish, longitudinally wrinkled, yel-
lowish brown; the last whorl angular above, sub-
carinated ; spire acute, extremely short; diam. 2.
W. 33. 46.

A. FASCIATA. Ventricose, smooth, whitish,
with bluish bands ; spire short, and obtuse; mouth
reddish; diam. 132. W. 20. 7].

NAVICELLA. NERITINA. 49

LES NERITACES.
NAVICELLA. FLUVIATILE.

Elliptical or oblong, concave beneath; spire erect ;
margin always inflected; outer lip flattened,
acute, angulated, and destitute of teeth; aper-
ture provided with a solid flat operculum,
having a lateral point.

N. ExLuLtprica. Smooth, shining, spotted
and streaked with blue, purple, or brown, covered
with an olivaceous epidermis ; spire curved, promi-
nent, extending beyond the margin; diam. 3.

Woa7s 9,

NERITINA. FLUVIATILE.

Thin, semi-globose or ovate, flattened below ; with-
out an umbilicus ; aperture semi-circular ; inner
lip flattened, and reflected on the columella,
sometimes slightly crenated ; outer lip destitute
of teeth, or crenulations on its internal face ;
aperture provided with an operculum, having a
lateral point.

N.zEBRA. Oblong-globose, glabrous, fulvous
red, with longitudinal flexuous very oblique black
lines ; aperture white; lip denticulated; diam. 2.
W. 30. 18.
N. corona. Oblong-globose, striolate, black;
D

50 BOOK OF SPECIES.

the last whorl crowned in the upper part with
long erect spines ; apex eroded; lip denticulated ;
diam. 3. W. 35. 22.

N. sTRIGILATA. Oblong-ventricose, smooth,
shining, with alternate yellow and black longi-
tudinal streaks ; spire exserted, acute; aperture
white; lip denticulated; whorls three, without
the point; diam. #?. W. 36. 38.

N.vVIRGINEA. Ovate-globose, smooth, shining,
spotted, and frequently banded; colours various ;
spire shortish; lip denticulated; the general shape
approximates somewhat to N. strigilata; diam. #.
W. 36. 37.

N. FLUVIATILIS. Small, oval, back convex,
glabrous, tessellated with various-coloured spots;
whorls three; spire inclined lateral; lip entire;
diam. 4. B. T. 124.

N. viripis. Minute, oval, back. convex,
smooth, pellucid ; green, often spotted with white;
spire lateral; lip denticulated. W. 36. 36. |

N. pupa. Ovate-globose, smooth, white, with
deep black undulated or reticulated lines ; yellow
within ; aperture semi-lunate; lip scarcely in-

flected, obsoletely denticulated. 3. W. 36. 33.

NERITA.

Solid, semi-globose, flattened below, without an um-
bilicus; aperture semi-circular and entire; inner

NERITA. 51

lip flattened, septiform, acute, and frequently
dentated or crenated on the inner edge of the
lip; outer lip obtuse, and often provided inter-
nally with teeth.

N. exuvia. Thick, white, spotted with black,
with transverse acute squamulated ribs, and
longitudinal striz decussating them; outer lip
crenate within; inner lip verrucose above, and
the margin toothed; columella spotted with
yellow in its upper part; diam. 11. W. 36.
49,

N. peLERontTA. Thickish, transversely fur-
rowed, ash or reddish yellow, with longitudinal
black or rose-colour flexuous streaks; mouth
white; inner lip with two teeth, and a saffron or
blood-coloured spot in the middle ; outer lip smooth
within in the centre, but with a tooth or two on
the sides; diam. 13. W. 36. 46.

N. pourra. Thick, glabrous, shining, slightly
striolate longitudinally ; colours various; spire
extremely blunt; inner lip smooth, polished, and
dentated; outer lip slightly crenulated, yellowish
within; diam. 14. W. 36. 39.

N. ALBICELLA. Solid, compressed at the
sides, and girded with broad flattish furrows ;
whitish, with irregular black or dark brown spots,
bands, or clouds, or sometimes blackish, with
white spots; spire lateral, obsolete, and flat; lips

52 BOOK OF SPECIES.

slightly denticulated; inner one tuberculated ;
diam. 3. W. 36.47.

N. versicotor. Thick, with transverse close
furrows, variegated with white, red, and black ;
spire rather prominent ; aperture narrowed, almost
grinning; both lips strongly toothed; diam. %.
W. 36. 54.

N. MALACCENSIS. Thickish, with transverse
elevated black distant ribs, dirty white, alter-
nating with black markings between the ribs;
spire retuse, but sometimes slightly prominent ;
inner lip concave centrally, and denticulated,
covered with raised dots; outer lip with a tooth
or two at its top, and deeply furrowed ; its margin
crenulated ; diam. 1.

N.TESSELLATA. Solid, transversely furrowed,
ash-colour ; furrows crowded, convex, and tessel-
lated with black and white; spire rather promi-
nent; and the lips usually denticulated with a
few raised dots on the inner one; diam. 2. W.
36. 68. |

N. NIGERRIMA. Ovate-globose, deep black,
slightly striated transversely ;. aperture white ;

NERITA. NATICA. 5a

inner lip simple, with two teeth above ; columella
concave in the centre, where are two teeth, cana-
liculated above. 11...1;4. W. 36. 44.

N.unpaTA. Ovate, semi-globose, with thirty
furrows; spire acute, rather exserted; aperture
white; outer lip crenate within, two-toothed above;
columella convex, wrinkled, sprinkled over with
raised dots; its margin with three unequal teeth.
This shell is coloured by large oblique alternate
tawny white and blackish-brown flammules. 14
.2-lJ5- W. 36. 62.

N. ANTILLARUM. Ovate, semi-globose; apex
very blunt; transversely ribbed; ribs deep black,
nearly equal; interstices white; aperture narrow,
semi-lunar; outer lip slightly denticulated, with
rather a produced tooth above ; columella smooth,
convex, yellowish, with two obsolete teeth on the
margin. 17...%. W. 36. 45.

NATICA.

Sub-globose, umbilicated; aperture entire, and half
rounded ; outer lip oblique, without teeth; a
callosity partly covers the umbilicus, and in
some species entirely ; outer lip sharp, smooth
within; aperture provided with an operculum.

N.GLAucina. Sub-orbicular, inflated, thick,
smooth, fulvous and bluish white; spire short,

54 BOOK OF SPECIES.

oblique; the callus red, sub-divided, partly co-
vering the umbilicus; diam. 2.

N. ALBUMEN. Sub-orbicular, convex, de-
pressed, thickish, smooth, reddish fulvous, flat
beneath, milky; spire very blunt, and oblique;
the somewhat heart-shaped callus on the inner
lip partly concealing the umbilicus; diam. 13.
W. 35. 17.

N. MAMMILLA. Oval-ventricose, flattish
convex, thickish, brilliant white; spire rather
prominent; the callus of the inner lip of the
adult entirely covering the umbilicus; diam. 13.
W. 3d. 19.

N. MELANOSTOMA. Oval-convex, depressed,
ventricose, thin, fulvous, whitish, with a broad

NATICA. EY5

brown band near the top of the body-whorl, and
another at its base; spire slightly prominent; inner
lip blackish brown; umbilicus half closed; diam.
13. W. 34. 98.

N. CANRENA. Sub-globose, smooth, fulvous,
zoned with brown longitudinal angularly flexuous
flammules, on a white ground; spire slightly pro-
minent ; operculum solid and furrowed curvedly
without; diam. 20. W. 35. I.

N. MILLEPUNCTATA. Sub-globose, smooth,
yellowish white, covered with scattered, purplish-
red spots; spire slightly prominent; the umbilical
callus cylindrical; diam. 13. W. 36. 69.

N.virELLus. Sub-globose, smooth, yellowish,
with transverse series of white spots; spire short,
sub-acute ; umbilicus naked; diam. 13. W. 35. 6.

N.MONILIFERA. Roundish ventricose, smooth-
ish, greyish fulvous, with one circle of chestnut
spots on the upper part of the whorls; spire
slightly prominent; umbilicus naked. B. diam.
1. W. 35. 5.

N. LINEATA. Ventricose sub-globose, thin-
nish, smooth, whitish, with crowded longitudinal
undulated reddish-yellow lines; spire rather pro-
minent; umbilicus half closed by the callus; diam.
1. 8. 328.

N. FULMINEA. Roundish ventricose, gla-

- brous, yellowish white, with longitudinal angu-
Jarly flexuous chestnut lines; the body-whorl

56 BOOK OF SPECIES.

obtusely angular above; spire short; umbilicus
pervious and naked; diam. 1. W. 35.10.
N.macuLosa. Sub-globose, glabrous, whitish,
covered with innumerable reddish-violet spots ;
whorls obsoletely angulated above; spire slightly
prominent, and rather acute; umbilicus partly

closed; diam. 3.

N. ARACHNOIDES. Roundish ventricose, gla-
brous, zoned with white and yellow, with thin
chestnut lines variously disposed; spire very short;
umbilicus naked; diam. ?. W. 35. 15.

N. CANCELLATA. Sub-globose, decussated,
marked by impressed spots, white spotted with
orange ; spire short, oblique; umbilicus broad,
gibbous, and bifid; diam. #7. W. 35. 3, 4.

N. MacuLatTa. Globose, turgid, transversely —
striated obsoletely, whitish, spotted with blood-
colour, with three bands of larger spots ; aperture
semi-lunar, violet within; operculum calcareous,
and furrowed all over; umbilicus large, contain-
ing a straight semi-cylindrical reddish callus,
nearer its lower than upper border; diam. 2.
W. 3d. 9.

Or
st

IANTHINA. SICARETUS.

LES IANTHINES.

IANTHINA.

Ventricose, conical, thin, and pellucid; aperture

triangular; columella straight, produced beyond

the edge of the outer lip; the lip or middle
sinus emarginate ; no operculum.

I. communis. Extremely fragile, of a beau-
tiful violet hue; aperture triangular, with a small
notch on the margin of the outer lip; diam. I.

B. W. 34. 116.

LES MACROSTOMES.

SICARETUS.

Sub-auriform, sub-orbicular ; outer lip short, and

spirally intorted ; aperture entire, very expand-
ing, ovate-oblong; the margins disunited.

S. HALIOTOIDEUS. Auriform, back convex
depressed, white, with crowded transverse undu-
lated strize; spire flat; aperture greatly dilated ;
umbilicus covered; diam. 14. W. 34. 187.

S. concavus. Ovate, back convex, with
transverse undulated strie, reddish fulvous ; spire
whitish, slightly prominent; aperture very con-
cave; umbilicus half covered; diam. 13. 8S. 334.

S. austRALIs. Auriform, back slightly con-
véx, longitudinally striolate and transversely un-

D2

58 BOOK OF SPECIES.

dulated with obsolete strie ; white; spire rather
prominent; aperture slightly concave, and dilated;
umbilicus covered; diam. 14. Front. 3.

STOMATIA.

Ear-shaped, vmperforate ; spire prominent ; aper-

ture entire, oblong, and large; right lp ele-

vated as much as the pillar ; back with a trans-
verse sub-carinated tuberculated rib.

S. poymoris. W. 36. 18.

STOMATELLA.

Orbicular or oblong, ear-shaped, imperforate; aper-

ture entire, large, elongated; outer lip effuse,
dilated, open, and iridescent.

S. IMBRICATA. Sub-orbicular, convex de-
pressed, roughish, grey, with crowded transverse
scaly imbricated furrows; spire slightly promi-
nent; 1} diam. W. Sup. 8. 4.

S.AURICULA. Haliotis-shaped, ovate-oblong,
convex on the back, smooth, yellowish rose-
colour, with brown lines; spire lateral, slightly
prominent; lip arcuated by a sinus; diam. 3.
W. 37. 54.

HALIOTIS.
Ear-shaped, usually depressed ; spire short, some-
times depressed, and nearly lateral; aperture
extremely large, oblong-ovate, and entire in

HALIOTIS. 59

the adult state; disc perforated with holes

disposed in a line parallel to the left margin,

which commences by a notch.

H.1ris. Roundish oblong, very large, thin,
with wrinkled plaits, variegated with red, bluish,
and green; spire very slightly prominent, obtuse ;
left margin elevated; very large. W. 36. 13.

H. avusTrauis. Oval-oblong, with oblique
plaits and wrinkles; the spire prominent and gib-
bous, mottled with reddish and greyish; from
seven to nine of the tubercles are perforated.
Siders WSOPE:

H. ruspercuLatTa. Ovate-oblong, with the
outside longitudinally striated; striz raised, and
where the distant transverse irregular folds cut
them tuberculated; spire slightly prominent,
pearly within, mottled with green and red with-
out. B.3. W. 36. 4.

H. striata. Ovate-oblong, back flattish, con-
vex, longitudinally striated, transversely wrinkled,
rust-colour ; spire very slightly prominent ; inte-
rior very iridescent, and the outside strie visible
withime?)'2.....15. - W236. 5.

H. asinariA. Elongate, narrowish; margin
somewhat sickle-shaped, smooth, with longitu-
dinal raised striz near the summit, marbled with
green, white, and brown ; spire very short. 23...
“I;'c3 pearly within. W. 36. 10.

60 BOOK OF SPECIES.

H.Guasra. Oval, flattish, convex, glabrous,
slightly striated; colour as last; spire retuse ;
inside pearly. 1. .W. 36. 9.

H. LAMELLOSA. Oval-oblong, flattish, con-
vex, lamellated, and decussated by transverse
strie, orange or marbled with brownish rose-
colour and green ; spire rather prominent; pearly
within., 14. Front. 4.

H. caANALICULATA. Roundish ovate, de-
pressed, with decussated striz, dull reddish; a
deep internal channel projecting without; inside
pearly., 12... 12.7) Wo30-aG.

H. PULCHERRIMA. Small, roundish, with
granular strie and radiating lamelle, marbled
with white and orange; spire exserted; inside
silvery... 2... 4) W..06..2:

H. cracueropu. Roundish ovate, nearly
smooth, bluish black; inside iridescent. 32...3;
sometimes much larger.

H. saneuinEa. Oblong-oval, smoothish,
brownish red, marbled slightly with white and
green; within silvery, stained with a brilliant
blood-colour towards the spire. 2. Front. 5.

TORNATELLA. PYRAMIDELLA. 61

LES PLICACES.
TORNATELLA.

Convolute, ovate-cylindrical, usually transversely
striated, and destitute of epidermis ; aperture
oblong, entire, with margin of outer lip acute ;
one or several folds at the base of the columella.

T. FLAMMEA. Oval ventricose, white, with
waved longitudinal reddish streaks, and trans-
versely striated; spire conoid; pillar with one
pia OF. WIS 212s

T. sonipuLA. Ovate oblong, sub-cylindric,
transversely striated, yellowish white, tessellated
with black ; pillar with two plaits; the larger one
grooved; #. W. 19. 13.

T. FAsCIATA. Ovate conic, transversely stri-
ated, pink, with two white bands on the body-
whorl; spire exserted, acute ; pillar with one plait.
sone We 190 FT.

T. NITIDULA. Oval ventricose, transversely
striated at the base, pinkish and shining; spire
short, acute ; pillar with two plaits. %. E. 452.2.

PYRAMIDELLA.

Turreted, destitute of epidermis ; aperture entire,

semi-ovate ; the outer lip with a sharp edge ;

columella produced at its base, sub-perforated,
and provided with three transverse plaits.

62 BOOK OF SPECIES.

P. poLABRATA. Conical, turreted ; suture
strongly marked; whorls smooth, white, convex,
and girded by yellow spiral lines ; pillar twisted ;
outer lip of adult specimens toothed ; the teeth
prolonged. 13. LE. 452. 2.

P. puicaTaA. Ovate-oblong, solid, with smooth
longitudinal plaits, white, with transverse series
of reddish-brown spots; the interstices of the
plaits transversely striated ; the last whorl shorter
than the slightly turgid spire; mouth small; no
umbilicus. 3?...%. W. 20. 119.

P. macutosa. Turreted, subulate, longi-
tudinally striated, white, with reddish scattered
spots and dots; whorls numerous; body-whorl
much shorter than the spire; when young smooth.

2...1. BE. 452. 1 ab.

LES SCALARIENS.

VERMETUS.
Thin, tubulose, loosely spiral in the lower part ;
three or four upper volutions regularly spiral ;
attached to other substances by the apex of the
spire; aperture round; margins united and

operculated. |
V. LUMBRICALIS. Variously twisted, reddish
brown, sometimes clouded with a darker brown.

2 to 32) W...38..21,

SCALARIA. 63

SCALARIA.

Sub-turreted, with longitudinal elevated sub-acute
interrupted ribs ; mouth rounded, entire, with a
reflected maryin.

S. pretiosaA. Conic, umbilicated, loosely
twisted into a spiral shape, cream-colour, with
the ribs white; whorls disunited, smooth; the
last ventricose; up to6. W. 31. 88.

S. LAMELLOSA. Whitish, imperforated, sub-
turreted, with thin white denticulated lamelli-
form ribs; whorls contiguous and smooth, the
last with a keel environing the base. 1. W.
Sup. 6. 17.

S. communis. Imperforate, turreted with
rounded sub-contiguous whorls, and thick lon-
gitudinal oblique ribs; white, with the interstices
of the ribs more or less striated transversely with
brown. 1d. B. W. 31. 90.

S. FRAGILIS. Much resembles S. lamellosus ;
but its ribs are more numerous, its texture thinner,
pure white; destitute of the keel; much smaller.

S. rARicosta. Turreted, perforated, white,
with transverse most slender stria, and obsolete

64 BOOK OF SPECIES.

longitudinal ribs, with a few interrupted rib-like

varices, crowded in particular parts. W. Sup.

6. 16.

DELPHINULA.

Sub-discoid or conic, umbilicated, solid, with the
whorls of the spire rough or angular; mouth
entire, round, sometimes triangular ; the mar-
gins united, and generally provided with a fringe,
or thickened.

D. LaciniaTA. Sub-discoid, thick, with
transverse raised scaly strize, and two or three
keels on the body-whorl, and one on the spire;
the former being the basis of great claw-like ra-
mose curved appendages; colour varying from
light pink to pinkish black ; the spire is depressed;
the umbilicus large, deep, and armed with darker
spiral rows of vaulted scales; diam. 2}. W. 31.
83.

D. pistortTA. Sub-discoid, thick, reddish
purple, with transverse sharpish - tuberculated
furrows; whorls flattish, angulated above, and
longitudinally plaited; the last disunited, and
separated. W. 31. 85.

SOLARIUM. 65

LES TURBINACES.

SOLARIUM.

Orbicular, in the form of a depressed cone, largely
umbilicated ; internal margins of volutions, which
are visible in the umbilicus, crenated; mouth
almost quadrangular ; no columella.

S. PERSPECTIVUM. Orbicular-conoid, longi-
tudinally striated, fulvous white, with articulated
belts of white and brown, or chestnut, near the
sutures; the crenulations of the umbilicus are
smallish; diam. 24. W. 29. 62.

S. GRANULATUM. Orbicular-conoid, fulvous
white, spotted with red near the sutures; with
many granulated belts; umbilicus narrowed, and
muricated with coarse teeth; diam. 14. KE. 446. 5.

S. LEviGATuUM. Conoid, rather smooth, whit-
ish, with several belts, spotted with red or yellow ;
umbilicus narrowed, its teeth rather coarse ; diam.

43; near the spire are some extremely fine longi-
tudinal strie. EK. 446. 3 ab.

S. VARIEGATUM. Convex-orbicular, trans-
versely furrowed, longitudinally striated, varie-
gated with white and chestnut; umbilicus open
and crenulated; diam. 2. W. 29. 59.

S. AREOLA. Much resembles the last, but is
more conic; tessellated with brown and white,

66 BOOK OF SPECIES.

and girded with a white line at its sutures. W.
29. 56.

ROTELLA.

Orbicular, shining, devoid of epidermis ; spire ex-
tremely short, sub-conoid ; lower face of the shell
convex, and callous ; mouth half-rounded.

R. LINEOLATA. Conical- convex, smooth,
with a gibbous callosity on the base, and the aper-
ture somewhat heart-shaped; varying in colour,
and markings often obliquely rayed. Sow. 357.

TROCHUS.

Conical, spire elevated, sometimes abbreviated ;
aperture transversely depressed; margin of
outer lip disunited from the body at the upper
part ; columella arcuated, more or less oblique
at the base; operculum horny.

S. AGGLUTINANS. Conical, sub-umbilicated,
coarse, obtusely plaited, semi-pellucid, dirty white,
and the whorls tiled; base concave, and the pillar-
lip sickle-shaped. Attaches to itself stones, &c.
Diam. 14. W. 29. 69.

T. ca@xiatus. Sub-conical, with oblique
somewhat scaly plaits on the upper part, and
transverse spinous ribs at the base of the whorls,
green or greenish white; base covered with con-
centric rows of small umbricated scales; pillar

TROCHUS. 67

and inside pearly; diam. from | to 33; imper-
forate. W. 29. 105.

T. TUBER. Imperforate, conoid, thick, with
the whorls strongly plaited above, and their lower
margin nodulous; greenish, shaded with brown
and white; beneath rather convex ; inside pear-
lye diam. 13; W.29. 88.

T. MAGcus. Somewhat turban-shaped, with
transverse rather undulated striz ; whorls plaited
on their upper margins ; umbilicus oblique; sur-
face deep; colour pale ash or flesh-colour, ele-
gantly marked with broad undulated purplish-
pink stripes; beneath rather convex; diam. 2.
B. W. 28. 34.

T. arGyrostomts. Conoid, black, with
longitudinal oblique undulated furrows, somewhat
roughened by minute oblique striz ; whorls con-
vex ; beneath imperforate, stained with green and
red, and plano-convex ; mouth silvery. 13... 1}.
W. 29. 8d.

T. niLoricus. Conic-pyramidal, dilated at
the base, thick and ponderous, smooth, white,
with longitudinal reddish-brown streaks ; spotted
with crimson beneath; columella arcuated, trun-
cated beneath, and dentiferous above; a false
umbilicus; diam. 34. W. 28. I.

~T. PYRAMIDALIS. Conic-pyramidal, tuber-
culiferous, varied with ash-colour and red; with

68 BOOK OF SPECIES.

large obtuse distant tubercles on the lower margin
of the whorls; beneath flat, concentrically lineated
with green; imperforate. 2%...23. W. 30. 110.

T. OBELIScUS. Conic-pyramidal, nodulous
and granulated, coloured with green and white ;
whorls with many circles of granulations, and their
lower margin nodulous with tubercles; base white,
flat, and concentrically striated; pillar grooved and
twisted ; inside pearly. 23...2%. W. 30. 109.

T. vireatus. Conical-pyramidal, sub-in-
flated in the middle, granulous, with alternate red
and white longitudinal streaks, and transverse
granulous striz; beneath flattish concave, trans-
versely furrowed, and painted with red lines;
pillar short, arcuated, not prominent; no umbi-
licus. 2...27. W.30. 111. |

T. MACULATUS. Conic-pyramidal, nodulifer-
ous, mottled with green rose-colour and white,
with transverse thickish noduliferous furrows ;
beneath flattened ; a false umbilicus, and concen-
trical lines of granulations spotted with rose-
colour; lip furrowed; pillar strongly crenulated.
Leet .'y W OeB: we

T. ziczAc. Sub-conical, transversely striated,
and the body-whorl flattened in the middle ; aper-
ture roundish, whitish, with longitudinal brown
zigzac streaks, ?, or bluish black, with the white

zigzacs interrupted in the middle. 2. Front. 6.

TROCHUS. 69

T. ImBRICATUS. Conical-pyramidal, longi-
tudinally ribbed obliquely, whitish; ribs rather
prominent at the margin of the whorls, which
project in the lower part and are sub-imbricated ;
beneath plano-convex, concentrically wrinkled.
Bee LA W..29..104.

T. ztzyPHinus. Conic, whorls flat, and
distantly striated transversely, with a thick pink
and white articulated belt margining each; livid
or fulvous white, clouded longitudinally with a
darker colour; base flattish, imperforate; pillar
smooth; mouth pearly. B.1. W. 29. 94.

T. conutus. Conic, smooth, shining, golden,
or yellowish red, painted with chestnut ; whorls
flattish, margined; upper ones granulated; be-
neath, size, and aperture as the last. W. 29. 93.

T. GRANATUS. Ventricose conic, with trans-
verse granulated striz, whitish, with longitudinal
irregular scarlet streaks; summit acuminated ;
base convex and oblique; diam. 1?. W. 29. 97.

T. rris. Obliquely conic, glabrous, greyish
violet, with chestnut longitudinally flexuous lines,
iridescent beneath the outer coating; whorls
rather convex, the last sub-angular ; aperture very
dilated; no umbilicus. ly;...1. W. 30. 113.

T. umBiticatus. Orbicular depressed, trans-
versely striated, olive ash-colour, umbilicated,
niarked with rather broad, somewhat oblique, red-

70 BOOK OF SPECIES.

dish violet undulated rays ; the whorls contiguous.
Side gf. UB. » Wi 29% 48:

T. CINERARIUS. Sub-conical, summit pro-
duced; whorls slightly convex; umbilicus small,
pale ash-colour, with crowded oblique purplish-
brown lines. | Bi 3g... 2...7 Wega:

T. PHaraonis. Orbicular- conoid, entirely
covered by granular belts of crimson, alternating
with articulated ones of black and white, umbi-
licated; aperture furrowed within; mouth and
pillar toothed ; umbilicus crenated. 7...%. W.
28. 30.

T. ERYTHROLEUCUS. Conical, with obsolete
transverse crenulated striz, and a broader rib at
the margin of the whorls; summit crimson; in-
side pearly; colour yellowish or pinkish grey,
sometimes clouded with brown; very small. B.
W299];

T. tumipus. Sub-conical, transversely stri-
ated, and the whorls produced and flattish ; body-
whorl sub-carinated ; cinereous brown, more or
less obscurely streaked longitudinally with brown;
suture deep; umbilicus small; B. very small.
W. 28. 207.

MONODONTA.
Ovate or conoid; aperture entire, rounded; mar-
gins disunited above ; columella arcuated, trun-
cated at the base; an operculum.

MONODONTA. TURBO. vt

M. mopuuus. Sub-orbicular, obliquely de-
pressed, transversely striated, and obsoletely plait-
ed longitudinally, whitish, with scattered purple
spots; the lower face concentrically furrowed,
umbilicated; both rather prominent; diam. ,5.
W. 29. 71.

M. taBEo. Ovate-conic, thick, ventricose,
imperforate, with transverse rows of beads, and
spotted with red and black; wrinkles nodulous ;
lip double, white, furrowed within. 1}...1i.

W. 29. 80.

TURBO.

Conoid, or sub-turreted, circumference never com-
pressed ; aperture entire, round; margin of
outer lip disunited; columella arcuated, de-
pressed, but not truncated at its base ; a testa-
ceous operculum.

T. ARGYROSTOMUS. Obsoletely perforate, sub-
ovate, with transverse ribs, which are somewhat
alternately larger and longitudinally wrinkled ;
yellowish ash-colour, with reddish-brown or
greenish stains; mouth silvery; diam. 23. W.
ak..76:

T. cHrysostomus. Sub-ovate ventricose,
imperforate, transversely furrowed, and wrinkled
longitudinally ; yellowish ash-colour, sub-radiated
with longitudinal reddish-brown flammules; cer-
fain of the furrows armed with vaulted and ele-

12 BOOK OF SPECIES.

vated scales; mouth golden; diam. 12. W. 30.
23.

T. PETHOLATUS. Ovate, imperforate, smooth,
shining, greenish or reddish chestnut, variously
mottled, with transverse bands of dark brown and
white, and longitudinal stripes; whorls rounded,
obtusely angulated above; pillar orange; mouth
silvery. J@nol2.) Wests.

T. pica. Conical, smooth, thick, white, with
black longitudinal spots or streaks ; whorls five,
rounded, with an obsolete groove beneath the
suture; mouth silvery; umbilicus toothed at its
margin. 2...21. . 3]. 65.

T. mMuRIcATUS. Ovate-conic, perforated,
ashy lead-colour, with crowded transverse rows
of raised beads; spire acute; mouth smooth, and
chestnut. =. W. 30. 8.

T. puncTaTus. Ovate-acute, with six de-
pressed whorls, the last double the length of the
rest united; smooth, shining, greyish lead-colour,
covered all over with white dots; chestnut within;
the spire mucronate. jz. Front. 7.

T. LITTOREUS. Ovate, apex acute, imper-
forate, transversely striated, dull dark-brown, but
when young often variegated and banded ; margin
of pillar flat and white; mouth dark. j. B.
W. 30. 5.

T. NERITOIDES. Semi-globose, imperforate,

TURBO, PLANAXIS. fa

thickish, glabrous, yellowish or reddish yellow,
sometimes banded or spotted; pillar flat ; spire
very obtuse; diam. 7%. B. W. 35. 27.

T. RupDIs. Sub-ovate, rather obtuse, with the
whorls five, ventricose, pale brown or dirty yel-
lowish white; striae obliterated ; pillar very wide
and white; lips yellowish within. 3. B. W.
30. 7.

T. PpuLLUsS. Small, ovate-conoid, imperforate,
smooth, shining ; apex rather obtuse ; mouth sub-
orbicular, and somewhat produced at the base ;
white prettily variegated with red or with longi-
tudinal broad waved stripes of a fine deep purple,
and sometimes girdled with pink. 7. B. W.

30. 17.

PLANAXIS.

Oval-conical, solid; aperture oval, sub-longitudt-
nal; columella flattened, truncated at the base,
separated from the right lip by a narrow sinus ;
interior face of the right lip furrowed or striped,
with a callus running under its summit.

P. sutcaTA. Ovate-conic, imperforate, trans-
versely furrowed; white, with black somewhat
square-shaped spots ; lip striated within, its mar-
gin crenulated. 1. S. 365.

P. unpULATA. Ovate-conoid, imperforate,
thickish, transversely furrowed ; white, with red-
dish-brown undulated longitudinal flammules ; lip

E

74 . BOOK OF SPECIES,

entire, striated within; the apex of the spire ob-

tuse. 3.

PHASIANELLA.

Oval or conical, solid, the last whorl much larger
than any of the others; aperture oval, lonyi-
tudinal ; inclined obliquely towards the base of
the columella, round at the lower part, and con-
tracted at the upper ; lips disunited at the upper
part; right margin acute, not reflected ; colu-
mella smooth, compressed, attenuated at the
base ; operculum calcareous or horny.

P. BuLIMOoIDES. Oblong-conic, thin, whit-
ish, smooth, pale tawny, with numerous narrow
variegated and spotted zones ; apex acute; it dif-
fers much in colour; operculum calcareous. 22.
W 23. 00.

P. LINEOLATA. Shape of last, but apex
blunted, smooth, shining, fulvous brown, with
whitish clouds and transverse series of white spots,
here and there interrupted by angular brown
marks, 2...2. W. S. 6. 26.

P. ANGULIFERA. Oblong-conic, ventricose
at the base, last whorl angulated ; thinnish, trans-

er See TE

PHASIANELLA. TURRITELLA. 75

versely striated, with longitudinal unequal reddish-
brown spots on a lighter and varying ground :
apex acute. 12...2.

TURRITELLA,

Turreted, not pearly; aperture rounded, entire ;
margins disunited at the upper part, not re-
flected outwards,; a sinus in the right lip ; oper-
culum orbicular, horny.

T. pupLicaTA. Turreted, thick, ponderous ;
whorls tawny white, darker above, with a reddish
apex, carinated and furrowed; two of the keels
more elevated and larger than the rest. 44. W.
32. 132.

T. TEREBRA. Elongated, turreted, fulvous
red or reddish, with equal transverse furrows ;
whorls convex, twelve to fifteen; spire acute. B.
43. W. 32. 137.

T.impricata. Turreted, and transversely fur-
rowed; white, marbled with red and brown; whorls
twelve or thirteen, slightly gibbous at their lower,
and contracted at their upper extremities, which
gives them some slight appearance of being imbri-
cated downwards; apex very acute. 34. W.32. 139.

76 BOOK OF SPECIES.

T. CINGULIFERA. Elongate, turreted, taper-
ing, transversely striated, whitish, with the suture
brown and deeply impressed. #...3. Front. 8.

LES CANALIFERES.
CERITHIUM.

Turreted ; aperture short, oblong, oblique, termi-
nated at the base by a short truncated or curved
canal; never notched, a slight channel at the
upper extremity of the right lip; operculum
small, horny, orbicular.

C. pALUSTRE. Turreted, thick; whorls with
longitudinal plaits, and three transverse stri-,
olive-brown ; the base of the body-whorl deeply
furrowed ; lip sub-crenulated; canal very short.
42. W. 25. 39,

C.suLtcatum. Turreted, solid, with strongly
marked longitudinal plaits and transverse furrows,
brownish red ; lip large, semi-circular, and united
to the pillar, so as to render the very short canal
tubular. 23. W. 28. ret.

C. TELESCOPIUM. Conical, turreted, with
the whorls continuous and transversely grooved,
deep brown ; pillar twisted and protuberant; base
nearly flat; canal extremely short. 3or4. W.
30. 120. | |
C. vuLtGatum. Turreted; whorls flattish,

CERITHIUM. Tk

with numerous transverse strie; fulvous ash-
colour, marbled by red or brown; a rather spinous
series of tubercles girds the middle of the whorls ;
canal short, slightly turned backwards; sutures
crenulated. 24. W. 27. 152.

C. oBELiscus. Turreted, ventricose, with
three rows of granulated striz, and the sutures
tuberculated; greyish tawny, spotted with red
and brown; pillar with one tooth; beak ascend-
ing. 2. W. 27. 142.

C. RETICULATUM. Elongate, turreted, with
longitudinal ribs, and four transverse grooves on
each whorl, forming uniform flattened tubercles
all over; pale brownish, beak very small, almost
obsolete. % B. W. 28. 165.

C. atuco. Whoris smooth beneath, above
with a series of ascending spinous tuberculations ;
whitish, spotted and streaked with red and black ;
canal recurved. 2. W. 27. 146.

C. RADULA. Turreted, brown; whorls with
four or five rows of granulated stri#, of which,
when adult, the middle changes into sharpish tu-
berculations; sutures indistinct; beak short and
straight. 2. S. 377.

C. asperuMm. Turreted, with plaited longi-
tudinal muricated ribs, and transverse strie;
white, beak long and ascending; pillar with one

» plait. 12. W. 28. 159,

78 BOOK OF SPECIES.

C. LINEATUM is scarce more than a variety of
the last, with a shorter beak, and three fulvous
encircling lines. EK. 443. 3.

C. vertacus. Elongate, turreted, with an
acute apex, smoothish, light fulvous; upper part
of the whorls longitudinally plaited; pillar with
one plait; beak rather long, and bent sideways.
12. W. 27. 143.

C. rasciatum. More elongate and cylindri-
cal than the last, with the plaits less conspicuous,
and more manifest transverse strie; three yellow
lines encirele the whorls. 2.

CERITHIUM. PLEUROTOMA. 79

C. LITERATUM. Turreted, ventricose; whorls
with numerous dotted muricated strize, and a row
of tubercles above ; white, prettily dotted with red
or black; outer lip forming an angle with the
body-whorl; canal truncated. %. W. 28. 163.

C. TUBERCULATUM. Ovate-conic, ventricose
at. the base; whorls finely striated transversely,
brownish white, coronated with one row of small
black tubercles, the body-whorl with several ;
apex white; beak short and truncated. 1. W.
25. 38.

C. PERVERSUM. Reversed, cylindrically sub-
ulate, slender, pale rufous, with three transverse
granular striz on each whorl; whorls flattened ;
base plano-concave; canal straight, slightly pro-
minent. B. 3. W. 28. 167.

C. costatum. Turreted, deep brown, with
the ten or eleven whorls longitudinally ribbed ;
aperture sub-orbicular ; beak sub-truncated ; lip
expanded, 3% B. W. 25. 43.

PLEUROTOMA.

Shell either turreted or fusiform ; terminated in-
feriorly by a straight canal more or less elon-
gated; lip at its upper part having a fissure or
emargination.

P. BABYLONIA. Fusiform, turreted, trans-
versely carinated and banded, white; bands

80 BOOK OF SPECIES.

spotted with black; spots quadrangular; whorls
convex; base rather long. 4. W. 28. 87.

P. nopIFERA. Fusiform, turreted, reddish
tawny ; the whorl angulated in the middle by the
projection of a series of oblong-oblique nodules,
above which they are finely striated, and beneath
which deeply furrowed; tail shorter than the
spire. 12. W. 26. 68.

P. GRACILIS. Fusiform, turreted, with longi-
tudinal ribs, interrupted by a flat space at the
sutures, and finely striated transversely; beak
rather long, and slightly ascending ; fulvous, with
a white band round the middle of the body-whorl.
kmowee)) Wy 2fe12Zy. B.

TURBINELLA.

Shell turbinated or sub-fusiform, channelled at
base; columella with three to five compressed
transverse plaits.

T.pyRuM. Ventricose and club-shaped above,
pyriform, with rather a long beak; pale fulvous,
with a few rows of chestnut spots; spire short,
finely striated, and mucronated; beak slightly
grooved; lip smooth; pillar with four plaits. 33.
W. 21. 160.

T. CORNIGERA. Ovate, turbinate, somewhat
triangular, transversely furrowed, muricated all
over with transverse rows of thick white spinous

TURBINELLA. CANCELLARIA. 81

tubercles, of which those on the top of the body-
whorl are the longest —these, however, in the
centre of this whorl are almost obsolete ; whitish
(usually with brown zones), and the upper part
of the spires blackish; spire very short and acu-
minate; pillar with four and a half plaits. 2%.
W. 21. 155.

T. CRATICULATA. Sub-turreted, thick, with
rounded longitudinally-ribbed and transversely -
grooved whorls, of a whitish or reddish fulvous
colour; ribs oblique, obtuse, and reddish chest-
nut; beak shortish; pillar with three or four
rather oblique plaits. 2. W. 27. 121.

T. LINEATA. Sub-turreted, with longitudinal
obsolete plaits and transverse furrows, which
' cause the shell to appear girded by raised reddish-
chestnut smooth lines, on a light reddish-orange
ground ; plaits small; tail short. 12. W. 20.

118.

CANCELLARIA.

Shell oval or turreted ; aperture sub-channelled at

base; canal very short or wanting ; columella

plaited, the folds few or numerous, for the most
part transverse ; lip furrowed within.

C. RETICULATA. Ovyate, ventricose, sub-um-
bilicated, transversely grooved, and longitudinally
plaited obliquely; white, with interrupted bands
of fufous or yellow; whorls convex, with their

E 2

8? BOOK GF SPECIES.

sutures narrow; pillar smooth above, but with
three large plaits on its lower part. 2. W.
20. 71.

C. sentTicosA. Sub-turreted, cancellated by
longitudinal plaits and raised transverse strie,
whitish or very pale tawny, with frequently a
chestnut band in the lower part of the whorls;
plaits apparently toothed, from the projection of
the strie on them; pillar with three obsolete
plaits. 12. W. 26. 58.

FASCIOLARIA.

Sub-fusiform, channelled at the base; no varices ;
two or three very oblique folds on the columella,
near the canal.

F.tuuipa. Sub-fasiform, smooth, ventricose
in the middle, usually dirty white, mottled with
purplish brown or chestnut, and circled with deep
brown lines ; whorls rounded ; with somewhat de-
cussated strie just beneath the sutures; beak
grooved ; lip white, and striated within. 63. W.
27. 98.

F. trapezium. Sub-fusiform, obtusely an-
gulated, with a row of obtuse nodulous longitu-
dinal plaits, smoothish ; brown, brownish white,
or yellowish brown, girded by dark lines in pairs ;
lip white, and striated with red. 5. W. 27. 112.

F. FILAMENTOSA. Lengthened, fusiform-

FUSUS. 83

turreted, transversely furrowed; whitish, with
longitudinal orange or brown clouds; whorls sub-
angulated in the middle, and there girded by a
series of small compressed tubercles; tail rather
long ; lip striated within. 4. E. 424. 5.

FUSUS.
Shell sub-fusiform, channelled at base ; without va-
rices ; columella having two or three very oblique
folds near the canal.

F. couus. Fusiform, narrow, transversely
furrowed, white ; summit and base reddish ; body-
whorl small ; whorls convex, keeled in the middle
by nodulous white plaits, the interstices of which
are brown; tail long, slender; lip furrowed within ;
margin denticulated. 6. W. 26.71.

F. antiaquus. Ovate-fusiform, ventricose,
with rounded whorls, and somewhat decussated
but fine strie; whitish, when young reddish;
aperture dilated; with a short beak, smooth and
yellowish. 4or5. B. W. 26. 49.

F. 1istAnpicus. Fusiform-turreted, towards
the lower part ventricose, striated transversely ;
white; whorls convex; lip thin and smooth within;
beak shortish, sub-recurved ; apex of spire obtuse.
Be2; Wate 107.

F. morio. Ventricose, but when aged fusi-
form, transversely striated, blackish, with one or

84 BOOK OF SPECIES.

two white bands; upper whorls slightly keeled
and somewhat nodulous ; the lower whorl (except
of the young) rounded; lip furrowed within. 6.
W. 26. 108.

F. arTICULATUS. Fusiform-turreted, finely
striated transversely, shining, light chestnut, with
articulated whitish and brown lines girding it;
lip furrowed within; a tooth at the upper angie
of the columella; beak short and emarginate.
1d. W238. 88.

F. rurRicuLA. Fusiform-turreted, with longi-
tudinal plaits of transverse striz, white or brown-
ish white; the whorls rising almost perpendicu-
larly from each other, and forming an abrupt slope
at their summit; mouth oblong and narrow, end-
ing in a short and broad. beak. 2., B. W. 27.
133.

F. muricatus. Oblong, fusiform, and very
rough; whorls ventricose, with longitudinal ribs
and elevated transverse striz; pale flesh-colour,
generally covered with an orange-red epidermis ;
aperture oval, ending in a long and narrow canal,
together with it equal to half the length of the
shell; lip sharp, crenulated within. B. 3. W.
27. 138.

PYRULA.
Sub-pyriform, channelled at the base, ventricose
at the upper part ; no external varices; spire

PYRULA. 85

short, sometimes flattened ; columella smooth ;
no fissure on the right lip.

P. perversa. Reversed, pyriform, ventri-
cose, glabrous when adult (but when young trans-
versely striated, and its lip furrowed within), light-
ish fulvous, with broad longitudinal reddish-brown
lines, the last whorl with a nodulous angle; apex
mammillary ; tail striated and longish. 6%. W.
26. 88.

P. vESPERTILIO. Sub-pyriform, thick, pon-
derous, muricated above, reddish chestnut; the
last whorl crowned with compressed tubercles ;
spire rather exserted ; sutures simple ; sub-um-
bilicated ; tail and spire (and when young alto-
gether) furrowed. 4. W. 27. 114.

P. MELONGENA. Pyriform, ventricose, turgid,
glaucous, or reddish brown, with white transverse
bands; sutures canaliculated; last whorl some-
times smooth, but generally with three or four
rows of thick spines; spire short, longitudinally
plaited, and acute; mouth oblong and smooth.
oto5. W, 26. 59.

P. RETICULATA. Fig-shaped, cancellated,
white, sprinkled when young with many yellow
spots; the transverse striz larger and more dis-
tant than the others; spire very short, convex-
obtuse, and mucronated at the centre; mouth
white. 4. HE. 432. 2.

86 BOOK OF SPECIES.

P. Ficus. Fig-shaped, more ventricose and
short than the last, with very crowded flattened
transverse strize, which are minutely decussated ;
bluish grey, mottled with brown, with scattered
darker spots; spire short, convex, mucronate at
the centre; mouth smooth, and somewhat purple.
os. W. 18. 29.

P. spiRiLLUS. Ventricose above; tail long,
slightly furrowed transversely; whitish, spotted
with fulvous; body-whorl shortened, keeled in
the middle; flattened above, and tuberculated
beneath the middle; spire depressed ; apex mam-
millary. 3. W. 28. 61.

STRUTHIOLARIA.

Shell ovate or oblong, channelled at base, with
rough tubercular or spiny varices without ;
aperture rounded; varices three or more on
each whorl, the inferior obliquely joined to the
others by a longitudinal series ; operculum horny.

S. nopuLosa. Ovate-conic, thick, trans-
versely striated ; whitish, with longitudinal yellow
flammules ; whorls angular above, nodular at the
angle, and above it flattened; sutures simple; lip
reddish within. 2. W. 26. 62.

RANELLA. 87

RANELLA.

Oval or oblong, sub-depressed, channelled at the
base; two rows of external varices ; aperture
rounded or sub-oval; varices straight or oblique,
situated at the distance of half a whorl from
each other, and forming a longitudinal row on
each side of the shell; they are sometimes smooth,
sometimes tubercular or spinous.

R. cRUMENA. Ovyate-acute, with remote
transverse spinous belts, and granulated striz ;
spines short; whitish, greyish, or pale brown,
mottled with a darker colour; mouth white; lip
with a channel above. 24. W. 25. 21.

R. spinosa. Strongly resembles the last,
but is of a yellower tinge, with longer spines,
and the granular strie becoming obliterated
towards the centre of the body-whorl. W.
29. 22.

R. GRANULIFERA. Oblong, ovate - conic,
roughish, with numerous rows of granulated strie,
yellowish white or rufous, banded with white ;
granules sub-acute ; columella furrowed ; margin
of the lip dentated. 1?. E. 414. 4.

R. RANINA. Ovate-acute, with numerous tu-
berculated belts and minute longitudinal strie ;
whitish, with chestnut zones; tail short; mouth

88 BOOK OF SPECIES.

rounded; the inner margin of the lip dentated.

1d. W. 25. 24.

MUREX.

Oval or oblong, channelled at the base; rough,
spinous, or tubercular varices on the exterior
surface ; mouth rounded, or sub-oval; three or
more varices on each whorl of the spire; the
lower ones uniting obliquely with the upper
in uninterrupted longitudinal rows ; operculum
horny.

* Beak longer than the aperture.

M. cornutus. Somewhat club-shaped, ven-
tricose above, with a long beak, transversely stri-
ated; whitish, zoned with yellow or rufous ; body-
whorl large, and armed with two .rows of long
curved thickish cleft spines; spire very short;
beak with a few scattered spines, perforate. 6.
W. 25. 5. |

M. prAnpDARIS. Club-shaped, furrowed, with
seven varices, ventricose above; beak short, ashy
white, with two rows of spines, which are thick,
straight, short, and cleft ; spire rather prominent,
muricated ; an oblique row of spines on the tail ;
mouth orange. 3}. W. 25. 6.

M. cRAssiIspINA. Ventricose above, with a
long beak; three rows of long stout spines, thick-
ened towards their base, extend the whole length

ee ee ee eee oe a Oe

MUREX. 89

of the shell; pale fulvous ; the body-whorl rather
large, transversely furrowed, and striated; spire
_ prominent. 42. W. 26.3.

M. TENUISPINA. Ventricose above, with a
long beak, and its varices covered with long sub-
ulate curved spines ; body-whorl of a moderate
size, transversely striated and furrowed, longi-
tudinally wrinkled; spire prominent. 42. This
species has its whorls slightly cancellated. W.
25. 4.

M. HAUSTELLUM. Ventricose above, with
three thick varices, and intermediate smaller ribs,
which are nodulous, flesh-colour, and transversely
marked with deep brown; spire short; tail long,
straight, and slender ; mouth roundish ovate, rose-
colour and furrowed within. 4. W. 25. 1.

** Tail short; three varices.

M. inFuAtus. Ovate-oblong, ventricose,
transversely grooved and striated; the varices
covered with very large curved, canaliculated,
serrated, and sub -laciniated foliations ; white,
clouded or tinged with pale rufous ; between the
varices is a longitudinal range of tuberculations ;
beak recurved; columella pink. 432. 8S. 395.

M. apustus. Abbreviated-fusiform, sub-
oval, ventricose, thick; three ramose varices,
trangversely furrowed; black, except on the left
side of the varices, between each of which arises

90 BOOK OF SPECIES.

a great tubercle ; mouth small, sub-rotund, white;
columella yellow. 3}.

M. tRiquETER. Oblong, sub-fusiform, sub-
triangular in its transverse outline, somewhat
plaited longitudinally, and transversely furrowed ;
white, sometimes with rufous splotches; varices
membranaceous ; lip crenated; aperture elliptical.

W. 25. 16.

*** Tail short ; more than three varices.

M. saxatiuis. Sub-fusiform, very ventri-
cose, with six foliated varices, which: are usually

MUREX. 91

straightish, canaliculated, not laciniated, and
pointed at their summit; transversely wrinkled
and striated; white, varying much in colouring
and markings; beak umbilicated and compressed;
throat tinted with reddish purple. 74. W. 25.
18.

M. RApDIx. Ovate-globose, roundish, white,
with many varices, composed of black ramose
laciniated separate spines, which are more wide
than long; spire very short, usually eroded; tail
umbilicated, and short. 5.

M. TRUNCULUS. Ovate, rough, with six or
seven spinous varices, transversely semi-granu-
larly furrowed and striated; whorls angulated,
with compressed tubercles crowning the shoulder,

92 BOOK OF SPECIES.

brownish white, with commonly brown transverse
bands; spire exserted ; beak sub-umbilicated, wide
and ascending. 23. W. 25. 7.

M. ERINACEUS. Ovate, sub-fusiform, thick,
with several. strong varices and scaly transverse
ribs; pale fulvous; whorls angulated; aperture
oval; and the beak closed and slightly recurved.
Bele.) We2a,19.

TRITON.

Oval or oblong, channelled at the base; varices

alternate or rare, or nearly solitary on the

separate whorls; and never arranged in longi-
tudinal rows, or spinous ; an operculum.

T. VARIEGATUM. Elongated-conic, ventri-
cose beneath, with smooth very obtuse trans-
verse ribs, and intermediate strie; white, with red
and chestnut markings; the upper margin of the
whorls fimbriated; aperture red; pillar wrinkled
with white, and plaited above; margin of the lip
spotted with black; the spots bidentated with
white; beak short and ascending. 152. W.
27. 95.

T. LororiuM. Fusiform-turreted, distorted,
transversely grooved, and wrinkled ; whorls an-
gular, and somewhat concave above, beneath
which project some large compressed tubercles ;
reddish fulvous, with the varices striped with a

TRITON. 93

darker colour; beak twisted, and recurved at its
tip ; mouth white, elongated, triangular, with the
lip dentated. 5. W. 28. 34.

T. FEMORALE. ‘Triangularly fusiform, with
transverse nodulous ribs, and the interstices
grooved, fulvous red, alternating with white at
the varices; whorls angular above; body-whorl
triangular; aperture oblong, lengthened ; beak
rather long, and slightly ascending. 3+. W.
26. 32.

T. PILEARE. Fusiform-turreted, with trans-
verse grooves, decussated by longitudinal wrinkles ;
whorls rounded, distorted, noduliferous above,
bluish grey, variegated with white and rufous ;
beak bent upwards; aperture elongated, blood-
colour, wrinkled with white; lip toothed, and
furrowed. 4, W. 26. 35.

T. anus. Ovate, ventricose, gibbous, dis-
torted, flattened beneath, nodulous above, sub-
cancellated, whitish, with indistinct bands of red-
dish fulvous; aperture narrow, sinuous, irregular,
grinning, surrounded by a thin dilated membrane;
lip strongly toothed; beak short, and recurved.
3. W. 26. 45.

T. CLATHRATUM. Fusiform - turreted, dis-
torted, with the back gibbous, cancellated by
transverse and longitudinal rather distant ribs,
obsoletely nodulous, pale fulvous, with rather a

94 BOOK OF SPECIES.

long beak slightly bent upwards; aperture nearly
as the last ; but the membrane somewhat purplish.
21. W. 26. 46.

T. RUBECULA. Oblong, thick, with granulated
transverse ribs, and their interstices decussated
and darker than the reddish orange which is the
ground of the shell; varices frequently marked
with white; spire obtuse; pillar bright orange,
striated with white; lip white within and den-
tated ; beak shortish. 14. W. 46. 42.

T. unpDosumM. Ovate-acute, thickish, white,
with many glabrous brown spiral belts; the body-
whorls plaited longitudinally ; mouth white, with
the lips furrowed within, and thickened; beak
short. 14. W. 23.97.

LES AILEES.

ROSTELLARIA.

Shell fusiform or sub-turreted, terminated infe-
riorly in a canal, with a pointed beak; lip
entire or dentated, more or less dilated by age,
with a sinus contiguous to the canal.

R. PESPELICANI. Turreted, greyish red, with
the whorls angularly nodulous at the centre; lip
glabrous, and expanded into three more or less
channelled claws; channel of the base oblique,

PTEROCERA. STROMBUS. 95

sub-foliaceous, with the sinus adjoining it. 14.
B. W. 24. 4.

PTEROCERA.

Shell ovate-oblong, ventricose, terminated inferiorly
by an elongated canal ; lip dilating by age into
a digitate wing, and having a sinus towards
the base ; spire short.

P. pAMBis. Oblong-oval, tubercular, gibbous,
with seven claws, variegated with rufous and
brown; terminal digitations straight; aperture
very smooth, rosy. 6. W. 24. 7.

P. AURANTIA. Ovate, tubercular, gibbous,
transversely wrinkled, with seven claws, clouded
with white and yellow; the claws slender, very
acute, and obsoletely nodulous; tail very long
and slender, smooth, and curved ; throat orange,
and quite smooth. 44. S. 405.

P. cHiRAGRA. Ovate-oblong, with the back
tubercular and sub-gibbous, armed with six longish
claws, which project on either side, and curve
upwards; colour white, variegated with brown ;
throat rosy, striated with white. 6. W. 24. 5.

STROMBUS.

Shellwentricose, terminating in a short emarginate
or truncate canal; lip dilating by age into a
simple wing, lobed or crenate superiorly, and

96 BOOK OF SPECIES,

having a sinus distinct from the canal or emar-

gination of the base inferiorly.

S. LENTIGINOSUS. Turbinate, thick, with the
back of the body-whorl studded with several rows
of knobs, surmounted by one of large longitudi-
nally compressed tubercles, and marked with lon-
gitudinal furrows, which also traverse the spire ;
whorls coronated, and striated transversely; white,
marbled with pale brown ; lip extending up most
of the whorls, three-lobed above, with its margin
thickened and spotted ; throat orange. 23. W.
24. 10.

S. AuRIS Diana. Ovate-oblong, transversely
ribbed, with from one to three rows of tubercula-
tion, pale fawn-colour, mottled with white; spire
exserted and acute; beak recurved; throat dark
orange; lip thickened and smooth within, ending
above in an elongated lobe. 34. W. 25. 16.

S. puaiuis. Turbinated, ventricose, pon-
derous, yellowish red; body-whorl smooth, fur-
rowed at the base, and coronated above with pale
spinous tubercles, which become larger and sharper
in the next whorl, but gradually disappear as the
upper whorls are more strongly striate ; mouth
brilliant, and deeper coloured ; base tipped with
purple ; lip rounded, with a short lobe above, and
furrowed toward the base. 34. W. 25. 17.

S. GIBBERULUS. Oblong-oval, smooth, slightly

a

STROMBUS. 97

striated at the base; spire acute, distorted, and
the whorls gibbous, fulvous red, banded with white;
pillar and lip within violet, the latter grooved.
25, iW. 20. 20.

S. punuANvs. Oblong-oval, smoothish, body-
whorl slightly gibbous, the upper whorls ribbed
longitudinally ; whitish, with fulvous interrupted
bands and spots, and the mouth reddish, with a
deep purple columella; spire short and mucro-
nate; lip striated within. 24. W. 25. 19.

S. MAgRITIANUS. Principally differs from
the last by the columellas being white, and the
shell more glossy.

S. cANARIUM. Obovate, smooth, but striated
at the’ base, white, covered with most crowded
rufous longitudinally flexuous lines ; spire short
and mucronate, with its base flattened; mouth

F

98 BOOK OF SPECIES.

white, polished; lip with a sinus above, thick-
ened; margin obtuse, slightly orange, and, as
well as the pillar, often coated with a vitreous
mass. 12. W. 25. 27.

S. virratus. Fusiform-turreted, reddish
fulvous, with white bands; the body-whorl covered
with a most delicate network of a like colour,
with several rows of small irregular white spots,
obtusely angulated above, and grooved below;
spire longitudinally plaited, and striated trans-
versely; sutures marginated ; lip white, moderate
sized, rounded, and wrinkled within. 33. W.
25. 28.

S. succinetus. Smooth, slightly grooved at
the base; body-whorl with four white bands,
lineolated with brown angular markings, on a
fulvous minute network ground; whorls angular
above, and sometimes armed with a few tubercles ;
the upper ones are plaited and furrowed; the lip
is narrow, incurved, extending over two whorls,
and striated within. 13. W. 25. 30.

S. urcpus. Yellowish chestnut or reddish
ash-colour, with nodulous plaits on the body-
whorl and spire ; varies much in markings; outer
lip double, bi-lobed, thickened above, but slightly
expanded, and wrinkled within ; columella thick-
ened, furrowed at both extremities ; mouth black.
1k. W. 25. 32.

CASSIDARIA. CASSIS. 99

LES PURPURIFERES.

CASSIDARIA.

Shell obovate, or ovate-oblong; aperture longi-

tudinal, narrow, terminating at base in a

curved sub-ascending canal; lip varicose or re-

flected ; pillar-lip covering the columella, often
rough, granular, tuberculous, or wrinkled.

C.ECHINOPHORA. Ovate-globose, ventricose,
pale fulvous, with four or five tuberculated belts,
striated above and below; whorls of the spire
angulated; the angle crenated by tubercles. 34.
W. 22. 9.

C. TYRRHENA. Ovate, with transverse fur-
rows, of which two of the upper are tuberculated
and broader than the others; reddish fulvous;
aperture white; pillar rugose-tuberculated. 33.

Weo2. Il.

CASSIS.

Inflated; aperture longitudinal, narrow, terminated

at its base by a short canal, which is curved

abruptly towards the back of the shell; colu-

mella plaited or wrinkled transversely ; right
lip almost always toothed.

\ * Spire with varices.

C. cornuta. Ovate-ventricose, dirty white,
indistinctly reticulated, slightly grooved, and form-

100 BOOK OF SPECIES.

ing obsolete nodules, with three belts, which in
the young are smooth and spotted, in the adult
tuberculiferous ; the upper tubercles very large
and horn-shaped; the lower face dilated, flesh-
coloured, flat, and callous, with a projecting upper
border; pillar purplish black, wrinkled with white ;
lip toothed; throat yellowish orange. 95. W.
22. 14,

C. TUBEROSA. Ovate-ventricose, triangular,
decussated, greyish white or brown, with longi-
tudinal interrupted zigzag streaks of purplish
brown, three tuberculated belts, and an obtuse
triangular mucronate spire ; pillar tuberculiferous,
purplish black, with white wrinkles; lip within
toothed, without generally with six black spots.
Oe. Vs ose

C. FLAMMEA. Ovate, inflated, somewhat tri-
angular, with the body-whorl of the young longi-
tudinally plaited, of the adult with from two to
five transverse rows of tubercles ; greyish, slightly
tinted with violet, and flamed with reddish brown;
spire convex, mucronated; pillar rufous, with
white wrinkles. 53. W. 22. 17.

C.auauca. Ovate, turgid, smooth, glaucous;
body-whorl sub-angulated above; the upper whorls
of the spire cancellated and crowned with papille;
throat and outer margin of the lip brownish violet;
pillar and lip pale saffron, the former wrinkled,

CASSIS. . 101

the latter toothed within, and denticulated at the
base; spire mucronated. 32%. W. 22. 35.

C. zeEBRA. Ovate, in the young grooved all
over, in the adult below, but smooth above; whitish,
with longitudinal yellow streaks ; pillar wrinkled
below; lip strongly furrowed; spire short, conic,
decussated. 22. W. 22. 21.

C. AREOLA. Ovate, smooth, shining, whitish,
with transverse rows of large yellowish or fulvous-
brown spots ; spire short, conic, and decussated ;
pillar wrinkled; lip strongly toothed; throat
brownish. 24. W. 22. 20.

** Spire without varices.

C. ruFA. Ovate-ventricose, very thick and
ponderous; red, with many rows of connected
tubercles and several noduliferous belts, and the
base with two rows of white longitudinal furrows;
spire short and mucronated ; pillar and lip thick,
bright red, with white wrinkles. 5%. W. 22.15.

C. TesTIcuLUS. Ovate, with close elevated
longitudinal and rather distant indented trans-
verse striz ; pale reddish, with darker rufous spots
either irregularly or in rows; frontal callosity large,
sallow, partly tinted with orange; pillar wrinkled ;
lip toothéd ; mouth elongated, straight, and nar-
row; spire short, rounded, and mucronate. 3.
W. 22. 18.

C. saBuRON. Ovate- globose, closely fur-

102 BOOK OF SPECIES.

rowed transversely; pale flesh- colour, often
marked with rows of square fulvous spots ; spire
short, acute; pillar wrinkled beneath; margin of
the lip crenated. 1%. W. 22. 23.

C. vipEx. Ovate-oblong, smooth, but slightly
grooved at the base, pale fulvous, with darker
longitudinal waved streaks; whorls of the spire
somewhat rounded; aperture smooth and brown
within ; lip spotted with dark chestnut, denticu-
lated beneath. 24. W. 22. 36.

C. ERINACEUS. Ovate-oblong, pale fulvous,
slightly plaited longitudinally ; body-whorl angu-
lated, with a transverse row of nodules on the
shoulder; mouth smooth; throat brownish; lip
thickened, with a large margin edged with deep
chestnut spots, and muricated beneath. 13. W.
22. 32.

RICINULA.

Oval, generally tubercular or spinous externally ;
aperture oblong, with a semi-canal at the lower
part, curved towards the back, and terminated
by an oblique notch; unequal plaits on the pillar
and teeth om the lp within, contracting the
aperture.

R. HoRRIDA. Obovate, sub-globose, with
short thick acute black tubercles, and the in-
terstices white and transversely striated; spire

RICINULA. PURPURA. 103

very short; mouth violet, toothed on both sides.
ES. We 26./47.

R. ARACHNOIDES. Obovate, yellowish white,
muricated by black subulate unequal spines,
which are longer as they near the lip; mouth
white, grinning; spire very short. 1. EK. 395.3.

R. Morus. Ovate, girded by several rows of
bluntish black nodules, with the interstices white;
spire rather obtuse; mouth violet, narrowed by
stout teeth. 2. EH. 395. 6.

PURPURA.

Shell oval, sometimes smooth, sometimes tuberculous
or angular; aperture dilated, terminating i-
Seriorly in an oblique sub-channelled emargina-
tion; columella flattened, terminating at base
in a point.

P. patuLta. Ovate, transversely furrowed,
with six or seven rows of sharp tuberculations on
the body-whorl; reddish black, with sometimes
two broad paler bands towards the base; spire
rather short; aperture dilated; pillar oblique,
reddish fulvous, and falcated; lip bluish white.
22. W. 22. 53:

P. HEMASTOMA. Ovate-conic,thickish, trans-
versely striated, cinereous, varying to greyish
brown, noduliferous, obtusely angular above;

104 BOOK OF SPECIES.

body-whorl with four rows of nodules; mouth
orange ; lip furrowed within. 2.. W. 22. 57.

P. MANCINELLA. Ovate-ventricose, thick, ful-
vous or flesh-colour, with transverse grooves,
and four rows of blunt spines; spire conic, acute ;
mouth yellowish orange; lip with elevated red
strizs within. 22. W. 25. 52.

P. NerrITOIDES. Ovate-abbreviated, ventri-
cose, thick, transversely striated, dirty white ;
body-whorl with four rows of nodose tubercles ;
spire very short and obtuse; pillar flattened, with
two unequal black spots in the middle; mouth
white and smooth. 12. W. 26. 49.

P. sertumM. Ovate-oblong, with transverse
crenulated stri#, crossed by longitudinal impressed
lines, reddish, fawn, or chestnut, with a paler
band apparently composed of longitudinal broad
spots on the body-whorl; whorls rounded, de-
pressed above ; pillar fulvous, with a plait opposite
the tooth at the summit of the inner margin’ of
the lip, which latter is smooth and white, with
another tooth at its base. 23. W. 23. 65.

P. LAPILLUS. Ovate-acute, transversely stri-
ated, dirty white or yellowish, sometimes zoned
with brown or yellow, when perfect with mem-
branaceous longitudinal wrinkled strie, but is
generally worn smooth; spire conic; lip slightly
toothed within. B.14. W. 23. 62. -

PURPURA. MONOCEROS. CONCHOLEPAS. 105

P. nucutEus. Small, ovate, shining, smooth,
but transversely striated near the lip and at the
base; brownish chestnut; aperture rounded ; lip
striated within. 4. W. 23. 91.

MONOCEROS.

Shell oval; aperture longitudinal, terminating in-
feriorly by an oblique sinus; a conic tooth at
the base of the lip internally.

M. cinGuLATUM. Ovate-oblong, contabu-
lated, whitish, covered with a reddish epidermis,
and adorned with smooth black belts and fine
transverse striz ; whorls angulated above; aper-
ture very white. 12. W. 24. 168.

M.imBricatum. Ovate-ventricose, roughish,
ash-colour or reddish grey, with very crowded
transverse imbricated scaly ribs ; whorls rounded;
spire short; lip crenulated. 2. W. 22. 54.

M. CRASSILABRUM. Ovate, thick, smooth,
reddish ash-colour; whorls convex; spire rather
exserted; lip exceedingly thick, almost double,
toothed within; horn short, obtuse. I}. KE.
396. 2.

CONCHOLEPAS.,
Oval, inflated, semi-spiral ; summit inclined obliquely
towards the left margin ; aperture ample, lon-

gitudinal, oblique, with a slight notch at the
F 2

106 BOOK OF SPECIES.

lower part; two teeth at the base of the right
lip; operculum oblong, thin, horny.

C. pERUVIANUS. Deep brown, somewhat
tinted with olive, transversely ribbed, and longi-
tudinally wrinkled ; lip crenated; aperture white.
4. W. 22. 56.

HARPA.

Oval, more or less inflated, with parallel inclined
and sharp longitudinal ribs ; spire short; aper-
ture notched at the lower part; no canal; colu-
mella smooth, flattened, und pointed at the base.

H. ventricosa. Ovate-ventricose, with broad
compressed ribs, which are stained with purplish
red, mucronated at their summit, with one den-
ticle just beneath; interstices white, and marked
with chestnut arcuated or angular spots or lines ;
pillar spotted with dark black and purple. 53.
W. 22. 49.

H. rosea. Ovate-sub-ventricose, thin; in-
terstices as last, but also adorned with three series
of rose-coloured spots; ribs narrow and distant;
pillar pinkish, W. 5S. 4. 23.

H. articutata. Differs principally from
Rosea by being without the crimson spots, and
having its ribs articulated with white and black
alternately. HE. 404. 3.

H. minor. Ovate-oblong, colouring much

HARPA. DOLIUM. 107

resembling H. ventricosa; but the ribs are narrow,
distant, and marked with brown transverse stripes
in pairs; spire rather exserted. 12. W.S. 4. 24.

DOLIUM.

Thin, ventricose, inflated, generally sub-globular,
rarely oblong, transversely banded; right lip
toothed or crenate through its whole length;
aperture oblong, notched below.

D. GALEA. Ovate-globose, very ventricose
and large, umbilicated, thin, whitish fulvous; ribs
rounded, with smaller alternate ones above; whorls
channelled near the sutures: 83. W. 22. 2.

D. oLEARIUM. Ovate-globose, ventricose,
thin, pale fawn-colour, usually spotted with white
and brown; ribs transverse, broad, and flattened,
separated by an impressed furrow; sutures chan-
nelled. 43. W. 22. 1.

D. macuLatum. Ovate- globose, inflated,
thin, white, with convex distant ribs, spotted
with red or tawny; the interstices divided by an
elevated stria. 42, W. 22. 6.

D. pomum. Ovate, turgid, thickish, white,
mottled with tawny yellow; the ribs rather round-
ed, broad, and crowded; spire short ; mouth nar-
rowed, toothed on both sides; lip thickened and
margined. 23. W. 22. 4.

D. perprix. Ovate-oblong, inflated, thin,
reddish fulvous, with several rows of lunated

108 BOOK OF SPECIES.

white spots; ribs roundish and crowded; spire
conic and somewhat exserted. 4}. W. 22. 3.

BUCCINUM.

Oval or ovate-conical; aperture longitudinal, with
a notch at the base, but no canal; columella -
not flattened, turgid at the upper part.

B. unpatum. Ovate-conic, ventricose, trans-
versely furrowed and striated, and most minutely
decussated longitudinally ; whitish, with thick
oblique waved plaits; whorls rounded; mouth
white or yellow. 33. W. 23. 107.

B. euans. Ovate-conic, thin, smooth, shining,
clouded with pale brown, and girded by distant
dark chestnut lines ; summit of the spire longi-
tudinally plaited; base of the lip spreading, and
muricated with denticles. 13. W. 22. 38.

B. papILLosuM. Ovate-conic, thickish, with
several rows of white tubercles on a pale yellowish-
redground; summit rose-coloured; aperture white;
lip muricated at its base. 13. W. 22. 37.

B. RETICULATUM. Ovate-oblong, conic, lon-
gitudinally ribbed and transversely striated; pale
brown; whorls somewhat rounded; aperture
wrinkled and toothed. B. 14. W. 23. 117.

B. amBiguuM. Sub-pyramidal, with distant
longitudinal ribs, and fine transverse striz, white ;
aperture rounded; lip slightly denticulated. 3.
B.:, Wo2a. its,

BUCCINUM. 109

B. GEMMULATUM. Oval, ventricose, white,
or white clouded with red, decussated by oblique
longitudinal plaits and transverse furrows, which
causes the shell to appear covered with rows of
pearls ; sutures excavated; spire very short; lip
furrowed within ; base of columella granular. 3.
W. 23. 114.

B. cRiBRARIUM. Smooth, oblong, cylindra-
ceous, smooth; chestnut, spotted with white ;
striae apparent near the base; upper margin of
whorls with an articulated band of brown and
white ; sutures scarce apparent; apex trun-
cated ; aperture narrow; lip striated within. ?.
Front. 9.

B. LEvicatuM. Ovate-oblong, smooth, red-
dish yellow, shining, often adorned with longi-
tudinal flexuous lineoles; the last whorl longer
than the spire, and girded with an articulated
band of black and white; aperture white, sub-
dilated, and usually smooth. 3. W. 21. 134.

B. coccINELLA. Ovate-oblong, conic, with
waved longitudinal ribs and transverse strie ;

Apale brown; pillar wrinkled; lip thick and toothed
within ; end of canal dark purple. 3. B. W.
23. 119.

B. PEDICULARE. Minute, ovate-conic, smooth,
girded alternately with white and chestnut-brown
lines, or by the latter on a white ground; spire
acute; mouth rounded. B. +. W. 28. 92.

3°

110 BOOK OF SPECIES.

** Columella callous.

B. ARCULARIA. Ovate-conic, ventricose,
thick, ash-colour (sometimes zoned with pale
fulvous); body-whorl turgid, crowned with sharp-
ish tubercles, and grooved below; whorls flattened
above, strongly plaited longitudinally, and grooved
transversely ; lip crenated below, striated within,
and the throat zoned with reddish brown, 17%;
the middle of the body-whorl is smooth. W.
22. 40.

B. coronatum. Ovate-acute, thickish, smooth,
but striated at the base, somewhat olive-coloured,
with obscure bands, or sometimes entirely of a
sallow white, with pure white longitudinal streaks ;
upper margin of whorls tuberculated ; lip towards
the bottom armed with spinous denticles; striated
within. 1. W. 22. 41.

B. arpposuLtum. Ovate, back gibbous, smooth,
whitish or olive; spire short, acute; callus ex-
tremely large, edged with orange, and extending
to the apex; lip smooth. 3. W. 22. 46.

B. neritEuM. Orbicular, flattened, smooth,
tawny white, somewhat mottled ; pillar-lip obso-
letely dilated, and thickened ; last whorl sub-an-
gular; spire extremely obtuse; diam. 7. W. 22.
48.

EBURNA.
Shell oval or elongated ; lip perfectly simple; aper-
ture longitudinal, emarginate at base ; columella

EBURNA. 111

umbilicated at its upper part, and channelled
below the umbilicus.

E. GLABRATA. Ovate-elongated, with two
furrows at the base, very smooth and shining,
pale orange; whorls rather convex, and scarcely
separated ; sutures obsolete, three. This species
is really an Ancillaria. W. 23.79.

E. zEYLANICA. Ovate-conic, smooth, white,
with fulyous spots; whorls rounded ; sutures dis-
tinct; apex bluish and acute; umbilicus with
purplish scales. 23. W. 23. 78.

E. AREOLATA. Ovate-ventricose, smooth,
white ; body-whorl with three, and the others
with one series of large red squarish spots;
whorls obtusely angular above, at the suture
plano-concave ; umbilicus naked. 2.

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EY BOOK OF SPECIES.

EK. sprrata. Ovate-acute, ventricose, smooth,
white, with yellowish fulvous spots ; whorls chan-
nelled above ; outer margin of the channel acute ;
apex bluish ; callus of the columella nearly con-
cealing the umbilicus. 23. W., 23. 77.

TEREBRA.

Elongated, turreted, very pointed at the summit;
aperture longitudinal, many times longer than
the spire, and notched at the posterior part
of the base; base of the columella twisted or
oblique.

T.MACULATA. Conical, subulate, thick, pon-
derous, smooth, white, with a row of larger and
another of smaller dark spots encircling the
whorls, which are flattened, and the upper ones
divided by an impressed line, and slightly plaited.
43, W. 24. 129.

T. pimipiaATaA. Subulate, turreted, pinkish
or orange flesh-colour, with white longitudinal
flexuous streaks; whorls flattened, and divided
by a transverse furrow, smooth, but the upper
ones striated. 43. W. 24. 127.

T. CRENULATA. Subulate, turreted, smooth,
whitish; the upper whorls transversely divided
by a furrow ; upper margins with tubercular plaits
between, which are small waved ferruginous
streaks, under which is a band of small spots,

TEREBRA. 118

and on the body-whorl two, of a like colour. 4.
W. 24. 133.

T. suBuLATA. ‘Turreted, subulate, narrow ;
whorls rather convex, and the upper ones divided
by a furrow; the upper parts of each whorl
smooth, the lower with numerous obsolete series
of impressed dots ; colour whitish, with two (and
on the body-whorl three) rows of deep chestnut
brown spots, of which the lower ones are square.
44. W. 24. 131.

T. CERULESCENS. ‘Turreted, bluish or ashy
black, smooth, with waved thin longitudinal
plaits on the upper part of the whorls, which
latter are flattened and undivided, with their su-
tures obsolete. 3.

/

T. virratTa. Conic-acute, sub-turreted, pale
horn or bluish ash-colour; whorls rounded, and
girded by thin distant impressed stria, with a
double crenulated suture above; throat brownish

fulvous,! i) QW 224e 138.

114 BOOK OF SPECIES.

LES COLUMELLAIRES.
COLUMBELLA.

Shell oval; spire short; base of aperture more or
less emarginate; no canal; columella platted ;
outer lip dilated internally, narrowing the aper-
ture.

C. rustica. Sub-ovate, smooth, with a pro-
minent spire; pillar retuse and toothed; outer
lip gibbous and dentated ; colour varying, but is
generally chestnut, with longitudinal interrupted
streaks and waved stripes of white. 4.

C. MERCATORIA. Ovate-turbinated, grooved
transversely, white, variously clouded, spotted, or
banded with yellowish black or brown; mouth
white; lip denticulated within. 3. W. 26. 73.

C. nitmpa. Ovate-oblong, smooth, shining,
irregularly mottled all over with fulvous and white,
or red and white ; columella with indistinct plaits;
lip almost smooth; spire short. #. W. 24.127.

C. FULGURANS. Ovate, smooth, but striated
near the base, nearly black, with white longitu-
dinal angularly flexuous streaks; spire short, ob-

COLUMBELLA. MITRA. 115

tuse, frequently eroded or truncated ; mouth some-
what purplish; lip thick, gibbous, and toothed.
2, W.S. 4. 19.

C. MENDICARIA. Ovate-ventricose, nodulous,
transversely striated, and girded with alternate
bands of white and black ; mouth somewhat of a
cinnamon-colour ; lip thick, and toothed. 2. W.
20. 79.

C. punctTaTa. Ovate-turbinated, smooth,
but striated at the base; white spots on a deep
chestnut ground; lip thick, much swollen at the
centre, somewhat violet, and toothed. #. E.
374. 4.

MITRA.

Shell turreted or sub-fusiform; spire pointed at

summit ; base emarginated, without a canal;

columella with parallel transverse plaits, the

inferior of which are the smallest; pillar-lp
thin, adnate.

M. Episcopauis. Turreted, smooth, white,
with rows of scarlet spots ; the lower spots square,
the upper ifregular ; upper margin of the whorls
entire; pillar with four plaits; lip denticulated
posteriorly. 4. W. 21. 143.

M. papauis. Turreted, thick, ponderous,
girded with rows of impressed dots, white, with
several rows of deep-red spots; the upper margin
of the whorls crowned with dentiform plaits; pil-

116 BOOK OF SPECIES.

lar with four and a half plaits; lip denticulated
below. 4%. W. 21]. 144.

M. ponTvIFICALIS. Ovate, turreted, girded
with impressed striz, and grooved at the base,
white, painted with orange-red markings; the
upper margin of the whorls elevated, and crowned
by sharp thick tubercles; pillar with three and a
half plaits. 2. W. 21. 145.

M. apusra. Fusiform-turreted, yellowish
white, with wide reddish - brown. longitudinal
streaks and transverse punctured strie; sutures
and lip crenulated; pillar with five plaits. 14.
K. 369. 5.

M. GRANULOSA. Sub-turreted, decussated,
granulated, brownish-red granules, crowded, thick-
ish, arranged transversely and longitudinally; pil-
lar with four plaits. I. E. 370. 6.

M. puicAriA. Ovate-fusiform, longitudinally
plaited, whitish, girded with brownish-black in-
terrupted bands; plaits elevated and rather distant,
somewhat spurious above; upper margin of the
whorls sub-angular, the last with a livid zone;
columella with four plaits; lip striated within. 14.
W.. 20.215.

M. Fitosa. Fusiform, most minutely can-
cellated, whitish, with numerous elevated narrow
deep-red belts; pillar with four plaits. 13. W.
20001; |

MITRA. VOLUTA; bi?

M.stTrRiIaATULA. Sub-turreted, acute, fulvous,
finely striated transversely ; sutures rather obso-
lete; pillar with five or six plaits, 14, but gene-
rally much less. - E. 372. 6.

VOLUTA.

Shell oval, more or less ventricose ; swnmit obtuse
or mammillary, emarginate at base, and without
a canal; columella plated, the inferior folds
largest and most oblique; no pillar-lip.

V. ETHIOPICA. Obovate, ventricose, chestnut-
brown, sometimes with one or two brown bands;
spire with numerous short depressed nearly straight
spines, which are continued on the body-whorl ;
pillar with four plaits. 4. W. 21.175.

V. MELO. Very ventricose; the apex nar-
rowed, yellowish white, with about three rows of
thinly scattered brown spots; spire unarmed, al-
most concealed ; pillar with four plaits. 6. W.
214.85:

V. CYMBIUM. Ovhte, clouded and waved
with chestnut; suture deeply channelled; spire
of two very short obtuse volutions; inner lip
chestnut; plaits of the columella variable. 53.
W. 21. 178.

V. NEPTUNI. Obovate, ventricose, tumid,
brownish red, covered with a brown epidermis ;
in the adult the spire is concealed, and encircled

118 BOOK OF SPECIES.

by the carinated edge of the body-whorl ; pillar
four-plaited ; when young brownish red mottled
with white, and the rude apex uncovered. 7.
W. 21. I81.

V. oLtta. Ovate-ventricose, pale yellowish
fulvous, unspotted; spire channelled and obtuse,
with a prominent acorn-like mammella; pillar of
the adult with two plaits, of the young with three.
4, W. 21. 180.

V.porcina. Sub-cylindraceous, tawny white;
apex truncated and whitish; spire plano-concave ;
margin keeled ; the mammella partly concealed ;
pillar with three or four plaits. W. 21. 179.

V. scAPHA. Ovate, sub-ventricose, thick,
ponderous; upper portion of the last and penult
whorls concave ; somewhat of a flesh-colour, with
red or chestnut angularly flexuous lines, expanded
in three places so as to form the cloudy bands ;
summit papillary ; aperture large; pillar with four
plaits. 5. . W. 21. 172. |

V. VESPERTILIO. Turbinate, crowned with
strong distant sharp tubercles, whitish or pale
fulvous, with reddish-brown angularly-flexuous
lines, and angular spots; spire muricated ; lip with
a sinus above; pillar with four plaits. 33. W.
21151.

V. musica. Ovate-turbinate, whitish, with
two bands, composed of brown transverse parallel

VOLUTA. MARGINELLA. 119

lines, between which, and above the upper, are
numerous rows of dark spots, which are divided
from the lines by a row of larger distant black
spots; body-whorl above and the whorls of the
spire noduliferous; pillar with the plaits, except
the lower ones, very small. 22. W. 21. 147.

MARGINELLA.

Shell ovate-oblong, smooth; spire short; outer lip
with a thickened margin; aperture sub-emargi-
nate at base ; columella plaited ; folds sub-equal.

* Spire salient.

M. GLABELLA. Ovate-oblong, fulvous grey,
with redder zones and minute white scattered
dots ; spire short and conic, with its apex obtuse ;
pillar with four plaits. 13. W. 26. 64.

M. CERULESCENS. Oblong, bluish or green-
ish grey, with a small conical spire; mouth pur-
plish brown; lip smooth; pillar with four plaits.
W. 20. 68.

M. NuBECULATA. Ovate-oblong, sub-turbi-
nated, whitish, with pale fulvous longitudinal
waved flammules, edged with black on one side;
body-whorl obtusely angular above; spire short,
conic, rather obtuse; sutures indistinct; pillar
with four plaits; lip smooth within. 13. W.
20. 65.

M. FaBaA. Sub-ovate, smooth, slightly plaited

120 BOOK OF SPECIES,

longitudinally ; the upper part of the whorls whit-
ish, palish olive, or flesh-colour, with rows of black
dots ; spire rather prominent ; lip crenated within;
pillar with four plaits. W. 20. 63.

M. Loneivaricosa. Ovate-oblong, shining,
very pale fulvous, with minute irregular scattered
white spots ; varix of the lip long, extending even
to the apex of the spire, spotted with yellow ;
spire very short; pillar with four plaits; lip obso-
letely crenated within. #.

M. sivArRicosa. Ovate, entire, smooth, white,
broadly marginated with tumid sides ; spire nearly
hidden; pillar four-plaited. lt. W. 19. 62.

** Spire not salient.

M. BuLLATA. Ovate-oblong, cylindraceous,
whitish, with numerous cloudy livid bands; apex
obtuse; lip smooth ; pillar with four plaits. 3.
W. 20. 70.

M. persicuLta. Obovate, smooth, shining,
whitish, covered with dull yellow or red spots;
apex obtuse and concave ; pillar with seven plaits ;
lip crenulated within. %. W. 19. 55.

M. LINEATA. Obovate, with the apex con-
cave and obtuse; white, girded with rather dis-

MARGINELLA. VOLVARIA. OVULA. 121

tant chestnut lines, sometimes forked as they near
the lip; pillar with seven plaits; lip striated
within. 2. EH. 377. 4.

VOLVARIA.

Shell cylindrical, convolute; spire scarcely exserted ;

aperture narrow, as long as the shell; colu-

mella with one or more folds at its inferior
part.

V. TRiITICEA. Ovate-oblong, sub-cylindrical,
whitish, generally with fulvous zones ; spire rather
prominent; lip depressed towards the middle ;
columella straight, with about four plaits. W.
19. 54.

LES ENROULEES.

OVULA.

Inflated, attenuated, or acuminated at each end;
lips curved inwards ; aperture ion Mtuiinal
narrow, effuse at the extremities; left lip not
indented.

O. ovirorMis. Ovate, inflated, ventricose in
the middle, smooth, milk-white; the extremities
rather prominent ; sub-truncated ; throat orange ;
. lip toothed. 31. W.18. 1.

O. verrucosa. Ovate, gibbous, transversely
G

122 BOOK OF SPECIES.

angulated, white, with the extremities tinted with
pink, and marked with a round wart encircled
by a hollow; lip toothed. 1. W. 18. 10.

O. aipBosA. Ovate-oblong, obtuse on both
sides, girded with an elevated obtuse angle ; white,
with rather an orange tint; lip smooth, but ob-
soletely toothed. 1. W. 18. 11.

CYPREA.

Shell oval or oval-oblong, convex, margins turned
inwards ; aperture longitudinal, narrow ; both
lips toothed; effuse at both extremities; spire
very small, scarcely apparent.

C. EXANTHEMA. Oblong, ferruginous, with
large whitish round spots, which as they near
the base become ocellated; dorsal'line pale; vio-
let within; teeth brown, from two to five; spire
evident... IV. 10.1. |

C. arcus. Oblong, sub-cylindrical, fawn-
colour, with brown rings above, and four large
dark spots at the base ; teeth brown; three; spire
as last. W. 16. 5.

C. TrESTUDINARIA. Oblong, sub-cylindrical,
depressed at the extremities, and marked like tor-
toise-shell, the dark parts of which, when perfect,
are freckled with white; aperture white ; four ;
spire as last. W. 16. 6.

C. MAURITIANA. Oyate, gibbous, intense

CYPREA. 123

brown, with large paler spots on the back; base
brownish black, dilated. 34. Spire obtuse. W.
17. 20.

C. ARABICA. Ovate-oblong, inscribed with
brown marking on a bluish or brownish-white
ground, somewhat resembling Arabic letters ;
dorsal streak simple; sides towards the base
thickened, and marked with purplish-black spots ;
base flesh-coloured, with chestnut teeth; throat
violet ; spire evident. 2. W. 16. 3.

C. nistrio. Oblong, or ovate-oblong, with
a kind of brown network, enclosing pale polygonal
markings; sides thickened, and somewhat tumid
at the base, generally tinged with bloom-colour
and spotted with black; spire evident. 2. W.
16, 4.

C. scurrA. Oblong, cylindraceous, with light-

coloured polygonal spots on a fulvous ground ;
border yellowish, spotted with brown; base flat ;
teeth brown. 2...1. W. 17.30.
) C. mus. Ovate, gibbous, whitish, mottled
with cinereous; dorsal line white, edged with
black spots, and generally with a large blotch of
black adjoining the spire ; teeth maroon brown ;
spire concealed. 1$...1. W. 17. 22.

C. TIGRIS. Ovate-ventricose, turgid, bluish
white, softening off to reddish toward the back,
with numerous large black splotches and a yellow

124 BOOK OF SPECIES.

dorsal line; white beneath; spire concealed; lips
not projecting above. 4. W. 17. 23.

C. TiGRINA. Ovate-oblong, reddish, with
very many small dark spots; dorsal line undu-
lated; lips projecting above; spire as last; base
white. 23. W. 17. 24.

C. raupa. Oblong, sub-cylindrical, tawny,
with three white bands; base rich blackish brown ;
inside! whites? 2.12) W. 16.10:

C. CARNEOLA. Oblong, pale livid, with flesh-
coloured bands; sides ashy, with lighter sand-like
markings; base yellowish; teeth violet. 1 to 2.
W. 16. 9.

C. turipDA. Ovate-oblong, lurid, with two
obsolete paler bands; extremities orange, with
two black spots; base whitish. 1 to 2. W.
los).

C. vIrELLUS. Ovate, sub-ventricose, fulvous,
with white guttules and spots; sides faintly sub-
striated and arenaceous ; base white ; inside blue.
1S to'25.. Wi dfs 22

C. CAPUT-SERPENTIS. Ovate, base much
spread and flat, the transverse section triangular ;
brown, with white spots on the back, darker on
the sides, with rather a saffron splotch at the ex-
tremities ; aperture whitish; within purple ;. spire
quite concealed... 13....2.. W. 17. 19.

C. tynx. Oblong-ovate, pale cinereous, with

lod

CYPREA. 125

more or less manifest different-sized brown spots ;
dorsal line yellowish; base reddish; intervals of
teeth saffron-colour ; the side whitish, with large
brown spots. W. 17. 25.

C. apusTa. Ovate-ventricose, sub-umbili-
cated above; back reddish brown, with two ob-
scure bands; sides and base blackish brown. 14.
W. 17. 3i.

C. Erosa. Oblong- ovate, yellowish, with
white spots, and a few eyes ; margin white, tumid
and toothed, with a purplish-brown spot on each
side. 1S. W. l/s 48,

C.caurica. Oblong-ovate, cinereous, spec-
kled and obsoletely zoned with brown; margin
tumid, nodulous, reddish, and spotted with dark
brown; base reddish, with whiter teeth. 14. W.
17. 45.

C. IsABELLA. Sub-cylindrical, light fawn-
colour, with irregular longitudinal dotted brown
lines; extremities orange ; base white; aperture
narrow; teeth small. 1}. W. 17. 28.

C. ocELLATA. Ovate, gibbous, fawn-colour,
with white spots, many of which have a dark eye
within them; margin slightly toothed, thickened,
and, as well as the base, reddish white, speckled
with chestnut. 32. W. 17. 54.

C. cripRARIA. Ovate-oblong, sub-umbili-
eated, yellowish or cinnamon colour, with round

126 BOOK OF SPECIES.

white confluent spots; base and margin white.
1. W217. 42.

C. ottvacea. Ovate-oblong, greenish, spec-
kled with brown; margin slightly thickened, pal-
ish flesh-colour and unspotted, as also is the base ;
purple within. 1. W. 17. 39.

C. uirunpdo. Oblong, with three undulated .
irregular livid bands, appearing under a yellowish
or cinereous coating, frequently minutely speckled
with rust-colour; extremities with two brown
spots ; sides whitish, and slightly speckled ; base
white ; and the teeth elongated. 3. W. 17. 35.

C. unpaTA. Ovate-ventricose, umbilicated ;
whitish, with three transverse bands of waved
longitudinal chocolate-brown markings ; base and
sides white. W. 17. 33.

C. zigzaG. Ovate, whitish cinereous, with
thin longitudinal yellow waves; extremities with
numerous brown spots; base and sides deep saf-
fron, with rich brown spots. 2. W. 17. 16. —

C. FLAVEOLA. Ovate, yellowish, with longi-
tudinal flexuous tawny clouds; margin slightly
toothed; sides whitish, spotted with brown; be-
neath white. #3. W. 17. 49.

C. porARIA. Ovate, violet fawn-colour, with
white spots, mostly circled by brown; base and
sides purplish white, unspotted; spire concealed.
2, W.17. 55. | 7

CYPREA. 127

C. aAsELLUS. Ovate-oblong, white, with three
deep-brown zones; sides and extremities unspot-
ted; teeth unequal. 3. W. 17. 38.

C. MONILIARIS. Ovate, umbilicated, whitish
cinereous, with very fine obsolete transverse con-
current yellow lines, and three rather livid zones ;
base and sides white and unspotted; teeth nearly
equal. 3. W. 17. 57.

C. ciceRULA. Ovate-globose, turgid, beaked
at both ends, white or pale fulvous, with raised
dots and a dorsal groove ; mouth narrow; and the
lower surface of the shell striated transversely. ?.
W. 17. 65.

C. gLosputus. Ovate, smoothish, ventricose,
sub-globose, beaked at each end, deep saffron, with
scattered brown spots; no dorsal line. 3. W.
Lf.:67:

C. HELVOLA. Ovate, turgid; back somewhat
livid, with white and stellated brown spots; sides
chestnut ; margin jagged, and, as well as the base,
of a rich orange brown. 3. W. 17. 53.

C.sTAPHYLEA. Ovate, livid, with raised white
dots, brown and slightly beaked at the extremi-
ties; base furrowed; a dorsal line. #2. As the
shell becomes more aged, the surface becomes
level and darker. W. 17. 64.

C. nucLteus. Ovate, whitish, with raised
wrinkles and tubercles, whereof the lateral ones
unite to the furrows of the margin; dorsal line

128 BOOK OF SPECIES.

distinct; extremities slightly beaked; base sul-
cated... 1. W. 17. 62:

C. moneTa. Ovate, marginated, yellowish
white ; margins tumid, white, and nodulous; base
flattened and white. 14. W. 17. 43.

C. annuus. Ovate, gibbous, greyish yel-
low, with the back surrounded by a yellow line;
the margin whitish, depressed, and smooth. +3.
W. 17. 44.

C. rapians. Roundish, deep flesh-colour ;
the dorsal line wide, on either side of which the
thick radiating ribs, which cover the flattened
base, and ascend to the back, end in tubercles.
$4 Wieh7..58:

C. pepicuutus. Ovate, flesh-colour, often
with a greyish tint, with several chocolate-brown
spots, transversely ribbed; a narrow dorsal groove;
base sulcated. 2. W. 17. 59.

C. cocciINELLA. Much resembles the last,
but has no dorsal groove, not more than three
spots; and the ribs much finer. B. %. W. 17.
60.

TEREBELLUM.

Convolute, sub-cylindrical, pointed at the summit ;

margin simple and acute; aperture longitudinal,

contracted at the upper part, notched at the
base ; pillar smooth, truncated at the bottom.

T.suBULATUM. Cylindraceous, subulate, thin,
smooth, glossy, with a distinct spire; whitish,

TEREBELLUM. ANCILLARIA. 129

with scattered or clouded with chestnut spots and

dots, or with dotted or angular oblique lines.
132. W. 18:41. |

ANCIiLLARIA.

Shell oblong, sub-cylindrical ; spire short, not chan-
nelled at sutures; aperture longitudinal, scarcely
emarginated at base, effuse; a callous oblique
variz at base of columella.

A. CINNAMONEA. Oblong-ventricose, cylin-
draceous, yellowish chestnut, with a white band
above; last whorl with two basal belts; aperture
acuminated above, effuse beneath; columellar
varix rufous and substriated. 2. 8S. 456.

A. vENTRICOSA. Ovate-ventricose, fulvous
orange; apex bluntish; columellar varix thick,
white, and rather smooth. 2.

A. canpipA. Elongated, semi-cylindrical,
white ; apex acute; sutures obsolete; columellar

varix sub-striated. 1}. E. 393. 6.
Go

130 BOOK OF SPECIES.

OLIVA.

Sub-cylindrical, convolute, smooth; spire short ;
sutures channelled ; aperture narrow, longitu-
dinal, and notched at the base; columella
obliquely striated ; no operculum.

O. porPHYREA. Large, sub-cylindrical, nu-
merous rich reddish-brown angular lines, closely
fasciculated at the top of each whorl, unite at in-
tervals into large masses upon a brilliant flesh-
coloured ground; base and spire tinted with violet;
the latter small and cuspidate ; from three to five.
Wiel9s29.

QO. TEXTILINEA. Cylindraceous, ashy white,
sub-reticulated by flexuous spots of a cloudy pur-
plish brown, edged with fulvous, which unite into
two or more bands of letter-like markings; spire
short; apex obtuse; callus of the canal and lip
yellowish ; the former projecting ; 22; when worn,
the markings are brown. E. 362. 5a. b.

O. ERYTHROSTOMA. Cylindraceous, white or
whitish, with rather thick longitudinal flexuous
lines of a purplish-brown and yellow tint, and
generally with two sub-interrupted brown bands ;
lip and columella orange or saffron. 24. W.
19. 30.

O. tREMULINA. Differs from the last by the
lines being more distant, and the mouth paler.

O. maura. Cylindrical, black or yellowish

OLIVA. 131

olive with a few brown transverse lines, or yel-
lowish chestnut with two bands, or greenish
fulvous with undulating brown spots, or rich
yellowish chestnut ; apex blunt; spire very short ;
lip rather thickened and marginated ; base of co-
lumella discoloured. 23+. W. 19.31.

O. EpIscopauis. Cylindraceous, thickish, with
crowded spots of purplish hue, edged with yellow,
on a pale ground; spire convex and pointed ;
throat deep violet. 12.

OQ. guTTata. Cylindraceous, with large ful-
vous spots, which are purple by reflection, scat-
tered on a pale ground; the purple is peculiarly
brilliant on the basal belt, and the spots beneath
the sutures cause them to appear crenulated; spire
elevated, acute, and very deeply channelled; throat
pale orange. 12. W. 19.32.

O. RETICULARIS. Cylindraceous, white, re-
ticulated by crowded sub-punctated flexuously-

132 BOOK OF SPECIES.

angular brown lines ; spire elongated and acute ;
mouth white; upper border of whorls with nu-
merous fasciculated lines. 14. K. 361. 1.

Q. LirreRATA. Cylindraceous, elongated,
pale fulvous or ash-colour, slightly tinted with
violet, and covered with numerous clouded fulvous
angularly flexuous longitudinal lines, and zoned
with two bands of letter-like markings; mouth
bluish; spire exserted, acute. 23. KE. 362. 1.

QO. rRicoLor. Cylindraceous, crowded with
yellow and green undulated markings on a whitish
ground ; spire short, variegated ; lip white; colu-
mella flesh-colour. 13. E. 365. 4.

QO. SANGUINOLENTA. Cylindraceous, finely
reticulated by deep-brown lineoles on a pale olive
ground, uniting at intervals so as to form two in-
terrupted bands; columella bright orange ; spire
very short. 14.

OLIVA. 133

OQ. SENEGALENSIS. Ovate, turgid above, with
its spire short, rounded off, and conical; whitish,
waved with wide red longitudinally flexuous lines;
mouth very slightly tinted with violet. 12. E.
364. 3.

O. unpATA. Ovate-ventricose, pale ash-
colour, waved with brown flexuous lines; spire
very short; columella tuberculated by compressed
Gallusess: » 12. W.19. 34:

O. sicincTa. Ovate-ventricose, white,
sprinkled with bluish-grey dots, and marked with
two yellowish-brown zones; spire short and mu-
cronated ; columella tuberculated. 14. E. 364. 1.

OQ. TESSELLATA. Cylindraceous, yellow,
sprinkled with violet - brown guttules; spire
short, callous; lip and pillar violet. 3. W. 19.
Minit

QO. cCARNEOLA. Cylindraceous, yellowish
orange, sub-fasciated with white; spire as last;
mouth white. #2. W. 19. 43.

QO. ispipuLA. Cylindraceous, narrow, vary-
ing in colour; spire rather prominent and acute;
mouth chocolate-colour. 14. E. 366. 6.

O. scripta. Cylindraceous, greyish fulvous,
covered with a fine fulyous network, and two ob-
solete bands of letter-like markings, whose depth
of colour varies in specimens ; spire very short;

mouth bluish. 12. E. 362. 4.

134 BOOK OF SPECIES.

O. urricutus. Ovate-ventricose above,
bluish ash-colour, with faint traces of the dark
brown marbling of the under coating of the shell;
an oblique yellow zone with brown flames at the
base of the body-whorl ; spire conoid, acute ; lip
and columella white; the latter callous. 23. W.
19. 37.

O. acum1naTA. Elongate, cylindrical, whitish,
marbled with ash-colour, usually with two distant
fulvous bands; spire exserted, acuminated; mouth
white ; columella callous above. 22. W. 19.
38.

O. HIATULA. Ventricose, conic, whitish or
bluish ash-colour, with flexuous brown veins ;
spire prominent, acute; mouth dilated beneath.
13. There is a smaller variety marked with small
pale-brown spots, and the plaits of a maroon
brown. W. 19. 39.

O. conorpALis. Ovate-conic, whitish or
greenish cinereous, veined with brown; the upper
margins with numerous fasciculi; spire elongated,
with its canal scarce evident; belt at the base
divided; 2; mouth white. W. 19. 4].

O.EBURNEA. Somewhat in shape resembling
the last, but more elongated and cylindrical; the
aperture widening downwards, and filling but half
the length of the shell; channel of the spire dis-
tinct; white, or white with two zones of large

OLIVA. CONUS. 135

purplish zigzags, and some similar marking at the
upper border. #...%. W. 19. 40.

O. nana. Small, ovate, livid ash- colour,
with brown or purple flexuous lines; spire rather
gibbous and prominent; columella with a callus.
4. W. 19. 44.

O. oryza. Minute, ovate-conic, white, un-
spotted; spire conoid. 3. W. 19. 46.

CONUS.

Turbinated, or inversely conical, convolute ; aper-
ture longitudinal, narrow ; not toothed; effuse
at the base.

* Spire coronated.

C. mMarmoREvs. Oblong-turbinate, the sur-
face covered with numerous sub-triangular large
white spots set in a dark ground; spire crowned
with tubercles, obtuse; whorls concavely chan-
nelled ; lip pinkish in the adult. 33. W. 14. 1.

C. aRANEOSUS. Turbinate, whitish, reticu-
lated by fine brown web-like meshes, and usually
with two brown interrupted bands; spire convex,
obtuse, mucronated, crowned with tubercles. 24.
W. 14. 3.

C. NEBULOSUsS. Turbinate, coronated, thick,
at times granulated, yellowish chestnut, marbled
with white spots, and lineated with brown trans-

136 BOOK OF SPECIES.

versely, and sometimes with brown lines inter-
rupted by small white spots. 21. W. 14. 37.

C. HEBR&US. Turbinate, coronated, white,
with transverse rows of somewhat four-sided black
spots, transversely striated towards the base ; spire
convex, obtuse. 175. W. 15. 77.

C. vermMicuLatTus. Differs from the last in
its surface being covered with longitudinal nar-
row black flammules instead of spots. E. 321.
1, 7, 8.

C. puLtcARIvs. Turbinated, coronated, white,
with two interrupted orange bands, and numerous
large spots of deep red brown ; spire sub-depressed
and mucronate; mouth whitish. 12. E. 320. 2.

C. varius. Oblong-turbinated, coronated,
muricated by granulations; white, spotted with
chestnut ; spire acute. 14. W. 15. 84.

C. rutipa. Oblong-ventricose, bluish white,
with irregular waved longitudinal reddish bands,
and transverse dotted lines; spire depressed, and
the whorls concave, very indistinctly if at all
coronated ; aperture effuse ; 23; mouth bluish.
W. 16. 154.

C. Grocrapuus. Oblong-ventricose, coro-
nated, white, clouded, and semi-reticulated by
fulvous, maroon, or flesh-colour; spire concave,
obtuse; mouth white and effuse. 44. W. 16.
155. :

CONUS. 137

C. tivipus. Turbinate, coronated, livid, with
a white band above, and another beneath the
middle of the whorl; near the base are usually
transverse granulated striz; base and throat pur-
plish; spire white and obtuse. 12. W. 15. 58.

** Spire not coronated.

C.MILLEPUNCTATUS. Turbinate, ponderous,
white, with several rows of brown or black spots ;
spire flattish, obtuse ; whorls sub-canaliculated,
the upper border of the last angular. 4}. E.
323. 2, 3, 5.

C. nirrerRAtTus. Turbinate, white, with trans-
verse rows of dark spots, and often with two or
three somewhat yellow bands; spire flat and trun-
cated; whorls channelled, and generally marked
with dark-brown transverse stripes; 3%; base
darkish. W. 14. 7.

C. eBURNEUS. Turbinate, furrowed at the
base, white, with several rows of squarish fulvous
deep-brown or black spots, and two yellowish
zones ; spire obtuse, variegated, striated, and acu-
minated. 14. W. 14.8.

C. TESSELLATUS. Turbinate, white, with seve-
ral rows of scarlet quadrangular spots ; grooved
and somewhat violet at the base; spire plano-
obtuse, acuminated, 253. W. 14. 9.

C.GENERALIS. Oblong, turbinate, brown or
citron-colour, with interrupted white bands and

138 BOOK OF SPECIES.

the base black ; spire flat, marginated ; apex acu-
minated. 21. W. 14. 10.

C. monite. Oblong-turbinate, pale reddish
or fulvous, with a white band, and several rows of
rufous lines and spots; spire flat and canaliculated;
apex acuminated. 23. EK. 325. 7.

C. vutpinus. Turbinated, red, with a paler
band, and obsolete fulvous threadlike transverse
lines, furrowed and semi-granulated at the base ;
spire obtuse, striated, and spotted with brown.
2. EH. 326. 4, 6, 8.

C. virco. Turbinate, most minutely striated
transversely, and wrinkled at the base; yellowish,
or pale flesh-colour, under which coating it is pure
white ; base violet; spire slightly convex and ob-
tuse. From 1} to 4. W. 14. 13.'

C. capiraneus. Turbinate, yellowish olive
or brownish fulvous, zoned with a white band
above and another in the middle of the body-
whorl, both spotted with brown and transverse
punctated lines; spire short, rounded, with radi-
ating white spots. 22. W. 14. 15.

C. mites. Turbinate, pale yellowish, girded
with a ferruginous band above the middle of the
body-whorl, and adorned with longitudinally flex-
uous fulvous threads; base blackish; spire plano-
obtuse. 34. W. 14. 19.

C. Mercator. Turbinate, oval, white, with

CONUS. 139

zones of, or entirely covered with, a yellow net-
work ; grooved at the base; spire striated and
convex. 11. W. 15. 65.

C. FIGULINUS. ‘Turbinate-ventricose, and
rounded above; dull reddish brown or cinnamon-
colour, zoned with red lines; spire convex and
mucronate. 33. W. 15. 67.

C. querRcinus. Turbinate, pale yellowish,
girded with very fine darker threads ; spire plano-
obtuse, striated, and angular at its base. 2?.
W. 15. 68.

C. PAPILIONACEUS. Turbinate, thick, pon-
derous, with fulvous somewhat square or oblong-
vertical spots and dots in transverse rows; spire
convex, sub-canaliculated, mucronated. 33. 330.
ie eto

C. verRucosus. Turbinate, grooved, granu-
lated, whitish or yellowish, usually variegated
with fulvous ; spire acuminated and pointed. #.
K. 333. 4.

C. FumIGATus. Turbinate, reddish chestnut,
with a white band a little below the middle ; spire
obtuse, canaliculated, and angular at its base. EK.
336. 7.

C. GUBERNATOR. Oblong -turbinate, ven-
tricose above, somewhat depressed in the middle,
pinkish, with sub-lineated brown oblong spots ;

140 BOOK OF SPECIES.

spire obtuse, channelled, mucronate. 31. W.
16. 133.

C. striatus. Cylindraceous, turbinate,
wrinkled at the base; white, or pinkish white,
spotted with fulvous or dark brown, and most
finely striated transversely; spire obtuse and
channelled. 32. W. 16. 132.

C. steRcUs MusScARUM. Cylindraceous, tur-
binate, pale flesh-colour, with numerous crowded
rows and masses of dark dots; spire convex, ob-
tuse, channelled; throat and apex pink. 14. W.
15.78:

C. NUSSATELLA. Sub-cylindrical, elongated,
transversely striated, sometimes granulated; white,
clouded with fulvous or orange ; numerous rows
of brown or dark-coloured dots; spire convex, ex-
serted. 22. W. 16, 123.

C. auuicus. Sub-cylindrical, elongated,
brown, chestnut or maroon, with somewhat trian-
gular or heart-shaped white spots, grouped mostly
longitudinally, but some transversely; very finely
striated transversely; the spire acute. 43. W.
16. 145.

C. TExTILE. Ovate-cylindraceous, yellowish
orange, with close longitudinal flexuous brown
lines, and numerous small triangular white spots
edged with brown, and grouped either transverse-

CONUS. ORTHOCERA. 141

ly, longitudinally, or in bands. At times the shell
is white, and the spots clouded with orange or
violet blue; towards the base it is slightly grooved;
and the spire is acuminated, with its lower whorls

slightly concave. 33. W. 16. 136.

CEPHALOPODES.

ORTHOCERA.

Elongated, straight, or slightly curved, sub-coni-
cal, striated externally by numerous longitu-
dinal ribs; chambers formed by transverse
septa, perforated by a central or marginal
tube.

O. costatus. Sub-cylindric, straight, with
four strong longitudinal ridges, but little taper-
ing; sub-globose; twelve chambers. 7. B. W.
13. 25.

O. sucosus. Sub-cylindrical, slightly curved,
with numerous longitudinal ribs, and nine globose
chambers, the first the longest, the last produced
into a conical neck, with a round aperture ; brown.

Soy a Ws Renae

142 BOOK OF SPECIES.

NODOSARIA.

Hlongated, straight or slightly arched, sub-conical,
nodular; nodules globular, very smooth; cham-
bers formed by transverse septa, perforated in
the centre or near the margin.

N.RADICULA. Nearly straight, a little taper-
ing; joints transverse; chambers sub-cylindric,
eight:or nine. “=. B.. WAS: 27.

SPIRULA.

Cylindrical, thin, almost transparent, white or pearl-
colour, multilocular, partly twisted into a dis-
coidal spiral ; whorls distant from one another,
the last produced in a straight line; septa
transverse, placed at equal distances from each
other, externally concave ; siphon lateral, inter-
rupted ; aperture orbicular.

S. PERONII. W. Nautilus. 13. 16.

CRISTELLARIA.

Shell semi-discoid, multilocular ; whorls contiguous,
simple, progressively enlarging ; spire eccentric,
sub-lateral; septa imperforate.

C. sqgquaAMULA. W. 14. 47.

ORBICULINA. MILLIOLA. PLACENTULA. 143

ORBICULINA.

Shell sub-discoidal, multilocular ; whorls contiguous
and compound ; spire eccentric ; chambers short,
very numerous ; septa imperforate.

O. uncinAaTA. W. 14. 58.

MILLIOLA.

Shell transverse, oval-globular or elongated, multi-
locular ; chambers transverse, surrounding the
axis, and successively covering one another;
aperture very small, situated at the base of the
last whorl, orbicular, or oblong.

M. 1nrortum. Mouth compressed, with a
simple tooth attached to the proximal side, a
little compressed ; the external margin sub-acute ;
three chambers are usually visible on one side,
and four on the other; slightly striated across,
and the suture distinct. ;. B. W. 38. 2.

PLACENTULA.

Shell orbicular, convex above and below, multilocu-
lar; aperture oblong, narrow, disposed as a ray
in the inferior disc, or on both discs.

P. asTERISANS. W. 13. 39.

144 BOOK OF SPECIES.

POLYSTOMELLA.

Shell discoid, multilocular ; whorls contiguous, not
apparent externally, radiated exteriorly by strie
or coste running in the direction of the whorls;
aperture of many holes variously disposed.

P. crispus.. W18.'8.

ie

VORTICIALIS.

Shell discoidal, spiral, multilocular; whorls con-
tiyuous, not apparent externally ; septa trans-
verse, imperforate, not extending from the
centre to the periphery; aperture marginal.

V. sTRIGILATA. W. 13. 4l.

NAUTILUS.

Discoidal, spiral, multilocular; parietes simple,
without any suture; whorls contiguous, the
last enveloping the sutures; chambers numerous,
narrow, transverse, formed by transverse septa,
last chamber very large; septa concave on the
side next the aperture, their discs perforated
by a tube, and their margins very simple.

N. poMpiLius. Sub-orbicular, with the whorls

smooth both on the back and sides; aperture
oblong, heart-shaped; umbilicus concealed; white,

NAUTILUS. ARGONAUTA. 145

with transverse rufous flames gradually ceasing
towards the lip; diam. 72. W. Nautilus. 13. 1.
N. UMBILICATULUS. Sub-orbicular, umbili-
cated on both sides; all the whorls manifested
within the umbilicus ; sides of the whorls obtusely
wrinkled; aperture rounded, heart-shaped ; colour

much resembling the preceding. 6.

AUN Ay
Y NN JN
WZ (i) ZN
HTH <\
\ li i) -
. =
\ —
AY =)

\ S
Eee ye
ar ae
ARGONAUTA.

— Shell univalve, unilocular, involute, very thin; spire
bicarinate, tuberculous, re-entering the aper-

ture.
A. ARGO. Large, involute, very thin, white,

sides transversely ribbed; ribs frequent, forked
near the keel; carine approximate, tubercular,
partly blackish red; tubercles small, very nu-

merous. S. 485.
H

146 BOOK OF SPECIES.

A. TUBERCULOSA. Large, involute, thin,
white; the sides with tuberculiferous transverse

wrinkles ; the tubercles of the keels very promi-_

nent and conic ; aperture wider in proportion than
the last. W. 13. 2.

CARINARIA.

Univalve, conical, compressed at the sides, uni-
locular, very thin, hyaline ; apex spiral; back
sometimes with a dentated carina; aperture
oblong, entire.

C. virrea. W. Argonauta. 13. 6.

THE END.

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The young conchologist’s book of species