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THE UNIVERSITY
OF ILLINOIS

LIBRARY

SIO.G
ee

Return this book on or before the
Latest Date stamped below.

....---University of Illinois Library

L161—H41

JOURNAL

OF

THE PROCEEDINGS

OF

THE LINNEAN SOCIETY.

ZOOLOGY.

VOL..VE.

LONDON:
SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S APARTMENTS, BURLINGTON HOUSE;
‘ AND BY
LONGMAN, GREEN, LONGMANS AND ROBERTS,
AND
WILLIAMS AND NORGATE.
1862.

LIST OF PAPERS.

Page
Bares, H. W., Esq.
Contributions to an Insect Fauna of the Amazon Valley.—LZepi-
igre PINCUS ele eed ie ln ats een ae eed ye gee 73

Busk, Greores, F.R.S., Sec. LS.
Observations on some Skulls from Ceylon, said to be those of
ony eae ely a Rea PRP Tae eae Ey gO ER SY ae EM, 166

CopBpo Lp, T. Spencer, M.D., F.L.S.
Histological Observations on the Eye of the Cod-fish (Morrhua
vulgaris), with especial reference to the Choroid Gland and
me Conse of tt Getge oe es ee Sek. Ls... Sn ew ee. 145

Covucu, JonaTHAN, F.LS.
Note on the Occurrence of the Crustacean Scyllarus Arctus in
EMD eo ST eee 9 5 iho 2 Ss fa EES oi ws HDR See: 78

Lavueurin, WiiiiaM, A.L:S.
Observations on the Choice of Food in the Cod and Ling...... 165

LincEcum, GrpEon, M.D.
Notice on the Habits of the “ Agricultural Ant” of Texas .... 29

MacpDonaLD, JouN DEnIs, R.N., FRS.
On a New Genus of Tunicata occurring on one of the Bellona
Res ge oe Oe pie ee Rete eke, OE eo 3a tog ad 78

NEWTON, ALFRED, M.A., F.L.S.

On the Possibility of taking a Zoological Census ............ 23
REEVE, LovE 11, F.L:S.
On the Structure of the Mantle in Testacella ................ 158
SALTER, S. James A., M.B., F.L.S., F.G.S.
On the Cranial Characters of the Snake-Rat, new to the British
Pek aie ec ook Re Rats o. 66

iv
Page
SMITH, FREDERICK, Esq.
Descriptions of some New Species of Ants from the Holy Land,
with a Synonymic List of others previously described ...... 31
Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects collected by Mr. A. R.
Wallace in the Islands of Ceram, Celebes, Ternate, and
CF) [ce he wa Paroenunratele Rsmpm riya Sui > Ako 36

STAINTON, H. T., F.L.S.
On the Abnormal Habits of some Females of the Genus Orgyia.. 156

VinEN, E. Hart, M.D., F.LS.
Description of a curious Form of Dipterous Larva ............ z

WaLkKER, Francis, F.L.S.
Catalogue of the Dipterous Insects collected at Gilolo, Ternate,
and Ceram by Mr. A. R. Wallace, with Descriptions of New
PSPOCHES 5a. e exgupaite ucla wey ath pw tan Ma a 4
Catalogue of the Heterocerous Lepidopterous Insects collected
at Sarawak, in Borneo, by Mr. A. R. Wallace, with Descrip-
tions.of New Gipecies t.,:) .godk Linck ae eeolgee 82, 171

West, TuFFEN, F.L.S.
On certain Appendages to the Feet of Insects subservient to
Holding orsOlimbing® $...6.09 ickd wis igs be worndt » dane hae 26

LIST

OF

THE LINNEAN SOCIETY

OF

LONDON.

1862.

hs me
so nts Pie
’ ne

ah)

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

PATRON.

HER SACRED MAJESTY QUEEN VICTORIA.

HONORARY MEMBER.

HIS MAJESTY LEOPOLD, KING OF THE BELGIANS, K.G.

COUN OC Tas

GrorGE Bentuam, Esq., President.

Tuomas Bexu, Esq., Vice-President.

Joun JosePH BENNETT, Esq., Vice-President.
Beriau Botriep, Esq., M.P.

Grorce Buskx, Esq., Secretary.

Henry Curisty, Esq.

FREDERICK CurREY, Esq., Secretary.
Micuaret Paxennam EpGEeworts, Esq.

J. E. Gray, Ph.D.

JosePpH Dautton HooxeEr, M.D., Vice-President.
Joun Lussock, Esq.

DANIEL Outver, Esq.

R. C. ALEXANDER Prior, M.D.
Lovey Reeve, Esq.

Witiram Wixson Saunpers, Esq., Treasurer & Vice-President.

*,* On the 24th of May, 1863, Five Members of this Council are to be removed, and Five other Members
from among the Fellows are to be elected in their room,

FELLOWS.

An Asterisk is prefixed to the names of those Fellows who have gompomnded for their

Date of Election.

1848.
1856.
1831.
1861.
1822.
1857.
1859.
1861.
1838.
1855.
1843.
1825,
1818.
1830.
1860.
1823.

1830.

1853.

1847.
1844.

1856.
1851.
1859.
1829.

1861.

Jan. 18.
Mar. 18.
Jan. 18.
Nov. 7.

Apr... 2.
Dec. 3.

Dec. 16.

June 1.

Jan. 18.

Feb. 16.
June 18.

Dec. 2.
Noy. 4.
Dec. 1.

June 2.

Apr. 4.

annual contributions.

Adams, Arthur, Esq., Surg. R.N. 27 Sutherland-place, Bays-
water. W. : !
Adams, Henry, Esq. 19 Hanover Villas, Notting-hill. W.
*Addison, William, M.D., F.R.S. 48 Norfolk-square, Brighton,
Ainsworth, Samuel, Esq. Spring Grove, Middlesex.
* Alexander, Richard Dykes, Esq. Ipswich.
Allis, Thomas, Esq., Hon. Sec. Yorksh. Phil. Soc. Osbald«
wick Hall, near York.

.|*Anderson, Thomas, M.D., Officiating Superintendent of the

Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta.

.|*Andy, Senjee Pulney, M.D., M.R.C.S. Madras.

.|*Ansell, Thomas, M.D. Harley-place, Bow. E.

.|*Archer, William, Esq. Cheshunt, Tasmania.

.|*Armstrong, Robert, M.D., Deputy Inspector of Hospitals and

| Fleets.

5. | *Arnott, GeorgeA. Walker, Esq. LL.D., F.R.S.Ed., dead. Cas.

Nat. Cur. Soe. , Reg. Prof. Bot. in the Univer sity ‘of Glas sgow.
.|*Ashburner,JohnF,, M.D.7 Hyde-park-pl., Cumberland-gate.W.
*Atkinson, William, Esq. 47 Gordon-square. W.C.

* Atkinson, William S., Esq. M.A., Director of Public In-

struction, Calcutta.
*Austen, George, Esq.

*Babington, Charles Cardale, Esq. M.A., F.R.S. and G.S.,
Prof. Bot. in Univ. Cambr., Sec. Camb. Phil. Soc. St.
John’s College, Cambridge.

*Babington, Rev. Churchill, B.D., Fellow of St. John’s Col-
lege, Cambridge.

’ Baird, William, M.D. British Museum. W.C.

*Balfour, John Hutton, M.D., F.R.S. L. and E., Rey. Prof.

_ Bot. Edinburgh.
Ball, John, Esq. M.R.L.A. 18 Park-street, Westminster. S.W.

*Bamber, R. Parr, Esq. Barton-upon-Irwell, near Manchester.

Barford, Alfred Henry, Esq. B.A. 1 Cornwall-terrace,
Regent’s-park. N.W.

*Barlow, Rev. John, M.A., F.R.S. and G.S. 5 Berkeley-
street, Piccadilly. W.

*Barnard, Major R. Carey, late of H. M. 41st Reg, Cam-
bridge House, Bayshill, Cheltenham.

‘ B

Date of Election.

1824.
1860.
1857.

1854.
1833.

1856.
1850.
1815.

Mar. 16.
Apr. 5.
Mar. 17.

Apr. 18.
Mar. 19.

Nov. 4.
Feb. 19.
May 2.

Feb. 15.
. Mar. 17.

5. Mar. 4.

,dan. 20.
9. July 16.
5 June 16.

6

*Barnes, Philip, Esq. Norwich.
*Barrett, Lucas, Esq. Manchineal Bay, Jamaica.

Barth, Henry, LL.D., Acad. Ces. Nat. Cur. Soc., Acad, Reg.
Berolin. Corresp. 6 Schelling-strasse, Berlin.

Bate, Charles Spence, Esq. F.R.S. 8 Mulgrave-place, Plymouth.

*Bateman, James, Esq. F.R.S. and R.H.S. Knypersley Hall,
Staffordshire.
Beardsley, Amos, Esq. Grange, Newton in Cartmel.
*Bedingfeld, Rev. James. Bedingfeld, Suffolk. _

Bett, Tuomas, Esq. F.R.S. and G.S., Prof. Zool. King’s
Coll. Lond., Acad. Ces. Nat. Cur. Soe., Soc. Hist. Nat. et
Philom. Pas Acad. Sc. Philad., Soc. Hist. Nat. Bost.,
et Lit. et Sc. Hung. Corresp. Selborne, Hants. Vice-
PRESIDENT.

.|*Bennett, George, M.D., F.R.C.S., F.Z:S., Member of the

Med. Faculty of the Univer sity, Sy dney, New South Wales.
BENNETT, JOHN JosupH, Esq. F.R.S., Soc. Reg. Bot. Ratisb.
Corresp. British Museum. W.C. Vicr-PRESIDENT.

.|*BentHaM, Grorce, Esq. F.R.S. 25 Wilton-place. S.W.

PRESIDENT.

.| Bentley, Robert, Esq. M.R.C.S., Prof. Bot. King’s Coll.

Lond. ; Prof. Mat. Med. and Bot. to the Pharmaceut. Soc.
of Great Britain ; Prof. Bot. London Instit. 55 Clifton-
road, St. John’s-wood. N.W.

.|*Berkeley, Rev. Miles Joseph, M.A., Acad. Ces. Nat. Cur.

Soc. King’s Cliffe, Wansford.
* BEVERLEY, GrorGE, Earl of, F.R.A.S. 8 Portman-square. W.
*Beverly, Charles James, Esq. F.R.S. 2 Cambridge-place,
‘Widcombe-hill, Bath.

.|*Bigelow, Jacob, M.D., Prof. Mat. Med. Harvard University,

Cambridge, New England.

.|*Bird, Rev. Charles Smith, M.A., Chancellor of Lincoln. The

Chancery, Lincoln.

.|*Bird, Peter Hinckes, Esq. F.R.C.S. and R.H.S. 1 Norfolk-

square, Hyde-park. W.

.|*Birkett, John, Esq. F.R.C.S. 59 Green-street, Grosvenor-

square. W.

.|*Blackwall, John, Esq. Hendre House, near Llanrwst, Den-

bighshire.

Blunt, George Vernon, M.D., Prof. Med. Jurisp. Queen’s
Coll. Birm. 7 Old-square, Birmingham.

Bohn, Henry G., Esq. North End House, Twickenham. 8. W.

*Boott, Francis, M.D., Acad. Amer. Bost. Soc. Hon. 24

Gower-street, Bedford-square. W.C.

.|*Borrer, William, Esq. M.A. Cowfold, Sussex.
.|*Botfield, Beriah, Esq. M.P., F.R.S., S.A., G.S. and ILS.

5 Grosvenor-square, W.; and Norton Hall, Northampton.

*Bowerbank, James Scott, Esq. LL.D., F.R.S. and G.S. 3
Highbury-grove, Islington. N.

*Boycott, Thomas, M.D. Canterbury.

*Boys, Henry, D.C.L. Toronto, Upper Canada,

Bradford, Edward, Esq., Dep. Inspector-Gen. of Hospitals ;
Hon, Surg. to the Queen. KR, Military College, Sandhurst,
’arnborough,

Date of Election.

1860. June 7.| Bradley, Charles Lawrence, Esq. F.R.C.S. 4 Belitha Villas

1859. Mar.
1859. Mar.

1860. May
1834. Dec.

1854. Apr. 18.
1844. Jan. 16.
1859. June 2.
1850. Feb. 5
1856. Dec. 2
1861. Mar. 7.
1861. Feb. 7.
1859. Nov. 3.

7.

ee
3.
2.

7

_ West, Barnsbury-park. N.
Brady, Henry Bowman, Esq. 40 Mosley-st., Newcastle-on-
Tyne.
Braikenridge, Rev. George Weare, M.A. Clevedon, Somerset.
*Brandis, D., M.D., Government Inspector of Forests, Pegu.
Brayley, Edward William, Esq. F.R.S., G.S. and C.S., Assoc.
Inst. Civ. Eng.; Soce. Phil. Amer., et Basil. Corresp. ;
Libr. Lond. Instit. 2 Beauchamp Villas, sinagraceom road,
West Hackney. N.
Bree, Charles Robert, M.D., Physician to the Essex and
Colchester Hospital. East Hill, Coichester.
Brightwell, Thomas, Esq. Surrey-street, Norwich.

.| Brown, Edward, Esq. Stacey-place, Slough.
.| *Brydges, Sir Harford James Jones, Bart. Boultibrooke, Pres-

teign, Radnorshire.

.|*Bucciteucu and QuEENSBERRY, WALTER FrRANcts, Duke

of, K.G., D.C.L., F.R.S.L. and E., President of the Royal
Horticultural Society. Belgrave-square. S.W.
Buckley, Nathaniel, M.D. Rochdale, Lancashire.

.|*Buckman, James, Esq. F.G.S., Prof. Nat. Hist. in the

Agricultural College, Cirencester.

.|*Buckton, George Bowdler, Esq. F.R.S. 55 Queen’s-gardens,

Bayswater. W.

.|*Buckton, Woodyer Merricks, Esq. 7 Kensington-gardens-

square, Bayswater. W.

.|*Buller, Walter Lawry, Esq. Wellington, New Zealand.

Bunbury, Sir Charles James Fox, Bart., F.R.S. and GS.
Barton Hall, Bury St. Edmunds.

Burchell, William John, Esq. D.C.L., Soc. Nat. Scrutat.
Berolin. Soc. Fulham. 8.W.

.|*Burney, Rev. Charles Parr, D.D., F.R.S., S.A., G.S. and

H.S8., Archdeacon of St. Albans. Rectory House, Wickham
Bishops, Witham, Essex.

.|*Burton, Edward, Esq. F.R.S., Surgeon to the Forces. Brook-

lyn, near Maidstone.

.|*Busx, GeorGe, Esq. F.R.C.S.E., F.R.S. & G.S., Surgeon to

the Seamen’s Hospital. 15 Harley-street.W. Secrerary.

.|*Butter, John, M.D., F.R.S. Plymouth.

Byerley, Isaac, Esq. F.R.C.S. Seacombe, Cheshire.

Camplin, John Mussendine, M.D. 33 Compton-terrace,
Ishngton. N.

Camps, William, M.D. 40 Park-street, Grosvenor-square. W.

Capel, Rev. George, M.A. Manor-road, Carshalton. S.

* Carpenter, William Benjamin, M.D.,#.R.S.andG.S8.,Socc. Bio-

log. et Philom. Paris. Socius ; Soc. Phil. Amer. Corresp. ;
Registrar of the University of London. 8 Queen’s-road
West, Regent’s-park. N.W.

Carrington, Benjamin, M.D. Asylum-road, Lincoln.

Carruthers, William, Esq. British Museum.

Carte, Alexander, A.M., M.B., F.R.C.S.1., M.R.I.A., Di-
rector of the Mus. Nat. Hist. R. Dublin Soc. Royal
Hospital, Kilmainham, Dublin.

B 2

_

Date of Eicction.

1833. Nov. 19.

1846.

" 1835.

1846.
1861.

1824,
1860.

1861.
1830.
1832.
1836,

1515,

. Noy.
. Dec.

. Apr.

. Mar.

Feb. 17.

Dec. 1.
Dec. 1.

}.

Feb.

Nov. 21.
June 21.

May 6.
Jan. 18.
4,

Nov.

Feb. 15.:

Nov.
Nov.
Mar.

Noy. 4.

May 4.
Dec. 17.

. Nov. 18.

Mar.

Apr.

Mar. 16.
Feb. 16.

Feb. 21.
Jan. 19.
May 1
Apr. 1d,

Feb. 3.

4,
4,

iE

3.

y%
June 20.

8

*Cartwright, Samuel, Esq. F.R.S. and G.S. 32 Old Burling-
ton-street. W.

Cautley, Lieut.-Col. Sir Proby T., K.C.B., B.A., F.R.S., G.S.
and R.H.S., Bengal Artillery. 31 Sackville-street, Picca-
dilly.- W.

* Chambers, Robert, Esq. F.G.S. Verulam-terrace, St. John’s
Wood. N.W. .

Champion, John Francis, Esq. F.R.G.S. 5 Gresham-road,
Brixton. 8.

*Chance, Edward John, Esq. F.G.S. 59 Old Broad-street,
City. E.C. :
*Chapman, David Barclay, Esq. F.H.S. Roehampton. S.W.

Christy, Henry, Esq. 103 Victoria-street, Westminster.

S.W.

Clapton, Edward, M.D. 4 St. Thomas’s-street. S.E.
*Clark, Rev. Hamlet, M.A. 12 Orchard-street, Portman-
square. W.
*Clarke, Benjamin, Esq. Mount Vernon, Hampstead. N.W.
*Clarke, Joshua, Hsq. Saffron Walden, Essex.
*Clechorn, Hugh F. C., M.D., Conservator of Forests,
Madras.

Cobhold, Thomas Spencer, M.D., Lect. Bot.,Zool.§; Comp. Anat.
at the Middlesex Hosp. Med. Coll. 39 Norland-square,
Notting-hill. W.

Cockle, John, M.A., M.D., F.R.A.S., F.R.C.S.E. 634 Brook-
street AV. ,

* Cogswell, Charles, M.D. Halifax, Nova Scotia.

Cole, Robert, Esq. Holybourn Lodge, near Alton, Hants.

Colebrooke, Lt.-Gen.Sir William M.G.,C.B.,K.C.H. Datchet.

Collings, Rev. William Thomas, M.A., F.G.S. Seigneur de
Serk, near Guernsey.

*Collingwood, Cuthbert, Esq. M.A., M.B., M.R.C.P., Lect.
Bot. R. Infirm. School of Med. 15 Oxford-street, Liverpool.
Conquest, John T., M.D. 13 Finsbury-square. E.C.
*Cooke, Edward William, Esq. A.R.A. The Ferns, Hyde-park-
gate South, Kensington. W.

Cooke, Robert T. E. Barrington, Esq. B.A., M.R.C.S8. Scars
borough, Yorkshire.

*Coope, Augustus Frederick, M.D.
Brighton.
*Corsellis, Charles Cesar, M.D.

Cotsell, John Thomas Head, Esq. St. Mary’s-road, Peck-
ham. 8.E,

*Couch, Jonathan, Esq. Polperro, Cornwall.

*Coulson, William, Esq. F.S.A. 1 Chester-terrace, Regent’s-
park. N.W.

Crichton, Arthur William, Esq. 11 Eaton-place. S.W.

*Crompton, Dickinson Webster, Esq. Birmingham.

Cuming, Hugh, Esq. 80 Gower-street. W.C.

*Currey, Frepericx, Iisq. M.A., F.R.S.
park, S.E, Secrerary.

32 Montpelier-crescent,

Blackheath-

'* Dale, JamesCharles, Esq. M.A., F.C.P.S. Glanville’s Wootton,

near Sherborne, Dorset,

Date of Election.

1849. Feb. 20.
1822. Mar. 5.

1855. Feb. 6.

1854. Mar.

1830

1839.

1833.
1839.
1855.
1831.
1857.
1836.

1845.
1832.
1861.
1861.
1860.

1859.
1854.

1858.
1859.
1842.
1859.
1859.

1833.
1844,

1844, May 7.
» Dec.

1860

. Mar.
Nov.
1857. Dec.

1855.
1849.

Dec.
Jan.

Feb.

Jan.

Apr.
Feb.

Dec.

Nov.

Nov.
Dec.

Apr.

Apr.

Mar.

Mar.

Mar.

Dec.
Dec.

18.
-|*Dickson, Robert, M.D. 16 Hertford-street, Mayfair. W.
20.

e285
Ric
17.

9

Dallas, William Sweetland, Esq. Museum, York.

*Daniel, Rev. Richard, M.A., F.S.A. and G.S. Combs, near
Stowmarket, Suffolk.’

*Daniell, William Freeman, M.D., F.R.C.S. and G.S., Staf’

Surgeon.

.-|*Darwin, Charles, Esq. M.A., F.R.S. and G.S., Acad. Ces.

Nat. Cur. Soc. Down, Bromley, Kent. S.E.
Daubeny, Charles G. B., M.D., F.R.S., G.S. and H.S., Hon.
M.R.1.A.,Professorof Botany and Rural Economy, Oxford.

.|*Davis, Richard, Esq. F.R.H.S. 9 St. Helen’s-place, Bishops-

gate-street. E.C.

-|*Day, Francis, Esq. Assist. Surg., Madras Army.

Deane, Henry, Esq. Clapham-common. 8.

De Grey and Ripvon, Georcre Freperick SAMUEL, Earl,
F.R.S. and R.G.S. 1 Carlton-gardens. S.W.

Dickinson, John, Esq. F.R.S.,A.S.andG.S. 39 Upper Brook-
street, W.; and Abbot’s Hill, Hemel Hempstead, Herts.

.-|*Dickinson, Joseph, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., M.R.LA. Great

George-square, Liverpocl.
*Dickinson, William, Esq. Shannon House, Workington.

*Dilke, Sir Charles Wentworth, Bart. F.G.S. and R.H.S. 76
Sloane-street. S.W.

-|*Dillwyn, Lewis Llewelyn, Esq. M.P., F.G.S. Hendrefoilan, — *

Swansea.
Doubleday, Edward, Esq. F.R.C.S. Long Clawson, near
Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire.

.|* Downes, Rev. John, M.A. Horton, Northampton.

Dresser, Christopher, Ph.D., F. Bot. Soc. Ed., Prof. Bot.
Dep. of Science and Art, S. Kens. Museum ; Lect. Bot.
St. Mary’s Hosp. Hammersmith. W.

-|*Duckworth, Henry, Esq. 2 Gambia-terrace, Liverpool.
-|*Dunning, Joseph William, Esq. M.A. 1 Field-court, Gray’s

fan W.C:
Durham, Arthur Edward, Esq. 43 Trinity-sq., Southwark. S.E.
Dyster, Frederick D., M.D. Tenby, Pembrokeshire.

Eardley, Eardley G. Culling, Esq. Hungershall-park, Tun-
bridge Wells.

.|*Eatwell, William T. B., M.D. Surgeon, Bengal Army ;

Principal of the Medical Coilege, Calcutta.

.|* Edgeworth, Michael Pakenham, Esq., late Beng. Civ. Serv.,

Mastrim House, Anerley. S.

*Elliot, Walter, Esq. late Madras Civil Service. Wolfelee,
Roxburghshire.

*Elphinstone, Howard Warburton, Esq. M.A. 45 Cadogan-
place. S.W.

*Enderby, Charles, Esq. F.R.S. 13 Great St. Helen’s. E.C.

3.| Ewer, Walter, Esq. F.R.S., G.S. & H.S. 8 Portland-place. W.

5.

Falconer, Hugh, A.M., M.D., F.R.S., H.S. and G.S., late
Surgeon, Bengal Army. 21 Park-crescent, Regent’s-pk. N.W.

Farre, Frederic John, M.D. Northumberland House, Lee-
road, Lee, Kent.

Date of Election.

1840. June
1854. June 6.

1862. Feb. 6.
1857.
1839.
1862.
1829.
1823.
1819.
1862.
1844.
1858.
1860.
1856.
1798.

1860.
1860.

1853.
1847. Feb.
1830.
1862.
1840.

1849.
1833.

1858.
1820.

1845.

1857.

1835.
1842.

1850.

Apr.

Jan.

Mar.

Jan.

Nov.
Dec.
Apr.
Jan.

Feb.
Mar.

Noy.

Oct.

Feb.
Mar.

Apr.
Dec.
Apr.
Nov.

Apr.

Jan.

Feb.

Jan.

Ri:

18.
16.

16.
15.

“NI

10

*Felkin, William, Esq. Nottingham.
*Ferguson, William, Esq. F.G.S. 2 St. Aidan’s-terrace,
Birkenhead.
Ferguson, William, Esq. Civil Service. Columbo, Ceylon.

.|*Fitch, Walter, Esq. Kew. W.
.| *Flower, Thomas Bruges, Esq. M.R.C.S. 7 Beaufort-buildings

West, Bath.

.|*Flower, William Henry, Esq. F.R.C.S., Conservator of the

Hunterian Museum, R. Coll. Surgeons, Lincoln’s-Inn-
Fields. W.C.

.| *Forrest, Richard, Esq.
.|*Forster, Edward, Esq.

Forster, John, Esq. il Hanover Villas, Notting-hill. W.
Forster, Percival, Esq. Belsize House, Hampstead. N.W.

*Francis, William, Esq. Ph.D., F.R.A.S. Alton Lodge, Rich-

mond. |
Fry, Alexander, Esq. 1 Holland Villas-road, Kensington. W.
Fryer, George Edward, Esq. M.R.A.S., of H, M. Madras
Army.

Garner, Robert, Esq. Stoke-upon-Trent.

Garnier, Very Rev. Thomas, D.D., F.H.8., Dean of Win-
chester.

Gatke, Herr Heinrich. Heligoland.

*Gatty, Charles Henry, Esq. M.A., F.G.S. Felbridge-park,
East Grinstead, Sussex.

.| *Gibson, Asconden, M.D. Surgeon, Bombay Army, Hewra,

near Poonah, Bombay.

.|*Gibson, George Stacey, Esq. Saffron Walden, Essex.
.|*Glynne, Sir Stephen R., Bart. F.S.A. Hawarden, Flintshire.

Godson, Septimus Holmes, Esq. F.R.H.S. 14 Rutland-gate,
Hyde-park. W.

.|*Gough, Hon. George Stephens, F.G.S., M.R.I.A. Lough

Cutra Castle, Gort, Galway.

.|*Gould, Frederick, Esq. Kingston, Surrey. 8.W.
.|*Gould, John, Esq. F.R.S. and Z.S. 26 Charlotte-st., Bedford-

square. W.C.
Graham, Cyril C., Esq. Delroe House, Watford, Herts.

21.) *Grant, Robert Edmond, M.D., F.R.S. L. and E., F.G.S.,

Prof. Comp. Anat. & Zool. Univ. Coll. Lond. 2 Euston-
grove, Kuston-square. N.W.

.|*Gray, George Robert, Esq., deadd. Reg. Scient. Taurin.,

Imp. Georg. Ilorent., et Se. Nat. Philad., Soce. Hist.
Nat. Argentorat., et Linn. Lugdun. Corresp. British
Museum. W.C.

Gray, John Edward, Ph.D., F.R.S. and R.G.S., Soce. Cas.
Nat. Cur. Mosq., Hist. Nat. Bost., Acadd. Se. Philad.
et Lyne. Rom., Socius; Keeper of the Zoological Collec-
tions, British Museum. W.C.

.|*Greene, John Singleton Copley, M.D. Boston, United States.

Griffith, John William, M.D, 6 Wrotham-road, Camden-new-
town. N.W,

15.|*Grindrod, Ralph Barnes, M.D., LL.D., F.G.S. and R.G.S,

Townsend House, Malvern, Worcestershire,

Date of Election.

11

1846. Nov. 3.| Grote, Arthur, Esq. F.G.S., Bengal Civil Service, Calcutta.

1857. Jan. 20.
1850. Jan. 15.

1859. Mar. 17.

1859. June 16.
1857. Feb. 3.
1858. Apr. 1.
1862. June 5.
1850. Noy. 5.
1844. Jan. 16.

1848. Feb. 1.
1855. Dec. 4.

1862. Mar. 6.
.|*Hankey, John Alexander, Esq. 38 Portland-place. W.

.|*Hanley, Sylvanus, Esq. 1 Hanley-road, Hornsey-road. N.
.|*Harrison, Charles William, Esq.

1835. Jan.
1843. Dee.
1859. Feb.
1844. Jan.

1857. Jan.

1811. Jan.

1842. Jan.

- 1806. Nov. 18.
U7.

1854. Jan.

1847. Dec. 7.

1827. Apr. 3.
16.
19.
16.
1852. June 1.

1849. Jan.
1836. Jan.
1862. Jan.

1856. Dee. 2.
1843. Dee. 19.
1862. Mar. 6.

1826. Jan. 17.

.|*Harrison, Thomas Sunderland, M.D.

18.
1847. Mar. 16.

Guise, William Vernon, Esq. Elmore-court, Gloucester.
*Gunn, Ronald Campbell, Esq. F.R.S. Penquite, Launceston,
Van Diemen’s Land.
*Gurney, Samuel, Esq. M.P., F.R.G.S. 25 Prince’s-gate,
Hyde-park, S.W.; and Culvers, Carshalton.

Hale, Rev. William Hale, M.A., Archdeacon of London ;
Master of the Charterhouse. E.C.
*Haliday, Alexander Henry, Esq. M.A.,M.R.LA. Carnmoney,
Antrim, Ireland.
Hall, Robert Wright, Esq. F.G.S. 37 Great George-street,
Westminster. S.W.
Hallett, Frederic Francis, Esq. The Manor House, Kemp
Town, Brighton.
Hallett, William Henry, Esq. The Manor House, Kemp
Town, Brighton.
Hamilton, Edward, M.D.
street. W.
*Hamilton, Rev. James, D.D. 48 Euston-square. N.W.
Hanbury, Daniel, Esq. Acad. Ces. Nat. Cur. Soc. Plough-
court, Lombard-street. E.C.
*Hancock, Albany, Esq. St. Mary’s-terr., Newcastle-on-Tyne.

22 Grafton-street, Bond-

92 Westbourne-terrace,

Hyde-park. W.
Innox Hill House,

Frome, Somerset.

.|*Harvey, William Henry, M.D., F.R.S., dead. Ces. Nat. Cur.

Soc., Prof. Bot. and Keeper of Botanical Collections, Trinity
College, Dublin.

.|*Hausmann, Ulrick Frederick, Esq. Art. Veterin. Prof.

Hanover.
*Hawkes, Rev. Henry, B.A. Southsea, Portsmouth.
Hawkins, Benjamin Waterhouse, Esq. F.G.S. Belvedere-road,
Upper Norwood. S.
Hawkins, Edward, Esq. F.S.A. 6 Lower Berkeley-street. W.
Headland, Frederick William, M.D.,B.A., F.R.C.P. 37 Mar-
garet-street, Cavendish-square. W.
*Hearsey, Major-Gen. Sir John Bennett, K.C.B. The Manor
House, St. John’s Wood Park. N.W.
*Heath, Josiah Marshall, Esq. F.G.S. Madras.
* Hepburn, James, Esq. F.G.S. Tovil-pl., near Maidstone, Kent.
Heward, Robert, Esq. 5 Young-street, Kensington. W.
*Hewitson, William Chapman, Esq. Oatlands, Surrey.
Hicks, John Braxton, M.D., F.R.S. 4 Wellington-street,
London-bridge. S.E.
Hill, Robert Southey, Esq. Basingstoke, Hants.
Hillier, Rev. John, M.A., Ph.D. Sandwich, Kent.
*Hills, Thomas Hyde, Esq. 45 Queen Anne-street, Cavendish-
square. W. .
Hincks, Rev. William, Prof. Nat. Hist. University College,
Toronto, Canada West.

Date of Election.

1835. Feb. 3.

1834

1859.
1822.
1861.
1856.
1834.

1829.
1858.

- 1806.

1842,

1833.
1859.
1857.
1848.
1826.
1853.
1855.
1829.

1858,

1835

1859

. Mar.
Nov.
Mar.
May
Dec.
Nov.

Nov.
Jan.

Dec.

June

. Feb.
. Nov.

19,

12

*Modgson, Brian H., Esq., dead. Lit. Inst. Par. Corresp.,
late Beng. Civ. Serv. The Rangers, Dursley, Gloucester-
shire.

.|*Hodgson, Thomas, Esq. Morris Hall, Berwick-on-Tweed.
.| Hogg, Jabez, Esq. 1 Bedford-square. W.C.

Hogg, John, Esq. M.A., F.R.S., R.G.S. and C.P.S., Foreign
Secretary R.S.L. 8 Serjeant’s Inn, Temple, E.C.; and
Norton House, Stockton-on-Tees. .

Hogg, Robert, LL.D., F.R.H.S. 61 Winchester-street,
¥ccleston-square, Pimlico. 8.W.

.|*Holdsworth, Edward William Hunt, Esq. 18 Osnaburgh-

street, Regent’s-park. N.W.

.|**Holmes, Rev. Edward Adolphus, M.A. St. Margaret’s, near

Harleston.

.|*Holroyd, Arthur Todd, Esq. New Zealand.
.|* Hood, William Charles, M.D., F.R.C.P.Ed., Resident Phy-

sictan, Bethlehem Ho$pital. S.

* Hooker, Sir William Jackson, K.H., D.C.L. Oxon., LL.D.,
F.R.S., S.A., R.G.S. and H.S., Hon. M.R.1.A., R.S.Ed.
and C.P.S.; Chevalier de la Légion @ Honneur ; Acad. Se.
Inst.Paris.Corresp.; Acadd. Reg. Sc. Holm., Monac.,et Ces.

lat. Cur., Soce. Imp. Geogr. Vindob., Reg. Bot. Ratisb.,
Physiogr. Lund., et Acad. Sc. Philad. Soc. ; Acad. Reg.
Sc. Berol. Soc. Hon. ; Director, Royal Gardens, Kew. W.

.| *Hooxer, Josery Darton, M.D., R.N.,F.R.S.andG.S., Hon.

M.C.P.S. and Bengal Asiat. Soc. ; Acadd. Cas. Nat. Cur.,
et Imp. Georg. Florent., Soce. Imp. Geogr. Vindob., Reg.
Bot. Ratisb., Harlem., eé Caroburg., Soc. ; Acadd. Reg.
Se. Berol., Petropol. et Monac., et Soc. Agricult. Paris.
Corresp.; Assistant Director, Royal Gardens, Kew. W.
Vicu-PRESIDENT.

.|* Hotham, Rev. Charles, M.A. Rooss, Patrington, Yorkshire.

Houghton, Rev. William. Preston Rectory, Wellington, Salop.

.|*Howard, John Eliot, Esq. Lordship-lane, Tottenham. N.
.|*Hudson, Robert, Esq. F.R.S. and G.S. Clapham-common.§,
.|* Hughes, William Hughes, Esq. F.A.S. and R.H.8. 4 Middle

Temple-lane. H.C. .
Hugo, Rev. Thomas, M.A., F.S.A., M.R.S.L. 5 Finsbury-
circus. E.C.
Hulme, Robert Thomas, Esq. M.R.C.S8.E. 21 John-street,
Bedford-row. W.C.

.|*Turst, James Charles, Esq. Webbery Cross Cottage, Bideford,

N. Devon.

.|*Huxley, Thomas Henry, Ph.D., F.R.C.S.E., F.R.S., Sec.

G.S., V.P.Z.S., Acad. Cas. Nat. Cur. Soc.; Instit.
Egypt. Soc. Hon.; Acad. Nat. Se. Philad. Corresp. ;
Prof. Comp. Anat. § Physiol. R. Coll. Surg.; Prof. Nat.
Hist., School of Mines, Jermyn-street. 8.W.

iff, William Tiffin, M.D. Canterbury-row, Newington
Butts. 8.

.,*Ince, William Henry, Esq. F.R.H.S. 27 Thurloe-square,

Brompton, 8.W.

Date of Election.

1837. Mar. 21.

1843.
1826.

1822.

1861.
1823.

1836.
1850.

1859..

1861.
1842,

1861.
1836.
1832.
1858.

1862.
1861.

. 1812.

1855.

1845.
1835.
1861.
1855.

1857.

. Mar.

. Nov.

Mar.
Jan.

Novy. 18.
. Dec. 16.
. Dec. 16.

.May 4.
-dune 5,

. Nov. 19.
.dJune 6.

. dune 16.

sfpr... 1:

Mar.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.

Jan.

Feb.
Dec.
Dec.

/
17.

= B9:

. . . . . . . . . . e
Oe emed

17.

21.
Nov. 17.
21.
4.
3.| Letheby, Henry, Esq. M.B., Medical Officer to the City of

13

*Janson, Frederick Halsey, Esq. 4 Basinghall-street. E.C.
* Janson, Thomas Corbyn, Esq. Stamford-hill, Middlesex. N.
* Jardine, Sir William, Bart., F.R.S. L. and E. Jardine Hall,
Lockerby, Dumfries-shire.
Jenyns, Rey. Leonard, M.A., F.G.S. and C.P.S. 1 Darling-
ton-place, Bathwick, Bath.
* Jesse, Francis Ablett, Esq. Llanbedr Hall,Ruathin, Denbighshire.
*Jesse, John, Esq. F.R.S. and R.A.S. Llanbedr Hall, Ruthin,
Denbighshire.
Johns, Rey. Charles A., B.A. Callipers Hall, Rickmansworth.
Jones, John Dalston, M.D., M.R.C.S. 1 Queen’s-road,
Dalston. N.E.

Jones, John M., Esq. Ashbourne, near Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Jones, Peter, Esq. 11 Norton Folgate. N.E.
* Jones, Admiral Theobald, Royal Navy, F.G.S.

street, St. James’s. S.W.

30 Charles-

Kempton, HenryTattershall Knowles, Esq. 17 Cavendish-pl. W.
*Kennedy, Benjamin, Esq. 4 Leinster-square, Bayswater. W.
*Kenrick, George Cranmer, Esq. Melksham, Wilts.
Kinahan, John Robert, A.B., M.D., M.R.I.A. Museum of
Trish Industry, 51 Stephen’s-green, Dublin.

Kingsley, Rev. Charles, M.A., Prof. Modern Hist., Cambr.
Eversley, Hants.

Kingsley, George Henry, M.D., M.R.C.P. Bridgewater-
house, St. James’s. S.W.

Kingsley, Henry, M.D., F.R.C.P. Ed. Stratford-upon-Avon.

|*Kirton, William Henry, Esq. Assist. Surg. H. M. Bengal

Medical Service.

Knight, Charles, Esq. 4uditor-general, Auckland, New Zealand.

Knox, Arthur Edward, Esq. M.A. Midhurst, Sussex.

*Lackersteen, Mark Henry, M.D., M.R.C.S., F.C.S., Assis.
Surg. H. M. Bengal Army. Chunar.
Lance, John Henry, Esq. F.R.HLS.

Holmwood, near
Dorking, Surrey.

Lankester, Edwin, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., Acad. Reg. Med.

Matrit. Soc. Hon.; Prof. Nat. Hist. New Coll. Lond. ;
Coroner for Central Middlesex. 8 Savile-row. W.

.|*Law, John Sutherland, Esq. F.R.H.S. Oriental Club, Ha-

nover-square. W.
Leadbeater, Benjamin, Esq. Brewer-street, Golden-square. W.

.|*Leaf, Charles John, Esq. The Rylands, Norwood. S.
.|*Le Conte, John, Esq. New York.
.|*Lee, John, LL.D., F.R.S., F.S.A., P.R.Astr.S.

5 College,
Doctors’ Commons, E.C.; and Hartwell House, near
Aylesbury, Bucks.
*Leeks, Edw. Frederick, Esq. 73 Warwick-sq., Pimlico. S.W.
*Lees, Edwin, Esq. GreenhillSummit, London-road, Worcester.
*Lendy, Capt. Augustus F., F.G.S. Sunbury, Middlesex.
Lester, Rev. Lester, F.G.S. Swanage, Dorset.

London ; Prof. Chem. and Med. Jurispr. to Lond. Hosp.
Med, School. 41 Finsbury-square. E.C,

—s

Date of Election.

1862.
1820.

1858.

1839

1860.
1831.

1859.
1835.

1857.

1851.
1828.

1858.
1819.

1847,
1841.
1£26.
1824.
1862.
1860.
1821.
1857.

1840.
1861.

1860.
1827.

1860.
1859.

1856

Mar. 20.
Mar. 7.

Jan. 21.
Jan. 15.
Mar. 15.
May 3.

June 16.
June 16.

Feb. 3.

June 3.
Nov. 4.

Jan. 21.

Mar.

Apr. 6,

Jan.

Apr. 4.

Nov.

Mar. 6.
.|*MacLeay, George, Esq. Athenzeum. 8.W.

Jan.

Apr.
Nov.

Feb. 4.
May 2.

Dec. 6.
June 5,
Mar. 15.
Apr. be

Feb, 19.

16.

14

*Litrorp, Tuomas, Lord, F.Z.S. Lilford Hall, Oundle,
Northamptonshire.

Lindley, John, Ph.D., F.R.S., Acad. Ces. Nat. Cur., Soce.
Reg. Bot. Ratisb., Reg. Hort. Berol., et Physiog. Lund.
Socius ; Acadd. Sc. Instit. Paris., et Reg. Sc. Berolin. Cor-
resp.; Acad. Amer. Bost., et Lyc. Hist. Nat. Nov.-Ebor.
Soc. Hon.; Sec. R. Hort. Soc. Acton-green. W.

* Lindsay, W. Lauder, M.D., F.R.S. Ed. and R.G.S., Soc. Hist.
Nat. Halensis Soc. Pitcullen House, Perth, N. B.

*Lingwood, Robert Maulkin, Esq. M.A., F.G.S. Lyston, near
Ross, Herefordshire.

Little, George Greenway, Esq. F.Z.S. 2 Elm-court, Middle
Temple. E.C.

*Llewelyn, John Dillwyn, Esq. F.R.S. and H.S. Penllergare,
near Swansea.

* Llewelyn, John Talbot Dillwyn, Esq. Penllergare, near Swansea.

Lockwood, Rev. John William, M.A. Kingham, near Chip-
ping Norton, Oxfordshire.

Lowe, Edward Joseph, Esq. F.R.A.S., F.G.8. &.
Observatory, near Nottingham.

*Lowell, John Amory, Esq. Boston, Massachusetts.
*Lubbock, Sir John William, Bart., M.A., F.R.S., G.S. and
R.Astr.S. 15 Lombard-street. E.C.
*Lubbock, John, Esq. F.R.S. and G.S.

street. E.C.

*Lyell, Sir Charles, D.C.L., LL.D., Hon. M.R.S. Ed., F.R.S.,
V.P.G.S., Acad. Cas. Nat. Cur, Soc. Reg. Sc. Hafn.,
Phys. Bonn., §c., Soc.; Acad. Reg. Se. Berol. Corresp.
53 Harley-street. W.

*MacAndrew, Robert, Esq. F.R.S.
worth. W.

*McClelland, John, Esq. F.G.S8., dead. Ces. Nat. Cur. Soc.;
Surgeon, Bengal Army, Calcutta.

*Macdonald, William, M.D., F.R.S. Ed. and G.S., Prof. Civ,
and Nat. Hist. St. Andrews.

*Mackay, John B., Esq. Totteridge-green, Herts. N.

MacLachlan, Robert, Esq. 1 Park-road-terr., Forest-hill. 8.1.

Beeston

15 Lombard-

Isleworth House, Isle-

*MacLeay, Wm. Sharp, Esq. M.A., Soc. Cas. Nat. Cur. Mosq.
et Nat. Scrutat. Berolin. Soc. Sydney, New South Wales.
M‘Pherson, George Gordon, Esq. (late E.I.C.S.) 63 Queen’s-
gardens, Hyde-park. W.
*Mann, T. White, Esq. 5 Belgrave-terr., Upper Holloway. N.
* Martin, John, Esq. V-P.O.S. Cambridge House, Portsmouth ;
and Keydell, near Horndean, Hants.
Masters, Maxwell T., Esq. M.R.C.S., Lect. Bot. St. George's
Hosp. Kye-lane, Peckham. 8.1.
*Maund, Benjamin, Esq.
Maw, George, Esq. F'.S.A. Benthall Mall, Broseley, Shropshire.
Miers, John, Esq. F.R.S., dead. Cas. Nat. Cur. Soc. 'Tem-
ple Lodge, Hammersmith. W.
Miles, Rev. Charles Popham, M.A., M.D., Principal of the
Protestant College, Malta.

15
Date of Election.

1861. Jan. 17.|*Millar, John, Esq. F.G.S. Bethnal House, Cambridge Heath.
N.E.
1850. Jan. 15.|*Milligan, Joseph, Esq. F.G.S. Hobart Town, Van Diemen’s

Land.

1862. Mar. 20.| Mivart, St. George Jackson, Esq. Lect. Comp. Anat. St.
Mary's Hospital. 7 North Bank, Regent’s-park. N.W.

1861. Feb. 21.; Moore, David, Esq., Curator of the Botanic Garden,Glasnevin,
Dublin.

1862. Feb. 6.} Moore, John Daniel, M.D. County Lunatic Asylum, Lancaster.

1851. Feb. 18.| Moore, Thomas, Esq. F.R.H.S., Curator of the Botanic
Garden, Chelsea. S.W.

1856. Feb. 5.| More, Alexander Goodman, Esq. Vectis Lodge, Bembridge,
Isle of Wight.

1848. Dec. 5.} Morson, Thomas N.R., Esq. 38 Queen-sq., Bloomsbury. W.C.

1841. Nov. 16./*Mosley, Sir Oswald, Bart., D.C.L., F.G.S. and R.H.8. Rol-
leston Hall, near Burton-on-Trent.

1860. Dec. 6.} Moxon, Walter, M.B., M.R.C.P., Demonstrator of Anatomy
at Guy’s Hospital. 6 Finsbury-circus. E.C.

1859. Jan. 20.| Miiller, Ferdinand, M.and Ph.D.,¥.R.S.,4cead.Cas.Nat.Cur.,
et Soc. Reg. Bot.Ratish.Soc.; Pres. R.Soc.Vict.; Government
Botanist, and Director of the Botanic Garden, Melbourne.

1856. Jan. 15.) Mummery, John Rigden, Esq. 10 Cavendish-place. W.

1840. Mar. 17.|*Munro, Col, William, C.B., 39th Regiment of Foot. Stoke
Bishop, near Bristol. +Pel

d.| Munroe, Henry, M.D. Hull.

1827. Dec. 18.}*Murchison, Sir Roderick Impey, G.C.St.S., D.C.L., LL.D.,
M.A., F.R.S.& G.S., Pres. R.G.S., Hon. M.R.S. Ed., R.LA. &
C.P.S.,4cadd. Imp. Sc. Petrop., et Amer. Art. et Sc. Bost.
Socius; Acadd, Sc. Inst. Paris., Reg. Taurin., Brux. et
Berolin. Corresp. ; Socce. Imp. Geogr. Petrop. et Nat. Cur.
Mosq. Soc. Hon.; Director-General of the Geological
Survey of the United Kingdom. 16 Belgrave-square. 8.W.

1861. May 2.) Murray, Andrew, Esq.Assist.Sec.R.Hort.Soc.S.Kensington. W.

1849. Feb. 20.|*Nash, Davyd W., Esq. Brandon Villa, The Park, Cheltenham.
1833. Feb. 5.|*Newman, Edward, Esq., Acad. Ces. Nat. Cur. Soc. 9 Devon-
shire-street, Bishopsgate. N.E.
1857. Mar. 3.| Newton, Alfred, Esq. M.A., F. Magd. Coll. Cambr. Elveden
Hall, Thetford, Suffolk.
1828. Feb. 19.| Nicholl, Iltyd, Esq. Uske, Monmouthshire.
3.|*Nichols, John Bowyer, Esq. F.S.A. and R.H.S8. 25 Parlia-
ment-street, Westminster. S.W.

1853. Feb. 1.| Oliver, Daniel, Esq., Prof. Bot. Univ. Coll. Lond., Librarian
to the Royal Gardens, Kew. 2 Church-rd., Richmond. S.W.

1861. Feb. 21.|*Ord, Christopher Knox, M.D., L.R.C.S.E., Surg. R.N.,
H. M.S. “ Charybdis,’”’ China.

1825. Feb. 15.|*Ord, George, Esq., Soc. dmer. et Acad. Sc. Philad. Soc.
Philadelphia.

1846. Mar. 17.|*Osborn, Samuel, Esq. Stockwell-park, Brixton. S.

1843. Jan. 17.|*Osborn, William, Esq. Nurseries, Fulham. S.W.

1836. Mar. 1.|*Owen, Richard, D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.C.S.E., F.R.S. & G.S.,
Hon. M.R.S. Ed., Hon. F.R. Coll. Surgeons of Ireland ;
Ord, Boruss. ‘pour le Mérite’ Eq. ; Chevalier de la Légion

Date of Election.

1824.
1845.
1860.
1842.
1852.
1831.
1827.
1862.
1837.
1847.
1857.
1836.
1844.
1853.
1829.
1859.
1845.
1813.
1851.
1825.
1840.
1858.
1833.

1846,

1832.

1825,

Apr. 6.
Jan. 21.

Jan. 19.
Noy. 15.
June 15.
Nov. 15.
Feb. 20.
June 19,
Mar. 7.

June 15.
Jan. 20.
Apr. 5.
June 4.
Feb. 15.
June 16.
May 5.
Mar. 4.

21.
May 6.

Dec.

Noy. 15.

Jan.

Dec. 2.

Dec. 3.

Dec. 15.

Apr. 3,
Feb, 15,

16

@ Honneur; Instit. (Imp. Acad. Se.) Paris; Acadd. Se.
Vindob., Petrop., Berol., Taurin., Matrit., Holm., Monac.,
Neapol., Bruzell., Bonon., Boston et Amstelod.; Soce.
Reg. Sc. Hafn. et Upsal., Cas. Nat. Cur. Mosq., Imp.
Georg. Florent., Se. Haarl., Traject., Phys. et Hist. Nat.
Genev., Nat. Scrutat. Berolin., §c. §c., Socius. Director
of the Natural History Department in the British Mu-
seum. Sheen Lodge, Mortlake.
*Owen, Robert Brisco, M.D. Haulfre, Beaumaris, Anglesea.

* Packman, John Daniel Vittoria, M.D.
Bath.
Parfitt, Henry, M.D. 29a Pall Mall. S.W.
Parry, Major Frederick John Sidney. 5 Terrace, Worthing.
Pascoe, Francis P., Esq. Campden-hill, Kensington. W.
* Paxton, Sir Joseph, M.P., F.H.S. Rock House, Sydenham. S.E.
*Peckover, Algernon, Esq. Wisbeach, Cambridgeshire.
Peete, Rev. William Willox, M.A. 12 Lambridge-place, Bath.
Perkins, Houghton, Esq. 25 Mortimer-street, Cavendish-
square. W.
Phillips, Edward, M.D., M.R. Coll. Phys. & Surg. Coventry.
Polyblank, George Henry, Esq. 55 Gracechurch-street. E.C.
Potter, Henry Glassford, Esq. F.G.S. Reform Club. S.W.
Potter, Jephson, M.A., M.D., M.R.C.P. & S., F.R. Med.
Chir. and Obstetr. Soc. 109 Upper Parliament-street,
Liverpool.
* Powell, Lewis, M.D., F.S.A. and R.G.S., Civil Medical Ser-
vice, Mauritius.
*Pratt, Samuel Peace, Esq. F.R.S. and G.S. 1 Canonbury-lane,
Islington. N.
*Prentis, Charles, Esq., Assist. Surg. I. M. 19th Punjaud
Infantry. Meerut.
Price, David, M.D., F.R.C.S. Margate.
*Prideaux, Charles, Esq. Kingsbridge, Devon.
*Prior, Richard Chandler Alexander, M.D. 48 York-terrace,
Regent’s-park. N.W.

14 Burlington-street,

*Quiros, Francis, Esq. F.G.S. Lima.

.|*Rankine, James, M.D. Otterden, near Maypole, Ayrshire.

Ratcliff, Charles, Esq. F.A.S., G.S. and R.H.8. Con-
servative Club, St. James’s-street; and Wyddrington, Edg-
baston, Birmingham.

*Read, William Henry Rudston, Esq. M.A., F.R.H.S. York-
shire Club, York.

Reeve, Lovell, Esq. I'.G.8S., dead. Nat. Sc. Philad., Lye.
Hist. Nat. Nov.-Ebor., et Soc. Hist. Nat. Wirtemb. Cor-
resp. Wutton, near Brentford.

*Reeves, John Russell, Ksq. F.R.S. and H.S. 11 King’s Arms-
yard, Moorgate-street. .C,

*Richardson, Sir John, R.N., C.B.,M.D.,F.R.S. L. & E., dead.
Se. Nat. Philad., et Soe. Geogr. Par is. Corresp. ; Soce.
Hist. Nat. Montreal., Lit. et Phil. Quebec., et Hist. Nat.
Boston. Soc. Hon, Lancrigg, Grasmere, Westmoreland.

17
Date of Election.

1801. May 25.

*Robinson, Robert Robinson Watson, M.D. St. James’s-sq.,
Manchester.
Robinson, Thomas Fleming, Esq. F.R.G.S. 2 Horatio-terrace,
Ormond-road, Old Kent-road. S.E.
*Roches, John James de, M.D. Geneva.
*Rodwell, William, Esq. Ipswich.
*Roe, John Septimus, Esq. Surveyor General, Swan River,
Australia.
Rolleston, George, M.D., F.R.S., LinacreProfessor of Anatomy,
Pembroke College, Oxford.

1854; Nov. ys
1806. Nov. 18.
1827.Feb. 6.
1828. Apr. 1.

1859. June 16.

1862.May 1.|*Romilly, Edward, Esq. 6 Hyde-park-terrace, Bayswater. W.
1834. Dec. 2.|*Rookin, Rev. Henry, M.A. Upton Gray, near Odiham, Hants.
1847. June Roots, Sudlow, Esq. Kingston, Surrey. S.W.

* Roper, Freeman C. 8., Esq. F.G.S. 3 Carlton Villas, Edgware
road. W.

Rothery, Henry Cadogan, Esq. M.A. 94 Gloucester-terrace,
Hyde-park. W.

Rucker, Sigismund, Esq. F.R.H.S. West-hill, Witsdvworthi,
S.W.

1847, May

1
pi
| 7
1857. June 2.
4
1840. Apr. 7
4

1823. Nov. 4.|*Russell, Jesse Watts, Esq. D.C.L., F.R.S., S.A., G.S. and
R.H.S. [lam Hall, Ashbourn.
*Rylands, Thomas Glazebrook, Esq. Heath House, Warting-

ton, Lancashire.

1862. Feb. 20.

1857. Jan. 20.| Sabine, Major-General Edward, R.A., D.C.L., LL.D., Pre-
sident of the Royal Society, Hon. M.C.P.S., Ord. Boruss.
‘nour le Mérite’ Eq.; Acadd. Sc. Berol. , Petrop. .» Brucel.,
Soce. Reg. Batav. et Gotting., Bedor, Vienn., &e.,
Socitus ; Acadd. Sc. Taurin., Lync. Rome, et Soce. Geogr.
Paris., Berol., et Petrop. Corresp. 13 Ashley-place, Vic-
toria-street, Westminster. S.W.
Salter, S. James A., M.B. 17 New Broad-street. E.C.
Sanbibott William bredecick: Esq. Hillfield House, Reigate.
SAUNDERS, Wo. Witson, Esq. F.R.S., Treas. R.H.S. Hill-
field House, Reigate. TREASURER AND VICE-PRESIDENT.
*Schenley, Edward Wyndham Harrington, Esq. Havannah.
*Sclater, Philip Lutley, Esq. M.A., Ph. D., F.R.S., Seer. Zool,
Soe. 11 Hanover-square. W.
Scott, Henry, M.D. 11 Upper Woburn-place, Russell-sq.
Scouler, John, M.D. Glasgow.
Seemann, Berthold, Ph.D., Acad. Ces. Nat. Cur. V.P,
22 Cancnbury-square, Islington. N.
*Selby, Prideaux John, Esq. F.G.S. Twizel House, near
Belford, Northumberland.
Shaw, John, M.D., F.G.S. Walmsgate, near Louth, Lincoln«
shire.
* airs Edward, Esq. 5 Ladbroke-place West, Notting-
iJ
Shillitoe, Buxton, Esq. F.R.C.S. 34 Finsbury-cireus. E.C.
*Shortt, John, M.D., of 1. M. Indian Army, Madras.
*Shuttleworth, Robert James, Esq. Berne, Switzerland.
*Skey, Joseph, M.D., Physician to the Forces.
*Solly, Wilham phen, Esq. M.A., F.R.ULS, were Hill,
Bedmont, Hemel Hempstead, Herts,

1853. June 21.
1858. Apr. 15.
1833. Nov. 5.

1829. Mar. 4.
1856. Nov. 18.

1862. Feb. 6.
1829. Jan. 20.
1852. Noy. 16.

1826. Jan. 17.
1848. June 20.
1859. Apr. Vi
1858. Jan. 21.
1860. Mar. 15.
1856. Jan. 15.

1812. Nov. 3.
1843. Mar. 7.

Date of Election.

- 1806. Apr.

1844.May 7.
18.

1823. Feb.

1857. Nov.

1827. Feb.
1860. Apr.

1858. Feb.

1845. Apr.
1859. Jan.

1854. Apr.
1850. Dec.

1859. Jan.

1833. Apr.
1834. May
1854. Mar.

1855. May
1850. Jan.

1829. Feb.
1856. Apr.

1837. Nov.

1838. Mar.
1817. Jan.
1827. Dec.
1862. Apr.

1829. Mar.
1852. Mar.

1854. Jan.

1829. Feb.
1823. Nov.
1855. Dee.
1857. Mar,

1843. June

1843. June
1862. eb,

i

19.
6.
5.

4,

6

PAS AHS oN

18

*South, Sir James, F.R.S. L. and E., M.R.I.A., Hon.
M.C.P.S., dead. Imper. Se. Petrop. Soc. Hon. Campden-
hill, Kensington. W.

Sowerby, George Brettingham, Esq. 45 Great Russell-st. W.C.
Sowerby, James de Carle, Esq., Secretary of the Royal
Botanic Society, Regent’s-park. N.W.
*Speer, Wilfred Dakin, Esq. Thames Ditton, Surrey. S.W.
*Spence, Rev. George, LL.D. 14 Church-terrace, Lee. S.E.
Squire, AlexanderJ.Balmanno, Esq. 12 York Gate, Regent’s-
park. N.W.
Squire, Peter, Esq., President of the Pharmaceutical Society.
12 York Gate, Regent’s-park. N.W.

.|*Staines, Frederick, Esq. San Luis Potosi, Mexico.
.| *Stainton, Henry Tibbats, Esq. F.G.S. Mountsfield, Lewisham.
S.E.

Stainton, James Joseph, Esq. Horsell, near Ripley, Surrey.

Stevens, Samuel, Esq., Zveasurer of the Entomological —

Society. 24 Bloomsbury-street. W.C.

.|*Strachey, Lieut.-Col. Richard, F.R.S., G.S., and R.G.S.,

Bengal Engineers. Royal Engineer Office, Gosport.

.|*Sturt, Capt. Charles. South Australia.

*Sutcliffe, Joshua, Esq. Fir Grove, Burnley, Lancashire.

Syme, John Thomas, Esq., Lecturer on Botany at the West-
minster and Charing Cross Hospitals. 3 Provost-road,
Haverstock-hill. N.W.

.|*Tagart, Francis, Esq. 31 Craven-hill-gardens, Hyde-park. W.

Talbot, Christopher Rice Mansel, Esq. M.P., F.R.S. 3 Caven-
dish-square, W.; and Margam, Taibach, Glamorganshire.

.|* Talbot, Henry Fox, Esq. F.R.S.and H.S. Lacock Abbey, Wilts.

Tanner, Thomas Hawkes, M.D., F.R. Med. Chir.Soc. 9 Henri-
etta-street, Cavendish-square. W.

.|*Taylor, John, Esq. F.R.S. and G.S. 31 Chester-terrace,

Regent’s-park. N.W.
*Teale, Thomas Pridgin, Esq. F.R.S. 22 Albion-street, Leeds.
*Temple, William, Esq. Bishopstow, Warminster, Wilts.

.|* Thompson, Chas. John, Esq. 22 George-st., Hanover-sq. W.

Thomson, James, Esq. 2 Vicarage-place, Lewisham. 8.E.
Thomson, John, M.D. 2 Vicarage-place, Lewisham. 8.E.

.|*Thomson, Thomas, M.D., F.R.S. and R.H.S., Acad. Ces.

Nat. Cur. Soc., Surgeon Bengal Army, Superintendent of the
R.Bot. Garden, Calcutta. Athenseum Club; and 5 York-gate,
Regent’s-park. N.W.

., *Thwaites, George Henry Kendrick, Esq., Superintendent of

the R. Botanic Garden, Peradenia, Ceylon.
Tingle, Thomas, Esq. Apothecaries’ Hall. E.C.

.|*Tomkins, Charles, M.D. Weston-super- Mare, Somersetshire.

Townley, James, Esq. Harleyford-place, Kennington-park. 8.
Tristram, Rev. Henry Baker, M.A. Greatham Hospital, Stock-
ton-on-Tees.

.|*Tulloch, James, Esq. F.R.S, and 8.A. 16 Montague-place,

Russell-square. W.C,

.|*Turner, Thomas, Esq. Mosley-street, Manchester.

6,| Tyler, Charles, Esq. 24 Holloway-place, Holloway. N.

—

}

Date of Election.

1849.

1831.
1853.
1862.

1855.
1860.

1856.
1827.
1838.
1861.

1832.
1858.
1827.
1860.
1860.

1845.
1817.

1860.

1824.
1834.

59. June 16.
. Nov. 1.
7.Mar. 2.

1822. Dec. 17.
1829,

. Apr.

. Jan,

Nov. 20.

Nov. 15.
Mar. 15.
Feb. 6.

Apr. 17.
May 3.
June 17.
Apr. 3.

June 19.
Apr. 18.

Mar.
Dec.

Dee. 20.

Feb.

Feb.
Jan.

Jan.

Apr. 6.

Mar.

dan. 19.
7.May 1.

. Dec. 16.
. Mar. 19.
2. Jan. 17.

. dan. 17,
. duly 22.

. Feb. 17.

June 16.

6
2;
Dec. 4.
0
2

19

Tylor, Alfred, Esq. F.G.S. Paradise-row, Stoke Newington. N.

*Valentine, William, Esq. Campbell Town, Van Diemen’s Land.
*Van Voorst, John, Esq. 1 Paternoster-row. E.C.
Veitch, James, jun. Esq. Royal Exotic Nursery, King’s-road,
Chelsea. By: Peis ut
Vinen, Edw. Hart,M.D. 6ChepstowVillas West, Bayswater. W.

Wainwright, James Gadesden, Esq. The Eukestons, Clapham-
common. S.

*Wainwright, Joseph, Esq. Wakefield.

* Wakefield, Felix, Esq. 38 Edwardes-square, Kensington. W.
Wakefield, Robert, Esq. 11 Sussex-place, Regent’s-park. N.W.
Walker, Soett M.D., M.R.I.A., F. R. G.S. Beaufort-terrace,

Seacmbé, Gheshire. 7

.|* Walker, Francis, Esq. The Avenue, Church End, Finchley. N.

Walker, James Sidney, Esq. Hunsdon Bury, near Ware.
*Walker, Joseph, Esq. Eton Lodge, near Liverpool.
*Walker, Thomas, Esq. B.A. Tunbridge Wells.

Wallich, George Charles, M.D., F.G.S., late of H. M.

Indian Army. 17 Campden-hill-road, Kensington. W.

.|* Walton, John, Esq. Knaresborough, Yorkshire. “<=
.|* Ward, Nathaniel Bagshaw, Esq. F.R.S., Soc. Hort. Holm. Soe.

Hon. Clapham-rise. 8.

Ward, Samuel Neville, Esq. Mad. Civil.Serv., Coimbatore, India.

Waring, Richard, M.D. Marlings, near Chislehurst, Kent. S.E.

Watson, Hewett Cottrell, Esq., Acad. Ces. Nat. Cur. Soc.
Thames Ditton, Kingston. S8.W.

Watson, John Forbes, Esq. A.M., M.D., Reporter on the
Products of India. Fife House, Whitehall. S.W.

Webb, Francis Cornelius, M.D., F.S.A. 22 Woburn-place,
Russell-square. W.C.

West, Tuffen, Esq. 85 Queen’s-road, Dalston. N.E.

* Westwood, John Obadiah, Esq. M.A., Acad. Ces. Nat. Cur.,
Soce. Ces. Nat. Cur. Mosq., et Physiogr. Lund. See. ;
Prof. Zool. Taylor Institute, Oxford.

*Wheeler, J. Lowe, Esq. 9 Vassall Villas, Holland-rd., Brixton.S.

White, Alfred, Esq. West Drayton.

*Wight, Robert, M.D., F.R.S. & H.S., Acad. Ces. Nat. Cur.,
et Soc. Reg. Bot. Ratisb. Soe., late ‘Surgeon, Madras Army.
Grazeley Lodge, Reading.

*Williams, David, Esq. 56 Wind-street, Swansea.

*Windsor, John, Esq. Piccadilly, Manchester.

*Wollaston, Thomas Vernon, Esq. M.A., F.C.P. S. King’s —
Kerswell, Newton Abbotts, Devon.

Wood, Rev. John G., M.A.

*Woods, Joseph, Esq. F.S.A. and G.S. Priory-crescent, South-
over, Lewes.

Wright, E. Perceval, A.M., M.D., M.R.I.A., Lecturer on
Zoology, and Director of the Museum, Dublin University.
5 Trinity College, Dublin.

*Yates, James, Esq. M.A., F.R.S. and G.S. Lauderdale House,
Highgate. N.
*Younge, Robert, Esq. Sheffield.

‘Date of Election.

1844. May 7.

1845.
1841.
1854.
1835.
1850.

1859.
1852.

1833.

May
May
May
May
May

May
‘May

May

. May
. May
. May

. May
. May

. May
. May

. May

. May
9. May
55. May

. May
. May

a

oo to

z;

/,

Dd,

FOREIGN MEMBERS.

Limited to Fifty.

Agassiz, D. Ludovicus, Soc. Reg. Lond. Soc.; Acad. Sc. Instit.
Paris. Corresp.; Prof. in Univ. Harvardensi, Cantabrigie,
Novze-Angliee.

.|Amici, D. Johannes Baptista, Astronomia in Mus. Imp. Reg.

Prof., Florentiez.
Baer, D. Carolus Hrnestusde, M.D., dead. Imp. Se. Petrop.et Soc.
Reg. Lond. Soc.; Acad. Sc. Instit. Paris. Corresp., Petropoli.

.|Beneden, D. P. J. de, Zool. et Anat. Comp. Prof., Lovanii.

Bertoloni, D. Antonius, M.D., Bot. Prof., Bononise.

.| Boissier, D. Edmundus, Soc. Phys. ef Hist. Nat. Genev. Soc.,

Genevee.
Brandt, D. Johannes Fridericus, Zool. Prof., Petropoli.

.| Braun, D. Alexander, Acad. Reg. Sc. Berolin. Soc. ; Bot. Prof.

et Hort. Reg. Bot. Director, Berolini.

.| Brongniart, D. Adolphus Theodorus, M.D., Insfit. Paris. et

Soc. Reg. Lond. Soc.; Bot. Prof., Parisiis.

.|Burmeister, D. Hermannus, M. et Ph.D., dead. Cas. Nat.

Cur. Soc. ; Zool. Prof., Bale.

.|Candolle, D. Alphonsus de, Acad. Sc. Instit. Paris. Corresp.,

Genevee.

.|Carus, D. Carolus Gustavus, M.D., dead. Cas. Nat. Cur. Soc., .

Dresdee.

.| Dana, D. Jacobus D., A.M., LL.D., New-Haven, Novee-Anglize,
.| Decaisne, D. Josephus, dead. Se. Instit. Paris. Soc. ; Agric.

Prof., Parisiis.

.| Deshayes, D. G. P. Parisiis.

Edwards, D. Henricus Milne, M.D., Znstit. Paris. et Soc. Reg.
Lond. Soc. ; in Mus. Hist. Nat. Prof., Parisiis.

.| Ehrenberg, D. Christianus Gothofredus,.M.D., dead. Reg. Se.

Berolin. et Soc. Reg. Lond. Soc. ; Acad, Sc. Instit. Paris.
Corresp., Berolini.

.| Eschricht, D, Daniel Fridericus, M.D., Anat. et Physiol. Prof.,

Hafnie.

.| Fries, D. Elias, M.D., dead. Reg. Se. Holm. Soc. ; icon.

Prof., Upsaliee.
'Géppert, D. Henricus Robertus, M.D., dead. Ces. Nat. Cur.
| Soc.; Med. Prof., Vratislaviee.
Gray, D. Asa, M.D., Acad. Amer. Secr. 3 Hist. Nat. Prof. in
| Univ. Harvardensi, Cantabrigize, Novee-Anglize.
Grisebach, D. Augustus ILenricus Rudolphus, Soc, Reg. Goét.
Soc, ; Bot, Prof., Gottingre,

Date of Election.

1851. May

1835.
1857.

1855.
1858.
1862.
1859.

1827.

May
May

May
May
May
May

May

6.

Oy =" oy =

oO

2!
| Gussone, D. Johannes, Acad. Reg. Se. Neapol. Soc. ; Hort.
| Reg. Bot. Director, Neapoli.

5. Herold, D. Mauritius, M.D., Hist. Nat. Prof., Marpurgi.
a

Hoeven, D. Janus van der, Add Reg. Sc. Amstelod. Soc.; Hist.
| Nat. Prof., Leide.

. | Hofmeister, D. Gulielmus. Lipsie.

/Kolliker, D. Albertus, Anat. et Physiol. Prof., Herbipoli.
Lacaze- Duthiers, D. H., Se.D., Zool. Prof., Lile.

2 Loven, D. Samuelus L., ead Reg. Sc. Holm. Soc.; Zool. Prof.,

Holmie.

. Martius, D. Carolus Frid. Philippus de, M.D., dead. Reg. Sc.

| Monac. Secr. ; Soc. Reg. Lond. Soc. ; Acad. Sc. Inst. Paris.
| Corresp.; Hort. Reg. Bot. Monac. Director. Monachii.

- Meisner, D. Carolus Fridericus, M. et Ph.D. ; Acad. Ces. Nat.

Cur. Soc.; Bot. Prof. et Hort. Bot. Director, Basileze.

.| Miguel, D. Fridericus Antonius Gulielmus, Acad. Reg. Se.

| Amstel. Secr.; Bot. Prof., Amstelodami.

. Mohl, D. Hugo, M.D., dead. Se. Inst. Paris. Corresp. ; Bot.

Prof., Tubingee.
.| Montagne, D. Johannes Franciscus Camillus, Acad. Se. Instit.
| Paris. Soe., Parisiis.

.| Neovidize Princeps, Sereniss. Maximilianus, dead. Reg. Sc.

Berol. Soc. Hon.

1.| Planchon, J. E., Se.D., Bot. Prof., Monspeli.
-|Purkinje, D. Johannes E., M.D., Soe. Reg. Lond. Soc. ; in

Univ. Vratisl. Prof., Pragee.

.| Roeper, D. Johannes, M.D., Bot. Prof., Rostochii.

a es D. Edvardus, M. D. Francofurti ad Meenum.

. Sars, D. M., Ph.D. Manger, prope Bergen, Norvegiz.

| Schiéchtendall D. Diedericus Fridericus Ludovicus de, M. et

| Ph.D., Hort. Bot. Halensis Director ; Bot. Prof., Hale.

Schlegel, D. Hermannus, M.D., Mus. Univ. LIugd. Bat.

Preses, Lugduni Batavorum.

. Schleiden, D. M. J., Bot. Prof., Jene.
. Siebold, D. Carolus Theodoricus Ernestus de, Soc. Reg. Lond.

| Soc. ; Zool. et Anat. Comp. Prof. , Monachii.

. Torrey, D. Johannes, M.D., Bot. et Chem. Prof., Novi-

| Eboraci.
'Treviranus, D. Ludovicus Christianus, M.D., Acad. Se. Inst.
| Paris. Corresp. ; Bot. Prof., Bonne.

.|Tulasne, D. Ludovicus Renatus, Acad. Sc. Instit. Paris. Soc. ;

| Bot. in Mus. Hist. Nat. Adjutor, Parisiis.

. Unger, D. Franciscus, M.D., Acad. Imp. Se. Vind. Soc. ; Bot.

| Prof., Vindobone.
. Weddell, D. Hugo Algernon, M.D. Pictavii.

ASSOCIATES.

Not more than one to be elected in each year until the total number shall

Date of Election.

1817. May 6.
Mar. 4.

1858.
1825.

1842.
1833.
1843.
1832.
1810.
1862.
1841.
1842.
1823.

1838.
1842.

1861.
1854.

June 21.

Dec. 7.
Jan. 15.
Dee. 19.
Feb. 21.
Jan. 16.
.| Gerrard, Mr. Edward, British Museum.

.|Gordon, Mr. George.

.| Henderson, Mr. Joseph, F.R.H.8. Wentworth, Yorkshire. —
.| Hodson, Mr. Nathaniel Shirley, Curator of the Botanic Gar-

not exceed twenty-five.

Baxter, Mr. William, Botanic Garden, Oxford.

Black, Mr. Allan, Curator of the Herbarium, Royal Gardens,
Kew. W.

Booth, Mr. William Beattie, Spring Villa, New Road, Ham-
mersmith. W.

Brett, John, M.D. 14th N. I., Bangalore.

Corder, Mr. Thomas, Kempston, Bedford.

Denny, Mr. Henry, Assist. Cur. Phil. Soc. Leeds. _

Denson, Mr. John, Waterbeach, Cambridgeshire. —'

Drummond, Mr. James, Swan River, Australia.

den, Bury St. Edmunds.

.|Jenner, Mr. Edward, 2 West-street, Lewes.
.|Kippist, Mr. Ricuarp, dead. Nat. Sc. Philad. Corresp. —

Burlington House, Piccadilly. W. Liprarian.

.|Laughrin, Mr. William, Polperro, Cornwall.
.|M°Intosh, Mr. Charles, Newcome Villa, Murrayfield, Edin-

burgh.

.| Mitten, Mr. William, Hurst-pierpoint, Sussex.

.| Pamplin, Mr. William, 45 Frith-street, Soho. W.

.| Penney, Mr. William, Poole, Dorset.

.| Ralph, Mr. Thomas Shearman, M.R.C.S. Melbourne.

.| Robson, Mr. Joseph, Whitehaven.

5.|Salter, Mr. John William, F.G.S. 1 Holmes-terrace, Kentish-

town. N.W.

.|Smith, Mr. John, Acad. Ces. Nat. Cur. Soc. Royal Botanic

Gardens, Kew. W.

.|Stobbs, Rev. William, Seer. Orkney Nut. Hist. Soc. Strom-

ness, Orkney.

.| Welwitsch, Frederick, M.D. Lisbon.
5.| Woodward, Mr. Samuel P., F.G.S. 6 Grafton-street, Kentish- _—

town. N.W.

*.* Omissions having occasionally occurred in the Annual List of Deceased
Members as announced from the Chair at the Anniversary Meetings, any in-
formation on that subject, as also notice of changes of Residence, &c., may be
addressed to Mr. Kippist, the Librarian.

Any Candidate for admission as a Fellow must be proposed on a written
Certificate, to be signed by three or more Fellows, from their personal ac-
’ s p

quaintance with him, or knowledge of his character or writings.

Fellows, on their election, pay an Adinission Fee of £6, and are thenceforth
liable to an annual Contribution of £3, which may be compounded for at any
time by one payment of £30 in lieu of all future contributions.

Fellows residing abroad, and not compounding, are required to provide such
security for the payment of their annual Contributions as shall be satisfactory
to the Council.

The Fellows are entitled to receive, gratis, all Volumes, or Parts of Volumes,
of the Transactions and Journal, that may be published after their Election,
if they. shall have made Composition in lieu of Annual Payments, or after
they shall. have paid one yearly Contribution: and they may be supplied
with any of the Volumes published before their Election, at a reduction of

25 per cent. under the common selling prices.

The set of the first twenty vols. of the ‘Transactions will be supplied to
Fellows at the price of £20.

Members are requested to apply at the Apartments of the Society, to Mr.
Kippist, Librarian, for such volumes as they may be entitled to, or be desirous
to purchase: but no Volume can be delivered gratis to a Fellow whose yearly
Contributions are in arrear, nor can any be delivered unless applied for within
five years from the time of publication.

The Library is open to the Fellows and their friends daily, between the
hours of 10 and 4, and on Meeting days at 7 p.m.

With certain restrictions, Fellows are allowed to borrow Books from the

Library. ~

Communications intended to be made to the Society may be addressed to the President,
or to the Secretary, at the Society’s Apartments, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London.

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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

November Ist, 1860.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Mr. Joshua Clarke, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of a new Brit-
ish plant (Lathyrus tuberosus) found last autumn at Fyfield, near
Ongar, Essex; and read a short notice of it. (See “ Botanical
Proceedings,”’ vol. v.)

Read, “Introduction to the Florula of Aden;’ by Thomas
Anderson, Esq., F.L.S. (See “ Botanical Proceedings,”’ Supple-
ment to vol. v.)

November 15th, 1860.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair,

Read, first, “‘ Catalogue of Dipterous Insects collected by A. R.
Wallace, Esq., in Batchian, Kaisaa, and Makian, and at Tidon in
Celebes; with descriptions of new Species,” by Francis Walker,
Esq., F.L.S. (See “ Zoological Proceedings,”’ vol. v.)

Read, secondly, “ Catalogue of the Dipterous Insects collected
by Mr. Wallace at Manado in Celebes, and in Tond, with descrip-

a

il PROCEEDINGS OF THE

tions of new Species’; by the same. (See “ Zoological Proceed-
ings,’’ vol. v.)

Read, thirdly, “‘ Note on the Fructification and Affinities of
Hydnum gelatinosum, Fr.,”’ by Frederick Currey, Esq., M.A.,
F.R.S. & L.S. (See “ Botanical Proceedings,” vol. v.)

Read, fourthly, “ Extracts of a Letter from Miss Drew to Mr.
Robert Paterson, of Belfast, On the Habits of Singing Mice.”
Communicated by the President.

December 6th, 1860.
Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

William 8. Atkinson, Esq.; Frederic John Farre, Esq., M.D. ;
Maxwell T. Masters, Esq.; and Walter Moxon, Esq., M.B., were
elected Fellows.

Sir Charles Bunbury, Bart., F.L.S., exhibited a specimen of
Cinclidium stygiwm, a rare moss, new to the county of Suffolk.
In a note, dated Nov. 19th, 1860, which accompanied the speci-
men, Sir Charles states that it was discovered, at the beginning
of the month by Mr. Edmund Skeppar, of Bury St. Edmunds,
on Tuddenham Heath, near Mildenhall, long since noted as the
locality of several rare plants, and especially of Ziparis Leselit.

Read, first, “ Notes on Spherularia Bombi ;” by John Lubbock,
Fsq., F.R.S., F.L.S.

Read, secondly, “ The Natural Order Awrantiacee, with a Sy-
nopsis of the Indian Species ;’? by Daniel Oliver, Esq., F.L.5.,
Prof. Bot. Univ. Coll., Lond. (See “ Botanical Proceedings,”
2nd Supplement to vol. v.)

December 20th, 1860.
George Bentham, Hsq., V.P., in the Chair.
‘lnomas Walker, Esq., B.A., was elected a Fellow.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. lil

Mr. Bentham, V.P.L.S., exhibited specimens of a species of
Cavanillesia, probably C. platanifolia, Humb. and Bonpl., brought
from the neighbourhood of New Carthagena by M. Anthoine,
and stated by him to have been obtained from a young tree felled
by him, which measured 140 feet in height, without branches,
except the parasol-like crown. The specimens consisted of flowers,
fruit, a piece of the soft, pith-like wood, and of the liber, which
closely resembles the Cuba Bass, but is of a somewhat coarser
fibre.

Read, first, a Letter from C. C. Babington, Esq., F.R.S., F.LS.,
announcing the discovery by Mr. G. Wolsey of Isoétes Hystria,
Durieu, on L’ Ancresse Common, in the Island of Guernsey. (See
“ Botanical Proceedings,”’ vol. v.)

Read, secondly, an Extract of a Letter from Mr. Henry Mou-
hot to 8. Stevens, Esq., F.L.S., dated Bankok, Siam, 7th April,
1860, and giving a description of the “ Cambodian Mode of En-
grafting.”

Read, thirdly, Extract of a Letter from Dr. W. F. Daniell,
F.L.S., to Mr. Kippist, dated Tien Tsin, Oct. 10th, 1860, and
giving some account of the cultivated fruits and Cerealia of
Northern China.

Read, fourthly, “ Further Observations on Hnfozoa, with Ex-
periments,”’ by T. 8. Cobbold, Esq., M.D., F.L.8. (See “ Transac-
tions,”’ vol. xxii. part 2.)

Read, fifthly, “On WSclerostoma Syngamus, and the Disease
which it occasions in Birds ;’’ by the same. (See “ Zoological
Proceedings,” vol. v.)

Read, sixthly, “ Notice of the Discovery of a Second Species of
Gyrodactylus (G. anchoratus, Nordm.), parasitical upon certain
Fish ;” by C. L. Bradley, Esq., F.L.8. (See “ Zoological Proceed-
ings,”’ vol, v.)

January 17th, 1861.
Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Christopher Dresser, Esq., Ph. D.; Robert Charles Hurst, Esq. ;
and John Millar, Esq., were elected Fellows.
a 2

lv PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Read, first, “On Prolification in Flowers, and especially on
that form termed Median Prolification ;’’ by Maxwell T. Masters,
Esq., F.L.S. (See “ Transactions,” vol. xxiii. part 2.)

Read, secondly, Extract from a Letter, addressed to Sir W. J.
Hooker, by Dr. Frederick Welwitsch, dated S. Paul de Loanda,
Aug. 16th, 1860; and giving some account of the Botany of Ben-
guela, Mossamedes, &c., in Western Africa. (See “ Botanical
Proceedings,” vol. v.) ;

Certain alterations in the Bye-laws, agreed to by the Council,
were read by the President, and ordered to be hung up in the
Meeting-room.

February 7th, 1861.
Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

William Carruthers, Esq., was elected a Fellow.

Dr. J. D. Hooker, F.R.S., F.L.8., exhibited a specimen of a
new species of Araucaria (A. Rulei, Ferd. Mull.) from a volcanic
islet off New Caledonia.

Read, a paper “On the Occurrence of Festuca ambigua, Le
Gall, in the Isle of Wight ;’ by Alexander G. More, Esq., F.L.S.
(See “ Botanical Proceedings,” vol. v.)

February 21st, 1861.
Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Arthur William Crichton, Esq.; Henry Tattershall Knowles
Kempton, Esq. ; Capt. Augustus Frederick Lendy ; David Moore,
Esq. ; and Christopher Knox Ord, Esq., M.D., were elected Fel-
lows ; and Mr. William Laughrin was elected an Associate.

Read, first, Extracts from Letters addressed to Sir William
and Dr. Hooker by Mr. Gustav Mann, giving an account of his
second Ascent of Clarence Peak, Fernando Po. (See “ Botanical
Proceedings,”’ vol vi.)

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Vi

Read, secondly, “‘ A Glance at the Botany of the North Shore,
Sydney ;”? by William Woolls, Esq. Communicated by the Li-
brarian.

Read, thirdly, “ Catalogue of the Dipterous Insects collected
by Mr. A. R. Wallace at Gilolo, Ternate, and Ceram ;’’ by Francis
Walker, Esq., F.L.S. (See “ Zoological Proceedings,”’ vol. vi.)

Read, fourthly, “ Description of a (supposed) new Annelid ;”’
by E. Hart Vinen, Esq., M.D., F.L.S. (See “ Zoological Proceed-

ings,’’ vol. vi.)

The alterations in the Bye-laws, proposed by the Council on
the 17th of January, having been hung up in the Common Meet-
ing-room of the Society, and read by the President at the two last
successive General Meetings of the Society, were put to the
Ballot, and confirmed by the Fellows at large in the terms of the
Charter. (Copies of the modified Bye-laws, embodying these
alterations, have been forwarded, by post, to the Fellows residing
within the United Kingdom.)

March 7th, 1861.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Benjamin Carrington, Esq., M.D., was elected a Fellow.

Mr. Busk, F.R.S., Sec. L.S., exhibited the skull of a child between
four and five years of age, procured by Mr. Mann in the moun-
taimous region of Fernando Po, and said to belong to a peculiar
race of Negroes, inhabiting the higher parts of the island. The
skull offered some peculiarities of conformation, which rendered it
of considerable interest.

Read, first, “ Notes on Menispermacee, Tiliacee, Bixacee, and
Samydacee ;’ by George Bentham, Esq., V.P.L.S. (See “ Bo-
tanical Proceedings,’ 2nd Suppl. to vol. v.)

Read, secondly, “On the Vegetation of Clarence Peak, Fer-
nando Po; with Descriptions of Mr. G. Mann’s Plants from the
higher parts of that Mountain; by J.D. Hooker, Esq., M.D.,
F.R.S., F.L.S. (See “ Botanical Proceedings,” vol. vi.)

al PROCEEDINGS OF THE

March 21st, 1861.
Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Mr. David Moore, F.L.S., exhibited a flowering specimen of
Megacarpea polyandra, from the Botanic Garden, Glasnevin,
where it was originally raised from seeds collected in the Hima-
laya Mountains by the late Major Madden, and where it flowered
for the first time in April, 1855.

Read, first, “‘ On the Possibility of taking a Zoological Census ;”’
by Alfred Newton, Esq., M.A., F.L.S. (See “ Zoological Proceed-
ings,”’ vol. vi.)

Read, secondly, “ On the true Nature of certain Structures
appended to the Feet of Insects and Arachnida, subservient to _
Locomotion ;”” by Tuffen West , Esq. . E.L.S. (See “ Transactions,”
vol. xxiii. sh 2.)

April 4th, 1861.
Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Major Cary Barnard was elected a Fellow.

Mr. Heward, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of Celebogyne tlici-
folia and Gyrostemon attenuatus from the Herbarium of the late
Allan Cunningham ; and made some observations upon them.

Read, first, “On the Identification of the Grasses of the Lin-
nean Herbarium ;’ by Col. William Munro, H.M. 39th Regt.,
C.B., F.L.8., &. (See “ Botanical Proceedings,” vol. vi.)

Read, secondly, “ Note on an Unusual Mode of Germination
in the Mango (Mangifera indica)”; by Maxwell T. Masters,
Esq., F.L.8. (See “ Botanical Proceedings,” vol. vi.)

Read, thirdly, “ Descriptions of some new Species of Ant from
the Holy Land; by Frederick Smith, Ksq., Assist. Zool. Dep.,

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Vii

British Museum. Communicated by Daniel Hanbury, Esq. F.L.S.
(See “ Zoological Proceedings,”’ vol. vi.)

Read, fourthly, “ Catalogue of the Heterocerous Lepidoptera
collected by Mr. Wallace at Sarawak, Borneo ;’ by Francis Wal-
ker, Esq., F.L.S. (See “ Zoological Proceedings,”’ vol. vi.)

April 18th, 1861.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Henry Duckworth, Esq., and David Walker, Esq., M.D., were
elected Fellows.

Read, first, “ On the Circulation of the Blood in Pegea, as bear-
ing on the question of a Lining to the Vascular System of the
Tunicata;” by J. D. Macdonald, Esq., R.N., F.R.S. Communi-
cated by George Busk, Esq., F.R.S., Sec. L.S. (See “ Transac-
tions,”’ vol. xxii. part 2.)

Read, secondly, “On the Physiology of the Pallial Sinuses of
the Brachiopoda;’ by the same. (See “ Transactions,” vol. xxiii.
part 2.)

Read, thirdly, Extracts from Letters addressed by Gideon Lin-
cecum, Esq., to Charles Darwin, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., “ On
the Habits of the ‘ Agricultural Ant’ of Texas.’’ (See “ Zoological
Proceedings,” vol. vi.)

May 2nd, 1861.
Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Robert Hogg, Esq., LL.D. ; John Martin, Esq. ; and Andrew
Murray, Esq., were elected Fellows; and M. Isidore Geoffroy St.

Hilaire was elected a Foreign Member.

Read, first, a Letter from Dr. John Kirk to Sir William Hooker,
from the Zambesi Expedition.

Vill PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Read, secondly, a Letter from Dr. Thomson to Dr. Hooker, on
some plants collected at Aden.

Read, thirdly, the following “ Note on Omphalocarpon procerum,
Pal. Beauv. ;” by George Bentham Esq., V.P.L.S. (accompanied
by specimens).

The specimens now exhibited were gathered by Mr. Mann on
the Cameroon River, in West Tropical Africa, and from the simi-
larity of the general aspect of the tree, its foliage, and the remark-
able fruits growing sessile on the main trunk, I have no hesitation
in referring them to the Omphalocarpon procerum of Pal. de
Beauvois, who found the tree in nearly the same district of West
Tropical Africa, and figured it in his “ Flore d’Oware et de Benin,”’
vol.i. p. 7, pl.5 & 6. Our flowers are indeed very different in the de-
tails of their structure from those described by De Beauvois ; but
any one who has much studied the ahove-quoted work, will have
detected many instances where the detailed analyses of the flowers
are very incorrect, owing sometimes to the fragmentary state of
the specimens, at others to their having been mismatched, or the
parts totally wanting supplied from recollection, or even from the
imagination of the artist. Our flowers, like his, are females only ;
but instead of being distinctly gamopetalous, an inch long, with
numerous imbricate sepals, I find 5 orbicular, concave sepals, about
3 lines diameter, the 2 outer ones very thick; 5 petals not larger
than the sepals, similar in shape, but thinner and slightly connate
at. the base, where they are also united with the base of the bar-
ren filaments ; these are numerous and short, the inner ones united
in 5 laciniate scales. The ovary is conical with a thin sessile disk-
like terminal stigma very minutely toothed; the cells are nume-
rous, annular, with a single laterally attached ovule in each.
The fruits, although far from having attained their full size, are as
figured by De Beauvois, except that they present in their centre a
curious spherical cavity from which the cells radiate. Our seeds
are too young to show their internal structure, and still flat; but
they have the remarkable long hilum figured.

From these particulars it appears evident that the tree belongs
to TLernstramiacee, and not to Sapotacee. In the absence of the
male flower, its precise position in the order cannot be fixed.
The flowers are those of Ternstremiacce proper; the fruit comes
perhaps nearest to that of Pyrenoria; and the seed, if correctly

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1x

described, to those of Schima and some Gordonias. The uniovu-
late cells of the ovary are peculiar in the order, as also the very
remarkable structure of the pericarp, consisting of a number of
woody nutlike particles closely fitting into each other, but easily
separable.

Read, fourthly, the following “ Note on Rope made of Tree-
mallow Fibre ;’ by John Hogg, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.LS.

“ About a year ago I read a short paper on the Tree-Mallow
(Lavatera arborea, Linn.) to the Society (see ‘ Proceedings,’ vol.
v. p. 51), in which I made some remarks on this noble British
plant ; and I also showed some of the woody stem and bark of a
specimen of two years’ growth. I mentioned at the same time
that its inner bark was extremely fibrous, though coarse, and that
it was evidently well-adapted for being formed into strong ropes,
matting, and the like purposes.

“T have now the pleasure to exhibit a piece of rope, which is
made of the fibre from the bark of this plant. It is strong, but
coarse in texture, and is well-suited to many ordinary uses.

“ The rope-maker who prepared it, said he did not think that it
was capable of forming the finer cordage, or of receiving a bright
polish, ike hemp-fibre; but he considered that, as it seemed to
become stronger and tougher by immersion in water, it would very
probably be of much use for water or ship purposes.

“T am, however, inclined to think that, since this specimen of
rope was manufactured from the fibres of a plant only one year
old, the fibrous bark might be finer and of a better quality if
taken from a two-years’ old, or more mature plant.

“The rope-maker further told me that, as the bark gave out a
great deal of mucilage, he was of opinion that it might prove ser-
viceable in the fabric of common paper.”

Read, fifthly, “ Note on an Egg within an Egg ;” by the same.

Mr. Hogg exhibited an egg containing within it a second egg,
and stated that “ whilst eating a common hen’s egg in January
1858, he found within it what seemed to be a second, perfectly
formed, but much smaller egg; the external covering being white
and, of course, soft. Itslength or longer diameter was about ;%
of an inch, and its breadth or shorter diameter about 74. It
appeared to have within it a vitellus or globular yelk.”’

x PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Referring to other recorded instances of a similar kind, Mr.
Hogg mentioned the following account of a communication made
to the Academy of Sciences in Paris, January 7th, 1856, by M.
Valenciennes. “ Note sur les ceufs 4 plusieurs jaunes contenus
dans le méme coque.” ‘“ Les ceufs renfermant deux jaunes sont
trés rares, et ceux a trois jaunes le sont encore plus. M. Valen-
ciennes s’en est procuré un, et il le fait passer sous les yeux de
VPAcadémie. Aprés quelques considérations sur les ceufs de poules
a deux ou trois jaunes, auteur dit qu’il a observé cette duplicité
de jaunes dans les ceufs de divers autres oiseaux et de plusieurs
mollusques.” (Rev. Zool., 2 sér. tom. viii. p. 32.), and concluded
by observing that the instance noticed by himself and presented
to the Society differed from all others he had found recorded, in
the circumstance that the egg in his case contained not merely a
double yelk, but apparently a second perfect small eqq.

Read, sixthly, “ On the Floral Structure of Osyris peltata ;” by
E. de Crespigny, Esq. Communicated by Daniel Hanbury, Esq.
F.LS. |

Mr. Howard, F.L.S., exhibited Specimens of Cinchona Pahudi-
ana from Java, and made some remarks upon them.

Mr. Howard also read a Letter, addressed to himself by C. R.
Markham, Esq., on the Cultivation of the various species of Cin-
chona in Southern India.

eee

May 24th, 1861.

Annwersary Meeting.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

This day, the Anniversary of the birth of Linneeus, and the day
appointed by the Charter for the election of Council and Officers,
the President opened the business of the Meeting with the follow-
ing Address :— - :

GENTLEMEN,

Tue circumstances under which I meet you to-day cannot fail
to excite in me feelings so different from those which have ever

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Xl

before presented themselves in my long intercourse with the
Society, that I have the greatest difficulty in bringing myself to
the expression of any of those ordinary topics which have, on pre-
vious occasions, formed the subjects of my annual address.

When on this day 46 years—then a very young man—I was ad-
mitted into the Society by its estimable founder, how little could
I anticipate that I should have to look back upon so long a period
of intimate and happy intercourse with many of the most eminent
and distinguished naturalists and other scientific men who have,
during that time, adorned this country ; that I should have formed
so many close and pleasant friendships which have constituted one
principal charm and solace of the intervening portion of my life;
and, above all, that, after an eight years’ tenure, I should now be
resigning a Chair which had been previously occupied by men
whom it is indeed an honour to have succeeded, and my own occu-
pation of which has been rendered so uniformly happy by the
kindness and consideration and forbearance of those who placed
me there!

It is, indeed, with no ordinary emotion of gratitude that I look
back upon this latter and most important period of my fellowship
with the Linnean Society. Called, most unexpectedly to myself,
to succeed my late revered friend on his retirement, I might well
have shrunk from the responsibility of the office, the arduous nature
of its duties, and especially from the disadvantageous comparison
between my illustrious predecessor and myself. But having once
felt assured that my deficiencies (and no one could, I assure
you, be more painfully aware of them than myself) might be, in
some measure, obviated by an earnest endeavour to master the
difficulties of the position, and an assurance, derived from past ex-
perience, that I should receive the warm support of the officers
and Council, and that every allowance would be made by the
Fellows at large for my inevitable shortcomings, I would not allow
my misgivings to prevail against the expressed desire of so many
of the Fellows. If, as I am assured, I have fulfilled those
duties in any degree to their satisfaction, I most thankfully attri-
bute it to the wise counsels, the cordial co-operation and support,
and the lenient judgment with which I have at all times been
favoured. Still the retrospect of the last eight years cannot but
leave a mixed impression on my mind. The recollection of many
mistakes (I fear but imperfectly rectified), of opportunities of use-
fulness neglected and of duties only partially fulfilled, must and
ought to cause some regret, especially when it is considered that

xl PROCEEDINGS OF THE

the time for improvement is passed, and that in my case is fal-
sified the adage, “ Never too late to mend.”

The period during which I have been in office has been an
eventful one ; perhaps I do not exaggerate when, in this respect, I
compare it advantageously with any other similar period in the
history of the Society ; and it will not, I think, be uninteresting
or useless if, in my brief valedictory address, I recur to some of
the more remarkable events which have distinguished it, with the
view of examining how far we have progressed in the fulfilment of
our mission, and what has been the result of our work, either within
our own immediate circle, or in the more extended sphere of our
influence, or of our external relations.

One of the earliest changes which occurred in our arrangements
was the establishment of the Journal of Proceedings. Many of
you will recollect that before this plan was adopted, papers were
occasionally read at our meetings which, however valuable they
may have been iu themselves, neither required the quarto form
for their illustration, nor appeared, in other respects, to be adapted
for that mode of publication. In addition to this, the accumula-
tion of important matter which called for more speedy publication
than could be effected by the annual issue of the Transactions,
demanded, so to speak, a supplementary channel for its appearance.
It was proposed that these requirements should be fulfilled by the
octavo form of publication to which I am alluding. The innova-
tion was so considerable, and that too in a body so eminently con-
servative as ours, that its proposal excited much attention, and
was discussed with the freedom, and, at the same time, with the
deliberation, which so important a change demanded. The result
of much and deep consideration was the adoption of that form,
which has ever since been carried out with a degree of regularity,
greater, perhaps, than could have been reasonably expected, when
it is considered upon how many contingencies its periodical issue
depends. The success of the experiment (for such it was at its
commencement) has fulfilled the anticipations of its warmest ad-
vocates; and the satisfaction with which it has been received, not
only by the Society, but by naturalists who were not of our body,
both in England and abroad, has, I doubt not, contributed greatly
to raise the character of the Society, to extend its usefulness, and
in no small degree to increase our numbers by the accession of
many a good working naturalist.

The most striking event, however, of the period of which IT am

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xi

now speaking, was the removal of the Society from its old home
in Soho Square to our present commodious and most desirable
location; and in connexion with this important movement, our
close approximation to the Royal Society, and the increased inter-
course which we have enjoyed with that body since our juxta-
position. Jthink I may venture to say that all our most sanguine
expectations, as to the advantages and pleasures of that relation,
have been amply fulfilled. We have now enjoyed four years of
prosperous occupation here, and in addition to the pecuniary
advantage of immunity from rent, the increased accommodation
in regard to space, and the greater convenience and beauty of our
rooms, the success which has resulted from these circumstances
in the scientific prestige which the Society has acquired, the great
addition to our numbers and the increased extent and higher
character of our publications, has shown how important to our
welfare was the change which we then effected. This advantage .
has not, however, been enjoyed without an occasional cloud of doubt
as to the duration of our occupancy ; and it will be in the recollec-
tion of some present that I felt myself called upon in the year
1859 to allude in a particular manner to the proposals which were
made, and which there was every reason to expect would be car-
ried out, to cover the site of Burlington House and the vacant
ground behind it, with buildings destined for the mingled occu-
pancy of Government Offices, of Scientific Societies, and of the
Royal Academy, and other institutions connected with art. This
scheme is, for the present at least, abandoned; and we shall pro-
bably be left in undisturbed possession of our present abode for
many years to come. The Royal Academy, by the recent extensive
improvements in the present galleries, appear to have given up
any idea of removing, and we shall be spared the threatened ab-
surdity of the appropriation of the whole area in front of Burling-
ton House, including the site of the present matchless colonnade,
as a stand for carriages, useful only during the brief period of the
Academy’s annual exhibition.

If, however, the memorial of the last eight years present us with
a general result of almost unprecedented prosperity, that period
has been no less conspicuous in our history for the number and
the melancholy importance of our losses by death.

In a Society so numerous as ours we must, according to the
invariable statistics of mortality, annually have to lament the loss
of many of our number, notwithstanding the length of life and
of membership by which our list is distinguished, I believe, beyond

XIV PROCEEDINGS OF THE

that of any other institution of the kind. The average of the age
of our deceased fellows during this period is nearly 70 years, and
of the term of fellowship not far from 34 years; and amongst
those of whom we have been deprived are some who stand pro-
minently forward in both these respects, more than one having
numbered between ninety and a hundred yearsof life, and upwards of
sixty of membership. Still the mortality goes on, and, year after
year, those who, like myself, have grown old in connexion with the
Society, see one after another of our old companions in the field
of scientific labour and enjoyment, falling off from our side and
beckoning to us to follow. In the brief space of eight years what
a company of our old friends and associates have been removed
from us! It is a brilliant but a sad array: Jameson, Newport,
Stokes, Wallich, De la Beche, Edward Forbes, Greenough, George
Sowerby, Dillwyn, John Reeves, Swainson, Buckland, Pepys, Yar-
rell, Royle, Broderip, Robert Brown, Richard Taylor, Dawson
Turner, Henfrey, Horsfield and Spence, Bracy Clark, Hamilton
Smith, and now, within a fortnight, Fitton and Henslow. From
our foreign list we miss the honoured names of Adrien de Jussieu,
of Charles Bonaparte, of Lichtenstei and Miller, Nees von Esen-
beck, Bonpland, Temminck, Humboldt, Agardh, and the veteran
Duméril.

Turning from the mournful impression which this enumeration
must leave upon our minds, let us dwell for one moment on the
other side of the subject, and whilst we gratefully acknowledge
the accession of many younger members who have already at-
tained deserved eminence, or who are advancing in the same
road to honourable fame and distinction, let us look around |
amongst the fast-increasing numbers of the students of natural
science who have not yet joined our ranks, and enlist them under
our banner, to fill the places of those whose honoured names I
have recited, that not only in numbers but in scientific status the
Linnean Society may still maintain its high character.

The changes which have recently taken place with reference to
the promotion of the study of Natural Science in the University
of Oxford are so important, that I must be allowed to occupy a
few moments of your time in a passing allusion to them.

In the year 1855 I took occasion to refer to the transition state
which these studies were then undergoing at that great school of
learning. The sum of £30,000 was to be set apart for the build-
ing of a Museum. Collections of great importance were either

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XV

actually in the possession of the University and waiting for a
resting-place, or they were pouring in from various quarters. The
Natural History tripos was proposed. The appointment of a Pro-
fessor of Zoology, until that time unknown in either University,
was looming in the uncertain distance. What do we now see ?
The Museum built and partly occupied ; the collections increased
to an extent which could scarcely have been anticipated, chiefly
through the munificence of one of our Fellows, the Rev. F. W.
Hope ; the natural history specimens in the Ashmolean Museum
transferred to the new Museum; honours conferred as a reward,
in part, of a proficiency in natural knowledge, and a Hope Pro-
fessor of Zoology actually appointed in the person of our own
esteemed and talented Fellow, Professor Westwood, and this pro-
vided for by an act of liberality, unexampled in late years, on the
part of the same gentleman to whom I have before alluded. Pro-
fessor Westwood is incessantly and energetically employed, in
conjunction with his colleagues, in carrying out these objects.
At present these absorbing duties necessarily occupy so much of
his time that we have to regret the temporary suspension of those
original researches which have so much enriched entomological
science; but he is thus preparing not only the means of his own
future contributions to scientific literature, but especially laying
the foundation of a school of natural science in our oldest Uni-
versity, which, I fully anticipate, will at a future day be unsurpassed
in this country.

Turning to Cambridge, alas! one sole event absorbs all our
interest, and calls up all our sympathy. Within the last few days,
and almost before the ink was dry with which I had recorded on
these leaves the too sure anticipation of the approaching fatal
result of our admirable friend’s illness, came the announcement
that the University had been deprived of its excellent Professor
of Botany, and we have to mourn the loss of as kindly and genial
a spirit, and as honest and true a man, as ever endeared himself to
his friends, or ever lived without an enemy. Professor Henslow
has been so well and so long known, and his merits are so uni-
versally appreciated, that I need not dwell upon them here. I
will only say that our grief for his loss is enhanced by the hope-
lessness of soon supplying his place in our esteem and affection,
or his equal in the earnestness, zeal and success with which he
carried out his benevolent schemes of enlarging and purifying
the enjoyment of his peasant parishioners, by opening to their
minds the beauties of nature, and showing them, as a Chris-

Xvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE

tian clergyman ought to do, that that religion is an imperfect”
one which stops short of exhibiting the great Object of our wor-
ship as the beneficent Creator of all that is pure and beautiful
around us. His own love and enjoyment of nature was intense, and
his benevolence was such that he could not be satisfied without
enabling others, and especially the poor and children, to enjoy the
same pleasure with him. There was, too, a remarkable unity and
consistency, and, if I may so speak, a keeping in his character
which is very rare. ‘The elements were so mixed in him,” that
whilst there was no excessive preponderance of any one quality
at the expense of others, so there seemed to be no deficiency in
any of those qualities which deserve and ensure universal respect
and love, and which are essential to the completeness of the
manly and Christian character.

I need not detain you by any detail of our scientific proceedings
during the past year, as they are already, or will shortly be in your
hands. It is sufficient for me to appeal to our publications and to
your experience of the character of our meetings, to show that
neither in regard to the scientific value of the papers read, nor to
the interest of our conversational discussions, has there been any
falling off from the progress which we have for a long time been
enabled to record ; and I believe that the Society has never evinced
a more sound and healthy vitality than at the present time.

With regard to our financial position, which is so important an
element in our prosperity, it is peculiarly gratifying to me to state
that we have never been in a more satisfactory condition. At the
last Anniversary, I mentioned that the last item of our bonded
debt kad just been paid off, but that payment had occurred too late
to be included in the yearly account. It is therefore only in the
Auditors’ Report of the present year, that we have been able
to announce our absolute immunity from the incubus of debt ;
whilst the balance in our hands is su considerable, that the Council
has determined upon adding to the funded capital by the purchase
of £200 in the Consolidated Fund. ‘This is the first instance in
which any sum has been funded by us, irrespective of legacies or
other adventitious aid; and when this fact is considered in con-
junction with the paying off of the only remaining item of our
bonded debt, to which I have alluded, I cannot but heartily con-
gratulate you upon so auspicious a fact, because there appears
every probability that, in future years, the whole of the sums re-
ceived in composition for annual payments may be similarly in-

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XVu

vested. I need not say that it has always been my most anxious
wish that thisimportant object should be as soon as possible attained.

The independence of the Society and its free action can only
be secured by the possession of a fund on which to fall back in
case of any temporary suspension of prosperity, or of any contin-
gent call for unusual or unexpected expenditure.

Although I have not thought it necessary to enter into any de-
tail of our own corporate acts, I think it will be interesting to you
to learn that: in the completion of Mr. Bentham’s ‘ Flora of Hong-
kong,’ we have, I believe, the first example of a colonial flora
published under the auspices of the Colonial Secretary, with Go-
vernment aid, and that the first volume of the ‘ Flora Capensis,’
by Dr. Harvey and Dr. Sonder, has also been issued with the
assistance of the Cape Government. It is much to be desired
that these examples of the publication of the Natural History of
our Colonies under the auspices of Government should be followed
- out with a judicious and well-applied liberality.

The spread of the love and study of natural history, and its
teaching by means of lectures and the formation of local mu-
seums, is as satisfactory in our English provinces as I last year
described it to be in Ireland. At Leeds, the sum of nearly £8000
has been raised for enlarging and improving the museum belong-
ing to the Literary and Philosophical Society, which, owing in
great measure to the efforts of the Rev. T. Hincks, is rapidly ac-
quiring importance. The collections there are both extensive and
interesting. Two volumes of ‘ Transactions’ have been published in
former years. The County Museum at York is an admirable one, and
very useful lectures are delivered there. At Newcastle-upon-Tyne,
there is the nucleus of an excellent museum, “ which,” says my
informant, “is extending by the efforts of some energetic young
men, aided by a legacy from the late Robert Stephenson and
donations from Sir William Armstrong and others. There is also
a flourishing Microscopical Society, and other institutions having
more or less the object of the cultivation of natural history.”
The Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club is a society of very respectable
standing, and, as I have long known, admirably conducted. The
number of members was at Christmas last no less than 345, and it
is still steadily increasing. I have seen several parts of the ‘ Trans-
actions,’ which are highly creditable, and no papers are published
but such as are strictly on local subjects. Similar institutions,
as I am informed, exist at Manchester and some other places.

VOL. VI. b

Xvill PROCEEDINGS OF THE

The well-known Literary and Philosophical Society of the last-
named city still keeps up its character, and a Microscopical. Society
in the same place is also in active operation. The details of the
working of the society, especially on the products of the deep-
sea soundings, are highly interesting, and but from a desire not to
detain you too long, I should have willingly devoted a few minutes
to their enumeration.

At Alton in Hampshire, at Bedford, at Wakefield, and many
other places distant from the Metropolis, as well as in the suburbs,
societies having these objects are established ; and even in the far
Orkneys a Natural History Society is actively engaged, under the
direction of the Rev. Mr. Stobbs, in forming a complete collection
of local objects of natural history. If I glance at the vast im-
provements in Kew Gardens and the increased number of visitors
there, as well as at the Zoological Gardens, I have laid before you
sufficient proof of a vast advance in the popular recognition of
Natural History as a rational source of enjoyment.

I return now, Gentlemen, to our more immediate interests. It
had long been felt that considerable advantage might be anticipated
from the appointment of a second secretary instead of the under-
secretary recognized by the bye-laws, and that one of the two
secretaries should be considered as representing the Zoological
and the other the Botanical element in conducting the business of
the Society. As this arrangement would require an alteration in
the bye-laws, and as the whole of our code was thought to demand
a revision, for which we were not at the time prepared, Mr. Busk
kindly consented to act as the Zoological Secretary, under the title
of under-secretary, until the retirement of Mr. Bennett from an
office which he held for twenty years, with a zeal and constancy and
talent which laid the Society under the deepest obligations to him,
whilst his unfailing courtesy and kindness endeared him to every
one who was brought into connexion with him. I hope I shall be
pardoned a momentary digression, whilst I congratulate the Society
and our friend himself upon his comparative restoration to health,
and upon his being able once more to cheer us by his occasional
presence amongst us, and in particular by his valuable assistance
in the Council.

At this time Mr. Busk being elected Secretary, Mr. Currey
allowed us the advantage of his services under the old title, until
that alteration of the bye-laws, which you have recently confirmed,
enables you this day to elect him as joint Secretary with Mr. Busk.
It is not necessary for me to enter into any detail on the subject

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. X1x

of these alterations. They were made by the Council after the
most mature deliberation, and I believe that every one who com-
pares their present with their past state will acknowledge that
every change has been an improvement.

The vacancy occasioned by the much-regretted retirement of
Dr. Boott from the office of Treasurer, has been proposed to
be filled up by the nomination of Mr. Wilson Saunders—an ar-
rangement which needs no recommendation from me to secure the
cordial approval of the Society. But, to my sorrow, I have to an-
nounce that, whilst retiring from office, Dr. Boott has also sig-
nified his desire not to be re-elected into the Council, a circum-
stance which will be felt by the whole Society as a serious loss.—
After having acted as Secretary and as Treasurer for many years,
during which his services in both capacities, and as a member of
Council, were invaluable, whilst the gentle urbanity of his manners,
his warmth of heart, and the never-failing interest he always took
in the welfare of the Society caused him to be regarded with the
deepest personal esteem and respect, his removal from a position
which kept him, as it were, in continual and close relation to us,
will be felt by us all as a very painful breach in our brotherhood.

Before I take my leave, Gentlemen, I cannot but advert for
a moment to the very important duty which will devolve upon
you this day—the choice of a new President. When, from circum-
stances with which I have no occasion to trouble you, I de-
cided upon inflicting on myself the severe self-denial of request-
ing the Society not to re-elect me as their President at this Anni-
versary, I considered it my duty to confer with the Treasurer and
some other of the older members of the Council as to the gentle-
man whom I should propose as my successor. The first considera-
tion was, that he should be a Botanist, and it appeared to me and
to my friends and consultees, that there could be no hesitation as
to the distinguished person who should be proposed to the Council
for their nomination. Mr. Bentham’s extensive—may I not say
unequalled ? —knowledge of scientific botany is too well known to
need any eulogy from me. We have all for years past been accus-
tomed to listen with admiration to his papers in this room, and
to the good sense and extensive information which he has thrown
into our discussions.

But there is one claim which Mr. Bentham possesses to the
suffrages of the Linnean Society in particular, on which no one is
more entitled to speak than myself, and that is the remarkable

b2

xx PROCEEDINGS OF THE

wisdom, knowledge of business, and tact which have always distin-
guished him in the Council, and for which I now beg leave to ex-
press most strongly my own obligations and those under which
the Society at large lies to him. I hope Mr. Bentham will accept
the assurance of my most earnest wishes that he may long continue
to occupy a chair which he is so well able to fill; and that, while
the Society enjoys the benefit and prestige of his Presidency, he
may ever receive the same confidence, the same kind consideration,
the same affectionate attachment, as that with which for the last
eight years I have been honoured.

OBITUARY NOTICES.

The Secretary then read the following notices of deceased
Members.

George Earl of Aberdeen, whose name for the last twenty-five
years has stood at the head of the list of Fellows, died on the’
14th December, 1860.

The well-known public character and career of this distinguished
patron of literature and art, and the absence in him of any pre-
tension to scientific fame, render it unnecessary here to do more
than express the deep sense which this Society, in common with
the whole British Empire, cannot fail to entertain of the great public
loss sustained by the decease of one so long eminent as a states-
man and so distinguished by the excellence of his public and private
character.

Robert John Ashton, Esq., was by profession a solicitor, residing
at Pelham Crescent, Brompton, and having chambers in New Inn.
He was the eldest son of Robert Ashton, Esq., of Brompton, by
Mary, daughter of J. A. Schwenk, Esq., and was born at Brompton
in 1812. Educated by the late Rev. Dr. Lewis at Twickenham,
he was admitted a solicitor in 1836.

As he was possessed of good independent property, he followed
his profession more as a means of occupation than of profit, and
in the exercise of his avocation the strong tendency of his
mind to scientific and antiquarian pursuits led him to cultivate
law as a science, and to investigate the intricacies of titles rather
than to engage in active practice.

Mr. Ashton was a good classical scholar and well versed in the
German and French languages; but the natural bias of his mind
was better exhibited in scientific and antiquarian studies, and espe-
cially in that of natural history. Thus chemistry, botany,

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Xxi

entomology, geology and numismatics successively occupied his
attention. He became a member of the Entomological Society in
1835, and contributed some valuable papers in the second and third
volumes of its ‘Transactions.’ He was elected a Fellow of the
Linnean Society in 1839.

Mr. Ashton was possessed, according to his biographer in the
* Law Times,’ whence I have taken this short account of his life, of
no ordinary mental powers, great originality of thought, and was
familiarly versed in biblical lore. Of strong religious feeling, he
took a lively interest in most of the popular religious societies of
the day ; at the same time he was a man of strict integrity, chari-
- table, upright and uncompromising almost to a fault.

He died at Richmond, on the 26th of August, 1860, at the early
age of 47, and was buried at Kingsbury, Middlesex.

Philip Edward Barnes, Esq., B.A., occupied the post of Danish
Consul at Coquimbo. He was the son of Mr. Philip Barnes, an
old Fellow of the Society, and one of the originators of the Royal
Botanic Society, in whose service his son was at one time en-
gaged as Assistant Secretary.

Mr. Barnes was elected into the Society on the 18th of Decem-
ber, 1838, and died at Copiapo, Chili, on the 2nd of October, 1860.

Bracy Clark, Esq., the “ Father of the Linnean Society,’’ died
on the 16th of December, 1860, at the advanced age of 90, having
retained his faculties in almost full vigour to the last. In his own
profession he was esteemed one of the most eminent, if not the most
eminent, ef veterinarians. At any rate, he was one of the first in
this country to apply the resources of a liberally educated and well-
informed mind to the study of the veterinary art, which, since the
establishment of the college, has deservedly been admitted into the
rank of a profession. He was born at Chipping Norton, in Oxford-
shire, on the 7th of April, 1771, the ninth and last child of his
parents, who belonged to the Society of Friends, and both of whom
died within a few weeks of each other, before their youngest-born
was two years old. He was left under the guardianship of a near
relative, Mr. John Zachary, and at 8 years of age was placed at
school at Barford, where he had a favourable opportunity of ac-
quiring classical knowledge, and had among others for contempo-
raries, Luke Howard and Sampson Hanbury—names since as much
distinguished as his own in their respective walks.

When 14, he was apprenticed to a surgeon at Worcester, under
whom and his successor, he continued to improve his classical
knowledge, and acquired a practical acquaintance with the art of

XXil PROCEEDINGS OF THE

medicine. During this period, he took great interest in chemical
and mechanical pursuits, and is said to have constructed several
ingenious machines.

His earliest predilection in natural history was for the study
of entomology, and he made an extensive collection of the insects
found in the neighbourhood of Worcester; but though he was
doubtless animated by a strong love for this branch of knowledge,
the scientific principles by which he was guided are not very
obvious, when we find it recorded that he would not admit any
insect into his collection but such as had been described by Lin-
neus; any new forms apparently being regarded by him as un-
authorized interlopers. To entomology he soon added botany,
as it was then understood, as an object of pursuit ; and these tastes
appear to have been beneficial to him in more ways than one; for
besides the useful and instructive training his mind thus received,
his pursuits were the means indirectly of introducing him to a
more refined and intelligent, or at least more learned society, than
might otherwise have been accessible to him.

At the end of his apprenticeship, and when he had reached the
age of 21, Mr. Clark proceeded to London, with a view, apparently, |
of pursuing his medical studies. Through his guardian, Mr.
Zachary, he was introduced to the notice of Sir Joseph Banks,
under whose auspices, probably, he was elected a Fellow of this
Society on the 15th of January, 1793—that is to say, within
about five years of its foundation.

His medical studies were commenced under John Hunter, whose
place, however, in Windmill Street, was about that time supplied —
by Sir E. Home, and he had for fellow-students amongst the famous
dead, Thomas Young, Anthony Carlisle, Abernethy, and Astley
Cooper, and of the illustrious living Mr. Lawrence, who still remains
amidst us in almost unimpaired vigour and activity of mind and
body. But, although Mr. Clark appears to have regularly attended
the medical classes, his choice from an early period was to devote him-
self to the veterinary art, to the practice of which his medical and
scientific studies were the best possible introduction. To this he
was incited by his elder brother Mr. Henry Clark, who was a lover
of horses, and noted in the sporting circles. In the pursuit of
his special branch, he early attached himself to the Veterinary
College, about that time established in St. Pancras, and into which
Mr. Clark used to mention with delight, that he officially led the
first horse as a patient.

In the year 1797, he resolved to visit one of his sisters, who was

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XX

married and settled at Lausanne. On the passage to Hamburg, how-
ever, in a Yarmouth packet-boat, the vessel was captured by an
American privateer, and taken into a Dutch port, where the pas-
sengers received some hard treatment, and were robbed of all they
possessed, though Mr. Clark’s loss fortunately does not appear to
have been heavy. He remained on the Continent for about two
years, and travelled through Holland, Denmark, Germany and
Switzerland at a time when travelling was not quite so easy as in
the present peaceful times; and many testimonials are extant of
the consideration he obtained among men of science for his in-
dustry, intelligence, and energy. Having in vain endeavoured to
obtain permission to enter France with the view of studying at
the celebrated veterinary schools of Paris and Lyons, he returned
to England, and commenced practice in London, where he soon
attained the most eminent position in his profession. In the course
of his practice he appears very early to have felt that it was out
of the natural order of things that horses should, after some years’
usage, so often become Jame, a term under which he included every
defect in stepping, and in the detection of which he possessed a
very keen eye. In his ‘ Hippodamia,’ he has left a very interesting
account of his researches into the cause of this lameness, which were
rewarded by a discovery, in his own estimation at any rate, “ second
to none that has ever been made on the subject of horses.” This
was what-he termed the “ principle” of the elasticity or expan-
sibility of the animal’s foot. This so-termed “ principle,’ however,
had been previously recognized by Mr. Freeman in his work on
the ‘ Mechanism of the Horse’s Foot,’ which was published in 1796.
At the present day, we can only wonder that so obvious a fact
should ever have been overlooked by the most barbarous farrier,
and that it should have been reserved for the last sixty or seventy
years to erect it into a “ principle.”’

The application, however, of this “ principle”’ in the shoeing of
horses seems to have been a more difficult problem than its dis-
covery, and to have engaged the attention and laborious ingenuity
of many veterinarians. Mr. Clark was occupied more or less in
the solution of the question up to the last year of his long life, and,
in fact, his experiments in this regard appear to have absorbed
no small portion of the very considerable gains he made by the
practice of his profession. His zeal in this subject we cannot per-
haps wonder at, when we learn that, in his opinion, the horse
would attain to the age of fifty, were it not for the cruel sufferings
occasioned by the imprisonment of its feet, the cutting of the frog,

XXIV PROCEEDINGS OF THE

and the otherwise cruel treatment experienced by it at the hands
of smiths in general.

Among Mr. Clark’s published works should be enumerated, first,
his papers published in our ‘Transactions,’ consisting of 1.
“ Observations on the Genus Cstrus,”’ which was read Novem-
ber 1st, 1796, and published in the third volume of the ‘ Linnean
Transactions.’ 2. “ Of the Insect called Qistros by the Ancients,
and of the true Species intended by them under this appellation ;
in reply to the Observations of W. S. Macleay, Esq., and the
French Naturalists: to which is added a Description of a new
Species of Cuterebra’’ (Ibid. vol. xv. pp. 402-411) ; and 3. “An
Appendix or Supplement to a Treatise on the @stri and Cuterebre
of various Animals”? (bid. vol. xix. pp. 81-94; and Proc. Lin.
Soc. vol. 1. pp. 99-100). The “Observations on the Genus
Cistrus’”’ were republished in an amplified form, in 1815, under the
title of ‘Essay on Wstri.’

Mr. Clark’s first appearance as an author, however, was in the
‘Gentleman’s Magazine,’ where he gave “ A short Account of
the celebrated Race-horse Eclipse, ’’ which was written in so lively
and pleasing a style as to attract considerable attention.

Among his numerous other works may be mentioned his elaborate
treatise on the ‘ True Structure and Economy of the Horse’s Foot ;’
his ‘ History of the Veterinary Art;’ a‘ Treatise on the Bits of
Horses ;’ and a ‘ Memoir on the Vices of Horses;’ an ‘ Essay
on the Knowledge of the Ancients respecting the Art of Shoeing the
Horse ;? all of which, to borrow the words of his biographer in
the ‘Edinburgh Veterinary Review,’ “testify to his untiring per-
severance, devotion to veterinary science, and his profound know-
ledge of the subject.”

To conclude in the words of the same writer, who is far better
entitled than I am to express an opinion, “ Few men have had the
privilege of working or writing in true earnest for the length of
time that Bracy Clark laboured in the cause of veterinary science.
The progress in the purely scientific department of that profession
in this country during the last seventy years has been due almost
entirely to Bracy Clark. The reputation of British veterinarians
on the Continent is mainly attributable to his efforts.”

William Henry Fitton, M.D., P.RS., #.GS., died on the 18th
May, 1861, at the advanced age of 82. Though never a contributor
to our ‘Transactions,’ no man was better known or more warmly
esteemed than Dr. Fitton in all scientifie circles. Justly eminent
among geologists, he may be regarded as one of the earliest and

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXV

most zealous founders of the British School of Geology. His
early labours, commencing more than half a century ago, on the
geology of Hastings and its neighbourhood, and these, together
with his works on the strata intervening between the chalk and
oolite in the South-east of England and in the Isle of Wight, pub-
lished as they were at an early period in the history of the science,
speedily raised Dr. Fitton to a European reputation, which was
not only maintained, but enhanced by his subsequent career.

In 1827 he became President of the Geological Society, in which
capacity he was the first to set the laudable and useful example,
since so amply and ably followed by his successors, of giving an
annual véswmé of the general progress of the science. In 1852
he received the Wollaston Medal, presented to him by the Society
for his eminent scientific services. Besides his strictly scientific
publications, Dr. Fitton contributed several articles on the early
history of geology to the ‘Quarterly Review’ and other periodicals.

John Stevens Henslow. As I feel that it would be impossible
for me to do equal justice to the subject of the following notice,
or to express in anything like such adequate terms what is due to
the memory of Professor Henslow, I have thought it better, with
the due permission, to insert in the records of the Linnean So-
ciety, the eloquent and complete account of his life and labours
contained in the pages of the ‘ Gardeners’, Chronicle’ for June
1, 8, and 15, 1861.

“There are few men whose loss will be more generally deplored,
whether as a clergyman or as a man of science, than the subject
of this notice; nor are these his only claims to be regarded as
a benefactor of his race, for there are few whose personal influence
for good on the social, moral, and religious characters of those
with whom he has been associated or laboured, bas been so deeply
felt or so gratefully acknowledged. To give even a sketch of
the varied attainments and personal qualifications that were so
blended in Prof. Henslow as to render him at once the most popular
and useful man of science of his day, is quite impossible here; for
they depended on a combination of rare qualities of head and heart ;
each natural, but all well trained and conscientiously cultivated by
their possessor during a long period of his life. Amongst them,
however, should be mentioned some personal and other features,
which, as being in a great measure due to temperament and mental
endowment, were inherent and characteristic of all periods of his
life : these were a sense of truth and fair play, so instinctive, that
deception or even reticence when the cause of truth was at stake

XXVl PROCEEDINGS OF THE

were things almost unintelligible to him; a geniality of disposition
that rendered him an attractive companion from his childhood
upwards ; a temper of which he was never known to lose command,
even by his most intimate friends; an organization of brain that
rendered all subjects of study equally easy of acquirement ; a keen
love of nature and of natural knowledge, and ardour in communi-
cating it; a quick perception, excellent powers of generalisation,
the largest charity, a total absence of vanity or pride, a winning
countenance, and a robust frame. Few men indeed were more
gifted by nature to take a commanding position in the many
spheres of life, in one or other of which he was always busy; few
had more need of that balance of powers of mind which his Uni-
versity tutors recognised as something unusual, and the phrenolo-
gists accounted for by the form of his head, which they considered
faultless. That this is no exaggerated estimate of the subject of this
sketch, the following brief notice of his career will prove.

“He was born on the 6th of February, 1796, at Rochester,
where his father was in business as a solicitor, the eldest of
eleven children, of whom four sisters only survive him. His scien-
tific powers and love of natural history, which were very early dis-
played, were inherited both from his father, who was a great reader
of natural history books, and devoted to the observation and keep-
ing of birds and other animals, and from his grandfather, Sir John
Henslow, surveyor of the navy, who united to a scientific knowledge
of naval architecture, great ingenuity and skill in designing. He was
educated first at a free school in Rochester, and afterwards at Dr.
Jephson’s, of Camberwell. During the former period he delighted
in making excursions on the Medway, and especially in hunting
for insects, and in rearing them and observing their habits. It
was during the latter period that he first learned how to arrange
and systematize; and the delight in analysing, understanding,
and illustrating, gradually equalled that of collecting ; and these
were thenceforward the ruling passions of his life.

“In 1814 he was entered at St. John’s College, Cambridge, and
graduated as 16th Wrangler in 1818, in which year also he joined
the Linnean Society. During his college career he continued an
active naturalist ; declining to compete for the much higher aca-
demic position which, with his mathematical powers, he might
easily have attained, he preferred substantial knowledge, studied
chemistry under Prof. Cumming, mineralogy under Dr. Clarke,
laboured hard at geology as an original inquirer with but little aid,
and became a Fellow of the Geological Society in 1819.

_ LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXVli

“Tn 1821, at the early age of 23, he appeared as an author, com-
municating to the Geological Society his ‘Supplementary Obserya-
tions on Dr. Berger’s Account of the Isle of Man,’ containing a
map and sections, to the preparation of which he had devoted his

‘spare time whilst spending two long vacations on that island with
pupils. At about that period the same duties also led him to the
Isle of Anglesea, the geology of which he diligently explored, and
embodied the results in a most elaborate paper, printed in the
first volume of the‘ Cambridge Philosophical Transactious.’ This
paper not only at once raised its author to a very high position,
and caused such a demand for the volume in question that it was
soon out of print; but it is to this day quoted by geologists as a
model of truthful and sagacious scientific research. It possesses
also rare merit, as combining with great power of co-ordinating
physical features, skill and accuracy in the application of chemistry,
mineralogy, mathematics and drawing to the illustration of a very
complicated mountainous region.

“ At this period, too, his physical powers were equal to his mental ;
and during his geological excursion in Anglesea he once walked 40
miles in the day, with his hammer and specimens on his back,
and danced all the following night at a ball!

“ About the same year Professor Henslow took up botany with
the same zeal and method which he had devoted to other branches
of science, being, it is believed, first attracted to morphology and
physiology. He soon, however, found that no satisfactory know-
ledge of these branches could be acquired without a previous ac-
quaintance with systematic botany ; and this, joimed to his ardour
for collecting, led him to the formation of a herbarium, in which
he displayed not only the specimens, but the structure of their
organs, their relations, variations, and aberrations. In 1822 the
Professorship of Mineralogy becoming vacant, he became the suc-
cessful candidate; he held the appointment for three years, con-
scientiously devoting the whole of his time to the study, and
especially to the chemical and erystallographical branches of it,
for which his mathematical powers and previous training eminently
qualified him. He prepared and published an admirable syllabus
of his course of lectures, followed by a systematic list and analy-
tical tables, drawn up with the same scientific precision and clear-
ness that characterize all his labours.

“In 1825 the Professorship of Botany became vacant by the
death of Professor Martyn, and for this Professor Henslow re-
signed the mineralogical chair; applying all his energies and ma-

XXVI1ll PROCEEDINGS OF THE

nifold acquirements to his new post (which had been wholly neg-
lected for many years), and speedily raising it from obscurity to
renown. He immediately arranged a course of lectures at once
scientific, practical and popular, gave chemistry and physiology
their legitimate places in botanical teaching, and, by applying his
mathematical powers in giving a prominent place to the geometrical
problems involved in phyllotaxis, he awakened interest in a study
to which some of the mathematicians of Cambridge had hitherto
hardly accorded the dignity of a science. Nor did he neglect the
more practical duties of a teacher ; no one knew so well as he did
that to make botanists of students they must quickly be brought to
believe that in some directions, at any rate, they can and ought to
walk unaided ; he therefore took them on excursions, taught them
early how to name plants by an artificial use of the natural method ;
gave each confidence in his earliest efforts, and led them on by
example, teaching and encouragement. Nor did botanists and
undergraduates alone profit: his lecture room was attended by
senior members of the University, and his excursions by entomo-
logists, conchologists, and geologists ; each deriving knowledge in
his own speciality from him, and he from them: thus exciting
amongst his pupils an admiration for his manifold acquirements
that was only equalled by their love of his personal character.

“ For 14 years Professor Henslow resided at Cambridge as bota-
nical professor, during which period the income attached to the
chair was very small; this was, however, no obstacle to his in-
stituting weekly evening meetings at his own house for the recep-
tion of every one interested in science, including under-graduates ;
to which all were invited to bring specimens of interest in any
branch of science; and at which there was free intercourse
between young men and ‘dons’ of every degree. This practice,
previously unknown in the University, and, we regret to say, as yet
unfollowed, was a step of immense importance in diffusing a taste
for science, no less than in inciting the young men to intellectual
pursuits.

“ During this period he contributed two papers to the Cambridge
Philosophical Society on a hybrid Digitalis, and the structure of
the Mignonette, both of the highest merit as works of philoso-
phical research, and which established his reputation amongst
continental naturalists : he also wrote the volume on Botany for
Lardner’s ‘ Cabinet Cyclopedia,’ an admirable little work, of which
two editions have been sold, and a third was under revision at the
time of his decease. It is a noticeable fact, that since Professor

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXX

Henslow’s departure from Cambridge, not a single botanical paper,
and very few on other branches of natural history, have been
contributed to its Philosophical Transactions, of which he was
one of the founders.

“ In 1823 Professor Henslow married a daughter of the Rev.
George Jenyns, of Bottisham Hall, in Cambridgeshire; and in
1825 he took orders as curate of Little St. Mary’s, in Cambridge.
In 1833 he was presented by Lord Brougham, then Chancellor,
to the Vicarage of Cholsey-cum-Moulsford, in Berkshire, where he
resided during the summer months of three years, passing the
rest of his time at Cambridge as before. In 1837 he was trans-
ferred by the Crown to the valuable Rectory of Hitcham in Suffolk,
and there from 1839 until his death, he resided throughout the
year, with the exception of six weeks of the Haster term, when he
lectured during the week in Cambridge; for many years returning
to Hitcham for the Sunday service. |

“To the duties of his new position Professor Henslow brought
the same energy, and the same love of bettering his fellow-crea-
tures as had distinguished him in Cambridge, together with in-
creased fervor for teaching, matured faculties, and a deep sense of
his responsibility in ministering to the spiritual and temporal
wants of a large and wofully neglected parish. His flock were
notorious for belief in witchcraft, drunkenness, poaching, sheep-
stealing and other immoral habits; they consisted of field labourers
lying in wretched hovels, and of farmers, who, being intellectually
little better than their servants, were doggedly opposed to any
change in their moral or physical condition. Here was work
requiring all Professor Henslow’s indomitable energy and multi-
farious resources ; no one knew better than he what is the result
of throwing good seed on stony ground, and he consequently laid
his plans for tilling and fertilizing the ground committed to his cul-
ture with such sagacity and skill, and carried them out with such
unflinching steadfastness of purpose, that within less than a quar-
ter of a century he reaped his reward hundred-fold, and died
with a harvest garnered. It is quite impossible to estimate the
amount and kind of moral courage required for a clergyman to
break down the sturdy opposition to change of the farmers of
twenty years ago; but his neighbours had to do with one who
never determined on a plan of action without carrying it into suc-
cessful effect, and whose downright honesty, frank bearing, and
imperturbable temper, were weapons proof against the outbursts
of prejudice, avarice, and malice with which he was assailed.

XXX PROCEEDINGS OF THE

“ On Professor Henslow’s arrival at Hitcham the parish consisted
of upwards of 1000 persons, scattered over more than 4000 acres ;
and the poor-rates amounted to 27s. per head, women and children
of all ages included! Moreover parish relief was not unfrequently
levied by bands of 40 or 50 able-bodied labourers, who intimidated
the previous rector into instant compliance with their demands.
The church was all but empty, and baptism and the marriage
ceremony were practically regarded as superfluities or luxuries ;
whilst with regard to food, clothing, and the meang of observing
the decencies of life, the inhabitants were far below the average
scale of the peasant class in England. His first step was to attach
the labourers to himself, and induce them to regard him as a
friend. For this purpose, being a capital pyrotechnist, he invited
them to the rectory lawn in the evening and amused them with
fireworks, and then gradually introduced to their notice many
simple objects of domestic use hitherto unknown to them; and
having once gained their confidence he lost no time in setting to
work on a plan that should tell at once both on their bodies
and minds ; knowing well that it would be necessary to raise
their condition to that of rational beings, and secure some feel-
-ing of independence among them, before he could act with effect
on the class which held them in bondage. To this end he
caused a school-room to be built, and a mistress appointed—both
on a very humble scale, for he had but slender support from his
parishioners ; indeed, greatly as the building and the stipend of
the mistress are now increased, it has been mainly through his
liberality ; his subscriptions having often doubled those from all
other persons. In the school he so arranged the method of teach-
ing, that the sympathies as well as the faculties of the children
were aroused bya combination of the religious and secular elements.
The children were taught their duty to God, to one another, and
to themselves; the latter by means that were long thought Uto-
pian, but are now recognized as efficacious beyond precedent ; we
allude to the introduction of Natural History as a means of sharp-
ening the observing and reasoning faculties, and giving the chil-
dren an increased reverence for their Creator’s power, a know-
ledge of common objects, and a pursuit in which they can take
equal interest in the fields or at home.

“ Professor Henslow’s method of teaching village children botany,
and the success that has attended it as an educational measure,
quite apart from the information given, have often been noticed ;
it is now the theme of universal praise, it has been taken up by

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXx1

the Council of Education, and is being carried out in various
parts of the country. We cannot here dwell on its manifold
advantages to an agricultural people, how it influences their daily
habits in after-life, as well as advances their material interests as
rearers of vegetable produce ; and we must refer to the numerous
volumes of the ‘ Gardeners’ Chronicle’ in which accounts have
appeared, some by Professor Henslow himself, of the working
of these and other educational and social measures.*

* As an exemplification of the methods employed by Prof. Henslow for the
gaining of the affections, and amusing and instructing the minds of his humbler
parishioners, we subjoin the following interesting sketch of some of the plea-
sures of a visit to Hitcham about eight years since, which appeared in the
‘Literary Gazette’ of July 9, 1853, from the able pen of Mr. Lovell Reeve.

6A VILLAGE FLOWER-SHOW.

** In a quiet corner of rural England dwells a pastor of the Established Church
—an eminent teacher of botany—whose educational views, sprung from a ma-
thematical university, have bent with peculiar grace to the influence of his pro-
fessional pursuits. For him the lilies of the field are as ministering elements of
thought and feeling, serving to rear up the minds of his flock in notions of
comeliness and order; and to draw lessons from plants and other natural
objects, is with him a treasured step towards the development of an observant
and godly intellect. Let us see how far his village flower-show of Wednesday
last, more pleasurable after its kind than even the glories of Chiswick, confirms
the spirit of his teaching.

“ The ruling principle of the ‘ H Labourers’ and Mechanics’ Horticul-
tural Society,’ is, that every member should feel his independence as a contri-
buting subscriber. They are of the very poorest class. Few, very few, alas! of
the parents are able to read or write. The subscription is stxpence per annum,
and out of this small fund two annual shows—one of flowers and one of vegeta-
bles—are held with great rejoicing in the grounds of the Rectory. Prizes vary-
ing from 2s. 6d. to a pinch of white snuff—z.e., peppermint lozenges—are
offered by the rector, gentry, and farmers, to the most successful cultivators,
and the award of the judges is looked forward to each year with as much com-
peting excitement as the gold and silver Banksian and Knightian medals of the
metropolis. There is, however, one important advantage which this Society has
over those of London. It gives prizes for Wild Flowers. Here, Flora is not
so drugged, and forced, and tricked out with hoops and flounces. Her mere-
tricious adornments of paint and patchwork are unknown in the pastoral village
of 0 Her botanical charms are here fresh and uncorrupt. She doesn’t
linger in heated rooms, and come forth an unblushing jade, all blossom, with
her retiring mantle of foliaceous green cropped to the shortest possible dimen-
sions. She breathes the atmosphere of heaven, lurks beneath the tinkling sheep-
bell, peeps out modestly from the hedgerows, and is plucked by tiny hands for
the sake of the lessons she gives. As the seasons come round, the children of
H go into the fields to gather wild flowers, and a faithful record is kept and
printed of the parish flora. Hard names, such as monocotyledonous and inflo-

XXXll PROCEEDINGS OF THE

“ Jn 1838 ploughing matches were introduced, and applauded by
the labourers ; it might have been supposed by the farmers too;
but with characteristic obstructiveness they for many years con-
tinued to throw in the apple of discord, and rendered fair play im-
possible. Upon this Professor Henslow took higher grounds, and

rescence, are as familiar to them as household words. They are engrafted on the
memory by their continual practical illustration. The spelling-book gives them
names equally hard and important, such as ple-ni-po-ten-ti-a-ry and ag-grand-
ize-ment, but as these things are unfamiliar and have no practical illustration
among them, they are forgotten almost as soon as learned. Of Wild Flowers,
a prize of 1s. and four of 6d. are offered for the five best nosegays, not exceeding
18 inches by 12, prepared by children between eight and fourteen years of age;
and a prize of 1s. and two of 6d. for similar nosegays from children under eight
years of age; and three prizes of 2s. 6d., 2s. and 1s. 6d. are offered respectively
to the children of the parish school who shall answer best some questions about
the local wild flowers. There is, however, an important N.B. in the corner of
the prospectus. The children who compete for botanical honours must have
received a ticket for regularity of attendance at either Day or Sunday School.
‘The day approaches, and great are the preparations at the Rectory. On the
broad green lawn, skirted with lofty elm trees, —God’s house in the distance,—
are being erected tents and booths, round-abouts and see-saws. The ladies, ever
forward in works of charity and kindly encouragement, are preparing all sorts
of embellishments—flags of divers patterns, not intended to brave the battle,
but only the breeze, and rosettes of economical pseudo-satin, pinked to perfec-
tion, to dignify the stewards ; and it is whispered that the servants are preparing
a surprise. All that is to be seen in the kitchen at present are the little bags
of Congou, milk, and sugar, in solution, brewing in a mash-tub ; and mountains
of good brown cake sufficient for a feast of ogres. The day arrives, and the
village botanists are sauntering up the long walk with the produce of their
rambles. Presently they are buzzing under a group of horse-chestnut trees,
making up their nosegays—eighteen inches by twelve—and anon they show
them in the exhibition booth, in the quaintest possible stands—from a ginger-
beer bottle to a cocked-hat Damon of the time of Watteau, with his arms
akimbo, looking as proud of his load as a Linnean herbalist. Opposite to them are
arranged the fuchsias, geraniums, roses, pinks, stocks, pansies, annuals and per-
ennials, nosegays and device nosegays, and at the end the rustics are peeping with
astonishment into a polyoramaand a stereoscope. On the opposite side of the green
is a tent devoted to general curiosities. Eggs of alligator, and eggs of ostrich, eggs
of humming-birds, and eggs of some other wonderful birds incubating lilliputian
cottages in yolk of shells and moss, casts of Echini in their flinty matrices and
Echini in chalk, vegetable ivory, from the nut to its process of turning into pin-
cushions and umbrella handles, ammonites and nautili, bright enamelled shells
of all kinds, butterflies and scorpions, grasses and sedges, lace bark and choco-
late in the pod; but it is beyond our memory to enumerate the specimens of
this instructive museum, all set out and stored away again in one day by the
busy Professor in his St. Albans hat of plaited straw. The company has arrived,
and probably eight hundred or more, some in fustian and coarse print, some in
surtout and grog-de-naples, are assembled on the lawn, the carriage gentry

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXill

matured his plans for extending a system which would strike at
the root of agricultural slavery, and for which he had been for ten
years struggling with but very slender success: this was the
allotment system, which from the time of his first proposing it,
had met with the fiercest and best organized opposition. To pro-

driving up to the house to exchange congratulations with the host and hostess.
The servants have brought out their surprises. Upon the booth is seen a tri-
umphant display of loyalty,—‘ God save the Queen,’ in daisies of emblematic
white upon a laurel background. Over the door is a monster vegetarian, the
counterfeit presentment of an agriculturist, spade and fork in hand, built up of
laurel leaves, be-buttoned with daisies, and with a face rudely made out of
jocund roses. Lastly a richly laurelled throne is brought out, something be-
tween a sentry-box and a pulpit, and into this the Rector-Professor mounts to
distribute the prizes. The giving of each prize is accompanied with praises and
criticism, according as either is needed. The fuchsias are pronounced to be
excellent, the pinks not so good. ‘ You must improve their cultivation,’ said the
Professor, ‘ by the next show. In having such jagged edges they look too much
like cloves. They look as if they had been jumping through the brambles and had
torn their petticoats.’ The failing characteristic was understood in a moment.
The wild-flower gatherers now stand round to receive their prizes, and to be
asked questions. It was announced that one little girl had added twelve new
species to the flora of Hitcham during the past year,—twelve, not brought hap-
hazard with a heap of others, but detected separately in the field as not being in
the printed catalogue, and not hitherto known to the University Professor of
Botany as being inhabitants of his parish. Plants from the West of England,
not before seen by the little botanists, were then shown to them, and the class,
family, and genus were told without hesitation ; and when asked to what plant
known to them they were related, the allied local species was named, though
differing in general aspect. The plant was determined alone by its scientific
characters. The prizes were awarded, and it did one’s heart good to see the
little bob curtsy and intelligent simper that accompanied it. A present of bo-
tanical boxes was promised to be given on the morrow. The banguet of tea and
cake for the three hundred horticulturists who had taken penny tickets, and a
hymn of loyalty and grateful interchange of huzzas between master and servants,
concluded the proceedings. The parting adieu is still tinkling gently in our
ear.

“But a yet more interesting sight awaited us. On the morrow we visited
the parish dame-school. The forms were crowded with children, the girls neat
and intelligent, the boys somewhat quaintly clad and drowsy. As the Professor
appeared at the door, also a little quaint, in his straw hat, with a rough hoe for
a walking-stick, the pinafored botanists, who seemed to congregate by instinct,
stood up to receive him. At oneend of the room was a cupboard, overlooked by
a print of Joseph cast by his brethren into the pit, containing the parish herbarium.
It consisted of dried specimens of the flora of Hitcham, neatly arranged and named,
and outside on a board hung the printed catalogue of reference. Opposite to it
was a large A BC table and some views of the Crystal Palace. At the other
end of the room was the vivarium or collection of living specimens. Each plant

LINN. SOC.—VOL. VI. c

XXXIV PROCEEDINGS OF THE

vide the labourer with the means of improving his condition, and
secure to him as an irrefragable right, what alone offered a pro-
spect of keeping him from the workhouse when unemployed by the
farmer, and from the beershop when disposed to be idle, was an
object worth every effort on the part of the rector; and in 1849,
by dint of his indomitable moral courage and determination, he
succeededin establishing nofewer than fifty quarter-acre allotments
in the parish. For several years the battle raged, but with the
aid of one or two staunch supporters—honourable exceptions to
the mass—he overcame all difficulties, and finally almost tripled the
number of allotments. Throughout the whole of this agitating
period Professor Henslow preserved not only a calm, but a con-
ciiatory bearmg: he announced himself from the first as a cham-
pion of the rights of the poor, sought no quarter himself, but
gave it liberally to all the vanquished ; he printed and circulated

was contained in a separate phial of water, and two or three hundred or more,
all fully labelled, were arranged along the wall in wooden shelves drilled for their
reception. The prizes awarded to the most successful field botanists were now
brought out for distribution. They were of three classes—botanical boxes,
pocket lenses, and cases of forceps. The little villagers received their philoso-
phical instruments with a shrewd appreciation of the use of them, and brought
them to bear on a dissection of the products of the day with the dexterity of a
Hooker or a Lindley. The forceps was lifted to separate the sepals and petals,
the lens to examine the number of pistils and stamens, and class, order, and
genus were determined by the competing botanists ina moment. ‘ They. beat
my Cambridge boys,’ said the Professor. ‘We don’t trouble ourselves here
about the Artificial system of botany ; we jump smack to the Natural.’ One
little girl had detected a species of reed grass new to her. It was new, as occur-
ring in this locality, to the Professor. It was new even to his own private her-
barium, and rare in all England. A liberal pinch of white snuff from Pandora’s
box was the welcome reward. The girls were now examined as to the general
characters of plants. A specimen was held up and systematically pulled to
pieces, and the questions put were promptly answered in the course of the dis-
section. All we can ourselves remember is a lifting of the forceps, a quizzing
through lenses, a general consultation and whispering, and the simultaneous
echo now and then of such words as ‘ tetradynamous,’ ‘ hypogynous,’ ‘ polypeta-
lous,’ ‘syngenesious,’ and the like, learned out of a printed formula, which,
owing to the assistance of the bountiful goddess hereinbefore mentioned, had
proved much easier to them than the multiplication table. ‘They beat my
Cambridge boys hollow,’ again remarked the Professor, with a smile. In con-
clusion, all kneeled down on the clean brick floor, to repeat a short prayer to
the gracious Giver of plants that open out spring lessons for intelligent minds,
and we went out thoroughly impressed with the importance of nature-teaching,
even in this sequestered pastoral spot. We would have given the world at that
moment for some claim to a share in the blessing that followed the Reverend
Professor home to the Rectory.”

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. ~ XXXV

one sharp rebuke addressed to the farmers, which informed them
of his intention of abiding by his own resolves, and declining their
dictation. The success of the allotments is now complete, and the
Hitcham allottees have on several occasions distanced all compe-
titors in the excellence of their produce.

“We cannot here do more than allude to the various well-organ-
ized methods by which Professor Henslow gradually raised the
condition of the people committed to his charge, and which, with-
out one exception, were flourishing at the period of his decease.
Of these the ‘Recreation Fund’ has naturally been the most
popular; it originated in his suppression of the annual tithe
dinner given by the rector to the farmers in one of the public-
houses, and which was always a scene of disgraceful drunkenness.
In 1849 he announced his determination to withhold the money
for this purpose, and to employ it in giving an excursion in which
the best-conducted of his parishioners should jom: short excur-
sions in the neighbourhood excited a desire for more distant ones,
and by means of a small subscription amongst themselves, aided by
larger ones from the rector’s family and some well-wishers to his
plans, journeys to Ipswich, Norwich, Cambridge, the Exhibition
of 1851, Kew, Harwich, and Felixstow, were organized!,and car-
ried out at the expense of a few shillings per head. On these
occasions Professor Henslow often printed and circulated plans of
the route, with illustrations that should serve for reminiscences of
the chief objects worth seeing: he arranged with the railway
directors for cheap trains, and with public and private individuals
for admission to interesting places; and most generously were his
exertions everywhere seconded by all parties. The plans all
arranged, time-tables opened, and, with tickets in their hats, nearly
two hundred villagers would assemble at dawn to enjoy through-
out the day the simple and instructive discourse of one whose
engaging voice never failed to draw a crowd of hearers of all ages,
It is a well-authenticated fact, that, though the rustics were on all
such occasions unfettered in action throughout the day, and often
thirsty and exposed to temptation, there never occurred an inci-
dent of which any could be ashamed; at the termination of the
day, or perhaps deep in the summer night, they would return
orderly and happy to their homes, without an absentee. After
one of these trips (that to Cambridge), the farmers of the parish,
unable to withhold any longer some ‘expression of admiration,
united in presenting him with a silver cup.

“ We need not further refer to the village festivals and horticul-

c 2

XXXV1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

tural shows, which have often been described, nor to the prizes
given for garden produce, honey, nosegays of wild flowers, and
good cultivation, together with the simultaneous amusements pro-
vided for all ages in tents on the rectory lawn, the addresses, Jec-
turets, parting counsels of wisdom, and chorus of ‘God save
the Queen.’ Nor is this the place to go into the details of the
‘ Wife’s Society,’ the ‘Coal Club,’ the ‘ Medical Club,’ ‘Chil-
dren’s Clothing Club,’ ‘Loan Fund,’ and a number of other
successful expedients to encourage the villagers in practices of
mutual charity, and, at the same time, habits of self-dependence.
All these and much more, have been often detailed in the local
papers, and in none better than the Suffolk Chronicle.

“To the neighbouring towns of Bildeston, Hadleigh,‘ Ipswich,
Bury St. Edmunds, and Sudbury, Professor Henslow most liberally
extended his services in diffusing knowledge tozall classes, and by
every means in his power. In London he lectured but once, and
then to the junior members of the Royal Family ;\ all other invi-
tations he refused, on the ground that there was no excuse
for scientific destitution in the metropolis, and that he must
economise his resources for his own neighbourhood and university.
When invited by H.R.H. the Prince Consort to give a short’
course of lectures at Buckingham Palace, he gladly did so;
with characteristic modesty attributing the selection of himself to
a desire on the part of the Prince to recognize his efforts in school
teaching (which would be of the greatest service towards extending
his usefulness), rather than as marking his appreciation of Pro-
fessor Henslow’s position as a man of science. These lectures
were delivered vivd voce; they were in all respects identical with
those he was in the habit of giving to his little Hitcham scholars ;
aud the same simple language and engaging demeanour that had
proved irresistible in the village, won over his Royal audience to
fixed attention and eager desire for instruction.

“ With the exception of Cambridge, no town owes so deep a debt
of gratitude to Professor Henslow as Ipswich, whose unique mu-
seum was planned and arranged by him, and made the model of
what a local museum should be in a scientific, educational, and
popular point of view. He so grouped all natural objects that
enough was exhibited to teach, but not so much as to con-
fuse; and the ingenuity, judgment, and science with which he
did this for all branches of knowledge, have never been even
rivalled. To a certain extent the same services have been rendered
to the Cambridge Botanical Museum, where, however, his efforts

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXV1I

were frustrated for want of space : at the Royal Gardens, Kew,
he has been more successful, and the museums there owe much of
their admirable method of mounting, illustrating, and ticketing,
together with many valuable objects, to his unequalled talents for
suchwork. His practice throughout life wasto givethe best of every-
thing to public museums, and to retain duplicates only for himself.

“The Great Exhibition of 1851 deeply interested him, and there
were few departments of it with the contents of which he was not
perfectly familiar. To the succeeding Exhibition at Paris he
communicated a most beautiful series of Carpological illustrations,
which excited the enthusiasm of the Paris botanists, and of which a
duplicate set is now in the SouthKensington Museum ; where also
are sold his admirable botanical diagrams for schools, with a little
guide to their use, and his method of teaching botany in schools.

“For a considerable period of his life he worked with zeal at
British antiquities, in which he became learned and expert, himself
opening several tumuli, the contents of which he described in two
tracts with illustrations. The fragments of glass, pottery, and
Samian ware from these and other quarters, some of very large
size, were all neatly and accurately restored by his own hands,
and the best presented to the museum of Colchester.

“ Every room of his large rectory, from hall to attic, presented a
marvellous assemblage of instructive objects of interest, beautifully
mounted with descriptive labels, to attempt conveying any idea of
which would be utterly hopeless ; besides botanical and zoological
specimens, economic, physiological and structural, without end,
there were series illustrating many important arts and manufac-
tures of savages and civilised beings, ancient and modern: linen,
cotton, shoes, hats, candles, glass, pottery, silk, &c., all beautifully
packed in boxes, and ready for use when needed. Fossils, auti-
quities, models of ships and machines, orreries, microscopes, wea-
pons, crystallographical series, and philosophical apparatus of all
kinds; besides diagrams, drawings, and classified woodcuts, of
which he had literally thousands, mounted and instructively ar-
ranged in classes; and all independent of his library and excellent
British entomological, conchological, and tertiary fossil collections.
Let it not be supposed that these were the miscellaneous hoard-
ings of a mere collector; there was not one specimen that had not -
attached to it its history, nor that was not obtained and mounted
for a purpose, and that was not in use at one or other of his fre-
quent lectures, or placed at the service of his scientific friends.

“Tertiary geology and the recent changes of the earth’s surface

XXXVI PROCEEDINGS OF THE

before and since man’s appearance, had, perhaps, a more absorbing
interest for Professor Henslow than any other subject. Few per-
sons more deeply studied and more boldly preached the Bible, or
more stanchly upheld the doctrines of the Church of England;
but he ever maintained the necessity of appealing to the spirit
rather than to the letter of the written Word, in all cases where
the established facts of science appeared to contradict the text of
Scripture. In spiritual matters he avowed the total insufficiency
of human reason unaided by revelation; but having witnessed
many changes of theological opinion brought about by progressive
discoveries in history and science, he was very averse to specula-
tive reasoning where these were not in apparent harmony with
revelation.

“ His charity was nowhere more conspicuous than in his inter-
course with those who differed widely, and often publicly, from
himself in religious opinion. He never sought to gloss over these
differences, nor did he allow of any misconceptions with regard to
their true nature : but he never permitted them to influence in the
smallest degree his conduct, or to diminish his admiration for
what was honest and good, wherever he found it. Hence he dis-
cussed such polemical questions as the age of the globe, the origin
of species, &c., with such ingenuous forbearance, that inquirers of
all denominations and professions turned to him for a calm and
unprejudiced judgment.

“ As may be supposed, the flint implements in the drift deeply
occupied his attention: on first hearing of them (their human
origin he never doubted), he was disposed to be wholly incredulous
as to their antiquity, and published his opinion on the subject :
this was no wonder, considering how many mares’ nests of the
kind he had seen exposed, and himself aided in exposing. Nothing
hampered by his avowed scepticism, he, with characteristic devotion ~
to truth, earnestly took up the subject, twice visited Hoxne, where
he had excavations made which resulted in a modification of his
first view ; he then visited the pits at Amiens and Abbeville in the
autumn of last year, studied the localities and country around,
the museums and collections in the neighbourhood, and returned
with his views still further modified though not wholly altered.
Up to the time of his last illness he was busy on this subject,
comparing his observations with those of others, and studying the
results, which he was preparing to lay before the Cambridge Pli-
losophical Society. Of what his final conclusion was, no record
has been published; but we believe that he had convinced himself

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXIX

that the flint implements belong to a period long antecedent to
that usually attributed to man’s existence on the earth, though by
no means so distant as some geologists suppose.

“ Butit would be difficult to point out any branch of science in
which Professor Henslow did not take an active interest; he
attended the first meeting of the British Association, and was
ever afterwards a stanch supporter, and frequently an officer of
this body ; he was one of the first examiners in the University of
London, and till his death a distinguished member of its council ;
he actively aided the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Know-
ledge, the Ray Society, and the Palzeontographical Society, and was
a most liberal contributor to the various charities and funds for
the relief of the needy members of his own profession and natu-
ralists in general. To poor authors, especially, he was a most
generous subscriber, nor was he ever appealed to in vain in any
cause the justice and expediency of which were duly authenticated.

“ At several periods he took a most important part in public
politics, being an active member of a party who pledged them-
selves to suppress that system of bribery for which the town of
Cambridge was long so justly infamous ; and though few of his
University and scientific friends sympathised with him on these
occasions, his conduct was so typical of his singleness of purpose,
firmness of character, and abhorrence of foul play, that this por-
tion of his career cannot be overlooked even in a brief review of
his life.

“ On one occasion in particular, when no one else of sufficient
position and character would come forward, he had the moral
courage to brave, not only the public odium (for which in a just
cause he never cared much), but the disapprobation of many of his
most intimate friends, and offer himself as the nominal prosecutor
in a case of gross corruption. In doing this he was actuated by
a feeling of duty to his country, and beyond it he did not inter-
fere ; neither attending the trials or committees, nor subscribing
to any of the proceedings. The amount of abuse he received may
be estimated by the fact, that upwards of a quarter of a century
afterwards he smilingly pointed out to a friend the words ‘ Hens-
low, common informer,’ on the walls in Cambridge, where they are
stilllegible. His services were, however, deeply appreciated at the
time, for he received three handsome testimonials, one from the
town of Cambridge, another from the Town Committee for the
suppression of corruption, and the third from a committee of noble-
men and gentlemen ; all alike testify to the perfect disinterested-

x] PROCEEDINGS OF THE

ness, moral courage, and consummate ability with which Professor
Henslow conducted the duties he volunteered for. It has been
erroneously stated that he received the living of Hitcham as a
reward for these services. Such, however, was far from the case ;
he was made aware, indeed, that he was considered entitled to
government patronage, but, with conscientious disinterestedness,
he declined to avail himself of the offer. On the death of the pre-
vious rector of Hitcham he was recommended by the Bishop of
Ely (formerly tutor to Lord Melbourne) as being the man who,
in that prelate’s opinion, was best calculated by his ability, activity,
and common sense, to reform that populous, remote and wofully
neglected parish, where the duties of squire, magistrate and rector
must all fall upon the latter.

“* Amongst the most remarkable instances of a direct benefit con-
ferred upon agriculture through scientific knowledge, was his dis-
covery of the use of the phosphate nodules which abound in the
tertiary formations of the Eastern counties. On the discovery of
the nature and origin of those petrified animal remains, their value
to the farmer was instantly apparent to Professor Henslow, who
at once gave his discovery the widest circulation in the local papers,
without reservation of any kind; claiming no credit, no reward,
no consideration even as the discoverer. This was indeed heaping
coals of fire on the farmers’ heads, to whom this discovery con-
tinues to be a source of incalculable wealth, large areas of Norfolk,
Suffolk, and other counties, being now honeycombed with phos-
phate pits; yet up to the day of Professor Henslow’s death, no
acknowledgment even was vouchsafed of his services. In the
same liberal spirit he printed and circulated his volume of letters
to the farmers of Suffolk, which pointed out and stimulated them
to use methods which have largely increased the products of their
holdings.

“Though the professional career of Professor Henslow as the
spiritual guide of his parishioners is a subject unsuited to our
columns, yet it is right to state that his duties as pastor super-
seded all others in his estimation ; and though they were eclipsed
in public opinion by his more conspicuous labours, and though he
had the greatest aversion to a parade of religion, he was ever
assiduous in spiritual duties—so much so, that for fifteen years he
was not absent from Hitcham for a single Sunday.

“ But want of space forbids our going further into the philan-
thropic or scientific carcer of this most amiable, learned, and ex-
ecllent man; a volume might be filled with the incidents of his

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xli

ever-busy and well-spent life, during which he was incessantly
occupied for others rather than for himself; and with anecdotes of
his noble qualities of head and heart. We can only allude to his
efforts, not completely successful until near the close of his life,
to establish in Cambridge the scientific tripos and degrees in
science, and to develop the University Herbarium and Botanical
Garden, with their Library and Museum, to which he for 30 years ~
very largely contributed from his private means, and to which he
gave all his own botanical collections. To the University his loss
is as disastrous as it is irreparable; whether as a member con-
spicuous for his varied accomplishments and genial nature, or as a
teacher, and most especially as not only the best, but the only
man altogether qualified to direct the scientific, educational, and
practical arrangement of its new museum.

“ During the last few years of Professor Henslow’s life his health
had become seriously impaired; incessant mental and manual la-
bour, habitually protracted beyond midnight, and the want of pro-
portionate daily exercise, gradually undermined his once robust
constitution ; though he was always abstemious and temperate in
every respect. About five years ago he complained of consider-
able derangement of lungs or heart, which was attributed by his
medical attendants to defective digestion. In March of the pre-
sent year, though feeling far from well, he left home to pay some
visits in the south of England, where he caught a violent cold,
which was followed by bronchitis and congestion of the lungs and
liver, which alarmingly aggravated his heart symptoms. He re-
turned to Hitcham on the 24th, when he rapidly grew worse, and
was soon confined to a bed of protracted suffering, which he never
quitted till his death on the 16th of May.

“ Professor Henslow desired to be interred in the churchyard at
Hitcham, and that his funeral should be of the simplest descrip-
tion, and none but his parishioners employed; his wishes were
strictly attended to, but a considerable concourse of strangers
found their way to that remote village, and, together with a depu-
tation from the town and corporation of Ipswich, paid their un-
obtrusive tribute to the memory of one whose rule of life was the
motto of his family—‘ Quod videris esto.’ ”’

Thomas Hoblyn, Esq., P.RS.and WRI. A., was late Chief Clerk
in Her Majesty’s Treasury. . He died on the 6th of August, 1860,
in his 83rd year, having been a Fellow of the Linnean Society
since the 4th of March, 1823.

Edward F. Kelaart, U.D., F.G.S., was a native of Ceylon, of what

xl PROCEEDINGS OF THE

is there called “burgher”’ parentage ; that is to say, descended
from the early Dutch colonists, a race that of late years, under
the liberal government of Ceylon, has produced many individuals
of merit in the professions of law and medicine. His father was
employed in the military medical department, and the son was
thence afforded favourable opportunities of acquiring the rudiments
of science. In these studies he was much encouraged by the late
Henry Marshall, Deputy Inspector-General of Hospitals, and from
whose precepts and example he derived the habits of study and
arrangement by which he was distinguished. Early in life he visited
England to prosecute the study of medicine and surgery, and
having obtained his diploma, he was, in 1841, appointed Staff As-
sistant Surgeon in Her Majesty’s Forces. Being stationed in this
capacity at Gibraltar, he diligently collected and arranged the
plants of that singular promontory. The results of these labours
appeared in 1846 under the title of “ Flora Calpensis, or Contri-
butions to the Botany and Topography of Gibraltar ;?? a small
and unpretending, but highly meritorious and useful work.

Dr. Kelaart subsequently returned to Ceylon, and for several
years busied himself with the Fauna of that magnificent island.
He also published an extended catalogue of its productions, which
forms a valuable addition to the knowledge of its natural history.

His impaired health constrained him on two occasions to return
to England, and on his last return to Ceylon in 1856, he was en-
gaged by the late Gevernor Sir Henry Ward in observing and
investigating the Natural History of the Pearl Oyster, the
fishery of which is of considerable importance in the revenue of
the island. Some of the results of this investigation have appeared
in an ‘Introductory Report on the Natural History of the Pearl
Oyster of Ceylon,’ published at Trincomalee in 1857.

He had also previously published at Columbo, in 1852-4, a
‘Prodromus Faunz Zeylanice,’ of which he presented the first, and
the first part of the second volume, to our Library.

Being subsequently recalled to England, he died suddenly of dis-
ease of the heart, during the passage, on the 31st August, 1860, in
his 42nd year.

Frederick Perkins, Esq., #.G.S. § H.S., the head of the emi-
nent firm of brewers in Southwark, died on the 10th of Octo-
ber, 1860, in his 81st year, at Chipstead Place, Kent. He was
elected a Fellow of the Society on the 13th of March, 1816,

Francis Plomley, M.D., was a physician of considerable repute
at Maidstone, where he died, after a long illness, on the 9th of

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xlin

January, 1860, in the 55th year of his age ; having been a Fellow
of the Linnean Society since the 4th of March, 1845.

Dr. Plomley began life as a general practitioner at Lydd, on
Romney Marsh, but on his becoming an Extra-Licentiate of
the Royal College of Physicians in 1846, he removed to Maidstone.
In 1849 he much distinguished himself by his courage and self-
devotion in the treatment of a fearful epidemic which broke out
among the Irish hop-pickers congregated at East Farleigh, in the
neighbourhood of Maidstone. Regardless of danger and fatigue,
he devoted himself for sixteen days and nights, almost without
intermission, to his painful task, in conjunction with Mr. Sedgwick,
Mr. Kennett, the Union Surgeon, and the then Incumbent of the
parish, the Rev. Archdeacon Wilberforce. In 1850, Dr. Plomley
was appointed Physician to the West Kent Infirmary.

Notwithstanding his professional occupations, he always found
time to devote considerable attention to natural history, and
especially to ornithology; and during his residence on Romney
Marsh he made a valuable collection of Kentish Birds, comprising
not less than 516 specimens, all preserved and set up by himself.
This interesting collection, which was always liberally open to the
public, he eventually presented to the Dover Museum, where it is
shown as the “ Plomley Collection.”’ Dr. Plomiey’s published
works are of no great importance, consisting chiefly of lectures
addressed to the Weald of Kent Farmers’ club in the years 1849-
51, on subjects of natural history, interesting to the agriculturist.
They are :—

1. A Lecture on the Structure, Functions, and Chemistry of
Plants.

2. Observations on the Laws which regulate the Growth and
Cultivation of Grain and Root Crops.

3. On the Blights of the British Farm, arising from Parasitic
Fungi.

4. On Hop-Blights ; including the Natural History of the Hop-
Fly and its Enemies.

These praiseworthy attempts to enlighten his neighbours on
scientific subjects very necessary for them to be acquainted with,
are all highly creditable to Dr. Plomley, and the last Essay more
especially appears to contain some interesting original observa-
tions.

Francis George Probart, M.D., was a physician of considerable
eminence at Bury St. Edmunds, in which town he had long occu-
pied a very prominent position, and was much and deservedly

xliv PROCEEDINGS OF THE

respected by all classes. He died suddenly on the 25th of April
1861, aged 79, having been a Fellow of the Linnean Society for
33 years. ;

Edward Rigby, M.D., one of the most eminent among London
obstetrical physicians, was born at Norwich on the 1st of August,
1804, the son of Dr. Edward Rigby, of that town, who attained
great celebrity by a valuable “ Essay on Uterine Hemorrhage ”’ and
other works.

Dr. Rigby was one of twins, and it is a curious circumstance,
often adverted to by himself, that he was one of six children born
at two births, his mother at a subsequent confinement having pro-
duced four.

His education was commenced at the Grammar School of Nor-
wich, then directed by the Rev. Dr. Valpy, and among his school-
fellows were Sir James Brooke and Sir Archdale Wilson. He was
afterwards placed with the Rev. James Layton, at Catfield in Nor-
folk, where, however, he did not remain more than two years, and
at the age of 17 he attended the practice of the Norfolk and Nor-
wich Hospital, and in the same year had the misfortune to lose his
father. He afterwards proceeded to Edinburgh, where he graduated,
receiving his diploma on his 21st birthday. Subsequently Dr.
Rigby pursued the study of his profession in Dublin, Berlin, and
Heidelberg, where, from the kindness of Professor Negeli, he en-
joyed ample opportunities for improving his knowledge of obstetric
medicine. Professor Negeli’s instructions and scientific know-
le dgewere so highly valued by his pupil, that Dr. Rigby undertook
a translation of the Professor’s pamphlet on “The Mechanism of
Parturition,’ which was published in London in 1829.

In the same year he became a house-pupil at the Lying-in
Hospital in the York Road, to which Institution he was after-
wards first junior and then senior physician. In 1881 he passed
the College of Physicians and commenced practice in London,
where his professional abilities at once placed him in a prominent
position. As a teacher, he began as Lecturer on Midwifery at
St. Thomas’s Hospital, but in 1838 he was appointed to the Mid-
wifery Chair at St. Bartholomew’s, where he continued to lecture
for ten years, when the pressure of his professional engagements
compelled him to retire. or nineteen years he occupied the
position of Examiner in Midwifery in the University of London,
vacating it only a few months before his death, which took place
on the 27th of December, 1860, as a loving biographer in the
‘Medical Times’ remarks, “scarcely full of years, butfull of honours.”

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xlv

William Somerville, M.D., died on the 25th of June, 1860, at
Florence, in his 92nd year, being thus one of two nonagenarians
who have departed from among the Fellows of the Linnean Society
in the past year.

He was formerly one of the principal Inspectors of the Army
Medical Board, and Physician to the Royal Hospital, Chelsea.

James Forbes Young, M.D., was born in April, 1796. He was
a magistrate and deputy lieutenant for Surrey, and an eminent
medical practitioner in Lambeth, having succeeded his father in
practice in the year 1836. His early education was conducted at
the Charter House, and he afterwards became a student of medicine
at Guy’s Hospital, whence he proceeded to Edinburgh, where he
graduated in 1817. His unwearied industry and talents, combined
with his amicable and conciliatory disposition and deportment,
naturally led to a great extension of the practice he had inherited
from his father, and justly secured him the love and esteem of all
who had oceasion to consult him, or came within the sphere of his
friendship. Like many others in his profession, he loved natural
science, and was distinguished by his ardent zeal in the cultivation
of botany and geology. arly in life he began the formation of
an herbariwm, which is said to be rich in British plants collected
and arranged by himself. He also devoted much time and atten-
tion to, and was very successful in the cultivation of ferns, of which
plants he had perhaps one of the choicest collections in the neigh-
bourhood of London. In Geology his attention appears to have
been chiefly devoted to the study and coilection of chalk fossils,
of which he possessed an extensive and fine series. In addition
to these professional and scientific pursuits he was no mean anti-
quarian, and had made a considerable collection of prints relating
chiefly either to history or topography, and he had himself pro-
fusely illustrated editions of “ Grainger’s Biographical History of
England,” ‘ Pennant’s London,”’ and the “ History of Lambeth
and Charter House,’ —his own “ alma mater, *’ besides other works
of a more miscellaneous character.

Two years before his death his useful and laborious career was
interrupted by an attack of paralysis, from which he never wholly
recovered, and, gradually declining, he died on the 30th of June,
1860, and was buried in Lambeth churchyard, which also contains
the tombs. of the “three Tradescants, grandsire, father and son,”
restored some years ago under Dr. Young’s superintendence.

In our list of Forrtan MEMBERS we have to lament the loss of
one of the oldest and most famous of European Zoologists, the

xlvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE

venerated M. Duméril, who died on the 14th of August, 1860, after
a short illness, at the advanced age of 86, universally honoured
and beloved.

Andre-Marie-Constant Duméril, Member of the Institute and
Commander in the Legion of Honour, was born at Amiens in the
year 1774. At an early age he devoted himself to the study of
Medicine, and so soon distinguished himself, that in 1793, when
only 19, he was appointed Prévot d’ Anatomie at Rouen. In 1798
he was admitted to the degree of Doctor of Medicine in the Uni-
versity of Paris, and was nominated Chef des Travaux Anatomiques
in that Capital, an office for which he had competed successfully
with Dupuytren. In 1801 he was raised to the chair of Anatomy
at the Faculty of Medicine, which in 1822 he resigned for that
of Physiology, to be in turn exchanged, in 1830, for that of
internal Pathology, which he held till his death. In the early part
of his career he appears to have been also actively engaged in the
practice of Medicine, and in 1804 was appointed by the Emperor
Napoleon, in company with M. Desgenettes, on a mission to study
the yellow fever in the South of Spain,—a dangerous duty, to which
he devoted himself with the zeal and energy which he displayed
on all occasions and on all subjects.

But notwithstanding these professional occupations, M. Duméril’s
attention was from the first principally directed towards zoolo-
gical science, to various departments of which his chief works alone
belong.

In 1800, under the direction of Cuvier, he assisted in the editing
of the first two volumes of the ‘ Lecons d’ Anatomie Comparée’ of
that great anatomist, who never failed on all occasions to acknow-
ledge the assistance he had derived from his able and industrious
coadjutor ; by whom also he was succeeded in the chair of Natural
History in the Ecole Centrale of the Panthéon*.

In 1802 he was deputed by M. de Lacépéde to deliver the lectures
on Herpetology and Ichthyology at the Jardin des Plantes, a
mission which M. Duméril continued to fulfil for more than fifty
years, at first as the substitute for M. de Lacépéde, and afterwards
as titular Professor of those subjects. ‘T'o his zeal and industry
in this office, not only is the Museum indebted for the creation
both of the best collection of objects belonging to Herpetology

* In a notice of M. Duméril’s works, it should not be omitted that he was
perhaps the first to perceive the analogy of structure which exists between the

vertcbre and the bones of the cranium; atheory which for the last forty years
has exercised the ingenuity of so many.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xlvii

ever brought together, and of living specimens in the Menagerie
of Reptiles, but the scientific world at large owes the production
of the great work on Herpetology, the ‘ General History of Reptilia,’
which, at first in conjunction with his friend and pupil the late
lamented M. Bibron, was in progress for a period of twenty years.

The scientific labours of M. Duméril, continued through an al-
most unparalleled length of years with unabated vigour and success,
have crowned his name with universal fame, and his deserts have
been acknowledged in the various honours bestowed upon him.
In 1816 he was chosen a member of the Academy of Sciences (Sec-
tion of Anatomy) in place of M. Tenon, and received the decora-
tion of the Legion of Honour in 1837, in which illustrious Corps
he was raised to the rank of Commander a short time before his
death. His honoured name was added to the list of our Foreign
Members in 1854.

In his zoological works he displayed great descriptive and
analytic powers, delighting in precise and lucid definitions, and in
attention to systematic classification. At the same time, however,
like Buffon and Pallas, Reaumur and De Geer, and many others of
the most illustrious zoologists, he devoted much time to the
study of the habits of animals, the record of which adds so much
not only to the scientific value, but to the popularity and interest of
zoologicalworks. The subjoined list of M. Duméril’s principal works,
though I fear very imperfect, will still serve, better than anything
else, to show how his valuable labours were continued and varied
during a longer life than falls to the lot of most, and continued
moreover, it may be said, with increasing value and importance to
the last. His first work left the press in 1797, when he was but
23; and his last, a quarto of 1336 pages, appeared almost simul- '
taneously with his decease at the patriarchal age of 86.

Few can show such a career of usefulness, and of no one ean it
be more truly said that in its course he never made an enemy.
Distinguished as M. Duméril was in science, in moral worth he was
equally eminent. Devoted in friendship, amiable towards his col-
leagues, paternal towards his pupils, benevolent towards all men,
void of jealousy or envy towards rivals,—his praise was always
ready where it could be bestowed, and his encouragement wherever
it was needed.

The following are the principal works for which science is in-
debted to M. Duméril :—

1. Dissertation sur l’Organe de |’ Odorat, et sur son existence.
dans les Insectes. 1797.

xlvili PROCEEDINGS OF THE

2. Traité élémentaire de Histoire naturelle. 1804; 2nd ed.
1830.

3. Zoologie Analytique, ou Méthode naturelle de Classification
des Animaux. 1806.

4. Mémoires de Zoologie et d’Anatomie Comparée. 1807.

5. Sur le developpement de la Chaleur dans les ceufs des Serpens
(Mém. de |’ Acad.).

6. Dissertation sur les Poissons qui se rapprochent le plus des
Animaux sans Vertébres. 1812.

7. Dissertation sur la Famille des Poissons Cyclostomes, pour
démontrer leurs rapports avec les Animaux sans Vertebres. 1812.
8. Considérations générales sur la Classe des Insectes. 1823.

9. Erpétologie générale, ou Histoire naturelle des Reptiles.
1834-54 (in conjunction with his friend and disciple, M. Bibron).

10. Prodrome de la Classification des Reptiles Ophidiens. 1853.

11. Ichthyologie Analytique ; ou Essai d’une Classification natu-
relle des Poissons. 1856.

12. Entomologie Analytique. 1860.

The Secretary also announced that twenty-three Fellows, one
Foreign Member, and one Associate, had: been elected since the
last Anniversary.

At the Election which subsequently took place, George Ben-
tham, Esq., was elected President, W. W. Saunders, Hsq., Trea-
surer ; and George Busk, Esq. and Frederick Currey, Esq., Secre-
taries. The following five Fellows were elected into the Council,
in the room of others going out :—viz., M. P. Edgeworth, Esq.,
John Miers, Esq., Daniel Oliver, Esq., Lovell Reeve, Esa., and
P. L. Sclater, Esq.

It was moved by Dr. Boott, and seconded by Mr. Saunders,
that the best thanks of the Society be given to Professor Bell, for
his invaluable services to the Society during the eight years he has
occupied the President’s chair. That the Society gratefully ac-
knowledges the unvarying courtesy and kindness with which he
has discharged the duties of the office, and fwly recognizes the
zealous interest he has taken in the welfare of the Society and
in the promotion of its objects; willingly attributing to his efforts
much of its present prosperity and increased usefulness, as dis-
played in the large number of new Fellows, the value and greater
frequency of its publications, and the satisfactory state of its
finances.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xlix

It was moved by Mr. Bentham, and seconded by Mr. Saunders,
that the thanks of the Society be given to Dr. Boott, on his
retirement from the office of Treasurer, with an expression of the

Society’s deep regret on losing his valuable services in that
capacity.

Mr. Bennett, on the part of the auditors of the Treasurer’s
accounts, read the balance sheet, by which it appeared that the
total receipts during the past year, including a balance ot
£415 14s. 3d. carried from the preceding year, amounted to
£1,566 13s. 1d; and that the total expenditure during the same
period amounted to £1,121 10s. 8d.; leaving a balance in the
hands of the bankers of £445 2s. 5d.

June 6th, 1861.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.

The President nominated Thomas Bell, Esq., J.J. Bennett,
Esq., J. D. Hooker, Esq., M.D., and W. W. Saunders, Esq.,
Vice-Presidents for the ensuing year.

Read, first, “ Notes on Caryophyllee, Portulacee, and some
allied Orders ;’ by George Bentham, Esq., Pres. L.S. (See “ Bo-
tanical Proceedings,”’ vol. vi.)

Read, secondly, “ Further Remarks on Scansile Appendages to
the Feet of Insects ;” by Tuffen West, Esq., F..S. (See “ Trans-
actions,” vol. xxiii., Part 2.)

Read, thirdly, “ Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects collected
by A. R. Wallace, Esq., in Ceram, Celebes, Ternate, and Gilolo ;”
by Frederick Smith, Esq., Assistant in the Zoological Department,
British Museum. Communicated by W. W. Saunders, Esq.,
V.P.L.S. (See “ Zoological Proceedings,” vol. vi.)

LINN. SOC.—VOL. VI. d

i] PROCEEDINGS OF THE

| June 20th, 1861.

George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Senjee Pulney Andy, Esq., M.D., John Thomas Head Cotsell,
Esq., and Peter Jones, Esq., were elected Fellows.

Professor Huxley, F.R. & L.S. exhibited a specimen of Hyalo-
nema mirabilis, the property of Mr. Veitch (to whom it had been

sent by his son from Japan), and made some explanatory obser-
vations.

General Sir John Hearsey, C.B., F.L.S., exhibited a collection
of new or rare insects made by himself in India: also drawings
illustrative of the transformations of Indian insects.

Sir Charles Bunbury, Bart., F.L.S., exhibited a flowering speci-
men of Aisculus indica, from Barton Hall, Suffolk. The tree
raised from seed in 1851.

Dr. Carpenter, F.R. & L.S., exhibited the cocoons of the Tusseh
Silk-moth of the Deccan (Saturnia Mytilla), from which silk is
extensively manufactured at Wurrumgul, in the Nizam’s do-
minions.

Read, first, “ Notes on Malvacee and Sterculiacee ;” by George
Bentham, Esq., Pres. L.S. (See “ Botanical Proceedings,” vol. vi.)

Read, secondly, “ On Fissicalyx and Prioria, two recently pub-
lished genera of Leguminose ; by the same. (See “ Transactions,”
vol. xxii. Part 2.)

Read, thirdly, “ On the Discovery of Carex Hricetorum, Poll., as
a native of Britain ;’ by C. C. Babington, Esq., M.A., F.R.S. &
L.S., Prof. Bot. Univ. Camb. (See “Botanical Proceedings,”

vol. vi.)

Read, fourthly, “On three Oaks from Palestine ;’ by J.D.
Hooker, Esq., M.D., F.R.S.& L.8. (See “ Transactions,” vol. xxini.
Part 2.)

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. h

Read, fifthly, “On some species of Oak from North China,
collected by W. F. Daniell, Esq., M.D., F.LS.;” by William
Carruthers, Esq., F.L.S8. (See “ Botanical Proceedings,” vol. vi.)

Read, sixthly, “ Upon the Nerve proceeding to the Vesicles at
the base of the Halteres ; and on the subcostal Nervure on the
Wings of Insects;” by J. B. Hicks, Esq., M.D., F.L.S. (See
“ Transactions,” vol. xxiii. Part 2.)

c2

Receipts and Payments of the Linnean Society from May 1, 1860, to April 30, 1861.

£ s. d.
Balance in the hands of the Bankers at last audit ...... 415 14 3
Adinission Hees ©... civ cctsccveccccaceneerncveces ARAGON 5 Me 1... 120¢ 07.0
Compositions ........sseceeseereee eee eeeneeens eit aa tect 330 0 0
Annual Contributions of £2 2s........ he. i cee LO EA << BA 322 0
Do. do. FSi Se, alee Ae eR Fic RO se ee eee 519 O O
Penalty of Bond (J. F. South, sq.) .........1-00ree 20 0 O
Transactions and Journal sold .........-.. Sarat 2 es seat 85:11 <1
Dividends on Consols ...........000600 a es Re SA Ate 812 6
Contribution to Removal Fund ........ ene ih. Sere 5 0 0
Donation from Daniel Hanbury, Esq. (Cost of plate in
Linnean Transactions)..........++++ Bt te Latidee' san eae : 8 3 3
£1566 13 1
————————

£ s. d.

oreaacene et tanta Mae a oe eee eo eee 15 2 0

Repairs and Furniture ................ Se NE arena cis a wo 3. B64
Coals, Gas, Tea, Postage, &c........ Deg Mart ene oe a 96 10 9
LS eM ote cate ese ak ea sie een SaaS ae 170 0 0

Printing, Engraving, &C. .........ssecsseeeeeeeen eee eeesee ees 655 1 O
Books purchased..........sssceesseseeceeerseeeeteeennessssee ees 26 2 4
Bookbinding and Stationery ............ss.seeseeseseeesee ees 27 310
Bond paid off, with Interest ............. a ee ae ee
Commission............++: ME ae hee ee spe ERP nis 9
Balance in the hands of the Bankers .............2:+++55 445 2 5
£1566 13 1

eer eS SS

F. BOOTT, Treasurer.

a SSSSSSSae—m—w——

The foregoing Accounts have been examined, and the Balance in hand found to be correctly stated at £445 2s. 5d.

THOMAS BELL, President.
JOHN J. BENNETT, V.P.

May 20, 1861.
JOHN HOGG.

W. WILSON SAUNDERS, V.P.
J. 8S. BOWERBANK.
GEORGE BUSK.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

November 7th, 1861.

George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Samuel Ainsworth, Esq., was elected a Fellow.

A Marble Bust of the late Robert Brown, Esq., Pres. L.S., by
Mr. Slater, was presented by the President, on the part of the
following Members ; to whom the special Thanks of the Society
were directed to be offered for this very acceptable Donation :—

W. Addison, M.D. George Busk, Esq., Sec. L.S.
C. C. Babington, Esq. W. B. Carpenter, M.D.
Rey. C. Babington. Henry Christy, Esq.

Thomas Bell, Esq., V.P. Charles Cogswell, M.D.
George Bennett, M.D. Hugh Cuming, Esq.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., V.P. C. G. B. Daubeny, M.D.
George Bentham, Esq., Pres.U.S. M. Pakenham Edgeworth, Esq.
H. G. Bohn, Esq. Hugh Falconer, M.D.
Francis Boott, M.D. W. HH. Fitton, M.D.

J. 8. Bowerbank, Esq. John Forster, Esq.

G. B. Buckton, Esq. R. E. Grant, M.D.

W. M. Buckton, Esq. Daniel Hanbury, Esq.

LINN. PROC.—VOL. VI. é

liv PROCEEDINGS OF THE

J. A. Hankey, Esq. Joseph Milligan, Esq.
Sir J. B. Hearsey, K.C.B. T. N. R. Morson, Esq.
Rev. J. 8. Henslow. Sir R. I. Murchison.

Sir W. J. Hooker. Algernon Peckover, Esq.
J. D. Hooker, M.D., V.P. Charles Ratcliff, Esq.
Robert Hudson, Esq. F. C. 8. Roper, Esq.

T. C. Janson, Esq. S. J. A. Salter, Esq.

RR. Kippist, Libr. L. S. W. W. Saunders, Esq., V.P.
J. S. Law, Esq. Thomas Thomson, M.D.
John Lubbock, Esq. John Van Voorst, Esq.
George Macleay, Esq. G. C. Wallich, M.D.

T. W. Mann, Esq. Alfred White, Esq.
John Miers, Esq. Joseph Woods, Esq.

The special Thanks of the Society were likewise directed to be
given to Major Salmon, Executor of the late J. D. Salmon, Esq.,
F.L.S., in return for the bequest, by his late brother, of a valuable
collection of birds’ eggs, dried plants, numerous works on natural
history, &c.

Mr. Stevens, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of 25 species of Birds,
collected by Mr. A. R. Wallace, at Waigiou and Mysol, near New
Guinea.

The Secretary read a Letter from R. B. Cooke, Esq., F.LS.,
&e., dated “Scarborough, June 20th, 1861,”’ and announcing the
discovery of Maianthemum bifolium on the range of hills opposite
Harkness, about 45 miles from Scarborough, where this rare and
beautiful plant grows in the woods, among luxuriant specimens
of Trientalis europea.

The following Papers were read :—

1. “On West-African Tropical Orchids;’’ by John Lindley,
Esq., Ph.D., F.RS., L.S., &e. (See ‘ Botanical Proceedings,’

vol. vi.)

2. “ Note on the Structure of the Anther;’’ by Daniel Oliver,
Esq., F.L.S., Prof. Bot. Univ, Coll. Lond. (See ‘ Transactions,’
vol. xxill. part 3.)

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. lv

3. “Notes on Coutoubea volubilis, Mart., and some other Gen-
tianee of Tropical America ;’” by Dr. R. H. Grisebach, F.M.L.S.
(See ‘ Botanical Proceedings,’ vol. vi.)

November 21st, 1861.

George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Edward Clapton, M.D., was elected a Fellow.

Mr. Hanbury, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of the resinous wood
of Aguilaria Agallocha, Roxb., a substance interesting as being
the Aloes or Lign. Aloes of the Bible ; and made some observa-
tions upon its production in Sylhet, Assam, and Cochin China.

Dr. Cobbold, F.L.S., made some observations, illustrated by
sketches, on the mode of reproduction of Gyrodactylus elegans,
a parasite upon the common Stickleback, and found abundantly
by him in the Serpentine.

The following Papers were read, viz. :—

1. “On the Two Forms, or Dimorphic Condition, in the Species
of Primula; and on their remarkable Sexual Relations ;”’ by
Charles Darwin, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., L.S., &. (See ‘ Botanical
Proceedings,’ vol. vi.)

2. “ Contributions to an Insect-Fauna of the Amazon Valley.
—Lepidoptera Heliconina;’ by Henry Walter Bates, Esq. Com-
municated by the Secretary. (See Abstract in ‘ Zoological Pro-
ceedings,’ vol. vi.)

December 5th, 1861.

George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Francis Ablett Jesse, Esq., and Charles John Leaf, Esq., were
elected Fellows.
e2

lvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE

The President announced to the Society the following Resolu-
tion of the Council, agreed to at a Meeting held this day :—

“ Resolved, that in conformity with chapter 2, section 6, and
with chapter 7, section 2, of the Bye-laws, the name of Mr.
Nathaniel Haslope Mason, who has failed to pay his arrears of
annual contributions, and neglected repeated applications made
to him for payment, be proposed to the General Meeting, to be
held this day, for Ejection from the Society.”

The President then proposed the Hjection of Mr. N. H. Mason,
and announced that the ballot upon the question would be taken
at the next Meeting, on the 19th instant.

The following Papers were read :—

1. “On a new Genus of Tunicata, occurring on one of the Bel-
lona Reefs ;’ by John D. Macdonald, Esq., R.N., F.R.S. Com-
municated by the Secretary. (See ‘ Zoological Proceedings,’
vol. vi.)

2. “ Note on the Occurrence of the Crustacean, Scyllarus Arctus,
in England;’’ by Jonathan Couch, Esq., F.LS. Sock ‘ Zoolo-
gical Proceedings,’ vol. vi.)

3. “A Note on the Formation of Pearls ;” by Robert Garner,
Esq., F.L.8. In this communication the author stated that, in
his microscopical examination of pearls from mussels taken at the
mouth of the Conway, he was led to attribute their formation to
the deposit in the mantle of the exuvie or secretions of a small
species of Distoma.

December 19th, 1861.

The Meeting appointed to be held this day was postponed, by
direction of the President, in consequence of the death of His
Royal Highness The Prince Consort.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. lyu
January 16th, 1862.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
William Chapman Hewitson, Esq., was elected a Fellow.

Nathaniel Haslope Mason, Esq., who was proposed for Ejection
on the 5th of December, was balloted for and ejected, in confor-
mity with the Bye-laws, chapter 7, section 2; and the President,
in conformity with the same section of the Bye-laws, cancelled
his name in the Register, and pronounced him to be no longer a
Fellow of the Society.

The President announced that, at the Meeting of Council on
the 9th instant, an Address of Condolence to Her Majesty on the
Death of His Royal Highness The Prince Consort was agreed
upon, and had since been sent accordingly to Sir George Grey :
which Address was read to the Meeting, as follows :—

“To the Queen’s Most Excellent Majesty.
* Madam,

“We, Your Majesty’s loyal and devoted subjects, the
President and Council of the Linnean Society of London, in view
of the great and calamitous bereavement which has befallen Your
Majesty, and which has plunged the nation in one common grief,
cannot refrain from offering to Your Majesty the heartfelt tribute
of our sympathy and condolence. The noble qualities both of
head and heart with which The Prince Consort was endowed, his
extensive and varied acquirements, his sound judgment, the emi-
nently practical character of his views, the excellence of his dis-
position, and the warm cordiality with which his enlightened mind
applied itself to the support of every useful object and the promo-
tion of every good work, had obtained for him so firm a hold on the
public mind and affection, that his loss to the nation can be regarded
as secondary only to that which Your Majesty has sustained.

“ By us, especially, as one of the Scientific Institutions of the
land amongst whose members His Royal Highness was pleased to
allow his name to be enrolled, his loss will be doubly and deeply
felt, on account of the warm interest which, both by inclination
and by study, he was ever ready to take in everything affecting
the interests of science.

“Laying before Your Majesty this our humble tribute of con-
dolence, we fervently pray that the Divine Disposer of Events

lvini PROCEEDINGS OF THE

will be graciously pleased so to temper the severity of this great
calamity, that Your Majesty may be enabled to find the truest
consolation under affliction, and the best support in its endurance,
in the exercise of the privileges and the duties of your high station,
and in the continuance of that parental and superintending care,
which is so well calculated to render Your Majesty’s Royal House
a blessing to the nation, and an example to the other kingdoms of
the earth.”

“For the President and Council of the Linnean Society,
(Signed) “ Groras Brentuam, President.”

Mr. Bates exhibited specimens of Lepidopterous Insects, in
illustration of his Paper “On the Insect-Fauna of the Amazon
Valley,” read on the 21st of November, 1861.

The President read a Letter addressed to himself by Clement R.
Markham, Esq., of the India Office, forwarding for presentation
to the Society four pamphlets, printed for the use of those en-
trusted with the cultivation of Cinchone in India and Ceylon :—
viz. 1. Report on the Cultivation of the Quina-tree in Java (trans-
lated from the ‘ Bonplandia’): 2. Translations of Dr. Karsten’s
work on New Granada Barks, and Peeppig’s on those of Huanuco:
3. Botanical descriptions of the species of Cinchona now growing
in India and Ceylon; from the works of Weddell, Howard, &c. :
4, Mr. Spruce’s Report on the ‘ Red Bark’ region ; and requesting
that the President would mention to the Society how successful the
introduction of the Cinchona-trees into the Neilgherry Hills has
hitherto been.

“ My last accounts,” he says, “ are dated November 30th, when
the plants were in very fine condition; many of them in the most
luxuriant state of health. Average growth of the month 2} inches ;
largest of the plants 3 feet 9 inches high.

“The number of plants was as follows :—

, SOLOW WOKE i. 5 istlonsayosassviertes caapeet LE
Dy CARUMO IE Sree 5.7 soap when duno > points ttn 6
Uy, MATS nas Sicececitessis i; coresnsinciet doses Oe
OT i 2 heh eR cl pay ry ep nie Sheil eo
OL a Cedh na Ticeb hs chats vile way ean ve 64
Fi ERR rikes¥ aed vise bee FRR iTin es bps 175
Species without name ..........ss0008 B14

Lotal..ocas. S400 plants.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. » ux

“ Moreover, a new propagating-house has just been completed,
and 25 acres of forest land have already been cleared for the Cin-
chona plantations. A very large supply of seeds of the C. Conda-
minea, from Loxa, was sent off to India and Ceylon this day. The
great planting-out of Cinchonas in the Neilgherries will commence
next spring.”

Dr. Hooker, V.P.L.S., gave an account of Welwitschia mira-
bilis, illustrated by drawings, specimens, and sections.’ This most
extraordinary plant was detected in 1859 by Dr. Frederick Wel-
witsch near Cape Negro, in Western Africa, and described by
him (under the provisional name of “ Twmboa’’) in the last volume
of the Society’s ‘Journal’ (Botany, p. 185-6). The specimens
were kindly sent for exhibition by Sir W. J. Hooker, K.H.,
F.R.S. & L.8., by whom they had been recently received from the
discoverer.

February 6th, 1862.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.

William Ferguson, Esq., John Daniel Moore, M.D., Henry Scott,
M.D., Charles Tyler, Esq., and James Veitch, Jun., Esq., were
elected Fellows.

The following Papers were read :—

1. “ Notes on the Anatomy of the Smynthuride;’? by John
Lubbock, Esq., F.R.S. & LS.

Very different opinions have been held by various naturalists as
to the true affinities of the Thysanoura, and the position which
they ought to hold among the Articulata. Other aberrant groups,
however, have been considered worthy of special study; but in
the present instance this has not been the case, and the Thy-
sanoura have been much neglected. The beauty of their colours,
the elegance of their forms, and the frequency of their occurrence
have all been unable to tempt our entomologists to the pursuit
of animals which cannot be pinned, and are moreover more than
suspected of having passed the fatal Rubicon of entomology.

The TLhysanoura consist of two great groups, the Lepismide

lx PROCEEDINGS OF THE

and Poduride. M. Nicolet has already divided the latter into
three groups,—the Podwrelles, containing the elongated forms ; the
Smynthurelles, which correspond to the old genus Smynthurus ;
and the Lzpurelles, for the non-saltatorial species. These three
groups Mr. Lubbock considers as three families, and it is to the
second of the three that his present observations are confined.
To the two genera of which it has hitherto consisted he adds a
third, characterized by having the antenne four-jointed, without
an elbow, and with a short terminal segment. The organs of
respiration also are very different. Of this genus he describes
two new species, as well as one of Smynthurus.

Without going through the various opinions which have been
held as to the composition of the mouth in the Poduride, it may
be sufficient to mention that M. Nicolet, whose views have gene-
rally been followed by succeeding writers, describes, first, a la-
brum ; secondly, mandibles; thirdly, maxille ; fourthly, a labium.
He found no palpi. Mr. Lubbock, however, describes a pair of
small palpi, and also a pair of membranous organs which re-
present perhaps the second pair of maxille. There is, more-
over, another membranous body in front of the labium, which is
equivalent, probably, to the langue vésiculeuse of the Lepismide.
If this is to be considered as representing another pair of append-
ages, it is evident that the mouth of the Thysanowra presents
several interesting peculiarities in which it differs from that of
other hexapod Articulata and makes an approach to other groups
of the great Annulose series. Mr. Lubbock, however, hesitates to —
draw the conclusions which seem to him to follow from these facts,
until he shall have been able to study the construction of the
mouth in other allied families.

The digestive organs consist of a narrow oesophagus, a capa-
cious stomach, and a short rectum. The generative organs of the
female consist of two egg-tubes, one on each side, communicating
by a rather long vagina with the vulva, which opens with the
anus at the posterior end of the body. The testes are formed
on the same type as the ovary; at their posterior extremity
they expand into a somewhat triangular “receptacle,” two sides
of which are accompanied by a glandular organ, the cavity of
which is filled with minute granules. From each receptacle a
short, narrow vas deferens leads into a somewhat pear-shaped
ductus ejaculatorius, which opens in a papilla immediately in front
of the anus. There appears to be no penis.

In Smynthurus the spiracles are two in number, and open on

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. lxi

the under side of the head—a most unusual position, and one for
which we-can as yet find a parallel only among the Arachnida ;
Trombidium holosericeum having the spiracles, according to Pa-
geustecher, at the base of the mandibles. In several other genera
of Thysanoura, and even in the new genus of Smynthuride now de-
scribed, Mr. Lubbock has found no trachew, and believes that
respiration is principally effected through the general surface of
the skin.

How different this account of the internal anatomy is from that
given by M. Nicolet, a glance at his figures will show. In the
digestive organs he describes and figures, first, /’ésophage ; secondly,
jabot ; thirdly, ventricule chylifere ; fourthly, vaisseaux hépatiques ;
lifthly, intestin gréle; sixthly, cecum (the last no doubt a slip of
the pen for rectum). In the respiratory system he finds eight
spiracles on the dorsal surface of the first four abdominal segments,
and an elegant network of trachee. Mr. Lubbock has not indeed
as yet met with Podwra similata—the species which M. Nicolet
dissected ; but that author appears to extend his descriptions to the
whole group, and has been so understood by subsequent writers.
Even if his descriptions are correct for the species with which he
worked, they cannot be applied to the other genera ; and the state-
ments made in general works on comparative anatomy must
therefore be considered as altogether erroneous.

The so-called “ gastric tube,’ and the two tentacles which pro-
ceed from it, are not the least curious part of the anatomy of
Smynthurus. The tube itself is situated between the posterior
legs; and the two colourless, semitransparent tentacles which
can be projected from it are about =4,th of an inch in length, and
covered with gland-like papille. When creeping on a slippery
surface the animal uses these tentacles to ensure its hold, or if
turned over on its back, avails itself of their assistance to regain
its normal position. Each tentacle contains two muscles, one of
which is attached at the extremity, and the other at a point
about halfway. These two muscles are, at their other end, attached
to the back, close together. We might at first be inclined to wonder
at the presence of two muscles, and to suppose that the object
might have been equally well attained by a single one. The two,
however, acting on different parts, may enable the organ to be
retracted more quickly than might otherwise be the case—an ad-
vantage doubtless of much importance in a structure so delicate.
Again, it is evident that a single muscle attached to the end could

LINN. PROC.—VOL. VI. £

]xii PROCEEDINGS OF THE

not have fully retracted the tentacle, because the distance between
the point of attachment of the muscle and the ventral tube is less
than the length of the tentacle; but this difficulty is at once
avoided by the presence of a second muscle, which throws the
retracted tentacle into a curve. Moreover, the muscles are already
greatly extended when the tentacle is protruded to its full length,

but must have been much more so if there had only been a single
muscle. (See ‘ Transactions,’ vol. xxii. Part 3.)

2. “On the Geographical Relations of the Coleoptera of Old
Calabar ;”’ by Andrew Murray, Esq., F.L.8., Assist. Sec. R. Hort.
Soc. (See ‘ Transactions,’ vol. xxii. Part 3.)

February 20th, 1862.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Thomas Glazebrook Rylands, Esq., was elected a Fellow.

The following Papers were read, viz.:— |

1. “On Prolification in Flowers, and especially on that kind —
termed ‘ Axillary Prolification ;’’? by Maxwell T. Masters, Esq.,
F.L.S. (See ‘ Transactions,’ vol. xxiii. Part 3.).

2. “On Inocarpus ;’ by George Bentham, Esq., Pres. L.S. (See

‘Botanical Proceedings,’ vol. vi.)

3. “ Note on Hamamelis and Loropetalum; with a description
of a new Anisophyllea ;” by Daniel Oliver, Esq., F.L.S., Prof. Bot.
Univ. Coll. Lond. (See ‘Transactions,’ vol. xxiii. Part 3.)

4. “ Notice of a Collection of Alge, made on the North-west
Coast of North America, chiefly at Vancouver’s Island, by David
Lyall, M.D., in 1859-61; by W. H. Harvey, M.D., F.R.S &
L.8., Prof. Bot. Univ. Dublin. (See ‘ Botanical Proceedings,’

vol. vi.)

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ixilt

March 6th, 1862.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Albany Hancock, Esq., Thomas Hyde Hills, Esq., and Robert
McLachlan, Esq., were elected Fellows.

Dr. Cobbold, F.L.S., communicated the substance of a Paper,
entitled, “ Histological Observations on the Eye of the Cod-fish
(Morrhua vulgaris), with especial reference to the Choroid Gland
and the Cones of the Retina.’’ (See ‘ Zoological Proceedings,’
vol, vi.)

March 20th, 1862.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.

The Right Hon. Lord Lilford, W. H. Flower, Esq., St. George
Jackson Mivart, Esq., and Benjamin Leadbeater, Esq., were elected
Fellows.

Read, 1st, the following Letter from Professor Babington,
F.R.S. & L.S., accompanying specimens of Isoétes echinospora,
Durieu, from the neighbourhood of Llanberis, for the Society’s
British Herbarium :—

“ To the Secretary of the Linnean Society of London.

** Cambridge, 22nd February, 1862.

“My DEAR Srr,— Will you have the kindness to place before
the Linnean Society, and afterwards deposit in the British Her-
barium, the enclosed specimen of Lsoétes echinospora, Dur., named
by him. I am not able to state the exact spot near Llanberis
(Caernarvonshire) where I gathered the plant in 1847, but believe
it to have been in the Lower Lake. I am sorry that the specimen
is not finer; but all the specimens that I have seen are smaller
than those of J. lacustris, and the best that I possessed were sent
to France.

“Mr. W. Wilson, the celebrated muscologist, has Sarita M.
Durieu and myself with a specimen between us of the same species,

f2 ,

lxiv PROCEEDINGS OF THE

gathered by him in a pool near Llyn y Cwn, Caernarvonshire, on

June 30, 1828; and Dr. Dickie has sent one, for similar division,

from Loch of Park, near Aberdeen, where it was gathered by Mr.

Sutherland.

“J do not enter upon a discussion of the characters of these
plants, because Messrs. Durieu de Maisonneuve and Gay will
publish a paper upon them and other species of Lsoétes at an early
date. It may, nevertheless, be well to mention that Mr. Gay
gives the characters to me as follows :—

“<T. lacustris (1.) ; folia stricta atro-viridia ; macrospore superficie
obtuse tuberculate quasi farinacee.

“<¢T. echinospora (Dur.) ; folia molliora patentissima leete viridia,
senescentia e viridi-flava, macrospore acutiuscule tuberculate,
quasi echjnatule.’

“The ‘ Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr.’ viii. 164 is the place where a
distinctive name and character were given to the plant.

“Yours very truly,
“C. C. Basineton.”
2. “ Observations on some Skulls from Ceylon, said to be those

of Veddahs ;’’ by George Busk, Esq., F.R.S., Sec. L.S. (See
‘Zoological Proceedings,’ vol. vi.)

April 8rd, 1862.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Percival Forster, Esq., Septimus Holmes Godson, Esq., and
James Thomson, Esq., were elected Fellows.

Dr. Cogswell, F.L.8., exhibited a fine specimen of gold-bearing
quartz, from the neighbourhood of Halifax, Nova Scotia; and
Prof. Tennant exhibited, on the part of the Government of Nova
Scotia, a valuable series of ores and specimens of gold from that
Province, and made some observations upon them.

The following Papers were read :—

1. “On the three remarkable Sexual Forms of Catasetum tri-
dentatum, an Orchid in the possession of the Linnean Society ;” by
Charles Darwin, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.8., &e. (See ‘ Botanical Pro-
ceedings,’ vol. vi.)

LINNEAN SQCIETY OF LONDON. Ixy

2. “On the discovery of Gladiolus illyricus, Koch, in the Isle
of Wight,” by A. G. More, Esq., F.L.S. (See ‘ Botanical Pro-
ceedings,’ vol. vi.)

Dr. Macdonald, F.L.S., afterwards communicated, orally, the
substance of a Paper “ On the Classification of the Warm-blooded
Vertebralia, and their Parallelism.’’

April 17th, 1862.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
The following Papers were read :—

1. “ Notes on the Exogenous Flora of the Anamallay Moun-
tains, in South India, with descriptions of New Species, and a Ca-
talogue of the Ferns ;”’ by Capt. R. H. Beddome, Assistant Con-
servator of Forests. Communicated by Thomas Thomson, M.D.,
F.R.S. & LS.

2. “On African Anonacee ;” by George Bentham, Esq., Pres.
L.S. (See ‘ Transactions,’ vol. xxi. Part 3.)

3. “ On the Structure of the Mantle in Testacella;’ by Lovell
Reeve, Esq., F.L.S. (See ‘ Zoological Proceedings,’ vol. vi.)

4, “ On the Spiral Markings of the Flocci in the genus Trichia ;”’
by the Rey. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.LS.

May Ist, 1862.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Edward Romilly, Esq., was elected a Fellow ; Dr. D. F. Eschricht,
Dr. H. Lacaze-Duthiers, and Dr. Hermann Schlegel, Foreign
Members ; and Mr. Edward Gerrard, an Associate.

The Special Thanks of the Society were directed to be given to
Lady Smith, in return for the following Donations, viz. :—1. A

xvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE |

presentation copy to Linneus of Lord Baltimore’s ‘ Gaudia
Poetica;’ 2. ‘Memoirs relating to European and Asiatic Turkey,’
and ‘ Travels in various Countries of the East,’ edited by the Rev.
R. Walpole; the latter work containing copious extracts from
the Journals of the late Dr. Sibthorp.

The following Papers were read, viz. :—

1. “On the abnormal Habits of some Females of the genus
Orgyia;”? by H. T. Stainton, Esq., F.L.8. (See ‘ Zoological Pro-
ceedings,’ vol. vi.)

2. “ Florula Mallica;’? by M. P. Edgeworth, Esq., F.LS.
(See ‘ Botanical Proceedings,’ vol. vi.)

May 24th, 1862.
Anniversary Meeting.

George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.

This day, the Anniversary of the Birth of Linneus, and the day
appointed by the Charter for the Election of Council and Officers,
the President opened the business of the Meeting with the follow-
ing Address :—

GENTLEMEN,

Ly addressing you for the first time from this Chair on the occasion
of your annual gathering, I have to thank you for that kind support
and assistance which enables me to congratulate you-on a continuance
of the state of prosperity to which the Society had been brought
under the zealous superintendence of my predecessor. Before leaving
the Chair, he had the satisfaction of announcing to you that the debt
which had been so long hanging over us in consequence of the purchase
of the Linnean Collections had been at last cleared off, and that a
commencement had been made of permanent investments. He also
expressed his opinion that in future the whole amount of life-com-
positions received from new Fellows should be added to these in-
vestments. We have accordingly, as a step towards this desideratum,
purchased, out of the present year’s balance, additional stock to the

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. lxvil

amount of £300; and although I should be of opinion that a portion
of the sums received from Life Members should be added to those
contributed by our other Fellows in order to meet our legitimate
amount of expenditure, yet I trust we shall continue in each year
to add to our permanent capital, or lay out in additions to our library
or other valuable property an amount nearly equivalent to these
compositions, leaving a sufficient annual income to increase rather
than diminish the extent of our publications.

But if I thus dwell with complacency on the prosperous state of
our financial affairs, compared especially with what they were when
Mr. Bell first took the Chair in 1853, let it not be supposed that I
should willingly acquiesce in any relaxation of your efforts still further
to increase that prosperity. The demands upon the funds of a Society
established for the encouragement of natural science only multiply
as the study of that science advances and becomes more general.
The number of new works which we ought to add to our library for
the use of our working members is greater every year; and much as
we have extended our publications, we would wish to do so still
more. New theories and speculations, popular and elementary works,
find indeed that ready sale in the general world which renders them
independent of associations like ours; but we must facilitate the
publication of abstract researches and records of observation of
detail, which are often remunerative only in the inverse proportion of
their value ; for we may thus assist in guarding against the perversion
of the science by the multitude of crude but showy works issued in
its name to please the paying public. I sincerely trust, therefore,
that not only will our present members continue that support which .
is so necessary for our objects, but that they will induce such of
their friends as feel an interest in natural science, and have either
time or means at command, to join us in promoting the common
cause. It has always appeared to me a mistaken idea that the
Fellows of the Linnean Society should be limited to those who have
shown a proficiency in natural science; we should hope indeed to
include all such in our body; but they require the encouragement
of friends and patrons, and work with increased zeal when aided by
the association of those lovers of natural history, who, having little
leisure to devote to it, contribute nevertheless to our means, attend
occasionally our meetings, glance over our proceedings, and generally
watch our progress.

With respect to the working Fellows of the Society, whose numbers
have augmented so much of late years, I trust it will not be thought
presumptuous on my part if, in enumerating a few of the principal

lxvuli PROCEEDINGS OF THE

zoological and botanical works which have recently appeared, I also
call their attention to a few points, the investigation of which seems
to be specially required at the present time. It is true that the
leaders of the science whom we are proud to reckon among our
Fellows may well consider these remarks as superfluous, but I now
address myself more especially to those who, having but a portion of
their time to devote to natural history, or limited materials at their
disposal, may be pleased to have their attention directed to a few
subjects upon which their observations, however minute and isolated,
may, if careful and accurate, contribute usefully to the general
advancement of science. And if I take my illustrations chiefly from
Botany, it is because that is the branch more immediately connected
with my own pursuits; but the same principles are applicable to
zoological investigations, the intimate connexion of the two sciences
in all their details becoming every day more evident, and I have
to thank my friend Mr. Busk for the selection of those new zoological
works which appeared most deserving of notice on the present
occasion.

The field of the science is so extensive, and its surface so varied,
that we must take separately the salient points from which we can
penetrate into its depths. Ido not allude to the divisions of the
science according to the groups of animals or plants treated of; but
in each department the attention of zoologists or botanists may be
separately directed to general systems and classification, monographs,
floras or faunas, descriptions of individual collections, animal and
vegetable physiology, including homology of organs and comparative
anatomy and biology—if that name may be applied to the history of
animal and vegetable life—independently of organic chemistry, |
paleontology, practical zoology and botany, and other branches
which only partially come within the limits assigned to us.

Upon general systems and classification the few words I should
have to say would be more in terms of deprecation than of en-
couragement. The great groups into which animals and plants
have been distributed have been gradually established and charac-
terized by the combined genius and lifelong labours of the most
eminent naturalists, and no modifications can be accepted until their
effects shall have been tested in all their details. All these systems
are no doubt susceptible of improvement, and the investigation of
characters to be derived from organs hitherto neglected, either from
their minuteness or from other causes, might be of great importance,
and would always be a legitimate object of our researches. Well-
digested series of observations on the position of the ovule, the direc-

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. lxix

tion of its raphe and micropyle, considered with reference to their
constancy or variability in large groups of plants, verifying and
following up those which have been already published by one of our
most careful observers, Mr. Benjamin Clarke,—on the constancy in
genera or orders of those various forms of pollen, which have been
described in detail by Mohl, Schacht and others as prevalent in large
groups, but some of which Mr. Darwin has recently shown to be indi-
vidual differences in different flowers of the same species,—on the con-
formity of anatomical structure of the stem with other characters on
which large groups are formed, which has chiefly occupied the atten-
tion of French botanists,—and any similar researches would be valu-
able contributions to our publications, provided their authors do not,
by attaching an undue or, at any rate, premature importance to cha-
racters they have thus brought to light, proceed at once to generaliza-
tion, remodelling the whole system of classification, and throwing
everything into confusion by new names and new combinations which
can never be safely adopted without re-examining and testing in detail
that complication of characters upon which the old ones had been
gradually established. Tabular arrangements of classes, orders, and
minor groups, regularly defined by new characters, are tempting to
make, and may look well on a black board ; but if we have hitherto re-
fused a place in our Transactions to those which have been offered to
us, and if I do not here allude in particular to any of those which we
are continually receiving, it is because we have seen no evidence of
their being more than theoretical speculations, untested by a study of
the innumerable exceptions which Nature offers to all our systems.
And on this head I cannot resist applying to our own Transactions
and Proceedings the words of Cuvier, prefixed to the Nouvelles Annales
du Muséum, in 1832 :—“ L’expérience leur a appris, que ce qui dans
des recueils de ce genre conserve un intérét durable, ce que les
savants consultent longtemps encore apres la publication, ce sont les
descriptions exactes et les bonnes figures d’espéces nouvelles, les
caracteres nouveaux découverts dans les espéces anciennes et propres
a en rendre la distribution plus naturelle, ou la détermination plus
précise, les faits nouveaux bien constatés dans leur histoire, les détails
positifs et bien décrits de leur anatomie...... enfin tout ce qui, une
_fois consigné par écrit, demeure comme une partie intégrante de la
science. Chacun peut s’appercevoir, au contraire, que les pures con-
ceptions de lesprit, les dissertations théoriques, les hypothéses
variables au gré de l’imagination qui les crée, en se renversant l’un
Vautre d’année en année, quelqu’éclat qu’elles puissent jeter, quelque
bruit qu’elles puissent faire au moment ou elle paraissent, tombent

Ixx PROCEEDINGS OF THE

bientot dans le méme oubli ot sont tombées les hypothéses et les
théories qui les avaient précédées, et qu’aprés quelque temps, les
écrits ot on les a exposées ne sont plus recherchés que par les
curieux qui ne veulent ignorer aucun trait de histoire des sciences,
laquelle n’est que trop souvent V’histoire des aberrations de l’esprit
humain.”

But if general systems are now too vast and comprehensive to be
interfered with by the zoologist or botanist who cannot devote his
life to the subject, he may, by limiting his researches to such
portions as he can thoroughly investigate—to monographs of new or
imperfectly known species, genera, or orders—supply contributions
of the highest value to the science. If any naturalist has the oppor-
tunity of examining or studying any little-known animal or plant, or
any group hitherto comparatively neglected or misunderstood, if he
will draw up his descriptions from actual observation of specimens,
carefully collating all that has been previously published on the sub-
ject, comparing the subjects of his investigation with allied species
or groups—not with their published descriptions only, but with actual
specimens, attaching more importance to giving good characters to
the groups he forms than to multiplying their names, and, above all,
taking every precaution to insure accuracy of detail, and verifying, by
repeated examination of different specimens, every observation which
may be new or at variance with those of his predecessors, he may be
sure that his labours will be duly appreciated. Papers of this kind,
when not attractive as works of art, are indeed not generally remu-
nerative to their publishers; but we should always consider it a legi-
timate application of our funds to insert them in our Transactions or
in our Journal, with more or less of illustration according to their
scientific interest or importance.

Amongst zoological monographs which have been most recently
published, Mr. Busk has called my attention to the completion of
Mr. Gould’s splendid work on the Trochilide, unrivalled in the
beauty and fidelity of the plates, and containing in the introductory
portion an interesting and compendious account of the distribution
and classification of Humming-birds. In the subkingdom Mollusca,
the elaborate memoir of M. Lacaze-Duthiers (whom you have just
elected into one of the vacancies among our Foreign Members) on
the Anatomy and Embryology of Vermetus has added much to our
knowledge of Molluscan organization. Under Crustacea I should
notice Professor Leydig’s Natural History of the Daphnide; and
under Arachnida, Professor Leuckart’s important memoir on the
Structure and Development of the Pentastomata, and Dr. Pagen-

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. lxxi

stecher’s Contributions to the Anatomy of the Acari or Mites. In
the lower subkingdoms Professor Milne-Edwards’s Natural History of
Corals and Polypes has been completed by the publication of the third
volume, whilst the works of Claparéde and Lachmann and of Stein
on the classification and organization of the Infusoria, and especially
of M. Balbiani on the reproduction of those animals, cannot but be
regarded as of the greatest interest and value. Nor can the im-
portant and curious observations of Dr. George Wallich and of
M. Alphonse Milne-Edwards on the existence of even highly
organized animal life at enormous depths in the sea be passed over
without especial notice, subversive as they are of many of the
hitherto prevalent notions on the subject, and of the highest interest
in several points of view.

In Cryptogamic Botany I need not mention the numerous illus-
trated fern-works which the present fashion has called forth; for
the majority of them are hardly scientific; but I cannot pass over
the elaborate and careful Species Filicum of Sir William Hooker, of
which the 13th Part, comprising the first portion of the most difficult
Aspidiex, has been lately issued, without expressing my most anxious
hope that its distinguished author may long enjoy his present health
and vigour, so as to bring that valuable work to a conclusion. I must
also refer to Tulasne’s beautifully illustrated Selecta Fungorum
Carpologia as the most important work on fungi which has appeared
for a long time.

In Phenogamic Botany we have not within the last year or two
witnessed the publication of any of those model monographs of
Orders of which we owed so many to the late Adrien de Jussieu and
others of the French school; Weddell’s Urticex being one of the last
that has appeared. But several monographic papers have been
inserted in Journals or Transactions of Societies which may illustrate
the principles I have above alluded to. Of those orders which, having
been treated only in the early volumes of DeCandolle’s Prodromus,
have now required a thorough revision, a considerable number have
been the subject of more or less complete monographs, amongst which
I would particularly mention Planchon and Triana’s Guttiferz in the
Annales des Sciences Naturelles, and Prof. Oliver’s Aurantiacee in
our own Journal,—both of them valuable contributions to science as
examples of thorough investigation, careful observation, and sound
criticism ; whilst M. Jacob Miller, who in a three days’ excursion
in the Vosges finds 31 new Brambles, and devotes 40 pages of the
Bonplandia to their description, and 225 pages of the Pollichia to-
239 Rubi from a very limited Gallo-Germanic region, may be said

Ixxii PROCEEDINGS OF THE

to have done little more than supply the world with so much waste
paper. Of DeCandolle’s Prodromus itself, which is now a series
of monographs, a half-volume, comprising the genus Euphorbia,
has been recently published. The remainder of the order of
Euphorbiacee, one of the most extensive as well as the most varied
and complex in structure and affinities of the whole vegetable
kingdom, is now in the hands of M. J. Miiller of Geneva, who,
besides the special difficulties of the subject, will have to collate and
bring into concordance the works of two laborious and careful
observers of opposite tendencies—the late Dr. Klotzsch leaning to a
multiplication of technical genera, and M. Baillon to the adoption
of theoretical genera without contrasted characters or systematic
arrangement. Laurines, an order as difficult from the great simi-
larity of its genera and species as Euphorbiacee from their diversity,
are, I believe, nearly ready for press, from the experienced hands of
Prof. Meisner; and M. DeCandolle himself is working out the
Amentaceze. Among the orders not intended to be included in the
Prodromus, I must notice M. Weddell’s valuable monograph of
Cynomorium, and the appearance of a third part of Dr. Boott’s
beautiful Illustrations of the genus Carex. This important work,
which at great cost of time and money its distinguished author, in
every sense of the word, has presented to science, now brings down to
411 the number of species or marked varieties of this difficult genus,
whose characters are thus permanently fixed by detailed and accurate
delineations. Graminez, which have been thrown into so much con-
fusion by the so-called synopsis of Steudel, have been taken in hand
by several botanists; but, whilst Dr. E. A. Rémy is indulging in
new systems founded upon insufficient investigations of detail, and
Dr. Ch. Miller multiplies phytogeographical species, Col. Munro is
perhaps the only one who has devoted to them the care and research
necessary for a good monograph. As yet, however, he has published
but little beyond the Revision of the Grasses of the Linnean Herba-
rium, inserted in our own Journal.

Another class of writings by which science may be advanced by the
descriptive naturalist comprises what are generally designated as
Faunas and Floras; and these would claim admission into our own
publications, or encouragement as independent works, not only
according to their intrinsic merit, but according to the countries
they treat of.

These Faunas and Floras have a twofold purpose to answer :—
Ist, as guides to the beginner or amateur, to the travelling or
resident naturalist, in the determination and history of the animals

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ixxili

and plants of any particular country or district; 2ndly, to supply
data to the general naturalist in his investigation of questions of
geographical distribution and. local influences on individual species
or genera, independently of their utility in practical zoology and
botany. For the former purpose, clearly contrasted characters
adapted to local varieties or forms are the great desideratum ; for
the second, completeness and, above all, accurate determination and
careful comparison with identical or allied forms in adjoining or
more distant countries. It is satisfactory, therefore, to observe that
authors of the most recent local Faunas and Floras, or enumerations
of species, are perceiving the necessity of studying the animals or
plants of other countries besides their own; and the designation of
the local habitats of their species is now generally followed by that
of their general geographical distribution, which it is to be hoped
will be always either founded on actual inspection of specimens or
accompanied by a reference to the authority relied on.

Our Society was chartered for “the cultivation of the Science of
Natural History in all its branches, more especially of the Natural
History of Great Britain and Ireland;”’ but with regard, at least,
to the higher animals and phenogamic plants of our country, the
great and increasing interest taken in them by the paying public
leaves us as a Society little or nothing to do. The British quadru-
peds, birds, fishes, and the more showy insects, are illustrated in
works of great merit; and fresh editions of our standard Floras
succeed each other rapidly. It is little more than a twelvemonth
since the publication of the eighth edition of Hooker’s Flora by
Arnott, and the fifth of Babington’s Manual has been issued in the
present month; each one incorporating whatever recent observations
may have added to or corrected in the previous ones. In the latter
work I particularly notice that, besides numerous amendments of
detail, Prof. Babington has remodelled his synopsis of the natural
orders after the plan of the French analytical keys. All notices of
new localities and enumerations of species observed in local districts
would therefore be more useful if communicated to the editors of these
works, than if sent to our Society for insertion in our records. It is
in the lower orders of animals, and in some branches of Cryptogamic
Botany, that much remains to be observed and described before the
inhabitants of our island can be said to be well known. Some im-
portant contributions have recently appeared, amongst which I would
especially notice the History of British Sessile-eyed Crustacea, by
Messrs. Spence Bate and Westwood; the Monograph of British
Spiders, by Mr. Blackwall, the first volume of which has been

lxxiv PROCEEDINGS OF THE

published by the Ray Society; and Mr. Gosse’s Actinologia Britan-
nica: to these I might add Mr. Lubbock’s History of our Smynthu-
ride, now printing for our Transactions, which reveals to us so much
of interest and novelty in a whole series of creatures swarming around
us, and yet hitherto allowed to pass almost unnoticed.

Turning to the Continent, the greater part of Europe comprised in
the general districts of France, Germany, Scandinavia, and Russia is
almost as rich as ourselves in general and local Floras. The works of
Grenier and Godron, Koch, Reichenbach, Fries, Hartmann, and Lede-
bour, give us a very good account of the phenogamic vegetation of
central and northern Europe; and I notice amongst recent additions,
besides a carefully revised edition of Cosson and Germain’s Flore
des Environs de Paris, the first part of a new and elaborate Flora of
Norway, by Professor Blytt, containing the Monocotyledons, upon
which the author has evidently bestowed the greatest pains. All
that is known of the Arctic Flora has also been condensed and
applied more especially to the extension of geographical botany, in
Dr. Hooker’s important paper in the last part of our Transactions.
In the south of Europe the Italians are not far behind. Bertoloni’s
voluminous Flora Italica is very complete, although not quite up
to the present state of science. Parlatore’s elaborate Flora Italiana
has not yet got beyond Monocotyledons, which occupy two volumes.
It is to be hoped that the very extended plan he has adopted may not
stand in the way of its completion. In the meanwhile, they have
many local Floras, amongst which Gussone’s very careful Synopsis of
the Sicilian Flora, rather overdone, perhaps, as to species, and Moris’s
excellent Flora Sardoa (that is to say, of the old kingdom of Sar-
dinia), of which Dicotyledons are completed in three quarto volumes,
are the most important. The Spanish Peninsula is much more in
arrear. There is no professedly complete Flora since the four quartos
of Quer, two of which are ante-Linnean, and the two last not much
more recent; and most of what we have learnt in modern days of
its vast botanical treasures has been from the works of foreigners,
especially from the valuable and beautifully illustrated ones of
Boissier and Willkomm. The herbaria of Madrid contain great
stores of materials on which to found a Spanish Flora; and that
Spain is not deficient in botanists well qualified to make use of them
is shown by the scattered papers of Graells, Colmeiro, Costa, and
others: yet it is again to a foreigner that they leave the task, and
Willkomm, author of the splendid Icones Plantarum Europe Austro-
occidentalis, above alluded to, assisted by Dr. Lange of Copenhagen,
has now issued the first volume of an octave Flora, completing

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. lxxv

Monocotyledons and Apetale. The south-eastern peninsula of
Europe, comprising Greece and Turkey, has still less means of
publishing indigenous Floras. The Austrian portion alone has
been well investigated and illustrated by Visiani’s excellent Flora
Dalmatica; what we know of the remainder has been due to the
works of British, German, or French botanists, none of which are
sufficiently recent or comprehensive to be here mentioned. The
flora of the Levant, which, although technically a part of Asia, is in
its natural productions so closely connected with southern Europe,
and so particularly interesting as the country from which or through
which so many early cultivated plants had proceeded, had, since the
days of Tournefort, been little investigated until taken in hand
by Boissier, who is preparing a general Flora Orientalis, in
which it is hoped he will condense, and in some instances re-
form, the very numerous species described by himself and others.
In the meantime, M. de Tchihatcheff has published a very useful
general summary under the title of Elémens d’une Flore de 1’Asie
Mineure.

Beyond the limits of Europe, I may first refer to our own Colonies.
A general summary of the steps taken to procure a uniform set of
these floras was inserted, by Dr. Hooker, in the Natural History
Review for July last, and I have only now to report progress.
The fifth part, recently issued, of Grisebach’s Flora of the British
West India Islands has brought it down to the commencement of
Monocotyledons; the fourth part of Thwaites’s Enumeration of
Ceylon Plants goes far into Monocotyledons ; and each of these com-
pact but comprehensive works will, it is hoped, be very shortly
completed by the issue of one more part. The printing of the second
volume of Harvey and Sonder’s Flora Capensis, comprising Legu-
minose and Calyciflore, is nearly finished. Our Indian botanists
have been active, as evidenced by the Precursores Flore Indice
of Drs. Hooker and Thomson, the Flora Adenensis of Dr. T. Ander-
son, Mr. Edgeworth’s Account of Punjab Plants, and other papers
communicated to our Society; and although, some years since, an
excellent opportunity for giving to the world a really good Flora of
that rich and varied territory—more wanted, for a variety of pur-
poses, than any other botanical work—was lost by an ill-advised
want of liberality on the part of the then East India Company, I
have now strong hopes that the present Indian Government will at
length make such arrangement as will enable Dr. Hooker to lay be-
fore the scientific and industrial public, in the shape of a compen-
dious Flora Indica, the results of his own important labours and

Ixxvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE

observations, aided by the vast materials collected at an enormous
cost during the last half-century, and now deposited at Kew orin our
own Museum. In Australia, Dr. Ferdinand Miller, the eminent Go-
vernment Botanist of Victoria, has completed the first volume, com-
prising Thalamiflore, of an elaborate account, in quarto, of the rich
flora of that colony, illustrated by a considerable number of litho-
graphic plates, which do credit to colonial art. This Flora is par-
ticularly valuable in showing the views in regard to the consolida-
tion of supposed species entertained by a scientific botanist, working
in a great measure upon living specimens. Of Dr. Harvey’s beautifully
illustrated Phycologia Australica, the fourth volume is now nearly
completed.

The utility of Colonial Floras has been recognized by other Go-
vernments as wellas our own. The practical Dutch have especially
applied themselves to obtaining a correct knowledge of the vegetable
productions of their dependencies. The numerous partial works of
Blume, Korthals, Hasskarl, Junghuhn, and others, some of them
splendidly illustrated, and, consequently, too expensive for ordinary
use, have been condensed into a complete Flora van Nederlandsch
Indie by Professor Miquel, who, in the course of six years, has given
us the whole of Pheenogamia, in four volumes, with a supplementary
volume for Sumatra. We have not here, therefore, to bewail that
tardiness which leaves so many important works unfinished at the
death of their authors, or, if complete, with the first volumes an-
tiquated before the last make their appearance ; on the contrary, we
could have wished that the author had given himself a little more ~
time to work out the details with that accuracy of research which
we should have expected from a botanist of his well-proved ability.

To the same class of Natural Histories of distant dependencies
may be referred the results of the Russian expeditions to explore
their newly acquired territories on the Amoor. Dr. Leopold v.
Schrenck’s Reisen und Forschungen im Amur Lande is one of the
most important contributions to our knowledge of the fauna of
Northern Asia, and of the geographical distribution of animals, and
more especially of the Mammalia; whilst M. Maximovitch’s Pri-
mitiz Flore Amurensis is an admirable account of the botany of the
district as far as hitherto known, and ofits physical geography in rela-
tion to vegetation. From the former, amongst the numerous interest-
ing observations it contains, we learn the startling fact of the existence
of the Tiger as a permanent and ordinary resident, even in winter,
on the Amoor, or up to about the 50th degree of N. latitude, where,
as shown by Maximovitch, the river is frozen over for at least six

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. lxxvil

months of the year, and the thermometer descends not unfrequently
during the winter to below —30° Reaumur (—36° Fahrenheit).
The remainder of Asia comprises the two empires of China and
Japan, which have been hitherto almost a sealed book to our natu-
ralists. Japan, the flora of which had been partially known by the
investigations and importations of Siebold, and is now proving a rich
field for our horticultural collectors, has been the subject of a re-
markable paper by Dr. Asa Gray, throwing a new light on the geo-
graphical relations of the floras of America and Asia; and a com-
plete enumeration of ali the species known to be indigenous to the
Japanese islands, by Mr. Black, originally appended te Hodgson’s
‘ Residence in Nagasaki,’ has been inserted in a revised form in a
recent number of the Bonplandia. But of the Chinese flora we
still know nothing, except that of a few points on the coast or of
the neighbourhood of Pekin explored chiefly by Russian botanists.
The vegetation of Africa has lately been exciting a great deal
of interest. When Harvey and Sonder’s Flora Capensis, above
alluded to, and the French official Flore d’Algérie, now apparently
at a dead stop, shall have been completed, those two works, with
A. Richards’s Flora of Abyssinia, Webb’s great work on the Canary
Islands, and Lowe’s Madeira Flora, of which the second part has
now appeared, will have given us a fair idea of the principal
extra-tropical or subtropical regions; but from within the tropics
little has been done as yet towards publishing the very great addi-
tions now being made to its known vegetation. The collections of
the late Mr. Barter, and especially of our present active and enter-
prising botanical traveller, Mr. G. Mann, have thrown a new light
on the geographical relations of the Western Flora. Dr. Kirk has
remitted to us, from the Eastern side, many interesting novelties,
notwithstanding the loss of an important portion of his collections
in a whirlpool on the Zambesi; and Dr. Welwitsch’s arduous
travels in the Mossamede and Angola country would have been fully
rewarded even had their results been limited to the discovery of the
Welurtschia, that misshapen mass representing the tree vegetation
of those sandy coasts, of which specimens were recently laid before
you, and whose wonderful structure will, I hope, be explained by
Dr. Hooker in all its scientific bearings in the next part of our
Transactions. Of all these riches but little has yet been published.
Dr. Hooker has given us an interesting account of the vegetation of
Clarence Peak, to be followed, I hope, ere long, by a paper on the
still more remarkable collection just received from the Cameroon
Mountains. The first portion of the description of the plants collected
LINN. PROO.—-VOL. VI. g

Ixxvili PROCEEDINGS OF THE

in Mosambique by Dr. Peters has been published at Berlin in a
pretentious illustrated volume, chiefly by the late Dr. Klotzsch. Dr.
Welwitsch has given a preliminary list of the Angola portion of his
collections, in the Annales do Conselho Ultramarino for 1858 ;
Dr. Wawra and M. Peyritsch, in a Sertum Benguelense, have
described a small set of Benguelan plants gathered by the former
during a fortnight’s stay of the Austrian corvette Carolina on that
coast; and a few detached papers on isolated genera or species have
appeared here or at Paris. I may add, however, that there is now
some hope that our Admiralty is about to take steps for obtaining
some practical result from these botanical expeditions, in the shape
of a General Flora of tropical Africa.

Next to tropical Africa, the most remarkable novelties in botany
are supplied by New Caledonia and Madagascar. These are chiefly
in French hands; and detached notices of some of them have ap-
peared in various French periodicals. I understand, also, that the
authorities of the Jardin des Plantes are in hopes of inducing their
Government to sanction at least a Flora of New Caledonia, in imi-
tation of the Colonial Floras of other Governments.

There remains the New World; and here my first feeling is one
of deep pain, in which all lovers of progress and civilization must
partake. The deplorable internecine contest now going on in the
once United States of North America appears to have put a stop to
all works of importance in natural history, so many of which were
supported at considerable cost by their Government. Dr. Torrey’s |
papers on Fremont’s Californian Plants and Mr. Chapman’s Flora
of the Southern States were fortunately completed before the out-
break; but the valuable publications of Dr. A. Gray on their own
flora, or on that of various countries visited by their expeditions
or collectors, remain incomplete, or are only continued in abridged
notices in Proceedings of some of their Societies. I feel sure that
every lover of science will join in the fervent wish that our gifted
cousins may soon turn from scenes of bloodshed, and again devote
themselves to the cultivation of the arts of peace and progress.

In South America there are two States whose comparative tran-
quillity has enabled their Governments to pay some attention to the
calls of science. The vast empire of Brazil is in a state of progress.
Rio Janeiro has her Vellozian Society of Natural History, whose se-
cretary, Dr. Capanema, has recently returned from accompanying as
Naturalist an expedition for the investigation of the resources of several
of the tropical districts ; and it is chiefly the support of the Brazi-
lian Government that enables Dr. v. Martius to continue the elaborate

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. lxxix

Flora Brasiliensis which he edits. Of this costly work the parts ©
published within the last twelvemonth comprise Celastrinee, Ilicinee
and Rhamnee, by Dr. Reissek, Serophularinee, by Dr. J. Schmidt,
and Dalbergiee and Sophoree, completing my Papilionacee. Chile
has also distinguished herself in Natural History. The Flora
Chilena, completed at Paris a few years since for the Chilian
Government by M. Claude Gay, has been followed by various papers
by Dr. Philippi, Professor of Zoology and Botany in the University
of Santiago, and Director of a Museum which he appears almost to
have founded there. Amongst these, his Travels in, and Flora and
Fauna of the Desert of Atacames, which, although published in
Germany, was written at Santiago, deserves especial notice. The
flora of the remainder of South America is only known from the
collections of travellers published in Europe, amongst which M.
Weddell has completed the second volume of his valuable Chloris
Andina, and Karsten the first of his Flora Columbiana. The latter,
however, is not a Flora in the ordinary sense of the word, but a
selection of new and little-known species, splendidly illustrated. It
is only to be regretted that the beautifully executed and accurate
analyses and careful descriptions should not have been accompanied
by a little more literary research, for the proportion of already
known genera or species given as new is greater than might have
been expected. We had hoped also, ere this, to have had the first
volume of Planchon and Triana’s Flora of New Granada; but the
promised aid on the part of the Government of that country has
been delayed, although I trust not definitively stopped, by domestic
revolutions.

Under the head of Faunas and Floras I would add a few words
on the subject of illustrations of the results of scientific exploring
expeditions. In these expeditions, undertaken at great cost, the
labours of the zoological and botanical collectors who accompany
them are often most liberally encouraged, and on their return home
funds are supplied for the publication of the results, but not un-
frequently upon terms which interfere much with their practical
utility. It would seem as if the object were not so much to add to
our knowledge of the productions of the countries visited, as to make
a vain boast of the number of new genera or species discovered, or
of the specimens collected. It is seldom that in these great expe-
ditions there are not some countries more completely explored than
had ever been previously the case, and whose faunas and floras, if
rendered complete up to the present state of science, are great desi-
derata, whilst specimens gathered during a few days’ stay at some

g 2

lxxx PROCEEDINGS OF THE.

well-known port cannot be of much interest except to the collectors
themselves. Take, for instance, the great United States Exploring
Expedition under Captain Wilkes. Rich collections were made in
the two.comparatively little-known groups of the Sandwich and the
Fiji Islands, both of them remarkable for the peculiarities of their
vegetation, and complete Floras of these groups, such as the distin-
guished botanist entrusted with the Botany of the Expedition would
have drawn up, had his advice been followed, would have been import-
ant contributions to science. In lieu of this, we have the com-
mencement of a work far too splendid in typography and illustration
to be within reach of many botanists, never likely to be finished,
and in which a large space of the text is occupied by an enumeration
of some of the commonest plants picked up at Rio Janeiro, Port
Jackson, the Cape of Good Hope, and other well-known ports.
Professor Gray’s short memoir aboye mentioned, on the Botany of
Japan, one of the results of a subsequent expedition under Captain
Ringgold, has contributed far more to the advancement of science
than the pretentious volume insisted on by Captain Wilkes. Again,
the Botany of Prince Waldemar’s Journey in the Himalaya, by the
late Dr. Klotzsch and Dr. Garcke, which has just appeared, is an
instance of a costly work of little use beyond showing off the her-
borizations made under princely auspices. The number of species
collected is very small compared with the rich stores from the same
country long since distributed among the principal herbaria of
Europe, and full half of what are given as new are identical with or
slight varieties of well-known plants. On the other hand, we may
well be proud of the results of our own Antarctic Expedition in the
three splendid and complete Floras of Dr. Hooker, treated in the
manner most conducive to the progress of science, without any
attempt to give prominence to the author’s own labours. It is to
be hoped that such Faunas and Floras of places specially visited,
such as the Nicobar Islands, will form a prominent feature in the
forthcoming Zoologies and Botany of the Austrian Novara Expedition.

The details into which I have been led, with reference to my own
special subject of Systematic and Descriptive Botany, leave me no
time to advert to recent works on Physiology, which, taken in
its largest sense, is that important part of the study of nature for
which systems and descriptions are but the means. There is, how-
ever, one branch, that which I have above termed Biology, upon
which I should wish to say a few words, in order to call the atten-
tion of our Fellows resident in the country to a field of inquiry com-
paratively untrodden, and upon which any series of carefully con-

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. lxxxi

ducted. observations would be of the greatest interest both at our
meetings and in our publications. The remarkable success which
has attended the long-continued, persevering and well-combined ob-
servations of Mr. Darwin should stimulate others to follow in the
same track; and much as he has disclosed, much as he has still in
store for us, his every page shows how far even he is yet from having
exhausted the subject. Ido not refer to those speculations on the
origin of species, which have excited so much controversy ; for the
discussion of that question, when considered only with reference to
the comparative plausibility of opposite hypotheses, is beyond the
province of our Society. Attempts to bring it forward at our meet-
ings were very judiciously checked by my predecessor in this Chair,
and I certainly should be sorry to see our time taken up by theo-
retical arguments not accompanied by the disclosure of new facts or
observations. But we must all admire that patient study of the
habits of life, with that great power of combining facts, which has
revealed to us so much of surprising novelty in the economy of
nature. The wonderful contrivances for the cross-fertilization of
Orchids, so graphically detailed in Mr. Darwin’s new work, and
which rival all that had been previously observed in the singular
economy of insect life, had been hitherto unsuspected even by those
botanists who had specially devoted themselves to that family. And
this is but a sample of that extraordinary variety of facts collected
by him and brought to bear upon his theories, which must be patent
to every impartial reader of his works, whilst all who have had an
opportunity of watching his modus operandi are well aware that he
never brings forward an observation without taking every precaution
to ensure its accuracy, thoroughly sifting every circumstance that
appears to militate against it. It is indeed to be hoped that, with-
out waiting for the completion of the great work that is to embody
the whole series of his préces justificatives, Mr. Darwin will continue
to illustrate separate portions of his subject, each one of which is
sufficient to give a lasting name to its author. In the meantime
let every lover of nature who, from his residence in the country, may
have leisure and opportunities of observing, follow in the track thus
opened out. If he will carefully watch the gradual development
and daily habits, at all seasons of the year, of the animal or vegetable
' productions which are around him in the greatest abundance,
he will detect many a curious arrangement by which nature, in
causing animals and plants, or different species of each, to act and
react on each other, provides for the perpetuation of species, races,

lxxxii PROCEEDINGS OF THE

or individual varieties, against the ever-present causes of destruction,
and at the same time ‘checks that over-multiplication which might
result from those very provisions. Those sudden appearances of
myriads of insects known in rural districts under the name of blight,
their enormous means of multiplication, and their almost total disap-
pearance the following season are as yet a mystery to us, both as
to their cause and their influences. The perusal of Mr. Darwin’s
first chapters will show that there is much still to ascertain in the
action of insects even on our common Orchids; and how little do we
know of the real history of the life of those sets of plants upon
whose external forms volumes have been published! How is it that
when our hedges are annually loaded with the fruit of the bramble,
or our fields covered with the down of Carduus arvensis, we seldom
see a seedling of the one or the other ?—nature having concurrently
provided for their propagation by the inarching and rooting stems of
the former and the creeping rhizomes of the latter. How is it that
in many localities every individual Epzlobium montanum, before it
dies down in the autumn, has surrounded itself not only by numerous
offshoots, each one armed against the rigours of winter so as to
form an independent new plant in the spring, but also by a wide-
spreading progeny already born from the hundreds or even thousands
of seeds it has shed; and yet when we examine the same spot the
following year, the number of Zpilobiwms has not increased, and you
may look long before you-find among them a single seedling, every
individual you uproot proving to be the result of a previous year’s off-
shoot? In this excessive multiplication of autumn seedlings have we |
perchance a provision in aid of insect or other animal life—some-
thing analogous to that concurrence of natural causes, which at one
of your last year’s meetings was described as insect horticulture ?
We usually close our observation of living plants in October, and
recommence it in March, when in many respects a total change has
taken place: the gradual progress of that change remains to be
watched. I am well aware that numerous papers on the life and
development of plants have been published, more especially in
French and German periodicals, and must be consulted by observers
before they can safely draw any conclusion; but many of these
treat the subject ‘solely with a view to specific distinction, and
scarcely ever in relation to habits indueed by external influences of
station and climate, still less with reference to that connexion with
insect life revealed by Mr. Darwin. We have had enough of splitting
of hairs and counting of spots, and of idle controversies as to whether

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. lxxxili

they indicate species, varieties, or individual differences. Let us
adopt for the insects and plants of our islands the nomenclature and
classification the most convenient for study, and devote our attention
to their economy and development, to the complicated structures dis-
closed by the microscope, and to those innumerable influences which
we term accidental, but which appear all to form part of one general
plan for the balance of power in the natural world. If, at this time
next year, I am still honoured by a seat in this Chair, I hope to lay
before you a sketch of the state of those branches of our studies
which I have now been unable to touch upon; and it will be a
matter of great gratification to me, if I have to report that many a
Fellow of the Society may have taken a leaf out of Mr. Darwin’s
book, and commenced a series of observations on some of the subjects
I have alluded to.

OBITUARY NOTICES.

The Secretary then read the following Notices of deeeased
Honorary Members, Fellows, Foreign Members, and Associates.

Of the three illustrious names enrolled as Honorary Members of
this Society, we have to lament the loss of two within the last
twelvemonth, both in the prime of life, and both more than usually
distinguished, not only for their sincere and earnest endeavours to
promote the cause of science, but also for their extensive knowledge
and liberal minds.

Of his late Royat Hicuness THE PrincE Consort, whose death we
have all so deeply mourned, and whose memory will ever be so
dear to the community he loved to serve, it is scarcely necessary on
the present occasion to say more than that we, as a scientific body,
have in him more especially to lament the loss of one who at all
times evinced the most earnest desire to promote science, and
was enabled to do so from his wide-spread acquaintance with almost
every branch of it.

The memory of his Maszstry Don Prpro V., King of Portugal,
demands more than a mere passing notice. Irrespective of his ex-
alted station, his individual character as an earnest worker and
munificent patron of science, and more especially of natural history,
requires that I should offer some account of his brief but useful
career.

Though many monarchs have deservedly been known as the

lxxxiv PROCEEDINGS OF THE —

patrons and promoters of science, there are few who can themselves
be justly placed on its rolls. But it was not so with the late King
of Portugal, who was distinguished not only for the enlightened
and discriminating encouragement he afforded to science in all its
branches, but was also himself no mean proficient in many of them.

He was born in Lisbon on the 16th of September, 1837, the eldest
son of Donna Maria II., on whose death he ascended the throne, in
his seventeenth year, on the 15th of November, 1853. In May 1858
he married the Princess Stephanie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, but
had the misfortune to lose his consort in the following year. The
uncertain and often unfortunate circumstances, domestic or political,
by which his early years were saddened, the unhappy loss of his
young wife, and the misfortunes from epidemic disease and political
commotions with which his short reign was afflicted and disturbed,
all contributed to give his character a tinge of melancholy and sad-
ness ; although at the same time the trials through which he passed
served to bring out into stronger relief, the amiable, kind, and con-
siderate disposition with which he was naturally endowed. On
ascending the throne, one of the first tasks he undertook was to
make himself acquainted with his country and his people, and with
this view he was yearly in the habit of journeying into the various
provinces of the kingdom, in one of which expeditions he may be
said to have fallen a victim to this self-imposed duty, being attacked,
soon after his return from the province of Alemtejo, by a fever which
carried him off on the 11th of November, 1861,—two of his brothers,
Don Fernando and Don Joao, being also struck down by the same
malady.

Don Pedro had received a careful and liberal education, and of
course, from his exalted position, enjoyed unusual opportunities for
the acquirement of knowledge. But it was mainly to his own
talents, zeal, and industry, after he had reached man’s estate, that
he was indebted for the vast amount of accurate knowledge he was
generally acknowledged to possess.

From an early age he exhibited a strong inclination for the study
of natural history, in which he was also much encouraged by his
father, Don Fernando, himself distinguished as an artist and man
of science. While still Crown Prince, he founded a Museum of
Natural History in the Palace of Necessidades, and in all his travels,
both at home and abroad, he lost no opportunity of adding to the
stores of his Museum, or of his extensive Library of Natural History.
He was also much attached to the society and correspondence of men

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ixxxv

of science of all nations, and thus kept himself well acquainted with
the progress of knowledge throughout the world.

In natural history he devoted most attention to conchology and
ornithology, in both of which departments his Museum was very
rich, including, in particular, an almost complete collection of the
birds of Portugal, nearly all procured and classified by himself; and in
1861 he published a “‘ List of about 200 Species of Portuguese Birds,”
in the ‘ Gazeta Medica de Lisboa.’ But, not content with the limits
of his own dominions, he aimed at the collection of typical specimens
of all exotic genera of birds and shells; and his Museum, in con-
sequence, in late years was enriched with most of the typical forms
of birds, procured, regardless of cost or trouble, from all parts, and
illustrated by all the more valuable works relating to ornithology. —

But, besides these efforts in the cause of science, his brief reign
will long be remembered from the constant endeavours he manifested
to improve in all ways the well-being and intellectual improvement
of his people, and prove himself in every respect worthy of the eminent
post to which Providence had called him.

Edward Barnard, Esy., F.R.H.S., was born on the 14th of March,
1786, and became a Fellow of the Linnean Society on the 17th of
February, 1818. He was educated at Eton, which school he left in
1804, when he entered the Colonial Office, an employment in which
he continued during the remainder of his life. In 1825 he was
appointed by Lord Liverpool to the office of Agent-General for the
Crown Colonies.

Mr. Barnard was devoted principally to horticultural pursuits,
and was for many years a Fellow and Member of Council of the
Horticultural Society, at whose Meetings* he contributed several
communications or notices with reference to the cultivation of
certain flowers. The singular plant, Ammobiwm alatum, R. Br., is
stated to have been raised, in 1822, from seeds transmitted from
New South Wales, and presented to the Society by Mr. Barnard.
He was also one of the original Fellows of the Zoological Society,
and gave much valuable assistance in the laying out of the gardens
both of that Society in the Regent’s Park and of the Horticultural
Society at Chiswick.

He died suddenly of an apoplectic attack on the 13th of December,
1861.

Wiliam Borrer, Esq., was born at Henfield, in the county of
Sussex, on the 13th of June, 1781, and was the eldest son of

* They are not published, but very briefly noticed, in the ‘ Transactions.’

]xxxvi - PROCEEDINGS OF THE

William Borrer, Esq., who was at that time residing there; but
shortly after the birth of his son, he removed to Hurstpierpoint, only
a few miles distant.

The education of the subject of this notice was there commenced,
at a mixed school, where he showed great industry and perseverance,
and made rapid progress in his studies.

At the age of 13 or 14 he was removed to a school at Carshalton,
in Surrey, conducted by Mr. John Morphew, a man of sound
religious principles, with which he thoroughly imbued his pupil,
and thus laid the foundation of that piety and uprightness for which
in after-life Mr. Borrer was particularly distinguished.

At this school he continued little more than one year, and then
returned to his home. This appears to have been the only portion
of his education during which he received any assistance from
others ; but being exceedingly fond of reading, and of a very studious
disposition, he neglected no opportunity of improving his mind, and
he eventually became not only a most deeply-read divine, but also
attained no mean proficiency in French and Latin, as well as in
Greek, which latter language, from some prejudice, he was forbidden
by his grandfather to be taught at school.

His father at this time wished him to become a farmer, like
himself; but his own desire was to commence life as a physician ; and
these discordant views neutralized each other; so that though his
father gave him a farm, and guaranteed him against loss, he did not
succeed in raising in his son any desire of devoting himself to agri-
culture.

Mr. Borrer was now frequently, and often very arduously, engaged
in carrying on business for his father, who was very profitably
employed in contracts for the supply of hay, corn, &c., for the use
of the large body of troops at that time stationed at Lewes, Brighton,
and other portions of the south coast.

In the course of the transaction of business of this nature,
Mr. Borrer, performing all his journeys on horseback, devoted his
attention especially to the natural productions of those districts ;
and, wherever his father’s engagements might lead him, he never
neglected any opportunity of collecting, examining, and preserving
all attainable specimens.

To this study he had, in fact, a bent from his earliest years; and ©
his brother, Mr. John Borrer of Portslade, who was only some two
years his junior, states that he does not remember the time when he
was not enthusiastic in his love for flowers, and in his admiration of

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ixxxvii

the vegetable world in general; so that there was no muddy ditch,
no old wall, no stock of a tree, no rock or dell, no pool of water or
bay of the sea that did not add to his delight, nor open to him a wide
field for investigation or enjoyment.

Mr. Borrer received his earliest encouragement in his favourite
pursuit from one or two of the officers of a camp which had been
formed near his father’s house, and who passed much of their leisure
time in his company.

The ‘English Botany’ is a work in which he took, from the first,
the highest interest, and he would frequently ride to Lewes to get
the number a day sooner than he could otherwise have obtained it.

Being always of a very studious habit and of great energy and
perseverance, ne soon raised himself to considerable eminence in the
botanical world, and had early in life a large botanical correspondence,
though, being naturally fond of retirement, he never sought what is
called society for its own sake,

The greatest encouragement in his botanical pursuits was after-
wards derived from his acquaintance with Dawson Turner, Esq.,
with whom he spent much of his time, and corresponded for many
years, and who introduced him to the present Sir W. J. Hooker,
with whom, as with Joseph Woods, Esq., and the late Edward
Forster, he formed an intimacy and friendship which remained un-
disturbed for more than half a century.

At the age of twenty-nine he married the eldest daughter of
N. Hall, Esq., at that time a banker in Brighton, when he went to
live in a house built for him by his father at Henfield.

In 1805, Mr. Borrer became a Fellow of the Linnean Society.
He was also a member of the Royal Society and of the Wernerian
Natural History Society of Edinburgh. He was for many years in
the commission of the peace for the county of Sussex, though he
never took an active part in public business.

In 1810 he was engaged, in company with Sir W. J. Hooker, in
a botanical tour in Scotland; and at another period he visited Nor-
mandy with a similar object. Of these tours he has left no record,
and, with this one exception, his investigations were confined to the
British Isles.

In carrying out his botanical researches, Mr. Borrer showed great
energy, being for many years, when informed of the discovery of a
new plant, in the habit of personally visiting its site, On some
occasions, having observed plants whilst travelling by rail, he has
stopped at the next station and proceeded to the spot by post. In

Ixxxvili - PROCEEDINGS OF THE

this manner he discovered Barbarea stricta, between Sheffield and
Halifax. To his quick discrimination, also, the British Flora is
indebted, I believe, for Leersia oryzoides, which, first noticed by him
in the Henfield Levels, has since been found abundantly at other
places in Sussex and Hampshire. Another interesting plant, Isnardia
palustris, was also first noticed by him as a British native in 1827,
in a pool at Buxtead, Sussex.

While thus successful and sharpsighted himself, he was, more-
over, equally skilful in testing the alleged discoveries of others.
A Westmoreland “ guide,” in the Lake District, had represented that
he had discovered, in that locality, a habitat for Cypripedium Cal-
ceolus; but Mr. Borrer, doubting the correctness of the statement,
was at pains to visit the spot for three years successively, at the
time of flowering of the plant, and was at length able to expose the
attempted imposition.

Zealous and able botanist as he was, Mr. Borrer published scarcely
anything under his own name or in a separate form. He was,
however, a constant contributor to science in other ways, and
especially in the Supplement to ‘English Botany.’ The Lichens
throughout that work were very generally described by him, as were
also most of the Salices, Rubi, and Roses, to which genera he had
paid particular attention; and in the preface to the ‘ British Flora,’
Sir W. J. Hooker acknowledges his great obligations to Mr. Borrer,
more particularly for a complete revision of the genera Myosotis,
Rosa, and Rubus.

The only other separate work, as it would seem, under his name,
and then not alone, was commenced and partially carried out by him,
in conjunction with Mr. Dawson Turner, in the year 1813, although
its publication, partly owing to the death and derangement in the
affairs of the publisher, was delayed till 1839. The work, modestly
entitled ‘ An Attempt at a History of the British Lichens,’ was even
then brought out by his coadjutor, Mr. Turner, for private circula-
tion only, that gentleman’s object being (to quote his words in an in-
troductory letter to Mr. Borrer), “ that it may remain a monument
of your industry, your ability, and your profound knowledge of the
family of Lichens.” And the dedication, which is also addressed to
Mr. Borrer, commences in the following affecting terms :—

“ More than twenty-six years have now gone by, since you and I,
warm with the hopes of youth, and sanguine in its projects, wrote
and printed the contents of this little volume. That its progress
was thus interrupted, and that we stopped in the vestibule of our

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. lxxxix

inquiries, was unquestionably owing, in a certain degree, to circum-
stances, but was, I fear, principally my fault. I own, with regret,
that the cause lay too much in fickleness of pursuit on my part, un-
fortunately ence by an unwarrantable modesty and distrust of
yourself on yours.”

Mr. Borrer’s extensive and valuable collections of plants, as =
as the ample stores of his exact knowledge, were always at the ser-
vice of his friends and fellow-labourers. His garden also, which he
began to form immediately on being established in premises of his
own, gradually increased till it became one of the best, if not the
very best collection in this country, of living plants which are capa-
ble of bearing its climate. In the autumn of 1860, his gardener,
Charles Green, who, under Mr. Borrer’s tuition, had acquired con-
siderable proficiency in botany, gave a list of 6660 plants contained
in it; and amongst them were above 1000 annuals, a class which,
owing to the constant attention required in collecting the seeds, is
seldom cultivated to so great an extent.

But beyond Mr. Borrer’s claims to remembrance as a patron and
ardent promoter in his own person of botanical and the kindred
sciences, his memory will by many be more warmly cherished in his
own locality, from his numerous and unostentatious charities, and
his zealous endeavours to promote the welfare and best interests of
all with whom he was connected ; and the poor always came to him
as toa friend. He paid especial attention to the moral and religious
advancement of his own parish, in which he was mainly instrumental
in increasing the stipend of the incumbent; making also, at his own
expense, large additions to the parish church, for the better accom-
modation of the school-children and of his own cottagers. For
many years he attended with great interest to the National School,
which was established principally by his exertions ; and he also built
on his own land a school for girls, and another for infants. Besides
these attentions, he generally assembled, at his own house, three or
four lads at a time, whom he educated himself for whatever business
they might be disposed to choose; and these he afterwards appren-
ticed or placed in various situations; and there are many, whom he
continued to watch over with what may be truly called a fatherly
care, now in active business, and esteemed as ornaments to the com-
munity.

By his own brothers, who by their situation were most ietiaireale
acquainted with his early life, he has been described as remarkable
for his clearsightedness in business, his high sense of religion, his
intense abhorrence of anything approaching to vice or immo-

xe PROCEEDINGS OF THE

rality, and by his constant readiness to promote, by pecuniary as-
sistance or by friendly advice, the advancement of all deserving
applicants.

Up to the year 1851, Mr. Borrer had enjoyed the full vigour of
an excellent constitution; but in that year he had a violent attack
of illness, and though he sufficiently rallied even to enjoy several
botanical excursions, he was from that time liable to frequent attacks
of extreme debility. Yet he continued to take as much interest as
ever in his garden and botanical collections, and was still, as through
life, remarkable for his extreme accuracy and simplicity of style,
whether in telling an anecdote or in describing a plant.

At Christmas 1861, he attended the annual distribution of prizes
at the Henfield National School, in returning from which he took
a severe cold, resulting in pleurisy, from the effects of which he died,
peacefully and calmly as he had lived, on the 10th of January,
1862, in the 8lst year of his age, deeply and deservedly lamented
by his own numerous family, and by all who knew him.

George Charlwood, Esq., was formerly an eminent and much
respected seedsman in Covent Garden. He was elected into the
Linnean Society on the 16th of March, 1824, and died August 26,
1861, at Feltham, where he had long resided, aged 77.

Albert John Hambrough, Esq., who died at 14 Prince’s Terrace,
Hyde Park, on the 6th June, of 1861, in his 41st year, had been but
a few years a Fellow of this Society, having been elected only in
February 1856. His usual residence was Steephill Castle, in the
Isle of Wight, and he was well known as a zealous cultivator of the
island flora. ;

The Rev. Frederick W. Hope, D.C.L., F.RS., &c., died on the
15th of April, 1862, at his house, 37 Upper Seymour Street, Portman
Square. He was born on the 3rd of January, 1797, in the same
house, being the second son of John Thomas Hope, Esq.

Entering Christchurch, Oxford, he graduated B.A. in 1820, and
took his M.A. degree in 1828, and was ordained to the curacy of the
family living of Frodesley, Shropshire, but his health did not long
permit him to perform the duties of his profession.

During his residence at Oxford, he devoted his leisure hours to
the study of zoology, and especially of entomology, with great zeal.
To this study he was much incited by the precepts and example of
Dr. Kidd, who was at that time Regius Professor of Medicine, and
whose lessons on zoological subjects strongly fostered the growing
taste of the young student, who, throughout his future career, looked
up to his teacher with kind feelings of regard, which were testified

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xe

by his donation to the University Museum of a portrait of
Dr. Kidd.

On leaving college, Mr. Hope pursued his zoological studies with
great earnestness, not confining his attention to insects only (which,
however, subsequently became his more especial favourites), but ex-
tending it to every branch of English animated nature, of which
sufficient proofs appear in various notices in Mr. Yarrell’s volumes
on ‘ British Birds and Fishes.’ His success as a collector of British
insects was very great; and the extent of his collections, as well as
the readiness with which he granted access to them to all persons
engaged upon special works on various families, genera, &c., is
abundantly testified by the constant reference made to them in Mr.
Stephens’s great work on English insects in general, commenced in
1828, in Gravenhorst’s ‘ Ichneumonologia Europea,’ 1829, and in
Gory’s great works on the Cetoniade and Buprestide. Mr. Hope,
however, did not limit himself to English insects, but formed, at
great expense, a very extensive exotic collection, which became
famous on the Continent for the numerous Indian, African, and
Australian rarities which he had succeeded in amassing.

On March 5th, 1822, he was elected a Fellow of the Linnean
Society. He took an active part in the formation of the Zoological
Society in 1826, and of the Entomological in 1833, and in both
these societies he continued to take a warm and active interest. In
1835 he succeeded the late Mr. Children as President of the latter
Society, which office he held for two years, the time limited by the
bye-laws. His contributions to these different societies were very
numerous. In these papers it may be remarked that his attention
was not confined to the technical description of the numerous new
species of insects contained in his collection, but that his inquiries
were extended to many practical points in their economy, such as
the supply of silk, the parasitism of insects in Man, the investigation
of the insects mentioned in the Holy Scriptures, their ravages on
growing wheat, &c., and on the submarine wooden constructions of
our harbours, &c. He also published, in 1837-40, a separate work on
Coleopterous Insects, in 3 vols. 8vo.

During the last twenty-two years of his life the state of his health
required his residence, for a considerable portion of each year, in
the warmer parts of Europe; and at Naples and Nice he continued
his investigations, especially on the marine productions of those
localities, forming large collections of fishes, Crustacea, &c., as well
as of birds and shells. Being desirous of keeping these large collec-
tions entire, and actuated by a strong devotion to his alma mater, in

x¢cll PROCEEDINGS OF THE

the year 1849 he executed a deed of gift, making over his whole
collection, as well as his library of books and engravings, to the
University of Oxford, under certain conditions of a very liberal
character, with reference to their being rendered available for pro-
moting the study of natural history at Oxford. He still, however,
continued annually to make large additions to the stores which he had
thus assigned to the University. Thus in 1857 he secured the whole
of Mr. Westwood’s collections of insects, books, and drawings; and
subsequently he acquired Mr. Wollaston’s second and greatly en-
larged collection of Madeira insects, the collection of Orkney birds
formed by Mr. Hubbard during many years’ residence in those islands
(unrivalled for the beauty of the specimens and the various groups
of young birds, with their parents and nests), as well as the Bell
collection of reptiles. By this means the University now possesses
a collection of insects inferior only in extent to those in the national
museums of London, Berlin, and Paris, and an entomological library
unrivalled both in the number and rarity of its contents.

Mr. Hope’s bounty, however, was not confined to natural history,
since his donations to the University of Oxford comprise one of the
largest collections of engraved portraits and topographical illustra-
tions ever formed, together with several thousand volumes of biogra-
phical, historical, topographical, and fine-art works, voyages, travels,
&c., including the Jussieu collection of Academic Eloges, illustrating
the collection of engravings, which cannot be considered as amount-
ing, at the lowest estimate, to fewer than 200,000. Of these, the _
portraits cannot be fewer than 100,000, the topographical engravings
from 60,000 to 70,000, and the natural-history engravings from
20,000 to 30,000. There is, moreover, a considerable number of
engravings of a more miscellaneous character, including many by
the old masters.

Mr. Hope’s latest donation to the University consisted of the
remarkable collection of the works of British Essayists formed by
his father, consisting of about 1200 volumes, many of the greatest
rarity.

In the year 1855 the first stone of the new Oxford Museum was
Jaid, on which occasion the honorary degree of D.C.L. was conferred
on Mr. Hope, whose various munificent donations were destined to
be there deposited.

In 1861 Mr. Hope further testified his devotion to the University
of Oxford by founding and endowing a Professorship of Geology,
with more especial reference to the Invertebrata, to which chair he
nominated our distinguished colleague, Mr. Westwood, as the first

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. X¢elll

Professor ; and it is understood that he has also made provision for
the endowment of a keepership for the engravings, as well as for
annual additions both to his entomological and art-collections.

Robert Charles Hurst, Esq., M.R.C.S.E., was a medical prac-
titioner at Bedford. He was elected into the Society on the 17th
January, 1861, and died almost on the anniversary of his election,
on the 16th January last, at a comparatively early age.

John Thomas Quekett, Esq., F.R.S., was the fourth son of the
Head Master of the Langport Grammar School, where he received
his elementary education. At the early age of sixteen he showed
the bent of his mind, and an earnest of his future eminence as a
microscopist and zealous cultivator of science, by giving a course of
lectures on microscopic subjects, illustrated by diagrams and a mi-
croscope of his own construction, the materials of this instrument
being furnished by a common roasting-jack, a lady’s old-fashioned
parasol, and some pieces of brass purchased at a neighbouring marine-
store shop, and fashioned by himself. He afterwards repaired to
London and was apprenticed to his brother, the late Edwin Quekett,
who was at that time Lecturer on Botany at the London Hospital
Medical School ; and at this institution he was also entered a student.
On the due completion of his studies, he became a Licentiate of the
Apothecaries’ Company and Member of the Royal College of Surgeons.
The College having just then established a studentship in human and
comparative anatomy, Mr. Quekett competed for the appointment,
and was unanimously elected ; and he immediately set to work and
formed a most extensive and valuable collection of microscopic pre-—
parations, which was afterwards purchased by the Council of the
College, where it forms the chief part of the “‘ Histological Series of
the Museum ”—a collection consisting of preparations of the elemen-
tary tissues, both healthy and morbid, of animals and plants, adapted
to illustrate the results and uses of microscopical investigation.

In 1844, in pursuance of the object the college had in view in ac-
quiring this valuable collection, Mr. Quekett was appointed to de-
liver an annual course of demonstrations with a view to its exhibition
and connected description. A descriptive and illustrated catalogue
of the collection, subsequently prepared by Mr. Quekett, under the
superintendance of the Museum Committee, and of which the first
volume was published in 1850, forms a striking monument of
his unwearied industry and great skill as a histologist and micro-
scopist.

At the conclusion of the period for which the studentship was
tenable, viz. three years, Mr. Quekett was appointed Assistant Con-

LINN. PROC.—VOL. VI. h

XCl1V PROCEEDINGS OF THE

servator of the Hunterian Museum; and on the retirement of Pro-
fessor Owen, he was elected to succeed him as curator, and was also,
as above stated, named professor of histology—appointments which
he held at the time of his death. =He was elected into the Linnean
Society on the 17th March, 1857 ; and died at Pangbourne, in Berk-
shire, on the 20th August, 1861, at the early age of 46.

Thomas Haswell Quigley, M.D., was a surgeon in the Royal Artil-
lery. He was elected into the Society, November 20, 1821, and died
June 14, 1861, at his residence, Mount Pleasant Square, Dublin.

Sir James Olark Ross, F.RS., F.RAS., F.GS., §¢., was born in
London in the year 1800. In 1812 he was entered as a midship-
man on board the ‘ Briseis,’ commanded by his uncle Sir John Ross,
the well-known Arctic navigator, and whom he accompanied on his
first voyage to the Polar Seas in 1818. Between 1819 and 1827
he returned four times to the same regions, under the orders of Sir
Edward Parry, by whom he was highly esteemed as a zealous and
efficient officer. In the latter year he was raised to the rank of
commander.

In different voyages to the Arctic Seas, again under the com-
mand of his uncle, between 1829 and 1833, the scientific observa-
tions were committed principally to his charge, and he was also
repeatedly placed at the head of expeditions sent out from the ice-
locked ship for the exploration of the surrounding country. In the
course of these expeditions he made the discovery of the north
magnetic pole in 70° 7’ N. and 45° 9’ E. In 1834 he attained the
rank of captain, and in the following year commanded an expedi-
tion in search of several whalers which had been caught in the ice in
Baffin’s Bay.

From 1836 to 1838 Sir James Ross was employed by the Admi-
ralty in the determination of the points of magnetic deviation and
declination in Great Britain and Ireland—labours which have served
as the basis upon which were founded the isodynamic lines in
the charts published by General Sabine. In 1839 he took the
command of a scientific expedition sent out, at the suggestion of
the Royal Society, to explore the Antarctic regions. Three times
did he endeavour to break through the icy barrier which surrounds
the Antarctic pole, but in vain, as he was unable to advance beyond
the latitude of 78° 10' §., a limit, however, which has not been
since surpassed in that direction, and had not previously been
reached.

In this voyage, also, was discovered the great Antarctic continent
of Victoria Land, distinguished by the existence of a volcano 3800

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. ~ xev

feet in height. The voyage lasted four years, and was fertile in
observations of all kinds, amongst which, not the least important
are those of Sir James Ross himself in terrestrial magnetism and
meteorology, &c. Its results were published by himself in 1847.

His last voyage to the Polar Seas was in 1848, when he went
unsuccessfully in search of Sir John Franklin. He was knighted in
1844, and received the decoration of the Legion of Honour from
Louis Philippe. He became a Fellow of this Society February 3,
1824; and died April 3, 1862, aged 62.

Andrew Sinclair, M.D., was a surgeon in the Royal Navy. He
entered the service about the year 1824, and was promoted to sur-
geon’s rank in 1829. He was appointed surgeon of the surveying-
expedition of H.M.S. ‘Sulphur’ on the Pacific coasts of North
and South America, under the command, first, of Captain Beechey,
and afterwards of Sir Edward Belcher, and has long been
favourably known in botanical circles from the collections he then
formed, and an account of which bas been published, partly in the
Supplement to Hooker and Arnott’s ‘ Botany of Beechey’s Voyage,’
and partly in Bentham’s ‘ Botany of the Voyage of the ‘ Sulphur.’’
In 1842 he was employed as surgeon of a convict-ship, and visited
several Australian ports, collecting diligently everywhere. From
Australia he went to New Zealand for the purpose of spending some
weeks with the Antarctic Expedition, in which his friend Dr. Hooker
was then doing the duty of Naturalist. During a second voyage to
Australia in the same capacity, he met with Captain (now Admiral)
Fitzroy, who was on his way to New Zealand as Governor, and who
took Dr. Sinclair on with him as his private secretary.

Not long after his arrival he succeeded to the post of Colonial
Secretary, which he retained during the governments of Captain
Fitzroy, Sir George Grey, and Colonel Brown. During all this
period his delight was in botany, to which his leisure was almost
entirely devoted, although he still found time also to make con-
siderable and valuable collections, more especially of Sponges -and
Zoophytes. ,

On the establishment of parliamentary government in New Zea-
land, Dr. Sinclair visited England, and soon after received a pen-
sion from the colony. But being still bent on the exploration of
his favourite island, and being especially desirous to collect mate-
rials from the Middle and Southern Islands for a Supplement to
Dr. Hooker’s ¢ Flora,’ he returned in 1859. After several months’ so-
journ in Auckland and in Nelson, he latterly repaired to Canterbury,
and made arrangements with Mr. Haast for visiting Mount Cook, with

h2

xeyl PROCEEDINGS OF THE

the intention of crossing the glacier-bound central range to the
west coast—an arduous journey for a man at his age, but one of the
most interesting, geographically, geologically, and botanically, that
could be undertaken in New Zealand. From this he was destined
never toreturn. The intelligence of his death was first received from
his companion Dr. Haast, the geologist to the party, and afterwards,
in more detail, from his old and attached friend and fellow-botanist,
C. Knight, Esq., F.L.S., of Auckland. He was drowned in an im-
prudent attempt to cross the swollen Raugitata River on foot, at a
ford where the stream is divided by an island. Dr. Sinclair appears
to have crossed with his horse to the island; but the animal having
there escaped from him, he proceeded on foot into the second branch,
when, the current proving too strong, he was carried down ; and the
body was discovered, some time afterwards, lying on a spit of sand.

Thus was lost a valuable friend to science and a most amiable and
excellent man. He was remarkable for shrewdness of character,
ardent love of knowledge, readiness in communicating it, and as an
assiduous collector of plants and animals. He made no pretensions
to a knowledge of scientific subjects, though he read largely and
often observed well. Of ancient and modern history and belles
lettres he was extremely fond, and on these subjects his stores of
information were both varied and great. He had a keen relish for
society, great love of music and art, and was a most engaging com-
panion in the bush or at sea, and to old or young in the drawing-
room or school-room. He was never married; but many will mourn
his loss, as that of a most judicious, disinterested, and warm-hearted
friend; and his name will ever be prominent as one of the pioneers
of botanical discovery on the Pacific coasts of America and in New
Zealand, and as the active promoter of all branches of science in that
colony. :

Joseph Sheldon Cradock Wilkinson, Esq., M.R.CO.S.Eng., was a
medical practitioner at Great Marlow, Bucks. He was elected into
the Society on the 7th February, 1837, and died at the age of 52,
on the 18th of June, 1861.

Forrign MempBens.

Charles Lowis Blume, M.D., was born at Leyden in the year
1796. He was educated for the medical profession, and, soon after
taking his degree, proceeded to Java, where he had the principal
medical charge of the colony, and, on the retirement of Reinwardt
in 1823, was made Superintendent of the Botanic Garden at Buiten-
zorg. About the same time he was specially directed by the en-

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xevii

lightened Governor, Baron van der Capellan, to inquire into the
remedies in use among the natives, with a view to the introduction
of such as might prove available into the European Pharmacopeceias.

Having been thus induced to turn his attention more particularly
towards botany, he soon became so entirely devoted to its pursuit,
that all the time he could spare from his professional duties was
occupied in the investigation of the plants of the country, of which,
with the assistance of some European fellow-labourers and of native
collectors, he amassed in a few years about 3000 species.

In the year 1824, while on a visit to Nusa Kambangan (a pecu-
liarly unhealthy island on the south coast of Java), he lost nearly all
his companions, and was himself brought to the point of death by a
violent attack of fever, the frequent recurrence of which for some
years afterwards very seriously affected his health. Nevertheless
he worked continually at the publication of his botanical discoveries,
commencing in 1823 with a Catalogue of the Botanic Garden at
Buitenzorg, and several Memoirs in the ‘ Batavian Transactions,’
and following these up with a far more important work under the
title of ‘ Bijdragen tot de Flora van Nederlandsche Indie,’ published
at Batavia in seventeen fasciculi, during the years 1825 and 1826.

It may naturally be supposed that, with the small assistance
from books which could be obtained at that time in Java, nume-
rous errors would occur in the determination of the multitude of
species described in this valuable work, many of which the author
himself afterwards took occasion to correct. But the wonder is,
that under such unfavourable circumstances so extensive a work
could have been produced with no greater or graver errors. In the
year 1826, his health still continuing to suffer greatly from peri-
odical attacks of fever, he returned to Europe, and immediately
commenced an ‘ Enumeratio Plantarum Jave et Insularum adja-
centium,’ of which two fasciculi (the first containing the Ferns and
allied orders) appeared in 1827 and 1828. In the latter year,
having obtained a liberal allowance from the King of the Nether-
lands, he greatly enlarged his plan, and began the publication of a
splendid work in folio, illustrated with coloured plates, entitled
‘Flora Jave et Insularum adjacentium,’ of which forty fasciculi,
containing many of the most important families, appeared during
that and several subsequent years. On the suspension of this work,
the author proceeded with another, on a nearly similar plan and,
like the former, supported by royal munificence, under the name of
« Rumphia,’ a title suggested by the designation given to him jy,
1818, on his election into the Academia Nature Curiosorum. Of

XCViil PROCEEDINGS OF THE

this work also forty fasciculi, forming four volumes, were published
during the years 1834-1848. The last of this extensive series of
works on the Flora of the Dutch possessions in India was com-
menced in 1849, under the title of ‘Museum Botanicum Lugduno-
Batavum,’ and continued at intervals until 1856.

Numerous minor publications occupied the intervals of these
greater labours, and serve to evince how indefatigably the author
laboured in the pursuit of his favourite science.

He died, after a prolonged illness, on the 3rd of February in the
present year, in the 66th year of his age. |

After his return to Europe, he became Professor of Botany and
Director of the Royal Botanic Garden at Leyden, and received
several orders of knighthood from his own and other Sovereigns.
He was elected a Foreign Member of the Linnean Society in 1833,
and was also a Corresponding Member of the Botanical Section of
the Academy of Sciences in the Institute of France.

In descriptive botany the name of Dr. Blume deservedly ranks
high. In the early part of his career, his want of acquaintance
with the literature of the science and with the great collections
of Europe led him into the commission of numerous errors, as
has been above said, in the identification of species, in the con-
struction of genera, and in the reference of these genera to their
proper position in the natural system. But these were necessary
results of the circumstances under which he was placed, and of the
rapidity with which he commenced the publication of his observa-
tions, before he had had the requisite opportunities for comparison ;
and they were gradually corrected as those opportunities were
afforded. A tendency to the multiplication of species on insufficient
grounds, which rather increased than diminished in his later years,
may also be fairly objected to him; but it is his great merit to have
done more than any other botanist since the days of his prototype
for the elucidation of the flora of the great Malayan Archipelago,
which constitutes the bulk of the Dutch possessions in Eastern Asia.
Neyer was the prophetic application of a great name to one almost
unknown in science more fully justified by the event, than when
that of Rumphius was bestowed upon Professor Blume.

Isidore Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, son of Etienne Geoffroy, was born at
Paris, on the 16th December, 1805, and died in the same city, on the
10th November, 1861.

Born,as it were, in the Museum, and bred in the menagerie founded
hy his illustrious father, and in the galleries filled by the labours of
Cuvier and Lamarck, it is not to be wondered at that the son should

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xeix

from the first have acquired a taste for zoological studies, for the
pursuit of which he was placed in such advantageous circumstances
and guided by such an able instructor.

Nor was he backward in taking advantage of his position. His
first contribution to science was made in his nineteenth year, when
he published the description of an American Bat (NVyctinomus brasi-
liensis) ; and at twenty-one he furnished the ‘ Dictionnaire Classique
d’Histoire Naturelle’ with an article, afterwards published in a
separate form under the title of ‘ Considérations générales sur la
Classe des Mammiferes ’—a work in which he thus early manifested
the strong tendency of his mind to the generalization of facts, which
he had doubtless acquired from his father’s precepts and example.

From this time his contributions to science were numerous and
varied ; but it is unnecessary, perhaps, to notice any in particular,
until we come to his first more important work, entitled ‘ Histoire
générale et particulicre des Anomalies de l’Organisation chez])’Homme ~
et les Animaux; ou, Traité de Tératologie,’ in three volumes, the
first of which was published in 1832, and the last in 1836. The
publication of this work, which may be regarded as an amplification
and extended demonstration of the views respecting monstrosities
entertained and already expressed by his father, led to the author’s
election, at the early age of twenty-seven, into the Academy, where
he succeeded to the vacant seat of Latreille, in the section of
Zoology, on the 15th April, 1833.

Previously to this, however, that is to say, in 1829, Isidore Geof-
froy, then only twenty-four, had already commenced his career as a
teacher, acting at first as an aid to his father, and selecting Ornitho-
logy as the subject of his lectures. In the following year he also
delivered an interesting course of lectures at the “« Athénée,” having
for their subject the fundamental relations of the species of animals
inter se and towards the external world. In 1837 he was appointed
his father’s deputy at the Faculty of Sciences of Paris, a provisional
chair which he shortly afterwards quitted to proceed to Bordeaux,
where, under the title of «‘ Dean,’”’ he undertook the organization of
the Faculty of Sciences established in that city in 1838. Having
fulfilled this mission, he returned to Paris, and was named Inspector
of the Academy ; and he also discharged the functions of Inspector-
General of the University in 1840, although the title itself does not
appear to have been actually bestowed upon him before 1844. These
offices he continued to occupy until he succeeded M. de Blainville in
the Zoological chair at the Faculty of Sciences in 1850. In addition,
however, to the responsible duties of his inspectorial office, he had

c PROCEEDINGS OF THE

also to supply the place in the Muséum, which had been so ad-
mirably filled by his father, who, like his fellow-labourers, Sa-
vigny and Lamarck, was about this time afflicted with the loss of
sight. In 1841 this temporary position was rendered permanent,
the disabled veteran in science yielding place to the young soldier
he had so carefully reared ; and Isidore Geoffroy, named Professor of
Mammalogy at the Muséum, received during his father’s life an in-
heritance worthily merited by the way in which he had long vica-
riously discharged the duties of the office. In fact, since 1824, he
had performed the duties of ‘‘ Aide Naturaliste” in the Jardin des
Plantes, and in this capacity had under his superintendence and
direction not only the collection of stuffed mammals and birds in the
Muséum, but also the menagerie of living animals first brought
together by Etienne Geoffroy in 1793. The zeal and industry dis-
played by him in the latter capacity may be judged of from the fact
that in 1824 the collection included not more than 283 birds and
mammals, whilst between 1850 and 1861 their number amounted
on the average to about 900.

It was here also that he began to devote considerable attention to
a branch of what may be termed applied zoology, inwhich, during the
whole of his career, he continued to take the warmest interest, viz,
the acclimatization of animals which may be useful to man either
as food or as ministers otherwise to his wants or pleasures.

In pursuance of this object, he, in concert with several other men
of science and of business, was mainly instrumental in the formation
of the Imperial Zoological Society of Acclimatization, and in the
establishment of the gardens belonging to that Society in the Bois
de Boulogne, acting also as President of the Society from 1855 to
his death.

In 1845 he received the decoration of the Legion of Honour ; and
he was elected a Foreign Member of our body in 1861.

Among his numerous contributions to zoological science, most of
which have appeared in various periodicals, may be enumerated,
besides those already mentioned, his ‘ Essais de Zoologie générale,
ou Mémoires et Notices;’ ‘? Anthropologie et Histoire de la Science,’
1840; ‘ Histoire Naturelle des Insectes et des Mollusques,’ 1841 ;
‘Vie, Travaux, et Doctrine Scientifique d’Etienne Geoffroy St.-Hi-
laire,’ 1847; ‘ Catalogue Méthodique du Muséum d’Histoire Natu-
relle,’ 1850-51 ; ‘ Essai sur la Domestication et la Naturalisation des
Animaux utiles,’ 1854 ; and, lastly, his ‘ Histoire Naturelle générale
des Regnes organiques, principalement ¢tudiée chez V Homme,’
1854-55, an undertaking perhaps of too great a scope for any

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. cl

individual to perform satisfactorily, and of which, at any rate, he
lived to complete but a small part in three volumes. He had also
been associated with M. Brongniart and other naturalists in an
‘Account of the Natural History of the Voyage of the ‘ Vénus,’
under the command of Dupetit Thouars.

Friedrich Tiedemann, one of the oldest and most illustrious of
European anatomists and physiologists, was born at Cassel, on the
23rd of August, 1781.

His father was a literary man of considerable eminence, who at
that time occupied the post of tutor in the Carolinian College, and,
when his son was five years old, was appointed to the chair of Phi-
losophy in the University of Marburg. Under his father’s teaching,
Tiedemann’s education rapidly advanced, and he acquired more par-
ticularly an excellent knowledge of the classical languages, which he
retained, and from which he derived vivid enjoyment, throughout his
life.

He very soon, however, exhibited a strong taste for natural-his-
tory studies, in which he was much encouraged by Dr. Ménch, the
Professor of Botany and Chemistry. At a very early period of his
life he began to dissect small animals ; and he was often in the habit
of relating the joy he experienced, when eight years old, on discover-
ing the relations of the cesophagus and trachea to the stomach and
lungs respectively. This taste continuing to animate him as years
went on, he had, at 15, made a considerable collection of the skulls
and skeletons of animals; and at the end of his preliminary studies
he devoted himself finally to zoology and medicine. Of these
sciences, however, there were at that time no efficient teachers in
Marburg, and Tiedemann was driven to depend upon books and his
own researches for all the knowledge he could there acquire. But
in 1802 he proceeded to Bamberg, in order to study Medicine more
methodically under Professor Marcus, and afterwards to Wurzburg,
where he attended the practice of Thomann and Casper v. Siebold in
the Julius Hospital.

Returning to Marburg in the spring of 1803, he had the misfortune
to lose his father ; and it would appear that the disappointment he
experienced on finding that his professional cares were all in vain in
his father’s case caused him to take a distaste to the practice of
medicine, and consequently to devote himself exclusively to the
pursuit of zoology and physiology. |

In the same year, at the instigation of Professor Bruhl, he began
to give private instruction in anatomy, physiology, and zoology to

cll PROCEEDINGS OF THE

the students of the University ; and in the summer of 1804 he
delivered his first course of lectures on physiology, comparative
osteology, and the cranioscopy of Dr. Gall.

Finding, however, that his own knowledge was still very defective;
he again repaired,in the autumn, to Wiirzburg, where, under Hessel-
bach, he occupied himself principally in the dissection of the nervous
system, attending at the same time Schelling’s Lectures on Natur-
Philosophie, in which for a short time he hoped to find some new
basis for Natural History, and more especially for Medicine. But
inquiries of this transcendental nature seem always to have been
foreign to his eminently practical and realistic mind, and thirty years
afterwards he describes the only effect upon him of Schelling’s lucu-
brations in these words :—“ By his brilliant but fantastic views of
the physical world, that great philosopher had himself removed from
me all temptation to abandon the road of empirical research and
observation.”

Inspired by an ardent desire to enter on this road, he determined
to proceed to Paris to consult the great collections there, and to
benefit by the teaching of the great men under whom they were
placed.

In Paris, Tiedemann laboured assiduously in the Jardin des Plantes
and the Muséum, and attended thelectures of Cuvier, Etienne Geoffroy
St.-Hilaire, Lamarck, Duméril, and Haiiy.

But he was recalled from Paris sooner than he had intended. In
1805, on the recommendation of Scemmering, he was appointed Pro-.
fessor of Zoology and Anatomy in the University of Landshut, at the
early age of 25. Here he found abundant occupation ; for, although
he was installed in a new and beautiful anatomical theatre, it was
totally unprovided with preparations of any kind. He found nothing
in this way but a chest of bones and an Egyptian mummy ; nor had
he, moreover, any help in the supplying of these deficiencies, having
first even to instruct his prosector in the art of dissection. Thanks
to Napoleon, however, there were at that time plenty of subjects to
be had at Landshut, which was occupied alternately by French,
Bavarian, or Austrian troops, from whom the Anatomical Professor,
at any rate, was furnished with abundant supplies of bodies, amount-
ing probably on occasion to a superfluity, as after the battle of Aus-
terlitz, in which 15,000 Russian prisoners were taken, very many
of whom died on their transit through the town, Earnestly occu-
pied in his work, and surrounded with a circle of scientific friends,
his life passed usefully along, and in 1807 he married at Ratisbon

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. cli

a lady distinguished as well by her intellectual as her personal gifts,
by whom he had four sons and three daughters, only two of the former
and one of the latter, however, surviving him.

In 1816 Professor Tiedemann quitted Landshut, where he had
previously lost several of his more eminent colleagues, either by
death or removal, for the wider sphere of the University of Heidel-
berg, where he again found himself the centre of a phalanx of young
and active coadjutors. Here he remained, the chief ornament of the
University, for thirty years, during which he formed, principally with
his own hands,a magnificent collection of anatomical and physiological
preparations, and attracted to his lectures crowds of students from
all parts of Europe, who, drawn to him at first by his great reputa-
’ tion as a teacher, remained ever afterwards attached to him with an
affectionate personal regard.

He continued thus occupied incessantly and zealously in the duties
of his chair for nearly fifty years, when, partly broken down by the
loss of a son, who fell in the political disturbances which arose in
the Grand Duchy of Baden in 1848, and also by his increasing
blindness, he retired in 1849 to Frankfort, though he nevertheless
continued to occupy himself with physiological pursuits, and it was
here that he prepared his last work, ‘On the History of Tobacco,
and its Effects,’ in the course of which he made numerous and inter-
esting experiments on the influence of Nicotine.

On the 10th of March, 1854 (the year in which this work was
published), his numerous friends, admirers, and pupils celebrated,
more Teutonico, the fiftieth anniversary of his Doctorate; and on this
occasion a very fine commemorative medal was struck in his honour.

In the spring of 1855 the cataracts in his eyes had made such
progress that his sight was almost destroyed, and he was unable to
read or write, or even to go about alone. He consequently repaired to
Heidelberg, where, under the skilful hands of Chelius, a highly suc-
cessful operation restored vision to one who knew so well how to
employ it, and whose chief delight was in the contemplation of
nature.

In 1856 Tiedemann followed his son-in-law, Professor Bischoff,
to Munich, in which city his and his wife’s golden wedding-day was
celebrated by his friends and relations on the 30th of March, 1857,
and here he died on the 22nd of January, 1862.

I can refer but briefly to Professor Tiedemann’s published works,
and notice only the more important among them.

In 1808 appeared the first volume of his ‘ Zoology,’ containing the
natural history of Man and the Mammalia, in which he endeavoured

Civ PROCEEDINGS OF THE

to combine the natural history of the animals with their anatomy,
and to found upon the latter a new system of classification. The
second volume of this work was not published till 1810-14, and is
occupied with the anatomy and physiology of Birds. In 1813 ap-
peared the ‘Anatomy of Acephalous Monsters ;’ and in 1816 his
great work on the ‘ Anatomy and Development of the Foetal Human
Brain, together with comparative exposition of the structure of the
Brain in Animals ’—a classical work, distinguished, like all from his
pen, by the care, accuracy, and comprehensiveness of the observations
containedinit. Notwithstanding the additions which, since that time
our knowledge of the earliest development of the brain has received
from embryology, Tiedemann’s researches have lost none of their
value, and all subsequent inquirers have recognized the accuracy and
admired the abundance of ;his facts. In 1817 he published a Mono-
graph on the ‘Anatomy and Natural History of the Crocodile,’ which
was commenced as an introduction to a general anatomy and natu-
ral history of the Reptilia, in conjunction with Oppel of Munich
and Dr. Liboschitz; but this design, owing to the death of his coad-
jutors, was afterwards abandoned.

In the list of Assocrares we have to deplore the loss of

James Forbes, who was elected on the 17th January, 1832, and
died at the age of 68, on the 6th of July, 1861. He was born at
Bridgend, in Perthshire,in May 1773,and commenced life as gardener
at Dupplin Castle, in the same county. He was afterwards in the
Marquis of Ailsea’s service, in the same capacity, at Culzean Castle, in
Ayrshire, whence he went to Ireland, where he lived some years with
Lord Hartland as steward and gardener. From thence he went to
the Botanic Garden, Dublin, under Dr. Mackay; and from this
situation he was appointed head gardener to the Duke of Bedford,
who required a good botanist and one capable of forming the exten-
sive gardens at Woburn Abbey, at which place he lived thirty-
seven years.

He was an excellent practical gardener, and no mean botanist ; and
it is mainly, I believe, to him that we owe the ‘ Salicetum’ and ‘ Pine-
tum Woburnense,’ works, however, in which he was assisted in some
degree by Mr. Don, formerly Librarian to this Society. The estima-
tion in which Mr, Forbes’s labours on this occasion were held by bo-
tanists may be judged of by the following extracts from Hooker’s
‘ British Flora,’ in which, after speaking of the aid he received on
the subject of Willows from Mr. Borrer, the author proceeds to say,
« But the richest collection of living willows is unquestionably that

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. cv

at Woburn Abbey, which has given rise to a splendid work, the
‘ Salicetum Woburnense,’ in which we have a standard set of figures
. of all our native, amongst many exotic, species, which give to the
British naturalist an advantage over all that Continental authors
have published on the subject; and to them I refer in every in-
stance, and with great satisfaction. The arrangement of the species
in the ‘ Salicetum’ is due to the botanical skill and knowledge of
Mr. Forbes, head gardener at Woburn; and that department does
him great credit.”

James Townsend Mackay, LL.D., M.R.I.A., was elected an Asso-
ciate so long ago as December 2, 1806. He died February 25th
1862, aged 86.

He was born at Kircaldy, Fifeshire, where he received the ordi-
nary education afforded at parochial schools. He was bred to the
occupation of a gardener, and held a situation in Scotland in that
capacity before he went to Ireland in 1803. At that time the
authorities of Trinity College, Dublin, had determined upon the for-
mation of a botanical garden to aid the lectures of the Professor
of Botany, a chair then held by Dr. Scott. To this gentleman
Dr. Mackay was recommended as a suitable person to lay out the
gardens, which he did soon afterwards, on his being appointed cu-
rator, a situation which he held from 1806 to 1862.

In the years 1804 and 1805, Dr. Mackay made tours through the
western parts, more especially, of Ireland, for the purpose of observ-
ing the indigenous plants, which at that period were but imperfectly
known. The results of these journeyings were published in a cata-
logue of the rarer plants of Ireland, in 1806, in the fifth volume of
the ‘Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society.’ And on a subse-
quent occasion, when better acquainted with the indigenous flora,
he gave for publication, to the Royal Irish Academy (of which
learned body he was then a member), a catalogue of all the phenoga-
mous plants and ferns known to him as native. These contributions,
however, were but preparatory to his principal work, namely the
‘Flora Hibernica,’ published in 1836. In this work he edited only
the phenogamous plants, Dr. Taylor and Dr. Harvey undertaking
the Cryptogamia.

These, with one or two short papers communicated to the British -
Association, are, I believe, his only contributions to botanical science.

In 1850 the Board and Fellows of Trinity College, Dublin, con-
ferred on him the title of LL.D.

evi PROCEEDINGS OF THE

The Secretary also announced that twenty-five Fellows, three
Foreign Members, and one Associate had been elected since the
last Anniversary.

At the Election which subsequently took place, George Bentham,
Esq., was re-elected President; William Wilson Saunders, Esq.,
Treasurer ; and George Busk, Esq. and Frederick Currey, Esq.,
Secretaries. The following five Fellows were elected into the
Council, in the room of others going out: viz-, Beriah Botfield,
Esq., M. P.; Henry Christy, Esq.; J. E. Gray, Ph.D.; John
Lubbock, Esq. ; and R. C. A. Prior, M.D.

Mr. W. F. Saunders, on the part of the Auditors of the Trea-
surer’s Accounts, read the Balance Sheet, by which it appeared
that the total Receipts during the past year, including a Balance
of £445 2s. 5d. carried from the preceding year, amounted to
£1817 15s. 11d., and that the total Expenditure during the
same period (including the purchase of £200 Consols) amounted
to £1144 2s. 9d., leaving a Balance in the hands of the Bankers
of £673 18s. 2d.

June 5th, 1862.

George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Frederic Francis Hallett, Esq., and William Henry Kirton,
Esq., were elected Fellows.

The President nominated Thomas Bell, Esq., J. J. Bennett,
Esq., J. D. Hooker, M.D., and W. W. Saunders, Esq., Vice-
Presidents for the ensuing year.

The following Papers were read, viz. :—

1. “ Observations on the Gonidia and Confervoid Filaments of
Mosses, and on the relation of their Gonidia to those of Lichens
and of certain Freshwater Alg@;” by J. B. Hicks, M.D., F.R.S.
& L.S. (See ‘Transactions,’ vol. xxiii. Part 3.)

2. Letter from Mr. Gustav Mann to Sir W. J. Hooker, dated
February 27th, 1862, and giving an account of his ascent of the
Cameroon Mountains. Communicated by Sir William Hooker,
K.H., F.R.S. & 1.8.

3. “On the Vegetation of the Cameroons ;’’ by J. D. Hooker,
M.D., F. RS. & LS,

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. evil

4. “Enumeration of the Species of Acanthacee from the con-
tinent of Africa and the adjacent Islands ;’’ by Thomas Anderson,
M.D., F.L.S. (See ‘ Botanical Proceedings,’ vol. vi.)

June 19th, 1862.

George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
The Rev: Wiliam Willox Peete was elected a Fellow.

Mr. Christy, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of the Avolotl, from
Mexico, and of the Proteus anguinus, from the caves at Adelsberg.

Dr. Hooker, V.P.L.S., exhibited young individuals of Welwit-
schia mirabilis, showing the early stage of the leaves, while still
entire.

The following Papers were read, viz. :—

1. “ Observations on the Choice of Food in the Cod and Ling ;”
by William Laughrin, A.L.S. (See ‘Zoological Proceedings,’
vol. vi.) .

2. “ On the Specific Identity of the described Forms of Zunalia ;””
by Henry F. Blanford, Esq. Communicated by J. D. Hooker,
Esq., M.D., F.R.& L.8. (See ‘ Transactions,’ vol. xxiii. Part 3.)

3. “ Notes on the Thysanura,’ Part 2; by John Lubbock,
Esq., F.R.S.,F.L.S. (See ‘Transactions,’ vol. xxiii. Part 3.)

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cix

ADDITIONS

TO THE

LIBRARY OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY.

RECEIVED FROM JULY 1, 1860, TO DECEMBER 31, 1861.

[ Continued from Vol. V. page lv. |

TITLES. Donors.
ACADEMIES and Socrerizs.
Amsterdam :—
Kon. Akademie van Wetenschappen.
Verslagen en Mededeelingen. Afdeeling Natuurkunde,
deel 10. 8vo. Amsterdam, 1860.
Afd. Letterkunde, deel 5. S8vo. Jb. 1860.
Jaarboek voor 1859. 8vo. Lb. 1860.
Catalogus van de Boekerij der Akademie, deel 1, stuk 2.
8vo. Ib. 1860.
Verslag over den Paalworm. 8vo. Ib. 1860.
THe ACADEMY.
Kon. Zoologisch Genootschap ‘Natura Artis Magistra.’
Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, deel 1 (Afl.1-6), 4to. Am-
sterdam, 1848-54. Tur Socrery.
Arkansas :—First and Second Reports of a Geological Recon-
noissance of the Northern, Middle, and Southern Counties
of the State, made during the Years 1857-60, by D. D.
Owen, &c. 8vo. Little Rock (Arkansas) and Philadel-

phia, 1858-60. Tue Srate oF ARKANSAS.
Basel :—Naturforschende Gesellschaft. Verhandlungen, Theil 2,
Heft 4. 8vo. Basel, 1860. THE Socrery.

LINN. PROC.—VOL. VI. 7

CX ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

TITLES. Donors.
ACADEMIES and Soctrerius (continued).
Batavia :—Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch Indie
(=Societas Scientiarum Indo-Neerlandice).
Natuurkundig Tijdschrift: onder redaktie van P. Bleeker.
4"° Serie, deel 6 (Afil.1-6). 8vo. Batavia, 1859-60.
THe Association.
Berlin :—
Entomologischer Verein. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift.
Jahrgang 2, 3 Heft 1-8,&4. 8vo. Berlin, 1858-60.
W. W. Saunpers, Esq., V.P.L.S.
Konig]. Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Abhandlungen, aus den Jahren 1859 & 1860. 4to. Berlin,
1860-61.
Monatsbericht, aus den J. 1860 & 1861. 8vo. Jd. 1861-
62.
—— Register, vom J. 1836-58. 8vo. Lb. 1860.
THe ACADEMY.
Verein zur Beforderung des Gartenbaues in den K. Preus-
sischen Staaten.
Verhandlungen, Band 20, Heft 2. 4to. Berlin, 1851.
Neue Reihe, Jahrg. 3; 6 Heft 3, und 7 Heft 1 & 2. 8vo.
Ib. 1855-60.
Wochenschrift: redigirt von: den General-Sekretair des
Vereines, Prof. Dr. Karl Koch. Jahrgang 1, nos. 1-33 ;
Jahrg. 3, nos. 34-52 ; und Jahrg. 4, nos. 1-8, und nos. 22—

48. 4to. Lb. 1860-61. THe Socrery.
Berwick: — Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club. Proceedings,
vol. 4, no. 4. 8vo. 1860. THE Crus.

Bombay :—Government Observatory. Magnetical and Meteo-
rological Observations made at, in the year 1858. 4to.
Bombay, 1859. Hur Masusty’s GovpRNMEN‘.

_ Bonn :—Naturhistorischer Verein der Preussischen Rhein-
lande, &c. Verhandlungen, Jahrgang 17. 8vo. Bonn,
1860. THe AssocraTion.
Boston :—
American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Memoirs, new series, vol. 6, pt. 2, and vol. 7. 4to. Cam-

bridge and Boston, 1858-60.
Proceedings, vol. 4, sheets 12-57, and vol. 5, sheets 1-80.
8vo. Lb. 1860. Ton ACADEMY.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. CXi

TITLES. Donors.
ACADEMIES and Soorettes (continued).
Boston (continued) :—
Society of Natural History.
Journal, vol. 7, no. 1. S8vo. Boston, 1859.
Proceedings, vol. 6, sheets 23-28 ; vol. 7, sheets 1-25, 27,
28, and title; and vol. 8, sheets 1-4. 8vo. Jb. 1858-61.
THe Society.
Brussels :—Académie R. des Sciences de Belgique.
Mémoires, tome 32. 4to. Bruxelles, 1861.
Mémoires couronnés, &c. Collection in 8vo, tome 10. Jd.
1860.
Bulletins. 2° série, tomes 9&10. 8vo. Jb. 1860.
Annuaire. 27° année. 12mo. Jb.1861. THE AcaDEMY.
Observations des Phénoménes périodiques (an 1859). 4to.
Phénoménes périodiques; Magnétisme, Astronomie. 8vo.
Sur les Phénoménes Périodiques des Plantes et des Ani-
maux. 8vo.
Sur le Congrés International de Statistique, tenu 4 Londres
en 1860. Ato. Tue Autuor, M. Ap. QUETELET.
Calcutta :—Asiatic Society. Journal, vols. 29 & 30. 8vo.
Calcutta, 1860-61. THe Socrety.
Canada :—Geological Survey of. Report of Progress for the year
1858. 8vo. Montreal, 1859. Str W. E. Logan?
:—yv. Kingston and Montreal.
Cherbourg :—Société Imp. des Sciences Naturelles. Mémoires,
tomes 6&7. 8vo. Paris, 1859-60. THE Socrery.
Christiania :—Kong. Norske Frederiks Universitet. Stiftelse
fremstillet i Anledning af dets Halvhundredaarsfest ; af
M. J.Monrad. 8vo. Christiania, 1861. THe UNIVERSITY.
Copenhagen :—K. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. Oversigt i

aar. 1859. 8vo. Kjobenhavn. THe Socrery.
Dublin :—

Geological Society. Journal, vol. 8, part 3. 8vo. Dublin,
1860. Tue Society.

Royal Dublin Society. Journal, nos. 1-8, & 16-19. 8vo.

- Dublin, 1856-60. THE SOCIETY.
Royal Irish Academy. Transactions, vol. 24, part 1. Science.
4to. Dublin, 1860. Tur ACADEMY.

University Zoological and Botanical Association. Proceedings,
vol. 1, part 3, and vol. 2, part 1. 8vo. Dublin, 1859-60.
THE ASSOCIATION.

a2

CXil ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

TITLES. Donors.
ACADEMIES and SociEriEs (continued).
Edinburgh :—
Botanical Society. Transactions, vol. 6, pt. 3, and vol. 7, pt. 1.
8vo. Edinburgh, 1860-61. Tue Society.

Royal Society.
Transactions, vol. 22, part 2. 4to. (Edinburgh, 1860.)
——, Supplement to vol. 22, part 2. (Append. to Makers-
toun Magnet. &c. Observations). 4to. 1b. 1860.
Proceedings, vol. 4, nos. 50-52. 8vo. (Lb. 1860.)
THe Socrery.
Royal Physical Society. Proceedings, vol. 1. 8vo. Edin-
burgh, 1858. Tue Socrery.
Frankfort-a.-M.:—Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesell-
schaft. Abhandlungen, Band 8, Lief. 2. 4to. Frankfurt-
a.-M., 1861. Tur Socrery.
Geneva :—Société de Physique et d’ Histoire Naturelle. Mé-
moires, tome 15, partie 2, and tome 16, partie 1. 4to.
Genéve, 1860-61. THE Society.
Giessen : — Oberhessische Gesellschaft fiir Natur- und Heil-
kunde. Bericht 8. 8vo. Giessen, 1860. THe Socrery.
Gottingen :—K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften.
Abhandlungen, Band 9. 4to. Gottingen, 1861.
Nachrichten, vom J. 1860. 12mo. Jd.
THe Soctrery.
Halifax, Nova Scotia :—Literary and Scientific Society. Trans-
actions, from Jan. 4 to Dec. 3, 1859. 8vo. Halifax,

N.S., 1859. Tue Soorty.
Jena:—Academia Ces. Nature Curiosorum. Nova Acta,
tomus 28. 4to. Jens, 1861. Tur ACADEMY.

Kingston, Canada West :—Botanical Society. Annals, vol. 1,
parts 1&2. 4to. Kingston, C. W., 1861.
THe Socrery.
Konigsberg: — K. Physikalisch-okonomische Gesellschaft.
Schriften, Jahrgang 1, Abth. 1&2. 4to. Konigsberg,
1860-61. Tuy Socrery.
Lausanne :—Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles. Bulle-
tin, tome 6, no. 47. 8vo. Lausanne, 1860.
Tne Socirry.
Leeds :—Philosophical and Literary Society. Annual Reports
(40 & 41) for 1859-60 and 1860-61. 8vo. Leeds, 1860-
61, THe SOCIETY.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. exill

TITLES. Donors.

ACADEMIES and SocretiEs (continued).

Leyden :—Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging. Tijd-
schrift voor Entomologie; onder redactie van Prof.
J. van der Hoeven, &c. Deel 3, stuk 4-6, and deel 4,

stuk 1-4. 8vo. Leyden, 1860. THE ASSOCIATION.
Liége :—Société R. des Sciences. Mémoires, tomes 15 & 16.
8vo. Liége, 1860-61. THe Socrery.

Liverpool :—Literary and Philosophical Society. Proceedings,
nos. 14&15. 8vo. Liverpool, 1860-61. Tun Soctery.
London :—
Art-Union.
Reports of the Council for the years 1860 & 1861, and Lists
of Members. 8vo. London, 1860-61. ;
Almanacs for 1861 and 1862. 6. 1860-61.
Tue Art-Unton.
British Association for the Advancement of Science. Report
of the 30th Meeting. 8vo. London, 1861.
THE ASSOCIATION.
Entomological Society. Transactions, New Series, vol. 5,
pts. 83-5. 8vo. London, 1859-60. THe Socrety.
Geological Society.
Quarterly Journal, vol. 16, pts. 3 & 4, and vol. 17, pts. 1-4.
8vo. London, 1860-61.
List of the Members, September 1st, 1860. 8vo.
THE SocrEry.
Geological Survey of Great Britam. Memoirs. Mining
Records, &c. for 1858-60. S8vo. London.
THE SURVEY.
Horticultural Society.
Proceedings, vol. 1, nos. 14-81. 8vo. London, 1860-61.
List of Members, August 1860. 8vo. Zé. Tue Soorery.
Microscopical Society :—v. Journals.
Paleontographical Society. Publications of, 2 vols. 4to, con-
taining—
Bell (T.) Monograph of the Fossil Malacostracous Crus-
tacea of Great Britain, part 1. 4to. London, 1857.
Davidson (T.) Monograph of British Permian Brachiopoda,
part 4. 4to. Lb. 1857.
—— Monograph of British Carboniferous Brachiopoda,
part 5. 4to. Ib. 1857.

CX1V ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

| TITLES. ! Donors.
ACADEMIES and Sooretixs (continued).
London (continued) :—
Palzontographical Society (continued).
Edwards (fF. E.) Monograph of the Eocene Mollusca,
part 3, no. 2. 4to. London, 1856.
Jones (T. R.) Monograph of the Tertiary Entomostraca of
England. 4to. 2b. 1856.
Owen(R.) Monograph of the Fossil Reptilia of the Wealden
Formation, parts 3&4. 4to. Ib. 1856-57.
Sharpe (D.) Fossil Remains of Mollusca found in the Chalk
of England, part 8. 4to. Ib. 1856.
Wood (8. V.) Monograph of the Crag Mollusca, vol. 2.
Biwalves. 4to. Ib. 1850-56.
Wright (T.) Monograph of the British Fossil Echinodermata
of the Oolitic Formations, parts1&2. 4to. Jb. 1855-56.
EXECUTORS OF THE LATE J. D. Saumon, Esq., F.L.S.
Pharmaceutical Society. Journal, 2nd series, vol. 2, and vol. 3,
nos. 1-6. 8vo. London, 1860-61. THE Socrety.
Ray Society.
Reports on the Progress of Zoology ieee Botany for 1841-42,
and 1843-44. 8vo. London, 1845-47.
Botanical and Physiological Memoirs: edited by Arthur
Henfrey, F.R.S., F.L.8. 8vo. London, 1853.
R. Krepist, Libr. L.S.
Royal Society.
Philosophical Transactions, vol. 150, parts 1 & 2. 4to.
London, 1860-61.
Proceedings, nos. 839-46. 8vo. Jb. 1860-61. TH Soormry.
Royal Agricultural Society. Journal, vol. 21, pts. 1 & 2, and
vol. 22, pt. 1. 8vo. London, 1860-61. Tue Soorery.
Royal Asiatic Society. Journal, vol. 18, pts. 1 & 2, and vol. 19,

pts. 1&2. 8vo. London, 1860-61. THe Soorry.
Royal Astronomical Society. Memoirs, vols. 28 &29. 4to.
London, 1860-61. Tie Socrmry.
Royal College of Physicians. List of Fellows, Members, &c.
8vo. London, 1860. Tun CoLurae.
Royal Geographical Society.
Journal, vols. 29 & 30. _ London, 1859- ips,
Proceedings, vol. 4, nos. 8-5, and vol. 5, nos. 1- 8vo. Lb.

1S60-61. i Hk SOCIPTY.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. CXV

TITLES. Donors.
ACADEMIES and SoctrETiEs (continued).
London (continued) :—
Royal Institution. .

Notices of the Proceedings, parts 10 &11. 8vo. London,
1860-61.

Additions to the Library, nos. 3&4. -8vo.

Lists of the Members; and Report of the Visitors for 1859
& 1860. 8yo. London, 1860-61. Tue INSTITUTION.

Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society.

Transactions, vols. 43 & 44. 8yvo. London, 1860-61.

Proceedings, vol. 3. nos. 4-6. 8yo. Z6.1860-61.

Tue Sociery.

Society of Arts. Journal, nos. 396-477. 8vo. London,

1860-61. Tue Socrery.
Wernerian Club.

Pliny’s Natural History: a translation on the basis of that
by Dr. P. Holland, vols. 1, 2, & 3, parts 1--5. 8yvo. London,
1847-49.

Ray (J.) The Wisdom of God manifested in the Works of
the Creation (parts 1-4). 8vo. 1b. 1845-47.

Miscellaneous Discourses concerning the Dissolution
and Changes of the World (parts 1-5). 8vo. Zb. 1850.
Werner (A. G.) Treatise on the external Characters of
Minerals (parts 1-3). Jd. 1849-50.
EXECUTORS OF THE LATE J. D. Satmon, Hsq., F.L.S.
Zoological Society.
Transactions, vol. 4, pt. 7, sect. 1. 4to. London, 1861.
Proceedings, with Illustrations, parts 1-3 for 1860, and
part 1 for 1861. S8vo. 7b. 1861. THE Socrery.
Lyon :—
Académie Imp. des Sciences, &c, Mémoires, Nouvelle Série.

Classe des Sciences, tome 8. 4to. Lyon, 1858, et Classe

des Lettres, tomes 7&8. 4to. Ib. 1858-60.

THe ACADEMY.
Société Imp. d’Agriculture. Annales des Sciences Physiques
et Naturelles, &c., 3° Série, tomes 2&3. 4to, Lyon,

1858-59. Tue Socrery.

Société Linnéenne. Annales, Nouyelle Série, tomes 5 & 6.
4to. Lyon, 1858-60. Tue Socrery.

CXV1 ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

TITLES. Donors,
ACADEMIES and SocrEttss (continued ).

Madras :—Literary Society. Madras Journal of Literature and
Science. New Ser. vol. 5, no. 10, and vol. 6, no. 11. 8yo.
Madras, 1859-61. Tuer Socrery.

Manchester :—Field Naturalists’ Society. Report of the Com-
mittee for the year 1860. 8vo. London, 1861.

Tue Society.

Mauritius :—Royal Society of Arts and Sciences. Transactions,
New Series, vol. 1, pt. 2. 8vo. Mauritius, 1860.

THe Soorery.

Montreal :—Natural History Society. Canadian Naturalist and
Geologist, vol. 6, nos. 1-5. 8vo, Montreal, 1861.

THE Soorery.

Moscow :—Société Imp. des Naturalistes.

Nouveaux Mémoires, tomes 11, 12, & 13, livr.1 &2. Ato.
Moscou, 1859-61.

Bulletin, tome 82, nos. 2, 3 & 4, and tome 33, nos. 1-4. 8vo.
Ib. 1859-60. Tue Socrery.

* Munich :—Konigl. Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften.

Abhandlungen der mathem.-physikal. Classe, Band8,Abth.3.
4to. Miinchen, 1860.

Gelehrte Anzeigen, Bande 49 & 50. 4ito. Ib. 1860.

Sitzungsberichte, 1860, Heft 1-5, und 1861, I., Heft 1-4.
8vo. Lb. 1860-61. Toe ACADEMY.

Newcastle-upon-Tyne :— Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club.
Transactions, vol. 4, pts. 3 & 4, and vol. 5, pt. 1. 8vo.
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1860-61. THe Cius.

New York :—

Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art.
Annual Report (2nd). 8vo. New York, 1861.

Tur Unton.
Lyceum of Natural History. Annals, vol. 7, nos. 4-9. 8vo.
New York, 1860. Tur Lyorum.

Paris :—
Académie des Sciences de |’ Institut. Mémoires, tomes 28 &30.
4to. Paris, 1860. Tue ACADEMY.

Société Botanique. Bulletin, tome 6, no. 10; tome 7, nos. 1-5
& 7; et tome 8, nos. 2-5. 8vo. Paris, 1859-61.
Tue Soctery.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. CxVli

TITLES. . Donors.
AcADEMIEs and Societies (continued).
Petersburg :—
Académie Imp. des Sciences.
Mémoires. 6° Série. Sciences Naturelles, tome 8 et
dernier. 4to. St. Pétersbourg, 1859.
7° Série, tome 2, nos. 1-7, et tome 3,nos. 1-11. 4to.
Ib. 1859-61.
Mémoires présentés al’ Académie par divers Savants, tomes
8&9. 4to. Lb. 1859.
Bulletin, tome 1, nos. 3-9; tome 2, nos. 1-8; tome 8, nos. 1-8,
et tome 4, nos. 1&2. 4to. (7b.) 1859-61.
THE ACADEMY.

Philadelphia :—
Academy of Natural Sciences.
Journal. New Series, vol. 3, pt. 3, and vol. 4, pt. 4. Fol.
Philadelphia, 1856-60.
Proceedings, vol. 8, nos. 3 &4, sheets 6-42 for 1860, and
sheets 1-10 for 1861. 8vo. 7b. 1861.
Notice of the Origin, Progress, &c. of the Academy; by
W.S. W. Ruschenberger, M.D. 8vo. Ib. 1860.
THE AcaDEMY.
American Philosophical Society.
Transactions. New Series, vol. 11, parts2 &3. 4to. Phila-
delphia, 1859-60.
Proceedings, vol. 6, nos. 59 & 60, and vol. 7, nos. 61-63.
8vo. Ib. 1858-60. THe Socrery.
Regensburg :—Konigl. Botanische Gesellschaft.
Flora, oder Botanische Zeitung, Jahrg. 1-25. Small 8vo.
Regensburg, 1818-42.
Allgemeines Sach- und Namen-Register, von J. K.
Hasskarl. 8vo. 1b. 1851.
Flora, oder Allgemeine Botanische Zeitung; Neue Reihe,
redigirt von Dr. A. E. Firnrohr. Jahrgang 1-15. 8vo.
Ib. 1843-57. (PURCHASED. )
St. Louis, Missouri:—Academy of Sciences. Transactions,
vol. 1, nos. 3&4. 8vo. St. Louis, 1859-60.
THe ACADEMY.

Stettin :—Entomologischer Verein.
Entomologische Zeitung, Jahrgang 15. 8vo. Stettin, 1854.
Linnea Entomologica, Bande 9 & 14. 8vo. Berlin, 1854-60.
THe Association.
LINN. PROC.—VOL. VI. k

exVill ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

| TITLES. Donors.
ACADEMIES and Soctretizs (continued).

Stockholm :—Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademien.

Handlingar. Ny Foljd. Band 2, Haftet 2, och Band 3,
Haftet 1. 4to. Stockholm, 1860-61.

Ofversigt, Arg. 16417. 8vo. Ib. 1860-61.

Kongl. Svenska Fregatten ‘Eugenies’ Resa omkring Jorden,
under Befal af C. A. Virgin, 1851-53. Haft.7-11. 4to.
Ib. 1859-61. Tur ACADEMY.

Tasmania :—Royal Society.

Papers and Proceedings, vol. 3, pt. 2. 8vo. Hobart, 1859.
Report for the year 1858. 8vo. 26.1859. Tue Socrery.

Toronto :—v. Canadian Journal.

Turin :—R. Accademia delle Scienze. Memorie, Serie 2, tomi
18e19. Scienze Fisiche e Matematiche. 4to. Torino,
1859-61. THe ACADEMY.

Upsal :—Regia Societas Scientiarum.

Nova Acta. Series 3, vol. 2, fase. 2, et vol.3. 4to. Upsaliz,
1858-61.
Arsskrift, Argang. 1&2. 8vo. Zb.1860-61. Tuer Socrery.

Venice :—Imp. Reg, Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere, ed
Arti.

Memorie, vol. 9, parte 2&3. 4to. Venezia, 1861.
Atti. Serie 3, tomo 6, Dispensa 1-9. 8vo. Jb. 1860-61.
Tre Institure.
Victoria :-—
Pharmaceutical Society. Quarterly Journal and Transactions,
vol. 2, no. 8. 8vo. Melbourne, 1860.
Dr. Frrp. Miuumr, F.R. & 1.8.
Philosophical Institute. Transactions, vol. 4, part 2. 8vo.
Melbourne, 1860. Tun INSTITUTE.
Vienna :—
Kaiserl. Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Denkschriften. Mathem.-Naturw. Classe. Bd. 15, 16,18,
& 19. 4to. Wien, 1858-61.
Sitzungsberichte. Mathem.-Naturw. Classe. Bd. 30,
nos. 16 & 17; Bande 31-85 ; 89-42; und 43, Abth. 1 & 2.
8vo. Ib. 1858-61.
Feierliche. Sitzungen, 30 Mai, 1859, und 31 Mai, 1861.
12mo. Jb.
Anleitung zu den Magnetischen Beobachtungen ; von Karl
Kreil, 2 Auflage. 8vo. Jb. 1858.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. Cxix

TITLES. Donors.
AcaprEmrgs and Socreties (continued).
Vienna (continued) :—
Kaiserl. Akademie der Wissenschaften (continued).
Jahrbiicher der K.K. Central-Anstalt fiir Meteorologie, &c.,
von Karl Kreil, Ph.D., &. Bd.7. 4to. Wien, 1860.
Tue ACADEMY.
K. K. Geologische Reichs-Anstalt.
Jahrbiicher. Jahrgang 11, Nos.1&2. 8vo. Wien, 1860.
THe INstiture.
K. K. Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft.
Verhandlungen. Bande 7,9,&10. 8vo. Wien, 1857-60.
Tue Socrery.
Washington :—
Smithsonian Institution.
Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, vols. 11 & 12.
4to. Washington, 1859-60.
Annual Reports of the Board of Regents for the years 1858
and 1859. 8vo. Zb. 1859-60. Tue Instrrurion.
United States Coast Survey. Report of the Superintendent
(Prof. A. D. Bache) for 1857. 4to. Washington, D.C.,
1858. THe Hovst oF REPRESENTATIVES.
Wirzburg :—Physikalisch-Medicinische Gesellschaft.
Wirzburger Medicinische Zeitschrift; redigirt von H. Bam-
berger, &c. Band 1, Heft 2-6, und Bd. 2, Heft 1-4.
8vo. Wiirzburg, 1860-61.
Wiirzburger Naturwissenschaftliche Zeitschrift ; redigirt
von H. Miller, &«. Band 1, Heft 2-4, und Bd. 2, Heft 1.

8vo. Jb. 1860-61. THe Socrery.

Anonymous :—
London and Provincial Medical Directory. 8vo. London, 1861.
PURCHASED.

Aasen (J.) Norske Plantenavne (Budstikken, no. 1). 8vo. 1860.

Royat University oF CHRISTIANIA.

Albers (J. C.) Die Heliceen nach naturlicher Verwandtschaft. 2
Ausgabe, von Ed. von Martens. 8vo. Leipzig, 1861.

Hvueu Cumine, Esq., F.L.S.

Ambrosi (Fr.) Flora Tiroliz Australis, vol. 2, fase.3 &4. 8vo.

Padova, 1857. THe AUTHOR.

Babington (C. C.) Manual of British Botany. 4thedition. 12mo.

London, 1856. Execurors oF J. D. Satmon, Esgq., F.L.S.
k2

Cxx ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

TITLES. Donors.
Baines (H.) Flora of Yorkshire. S8vo. London, 1840.
Exercourtors or J. D. Satmon, Esq., F.L.S.
Barry (Rev. Dr.) History of the Orkney Islands: 2nd edition, by
the Rev. James Headrick. 4to. London, 1808.
Exrcurors oF J. D. Satmon, Esq., F.L.S.
Batsch (A. J. G. C.) Elenchus Fungorum. 4to. Hale Magde-
burgice, 1783-89. ( PURCHASED.)
Baumgarten (J.C. G.) Enumeratio Stirpium Magno-Transsilvanie
Principatui. Tomi3. 8vo. Vindobonx, 1816. (PuRCHASED.)
Beddome (R. H..) Extract from Report on the Vegetable Products
of the Pulney Hills. 8vo.
H. F. C. Creauorn, Esq., M.D., F.LS.
Bennett (G.) Gatherings of a Naturalist in Australasia. 8vo.
London, 1860. Tur AUTHOR.
Bentham (G.) Flora Hongkongensis : a Description of the Flower-
ing Plants and Ferns of the Island of Hong-Kong. 8vo. London,

1861. Tue AUTHOR.
Berkeley (Rev. M. J.) Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany. 8vo.
London, 1857. (PURCHASED. )

Berkenhout (J.) Clavis Anglica Lingue Botanice. 2nd edition ;
to which is added Calendarium Botanicum. 8vo. London, 1789.
Exercutors or J. D. Satmon, Hsq., F.L.S.
Bernardi (Chey.) Monographie du genre Conus. 4ito. Paris.
H. Cumine, Esq., F.L.S.
Binney (W. G.) Terrestrial Air-breathing Mollusks of the United
States, vol. 4 (supplemental). 8vo. Boston, 1859.
H. Cumina, Esq., F.L.S.
Black’s General Atlas of the World. Fol. Edinburgh, 1860.
T. C. Janson, Esq., F.L.S.
Blackwall (John) History of the Spiders of Great Britain and
Ireland. Fol. London, 1861. R. Kirrist, Libr. L.8.
Bland (T.) Remarks on certain Species of North American Heli-
cide. 8vo. New York, 1860. Tf. Cumina, Esq., F.LS.
Blume (C. L.) et Fischer (J. B.) Flora Jave; necnon Insularum
adjacentium. 2 voll. Fol. Bruxellis, 1828-———. (PuRrconasEpD.)
Blytt (M. N.) Norge’s Flora, deel 1. 8vo. Christiania, 1861.
Toe AvTHoR.
Bonaparte (CO. L.) Geographical and Comparative List of the Birds
of Europe and North America. 8vo. London, 1838.
Exrcuronrs or J. D. Saumon, Esq., F.L.8.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. Cxxi

TITLEs. Donors.
Boott (¥.) Illustrations of the genus Carex, part 2. Fol. London,
1860. . THE AUTHOR.
Botfield (B.) Shropshire ; its History and Antiquities. 4to. Lon-
don, 1860. THe AvuTHoR.
Bourguignat (J. R:) Aménités Malacologiques, tome 2. 8vo.
Paris, 1860.
—— Methodus Conchyliologicus Denominationis. 8vo. Ib. 1860.
Malacologie terrestre de l’Ile du Chateau d’If, prés de Mar-
seille. 8vo. Jb. 1860.
Malacologie terrestre et fluviatile de la Bretagne. 8vo. Jb.
1860. H. Cumine, Esq., F.L.S.
Brevoort (J. C.) Notes on some figures of Japanese Fish, taken
from recent specimens by the Artists of the U.S. Japan Expedi-
tion, under Commodore M. C. Perry, U.S.N. 4to. (Washington,

1856.) THe AUTHOR.
Brody (G. 8.) Weston-super-Mare Catalogue of British Shells.
Svo. Weston-s.-M., 1859. THE AUTHOR.

Brown (J. P.) Catalogue des Plantes ... de Thoune, et ... de
Oberland Bernois. 12mo. Thoune, &c., 1848.
P. L. Scrater, Esq., F.L.S.
Buckman (J.) Botanical Guide to the Environs of Cheltenham.
8vo. Cheltenham, 1844.
Exrcurors oF J. D. Saumon, Esq., F.L.S.
Cailliaud (F.) Note sur un nouveau fait relatif 4 la perforation
des pierres par les Pholades. 8vo. Nantes, 1852.
Notice sur le genre Clausilia. 8vo. Ib. 1854.
—— Observations sur les Oursins perforants de Bretagne. 8vo.
Supplément. 8vo. 1857. H.Cumrine, Esq., F.L.S.
Camplin (J. M.) On Diabetes, and its successful Treatment. 2nd
edition. 12mo. London, 1860. THe AUTHOR.
Carus (J. V.) et Engelmann (W.) Bibliotheca Zoologica. Ver-
zeichniss der Schriften tiber Zoologie, welche ... vom 1846-60 ..,
erschienen sind. 2‘** Band. 8vo. Leipzig, 1861.
( PURCHASED.)
Caspary (R.) De Abietinearum, Carr., floris feminei structura
morphologica. 4to. Regiomonti, 1861. THe AUTHOR.
Chenu (J. C.) Illustrations Conchyliologiques. Livr.1-17. Fol.
Paris.
Manuel de Conchyliologie. Tome 1 (parties 1& 2). 8vo.
Ib. 1859-60. H. Cumine, Esq., F.L.S.

Cxxil ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

TrIrLeEs. Donors.

Ciccone (A.) Etudes sur le corps gras du Ver a Soie; traduite par
le Dr. Montagne. 8vo. Paris, 1861. THe AUTHOR ?

Clarke (R.) Remarks on the Topography and Diseases of the Gold
Coast. 8vo. 1860. Tue AUTHOR.

Cleghorn (H. F. C.) Memorandum upon the Panchontee, or In-
dian Gutta Tree, of the Western Coast. 4to. Madras, 1858.

Report, as Conservator of Forests, to the Secretary to

Government; dated Mangalore, May 1st, 1858. 4to.

General Index to Dr. Wight’s ‘Icones Plantarum Indie

Orientalis.’ 4to. Madras, 1856.

Reports on the Government Botanical and Horticultural Gar-
dens, Ootacamund, for the years 1858 & 1859. 8vo. Ib. 1859-60.

——. Forests and Gardens of South India. 12mo. London, 1861.

THe AUTHOR.

Cobbold (T. 8.) On the Scope, Tendency, and Educational Value
of the Natural-History Sciences. S8vo. London, 1861.

THe AUTHOR.

Collingwood (C.) On Homomorphism, or Organic Representative
Form. 8vo. Liverpool, 1860. Tue AuTHOR.

Daubeny (C.) On the Physical Forces concerned in the Pheno-
mena of Vegetation. (From the Gard. Chron.)

On the Power ascribed to the Roots of Plants of rejecting
Poisonous or Abnormal Substances presented to them. (From
Quart. Journ. of Chem. Soc.) 8vo.

— Remarks on the Final Causes of the Sexuality of Plants ;
with particular reference to Mr. Darwin’s work on the Origin
of Species. 8vo. Oxford, 1860. * Tuer AvuruHor.

Degland (C. D.) Ornithologie Kuropéenne. 2 tomes. 8vo. Paris,
1849. Exzcutors or J. D. Saumon, Esq., F.L.S.

Denny (H.) Monographia Anoplurorum Britannia. 8vo. London,
1842, - ( PURCHASED.)

Drouet (H.) Essai sur les Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la
Guiane Francaise. 8vo. Paris, 1859. HH. Cumine, Hsq., I'.L.S.

Drury (Major H.) The Useful Plants of India. 8vo. Madras,

1858. Tun AuTHoR.
Duby (J. E.) Mémoire sur la tribu des Hystérinées, de la famille
des Hypoxylées. 4to. Genéve, 1861. Tne AvrHor.

Eaton (D. ©.) Filices Wrightiane (Cubenses) ; et Fendleriane
(Venezuelane, &e.). 4to. Cantabrigie, Nov. Angl., 1860.
F. Boor, Esq., M.D., F.L.S.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. CXXiil

TITLES. Donors.
Elditt (1. L.) Die Metamorphose des Caryborus (Bruchus) gona-
gra, Fabr. 4to. Konigsberg, 1860. THE AUTHOR.

Frauenfeld (G.) Notizen gesammelt wahrend meines Aufent-
haltes auf Neuholland, Neuseeland, und Taiti. 8vo. Wien, 1860.
H. Cumine, Esq., F.L.S.
Freke (H.) On the Origin of Species by means of Organic Affinity.
Svo. London, 1861. Tur AUTHOR.:
Fries (E.) Monographia Hymenomycetum Suecie. Vol.1. 8vo.
Upsalie, 1857.
—— Reliquie Afzeliane; sistentes Icones Fungorum quos in
Guinea collegit Adamus Afzelius. Fol. 76.1860. Tur AurHor.
Friesen (J. O. von) Ofversigt af Sveriges Ornithologiska Litteratur.
Svo. Stockholm, 1860. Tur AUTHOR.
Gibb (G. D.) Description, Composition, and Preparations of
Sanguinaria canadensis (Pharmaceut. Journ., 1860). 8vo.
THE AUTHOR.
Gill (Th.) Catalogue of the Fishes of the East Coast of North
America from Greenland to Georgia. 8vo. (Philadelphia, ) 1861.
Tue AcapEMy oF NatuRatL Screncrs, PHILADELPHIA.
Gistel (J.) Beschreibung des Skeletes des 3-streifigen Nachtaffers
(WNyctipithecus trivirgatus). 8vo. Leipzig, 1836.
——- Die Mysterien der europaischen Insectenwelt. 12mo. Kemp-
ten, 1856.
Vacuna: oder die Geheimnisse aus der organischen und
leblosen Welt. 2 Bande. 8vo. Straubing, 1857. Tur AurHor.
Grant (R. E.) Tabular View of the Primary Divisions of the
Animal Kingdom. 8vo. London, 1861. THE AUTHOR.
Gray (A.) Natural Selection not inconsistent with Natural Theo-
logy. (From the Atlantic Monthly Review.) 8vo. London,

1861. Tue AUTHOR.
Griffith (J. W.) and Henfrey (A.) Micrographic Dictionary. 2nd
edition. 8vo. London, 1860. (PURCHASED. )

Grisebach (A.) Plante Wrightiane e Cuba orientali. Pars 1. 4to.
Cantabrigie, Nov. Angl.,1860. FF. Boort, Esq., M.D., F.L.S.
Erlauterungen ausgewahlter Pflanzen des tropischen Ame-

rikas. 4to. Gdttingen, 1860. THe AUTHOR.
Grisebach (A. H. R.) Flora of the British West Indian Islands.
Parts 3 & 4. 8vo. London, 1860-61. Ture PuBLisHER.

Hall (J.) and Whitney (J. D.) Report on the Geological Survey
of the State of Iowa. 2 vols. 4to. Iowa, 1858.
Tuer State or Iowa.

CXX1V ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

TITLEs. Donors.
Harvey (W. H.) and Sonder (O. W.) Flora Capensis. Vol. 1.
8vo. Dublin, 1859-60. THE AUTHORS.

Haven (C. H.) On the Vine-growing Resources of St. Louis and
adjacent Counties of Missouri. 8vo. St. Louis, 1858.

Tue AUTHOR?

Henderson (EH. G.) Illustrated Bouquet, parts 9-11. Fol. London,

1860-61. Messrs. HENDERSON & Son.
Henslow (Rev. J. 8.) Dictionary of Botanical Terms. 12mo.
London. (PURCHASED. )

Herbert (W.) Amaryllidacex. 8vo. London, 1837. (PurcuaseD.)
Herpin (J.C.) Du Raisin, considéré comme Médicament. 12mo.
Paris, 1860. Tou AUTHOR.
Hewitson (W. C.) Coloured Illustrations of the Eggs of British
Birds. 8rdedition. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1856. (PurRcHASED.)
Hoeven (J. van der) Bijdragen tot de ... kennis aangaande
Nautilus Pompilius, L. 4to. Amsterdam, 1856.
H. Cumine, Esq., F.LS.
Hogg (J.) On the Distinctions of a Plant and an Animal, and on a
Fourth Kingdom of Nature. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1860.
THe AUTHOR.
Holboll (C.) Ornithologischer Beitrag zur Fauna Greenlands ;
uibersetzt von J. H. Paulsen, M.D. 8vo. Leipzig, 1854.
’ Exzcurors or J. D. Satmon, Esq., F.L.S.
Hooker (J. D.) Introductory Essay to the Flora of New Zealand.
4to. London, 1853.
On the Flora of Australia, its Origin, Affinities, and Distri-

bution. 4to. Lb. 1859. Lovet. Rexve, Esq., F.L.S.
Hooker (Sir W. J.) Exotic Flora. 3 vols. 8vo. Edinburgh,
1823-27. (PURCHASED. )

—— Species Filicum. Vol. 3, parts3 &4. 8vo. London, 1860.
THe PUBLISHER.
Horner (L.) Address delivered at the Anniversary Meeting of the
Geological Society, February 15, 1861. 8vo. London, 1861.
THe Soorwry.
Howard (J. E.) and Fitch (W.) Illustrations of the Nueva Qui-
nologia of Payon, parts 4-9. Jol. London, 1859-61.
J. HE. Howanrp, Esq., F.L.S.
Huxley (TI. H.) Oceanic Hydrozoa: a Description of the Caly-
cophoride and Physophoride observed during the voyage of
11.M.S. ‘ Rattlesnake’ in 1846-50. Fol. London, 1859.
R. Kiprist, Libr. 1.8.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. CXXYV

TITLES. Donors.

Inzani (G.) e Lemoigne (A.) Sulle origini di varii Fasci Ner-
vosi del Cervello. 4to. Parma, 1861. THE AUTHORS.

Jones (T. R.) and Parker (W. K.) On the Rhizopodal Fauna of
the Mediterranean. 8vo. 1860. Tur AUTHORS.

J OURNALS :—
Annales des Sciences Naturelles. 4° Série. Zoologie: tome 12,
nos. 4-6; tomes 18-15; et tome 16, nos. 1-3. Botanique:
tome 12, nos. 4-6; tomes 138 & 14; et tome 15, no. 1. 8vo.

Paris, 1859-61. (PURCHASED. )
Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 3rd Series, nos. 31-48.
8vo. London, 1860-61. W. Francis, Ph.D., F.L.S.

Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte; von. A. F. A. Wiegmann, W. F.
Erichson, &c. Jahrgang 25, Heft 6; 26, Hefte 1-5; = 27,
Hefte 1 & 2. 8vo. Berlin, 1859-61.

—— —— Register zu den ersten 25 Jahrgiingen ; von Dr. F. H.
Troschel. 8vo. J. 1860. (PurcHAsSED.)

Botanical Magazine: edited by Sir W. J. Hooker, K.H., RS.
& LS. 3rd Series, nos. 187-204. 8vo. London, 1860-61.

( PURCHASED.)

Botanische Zeitung: herausgegeben von Hugo von Mohl und
Dr. F. L. von Schlechtendal. Jahrg. ich 4to. Berlin und
Leipzig, 1843-59. ( PURCHASED.)

Canadian Journal of Industry, Science, and Art. New Series,
nos. 28-32, 34 & 35. 8vo. Toronto, 1860-61.

. Toe Canapian INStTIvTute.

Field Naturalist: edited by James Rennie, M.A., A.L.S. Vol. 1,
and vol. 2, nos. 1-4. 8vo. London, 1833-34.

EXxEcutors oF THE LATE J. D. Satmon, Ksq., F.L.S.

Gardeners’ Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette: the Horti-
cultural part edited by Dr. Lindley. Nos, 26-52 for 1860, and
nos. 1-52 for 1861. Fol. London. (PuRCcHASED.)

Ibis; a Magazine of General Ornithology: edited by P. L.
Sclater, Esq., M.A., F.L.S., Sec. Z.S., &. Nos. 7 & 8. 8vo.
London, 1860. Tue Eprror.

Journal de Conchyliologie; par MM. Fischer et Bernardi. 2°Série,
tome 4, nos. 2-4. 8vo. Paris, 1860. H.Cumrne, Esq., F.L.S.

Journal of Entomology; descriptive and geographical. Vol. 1,

no. 2, 8vo. London, 1860. Tuer PROPRIETORS.
Literary Gazette. New Series, nos. 106-182. 4to. London,
1860-61. Tur PUBLISHERS.

LINN. PROC.—VOL. VI. ; y)

CXXV1 ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

TITLES. Donoks.
JOURNALS (continued) :—
London Review. Nos. 31-87, and 39-78. Fol. London, 1861.
THE PUBLISHERS.
Malakozoologische Blatter; von Dr. Menke und Dr. Pfeiffer.
Bande 1-5. 8vo. Cassel, 1854-58 (als Fortsetzung der Zeit-
schrift fir Malacozoologie). H. Cumine, Esq., F.LS.
Natural History Review, and Quarterly Journal of Science :
edited by A. H. Haliday, M.A., W. H. Harvey, M.D., &ec.
Vols. 5-7. 8vo. London, 1858-60.
Tue Dusiin Untversity Zoou. and Botan. Association.
Natural History Review, and Quarterly Journal of Biological
Science: edited by G. Busk, F'.R.S., W. B. Carpenter, M.D.,
F.RS., &. Vol. 1. 8vo. London, 1861. §(PuRcHAsED.)
Naturalist ; by Neville Wood, Esq. Vols. 2-5. 8vo. London,
* 1837-39. Executors oF J. D. Satmon, Esq., F.LS.
Nederlandsch Kruidkundig Archief: onder Redactie van W. H.
De Vriese, &c. Deel 5, stuk 1&2. S8vo. Amsterdam, 1860-
61. THe Eprrors ?
Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 4th Series,
nos. 130-150. 8vo. London, 1860-61.
W. Francis, Ph.D., F.L.S.
Phytologist. New Series, nos. 61-80. 8vo. London, 1860-61.
_W. Pamptin, Esq., A.LS.
Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science: edited by HE.
Lankester, M.D., F.R.S. & L.S., and G. Busk, Esq., F.R.S.,
Sec. L.S. Nos. 32 & 33. S8vo. Teas 1860.
—-— New Series, nos. 1-4. 8vo. Zb. 1861.
Tur Mroroscoprcat Socrery.
Revue et Magasin de Zoologie; par F. E. Guérin-Méneville.
2° Série, tomes 11 & 12. 8vo. Paris, 1859-60.
H. Cumine, Esq., F.L.S.
Walpers. Annales Botanices systematice. Tom. 5, fase. 5 & 6,
et tom. 6, fase. 1: auctore Dr. Car. Miiller. By. Lipsiee,
1860-61. (PURCHASED. )
Zeitschrift fiir Malacozoologie: herausgegeben von Dr. K. Th.
Menke und Dr. L. Pfeiffer. Jahrg.10. 8vo. Cassel,1853. (Hor
continuation vy. Malakozool. Blitter.) W.Cumine, Esq., F.L.8.
Karsten (H.) Das Geschlechtsleben der Pflanzen und die Parthe-
nogenesis. 4to. Berlin, 1860. THe Aurion.
Klotzsch (F.) Die Aristolochiacee des Berliner Herbariums. 8vo.
Berlin, 1859.. H. Cumina, Esq., F.L.8.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. C@XXVil

TITLES. Donors.
[Knapp (J. L.)} Journal of a Naturalist. 3rd edition. 8vo.
London, 18380. Exxrcutors oF J. D. Saumon, Esq., F.LS.
Kolliker (A.) Ueber das Ende der Wirbelsaule der Ganoiden,
und einiger Teleostier. 4to. Leipzig, 1860. THe AurHoR?
Kotschy (Th.) Die Eichen Europa’s und des Orient’s. Lief. 5 &6.
Fol. Wien, &c., 1859-61. T. C. Janson, Esq., F.LS.
Krombholz (J. V.) Naturgetreue Abbildungen und Beschrei-
bungen der essbaren, schadlichen und verdiichtigen Schwiimme.
(Hefte 1-10.) Fol. Prag, 1831-46, with an Atlas of 76 plates.
(PurcHasED.)
Kitzing (F. T.) Phycologia Generalis ; oder Anatomie, Phy-
siologie und Systemkunde der Tange. 4to. Leipzig, 1848.
( PURCHASED.)
Lankester (E.) On Food ; being Lectures delivered at the South
Kensington Museum. 8vo. London, 1861. THe AUTHOR.
Lea (1.) Cieanastond on the genus Unio. Vol. 7 (parts 1 & 2).
4to. Philadelphia.
—— Descriptions of new species of Unionide. 8vo. Philadelphia,
1860. H. Cumine, Esq., F.LS.
Ledebour (C. F. a) Flora Rossica: s. Enumeratio Plantarum totius
Imperti Rossici. Voll. 1-4. Svo. Stuttgartie, 1842-53.
( PURCHASED.)
Lees (J.) The Six Months’ Seasons of the Tropics. 12mo.
London, 1860. THe AUTHOR.
Leighton (W. A.) Flora of Shropshire. 8vo. London, 1841.
Exercutors oF J. D. Saumon, Esq., F.L.S.
—— British species of Angiocarpous Lichens. 8vo. London, 1851.
R. Kipprist, Libr. LS.
Le Jolis (A.) Plantes Vasculaires des environs de Cherbourg. 8vo.
Paris, 1860. Tue AUTHOR.
Lewes (G. H.) Sea-side Studies at Ilfracombe, Tenby, the Scilly
Isles, and Jersey. Svo. Edinburgh, 1858.
Executors oF J. D. Saumon,.Esq., F.L.S.
Lindsay (W. L.) The Eruption, in May 1860, of the Kotlugja Vol-

cano, Iceland. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1861. Tur AvrHor.
Loven (S.) Om nagra i Vettern och Venern funna Crustaceer.
Svo. 1860. THe AvTHOR.

Lowe (EH. J) Natural History of Ferns, British and Exotic.
Parts 119 & 120. Svo. London, 1860.
—— Natural History of new and rare Ferns. Parts 1-14. 8vo.
Ib. 1860-61. Tue AuTHoR.
12

CXXVill ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

TITLES. Donors.
Lowe (E. J.) Beautiful-leaved Plants. Parts9-14. 8vo. London,
1860. Tne AUTHOR.

Lubbock (J.) Notes on the Generative Organs, and on the Forma-
tion of the Egg in the Annulosa. Part 1. 8vo. 1861.
Tur AUTHOR.
Malherbe (A.) Faune Ornithologique de la Sicile. 8vo. Metz,
1843. Exrcurors or J. D. Satmon, Esq., F.LS.
Mantell (G. A.) Wonders of Geology. 2nd edition. 2 vols.
12mo. London, 1888. :
—— Thoughts on Animalcules. 8vo. London, 1846.
: Execurors or J. D. Sazmon, Hsq., F.L.S.
Marcotte (1'.) Les Animaux Vertébrés de arrondissement d’ Abbe-
ville. Svo. Abbeville, 1860. Srer Cuartes Lyext, F.R.& LS.
Martius (C. F. P. von) Denkrede auf Alexander von Humboldt.
4to. Miinchen, 1860.
THe Royat Acapremy or Scrences, Municu.
Moller (H. P. C.) Index Molluscorum Greenlandie. 8vo. Hafnie,
1842. H. Cumine, Esq., F.LS.
Montagu (G.) Ornithological Dictionary of British Birds. 2nd
edition, by James Rennie, A.M., A.L.S. 8vo. London, 1831.
Executors or J. D. Saumon, Esq., F.L.S.
Moore (T.) Index Filicum. Parts5-16. 12mo. London, 1857-61.
THE PUBLISHER.
Morch (A. A. L.) Fortegnelse over Gronlands Bléd-dyr (Prodro-
mus Faune Molluscorum Grénlandiz). Svo. Kjobenhavn, 1857.
Hf. Cumine, Esq., F.L.S.
Moris (J. H.) Flora Sardoa. Vol. 3. 4to. Taurini, 1858-59.
| THe AuTHOR.
Mousson (A.) Coquilles terrestres et fluviatiles, recueillies dans
Y Orient par M. le Dr. Alex. Schleefli. 8vo. Zurich, 1859.
H. Cumine, Esq., F.L.S.
Miller ( Ferd.) fragmenta Phytographiew Australia. Fasc. 14. 8vo.
(Melbourne), 1860.
—— Essay on the Plants collected by Mr. Eugene Fitzalan during
Lieut. Smith’s expedition to the estuary of the Burdekin. Fol.

Melbourne, 1860. Tun AUTHOR.
Newman (£.) The Insect Hunters, and other poems. 2nd edition.
12mo. London, (1861). Tor AurHor.

Norman (J. M.) Quelques observations de Morphologie Végétale
faites au Jardin Botanique.de Christiania. 4to. Christiana, 1857.
Tur Royant UNiversiry or Curistianta, -

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. @XX1Xx

TITLEs. Donors.

Nylander (W.) Synopsis methodica Lichenum, omnium hucusque
cognitorum: fase. 2. S8vo. Parisiis, 1860.

J. D. Hooxsr, M.D., F.R. & LS.

Oken (L.) Elements of Physiophilosophy: translated by Alfred
Tulk. 8vo. London, 1847. R. Krprist, Libr. 1.8.

Owen (R.) Paleontology ; or a Systematic Summary of Extinct
Animals and their Geological Relations. 2nd edition. 8vo.
Edinburgh, 1861. Tue AUTHOR.

Pfeiffer (.) Novitates Conchologice. Series 1. Mollusca extra-
marina, tom. 1. 4to. Cassel, 1854-60.

H. Cumine, Esq., F.L.S.

Prime (T.) Synonymy of the Family Cyclades. (Proc. Acad. Se.
Philad. 1860.) 8vo. H. Cumine, Esq., F.L.S.

Ratzeburg (J. T. C.) Die Waldverderber und ihre Feinde. 4°
Auflage. 8vo. Berl,1856. W.W.Saunpers, Esq., V.P.LS.

Reeve (L.) Elements of Conchology. Parts15 &16. 8vo. London,
1860.

—— Conchologia Iconica: Monographs of the genera Anculotus,
Argonauta, Aspergillum, Cymbium, Hemisinus, Io, Lingula, Me-
lania, Melanopsis, Melatoma, Myochama, Nautilus, Pirena, Sca-
rabus, Terebra, Terebratula, Thracia,and Trigoma. 4to. London,
1860-61. THe AUTHOR.

Regel (E.) Monographia Betulacearum hucusque cognitarum. 4to.
Mosque, 1861. THe AUTHOR.

Ruiz (H.) et Pavon (J.) Flora Peruviana et Chilensis. Tomus 3.
Folio. (Matriti), 1802. R. Kirppist, Libr. L.S.

Sars (M.), Koren (J.), et Danielssen (D. C.) Fauna Littoralis
Norvegie. Livr.2. 4to. Bergen, 1856.

G. Busx, Esq., F.R.S., Sec. L.S.

Schlegel (H.) Kritische Uebersicht der Europaischen Vogel. 8vo.

Leiden, 1844. Exrcutors oF J. D. Satmon, Esq., F.L.S.
Schwartz von Mohrenstern (G.) Ueber die Familie der Rissoiden.
4to. Wien, 1860. H. Cumine, Esq., F.LS.
Seba (A.) Rerum Naturalium Thesaurus. Tomi4. Fol. Amstele-
dami, 1734-65. (PuURCHASED.)
Shortt (J.) Essay on the Culture and Manufacture of Indigo. 8vo.
Madras, 1860. THE AUTHOR.
Sowerby (G. B.) Thesaurus Conchyliorum. Part 20. 8vo. London,
1860. (PuRCHASED.)

Stainton (H. T.) Hd. Entomologist’s Annual for 1861. 12mo.
London, 1861. THe Eprror.

CXXX ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

TITLES. Donors.
Stainton (H.T.) &e. Natural History of the Tineina. Vols. 5 &6.
S8vo. London, 1860-61. Tur AUTHOR.

Steenstrup (J. J. 8.) Hectocotyldannelsen hos Octopodslegterne
Argonauta og Octopus. 4to. Kjobenhavn, 1856.
H. Cumine, Esq., F.L.S.
Steudel (E. G.) Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum. Pars 1.
Grammee. Pars 2. Cyperacee, &c. 8vo. Stuttgartiz, 1855.
(PURCHASED. )
Suckley (George) Notices of oan new species of North Ame-
rican Salmonide, chiefly in the collection of the N.W. Boundary
Commission. 8vo. (New York), 1861. Tue AUTHOR?
Swallow (G. C.) Geological Report of the country along the S.W.
Branch of the Pacific Railroad, Missouri. S8vo. St. Louis, 1859.
Tue AuTHoR?
Taylor (Alex. 8.) Californian Notes. Condors of Chili and Cali-
fornia. Nos. 1-7. (From the California Farmer.)
THe AUTHOR.
Tenore (M.) Catalogo del Real Orto Botanico di Napoli. 4to.
Napoli, 1845.
Sopra alcune specie di Cipressi. 4to. Modena, 1853.
—— Su di una pianta Conifera del genere Taxodiwm. 4to. Ib.
1853. THE AUTHOR.
Thwaites (G. H. K.) and Hooker (J. D.) Enumeratio Plantarum
Zeylanie. Parts3 &4. 8vo. London, 1860-61. THe Aurnors.
Torell (O.) Bidrag till Spitsbergens Molluskfauna. 8vo. Stock-
holm, 1859. HH. Cumine, Esq., F.L.S
Treviranus (L. C.) In Hyperici genus ejusque species hidden
siones. 4to. Bonne, 1861. THe AurHor.
Wallich (G. C.) Notes on the presence of Animal Life at vast
depths in the Sea. 8vo. (London), 1860. Tue AvTHOR.
Watson (H. C.) Supplement to the Cybele Britannica. Part 1.
8vo. London, 1860. Tue Avruon.
Weddell (HH. A.) Chloris Andina. (Vol. 2), livr. 12-14. 4to.
Paris, 1860.
—— Mémoire sur le Cynomorium coccinewm, parasite de Vordre
des Balanophorées. 4to. £6. 1860. Tan Aurion.
Welwitsch (Fred.) Apontamentos phytogeographicos sobre a Flora
da Provincia de Angola na Africa Equinocial, servindo de Rela-

torio preliminar da Exploragio Botanica ¥ mesma Provincia,
(Annaes do Conselho Ultramarino. Ser. 1, Dezembro 1858.)
Ato. Tue Aurnor,

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. CXXX1

TITLEs. Donors.
Williamson (W. C.) On the Recent Foraminifera of Great Britain.
Fol. London, 1858. R. Kiprist, Libr. L.8.

Willis and Sotheran. Catalogue of upwards of 50,000 volumes of
Ancient and Modern Books. 8vo. London, 1862.
Messrs. WILLIS anD SOTHERAN.
Willkomm (M.) Icones et descriptiones Plantarum novarum,
&¢e., Europe Austro-occidentalis, precipue Hispanie, tomus 1,
(fase. 1-10). 4to. Lipsiz, 1852. Tomas Buxt, Esq., V.P.LS.
Wilson (A.) and Bonaparte (C. L.) American Ornithology :
edited by Robert Jameson, Esq., F.R.S.& L.8. 4 vols. 12mo.
Edinburgh, 1831. Exucutors or J. D. Saumon, Esq., F.L.S.
Wilson (W.) Bryologia Britannica, containing the Mosses of
Great Britain and Ireland. 38rd edition. Svo. London, 1855.
(PURCHASED. )
Wollaston (T. V.) Insecta Maderensia; being an account of the
Insects of the Islands of the Madeiran group. 4to. London,
1854. (PURCHASED. )
Wood (N.) Ornithologist’s Text-Book. 12mo. London, 1836.
Exercutors oF J. D. Satmon, Esq., F.LS.
Yates (J.) and Barrett (Rev. A.) Improvements in Arithmetic,
with a Vindication of the Decimal Principle. 8vo. London,
1860. Tur AUTHORS.

C@XXXil1

DONATIONS

TO THE

MUSEUM OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY.

| Continued from vol. v. page \vi.]

DonaTIONS. Donors.

An extensive and valuable Collection of Birds’ Eggs. Bequeathed
by the late J. D. Satmon, Esq., F.L.S.

Dried specimens of Plants from the Upper Himalaya. Collected
and presented by J. D. Hooxmr, Esq., M.D., F.R.S. & L.S., and
Tuomas THomson, Esq., M.D., F.R.S. & LS.

Specimens of about 40 species of Canadian Woods (cut and
polished). Tur Commisstonurs or Crown Lanps, Canapa.

Specimens of Carex Hricetorwm, Poll., from the Gog-magog Hills,
near Cambridge. C. C. Basrneton, Esq., M.A., F.R. & LS.

Specimens of the Fruit and Seeds of a new species of Couratari
from Bolivar, New Granada. M. AnTHOINE.

exXxXXlil

INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS.

Additions to the Library, re-
ceived from July 1, 1860, to
December 31,1861 . . .

Address of Condolence to Her
Majesty on the Death of
H.R.H. the Prince Consort

Address, President’s, 4 24,

ISGE i304!
, May 2A, 1862 .
Anamallay Mountains, Notes on
the Exogenous Flora of, by
Capt. R. H. Beddome
Anniversary Meeting, ic 24,
1861, Report of the . . :
ae , May 24,1862 . .
Aquilaria ‘Agallocha, BS Notice
of the Resinous wood of, ae
Mr. D. Hanbury . .
Araucaria Rulei, F. Miill., ‘a new
species, from a volcanic islet off
New Caledonia, exhibited by
Dr. Hocker . ,
Axolotl, Specimen of, from Mex-
ico, exhibited by Mr. H. Christy
Babington, C. C., Note on Jsoétes
echinospora, Dur...
, On the discovery of ‘Tsodtes
Hystrix i in Guernsey .
Beddome, Capt. R. H., N otes on
the Exogenous Flora of the Ana-
mallay Mountains, in S. India
Bell, Professor, Vote of Thanks
to, on his retirement from the
office of President
Bentham, G., Notice of a Cava-
nillesia (C. ’ platanifolia, H. &
B.?) from the neighbourhood
_of New Carthagena . .
, Note on Omphalocarpon
procerum, Bide Boot
Berkeley, Rev. M.J.,On the spiral
markings of the Flocci of the
genus Trichia . .
Birds’ Eggs, &c., the late J. D.
Salmon’s collection, presented
LINN. PROC,—VOL. VI.

Page

clx

evli

lxv

. xiviii

liv

Boott, Dr., Vote of Thanks to,
on retiring from the office of
Treasurer

Page

xlix

Busk, G., Notice of the skull ofa -

child, ‘from the W. Coast of
Africa .”.

Bust of the late Robert Brown;
Esq., Pres. L.S., Presentation of

Bye-laws, Alterations in are

Cameroon Mountains, Ascent of,
by Mr.G. Mann . .

, On the Vegetation of,
by Dr. Hooker .

Cavanillesiafrom New Carthagena
(C. platanifolia, H. & B.?), No-
tice of, by G. Bentham . .

Cinchone, Mr. Markham’s Letter
in reference to the cultivation
of, in India and Ceylon.

Cinclidium stygium, exhibited,
from Tuddenham Heath

Cobbold, Dr. T. 8., On the occur-
rence of Gyrodactylus elegans
in the Serpentine. . .. .

Ceelebogyne ilicifolia, exhibited
by R. Heward .

Cooke, R. B., On the occurrence
of Maianthemum ee at
Harkness pnts

Donations to the Museum. .

Egg within an Egg, Note on, by
Melons... FLITE

Engrafting, Cambodian mode of

Garner, R., Note on the Forma-
tion of Pearls .

Gyrodactylus elegans, Dr. Cob-
bold on the occurrence of, in
the Serpentine. .

Gyrostemon attenuatus, ‘exhibited

Hogg, J., Note on an Egg within

- an Ege F

, Note on Rope made of Tree-
Mallow-fibre

Hooker, Dr. J. D., On the Vegeta
tion of the Cameroons

——

mM

ili

evi

CXXX1V

Hooker, Dr. J. D., Account of
Welwitschia mirabilis

Hyalonema mirabilis, exhibited

by Prof. Huxley .

Insects, Indian, A Collection of,
together with drawings illus-
trative of their transforma-
tions, exhibited by General Sir
J. B. Hearsey, C.B. .

Isoétes echinospora, Dur.,
Babington on . .

Hystrix, discovery of, in
Guernsey .

Lubbock, J., Notes on the Ana-
- tomy of the Smynthuride .

, Notes on Spherularia Bombi

Macdonald, Dr. W., On the Clas-
sification of the Warm-blooded
Vertebralia, and their eta:
lelism. .

Maianthemum bifolium, R. B.
Cooke on the occurrence of, at
Harkness.

Mann, G., Letter to Sir ‘Ww. J.
Hooker, giving an account of
his ascent of the Cameroon
Mountains . .

Markham, C. R., Letter in “ye-

1a

ference to the cultivation of
Cinchone in India and Ceylon
Meeting, Anniversary, May 24,
1861, Report of the . . .
, May 24, 1862
Megacarpsea polyandra, flowering
specimen of, exhibited ;
Mouhot, H., on the Cambodian
mode of engrafting ;
Oxituary Notices :—-
H. R. H. the Prince Consort
H. M. Pedro V., King of Por-
tugal ... etd
Aberdeen, Earl of
Ashton, Robert John
Barnard, Edward .. .
Barnes, Philip Edward, B.A. .
Blume, Charles Louis, M.D. .
Borrer, William .
Charlwood, George .
Clark, Bracy

es

Duméril, André Marie Constant xlvi

Fitton, William Henry, M.D.
Forbes, James. . ‘
Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, Isidore .
Hambrough, Albert John .
Henslow, Rev. John Stevens .

INDEX.
Page |
Oxsituary Notices (cont.) :—
lix Hoblyn, Thomas. .
Hope, Rev. Frederick William
1 Hurst, Robert Charles .
Kelaart, Edward F., M.D. .
Mackay, Jas. Townsend, LL.D.
Perkins, Frederick
Plomley, Francis, M.D. .
] Probart, Francis George, M.D.
Quekett, John Thomas. .
lxili Quigley, Thos. Haswell, M. D.
Rigby, Edward, M.D. . . .
iii Ross, Sir James Clark .
Sinclair, Andrew, M.D. .
lix Somerville, William, M.D. .
li Tiedemann, Friedrich, M.D. .
Wilkinson, J. Sheldon Cradock
Young, James Forbes, M.D. .
| Omphalocarpon procerum, P. de
Ixv B., Note on, by G. Bentham .
Pearls, R. Garner on the Forma-
tion of .
liv | President’s Address, May 24, 1861
, May 24, 1862. .
Proteus anguinus, from Adels-
berg, exhibited by Mr. Christy
evi | Receipts and Payments of the
Linnean Society from May 1,
1860, to April 30, 1861. .
lyiii | —— from May 1, 1861, to
April 30, 1862.
x | Silk-moth of the Deccan, Cocoons
Ixvi exhibited by Dr. Carpenter
Singing Mice, Note on the habits
vi of, by Miss Drew. . .
Skull of a child from Fernando
ili Po, Notice of, by G. Busk . .
Smynthuride, J. Lubbock on the
. Lxxxili Anatomy ofthe . .
Spherularia Bombi, Notes on, , by
. [xxxiii J. Lubbock. .
xx | Tree-Mallow-fibre, Note on, "by
xx J. Hogg. .
lxxxv | Trichia, On the spiral markings
xxi of the Flocciin . .
xcvi | Vertebralia, Warm- blooded, ‘On
lxxxv the Classification of, and ‘their
xc ae by Dr. W. Mac-
xxi onald ;
Welwitschia mirabilis, Account
XXIV of, by Dr. J. D. Hooker,
civ ——, Young specimens with
xevili undivided leaves, exhibited .
xc | Woolls, W., Glance at the Botany
XXv | of the North Shore, Sydney

JOURNAL OF THE PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

Description of a curious Form of Dipterous Larva. By E. Harr
; Viney, Esq., M.D., F.LS.

[Read Feb. 21, 1861.]

In the early part of the year 1855, while examining with the
microscope some water taken from a pool near my house at Bays-
water, I noticed some small animals moving about with an active
wriggling motion, which, as I believe them to be peculiar, I ven-
ture to introduce to the notice of the Society. They were very
few in number, and I mounted some specimens in Canada ea
for future observation.

My first casual examination gave me the idea that they were
mere larval conditions of some insect ; a belief which was strength-
ened by the most prominent feature of the animal—a beautiful
tuft of hairs (possibly respiratory organs) at the tail—and under
this impression they were put aside with some other objects, but
in consequence of more pressing occupation were for a long time
neglected.

I have since consulted several entomologists, and finding their
opinions to coincide with my own, I have thought it might be useful
to give the following description :— : td

Body composed of thirteen segments, the four anterior compara-
tively short ; cephalic joint narrow, truncated in front ; eye-spots

LINN. PROC.—ZOOLOGY. LI

2 DR. E. H. VINEN ON A CURIOUS FORM

double, placed near the lateral margins and below the anterior
third of the segment. Caudal segment furnished with twelve
spines or sete, eight long and four short; the former being retro-
verted and disposed in pairs, alternating with the latter, which are
somewhat nearer the extremity.

In addition to these characters, I may remark that the head
appears to be supplied with a complicated buccal apparatus, but
the preservative medium has rendered the parts so transparent
that I refrain from hazarding a precise description of its several
parts. Moreover, in different examples these appearances are dis-
similar, whilst the cephalic segment itself is proportionally longer
in some cases than in others. The eye-spots are always distinct,
more or less elongated, each evidently consisting of two separate
pigment-masses, the line of demarcation being clearly defined.
In the specimen figured a on the slide, the eyes are much more
elongated and more uniform in outline ; being, nevertheless, thicker
behind than in front. Connected with the eyes and buccal appa-
ratus there are two laterally disposed muscular masses, which
almost fill up the longitudinal halves of the cephalic segment.
The buccal cavity itself is tolerably well defined, being funnel-
shaped and apparently closed behind. The cesophagus takes its
origin at the upper and back part of the sac, immediately behind
a peculiar form of dental apparatus which guards the pharyngeal
opening. This structure forcibly reminds one of the gastric teeth
found in decapodous Crustaceans, and appears to consist of a
central and two lateral horny pieces, which, acting upon one
another, serve to comminute the food only partially broken up
by the buccal organs. The intestinal canal can be traced through-
out the entire series of segments, and on either side of it runs a
conspicuous vessel filled with highly coloured blood. I have not
observed any trace of reproductive organs, a circumstance which
alone renders it highly probable that we have to do with a larval
insect. The last or thirteenth segment is considerably narrower
than those of the body proper. The eight Jong spines are jointed
at the base, where they are comparatively thick, becoming gradu-
ally attenuated towards the tip ; the segment itself is also slightly
increased in breadth at the lower end. ‘The length of each spine
is somewhat less than that of the caudal segment, and fully four
times longer than those of the smaller series placed nearer to the
end of the segment; these latter project at a right angle from the
tip, and do not appear capable of retroversion,

OF DIPTEROUS LARVA. 3

In the above description I have purposely refrained from enter-
ing into very minute particulars, owing to the imperfection
observable in my preserved specimens. I have ventured, however,
to relate these few particulars, hoping at some future time to
analyse more accurately fresh and living examples, should I have
the good fortune to meet with them.

I cannot conclude these remarks without expressing my thanks
to my friend Dr. T. Spencer Cobbold for his excellent drawings,
from which the accompanying figures have been copied.

DESCRIPTION OF CUT AS REDUCED.

Fig. 1. Three larve (a, 0, c), of the natural size.

Fig. 2. The specimen marked c, x8 diameters.

Fig. 3. Cephalic segment of the specimen (marked a): a, buccal cavity ;
b, esophagus; c, pharyngeal teeth ; d, eyes; e, muscles of the mouth and
pharynx; f, muscles to the eyes; g, integument showing a double con- —
tour, X about 70 diameters.

Feb. 21st, 1861.

1*

4 MR. F. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT

Catalogue of the Dipterous Insects collected at Gilolo, Ternate,
and Ceram, by Mr. R. Watuacz, with Descriptions of New
Species. By Francis WALKER, Hsq., F.L.S.

[Read Feb. 21, 1861.]
GILOLO.
Fam. TIPULID, Haliday.
Gen. Limnosia, Meigen.

The following species belongs to Meigen’s Div. D. Diptera,
vol. i. p. 122, pl. 4. f. 15.

1. LIMNOBIA EUCHROMA. Fem. Lete ochracea, antennis, abdominis
fasciis quatuor pedibusque nigris, alis nigricantibus, halteribus apice
nigris.

Female. Bright ochraceous; antennz black, setaceous, submoniliform,
minutely setose, a little longer than the head; abdomen with four
black bands, 2nd band much broader than the Ist and than the 3rd,
the latter angular in front, 4th band much broader than the 2nd ;
legs black, slender; wings blackish ; veins and knobs of the halteres
black. Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings 12 lines.

Fam, STRATIOMIDA, Haliday.

Gen. Prrtocrra, Wied.
2. Ptilocera 4-dentata, Fabr. See Vol. I. p. 7.

Gen. Stratiomys, Geoff.

3. STRATIOMYS CINCTILINEA, n. s. Fem. Nigra, capite anthracino
nitente, peristomatis lateribus, antennis basi, scutelli dentibus ducbus
abdominisque margine flavescentibus, pedibus halteribusque flavis,
alis subcinereis.

Female. Black; head coal-black, shining ; peristoma yellowish on each
side ; antennz yellowish at the base, much shorter than the breadth
of the head; thorax with slightly gilded pubescence ; scutellum with
two pale yellowish teeth ; abdomen with a narrower yellowish border ;
legs and halteres yellow; wings slightly cinereous; veins black.
Length of the body 4 lines; of the wings 7 lines.

Gen. CLITELLARIA, Meigen.
4, Clitellaria bivittata, Fabr. See Vol. I. p. 7.
Gen. Saraus, Fubr.

5. Sargus tarsalis, Walk. See Vol. V. p. 274.
6. Sargus tibialis, Walk. See Vol. V. p. 273.

GILOLO, TERNATE, AND CERAM. 5

Gen. Masstoyta, Walk.
7. Massicyta cerioides, Walk. See Vol. III. p. 78.

Gen. Sotva, Walk.

8. SOLVA HYBOTOIDES, n.s. Mas et Fem. Nigra, antennis basi pal-
lide flavis, thoracis lineis lateralibus scutello abdomine pedibusque
luteis (mas) aut flavis (fem.), abdominis disco foem. nigro, tibiis
posticis nigris, alis cinereis.

Male and Female. Black; mouth and palpi pale yellow; antenne
lanceolate, shorter than the breadth of the head, pale yellow at the
base ; thorax with a humeral callus and an elevated line along each
side and the scutellum luteous in the male, pale yellow im the female ;
pubescence slightly gilded ; abdomen luteous, disk black in the female,
with the exception of the hind borders of the segments; legs luteous
in the male, pale yellow in the female; hind femora incrassated ;
hind tibize black, curved ; middle tibize black in the middle; wings
cinereous; veims black; halteres pale-e Length of the body 3-4
lines; of the wings 6-8 lines.

Fam. ASILID, Leach.

Subfam. DasyrpoconitTEs, Walk.
Gen. Dasypoaon, Fabr.

9. DasypoGon soLuTus,n.s. Mas. Niger, capite thoraceque auratis,
antennis linearibus, thorace vittis quatuor pectoreque fasciis duabus
nigris, abdomine rufo clavato apicem versus piceo fascia _basali
nigra, pedibus halteribusque rufis, alis cinereis apice nigricanti-
cinereis.

Male. Black; head with pale gilded tomentum; epistoma flat, with a
few pale bristles; eyes with very small facets. Antenne linear, nearly
as long as the breadth of the head; thorax and pectus with pale
gilded tomentum ; thorax with four black stripes, the lateral pair
short, broad, obliquely intersected; pectus with two black bands;
abdomen red, clavate, with a black band near the base, the four last
segments with slightly piceous disks; legs red, robust ; femora with a
few stout black bristles ; tarsi black towards the tips ; wings cinereous,
blackish cimereous towards the tips and along the adjoming part of
the hind border; veins black, tawny at the base; halteres red.
Length of the body 7 lines; of the wings 12 lines.

10. DASYPOGON SEMIFILATUS, n.s. Fem. Niger, capite thoraceque
auratis, thorace vittis quatuor latis pectoreque fasciis duabus nigris,
abdomine clavato fasciis tribus anticis fulvis, pedibus rufis, alis cime-
reis, halteribus flavescentibus.

MR. F. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT

Female. Black; head with gilded tomentum, cinereous behind; epi-
stoma flat, with two pale bristles; palpi short ; antennz mutilated ;
thorax and pectus with gilded tomentum, the former with four broad
black stripes, the latter with two black bands; abdomen clavate,
about twice the length of the thorax, very slender towards the base,
where it is dilated; fore part with three tawny bands, 3rd band in-
terrupted in the middle, dilated on each side; legs red, slender ;
tarsi black; posterior femora and tibiz with a broad black middle
band ; wings cinereous ; veins black; halteres yellowish. Length of
the body 6 lines; of the wings 10 lines.

Subfam. Larurites, Walk.

Gen. Lapuria, Fabr.

11. Laphria tristis, Dol. See Vol. V. p. 146.
12. Laphria comes, Walk. See Vol. III. p. 85.
13. Laphria conveniens, Walk. See Vol. V. p. 278.

14. LAPHRIA SETIPES, n. s. Mas. Cyanea, capite argenteo, anten-
narum articulo 3° lineari, thoracis lateribus anticis pectoreque albo to-
mentosis, abdomine purpureo longo, pedibus purpureis longissime
setosis, femoribus posticis incrassatis, alis nigricantibus dimidio basali
cinereo, halteribus albis.

Male. Blue; head silvery in front, thickly clothed beneath with white
hairs ; mystax with a few black bristles; third joint of the antenne
linear, conical at the tip; pectus and sides of the thorax in front with
white tomentum ; abdomen purple, slender, linear, about twice the
length of the thorax; legs purple, thickly clothed to the tips of the
tarsi with long black and white bristles; femora much incrassated,
partly blue ; wings blackish, cinereous for nearly half the length from
the base; veins black; halteres white. Length of the body 8 lines ;
of the wings 12 lines.

15. LAPHRIA FLAGELLATA, n.s. Mas et Fem. Nigra, capite aurato,
antennarum articulo 3° lato fusiformi, pectore albo tomentoso, seg-
mentorum abdominalium marginibus posticis lateralibus albis, pedibus
purpureo variis, alis nigris basi cinereis. Mas. Abdomine purpureo.

Male and Female. Blue; head brightly gilded in front, clothed beneath
with white hairs; mystax with several black bristles ; antennz black,
third joint broad, fusiform; pectus with white tomentum ; abdomen
with white tomentum on the hind borders of the segments; legs
partly purple, thinly beset with black and white bristles; wings
black, cinereous towards the base; veins and halteres black. Male.
Abdomen purple. Length of the body 44-5 lines; of the wings 8-9

lines.

GILOLO, TERNATE, AND CERAM. 7

Subfam. AstLirEs, Walk.

Gen. Trupanga, Macq.

16. TRUPANEA GILOLONA, un. s. Mas et Fem. Nigra, eapite subtus
albo piloso, fronte subaurata, mystace e setis nigris albisque, thorace
cinereo vittis quatuor nigris, segmentorum abdominalium marginibus
posticis ventreque cinereis, tibiis rufis apice nigris, alis cinereis strigis
duabus subcostalibus sordide albidis, halteribus albidis.

Male. Black; head thickly clothed beneath with white hairs; front
slightly gilded; epistoma prominent; mystax composed of many
black and of fewer white bristles ; third joint of the antennz fusiform,
about one-third of the length of the second; thorax cimereous, with
four black stripes of the usual form ; pectus hoary; abdomen slightly
tapering from the base to the tip, about twice the length of the thorax ;
hind borders of the segments and underside cinereous; sexualia very
small; legs stout with a few black bristles; tibie dark red, black
towards the tips; wings dark cinereous ; subcostal and radial areolets
with dingy whitish stripes; veins black; halteres whitish. Length of
the body 6 lmes; of the wings 11 lines.

Female. Third jomt of the antennz fusiform, about one-fourth of the
length of the arista; abdomen lanceolate, full twice the length of the
thorax ; apical part stylate, shining. Length of the body 9 lines; of
the wings 12 lines.

Gen. Asitus, Linn.
17. Asilus involutus, Walk. See Vol. V. p. 281.

18. ASILUS CONDECORUS, n.s. Fem. Cyanescenti-niger, robustus,
fronte aurata, mystace e setis plurimis nigris paucisque albis, thoracis
suturis, lateribus, pectore et segmentorum abdominalium marginibus
posticis canis, abdomine subplano non acuto, pedibus robustis, alis
cinereis apices versus nigricantibus.

Female. Bluish black, stout, with black bristles; head gilded in front,
thickly clothed beneath with white hairs; epistoma prominent ;
mystax composed of numerous black bristles and of a few white
bristles ; third jomt of the antennz elongate-conical, not more than
one-fourth of the length of the style; pectus and sides, and sutures of
the thorax with hoary tomentum ; abdomen somewhat flat, slightly de-
creasing in breadth from the base to the tip, less than twice the length
of the thorax; hind borders of the segments hoary; tip black,
shining, not acute ; legs stout, with slight white pubescence and with
a few black bristles; wings cinereous, blackish towards the tips and
along the adjoming part of the hind border; veins black; forks of
the cubital vein undulating; halteres whitish. Length of the body
7 lines; of the wings 14 lines.

Gen. Ommartivus, Illiger.
19. Ommatius noctifer, Walk. See Vol. III. p. 88.

MR. F. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED aT

20. Ommatius retrahens, Walk. See Vol. III. p. 88.

21. OMMATIUS PLATYMELAS,n.s, Fem. Niger, latus, fronte aurata,
thoracis lateribus subauratis, scutello cinereo, abdomine subplano,
segmentorum marginibus posticis maculisque lateralibus trigonis
cinereis, tibiis rufis apice nigris, alis nigris nigricante marginatis.

Female. Black, broad, stout; head clothed beneath with white hairs,
gilded:in front ; epistoma flat; mystax extending to the base of the
antennz, composed of black bristles and of a few inferior white
bristles ; thorax slightly gilded on each side; scutellum cinereous ;
pectus hoary ; hind borders of the segments and underside with cine-
reous tomentum, which forms triangular spots along each side ; legs
very robust, with black bristles; tibize red, with black tips; wings
black, blackish towards the tips and along the hind border ; halteres
pale yellow. Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings 11 lines.

Fam. LEPTID A, Westw.

Gen. Suragina, Walk.

22. SURAGINA SIGNIPENNIS,n.s. Fem. Nigra, thorace vittis duabus
lateribusque canis, abdomine cano lanceolato apicem versus com-
presso, femoribus apice fulvis, tibiis rufescenti-piceis, alis cinereis
fasciis duabus maculaque interiore nigricantibus, gutta adhuc interiore
nigra.

Female. Black; head with whitish tomentum behind and beneath ;
thorax with two hoary stripes, which are dilated and united hindward ;
sides and pectus also hoary; abdomen hoary, lanceolate, compressed
towards the obtuse tip, nearly twice the length of the thorax; legs
long, slender ; femora with tawny tips; tibize reddish piceous ; wings
cinereous, with two blackish bands, which are united on the costa and
are separated obliquely hindward, second band apical; a blackish
elongated subcostal spot near the imner side of the first band, and a
black discal dot still nearer the base; halteres yellowish towards the
base. Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings 12 lines.

Fam. BOMBYLIDA, Leach.
Subfam. Turrnvires, Walk.
Gen. Turrnva, Latr.

23. THEREVA consciTa, n. s. Mas. Nigra, argenteo tomentosa,
thoracis disco nigro vittis duabus interlineatis canis, abdomine fasciis
sex nigris, alis cinereis apices versus nigricante nebulosis,

Male. Black, with silvery hoary tomentum; head silvery white in
front ; 3rd joint of the antennz lanceolate, nearly as long as the Ist
anil 2nd together; arista extremely short; disk of the thorax black,

GILOLO, TERNATE, AND CERAM. 9

with two hoary interlined stripes; abdomen silvery white, nearly
linear, with a short fringe along each side, and with six black bands,

~ 1st and 2nd bands broad, 3rd very broad, 4th and 5th very slender,
6th broad, apical; femora and tibie with silvery white tomentum ;
wings cinereous, slightly and partly clouded with blackish towards
the tips; veins black; halteres white. Length of the body 6 les;
of the wings 10 lines.

‘

Subfam. Bompyuitss, Walk.
Gen. ANTHRAX, Fubr.
24. Anthrax Pelops, Walk. See Vol. II. p. 90.

Fam. MUSCID, Latr.
Gen. Masicera, Dacq.
25. Masicera morio, Dol. See Vol. V. p. 154.

Gen. Euryeaster, Macq.
26. Eurygaster ridibunda, Walk. See Vol. IV. p. 125.

Subfam. Drextpzs, Walk.

Gen. Ruriita, Desv.
27. Rutilia ixoides, Walk. See Vol. V. p. 289.

28. RUTILIA FERVENS, var., Walk. See Vol. V. p. 288. Mas. Splendi-
dissime cyaneo-viridis, capite plagis duabus anticis testaceis trigonis
frontalibus, thoracis disco cupreo vittis quatuor nigris, abdomine vitta,
fasciis tribus guttisque duabus apicalibus nigris, pedibus nigris, alis
luridis.

Var. Male. Brilliant bluish green; head with a triangular testaceous
patch on each side of the peristoma; frontalia deep black, widening
much in front; antenne black; arista pubescent; thorax with a
cupreous disk and with four black stripes, of which the middle pair
are much abbreviated hindward; abdomen with a black stripe and
with three black bands, lst band basal, 2nd and 3rd convex on each
side m front, a black apical dot on each side; legs black; wings
lurid ; prebrachial vem forming a rounded, slightly obtuse angle at
its flexure, very slightly curved inward from thence to its tip; discal
transverse vein slightly undulating, parted by half its length from
the border, and by more than half its length from the flexure of
the prebrachial. Length of the body 7 limes; of the wings 16
lines.

29. Rutilia saturatissims, Walk. See Vol. V. p. 287.

30. RUTILIA SAPPHIRINA,n.s, Mas. Obscure purpurascenti-cyanea,

10 MR. F. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT

capite argenteo, frontalibus atris, thorace non vittato, abdomine nigro
fasciis tribus interruptis splendidissime purpurascenti-cyaneis, tibiis _
posticis fimbriatis, alis cinereis basi nigris.

Male. Dark purplish blue; head with silvery white tomentum; fron-
talia deep black, widening in front; antenne black; arista hardly
pubescent ; thorax not striped ; abdomen black, with three interrupted
brilliant purplish-blue bands; 2nd band narrower than the Ist and
than the 3rd, excavated on each side of the hind border, 3rd band
apical, very broad ; legs black; hind tibie fringed ; wings cinereous,
black at the base ; preebrachial vein forming a rounded, obtuse angle
at its flexure, hardly curved inward from thence to its tip; discal
transverse vein hardly undulating, parted by little more than one-
fourth of its length from the border, and by hardly more than half
its length from the flexure of the prebrachial, which, like it, is very
near the border. Length of the body 7 lines; of the wings 16 lines.

Gen. Gymnostyruia, Macq.

31. GYMNOSTYLIA LUTEICORNIS, n.s. Fem. Nigra, cinereo-tomen-
tosa, frontalibus atris perangustis, palpis testaceis, antennis luteis,
thorace vittis quatuor nigris, abdomine fulvo fusiformi macula basali
trigona, pedibus fulvis longiusculis, alis cimereis apud venas fuscescente
subnebulosis.

Female. Black, with cinereous tomentum; head with bristles along
each side of the frontalia, which are deep black, linear and very
narrow ; palpi testaceous; antenne luteous, 3rd jomt short; arista
bare, slender; thorax with four slender black stripes; pectus hoary ;
abdomen tawny, fusiform, a little longer and narrower than the thorax, -
with a black triangular spot at the base, and with black spines at the
tip; legs tawny, rather long and slender; tibiz darker than the
femora ; tarsi black ; wings cinereous, very slightly brownish-clouded
along the veins; veins black, tawny at the base, prebrachial vein
forming a very obtuse angle at its flexure, almost straight from thence
to its tip; discal transverse vein almost straight, parted by a little less
than its length from the border, and by a little more than its length
from the flexure of the prebrachial; alule white. Length of the
body 4 lines; of the wings 7 lines.

Subfam. Sarcornaarpes, Walk.

Gen. Sarncopuaaa, Meigen.

32. Sarcophaga mendax, Walk. See Vol. IV. p. 132.

Subfam. Muscorpns, Walk.
Gen. Musca, Linn.

43. Musca costalis, Walk. See Vol. V. p. 159.

GILOLO, TERNATE, AND CERAM. at

34. Musca promittens, Walk. See Vol. IV. p. 134,
35. Musca obtrusa, Walk. See Vol. III. p. 105.

Subfam. AntHomMyIDES, Walk.

Gen. AtomMogasTER, Macq.

36. ATOMOGASTER BISERIATA, n. s. Fem. Cana, capite albo, fron-
talibus atris latiusculis, antennis nigris, thorace vittis tribus obscuri-
oribus indistinctis, abdomine vitta nigricante maculisque sex quadratis
nigris subtus testaceo, pedibus testaceis, alis cinereis.

Female. Hoary; head white ; frontalia deep black, linear, rather broad ;
proboscis and palpi black, the latter slender, slightly curved; antennz
black, 3rd joint not reaching the epistoma; arista bare, stout at the
base ; thorax with three slender, indistinct, darker stripes; abdomen
elongate-oval, testaceous beneath, with a blackish stripe, which is
interrupted on the hind border of each segment, and with three
quadrate black spots on each side; basal segment not spotted; legs
testaceous ; wings cinereous; veins black, testaceous towards the
base; discal transverse vein straight, parted by about its length from
the border, and by nearly twice its length from the prebrachial trans-
verse ; alule white. Length of the body 2? lines; of the wings 43
lines.

37. ATOMOGASTER TRISERIATA,n. s. Fem. Schistacea, capite albo,
frontalibus rufis, thorace vittis tribus obscurioribus indistinctis, abdo-
mine maculis sex elongatis nigris, segmentis albo marginatis, femoribus
apice tibiisque fulvis, alis cinereis.

Female. Slate-colour; head white; frontalia red, linear; thorax with
three very indistinct darker stripes ; abdomen fusiform, a little longer
than the thorax, with three elongated black spots on each of the three
last segments; hind borders of the segments white; legs black ;
tibie and tips of the femora tawny; wings cinereous; veins black,
tawny at the base; discal transverse vein hardly bent imward, parted
by hardly less than its length from the border, and by nearly twice its
length from the prebrachial transverse ; alule white. Length of the
body 23 lines; of the wings 4 lines.

Subfam. Hetomyzipss, Fallén.

Gen. Hrtomyza, Fallén.

38. HELOMYZA INTERVENTA, n. s. Fem. Testacea, crassa, capite,
scutelli apice, abdomine femoribusque nigris, alis cinereis antice
subluridis.

Female. Testaceous, thick; head black, bristly above, white in front ;
antennz testaceous, 3rd joint short; arista plumose; scutellum
black towards the tip; abdomen black, elliptical, not longer than the
thorax ; femora black; wings cinereous, with a lurid tinge im front;

12

MR. F. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT

veins black, testaceous at the base; discal transverse vein straight,
parted by a little more than half its length from the border, and by
full twice its length from the prebrachial transverse. Length of the
body 3 lines; of the wings 5 lines.

Gen. Dryromyza.

39. Dryomyza semicyanea, Walk. See Vol. III. p. 109.

Gen. Sctomyza, Fallén.

40. Sciomyza? leucomelana, Walk. See Vol. IV. p. 144.

Subfam. Lauxaniprs, Walk.

Gen. Lonouma, Fullén.

41. Lonchza? consentanea, Walk. See Vol. 1V. p. 146.

Subfam. Orratipes, Haliday.

Gen. Lamproeaster, Macq. .

42. LAMPROGASTER SUPERNA, n. s. Fem. Testacea, capite supra

nigro, oculis albo-marginatis, thoracis disco cyaneo, abdomine supra
purpureo, alis cinereis basi et apud costam fulvis, striga transversa
guttaque antica exteriore nigris, striga costali apicali nigricante.

Female. 'Testaceous, shining; head black above, white about the eyes ;

mouth large ; antenne short, 3rd joint not more than half the length
of the face; arista bare, pubescent at the base; scutellum and disk of
the scutum blue; abdomen oval, purple above, a little shorter and
broader than the thorax ; wings cimereous, tawny at the base and along
the costa, a black streak extending from the costa along the preebrachial
transverse to the preebrachial vein ; a black exterior dot on the radial
vein, and a blackish streak at the tip of the costa; veins black, testa-
ceous towards the base ; discal transverse vein straight, oblique, parted
by hardly one-third of its length from the border, and by about its
length from the prebrachial transverse. Length of the body 5 lines;
of the wings 10 lines.

Gen. Prarystoma, Latr.

43, PLATYSTOMA POTENS,n. 8. Mas et Fam. Cinerea, crassa, capite

ochraceo, thorace vittis septem nigris, abdomine subtus testaceo,
pedibus rufescentibus, tarsis nigris basi testaceis, tibiis anticis apice
nigris, alis cinereis nigricante confertissime guttatis, halteribus tes-

taceis.

Male and Female. Cinereous, broad, thick ; head ochraceous, white

about the eyes and behind; face with a slender piceous stripe ; an-
teunz ochraceous; 43rd joint long, linear, about half the length of the

GILOLO, TERNATE, AND CERAM. 13

face; arista whitish, bare, ochraceous at the base; thorax with
seven slender blackish stripes; scutellum large, prominent ; abdomen
conical, testaceous beneath, much shorter than the thorax; oviduct
long, black, slender, stylate; legs dull reddish; tarsi black, testaceous
at the base; fore tibize with black tips; wings cinereous, with very
numerous various-shaped blackish spots and dots which form irregular
bands ; veins black, tawny along the costa, where there is a short lurid
streak in the middle; discal transverse vein straight, parted by less
than half its length from the border, and by much more than its
length from the very oblique prebrachial transverse vein; halteres
testaceous. Length of the body 6 lmes; of the wings 12 lines.

This species is closely allied to P. producta, wut the subapical cine-

reous band contains two dots.

44, PLATYSTOMA PECTORALIS, n.s. Mas. Cinerea, capite ochraceo,
facie nigro biguttata, thorace vittis quinque nigricantibus, pectore
vittis sex luteis, femoribus apice luteis, tibiis luteis apice nigris, tarsis
basi pallide flavis, alis cinereis nigricante confertissime guttatis, halte-
ribus pallide flavis.

Male. Cinereous; head ochraceous, white along the eyes ; a black dot
on each side of the face ; antennze about half the length of the face ;
arista black; thorax with five. blackish stripes; pectus with three
luteous stripes on each side; abdomen conical, shorter than the
thorax; femora with luteous tips; tibie luteous, with black tips;
tarsi pale yellow at the base; wings cimereous, with very numerous
various-sized, partly confluent, blackish dots; veins black; discal
transverse vein curved outward, parted by much less than half its
length from the border, and by more than its length from the oblique
prebrachial transverse vein; halteres pale yellow. Length of the
body 43 lines; of the wings 9 lines.

Gen. Dactus, Fabr.

45. DACUS STRIGIFER, n.s. Cyaneo-niger, facie rufescente strigata, oculis
argenteo marginatis, palpis apice rufescentibus, antennis longis basi
rufescentibus, arista alba pubescente, thorace vittis tribus cinereis,
tarsis posterioribus femoribusque albis apice nigris, alis cinereis, costa
striga basali fasciaque lata exteriore nigris.

Bluish black ; head silvery, hoary behind and about the eyes; face trian-

gular, with a reddish streak which is abbreviated towards the peri-
stoma; palpi with reddish tips; antenne black, reddish towards the
base ; 3rd joint slender, very long, extending to the peristoma; arista
white, pubescent, bare towards the tip, much longer than the 3rd
joint ; thorax with three cinereous stripes, which are united hind-
ward; pectus cimereous; abdomen wanting; legs black; femora
white, black towards the tips; fore coxze white; posterior tarsi white,
with black tips; wings limpid, black along the costa; a black discal

14

MR. F. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT

streak extending from the base to one-third of the length ; a black
broad irregular oblique band beyond the middle; veins black ; discal
transverse vein straight, parted by less than half its length from the
border, and by about its length from the very oblique prebrachial
transverse vein, which equals it in length ; halteres white. Length of
the body 6 lines; of the wings 10 lines.

46. Dacus FURCIFER, n. s. Mas. Anthracina, cinereo-tomentosa,

antennis vix longis, arista plumosa, thorace vittis tribus nigricantibus,
pedibus longiusculis, alis cinereis nigro bifasciatis, fascia 2? latissima,
linea costali exteriore apicem versus furcata, halteribus albis.

Male. Coal-black, with cinereous tomentum ; third joint of the antennz

slightly tapering from the base to the tip, much shorter than the face ;
arista plumose ; thorax with three blackish stripes; abdomen linear,
narrower and very much longer than the thorax; legs rather long; wings
cinereous ; apical part of the costa with a black line, which emits a
fork towards the tip; a narrow black oblique band before the middle,
and beyond the middle a very broad black band, which is oblique in
the contrary direction; veims black; discal transverse vein very slightly
curved outward, parted by about one-fourth of its length from the
border, and by less than its length from the straight, upright prebra-
chial vem, which is not more than half its length; halteres white.
Length of the body 5 lines; of the wings 10 lines.

47. Dacus EXPERTUS, n.s. Fem. Cyaneus, palpis, antennis pedibus-

que nigris, thorace yittis tribus cinereis, pedibus breviusculis, alis
cinerels, costa exteriore apicibusque nigris, venis transversis nigro
marginatis, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Dark blue; palpi, antenne, and legs black; 3rd joint of the

antenne linear, slender, extending to the peristoma ; thorax with three
cinereous stripes; pectus cinereous; abdomen elongate-conical, a
little longer and narrower than the thorax; legs short, stout; wings
cinereous, black along the exterior part of. the costa and about the
tips; transverse veins clouded with black; discal transverse vein
almost straight, parted by about half its length from the border and
by about its length from the prebrachial transverse vein, which is
oblique; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 4 lines; of the
wings 8 lines.

48. Dacus PERPLEXUS, n. 8. Fam. Niger, capite luteo, facie nigro

biguttata, antennis luteis longis, arista nigra nuda, thorace vittis tribus
luteis, pectore maculis duabus trigonis luteis, abdomine fulvo lato
striga brevi nigricante, pedibus luteis, alis limpidis, striga basali, vitta
costali dentata vittaque postica angulata fuscis.

Female. Black; head pale Juteous, with a piceous dot on the front, and

with a round black dot on each side of the face; 3rd joint of the
antenne: extending to the peristoma, very slightly tapering from the
base to the tip; arista black, bare ; thorax with a luteous stripe, with

GILOLG, TERNATE, AND CERAM. 15

two luteous humeral calli, and with two hindward lateral luteous
streaks ; pectus with a large luteous triangular spot on each sides
abdomen tawny, elliptical, with a slight blackish stripe, which is much
abbreviated in front, longer and much broader than the thorax; ovi-
duct long, slender, lanceolate; legs luteous; wings limpid, with a
brown costal stripe which emits an angle in the middle, the angle
parallel to an angular brown stripe on the hind border; an oblique
brown streak proceeding from the base, and a brownish dot near the
tip hindward ; veins black, tawny towards the base; discal transverse
vein undulating, parted by a little more than one-fourth of its length
from the border, and by a little more than its length from the straight,
upright prebrachial transverse vein; halteres pale yellow. Length of
the body 6 lines; of the wings 12 lines.

Gen. Soputra, Walk.

49. SopHIRA PUNCTIFERA, n. s. Foam. Testacea, antennarum ar-
ticulo 3° brevi oblique truncato, arista nuda, thoracis abdominisque
lateribus nigro punctatis, pedibus breviusculis, alis nigricantibus latius-
culis albido conferte punctatis.

Female. Testaceous; antennz not nearly reaching the epistoma; 3rd
joint short, obliquely truncated at the tip ; arista bare; thorax, pectus,
and abdomen with black points along each side ; abdomen conical, not
longer than the thorax ; oviduct short, lanceolate; legs rather short
and slender; wings blackish, rather broad, adorned with numerous
transverse whitish points; discal transverse vein nearly straight,
parted by one-fourth of its length from the border, and by about its
length from the straight, upright prebrachial transverse vein. Length
of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

Gen. Ortatis, Fallén.

50. ORTALIS PUNCTIFASCIA, n. 8. Fem. Cyanea, capite nigro, oculis
albo marginatis, antennis rufis, arista plumosa, pedibus nigris, tarsis
albis, alis albis nigro quadrifasciatis, fascia 3* punctum album inclu-
dente, 4* strigam costalem emittente.

Female. Dark blue, shining; head black, white about the eyes; an-
tennz dark red, very short; 3rd joint conical, not much longer than
the 2nd; arista plumose; abdomen very little longer than the thorax ;
oviduct black, furrowed; legs black; tarsi white, with black tips;
wings white, with four black bands; lst band basal; 3rd much
broader than the others, including a white costal point; 4th emitting
a black costal streak to the tip of the wing ; prebrachial vein forming
an angle at its junction with the discal transverse vein; the latter
straight, parted by half its length from the border, and by much more
than its length from the prebrachial transverse vein; halteres black.
Length of the body 23 lines; of the wings 4% lines.

51. ORTALIS AQUIFERA, n. s. Mas et Fem. Cyanescenti-nigra,

16 MR. F. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT

capite antico rufo, oculis albo marginatis, antennis rufis, arista nuda,
thorace vitta lata cinerea, abdomine basi fulvo, coxis femoribusque
anticis fulvis, alis cinereis vitta fasciisque duabus exterioribus nigris.

_ Male and Female. Bluish black; head black, red in front, white about
the eyes ; antenne red, not reaching the epistoma; 3rd joint rather
long, slightly tapering to the tip; arista bare ; thorax with a broad
cinereous stripe; pectus cinereous; abdomen linear, black, tawny
towards the base, broadest in the female and with a prominent ovi-
duct; legs black; fore coxee and fore femora tawny ; wings cinereous,
with a black stripe extending from the base along the costa and thence
descending to the middle of the disk ; two exterior black bands, which
are united on the costa, the second apical; discal transverse vein
straight, parted by one-third of its length from the border, and by
more than its length from the prebrachial transverse. Length of the
body 23 lines; of the wings 42 lines.

52. ORTALIS CONCISIVITTA, n.s. Mas. Rufa, oculis albo marginatis,
scutello, metathorace, pectoris disco abdominisque apice cyaneis, alis
nigricantibus, margine postico fascia apicibusque cinereis.

Male. Red, shiming; head white about the eyes ; antenne nearly reach-
ing the epistoma; 3rd joint long, linear; arista simple; scutellum,
metathorax, disk of the pectus and abdomen towards the tip blue;
abdomen conical, not longer than the thorax ; wings blackish, cine-
reous along the hind border and towards the tips, which are blackish ;
a cinereous band between the transverse veins; veins black ; discal
transverse vein straight, upright, parted by less than one-fourth of its
length from the border, and by hardly more than its length from the
prebrachial transverse. Length of the body 2} lines; of the wings 43
lines. ‘

Gen. Tryprta, Meigen.

53. TRYPETA RETORTA, n.s. Foam. Picea, subtus testacea, capite,
scutello abdominisque basi testaceis, pectoris disco piceo, femoribus
anticis tibiis tarsisque testaceis, alis limpidis nigricante angulatim
bivittatis.

Female. Piceous setose, testaceous beneath; head and antenne testa-
ceous, the latter not reaching the epistoma, 3rd joint linear ; arista
plumose ; scutellum testaceous; disk of the pectus piceous ; abdomen
ovate, testaceous towards the base, a little longer than the thorax ;
terebra flat, conical; tibize, tarsi and fore femora testaceous; wings
limpid, with a blackish costal stripe, which is broadest at the base and
concave towards the tip, and is nearly parallel to another blackish |
stripe; the latter is also broadest at the base, and forms a right angle
opposite the concavity of the fore stripe ; discal transverse vein oblique,
nearly straight, parted by one-third of its length from the border, and
by a little less than its length from the prebrachial transverse. Length
of the body 4 lines; of the wings & lines.

GILOLO, TERNATE, AND CERAM. 17

Subfam. SrpstpEs, Walk.
Gen. Canopata, Fadr.

54, Calobata impingens, Walk. See Vol. IV. p. 161.

55. CALOBATA GUTTICOLLIS, n. s, Fem. Nigra, capite guttis duabus
nigris, thorace antico guttis duabus lateralibus nigris, femoribus anticis
apice tibiisque anticis nigris, tarsis anticis albis, femoribus posteriori-
bus piceo fasciatis, alis fuscescentibus cinereo trimaculatis.

Female. Testaceous; vertex with a black dot; disk of the front black ;
thorax with a black dot on each side in front; fore femora towards
the tips and fore tibize black ; fore tarsi white ; posterior femora with
a piceous band near the tips, which are also piceous ; wings brownish,
with three rather indistinct pale cinereous dots, of which the two
exterior form an interrupted band; veins with the usual structure.
Length of the body 5-53 lines; of the wings 8-9 lines.

56. CALOBATA DIFFUNDENS, n. s. Fem. Subcinereo-nigra, capite
chalybeo, oculis albo-marginatis, palpis antennis abdominisque apice
rufescentibus, pedibus luteis, femoribus anticis dimidio apicali tibtis-
que anticis nigris, tarsis anticis albis basi nigris, femoribus posteriori-
bus subdilatatis nigro trifasciatis, tibiis tarsisque posticis nigris, alis
cinereis nigricante bifasciatis.

Female. Black; head chalybeous, white about the eyes; mouth and
palpi reddish; thorax and abdomen with slight cinereous tomentum ;
abdomen lanceolate, nearly twice the length of the thorax, with a
reddish tip; legs luteous; fore femora for half the length from the
tips and fore tibize black ; fore tarsi white, black at the base; posterior
femora slightly dilated, with three black bands; hind tibiz and hind
tarsi black ; wings cinereous, with two blackish bands, the 2nd apical ;
veins black, with the usual structure ; halteres white. Length of the
body 5 lines; of the wings 8 lines.

Subfam. Pstriprs, Walk.
Gen. AnerTuLA, Walk.
57. Angitula longicollis, Walk. See Vol. III. p. 123.

Gen. Nzrivus, Wied.
58. Nerius duplicatus, Wied. See Vol. III. p. 125.

Fam. HIPPOBOSCID 2, Leach.
Gen. Ornnitsomyta, Leach.

59. Ornithomyia Batchianica, Walk. See Vol. V. p. 300.

TERNATE.

Fam. STRATIOMIDA, Haliday.
Gen. PritocEera, Wied.
1. Ptilocera 4-dentata, Fabr. See Vol. I. p. 7.
LINN. PROC.—ZOOLO@Y. 2

18

MR. F. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT .

Fam. ASILID 2, Leach.

Subfam. Lapnritss, Walk.

Gen. Larartia, Fubr.

2. Laphria socia, Walk. See Vol. III. p. 84.

Subfam. Asttites, Walk.

Gen. Asiuus, Linn.

3. Asilus condecorus, Walk. See p. 7.
Male? Abdomen with a brownish tinge; sexualia very large.

4.

ASILUS NORMALIS, n.s. Mas et Fem. Cinereo-niger, capite sub-
aurato, mystace e setis albis nigrisque, thorace vittis tribus anticis
cinereis, abdomine fasciis fulvis, femoribus apices versus tibiisque
rufescentibus, his nigro strigatis, alis nigris basi cinereis, halteribus
sordide testaceis. Fem. Abdomine stylato.

Male and Female. Cinereous black; head slightly gilded, with hoary

6.

hairs beneath ; mystax with many white bristles and with a few higher
black bristles; pectus and three stripes on the fore part of the thorax
cinereous ; abdomen with bands of tawny hairs and tomentum ; legs
stout; femora towards the tips and tibie reddish, the latter streaked
with black ; wings black, cinereous towards the base, the cinereous part
extending in the disk beyond the middle; veins black, reddish at the
base; lower branch of the cubital vein undulating; halteres dingy
testaceous. Male. Abdomen lanceolate; sexualia small, elongate.
Female. Abdomen elongate-conical, with narrower bands than those
of the male; the four apical segments forming a black, shining, slender
style. Length of the body 7-8 lines; of the wings 12 lines.

Gen. Ommativs, Llliger.

. Ommatius retrahens, Walk. See Vol. IV. p. 88.

Gen. LeproaastEer, Meigen.

LEPTOGASTER EXACTA,n. 8. Mas. Picea, capite pectoreque canis,
antennis nigris basi luteis, thorace obscure rufo vittis tribus nigri-
cantibus, pedibus pallide luteis, femoribus nigro bifasciatis, tibiis
posticis apice tarsisque nigris, alis subcinereis apice nigro marginatis,
halteribus pallide flavescentibus.

Male. Piceous; head hoary behind and beneath; antennz black,

luteous at the base; thorax dark red, with three blackish stripes ;
sides and pectus hoary; abdomen very slender; legs pale luteous ;
femora with two black bands, which are most distinct on the hind pair ;
tarsi and hind tibia towards the tips and knees black ; wings slightly
cinereous, black-bordered at the tips; veins black; halteres pale
yellowish. Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings 10 lines,

GILOLO, TERNATE, AND CERAM. 19

Fam. SYRPHID&, Leach.

Gen. Syrpuus, Fubr.

7. Syrphus ericetorum, Fabr. See Vol. II. p. 97.

Fam. MUSCID2, Latr.
Subfam. TacuinipgEs, Walk.

Gen. Eurye@aster, Macq.
8. Eurygaster remittens, Walk. See Vol. IV. p. 125.

Subfam. Drextpzs, Walk.
Gen. Drxta, Meigen.

9. DEXIA PARALLELA,n.s. Mas. Nigra, angusta, cylindrica, palpis
antennisque rufis, his apice piceis, arista plumosa, thorace vittis tribus
albidis, abdomine chalybeo-nigro fasciis albidis atrisque, pedibus
longis, alis vitreis vitta costali nigra.

Maie. Black, long, slender, cylindrical ; head white, with a black band
on each side between the eye and the epistoma; front prominent ;
frontalia broad, deep black ; face slightly oblique ; antennz and palpi
red; the former piceous towards the tips, nearly reaching the epi-
stoma; 3rd joint linear, slender, rounded at the tip, about four times
the length of the 2nd; arista plumose; thorax with three whitish
stripes, the lateral pair broad, interrupted; pectus and postscutellum
whitish, the former with two black bands on each side; abdomen
chalybeous black, full twice the length of the thorax ; segments with
whitish fore borders and deep-black hind borders ; legs long, slender ;
wings vitreous, with a black -costal stripe, which is interlined with
cinereous; veins pale except along the costa; prebrachial vein
forming a slightly obtuse angle at its flexure, slightly curved inward
from thence to its tip; discal transverse vein slightly undulating,
parted by half its length from the border, and by a little less than its
length from the flexure of the preebrachial ; alule large, white. Length
of the body 6 lines; of the wings 10 lines.

Gen. Rutitta, Desv.
10. Rutilia atribasis, Walk. See Vol. V. p. 288.

1]. Rutitta ExceELsA,n.s. Mas. Cyaneo-viridis, capite albo strigis
duabus lateralibus anticis nigris, frontalibus atris, abdomine cupreo,
basi vitta et segmentorum marginibus posticis nigris, pedibus nigris,
alis fuscescenti-cinereis basi fusco notatis.

Male. Bluish green; head white, with a black streak on each side,
extending from the borders of the eyes to the epistoma; frontalia
deep black, very narrow on the vertex, widening much in front ; thorax

a *

MR. F. WALKER ON DIPTERA OOLLECTED AT

tinged here and there with cupreous; abdomen cupreous, with the
lst segment and a slender stripe deep black; the following segments,
which are black along their hind borders, bluish green; legs black ;
wings brownish cinereous, tinged with brown near the base; pre-
brachial vein forming a rounded right angle at its flexure, very slightly
curved inward from thence to its tip; discal transverse vein slightly
undulating, parted by less than one-third of its length from the border,
and by very much more than its length from the flexure of the pre-
brachial. Length of the body 73 lines; of the wings 17 lines.

Subfam. Muscrpts, Walk.

Gen. Musca, Linn.

12. Musca promittens, Walk. See Vol. IV. p. 134.

Subfam. Ortaripes, Haliday.

Gen. PLatystoma, Latr.

13, Platystoma potens, Walk. See p. 12.

CERAM.

Fam. STRATIOMID 2, Haliday.

Gen. Prinocrra, Wied.

1. Ptilocera 4-dentata, Fabr. See Vol. I. p. 7.

Gen. Crireniartia, Meigen.

2. Clitellaria obesa, Walk. See Vol. V. p. 232.

Fam. TABANID, Leach.

Gen. Tasanus, Latr.

3. TABANUS SERUS,n.s. Foam. Cinereus, capite subtus pectoreque

albis, antennis fulvis apice nigris, thorace vittis duabus ferrugineis,
callis humeralibus testaceis, abdomine pedibusque fulvis, alis cinereis
apud costam fuscis.

Female. Black, with cinereous tomentum; head beneath and pectus

white; callus black, very slender, broader in front; palpi cinereous ;
antenne tawny with cinereous tomentum towards the base, 3rd joint
slightly curved, black towards the tip, with a very small horn; thorax
with two ferruginous tomentose stripes; humeral calli testaceous ;
abdomen tawny, clongate-conical; legs tawny; tarsi black; wings
cinereous, brown along the costa; veins black, with the usual struc-
ture, tawny at the base; halteres pale. Length of the body 6 lines ;
of the wings 12 lines.

GILOLO, TERNATE, AND CERAM. 21

Fam. ASILIDA, Leach.

Subfam. Lapurives, Walk.

Gen. Lapuria, Fabr.

4. Laphria tristis, Dol. See Vol. V. p. 146.

5. Laphria Vuleanus, Wied. See Vol. I. p. 10.

6. LAPHRIA OSTENSA, n.s. Mas. » Nigra, aureo-pilosa, capite aurato,
mystace nigro, thorace strigis quatuor lateralibus obliquis cimereis,
abdomine subaurato segmentorum marginibus subauratis apice nigro
alis limpidis dimidio apicali nigro.

Male. Black, wholly clothed with gilded hairs; head brightly gilded in
front; mystax composed of some black bristles; third jomt of the
antenne elongate-fusiform ; thorax with two cinereous oblique streaks
on each side; abdomen with cinereous tomentum; sides and hind
borders of the segments slightly gilded; tip black, shming; legs
thickly clothed with long gilded hairs; wings limpid; apical half
black; haiteres pale yellowish. Length of the body 8 lines; of the
wings 14 lines. :

Subfam. Asrrttes, Walk.

Gen. Ommatius, Illiger.

7. OMMATIUS INEXTRICATUS,n.s. Mas. Subaurato-cinereus, capite
aurato, mystace e pilis aureis, antennis nigris basi fulvis, thorace lineis
cinereis, segmentorum abdominalium marginibus posticis flavescenti-
auratis, sexualibus rufis, pedibus nigris robustis, tibiis fulvis, alis lurido-
cinerels.

Male. Black, with cinereous slightly gilded tomentum; head gilded,
with white hairs beneath; mystax with gilded bristles; antenne
black, tawny towards the base, 3rd joint elongate-conical; thorax
with slender cinereous stripes ; abdomen with a yellowish gilded band
on the hind border of each segment; sexualia deep red, shining ;
legs very stout ; tibiz tawny ; wings lurid-cinereous, darker cinereous
hindward and towards the tips; veins red; halteres dull reddish.
Length of the body 9 lines; of the wings 16 lines.

Gen. LeproaastTer, Meigen.

8. LEPTOGASTER MAGNICOLLIS, n.s. Mas. Fulva, capite nigro antice -
argenteo, mystace albo, antennis fulvis basi apiceque nigris, thorace
maculis duabus nigricantibus, abdomine tenui clavato apicem versus
nigro, alis sublimpidis costa apiceque cinereis.

Male. Bright tawny ; head black above, silvery white in front ; mystax
with white bristles; antennz tawny, black towards the base and at
the tips; thorax with a blackish spot on each side in front ; pectus
with pale gilded tomentum ; abdomen slender, clavate, full thrice the
length of the thorax, black towards the tip; tarsi much darker than

22 MR. F. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT GILOLO, ETC.

the tibize ; wings nearly limpid, cinereous along the costa and towards
the tips; veins black, tawny towards the base; halteres with piceous
knobs. Length of the body 8 lines; of the wings 12 lines.

Fam. SYRPHIDA, Leach.

Gen. Eristaris, Latr.
9. Eristalis splendens, Leg. See Vol. III. p. 95.

Fam. MUSCIDA, Laér.

Subfam. SarcopHagipgs, Walk.

Gen. Sarcopnaca, Meigen.
10, Sarcophaga sericeo-nitens, Dol. See Vol. V. p. 158.

Subfam. Muscrpgs, Walk.

Gen. Musca, Linn.
11. Musea costalis, Dol. See Vol. V. p. 159.

Subfam. OnraLipss, Haliday.

Gen. OxycrerHata, Macq.

12, OxycEPHALA ALIENATA, n. s. Mas. Rufescenti-fulva, capite
nigro biguttato, metathorace pectoreque nigris, abdomine fusiformi
basi supra nigro, femoribus basi ve notatis, alis fuscis dimidio
postico cimereo.

Male. Reddish tawny ; head with a black dot in front of the base of
the antenne; face with two grooves; antenne almost reaching the
epistoma; 2nd joint clavate; 3rd linear, rounded at the tip, broader
but not longer than the 2nd; metathorax and pectus black ; abdomen
fusiform, longer than the thorax, black above towards the base; legs
robust; femora marked with black at the base; wings brown, hinder
half cinereous ; veins tawny, discal transverse vein slightly undulating,
parted by hardly half its length from the border and by much more
than its length from the prebrachial transverse. Length of the
body 7 lines; of the wings 16 lines.

Gen. Dacus, Fabr.

15. Dacus ABSOLUTUS, n.s. Fem. Cinereus, capite fulvo, facie nigro
biguttata, antenn;s can arista pes thoracis lateribus scutelloque
fulvis, abdomine fasciis interruptis nigris, apice plano stylato-lanceo-—
lato, alis cinereis costa fuscesceunte.

Female. Black, with hoary tomentum ; head tawny ; face oblique, with
a black dot in the groove on each side; antennze quite reaching the
epistoma; 3rd joint very long, conical at the tip; arista bare; sides
of the thorax, humeral calli and scutellum tawny ; abdomen tawny,
oval, with the exception of the four apical segments, which are shining
and form a flat lanceolate style; basal part with four interrupted black

ON THE POSSIBILITY OF TAKING A ZOOLOGICAL CENSUS. 23

bands ; legs testaceous ; wings cinereous ; with a brownish tinge along
the costa; discal transverse vein straight, parted by one fourth of its
length from the border and by about its length from the oblique pree-
brachial transverse vein; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 6
lines; of the wings 9 lines.

Gen. Soputra, Walk.

14. SopHIRA BIPARS, n.s. Fem. Fulva, nitens, abdomine nigro basj
fulvo, alis nigris margine postico cinereo limpido-interlineato.

Female. Tawny, shining, with a few black bristles; head and pectus
paler ; 3rd jomt of the antenne linear, rounded at the tip, not reach-
ing the epistoma; arista simple; abdomen oval, black except towards
the base, shorter than the thorax ; wings black, with a cinereous partly
limpid stripe on the hind border ; this stripe is interrupted by a black
streak which extends along the discal transverse line; a pale point on
the middle of the costa; discal transverse vein straight, parted by
half its length from the border, and by about its length from the
prebrachial transverse, which is rather long. Length of the body 2%
lmes; of the wings 7 lines.

On the Possibility of taking a Zoological Census.
By Aurrep Newron, M.A., F.L.S.

[Read March 21, 1861.]

Ir is now nearly five years since my friend, the late Mr. John
Wolley, to whose genius as a naturalist Iam proud to own mymany
great obligations, suggested to me in a letter the possibility of
taking a census of the birds of these islands. The period of
numbering the human population of the British Empire, which is
now so close at hand, makes me think the present time, when
men’s minds are turned to the subject, not inopportune to bring
to the notice of this Society the advantages which might possibly
accrue to Zoology by taking an approximate census, not only of
our birds, but also of the other divisions of our fauna. I believe
that naturalists will bear me out in the assertion that hitherto
nothing of this kind has ever been attempted in any branch of the
science, and also that (with perhaps very few, but highly laudable,
exceptions) no writer has ventured to express in any convenient
form the relative proportion which the number of individuals of
one species bears to those of another. In almost all local faunas
the abundance or scarcity of different species is expressed in very
arbitrary, not to say vague, terms. We find nothing more definite
than the words “common,” “frequently met with,” “rare’’ or
“occasionally seen’’ appended to the names of animals in some

24 MR. ALFRED NEWTON ON THE POSSIBILITY OF -

even of the most carefully drawn-up lists. And yet, setting aside
the immense difference there may exist between personal powers
and opportunities of observation, to what two men will these phrases
convey exactly the same meaning ? Now I confess I know not in
what way such records can be reduced, so to speak, to a common
standard, save by expressing them in figures ; nor how they ean be-
come generally useful unless they are understood in one and the
same sense. It is far from my wish to depreciate such observations,
and I say this to guard against misapprehension. Nay, I say
more, if they are not taken for more than they are worth, they
are highly useful ; but only as a basis for future and more complete
inguiries. In their present state, as it seems to me, there is no
denying that they are imperfect. To take, for instance, an ex-
ample from that branch of Zoology of which I am least ignorant.
A Devonshire and a Durham ornithologist in a local list of birds
would probably each return Phyllopneuste trochilus and P. rufa
as “common.” But were they to change places, the previous
experience of each would, in a very short time, convince them that
whereas, in the southern county, the latter species may double the
former in numbers, in the northern the proportion might be ex-
actly reversed. Now there are not very many people who have
the chance of personally comparing for any sufficient time the pro-
portionate numbers of the summer warblers on the banks of the
Tamar and of the Tees. Besides, too, there is perhaps the natu-
ralist resident perforce in Derbyshire who would fain institute a
comparison between his own observations and those taken in
Devonshire and Durham. ‘The case becomes still more hopeless
when we turn to foreign countries, and, referring to the duchy of
Darmstadt or the province of Dauphiny, attempt to ascertain the
relative abundance therein of the species I have named.

Having thus briefly indicated the existing want of any such
standard whereby local observations may be compared, I turn to
the advantages which seem likely to follow the practical rendering
of this suggestion. As chief among them (and the only one I will
here adduce) I would place the light which might in consequence
be thrown upon what we have lately heard so much of, the great
question of the “struggle for life.’ It appears to me that
before we can assign any cause for the predominance of any one
species over another in any given district, the first thing to be
ascertained is the measure of that predominance. 'Vhis found, if
the relative abundance of other species which influence its well-
being—say, of inscets or plants as aflording it food and harbour,

TAKING A ZOOLOGICAL CENSUS. 25

-

or of predatory animals as checking its increase—we shall surely
have acquired some valuable facts bearing upon its existence, and
thus be enabled to judge with less chance of error respecting its
preservation as a “ favoured race.”’ I am well aware that, in urging
these remarks, I am laying myself open to the charge of Utopian-
ism—and justly so, were I for a moment to deceive myself or to
attempt to deceive others with the hope that such observations as
I am advocating could be satisfactorily made, except in very few
instances. But with these very few instances 1 am prepared to
be content, at all events as a first step ; for, if I mistake not, they
would speedily be found of service, and the desire to extend them
would as speedily grow.

Now as to the method by which these suggestions may be put
in practice. It is plain that here lies the chief difficulty, and I
only approach it with great caution. It may be at first sight not
unnaturally objected, that the difference between personal powers
of observation, which I have before mentioned, and the existence
of which no one can doubt, will be as insuperable when these ob-
servations are represented in numbers as when they are expressed —
in words. I trust, however, that the Society will give me credit
for asserting, on the strength of a somewhat protracted trial, that
this objection is unfounded. I do not desire at present to go into
particulars. I will merely state that I have found that, with com-
paratively little trouble, a sufficiently accurate account of the ap-
pearance, not only of every species of bird, but, with respect to
many species, of every individual bird may be kept; and I do not
see any reason why the same principle should not be extended to
other groups of the animal kingdom. Indeed, I think that zoolo-
gists have only to apply themselves to the task, each in his own
district, to accomplish what is wantej. So far the matter is easy ;
and were it only required that the numbers seen should be polled,
no particular obstacle presents itself. But the real hindrance I find
in what I may perhaps be allowed to call the “ disturbing forces,”
-which must be duly appreciated before the returns from different
localities can be reduced to a common standard for comparison.
Herein the zoologist must avail himself of the help of the geolo-
gist and the botanist ; and therefore have I thought it expedient
to introduce the subject of this paper to the Linnean Society, a
body so fully competent to deal with the mixed questions which
must arise from its consideration, and with which I freely acknow-
ledge my utter inability to cope. But I may also add that it is
my intention immediately to pursue the matter further as regards

26 MR. T. WEST ON APPENDAGES

the branch of natural history to which I am most addicted, and,
through a channel whereby I can address myself especially to my
brother ornithologists *, to enter into details which I should not
be warranted in inflicting upon this Society, from some of whose
members, however, I trust to receive that support in investigating
the generalities of the case which can alone secure to the project
even the smallest degree of success.

On certain Appendages to the Feet of Insects subservient to
Holding or Climbing. By Turren Wssr, F.L.S.

[Abstract of papers read March 21 and June 6, 1861.]

Tx structures in the foot of the Fly having long occupied the
author’s attention, he was induced, by the fact of their minuteness
and the difficulties attending satisfactory examination and reason-
ing thereon, to search amongst insects generally for examples of
analogous structures on a larger scale. With this view many
examinations were made of such insects as could be procured ; and
whenever practicable, they were viewed in action in the live-box.
The importance of this was urged as the only way to obtain
correct ideas regarding structures which must be more or less soft
in order to fulfil their intended purposes, and which, therefore, are
generally found shrivelled and distorted in dried specimens.

The labours of other observers in the same field were first
mentioned, from which it appears that the way in which some
insects are enabled to suspend themselves or to walk freely against
gravity had been ascribed to causes which might conveniently be
classified as follows :—

A. By the entire cushions (of flies) acting as suckers.
B. By the hairs with which the under surface of these cushions
is furnished acting
a, as minute hooks ;
b. as suckers ;
ce. by adhesion through the emission of a viscid secretion from
supposed glands in their expanded terminations ;
d. as suckers, adhesion being assisted by the emission of a
small quantity of fluid from such supposed glands.

The author then gave the results of his own examinations,
stating that similar structures to those on the feet of flies were
present in many beetles, the largest being on the dilated anterior
tarsi of the males amongst the Geodephagi or ground-beetles.

* Sec ‘The Ibis’ for 1861, pp. 190-196.

TO THE FEET OF INSECTS. yi |

Those presented by Pterostichus were then somewhat minutely
described, as the largest the author had had the opportunity of
observing whilst living and in action. They may be considered
as composed of two portions: the first is an elastic membrane,
perfectly smooth on the lower surface to admit of its exact adapta-
tion ; the second, on which the former is borne, is a long stem or
pedicle arising at an oblique angle from the tarsal joint, and bent
suddenly downwards near its insertion into the membranous
portion, by which the latter is rendered capable of being brought
into contact through its whole extent with the surfaces to which
itis applied. In the beetle in question the membrane is reniform,
with its long axis directed transversely. -dmara was then noticed
as possessing similar organs, with some of the Carabi ; it appeared
that, as a general rule, their number was increased as their size
‘diminished. The presence of scale-like hairs on the back of these
membranous expansions in some cases was mentioned as affording
a clue to the condition in Carabus, where irregular elevated
wrinkles simulate such corrugations as would be produced by the
contraction of a membranous tube.

The structure of these expanded membranous organs was shown
to agree in every respect with that of true hairs—as being hollow
for some distance, seated in a depression of the integument on a
slight papilla, and shut off from the cavity of the joint by a delicate
membrane, to which some fibres (including probably a nerve) could
be traced. These statements were borne out by examinations of
the parts in Carabus and Dyticus, whence the scarcely expected
result was obtained that the “suckers ”’ of the latter are themselves
only hairs still more modified.

Various forms of these spathulate hairs, and plans of their
arrangement on the tarsi, were mentioned, with the different insects
on which the author had met with them.

The strong resemblance in the structure of the bilobed Dipte-
rous pulyillus to the almost equally cleft third joint in Curculio
and Chrysomela, which are both furnished with these spathulate ap-
pendages, led the author to throw out the suggestion that the former
was, in a homological sense, a modified joint. The principal diffi-
culty in accepting such a view (namely, the position of the claws) was
combated by showing that the latter are themselves only modified
hairs, usually converted into hooks to serve a special purpose*. In

* Since the above was written, the author has had the opportunity of examin-
ing the feet of the Ephemera in the living fly, and has ascertained the curious

fact, that whilst one of the ungues remains in its normal condition as a strongly
curved, horny hook, the other is converted into a soft fleshy sucker. :

28 ON APPENDAGES TO THE FEET OF INSECTS.

the hind legs of some aquatic insects, when they are not used
either as aids to progression or for the capture of prey, the claw-
hairs are scarcely distinguishable from other hairs by which they
are surrounded. The five “supplementary claws’”’ (slightly modi-
fied hairs) of EHpetra, and still more noticeably the claws found by
the author along the entire under surface of the tarsi of Pholcus
phalangioides, were mentioned as supporting this view.

This, the first portion of the paper, after recalling the brilliant
researches of Professor Huxley on various dissimilar tegumentary
structures formed from hairs in the higher animals, concluded
with a few reflections on the equally remarkable series of modifica-
tions of the same essential part in the Articulata.

In the second portion of the paper the structure of sucking-disks
of a more eomplicated nature was somewhat minutely treated.

The most complex in structure was stated to occur in the feet
of the Wasp, Hornet, and some of the Bees, in which it is a single
central organ, situated beneath the ungues. Its various parts were
described, with their appearance whilst in action. It was stated
that in some, as the Hymenoptera, the whole organ was soft and
contractile, to enable it to be readily put away out of danger, as
well as preserved in efficient condition for action when required.
It was believed that the whole of the Lepidoptera were also fur-
nished with a similar organ, but that, being of firmer consistency
in them, it was less liable to injury ; and the author had been unable
to satisfy himself that, in any of this tribe, it possessed such an
amount of contractility.

The bifid sucker of Malachius eneus in the Coleoptera, and
of several of the Pentatomide amongst the Hemiptera, was then
described, together with the hood-like sucker (“vesicle’”’ of authors)
terminating the tarsi in Thrips, in various species amongst the Ce-
cropide, and in many of the Acarida. Several Tipulide were men-
tioned as presenting the only instances of a sucker beneath the
claws amongst the Diptera.

The idea was broached thatthe terminal sucking-disk was perhaps
an additional tarsal joint modified to serve a special purpose.

The paper was illustrated by numerous drawings and specimens ;
one of the latter, a beetle, possessed of as perfect powers of
walking on glass as a fly, was shown living.

DR. LINOECUM ON THE “ AGRICULTURAL ANT.”’ 29

Notice on the Habits of the “Agricultural Ant” of Texas
(“Stingmg Ant” or “Mound-making Ant,’ Myrmica (Atta)
malefaciens, Buckley]. By Gipron Lincecum, Esq., M.D.
Communicated by CHartes Darwty, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S.

[Read April 18, 1861. }

Tue following is merely an abstract of Dr. Lincecum’s communi-
cation, containing only what appears to be most remarkable and
novel in it in the way of observation.

“The species which I have named‘ Agricultural,’ is a large brown-
ish Ant. It dwells in what may be termed paved cities, and, like
a thrifty, diligent, provident farmer, makes suitable and timely
arrangements for the changing seasons. It is, in short, endowed
with skill, ingenuity, and untiring patience sufficient to enable it
successfully to contend with the varying exigencies which it may
have to encounter in the life-conflict.

“When it has selected a situation for its habitation, if on ordi-
nary dry ground, it bores a hole, around which it raises the sur-
face three and sometimes six inches, forming a low circular mound
having a very gentle inclination from the centre to the outer bor-
der, which on an average is three or four feet from the entrance.
But if the location is chosen on low, flat, wet land liable to inun-
dation, though fhe ground may be perfectly dry at the time the
ant sets to work, it nevertheless elevates the mound, in the form
of a pretty sharp cone, to the height of fifteen to twenty inches or
more, and makes the entrance near the summit. Around the
mound in either case the ant clears the ground of all obstructions,
levels and smooths the surface to the distance of three or four
feet from the gate of the city, giving the space the appearance of
a handsome pavement, as it really is. Within this paved area not
a blade of any green thing is allowed to grow, except a single -
species of grain-bearing grass. Having planted this crop in a |
circle around, and two or three feet from, the centre of the mound,
the insect tends and cultivates it with constant care, cutting away
all other grasses and weeds that may spring up amongst it and all
around outside of the farm-circle to the extent of one or two feet
more. The cultivated grass grows luxuriantly, and produces a
heavy crop of small, white, flinty seeds, which under the microscope
very closely resemble ordinary rice. When ripe, it is carefully
harvested, and carried by the workers, chaff and all, into the
granary cells, where it is divested of the chaff and packed away.

30 ON THE “ AGRICULTURAL ANT’’ OF TEXAS.

The chaff is taken out and thrown beyond the limits of the paved
area.

“ During protracted wet weather, it sometimes happens that the
provision stores become damp, and are liable to sprout and spoil.
In this case, on the first fine day the ants bring out the damp and
damaged grain, and expose it to the sun till it is dry, when they
carry it back and pack away all the sound seeds, leaving those that
had sprouted to waste.

“Tn a peach-orchard not far from my house is a considerable
elevation, on which is an extensive bed of rock. In the sand-beds
overlying portions of this rock are fine cities of the Agricultural
Ants, evidently very ancient. My observations on their manners
and customs have been limited to the last twelve years, during
which time the enclosure surrounding the orchard has prevented
the approach of cattle to the ant-farms. The cities which are
outside of the enclosure as well as those protected in it are, at the
proper season, invariably planted with the ant-rice. The crop
may accordingly always be seen springing up within the circle
about the lst of November every year. Of late years however,
since the number of farms and cattle has greatly increased, and
the latter are eating off the grass much closer than formerly, thus
preventing the ripening of the seeds, I notice that the ‘ Agricul-
tural Ant’ is placing its cities along the turn-rows in the fields,
walks in gardens, inside about the gates, &c., where they can cul-
tivate their farms without molestation from the cattle.

“There can be no doubt of the fact, that the particular species of
grain-bearing grass mentioned above is intentionally planted. In
farmer-like manner the ground upon which it stands is carefully
divested of all other grasses and weeds during the time it is grow-
ing. When it is ripe the grain is taken care of, the dry stubble
cut away and carried off, the paved area being left unencumbered
until the ensuing autumn, when the same ‘ant-rice’ reappears
within the same circle, and receives the same agricultural attention
as was bestowed upon the previous crop,—and so on year after
year, as I know to be the case, in all situations where the ants’
settlements are protected from graminivorous animals.”

In a second letter, Dr. Lincecum in reply to an inquiry from
Mr. Darwin, whether he supposed that the ants plant seeds for
the ensuing erop, says, “I have not the slightest doubt of it.
And my conclusions have not been arrived at from hasty or care-
less observation, nor from seeing the ants do something that
looked a little like it, and then guessing at the results. I have at

MR. F. SMITH ON SOME NEW SPECTES OF ANTS. 31

all seasons watched the same ant-cities during the last twelve
years, and I know that what I stated in my former letter is true.
I visited the same cities yesterday, and found the crop of ant-rice
growing finely, and exhibiting also the signs of high cultivation,
and not a blade of any other kind of grass or weed was to be seen
within twelve inches of the circular row of ant-rice.”

In his second letter Dr. Lincecum proceeds to give some account
of what he terms the “ Horticultural Ant,’’ which appears to be
identical with the “Cutting Ant,’ Ccodoma mexicana, Sm., de-
scribed by Mr. S. B. Buckley in the ‘ Proceedings of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,’ 1860, p. 283 *; but as his
account does not contain any important additional observations, it
is here omitted.

Mr. Buckley also describes (J. c. p. 445), the “ Agricultural” or
“ Mount-making Ant,” although his account of its habits will be
found to differ in several respects from that given by Dr. Lince-
cum.

Descriptions of some New Species of Ants from the Holy Land,
with a Synonymic List of others previously described. By
Freperick Smiru, Esq., Assistant in the Zoological Depart-
ment, British Museum. Communicated by Danu. Hanzury,
Esq., F.LS.

[Read April 4, 1861.]

THe ants which form the subject of the present paper were col-
lected in Syria and Palestine by Dr. J. D. Hooker and Mr.
Daniel Hanbury, during a visit of a few weeks to those countries
in September and October last. The species, though only ten in
number, are part of a fauna replete with interest: all the produc-
tions, in fact, of the Holy Land are so worthy of our attention,
that he who adds even the smallest number of species to the list
does not work in vain.

I am not prepared to say how many, or even if any, of the spe-
cies of Ants forming the present list have been recorded as indige-
nous to Palestine; but-in one or two cases the knowledge of the
geographical distribution of ants is rendered highly interesting.
Not only do we here find species common to Southern Europe, but
in Formica brunnea and Tapinoma erratica we recognize insects
found even in the vicinity of our own metropolis. A few observa-

* A notice of this paper will be found in the Annals & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3 ser.
vi. p. 386.

32 MR. F. SMITH ON SOME NEW SPECIES OF ANTS

tions on the habits of one or two species are added in the hope of
contributing to the dissemination of a knowledge of the marvel-
lous history of the economy of this most interesting family of
insects.

Fam. FORMICIDA, Leach.
Gen. Formtoa, Linn.

FoRMICA COMPRESSA. F. nigra, thorace compresso, antennis apice
femoribusque rufis, capite maximo.
Formica compressa, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 353. 2.; Latr. Fourm. p. 11).

This species is found in Egypt, in most parts of India, m China, and I
have also seen examples from the Philippines. The worker major differs
greatly in form from the worker minor; it is nearly seven lines in length,
is black, with the base of the legs pale red, its head being larger and wider
than the abdomen. The other form of the worker is smaller, the thorax
and legs pale, the head oblong and narrower than the abdomen, the latter

being frequently more or less pale at the base. Taken on the north shore
of the Dead Sea.

FormMiIca VIATICA. Sanguinea, opaca, antennis pedibusque rufo-

brunneo; abdomine nigro-fusco.

Formica viatica, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 356. 27 ; Syst. Piez. p. 404. 33.8.

—Formica bicolor, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 351.5; Syst. Piez. p. 398.
8. 3 .—Formica megalochola, Foerst. Verh. d. naturh. Ver. d. Rheinl.
vii. 485, $ .—Cataglyphis Fairmairei, Foerst. Verh. d. naturh. Ver. d.
Rheinl. vii. 485. $.—Monocombus viaticus, Mayr, Form. Austr.
p. 110.4, .

This ant and the Atta cephalotes, according to the information that I
have been able to obtain, are usually, if not always, found in the same
localities ; and it would appear that, in some degree, they are dependent on
each other. It is now a well-ascertained fact, that other species, in the
fulfilment of their economy, require the aid of a distinct race, or rather are
dependent on slave-labour for the rearmg of their young brood, and for
the performance of many other offices connected with the duties of their
formicarium.

The connexion between the F. viatica and Atta cephalotes appears to be
similar to that which exists between F. sanguinea and F. fusca, The sub-
stance of the following account was communicated by M. Roussel to Dr.
Nylander. M. Roussel observes that both species are common in Algeria,
that they live in numerous societies, and construct their formicaria
usually in banks, frequently at road-sides. It would appear that fierce
combats take place occasionally between the Formice and the Alte, the
former being always victorious, and carrying off captive numbers of the
Alta, which henceforth become the nurse-slaves of F. vialica. M. Roussel
frequently observed evidences of fieree encounters between these species of
ants, having found the ground in thie vicinity of the nests of the Alle

FROM THE HOLY LAND. 33

strewed with the mangled remains of both combatants; but he does no
appear to have ascertained whether the F. viatica carries off the Atta in
the pupa or perfect condition. Probably the former, since, judging from
analogy, it would appear necessary that such should be the case, as under
such circumstances the F. fusca in the nest of F. sanguinea appears to
form, as it were, an absolutely necessary part of the community. Probably
such{perfect individuals as are sometimes carried off by slave-making ants,
are not intended to form part of the living population. Mr. Bates, who
resided several years in Brazil, communicated to me some very interesting
accounts of the habits of various predaceous species of ants. Not only did
he observe the slave-makers carrying off pupz from the nests of more
peaceable communities, but he also witnessed the slaughter of the defence-
less species—their furious assailants tearing the larger and more weighty fe-
males limb from limb, and then carrying away the mangled remains to
their own habitations. Such, probably, is the fate of such living examples
as may be frequently observed vainly struggling with their more warlike
invaders.

M. Roussel observed Atta cephalotes in great numbers, living in perfect
harmony, in the nests of F. viatica.

FoRMICA BRUNNEA. F. fusco-nigra, cinereo-micans; antennis pedibus-

que pallide testaceis; squama leviter emarginata.

Formica brunnea, Latr."Fourm. p. 169, pl. 6. fig. 35. 9 .—Formica

timida, Foerst. Hym. Stud. Form. p. 35. 15.

A most widely distributed species, being found in England, France, Ger-
many, Austria, Italy, Algeria, and also in Palestine. Specimens from
North America have also been examined, which Iam unable to separate
from this species.

ForMICA -BIPARTITA. F. operaria. Rufo-ferruginea ; metathorace
spinis duabus acutis minutis ; abdomine nigerrimo nitido.

Worker. Length 2 lines. The head, thorax, and legs rufo-ferruginous,
smooth and slightly shining, the eyes black; the thorax much com-
pressed behind; the metathorax obliquely truncate, concave above ;
the lateral margins acute, terminating posteriorly in an acute angle, or
short spine; the scale of the peduncle oblong, notched above, ineli-
ning forwards, and fitting into the oblique slightly concave truncation
of the metathorax: when viewed sideways, it is wedge-shaped ; the
abdomen ovate, and shining black.

I at first sight mistook this very distinct, and apparently undescribed
ant, for a species belonging to the genus Myrmica, to many of which it
bears a strong resemblance. In size, general form, and more particularly
its spinose metathorax, it approaches the Myrmicide; but its having a
single scale, or node, at once points out its situation to be amongst the
Formicide. I much regret having only workers for examination; and
although upwards of thirty were captured, not one possesses an antenna.
Had all the sexes been before me, I have a strong impression that this

LINN. PROC.—ZOOLOGY. =

34 MR. F. SMITH ON SOME NEW SPEOIES OF ANTS

species would have been found to form a new genus, intermediate between
Formica and Myrmica. Future observation and research will probably
supply the materials for deciding this interesting question.

Gen. Taprnoma, Moerst.

TAPINOMA ERRATICA. T. nigro-fusca, nitida, glabra ; pedum articulis

tarsisque pallidis; squama oblonga depressa.

Formica erratica, Latr. Hist. Nat. Fourm. p. 182.—Tapinoma erratica,

Smith, Brit. Fourm. p. 111. 1.

The collection contained a single example of this species. Its coming
from so distant a locality created a doubt of the possibility of its being
identical with the species found in this country and throughout Europe ;
but after the most attentive examination having been given to it, lacknow-
ledge my inability to detect the slightest difference between them.

Fam. MYRMICID A.

Gen. Myrmuica, Latr. :

Myrmica jsucunpA. M. fusco-nigra, nitida; mandibulis antennis
pedibusque articulis et tarsis rufo-pallescentibus.

Worker. Length 13 line. Brownish black, very smooth and shining ;
the mandibles, anterior portion of the head, the antennz, tarsi, and
articulation of the legs pale testaceous; the eyes small and placed
midway at the sides of the head. Thorax narrowed posteriorly, with
the division between the meso- and metathorax strongly impressed 5
the metathorax with two very minute spines; the first node of the
abdomen, when viewed sideways, is wedge-shaped, the second globose.
Abdomen subovate, widest towards the apex.

MyrMIca GRACILLIMA. M. rufo-pallida, levis, nitida; abdomine nitido
nigro.

Worker. Length 14 line. Pale rufous, smooth and shining; the head
oblong, rather wider than the abdomen; the mandibles stout and
armed with four black acute teeth on their mner margin; the eyes
small, ovate, and placed in the middle at the sides of the head; club
of the antennz 3-jointed; the antenna as long as the head and
thorax. Thorax compressed, the division between the meso- and
metathorax strongly impressed ; the metathorax unarmed. Abdomen
ovate, black, smooth and shining; the nodes of the peduncle pale
rufous, the first elevated above the second; when viewed sideways,
wedgeshaped, with the apex blunt, the second globose.

There is a certain similarity in the habit of this small ant that induces

me to think it quite possible that it may be only a very diminutive form of
the worker of Atta barbara.

Myrmica punica. WM. rufo-pallida; capite longitudinaliter delica-
tule striato; metathorace parvo, acuto, dentiformi.

FROM THE HOLY LAND. ao

Worker. Length nearly 13 line. Pale red, the legs and antenne
palest; the flagellum of the latter with 3 joints in the club; the head
wider than the abdomen, delicately striated longitudinally ; the man-
dibles stout, striated, and furnished with 4 or 5 black teeth on their
inner margin; the eyes small, black, and situated about midway at
the sides of the head. Thorax, the anterior margin transverse ; the
division between the meso- and metathorax strongly impressed; the
metathorax armed with two short acute spines. Abdomen smooth and
shining ; the nodes ovate and shining ; the thorax and abdomen with
a few erect pale hairs.

Gen. Atta, Fabr.

ATYA BARBARA. (Formica barbara, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 962. 2 ;
Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 356. 26; Syst. Piez. p. 403. 30.—Formica
binodis, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 405. 39; Latr. Fourm. p. 285.—
Formica juvenilis, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 405. 38.—Myrmica capitata,
Losana, Form. Piem. p. 325.—Formiea capitata, Lair. Fourm. p. 234.
pl. 10. fig. 66. 9c. 3 a.—Atta capitata, St. Farg. Hym. i. 173. 1.)

This ant is one of the most widely distributed species ; it is also one

which varies greatly in colouring; hence has arisen the confusion which the
above synonym exhibits. The F. barbara of Linneus is a form of the
species which has the head and antenne red; the F. juvenilis of
Fabricius is a black variety. The A. capitata of Europe, according to
Nylander and Mayr, varies from individuals totally black to others having
the head and legs red, with the thorax more or less obscurely so. These
observations apply to the worker only ; the male is, I believe, always black ;
the female is sometimes, but rarely, as highly coloured as the worker. The
numerous specimens from Palestine exhibit various shades of coloration ;
the majority bemg, however, more highly coloured than any which I have
seen captured in Europe. The head, thorax, legs, and in some instances,
the nodes of the petiole also are entirely bright red; of those taken in
Jerusalem, some are highly coloured, whilst others are quite black. The
species has not been discovered in England, but it is common in many
parts of France, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Dalmatia, Italy, Sardinia and
Sicily ; I have also received it from Portugal. The nests of this ant are
frequently much infested by a myrmecophilous beetle, Pycnidium testa-
ceum.

ATTA strucTor. (Formica structor, Latr. Fourm. p. 236.—Formica
lapidum, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 406.49 §.—Formica rufitarsis, Fabr.
Syst. Piez. p.406. 45. 9 .—Atta structor, St. Farg. Hym. i. 174. 2.—
Myrmica structor, Nyland. Form. Cr. et d Algér. 85. 10, Div. 2.)

This species has not been found in England, but is scattered over great

part of Europe, having occurred in France, Italy, Germany, Austria, Dal-
matia, and Switzerland ; it has also been found in Algeria.

3%

36 MR. F. SMITH ON HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS

Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects collected by Mr. A. R.
Wallace in the Islands of Ceram, Celebes, Ternate, and Gilolo.
By Frepericx Suir, Esq., Assistant in the Zoological De-
partment, British Museum., Communicated by W. W. Saun-
DERS, Esq., V.P.L.S., &e.

[Read June 6, 1861. |

OF the extensive and valuable additions which Mr. Wallace has
made to our knowledge of the geographical distribution of the
various genera of Aculeate Hymenoptera, none are perhaps more
interesting than those contained in the present paper. Two fine
new species of the parasitic genus Thynnus, from Gilolo, are espe-
cially interesting ; this being the extreme limit of the known
northern range of that genus from its metropolis, Australia. I
would also particularly direct attention to a second species of the
genus Methoca from Celebes. This genus, long represented by a
single European species, was supposed to be confined to that
quarter; but during the last few years it has been discovered in
North America, two species being described by Say, and one by
myself, from that country, one species from Cuba, another from
India, and two by Mr. Wallace from the Island of Celebes.

Many fine additions to the Formicidae, as well as to the fossorial
division of the Aculeata, are contained in the present collections,
which are the property of William Wilson Saunders, Esq.

Fam. FORMICIDA, Leach.

Gen. Formica, Linn.

1. Formica lactaria, Smith, Proc. Linn, Soc. Supp. v. 95. 6.
Hab. Gilolo, Bachian.

2. Formica quadriceps, Proc. Linn. Soc. iv. 137. 9.
Hab. Ceram, Aru.

3. FoRMICA CONSANGUINEA. F., capite: abdomineque nigro-fuscis ;
antennis, thorace, abdomine, squamula pedibusque ferrugineis.

Worker. Length 3 lines. Head black, with a slight ferruginous tinge
and a prismatic lustre in various lights; before the insertion of the
antennz it is red as well as the mandibles and antenne ; the latter
slender and a little longer than the thorax. The thorax narrow, and
much compressed behind ; and, as well as the legs, of a bright pale
ferruginous. Abdomen ovate, fuscous and thinly sprinkled with pale
hairs; the scale of the peduncle ferruginous, small, narrow, upright,
with the superior margin rounded.

Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

This is probably the worker minor of I’. virulens.

OF CERAM, CELEBES, TERNATE, AND GILOLO. 37

4. Formica circumspecta. F. rufo-picea, antennis pedibusque pal-
lide ferrugineis ; squamula subquadrata, supra emarginata (femina).
F. pallide ferruginea, elongata et gracilis ; abdomine rufo-fusco (ope-
raria). :

Female. Length 63 lines. Rufo-piceous, smooth and shining, the
anterior part of the head, its anterior margin, the scutellum and base
of the abdominal segments of a brighter colour; the antenne, legs,
and scale of the peduncle pale rufo-testaceous; the head oblong,
narrowed anteriorly, transverse behind, and slightly emarginate in the
middle ; the mandibles stout, punctured, and with a row of black
acute teeth on their mner margin; the head slightly punctured in
front; the scale of the peduncle subquadrate, slightly emarginate
above.

Worker major. 3% lines? Of a pale ferruginous, with the posterior
portion of the abdomen fuscous; head oblong, narrowed behind the
eyes; thorax oblong, narrow, compressed behind; the scale of the
peduncle small, narrow, with the superior margin rounded above; the
thorax narrowed auteriorly, forming a sort of neck.

The worker minor is 2 lines in length, more slender than the larger
worker, with the antenne and legs much more elongate, the head
narrowed behind, and the thorax prolonged into a sort of neck when
viewed sideways.

Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

o. ForMIcA LEUCOPH#A. F. nigra, dense cinerea, pilosa; thorace
postice attenuato; squama oblongo-ovata.

Worker. Length 3 lines. Black and densely covered with a fine silky
cinereous pile; antenne nearly as long as the body, slender, and
filiform, the flagellum scarcely thickened towards the apex; eyes
rather large and prominent, and situated high on the sides of the
head; head oblong, narrowed behind the eyes. ‘Thorax oblong,
narrowed and of equal width behind the prothorax ; legs very obscurely
reddish, with the apical joints of the tarsi rufo-testaceous. Abdomen
ovate, the apical margins of the segments testaceous ; the scale of the
peduncle narrow, small, and pointed above.

Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

6. ForMicA TRoPIcA. F. migerrima, nitida, levissima; thorace pu-
bescente, postice compresso ; pedibus rufo-nigris.

Worker. Length 3% lines. Jet black, smooth, shining, and having a
faint prismatic lustre, particularly on the head, which is oblong, or
subquadrate ; the tips of the mandibles ferruginous. The prothorax
rounded at the sides and in front; a deep constriction at the base of
the metathorax, which is elevated and rounded above; the thorax has
a loose long pale scanty pubescence, probably much more dense in
specimens in fine condition; the legs very obscurely ferruginous,
nearly black ; the legs, particularly the tibiz, have a thin long loose

35 MR. F. SMITH ON HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS |

pale pubescence. Abdomen thinly sprinkled with pale hairs; the
scale of the peduncle rounded and blunt above, not much elevated.
Hab. Gilolo.

7. FoRMICA VIRULENS. F, capite, thorace pedibusque rufo-ferrugi-
neis; abdomine nigro ; squama oblongo-ovata.

Worker. Length 4lines. Head, antenne, thorax, and legs rufo-ferru-
gimous ; the head very large, much wider than the abdomen, emargi-
nate behind, and rounding at the sides to the tips of the mandibles ;
the latter triangular, stout, and longitudinally striated, their inner
margin dentate. The thorax compressed behind. Abdomen shining,
black, with the margins of the segments ciliated with pale hairs; the
scale of the petiole oblong-ovate.

Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

8. Formica (TAPINOMA) GIBBA. F. castaneo-rufa; antennis, tibiis
tarsisque fuscis; metathorace supra rotundato, postice truncato.

Worker. Length 1$ line. Dull chestnut red; the head rounded be-
hind the eyes, the latter ovate, and situated rather more inwards than
is usual, the eyes are also rather large; the antenne, tibie, and tarsi
fuscous; the antenne inserted rather wide apart, nearly in a line with
the ner margins of the eyes. Thorax, sub-rugose above, narrowed
posteriorly, and deeply constricted between the meso- and meta-
thorax ; the latter elevated, rounded above, and truncate behind, the
truncation obliquely concave. Abdomen ovate, produced anteriorly
over the node of the peduncle, which is oblique, and falls into the
truncation of the metathorax.

Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

This species belongs to Foerster’s genus Tapinoma.

9, Formica (TAPINOMA) ALBIPES. F. nigra, subnitida, glabra; me-
tathorace dorso abbreviato ; squama oblongo-depressa ; pedum articulis
tarsisque albis.

Worker. Length 14 line. Black, shghtly shining; the antenne in-
serted widely apart on the front of the head; the metathorax oblique
behind ; the scale of the peduncle decumbent and hidden beneath the
base of the abdomen, which projects forwards ; the tarsi white.

Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

Gen. Potyruacuis, Smith *.

1. Polyrhachis hastatus, Latr. Hist. Nat. Fourm. p. 129, pl. 4. fig. 23, 9.

Hab. Celebes; India.

The specimen from Celebes has the metathoracice spines shorter than
Indian specimens which I have seen, and those on the node of the peduncle
are also rather shorter ; however, in its opake blackness and in every other
particular the insect is identical.

* A figure of the scale of the peduncle of each of the new species described
will be found on Plate L., illustrative of this paper.

OF CERAM, CELEBES, TERNATE, AND GILOLO. 39

2. Polyrhachis bihamatus, Drury, Ins. ii. pl. 38. f. 8, 3.
Hab. Celebes; Bachian; Sumatra; Borneo; India; Ceram.

3. Polyrhachis Merops, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. Supp. v. 98. 9.
Hab. Celebes; Bachian.

4. Polyrhachis Busiris, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. Supp. v. 98.7, 2.
Hab. Celebes; Bachian.

5. Polyrhachis bicolor, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. pl. 6 (Formicide), p.
65. 25.
Hah. Ternati; Burmah.

6. Polyrhachis rugifrons, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. Supp. v. 70. 3.
Hab. Ceram; Makassar.

7. Polyrhachis rufofemoratus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 142. 14.
Hab. Ceram; Aru.

8. PoLyRHACHIS ORSYLLUS. P. niger, cinereo-sericeo vestitus; thorace
supra deplanato ; spinis duabus acutis antice armato; squama integra ;
tibis ferrugineis.

Worker. Length 3 lines. Black and thinly clothed with silky cine-
reous pile ; the extreme apex of the flagellum and the palpi pale rufo-
testaceous. The head and thorax above longitudinally and delicately
striated; the margins of the thorax acute and slightly raised; the
spines on the prothorax short, stout, and acute; the tibize ferruginous,
the posterior pair rather dusky. Abdomen globose, the node of the
peduncle broad, with its superior margin rounded, not spined. (PI. I.
fig. 6.)

Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

9. PotyrHAcHIS MuTI.tia. P. niger; capite thoraceque cinereo-
sericeo vestitis; abdomine pallide-aureo tectis; thorace spinis acutis
duabus antice et postice armato; squama spinis duabus longis curvatis.

Worker. Length 23 lines. Black, the head and thorax with a thin
silky cinereous pile, that on the abdomen of a pale golden hue, the
antennz and legs black without pile, and slightly shining. Thorax
convex above, the anterior spines short, slender and acute; the meta-
thoracic spines rather longer but equally slender and acute; the node
of the peduncle with two long spines which are curved to the shape
of the base of the abdomen ; the latter globose. The thorax flattened
transversely, but curved longitudinally. (Pl. I. fig. 7, and fig. 15 var. ?)

Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

10. Potyraacuis OLEeNus. P. niger; thorace supra deplanato, spinis
duabus acutis anterioribus; squama spinis duabus longis armata;
corpore aureo-sericeo vestito.

Worker. Length 3 lines. Black and clothed with ashy silky pile ; the
palpi pale rufo-testaceous. Thorax flattened above, with the lateral

40) MR. F. SMITH-ON HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS —

margins raised, armed in front with two divergent flattened acute

spines; the metathorax truncate, and with the margin at the verge of

the truncation acute and slightly raised; the node of the peduncle

armed with two long acute divergent spines which curve backwards

over the base of the abdomen; the latter globose. (Pl. I. fig. 8.)
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

11. Potyruacuis Democues. P. niger, aureo-sericeo vestitus ; tho-
race ovato, metathorace spinis duabus brevibus obtusis ; squama spinis
duabus acutis armata.

Female. Length 33 lines. Black, covered with golden pubescent pile,
the head and thorax thinly so. The thorax ovate; the verge of the
truncation of the metathorax notched, the lateral angles forming short
blunt spines; the node of the peduncle with two acute short spines,
and in the middle of its upper margin with a notch, the angles of
which are slightly elevated, forming two minute teeth or spines ; the
abdomen globose ; the legs black and shining. (Pl. I. fig. 9.)

Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

12, Potyracuis VALERvs. P. capite abdomineque nigris; thorace,
squama femoribusque rufis ; thorace quadrispinoso ; petioli squamula
bispinosa,.

Worker. Length 34 lines. Black, with the thorax, scale of the petiole,
the coxz, trochanters and femora ferrnginous; the head opake, the
face with short cinereous pubescence. The thorax with a thin shining
cinereous pile; the spines on the thorax in front short, stout, and acute ;
the metathorax with two long slightly divergent spines directed back-
wards and tipt with black; the node of the peduncle with two long
acute spines directed backwards over the base of the abdomen, their
apex black. Abdomen globose and covered with silky pile, the ex-
treme base, ferruginous. (PI. I. fig. 10.)

Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

13. PoLYRHACHIS TRISPINOSUS. P., niger, levis nitidusque ; thorace
inermi; petioli squama trispinosa.

Female. Length 4 lines. Jet black, smooth and shining; the antennze
long and slender with the apical half ferruginous; the front of the
head very convex. Thorax ovate, very delicately striated, the striz,
short and irregular, may be called a faint scratching ; wings wanting ;
the node of the peduncle with three short acute spines above ; the
claws of the tarsi rufo-testaceous. Abdomen ovate and very smooth
and shining. (PI. I. fig. 11.)

Hab. Celebes (Tondano),

14. Potyruacuis DiapHantus. P. niger et vestitus pube argentea ;
thorace quadrispinoso ; petioli squamula bispinosa.

Worker. Length 2} lines. Black, and densely clothed with silky sil-
very pile; the flagellum has the tips of the basal joints, and six or

OF CERAM, CELEBES, TERNATE, AND GILOLO. 4}

seven of the apical jomts entirely ferrugmous; the thorax convex
above, the anterior spines short, stout, and acute; the metathorax
with two very stout, acute divergent spines; the node of the petiole
with two long spines very stout, acute, and curving round the base of
the abdomen ; the abdomen globose. The anterior tibize obscurely
ferruginous, their base black. (PI. I. fig. 12.)

Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

15. Potyruacuis Amanus. P. niger, levis, nitidus; thorace antice
et postice spinis duabus longis acutis armato ; squawma spinis duabus
longis curvatis ; femoribus basi pallide ferrugineis.

Worker. Length 3 lines. Jet black, smooth and shining, the thorax
finely roughened and sub-opake; head very prominent in front, tips
of the mandibles and of the joints of the flagellum, as well as the
palpi, rufo-testaceous, five or six of the apical joints of the flagellum
entirely so. Thorax, the spines in front short, stout, acute, and
curved inwards ; those on the metathorax elongate, extending over the
base of the abdomen and very acute ; the spines on the node of the
peduncle slender, very acute, and curved to the shape of the base of
the abdomen; legs elongate. obscurely ferruginous, with the coxe,
trochanters, and base of the femora pale testaceous, the claws of the
tarsi testaceous. Abdomen globose, highly polished and impunctate.
(Pl. I. fig. 13.)

Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

.J6. PoLyrHacuis CLEOPHANES. P. niger, pube argentea vestitus ;
capite thoraceque rude punctatis, spinis acutis antice et postice armatis;
petioli squamula bispinosa ; femoribus basi ferrugineis.

Worker. Length 3% lines. Black, the abdomen shining; head and
thorax coarsely and closely punctured, rugose, and covered with sil-
very pubescent pile ; the prominence on the front of the head, under
the sides of which the antennz are inserted, very much elevated; the
eyes very prominent; the spines on the thorax in front short, diver-
gent, stout, and acute ; those on the metathorax more slender, acute,
and curved backwards; the node of the peduncle with acute spines,
which curve backwards over the base of the abdomen; the base of
the femora more or less ferruginous, sometimes totally black. (1. I.
fig. 14.)

Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

This is very probably the worker of P. Vibidia.

17. PoLyRHACHIS EXASPERATUS. P. niger, capite thoraceque rude
punctatis, abdomine nitido; thorace antice et postice spinis duabus
longis acutis armato; squama spinis duabus longis curvatis acutis
armata; pedibus obscure ferrugineis. .

Worker. Length 23 lines. Black; the head anteriorly, the mandibles
and flagellum obscure ferruginous ; the head, thorax, and node of the

42

MR. F. SMITH ON HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS

peduncle very coarsely and closely punctured, producing a rugged
surface. The thorax, with two short stout acute spines bent inwards,
the metathorax with two long divergent acute spines; the peduncle
with two long acute spines, which curve to the shape of the base of
the abdomen; the legs ferruginous, more or less obscurely so. The
abdomen globose, smooth, and shining. (PI. I. fig. 15, and 16 var.)

Had. Celebes (Tondano).
‘

18. PotyruHacuis VisBipIA. P. niger, capite thoraceque rude punc-

tatis; thorace ovato, antice posticeque abdominisque squama spinis
duabus acutis armatis ; abdomine ovato.

Female. Length 33 lines. Black; the head and thorax with large

deep punctures ; the head with a large prominence in front, the lateral
margins of which are expanded into elevated flat scales, beneath which
the antenne are inserted, the extreme tip of the latter pale rufo-
testaceous; the eyes very prominent. Thorax ovate, with a short
stout spine on each side in front; the metathorax with two stout acute
spines, rather longer than the front ones; the node of the peduncle
with two short divergent acute spines ; the tibiee and femora ferrugi-
nous, the apex of the latter and base of the former dusky or black ;
the claws of the tarsi rufo-testaceous. Abdomen globose, smooth and
shining ; the entire insect thinly covered with cinereous pubescent
pile. (Pl. ne. 27.)

Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

19. Potyruacuis CuHaonia. P. niger, pube pallide aurea vestitus ;

thorace bidentato ; petioli squamula bidentata ; femoribus tibiisque fer-
rugineis ; alis fusco-hyalinis.

Female. Length 4 lines. Black, and clothed with a cinereous pubes-

cence, which has a pale golden lustre, particularly on the head and
thorax ; that on the abdomen is more inclinmg to grey, but has a
golden tint in some lights; the mandibles black. Thorax armed in
front with two short acute spines; the legs ferruginous, with the tarsi
black ; wings fusco-hyaline, nervures testaceous. Abdomen globose ;
the scale of the peduncle with two short stout spines. (PI. I.
fig. 18.)

Hab. Gilolo.

20. PotyruaAcHis Numeria. P. niger; thorace supra deplanato,
ger ;

spinis duabus anterioribus ; abdominis squamula spimis duabus erectis
acutis, utraque ad basin minute unispinulosa.

Worker. Length 3 lines. Black, and covered with silky cinereous pile ;

the thorax flattened above, and slightly curved longitudmally to the
verge of the truncation of the metathorax, the spines on the pro-
thorax stout, short and acute; the margins of the thorax slightly
raised. Abdomen globose, truncate at the base; the node of the pe-
duncle broad, transverse above with an erect spine at each latera)

OF CERAM, CELEBES, TERNATE, AND GILOLO. 43

angle, and a shorter acute spine outside at their base. (PI. I,
fig. 19.)
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

21. PoLyrRHACcHIs HippoMAnss. P. niger; capite thoraceque opacis ;
abdomine nitido ; thorace spinis duabus longis acutis postice armato ;
squama spinis duabus longis curvatis armata.

Worker. Length 24 lines. Black, the head and thorax opake, and
obscurely tinged with blue. Thorax rounded above, the anterior margin
unarmed ; the metathorax with two long divergent spines; the node
of the peduncle with two similar spines, which are curved and extend
over the base of the abdomen; the trochanters and the intermediate
and posterior cox pale rufo-testaceous; the legs elongate. The
abdomen globose. (PI. I. fig. 20.)

Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

22. PoLtyruacuis Lycipas. P. niger, pubescens; thorace supra de-
planato, spinis duabus anterioribus ; petioli squamula quadrispinosa.
Worker. Length 4 lines. Black with a thin silky cinereous pile, and

sprinkled over with erect pale pubescence, which covers the antennz
and legs also; the extreme tip of the antennz pale rufo-testaceous,
the palpi of the same colour; the head and thorax longitudinally
striated ; the prothorax with two stout acute spmes; the margins of
the thorax slightly elevated and extremely acute at the angles of the
truncation of the metathorax, sub-dentate ; the node of the peduncle
with four acute spines. Abdomen globose, with the base truncate.
(Pl. Tv fig. 21.)
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

23. Potyruacuis Zopyrus. P. niger; prothorace bispinoso ; petioli
squamula quadrispinosa.

Worker. Length 23 lines. Black, with a thin cinereous silky pile.
Thorax, the anterior margin transverse, with the lateral angles very
acute, and slightly produced into short acute spies; the sides of the
thorax flat, the disk slightly convex, with the margins acute and
slightly raised; the metathorax truncate, the angles of the truncation
slightly produced, forming short acute spines; the anterior tibize more
or less ferruginous within. Abdomen globose, the node of the peduncle
with the superior margin transverse, the lateral angles raised into short
acute teeth or spines; the sides of the node oblique outwardly, then
abruptly inclined inwards to its base ; at the angle thus produced is a
short acute spine. (PI. I. fig. 22.)

Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

24. PotyRHACHIS Euryrtus. P. niger cinereo-sericeo vestitus ; tho-
race subovato, spinis duabus antice armato; squama emarginata.

Female. Length 3} lmes. Black, and covered with silvery grey pile,
which is most dense on the face, metathorax, and abdomen. ‘Thorax

44. MR. F. SMITH ON HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS

sub-ovate, the metathorax truncate with the margin of the truncation
acute ; the prothorax with two short acute spines. Abdomen globose ;
the node of the peduncle widely emarginate above and subdentate at
the angles. (PI. I. fig. 23.)

Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

Gen. Opontomacuus, Latr.

1. Odontomachus rixosus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. ii. 64. 1.
Hab. Ternati; Singapore.

2. Odontomachus szevissimus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. Supp. v. 102. 1.
Hab. Menado; Bachian; Ceram.

3. ODONTOMACHUS TYRANNIcus. O. ferrugineus, levis mitidus ;
thorace oblongo, metathorace transversim striato; abdominis pedun-
culo unispinoso.

Worker. Length 4 lines to the tips of the mandibles. Ferruginous,
very smooth and shining; the head widest at the insertion of the eyes,
more than usually so; the usual deep depressions between the eyes
and the prominence at the sides of which the antenne are inserted
very smooth without the faintest striatiov, the prommence slightly
striated longitudinally ; the head deeply emarginate behind ; the man-
dibles finely serrated on their inner margins, and terminating in two
stout teeth, which form a fork abruptly bent inwards. The antennze
and legs of a paler colour than the body ; the metathorax transversely
striated, the mesothorax above longitudinally so ; the spine on the node
of the peduncle of the abdomen short and acute. (PI. I. fig. 4.)

Hab. Celebes.

Fam. PONERID ZZ, Smith.

Gen. Ponpra, Laétr.

1. Ponera rugosa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iu. 66. 5.
Hab. Celebes; Borneo.

2. Ponera parallela, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iv. 143. 3.
Hab. Celebes; Aru. 4

3. Ponera leviceps, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 69.13 §.
Hab. Celebes ; Bachian ; Borneo.

4. PoNERA MALIGNA. P. capite subquadrato, margine posteriore trans-
verso; thorace abdomineque levigatis, nitidis ; mandibulis, antennis
tarsisque pallide ferrugineis.

Female. Length 5} lines. Jet-black, smooth and shining ; the poste-
rior margin of the head transverse, with the lateral angles acute; the
clypeus elevated; the head is sprinkled with distant punctures ; its
anterior margin, the mandibles, and antenne ferruginous; the man-
dibles porreet, with two or three teeth at their apex and a larger one
on their inner margin about one-third of their length from their apex.

OF CERAM, CELEBES, TERNATE, AND GILOLO. 45

Thorax oblong-ovate, with a few large scattered shallow punctures ;
the articulations of the legs and the tarsi ferruginous. Abdomen
deeply constricted between the first and second segment, the apex
rufo-testaceous ; the node of the peduncle incrassate, subquadrate,
rather widest behind; the entire insect is sprinkled with pale hairs,
which are most dense on the abdomen, particularly at its apex.

Worker. This sex is rather smaller than the female, is less pubescent,
and with fewer punctures; the metathorax narrower than the pro-
thorax, and obtuse behind; the eyes are smaller, and, like those of the
female, placed forwards at the sides of the head; the mandibles are
similarly toothed; the colouring does not differ.

Hab. Celebes ; Menado.

5. PoNeRA NITIDA. P. pallide ferruginea, levis et nitida; margine
mandibularum bidentato.

_ Worker. Length 23 lines. Pale ferruginous, very smooth and shining ;
the eyes small, round, and placed forwards at the sides of the head;
the mandibles porrect, with two stout short teeth on their ner margin.
Thorax, with the sides flattened, above slightly convex; the metatho-
rax oblong-quadrate above. The node of the peduncle quadrate and
imerassate, as wide as the metathorax ; the abdomen 1s constricted be-
tween the first and second segments, and has a few pale scattered hairs.

Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

6. PoNERA MUTABILIS. P. ferruginea, levis, nitida, chalybea, viri-
descens ; abdomine rufo-fusco.

Worker. Length 31 lines. Ferruginous; the head and thorax with
tints of blue in certaim lights; the mandibles longitudinally and finely
striated, armed with three teeth at their apex, and a fourth on their
inner margin a little way within; the eyes ovate and placed forwards
at the sides of the head. Thorax compressed posteriorly ; the scale
of the peduncle fiattened, rather thick, with its superior margin
rounded. Abdomen slightly fuscous; the apical margin of the basal
segment slightly constricted.

Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

This species resembles the P. viridescens from Sarawak, but is at once

distinguished from it by its much shorter and thicker antenne.

Gen. Ectatomma, Smith.

1. Ectatomma rugosa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 143. 1.
Hab. Ceram; Aru.

Fam. MYRMICIDA, Smith.

Gen. Myruica, Latr.

1. Myrmica molesta, Say, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 1. 293. 6. (Myrmica
domestica, Shuck. Mag. Nat. Hist. p. 268.)
Hab. Menado ; Celebes; Britain; France; Brazil; North America.

46 MRE. F. SMITH ON HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS

2. Myrmica PepEstris. WM. fusco-nigra; capite thoraceque longitu-
dinaliter striatis; antennis pedibusque ferrugineis ; abdomine levi,
nitidissimo.

Female. Length3lines. Nigro-fuscous; the head and thorax longitu-
dinally striated, the striz formed of rows of confluent punctures, the
punctures finer on the head than on the thorax; the antenne, anterior
margin of the head and the mandibles ferruginous, the legs ferrugi-
nous. The thorax transverse anteriorly; a narrow smooth shining
impunctate line runs down the middle; the metathorax unarmed.
Abdomen oblong-ovate, smooth, shining, and delicately punctured ; the
nodes of the peduncle smooth and impunctate, the first oblong, the
second globose.

Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

3. MyrMICA RUFICEPS. M. fusco-nigra; capite ferrugineo et longi-
tudinaliter striato, thorace supra striato ; abdomine levi, nitidissimo.
Female. Length 4 lines. Black, the head red with a space behind the
insertion of the antenne regularly striated longitudinally, extending
to the posterior margin ; on each side of the striation the head is ru-
gose ; the mandibles stout, smooth and shining, with their mner mar-
gin black, smooth, and edentate ; flagellum 12-jomted, the club 3-
jointed. Thorax, the disk longitudimally striated, the scutellum
smooth and shining, with a few transverse striz behind; the meta-
thorax with two short stout teeth ; the tarsi and articulations of the
legs pale rufo-testaceous. The petiole of the abdomen ferruginous,
the nodes black, the first globose, the second transverse. Abdomen

ovate, black, smooth, and shining.
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

4. MyrRMICA FUSCIPENNIS. M. ferruginea; capite thoraceque pro-
funde punctatis; alis nigro-fuscis. :

Female. Length 3 lines. Ferruginous, the head and thorax covered
with large oblong punctures, the punctures occasionally confluent ;
the mandibles finely striated longitudinally, their inner margin fur-
nished with a row of small black teeth; the joimts of the antenne,
except the three apical ones, transverse ; the apical joint longest, but
not forming a club. Thorax, the metathorax with two short acute
teeth; wings dark fuscous. Abdomen very smooth and shining, and
much paler than the head and thorax.

Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

5. MyrMica PervTINAX. WM. rufo-fusca, nitida, sparse pilosa; capite
longitudinaliter striato; metathorace mutico.

Worker. Length 14-2 lines. Rufo-fuscous, the head darker than the
the body ; the anterior portion of the head and the antenne bright
rufo-ferruginous. The thorax smooth and shining, with a few fine
punctures, the base and apex of the femora pale in some of the
larger and darker examples; the abdomen pale at the base, the ex-

OF CERAM, CELEBES, TERNATE, AND GILOLO. 47

treme apex pale and pubescent. Smaller specimens are usually paler
than large ones.
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

6. Myrmica vexator. M. pallide flavo-testacea, levis, nitidissima ;
abdomine apice fusco-nigro.

Worker. Length 1 line. Honey-yellow, very smooth and shining ; the
flagellum slightly fuscous towards the apex ; the eyes small and placed
forwards at the sides of the head; the metathorax not spined; the
abdomen fuscous with the base pale.

Hab. Ternati.

This species resembles the House-ant, M. molesta; but it differs in

several particulars from that species; its head is much larger, and it is
entirely smooth and shining.

7. Myrmica INSOLENS. M. testaceo-ferruginea, sparse pilosa ; capite
thoraceque longitudinaliter striatim rugosis ; metathorace spinis parvis
acutis armato.

Worker. Length 13 lme. Pale ferruginous; the head and thorax
longitudinally, irregularly and roughly striated; the eyes and ocelli
black ; the antennze with three joints in the club; the metathorax
with two straight acute spines, which are situated at the sides of the
truncation of the metathorax ; the abdomen smooth and shining.

Hab. Menado.

8. Myrmica opaca. WM. nigra, opaca, delicatule scabrosa;’ pedibus
rufo-fuscis, tarsis pallide testaceis.

Worker. Length 2 lines. Opake-black, the head, thorax and nodes of the
peduncle finely scabrous, on the head having a tendency to run into
lines; behind the eyes is a longitudinal groove, apparently for the
reception of the scape of the antennz; the antennz obscurely ferru-
ginous with the tip pale; the mandibles ferruginous, striated and
with several black teeth on their inner margin. Thorax armed pos-
teriorly with two stout curved spines; the tarsi pale rufo-testaceous.
The nodes of the peduncle large and globose; the abdomen thinly
sprinkled with erect white sete.

Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

Gen. Crrapacuys, Smith.

1. Cerapachys antennatus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. u. 74. 1.
Hab. Celebes; Borneo.

Gen. CremaToGastTER, Lund.

1, CREMATOGASTER AMPULLARIS. C. rufo-niger; capite thorace mul-
tum latiore ; parte postica thoracis dilatata; abdomine cordato.

Worker. Length 2 limes. Obscure fusco-ferruginous; the antenne,
sides of the head, the nodes of the petiole, and the legs of a brighter

48 MR. F. SMITH ON HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS ~

red; the head much wider than the thorax and more shining; the
metathorax much swollen and wider than the prothorax, swelling out
on each side. Abdomen heart-shaped, palest at the base and shining.

Hab. Celebes (Tondano),

The swollen metathorax in this species, I apprehend, is a eositamte for
saccharine fluid ; on each side is a small orifice, and beneath it, adhering to
the thorax, are particles of crystallized masses, apparently formed of the
fluid which has exuded from the receptacle. Two species from Sarawak,
having similar formations, are described in the second volume of the ‘ Pro-
ceedings of the Linnean Society.’

Fam. ATTID ZA, Smith.
Gen. SoLENopsis, Westw.

1. Solenopsis cephalotes, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iti. 149. 1.

Hab. Celebes ; Aru.

The worker major of this species has the head greatly enlarged, that of
the worker minor being of the ordinary size.

2. SOLENOPSIS LABoRIOSA. S. ferruginea; capite maximo, longi-
tudinaliter striato, postice transverso-striato; spinis metathoracis minu-
tissimis.

Worker major. Length 3 limes. Dark ferruginous, with the legs pale ;
rufo-testaceous ; the head very large, twice as wide as the abdomen,
in front and at the sides roughly striated, posteriorly delicately striated ;
the sides of the head very slightly rounded, emarginate behind with a
central impressed line running forwards and terminating opposite the
eyes; the eyes very small and placed at the sides a little beyond the
middle; the vertex smooth and shining, with a few scattered fine
punctures. Thorax sub-rugose, convex anteriorly and shining, behind
constricted and narrowed; the metathorax with two short, erect, acute
spines. Abdomen smooth, shining and slightly pubescent. The
mandibles have a single tooth at their apex.

Worker minor. Length 1-2 lines. This form is of a much paler colour,
the larger individuals having the abdomen fuscous, except at the ex-
treme base; in the smaller examples it is only fuscous at the apex; in
large individuals the head is slightly striated in front, in small ones it
is entirely smooth and shining ; the head much smaller in proportion
than in the worker major; the mandibles with two or three teeth on
their inner margin.

Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

The different-sized workers were taken from the nest by Mr. Wallace.

3. SOLENOPSIS PUNGENS. S. ferruginea; capite maxime longitudinaliter
striato; abdomine fusco (operaria major): rufo-testacea, levis, tota
nitidissima nuda flagellis pedibusque pallescentibus (operaria minor).

Worker. Length 2 lines. Ferruginous, the flagellum and legs pale
ferruginous; the mandibles stout, finely punctured and with two

Dan Engraved by F,

“

OF CERAM, CELEBES, TERNATE, AND GILOLO. 49

teeth at their apex; the head very large, longitudinally striated, and
with a longitudinal channel behind the scape of the antenns appa-
rently for their reception; the eyes small, inserted forwards at the
sides of the head. The metathorax, with two minute spines; the legs
pale rufo-testaceous. Abdomen fuscous, smooth and shining.

Worker minor. Length 1 lime. Rufo-testaceous, the antenne, thorax,
and legs pale testaceous; the head of the ordinary size; entirely
smooth and shining.

Hab. Menado.

Gen. Porrpoit, Westw.

1. Pheidole megacephala, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. Supp. v. 112. 5.

Mr. Wallace has sent a series of workers of this species collected from
the nest. These contain, as it were, three modifications of the enormously
large-headed individuals; all of these have heads similar in form, subqua-
drate, longitudinally striated anteriorly, and transversely so behind; these
I should call varieties of the worker major ; the worker minor has the head
subovate in form, smooth, polished and shining; not striated behind, and
very faintly so anteriorly. The links which would unite these two distinct
forms of the working ants are wanting. I am therefore still of opinion
that societies of ants generally possess two distinct sets of workers whose
functions are totally different; this is known to be the case in slave-making
communities, and also in the remarkable genus Eciton, of which only the
workers are known.

2. Pheidole plagiaria (Smith, Proc, Linn. Soc. Supp. vy. 112. 3).

Hab. Celebes; Bachian.

The specimens from Celebes are of a darker hue than those received
from Bachian ; this is the ant which Mr. Wallace saw carrying off white
ants to its formicarium.

Gen. Typutatra, Smith.

1, Typhlatta leviceps, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc, ii. 79. 1.

This remarkable genus of ants, the workers of which are destitute of
eyes, is in my opinion closely allied to the genus Eciton, one or two species
of which are also blind; the present species is very like the Eeiton pachy-
cerus of my Catalogue of Formicide, which isalso blind. That species was
collected by General Hardwick, and formed part of his collection, which he
presented to the British Museum; I have little doubt it was captured in
Tndia, although South America (?) is given as its probable habitat. This
genus differs from Eciton in having only two joints to the labral palpi; the
maxillary palpi I have not succeeded in extracting.

Fam. CRYPTOCERIDA, Smith.
Gen. CATAULACUS.

1, CATAULACUS FLAGITIOSUS. C. niger ; capite striato, angulis posticis
LINN. PROC.—ZOOLOGY. 4;

50 MR. F. SMITH ON HYMENOPTEROVS INSECTS

spinosis ; thorace spinis duabus acutis elongatis armato; abdomine
cordato.

Worker. Length 2} lines. Opake-black; the head and thorax above,
with a coarse irregular striation, intermixed with a rough granulation,
the margins of the head crenulated, the posterior angles acute and
slightly produced. Thorax armed posteriorly with two stout diverging
spines. Abdomen oblong-cordate, finely and irregularly striated ;
sprinkled with distant short white erect sete; the nodes of the pe-
duncle rugose.

Hab, Celebes (Tondano).

Gen. Honrnopta, Smith.

1, Echinopla striata, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 80. 3.
Hab, Celebes; Malacca,

2. Echinopla pallipes, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 80. 2.
Hab. Celebes; Borneo.

3. ECHINOPLA DUBITATA. JE. nigra; capite thoraceque rugosis; ab-
domine ovato levi nitido; squama in utroque latere spina horizontal ;
femoribus pallide testaceis.

Worker. Length 2 lines. Black, and thinly covered with erect black
hairs; the head and thorax rather finely rugose; the antennz pubes-
cent, with the extreme tip pale testaceous; the eyes round and very
prominent. The anterior margin of the prothorax arched with a short
acute spine at the lateral angles; the thorax is deeply constricted in
the middle, the metathorax rounded behind; the roughness of the
thorax gives its margins a crenulated appearance; the coxe, trochan-
ters, and base of the femora pale rufo-testaceous; the claw-joimt of
the tarsi rufo-testaceous. Abdomen globose, shining, and very finely
punctured.

Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

Fam. MUTILLIDAL, Leach.

Gen. Mutrriia.

1. Mutilla Merops, Smith, Supp. Journ. Proc. Linn, Soc. v. 115, 2.
Hab. Gilolo; Bachian.

2. Mutilla anthylla, Smith, Supp. Journ, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 115. 4.
Hab. Gilolo; Bachian.

3. Mutilla Ianthea, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. Supp. v. 115. 3.
Hab. Amboyna; Bachian.

Gen. Murnoca, Latr.

1. Mernoca rHoracicA. M. rufo-ferruginea; capite abdominisque
fasciis tribus nigris.

OF CERAM, CELEBES, TERNATE, AND GILOLO. 51

Female. Length 4 lines. Rufo-ferruginous; the head black, the abdo-
men with three black fascize, very smooth and shining ; the mandibles,
clypeus, and antenne ferruginous. (PI. I. fig. 5. 2.)

Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

This very beautiful insect may probably be a very large, highly coloured
form of M. insularis, described in a previous paper; but not having any
intermediate in size, I have thought it advisable to describe it as a distinct
species.

Fam. THYNNIDA, Erich.

Gen. THYNNUS.

1. THYNNUS ATRATUS. T. niger, punctulatus ; alis anticis fusco-nigris,
apice hyalinis, posticis hyalinis, basi late fusco-nigris.

Female. Length 12 lines. Black and closely punctured; the head and
thorax slightly shining, the thorax very shining, and not so strongly
and closely punctured as the thorax; the anterior margin of the
clypeus widely and slightly emarginate. The wings very dark brown,
shining, and with their apical margins, and the posterior margin of
the hind wings hyaline; the legs black with short cinereous pubes-
cence within,

Hab. Gilolo.

This fine species of Thynnus is of the same form, and about the same
size, as Guérin’s T. Shuckardi ; it is the second species that has to my know-
ledge been captured in the Eastern Archipelago; the first species was
described in the paper descriptive of the insects of Bachian, &c., published
in the supplement to the fifth volume of the ‘ Proceedings.’

2. Tuynnus (AGRIOMYIA) VAGANS. T. niger, capite thoraceque
flavo variegatus, abdominis segmentis maculis duabus flavis; alis sub-
hyalinis.

Male. Length 63 limes. Black, the head and thorax subopake, the
abdomen shining; the mandibles, clypeus and a V-shaped mark above
yellow ; the base of the clypeus and an anchor-shaped mark in the
middle black. Thorax, the collar, posterior margin of the prothorax,
a spot on the tegule, two beneath the wings, a minute one on the
mesothorax, three on the scutellum, and one on each side of the meta-
thorax yellow; the anterior tibie and the intermediate pair in front
ferruginous ; the wings subhyaline, the nervures black. The abdomen
has an oblong yellow spot at the sides of all the segments except the
two apical ones.

Female. Length 4 lnes. Apterous; black, the head small, transverse
in front, much narrowed behind, with a deep longitudinal sulcation on
each side close to the margin of the eyes. The thorax narrow and
oblong. Abdomen oblong-ovate, very large, with four deep transverse
grooves on the second segment. (Pl. I. fig. 13,29.)

Hab. Gilolo.

Ae

Ut

/ MR. F. SMITH ON IIYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS ©

The sexes here described are distinguished as such by Mr. Wallace, who
doubtless captured them in coitu.

Fam. SCOLIADA, Leach.
Gen. Trpnta, Fubr.

1. Tiphia flavipennis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 91. 3.
Hab, Gilolo. Sarawak.

Gen. Scorta, Fabr.
Div. 1. Two submarginal celis and one recurrent nervure.

1. Sconita capriva. S, atra, thorace abdomineque opalino pulcherrime
lavatis; alis fuscis cupreo iridescentibus.

Male. Length 10 lines. Black, with a beautiful opaline iridescence
intermixed with shades of blue, purple, and green, thinly covered with
black pubescence, which is most dense on the sides of the thorax, legs,
sides and apex of the abdomen; finely and distantly punctured; the
spines of the apex of the tibize simple ; wings fuscous, not very dark,
and having a mixture of coppery and greenish iridescence. Abdomen :
the first segment bell-shaped, much narrower than the following ; the
punctures on the abdomen fine and not very close, the apex smooth
and opake.

Hab. Gilolo.

2. SconiA AMBIGUA. S. nitida nigra, abdomime opaco, alis fuscis
cupreo et violaceo splendide micantibus.

Female. Length 12 lines. The head and thorax shining black; the
face and vertex thickly set with black pubescence; a patch of silvery ©
white pubescence between the base of the scape and the inner margin
of the eyes; the cheeks have also a little silvery pile ; the mandibles
rufo-piceous on their inner margins. The sides of the thorax, beneath
as well as the metathorax with a thin cinereous pile; the disk of the
thorax smooth and shining; the anterior margin of the prothorax
with deep coarse punctures; the legs thickly set with rigid black hairs 5
the posterior femora broad, compressed, and membranaceous beneath ;
the inner spine at the apex of the tibize spatulate ; all the calcariz
rufo-testaceous; the wings fusco-hyaline, with a splendid violet and
coppery iridescence. Abdomen opake black with the basal margins
of the segments slightly shining; the terminal segment longitudinally
rugose with its apical margin narrowly pale testaceous; the anterior
wings with a second recurrent nervure incomplete.

Hab, Gilolo.

Div. 2. The anterior wings with two submarginal cells and two recurrent
nervures.
3. Scolia aureicollis, St. Farg. Hym. iii. 499.69.
Hab, Ternati; Bachian; Philippines; Ceylon; Silhet.

OF CERAM, CELEBES, TERNATE, AND GILOLO. 53

4. Scolia annulata (Tiphia Fabr.), Syst. Piez. p. 234. 11.
Hab. Celebes.
The specimens from Celebes have the wings entirely dark fuscous.

5. SconrA Morosa. S. nitida, aterrima; abdomine subopaco; alis
nigro-fuscis, violaceo splendide micantibus.

Female. Length 143 lines. Jet black, the head and thorax shining,
the abdomen subopake, The face coarsely rugose and covered with
dense black pubescence; the flagellum rufo-piceous beneath. The
thorax with deep coarse punctures and having a smooth impunctate
space in the middle of the disk and of the scutellum ; the legs thickly
set with rigid spies and hairs: the anterior tibiz strongly punctured ;
the apical jot of the anterior and intermediate tarsi rufo-piceous ;
the wings very dark brown with a splendid violet iridescence. Abdo-
men strongly punctured towards the apex.

Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

Diy. 3. The anterior wings with three submarginal cells and one
recurrent nervure.

6. ScoL1aA APICATA. S. capite thoraceque nigris, abdomine nigro-

czeruleo, apice ferrugineo ; alis nigro-fuscis violaceo iridescentibus.

Female. Length 73 lines. Head and thorax black and shining; head

as wide as the thorax, finely and distantly punctured on the vertex,
but much more strongly so before the ocelli. Thorax strongly punc-
tured; the wings dark brown with a violet iridescence. Abdomen
blue-black, rather finely and distantly punctured, the three apical
segments bright ferruginous and thickly ciliated with ferruginous
pubescence.

Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

I at first mistook this insect for S. dimidiata; but, independent of the
different neuration of the wings, its broad head, as wide as the thorax, at
once distinguishes it ; in S. dimidiata the head is much narrower than the
thorax.

7. SCOLIA INTRUDENS. S. nigra, subnitida, punctatissima; alis fuscis,
viride et violaceo micantibus.

‘Male. Length 143 lines. Black, slightly shiming and densely punctured ;
the pubescence black. The thorax with confluent punctures; the
wings dark fuscous, with a mixture of green violet and coppery irides-
cence, changing in different lights. The abdomen with the segments
densely fringed with black pubescence ; the terminal segment with an
acute spine at the apex and a shorter one on each side at the base.

Hab. Celebes (Tondano),.

Div. 4. The anterior wings with three submarginal cells and two
recurrent nervures.
8. Scolia dimidiata, Guér. Voy. Cog. Zool. ii. pl. 2. p. 247.
Hab, Gilolo; Celebes; Isle of Bourou; Bachian; Amboyna; Senegal,

54 MR. F. SMITH ON HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS

Specimens of this species from Gilolo and Bachian are much more highly
coloured than the type described by Guérin,—the abdomen being red, with
only the basal segment and the sides of the second segment black.

9. Scoliafulva, Gray; Cuv. Anim. Kingd, (Griffiths), p. 516, pl.71.f.1 9.

Hab. Ceram.

The Scolia fulva is so briefly described in the above work, that it appears
desirable to add one or two important distinctive characters. The head
and thorax are black, the abdomen ferruginous, and entirely covered with
fulvous pubescence ; the antennze and legs are ferruginous, the coxee and
femora fusco-ferruginous; the wings in the specimen from Ceram are
nigro-violaceous : in the figure given in the ‘ Animal Kingdom,’ they are
represented as paler, being fuscous and iridescent at their base, with the
margins paler; the basal segment of the abdomen is black, the second
segment has a black oval spot at its lateral margins; the third segment
has two approximating ovate black spots in the middle above, and the
fourth two united ones in the same situation ; the type is said to have come
from Brazil, but it has been ascertained that Australia is its proper locality.

Fam. POMPILIDA, Leach.

1. PomprLus pR&#DATOR. P. niger, abdomine obscure czruleo, alis
fuscis, violaceo iridescentibus.

Female. Length 6 lines. Head and thorax black and slightly shining,
the clypeus covered with silvery pile; the mandibles rufo-piceous in
the middle. The metathorax subelongate with its apical margin
reflexed ; the wings fuscous, with a violet iridescence, the posterior
pair hyaline at their base. Abdomen smooth and shining, with a
beautiful blue tint in certain lights; the apical segment with a number
of long black hairs.

Hab. Menado.

2. PompiLus RuFIFRONS. P. capite vertice, antennis, tibiis tarsisque
ferrugineis ; abdominis segmento secundo fascia basali ferruginea j
alis flavis.

Female. Length 9 lines. Black; the front between the ocelli and the
insertion of the antennz, the antenne, labrum, tibie, and tarsi ferru-
ginous; the mandibles ferruginous in the middle; the tips of the
femora ferruginous; wings yellow, with a narrow fuscous border at
their tips; the nervures ferruginous. Abdomen slightly shining, the
basal margin of the second segment ferruginous.

Hab, Ternate.

Gen. Agunta. Schiodte.
1. Agenia Lucilla, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 120. 3.
Hab. Gilolo; Amboyna.

Gen. Prioonnmis, Schiodte.

1. Priocnemis confector, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 120. 3.
Hab. Ternate; Bachian.

OF OERAM, CELEBES, TERNATE, AND GILOLO. 55

Gen. Myenimt1a, Smith.

1, Mygnimia ichneumoniformis (Pompilus), Guér. Voy. Coq. Zool. ii, 258.
Hab. Celebes; Dory ; Amboyna.

2. Mygnimia fervida, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. Supp. v. 82. 1.

Hab. Makassar; Ceram.

3. Myentmia coGNaTa. WM, atra; metathorace rugoso; alis nigro-

_ fuscis cupreo violaceoque micantibus.

Female. Length 10 lines. Black; the head and thorax covered with
black pubescence; the anterior margin of the clypeus entire; the
anterior tibize and tarsi with a few very short slender spines; the
metathorax convex, pubescent, and rugose, the wings very dark brown,
with their apical margins of a deeper tint. Abdomen longitudinally
aciculate.

Hab. Ternate.

This species is very like M. anthracina, but I think it is a distinct
species; it has not the deep transverse ridges on the metathorax which ©
characterise that imsect, and it also differs in having the abdomen very
obviously aciculate, or irregularly finely striated longitudinally.

Gen. Macromenis, S¢. Farg.

1, Macromeris viclacea, St. Farg. Guérin’s Mag. Zool. pl. 30. fig. 1,2.
Hym. ii. 462, 2.

Hab. Gilolo; Celebes; Aru; Borneo; Java; ee New Guinea ;
Assam; Ceram.

Fam. SPHEGIDA, Leach.

Gen. Spunx, Fabr.

1. Sphex sericea, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 211. 19.
Hab. Ternate; Bachian; Aru; Celebes; Malacca; Borneo; Java;
Philippines,

2. Sphex argentata, Dahlb. Hym. Europ. i. 25. 1.
Hab. Gilolo; Celebes; Bengal; Aru; Sumatra; Java; Bachian ;
Congo; Sierra Leone.

3. Sphex nigripes, Smith, Cat. Hym. pt. 4. 254. 59.
Hab. Gilolo; Celebes; Singapore; Sumatra; China.

4, Sphex tyrannica, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc.v. 122. 5.
Hab. Gilolo; Menado; Bachian; Kaisaa.

5. SpHEx FEROX. S. nigra, capite thoraceque pube fulva vestita ;
abdomine basi pedibusque ferrugineis, tarsis nigris; alis subhyalinis

_ marginibus apicalibus fuscis.
Male. Length 10 lines. Black; the femora, tibize, and two basal seg-
ments of the abdomen ferrugimous; the petiole black; the head and
thorax densely clothed with fulvous pubescence ; the clypeus widely,

56 MR. F. SMITIL ON HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS

but slightly, emarginate ; the 2nd joint of the funiculus very slender at
its base ; wings sub-hyaline, the apical margins of the anterior pair
slightly fuscous, the nervures dark brown.

Hab, Amboyna; Celebes.

Gen. Prtopavs, Latr.

1. Pelopzeus Bengalensis, Dahlb. Hym. Europ. i. 433. 2.
Hab. Ternate; Celebes; Isle of France; India; Philippines; China.

2. Pelopeus latus, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. pt. 4. 229, 13,
Hab. Ternate; Port Essington; Swan River.

Gen. Trrrogma, Westw.

1. Trirogma cerulea, Westw. Trans, Ent. Soc, Lond. iit. 225,38. Ar-
cana Ent. uu. 66,2.
Hab. Menado; India; Singapore; Celebes.

Fam. LARRID, Leach.
Gen. Larrapa, Smith.

1, LARRADA CHRYSOBAPTA. L. fusco-nigra, capite, thorace abdominis-
. que basi et zona abdominali media pube aurea densissima sericeo-

velutina vestitis ; alis hyalinis flavo-tinctis apice violascenti-fuscis.

Female. Length 63 lines. The head, thorax, and legs clothed with
golden silky pubescent pile, that on the femora has a silvery lustre ;
antenne black, with a pale golden pile on the scape; mandibles
shining black, with a little golden pubescence at their base ; the wings
flavo-hyaline, with a fuscous cloud at their apex, which has a violet-
tint in certain lights. Abdomen: the first segment and a band on
the following segments with golden pubescence.

Hab, Celebes (Tondano).

Fam. BEMBICIDA, Westw.
Gen. Brembrx, abr.

1. Bembex melancholica, Smith, Cat. Hym. pt. 4. 328. 47.
Hab. Celebes; Borneo; Sumatra; Aru.

2. Bembex trepanda, Dahlb. Hym, Europ, i. 181.
Hab, Gilolo; Celebes ; Ceylon; India.

Fam. CRABRONIDZL, Leach.
Gen. Tryroxyton, Latr.

1, Trypoxylon providum, Smith, Proc, Linn, Soc. Supp. v, 126, 1.

OF CERAM, CELEBES, THERNATE, AND GILOLO. 57

Fam. PHILANTHIDA, Dahib.

Gen. Puinantuvs, Fabr.

1. PHILANTHUS NOTATULUS. P. niger, facie genisque flavo-lineatis,
thorace flavo subnotato, abdominis petiolo binotato, segmentis flavo
postice marginatis, medio interrupto, tibiis antice flavis, antennis
nigris.

Female. Length 51 lines. Black; the head and thorax closely punc-
tured; the inner orbits of the eyes below their sinus, and the anterior
margin of the face and clypeus with a yellow line; an ovate spot in
the middle of the clypeus, a bilobed spot above it, and an oblique
stripe on the cheeks, yellow. Thorax: an interrupted line on the
collar, a spot beneath the wings, another on the tegula in front; a
transverse line in the middle of the scutellum, and two ovate spots on
the metathorax, near the insertion of the petiole, yellow; the wings
hyaline, the nervures fuscous; the tibiz in front, the posterior pair
behind also, the knees and the tarsi beneath, yellow, the latter rufo-
fuscous above. Abdomen petiolated; the petiolated segment with an
ovate spot on each side near its apex; the following segments nar-
rowly bordered with yellow, slightly interrupted in the middle; the
first border widens into a pear-shaped spot towards the lateral mar-
gins; beneath, the second and third segments have a transverse
curved line on each side.

Hab. Menado.

This species belongs to Klug’s subgenus Trachypus.

+

Group I—SOLITARY WASPS.
Fam. EUMENIDA, Westw.

Gen. Eumrnts, Latr.

1. Eumenes tinctor, Christ. Hym. p. 341. t. 31. f. 1. Sauss. Mon.
Guépes Sol, p. 49. 30.

Hab. Gilolo; Senegal; Congo; Gambia; Egypt.

2. Eumenes Praslina, Guér. Voy. Cog. Zool. ii. 267. pl. 9. fig. 7,9.

Hab. Ternate ; Gilolo; Kaisaa; New Ireland; Key Island; Amboyna.

3. Eumenes Urvillei, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol. i. 59, 44.
Hab. Gilolo; New Guinea.

4, Eumenes cirinalis, Fabr. Syst. Piez, p. 286. 4.
Hab. Gilolo; Kaisaa; Celebes; Ceram; Sumatra; Jaya; India.

5. Eumenes tricolor, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc, v. 87. 5.
Hab. Gilolo; Bachian ; Makassar,

6. Eumenes blandus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. Supp. vy. 127. 8.
Hab, Gilolo; Bachian,

58 MR. F. SMITH ON HYMENOPTEROUS INSEOTS ©

Gen. Pacnymernss, Sauss.

1. Pachymenes elegans, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. Supp. v.131. 1.
Hab. Gilolo; Bachian.

Gen. OpynERvs, Latr.

1. Odynerus maculipennis. Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 3. 4.

Hab. Gilolo; Borneo.

2. ODYNERUS FALLAX. G. niger, clypeo apiculato, capite thora-
ceque flavo variis; pedibus ferrugineis; abdominis segmentis flavo-
fasciatis; alis subhyalinis apice fuscis.

Female. Length 6% lines. Black; the clypeus, a spot above, an-
other in the sinus of the eyes, a line behind the eyes, and a minute
spot on the mandibles, yellow; a kite-shaped black spot on the cly-
peus; the scape reddish yellow in front. Thorax : a line on the collar,
a spot beneath the wings ; the tegulz, an abbreviated line before them,
two spots on the scutellum, postscutellum, and at the apex of the
metathorax on each side of the insertion of the abdomen, yellow ;
the legs ferruginous ; the wings subhyaline and iridescent, with a dark
fuscous stain extending from the marginal cell to the apex of the
wings; the abdomen petiolated; the margins of the segments bor-
dered with yellow.

Hab. Gilolo.

Gen. Rurnoutum, Spin.

1. Rhynchium hemorrhhoidale, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 259. 28.
Hab. Gilolo ; Bachian ; Amboyna; Dory ; Malacca; Singapore; India;
Java; Cape of Good Hope.

2. Rhynchium rubro-pictum, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. Supp. v.

128. 4.
Hab. Gilolo; Ternate; Bachian.

Group I1—SOOIAL WASPS.
Fam. VESPIDZ, Leach.

Gen. Porrstxs, Latr.

1. Polistes tepidus, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p, 371. 7.
Hab. Gilolo; Bachian ; Key; Solomon Islands; New Guinea; Australia,

2. Polistes multipictus, Smith, Proc. Linn, Soc. Supp. v. 130, 5,
Hab. Gilolo; Amboyna.

Gen. IscunogastEn, Gur.

1. IscNoGAsTER AuRiFrons. I. niger, flavo variegatus; petiolo

OF CERAM, CELEBES, TERNATE, AND GILOLO.. 59

longissimus ; cellulis primis secundisque submarginalibus zequis, tertia
quadrata; facie aurato pubescente.

Female. Length 63 lines. Black; the face covered with golden pu-
bescence; the scape and the flagellum beneath rufo-fulvous; the
mandibles and palpi rufo-testaceous. Thorax globular ; the posterior
margin of the prothorax, a spot beneath the wings, another on the
side of the pectus, two on the scutellum and two united ones on the
metathorax, yellow; the legs rufo-piceous, withthe knees yellow.
The petiole obscurely ferrnginous, twice as long as the thorax, the
apex swollen; the first segment of the abdomen has a short petiole,
which is pale ferruginous ; the second segment has at its basal margin
on each side an oblong yellow spot; beneath, the same segment has
two small yellow spots.

Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

Gen. Vuspa, Linn.

1. Vespa affinis, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 254 (var. V. cincta 2).
Hab. Gilolo; Bachian; Celebes; Malacca; Singapore; India; China.

Fam. ANDRENID, Leach.

Gen. PRosortis.

1. Prosopis eximius, Smith, Supp. Journ. Proc, Linn, Soc. y. 131. 1.
Had. Gilolo; Bachian.

Gen. Nomta, Latr.

1, Nom1a cLAvaTA. N. nigra et punctata, facie pube brevi grisea
tecta; abdomine clavato, nitido, marginibus apicalibus segmentorum
albo fasciatis.

Male. Length 3% lines. Black; head and thorax opake; the face
covered with cinereous pubescence; the mandibles ferruginous at
their apex. The collar, scutellum and post-scutellum bordered with
short downy pale pubescence; the wings subhyaline and iridescent,
the apical margins of the superior pair fuscous; the legs obscurely
rufo-piceous, the tarsi pale rufo-testaceous ; the legs with a glittering
pale pubescence. Abdomen clavate, the margins of the segments
constricted, each having a fascia of pale pubescence on its apical
margin.

Hab. Gilolo.

2. Nom1a MopEsTA, N. nigra; capite thoraceque punctatis subopacis,
abdomine nitido, segmentis ad marginem apicalem albo fasciatis.

Female. Length 3 lines. Black ; the face covered with glittering cine-
reous pubescence; the flagellum fulvous beneath ; the mandibles

60 MR. F. SMITH ON HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS

rufo-piceous at their apex. Thorax finely and closely punctured,
and, as well as the head, subopake; the prothorax and scutellum
bordered with short, fine, downy, pale pubescence ; the wings subhyaline
and iridescent; the tegule pale rufo-testaceous; the legs with a pale
glittering pubescence, the tarsi pale ferruginous. Abdomen ovate,
very convex, and wider than the head and thorax, the apical margins
of the segments bordered with short white pubescence, widely inter-
rupted on the first and second segments; the abdomen is shinmg and
very finely punctured.
Hab. Gilolo.
Fam. APIDA, Leach.

Gen. Mzaacuite, Latr.

i Megachile Alecto, Smith, Supp. Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc.v. 132.
Hab. Gilolo; Dory; Ternate.

2. Megachile Lachesis, Smith, Supp. Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 133.
Hab. Gilolo; Bachian; Amboyna.

3. Mcgachile Clotho, Smith, Supp. Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. y. 134.
Hab. Gilolo; Bachian.

4. MEGACHILE ATERRIMA. WM. aterrima, pube nigra dense vestita;
thorace transversim rugoso ; alis hyalinis, apice marginalibus fuscis.
Female. Length 11 lines. Black ; the pubescence entirely black; the
head rugose; the mandibles stout and finely punctured. Thorax ru-
gose, transversely so in front; the posterior margin of the scutellum
rounded ; the wings hyaline, the nervures black, the apical margins
with a fuscous border. Ahdomen with a dense black pubescence be-
neath, above bluish black towards the base, finely punctured.

Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

5. MEGACHILE PLACIDA. WM. nigro-pubescens; facie dense flavo-
albo pubescente, abdominis segmentis marginibus fulvis ; alis fuscis.
Male. Length 5 lines. The head, thorax, and legs clothed with black
pubescence, that on the face is yellowish white; the wings slightly
fuscous, with their base hyaline. The margins of the first and three
following segments of the abdomen fringed with fulvous pubescence,
the fifth and following segments entirely fulvous; the auterior tarsi
and the femora and tibize beneath rufo-testaccous, their coxe armed
with a stout spine,

Hab. Gilolo.

6, MEGACHILE LABORIOSA. M., nigra, pube nigra vestita ; abdomine
segmentis apicalibus pube fulva vestitis ; alis nigro-fuscis.

Male. Length 5 lines. Black, and clothed with black pubescence, the
fourth and following segments of the abdomen with fulvous ; a tuft of
white pubescence between the antennze, and the anterior margin of the
clypeus fringed with white pubescence ; the wings dark fuscous,

Hab, Ternate. ‘

OF CERAM, CELEBES, TERNATE, AND GILOLO. 61

Gen. CRrocisa.

1.. Crocisa nitidula, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 386. 2.
Hab. Gilolo; Ternate; Aru Islands; Amboyna; Australia; Menado.

2. Crocisa emarginata, St. Farg. Hym. iu. 449, 3.
Hab, Ternate; Port Praslin (New Ireland).

Gen. XYLOCOPA.

1. Xylocopa coronata, Smith, Supp, Journ. Proce. Linn, Soc. y. 135. 1.
Hab. Gilolo; Kaisaa.

2, XYLOCOPA VOLATILIS. XX. virescenti-flava, tibiis posticis intus
rubro-hirtis ; alis obscuro-hyalinis, violaceo tinctis, apice nigro minute
et regulariter crebre punctatis.

Male. Length 11 Imes. Black, and densely clothed with short greenish-
yellow pubescence ; the scape in front and the flagellum beneath yel-
low; a yellow line down the middle of the clypeus, and its anterior
margin narrowly yellow. The wings subhyaline, with the margins
broadly fuscous, and haying a beautiful violet iridescence ; the tip of
the abdomen and the posterior tarsi within rufo-fulvous pubescence.

Hab. Menado.

3. XYLOCOPA DIVERSIPES. X. capite, thorace, abdominis basi, pe-
dibus anticis et medianis fulvo-hirtis, abdominis dorso medio, pedibus
posticis nigris ; abdominis apice rufescenti-fulvo hirto; tibiis posticis
apice rufo-hirtis ; alis obscure hyalinis apice fuscis et violaceo irides-
centibus.

Male. Length 12 lines. Black; the head, thorax, base of the abdomen,
and the anterior and intermediate legs clothed with fulyous pubes-
cence ; that on the intermediate tarsi rufo-fulvous, and forming a long
fringe ; the clypeus, a spot above it, the scape in front, and flagellum
beneath, yellow; the wings subhyaline; the margins of the wings
fuscous, with a beautiful violet iridescence, the nervures ferrugi-
nous. The apical half of the second segment of the abdomen, and the
third, fourth, and fifth, clothed with black pubescence ; the apical seg-
ments with bright fulvous-red pubescence ; the posterior legs clothed
with black pubescence the tarsi beneath with bright rufo-fulvous.

Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

4, XYLOCOPA PERFORATOR. X. nitida nigra; alis nigro-fuscis viola-
ceo splendide micantibus (femina). Thorace antice pube cinerea
tecto; tarsis anterioribus dilatatis (mas),

Female. Length 14 lines. Black, and slightly shining; the face with
scattered punctures; the thorax finely punctured anteriorly, and
with a longitudinally impressed line which terminates at the middle
of the disk ; the wings dark brown, with a splendid violet iridescence ;

62 MR. F. SMITH ON HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS ©

the legs with black pubescence. Abdomen broad, depressed, finely
punctured, its margins fringed with black pubescence.

Male. Length 12 lines. Like the female, with the following differences :
the eyes very large, nearly touching on the vertex ; the clypeus trian-
gular, the anterior margin fringed with short pale pubescence; the
thorax clothed in front with short cinereous pubescence; the an-

- terior tarsi dilated, fringed with black pubescence behind; beneath it
is nearly white ; the wings narrow, pointed at their apex equally bril-
liant as those of the female ; the posterior femora curved, and, as well
as the tarsi, fringed with black pubescence.

’ Hab. Ternate.

This species is very distinct from X. latipes: the scape of the antenns is
perfectly cylindric; the anterior tarsi are not so broadly dilated, are
clothed above with short black hair, and with long hair of the same colour at
their margins; the clypeus entirely black. It is also quite distinct from
the X. Latreilit of St. Fargeau.

Gen. AntTHOPHORA, Latr.

1. Anthophora zonata, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 955.
Hab. Gilolo; Bachian ; Dory; Celebes; Aru; Borneo; Ceylon ; India;
Java; Hong Kong; Shanghai; Philippine Islands.

2, Anthophora vigilans, Smith, Supp. Journ. Proc. Linn, Soc. p. 92.
Hab. Makassar; Menado; Celebes.

Gen. Aris, Auct.

1. Apis socialis, Latr. Voy. Humb. & Bonap.i. 288, 8. tab. 19. fig. 9.
Hab. Bengal; Java; Malabar; Ternate.

Fam, ICHNEUMONID A, Leach.

Gen. Ionnnumon, Lim.

1. IcHNEUMON PALLIDIPECTUS. J. ferrugineus; capite thoraceque
flavo-variegatis, mesothorace et capitis vertice nigris ; abdominis apice
albo, segmento 5 nigro.

Length 6 lines. Ferruginous; the head yellow; a quadrate spot on the
vertex and head behind black; the antennze with four or five of the
middle joints white above, the terminal joints fulvous beneath. Tho-
rax: the mesothorax black above, beneath pale testaceous; the an-
terior and intermediate coxee and trochanters, a large spot beneath

* the wings, the posterior margin of the prothorax, the tegule and scu-
tellum, yellow; the wings hyaline; the apical joints of the tarsi fus-
cous. Abdomen shining, the two apical segments white, the fifth
black.

Hab, Celebes (Tondano),

OF CERAM, CHLEBES, TERNATH, AND GILOLO. 63

Gen. Mzsostrents, Brullé.

]. MESoSTENUS DECORATUS. JM. niger, capite thoraceque maculis,
abdominis fasciis flavo-albidis ; pedibus ferrugineis, tarsis posterioribus
albis; alis hyalinis. 7

Female. Length 5 lines. Black; the face, mandibles, and orbits of the
eyes of a yellowish white; the antenne with seven or eight joints
towards the apex white, the two apical ones black. Thorax: the
posterior margin of the prothorax interrupted in the middle; the
tegule, scutellum, post-scutellum, a spot in the disk of the mesotho-
rax, the sides and apex of the metathorax, yellowish white; the coxz
are of the same colour, with a black line outside the posterior pair ;
the femora and tibiz pale ferruginous; the posterior tarsi white, the
two anterior pairs dusky. Abdomen: the posterior margin of all the
segments white, the apical segment entirely so.

Hab. Gilolo,

Gen. Cryrrvus, abr.

1. Cryptus sicarius, Smith, Proc, Linn. Soc. Supp. v. 138. 1.
Hab. Gilolo; Dory; Bachian.

2, CRYPTUS FERRUGINEUS. C. rufo-ferrugineus, capite thoraceque
nigro-variegatis, abdominis cingulis duabus nigris; alis flavo-hyalinis.

Female. Length 8 lines. Rufo-ferrugimous; the vertex with a qua-
drate spot, and the tips of the mandibles black. Thorax: the meso-
thorax above, its sides, the pectus, and extreme base of the metatho-
rax black; a yellow ovate spot in the middle of the mesothorax ;
an indistinct fuscous spot on each side of the metathorax above ;
the wings flavo-hyaline, the nervures ferruginous ; the sub-marginal
areolet large. Abdomen: the basal margin of the third segment,
and a transverse black stripe on the seventh segment towards its
base, black.

Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

Gen. Opnion, Labr.

1. Ophion unicolor, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. Supp. v. 141. 2.
Hab. Gilolo; Bachian.

Gen. Ruyssa, Grav.

1. RuyssaA NoBILITATOR. R, capite flavo, vertice nigro, thorace fer-

* rugineo scabriusculo, scutello flavo; abdomine nigro, segmentis pos-
tice rufo-marginatis, primo et secundo, dorso, flavo-maculatis, tertio,
quarto et quinto maculis duabus flavis ; alis hyalinis, basi flavescente,
anticis vitta abbreviata fusca ante apicem ornatis. +

Female. Length of the body 9 lines, of the ovipositor 18 lmes. Head
yellow, with the vertex, mandibles and a small ovate spot on the cly-
peus black; the antennz ferruginous, slightly fuscous above, with

64 MR. F. SMITH ON HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS

three or four joints, white about one-third from the apex. Thorax and
legs ferruginous ; the thorax rugose above ; the scutellum, a spot on
the metathorax above, the apical portion of the sides, an irregular-
shaped mark beneath the wings, and the coxze in front or with marks
on the sides, yellow; wings flavo-hyaline, with a dark fuscous oblong
macula crossing the middle of the marginal cell and terminating in a
point at the inferior margin of the discoidal cell. Abdomen shining
black ; a bell-shaped mark in the middle of the first and second seg-
ments, and a large subovate spot on each side of the three following,
with a narrow line at the sides of the sixth, yellow; the ovipositor
black, its sheaths ferruginous.

The male is ferrugimous, with the head yellow, the vertex black; the
thorax roughly striated transversely; the metathorax above and the
abdomen smooth and shining; the wings as in the female.

Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

Gen. XYLONoMUS, Grav.

1, XYLONOMUS FLAVIFRONS. X. capite thoraceque nigris flavo varie-
gatis, pedibus abdomineque ferrugineis, alis hyalinis iridescentibus.
Female. Length 6 lines, of the ovipositor 6 lies. Head and thorax
black; the face, cheeks, and orbits of the eyes yellow; the antennz
black, with the base of the flagellum beneath fulvous. The posterior
margin of the prothorax, a line over the tegule, a quadrate spot on
the disk of the mesothorax, the scutellum, and metathorax yellow ;
the disk of the mesothorax transversely striated; a spot beneath the
wings and the coxee yellow; the femora and tibiz splashed with yel-
low; the wings hyaline and iridescent. The abdomen smooth and
shining, ferruginous, with the margins of the segments of a darker

hue; the ovipositor black, its valves ferruginous.

Hab. Gilolo.
Gen. EprxonipEs.

Head subglobose, antennz slender and elongate ; thorax oblong subcylin-
dric ; scutellum flat and quadrate ; the anterior wings with one elongate
marginal cell pointed at the base and apex ; the apical submarginal cel-
transverse at the base; the apical nervure of the discoidal cell suban-
gular, with an abbreviated nervure emanating from the point of the
angle. Abdomen petiolated ; the legs slender and elongate.

This fine species does not appear to belong, strictly, to either the genus
Xorides or Xylonomus, but rather to form a new genus intermediate be-
tween them; the neuration of the wings is very like that of the genera
above-mentioned: a reference to the figure will show the difference.

1. EprxoripEs CHALYBEATOR, J, nigro-chalybeus, fronte facieque
subchalybeis, genis verticeque rufescentibus; alis subviolaceis, stig-
mate parvulo pallido, metathorace quadricarinato; pedibus anticis
rufescentibus, intermediis et posticis nigro-violaceis,

Male, Length 11 lines, Mead ferruginous, with the face chalybeous;

OF CERAM, CELEBES, TERNATE, AND GILOLO. 65

the thorax, coxee, and abdomen bright chalybeous, the tibiz and tarsi
nigro-chalybeous; the thorax transversely rugose ; the metathorax
with four longitudinal carinz, the intermediate pair closely approx-
imating, the whole transversely rugose; the apex of the metathorax
with a short tooth or spine on each side of the insertion of the ab-
domen. Abdomen petiolated, the three basal segments with several

oblique and curved depressions.
Hab. Ceram.

Fam. BRACONIDA, Westw.

Gen. Bracon, Fabr.

1. Bracon jaculatus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. p. 141. 2.
Hab. Ceram; Bachian.

2. BRACON INGENS. BB. niger, capite, thorace subtus pedibusque
anticis et intermediis ferrugineis ; alis nigris, maculis hyalinis.

Female. Length 11 lines; ovipositor 37 lines. Black; the head fer-
ruginous, with the region of the ocelli, the tips of the mandibles, and
the antennz black; a few black. hairs scattered over the face and on
the scape in front. Thorax smooth and shining, ferruginous beneath,
as well as the anterior and intermediate legs; the metathorax with a
thin, erect, black pubescence ; wings dark-fuscous, with a yellow sub-
hyaline spot in the first submarginal cell, and a smaller clear hyaline
one beneath it; the posterior wings have also a subhyaline yellow spot
in the middle of their anterior margin. Abdomen: the three basal
segments rugose, the following smooth and shining; the three basal
segments and the posterior legs with black pubescence.

Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

3. Bracon (MyosoMA) PENETRANS. B. flavo-rufus, vertice macula
notato et antennis nigris; alis flavo-hyalinis, dimidio apicali fusco.
Female. Length 5 lines. Reddish yellow, the antenne and vertex
black ; the body and legs thickly covered with pale-fulvous pubescence ;
the face yellow; the thorax shining above; the basal half of the
wings yellow, the apical half dark brown, with a narrow hyaline spot
running beyond and crossing the marginal cell; the second transverse
cubital nervure with a narrow hyaline border. Abdomen: the first
segment vertical, forming an angle with the rest of the abdomen; the
second segment with a tubercle in the centre of its basal margin, a
smaller one at each lateral angle; from the central tubercle a deeply
impressed oblique line runs to the side of the segment about the mid-
dle; the angle thus formed on each side is smooth and shining; the
other portion of the segment is rugose; the following segments are
smooth, shining and pubescent.

Hab.. Ceram.

Genus Acaruts, Latr.

1. Agathis sculpturalis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. iii. 25. 1.

Hab. Gilolo; Makassar.
LINN. PROC.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. VI.

Cn

66 MR. S. J. A. SALTER ON THE

2. AGATHIS STRIATA. A. flavo-rufa, antennis nigris, abdomine ni-
tido, longitudinaliter striato; alis flavo-hyalinis, dimidio apicali fusco.
Female. Length 7 lines. Reddish yellow; the head triangular; the
face pale; the antenne black, with the scape yellow; the basal
joints of the flagellum obscurely fulvous beneath; thorax smooth
and shining ; the basal half of the wings yellow hyaline, the apical
half dark brown, with a minute hyaline spot below the stigma in the
middle of the wing. Abdomen: the three basal segments and the
base of the fourth evenly striated longitudinally.
Hab. Gilolo. ;
Gen. Cenoce ius, Haliday.

1. Cenoccelius cephalotes, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. y. 65. 1.
Hab, Gilolo; Celebes.

Fam. TENTHREDINID, Leach.

Gen. CLrapomacra, Smith.

1. Cladomacra macropus, Smith, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1860, vi. 257.
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).

ERRATA.

Several changes in the numbering of the objects that illustrate this paper
having been made since the first sheet was printed, the following corrections of
the references must be attended to. The numbers refer to figures of the scale
of the abdomen of the different species.

Figs. 6 and 7, Polyrhachis Orsyllus. Fig. 21, P. Hippomanes.
Figs. 12 and 12a, P. Diaphantus. Fig. 23, P. Lycidas.
Figs. 15 and 20, P. Mutilia. Fig. 24, P. Hurytus.
Fig, 16, P. exasperatus. Fig. 25, P. Numeria.

On the Cranial Characters of the Snake-Rat, new to the British
Fauna. By S. James A. Sarrer, M.B., F.L.S., F.G.S.

[Read April 7th, 1859.]

Tue Society will doubtless recollect that last year* I exhibited at
one of our meetings two living rats, one of which I believed to
be new to the British Fauna—at least, new so far as that till then
it had been unrecognized and undescribed as distinct. The other
was a specimen of the old English Black Rat (Jus rattus) ; and
this was shown, not on its own account, but for contrast and com-
parison. And I selected the Black Rat for this comparison because
it so much more closely resembles the new one than does the

* May 6th, 1858.

CRANIAL CHARACTERS OF THE SNAKE-RAT. 67

Brown Rat (Mus decumanus), which is quite different. If there-
fore the new rat is a mere variety of either of the two species
which have been long known as members of the British mamma-
lian fauna, and which have always been considered specifically
distinct, it must be deemed a variety of Mus rattus; but I claim
for it distinctive characters separating it from that rat, quite as
marked as those which distinguish the Brown from the old English
Black Rat. Indeed Mus decwmanus more nearly resembles Mus
rattus than does the new rat. It was suggested to me, at the
time I exhibited the living specimens, that an appeal must be
made to the cranial characters of each, before the distinctness and
the degree of distinctness between the two could be established.
The result of this investigation I now give to the Society.

On the table are the skulls of the identical rats that were for-
merly exhibited—two adult males ; and I have also some enlarged
outline drawings (from which the accompanying woodcuts were
taken) showing the salient peculiarities of each cranium. The

Fig. 1. Fig. 2.

I

7,

\ AK

Top view of Cranium of Snake-Rat. Top view of Cranium of Mus rattus.
Enlarged two diameters, Enlarged two diameters.

5*

68 “ MR. S. J. A. SALTER ON THE

distinctive differences are considerable and many: some of the
principal I will enumerate. By reference to the accompanying
figures they will be easily recognized; and the drawings have
been rendered twice life-size to make the distinctions more con-
spicuous. The proportions have been retained with scrupulous
care*.

Commencing with a top view of the skull, the nasal bone is seen
in Mus rattus to be broad and obtuse at its anterior extremity,
bulging out somewhat suddenly ; whereas in the other skull it is
more pointed, and it increases from behind forwards by an even
line. In Mus rattus the infra-orbital foramina are nearly twice as
large as those in the other skull, while the interval between these
foramina is barely more than half, showing a much larger nasal
eapacity in the new rat. In the latter the zygomatic arches are
nearly straight ; in the former they are much bowed. The /ronto-
parietal suture is crescentic in the new rat; it is nearly straight
in Mus rattus. In the former there is a strongly marked cres-
centic ridge for muscular attachment passing across the parietal ’
bones ; this is totally wanting in the latter. The lambdoidal suture
in the new rat is truly lambdoidal; in the other it is an irregular
wavy line passing across the skull. In this view of the cranium
the molar teeth are visible in Mus rattus, whereas they are hidden
in the other skull.

But the most important and weighty distinction between the
two skulls is the size and form of the foramen magnum oceipitale,
as seen on the posterior view of the cranium. In the new rat the
foramen is nearly circular, with two small lateral notches, and
comparatively small ; in the old Black Rat it is oval, with a central
curved notch above, broad from side to side, and very large.

Fig. 3. Fig. 4.

Posterior view of Cranium of Posterior view of Cranium of
the Snake-Rat. Enlarged Mus rattus. Enlarged two
two diameters. diameters.

* I am indebted to my brother, Dr. Hyde Salter, F.R.8., for these accurate

drawings.

CRANIAL CHARACTERS OF THE SNAKE-RAT, 69

The circumstance which gives especial weight to this difference
in the occipital foramina of the two skulls is that it involves a
corresponding difference in the large nervous centre (the medulla
oblongata) which occupies the foramen. I conceive that osteal
characters or forms associated with corresponding modifications of
any portion of the nervous system are of first-class importance.
This would especially apply, in the case I am considering, to the
Soramen magnum occipitale: the same principle would hold good,
in a minor degree, as to the differences already mentioned in the
infra-orbital foramina, which transmit the nerves distributed to
the tactile organs about the mouth.

Fig. 5. Fig. 6.

Under view of Cranium of Snake- Under view of Cranium of Mus
Rat, minus the lower jaw. En- rattus, minus the lower jaw.
larged two diameters. Enlarged two diameters

On the under surface of the skulls there are further distinctive
differences. In the new rat the foramen ovale is hid by the lateral
spreading of the pterygoid processes of the sphenoid bone; in the
Black Rat it is exposed. The breadth of the palate, the size of

70 MR. S. J. A. SALTER ON THE

the posterior nares, the position of the incisor teeth are all differ-
ent ; but these characters and other minor ones will be better
appreciated by referring to the specimens themselves and the
illustrations.

I have not thought it worth while to figure or describe com-
paratively the skull of Mus decumanus. I may mention, however,
that it is very distinct from that of the new rat ; indeed it is more
like the skull of Mus rattus. The common Brown Rat’s skull is
rather longer and slenderer than either of the others; it is nar-
rower across the cerebral region, and does not there bulge out in so
rounded a form, but is more oblong. The two ridges which pass
backwards from the frontal bone, at the top of the zygomatic
fossee, scarcely extend to the parietal bones in the new rat; in
Mus rattus they diverge and bow out in a crescentic form over the
parietal bones, whereas in Mus decwmanus they pass back sharp,
rigid and parallel. The foramen magnum occipitale is even more
extended laterally than in Mus rattus : it is not so deep vertically,
and has not the crescentic notch in the centre of its upper outline.
In the skull of Mus deewmanus there is a little process projecting
backwards from the front angle of the zygomatic fosse; I have
found it in every skull of the Brown Rat Ihave examined : it does
not exist in either of the others.

Blasius, in his ‘Fauna of the Mammalia of Central Europe,’
gives an admirable figure of the skull of Mus decumanus (fig. 171,
page 310): it is critically correct, and has all the distinctive
characters which mark the cranium of this rat.*

I am fully aware that too much importance should not be
attached to observations made on single specimens; and I am
aware, too, that allowance should be made for the possibilities of
individual variety. I regret that I have been unable to multiply
my specimens; but it is difficult to obtain many, either of the
Black Rat or the Snake-Rat. I have reason, however, to think that
the different kinds of rats are not liable among themselves to
any very marked individual varieties in the anatomical characters
of their crania. T have had opportunities of examining enormous
numbers of the common Brown Rat’s skull. The crania have been
all exactly alike: Blasius’s figure might have been copied from
any one of them. Again, the differences between the two skulls
I have contrasted are of such importance, and so grave, that they
seem inconsistent with mere variety : indeed I am not aware that

* Fauna der Wirbelthiere Deutschlands &., Naturgeschichte der Siuge-
thiere, von J. H. Blasius. 1857.

CRANIAL CHARACTERS OF THE SNAKE-RAT. 71

any animals, not domesticated, are ever liable to such individual
differences in the most important osteological characters as these
skulls have exhibited.

Whether this rat has long been an inhabitant of this country—
whence imported, if imported (which I think most likely)—are
questions that I cannot at present answer. The rat corresponds
very closely with the Mus Alexandrinus of Geoffroy St.-Hilaire,
and will very probably turn out to be the same. It has been
known for many years to those who trade in rats for sporting
purposes, but has probably been hitherto confounded by scientific
men with the old Black Rat of this country.

Note.—Since the foregoing was written, I have had reason to
conclude that the Snake-Rat is certainly the same species, race, or
variety as was first described by Geoffroy St. Hilaire under the name
“ Mus Alexandrinus.”’ But at the same time my further investiga-
tions into this subject have convinced me that our knowledge of the
rats of Great Britain, or of rats in general, is not so satisfactory or
definite as descriptions in works on Natural History would lead
us to suppose. Undoubtedly, characteristic specimens of JZ. rattus,
MM. decumanus and M. Alexandrinus may be obtained; but there
are intermediate forms in endless variety, as any one may satisfy
himself by an inspection of the cages of a rat-catcher after his visit
to the rat-homes about the docks of London. There can be no
question that the typical forms enumerated above as three species
are constantly being merged and reduced, under favouring con-
ditions, by interbreeding: the most superficial observation of
many specimens will convince any one of this fact. This circum-
stance was demonstrated some years since at the Zoological Gar-
dens, Regent’s Park. Some individuals of Mus Alexandrinus,
which had been sent from Alexandria, got loose in the gardens ;
and for a long time afterwards the keepers frequently caught
cross-bred rats, at first half-breds, and afterwards with less and less
of the character of the Snake- Rat, till at length all traces of it dis-
appeared. In the language of horse-breeders, the new “ strain of
blood ’’ was “bred out” or eliminated, or, more correctly, it was
overpowered by the repeated crossing always on the line of the
common Brown Rat. Had the circumstance been reversed and a
few of the Mus decwmanus had escaped among a multitude of I.
Alexandrinus, the characters of the latter would have undoubtedly
prevailed in the end. The capacity for interbreeding appears te
be endless and indefinite.

72 MR. SALTER ON THE CRANIUM OF THE SNAKE-RAT.

There are sorts of rats which will not come within the cate-
gory of those recognized, or as their intermediate crosses. We
have in this country a black rat with a white chest: in the
British Museum are two stuffed rats, chestnut-coloured, with
white breasts, which were captured in Cambridgeshire. The dis-
tinguished Irish naturalist, Mr. William Thompson, has described
a black rat with a white chest as a new species, under the name
of Mus Hibernicus.

On the occasion of the reading of my paper on the cranium of
the Snake-Rat, it was suggested by Mr. Lubbock that it might bea
“variety” ot one of our other rats. Subsequently, in a discussion
in the ‘ Field’ newspaper *, by which a great deal of interesting
information respecting rats was brought out, Mr. Newman put
forward the idea that these cosmopolitan rodents are, in their
differences, not so many species, but mere “ geographical races ;”
and I am much inclined to believe that this is the truth of the
matter. Certainly if interbreeding and a resultant fertile offspring
determine the specific identity of varying individuals, there is an
end of the question. The different rats do interbreed and their
progeny are fruitful for any length of time and any number of
generations.

Rats hold a curious intermediate position between wild and do-
mestic animals. They are not absolutely either, and they are
both. They are wild as they are their own masters and roam at
wil: they approach a domestic condition inasmuch as they are
nearly always associated with man and are indirectly dependent
on him for their food. Rats are cosmopolitan—they inhabit almost
if not quite every region where the human race dwells. In viola-
tion, or at least not in keeping with their dentition and organs of
primary assimilation, rats are omnivorous: they can live entirely
on animal food—they even resort to the predaceous habits of car-
nivora; or they may have the barest vegetable diet for their sole
sustenance. Such constitutional capabilities and such adaptability
of habit afford wonderful conditions for the development of races.

Mus Alecandrinus appears to be spreading all over the world ;
its extreme agility and the ready way in which it accommodates
itself to ship-board naturally tend to such a result.

Besides the Eastern localities where it was first found, according
to Blasius it was observed by Savi in Italy in 1825, and named
by him Jus tectorwn; it was found by Pictet near Geneva in
1841, and deseribed by him under the title of Mus leueogaster ;

* For September 8th and 15th, 1860,

MR. BATES ON THE INSECT FAUNA OF THE AMAZON. 73

Blasius states that he himself saw it at Antibes in the south of
France, and he repeatedly obtained it from the Alps in south-
eastern France. It has also been taken at Stuttgard; and Riippell
mentions that it has been sent to him from America. In this
country it has long been known to rat-catchers in the neighbour-
hood of the docks both in London and Liverpool.

Contributions to an Insect Fauna of the Amazon Valley.—Lepi- .
doptera :—Heliconine. By H. W. Bates, Esq. Communi-
cated by Georcs Busx, Esq., Sec. LS.

ABSTRACT.
[Read Nov. 21st, 1861. ]

Tue author, who founds his memoir on personal observations
made on the banks of the Amazon, commenced by defining the
limits of the group. It comprises a number of strangely formed
butterflies peculiar to tropical America. Its relations to the
allied groups, Danaine, Acreine, and true Nymphaline, are of a
peculiar nature, as it contains two essentially distinct types of
form, the oue having an affinity with the Danaine, the other with
the Acreime, or with the Argynnide group of Nymphaline. As,
however, all authors have combined them into a district family, and
they are homogeneous in external aspect, they will be treated as
sections only of the sub-family, viz. Danoid and Acreoid Helico-
nine, instead of referring them, one to the Danae, and the other
to the Acreine, and thus sinking the group Heliconine. This
view of their affinities throws great light on the affiliation of the
forms—an object to which all efforts in systematic zoology ob-
securely tend. The Danaine and Acreine are common to the hot
zones of both hemispheres; and the Heliconine being the highest
development of the common type, it results that the latter reaches
its highest development in the tropics of the new world. The
species are most numerous where the forests are most extensive
and humid. They are characteristic of their region, and, like the
Platyrrhine monkeys, the arboreal Gallinacea (Penelopide and Cra-
cide), and. other groups, point to the gradual adaptation, during an
immense lapse of time, of the fauna to a forest-clad country. Two
hundred and eighty-four species have already been described ; but
every collection made in a newly explored part yields several
new ones. In some of the genera they are confined to very limited
areas, the species being found to change in the uniform country of
the Upper Amazon from one locality to another not further re-

74 MR. H. W. BATES ON THE INSECT FAUNA

moved than one hundred to two hundred miles. Such species, how-
ever, have often the character of local varieties, some of them
indeed showing the connecting links. From facts observed, it
would seem that the excessive multiplication together with the
distinctness of the species were owing to their great susceptibility
of modification, combined with the habit in pairing of selecting
none but their exact counterparts, and probably other causes tend-
_ ing to eliminate the intermediate gradations. The species are
mostly extremely numerous in individuals, and show every sign
of flourishing existence, although they are of feeble structure, and
fly slowly in exposed situations frequented by swarms of insec-
tivorous animals. They are gregarious in habits, the individuals
_ of the same species and clusters of closely allied species being
found in company restricted to limited spots in the forest. They
are often seen in pairs or small parties, apparently engaged in a
kind of dance. The large handsome species are so numerous in
some places that they form part of the physiognomy of the localities.
The only secondary sexual characters are tufts of hairs on the fore
margin of the hind wing in the males of most of the Acreoid
group. These appear to be of no particular utility, but are
apparently analogous to the pencil of hairs on the breast of the
male turkey. The alhed group, Danaime, afford a similar fea-
ture, the males having a horny excrescence on the disk of the hind
wing, which is evidently homologous with the structure above de-
scribed. The most interesting part of the natural history of the
Heliconine is the mimetic analogies of which they seem to be the

aA cat TR Ca

objects. This involves questions of th the e highest scientific interest.
Many of th the ‘species are mimicked by members of of widely widely distant
groups, ¢. 9. Papilio and Leptalis (Papilionde), Ithomeis (Ery-
cinide), Castma (Castniade), Dioptis, Pericopis, Hyelosia, &e.
(Bombycide moths). It is fair to conclude that they are the
objects imitated, because se they all have the-same family facie facies,
whilst the analogous species are dissimilar to their nearest allies
—peryerted, as it were, from the 1
families. The mimicking species are found in in company with the
Heliconine ; and it often happens, wh sll latter are ne

———

ee eel
sialon ce dad occur W with ‘them, ual Seer series of imita-
tions oceurs in the old-world. tropics, where it is the Fepresen-
tatives Of the Heliconine that are the objects imitated. The
cee
instance of this kind of analogy most familiar to European ento-
mologists is that of the species of Tvochilium (a genus of moths),

OF THE AMAZON VALLEY. 75

which mimic strangely various bees, wasps, and other Hymeno-
pterous and Dipterous insects. The Heliconine, however, mimic
each other to a great extent—the parallel species belonging to
quite distinct _genera. In this case also, when the species present
local varieties, the analogues are modified in precisely the same
way, so that two or three species belonging to different genera
resemble each other so much that they can scarcely be distin-
euished except by their generic characters. Endless instances
of these imitative resemblances occur in entomology. Why they
are so plentiful and amazingly exact in insects, whilst so rare and
vague in the higher animals, is perhaps owing to the higher
~ degree of specialization attained by the insect class, which is
shown also by the perfection of their adaptive structures and
instincts. Their being more striking and numerous in tropical
than in temperate countries is perhaps attributable to the more
active competitive life and the more rapid succession of the gene-
rations in the former than in the latter. The meaning of these
analogies is not difficult to surmise. In the first place, they
cannot be entirely the result of similarity of habits or external
physical conditions necessitating similar external dress. They
are of the same nature as the assimilation of an insect or other
animal in superficial appearance to the vegetable or inorganic
substance on which it lives. The likeness of a beetle or lizard
to the bark of the tree on which it crawls cannot be explained as
an identical result produced by a common cause acting on the tree
and the animal: one is evidently adapted to the other. The in-
finite variety of resemblances between insects and plants_or inor-
ganic substances—between predaceous animals and their victims—
the adaptation of organs or functions to the objects or habits they
relate to—are all of the same nature. They are adaptations either
of the whole outward dress or special parts, all having in view
the welfare of the creatures that possess them. Every species in
nature may be looked upon as maintaining its existence by virtue
of some endowment enabling it to withstand the host of adverse
circumstances by which it is surrounded. The means by which
the existence of species is maintained are of endless diversity ;
and amongst them may be reckoned the resemblance of an other-
wise defenceless species to another whose flourishing race shows
that it possesses peculiar advantages. The Heliconine, by the
great number of their individuals, show themselves to be a
favoured family. It is not easy to discover anything in their
structure or habits which might give them an advantage. There

76 MR. H. W. BATES ON THE INSECT FAUNA

is some cause to believe that they are unpalatable to insectivorous
animals—at least the Acre@oid group. This would not explain,
however, the numerous mutual resemblances of the Heliconine.
All that we can say is, that some species are more successful in the
battle of life than others, and that it is an advantage to others
HOE otherwise provided for if they are brought t6 é deceptively
similar to them, The process by which this is brought about in
nature is a problem involved in the wider one of the origin of all
species and all adaptations. There are some curious facts, however,
in the geographical distribution of the species and varieties of
certain members of the genus Leptalis which throw great light

on the subject, at least as far as the Leptalides_areconcerned,
which offer perhaps the most ‘remarkable cases of mimicry. It

would appear by these facts that a mimetic species has not always
existed under the same specific mimetic dress which it now wears,
as the following example shows. Leptalis Lysinoé in one district
is very variable, but none of its varieties mimics very closely a
Heliconine species there residing ; they rather tend to imitate
species of Stalactis—another flourishing group belonging to a
different family ; but a few individuals oceur intermediate in cha-
racter, and quite uncertain in their analogies. In another district,
again, this species is very variable, and some of the varieties are

to deception one or other of ee species of Ithomia, amongst
which only they are Eoatnetione audits mane a ae
stinguishable, except when closely examined in the hand. Ina third
locality this Zeptalis is found under one form only, distinct from
any of the varieties occurring elsewhere, but mimicking closely an
Ithomia also found there and not in the other two districts. Thus
we see that, although the changes a species undergoes, first simply
variable, and then presenting local varieties closely mimicking
other forms, cannot be watched in nature as they take place suc-
cessively, they can be seen as it were simultaneously by tracing |
them over the area of its distribution. Leptalis Lysinoé is a
species of great rarity, and therefore liable to complete extinction.
It seems fair to conclude that, as the Jthomie which it mimics are
certainly spared by the swarms of insectivorous birds which daily
sweep through th their abodes, the Leptalis, not t being so favoured,
escapes ipes destruction by wearing the livery of the Ithomia. may
be added that the family to which Leptalis belongs “(Pierida) are
certainly much persecuted by insectivorous animals, As, then, the
Leptalis varies from one locality to another, some few of its varia-

OF THE AMAZON VALLEY. 77

tions being of uncertain character, it seems evident that when the
mimicry is complete the indeterminate and intermediate grades of
variation have been eliminated by insectivorous animals. The
Leptalides have probably been subjected to this untiring persecu-
fion, even to the yerge OF extermination in-enctr 3UGESsaive Fu
rati thsoughout an immense lapse" of GWe—By- Wing is the
vicinity of oth other spaces Inge trom the Sane Pereermnems wet being
already similar to them in general appearance, this latter being
inherited through a long line of ancestors which have been more
or éd to similar conditions, such of their varieties as
nearest resembled the protected spec aceatawalt Geeae aeseienion
and thus agate their kind. eneral resemblances
between forms may be owing in some cases to similar habits, or
f such general causes a8 have produced what are called ¥ecurrent
animal forms ; this general | resemblance must exist before 1 the
causes °s whic produce mimetic analogies can come into play. It
mus arked that some of the exact resemblances already
alluded to pelea species of Heliconine seem not to be owing to
the adaptation of one to the other, but rather (as they have a real
affinity, the genera to which they belong being throughout very
similar in colours and all equally flourishing) to the similar adap-
tation of all to the same external local conditions: The check
which acts by destroying the indeterminate variations in these
cases would not be the same as in Leptalis;.in other respects,
however, the same law of nature appears, namely, the selection of
one or more distinct varieties by the elimination of intermediate

a ee
gradations. It may be remarked also that a mimetic species need

not ways be a rare one, althoug is very generally the case :
it may be prolific, or its Seen may be intermitted when

the disguise is complete. The operation of checks successively
eliminating variations unfavourable to a species, as thus explqined,
produces the impression of a stimulus impelling an advance of
organization in a special direction. This apparent direct advance
suggests the only other scientific explanation that could be sug-
gested, viz. the operation of volition or an innate tendency in the
creatures themselves to become gradually assimilated to other
forms, and thus acquire a disguise favourable to the species. On
examination, however, this explanation is found to be untenable,
and the appearances which suggest it illusory. Those who earnestly
desire a rational explanation must arrive at the conclusion that
these apparently miraculous but always beautiful and wonderful
mimetic resemblances, like every other kind of adaptation in beings,
are brought about by causes similar to those here discussed.

78 OCCURRENCE OF SCYLLARUS ARCTUS IN ENGLAND.

Note on the Occurrence of the Crustacean Scyllarus Aretus in
England. By Jonaruan Covcu, Esq., F.LS. |

[Read Dec. 5, 1861.]

Tue Seyllarus Arctus has been of too rare occurrence in Britain
to have acquired an English name; and, indeed, it appears uncer-
tain whether hitherto its existence on our shores has ever been
placed beyond a doubt. It has been said that one example, and
perhaps two, have been found in Mount’s Bay, in Cornwall; but
as the same authority reports it to have its residence in shallow
water, where it lives in a burrow formed by itself, and we have
proof that it has been carefully sought for in vain in the district
referred to, there seems to have been some reason hitherto for
retaining a distrust of the evidence which could only rest on the
supposed occurrence of examples twice in the space of a hundred
years. This difficulty, however, can no longer be felt; and I have
the satisfaction of reporting to the Linnean Society the occurrence
of a specimen, which was obtained at a distance of about a couple
of leagues from this place (Polperro). The discovery itself is due
to the diligence of Mr. William Laughrin, A.L.S., whose practice of
examining the stomachs of fishes has been long continued, and for
scarce specimens of Crustaceans highly successful ; but it was only
at the beginning of this present November (1861) that he was so
fortunate as to find the Crustacean here mentioned. It was in
the stomach of a Cod, which was taken with a line by a fisherman
of Polperro, at the depth of about forty fathoms ; and from this
depth of water we learn that this Crustacean is not so entirely, if
at all, an inhabitant near the shore and in shallow water, as has
been supposed. This example of a rare Crustacean had suffered
very slightly from the digestive action of the stomach; and in its
prison it had for its companions two specimens of Alpheus
ruber —a species which appears to exist in considerable numbers
on the ground frequented by the codfish at the depth above
specified.

On a New Genus of Zunicata occurring on one of the Bellona
Reefs. By Joun Dunis Macponatrp, R.N., F.R.S., Surgeon
of H.M.S. ‘Icarus.’ (Communicated by the Secretary.)

[Read Dec. 5, 1861.]

Amonasr many interesting objects of natural history obtained by
H.M.S. ‘ Herald’ during her visit to the Bellona Reefs (lat, 21°

MR. MACDONALD ON A NEW GENUS OF TUNICATA. 79

51’ S., long. 159° 28’ E.) was a very remarkable Ascidian, which,
as it appears to be quite new, merits brief notice.

The external appearance of the animal so much resembled
the nidamental case of some large Gasteropod, affixed to a
block of coral, that no suspicion of its real nature was entertained
until it had been minutely examined. . Soon, however, it was
ascertained that within a thin coriaceous test, fashioned like a
snuff-box, with a perfectly applied lid, a little tunicary was en-
closed, enjoying the power of opening and closing the operculum
or door of its retreat at will.

The case (figs. 1 & 2) was about 3 an inch in length, and over 3
of an inch in breadth, though rather fuller in front than behind.
The attached side was flat (fig. 2), but the free surface (equivalent
to the right side of the recumbent animal) was convex and rounded
(d) ; so that the aperture at the anterior end presented a D-shaped
or semicircular figure (fig. 4) ; and this was accurately fitted with
a lid of a corresponding shape. The free margin of both the aper-
ture and the lid was beset with minute and rigid spines, having an
inward curvature protecting the entrance from invasion. In con-
tinuity with these margins a thin layer of test-substance was
traceable as a kind of conjunctiva (fig. 4.¢), upon the anterior
part of the contained animal, to the borders of the branchial (d)
and cloacal openings (e), which occupied the same plane in the
mouth of the cell, bemg merely divided by a narrow transverse
depression. Both these openings were simple though somewhat
puckered in the contracted state, and encircled at a little distance
from the free edge by a broad band of pale-red pigment.

The mantle was closely applied to the inner surface of the test,
without, however, giving off any palliovascular processes. A dark-
coloured reticulation, visible through the outer epithelium, marked
off the distribution of the blood-yessels ; and the disposition of the
internal organs was traceable through the semitransparent tissues
(fig. 3).

Not wishing to destroy the specimen, I did not determine the
arrangement of its respiratory membrane; but I observed that
the branchial orifice was guarded by a circle of simple tentacula
(fig. 4 d). |

The esophagus was short, soon opening into a subglobular
stomach with thick glandular walls thrown into longitudinal folds.
The intestine proceeded from the posterior end of the stomach,
around which it turned inferiorly, and having coursed forwards to
within a short distance of the cloacal opening, it ended in the vent.

80 MR. MACDONALD ON A NEW GENUS OF TUNICATA.

Fig. 4.

aN

veo

5 NDAD ds

e~n = #

MR. MACDONALD ON A NEW GENUS OF TUNICATA. 81

The heart (fig. 3 d) lay in front of the stomach, extending
into the interval between that organ and the cesophagus.

The follicles of the testicle skirted the convexity of the intes-
tinal curve, and immediately superficial to these were the sacculi
of the ovarium. The ducts, however, converged from the hollow of
the intestinal loop, and led forwards beside the rectum (fig. 3 ¢).

Perophora is a pouch-bearer ; but the present genus, being a
little pouch in itself, may be called Pera ; and the species Huzleyz,
after one who, above all English observers, has added most to our
precise knowledge of the Twnicata.

The original specimen from which this imperfect description
was taken is now in the possession of Professor Huxley; and I
may mention, in conclusion, that Professor Claparede suggested to
me the existence of a similar operculate condition of the test in
the case of the so-called house of Appendicularia, in which, how-
eyer, I believe each aperture is furnished with a distinct valve.

REFERENCES TO THE FIGURES.

Fig. 1. Front view of the animal with the lid closed.
Fig. 2. Side view of ditto (nat. size).
Fig. 3. Posterior view magnified, with a portion of the test removed
to show the internal organs.
*s a. Mantle detached from the test below.
a b. Stomach.
3 ce. Intestine. —
= d. Heart.
= e. Testicular follicles.
“s Jf. Ovarium.

se g. Ducts.
Fig. 4. Front view magnified, with the operculum thrown open.
> a. Operculum.

Pe b. Body of the cell.

: ce. Conjunctive membrane.

= d. Branchial orifice with tentacula appearing.
fe e. Cloacal orifice.

3, J- Occlusor muscular fibres.

LINN. PROC.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. VI. 6

82 MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

Catalogue of the Heterocerous Lepidopterous Insects collected at
Sarawak, in Borneo, by Mr. A. R. WAttacs, with Descriptions
of New Species. By Francis Watxer, Esq., F.L.S,

[Read April 4, 1861. ]

Fam. AGERITDZ, Steph.
Gen. AaERtIA, Habr.

1, AiGERIA CHALYBEA,n.s. Mas. Chalybeo-cyanea, pectore et seg-
mentorum abdominalium marginibus posticis argenteis, pedibus pal-
lide aurato tomentosis, alis limpidis, costa venis fimbriaque purpureis.

Male. Chalybeous blue. Pectus and sides of the thorax silvery. Ab-
dominal segments with silvery hind borders. Legs with pale gilded
tomentum. Wings limpid; costa, frmge, and veins cupreous purple.
Length of the body 5 lines; of the wings 10 lines.

The specimen of this species is injured, and therefore it is not fully

described.

Gen. Sannina, Walk.

2. SANNINA PULCHRIPENNIS, n.s. Mas. Cyanea, robusta, viridi
purpureoque varia, oculis argenteo marginatis, thoracis humeris albo
squamosis, calcaribus albis, alis anticis cyaneis, posticis lurido-hyalinis
cyaneo marginatis.

Male. Metallic blue, stout, varied with green and purple. Head silvery
white about the eyes. Palpi almost vertical, not rising higher than
the head. Thorax with smooth closely-applied scales ; a tuft of white
scales on each in front. Abdomen nearly linear; apical tuft rather
long. Legs stout, squamous; spurs white. Fore wings bright me-
tallic blue, tinged with purple; costa slightly dilated towards the tip ;
fringe cupreous purple like that of the hind wings. Hind wings
vitreous, with a lurid tinge, bordered with metallic blue; costa irre-
gularly and veins purplish blue. Length of the body 8 lines; of the
wings 15 lines.

3. SANNINA RUFIFINIS, n, s. Mas. Cupreo-purpurea, capite argenteo,
humeris albo squamosis, abdomine lateribus basi albo fasciculatis,
dimidio apicali rufo, tibiis posticis nigro subfimbriatis, calearibus
albis, alis anticis viridibus apices versus purpureis, posticis lurido-
vitreis.

Male. Cupreous purple, in structure like the preceding species. Head
silvery white in front and about the eyes. Thorax with a tuft of
white scales on each side in front. Abdomen with a tuft of white
hairs on each side at the base; apical half and apical tuft bright red.
Legs stout, squamous; tibiw slightly fringed with black hairs ; spurs
white. Fore wings metallic green, purple towards the tips; costa

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 83

slightly dilated towards the tip. Hind wings vitreous, with a lurid
tinge; costa irregularly, veins and fringe purple. Length of the body
8 lines; of the wings 15 limes.

Gen. Murittia, Hida.

4. Meurrria FASCIATA, n.s. Foem. Metallico-nigra, crassa, capite
subtus fasciculato, abdomine fascia lata rufa, tibiis posticis nigro late
fasciculatis basi albido pilosis, alis anticis nigris apices versus pallidis
subaurato tomentosis, posticis limpidis, costa venaque 1* inferiore
nigro marginatis.

Female. Metallic black, very robust. Head with a thick tuft at the
base of the palpi. Palpi hardly ascending higher than the vertex ;
3rd jomt lanceolate, about one-third of the length of the second.
Antenne hardly thicker exteriorly. Abdomen with a broad red band,
which is mostly before the middle. Legs stout; hind tibie with
whitish hairs at the base; the rest broadly fringed with black hairs.
Fore wings black, narrow, slightly broader towards the tips; apical
part pale, with slightly gilded tomentum. Hind wings limpid, blackish
along the costa and along the Ist inferior vein. Length of the body
12 lines ; of the wings 24 lines.

Gen. Bona, n. g.

Mas. Corpus gracile. Palpi graciles, arcuati, lanceolati, ascendentes,
caput superantes ; articulus 3"° 2° non longior. Antenne dense fim-
briate. Pedes graciles, fimbriati; femora tibizeque apice late fim-
briata. Ale opace, peranguste.

Male. Body slender. Palpi slender, curved, lanceolate, rismg high
above the head; 3rd jomt very acute, as long as the second, and
much more slender. Antenne broadly and thickly fringed, more than
half the length of the body. Legs slender ; femora, tibize, and tarsi
fringed ; femora and tibiz broadly frmged towards the tips; hind
tibiee with four long spurs. Wings opaque and very narrow in the
typical species.

This genus seems to connect the Aigeride with the Tineina.

5. BONIA UNICOLOR, n.s. Mas. Cupreo-purpurea, antennis pedi-
busque nigro fimbriatis, alis peracutis.

Male. Cupreous purple. Antenne and legs fringed with black hairs.
Wings very acute; fringe long. Length of the body 5 lines; of
the wings 12 lines.

Gen. TyricTaca, n. g.

Fem. Corpus squamosum, sat validum. Palpi graciles, ascendentes,
lanceolati, subarcuati, caput non superantes; articulus 2"* 3° valde
brevior. Antenne leves. Abdomen longi-conicum. Pedes breyius-

6*

84 MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

culi, appressi, subdilatati, tibiis posticis densissime fasciculatis. Ale
angustz, non acute. .

Female. Body squamous, rather stout, and convex. Palpi slender,
lanceolate, slightly curved, not rising so high as the vertex; 3rd joint
much longer than the second. Antenne simple, smooth. Abdomen
elongate-conical, less than twice the length of the thorax. Legs
rather short, slightly dilated, laterally flattened; hind tibiz most
densely tufted, with four long spurs. Wings narrow, nearly hyaline,
not acute at the tips. °

6. TyRICTACA APICALIS, n. s. Fem. Nigricanti-cyanea, pedibus
purpureis, alis iridescentibus subhyalinis aurato subsquamosis, anticis
litura magna costali subtrigona.

Female. Blackish metallic blue. Legs mostly purple. Wings iri-
descent, nearly hyaline, slightly covered with gilded scales. Fore
wings with a large black subtriangular costal mark beyond the middle.
Length of the body 4 lines; of the wings 9 lines.

Fam. SPHINGIDA, Leach.

Gen. Co@rocampa, Duponch.

7. Choerocampa Thyelia, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 2. 803 (Sphinx).
Inhabits also West Africa, South Africa, Hindostan, Ceylon, China, and
Java.

8. Cheerocampa Lucasii, Boisd. MSS. Walk. Cat. Lep. vii. 141.
Inhabits also Hindostan.

9. Choerocampa Oldenlandiz, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 1. 370. 44 (Sphinx).
TInhabits also Hindostan, Java, and Australia.

10. Cheerocampa Silhetensis, Boisd. MSS. Walk. Cat. Lep. viii. 143.
Inhabits also Hindostan, Ceylon, North China, and Java.

11. Choerocampa suffusa, Walk. Cat. Lep. viii. 146.
Inhabits also China.

Gen. Prransa, Walk.
12. Pergesa Castor, Boisd. MSS. (Deilephila). Walk, Cat. Lep. viii.
153.
Inhabits also Hindostan and Java.

Gen. Panacra, Walk.

13. Panacra scapularis, Boisd. MSS, (Sphinx), Walk. Cat. Lep. viii.
157.
Inhabits also Hindostan and Java.

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 85

Gen. AcHERONTIA, Ochs.

14. Acherontia Satanas, Boisd. Hist. Nat. Lep. pl. 16. f. 1.
Inhabits also Hindostan, Ceylon, China, and Java.

Gen. Dapunusa, Waik.
15. Daphnusa ocellaris, Walk. Cat. Lep. viii. 238.

16. DAPHNUSA ORBIFERA, Dn. s. Mas. Rufescenti-cinerea, alis schis-
taceo suffusis lmea exteriore cinerea angulosa non obliqua, anticis
subfalcatis plaga postica exteriore testacea lineolaque adhuc exteriore
transversa testacea, posticis lanuginosis macula postica picea angu-
lata cano-marginata.

Male. Reddish cinereous. Abdomen and under side paler. Antenne
testaceous, slightly serrated. Wings with a slate-coloured bloom,
which is obliquely interrupted near the base, and in the fore wings is
divided from the apical part by a cinereous upright zigzag line. Fore
wings subfaleate ; interior borders lightly excavated, with a tuft of short
upright fawn-coloured hairs near the base, and with a large nearly
round testaceous spot near the tip; this spot is connected with a
marginal streak of the same hue, and between the latter and the
interior angle there is a little transverse testaceous line; under side
with a piceous exterior line of lunules, and with piceous tips. Hind
wings partly lanuginous, more reddish than the fore wings, with a
piceous angular hoary-bordered spot on the somewhat truncated inte-
rior angle; interior border mostly cinereous; under side with three
blackish lines. Length of the body 18 lines; of the wings 48 lines.

Fam. AGARISTID A, Swainson.
Gen. Eusrem1a, Dalman.

17. EuseM1A BisuGATA, n.s. Mas. Atra, fronte albo biguttata,
oculis albo cinctis, thorace maculis quatuor anticis pallide flavis, abdo-
mine fasciis sex luteis subtus luteo fascia subapicali nigra, alis anticis
fasciis duabus luteis abbreviatis subexcavatis, posticis ochraceo-rufis -
basi fascia interrupta fasciaque marginali nigris.

Male. Deep black. Head white about the eyes beneath, and with a
white dot on each side of the front. Palpi with two white bands.
Thorax with four pale-yellow spots im front. Abdomen with six
Juteous bands; under side luteous, with a black band near the tip.
Legs piceous. Fore wings with two abbreviated slightly excavated
luteous bands, the interior one much shorter than the exterior one ;
these bands are pale yellow on the under side, where there are four
little white longitudinal streaks nearer the tip. Hind wings orange-
red, black at the base, and with a black interrupted excavated band,
which is connected by a short line with the black excavated marginal

86 MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

band; this on the under side contains a row of white points, of which
the largest is also apparent on the upper side. Length of the body
8 lines; of the wings 24 lines.

This species comes between E. maculatrixz and E. amatriz.

18, EUSEMIA HESPERIOIDES, n.s. Fem. Atra, subtus ochracea,
oculis albo cinctis, abdomine ochraceo-rufo basi apiceque atro, fasci-
culo apicali ochraceo, alis albo fimbriatis, anticis fascia recta sub-
obliqua flavo-alba strigulisque duabus cyaneis, posticis fascia lata
interiore ochraceo-rufa.

Female. Deep black, ochraceous beneath. Head white about the eyes.
Abdomen orange-red, deep black at the base and towards the tip,
which has an ochraceous tuft. Wings with a white frmge, except
towards the interior angle. Fore wings with some blue scales near
the base, and with a little blue streak on each side of the straight
slightly oblique yellowish-white band, which is abbreviated near the
interior angle. Hind wings with a broad interior orange-red band,
which widens towards the interior border. Length of the body 10
lines ; of the wings 28 lines.

Very nearly allied to EH. proxima, but distinct; the fore wings have no

exterior mark, and the hind wings have a broader black border.

19. Eusemi1a MOLLIs, Walk. Cat. Lep. vii. 1774. Var. Mas. Nigra,
vertice albo guttato, oculis albo cinctis, thorace vittis duabus albis,
segmentorum abdominalium marginibus posticis basi albis apice
ochraceis, ventre luteo basi apiceque nigro, alis glauco squamosis
maculis duabus spatioque marginali inciso nigris maculis submar-
ginalibus elongatis glauco-albidis, anticis macula interiore nigra
squamis nonnullis argenteis.

Var. Male. Black. Head white about the eyes, and with a white dot on the
vertex. Thorax with two white stripes. Abdominal segments with
white hind borders towards the base, and with ochraceous hind borders
towards the tip ; underside except towards the base and tip ochraceous.
Wings thickly covered with glaucous scales, with the exception of an
incomplete band (which is composed of two large spots in each wing)
and of the marginal space, into which the glaucous part emits broad
streaks; this space contains glaucous whitish elongated spots, which
are most numerous and regular in the hind wings; fringe tipped with
white. lore wings mostly black towards the base and along the costa ;
some silvery scales in the fore spot of the band and in another spot
which is nearer the base.

Inhabits also Hindostan and Malacca.

Gen. Albaoowra, Latr.

20. AlGoceRA postica, n.s. Mas. Rufescenti-nigra, capite vitta
sulphurea, thorace vitta alba, abdomine luteo vitta basali maculaque
apicali nigris, alis anticis lineis transversis deviis interruptis eyaneis

COLLECTED AT SARAWAR. 87

maculisque tribus punctoque sulphureis, posticis basi luteis macula
exteriore sulphurea.

Male. Reddish black. Head with a broad sulphur stripe which extends
over the fore part of the palpi. Thorax with a white stripe. Abdomen
and legs luteous, the former with a black stripe towards the base and
a black apical spot. Fore wings with irregular and interrupted metallic
blue transverse lines and with three sulphur spots; middle spot
second in size, and having in front of it a sulphur point. Hind wings
bright luteous for somewhat less than half the surface from the base,
and with a large exterior sulphur spot. Length of the body 7 lines;
of the wings 16 lines.

Gen. Pozeorista, Botsd.

21. PH%GORISTA CATACOLOIDES, n. s. Mas. Rufescenti-fusca,
subtus lutea, abdomine luteo apice fusco, alis anticis purpurascente
suffusis albo conspersis fascia exteriore lata venis annulisque duobus
albis pbecnon maculis subtus duabus subquadratis albis lineaque submar-
ginali interrupta nivea, posticis luteis gutta discali margineque fuscis.

Male. Reddish brown, luteous beneath. Head in front aud palpi blackish ;
3rd joint of the palpi less than half the length of the 2nd. Abdomen
luteous, brown at the tip. Fore wings more reddish than the thorax,
partly tinged with purplish, irregularly white-speckled, with a broad
exterior speckled white band which emits two oblique white streaks to
the interior border, and is accompanied along its exterior side by two
shghtly undulating white lines; the dark line which divides the inner
white line from the band is bent hindward across the band; veins
white ; two white discal ringlets, the outer side of the exterior one
formed by the band; an irregular and much-interrupted submarginal
white le, which has not the yellowish tinge of the band and of the
speckles ; underside with two subquadrate discal white spots, separated
by a space which corresponds with the interior ringlet above. Hind
wings bright luteous, with a brown discal dot, and with a cupreous
brown border which is broadest in front. Length of the body 8 lines;
of the wings 20 lines.

Fam. ZYGANIDA, Leach.

Gen. Syntomis, Ochs.

22. Syntomis Schcenherni, Boisd. Mon. Zyg. 112, pl.7. fi
Inhabits also Hindostan and Ceylon.

o. 1.

oO

23. SYNTOMIS TETRAGONARIA, n. s. Mas et Fem. Purpurascenti-
nigra, capite antico luteo, thorace fasciis tribus strigisque duabus
luteis, abdomine fasciis quatuor luteis, alis anticis maculis quinque luteis

quadratis plus minusve elongatis, posticis macula lutea magna basali
elongata postice incisa.

Male. Purplish black. Head luteous in front. Thorax with three luteous

88 MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

bands and with two luteous humeral stripes. Abdomen with four
luteous bands; lst band basal; 4th broader than the 2nd and the 3rd.
Fore wings with five quadrate more or less elongated luteous spots ; Ist
spot near the base; 2nd larger and a little nearer the base than the 3rd,
which is in front; 4th behind the 5th, which is smaller. Hind wings
with a large elongated luteous basal spot, which is notched hindward.
Female. Luteous marks somewhat deeper than those of the male;
fore wings with the 2nd luteous spot more oblique; 4th shorter; 5th
longer. Length of the body 5-53 lines; of the wings 13-14 lines.
Nearly allied to S. tenuis.

24. SYNTOMIS EGENARIA, n.s. Mas. Cupreo-nigra, capite antico
luteo, thorace marginibus strigisque duabus obliquis luteis, abdomine
fasciis sex luteis, alis anticis guttis duabus basalibus maculisque sex
strigaque subcostali luteis maculis 5° et 6° fusco interlineatis, posticis
luteis brevissimis litura subcostali margineque fuscis.

Male. Cupreous black. Head luteous in front. Thorax luteous-bor-
dered in front and behind, and with an oblique luteous streak on each
side. Abdomen with six luteous bands, of which the 4th is broader
than the others. Fore wings with two luteous basal dots and with six
large luteous spots; Ist and 2nd spots near the base; lst much
broader than the 2nd, accompanied by a subcostal luteous streak ; 3rd
about half the length of the 4th, which is hindward and oblique; 5th
and 6th each divided by a brown vein. Hind wings luteous, very
short, with a brown subcostal mark and with a brown marginal band.
Length of the body 7 lines; of the wings 16 lines.

Nearly allied to S. tenuis.

25. SYNTOMIS PRODUCENS, n.s. Mas. Atra, facie lutea nigro vittata,
antennis angulatis, thorace margine antico guttis quatuor fasciaque
postica luteis, abdomine fasciis sex luteis fascia 1* bis interrupta, alis
anticis gutta basali maculisque quatuor elongatis maculaque exteriore
subrotunda luteis, posticis striga basali plagaque interlineata luteis.

Male. Deep black. Face luteous, with a black stripe. Antennz di-
stinctly angular at about one-third of the length from the base. Tho-

* yax luteous-bordered in front, with two luteous dots on each side, and
with a slight luteous band hindward. Abdomen with six luteous
bands, of which the basal one is broader than the others, and is ob-
liquely interrupted on each side. Fore wings with a luteous basal
spot and with five large discal spots; Ist and 2nd spots approximate,
much elongated; 3rd about thrice the breadth of the 4th, which is
longer and narrower than the Ist and the 2nd; 5th nearly round.
Hind wings with a large luteous basal streak which is notched hind-
ward, and a luteous patch which is divided by a black line; the latter
widens towards each end. Length of the body 8 lines; of the wings
20 lines.

Nearly allied to S, tenuis.

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 89

26. SYNTOMIS DECORATA, n.s. Fem. Purpureo-nigra, capite antico
luteo, antennis apice albis, thoracis marginibus vittis duabus humeris
abdominisque fasciis septem luteis, pedibus luteo fasciatis, tarsis basi
albis, alis limpido areolatis basi luteis, anticis apice purpureo-nigris
macula subapicali lutea, posticis minimis.

Female. Purplish black. Head luteous; vertex and palpi black. An-
tennz black, pure white towards the tips. Thorax luteous-bordered
in front and behind, with two luteous humeral spots and with two
luteous stripes. Abdomen with seven luteous bands; 5th and 6th
bands almost connected. Femora and tibiz with luteous bands; tarsi
pure white towards the base. Wings with the disks of the areolets

_ limpid, luteous at the base. Fore wings with a luteous subapical spot
and with purplish-black tips. Hind wings very small. Length of the
body 5 lines; of the wings 14 lines.

Allied to S. fenestrata.

27. SYNTOMIS DERIVATA, n.s. Fem. Purpurea, antennis apice tho-
racis margine antico pectore abdominis macula basali fasciaque albis,
alis anticis limpido quinquemaculatis, posticis hmpido bimaculatis.

Female. Deep purple. Antennz black, with white tips. Thorax pure
white in front. Pectus mostly white. Abdomen with a truncate
conical pure white basal spot, and with a band at two-thirds of the
length of the same hue. Fore wings with five large limpid spots; Ist
spot near the base; 3rd slightly oblique, behind the 2nd; 5th behind
the 4th, which it much exceeds in size. Hind wings with two limpid
spots ; the interior spot much larger than the exterior one. Length
of the body 7 lines; of the wings 18 lines.

This species comes between S. Minceus and S. divisa.

28. SYNTOMIS TRANSITIVA, n.s. Mas. Purpurea, capitis gutta an-
tennis apice thoracis fascia antica interrupta humeris maculisque qua-
tuor pectoralibus albis, abdomine fasciis duabus interruptis guttisque
quatuor lateralibus albis, tarsis basi albis, alis anticis limpido quinque-
maculatis, posticis mimimis limpido trimaculatis.

Male. Deep purple. Head with a white dot in front. Antenne silvery
white towards the tips. Thorax with an interrupted white band on
the fore border, and with two humeral white spots. Pectus with two
white spots on each side. Abdomen with two interrupted white bands,
one at the base, the other at two-thirds of the length, entire beneath,
where there are two white dots on each side in front of it. Fore cox
white beneath; tarsi white towards the base. Wings cupreous-tinged.
Fore wings with five limpid spots; 1st spot subelliptical, less than half
the length of the 2nd, which is hmdward and oblique, and has parallel
sides; 3rd, 4th, and Sth spots elliptical, smaller than the lst; 3rd
much in front of the 4th and 5th, which are only divided by a black
vein. Hind wings very small, with three limpid spots, which occupy

90 MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

the whole disk, and are only divided by the black veins. Length of
the body 7 lines; of the wings 18 lines.

This species also comes between S. Minceus and S. divisa.

29. SYNTOMIS INTERMISSA, n.s. Mas. Purpurea, capitis gutta tho-
racis fascia antica imterrupta humeris pectorisque maculis quatuor
albis, antennis apicalibus abdomime fascia basali interrupta fascia pos-
teriore guttisque lateralibus albis, tarsis basi albis, alis anticis limpido
quinquemaculatis, posticis minimis limpido trimaculatis.

Male. Deep purple. Head with a white dot in front. Antenne with
silvery-white tips. Thorax with an interrupted white band on the
fore border, and with two humeral white spots. Pectus with two
white spots on each side. Abdomen with an interrupted white basal
band and with an entire white band at two-thirds of the length; tip
bluish ; underside with a row of white dots along each side from the
base to the hinder band. Fore coxz white beneath; tarsi white at
the base. Fore wings with five limpid spots; Ist spot subquadrate,
more than half the length of the 2nd, which widens exteriorly and has
an oblique exterior side ; 3rd nearly linear, much in front of the 4th
and the 5th, which together form a short conical spot. Hind wings
very small, with three limpid spots ; 2nd and 3rd spots much smaller
than those of the preceding species. Length of the body 6 lmes; of
the wings 15 lines.

This is sufficiently different from S. transitiva to claim a new name ; but
there is so much resemblance between the two that they may be termed
varieties or nearly allied species, according to the various use of those
words.

30. SYNTOMIS SEPARABILIS, n.s. Foam. Nigra, capitis gutta an-
tennis apice humerisque albis, abdomine macula basali guttis latera-
libus fascia dorsali fasciisque ventralibus albis, alis anticis limpido quin-
quemaculatis, posticis minimis limpido unimaculatis.

Female. Black. Head with a white dot in front. Antenne white
towards the tips. Thorax with two humeral white spots. Abdomen
with a subquadrate white basal spot ; a row of white dots along each
side, and white bands beneath from the base to a dorsal white band at
two-thirds of the length. Fore coxa white beneath. Fore wings
with five limpid spots; 1st spot small, slightly oblong, near the base ;
2nd and 3rd oblong-quadrate; Grd oblique, a little shorter and
broader than the 2nd; 4th elliptical; 5th larger than the 4th, double
or divided by a black vein. Hind wings very short, with one very
large limpid spot. Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings 12 lines.

This, though much like S. imtermissa, is sufficiently distinct to be

called another species.

31, SyNTOMIS DIVISURA, 1.8. Kam. Nigra, fronte humerisque albis,

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 91

abdomine cyaneo, alis anticis maculis quatuor elongatis limpidis, pos-
ticis limpidis macula una elongata limpida.

Female. Black. Front white. Thorax with two large humeral white
spots. Abdomen dark blue. Fore wings with four limpid elongated
spots; lst spot much shorter and more slender than the 2nd, from
which it is very narrowly divided ; 2nd slightly oblique ; 3rd elongate-
elliptical, a little longer than the 4th, of which a very small part in
front is subdivided by a black vein. Hind wings very small, with one
large elongated limpid spot. Length of the body 6 lines; of the
wings 14 lines.

This is most allied to S. separabilis, from which it may be distmmguished

by the absence of the basal spot of the fore wings.

32, SYNTOMIS EXPANDENS, n.s. Mas. Cyaneo-purpurea, antennis
apice humeris tarsisque basi albis, alis anticis maculis sex contiguis
limpidis, posticis minimis macula una elongata limpida.

Male. Dark-bluish purple. Antenne shining white towards the tips.
Thorax with two humeral white spots. Tarsi white towards the base.
Fore wings with six large elongated limpid spots, five of which are
only divided from each other by the black veims ; the 4th is somewhat
more widely divided from the others. Hind wings very small, with
one large elongated limpid spot, from which a very small basal part is
slightly divided by a black vein.

In this Syntomis the characters which are common to the five preceding

species begin to pass away.

33. SYNTOMIS LONGIPENNISs,u.s. Fem. Nigra, humeris albis, pec-
tore maculis quatuor albis, abdomine cyaneo-purpureo litura basali
maculis quatuor lateralibus fascia posteriore ventreque albis, alis an-
ticis limpido quadrimaculatis, posticis limpido bimaculatis.

Female. Black. Thorax with two humeral white spots. Pectus with
two white spots on each side. Abdomen dark-bluish purple, mostly
white beneath, with a large truncate-conical white basal spot, and
with four lateral white spots between the latter, and a white band
which is a little beyond the middle. Fore wings very long, with four
limpid spots; 2nd, 3rd,and 4th spots slightly elongated ; 1st nearly
round, much smaller than the others, in front of and between the 2nd
and the 4th; 3rd near the costa, beyond the 4th. Hind wings longer than
those of the preceding species of this genus, with two limpid spots ;
1st spot, slightly divided by a black vein, larger than the 2nd, which
is nearly round. Length of the body 7 lines; of the wings 20 lines.

34. SyNTOMIS DETRACTA, n.s. Fem. Nigra, antennis apice albis,
abdomine cyanescenti-viridi, alis anticis macula oblonga basali macu-
laque exteriore magna transversa excavata limpidis, posticis parvis
puncto discali limpido.

Female. Black. Antenne white towards the tips. Abdomen bluish

92 MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

green. Fore wings with an oblong limpid spot near the base, and
with a much larger transverse exterior limpid spot which is excavated
in the middle, and especially so on the outer side. Hind wings rather
small, with a discal limpid point. Length of the body 43 lines; of
the wings 12 lines.

Allied to S. pectoralis and to S. albimacula.

35. SYNTOMIS ALBIPLAGA, n.s. Foem. Cyanea, capite antennis pe-
dibus abdominisque fasciis nigris, alis anticis fascia lata abbreviata
albo-vitrea.

Female. Dark blue. Head, antenne, and legs black. Abdomen with
black bands. Fore wings beyond the middle with a broad white
vitreous band, which is abbreviated at each end and becomes narrow
and conical hindward. Hind wings very small. Length of the body
5 lines; of the wings 12 lines.

36. SYNTOMIS FLAVIPLAGA, n.s. Fem. Nigra, antennis apice albis,
abdomine fasciis cyaneis, alis anticis fascia latissima abbreviata flaves-
centi-vitrea.

Female. Black. Antenne white towards the tips. Abdomen with blue
bands. Fore wings beyond the middle with a broad pale-yellowish
vitreous band, which is abbreviated at each end, and is a little nar-
rower hindward, and is much broader than that of the preceding spe-
cies. Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings 14 lines.

37. SYNTOMIS BASIFERA, n.s. Fem. Nigra, antennis apice albis,
abdomine cyaneo, alis anticis gutta basali oblonga maculaque magna
transversa exteriore flavescente vitreis.

Female. Black. Antenne shining white towards the tips. Abdomen
dark blue. Fore wings with an oblong pale-yellowish vitreous dot near
the base, and with a large transverse spot of the same hue at a little
beyond the middle. Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings 12 lines.

Gen. Poaupa, Walk.

38. PHAUDA TENSIPENNIS, n.s. Mas. Lete ochraceo-rufa, facie
perobliqua, proboscide palpisque obsoletis, abdomine maculis duabus
lateralibus elongatis albidis, alis perangustis cupreo subtinctis, anticis
fascia informi nigro-purpurea.

Male. Bright orange-red. Vertex prominent; face very oblique,
whitish about the mouth. Proboscis and palpi obsolete. Antenne
black, stout, very minutely serrated, orange towards the base. Ab-
domen linear, keeled above, about thrice the length of the thorax,
with a large elongated whitish spot on each side. Legs stout; femora
and tibize compressed, the latter without spurs. Wings slightly cu-
preous-tinged, extremely long and narrow. Tore wings with an irre-
gular blackish-purple band beyond the middle; inferior veins from
the Ist to the 4th successively more remote from each other. Length
of the body 6 lines ; of the wings 18 lines.

Allied to P. flammans and to P, Fortunn.

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 93

Fam. LITHOSIID A, Steph.
Gen. Nyctemera, Hiibn.

39, Nyctemera Lacticinia, Cram. Pap. Exot. ii. 47, pl. 128. f. E. (Pha-
lena Geometra).
Inhabits also Hindostan, Ceylon, Java, and China.

40. Nyctemera latistriga, Walk. Cat. Lep. ii. 397.
Inhabits also Hindostan, Ceylon, and Java.

41. Nyctemera Coleta, Cram. Pap. Exot. iv. 153, pl. 368. f. H.(Phalena
Geometra).
Inhabits also Hindostan, Ceylon, and Java.

42, NYCTEMERA ABRAXOIDES, n.s. fem. Alba, capite thoraceque
luteis nigro maculatis, abdomine guttis lateralibus nigris, alis anticis
guttis basalibus nigris vitta postica fascia obliqua albo uniguttata fas-
ciaque marginal: lata albo maculata fuscis, posticis fascia marginali
excavata fusca maculam albam includente.

Female. White. Head and thorax luteous. Head with a black spot
on the vertex, and with another on the face. Palpi at the tips and an-
tennz black. Thorax with eight black spots. Abdomen with black dots
along each side. Fore wings with black dots at the base, with a brown
stripe along the interior border, with an irregular oblique brown band
which contains in front a white dot and emits two streaks to the base,
and with a broad brown marginal space, the latter containing four
white spots of various size ; a white point on the fringe by the interior
angle. Hind wings with a brown marginal band, which is much ex-
cavated, contains a white spot in front, and emits angles on the fringe.
Length of the body 7 lines; of the wings 20 lines.

Nearly allied to N. selecta.

Gen. Euscuema, Hibn.

This genus corresponds to the family Hazide of Guénée, and is included
by him in the Geometrites, to which it has some resemblance. .

43. Euschema subrepleta, Walk. Cat. Lep. 11.406. Hazis Bellonaria,
Guén. Fal. ii. 493, pl. 18. f. 1.
Inhabits also Ceylon and Malacca.

44, Euschema Malayana, Guér. Voy. Delessert, Hist. Nat. 89, pl. 23. f. 2
(Hazis).
Inhabits also Hindostan.

45. EuscHEMA GLAUCESCENS, n.s. Mas. Cinerea, capite thora-
ceque viridi-fusco fasciatis, abdominis apice subtus ventreque luteis,
alis glauco-viridibus, anticis fasciis quatuor deviis strigisque obscure
purpureis, posticis apud margines luteis fasciis duabus obscure pur-
pureis 2* maculari submarginali.

Male. Cinereous. Head with a greenish-brown band on the vertex,

94:

MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

and with a spot of the same hue on the front. Antenne rather
broadly pectinated. Thorax with two greenish-brown bands. Pectus
and abdomen towards the tip beneath luteous. Wings glaucous
green. Fore wings with four irregular dark-purple bands, which are
connected together by streaks, and thus divide the ground hue into
spots; Ist band emitting two streaks to the base; 4th marginal. Hind
wings luteous along most of the interior and exterior borders, with
two dark-purple bands ; 2nd band macular, submarginal. Length of
the body 9 lines; of the wings 28 lines.

Allied to E. plena.

46. EuscHEMA RESUMPTA, n.s. Mas. Nigra, capite fasciis duabus

fronteque albis, thorace punctis albis, pectore cyaneo plagis albis, ab-
domine flavo fasciis nigris subtus albo, alis anticis cupreo-nigris
puncto basali fasciisque quatuor macularibus albis aut flavis, posticis
flavis strigis exterioribus connexis cupreo-nigris.

Male. Black. Head with a white band on the vertex, and another

behind; front white. Antenne very slightly pectinated. Thorax
with some white points hmdward. Pectus blue, with white patches
on each side. Abdomen yellow, white beneath, with black dorsal
bands. Fore wings cupreous black, narrow, with a yellow point at
the base, and with four macular bands; Ist and 2nd bands yellow,
each composed of two spots, which are very much larger in the 2nd
band than in the Ist band; 3rd and 4th bands white ; 3rd composed
of a large spot in front and of two smaller elongated spots hindward ;
4th composed of five elongated spots; exterior border extremely
oblique. Hind wings bright yellow, with irregular cupreous-black -
exterior streaks, which are mostly connected at each end, and thus
include three large elongated spots. Length of the body 8 lines; of
the wings 22 lines.

Most nearly allied to E. flavescens.

47. EuscHEMA TRANSDUCTA, n.s. Mas. Glauco-cinerea, thorace

fasciis duabus nigris, pectore luteo, abdomine fasciis cervinis apice
luteo, alis purpurascenti-nigro notatis, macula discali maculisque
marginalibus maximis, linea exteriore angulosa, anticis strigis duabus
basalibus strigaque transversa obliqua, posticis maculis duabus mar-
ginalibus luteis.

Male. Glaucous cinereous. Antenne moderately pectinated. Thorax

with two black bands. Pectus luteous. Abdomen with fawn-coloured
bands, luteous at the tip. Wings ample, with purplish-black mark-
ings ; discal spot very large ; exterior line very zigzag ; marginal spots
very large, mostly connected in the fore wings. Fore wings with two
streaks proceeding from the base, and bounded by an oblique exterior
streak ; exterior border less oblique than in most species of the genus.
Hind wings with a dot between the discal spot and the interior bor-

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 95

der; a luteous spot at the tip of the costa, and a much larger one by
the interior angle. Length of the body 9 lines; of the wings 24
lines.

Most nearly allied to E. Malayana.

48. EuscueMaA REcEsSA, n.s. Mas. Cinereo-glauca, thorace fascia
strigisque duabus nigris, abdomine fasciis nigris apice ventreque luteis,
alis purpurascenti-nigro notatis, maculis duabus discalibus, linea exte-
riore angulosa maculari, maculisque marginalibus elongatis, anticis
striga postica interiore liturisque duabus basalibus elongatis.

Male. Cinereous glaucous: in structure like the preceding species. An-
tenne moderately pectinated. Thorax with a black band in front,
and with two black humeral streaks. Abdomen with a black band
on the fore border of each segment ; tip and underside Iuteous. Wings
with purplish-black markings ; discal spot very large, nearly round,
with a smaller spot between it and the interior border ; exterior line
zigzag, macular ; marginal band composed of elongated spots, which
are longest in the fore wings. Fore wings with two elongated marks
near the base, and with a little streak behind the 2nd discal spot.
Length of the body 10 lines; of the wings 28 lines.

Gen. Pomrrton, Walk.

49. Pompelon marginata, Guér. Voy. Delessert, Hist. Nat. 83, pl. 25. f.1
(Gynautocera).
Inhabits also Hindostan and Java.

Gen. Cyrctosta, Hiibn.

50. CYCLOSIA NOCTIPENNIS, n.s. Fuwm. Nigra, capite albo vario,
thorace punctis duobus albis, abdomine guttis lateralibus albis, alis
patulis albo aut cyaneo punctatis, punctis subtus bene determinatis,
strigis marginalibus duplicatis albis.

Female. Black. Head white about the eyes, with a white band in
front of the antenne, and with a white point on the vertex. An-
tenne very slightly pectinated. Thorax with two humeral white
points. Abdomen with white dots along each side, and with a
white apical streak on each side. Wings long, very ample, with
white or blue points, which are by far the most numerous on the
underside ; a row of double marginal white streaks, which diminish
successively in length from the tips of the fore wings, and disappear
on the exterior border of the hind wings. Length of the body 11
lines ; of the wings 40 lines.

It closely resembles some species of Euplea in its markings.

51. CycLosia preriporpEs, Boisd. Herr.-Sch. Lep. Exot. pl. 1. f. 6
(Epyrgis). Var.? Mas. Cupreo-nigra, subtus alba, capite thora-
ceque albo guttatis, abdomine lineis duabus lateralibus et segmen-

96 MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

torum marginibus posticis albis, alis cmereo-albis venis nigro margi-
natis, anticis nigro quadrimaculatis, posticis nigro unimaculatis.

Male. Cupreous black, slender, white beneath. Head and thorax with
white dots. Abdomen with a white line along each side, and with a
white band on the hind border of each segment. Wings cinereous
white, with black stripes along all the veins; exterior border black.
Fore wings with four irregular black spots, two of them subcostal,
and two near the interior angle; costa very convex. Hind wings with
a subcostal black spot. Length of the body 9 lines; of the wings 30
lines.

This species in its wing-markings has a great likeness to the genus

Histia.

52. CYCLOSIA PIEROIDES, n.s. Mas. Nigra, subtus alba, capite
thoraceque albo notatis, thorace postico abdomimeque glaucescenti-
ceruleis, alis albis caeruleo venosis, anticis apud marginem exteriorem
nigricantibus, posticis subtus flavescentibus..

Male. Black, white beneath. Head and thorax with white marks.
Antenne moderately pectinated. Thorax hindward and abdomen pale
glaucous blue. Wings white; veins blue. Fore wings above with
the veins broadly bordered with black towards the tips, where the
disks of the areolets are speckled with black ; underside hardly striped
with black. Hind wings tinged with yellow beneath, where the veins
are more black-bordered than on the upper surface. Length of the
body 8 lines; of the wings 22 lines.

The resemblance of this species, of C. dissimulata, and of C. ficia, to

some species of Pieris is very remarkable.

53. CYCLOSIA TENEBROSA,n.s. Mas. Obscure rufescenti-purpurea,
antennis cyaneis subpectinatis, abdomine cyaneo, alis anticis fascia
exteriore e strigis lineaque submarginali punctulari albis.

Male. Dark reddish purple. Antennz and abdomen metallic blue,
the former slightly pectinated. Wings moderately long and broad.
Fore wings with an exterior upright band composed of longitudinal
white streaks ; a submarginal line of white points, joming the band
by the interior angle ; costa convex ; exterior border straight. Length
of the body 8 lines; of the wings 24 lines.

Allied to C. fuliginosa.

54. CYCLOSIA DISSIMULATA, n.s. Fam. Alba, capite antico thora-
cisque suturis nigris, antennis cyaneis subpectinatis, alis fascia exte-
riore diffusa fascia marginali maculas duas albas includente strigis-
que intermediis fuscis, anticis fusco venosis, posticis margine interiore
subtus flavo.

Female. White. Head in front and sutures of the thorax black. An-
tenn metallic blue, very slightly pectinated. Abdomen glaucous
blue, white at the base. Wings with an exterior diffuse brown band,

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 97

which is connected by streaks along the veins with the brown mar-
ginal band, and contains two white spots in front. Fore wings rounded
at the tips; veins more or less bordered with brown; costa and ex-
terior border convex. Hind wings yellow beneath along the interior
border. Length of the body 7 lines; of the wings 22 limes.

55. Cyciosia FicTa, n.s. Fem. Nigricanti-cyanea, oculis albo cinc-
tis, abdomine subtus pedibusque albis, alis dimidio exteriore nigro,
anticis nigro venosis extus albido strigatis subtus basi nigris, posticis
spatio medio flavo basi subtus rufis.

Female. Blackish metallic blue. Head white about the eyes. Antenne
very slightly pectinated. Abdomen white beneath. Legs white;
coxze streaked with blue. Wings ample, with nearly half the exterior
surface black, which occupies much less space on the underside.
Fore wings rounded at the tips; veins slightly bordered with black ;
some diffuse whitish streaks in the black part; underside black at the
base; costa convex ; exterior border very slightly excavated hindward.
Hind wings slightly truncate at the tips, with the middle part yellow,
which hue is more widely spread on the underside, where the base is
red and black-bordered and where the veins are black-bordered ; {the
underside has also in front two elongated white spots, one of which
appears also above, though of a smaller size. Length of the body 9
lines; of the wings 28 lines.

Gen. Cuaxtcosta, Hiibn.

56. CHALCOSIA COLIADOIDES,n.s. Fem. Cyaneo-alba, capite coccineo
antice aurato-viridi, antennis cyaneis vix pectinatis, thorace cyaneo
vittis quatuor albis margine antico coccineo, alis flavis lituris cupreo-
nigris cyaneo micantibus, anticis spatio marginali obscuro fasciam fla-
vam dentatam arcuatam antice dilatatam includente macula discali
rotunda maculisque duabus elongatis posticis striga subtus basali,
posticis lmea submarginali maculari.

Female. Metallic white. Head crimson, golden green in front. An-
tenne metallic blue, very slightly pectimated. Thorax metallic blue,
with four white stripes, crimson in front. Wings with blue reflections
on some of the cupreous-black marks. Fore wings with a dark mar-
ginal space which contains a dentate curved yellow band, is interrupted
by yellow lines along the veins, and is much dilated in front ; a round
spot on the fore part of the disk, and two elongated spots hindward ;
underside with a broad streak proceeding from the base to nearly half
the length, Hind wings with a macular submarginal line which is
bent in front, or indicates there the commencement of a second line.
Var. 8. Fore wings with the dark space more divided into spots and
containing a broader band. Length of the body 9-10 lines ;- of the
wings 24-26 lines.

Nearest allied to C. Adalifa.

LINN. PROC.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. VI. 7

98 MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

5/. CHALCOSIA FRAGILIS, n.s. Fem. Alba, capite thorace et an-
tennis cyaneis, thoracis suturis albis, alis lituris nigris purpurascenti-
cyaneo micantibus, anticis fasciis duabus latis 1, interrupta 2* postice
abbreviata fascia marginali antice lata, posticis faseia submarginali
intus excavata.

Female. White. Head, thorax, and antenne metallic blue, the latter
very slightly pectinated. Thorax with white sutures. Wings with
black markings which have purplish-blue reflections. Fore wings
with two broad bands; the first interrupted in the middle or forming
two large spots, the second abbreviated hindward; a marginal band,
broadest in front; costa very convex; exterior border hardly convex.
Hind wings with a submarginal band, which is deeply excavated on
the inner side, recedes from the border in front, and is nearly marginal
in front. Length of the body 6 lmes; of the wings 18 lines. |

Gen. Aryoanna, Walk.

Aryeanda is nearly allied to Isbarta and to Pintia.

58. ARYCANDA HESTINOIDES, n.s. Mas. Cyaneo-nigra, oculis albo
cinctis, antennis cyaneis, thorace guttis quinque albis, abdominis
segmentorum marginibus posticis ventreque albis, alis areolarum discis
schistaceo-albis subtus cyaneis albo maculatis, maculis marginalibus
cyaneis, posticis subtus apud marginem interiorem luteis.

Male. Bluish black. Head white about the eyes. Palpi ferruginous
beneath. Antenne metallic blue, moderately pectinated. Thorax
with two white dots on each side and one hindward. Abdominal seg-
ments with white hind borders; underside white. Wings with the
disks of the areolets, except towards the tips of the fore wings, slaty

- white ; this hue is composed of scales ; underside blue, with elongated
white spots and with fewer and larger black spots. Fore wings with
a row of blue marginal spots. Hind wings luteous along the interior
border on the underside. Length of the body 9 lines; of the wings
26 lines.

The wing-markings of this species are nearly similar to those of the

genus Hestina.

Gen. Proorus, Walk.
Leucopsumis, Hiibn. Verz. Schm. 177.

59. Prporvus sorpipus, n.s. Mas. Saturate cyaneus, subtus albus,
alis ferrugineo-nigris viridi tinctis, anticis fascia exteriore informi al-
bida submaculari, posticis albidis cyaneo marginatis.

Male. Deep metallic blue, mostly white beneath. Antenne moderately
pectinated. Wings ferruginous black, tinged with metallic green.
Fore wings with an irregular upright dingy white exterior band, which
is almost macular, and is intersected by the brown veins. Hind wings

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 99

dingy white, except towards the exterior border. Length of the body
6 lines; of the wings 20 lines.

Gen. Drpra, n. g.

Fem. Corpus gracile.. Facies producta. Proboscis et palpi vix con-
spicul. -Antenne subpectinate. Pedes graciles; tibize posticz non
calearate. Ale ample; antice apice rotundate, costa margineque
exteriore subconvexis ; posticze abdomen.longe superantes.

Female. Body slender. Face very prominent. Proboscis and palpi
rudimentary. Antenne slightly pectinated. Abdomen with radiating
bristles at the tip, which is furnished with a long retractile oviduct.
Legs slender ; hind tibiz without spurs. Wings ample. Fore wings
rounded at the tips; costa and exterior border slightly convex, the
latter very oblique ; 1st and 2nd inferior veins contiguous at the base;
3rd much nearer to the 2nd than to the 4th. Hind wings extending
much beyond the abdomen.

This genus comes between Histia and Pompelon.

60. DipINA THECLOIDES, n.s. Fem. Ferrugineo-nigra viridi sub-
nitens, capite antennis thoraceque antico cyaneis.

Female. Ferruginous black, with a dark-greentinge. Head, antenne,
and fore part of the thorax metallic blue. Wings of one colour above
and beneath. Length of the body 7 lines; of the wings 24 lines.

Gen. Mirterta, Boisd., Herr.-Sch.

Laurion, Walk. Cat. Lep. 11. 426.
Some species of Chalcosia, as well as the type of the genus Laurion, are
included by Herrich-Schaffer in Milleria.

61. MiLLERIA BIFASCIATA, n.s. Mas. Nigro-fusca, antennis late
pectinatis, thoracis margine antico coccineo, alis sat angustis, anticis
-fascia exteriore subobliqua pallide lutea.

Male. Blackish brown. Antenne broadly pectmated. Fore border
of the thorax crimson. Wings rather narrow. Fore wings slightly
acuminated, with a broad, pale-luteous, slightly oblique exterior band ;
costa convex ; exterior border hardly convex, very oblique. Length
of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 12 lines.

This species represents M. gemina.

Gen. Sortr1a, Walk.

62. SorITIA BIPARTITA, n.s. Mas. Nigro-viridis, subtus lutea, an-
tennis cyaneis, thoracis margine autico rufo, abdomine luteo, alis an-
ticis flavescentibus fasciis deviis e maculis elongatis viridibus, posticis
spatio marginali nigro postice attenuato.

Male. Blackish metallic green, luteous beneath. Antennz metallic
blue, moderately pectinated. Thorax red along the fore border. Ab-

7*

100 MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

domen luteous. Fore wings yellowish, narrow, rounded at the tips,
with numerous elongated dark-green spots which form irregular bands ;
costa convex; exterior border very oblique. Hind wings luteous,
with a black marginal space which is attenuated hindward. Length
of the body 43 lines; of the wings 12 lines.

Gen. Hypsa, Hiibn.

63. Hypsa Silvandra, Cram. Pap. Exot. iv. 155, pl. 369. f. D. (Pha-
lena).

Inhabits also Hindostan, China, Java and Australia.

64. Hypsa Dama, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. 2. 22. 69 (Noctria).

Hypsa lanceolata, Walk. Cat. Lep. vii. 1675.

Inhabits also Celebes and New Guinea.

65. Hypsa egens, Walk. Cat. Lep. ii. 453.
Inhabits also Hindostan and Java.

66. Hypsa Javana, Cram. Pap. Exot. iii. 146, pl. 274. f. C. (Pha-
lena).
Inhabits also Hindostan and Java.

67. Hypsa PRIVATA, n.s. Fem. Lutea, palpis apice nigris, thorace
guttis duabus nigris, abdomine guttis dorsalibus maculisque subtus
lateralibus nigris, pedibus albis nigro vittatis, alis anticis cervinis albo-
venosis basi luteis nigro guttatis, posticis albis fusco late marginatis.

Female. Luteous. Third joint of the palpi black, full half the length
of the 2nd. Thorax with a black dot on each side in front. Abdo-~
men with one row of black dots; underside with a row of black spots
on each side. Legs white, striped with black. Fore wings fawn-colour
with some black dots very near the base, which is luteous; veins
white. Hind wings white, with a broad brown marginal band which
is attenuated hindward. Length of the body 9 lines; of the wings
24 lines.

Gen. CARANUSOA, 0. g.

Mas. Corpus robustum. Proboscis vix conspicua. Palpi porrecti,
caput superantes ; articulus 3"* longiconicus, 2' triente brevior. An-
tenne setacez, vix pubescentes. Thorax levis, squamosus. Abdomen
conicum, subcarinatum, apice obtusum, alas posticas perpaullo supe-
rans. Pedes robusti; tibiz postice calcaribus quatuor parvis. Ale
spissee, oblonge, discolores; antice apice rectangulate, costa recta,
margine exteriore subflexo.

Male. Body thick. Proboscis rudimentary. Palpi porrect, extending
beyond the head, hardly ascending; 3rd joint elongate-conical, less
than one-third of the length of the 2nd. Antennz setaceous, very
minutely pubescent. Thorax smooth, with squamous hairs, Ab-

COLLECTED AT SABAWAK: 101

domen conical, slightly keeled above, extending very little beyond the
hind wings, obtuse but hardly tufted at the tip. Legs robust; hind
tibiee with four short spurs. Wings stout, elongate. Fore wings rec-
tangular at the tips; costa straight; exterior border slightly bent in
the middle, its hind part very oblique; lst and 2nd inferior veins
connected for some space; 3rd very near the 2nd; 4th remote from
the 3rd. Hind wings unlike the fore wings in colour.
Allied to Hypsa.

68. CARANUSCA RUBRIFERA, n.s. Mas. Ferrugineo-fusca, vertice
thoracisque disco abdominisque basi rufis, alis anticis linea obliqua
recta cinerea, posticis flavis apice margineque exteriore ferrugineo-
fuscis.

Male. Ferruginous brown. Vertex red. Thorax with a very broad -
red stripe. Abdomen red at the base. Fore wings with a cinereous
line which proceeds from near the tip of the costa to two-thirds of
the length of the interior border. Hind wings bright yellow, fer-
ruginous brown towards the tips and along the exterior border ; inte-
rior border with a yellowish-cinereous stripe which widens hindward.
Length of the body 7 lines; of the wings 18 lines.

Gen. Hyporrerra, Hin.

69. Hypoprepia cruciaATA. Mas et Fem. Lateritio-rufa, capite
thorace alisque anticis basi nigro punctatis, abdominis maris apice
subtus nigro, alis anticis nonnunquam flavescente variis linea obliqua
lineisque duabus transversis strigisque marginalibus fimbriaque nigri-
cantibus, posticis albidis.

Male and Female. Brick-red, more rosy beneath. Head, thorax, and
base of the fore wings with black points. Proboscis long. Palpi por-
rect, short, slender, not extendig beyond the front. Antenne of the
male minutely setulose. Abdomen whitish rosy, except at the tip.
Abdomen of the male black beneath towards the tip. Fore wings
occasionally here and there yellowish, with blackish markings, which
are broader in the female than in the male, an oblique line which is
traversed at right angles by another line, and an exterior curved line
which emits streaks to the exterior border; fringe blackish. Hind
wings whitish, with a rosy tinge which is most prevalent along the
exterior border. Length of the body 5-6 lines; of the wings 12-18
lines.

70. HypoprepiA RUBRIGUTTA, n. s. Mas. Luteo-flava, capitis
puncto thoracisque punctis duobus nigris, thorace postico rufo, alis
anticis punctis basalibus nigris fasciisque duabus latissimis connexis
strigas coccineas includentibus.

Male. Luteous yellow. Head with a black point on the vertex. An-
tenn very minutely setulose. Thorax red hindward, with a black
point on each shoulder. Abdomen and hind wings pale yellow.

102 MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

Fore wings with two very broad brown bands, which are connected
by a short broad discal stripe, and contain several crimson streaks ;
some black points at the base, to which the lst irregular band emits
a streak; 2nd band much broader than the lst; most irregular along
the outer side. Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings 12 lines.

71. Hypoprepla EUPREPIOIDES, n.s. Fem. Testaceo-flava, capitis
vitta thoracisque fasciis duabus lateribusque fuscis, alis anticis vittis
tribus fasciisque quinque variis fuscis fascia 5° latissima marginali
maculas tres elongatas includente.

Female. Testaceous yellow. Head with a brown stripe. Thorax
brown along each side, and with two brown bands. Abdomen paler
than the thorax, except towards the tip. Fore wings with brown
markings, which have a glaucous bloom, and consist of three stripes
and five bands; Ist stripe costal; 3rd emitting streaks to the interior
border; Ist band basal; 2nd curved outward; 3rd angular ward,
double hindward ; 4th retracted hindward; 5th very broad, contain-
ing three elongated yellow spots. Hind wings paler than the fore
wings, with an irregular brown subapical band, which is most distinct

on the underside. Length of the body 53 lines; of the wings 15
lines.

72. HypoprepiaA DIvisA, n.s. Mas et Fem. Testaceo-fiava, alis
anticis linea brevi costali punctoque basalibus nigricantibus- necnon
fasciis duabus e lineis lineaque intermedia transversa undulata nigri-
cantibus.

Male and Female. Testaceous yellow. Antennz of the male distinctly
setulose. Abdomen much paler than the thorax, except towards the -
tip in the male, where the appendages are large. Fore wings with a
short blackish costal line and a blackish point at the base, and with
two rows of longitudinal blackish lines; space between the rows in-
cluding an undulating transverse blackish line. Hind wings much

paler than the fore wings. Length of the body 5 lines; of the wings
11-13 lines.

73. HypopREPIA PERPUSILLA, n.s. Fem. Roseo-lutescens, alis anticis
puncto basali vitta media lineisque quatuor transversis deviis nigri-
cantibus.

Female. Pale luteous, tinged with rosy red. Abdomen and hind wings
pale testaceous. Fore wings with a black point at the base, and with
blackish markings; these consist of a middle stripe which is traversed
by four irregular lines. Length of the body 3 lines; of the wings 8
lines.

This species has some resemblance to Miltochrista miniata.

Gen. Lirnosta, abr.

74. Lithosia entella, Cram. Pap. Exot. ui. 27, pl. 208. f. D. (Pha-
lena Tinea).

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. é ) 103

- Inhabits also Hindostan. The speeimen here recorded is a male, and it
differs from the Hindostan female in having the Ist band of the fore wings
much less dilated interiorly, and in the narrower apical band.

7o. LITHOSIA MAGNIFICA, n.s. Fem. Aurato-lutea, thorace vittis
duabus latis abbreviatis pedibusque cyaneo-viridibus, alis anticis vitta
costali macula basali fasciaque media cyaneo-viridibus.

_ Female. Gilded luteous. Antenne black. Thorax with a broad short
squamous metallic bluish-green stripe on each side. Legs bluish-
green, except towards the base of the femora. Fore wings with bluish-
green markings; a stripe along the costa, excavated in the middle
and extending also along the exterior border; a spot hindward near
the base, and a middle band, which is dilated on the middle of the
interior side. Length of the body 9 lines; of the wings 24 lines.

This species and L. entelia form a group in the genus.

76. Lithosia antica, Walk. Cat. Lep, ii. 505.
- Inhabits also Ceylon.

77. Lithosia tetragona, Walk. Cat. Lep. ii. 510.

Inhabits also Hindostan. |
- The specimen here noticed differs from that of Hindostan in the much
shorter quadrate mark on the fore wings. L. signata, from China, be-
longs to the same group.

78. LirHosta INTACTA, n.s. Fem. Lutea, crassa, abdomine pallido
pilis longis vestito, alis anticis apice rectangulatis, posticis pallidis
margine interiore fimbriato.

Female. Luteous, very stout. Tegulz of the thorax slightly furrowed.
Abdomen pale, clothed above with long hairs. Fore wings like the
thorax in colour, nearly rectangular at the tips; costa straight. Hind
wings much paler, with long hairs along the interior border. Length
of the body 7 lines; of the wings 18 lines.

Very nearly allied to L. innotata, L. conformis, and L. brevipennis.

79. LiTHOSIA LEUCANIOIDES, n.s. Fem. Pallide testacea, thorace
maculis tribus nigris, pedibus supra nigricantibus, alis anticis lineis
tribus nigris 1*, 2¢que bifurcatis.

Female. Pale testaceous. Head and fore part of the thorax with a
slight luteous tinge. Antenne black. Thorax with a black discal
spot and with an elongated black spot on each of the tegule. Legs
blackish above. Fore wings with three black lines; Ist line fur-
cate beyond the middle, its fore branch also furcate near the tip;
2nd line fureate at one-third of its length, its fore branch furcate
at two-thirds of its length. Hind wings not paler than the fore wings.
Length of the body 5 lines; of the wings 16 lines.

{

80. LirHosIA NIGRICANS, n. s. Fem. Nigricans, fronte thoracis

margine autico ventre pedibusque testaceis, alis anticis costa fimbri-
aque testaceis.

~

104 MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

Female. Blackish. Front, fore border of the thorax, shoulders, abdo-
men beneath, and legs testaceous. Fore wings narrow ; costa straight,
testaceous ; exterior border hardly oblique ; fringe testaceous. Length
of the body 4 lines; of the wings 10 lines.

Allied to L. serva, from which it may be distinguished by its smaller

size and by its much darker colour.

8]. LirHosia ASPERSA, n.s. Mas et Fem. Pallide lutea, alis anticis
acutis cervino dense conspersis costa extus subconvexa margine ex-
teriore subflexo subtus nigricante, posticis pallide testaceis.

Male and Female. Pale luteous. Antenne of the male very stout.
Tegule of the thorax furrowed. Abdomen and hind wings pale
testaceous, the former long im the male, and with a large apical tuft
of hairs. Fore wings thickly speckled with fawn-colour; costa
slightly convex exteriorly ; tips acute; exterior border straight, very
shghtly bent m the middle, with a blackish band on the underside.
Length of the body 5 lines; of the wings 14 lines. |

82, LITHOSIA APICALIS, n.s. Mas. Lutea, robusta, capite thoraceque
nigricantibus, alis anticis purpurascente suffusis apice saturatioribus.
Male. Luteous, robust. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax blackish.

Antenne distinctly setulose. Abdomen with a few long hairs. Fore
wings mostly covered with a slight purplish tinge, which hue is deepest
about the tips, where its outline is distinctly marked. Length of the

body 43 lines; of the wings 12 lines.

83. LirHOSIA ROTUNDIPENNIS, u.s. Fem. Lutea, robusta, palpis
apice pedibusque supra nigris, alis anticis latiusculis acutis vix fal-_
catis striga subtus marginali nigricante costa convexa, posticis pallide
testaceis.

Female. Luteous, robust. Palpi black towards the tips. Abdomen
and hind wings pale testaceous. Legs black above. Fore wings
rather broad, acute, and almost subfalcate at the tips, with a blackish
streak beneath along the fore part of the exterior border; costa con-
vex; exterior border oblique hindward. Length of the body 5 lines ;
of the wings 13 lines.

Allied to L. brevipennis, from which it may be distinguished by the

fore wings, which are broader, and have a convex costa, a much less
oblique exterior border, and a blackish streak beneath.

84, LITHOSIA NODICORNIS, n.s. Mas. Pallide cervina, robusta,

subfasciculatis, alis anticis striga marginali nigricante, posticis costa
dilatata incrassata fimbriata.

Male. Pale fawn-colour, stout. Head and palpi brownish. Antenne
robust, compressed, setulose, slightly notched near the base. Abdo-
men with slight tufts along each side. Fore wings narrower than
those of L. rotundipennis ; costa hardly convex ; tips acute, not sub-

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 105

faleate, a blackish streak beneath along the fore part of the exterior
border. Hind wings with the costa dilated and much incrassated, and
furnished with a long refiexed fringe. Length of the body 5 lines;
of the wings 12 lines.

85. LirHosia FASCICULOSA, n.s. Mas. Fulva, robusta, capite an-
tice fusco, antennis basi incrassatis incisis, abdomine longo, alis an-
ticis acutis, posticis albidis margine interiore lutescente dense fasci-
culato.

Male. Tawny, stout. Head in front and palpi brown. Antenne setu-
lose, incrassated, and notched at the base. Abdomen long, extending
far beyond the hind wings, clothed with long hairs except towards the
tip; apical tuft of moderate size. Fore wings acute; costa slightly
convex ; exterior border very oblique. Hind wings whitish; interior
border densely tufted with luteous hairs; costa very much dilated.
Length of the body 8 lines; of the wings 16 lines.

This is nearly alled to the four preceding species, and with them forms

a section in the Lithosie, and has some resemblance to Nonagria.

86. LirHosIA SIMPLEX, n.s. Mas. Pallide lutea, abdomine pallide
cinereo valvulis apicalibus ascendentibus, alis breviusculis, anticis
apice subrotundatis. |

Male. Pale luteous. Antenne minutely setulose. Abdomen pale
cinereous, except towards the tip; apical valves large, ascending.
Wings rather short. Fore wings somewhat rounded at the tips;

~ costa slightly convex ; exterior border slightly convex and oblique.
Hind wings much paler. Length of the body 4 lines; of the wings
12 lines.

87. LiTHOSIA REVERSA, n.s. Fem. Lutea, latiuscula, abdomine
alisque posticis nitentibus fuscescenti-cervinis cupreo subtinctis, alis
anticis breviusculis.

Female. Luteous. Body rather broad and flat. Abdomen and hind
wings shining, brownish fawn-colour, with a slight cupreous tinge;
tip of the abdomen testaceous. Wings short. Fore wings nearly
rectangular at the tips; costa very slightly convex. Hind wings with
a testaceous fringe. Length of the body 2? lines; of the wings
7 lines.

88. LirHOS1A MURICOLOR, n.s. Fem. Murina, vertice corpore subtus
pedibusque pallide testaceis, alis anticis apice subrotundatis costa
fimbriaque testaceis.

Female. Mouse-colour. Vertex, underside, and legs pale testaceous,
Wings rather short. Fore wings somewhat rounded at the tips;
costa testaceous, nearly straight; exterior border slightly oblique ;
fringe testaceous. Length of the body 23 lines; of the wings 6 lines.

106 MR. F. WALKEE ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

89. LITHOSIA FULIGINOSA, n.s. Mas. Fusca, antennis submonili-
formibus, abdomine alisque posticis ee alis anticis apice rec-
tangulatis fimbria cinerea.

Male. Brown, more cinereous beneath. Antenne submoniliform, di-
stinctly setulose. Abdomen cinereous; apical tuft rather large, diver-
gent. Fore wings rectangular at the tips; costa almost straight;
exterior border slightly oblique; fringe cinereous. Hind wings
cinereous; fringe paler. Length of the body 3 lines; of the wings

8 lines.

90. LirHosIA NEBULOSA, n.s. Mas. Testacea, sat robusta, thoracis
tegulis suleatis, alis anticis apice subrotundatis fascia exteriore diffusa
angulata strigisque submarginalibus cervinis.

Male. Testaceous, rather stout. Antenne minutely setulose. Tegule
of the thorax furrowed. Abdomen whitish, except at the tip, which
is furnished with large tufted appendages. Wings rather narrow.
Fore wings slightly rounded at the tips, with a diffuse deeply angular
fawn-coloured band beyond the middle, and with more exterior
streaks of the same hue; costa straight; exterior border rather
oblique. Hind wings very much paler than the fore wings. Length
of the body 4 lines; of the wings 10 lines.

91. LirHosIA HYPOPREPIOIDES, n.s. Fam. Testacea, thorace fascia
maculari nigricante, alis leis duabus transversis undulatis strigisque
exterioribus nigricantibus, anticis gutta discali lmea transversa inte-
riore maculisque quatuor elongatis basalibus nigricantibus.

Female. Testaceous. Head and fore part of the thorax somewhat
luteous, the latter with a macular blackish band. Wings elongate,
with blackish markings. Middle and exterior lines undulating, the
latter emitting streaks along the veins to the blackish exterior border.
Fore wings hardly acute, with a basal costal line, and with four elon-
gated basal marks, which are bounded by a very deeply curved inte-
rior line; a dot between the middle line and the exterior line, the
latter forming a deep outward angle. Length of the body 3 lines; of

the wings 10 lines.

92, LirHosiIA SYNTOMIOIDES, n.s. Mas. Fusca, subtus flavescens,
antennis pubescentibus subcontortis, thorace vittis quatuor flavescen-
tibus, abdominis fasciculo cervino, alis anticis macula basali macu-
lisque sex discalibus elongatis flavescentibus, posticis flavescentibus
fusco late marginatis costa dilatata merassata fimbriata.

Male. Brown, pale buff beneath. Mead pale buff. Antenne thickly
pubescent, slightly contorted at somewhat before one-fourth of the
length. Thorax with four pale-buff stripes. Abdomen with a fawn-
coloured apical tuft. Fore wings with a buff basal spot and with six
more or less elongated discal spots; Srd discal spot broader than
the Ist and 2nd, much shorter than the 4th, which is lanceolate

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 107

and oblique; 5th subcostal, not one-third of the breadth of the
6th. Hind wings buff, with a very broad ‘brown border; costa
much dilated and incrassated, furnished be neath with a long recumbent
fringe; underside with a brown transverse streak, which is somewhat
darker than the border. Length of the body 3} lines; of the wings
10 lines.

93. LITHOSIA XYLINOIDES, n.s. Mas. Cinerea, capite thoraceque
fuscescenti-cinereis, alis albido fimbriatis, anticis acutis fusco con-
spersis fascia nigricante indistincta imformi flexa lituraque discali
nigra, posticis extus fuscescentibus. Var. Capite thoraceque magis
fuscescentibus, alis anticis fusco saturatioribus fascia fusca distincta
litura costali nigra nulla.

Male. Cmereous. Head and thorax pale-brownish cinereous. An-
tenn minutely setulose. Abdomen extending beyond the hind wings,
with an elongated compact apical tuft. Wings with a whitish fringe.
Fore wings acute, irregularly brown-speckled, with an indistinct irre-
gular bent blackish band, which forms a very distinct elongated black
spot on the costa; costa and exterior border straight, the latter mode-
rately oblique. Hind wings diffusedly brownish exteriorly. Length
of the body 5 lines; of the wings 11 lmes. Var. Head and thorax
more brownish. Fore wings much more speckled with brown; the
band brown, more complete, not black on the costa. Hind wings
wholly brown, excepting the cinereous fringe.

94. LITHOSIA TORTRICOIDES, n.s. Fem. Pallide testaceo-cinerea,
thorace et abdomine pallidissime murinis, alis anticis acutis fusco
pallido subnebulosis, margine exteriore vix flexo. Mas? Testacea,
alis brevioribus, anticis non nebulosis litura costali oblongo-qua-
drata obscure fusca litura apicali fuscescente venis costali et sub-
costali contiguis hae subtus fimbriata.

Female. Pale-testaceous cinereous. Thorax, except the sides and ab-
domen above, very pale mouse-colour, the latter hardly extending
beyond the hind wings. Hind tibiz with very short spurs. Wings
elongate. Fore wings acute, partly and indistinctly clouded with pale
brown ; costa hardly convex, with a darker distinct brown mark at a
little beyond the middle; exterior border hardly bent in the middle.
Hind wings much paler than the fore wings. Length of the body 4
lines ; of the wings 14 lines.

Male? ‘Testaceous. Palpi black towards the tips. Antenne minutely
setulose. Wings shorter than those of the female. Fore wings not
clouded, but with a well-defined elongate quadrate dark-brown middle
costal mark, and with a diffuse paler brown apical costal mark ; costa
dilated towards the base; costal vein and subcostal vein contiguous
for some space, the former with a reversed fringe towards the base ;
discal areolet enlarged. Length of the body 42 lines; of the wings
11 lines.

108 MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

95. LITHOSIA DISCALIS, n.s. Mas. Testacea, antennis subsetulosis,
abdominis fasciculo apicali compresso, alis anticis vix acutis litura dis-
cali gibba nigricante fasciculata.

Male. Testaceous, rather flat. Antenne minutely setulose. Abdomen
with a compressed apical tuft. Fore wings hardly acute, with a gib-
bous blackish tufted mark on the discal areolet, which is concave be-
neath ; costa hardly convex; exterior border very oblique. Hind
wings paler. Length of the body 3} lines; of the wings 8 lines.

Gen. Buavia, n. g.

Mas. Corpus gracile. Proboscis subobsoleta. Palpi brevissimi. An-
tenné breviuscule, setulose. Abdomen alas posticas vix superans,
fasciculo apicali parvo. Pedes graciles; femora sulcata; tibiz pos-
tice calcaribus quatuor longiusculis approximatis. Ale elongate ;
antic apice rectangulate, costa recta, margine exteriore subobliquo
Vix COnvexo.

Male. Body slender. Proboscis almost obsolete. Palpi very short.
Antenne rather short, distinctly setulose. Abdomen hardly extend-
ing beyond the hind wings; apical tuft small. Legs slender; femora
furrowed; hind tibie with four rather long approximate spurs.
Wings elongate, moderately broad. Fore wings rectangular at the
tips; costa quite straight; exterior border hardly convex, slightly
oblique ; 2nd superior vein forked near the base; no 3rd or 4th infe-
rior velns.

This genus, perhaps, may not belong to the Lithosiide.

96. BLAVIA CALIGINOSA, n.s. Mas. Nigro-fusca, subtus cinereo-
fusca, alis cinereis margine exteriore fusco.

Male. Blackish brown, cinereous brown beneath; wings cinereous,
brown towards the exterior border. Length of the body 3 lines; of
the wings 8 lines.

Gen, Manranta, n. g.

Mas. Corpus sat gracile. .Proboscis distincta. Palpi porrecti, obtusi,
frontem perpaullo superantes, articulis indistinctis. Antenne se-
tacex, compresse, subserrate, setulosa, basi robusta. Abdomen alas
posticas non superans, fasciculo apicali parvo. Pedes sat validi;
tibiz postice quadricalcarate. Ale elongate ; antice apice rotun~
date, areola discali fimbriata, costa vix convexa, margine exteriore
sat obliquo.

Male. Body rather slender. Proboscis distinct. Palpi porrect, ob-
tuse, extending very little beyond the front ; joints indistinct. An-
tenn setaceous, compressed, subserrate, setulose, stout towards the
base. Tegule of the thorax furrowed. Abdomen not extending be-
yond the hind wings; apical tuft small. Legs rither stout; hind
tibia with four moderately long spurs. Wings elongate, moderately

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 109

broad; fringe long. Fore wings rounded at the tips, thickly fringed
or tufted about the discal areolet; costa hardly convex; exterior
border rather oblique; 3rd superior and 4th inferior veins forked.

97. MANTALA TINEOIDES, n. s. Mas. Pallide fulva, alis anticis litura
costali nigra elongata discum versus diffusa, venis apud areolam dis-
calem margineque interiore fimbriatis.

Male. Pale tawny. Fore wings with a black elongate costal mark,
which extends diffusedly to the disk; the veins about the latter are
furnished with a recumbent fringe, and the interior border is broadly
frmged. Hind wings paler. Length of the body 3 lines; of the
wings 10 lines.

Gen. TEULISNA, n. g.

Mas. Corpus crassum. Proboscis longiuscula. Palpi brevissimi.
Antenne subpubescentes. Abdomen alas posticas paullo superans,
fasciculis lateralibus parvis, fasciculo apicali denso tumido. Pedes
graciles ; tibize posticee quadricalcarate. Ale antice apice rectangu-
late, costa recta, margine exteriore postico subconcavo, margine
interiore extus excavato, angulo interiore producto subfalcato, areola
discali subfasciculata.

Male. Body thick. Proboscis rather long. Palpi extremely short.
Antennz minutely pubescent. Abdomen extending a little beyond |
the hind wings, with minute tufts along each side, and with a thick
tumid apical tuft. Legs slender; hind tibize with four moderately
long spurs. Wings elongate, moderately broad. Fore wings rect-
angular at the tips; costa straight ; exterior border slightly concave
hindward; interior border excavated exteriorly; interior angle pro-
minent, subfaleate ; discal areolet slightly tufted above; four inferior
veins distinct. Type T. plagiata.

98. TEULISNA PLAGIATA, n.s. Mas. Albida, testaceo subtincta,
subtus fuscescens, thorace abdomineque apicem versus nigricantibus,
alis fuscescente marginatis, anticis nigricante bifasciatis fascia 1? latis-
sima 2* interrupta.

Male. Whitish, with a slight testaceous tinge, mostly brownish be-
neath. Thorax blackish except in front. Abdomen blackish towards
the tip. Wings broadly brownish-bordered. Fore wings with two
blackish bands, which do not extend to the costa; lst band very
broad, protuberant on the mner side; 2nd narrower, irregular, inter-
rupted, not extending to the hind border. Length of the body 4 lines ;
of the wings 12 lines.

99. TEULISNA CHILOIDES,n.s. Fem. Cervina, alis anticis apud
marginem interiorem fuscis fascia exteriore fuscescente dentata an-
gulo interiore late fimbriato, posticis testaceis fascia marginali latis-
sima fuscescente. |

Female. Fawn-colour. Antenne slender, hardly pubescent. Abdomen

—

110

MRE. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

not extending beyond the hind wings. Wings with a rather short
fringe. Fore wings mostly brown along the interior border, with a
less distinct brownish dentate exterior band; tips acutely rectangular,
interior angle with a broad fringe less produced than in the preceding
species. Hind wings testaceous, with a very broad brownish mar- |
ginal band. Length of the body 4 lines; of the wings 14 lines.

Gen. TrG@uLata, n. g.

Mas. Corpus sat robustum. Proboscis et palpi brevissimi. Antenne

subsetulose. Thorax tegulis longiusculis. Abdomen alas posticas
paullo superans, fasciculo apicali parvo. Pedes subcompressi ; tibize
posticz calcaribus quatuor breviusculis. Ale elongate; anticz costa
basi excavata, apud medium dilatata.

Male. Body moderately stout. Proboscis and palpi very short. An-

tenne very minutely setulose. Thorax with rather long tegule.
Abdomen extending a little beyond the hind wings; apical tuft small.
Legs bare, slightly compressed; hind tibiz with four rather short
spurs. Wings elongate, moderately broad. Fore wings rectangular
at the tips; costa excavated towards the base, protuberant in the
middle; exterior border hardly oblique, very slightly bent before the
middle; four superior veins distinct, 2nd forked; two inferior veins ;
submedian vein well developed.

100. TeGuLATA TuUMIDA, n. s. Mas. Cervina, abdomine alisque

posticis fuscescenti-cinereis, alis anticis apud marginem interiorem
nigricantibus costa basali punctoque discali nigris.

Male. Fawn-colour; underside, abdomen, and hind wings brownish

cinereous. Fore wings a little paler towards the base than elsewhere,
blackish along the interior border, black along the excavated part of
the costa; discal point black. Length of the body 33 lines; of the
wings 12 lines.

Gen. CoRcuRA, n. g.

Mas. Corpus robustum. Proboscis distincta. Palpi brevissimi. An-

tenne setulose. Thoracis tegule longe, sulcate. Abdomen bre-
viusculum, fasciculo apicali maximo densissimo. Tibie postice calca-
ribus quatuor breviusculis. Ale latiuscule, vix elongate; antics
apice subrotundate, costa basi subexcavata fimbriata, margine ex-
teriore recto sat obliquo.

Male. Body robust. Proboscis distinct. Palpi extremely short. An-

tenne distinctly setulose. Tegule of the thorax long, furrowed.
Abdomen rather short, with an extremely large and thick apical tuft.
Legs moderately stout; hind tibia with four rather short spurs.
Wings rather broad, hardly elongate. ore wings slightly rounded at
the tips; costa slightly excavated, and with a recumbent thickly
fringed border towards the base; exterior border straight, rather ob-

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 111

lique; discal areolet long, narrow, with a longitudinal crease; four
superior veins; two inferior veins. »

101. CorcurA ToRTA, n. s. Mas. Ochraceo-cervina, abdomine
lutescente fasciculo apicali nigricante, alis anticis costa basali albida
nigro bimaculata, posticis pallide luteis.

Male. Ochraceous fawn-colour. Abdomen pale luteous ; tuft blackish.
Fore wings with the basal lappet whitish, contaming an elongated
black spot, and having another black spot at its tip; space along the
exterior border slightly paler than the rest of the wing. Hind wings
pale luteous. Length of the body 5 lines; of the wings 14 lines.

Gen. Lycrizenn, Moore.
Cyllene, Walk.

102. LycLENE TRIFASCIA, n.s. Fem. Albida, nitens, latiuscula,
palpis brevissimis articulo 3° distincto, thorace fascia purpureo-fusca,
abdomine alisque posticis subtestaceis, alis anticis apice subrotundatis
gutta basali fasciisque tribus purpurascenti-fuscis.

Female. Whitish, shining, rather broad. Proboscis moderately long
Palpi slender, porrect, not extending beyond the front; 3rd joint di-
‘stinct. Thorax with a purplish-brown band. Abdomen and hind
wings with a slight testaceous tinge. Fore wings slightly rounded at
the tips, with three purplish-brown bands, and with a basal dot of the
same hue ; 2nd band nearly interrupted in the middle; 3rd marginal,
interrupted near the tip; exterior border very oblique. Length of
the body 4 lines; of the wings 12 lines.

Allied to L. transversa in structure, but differmg much from it in the

bands of the fore wings.

103. LycLENE BIZONOIDES, n.s. Fem. Alba, sat lata, palpis sub-
arcuatis frontem non superantibus, thorace fascia maculisque duabus
ochraceis, alis anticis maculis tribus basalibus duabus discalibus qua-
tuorque marginalibus lineisque tribus ochraceis, posticis subtus apice
ochraceis. \

Female. White, slightly shining, rather broad. Proboscis rather long.
Palpi slender, slightly curved, not extending beyond the front.
Thorax with an ochraceous band in front, and with an ochraceous
spot on each shoulder. Fore wings hardly acute, with ochraceous
marks ; three basal spots; three irregular transverse lines, of which
the first and the second are united in front; two elongated spots be-
tween the 2nd and 3rd lines, the hinder one connected with the 3rd
line; four large marginal spots; fringe ochraceous; costa convex.
Hind wings ochraceous at the tips beneath. Length of the body
3 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

104, Lycans pirrusa,n.s. Lem. Alba, palpis porrectis caput non
superantibus, tibiis posticis bicalcaratis, alis anticis fere omnino cer-

112 MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

vinis e maculis confluentibus fimbria cervino guttata, posticis cervino
submarginatis. ¢

Female. White. Proboscis slender. Palpi porrect, straight, not ex-
tending beyond the head. Antennz rather stout. Abdomen not
extending beyond the hind wings. Legs rather stout; tibize with
two fawn-coloured bands; hind tibize with two apical spurs. Fore
wings somewhat rounded at the tips, with confluent fawn-coloured
spots, which occupy nearly the whole surface, and extend to the costa
and to the interior border, but not to the exterior border; costa
slightly convex; exterior border convex, very oblique; fringe with
fawn-coloured dots. Hind wings slightly bordered with fawn-colour.
Length of the body 3 lines; of the wings 10 lines.

105. LycLENE imposiTa, n.s. Mas. Alba, robusta, subtus lutescens,
capite fascia viridi-nigra, thorace fasciis tribus nigro-viridibus, abdo-
mine lutescente vittis tribus guttularibus nigricantibus, alis anticis
lituris basalibus nigro-viridibus fasciis duabus fuscis 2* latissima albo
interfasciata, posticis lutescentibus.

Male. White, stout, pale luteous beneath. Head testaceous, with a
greenish-black band between the serrated and ciliated antenne.
Thorax with three macular greenish-black bands. Abdomen pale
luteous, with three rows of blackish dots. Fore wings somewhat
rounded at the tips, with two basal greenish-black marks (one on the
costa), and with two brown bands; Ist band interior, much attenuated
in front, dilated on the costa; 2nd extending to the exterior border,
occupying much more than one-third of the surface of the wing, and
including a diffuse and irregular white band ; costa straight; exterior
border rather oblique; fringe black-speckled. Hind wings pale
luteous. Length of the body 43 lines; of the wings 12 lines.

This may prove to be the male of L. trifascia.

106. LycLENE SEQUENS, nu. s. Mas. Alba, robusta, palpis porrectis
caput non superantibus, eapite thoraceque ochraceo notatis, abdomine
apicem versus fusco, tibiarum posticarum calearibus parvis approxi-
matis, alis anticis-lineis duabus transversis diffusis ochraceis.

Male. White, stout. Proboscis moderately long. Palpi porrect, not
extending beyond the head. Antennze setulose. Head and thorax
with dull ochraceous marks. Abdomen extending a little beyond the
hind wings, brown towards the tip, which is quadrate and thickly
tufted. Hind tibiz with four short and approximate spurs. Fore
wings acute, with diffuse and irregular dull ochraceous transverse lines ;
these are partly macular ; costa convex, slightly reflexed in the middle ;
exterior border very slightly oblique. Length of the body 3 lines;
of the wings 7 lines.

This species much resembles L, bizonoides, but the markings are rather

different,

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 113

107. LycLeNnr cUNEIFERA, n.s. Mas. Pallide lutea, crassa, palpis
brevissimis, thorace guttis quatuor nigri¢antibus, abdominis dimidio
apicali nigro-fusco, alis anticis guttis basalibus linea 1* undulata
antice furcata linea 2* valde serpentina guttisque submarginalibus
fuscis.

Male. Pale luteous, very robust. Palpi extremely short. Antenne
setulose, rather short. Thorax with two blackish dots on each side.
Abdomen not extending beyond the hind wings; apical half blackish
brown; tip quadrate, tufted. Legs hardly stout; hind tibie very
slightly curved, with four moderately long spurs. Fore wings with
brown markings; two basal points; interior line deeply undulating,
forked in front, with two subcostal streaks near its outer branch ;
exterior line very oblique, most deeply winding ; a row of submarginal
dots, of which the hindward are elongated; costa convex, slightly
reflexed in the middle; exterior border convex, rather oblique. Hind
wings much paler. Length of the body 4 lines; of the wings 10 lines.

This species and the following one are nearly allied to L. undulosa.

108. LycLENE CUNEIGERA, n.s. Mas. Pallide lutea, robusta, palpis
caput vix superantibus articulo 3° minimo, abdomine fascia latissima
nigro-fusca, alis anticis guttis basalibus lineis tribus variis lmeaque sub-
marginali valde serpentina nigricantibus, posticis fuscescenti-cinereis.

Male. Pale luteous, robust. Palpi extending very little beyond the
head ; 3rd jomt extremely minute. Antenne setulose. Thorax with
a black point on each shoulder. Abdomen extending a little beyond
the hind wings, blackish brown except towards the base and at the
tip, which is quadrate and furnished with two large valves. Fore
wings with blackish markings; seven dots near the base; two oblique
lines before the middle; the 1st macular, abruptly retracted towards
the costa; the 2nd emitting a subcostal streak by which it is con-
nected with the exterior line, the latter resembling the line of the
preceding species, except that its windings are less equal in length ;
submarginal dots like those of the preceding species ; fringe brownish
costa hardly convex; tip rounded. Hind wings brownish cinereous.
Length of the body 3 lines; of the wings 8 lines.

109. LycLENE DISTRIBUTA, n.s. Mas. Luteo-flava, sat robusta,
palpis porrectis caput vix superantibus, abdominis fasciculo apicali sat
magno, alis anticis strigis basalibus lineis duabus parallelis a striga
connexis antice furcatis strigisque quinque marginalibus fuscis, posticis
fascia submarginali fusca.

Male. Luteous yellow, moderately stout. Palpi porrect, slender,
hardly extending beyond the head. Antenne very minutely setulose.
Abdomen not extending beyond the hind wings; apical tuft rather
large. Fore wings with brown markings ; four small basal streaks ; two
broad parallel lines, which are forked in front, and are united by an
oblique hinder line, the outer one emitting five streaks to the exterior

LINN. PROC.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. VI. 8

‘114 MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

border, which is very oblique; costa slightly convex. Hind wings
paler, with a brown submarginal band. Length of the body 23 lines ;
of the wings 7 lines.

110. LycLene vacILIneA, n.s. Mas. Alba, capite thoraceque nigro
guttatis, palpis porrectis, alis anticis lineis tribus strigis duabus
basalibus una discali quatuorque submarginalibus nigro-fuscis.

Male. Pure white. Head with a blackish poimt on .the vertex, and
another on the front. Palpi porrect, not,extending beyond the head.
Antennz very minutely setulose. Thorax with two black dots on
each side. Abdomen extending very little beyond the hind wings,
quadrate and tufted at the tip. Tarsi with black tips; fore tibize with
a black band; hind tibie with four short spurs. Fore wings with
blackish-brown markings, slightly acute; two basal, one discal, and
four submarginal streaks; interior line curved outward; middle line
undulating, connected in the disk with the interior line ; exterior line
much more deeply bent, connected with the middle line on the costa
and approaching it in the hinder curve ; costa hardly convex ; exterior

- border very oblique. Length of the body 3 lines; of the wings
8 lines.

111. LycLener rursipa, n.s. Mas. Cinereo-cervina, crassa, palpis
porrectis gracillimis, abdomine conico, alis anticis fuscescente con-
spersis apice subrotundatis, posticis cimerascentibus.

Male. Cinereous fawn-colour, robust. Head and thorax broad. Palpi
porrect, very slender, not extending beyond the head. Antenne
minutely setulose. Abdomen conical, extending a little beyond the.
hind wings; apical tuft small. Legs bare; hind tibize with four long
spurs. Four wings thickly but minutely and indistinctly brownish-
speckled ; costa hardly convex ; tips slightly rounded ; exterior border
straight, moderately oblique. Bind wings more cinereous. Length of
the body 3 lines; of the wings 7 lines.

112. LycLenr crassa, n.s. Mas. Cervina, crassa, palpis porrectis
lanceolatis, abdomine conico, alis breviusculis latis, anticis fusco
bifasciatis, posticis subcinerascentibus.

Male. ¥awn-colour, robust. ead and thorax very broad. Palpi
porrect, lanceolate, hardly extending beyond the head. Antenne very
minutely setulose. Abdomen conical, extending a little beyond the
hind wings; apical tuft small. Iind tibie with four long spurs.
Wings short and broad. Fore wings slightly rounded at the tips, with —
two indistinct diffuse brown bands, one near the base, the other ex-
terior, more oblique; costa convex; exterior border slightly oblique.
Hlind wings a little paler and with a cinereous tinge. Length of the
body 34 lines; of the wings 8 lines.

113, LycLuenx stricicostra, n.s. Mas, Pallide cervina, sat gracilis,
palpis porrectis linearibus articulo 3° obtuso minimo, tibiarum posti-

COLLEOTED AT SARAWAK. a

carum calcaribus quatuor longissimis, alis anticis puncto basali lituris
quatuor costalibus gutta discali strigaque marginali nigris.

Male. Pale fawn-colour, rather slender. Abdomen, hind wings, and
middle part of fore wings more cinereous. Palpi porrect, linear, ex-
tending a little beyond the head; 3rd joimt obtuse, very minute.
Antenne short, stout, setulose. Abdomen extending very little beyond
the hind wings; apical tuft very small. Hind tibie with four very
long spurs. Wings moderately broad. Fore wings acute, with a black
basal point, and with four black shaded costal marks, of which the
third emits an oblique streak to the irregular black discal dot ; costa »
slightly convex; a short black streak on the very oblique exterior
border ; fringe with a black line which is interrupted opposite each
vein. Length of the body 3 lines; of the wings 8 lines.

114. LycLENE TINEOIDES, n.s. Fem. Cinereo-fusca, robusta, capite
thoraceque antico pallide testaceis, palpis lanceolatis subascendentibus,
antennis breviusculis, alis anticis angustis rotundatis guttis duabus
discalibus nigris strigis apicalibus testaceis.

_ Female. Cinereous brown, stout. Head and fore part of the thorax dull
pale testaceous. Palpi lanceolate, slightly ascending, extending very
little beyond the head; 3rd jomt elongate. Antenne rather short.
Abdomen extending a little beyond the hind wings. Hind tibiz with
four long spurs. Wings elongate, rather narrow. Fore wings rounded
at the tips, with testaceous irregular apical streaks; two black points
in a line on the disk, one at one-fourth of the length, the other beyond
the middle; costa hardly convex ; exterior border very oblique. Hind
wings and abdomen brownish cinereous. Length of the body 3 lines;
of the wings 9 lines.

This species, like some others included under Lyelene, differs much from
the typical structure of that genus; but the separation of it under another
generic name may be deferred until some new cognate species are dis-
covered.

115. LycLenzr BIpuNCTATA, n.s. Mas. Cimerea, crassa, capite fascia
cyaneo-nigra, palpis lanceolatis cblique ascendentibus, thorace guttis
decem cyaneo-nigris, abdomine e guttis fuscescentibus bivittato, alis
anticis guttis basalibus eyaneo-nigris, litura costali lineisque duabus
obliquis subparallelis purpureo-fuscis, posticis pallide flavis.

Male. Cimereous, very stout; nearly allied to L. imposita. Head and
thorax very broad, the former bluish black between the antennz.
Palpi straight, lanceolate, obliquely ascending, not near extending to
the front; 3rd joint not more than one-fourth of the length of the
2nd. Antenne setulose. Thorax with ten bluish-black dots. Abdomen
pale yellow, tapering, hardly extending beyond the hind wings, with
two rows of brownish dots; apical tuft small. Legs stout; hind tibiz
with four moderately long spurs; fore femora and fore tibize mostlv
black above; middle tibize black towards the tips. Fore wings rounded

Q*

116 MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

at the tips, thickly blackish-speckled, with bluish-black basal dots,
with a purplish-brown basal costal mark, and with two oblique nearly
parallel lines of the same hue; these are diffuse on the outer side, and
the 2nd is bent hindward; submarginal line and marks on the fringe
also purplish brown, the former interrupted and distorted; costa and
exterior border straight, the latter rather oblique. Hind wings pale
yellow. Length of the body 4 lines; of the wings 10 lines.

116. LycLenz vacicurTa, n.s. Mas. Pallide testacea, lata, palpis
nigris lanceolatis minimis, tibiarum posticarum calcaribus quatuor
longissimis, alis anticis apice subrotundatis fasciis quatuor guttularibus”
nigris.

Male. Pale dull testaceous, broad, robust. Palpi black, lanceolate,
porrect, very small, not extending beyond the head. © Antennze
minutely setulose. Abdomen extending beyond the hind wings;
apical tuft small, smooth. Legs stout; hind tibie with four very
long spurs. Wings moderately broad. Fore wings somewhat rounded
at the tips, with twelve irregular black dots, which form four bands ;
costa very slightly convex ; exterior border slightly convex and oblique.
Length of the body 32 lines; of the wings 8 lines.

117. LycLtener arricurra, n.s. Fem. Subcervino-alba, palpis latis
subarcuatis articulo 3° subobsoleto, alis elongatis non latis subtus
cinereis, alis anticis apice rotundatis atro duodecimguttatis.

Female. White, moderately stout, with a very pale fawn-coloured tinge.
Front rather prominent. Palpi broad, linear, very slightly curved,
extending beyond the head; 3rd joint almost obsolete. Abdomen -
extending a little beyond the hind wings. Legs slender; hind tibiz _
with four long spurs. Wings elongate, not broad, cimereous beneath.
Fore wings rounded at the tips, white about the deep-black dots, and
with an irregular angular transverse white line; six dots on the costa,
three on the exterior border, and three on the disk, two of these on
the line; costa straight ; exterior border very oblique. Length of the
body 3 lines; of the wings 9 lines.

Gen, CHUNDANA, N. g.

Mas. Corpus sat gracile. Proboscis obsoleta. Palpi brevissimi, gra-
cillimi. Antenne breves, glabra, robusta, subcompressxe. Abdomen
valvulis apicalibus longiusculis. Pedes graciles; tibise posticee sat
validie, calearibus quatuor longissimis. l/@ anticie apice rectangulate,
margine exteriore postico obliquo; posticwe marge exteriore sub-
excavato. .

Mule. Body rather slender. Proboscis obsolete. Palpi extremely short
and slender, not extending in front of the head. Antennze short, stout,
smooth, slightly compressed. Abdomen not extending beyond the
hind wings, furnished with two smoothly pilose rather long apical
valves. Legs slender; hind tibie rather stout, with four very long

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 117

spurs. Wings moderately broad. Fore wings rectangular at the tips;
costa straight; exterior border oblique hindward; 2nd inferior vein
near the Ist, very remote from the 3rd. Hind wings with the exterior
border very slightly excavated in the middle.

118. CHUNDANA LUGUBRIS, n.s. Mas. Cinerea, vertice albido, fronte
fusca, alis anticis linea interiore guttulari guttaque submarginali nigri-
cantibus, anticis lituris costalibus et fimbrialibus nigricantibus plaga
basali vesiculari subhyalina.

Male. Cinereous, with a brownish tinge beneath. Vertex whitish; front
dark brown, very oblique. Wings with an interior transverse line of
blackish dots, and with a larger blackish dot near the middle of the
exterior border. Fore wings with some blackish marks along the
costa and on the fringe ; a vesicular nearly hyalime space near the base,
traversed by the 4th inferior vein. Length of the body 2: lines; of
the wings 7 lines.

Gen. LicrpiA, n. g.

Mas. Corpus sat robustum. Proboscis brevissima. Palpi porrecti,
caput superantes; articulus 2" latus, learis, obtusus; 3"5 minimus.
Antenne breviuscule, subpubescentes. Abdomen fasciculo apicali
compresso minimo. Pedes graciles; tibiz postice calearibus quatuor
longissimis. Ale antice apice rectangulate, costa recta, margine

~ exteriore convexo.

Male. Body moderately stout. Front prominent. Proboscis very short.
Palpi porrect, extending somewhat beyond the head; 2nd joint broad
linear, obtuse at the tip; 3rd extremely minute. Antenne rather
short, minutely pubescent. Abdomen not extending beyond the hind
wings; apical tuft compressed, very small. Legs slender; hind tibiz
with four very long spurs. Wings moderately broad. Fore wings rect-
angular at the tips; costa straight ; exterior border convex, moderately
oblique.

This genus perhaps does not belong to the Lithosiide; it has some

resemblance to the Crambide.

119. LigIpIA DECISISSIMA, n.s. Mas. Lateritia, abdomine alisque pos-
ticis rufescenti-cinereis, alis punctis marginalibus nigris, anticis lituris
costalibus lituraque una fimbriali nigris.

Male. Brick-red. Abdomen and hind wings cimereous, with a slight
reddish tinge. Wings with minute black marginal points. Fore wings
with some black marks on the exterior part of the costa, and with
one black mark on the middle of the fringe. Length of the body
3 lines; of the wings 7 lines.

Gen. PisaRa, 2. g.

Mas. Corpus robustum, squamosum. Proboscis brevissima. Palpi
angulati, eaput sat superantes; articulus 2"° porrectus, latissimus,

4

118 ‘MB. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

pilosus ; 3"° gracilis, linearis, brevissimus. Antenne subsetulosze, scapo
crasso. Abdomen fasciculo apicali parvo. Pedes robusti; tibize posticze
calcaribus quatuor longis. Ale antice squamose, scabree, apice sub-
rotundate.

Male. Body stout, squamous. Proboscis very short. Palpi extending
rather far beyond the head; 2nd joint porrect, pilose, very broad ; 3rd.
decumbent, linear, slender, not more than one-fourth of the length of
the 2nd, with which it forms an angle. Antennz minutely setulose ;
basal joint very stout. Abdomen not extending beyond the hind wings ;
apical tuft small. Legs stout; hind tibie with four long spurs.
Wings squamous, moderately broad. Fore wings slightly rounded at
the tips, with some elevated scales on the disk ; costa slightly convex ;
exterior border nearly straight, rather oblique:

120. PISARA OPALINA, n.s. Mas. Cinmerea, opalina, thorace antico
fuscescente, alis basi fuscescentibus squamoso-scabris nigricante lineatis
linea 1* subarcuata 2* punctulari 3* subundulata linea submarginali
fusca recta.

Male. Cinereous, shining, with pearly reflections. Head white above.
Thorax brownish m front. Wings with the fringe long and full. Fore
wings partly and diffusedly brownish near the base; lines blackish ;
interior line slightly curved outward, rather diffuse; exterior line also
curved, composed of black points ; 3rd line slightly undulating ; submar-
ginal line brown, straight, very near the border; a scabrous line from
the base nearly to the middle, formed by three clusters of elevated
scales. Length of the body 4 lines; of the wings 9 lines.

121. Pisara? ACONTIOIDES, n.s. Fem. Alba, abdomine conico, alis
anticis dimidio basali antico cinereo-fusco squamis chalybeis linea
exteriore subundulata e guttis tumidis chalybeis spatio marginali
cinereo-fusco, posticis subcinereis.

Female. White. . Head wanting. Abdomen conical. Fore wings with
the fore half from the base to half the length emereous brown, adorned’
with chalybeous spangles; an exterior slightly undulating line com-

posed of chalybeous tumid dots; marginal space cimereous brown.
Hind wings slightly cinereous. Length of the body 33 lines; of the
wings 8 lines.

Gen. ETanna, ng.

Fem. Corpus robustum. Proboscis distincta. Palpi validi, oblique
ascendentes, caput sat superantes ; articulus 3"* linearis, 2° vix brevior.
Antenne robustwe. Abdomen alas posticas non superans, Pedes validi ;
tibia postice quadricalcarate. Ale non longe; apice subquadrate,
costa vix convexa, margine exteriorevix obliquo. .

Female. Body stout. Proboscis distinct. Palpi stout, obliquely ascending,
extending rather far beyond the head; 3rd joint linear, rounded at
the tip, nearly as long and as broad as the 2nd. Antenne stout.

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. f 11S

Abdomen not extending beyond the hind wings. Legs stout; middle
tibize with two spurs, one of them more than twice the length of the
other; hind tibiz with four long spurs. Wings moderately broad,
not long. Fore wings subquadrate at the tips; costa hardly convex ;
exterior border hardly oblique; 3rd inferior vein a little nearer to the
2nd than to the 4th. Type £. basalis.

This genus has some resemblance to the Tortricites.

122. ETANNA BASALIS, n.s. Fem. Albida, viridi tincta, abdomine
alisque posticis cinereo-albidis, alis anticis dimidio apicali albo plaga
basali nigro-fusca spatio apicali viridescente nebulas fuscas strigamque
rufescentem latam diffusam lineasque duas transversas albidas nigro
marginatas includente.

Female. Whitish, tinged with green. Abdomen and hind ee cinereous
whitish. Fore wings white for half the length from the base, near
which there is a blackish-brown patch; apical half greenish, partly
clouded with brown, containing a broad diffuse reddish streak, and
traversed by two whitish black-bordered lines; Ist lime much and
nregularly curved outward; 2nd zigzag, less distinct, abbreviated at
each end. Length of the body 3 lines; of the wings 8 lines.

123. ETANNA ERASTIOIDES, n.s. Fem. Cinerea, palporum articulo
3° lanceolato, alis anticis basi plagaque costali media cervinis spatio
marginali fuscescenti-cmereo lineis interiore et exteriore nigris angu-
losis spatio adhue exteriore albido punctis marginalibus nigris po-
sticis fuscescenti-einereis.

Female. Cinereous. Palpi stout, obliquely ascending; 3rd joint lan-
ceolate, much shorter than the 2nd. Wings with the fringe long and
full. Fore wings fawn-colour at the base, and with a fawn-coloured
patch on the middle of the costa; space along the exterior border
brownish cinereous, this hue much attenuated hindward; interior and
exterior lines black, slender, the latter much more zigzag than the
former, and adjoiming a more exterior whitish space; marginal points
black, ‘mmute. Hind wings brownish cinereous, without markings.
Length of the body 3 lines; of the wings 7 lines.

124. ETANNA FLORIDA, n.s. Fem. Cinerea,alis anticis basi cervinis fas-
ciaque media informi; interrupta spatio marginali fuscescenti-cinereo ;
lineis interiore et exteriore deviis denticulatis punctisque marginalibus
nigris ; margine exteriore’ postico obliquo ; alis posticis lituris nullis.

Female. Cinereous, robust. Palpi stout, obliquely ascending; 3rd
joint linear, rounded at the tip, much shorter than the 2nd. Fore
wings fawn-coloured at the base, and with an interrupted irregular
fawn-coloured middle band ; space along the exterior border diffusedly
brownish cinereous ; interior and exterior lines black, slight, irregular,

_ denticulated ; marginal points black ; tips rectangular ; hind part of the
exterior border oblique. Hind wings without markings. Length of
the body 4% lines; of the wings 11] lines.

120

MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

Gen. Brzonr, Walk.

125. Bizone perornata, Walk. Cat. Lep. 1st ser. 548.
Inhabits also Hindostan and Java.

126. BizoNE DETERMINATA, n.s. Foam. Alba, thorace fasciis rufe-

scenti-ochraceis, alis elongatis non latis rufescenti-ochraceo quadri-
fasciatis fasciis 2* et 3 concisis rectis nigro marginatis guttis duabus
discalibus nigris, posticis rufescente subtinctis.

Female. White. Thorax with reddish-ochraceous bands. Wings elongate.

rather narrow. Fore wings with four reddish-ochraceous bands; Ist
band very near the base; 2nd and 38rd concise, straight, upright,
broadly bordered with black, the 2nd on the imner side, the 3rd on the
outer side; 4th marginal; two black dots in a longitudinal line
between the 2nd and 3rd bands. Hind wings with a slight reddish
tinge, except near the base and along the interior border. Length of
the body 5 lines; of the wings 16 lines.

Nearest to B. hamata.

127. BIzONE PUDENS, n.s. Mas. Alba, thorace fasciis tribus mi-

niatis, alis anticis miniato quadrifasciatis fasciis 2° furcata 3°que con-
nexis striga discali furcata subobliqua, posticis roseo subtinctis.

Male. White. Thorax with three red-lead bands. Fore wings with

four slender red-lead bands; lst band near the base, curved inward ;
2nd nearly straight ; 3rd forked in front, the outer fork connected
with the 4th, which is marginal and is dentate on the inner side; a
fureate slightly oblique discal streak, in front of which the wing is
slightly tumid. Hind wings with a shght rosy tinge, whieh is most
prevalent along the exterior border. Length of the body 33 lines;
of the wings 8 lines.

128. BrzonE INCONCLUSA, n.s. Mas. Alba, thorace fasciis tribus

tegulisque ochraceis, alis anticis ochraceo quadrifasciatis fascia 2, stri-
gam emittente gutta punctoque discalibus nigris fimbria costali re-
flexa ochraceo notata, posticis flavescente subtinctis.

Male. White. Palpi and antenne ochraceous. Thorax with three

ochraceous bands ; tegula ochraceous. Abdomen with a slight tes-
taceous tinge. Legs with ochraceous bands. Fore wings with four
ochraceous bands; Ist, 2nd, and 3rd angular; 4th marginal, paler ;
a black dot between the 2nd and Srd bands, contiguous to a streak
which is emitted by the 2nd band; an indistinct black point behind
the black dot; a recumbent costal fringe between the 2nd and 3rd
bands, marked with ochraceous. lind wings with a very slight
yellowish tinge. Length of the body 6 lines; of tho wings 12 lines.

129. Bizone cConcLusa, n.s. Mas. Alba, thorace fasciis tribus tegu-

lisque ochraceis, alis anticis ochraceo quadrifasciatis fascia 24 strigam
emittente 3° subundulata fimbria costali reflexa ochreceo binotata,

posticis subflavescentibus.

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 121

Male. White. Palpi and antennex ochraceous. Thorax with three
ochraceous bands ; tegulze ochraceous. Abdomen whitish, testaceous
towards the tip, which has a large tuft. Legs with ochraceous bands.
Fore wings with four ochraceous bands; Ist near the base, rather
irregular ; 2nd broader, emitting a broad streak to two black dots, one
of which is behind the othér; 3rd band slightly undulating; costa
with a recumbent fringe, which extends from the 2nd to beyond the
3rd band, and is marked with ochraceous opposite these bands. Hind
wings tinged with pale yellow; interior border thickly and deeply
fringed. Length of the body 8 lines; of the wings 18 lines.

This species may be distinguished from the preceding one by its stouter

form, the broader and differently formed bands of the fore wings, by the
difference in the discal dots, and by the longer costal fringe. ,

130. BIZONE COSTIFIMBRIA, n.s. Mas. Alba, thorace fasciis tribus
tegulisque ochraceis, alis anticis ochraceo quadrifasciatis fascia 1* stri-
gam emittente 2*, divisa 3* abbreviata nigro marginata fimbria cos-
tali reflexa longa ochracea albo binotata, posticis ochraceo subtinctis.

Male. White. Palpi and antenne ochraceous. Thorax with three
ochraceous bands; tegule ochraceous. Abdomen ochraceous at the
tip. Legs with ochraceous bands. Fore wings with four ochraceous
bands; lst band near the base, emitting a streak to the 2nd, which
consists of two parts; lst part forming a widened continuation of the
streak ; 2nd part clothed with long hairs, extending obliquely to the
costal frmge; 3rd band broad, abbreviated in front, blackish-bordered
on the outer side; 4th broad, marginal; recumbent costal fringe
ochraceous, extending from the Ist to the 4th, with two white bands,
of which the 2nd is abbreviated hmdward. Hind wings slightly tinged
with ochraceous, which hue is most prevalent towards the tips. Length
of the body 6 lines; of the wings 16 lines.

This differs more from the two preceding species than the latter do from

each other ; but the three form a distinct group in the genus.

Gen. CHAMAITA, l. g.

Mas. Corpus sat gracile, sparse pilosum. Proboscis gracilis, longius-
cula. Palpi nonconspicui. Antenne subsetulosze, gracillime ; arti-
culus basalis robustus, longissimus. Tibi@ postice calcaribus qua-
tuor brevissimis. Ale oblonge, subnude, subhyaline, apice rotun-
datz ; antiese costa convexa.

Male. Body moderately slender, very thinly clothed. Proboscis slen-
der, rather long. Palpi obsolete, or nearly so. Antenne very mi-
nutely setulose, very slender, excepting the basal joint, which is stout
and very long. Abdomen not extending beyond the hind wings.
Legs moderately stout; hind tibie with four very short spurs.
Wings oblong, almost bare and hyaline, rounded at thie tips. Fore
wings convex along the costa; exterior border slightly convex, rather

122 MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

oblique; 4th superior vein very far from the others, which are ap-
proximate; 3rd inferior vein about twice as far from the 4th as from
the 2nd; 2nd a little nearer to the 1st than to the 3rd. Hind wings
with one superior vein.
This genus has a very peculiar structure ; it has some resemblance to Nu-
daria, but its affinities are uncertain. Type C. trichopteroides.

131. CHAMAITA TRICHOPTEROIDES, n.s. Mas. Cinerea, antennis
albidis, alis fere hyalinis vix pubescentibus. ‘

Male. Cinereous. Antenne whitish. Wings nearly hyaline, with thin
and very short pubescence; veins pale. Fore wings with the costa
pubescent. Length of the body 3 lnes; of the wings 10 lines.

132. CHAMAITA CRASSICORNIS, n.s. Mas. Alba, palpis porrectis
brevissimis, antennis robustis subsetulosis basi crassis, alis fere hya-
linis vix pubescentibus.

_ Male. White. Palpi porrect, very short. Antenne stout, mmutely
setulose; basal joint thick, rather long. Abdomen with two long
apical valves. Legs stout; hind tibie with four rather short spurs.
Wings nearly bare and hyaline; veins white. Length of the body 22
lines; of the wings 7 lines. |

Fam. ARCTIDA, Leach.
Gen. Anctra, Schranch.
133. Aretia strigatula, Walk. Cat. Lep. 1st ser. 613.

Gen. Angas, Walk.

134. Areas orientalis, Walk. Cat. Lep. 1st ser. 658.
Inhabits also Hindostan and Java.

Gen. Numenes, Walk.

This genus has perhaps more affinities with the Drepanulide and with
the Bombycide than with the Arctiide, but hardly accords with any of the
families of the Bombycites. _

135. NUMENES CONTRAHENS, n.s. Mas. Testacea, capite thorace
pedibusque anterioribus fuscis, alis anticis vitta postica fasciisque dua-
bus fuscis, posticis luteis fascia marginali fusca.

Male. Testaceous. ead, thorax, and anterior legs brown, hirsute.
Proboscis obsolete. Palpi porrect, stout, short, pilose. Antenne
short, very deeply pectinated. Abdomen, hind legs, and hind wings
pale luteous. Wings ample. Fore wings slightly acuminated, with
a brown stripe along the interior border, and with two brown parallel
and nearly upright bands ; 2nd band irregularly double except in front.
Hind wings with a brown marginal band, which 1s irregularly exca-
vated in front. Length of the body 7 lines; of the wings 18 lines.

This is quite distinct from the typical species, N. Siletti, which it much

resembles in colouring and in markings.

. COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. , 123

“Gen. ScaRPona, n. g.

. Mas. Corpus robustum. Proboscis obsoleta. Palpi porrecti, breves,
validi, obtusi. Antenne latissime pectinate. Abdomen sat depres-
sum, alas posticas non superans, fasciculo apicali nullo. Pedes validi,
breviusculi; tibize posticee quadricalearate .Ale late, elongate; an-
ticee subfalcatz, margine exteriore subangulato; posticee margine ex-
teriore postico subexcavato. :

Male. Body stout. Proboscis obsolete. Palpi porrect, short, stout,
obtuse; 3rd joint small. Antennz very broadly pectinated. Abdo-
men rather broad and flat, not extending beyond the hind wings; no
apical tuft. Legs stout, rather short; hind tibize with four stout
moderately long spurs. Wings broad, elongate. Fore wings subfal-
cate; costa almost straight; exterior border slightly angular in the
middle; 3rd inferior vein more than twice as far from the 4th as
from the 2nd. Hind wings with the exterior border slightly excavated
hindward.

This genus is nearly allied to the preceding one, and also has some re-

semblance to the Drepanulide.

136. SCARPONA ENNOMOIDES, n.s. Mas. Sulphurea, alis anticis
fimbria fusca macula marginali cervina, posticis fimbria apud angulum
interiorem fusca.

- Male. Sulphur-yellow. Fore wings with a brown fringe, and with a
fawn-coloured marginal spot in front of the angle of the exterior bor-
der. Hind wings with the frmge brown towards the interior angle.
Length of the body 7 lines; of the wings 18 lines.

Gen. Sprnosoma, Steph.

137. Spilosoma transiens, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. 1st ser. 675.
Inhabits also Hindostan and Celebes.

Gen. CHRASANA, 0. g.

Mas. Corpus robustum, dense vestitum. Proboscis obsoleta. Palpi
porrecti, breves, robusti, pilosi. Antenne pectinate, longiuscule.
Abdomen cylindricum, lanuginosum, alas peosticas paullo superans.
Pedes breves, pilosi. Ale elongate, spisse; antice apice obtuse,
margine exteriore subfiexo.

Male. Body thick, densely clothed. Proboscis obsolete. Palpi por-
rect, short, stout, pilose. Antenne rather long, moderately pecti-
nated. Abdomen cylindrical, lanuginous, extending a little beyond
the hd wings. Legs short, pilose. Wings elongate, thick. Fore
wings somewhat obtuse at the tips; costa hardly convex ; exterior
border slightly bent in the middie, very oblique hindward; veins in
structure much like those of Spilosoma.

138. CERASANA ANCEPS, un.s. Mas, Pallidissime cervina, capite

124 MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

macula guttisque duabus nigris, thorace maculis tribus anticis nigris,
abdomine e maculis nigris bivittato, alis sublineatis, anticis basi nigro
guttatis.

Male. Very pale fawn-colour. Head with a black spot above, and
with a black dot at the base of each antenna. Palpi black at the
base. Thorax with three black dots in front. Abdomen with two
rows of black spots, luteous and densely ferruginous towards the tip.
Wings with several pale indistinct oblique undulating lines. Fore
wings with some black dots at the base and along the basal half of |
the costa; exterior border with some brownish dots. Length of the
body 10 lines ; of the wings 26 lines.

Gen. SALIOCLETA, 0. g.

Mas. Corpus robustum. -Proboscis obsoleta. Palpi porrecti, breves,
graciles, caput non superantes. Antenne glabre, longiuscul, sat
graciles. Abdomen conicum, alas posticas paullo superans, apicem
versus subcompressum. Pedes breves, pilosi; tibize posticee quadri-
calcaratee. Ale longe; anticz acute.

Male. Body thick. Proboscis obsolete. Palpi porrect, short, slender,
not extending beyond the head; 3rd jomt very minute. Antenne
smooth, rather long and slender. Abdomen conical, extending a little
beyond the hind wings, slightly compressed towards the tip, which is
subquadrate. Legs short, moderately stout ; femora and tibie clothed
with long hairs; hind tibiae with four stout approximate moderately
long spurs. Wings long, moderately broad. Fore wings acute ; costa
and exterior border straight, the latter extremely oblique; veins in
structure much like those of Spilosoma. Hind wings with the ex-
terior border convex.

Allied to Zana.

139. SALIOCLETA NONAGRIOIDES, n.s. Mas. Pallide lignicolor, alis
anticis strigis diffusis pallide rufescentibus, posticis pallide rufes-
centibus.

Male. Pale wood-colour. Fore wings diffusedly streaked with pale dull
reddish. Hind wings pale reddish, except along the costa. Length of
the body 11 lines; of the wings 26 lines.

Fam. LIPARIDAL, Steph.
Gen, Onayta, Ochs.
140. Orayta NiGRocrocgA, n.s. Mas. Ochracea, abdomine alisque
posticis nigro-fuscis, alis anticis fascia latissima nigro-fusca antice

abbreviata.
Male. Ochraceous, Abdomen and hind wings blackish brown. Fore
wings with a very broad minutely speckled blackish-brown band, which

extends to the exterior border hindward, and is diffuse and abbre-

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 125

viated towards the costa; under side blackish brown, with the excep-
tion of the costa and the tips. Length of the body 35 lines; _ of the
wings 11] lines.

141. OrGyIa NEBULOSA, n.s. Mas. Ferrugineo-fusca, alis anticis
fusco obscuriore nebulosis lineis ,tribus dentatis nigris 2* intus albido
marginata linea 4a submarginali e lunulis nigricantibus.

Male. Ferrugimous brown, cinereous brown beneath. Palpi porrect,
pilose, obtuse. Antennz with very long pubescent branches. — Fore
wings clouded with darker brown on the disk; interior, middle, and
exterior lines blackish dentate ; the 2nd whitish-bordered on the inner
side ; submarginal line composed of blackish lunules. Length of the
body 33 limes; of the wings 10 lines,

142. OreyIA OssEATA,n.s. Mas. Fusca, alis anticis purpurascente
tinctis lineis tribus nigricantibus deviis cinereo marginatis limea 4,
submarginali e lunulis nigricantibus litura discali obhiqua fusco stri-
gata venisque subcostalibus albido-cinereis.

Male. Brown, Palpi broad, pilose, obtuse. Antennz with-very long
pubescent branches. Fore wings purplish-tinged, with three blackish
irregular cinereous-bordered lines; 4th or submarginal line more di-
stinect, composed of blackish lunules; veins towards the costa whitish
cinereous; a large oblique discal mark of the same hue including two
interrupted black and brown streaks ; a white streak by the interior
angle. Length ofthe body 43 lines; of the wings 11 lines.

143. OrGyIA DIMIDIATA, n.s. Mas. Cinereo-fusca, alis anticis lineis
transversis obscurioribus undulatis indistinctis basi dimidioque costali
ochraceis.

Male. Cinereous brown. Palpi porrect, obtuse. Antenne with very
long pubescent branches. Fore wings with indistinct darker undula-
ting transverse lines; base and costal half ochraceous; outline of the
‘latter hue jagged. Length of the body 33 lines; of the wings 9 lines.

144. OrGy1A variA, n.s. Mas. Ferrugineo-fusca, alis anticis nigro
subconspersis lineis duabus albidis undulatis striga apicali lutescente
striga marginali alba, posticis cinereo-fuscis luteo marginatis.

Male. Ferruginous brown. Palpi porrect, rather slender, extending
somewhat beyond the head. Antennz short, with very long pubes-
cent branches. Fore wings thinly black-speckled, with two whitish
lines, of which the 2nd is much more undulating than the Ist; a pale
luteous apical streak, behind which there is a small elongated white
mark. Hind wings cinereous brown, with a broad pale luteous mar-
ginal band. Length of the body 4 lines; of the wings 10 lines.

Gen. Artaxsa, Walk.

145, ARTAXA SIGNIPLAGA, n.s. Mas. Pallide lutea, thorace postico

126 MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

abdomineque basi fuscescentibus, alis anticis fuscis costa lutescente
macula atra apud angulum.interiorem, posticis albidis.

Male. Pale luteous. Antenne very broadly pectinated. Thorax
brownish hindward. Abdomen hoary, brownish at the base. Fore
wings brown, with the exception of the costa, for almost one-third of
the length from the base, and with a deep-black large round spot by
the interior angle. Hind wings whitish. Length of the body 33 lines ;
of the wings 10 lines.

146. ARTAXA METALEUCA, n.s. Mas. Pallidissime cervina, alis an-
ticis gutta subapicali nigricante linea submarginali e punctis nigri-
cantibus vitta postica lata alba.

Male. Very pale fawn-colour. Head and palpi white; the latter por-
rect, with rounded tips ; 3rd joint extremely minute. Fore wings with
a blackish dot near the tip of the costa, and with some slight indica-
tions of a submarginal blackish lie; a broad white stripe along the
interior border. Length of the body 4 lines; of the wings 10 lines.

147. ArTAXA? RuUPTATA, n.s. Mas. Pallide flavescens, alis anticis
fuseo conspersis, linea exteriore bis interrupta e atomis fuscis disco
subtus fusco.

Male. Pale yellowish. Palpi aieonihdtasit rather slender. Antenne
broadly pectinated. Fore wings thinly brown-speckled; some of the
speckles confluent, and forming an exterior line, which is widely in-
terrupted in two parts, and is dilated and most apparent on the costa ;
underside brown, with the exception of the exterior and interior
borders. Hind wings slightly paler. Length of the body 3 lines ; of
the wings 8 lines. ;

This and the preceding apecies differ somewhat in the structure of the

palpi from the typical form of Artaza.

Gen. Lactpa, Walk.

148. LactpA costTipLaGa, n. s. Mas. Fusca, thoracis lateribus
nigricantibus, abdomine cristis nigris, alis anticis plaga strigaque
exteriore costalibus nigricantibus, lineis exterioribus quatuor angulosis
nigris fimbria nigricante notata. -

Male. Brown. Palpi blackish, extremely broad, densely pilose. An-
tennz with very long pubescent branches. Thorax blackish on each
side. Abdomen with black crests. Fore wings with a blackish patch,
which extends along the costa from the base to a little beyond half
the length; a blackish costal streak nearer the tip; four irregular
exterior lines composed of black cuneiform marks ; the 4th submar-
ginal, more regular than the others; fringe with blackish marks.
Length of the body 5 lines; of the wings 12 lines.

149. LAcIDA sTRIGIFIMBRIA, n. 8. Mas. Fusca, abdomine alisque
pallide cinereis, alis anticis nigro conspersis fusco bifasciatis nigroque
subtrifasciatis fimbria lituris subquadratis fuscis. ;

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. yd

Male. Brown. Antenne with long pubescent branches. Abdomen,
hind wings, and underside pale cinereous. Fore wings black-speckled,
with some black marks which form three very irregular and incom-
plete bands; an irregular interior band and a broad marginal space
pale cinereous; fringe with brown subquadrate marks. Length of
the body 3} lines; of the wings 10 lines.

Gen. Mutia, Walk.

150. MeLIa CUNEIFERA, n.s. Mas. Schistaceo-cinerea, capite tho-
raceque antico ferrugineis, alis anticis apice rotundatis costa sub-
convexa vitta costali ferruginea nigro notata striga obliqua lmeaque
submarginali angulosa nigris.

Male. Slaty cinereous. Head and fore part of the thorax ferruginous.
Palpi porrect, short, lanceolate, rather slender. Antennz slightly
pectinated. Fore wings rounded at the tips; costa slightly convex; a
ferruginous stripe with some black marks extending along part of the
costa, and emitting an irregular black streak towards the middle of
the exterior border; submarginal line black, slender, deeply and very
acutely zigzag, or forming cuneiform marks. Length of the body
33 lines; of the wings 8 lines.

Gen. Amsacta, Walk.

151, AMSACTA LITHOSIOIDES, n.s. Mas. Nigro-fusca, capite tho-
race antico pectore ventreque ochraceis, alis elongatis fimbria cinerea,
anticis ferrugineo suffusis.

Male. Blackish brown. Head, fore part of the thorax, pectus, abdo-
men beneath and at the tip, and legs ochraceous. Palpi porrect,
broad, obtuse. Antennze very deeply pectinated. Wings elongate ;
fringe mostly pale cinereous. Fore wings with a ferruginous tinge.
Length of the body 4 lines; of the wings 12 lines.

Gen. Naxa, Walk.

152. Naxa textilis, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. 1st ser. 1743.
_ Inhabits also Hindostan.

Gen. Rrpoa, Walk.

_153. Repoa micacgea,n.s. Mas. Pallide testacea, subtus alba, capite
niveo fascia lata fusca, thorace antico niveo, alarum rans mican-
tibus pallidis et ochraceis fimbria rufescente.

Male. Pale testaceous, white beneath. Head pure white, with a broad

- brown band between the antennze. Thorax pure white in front; hind
part and fore wings with numerous pale and ochraceous spangles.
Wings with a reddish frmge. Hind wings white in front. Length of
body 7 lines; of the wings 16 lines.

128 MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

154. Repoa TRANSIENS, n.s. Mas. Nivea, capite cervino fascia alba,
pedibus anticis nigro et ochraceo notatis, alarum squamis albis mican-
tibus fimbria pallidissime cervina, alis anticis puncto discali nigro
costa ochracea. |

Male. Pure white. Head fawn-colour, with a white band in front.
Fore legs with black and ochraceous marks. Wings with glittering
white spangles; fringe with a very pale fawn-coloured tinge. Fore
wings with a black point at the tip of the discal areolet ; costa ochra-
ceous. Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings 14 lines.

Female? Much smaller, and entirely white with the exception of the
black point on the fore wings. Length of the body 3 lines; of the
wings 8 lines.

This may be a variety of R. submarginata: it differs from that species

in the costa of the fore wings, which is ochraceous along the whole
length.

155. REDOA MARGINALIS, n. s. Mas. Nivea, vertice palpisque apice
fuscis, alarum squamis micantibus strigis marginalibus cinereis fim-
bria obscure cinerea, alis anticis costa apicali cinerea.

Male. Pure white. Head, except in front and tips of the palpi, brown.
Wings spangled, with slight cinereous streaks along the exterior
border ; frimge dark cinereous. Fore wings with a cinereous tinge
along the apical part of the costa. Length of the body 53 lines; of
the wings 13 lines.

156. Repos peRFEcTA, n.s. Mas. Nivea, capitis guttis duabus pal-
pisque apice nigris, pedibus anterioribus nigro guttatis, alarum squamis
albis micantibus.

Male. Pure white. Head with a black dot on each side. Palpi with
black tips. Anterior legs with black dots. Wings wholly white, with
white spangles. Length of the body 8 lines; of the wings 18 lines.

Gen. Euprocris.

157. Euprocris rusirpEnnis, n.s. Mas. Alba, corpore subtestaceo,
alis anticis oblongis angustis apice subrotundatis vix testaceo tinctis,
posticis apice obtusis.

Male. White. Body somewhat testaceous, which hue extends slightly
over the fore wings. Fore wings narrow, fusiform, slightly rounded
at the tips; exterior’ border extremely oblique ; interior border witl:
some very long hairs. Hind wings obtuse but hardly truncated at
the tips. Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings 14 lines.

158. Euprocris XANTHOMELA, n.s. Mas. Lecte ochracea, abdomine
alisque posticis nigris, his pallido marginatis, alis anticis nigro sub-
conspersis gutta discali atra.

Male. Bright ochraceous, paler beneath. Antenne with very long
pubescent branches. Abdomen black, except at the base and at the

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 129

tip. Fore wings thinly speckled with black; discal dot deep back.
Hind wings black, broadly bordered with pale ochraceous. Length
of the body 7 lines; of the wings 18 lines.

This species is most allied to E. atomaria. —

159. EUpRocTIS MUNDA, n.s. Mas. Pallidissime cervina, alis anticis
angustis apice rotundatis margine exteriore perobliquo margine in-
teriore pilis longis penicillatis.

Male. Very pale fawn-colour or nankeen-colour. Antennz short, with
long pubescent branches. Legs slender, rather thinly clothed with
long hairs. Fore wings narrow, rounded at the tips; exterior border
extremely oblique; interior border furnished with long plumose
hairs. Length of the body 4% lines; of the wings 12 lines.

160. Euprocris pivisa,n.s. Mas. Cervina, capite antico lutescente,
abdomine fusco, fasciculo apicali pedibusque luteis, alis posticis
fuscis testaceo-pallido marginatis.

Male. Fawn-colour. Head and thorax with long hairs, the former
somewhat luteous in front. Antenne very broadly pectinated. Ab-
domen brown ; apical tuft and legs luteous. Fore wings somewhat
paler along the costa and towards the exterior border. Hind wings
brown, bordered with pale testaceous ; interior border densely pilose.
Length of the body 8 lines; of the wings 18 lines.

161. EuprocrTis GUTTISTRIGA, n.s. Mas. Lutescens, abdomine
alisque posticis fuscis, his pallido, marginatis, alis anticis nigro con-
spersis lineis duabus abbreviatis guttularibus nigris. Fam. Capite
fusco, thorace antico ochraceo, alis anticis linea interiore obsoleta,
alis posticis luteo fimbriatis.

Male. Dull luteous. Antenne very broadly pectinated. Abdomen
and hind wings brown, the latter with a pale border. Fore wings
black-speckled, with two oblique lines which are composed of black
dots and are abbreviated in front.

Female. Head and antenne brown, the latter slightly pectinated.
Thorax ochraceous in front. Fore wings with the interior lime ob-
solete. Hind wings with a luteous fringe. Length of the body 5-6
lines; of the wings 14-18 lines.

Gen. CassIDIA, n. g.

Mas. Corpus robustum. Proboscis obsoleta. Palpi lineares, oblique
ascendentes, apice rotundati. Antenne latissime pectinate. Ale
late, breves; antice apice subrotundate, costa vix convexa; posticz
dilatatee, margine exteriore angulato.

Male. Body stout. Proboscis obsolete. Palpi linear, obliquely
ascending, rounded at the tips, not rising to the front. Antenne
very broadly pectinated. Wings broad, short. Fore wings somewhat
rounded at the tips; costa hardly convex; exterior border slightly

LINN. PROC.— ZOOLOGY, VOL. VI. 9

A

130 MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

convex and oblique. Hind wings produced in the direction of the
body, which extends beyond the hind wings; middle of the exterior
border forming a prominent but obtuse angle.
This genus is nearly allied to Euproctis, from which it may be clearly
distinguished by the form of the hind wings.

162. CassipI1A oBTuSsA, n.s, Mas. Subtestaceo-alba, capite palpis-
que ochraceis, alis posticis albis margine exteriore subtestaceo.

Male. White, with a slight testaceots tinge. Head and palpi ochra-
ceous. Hind wings white, with the exception of a very slight testa-
ceous tinge along the exterior border. Length of the body 4 lines;
of the wings 10 lines.

Gen. Cispra, Walk.
Somena, Walk., may be united to this genus.

163. Cispia plagiata, Walk, Cat. Lep. 1st ser. 858.

The male of C. plagiata, from Nepal, has the fore wings largely varied
with yellow, whereas in the male specimen here recorded they are wholly
brownish ochraceous, with the exception of the base and a discal spot; the
hind wings also are darker.

Inhabits also Hindostan.

Gen. Dasyoutra, Hiibn.

164. DAsYCHIRA APICALIS, n.s. Mas. Alba, frontis lateribus nigris,
pedibus nigro fasciatis, alis opalinis cinerascente bifasciatis, anticis
costa nigro tinctata litura discali nigricante interrupta, posticis gutta
discali subtus liturisque apud marginem interiorem nigris.

Male. White. Head with a black line on each side of the front. Ab-
domen, extending beyond the hind wings, with a cinereous tinge.
Legs with black bands. Wings with opaline lustre; two indistinct
and very diffuse exterior cinereous bands. Fore wings somewhat
rounded at the tips, with three black marks along the apical part of
the costa; a blackish discal mark divided by the transverse vein of
the discal areolet. Hind wings with long hairs; some black marks
along the interior border, and a black discal dot on the under side.
Length of the body 9 lines; of the wings 18 lines.

165. DASYCHIRA SIGNIFERA, n.s. Mas. Alba, frontis lateribus ni-
gris, alis subopalinis, anticis costa nigro binotata punctis venarum
tribus nigris litura discali nigricante interrupta, posticis cinereo bi-
fasciatis gutta discali subtus liturisque apud marginem interiorem
nigris.

Male. White. UHead with a black line on each side of the front.
Wings with slight opaline lustre. [ore wings rounded at the tips,
with two black marks on the apical part of the costa, and with a
slight indication of a cinereous exterior line, which is accompanied by
three black points on the veins; discal black mark divided as in

s

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 131

D. apicalis. Hind wings with black marks along the interior border,
with a black discal dot on the under side, and with cinereous exterior
and submarginal bands; these are abbreviated in front. Length of
the body 5 lines; of the wings 12 lines.
This and D. apicalis have a close resemblance to each other, but can
hardly be considered as one species.

166. DASYCHIRA LONGIPENNIS, n.s. Fem. Alba, tarsis anterioribus
nigro fasciatis, alis longissimis lunula diseali nigricante, anticis nigro
conspersis vix lineatis costa convexa margine exteriore perobliquo.

Female. White. Anterior tarsi with black bands. Wings very long,
with a blackish discal lunule, which is most distinct on the under side.
Fore wings minutely black-speckled; the speckles imdicating here
and there by their confluence three denticulated lines, of which the
submarginal one is the most complete; costa convex; exterior border _
extremely oblique. Length of the body 10 lines; of the wings
28 lines.

Gen. ERNOLATIA, n. g.

Mas. Corpus crassum. Proboscis obsoleta. Palpi breves, graciles,
decumbentes. Antenne brevissime, latissime pectinate. Abdomen
valde cristatum. Ale anticz apice subrectangulate, margine exteriore
flexo.

Male. Body thick. Proboscis obsolete. - Palpi short, slender, decum-
bent. Antenne very short, broadly pectinated. Abdomen highly
crested along the whole length, not extending beyond the hind wings.
Legs moderately long and stout. Wings ample. Fore wings nearly
rectangular at their tips; costa straight; exterior border bent oppo-
site the 1st inferior vein, behind which it is very oblique.

This genus seems to be closely allied to Dasychira, but may be distin-

guished by the structure of the abdomen and of the fore wings.

167. ERNOLATIA SIGNATA,n.s. Mas. Alba, abdominis crista apiceque
lutescentibus, alis subopalinis lineis duabus undulatis diffusis indi-
stinctis pallidissime cervinis 1* fusco punctata, posticis margine inte-
riore sublanuginoso lituris obscurioribus.

Male. White. Abdomen with a pale luteous tinge, which is most pre-
valent along the crest and at the tip. Wings slightly opaline, with
diffuse indistinct. undulating very pale fawn-coloured exterior and
submarginal lines, of which the former is accompanied by elongated
brown points on the veins. Fore wings with a still more faint fawn-
coloured tinge on the disk. Hind wings with a few darker marks on
the interior border, which is somewhat lanuginous. Length of the
body 7 lines; of the wings 18 lines.

Gen. Lymantria, Hiibn.

168. LYMANTRIA MARGINALIS, n.s. Mas. Alba, abdominis vittis

Q*

1382 MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

duabus tarsis apice tibiisque roseis, alis anticis lituris costalibus nigris
guttis apud marginem exteriorem nigricantibus lineis tribus e lunulis
fuscis. )

Male. White. Abdomen with a rosy stripe along each side. Tibiz
and tips of the tarsi rosy. Fore wings with black marks at the base
and along the costa, and with one black mark on the interior border —
near the base; exterior border with a row of blackish dots ; three ob-
lique rows of brown lunules. Length of the body 8 lines; of the
wings 20 lines.

Gen. Jana, Boisd.

169. Jana pallida, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. 1st ser. 912.
Inhabits also Hindostan and Sumatra.

Fam. PSYCHIDA, Bruand.

Gen. Eumera, Walk.

170. Eumeta Cramerii, Westw. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. (1854), 236.
pl. 37. f. 4 (Oiketicus).
Inhabits also Ceylon.

Fam. NOTODONTIDA, Steph.

Gen. Crrura, Schr.

171. Cerura liturata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. 1st ser. 988.
Inhabits also Hindostan.

Gen. ALIMALA, 0. g.

Mas. Corpus robustum. fProboscis distinecta. Palpi longi, ascen-
dentes, angulati, caput superantes; articulus 2"* longissimus; 3"*
brevissimus. Antenne subpectinate, apice setulose, basi convolutz
et dilatate. Abdomen lineare, alas posticas longissime superans.
Pedes robusti; tibize posticee densissime fasciculate. Al@ sat parvee ;
antice apice rotundate, margine exteriore perobliquo.

Male. Body stout. Proboscis distinct. Palpi long, vertical, rising to
some height above the head; 2nd joint linear, very long; 3rd very
short, inclined forward and forming an angle with the 2nd. Antenne
serrated or slightly pectinated, merely setulose towards the tips, spiral
and dilated towards the base, the convolution terminating in a broad
knot. Abdomen linear, extending far beyond the hind wings. Legs
stout ; hind tibiz most densely tufted with long hairs. Wings some-
what small. Fore wings rounded at the tips; costa straight ; exterior
border slightly convex, very oblique.

Allied to Pterostoma,

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. | 133

172. ALIMALA LIMACODOIDES, n. s. Mas. Cervina, alis anticis
lineis duabus denticulatis nigricantibus valde indistinctis maculis
duabus discalibus nigro-cinereis albido marginatis linea submargi-
nali cinerea recta obliqua. |

Male. Fawn-colour. Antenne with the nodosity black. Abdomen,
under side, and hind wings cinereous-tinged. Fore wings with
blackish denticulated very indistinct interior avid exterior lines, be-
tween which there are two blackish-cinereous whitish-bordered discal
spots, one behind the other; a distinct, straight, oblique, cinereous,
submarginal line. Length of the body 7 lines; of the wings 14 lines.

Gen. CascHARA, n. g.

Mas. Corpus sat robustum. Proboscis obsoleta. Palpi validi, ascen-
dentes; articulus 3"° obtusus, mmimus. Antenne late pectinate,
apice crenulate. Abdomen alas posticas sat superans. Pedes breves,
robusti, pilosi. Ale antice sat late, apice subrotundate, margine
exteriore subdentato, margine interiore intus dilatato et fimbriato
extus excavato.

Male. Body rather stout. Proboscis not apparent. Palpi stout, ob-
liquely ascending, not extending beyond the head; 3rd joimt obtuse,
very minute. Antenne broadly pectinated to three-fourths of the
length, crenulated from thence to the tips. Abdomen extending
rather far beyond the hind wings. Legs short, stout, pilose. Wings
rather broad. Fore wings slightly rounded at the tips; costa straight ;
exterior border straight, rather oblique, slightly dentate; interior
border dilated and with a long fringe towards the base, excavated ex-
teriorly. Hind wings with the exterior border convex, entire.

This genus, with regard to the interior border of the fore wings, re-

sembles Lophopteryx and Spatalia.

173. CASCHARA PUNCTIFERA, n.s. Mas. Rufescenti- cervina, alis
anticis flavo-testaceo variis lineis nonnullis ferrugineis lunulatis paral-
lelis linea basali subrecta alba nigricante marginata punctis tribus
subcostalibus nigris macula discali flavescenti-alba linea exteriore
recta Obliqua alba rufescente marginata..

Male. Reddish fawn-colour. Abdomen, hind wings, and underside
paler. Fore wings varied with yellowish testaceous, which hue is
most prevalent exteriorly ; several lunulate parallel ferruginous lines ;
a white, nearly straight line near the base, blackish-bordered on the
inner side, and having beyond it three black subcostal points; discal
spot yellowish whitish-bordered, with a rectangular notch on its inner
side, and with two black subcostal points beyond it ; a white straight
oblique exterior line, reddish-bordered on the outer side. Hind wings
without any markings ; fringe whitish. Length of the body 10 lines;
of the wings 20 lines.

134 MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

4, os
Gen. Exmreta, Hiibn.

174. EX#RETA SMARAGDIPLENA, n.s. Mas. Cervina, abdominis
segmentis albido marginatis, alis anticis ex maxima parte ferrugineo-
fuscis fasciis sex deviis smaragdinis.

Male. Fawn-colour. Abdomen and underside paler. Palpi porrect,
not extending beyond the head; 3rd joint conical, minute. Antenne
broadly pectinated to beyond half the length, simple from thence to
the tips. Abdomen extending rather far beyond the hind wings ;
hind borders of the segments whitish. Fore wings mostly dark fer-
ruginous brown, with about six various irregular bright emerald-green
bands ; exterior border very oblique. Length of the body 10 lines;
of the wings 22 lines.

Gen. IcntHyuRA, Hibn.

175. IcHTHYURA DORSALIS, n. s.. Mas. Cinereo-cervina, palpis nigro
vittatis, thorace vittis duabus ferrugineis, alis anticis antice rufescenti-
cervinis lineis quatuor albidis subundulatis subdenticulatis nigricante
marginatis macula discali nigricante subrotunda albido marginata.

Male. Cinereous fawn-colour. Palpi porrect, broad, obtuse, extend-
ing very little beyond the head, with a black stripe on the outer side.
Antenne broadly pectinated to the tips. Thorax in front with a
short, broad, reddish-brown stripe. Abdomen extending somewhat
beyond the hind wings; _apical tuft forked. Fore wings reddish
fawn-colour in front, with four slender whitish, blackish-bordered,
slightly undulating and denticulated lines, of which the third is abbre-
viated in front by the blackish, whitish-bordered, nearly round discal
spot; 5th submarginal line composed of elongated points. Hind

wings without markings. Length of the body 8 lines; of the wings
14 lines.

Gen. Drptama, Walk.

176. DepiAMA Basivacua, n. s. Mas. Lignicolor, palpis supra
fuscis, alis anticis striga basali postica nigra linea ferruginea flexa
intus cervino marginata spatio exteriore flavescente atomis lineisque
nonnullis denticulatis nigris, alis posticis albido-testaceis litura apud
angulum interiorem fusca nigro marginata.

Male, Wood-colour, or pale testaceous, with a fawn-coloured tinge.
Palpi ascending, brown above, applied to the front, not rising to the »
vertex; 2nd joint very slightly curved; 3rd very minute. Antenne
minutely serrated and pubescent. Abdomen extending somewhat
beyond the hind wings; apical tuft rather small. Fore wings with
a small black streak hindward near the base, and with a ferruginous
very deeply bent line which is bordered with fawn-colour on the inner
side; beyond this line the wings are yellowish, black-speckled, and
with severa) black denticulated transverse lines. Tind wings whitish

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 135

testaceous, without markings, except an irregular brown black-bor-
dered mark by the interior angle. Length of the body 8 lines; of
the wings 18 lines.

Gen. Janassa, Walk.

177. JANASSA CERIGOIDES, n.s. Mas. Cimereo-alba, palpis nigro
marginatis, thorace fascia nigra, abdomine testaceo, alis anticis testaceis
litura discali longa obliqua albida nigro marginata lineis sex interiori-
bus tribusque exterioribus nigris, alis posticis pallide luteis macula
discali margineque nigro-fuscis.

Male. Cinereous white. Palpi porrect, short, very broad and obtuse,
broadly black-bordered on the outer side. Antenne short, very
broadly pectinated. Thorax with a slight black band. Abdomen
testaceous, tapering, extending far beyond the hind wings. Fore legs
densely pilose. Wings whitish beneath, with an elongated black
discal spot. Fore wings testaceous, with an oblique, long, narrow,
whitish, black-bordered discal mark, between which and the base there
are six irregular zigzag black limes; three more oblique black lines
between the spot and the exterior border, the 2nd one incomplete ;
exterior border convex, extremely oblique. Hind wings pale luteous ;
discal spot and broad marginal band blackish brown. Length of the
body 10 lines; of the wings 20 lines.

Gen. ELEALE, n. g.

Mas. Corpus sat robustum. Antenne dimidio basali pectinate. Ab-
domen longiconicum, alas posticas valde superans. Pedes leves, sat
graciles; tibize postice calcaribus quatuor longissimis. Al@ antice
apice rectangulatz, margine exteriore flexo.

Male. Body moderately stout. Antenne moderately pectinated to
half the length, bare from thence to the tips. Abdomen elongate-
conical, extending much beyond the hind wings. Legs rather slender,
bare; hind tibiz with four very long spurs. Wings moderately
broad. Fore wings rectangular at the tips ; exterior border not oblique
along the fore part, bent beyond the middle, very oblique from thence
to the interior angle.

Allied to Edema.

178. ELEALE PLUSIOIDES, n.s. Mas. Ochracea, abdominis segmentis
albo marginatis, alis anticis auratis fascia purpurascente lata per-
obliqua lineis duabus ferrugineis flexis 2* argenteo marginea mar-
gine exteriore purpurascente lineam angulosam argenteam includente,
alis posticis subaurato-albidis plaga apud angulum interiorem purpu-
rascenti-cuprea strigam argenteam includente.

Male. Ochraceous. Hind borders of the abdominal segments white.
Fore wings gilded, with a broad very oblique purplish band, and with
two bent ferruginous lines, of which the 2nd is partly silvery-bordered

136 MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

on the outer side; exterior border purplish, including a zigzag silvery
ine. Hind wings whitish, slightly gilded ; interior angle with a large
purplish-cupreous patch, which includes a silvery streak. Length of
the body 6 lines; of the wings 14 lines.

Gen. Sacaba, n. g.

Mas. Corpus robustum. Proboscis brevis, distincta. Pal breves,
lati, subflexi; articulus 3"5 conicus. Antenne late pectinate, apices
versus nudz. Abdomen alas posticas non superans. Pedes sat ro-
busti; tibiz fasciculate, posticee calearibus quatuor parvis; tarsi
postici basi fasciculati. Ale antice vix acute, margine exteriore
subconvexo sat obliquo.

Male. Body stout. Proboscis short, distinct. Palpi broad, short,
slightly bent, extendmg a little beyond the front; 3rd joint conical.
Antenne broadly pectinated to two-thirds of the length, bare from
thence to the tips. Abdomen not extending beyond the hind wings.
Legs moderately stout ; tibiz tufted; hind tibize with four short spurs ;
hind tarsi tufted towards the base. Wings moderately broad. Fore
wings hardly acute; costa straight; exterior border very slightly con-
vex, rather oblique ; the four inferior vems nearly equidistant from
each other.

179. Sacapa DECORA, n.s. Mas. Rosea, capite thoraceque ochraceis,
abdomine alisque posticis cinereis, tarsis albis, alis anticis annulo ba-
sali magno oblongo albo plagam nigram includente punctis duobus
discalibus nigris linea exteriore recta obliqua cinerea extus nigricante
marginata.

Male. Rosy red; paler beneath. Head and thorax more ochraceous.
Abdomen and hind wings cinereous. Tarsi white; hind tarsi with
the basal joint reddish. Fore wings near the base with a large trans-
versely oblong whitish ringlet which.encloses a black patch hindward ;
two black discal points, one subcostal; a cinereous straight oblique
exterior line, which is diffusedly blackish-bordered on the outer side.
Length of the body 5 lines; of the wings 12 lines.

Gen. AGABRA, n.g.

Mas. Corpus vix robustum. Proboscis brevis. Palpi porrecti, angu-
lati, caput sat superantes ; articulus 2"* longus, latus, pilosus ; 3"° bre-
vis, conicus. Antenne triente basali incrassatee. Abdomen cristatum,
alas posticas paullo superans ; fasciculus apicalis compressus. Pedes
sat graciles, tarsis basi tibiisque fimbriatis, calcaribus quatuor longis.
Ale antice apice rectangulate, margine exteriore subflexo.

Male. Body hardly stout. Frontal tuft prominent. Proboscis short.
Palpi porrect, extending somewhat beyond the head ; 2nd joint broad,
long, pilose; 3rd short, conical, forming an angle with the 2nd. An-
tenn incrassated from the base to full one-third of the length, where

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 137

the dilated part widens angularly and terminates. Abdomen crested,
tapering, with a compressed apical tuft extending a little beyond the
hind wings. Legs rather slender; tarsi, towards the base, and tibie

fringed ; hind tibiz with four long spurs. Wings moderately broad.
Fore wings rectangular at the tips; costa straight; exterior border
slightly bent in the middle; Ist, 2nd, and 3rd inferior veins approxi-
mate at the base; 4th not very remote.

180. AGABRA TRILINEATA, n.s. Mas. Ochraceo-rufa, abdomine ci-
nereo cristis ochraceis, alis anticis litura basali fasciisque duabus trili-
neatis strigaque exteriore obliqua albis fascia 1* angulata 2* undulata
lineis duabus exterioribus albis 1* angulata 2* e lunulis, alis posticis
rufescenti-cinereis.

Male. Ochraceous red. Abdomen cinereous, with ochraceous crests.
Fore wings with a white discal mark near the base, and with two
white bands, each of which is composed of three lines ; 1st band form-
ing an outward angle, which is contiguous to an elongated oblique
white discal streak, the latter interlined with reddish; 2nd band un-
dulating, succeeded by a white irregular line, one of whose angles’
interrupts the white submarginal line, the latter formed of lunules.
Hind wings cinereous, reddish-tinged exteriorly. Length of the body
6 lines; of the wings 12 lines.

Gen. SARBENA, n. g.

Mas. Corpus sat robustum. Proboscis obsoleta. Palpi porrecti, com-
pressi, pubescentes, sat graciles, caput sat superantes. Antenne con-
volute, dimidio basali pectinate. Abdomen subcylindricum, alas
posticas superans. Pedes graciles, vix pilosi; tibize postice calcari-
bus quatuor longissimis. Ale sat anguste; antice apice rotundate,
costa vix convexa, margine exteriore perobliquo.

Male. Body moderately stout. Proboscis not apparent. Palpi por-
rect, compressed, pubescent, rather slender, extending some distance
beyond the head; 3rd joint minute, obtuse, less than one-fourth of
the length of the 2nd. Antenne convoluted, slightly pectimated to
half the length, slender and bare from thence to the tips. Abdomen
nearly cylindrical, extending somewhat beyond the hind wings. Legs
slender, hardly pilose; hind tibiz with four very long spurs. Wings
rather narrow. Fore wings somewhat rounded at the tips; costa very
slightly convex; exterior border straight, very oblique; lst and 2nd

inferior veins contiguous at the base; 3rd not remote; 4th very
remote.

181. SARBENA LIGNIFERA, n.s. Mas. Lignicolor, alis anticis nigro
substrigatis et subconspersis subtus fuscescentibus, alis posticis pal-
lide cinereis. ;

Male. Wood-colour. Fore wings slightly and irregularly streaked and
speckled with black, mostly brownish beneath. Hind wings pale

188 MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

cinereous, without markings. Length of the body 4% lines; of the
wings 1] lines.

Gen. AMATISSA, D. g.

Mas. Corpus robustum, pilis longis dense vestitum. Proboscis obso-
leta. Palpibrevissimi. Antenne breves, late pectinate. Abdomen alas
posticas paullo superans. Pedes breves. Ale ample ; antice rotun-
datz, costa apicem versus subconvexa, margine exteriore recto sat
obliquo.

Male. Body stout, thickly clothed with long hairs. Proboscis not ap-
parent. Palpi very short. Antennz short, broadly pectinated to the
tips. Abdomen extending a little beyond the hind wings. Legs
short. Wings ample. Fore wings somewhat rounded at the tips;
costa straight, except towards the tip, where it is very slightly con-
vex; exterior border straight, rather oblique; lst and 2nd inferior
veins contiguous at the base; 3rd more than twice as far from the
4th as from the 2nd.

182. AMATISSA INORNATA, n.s. Mas. Cervina, lituris nullis.
Male. Fawn-colour, without any markings. Length of the body 6 lines ;
of the wings 15 lines. ‘

Gen. GAUGAMELA, 0. g.

Mas. Corpus robustum. Fronscarimata. Proboscis obsoleta. Palp;
porrecti, validi, obtusi, caput perpaullo superantes. Antenne brevius-
culz, late pectinatee. Abdomen alas posticas superans, pilis basali-_
bus longis, fasciculo apicali furcato. Pedes breves, vix robust ; tibiee
late fimbriatz, calcaribus longis. Ale spissz; antice apice rectan-
gulate, margine exteriore postico sat obliquo; posticee margine in-
teriore fimbriato.

Male. Body robust. Front somewhat grooved. Proboscis not appa-
rent. Palpi porrect, stout, obtuse, extending very little beyond the
head. Antenne broadly pectinated, not long. Abdomen with long
hairs towards the base, extending somewhat beyond the hind wings,
slightly tapering from the base to the tip, furnished with a furcate
apical tuft. Legs short, hardly stout; tibis broadly and densely
fringed; spurs long. Wings stout, moderately broad. Fore wings
rectangular at the tips; costa straight; exterior border slightly con-
vex, rather oblique hindward. Hind wings fringed with long hairs
along the interior border.

183. GAUGAMELA ATRIFRONS, n. 8. Mas. Cinereo-ferruginea, capitis
vitta thoracisque macula quadrata atris, alis anticis basi lineis duabus
canis subundulatis macula diseali nigricante testaceo marginata lineis
tribus exterioribus nigricantibus subundulatis vix conspicuis gutta
subapicali testacea plaga marginali cervina. :

Male. F¥erruginous, tinged with cimereous. Head with a broad deep-

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 139

black stripe. Thorax in front with a large quadrate deep-black spot.
Fore wings with two hoary slightly undulating transverse lines near
the base, and with a large blackish testaceous-bordered discal spot,
three more exterior, slightly undulating, very mdistinct blackish lines,
a testaceous dot near the tip, and a fawn-coloured patch on the exte-
rior border. Hind wings paier. Length of the body 8 lines; of the
wings 17 lines.

Gen. ANIGRAA, n. g.

Mas. Corpus robustum. Proboscis obsoleta. Palpi leves, longi, com-
pressi, ascendentes, verticem non superantes, articulo 3o lanceolato.
Antenne valid, simplices. Abdomen lanceolatum, alas posticas
sat superans, fasciculis duobus apicalibus deflexis. Pedes robusti;
tibize subfasciculate ; posticee calearibus quatuor longissimis. Ale
spisse, sat anguste; antice apice rotundate, margine exteriore
vix flexo.

Male. Body robust. Proboscis not apparent. Palpi long, compressed,
ascending, smooth, not rising higher than the vertex; 3rd joint lan-
ceolate, about half the length of the 2nd. Antenne stout, bare, mo-
derately long. Abdomen lanceolate, extending rather far beyond the
hind wings, furnished with two diverging apical tufts. Legs stout ;
tibie slightly tufted; hind tibize with four very long spurs. Wings
robust, rather narrow. Fore wings much rounded at the tips; costa
straight ; exterior border very slightly bent, its hind part extremely
oblique; inferior veins approximate.

This genus has some resemblance to the Thermesiide.

184. ANIGRHZA RUBIDA, n.s. Mas. Ferrugmeo-rufa, alis viridi-aurato
tinctis linea marginali pallide cimerea, alis anticis lineis nonnullis ob-
scurioribus obliquis indistinctis subrectis, alis posticis litura discali
lineisque duabus exterioribus fasciaque marginali fuscis.

Male. Ferruginous red, more cmereous beneath. Wings slightly tinged
with golden green; a pale-cinereous marginal line. Fore wings with
four or five indistinct oblique nearly straight darker lines. Hind
wings beneath cinereous, with a brown discal mark, and with two
exterior brown lines, and with a broad marginal brown band. Length
of the body 6 lines; of the wings 15 lines.

Gen. THELDE, n. g.

Mas. Corpus robustum. Proboscis obsoleta. Palpi breves, latissimi,
articulis indistinctis. Antenne breviuscule, latissime pectinate. Abd-
domen alas posticas non superans. Pedes robusti, hirsuti; antici dense
fasciculati. Al@ late, non longe; antice vix acute, costa apicem
versus subconvexa.

Male. Body stout. Proboscis not apparent. Palpi extending very
little beyond the head, extremely broad and obtuse ; joints indistinct.
Antenne very broadly pectinated, not long. Abdomen not extending

140 MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

beyond the hind wings. Legs stout, hirsute ; fore legs densely tufted.
Wings broad, not long. Fore wings hardly acute; costa straight
except towards the tip, where it is very slightly convex ; exterior
border hardly convex, moderately oblique; 1st, 2nd, and 3rd inferior
veins approximate at the base.

This genus should perhaps be removed from the Notodontide.

185. THELDE PATULA, n.s. Mas. Ferruginea, alis anticis nigro con-
spersis ex parte cervinis lineis nonnullis transversis indistinctis e lunu-
lis nigris, alis posticis cinereo-fuscis.

Male.- Ferrugimous, cinereous beneath. Fore wings black-speckled,
partly fawn-coloured, with some indistinct and irregular black trans-
verse lines composed of lunules. Hind wings cinereous brown. Length
of the body 7 lines; of the wings 16 lines.

Gen. ALLATA, n. g.

Mas. Corpus robustum. Proboscis obsoleta. Palpi porrecti, latis-
simi, caput vix superantes, articulis indistinctis. Antenne late pec-
tinatz, apices versus nude. Abdomen longum, cylindricum, alas
posticas valde superans. Pedes breviusculi, vix robusti; tibie pos-
ticee calcaribus quatuor longis. Al@ sat anguste, apice rotundate,
margine exteriore perobliquo.

Fem. Antenne pectinate.

Male. Body stout. Proboscis not apparent. Palpi porrect, extending
very little beyond the head, very broad and obtuse ; joints indistinct.
Antenne broadly pectinated to a little beyond half the length, bare
from thence to the tips. Abdomen long, cylindrical, extending far
beyond the hind wings; apical tuft long. Legs rather short, hardly
stout ; hind tibiee with four long spurs. Fore wings rather narrow,
rounded at the tips; costa straight; exterior border hardly convex,
very oblique ; 3rd inferior vein rather remote from the 2nd; 4th very
remote; interior border slightly dilated towards the base, slightly
excavated exteriorly.

Female. Antenne with the basal part moderately pectinated.

186. ALLATA ARGENTIFERA, n.8. Mas. Fusca, capite lituris duabus
albidis, alis anticis nigro fuscoque notatis vitta discali imterrupta
argentea apice furcata.

Male. Brown. Head with a whitish mark at the base of each of the
antennz, the latter also whitish. Abdomen and underside cinereous ;
apical tuft of the former partly brown. Fore wings cinereous, with
several irregular black and brown marks, whereby the colour is wood-
like; a short silvery discal stripe, which is twice interrupted and is
forked at its tip. Hind wings brownish cinereous. Length of the
body 10 lines; of the wings 20 lines.

187. ALLATA ALBONOTATA, n.s.- Mas. Obscure ferrugineo-fusca,

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 141

abdomine fascia apicali pallida, alis anticis purpurascente tinctis lineis
denticulatis lunulisque submarginalibus testaceis nigro marginatis
striga exteriore nigra maculis submarginalibus rufescentibus liturisque
duabus albis.

Male. Dark ferruginous brown, cinereous brown beneath. Abdomen
with a pale apical stripe. Fore wings with a purplish bloom, and
with some transverse denticulated, testaceous, black-bordered lines ;
submarginal lunules of the same hue, each accompanied by a reddish

_spot; the white part of the fifth lunule from the tip dilated, and ter-
minating a black streak which proceeds from the disk; a white sub-
apical spot, and a testaceous stripe along the interior border. Hind
wings brownish cinereous.

Female. Slightly paler. Abdomen with a whitish dorsal line. Length
of the body 9-10 lines; of the wings 22-24 lines.

Gen. PHUSIANA, n. g.

Mas. Corpus sat robustum. Proboscis brevis, distincta. Palpi
breves, validi, ascendentes, vix arcuati, articulo 3° minimo. Antenne
serrate, subpubescentes. Abdomen cylindricum, longissimum, basi
fasciculatum. Pedes breves, robusti, pilosi, calcaribus parvis. Ale
elongate; antice sat anguste, vix acute, margine exteriore per-
obliquo.

Male. Body moderately stout. Proboscis short, distinct. Palpi short,
stout, hardly curved, obliquely ascending, not rising to the vertex;
3rd jot very minute. Antenne serrated, minutely pubescent, mo-
derately long. Abdomen cylindrical, very long, with a basal tuft
extending for half its length beyond the hind wings. Legs short,
stout, pilose ; spurs short. Wings elongate. Fore wings rather nar-
row, hardly acute; costa straight ; exterior border extremely oblique ;
3rd inferior vein very remote from the 2nd.

This genus has some resemblance to the Cosside.

188. PHUSIANA ALBIFRONS, n.s. Mas. Cinereo-fusca; capite inter
antennas albo, alis anticis cinereis nigro conspersis antice fuscis fascia
strigaque basalibus nigris striga apicali albida rufescente marginata.

Male. Cinereous brown. Head with a white spot between the an-
tennz, each of which has a white basal tuft. Fore wings cinereous,
irregularly speckled with black ; the speckles most conspicuous near
the base, in the disk, and along the interior border, where they form
an interrupted band and a streak; fore part irregularly brown; a
whitish, reddish-bordered, jagged streak extending from the disk to the
tip. Hind wings without any markings. Length of the body 16
lines; of the wings 30 lines.

Gen. ARMIANA, l. g.

Mas. Corpus robustum. Proboscis obsoleta. Palpi breves, validi,

142 MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

arcuati, ascendentes, articulis indistinctis. Antenne robuste, simpli-
ces, longiuscule. Abdomen longissimum. Pedes breves, validi, pi-
losi; tibiz non calcarate. Ale sat anguste ; antice elongate, apice
rotundatz, margine exteriore perobliquo. | |

Male. Body stout. Proboscis not apparent. Palpi stout, curved,
ascending, applied to the front, hardly rising to the vertex ; joints
indistinct. Antenne stout, smooth, rather long. Abdomen very
long, slightly lanceolate, extending very far beyond the hind wings;
apical tuft long, slightly diverging. Legs short, stout, pilose ; tibie
without spurs. Wings rather narrow. Fore wings elongate, rounded
at the tips; costa straight; exterior border extremely oblique; 3rd
inferior vein moderately remote from the 2nd.

189. ARMIANA LATIVITTA, n.s. Mas. Albida, abdomme fusco, alis
anticis strigis duabus basalibus testaceis vitta obliqua latissima pal-
lide cervina puncta elongata nigra includente, alis posticis purpuras-
centi-fuscis.

Male. Whitish. Abdomen brown, except towards the tip. Wings
mostly brown beneath. Fore wings with two testaceous streaks pro-
ceeding from the base, and with a very broad oblique pale-fawn-

. coloured stripe, which is notched along each side, and contains a line
of elongated black points on the veins; a row of pale-fawncoloured
marginal marks. Hind wings purplish brown, excepting the costa and
the fringe. Length of the body 12 lines; of the wings 22 lines.

Gen. CHATRACHARTA, 0. 2.

Mas. Corpus sat gracile. Proboscis obsoleta. Palpi compressi, ascen-
dentes, sat graciles, articulo 3° non conspicuo. Antenne breviuscule »
latissime pectinate. Abdomen fasciculo apicali parvo subfurcato.
Pedes leves, breviusculi, sat graciles; tibiae postice quadricalcaratie.
Ale breves, late, margine exteriore subangulato; antice costa basi
dilatata.

Male. Body rather slender. Proboscis obsolete. Palpi compressed,
rather slender, obliquely ascending, not rising higher than the vertex ;
3rd joint not distinguishable. Antenne rather short, with very long
thick-set pubescent branches. Abdomen with the apical tuft small,
subfurcate. Legs smooth, rather short and slender; hind tibiz with
four moderately long spurs. Wings broad, short; exterior border
slightly angular in the middle. Fore wings with the costa dilated to-
wards the base; exterior border slightly excavated in front; 4th
inferior vein very remote from the 3rd.

Allied to Parathyris.

190. CHATRACHARTA TORTRICOIDES, n.s. Mas. Ochraceo-albida,
alis anticis ochraceis nigro subconspersis puncto basali lituraque dis-
cali e strigis duabus undulatis nigris striga costali exteriore nigricante.

Male. Ochraceous whitish. Vertex and palpi ochraceous. Fore wings

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 143

ochraceous, thinly speckled with black, with a black discal point near
the base, and with an exterior blackish discal mark, consisting of two
undulating parallel streaks; a blackish costal streak nearer the tip.
Hind wings with an ochraceous tinge, and some black speckles along
the hind part of the exterior border. Length of the body 4 lines; of
the wings 10 lines.

Fam. LIMACODIDA, Duponch.
Gen. Mrresa, Walk.

191. Mrresa ORTHOSIOIDES, n.s. Mas. Saturate rufa, alis posticis
nigricanti- cinereis, alis anticis nigricante subnebulosis nigro subcon-
spersis gutta discali lineaque submarginali undulata punctulari nigris.

Male. Deep red. Palpi porrect, short, broad. Antennz_moderately

' pectinated. Hind wings and underside blackish cimereous. Fore
wings rounded at the tips, partly blackish-clouded, thinly black-spec-
kled ; discal dot black ; an undulating submarginal line of black points ;
frmge interlmed. Hind wings ferruginous brown. Length of the
body 4 lines; of the wings 10 lines.

Gen. Nyss1a, Herr.-Sch.

192. NyssIA CUPREIPLAGA, n.s. Mas. Cinereo-ferruginea, crassa,
antennis serratis basi late pectinatis, alis anticis nigro subconspersis
linea recta obliqua obscure ferruginea plaga exteriore cuprea.

Male. Ferruginous, with a cinereous tinge, more cinereous beneath,
very robust. Antennz broadly pectinated to one-third of the length,
serrated from thence to the tips. Fore wings acute, very thinly black-
speckled, with a straight oblique middle dark-ferruginous line, beyond
which there is a cupreous upright patch which is abbreviated in front
and extends to the interior angle. Hind wings cinereous, with a fer-
ruginous tinge, densely pilose along the interior border. Length of
the body 8 lines; of the wings 16 lines.

193. NyssIA CUPREISTRIGA, n.s. Mas. Rufescens, antennis subpec-
tinatis basi late pectinatis, alis anticis nigro subconspersis linea obliqua
subreeta ferruginea fascia exteriore cuprea antice abbreviata, alis
posticis zeneo-testaceis:

Male. Reddish. Palpi broad, obtuse, black-tipped. Antenne broadly
pectinated to one-third of the length, slightly pectinated from thence
to the tips. Fore wings acute, thinly black-speckled, with a ferrugi-
nous oblique nearly straight line; an exterior upright cupreous band,
obliquely abbreviated in front, occupying the hind part of the exterior
border. Hind wings zneous-testaceous, paler along the costa. Length
of the body 7 lines; of the wings 16 lines.

This species is very closely allied to N. cupreiplaga, but may be distin-

guished by the narrower and differently formed cupreous mark on the fore
wings, and by the darker fringe of the hind wings.

144 MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

194. Nyssia RuDIS, n.s. Mas. Cervina, antennis late pectinatis di-
midio apicali nudis, alis anticis squamosis nitentibus linea media recta
obliqua obscuriore. ‘

Male. Fawn-colour. Palpi obtuse, very broad. Antenne broadly
pectinated to nearly half the length, simple from thence to the tips.
Fore wings squamous, shining, with a darker straight oblique middle
line. Hind wings a little paler than the fore wings, thickly pilose
along the interior border. Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings
14 lines. j

195. Nyssia cruDA,n.s. Mas. Cinereo-cervina, antennis basi late
pectinatis apice serratis, alis anticis acutis nigro subconspersis bili-
neatis chalybeo-purpurascente tinctis.

Male. Cinereous fawn-colour. Palpi broad, porrect ; 3rd joint conical,
distinct. Antenne broadly pectinated towards the base ; the branches
gradually decreasing in length; apical part serrated. Fore wings
very acute, thinly black-speckled, tinged with purplish chalybeous
except towards the base, this tinge divided by two nearly straight
lines of the ground-hue; costa quite straight; exterior border ex-
tremely oblique hindward. Hind wings not paler than the fore wings.
Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings 12 lines.

196. NyssIA RUBICUNDA, n.s. Mas. Ochraceo-rufa, antennis nudis
basi late pectinatis, alis anticis apices versus nigris.

Male. Bright ochraceous red. Palpi extremely broad and short. An-
tennz broadly pectinated to beyond one-third of the length, simple
from thence to the tips. Thorax with a purplish tinge on’ each side.
Wings thinly clothed. Fore wings mostly black towards the tips.
Length of the body 4 lines; of the wings 10 lines.

197. NyssIA RUBRIPLAGA, n.s. Mas. Ferruginea, crassa, antennis
late pectinatis dimidio apicali vix serrato, alis anticis spatio marginali
saturate rufo intus linea argentea marginato.

Male. Ferruginous, very stout. Antennze broadly pectinated to almost
half the length, hardly serrated from thence to the tips. Wings with
a silvery-tipped fringe. Fore wings acute; a broad deep-red space
along the exterior border, limited on the inner side by a curved silvery
line. Hind wings with the fringe blackish towards the interior angle.
Length of the body 4 lines; of the wings 10 lines.

198. Nyss1a? verusra, n.s. Mas. Cinereo-fusca, antennis usque
ad apices pectinatis, alis anticis rufescenti-ferrugineis nigro subcon-
spersis fascia recta obliqua cana intus concisa extus diffusa puncto
diseali nigro margine exteriore cinereo.

Male. Cinereous brown. Palpi porrect, very broad and obtuse. An-
tenn moderately pectinated to the tips. Fore wings reddish ferru-
ginous, acute, thinly black-speckled, with a straight oblique hoary
band which is concise on the inner side, and diffuse on the outer side,

DR. COBBOLD ON THE EYE OF THE COD-FISH. 145

where it is accompanied by a blackish shade; discal point black ;
exterior border cinereous, this hue attenuated hindward. Hind wings
with a cinereous fringe. Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings
16 lines.

The structure of this species does not quite agree with the typical form

of Nyssia.

199. Nyss1a? BIGUTTATA, n.s. Fem. Cinereo-fusca, alis anticis pal-
lide cervinis, gutta discali nigra, spatio exteriore obliquo fuscescente
intus linea nigro-fusca concisa marginato.

Female. Cinereous brown, stout. Paipi porrect, very broad and obtuse.
Antennz simple. Fore wings pale fawn-colour, excepting the oblique
exterior part, which extends from near the tip of the costa to the mid-
dle of the interior border, and is blackish brown and concise along
its inner side ; discal dot black, rather large. Length of the body 5
lines ; of the wings 14 lines.

[To be continued. ]

Histological Observations on the Eye of the Cod-fish (Morrhua
vulgaris), with especial reference to the Choroid Gland and the
Cones of the Retina. By T. Spencer Coszotp, M.D.,F.LS.,
Lecturer on Botany, Zoology, and Comparative Anatomy at
the Middlesex Hospital College.

[Read March 6th, 1862.]

By introducing observations of this kind to the Linnean Society
I am aware that I am treading a well-beaten path; but as there
are still many points connected with the minute anatomy of the
vertebrate eye which remain to be solved, I trust that the facts
and opinions which I proceed to bring under the Paaoty B notice
will obtain due consideration.

With the exception of Mr. Nunneley’s researches, most of the
recent investigations into the minute structure of the eyeball
have been made after the organ in question had been steeped for
a longer or shorter time in chromic-acid solutions ; and from this
circumstance I think we have been frequently led into error as
regards the precise character of the ultimate elements of the organ,
although, in the hands of Hannover, Kolliker, and Heinrich Miller
more especially, the relations of the component layers of the eyeball
have been most satisfactorily determined.

To take the vitreous humour, for example, it is quite clear that
Hannover’s views (published in Miiller’s ‘Archiv’ for 1845) as to

LINN. PROC.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. VI. 10

146 DR, COBBOLD ON THE EYE OF THE COD-FISH.

the densely laminated character of its substance have proved erro-
neous, and that the numerous layers which his beautiful prepara-
tions of the vitreous body showed were only due to the coagulating
agency of the strong chromic-acid solutions in which the eyeballs
had been kept immersed before the sections were made. At a meet-
ing of the Physiological Society of Edinburgh in 1851, I took occa-
sion, in Dr. Hannover’s presence, to point out this circumstance,
and also adduced other evidences to show the erroneousness of his
conclusions. The well-known fact, that by puncturing the vitreous
mass in a fresh state we can draw off, as it were, the great bulk
of its fluid contents, is sufficient in itself to demonstrate that the
vitreous body is not made up of membranous lamine ; but, at the
same time, there can be no doubt, as my own investigations have
shown, that the inner layer of the hyaloid tunic sends off a few
prolongations into the substance of the vitreous mass. Probably
these extensions form the walls of enormously enlarged cells; but
this is a point which I have not been able to determine.

The principal points, however, to which I now wish to draw
attention are such as have reference to the occurrence of parasitic
formations within the cartilaginous matrix of the sclerotic coat,
to the structure and functions of the so-called choroid gland, and
more particularly to certain artificially produced phenomena in
connexion with the large and remarkable twin-cones of the retina.
The views which I shall here subscribe in regard to the nature of
the choroid gland are directly at variance with the commonly
received opinions, and offer, I think, an intelligible explanation in
regard to a singularly obscure subject.

(1.) If the external fibrous arid internal separable layers be de-
tached from the true cartilaginous matrix of tke sclerotic of the Cod,
it will frequently be observed, in large eyes at least, that the latter
contains within it certain oval, rounded, and more or less stellate-
looking bodies of a dense, milk-white colour. Their size varies from
that of a pin’s head to that of a pea; and when submitted to high
magnifying powers, they are found to contain a multitude of minute
cellules, which have an average individual measurement of about
the zglg5th ofan inch. All of them are oval in shape, and contain
double nuclei, placed side by side at one end of the cell-cavity,
which also contains a pale-yellow-coloured fluid surrounding the
nuclei. So far as I am aware, these bodies have never been de-
scribed by observers in this country ; but they are manifestly the
so-called psorospermia, which have been carefully investigated on
the continent by Miller, Dujardin, Creplin, and others, The

DR. COBBOLD ON THE EYE OF THE COD-FISH. 147

author last named considered them equivalent to the pseudo-
navicule of Gregarina, whilst Dufour provisionally placed them
among the Entozoa, with which, however, they have evidently no
legitimate connexion. Caustic potass dispels their colour, and,
without entirely bursting, they display peculiar jerking movements,
apparently due to the escape of sarcode at one or more points ;
but they do not, nevertheless, undergo any change of form.

(2.) According to the early investigations of Haller, Hunter,
Cuvier, and others, the so-called choroid gland is prevalent in osse-
ous fishes generally ; and I believe this statement is correct; but
their individual opinions as to its nature and function are very
various. Hunter thought it muscular; Sdémmering doubted
whether it were glandular, vascular, or muscular ; and Cuvier took
up with the notion that it was to be classed with erectile tissues.
But what are the facts which microscopical inquiry discloses ? If
a thick vertical or horizontal section be removed from this gland
(which is horseshoe-shaped in the Cod) and placed under the
quarter-inch objective, the arterial and venous trunks going to it
will be found to divide suddenly into multitudes of minute capil-
laries, the latter therefore taking their origin from the line of de-
marcation which indicates the inner border of the so-called gland.
The small capillaries will be further found to be intimately blended
together by their own walls, and not by the intervention or exten-
sion of any fibres from the connective tissues of the choroid mem-
branes. They are all arranged in a simple linear, parallel manner ;
and their width does not appear to exceed that of the short diameter
of the blood-corpuscles, the admeasurements of the latter being
about =2;>th of an inch long, by =A,5th of an inch in breadth.
In fresh eyes the capillaries are always found gorged with blood ;
and when I recently succeeded in isolating, more or less com-
pletely, a few of the vessels of the band, one of them was seen to
contain blood-corpuscles arranged in single file. The capillaries
are straight and of uniform diameter throughout, and they do not
give off any branches or dilatations such as are found to occur in
the true erectile organs.

(3.) Some seven or eight distinct nervous layers have been in-
dicated as together constituting the retina; but for all practical
purposes I think it sufficient to recognize four, namely, Jacob’s
membrane, the soft internal layer (consisting of various lamine of
different-sized cells and granules held together by the so-called
‘Millerian filaments), the fibrous expansion of the optic with its
vessels, and, lastly, the thin hyaloidal cellular layer. Confining our

10*

148 DR. COBBOLD ON THE EYE OF THE COD-FISH.

attention to the first only of these complicated layers, I have to re-
mark that in the Cod, as also in its allies, we find Jacob’s membrane
to consist of rods and cones, the latter presenting the characteristic
twin or double form well known to occur in many fishes. In my
opinion this twin character is a normal condition ; but this view is
opposed by Mr. Nunneley, who has arrived at very different con-
clusions not only in this particular, but also in regard to their size
and other easily ascertainable facts. According to my own ex-
aminations, the twin-cones of the Cod present an average length
of =3;th of an inch in length, and ,4,th of an inch in breadth ;
but I have found some only ;};th of an inch long, and others as
much as z1,th after they have imbibed fluids ioadad to them:

In the fresh condition they display the form shown in the accom-
panying woodcut (a), having, as Hannover has remarked, the shape

Twin-cones of the retina of the Cod, showing the formation of bacillar appen-
dages, and the changes of form which the cones undergo on the addition of
water.

of a coffee-berry, the upper or inner pole of the twin-cone being
somewhat more broadly truncated than the lower or outer pole,

DR. COBBOLD ON THE EYE OF THE COD-FISH. 149

which is slightly constricted below. Very soon after the com-
mencement of my examinations, oft-repeated, I have observed the
twin-cones to alter in shape. The earliest and most constant
change simply consists in the swelling out of the individual halves
of the twin-cone, and their approximation to a more perfect oval
figure (6). This occurs before or without the addition of any fluid
medium to the slide on which they are placed ; and not unfrequently,
under precisely the same conditions, we may see minute appen-
dages attached to the lower (or outer in relation to the centre of
the eyeball) poles of the twin-cone (as represented at c). Fur-
ther disintegration will subsequently take place, even though no
fluid be added ; but the changes which thus result accidentally, as
it were, are not of that uniform and satisfactory character which
enable us to give any opinion as to the probable structure, function,
and behaviour of the bodies during life. A very different result,
however, happens where we are fortunate enough to secure a fresh
eye, in which none of the twin-cones have even begun to disinte-
grate, and in which, on the addition of water, we may at once ob-
serve a series of changes which I believe to be invariable under the
same favourable circumstances. The first time I observed these
phenomena was at a meeting of the Brighton Microscopical Society,
held during the evening of the 6th of December last. On that
occasion, and since, I have observed, with more or less complete-
ness, the following changes to take place. The addition of cold
water causes a general swelling of the twin-cone, such as I have
before referred to as occurring without this agent, and at the same
time there commences a bulging at the lower poles of the twin-
cone, similar in all respects to that figured atc. These changes
are, however, more rapid than those described as taking place from
disintegration alone, and, what is more important, they are con-
tinuously followed by others still more striking and more uniform
in character. Thus (as seen at d), each half-cone assumes a
distinctly oval figure, at the same time enlarging, swelling out,
_ and making efforts, as it were, to detach itself from its fellow. Co-
ordinating with these peculiarities of behaviour, we observe the
protrusions at the lower pole of the twin-cone to bulge more and
more conspicuously, and in the interior of the sac-like bacillar
prolongations thus formed we have distinct evidences of the exist-
ence of a filament, which, owing to its very strong refractive
power, exhibits a series of dark transverse bands, apparently
disposed in a spiral figure. Singular and inexplicable as these
phenomena may appear, I entertain no doubt whatever of their

150 DR. COBBOLD ON THE EYE OF THE COD-FISH:

occurrence, and I have the satisfaction of knowing that they were
in the first instance witnessed by other microscopical observers.
The bacillar prolongations continue to extend themselves ; an outer
capsule of the twin-cone (represented at d), which normally
binds the halves together, very soon gives way, and the divisions
next exhibit the appearance seen at e. In some cases the half-
cones do not entirely lose their original truncated figure, and (as
at f) the bacillar filaments, with their investing sacs, are pro-
longed downwards and outwards in the form of a cylinder. Most
commonly, I might almost say invariably, the ends of the prolon-
gations curve outwards, each in the form of a hook, as shown in —
all the three last figures alluded to, and still more significantly in
the illustration marked hf, where the capsule of the twin-cone and
the sac of the bacillar filaments have altogether disappeared,
each half-cone having at the same time undergone a marked change
of form. This gradual disappearance of the saccular extension of
the twin-cone capsule around the filament may be seen taking
place whilst the cones are under examination (as on the right of
the cone marked f/’) ; and now also the two halves frequently sepa-
rate (as at 7 and q), portions of the capsule sometimes remaining
partially separated. Occasionally some of these phenomena occur
independently, the half-cones remaining united, the central line
of separation only becoming uneven or sinuous (#) ; whilst at other
times the distortion is so peculiar, that the combined halves re-
semble a plant-stomate with an interspace between them (7). In
all cases the bacillar filaments are liable to break up at different
places, but they are most commonly detached at their points of
connexion with the twin-cone. Whilst watching the cone marked
zi, the decussating appendages here figured floated off, along with
the granular particles, which were carried past it in a continuous
stream. In one instance only have I observed that great exten-
sion of the filament which I take to be the complete unfolding
and development of this peculiar appendage ; and in this case, only
the right half of the cone came under notice (m). After the sepa-
ration of the filaments the half-cones undergo all manner of changes
of form, and they ultimately split up longitudinally and disintegrate,
Thus, the halves marked m and o have a regular oval figure, but
the granular contents are seen to be enclosed in a separate enve-
lope of a pear-shaped form. At p and q they have assumed a
rounded outline, and at 7 and s have broken up lengthwise, leaving
in the latter a hollow centre, owing probably to the escape of the
less dense albuminous molecular matter which normally occupies

DR. COBBOLD ON THE EYE OF THE COD-FISH. . oe

this situation. On the application of acetic acid, they lost their
normally plastic character, becoming uneven at the surface, solidi-
fied, and brittle, at the same time exhibiting a darker outline, due
to an increased power of refracting light; caustic potass, on the
other hand, slight discoloured and dissolved them.

General Conclusions.

I. That the opake, white, stellate cysts which are almost always
present in the sclerotic of full-grown Cod-fishes contain psoro-
spermiz, or minute cells of a vegetable character. They may be
regarded as non-ciliated zoospores, and, as others have supposed,
may possibly have some genetic relation with the so-called pseudo-
navicule of Gregarine. As a group they should be removed both
from the Entozoa and Protozoa, and be placed among the Chloro-
spores, somewhere in the immediate neighbourhood of the Palmel-
lacew and Desmidiacee.

Il. That the so-called choroid gland of the Cod and other
osseous fishes is neither glandular, muscular, nor erectile in struc-
ture, but is a simple form of vascular plexus, in which the capilla-
ries are in immediate contact with, and parallel to, one another.

In consequence of this arrangement, this falsely so-called gland
is inno way connected with the adaptation of the humours of the
eye to varying focal lengths, but is rather to be regarded as a
specialized organ fitted to diffuse and modify the flow of blood in
a position where, from the proximity of the heart, a strong impulse
would interfere with the formation of a correct image on the
internal lining membrane of the choroid.

The rete mirabile of Cetacea, and other similar vascular peculi-
arities observable in the Sloths, Lemurs, and in the long-necked
Herbivora, are analogous formations, concerned in the diffusion and
retardation of the circulating fluid for various purposes.

In the active-moving cartilaginous fishes, where no choroid
gland exists, the impulse of the circulating current is lessened by
other anatomical arrangements, as may be seen, for example, in the
Porbeagle (Squalus cornubicus), where the arterial jets are broken
up by the alternating action of three rows of semilunar valves
placed within the bulbus arteriosus.

The fleshy protuberance described by Professor Rymer Jones
(in his ‘ General Outline of the Animal Kingdom’) as occurring
in the arterial bulb of the Angler (Lophius piscatorius) has no
existence in nature. The description appears to have been bor-
rowed from Yarrell.

152 DR. COBBOLD ON THE EYE OF THE COD-FISH.

III. The normal condition of the retinal cones in the Cod is
double, and the phenomena exhibited by these twin-cones, under
the action of water, seem to indicate that the bacillar prolon-
gations (Zapfenstibchen) of the cones are not persistently formed
appendages, as the representations of Kolliker, H. Miller, and
Nunneley would lead us to suppose, but bear more the character
of tactile bodies capable of protruding filaments under the influ-
ence of stimuli.

The cones and bacilli of Jacob’s membrane are not true nerve-
structures in the sense maintained by Kolliker and Miller, neither
can they properly be called “ percipients of light ;’? but they are,
in point of fact, special tactile organs, like the Pacinian corpuscles
of the skin, and are destined to receive and convey impressions
produced by pencils of light impinging upon and reflected from
the internal limiting membrane of the choroid,—the impressions
being subsequently and finally transferred to the true nervous
elements of the inner layer of the retina by the intervention of
the granular layers, which are held i ects by the delicate Miul-
lerian filaments.

Although I have arrived at the above conclusion respecting the
Pacinian-corpuscular character of the cones from independent and
oft-repeated examinations, I may observe that a similar opinion
had been previously recorded by Professor Goodsir of Edinburgh,
who, from considerations affecting the development of the verte-
brate eyeball, goes even further, and asserts that the bacillar
layer, with its rods and cones, “belongs morphologically to the
transparent humours of the eye.”

All observations made on the retina after it has been immersed
in solutions of chromic acid, in so far as the intimate histological
characters are concerned, should be received with extreme caution,
because the normal characters of its component parts are at once
destroyed by the addition of coagulating reagents. The same
remark is equally applicable to the vitreous body and other soft
tissues of the eyeball. Strong acid solutions, however, are useful
in determining the relations of the ultimate elements of any given
compound tissue, as has been abundantly proved by recent inves-
tigations, and more particularly by those of Hannover, Kolliker,
and Heinrich Miiller.

MR. LOVELL REEVE ON TESTACELLA. 153

On the Structure of the Mantle in Testacella.
By Lovert Reeve, Esq., F.LS.
[Read April 17, 1862.]
Aone some unpublished drawings of British mollusks obligingly
placed at my disposal by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, F.L.S., I have
been interested in finding a figure of Testacella Maugei with a dif-
ferent condition of the posterior extremity of the animal to that
represented in any previous figure or description. Either the
mantle is produced externally on each side for the lateral embrace

of the shell, or a pair of lobes is developed for that portion in con-
nexion with the integuments. Mr. Berkeley informs me that his
drawing was made from a living specimen given to him by
Mr. Sowerby about the year 1829, captured, he believes, in a
garden at Lambeth. “Iam certain,” he adds, “that it is correct ;
but unfortunately I can find no description.”

Testacella is a form of much importance in the molluscan series,
as being the only example of a Slug in which the pulmonary sac is
situated at the posterior extremity of the animal ; and it is the only
one of strictly carnivorous habits, burrowing into the ground to a
depth of two feet and more, and gorging voraciously upon earth-
worms more than equal to itself in size. The shell, covering the
pulmonary sac, is the first in the testaceous kingdom to be secreted
externally, and the first in which an indication is presented of the
spiral plan of growth which is gradually developed in the shell of
Daudebardia and Vitrina, and matured in the whorled Heliz.

Though unknown to Linneus, Zestacella was discovered and
singularly well observed long before the publication of the 12th -
edition of the ‘Systema Nature.’ In the Mémoires de l’ Académie
des Sciences of Paris for 1740 is a letter addressed to M. de Réau-
mur by M. Dugué of Dieppe, from which the following is an
extract. It has been already cited by De Férussac in his
‘ Histoire des Mollusques’ (1819), vol. i. p. 89 ; but it is necessary
here to repeat it.

LINN. PROC.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. VI. 1i

154 MR. LOVELL REEVE ON TESTACELLA.

“Tl y a dans cette ville un jardin oi se trouve une espéce de
Limace, inconnue aux jardiniers du pays. Elle est longue de dix-
huit 4 vingt lignes, et 4 peu prés de la forme des limacons rouges
qui courent sur la terre, et n’ont point de coquille. . Elle se terre
a la facon des vers et ne sort que la nuit. Elle porte sur la croupe
une partie semblable 4 un ongle, placée comme il l’est au bout du
doigt, et pour le moins aussi dure. Tout l’animal est si dur,
qu’on a peine a le couper avec un couteau. On |’a enfermé dans
un pot, avec des vers de terre, longs de trois ou quatre pouces et
gros comme une plume; il s’en nourrit, quoique beaucoup moins
fort qu’eux en apparence. I] met environ quatre ou cing heures a
en avaler un entiérement; mais ce long temps ne lui fait point
hasarder de perdre sa proie; quand une fois il l’a saisie par un
bout, elle ne peut plus lui échapper, quelques efforts qu’elle fasse.
Il dépose dans la terre ses ceufs, parfaitement ronds d’abord, et qui
ne sont qu’une petite pellicule remplie d’une humeur visqueuse ;
mais au bout de quinze jours, ou un peu plus, l’humeur s’épaissit,
la forme ronde se change en ovale, et la Limace éclét comme un
poulet.”’

No observation since made on the Testacella has surpassed this
of M. Dugué in accuracy ; but as only a very imperfect system of
nomenclature was then in use, it was not until sixty years later
that the Zestacella appeared in M. Cuvier’s ‘ Legons d’ Anatomie
Comparée’ (vol.i. tab. 5) with a name. Specimens had been found -
in Brittany and in the South of France, and the animal was further
described in detail by M. Faure-Biguet in the ‘ Bulletin des
Sciences de la Société Philomatique’ of Paris for 1801, and by
Cuvier in the ‘Annales du Muséum’ for 1804. No mention is
made in either of these descriptions of the external lateral lobes
portrayed in Mr. Berkeley’s drawing, nor is there any indication
of it in the figures of the animal and its anatomy reproduced in
1820 by M. de Férussac (Hist. Moll. pl. 8. f. 4 to 12), nor in the
more recent ‘Monographie’ of MM. Gassies and Fischer, published
in 1856. M. de Férussac describes the mantle as being entirely
concealed beneath the shell; but the remark is accompanied
with the statement, thought to be confirmed by Mr. Woodward
(Manual, p. 465), that it is susceptible of being extended over the
whole body.

“Le petit manteau, susceptible d’entourer tout le corps, est,
cependant, entiérement caché sous le test, qui est dix fois moins
long que lui; il est divisé en plusieurs lobes, dont le postérieur et
latéral du coté gauche est caché dans la rainure ot s’implante la

MR. LOVELL REEVE ON TESTACELLA. 155

clavicule, et recouvre par son développement la partie postérieure
du corps, comme un dé qui entoure le bout du doigt; Pantérieur
et le latéral du cdté opposé achévent d’entourer le corps.”’

And again :

“Quand les Zestacelles sont surpris par la sécheresse, nous
avons dit qu’ils s’enveloppaient entiérement avec leur manteau.
Ce manteau trés gélatineux, et dont on ne concoit pas l’entiére
retraite sous une assez petite coquille, entretient ces animaux, au
milieu de la terre desséchée, dans une sorte de fraicheur et
d@’humidité qui paroit leur étre indispensable pour vivre.
Lorsqu’ils sont ainsi surpris par la sécheresse, ils sont 4 la vérité
extrémement contractés, mais cet état de contraction augmente
l’épaisseur du corps, quoiqu’il diminue de moitié sa longueur
totale. Ainsi ce manteau a toujours besoin d’une grandeur con-
sidérable, relativement 4 celle du test. Celui-ci est d’ailleurs si
bien collé sur l’animal, qu’il fait présumer que ce manteau n’est
qu’une tunique trés mince sous la coquille, dont le tissu cellulaire
jouit de la faculté d’absorber et de conserver les particules
aqueuses de l’air lorsqu’elle est développée. La configuration de
ce tissu, examinée avec une forte loupe, semble confirmer cette
opinion.”’

Testacella has been described and figured since Férussac’s time
by all our best authorities on the subject—by Sowerby in 1830,
Gray in 1840, Forbes and Hanley in 1853, and by Moquin-Tandon
in 1855; but no mention is made by either of these naturalists of
this phenomenon of the enlarged expansion of the mantle;
M. Mogquin-Tandon, on the contrary, says, “M. Férussac se
trompe, quand il suppose le manteau trés-extensible et pouvant
se dilater assez dans certaines circonstances pour recouvrir tout
Vanimal.’’ Mr. Woodward, in a supplementary note to his ‘Manual
of Recent and Fossil Shells,’ concluded in 1856, says,—“ During
winter and dry weather the Zestacella forms a sort of cocoon in
the ground by the exudation of its mucus. If this cell is broken,
the animal may be seen completely shrouded in its thin opake-
white mantle, which rapidly contracts until it extends but a little
way beyond the margin of the shell.” An accompanying wood-
engraving represents 7. Maugei (found by Mr. Cunnington in
fields near Devizes) just disturbed from its sleep.

By far the most complete monograph of Testacella is that pub-
lished the same year by MM. Gassies and Fischer. M. Gassies
kept a vivarium in the neighbourhood of Bordeaux, in which he bred
specimens of both 7. haliotidea and F. Maugei; and little doubt

pi

156 MR. STAINTON ON ORGYIA.

remains, from his observations, that the thin white cocoon which
has been taken for an expansion of the mantle is simply a aipirsd
of mucus, secreted during hibernation or rest.

The terminal processes represented in Mr. Berkeley’s drawing as
embracing the sides of the shell appear to be a different structure
from this cocoon-pellicle. De Férussac, however, describes the
mantle as being divided into several lobes ; and it is to be hoped
that some light may be thrown on this structure by further obser-
vations. Originally a native of the Canary Islands, Testacella has
become freely acclimatized in Hurope through being imported with
plants ; it is mostly found in the neighbourhood of maritime cities,
and generally in the vicinity of the hothouse or conservatory.

On the Abnormal Habits of some Females of the Genus Orgyza.
By H. T. Staryron, Esq., F.LS.

[Read May 1, 1862. ]

THE genus Orgyia is a. well-known genus of Moths, of the oe
LInparideé, 1 the group of the Bombyeina.

The males have well-developed wings, and, though of rather a
slighter habit, are not particularly different from the males of the
neighbouring genera; but the females at once attract attention
by the rudimentary condition of their wings and by the large size
of their bodies.

One of the best-known of the genus is Orgyia antiqua, which is
excessively plentiful in the streets of London, the male being seen
flying freely about on bright days in July and August. The female
may often be noticed sitting on the outside of the cocoon in which
it has passed its pupa-state of existence. After copulation, the
female deposits her eggs on the surface of the cocoon.

The Rev. Lansdown Guilding has stated, in the 15th volume of
the Transactions of this Society (p. 372), that the female of Orgyia
antiqua, “ copula guncta, enjoys with its partner the pleasures of the
open fields ;” but I am certainly not aware that such an observation
has been confirmed, and, looking to the disproportion of the size
of the sexes and the utter incapacity of the female to assist in flight,
it would appear physically impossible. Indeed, I believe that the
female rests on the cocoon whilst receiving the advances of the
male, that she then deposits her eggs on the outside of the cocoon ;
and not till her mission is completed does she drop off the cocoon,
in a dying state, a shrivelled, empty egg-bag.

MR. STAINTON ON ORGYIA. 157

The female of our common Orgyia antiqua has hitherto been
considered a fair type of a female of the genus Orgyia; but recent
observations, joined to some which were made nearly thirty years
ago, have shown that this assumption was unfounded. Before,
however, proceeding to notice the abnormal habits of some other
females in the genus, it may be advisable to glance at some of the
- allied genera, as these new observations on habit are mainly in-
teresting as supplying an unexpected link between genera hitherto
deemed far more widely separated.

The insects, therefore, which I must now briefly bring before the
notice of this Society are the Psychide. The Psychide, though, for
convenience of study, we are very apt to treat them as a whole,
are really divided into two groups, one of which belongs to, the
Bombycina, the other to the Tineina. Some systematizers place
the whole of the Psychide amongst the Tineina; but the very
Bombyciform appearance of the males of some of the larger
species renders this step one which is very difficult to follow. In
my investigation of the Tineina, I have placed two genera only of
these insects in that group, Zaleporia and Solenobia, leaving the
remaining genera (Hpichnopteryx, Fumea, Psyche, and Orketicus) to
rank amongst the Bombycina. Professor Westwood, in the ‘ Pro-
ceedings of the Zoological Society’ (1854, pp. 240, 241), has, in
like manner, maintained the separation of the group, and un-
hesitatingly refers the genera Psyche and Oiketicus to the Bomby-
cina. In my remarks on the genera Epichnopteryx, Fumea, and
Psyche, 1 have followed the very able and philosophical treatise of
Dr. Hofmann, which appeared in the Berlin ‘ Entomologisehe
Zeitschrift’ for 1860.

All the species of the entire group of Psychide@ are, in the larva
state, case-bearers, from the Ozketicus with a case two or three
inches long, to the smaller Solenobia, of which the case is not
above 25 lines in length; and the structure and habits of the
larve are all very similar: but in the females of the group we find
a singular diversity ; and I will therefore proceed to notice the
differences presented by the females in these genera, commencing
with the genus Solenobia, which comprises the smallest species;
and working upwards to the genus Ozketicus, which contains the
largest.

Sorenosia. The female of this genus has its legs, antenne,;
and eyes well developed; when it emerges from the pupa, the
pupa-skin is protruded from the case, and the excluded female

158 MR. STAINTON ON ORGYIA.

sits on the outside of its case. After copulation, it lays its eggs
in the interior of the empty case.

Jt is in this genus that we meet with at least one species,
Solenobia Lichenella, of which the females, without copulation, lay
fertile eggs. This fact was distinctly announced by Von Siebold
in 1851, in a brief memoir in the Silesian ‘ Bericht tiber die
Arbeiten der Entomologischen Sektion im Jahre 1850,’ of which
I gave a translation in the first volume, new series, of the ‘ Trans-
actions of the Entomological Society of London,’ p. 234. Von
Siebold then arrived at the conclusion “that Solenobia lichenella
is a sexless nurse, since the larve of that case-bearer produce
nothing but females, and always again only females, which, sive
concubitu, lay eggs, from which afterwards larve actually escape.”’

I believe now that most of those who have worked at this group
of insects have had instances of Solenobie, collected in the larva
state, which have produced females, which, kept in a box quite
by themselves, have laid eggs from which young larve have
proceeded.

TaLtzporia. The female in this genus is quite similar in habit
and structure to the female of Solenobia, only more robust,—the
generic distinction being furnished by the male, and by the differ-
ent form of the case of the larva. However, in Taleporia, we have
no instance recorded of sexless nurses.

EricunopTeryx. The female of this genus has likewise fully
developed legs, antenne, and eyes; but, unlike the preceding
genera, when it emerges from the pupa, the pupa-skin is left in
the interior of the case, but the female comes out and sits on the
end of the case, awaiting the arrival of the male: after copulation,
the female, by means of its long ovipositor, deposits its eggs in the
interior of the empty pupa-skin, which had been left in the case.

Fumes. The females of this genus offer some little variety. In
some species, as Plumella, the legs and antenne are scarcely
developed; whereas in Bombycella the legs are distinctly jointed.
The females of this genus never leave the case: copulation is
effected by the male introducing the end of its abdomen into the
case tenanted by the female.

The female of Fumea Sieboldii will just protrude its head from
the open end of its case, but never comes quite out of its pupa-
skin, and the dark-brown skin of the head of the pupa clings to
the head of the imago: immediately after copulation, it commences
depositing its eggs in the interior of the empty pupa-skin; and when

MR. STAINTON ON ORGYIA. 159

it has completed its task, it drops out of the case, an empty
shrivelled skin.

Intermediate, perhaps, between Fumea and Psyche comes the
singular Psyche? Helix, noticed by Von Siebold. This, again, is
a sexless nurse, of which the male is hitherto unknown. The
larve are common in many parts of Germany, but never produce
anything but vermiform females, which deposit eggs which are
always fertile.

Psrcue. The females are vermiform, with the legs extremely
small and rudimentary, hardly perceptible antennz, the parts of
the mouth very ill developed, and imperfect eyes. It never quits
the case, nor comes quite out of the pupa-skin; it only slightly
protrudes its head from the open end of the case whilst awaiting
the approaches of the male. Copulation is effected by the male
thrusting the extremity of its abdomen into the case of the female,
after which operation the female deposits her eggs in the empty
pupa-skin, imbedding them in layers of wool, and filling the
pupa-skin so tightly that, except for the opening at the anterior
end, it might pass for an undeveloped pupa.

Such pupa-skins may occasionally have been collected by mistake
for pupe, and the subsequent exclusion of young larve would tend
to spread the idea that the female bred from the pupa collected had,
without impregnation, laid fertile eggs. Von Siebold, when first
he turned his attention to the subject, received numerous notices
from different quarters of females of the genus Psyche producing
young without previous copulation; but in none of the known
species (excepting the anomalous Psyche? Helix) has this been
confirmed. .

O1xeticts. This genus was established by Lansdown Guilding
in the 15th volume of the ‘ Transactions’ of this Society (p. 373),
and has since been the subject of a paper by Professor Westwood
in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society ’ (1854, p. 219). The
female is vermiform, with legs, antenne, and eyes very ill developed :
in some species the legs are so rudimentary as to be little more than
perceptible, whereas in Ocketicus Saundersii the legs, though very
short and little serviceable, are distinctly articulated.

The female never quits the case: copulation is effected by the
male inserting the extremity of the abdomen into the interior of
the case of the female. “ After impregnation,” observes Lansdown
Guilding, “the female begins to fill the bottom of its puparium with
her ova, closely packed in the down rubbed from her body, and then,

160 MR. STAINTON ON ORGYIA.

reduced to a shrivelled morsel of dried and scarcely animated skin,
drops out of the case and dies.”

Having now gone through the various genera of the Psychide,
T return to the genus Orgyia. The abnormal habit of the females
which I have thought it would be interesting to bring under the
notice of this Society is this :—

In many species of the genus Orgyia the female has ill-developed
legs and antenne, and never quits the cocoon.

This statement rests on a series of distinct observations made on
different species by various entomologists ; and it is not till we
collate these recorded observations that we perceive how general is
this peculiar habit.

Oreyia RUPESTRIS. In the ‘Annales de la Société Entomo-
logique de France,’ tome i. (published in 1882), we find, at p. 275, a
description of this species by Rambur, in a List of Corsican Lepi-
doptera, with descriptions of some new species. He thus notices
the female :— . |

“The female is nearly apterous, its wings being reduced to two
very minute velvety scales. The whole body is covered with whitish
down ; it is little more than a bag quite filled with eggs. The parts
of the chrysalis-skin almost always remain on the head and the
neighbouring parts of the body.

“This female, whose existence is confined to the single act of
reproduction, does not come out of its cocoon, from which it
protrudes its anus so that the male may copulate with it. That
done, it fills its cocoon with its eggs intermixed with down, and
covers the entire mass with a strong bed of down. After the eggs
are deposited, one can scarcely find the remains of the body. The
Count de Saporta has observed similar manners in Orgyia Trigo-
tephras, in the neighbourhood of Aix.” These observations of
the Count de Saporta, though made previously to those of Dr. |
Rambur, were published two years later.

Oreyia Trigorrrnras. A notice of this species, by the Count
de Saporta, appears in the 8rd volume of the ‘ Annales de la Société
Entomologique de France,’ p.183, published in1884. After noticing
that the male perfect insect comes out of its cocoon like all other
Lepidoptera, he observes :—

“Tt is not so with the female, which is covered with a white
down, and is entirely destitute of wings;’ “ses antennes, trés-
courtes, ne sont point visibles’”’ (a sentence I find difficulty in
translating) ; “and its legs even are so short that they can be of

MR. STAINTON ON ORGYIA. 161

no further use to it than to enable it to cling to the interior of its
cocoon, which it cannot quit. Its first operation, after it is hatched,
is to form a small hole at the end of its cocoon, opposite the lower
part of its abdomen, which it agitates briskly or even protrudes a
small portion at the approach of the male. The latter, provided
with a fine sense of smell, hastens from a distance, and, seated on
the cocoon, completes the act of copulation, which takes place
through the hole made in the cocoon. This fact is peculiar to
this species*, and entirely new in the history of Lepidoptera; but
it is compulsory on this Bombyx, from the peculiarly ert organi-
zation of the female. Copulation lasts a few minutes, after which
the male retires; but, from being active and lively as he was, he
becomes heavy and dull. The female, after copulation, first pro-
ceeds to stop up the hole in the cocoon, and then immediately
proceeds to lay her eggs, which she arranges in layers intermingled
with white hairs from the abdomen. The laying of eggs lasts
several days, during which, if I may use the expression, she
literally dissolves into eggs; for after the eggs are all laid, the
female herself has disappeared, or is at least reduced to nothing.
The cocoon is converted into a bagful of eggs, in which one would
have some difficulty in finding the fragments of the small head of
the female Moth, which is all that remains of her.”’

Oreyia Erica. In the ‘Stettin Entomologische Zeitung,’
1858, p. 349, is a notice of this insect by Franz Schmidt. The writer
seems perfectly unacquainted with the previous observations of
French entomologists. He observes :—

“The male flies often briskly in the day. The female has probably
a peculiarity of extreme interest. Those I had never came out of
the cocoon; and when I had waited past the time for its meta-
morphosis and then examined the cocoon, I regularly found the
creature completely developed and uninjured, but dead. On account
of the distance of the locality and the scarcity of the larvee,I had only
an opportunity of observing this fact eight or ten times, and it might
be some extraordinary accident; but I am of opinion that such a
number of occurrences is sufficient to arrest the attention, though
perhaps not sufficient to allow us to accept this observation as the
rule. In all the authors within my reach I have sought in vain
for any explanation: if any other entomologist can enlighten me
on the subject, I shall be very glad; if not, I hope in time myself

* This memoir was written before M. Rambur had discovered an analogous
species in Corsica, the habits of which he described in the ‘ Annales de la Société.’

162 MR. STAINTON ON ORGYTA.

to work out the certainty of the fact. Should the fact be con-
firmed and the cause be ascertained, it would be important for the
explanation of the mysterious mode of copulation amongst the
Psychide, in which, as is well known, the female never leaves the ©
case. The male of Orgyia Hrice, immediately after exclusion from
the pupa, becomes very uneasy in captivity, and flies about inces-
santly; hence it would probably not be difficult to obtain copu-
-lation in this species, if one could collect both sexes in some
plenty.”

In a notice on entomological excursions near Antwerp, by
Messrs. Fologne, Mors, & Weyers, published in the 5th volume
of the ‘Annales de la Société Entomologique Belge,’ we find, at
pp. 48, 49, a brief notice of Orgyia Hrice :—

“M. J. Colbeau, who had collected many larve of er species
at Genck on the 23rd July, has succeeded in breeding a series.
We observed, with him, that the apterous females which are hatched
remain most frequently in the cocoon which contains the chrysalis,
and deposit their eggs in the interior. On the contrary, the
females of Orgyia antiqua emerge from the cocoon, and then deposit
their eggs on its exterior surface.”

I wrote to M. Fologne to inquire if any further observations
had been made on this species; and he replied that, “since the
above note had been written, they had found the larve of O. Erice
rather plentifully towards the frontiers of Holland, and that —
Dr. Breyer and he had observed that most frequently the females
only opened the anterior ends of the chrysalis-skin, without
coming quite out of it. Dr. Breyer had even remarked that the
females turned round in the chrysalis-skin, so that the anus pro-
truded from the open anterior end of the pupa-skin; that copula-
tion then took place, and the female proceeded to deposit her eggs
in the chrysalis-skin and in the cocoon,”

Orayra puBtA. In the first portion of the ‘Stettin Entomo-
logische Zeitung’ for the present year (p. 154) is a notice by
fH. Christoph, of Sarepta, on Orgyia dubia, from which I quote as
follows :—

“Tn the ‘Stettin Entomologische Zeitung,’ 1858, p. 844, Herr
Franz Schmidt of Wismar describes the habits of some Lepi-
doptera, and amongst them those of Orgyia Hrice. Herr Schmidt
observed that, in breeding this creature, the 9 never came out; and
he wishes for further information on this peculiarity.

“Though it was long before I had an opportunity of reading his

MR. STAINTON ON ORGYIA. 163

remarks, and though I have allowed so long a period to elapse,
yet I believe I ought not to keep back my observations on the, at
any rate, quite analogous mode of copulation of Orgyia dubia,
since possibly nothing thereon may yet have been published by
German entomologists.

“ T have never had an opportunity of observing O. rice, and can
consequently say nothing respecting that species; but it would
seem to me that the same thing takes place with O.H#rice as with
O. dubia, which is common here.

“] forbear from giving a complete biology of this Moth, as super-
fluous, and I only remark that, as in all the Orgyte, the female
[larve] are distinguished from the males by their greater size.
Usually I do not take the trouble, when rearing them, to separate
the male larve ; and hence I have to be particularly attentive at the
time of their exclusion, in order to secure them uninjured. The
female larva forms a cocoon very roomy for its size, in which the
female perfect insect bursts open the thin pupa-skin, without,
howeyer, being in a condition to remove it from the head. I cer-
tainly know of no more helpless creature: the head and antenne
are so small and inconspicuous that they can only be perceived
with difficulty ; the legs are so feeble and so very short (much
shorter than those of the larva) that the insect cannot use them
at all. In fact, we have here little else than an abdomen full of
eggs, which the creature can scarcely move: any violent agitation
is not to be thought of. The female never leaves its cocoon, and
closes, in its habitation (which will soon become its coffin, unless
some amorous male takes pity on it), in lonely and joyless state,
its short life, yet not without at least depositing some of its
numerous white eggs. These soon shrivel, since they are un-
fertilized.

“ The lively male, on the other hand, displays, soon after its exclu-
sion, a quite peculiar activity in order to accomplish its life’s
mission. Often before half an hour has elapsed after its exclusion
and complete development, it begins to seek eagerly for a consort.
It soon scents out the thoroughly closed habitation of a female,
settles on it, and seeks for the most convenient place for pene-
trating into the maiden’s apartment. It soon discovers the right
place at the most accessible end of the pupa, at the place where
usually the moths make their escape. With indefatigable per-
severance and haste it now bores with head and legs, afterwards
helping itself with its wings into the cocoon, which generally
happens after half-an-hour’s hard work: copulation then takes

164 MR. STAINTON ON ORGYIA. |

place within the cocoon, and lasts about halfa day. I have un-
fortunately forborne from disturbing the privacy of the matri-
monial joys, but believe that there is nothing new to be observed.

“T can only state that at last the male reappears in very desolate
condition, and then has no long prospect of life. In my cages
they lived, at most, for only two days after the copulation. The
female does not wait long before she deposits her eggs in the
cocoon, and then dies.”

We have now traced the peculiar habit of the female not quitting
the cocoon in four species—rupestris, Trigotephras, Erice, and
dubia. Now, if Corsica and splendida be referred as varieties to
rupestris and dubia respectively, we have but seven species of
Orgyia in Europe ; and of one of those, O. awrolimbata, the female
is unknown ; hence, out of six species, the abnormal habit prevails
in four,—Orgyia antiqua and O. gonostigma (the only two yet
known to occur in this country) being the only species in which
the female quits the cocoon and deposits the eggs outside it.

Now, in this habit of the greater number of our European species
of Orgyia what an approach we have to Ovketicus and Psyche!
The genera are still widely separated in the larva state ; for all the
larvee of Orgyia are hairy, gaily ornamented with tufts of hair,
whereas the larvee of Ovketicus and Psyche are naked, and have
their ugly bodies protected and concealed by the cases which the
larvee construct. But in the imago state we have this important
coincidence: the only genera of Lepidoptera in which the female
never comes out of the abode of the pupa, but there awaits the
approaches of the male, are Orgyia, Oiketicus, Psyche, and Fumea.

I have spoken only of the European species of Orgyia, but I
believe it will be found that a similar peculiarity prevails amongst
extra-European species. In the collection of the British Museum:
I have only noticed females of two species of this genus from extra-
European localities. One of these, O. leucostigma from Nova Scotia,
appears to belong to the same group as O. antiqua; and I fancy;
from the development of the legs and antennee of the female, that
she leaves the cocoon. The other species, O. australis, from New
Holland, has the female comparatively undeveloped, and I should
imagine that she does not quit the cocoon.

MR. W. LAUGHRIN ON THE FOOD OF THE COD AND LING. 165

Observations on the Choice of Food in the Cod and Ling. By
Wiutiiam Lavenrtin, A.LS., of Polperro.

[Read June 19, 1862. ]

For a considerable time I have been in the habit of employing
the favourable opportunities which a residence in this place has
afforded me in examining the stomachs of fishes caught with a
line, for the purpose of discovering the kind of food on which they
live in the ocean, and especially that I might procure an insight
into the sorts to which, in the midst of abundance, they are accus-
tomed to give the preference ; and I beg leave to communicate to
the Linnean Society one or two of the results of my researches as
applied more especially to two species of the family of Codfishes
For the sake of accuracy, I think it desirable that my observations
on some other kinds of fishes should’ be held in reserve for a time,
in order that further research may enable me to speak with a
higher degree of confidence regarding them.

Within a certain range of the ocean, there are few fishes which are
marked with greater eagerness after food than the Cod, Ling, and
Haddock ; and, like others of the same family which are furnished
with a barb below the lower jaw, their search after prey is for the
most part limited to the bottom. At first view of the contents of
their stomachs their eagerness for food appears to be indiscriminate,
at least for such objects as they are able to swallow whole ; for it
does not appear that either of them possesses the power of biting
off a portion of any substance they might be disposed to feed on.
From the appearance of their mouths, also, it might be con-
cluded that they possess but little, if any, sense of taste. In
the matter of choice as regards food, the Codfish and Haddock
are much alike, as I conclude from having found in them the
various kinds of stalk-eyed Crustaceans usual in our waters, with
a few exceptions, as well as shell-fish and encrusting corals,
the latter being generally the various sorts of Lepralia that have
spread themselves over the stones lying on the bottom where these
fishes haunt ; and there is reason to believe that when this animal
crust has become digested, the stones are thrown up from the
stomach by a voluntary action of the animal. An object some-
times found in the stomach of the Cod is also a kind of Aphrodite,
and I have felt convinced that two species of these animals are
sometimes met with. But what has particularly attracted my
notice is the abundance of Crustaceans, both as regards species
and individuals, found in the Cod and Haddock, with the even

166 MR. BUSK ON VEDDAH SKULLS.

more surprising fact that, ravenous as the Ling is known to be,
not a single instance of a Crustacean animal have I met with in
its stomach. Entire fishes of a variety of kinds are of very frequent
occurrence; and it was but lately that seven Plaice, of which the
smallest measured six inches in length, and the largest ten, were
found in the stomach of a Ling of moderate size. The following
list of the stalk-eyed Crustaceans which I have met with in the
stomachs of the Cod and Haddock (and some of them in consider-
able numbers) will bear witness to the large number of these ani-
mals which exist in the ground frequented by the fishes referred
to, at the Cornish entrance to the British Channel.

List of Crustaceans found in the stomach of the Cod :-—

Achzus Cranchii. Inachus Dorhynchus.
Alpheus ruber. —— leptochirus.
Atelecyclus heterodon. ' | Munida Rondeletii.
Cancer Pagurus. Nika Couchii.
Corystes Cassivelaunus. edulis.
Eurynoma aspera. Pagurus Bernhardus.
Galathea Andrewsii. Portunus arcuatus.
—— dispersa. corrugatus.
squamifera. —— marmoreus.
strigosa. pusillus.
Gebia deltura. Scyllarus arctus (a single example).
—— stellata. Squilla Imantis.
Gonoplax angulata. Desmarestii.
Hyas coarctatus. Stenorhynchus Phalangium.

Inachus Dorsettensis.

Observations on some Skulls from Ceylon, said to be those of
Veddahs. By Groner Busx, Hsq., F.R.S., Sec. LS.

[Read March 20, 1862. |

Some of the aboriginal or supposed aboriginal inhabitants of
Ceylon, now for the most part confined to the Hill-districts of
the island, are known under the name of Veddahs, or Vaddahs.
With respect to their origin and relations we are much in the
dark. The skulls belonging to this people (exhibited at the meet-
ing) consist of four (two, apparently, of young subjects) recently
sent from Ceylon to Dr. Hooker by Mr. Thwaites, and two be-
longing to Dr. Stephen Ward. Besides these, there is a single
cranium of the same race in the Museum of the Royal College
of Surgeons, and seven or eight in the extensive and valuable
craniological collection of Mr. J. Barnard Davis, which he has
kindly allowed me fully to examine and measure. From this

MR. BUSK ON VEDDAH SKULLS. 167

number it seems possible to arrive at some notion of the charac-
teristics of the Veddah cranium.

For the purpose of comparison, there are placed on the table
the skulls of a Malay from Singapore, of two Polynesian Malays,
of an Australian, of two African ——_— negroes, and some
European skulls.

On comparison with these, it appears that the Veddah skulls
are remarkable for their small size and lightness, more than for
any particular conformation. They are orthognathic, dolichoce-
phalic (‘739) ; and their chief peculiarity appears to be their great
height as compared with their breadth. In general form they show
no resemblance to either the Malay, Australian, or Negro. Their
real relations may probably be found among some of the Hill-
tribes of intertropical India. The following tables are exhibited
to show the mean dimensions of the crania of some of the different
races of mankind, taken however from no very large numbers,
and therefore liable to future alteration.

Euro- | —xtra- Tropical | Austra-

pean. = Negro. lian. Hindoo. | Veddah.
Negro.

nches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. Inches.

a SS ss 7231 712| 715! 715| 664] 656
Breadth ...........00. 556 | 546] 512] 519] 528] 4°85
ce io) aie 565 | 5°73] 545] 532) 5:50] 5-40
Circumference ......... 20°60 | 20°50 | 19°81 | 19°30 | 19:12 | 18:50

Mean general dimens.| 39:04 | 38'81 | 37°58 | 36-96 | 36°54 | 35°31

ET a lie amen Selle Neils Tire rae

The relative proportions of the three regions of the cranium
taken in a mode presently to be described, in the different races
compared, might be expressed numerically as under :—

Extra-
Region. vee, | Neeets | Nemo. | “tian” | Hindoo. | Veddah.

cases only).
Frontal...............| 30°63 | 29°73 28°94 | 28°90 | 28°58 | 27°57
Parictal | ...,.:d00e0 28°77 | 28°66 27°80 | 26°90 | 28°47 | 25°95
Occipital ............| 24°29 | 25°33 23°92 | 23°33 | 23°18 | 22°23

The mean dimensions of an Andaman Islander’s skull, exhibited
at the Ethnological Society by Prof. Owen, was 35:0 inches.
The Veddah skulls, therefore, estimated in this way, would appear
to be amongst those of the lowest cranial type, being smaller
even than those of the Bosjesmen, to judge from the crania belong-
ing to that race in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons.

The mode in which were taken the different measurements from

168 MR. BUSK ON VEDDAH SKULLS.

which the preceding Tables were drawn up may be explained as un-
der, and will be better understood by reference to the accompanying
diagrams. The measures represent simply comparative and by no
means absolute values, and are merely therefore designed to faci-
litate the ready comparison of one set of crania with another, first,
with respect to their mean general dimensions; and second, with
respect to the relative dimensions of the three cerebral regions, so
far as these can be ascertained simply by external measurements.
The first object is sought to be attained by taking the measure of
the cranium in length, breadth, height, and circumference; and the
second, by certain measurements restricted to each region respect-
ively, as indicated by Fig. 1.
the frontal, parietal, y
andoccipital bones. To i
these measurements
are superadded some
having more especial
reference to the face.
The whole number of
measurements taken
for these purposes is
24 or 25, and they
are arranged in the
following order :—
1. Length, measured
from the glabella to
the furthest point of
the occipital. (Tig.1.)
Fig. 2.

0

MR. BUSK ON VEDDAH SKULLS. 169

2. Breadth, taken wherever it is found to be placed, sometimes
higher, sometimes lower. (Fig. 2.)

3. Height, measured from the level of the foramen magnum to
the highest part of the vertex.

4. The least frontal breadth, measured usually immediately be-
hind the external orbital process (Jf, fig. 3).

5. The greatest frontal breadth, measured at the point where it
exists, which corresponds most usually with that where the tem-
poral line crosses the coronal suture (9 f, fig. 3).

6. The parietal breadth, measured between the centres of the
parietal bones (y, fig. 3).

7. The occipital breadth, taken between the external angles of
that bone (fig. 3).

These last four measurements represent, however, only the chords,
as it were, of the respective arcs above them; the arcs themselves
are roughly estimated by the distance over each arc from the
middle of one external auditory opening to that of the other; and
these measures may be termed,

8. The frontal transverse arc. 9. The vertical transverse are.

10. The parietal __,, jy hb... The occipital.....;, .

The directions in which they are taken, by means of a graduated
tape, are shown in the dotted lines f v, p, 0, in fig. 1. But in
order to render the measurements of the three regions still more
complete, it is necessary to ascertain, Ist, the length in an antero-
posterior direction of each region, and, 2nd, the perpendicular
depth, as it were, of the three cerebral lobes. The latter object is
attempted by measuring the distance between a point correspond-
ing with the pons Varoli to the surface of the skullina straight or
radial direction; and these measures are thus taken:—If a thin
wire be passed straight through the middle of the auditory open-
ing, and made to perforate the inner wall of the tympanun, it will
enter the cavity of the cranium by the internal auditory opening,
and of course pass out on the opposite side in the same way. In
doing this, it would pass pretty nearly through the centre of the
pons Varolii. Now, if an instrument be so constructed as to have a
conical plug capable of being introduced into each of the external
auditory openings, and fitted to move up and down on the branches
of an instrument constructed upon the plan of a shoemaker’s gauge,
the distance from the central point in question.= the centre of the
pons will be measured, including the thickness of the cranium, by
the distance of the centres of the plugs from the stem of the in-
strument, when that is made to touch any part of the periphery

LINN. PROO.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. VI. 12

170 MR. BUSK ON VEDDAH SKULLS.

of the skull, as may be seen in Fig. 2, where the outer square
lines may be taken to represent the stem and branches of the
craniometer, the radius sought being the distance between the
lines 0 o andaa. These radial measurements will be taken in
the same directions as the transverse arcs just described, and are
termed respectively—

12. The frontal radius. 13. The vertical radius,
14. The parietal ,, 15. The occipital ,,

The longitudinal dimensions of the regions are estimated by a
graduated tape, stretched from the fronto-nasal suture to the pos-
terior margin of the foramen magnum, the distance being sub-
divided into,

16. The frontal longitudinal arc, terminating at the coronal
suture.

17. The parietal longitudinal are, corresponding in length to
the sagittal suture ; and

18. The occipital longitudinal arc, or the distance from the
same point to the foramen magnum: and on this may be marked
out the position of the occipital spine.

19. The circumference is measured by a graduated tape carried
round the head immediately above the frontal sinuses or super-
ciliary eminences, where they exist, or in the direction indicated
by the dotted line ¢ ¢, fig. 1.

These are the measurements relating more especially to the
cranium regarded as a whole, and its regions, upon which the com-
parisons above given of the different crania are founded ; but those
relating to the face may also be briefly noticed. They are,

20. The zygomatic width, or that between the zygomatic arches
(z, fig. 3).

21. The orbital width, measured between the external orbital
processes.

22. The ethmoidal, or the width of the ethmoid bone between
the orbits.

23. The nasal or fronto-nasal radius (n, fig. 1), corresponding
pretty nearly to the cranial axis of Prof. vy. Baer, though not to
the true cranial axis, which can scarcely be measured unless the
skull is bisected.

24. The mazillary radius (m, fig. 1),—the difference between
the last two indicating the degree of ortho- or prognathism, per-
haps more precisely than the so-termed facial angle.

ON SARAWAK HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA. 171

Catalogue of the Heterocerous Lepidopterous Insects collected at
Sarawak, in Borneo, by Mr. A. R. Wattacz, with Descriptions
of New Species. By Francis Waker, Esq., F.L.S.

[ Continued from page 145. |
Gen. Parasa, Moore.

Neera, Herr. Sch.; Walk.

200. PARASA HUMERALIS, n.s. Mas. Prasina, capite antico ochraceo,
thorace maculis duabus lateralibus fuscis, abdomine alisque posticis
pallide testaceis, alis anticis basi ferrugineis fascia marginali ochracea.

Male. Bright leaf-green. Head ochraceous in front. Thorax with a
brown spot on each side. Abdomen pale testaceous. Legs testaceous,
partly ochraceous. Fore wings ferruginous at the base, with an
ochraceous marginal band, which is widened towards the interior
angle. Hind wings pale testaceous, with a ferruginous fringe. Length
of the body 7 lines; of the wings 15 lines.

Closely allied to P. media and to P. Chloris.

Gen. Narosa, Walk.

201. NarosA VELUTINA, n.s. Mas. Ochracea, hirsuta, palpis extus
nigris, antennis robustis nudis, alis anticis velutinis basi lineisque
duabus flexis margineque pallidis, punctis marginalibus nigris.

Male. Dull ochraceous. Body hirsute. Palpi curved, slender, ascend-
ing, not rising higher than the vertex, black on the outer side. An-
tennz simple, very stout. Fore wings velvety, rounded at the tips,
pale at the base, and with two bent, undulating, pale lines; costa and
exterior border also pale, slightly convex, the latter rather oblique ;
marginal points black. Hind wings pale. Length of the body 4
lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

Closely allied to N. conspersa.

Gen. Naprepa, Walk.

202. NAPREPA ATTACOIDES, n.s. Mas. Rufescens, capite fusco,
antennis late pectinatis, thorace fasciis duabus cinereis, alis anticis
apice subrotundatis, lineis quatuor denticulatis indistinctis costaque
ferrugineis, gutta discali cana elongata.

Male. Reddish. Head.dark brown, with a white band between the
antennz. Palpi porrect, very short. Antenne short, broadly pec-
tinated. Thorax with two cinereous bands. Wings ample, thinly
clothed ; fringe partly cinereous ; under side tinged with purple. Fore
wings slightly rounded at the tips, with four indistinct denticulated
ferruginous lines; costa ferruginous; discal dot hoary, elongated.
Hind wings thickly clothed along the interior border. Length of the
body 5 lines; of the wings 12 lines.

203. NAPREPA ALBICOLLIS, n.s. Mas. Rufescenti-cana, capite pe-
12*

172 MR. F. WALKER ON HETHROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

dibusque rufescenti-ferrugineis, thorace antico albo, antennis late

pectinatis, alis anticis lineis tribus lunulatis indistinctis rufeseenti-fer-
rugineis nigro punctatis, alis posticis margine exteriore liturisque apud
marginem interiorem rufescenti-ferrugineis.

Male. Reddish hoary. Head, palpi, and legs reddish ferrugmous. An-
tennz very short, broadly pectinated. Thorax white in front. Fore
wings acute, with three indistinct reddish-ferruginous lines which are
composed of lunules, and are attended with elongated black points on
the veins ; exterior border rather oblique. Hind wings reddish-fer-
ruginous along the exterior border ; interior border with reddish-fer-
rugious marks; interior angle prominent. Length of the body 4
lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

204. NaPREPA ALBICEPS, n.s. Mas. Alba, antennis brevissimis late
pectinatis, alis subopalinis lineis duabus denticulatis fuscis nigro
punctatis, anticis striga obliqua basali plagisque duabus fuscis, posticis
margine exteriore vix flexo fimbria flexa.

Male. White. Palpi extremely short. Antenne very short, broadly
pectinated. Wings slightly opaline. Fore wings slightly acute, with
two double denticulated lines, which are composed of brown lunules,
and are accompanied by elongated black points; a brown oblique
basal streak and two brown patches, one basal, the other on the fore
part of the exterior border. Hind wings with lines much like those
of tle fore wings, the interior one nearly obsolete; exterior border
very slightly bent; fringe brown. Length of the body 4 lines; of
the wings 10 lines.

Gen. Sustca, Walk.

205. SusicA BASALIS, n.s. Mas. Subtestaceo-cana, nitens, palpis
porrectis articulo 3° conico ; antennis basi late pectinatis, alis anticis
argenteo-sabulosis, extus fuscis macula discali rufa nigro marginata,
spatio marginali rufescenti-ochraceo, alis posticis cervinis basi canis.

Male. Hoary, shining, slightly testaceous-tinged. Palpi porrect, ex-
tending rather beyond the head; 3rd joint conical. Antenne broadly
pectinated to beyond one-third of the length. Fore wings acute, with
silvery spangles, brown exteriorly, excepting the marginal space, which
is reddish ochraceous; brown part oblique on the inner side, bordered
on the outer side by an undulating black line, including a red, black-
bordered discal spot. Hind wings fawn-colour, hoary towards the
base. Length of the body 3} lines; of the wings 8 lines.

206. SusicA conGRuUA, n.s. Mas. Cervina, antennis dimidio basali
late pectinatis, alis anticis squamosis purpurascente tinctis nigro sub-
conspersis linea recta obliqua ferruginea, alis posticis flavescentibus
margine interiore cervino fimbriato.

Male. Yawn-colour. Palpi porrect, broad, obtuse ; joints not distin-
guishable. Antenne broadly pectinated to half the length. Wings
broad. Fore wings squamous, hardly acute, purplish-tinged, slightly

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 173

black-speckled; an oblique, straight, ferruginous middle line; costa
straight; exterior border convex. Hind wings pale yellow, and
fringed with fawn-colour along the interior border. Length of the
body 5 lines; of the wings 12 lines.

Gen. BETHURA, n. g.

Mas. Corpus crassum. Proboscis obsoleta. Palpi robusti, erecti, pi-
losi, caput Jonge superantes, apice fasciculati. Antenne basi late
pectinatee, apices versus serrate. Abdomen lineare, subcarinatum,
alas posticas superans. Pedes robusti, densissime fasciculati. Ale
antic sat anguste, apice rotundate, margine exteriore perobliquo ;
postice breves. .

Male. Body very stout. Proboscis obsolete. -Palpi stout, vertical,
pilose, rismg high above the head, densely tufted at the tips. An-
tennz broadly pectinated towards the base, serrated towards the tips.
Abdomen linear, slightly keeled above, extending beyond the hind
wings. Legs stout, most densely tufted to the tips of the tarsi. Fore
wings rather narrow, somewhat rounded at the tips; costa straight ;
exterior border extremely oblique; veins very distinctly marked; 2nd
inferior vein nearly twice as far from the 3rd as from the lst. Hind
wings very much shorter than the fore wings.

Allied to Scopelodes.

207. BETHURA MINAX, n.s. Mas. Rufescens, abdomine ochraceo
fasciis abbreviatis fasciculoque apicali nigris, alis anticis eano sub-
conspersis, posticis pallide luteis.

Male. Reddish. Abdomen ochraceous, with abbreviated black bands ;
lst and 2nd bands interrupted; apical tuft black. Wings with the
fringe hoary, shining. Fore wings minutely hoary-speckled. Hind
wings pale luteous. Length of the body 8 lines; of the wings 18
lines.

Gen. ALTHA, n. g.

Mas. Corpus crassum. Probdoscis obsoleta. Palpi minimi. Antenne
triente basali late pectinate. Abdomen alas posticas superans. Pedes
robusti, dense fasciculati. Ale subvestite ; antice apice rotundate,
costa recta, margine exteriore convexo sat obliquo.

Male. Body thick. Proboscis obsolete. Palpi very minute. Antenne
broadly pectinated to a little beyond one-third of the length, simple
from thence to the tips. Abdomen extending beyond the hind wings.
Legs stout, thickly tufted. Wings moderately broad, thinly clothed.
Fore wings somewhat rounded at the tips; costa straight; exterior
border convex, rather oblique ; 3rd inferior vein rather remote from
the 2nd, which is very near the lst.

208. ALTHA NIVEA, n.s. Mas. Nivea, alis anticis puncto discali punc-
toque marginali nigris.
Male. Pure white. Fore wings with an elongated black point at the

1

74, MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

base of the 1st inferior vein, and with another on the exterior border.
Length of the body 7 lines; of the wings 14 lines.

Gen. Darna, n. ¢g.

Mas. Corpus robustum. Proboscis obsoleta. Palpi porrecti, sat va-
hdi, caput paullo superantes; articulus 3° parvus, conicus. Antenne
breviuscule, pectinatee. Abdomen alas posticas non superans, fasci-
culo apicali sat magno. Pedes robusti, pilosi. Ale latiuscule, brevi-
uscule.

Male. Body stout. Proboscis obsolete. Palpi porrect, moderately
stout, extending a little beyond the head; 3rd joimt minute, conical.
Antenne rather short, moderately pectinated. Abdomen not extend-
ing beyond the hind wings; apical tuft rather large. Legs stout,
pilose. Wings rather broad and short. Fore wings acute; costa
straight ; exterior border hardly oblique; the four inferior veins ap-
proximate.

209. DARNA PLANA,n.s. Mas. Nivea, alis anticis pallidissime cervi-
nis, dimidio postico niveo, linea exteriore e atomis nigris, alis posticis
subtestaceo tinctis margine exteriore pallidissime cervino.

Male. Pure white. Fore wings very pale fawn-colour, except for half
the breadth along three-fourths of the length; an exterior line com-
posed of black speckles, parallel to the exterior border, and hardly
apparent except on the costa and by the interior border. Hind wings
with a very slight testaceous tinge; exterior border very pale fawn-
colour. Length of the body 33 lines; of the wings 9 lines.

Gen. ARRHAPA, 0. g.

Mas. Corpus robustum. Proboscis obsoleta. Palpi porrecti, sat gra-
ciles, caput vix superantes ; articulus 3"° conicus, mimimus. Antenne
subpectinatee. Abdomen alas posticas vix superans. Pedes brevius-
culi, laves, sat graciles; tibiz postice calearibus duobus apicalibus,
uno longissimo. Ale late, non longe ; antics acute, costa subcon-
vexa, margine exteriore recto. ‘

Male. Body robust. Proboscis obsolete. Palpi porrect, not thick,
hardly extending beyond the head; 3rd joint conical, very minute.
Antenne slightly pectinated, moderately long. Abdomen hardly ex-
tending beyond the hind wings. Legs rather short, not stout nor
pilose ; hind tibise with two apical spurs, one of which is very long.
Wings broad, not long. Fore wings acute, slightly and transversely
rugulose ; costa slightly convex ; exterior border straight, very slightly
oblique; 3rd inferior vein very near the 2nd,

210.. ARRHAPA FRONTALIS, 0.8. Mas, Lateritia, .capite thoraceque
antico ferrugineo-fuscis, abdomine alisque posticis albidis, alis anticis

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 175

lineis quinque undulatis transversis spatioque exteriore costali purpu-
rascenti-fuscis, fimbria purpurascente.

Male. Brick-red. Head and fore part of the thorax dark ferruginous
brown. Abdomen and hind wings whitish. Fore wings with five
undulating transverse purplish-brown lines; space along the exterior
half of the costa and on one-third of the breadth purplish brown ;
fringe purplish. Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings 14 lines.

Gen. BrrTHAMA, 0. g.

Mas. Corpus robustum. Proboscis obsoleta. Palpi porrecti, sub-
cylindrici, non pilosi, caput sat superantes, articulo 3° conico parvo.
Antenne simplices. Abdomen alas posticas non superans, fasciculo api-
cali minimo. Pedes breves, robusti, pilosi; tibiz postice calcaribus
quatuor longis. Ale spissze, latiuscule, non longe; antice apice
rotundatz.

Male. Body robust. Proboscis obsolete. Palpi porrect, nearly cylin-
drical, not pilose, extending rather far beyond the head; 3rd joint
conical, minute, not more than one-fourth of the length of the 2nd.
Antenne simple, moderately long and stout. Abdomen not extending
beyond the hind wings; apical tuft very small. Legs short, stout,
pilose; hind tibiz with four long spurs. Wings dense, rather broad,
not long. Fore wings rounded at the tips; costa straight; exterior
border convex, rather oblique; interior angle very much rounded ;
3rd inferior vein rather remote from the 2nd.

211. BrrrHAMA oOBLIQaua, n.s. Mas. Rosea, abdomine pedibusque
ochraceo-rufis, alis anticis linea diffusa obliqua nigricante, alis posticis
roseo-cinerels margine exteriore roseo.

Maile. Rosy red. Abdomen and legs more ochraceous. Fore wings
with a diffuse oblique blackish line, which extends from one-third of
the length of the interior border to the tips; under side without mark-
ings. Hind wings cinereous, with a rosy tinge and with a rosy-red
exterior border. Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings 16 lines.

Fam. DREPANULIDA, Boisd.
Gen. Drepana, Sch.

212. DREPANA QUADRIPUNCTATA, n.s. Mas. Testacea, antennis
rufescentibus late pectinatis, alis linea exteriore subobscuriore lunu-
lata denticulata, puncto discali nigro, alis anticis faleatis striga apicali
nigra.

Male. Testaceous. Antenne reddish, broadly pectinated. Abdomen
whitish testaceous. Wings with the exterior line rather darker than
the ground-hue, lunulate and denticulated, most distinct in the fore
wings, where it terminates in a black apical streak ; discal point black.

176 -MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

Fore wings faleate, with the middle and interior lines irregular, less
distinct than the exterior line; the middle line obsolete, except to-
wards the costa. Length of the body 3 lines; of the wings 10 lines.

213. DREPANA MICACEA, n.s. Mas. Ferrugineo-ochracea, antennis
latissime pectinatis, alis chalybeo conspersis linea nigra recta diffusa
duplicata, fimbria apice nigra, alis anticis faleatis litura discali nigra.

Male. Ferruginous ochraceous, paler beneath. Antenne very broadly
pectinated. Wings with chalybeous spangles, and with a black diffuse
double line which extends from the tips of the fore wings to beyond
the middle of the interior border of the hind wings, and is single on
the under side; fringe black-tipped, chalybeous-spangled. Fore wings
faleate, with a black discal mark; this is most distinct on the under
side, where the black line is accompanied by another slighter and less
exterior line. Length of the body 4 lines; of the wings 12 lines.

Fam. BOMBYCIDA, Steph.

Gen. GasTROPACHA, Ochs.

214. Gastropacha vishnou, Lefebvre, Zool. Journ. iii. 207. (Amydona
prasina, Walk. Cat. Lep. 1st ser. 1417.)
Inhabits also Hindostan, Ceylon, and China.

Gen. Mreasoma, Boisd.

215. MeGASOMA BASIMACULA, n. s. Mas. Cervina, lanuginosa, den-
sissime vestita, capite thoraceque antico alisque anticis obscure ferru-—
gineo-fuscis, antennis pallidis, abdommis fasciculo apicali chalybeo-
nigro, alis anticis lineis quatuor indistinctis nigricantibus, macula ba-
sali ochracea, puncto discali albo lineaque submarginali e guttis nigris
cinereo conspersis.

Male. ¥Fawn-colour, woolly, very densely clothed, more brownish be-
neath. Head and fore part of the thorax dark ferruginous brown.
Antenne pale. Abdomen extending far beyond the hind wings ; api-
cal tuft chalybeous black. Fore wings dark-ferruginous brown, with
a purplish tinge, and with four indistinct blackish lines ; submarginal
line composed of black cinereous-speckled dots, of which one on the
interior border is much larger than any one of the others; a white
point on the interior part of the disk, and an ochraceous spot very
near the base. Hind wings very woolly. Length of the body 15
lines; of the wings 30 lines.

Gen. GUNDA, n. g.

Mas. Corpus crassun, lanuginosum, dense vestitum. Proboscis obso-
leta. Palpi porrecti, gracillimi, caput non superantes. Antenne
breves, latissime pectinate, Pedes robusti, densissime pilosi. Ale

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 177

amplee, spissz ; antice costa apicem versus obliqua, margine exteriore
undulato; postice apice subtruncate, margine interiore dense fim-
briato.

Male. Body very thick, woolly, densely clothed. Proboscis obsolete.
Palpi porrect, short, very slender, not extending beyond the head.
Antenne short, very broadly pectinated. Legs stout, very densely
pilose. Wings ample, dense. Fore wings with the costa deflexed
towards the tips, which are rounded ; exterior border undulating.

Hind wings somewhat truncated at their tips ; interior border densely
fringed.

216. GuNDA ocHRACEA, n.s. Mas. Ochracea, alis anticis margine
obscuriore, alis posticis subpallidioribus marginis interioris fimbria
albida.

Male. Ochraceous. Fore wings somewhat darker along the interior
border and towards the exterior border. Hind wings a little paler
and brighter than the fore wings, with a whitish fringe along the in-
terior border. Length of the body 10 (?) lines; of the wings 28 lines.

Fam. COSSID A, Newm.

Gen. ZeuzERa, Latr.

217. ZEUZERA RORICYANEA, n.s. Mas. Alba, capite antico nigro,
antennis ochraceis apice nigris, abdomine e guttis cyaneis quadri-
limeato, alis anticis cyaneo guttatis et punctatis, alis posticis guttis
duabus marginalibus cyaneis.

Male. White. Head black in front. Antenne ochraceous, broadly
pectinated, black and simple towards the tips. Abdomen extending
far beyond the hind wings, with four rows of metallic-blue dots.
Knees and tarsi with blue marks. Fore wings with numerous bright
blue points and dots on the veins. Hind wings with two connected
blue dots on the exterior border, near the interior angle. Length of
the body 10 lines; of the wings 20 lines.

Gen. Derata, n. g.

Mas et Fem. Corpus robustum. Proboscis obsoleta. Palpt minimi.
Abdomen alas posticas superans. Pedes breves, sat graciles; tibiz
posticz quadricalcarate. Ale sat angustz ; antic apice rotundate,
margine exteriore perobliquo. Mas. Antenne late pectinate, apice
serrate. Fam. Antenne serrate.

Male and Female. Body robust. Proboscis obsolete. Palpi very mi-
nute. Abdomen extending more or less beyond the hind wings.
Legs short, rather slender ; hind tibiz with four moderately long spurs,
Wings rather narrow. Fore wings rounded at the tips ; costa straight ;
exterior border very oblique, interior angle much rounded. Male.
Antennz broadly pectinated, except towards the tips, where they are

178 MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

serrated. Female. Antenne serrated. Abdomen extending much
beyond the hind wings.

218. DeGia ImpaRATA, n.s. Mas et Fem. Sordide alba, antennis
maris triente apicali serratis, alis anticis strigis transversis nigrican-
tibus szepe interruptis.

Male and Female. Dingy white. Antenne of the male pectinated to
much beyond half the length. Abdomen of the male clothed with
long hairs. Fore wings with slight, transverse, partly imterrupted,
blackish streaks. Length of the body 8-9 lines; of the wings 16 lines.

219. DEGIA DEFICIENS, n.s. Mas. Sordide alba, antennis maris apice
serratis, alis anticis strigis transversis fuscis plus minusve interruptis.

Male. Dingy white. Antenne pectinated nearly to the tips. Abdo-
men clothed with long hairs. Fore wings with many slight, transverse,
more or less interrupted, brown streaks. Length of the body 4-5
lines; of the wings 12-14 lines.

This species much resembles the preceding one, but may be distinguished

by its smaller size and by the different structure of the antenne.

Fam. CYMATOPHORIDA, Herr.-Sch.
Gen. Tuyatrra, Ochs.

220. Thyatira magniplaga, Walk. Cat. Lep. 3rd ser. 1643.
Fam. BOMBYCOIDA, Guen.

Gen. DipuruEra, Ochs.

221. DipHTHERA JUCUNDA, n.s. Fam. Glauco-viridis, thorace fascia
nigra albo marginata, abdomine punctis lateralibus nigris, alis anticis
lineis quatuor integris lineaque costali flexa lituram discalem inclu-
dente nigris denticulatis albo marginatis, alis posticis cinereis fusco
latissime marginatis.

Female. Glaucous green. Palpi ascending, black above and at the
tips; 3rd joint hardly one-third of the length of the 2nd. Thorax
with a black white-bordered band. Abdomen with black points along
each side. Fore wings with four denticulate black white-bordered
lines; 3rd line double, including a white. space ; two other lines form-
ing a loop from the costa, and enclosing the black transversely oblong
white-pupilled discal mark; marginal line composed of, elongated
black white-bordered dots; fringe with blackish marks. Hind wings
cinereous, with a very broad brown marginal band ; exterior border
and fringe as in the fore wings. Length of the body 7 lines; of the
wings 16 lines.

Gen. Acronyora, Ochs.

222. ACRONYCTA RUBIGINOSA, n.8. Fem. Rubiginoso-cinerea, ab-
domine pallide cinereo, alis anticis lituris costalibus fuscis striga ob-

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 179

liqua vittaque dentata subinterrupta discalibus nigris, linea exteriore
e lituris cuneatis, linea submarginali albida angulosa, punctis margi-
nalibus nigris, alis posticis albis.

Female. Cinereous. Head, thorax, and fore wings tinged with rust-
colour. Abdomen pale cinereous. Fore wings with brown marks
along the costa, with a small oblique black discal streak, and with a
black hindward stripe which is irregularly dentate and is almost inter-
rupted in the middle; exterior line black, much bent, composed of
cuneiform marks; submarginal line whitish, deeply zigzag; marginal
points blackish. Hind wings white, slightly cinereous along the ex-
terior border. Length of the body 9 lines; of the wings 20 lines.

Fam. LEUCANIDA, Guen.

Gen. Levcanta, Hiibn.

223. LEUCANIA HAMIFERA, n.s. Mas et Fem. Pallide cinereo-cer-
vina, alis punctis marginalibus nigris, alis anticis nigro subconspersis
costa albida vitta discali alba strigam albam hamatam includente, alis
posticis basi margineque interiore albis.

Male and Female. Pale cinereous fawn-colour. Abdomen whitish
towards the base. Wings with black marginal points. Fore wings
thinly and minutely black speckled, whitish along the costa, with a
darker fawn-coloured discal stripe which includes a white lanceolate
hooked streak, the latter continued by a whitish slender line to the
exterior border; 3rd inferior vein black-speckled. Hind wings white
towards the base and along the interior border. Length of the body
8 lines; of the wings 16-18 lines.

224. LEUCANIA ROSEILINEA, n.s. Mas. Pallide testacea, alis an-
ticis roseo strigatis, linea discali alba, puncto posteriore nigro, litura
discali fusca diffusa, linea exteriore punctulari punctisque marginalibus
nigris, alis posticis albis punctis marginalibus fuscescentibus.

Male. Pale testaceous. Abdomen whitish towards the base. Fore
wings with dull rosy streaks between the veins; the latter with white
lines, of which one in the disk is more conspicuous than the others,
and has on its hinder side a black point formed by confluent speckles,
and terminates in a diffuse brown mark at the base of the Ist and 2nd
inferior veins; exterior line curved, composed of blackish points ;
marginal points black, minute. Hind wings white; marginal points
brownish, indistinct. Length of the body 7 lines; of the wings 14
lines.

225. LEUCANIA SIMILLIMA,n.s. Mas. Pallide testacea, alis anticis
fuscescente strigatis, linea discali alba, striga basali nigra, litura dis-
cali exteriore fusca, linea exteriore punctulari punctisque marginalibus
nigris, alis posticis albis.

Male. Pale testaceous. Abdomen paler than the thorax. Fore wings

180 MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

with indistinct brownish streaks between the veins, the latter with
white lines as in the preceding species ; discal line accompanied along
its hinder side towards the base by a short, slight, black line, and con-
tiguous in front at its tip to a diffuse brown mark ; exterior line, mar-
ginal points, and hind wings as in the preceding species. Length of
the body 7 lines; of the wings 15 lines.
This species very closely resembles L. roseilinea, and there may be con-
necting links between them; the chief difference is in the discal brown
mark, which is not beyond but in front of the end of the white line.

226. LEUCANIA? ABBREVIATA, n.s. Mas. Pallide testacea, antennis
subsetulosis subpubescentibus, abdomine longiusculo, alis breviusculis
latiusculis, alis anticis acutis lineis interioribus ferrugineis vix con-
spicuis, linea submarginali valde interrupta e guttis nigricantibus.

Male. Pale testaceous. Palpi not rising so high as the vertex; 2nd
joint curved; 3rd lanceolate, less than half the length of the 2nd.
Antenne minutely setulose and pubescent. Abdomen rather long,
extending a little beyond the hind wings. Legs rather slender ; spurs
very long. Wings short, rather broad. Fore wings acute, with some
indistinct ferruginous lines towards the base, and with a very incom-
plete submarginal line composed of blackish cimereous dots ; costa
straight ; exterior border very slightly convex, rather oblique. Length
of the body 5 lines; of the wings 10 lines.

Gen. Nonagria, Ochs.

227. NONAGRIA SETICORNIS, n.s. Fem. Maurina, corpore subtus-
albido, palpis ascendentibus articulo 3° parvo, antennis subpubescen-
tibus subsetulosis, alis anticis latiusculis fusco conspersis apice rotun-
datis, lineis duabus fuscis denticulatis subundulatis, linea submargi-
ginali punctisque marginalibus nigricantibus, fimbria albida, alis posticis
fuscis.

Female. Mouse-colour. Body whitish beneath. Palpi ascending,
slightly curved, not rising higher than the vertex; 3rd joint conical,
minute, less than one-fourth of the length of the 2nd. Antenne
minutely pubescent and setulose. Abdomen extending a little beyond
the hind wings ; hind borders of the segments and tip white. Wings
rather broad, not long. Fore wings rounded at the tips, brown-
speckled ; interior and exterior lines brown, slender, denticulated,
slightly undulating ; submarginal line and marginal points blackish ;
fringe whitish; costa slightly convex; exterior border convex, rather
oblique. Hind wings brown. Length of the body 6% lines; of the
wings 14 lines.

This species may form a new genus.

Gen. BussaRa, n. g.

Mas. Corpus crassum. Proboscis distincta, Palpi oblique ascenden-

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 181

tes, verticem non superantes, articulo 3° parvo conico. Antenne sub-
pubescentes. Abdomen alas posticas non superans. Pedes brevius-
culi, sat graciles, femoribus tibiisque late fimbriatis, calcaribus qua-
tuor longis. Ale latiuscule, breviuscule ; antic apice rectangulatz,
margine exteriore non obliquo.

Male. Body very stout. Proboscis distinct. Palpi obliquely ascend-
ing, not rising so high as the vertex; 3rd joint conical, about one-
fourth of the length of the 2nd. Antennze minutely pubescent. Ab-
domen not extending beyond the hind wings. Legs rather. short
and slender; femora and tibie broadly fringed ; hind tibiz with four
long spurs. Wings broad, rather short. Fore wings acutely rectan-
gular, costa quite straight; exterior border hardly convex, not
oblique.

228. BESSARA QUADRATIPENNIS, n.s. Mas. Cinereo-rufescens, pec-
tore albo, alis roseo fimbriatis, alis anticis lineis duabus cinereis angu-
losis indistinctis, linea submarginali e lituris fuscis, punctis marginali-
bus nigricantibus, alis posticis cinereo-fuscis, marginis interioris fim-
bria longa albida.

Male. Cinereous reddish. Pectus white, shining. Abdomen cinereous.
Wings with a rosy frmge. Fore wings with the interior and exterior
lines cinereous, zigzag, very indistinct ; submarginal line composed of
brown marks; marginal points blackish, indistinct. Hind wings
cinereous brown; interior border fringed with long whitish hairs.
Length of the body 7 lines; of the wings 16 lines.

Gen. Dipieva, n. g.

Fem. Corpus sat robustum. Proboscis distincta. Palpi ascendentes,
articulo 2° subarcuato, 3° minimo. Antenne subsetulose. Abdomen
alas posticas paullo superans. Pedes leves, breviusculi, sat robust ;
tibiz postice calearibus quatuor longissimis. Ale latiuscule, non
longe ; antic apice rotundate, costa perparum convexa, margine
exteriore subconvexo.

Female. Body moderately stout. Proboscis distinct. Palpi ascending,
not rising so high as the vertex ; 2nd joint slightly curved ; 3rd joint
conical, very minute, less than one-sixth of the length of the 2nd. An-
tennz very minutely setulose. Abdomen extending a little beyond
the hind wings. Legs smooth, rather short and stout; hind tibize
with four very long spurs. Wings rather broad, not long. Fore
wings rounded at the tips ; costa very slightly convex ; exterior bor-
der slightly convex, moderately oblique.

999. DIDIGUA PURPUREOSCRIPTA, n.s. Foam. Fuscescenti-cinerea,
corpore subtus albido, alis anticis lineis tribus purpurascentibus dif-
fusis undulatis, linea 2 subduplicata, disco subtus nigricante, alis
posticis cyaneo-fuscis.

Female. Brownish cinereous. Body whitish beneath. Fore wings

182 MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

with the interior, exterior, and submarginal lines purplish, diffuse,
undulating ; exterior line indistinctly double on the exterior side, the
supplementary line very diffuse; under side with a blackish disk.
Hind wings brown, mostly tinged with metallic blue. Length of the
body 7 lines; of the wings 14 lines.

Fam. GLOTTULIDA, Guen.

Gen. BELcIANA, n. g.

Mas. Corpus robustum. Proboscis distincta. Palpi longiusculi, ob-
lique ascendentes; articulus 2"° crassus ; 3"° linearis, gracilis, 2° di-
midio longior. Antenne nude. Abdomen alas posticas paullo supe-
rans. Pedes validi, dense fimbriati ; tibize posticz calcaribus quatuor
longissimis. Ale ample; antice acute, costa recta, margine exteri-
ore convexo.

- Male. Body stout. Proboscis distinct. Palpi obliquely ascending,
rather long; 2nd joint thick; 3rd linear, slender, much shorter than
the 2nd. Antenne simple. Abdomen extending a little beyond the
hind wings. Legs stout; femora and tibiz densely frmged; hind
tibize with four very long spurs. Wings ample. Fore wings acute ;
costa straight; exterior border convex, moderately oblique.

230. Belciana biformis, Walk. Cat. Lep. 3rd ser. 1671 (Dandaca).

Gen. ZIGERA, n. g.

Mas. Corpus robustum. Proboscis brevissima. Palpi compressi, vix
arcuati, verticem paullo superantes ; articulus 34S lanceolatus, 2! di-
midio fere longior. Antenne subpubescentes. Abdomen alas posticas
non superans, fasciculo apicali parvo. Pedes breviusculi; genua in-
termedia penicillata; tibize postice calcaribus quatuor longis. Ale
late, non longe ; antics vix acute, costa recta, margine exteriore
subconvexo.

Male. Body robust. Proboscis very short. Palpi ascending, com-
pressed, very slightly curved, risimg rather higher than the vertex ;
3rd joint lanceolate, full half the length of the 2nd. Antenne very
minutely pubescent. Abdomen not extending beyond the hind wings ;
apical tuft small. Legs rather short, moderately stout; middle knees
with a fan-shaped tuft of hairs; hind tibie with four long spurs.
Wings broad, not long. Fore wings hardly acute; costa straight;
exterior border slightly convex, very slightly oblique.

This genus has some likeness to Aquis, but hardly associates with any

of the established families of Noctuites.

23). Zigera orpirerA, n.s. Mas. Ochracea, alis punctis marginali-
bus nigris clongatis duplicatis, alis anticis nigricante substrigatis lineis
duabus arcuatis albis, spatio intermedio fusco albo-consperso lituram

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 183

atram includente, linea submarginali nigricante diffusa indeterminata,
alis posticis fasciis nonnullis undulatis nigricantibus fasciaque media
albida.

Male. Ochraceous; under side and legs paler. Tuft on the middle
knees ochraceous. Wings with black double elongated marginal
poimts. Fore wings diffusedly and indistinctly blackish-streaked,
with two transverse curved white lines which are nearest to each other
on the costa and on the interior border; space between the lines con-
taining nearly half the surface of the wing, brown, white-speckled, in-
cluding a transverse deep-black discal mark ; submarginal Ime black-
ish, diffuse, very incomplete. Hind wings with some diffuse undu-
lating black or blackish bands, and with a more diffuse whitish middle
band. Length of the body 6 limes; of the wings 12 lines.

Gen. BEANA, n.g.

Mas. Corpus robustum. Proboscis distincta. Palpi verticem non
superantes; articulus 2°° subarcuatus; 3"° linearis, apice rotundatus,
2i dimidio non longior. Antenne subsetulose. Abdomen alas posti-
cas vix superans; fasciculus apicalis parvus. Pedes robusti; femora
fimbriata ; femora antica penicillata ; tibize postice calcaribus quatuor
longis. Ale antice apice rectangulate, costa recta, margine exteri-
ore subconvexo subdentato.

Male. Body stout. Proboscis distinct. Palpi ascending, not msing
higher than the vertex ; 2nd joint slightly curved; 3rd linear, rounded
at the tip, about half the length of the 2nd. Antenne minutely setu-
lose. Abdomen hardly extending beyond the hind wings ; apical tuft
small. Legs stout ; femora frmged; fore femora with a penicillate
tuft of long hairs; hind tibie with four long spurs. Wings mo-
derately broad. Fore wings rectangular at the tips; costa straight;
exterior border minutely dentate, slightly convex and oblique.

232. BEANA POLYCHROMA, n.s. Mas. Cimerea, alis anticis zeneis
viridescentibus nigro conspersis, lineis interiore et submarginali nigris,
14 undulata ; 24 interrupta et dilatata, fascia latissima spatioque cos-
tali apicali albidis, alis posticis pallide cinereis, fascia margineque
exteriore obscurioribus.

Male. Cimereous. Fore wings eneous, with various iridescent tints;
speckles and markings black; markings chiefly consisting of the in-
terior and submarginal lines, of which the first is undulating, and the
2nd is here and there interrupted and dilated; a very broad whitish
band, much straitened in front; an oblong whitish space along the
apical part of the costa, containing a brown spot and part of the sub-
marginal line. Hind wings pale cinereous; a band and the exterior
border darker. Length of the body 8 lines; of the wings 18 lines.

Gen. Urzona, n. g.

Mas. Corpus robustum. Probdoscis brevis. Palpi graciles, breves,

184 MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

verticem paullo superantes ; articulus 2S vix arcuatus ; 3"* lanceolatus,
2! dimidio longior. Antenne subpubescentes. Abdomen alas posticas
paullo superans, apicem versus subcompressum ; fasciculus apicalis
deflexus. Pedes validi, leves; tibie postice calcaribus quatuor lon-
gissimis. Ale antice apice subrotundate.

Male. Body stout. Proboscis short. Palpi slender, smooth, rising a
little higher than the vertex ; 2nd joint hardly curved ; 3rd lanceolate,
more than half the length of the 2nd. Antennz very minutely pu-
bescent. Abdomen extending a little beyond the hind wings, slightly
compressed towards the tip ; apical tuft diverging. Legs stout, smooth ;
hind tibize with four very long spurs. Wings moderately broad. Fore
wings somewhat rounded at the tips; costa straight; exterior border
convex, rather oblique.

233. URBONA SUBLINEATA, n.s. Mas. Alba, subtus obscure cinerea,
alis anticis nigricante subconspersis, linea obliqua indistincta alba
fusco submarginata, punctis marginalibus nigris, alis posticis obscure
cinereis.

Male. Whitish, dark cinereous beneath. Fore wings minutely and
irregularly blackish-speckled, with an indistinct white slightly brown-
bordered line, which extends from the tips to the base of the interior
border; marginal points black, minute. Hind wings dark cinereous.
Length of the body 7 lines; of the wings 14 lines.

Fam. APAMIDA, Guen.

Gen. SavaRa, n. g.

Mas. Corpus robustum. Antenne subpectinate. Abdomen alas pos-
ticas superans. Pedes robusti, longiusculi ; tibize postice quadrical-
caratee, calcari uno apicali longissimo. Ale longiuscule ; anticze acute,
costa recta, margine exteriore subconvexo.

Male. Body robust. Antenne slightly and equally pectinated. Ab-
domen extending somewhat beyond the hind wings. Legs stout,
rather long; hind tibiz with four spurs ; one of the apical spurs very
long. Wings rather long, moderately broad. Fore wings acute;
costa straight; exterior border slightly convex, rather oblique; in-
terior angle much rounded.

Allied to Nephelodes.

234. SAVARA CONTRARIA, n.s. Mas. Rufescenti-cervina, subtus
cinerea, alis anticis lineis duabus obscurioribus undulatis valde indi-
stinctis, linea submarginali e guttis elongatis nigricantibus reniformi
pallida punctis duobus adhue pallidioribus, alis posticis fuscis.

Male. Reddish fawn-colour, Abdomen and underside mostly cinereous,
Fore wings with two darker, undulating, very indistinct transverse
lines, and with a submarginal line of elongated blackish dots; reni-
form mark a little paler than the ground-hue, indicated also by two

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 185

still paler points. Hind wings brown. Length of the body 7 lines;
of the wings 16 lines. é;

Gen. Diereryata, Steph.

235. DIPTERYGIA VAGIVITTA, n.s. Mas. Fusca, cinereo subconspersa,
alis anticis lunulis transversis lineisque exterioribus abbreviatis nigris
indistinctis, costa apicali albo punctata, vitta postica alba informi
nigro marginata, fimbria albido notata, alis posticis pallidioribus, fim-
bria albida fusco interlineata.

Male. Brown, slightly cinereous-speckled. Abdomen cinereous. Fore
wings with transverse lunules and with short exterior lines black, in-
distinct ; some white points along the apical part of the costa, and some
whitish marks on the fringe ; an irregular white partly black~bordered
stripe along the interior border. Hind wings paler brown; fringe
whitish, interlmed with brown. Length of the body 7-8 lines; of
the wings 16-18 lines.

This species has a remarkable resemblance to the European D. Pinasiri,
but does not agree with it in several characters, of which the most con-
spicuous is the different outline of the pale part about the interior angle
of the fore wings,

Gen. Proprnta, Giuén.

236. Prodenia infecta, Walk. Cat. Lep. 3rd ser. i. 96.
Inhabits also Hindostan.

237. PRODENIA RECLUSA,n.s. Fem. Pallide cinereo-testacea, alis
anticis atomis lineolisque nonnullis transversis arcuatis nigricantibus,
gutta discali nigra, alis pasticis albidis.

Female. Pale cinereous testaceous. Abdomen pale cinereous. Fore
wings diffusedly and indistinctly blackish-speckled, some of the speckles
forming very indistinct transverse curved lines, of which one is ex-
terior and more conspicuous than the others ; discal dot black. Hind
wings whitish. Length of the body 5 lines; of the wings 12 lines,

Gen. Mamerstra, Ochs.

238. MAMESTRA pRODITA, n.s. Mas. Nigricanti-cinerea, palpis vix
arcuatis articulo 3° minimo, abdomine cristis nigricantibus, alis anticis
lineis variis nigris angulosis indistinctis, orbiculari et reniformi albidis,
hae annulum nigrum includente, alis posticis albido-cinereis fusco late
marginatis.

Male. Blackish cinereous. Palpi ascending, very slightly curved; 3rd
joint conical, not one-sixth of the length of the 2nd. Abdomen
cinereous, with blackish crests. Fore wings with various transverse
zigzag indistinct black lines; orbicular and reniform marks whitish,
nearly round, the latter including a black ringlet, Hind wings whitish

LINN. PROC.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. VI. 13

186 MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

cinereous, with a broad brown border. Length of the body 5 lines;
of the wings 12 lines. |
This species very closely resembles M. Brassice.

239. MAMESTRA ALBISPARSA, n.8. Mas. Nigricanti-cinerea, palpo-
rum articulo 3° longiconico, antennis subpubescentibus, abdomine
alas posticas superante, pedibus densissime pilosis, alis anticis lineis
nigris undulatis indistinctis, reniformi alba nigro pupillata et margi-
nata, striga exteriore obliqua alba, linea submarginali alba denticulata,
punctis marginalibus nigris.

Male. Blackish cinereous. Third joint of the palpi elongate-conical,
less than one-fourth of the length of the 2nd. Antenne very minutely
pubescent. Abdomen cinereous, extending beyond the hind wings.
Legs very densely clothed. Fore wings with indistinct transverse
black undulating lines; reniform mark white, obliquely oblong, black-
pupilled and bordered, contiguous to an oblique white streak, which
is about twice its length; submarginal line white, denticulated ; mar-
ginal points black. Hind wings cinereous; marginal line brown.
Length of the body 8 lines; of the wings 18 lines.

Fam. NOCTUIDA, Guén.
Gen. Aarortis, Ochs.

240, AGROTIS INCONCLUSA,n. 8s. Mas. Rufescenti-cinerea, palporum
articulo 2° lato subarcuato, 3° minimo, antennis subpectinatis apice
nudis, abdomine fasciculo apicali spisso, tarsis basi tibiisque late fim-

. briatis, alis anticis nigro conspersis rufescente subnotatis, lineis duabus
fuscis, 1° angulata subdenticulata, 2° obliqua denticulata, fascia exte-
riore fuscescente lineam e lunulis albidis includente, puncto discali
punctisque duobus basalibus nigris.

Male. Reddish cinereous. Palpi ascending; 2nd joint broad, slightly
curved ; 3rd conical, extremely minute. Antenne slightly pectinated,
bare towards the tips. Abdomen with a large dense apical tuft. Tarsi
towards the base, and tibie, broadly fringed. Wings with black mar-
ginal points. Fore wings indistinctly reddish-mottled, minutely black-
speckled; interior and exterior lines brown, remote from each other ;
the Ist angular, slightly denticulated; the 2nd oblique, regularly
denticulated, having along its outer side a brownish band, including a
whitish line, composed of lunules, and along its inner side a row of
brown points; a black discal point and two black points very near the
base, one of them on the costa. Length of the body 8 lines; of the
wings 18 lines.

241. Acroris InFrxA,n.8. Mas. Cinerea, palporum articulo 2° vix
arcuato, 3° longiconico, antennis serratis pubescentibus, thorace fascia
fuscescente, abdomine fasciculo apicali parvo, pedibus subpilosis, alis
anticis lincis tribus angulosis lituraque basali necnon orbiculari et re-
niformi fuscis, alis posticis albidis,

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 187

Male. Cinereous. Head, thorax, and fore wings slightly tinged with
wood-colour. Palpi ascending; 2nd joint hardly stout, very slightly
curved; 3rd elongate-conical, hardly one-fourth of the length of the
2nd. Antennz stout, serrated; the teeth pubescent. Thorax with a
brownish band. Abdomen witha small apical tuft. Legs slightly pi-
lose, not frmged. Wings with black marginal points. Fore wings with
a brown basal mark ; interior, exterior, and submarginal lines brown,
slight, zigzag, the latter accompanied by a cinereous line; orbicular
and reniform marks brown, wregular. Hind wings whitish. Length

of the body 7 lines; of the wings 16 lines.
Fam. ORTHOSIDA, Guén.

Gen. THALATHA, n. g.

Mas. Corpus robustum. Proboscis distincta. Palpi ascendentes, sat
graciles, subarcuati, ad frontem applicati; articulus 3"* lanceolatus,
2' dimidio brevior. Antenne nude. Abdomen cristatum, alas pos-
ticas vix superans. Pedes breviusculi, sat validi; tibize subfimbriate.
Ale anticz apice subrotundatz, costa recta, margine exteriore convexo.

Male. Body stout. Proboscis moderately long. Palpi rather slender,
ascending, slightly curved, applied to the front; 3rd joint lanceolate,
less than half the length of the 2nd. Antenne simple. Abdomen
crested, hardly extending beyond the hind wings. Legs rather short
and stout; tibiz slightly fringed; hind tibie with four long spurs.
Wings moderately broad. Fore wings somewhat rounded at the tips;
costa straight; exterior border convex, slightly oblique.

242, Thalatha smens, Walk. Cat. Lep. 3rd ser. 746 (Orthosia).
Var. Fore wings with an irregular angular olive-coloured band, whose
hind part is very oblique. ‘

Gen. BarBEso.a, n. g.

Mas. Corpus robustum. Proboscis distincta, Palpi porrecti, com-
pressi, caput superantes ; articulus 2"* latus; 3"° minimus. Antenne
longze, graciles, vix pubescentes. Abdomen subcarinatum, alas posticas
vix superans, fasciculo apicali parvo compresso. Pedes validi; tibiz
intermedi penicillate. Ale antice apice rotundatz,: costa recta,
margine exteriore conyexo.

Male. Body stout. Proboscis distinct. Palpi porrect, compressed,
extending beyond the head; 2nd joint broad; 3rd extremely minute.
Antennz long, slender, very minutely pubescent, Abdomen slightly
keeled, hardly extending beyond the hind wings; apical tuft small,
compressed. Legs stout; tibia dilated; middle tibize furnished at
the base with a fan-shaped tuft of hairs which equal the tibie in
length; hind tibize with four spurs of moderate length. Wings mo-
derately broad; fringe long. Fore wings somewhat rounded at the
tips ; costa straight; exterior border convex, moderately oblique.

13%

188 MR. IF. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

243, BARBESOLA DEFIXA, n.s. Mas. Cervina, cinereo iridescente
suffusa, alis anticis nigro conspersis, lineis duabus indeterminatis, re-
niformi e atomis nigris, gutta basali nigra, lunulis marginalibus fuscis
alis posticis seneo tinctis.

Male. Fawn-colour.. Head, thorax, and fore wings slightly iridescent
or suffused with dove-colour. Fore wings with irregular black speckles,
some of which indicate very incompletely the interior and exterior
lines, and form the nearly round reniform mark; a black dot near the
base ; marginal lunules brown. Hind wings with an eencous tinge.
Length of the body 5 lines; of the wings 12 lines,

Gen. Dazvarita, Walk.

244, Dabarita subtilis, Walk. Cat, Lep., 3rd ser. 478,
Inhabits also Hindostan.

Gen. Cuora, n. g.

Fem. Corpus crassum. Proboscis brevis. Palpi ascéndenies, verticem
non superantes ; articulus 2"° subarcuatus; 3"* minimus. Antenne
glabra. Abdomen depressum, alas posticas paullo superans. Pedes
breves, robusti; tarsi spinosi. Ale latiuscule ; antic rectangulate,
costa basi convexa, margine exteriore subflexo.

Female. Body very stout. Proboscis short. Palpi ascending, not
rising higher than the vertex; 2nd joint slightly curved; 3rd ex-
tremely minute. Antenne bare. Abdomen somewhat depressed,
extending a little beyond the hind wings. Legs short, stout; tarsi
spinose; hind tibiee with four long spurs. Wings rather broad. Fore
wings rectangular, but hardly acute at the tips ; costa convex towards
the base; exterior border slightly bent in the middle, oblique hind-
ward.

Allied to Dabarita,

245. CHORA REPANDENS, n.s. Fem. Obscure rufescenti-fusca, sub-
tus rufescens, alis anticis cinerco-purpurascente suffusis, linea interiore
subdenticulata vix obliqua, linea exteriore recta cinerea fusco margi-
nata non obliqua, disco subtus nigricante, alis posticis eeneo fuscis.

Female. WDayrk-reddish brown, cinereous beneath. Abdomen mouse-
colour, reddish along cach side and at the tip, brighter red towards
the tip beneath. Fore wings mostly suffused with purplish cinereous ;
this hue is intersected by a nearly upright, slightly denticulated inte-
rior line; exterior line straight, upright, cinereous, bordered with
brown on the outer side ; under side blackish, red towards the exterior
border and along the costa. Hind wings seneous brown, red beneath.
Length of the body 8 lines ; of the wings 18 lines,

246. Cuona,curvirera, n.s. Fam, Ochraceo-rufa, corpore subtus
albo, alis anticis puncto maculaque exteriore discalibus e atomis nigris,

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK, 189

linea exteriore nigra duplicata subarcuata non obliqua, alis posticis
pallidioribus.

‘emale. QOchraceous red. Body white beneath. Fore wings with a
discal point and a large exterior discal spot composed of confluent
black speckles; a more exterior, upright, double, very slightly curved
black lime. Hind wings much paler, whitish towards the base and
along the interior border. Length of the body 9 lines; of the wings
20 lines.

Gen. Cenzna, Steph.

247. CELZNA? OBSTRUCTA, n.s. Mas. Rufescenti-cinerea, palpis
ascendentibus articulo 3° lanceolato, antennis subpubescentibus, alis
anticis rufescentibus, lineis tribus fuscescentibus angulosis indistinctis,
macula basali concaya vitrea, reniformi e annulis duobus connexis
albidis, punctis marginalibus nigris, alis posticis linea subtus fusca ex-
teriore denticulata.

Maile. Reddish cinereous, slightly iridescent. Palpi ascending; 3rd
joint lanceolate, less than half the length of the 2nd. Antennez
minutely pubescent. Abdomen and hind wings brownish cinereous ;
the former tapering, extending a little beyond the hind wings, with a
long apical tuft. Legs rather slender; hind tibie with four very long
spurs. Wings moderately broad. Fore wings mostly reddish; imnte-
rior, exterior, and submarginal lines brownish, zigzag, imdistinet; a
concave, vitreous, but not hyaline spot in the disk near the base ; reni-
form mark forming two whitish connected ringlets; costa with some
whitish points near the tip; marginal points black. Hind wings
beneath with a brown denticulated exteriorline. Length of the body
6 lines ; of the wings 12 lines.

Fam. CARADRINID, Guén.
Gen. Auryna, Guén.

248. AMYNA? SUBTRACTA, n.s. Fusca, subtus cinerea, pedibus nigro
conspersis, alis anticis lineis tribus obscure fuscis denticulatis vix con-
spicuis, reniformi ex annulo cinereo, punctis tribus posterioribus albis,
alis posticis fimbria ex parte alba.

Brown, mostly cinereous beneath. Head wanting. Legs black-speckled ;
hind tibiz with one spur of each pair very long. Fore wings with
the interior, exterior, and submarginal lines dark brown, denticulated,
very indistinct; reniform mark forming a cinereous subcostal ringlet,
behind which there are three white points. Hind wings, with the
fringe of the exterior border, white in front and towards the interior
angle; under side with a blackish discal dot, and with blackish points
accompanying a lunulate brown exterior ine. Length of the body 6
lines; of the wings 16 lines.

190

MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

Fam, HADENIDA, Guén.

Gen. Drantuacta, Boisd.

249, DIANTHGCIA SCRIPTIPLENA, n.s. Fam. Obscure fusca, palpis

porrectis, alis anticis lineis albidis et cervinis undulatis aut denticu-
latis, gutta discali alba elongata, striga marginali obliqua testacea,
lunulis marginalibus nigris, strigis subtus albidis submarginalibus.

Female. Dark brown. Palpi porrect ; 3rd joint of the palpi elongate-

conical, about one-third of the length of the 2nd. Abdomen, hind
wings, and underside cinereous brown. Fore wings with whitish and
fawn-coloured transverse lines; interior lines deeply undulating; ex-
terior lines denticulated ; a white elongated discal dot; an oblique
testaceous marginal streak ; marginal lunules black; under side with
a brown denticulated exterior line (which is continued on the hind

wings) and with whitish submarginal streaks. Length of the body
8 les; of the wings 18 lines.

Gen. OBANA, n. g.

Fem. Corpus sat robustum. Proboscis brevis. Palpi porrecti, caput

superantes; articulus 2" latiusculus; 3° lanceolatus, 2' dimidio bre-
vior. Antenne nude. Addomen carimatum, alas posticas non supe-
rans. Pedes sat validi. Ale margine exteriore antico subexcavato ;
anticz subrotundatze, costa recta, margine interiore fasciculo ciliari.

Female. Body moderately stout. Proboscis short. Palpi porrect, ex-

tending rather beyond the head; 2nd joint rather broad; 3rd lanceo-
late, less than half the length of the 2nd. Antenne simple. Abdo-
men keeled, not extending beyond the hind wings. Legs moderately
stout; hind tibie with one of the apical spurs very long. Wings
moderately broad; exterior border slightly excavated in front. Fore
wings somewhat rounded at the tips; costa straight ; exterior border

rather oblique hindward; interior border fringed opposite the ex-
terior line.

Alhed to Dianthecia.

250, OBANA PULCHRILINEA, n.s. Fam. Obscure ochracea, subtus

cinerea, alis anticis nigro-fuscis, linea argentea duplicata serpentina,
dimidio basali obscure ochraceo, striga marginali alba obliqua, linea

submarginali argentea interrupta nigro marginata, alis posticis cupreo-
fuscis.

Female. JYlead and thorax dark ochraceous. Abdomen and underside

cinercous. Tore wings blackish brown, adorned with a double very
meandering silvery line; nearly half the basal half obliquely dark
ochraceous ; an oblique white streak on the middle of the exterior
border ; submarginal line silvery, interrupted, bordered with black.
SJind wings cupreous brown, with a cinereous shining fringe. Length
of the body 44 lines; of the wings 12 lines,

,
COLLECTED AT SARAWAK, 191

Gen. Hanena, Treit.

251. HADENA DUPLICILINEA, n.s. Fem. Rufescenti-fusca, palpis
erectis articulo 3° lineari longissimo, alis vix denticulatis, alis anticis
lineis quatuor undulatis (duabus duplicatis) lituris costalibus lunulis-
que marginalibus nigris, spatio marginali albido consperso, alis pos-
ticis fuscis cinereo lineatis, lunulis marginalibus fuscis albido mar-

* ginatis. '

Female, Dark-reddish brown. Abdomen and underside paler. Pa}
unusually long, rising a little above the head; 3rd joint linear, nears
as long as the 2nd. Abdomen hardly extending beyond the hind
wings. Hind tibiz with very long spurs. Wings moderately broad ;
exterior border hardly dentated. Fore wings with black costal marks,
with white points near the tip of the costa, with black marginal
lunules, and with four irregular undulating black lines; interior and
exterior lines double ; space about the exterior border irregularly and
interruptedly whitish-speckled. Hind wings brown, with some cine-
reous lines, of which the submarginal one is most distinct ; marginal
lunules brown, whitish-bordered, Length of the body 6 lines; of the
wings 14 lines.

Gen. Ancara, Walk.

252. Ancara replicans, Walk. Cat. Lep. 3rd ser. 1715.
253. Ancara obliterans, Walk. Cat. Lep. 3rd ser. 1715.

254, ANCARA PUNCTIPLAGA, n.s. Fem. Obscure ferrugineo-fusca,
antennis subpectinatis, alis anticis plaga postica discali lituris costali-
bus lineisque interruptis lunulisque marginalibus nigris, plaga sub-
costali exteriore magna cervina puncta dua nigra includente, alis pos-
ticis fuscescenti-cinereis.

Female. Dark ferruginous brown. Palpirising a little higher than the
vertex ; 3rd joint linear, rounded at the tip, about half the length of
the 2nd. Antenne very minutely pectinated. Abdomen and hind
wings brownish cinereous, the latter with a black discal spot on the
under side. Fore wings with black marks along the costa, and with
interrupted black lines which are composed of lunules ; a black patch
in the disk hindward near the base, and a larger exterior fawn-coloured
patch near the costa, the latter containing two black points; margi-
nal lunules black. Length of the body 9 lines ; of the wings 20 lines.

Gen. Data, n. g.

Fem. Corpus robustum. Proboscis distincta. Palpi validi, oblique
ascendentes, verticem non superantes ; articulus 3° linearis, 2' dimidio
non longior. Antenne glabre. Abdomen alas posticas superans.
Pedes validi, densissime pilosi; tibize postice calcaribus quatuor lon-

192

MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

gissimis. Ale antice apice subrotundate, costa recta, margine ex-
teriore convexo.

Female. Body robust. Proboscis distinct. Palpi stout, obliquely as-

cending, not rising higher than the vertex ; 3rd joint linear, rounded
at the tip, about half the length of the 2nd. Antenne smooth. Ab-
domen extending somewhat behind the hid wings. Legs stout;
posterior femora and tibize most densely clothed ; hind tibiee with four
very long spurs. Wings moderately broad. Fore wings slightly
rounded at the tips; costa straight ; exterior border convex, dentated.

Allied to Ancara.

255. DATA THALPOPHILOIDES, nu. s. Fem. Obscure rufescenti-fusca,

abdomine pallide flavo apicem versus rufescenti-fusco, alis anticis fas-
ciis nebulosis nigricantibus, lincis tribus albidis undulatis, spatio mar-
ginali glaucescente consperso, puncto discali albo, alis posticis pallide
flavis margine latissimo ferruginco.

Female. Deep reddish brown, paler beneath. Abdomen pale yellow,

reddish brown towards the tip. Fore wings with blackish-mottled
bands; basal, interior, and exterior lines whitish, more or less undula-
ting; marginal space speckled with bluish white ; discal point shining
white ; three white points near the tip of the costa; fringe with a pale
line opposite each vein. Hind wings pale yellow, with a very broad
ferruginous border. Length of the body 8 lines; of the wings 18
lines.

Gen. BaRasa, n. ge

Mas. Corpus sat robustum. Proboscis conspicua. Palpi verticem

superantes, vix arcuati; articulus 3" linearis, 2° vix brevior. Antenne
subsetulose, subpubescentes. Abdomen alas posticas paullo superans.
Pedes sat validi; tibiae posticee calearibus quatuor longissimis. Ale
antics apice rotundate, costa recta, margine exterlore convexo, mar-
gine interiore fasciculato. ,

Male. Bodyrather stout. LProboscis distinct. Palpi ascending, rather

long, hardly curved, rising higher than the vertex ; 3rd joint linear,
rounded at the tip, nearly as long as the 2nd. Antenne minutely
setulose and pubescent. Abdomen extending a little beyond the hind
wings. Legs rather stout; hind tibia with four very long spurs.
Wings moderatcly broad. Fore wings rounded at the tips; costa
straight; exterior border cunvex, moderately oblique; interior border
with a tuft of very long hairs.

256, BARASA ACRONYCTOIDES, n.s. Mas. Alba, subtus cinerea, tho-

race fascia cinerea, alis anticis cinerco ex parte tinctis, lincis duabus
nigris, 1" incompleta angulata, 2" undulata denticulata, linea submar-
yioali nigricante angulosa, punctis marginalibus nigris, lituris duabus
custalibus duabusque discalibus nigricantibus,

Male. White, cinereous beneath, Thorax squamous, with a cinereous

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 193

band. Abdomen slightly cinereous, tinged with eneous. Fore wings
partly tinged with cinereous; this hue mostly towards the tips; in-
terior and exterior tines black; the lst very incomplete, forming an
acute angle; the 2nd undulating and denticulated; submarginal line
blackish, deeply zigzag; marginal points black; fringe with brown
marks; costa with two blackish marks, one at the base, the other
before the middle, each of them separated by a narrow interval from
a blackish mark in the disk. Hind wings slightly iridescent. Length
of the body 7 lines; of the wings 16 lines.

Gen. CEDESA, n.g.

Fem. Corpus robustum. Proboscis distincta. Palpi lati, compressi,
oblique ascendentes; articulus 3° longiconicus, 2' dimidio non lon-
gior. Antenne glabre. Abdomen longiconicum, alas posticas per-
paullo superans. Pedes breves, validi; tibise posteriores densissime
pilose ; tibiz posticee quadricalcarate. Ale antice vix acute, costa
recta, margine exteriore convexo perobliquo.

Female. Body stout. Proboscis distinct. Palpi broad, compressed,
obliquely ascending ; 3rd joint elongate-conical, about half the length
and breadth of the 2nd. Antennz smooth. Abdomen elongate-
conical, extending very little beyond the hind wings. Legs short,
stout; posterior tibiz very thickly pilose; hind tibiz with four long
stout spurs. Wings moderately broad. Fore wings hardly acute ,
costa straight ; exterior border convex, very oblique.

Allied to Polia.

257. CH&DESA AGROPOIDES,u.s. Fem. Olivaceo-viridis, palpis nigris,
thorace abdomineque nigro conspersis, alis anticis lineis octo nigris
undulatis dentatis, orbiculari1 magna annulari, reniformi nigro pupil-
lata albo marginata, linea submarginali albo ex parte marginata strigas
duas nigras emittente, alis posticis fuscis basi albis.

Female. Olive-green, cinereous beneath. Palpi mostly black. Thorax
and abdomen black-speckled. Tuibiz black at the base and at the
tips; tarsi black, with white bands. Wings with a black-marked
fringe. Fore wings with eight undulating and dentate black lines ;
space between the Ist line and the 2nd, and between the 7th line and
the 8th, broader than that between any two of the other lines; middle
part with black speckles, some of which are confluent ; orbicular mark
forming a large ringlet; reniform mark of the usual shape, black-
pupilled, white-bordered ; submarginal line partly bordered with white,
emitting two broad black streaks to the exterior border. Hind wings
brown, white towards the base. Length of the body 5 lines; of the
wings 12 lines.

Gen. Sznta, n. g.

Mas. Corpus sat robustum. Proboscis brevis. Palpi parvi, angulati,

194 MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

Antenne contort, dilatate, spatulate, apice serrate. Abdomen alas
posticas vix superans. Pedes validi; tibie postice pilis longissimis
dense vestite. Ale antice sat anguste, apice subrotundate, costa
recta, margine exteriore perobliquo.

Male. Body moderately stout. Head with a prominent acute frontal
tuft. Proboscis short. Palpi small; 2nd joint obliquely ascending ;
3rd porrect, less than half the length of the 2nd, with which it forms
a slight angle. Antenne somewhat spiral, dilated from the base to
one-third of the length, beyond which they are more dilated and some-
what cup-shaped; apical part serrate. Abdomen hardly extending
beyond the hind wings. Legs stout; hind tibie thickly clothed with
very long hairs; spurs of moderate length. Wings rather narrow.
Fore wings slightly rounded at the tips; costa straight; exterior bor-
der very oblique. This genus seems to connect the Hadenide with
some of the genera of the Herminide.

258. SERIA CYATHICORNIS, n.s. Jas. Rufescens, antennis ex parte
nigris, alis anticis lineis tribus indistinctis denticulatis nigricantibus,
linea submarginali e guttis nigricantibus, reniformi ex annulis duobus
connexis cinereis, alis posticis zneo-fuscis.

Male. Reddish, with a cimereous tinge beneath. Antenne with the
cup-shaped part black, Fore wings with three indistinct blackish
denticulated lines; submarginal line formed of blackish dots; reni-
form mark composed of two cinereous connected ringlets with black-
ish disks, the fore one much smaller than the hind one. Hind wings
seneous brown; fringe cinereous, shining. Length of the body 5
lines; of the wings 6 lines.

Gen. NEuBRISSA, n. g.

Mas. Corpus crassum. Proboscis mediocris. Palpi erecti; articulus
3" conicus, parvus. Antenne vix crenulate. Abdomen depressum,
alas posticas superans, fasciculo apicali compresso. Pedes validi, pi-
losi. Ale antic apice rotundate, costa recta, margine exteriore vix
obliquo.

Male. Body thick. Proboscis moderately long. Palpi erect, rising as
high as the vertex; 3rd joint conical, less than one-fourth of the
ength of the 2nd. Antenna very minutely crenulate. Abdomen
depressed, extending somewhat behind the hind wings; apical tuft
compressed. Legs stout, pilose; hind tibiee with one spur in each
pair full twice the length of the other. Wings moderately broad.
Fore wings rounded at the tips; costa straight; exterior border very
slightly convex, hardly oblique.

This genus hardly belongs to the Hadenide.

259. NeBRISSA BIMACULA, n.s. Mas. Cinereo-albida, subiridescens,
palpis extus fuscis, alis anticis nigro subconspersis, lincis tribus den-

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 195

ticulatis incompletis puncto discali lineaque submarginali nigris, ma-
cula submarginali nigricante, spatio marginali subrufescente.

Male. Cinereous whitish, slightly iridescent. Second joint of the palpi
brown on the outer side. Fore wings thinly black-speckled ; basal,
interior, and exterior lines black, denticulated, slender, incomplete ;
a black discal pomt representing the orbicular’ mark; submarginal
line composed of black points, contiguous to a large blackish spot ;
marginal space with a reddish timge; marginal points black. Hind

wings more whitish. Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings 12
lines, ;

Fam. XYLINIDA, Guén.

Gen. Xytrna, Ochs.

260. XyLINA CALIDA, n.s. Fem. Ferrugineo-rufa, palpis ascenden-
tibus articulo 3, parvo, alis anticis lineis interruptis punctularibus
punctisque marginalibus nigris, fimbria nigricante notata, vitta apud
marginem interiorem nigra interrupta, alis posticis cupreo-fuscis.

Female. Ferruginous red, paler beneath. Palpi obliquely ascending ;
3rd joint elongate-conical, full one-fourth of the length of the 2nd.
Abdomen reddish cinereous, keeled. Fore wings with the black trans-
verse limes much interrupted, mostly composed of elongated points ;
marginal points black ; frimge with blackish marks; an irregular and
interrupted black stripe along the interior border. Hind wings cu-
preous brown ; fringe with a cinereous tinge; under side with a rather

large dark-brown discal spot. Length of the body 7 lines; of the
wings 16 lines.

261. XyLINA? LATIVITTA,n.s. Jem. Cinerea, sat gracilis, palporum
articulo 3° longo, alis anticis sublignicoloribus apice rotundatis, vitta
lata fusca albo marginata, costa vix convexa, alis posticis fusco pallido
late marginatis.

Female. Cinereous, rather slender. Body and fore wings tinged with
wood-colour. Third joint of the palpi nearly aslongas the 2nd. Ab-
domen keeled. Wings broadly frmged. Fore wings somewhat rounded
at the tips; costa hardly convex, with some blackish points; exte-
rior border moderately oblique; a broad brown middle stripe extend-
ing along the whole length, bordered in front by a white lme. Hind
wings broadly and diffusedly bordered with pale brown. Length of
the body 43 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

262. XYLINA PERVERSA,n.s. Mas. Albida, fusco conspersa, antennis
pubescentibus, tibiis fimbriatis, alis anticis ex parte sublignicoloribus,
strigis duabus parvis discalibus lunulisque marginalibus nigris, his
albido marginatis, fimbria nigricante albo notata, alis posticis cinereo-
fuscis.

Male. Whitish. Head, thorax, and fore wings speckled with brown.
Palpi slightly ascending; 2nd joint broad, pilose; 3rd conical, not

196 MR. F. WALKDR ON HUTEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

more than one-fourth of the length of the 2nd. Antenne distinctly
pubescent. Abdomen extending a little beyond the hind wings. Tibiz
fringed; hind tibie with four long spurs. Fore wings tinged here
and there with pale wood-colour ; speckles in some parts confluent ;
two short black discal streaks; marginal lunules black, whitish-bor-
dered; fringe blackish, with a white mark opposite each lunule.
Hind wings cinereous brown. Length of the body 5 lines; of the
wings 12 lines.

Gen. BaTRacHarra, n. g.

Mas. Corpus robustum. Proboscis brevis. Palpi longi, subangulati;
articulus 3"° linearis, 2° brevior. Antenne valida, longe, glabre.
Abdomen longum, subcristatum, alas posticas valde superans. Pedes
validi; tibiz fimbriate. Ale elongate ; antice ‘apice rotundate,
costa recta, margine exteriore perobliquo, margine interiore extus sub-
excayato.

Male. Body robust. Proboscis short. Palpi long; 2nd joint obliquely

ascending ; 3rd more porrect, linear, shorter than the 2nd, with which

it forms a slight angle. Antenne stout, long, simple. Abdomen long,
lanceolate, keeled, slightly crested, extending much beyond the hind
wings. Legs stout; tibize fringed; hind tibie with four long spurs.

Wings elongate. Fore wings much rounded at the tips; costa straight ;

exterior border slightly convex, extremely oblique, interior border

slightly excavated exteriorly.

‘

263. BATRACHARTA OBLIQUA, n.s. Mas. Lignicolor, thorace nigri-
cante, alis anticis vitta nigricante lanceolata, spatio discali exteriore
ferrugineo nebuloso, alis posticis pallide fuscis, macula discali subtus
nigricante.

Male. Wood-colour. Thorax blackish, except in front. Fore wings
with a blackish cinereous-varied stripe, which occupies the whole of
the base, and tapers irregularly to four-fifths of the length of the
costa, whence it is continued in an irregular dentate line along the
tips and along the interior border; exterior discal space clouded with
ferruginous. Hind wings pale brown; under side cinereous, with a
large blackish discal spot. Length of the body 9} lines; of the wings
20 lines.

Fam. HASMEROSIDAL, Guén.
Gen. Anroua, Walk.

264. Ariola ceelisigna, Walk. Cat. Lep. 3rd ser. 768.

Inhabits also Ceylon,

265. Ariola dilcetissima, Walk, Cat. Lep. 3rd ser, 1751.

266. ArioLA CONTINUA, n.s. Fem. Alba, palpis extus nigricantibus,
abdomine longissimo subcervino, alis anticis dimidio antico nigro-vi-
ridi lineis nigris denticulatis, alis posticis aneo-fuscis.

COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 197

Female. White. Palpi blackish on the outer side; 2nd joint slightly
curved; 3rd lanceolate, a little shorter than the 2nd. Abdomen with
a pale fawn-coloured tinge, extending for half its length beyond the
hind wings. Fore wings blackish green in front, with denticulated
black lines ; the dark part widening from the base to the exterior
border, where it nearly extends to the interior angle. Hind wings
seneous brown. Length of the body 7 lines; of the wings 14 lines.

267. ARIOLA INCLUDENS,n.s. Mas. Alba, thorace fascia nigro-viridi,
abdomine longissimo subtestaceo, alis anticis nigro-viridibus, vittis
duabus albis ex parte connexis, 1* undulata, 2° informi marginali, alis
posticis fuscis.

Male. White. Palpi like those of A. continua. Thorax with a black-
ish-green band. Abdomen slightly testaceous, very long, extending
for more than half its length beyond the hind wings. Fore wings
blackish green, with two partly connected white stripes; Ist stripe
undulating, along the hinder part of the disk; 2nd stripe irregular,
along the interior border. Hind wings brown. Length of the body
7 lines; of the wings 10 lines.

268. ARIOLA DEFLEXA, n.s. Mas et Fem.? Alba, thorace femine
postico nigro-viridi, alis anticis nigro-viridibus, spatio basali obliquo
albo (fem. nigro-viridi plagiato), lineis duabus indistinetis denticulatis
nigris albo notatis, costa subconvexa, alis posticis cinereo-fuscis.

Male. White. Palpi blackish, cinereous in front. Thorax partly with
an ochraceous tinge. Abdomen cinereous, extending a little beyond
the hind wings. Fore wings blackish green; basal part abliquely
white, partly tinged with ochraceous; a black discal poimt and some
traces of two black denticulated white-marked lines, one exterior, the
other submarginal; costa slightly convex. Hind wings cinereous
brown. Length of the body 5 lines; of the wings 11 lines.

Female. Thorax blackish green, except in iront. Basal white part of
the fore wings with a blackish-green disk. Length of the body 43
lines; of the wings 11 lines. :

Gen. Driers, n. ¢.

Mas. Corpus sat gracile. Proboscis conspicua. Palpi porrecti, caput
vix superantes, articulo 3° minimo. Antenne vix pubescentes. Ad-
domen alas posticas vix superans. Pedes validi, breves; tibiz pos-
ticee calcaribus quatuor longissimis. Ale antice apice subrotundate.

Male, Body rather slender. Proboscis distinct. Palpi porrect, hardly
extending beyond the head; 3rd joint extremely minute. Antenne
with scarcely perceptible pubescence. Abdomen hardly extending
beyond the hind wings. Legs stout, smooth, not long; hind tibie
with four long spurs. Wings moderately broad. Fore wings slightly
rounded at the tips; costa and exterior border very slightly convex,
the latter slightly oblique.

198 ON SARAWAK HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA.

269. D1iGBA UNINOTATA, n. s. Mas. Luteo-viridis, subtus alba, ab-
domine albo-viridi, alis anticis annulo discali purpurascente incom-
pleto, alis posticis albis semihyalinis.

Male. Luteous green, white beneath. Abdomen whitish green. Fore
wings with an incomplete purplish discal rmglet. Hind wings white,
semihyaline, iridescent. Length of the body 3 limes; of the wings 8
lines.

Mencrontis, Ochs. son hs 4) 9 OO
patinas, bom. . «300...» BD
Acronyola, Ochs. ss) s-. 3.178
Aigeria, Fabr. . . PRA S glock eee
chalybea, Walk... .. . 82
feiperndss. Steps) - i350 te. » 82
weeoeara, Lar. oe ta +, 5) wy 2 8B
Posines, Walks 5 es an
Agabra, Walk. . . Ss
trilineata, Walk. . sit
Agaristidz, SWaims.- . .. » -» .». BD
Agathis, Lair. os ss st 2»... 65
-sculpturalis, Sm. . . . . 65
Soe ee ee oe ee et
Agenia, Schiodie .... +. . O54
—luwueilla,Sm ...... 54
Agrotis, Ochs. + gttiae

——albisparsa .. . . 186
inconclusa °*. . 186
infixa:. . . 186

Alimala, Walk. . . . . 1382

—— limacodoides, Walk. . 1383

‘Allata, Walk, . . P 140
albonotata, Walk. . 140
argentifera, Walk. . 140

Altha, Walk. . . . 173
nivea . at fs

Amatissa, Walk. . 138

inornata, Walk. 2

Amazon Valley, H. W. Bates’ s Con-
tributions to an Insect Fauna of
the . eth actin Sateen Te?

Amsacta, Walk. Sega?

lithosioides, Walk. 127
Amyna, Guén. . . . 189
—? subtracta, Walk. . 189
Ancara, Walk. . > tr aie ere

—— obliterans, Walk. . . . . 191
— punctiplaga, Walk. . . . . 191
replicans, Walk... % » » 191
Andrenide, Leach . . ». .. . 59
Angitula, Walk... GA Aedes
longicollis, elle Aca ae 17
Astignea, Walk, «50 2 0s 0 0
— rubida, Walk. . oe ee

Page
Ant, “ Agricultural,” of Texas, G.
Lincecum on the Habits of the . 29
Ants from the Holy Land, Fred.
Smith’s Descriptions of new spe-
ciesof . caneh ~ uee
Anthomyides, Wale oe. oe eee
Anthophora, Latr.. . . ... . 62
—— vigilans, Sm... . +. » 62
zonata, Si@s-_. -« 2» “a: 3... Gel
deathnram: FaGe. No Oe. ge st So) ws te
Polops, Wale. a te 8 eee
Apamide, Guén. . . » « »°s
Mepis, Tedaeke on iar + oo ee
Mpity Auch” sa od, ne ws
socials,” Lat cw s,m. s OR
Arctia, Schranck pt seeing: a
strigatula, Walk, ... . 122

Arctids, Leach . , 122
Areas, Walk. . : . . 122
orientalis, Walk. . . . 122
Aa Olas Welk: >" x5 Ghai ain 196
ceelisigna, Walk. . . 196
— continua, Walk... . .196
deflexa, Walk ic. <x ia ce NO
— dilectissima, Walk. . 5 ve eee
— includens, Walk. 3 » 197
Armiana, Walk. Ste i ai . 141
lativitta, Wa. 142
Arrhapa, Walk... ; . 174
frontalis, Walk. 174
Artaxa, Walk. . 125

metaleuca, Walk, . . 4. .
ruptata, Walk. . . . . » 126
—signiplaga, Walk ... .
Aryeanda, Walk... . +». » $8
hestinoides, i wail ihe eaten

Asilidxe, Leach . . acrf de the Neos ek
Asilites, WM. so. si Dye
Asilus, Linn. . s 7,18
— condecorus, Walk. 7

inivolotus, WOM «econ ia, ee
normalis, Walks. 1 « . . 1s
Atomogaster, Macg. . . « «+. J
—— biseriata, Walk . . ... Ii
es triseriata, Walk, . LE Wma ee Ek

200 INDEX,
Page Page
Attia (Fale Fo a GES 3) | Caschara, Walk . . 133
barbara, Linn. . . 35 punctifera. . .. . 133
—— cephalotes ; i. 32 | Cassidia, Walk. . . . 129
malefaciens, Buckley y aes 29 obtusa, Weitesse. tes Rea IO
structor, Latr. Say 35. 1 Oataulacus, Si. Sus) 0 veel 49
Atiids;, BIN os. 1. oe ine 48 flagitiosus, Si. 49
Barasa, Walk, . . . « 192°) Geena, Bepe” sae. 189
acronyctoides, Walk. 192 ? obstructa, Walk. . . 189
Barbesola, Walk. . . . .-» . 187 | Cenocelius, Halid. -, 66
defixa, Walk. . : £188 cephalotes, of 66
Bates, H. W. Contributions to an Census, Zoological, A. Newton on
Insect Fauna of the Amazon Val- the possibility of ae 2% 23
ley . Yo.) Cerepachys, Sa.’ . ... pte eee
Batracharta, Walk. . : . 196 antennatus, Sm... . . 47
obliqua, Walk. 196 | Werasana, Walk... 4. , 35 2 ae
Beana, Walk... . 183 anceps, Walk. 123
polychroma, Wath. 183 | Cerura, Schr... 132
Belciana, Walk... . 182 liturata, Walk. aie
biformis, Walk. . 182 | Chalcosia, Hiabn. >a eee
Bembex, Fabr. : 56 chalybea, Walk. . oe 82
— melancholica, S77. 56 | —— coliadoides, Walk. 97
trepanda, Dahid. . 56 fragilis, Walk. 98
Bembicida, Westw. 56 | Chamaita, Walk. 121
Bessara, W alk, : ( 180 | -——crassicornis, Walk. . . 122
quadratipennis, Walk. . 181 trichopteroides, Walk. . 122
Bethura, Walk. . 173 | Chatracharta, Walk. 142
minax, Walk... . . 173 | ——tortricoides, Walk. . . . 142
Bizone, Walk. : 120 | Cherocampa, Duponch, . . . . 84
conclusa, Walk. . 120 | —— Lucasii, Boisd. COPS? sae:
costifimbria, Walk. . . 121 | —— Oldenlandia, Fabr, . . . 84
determinata, Walk. . 120 | —— Silhetensis, Bodsd. 84.
inconclusa, Walk. 120 suffusa, Walk. ; 84
— perornata, Walk. 120 Thyelia, Linn. (P) 84
pudens, Walk. 120 | Chora, Walk... . 188
Blavia, Walk. . 108 curviferd, We atl. ; . 188
caliginosa, Walk. . 108 | ———= repandens, Walk. . 188
Bombycidee, Steph. . . 176 | Chundana, Walk. ee]
Bombycoidex, Guén. aa ate 78 | ——lugubris, Walk. . 117
Bombylids, Leach... . . 8 | Cispia, Walk . . ‘Wei etd hyd BE
Bombylites, Walk. . . . « » 9 plagiata, Walk. . . . . . 180
Bonia, Walk. . 83 | Cladomacra, Sz. : 66
uticdlof ‘. «, «st, uMlings macropus, ‘Sit... «. JS ao
Bracon, Fabr. ©. . . . « » » 65 | Clitellaria; Meig. ; 4, 20
ingens, Sm. . » + « 65 bivittata, Fabr, . . 4
—— jaculatus, Sm... . 65 obesa, Walk. . i“
penetrans, Sm. 65 | Cobbold, T. 8. TListological obser-
Braconidx, Westw. . , ate 65 vations on the eye of the Cod-fish
Brithama, Walk. ...., . 75 (Morrhua vulgaris), with especial
obliqua, Walk, 75 reference to the choroid gland and
Busk, G. Observations on some the cones of the retina . 145
Skulls from Ceylon, said to be Cod and Ling, W. Laughrin on ‘the
those of Veddahs. °. : . 166 choice of food in the . . 165
Cadesa, Walk. 193 | Cod-fish (Morrhua vulgaris), T, S.
agropoitles, Walk. oe" 193 Cobbold on the eye of . . . . 145
Caldbata, Fabri. ee a ae f Dortura, Walk, «4 Are ee
— diffundens, Walk. 17 torta, Walk. ati
gutticollis, Walk. 17 | Cossids, Newm. , pees, ae
Caradrinide, Guén, 189 | Couch, Jonathan. Note on the oc-
Caranusca, Walk. : 100 currence of Seyllarus Arctus in
— rubrifera, Walk, . 101 Bngland +, +5. 7) Vy Met oo

Crabronide, Leach. .
Crematogaster, Lund .
ampullaris, Sim. .
Crocisa, Fabr.

nitidula, Fabr.
Cryptoceridze, Sm. .
Cryptus, Fabr. .
ferrugineus, Sm.
sicarius, Si.
Cyclosia, Hiibn. .
dissimulata, Walk.
—— ficta, Walk,
noctipennis, Walk. .
pieridoides, Boisd.
pieroides, Walk. .
tenebrosa, Walk.

Dabarita, Walk.
subtilis .

Dacus, Fabr.. .
absolutus, Walk. .
expertus, Walk.
— furcifer, Walk. .
—— perplexus, Walk.
strigifer, Walk.
Daphnusa, Walk, . .
ocellaris, Walk. .
orbifera, Walk.
Darna, Walk. . .
—— plana, Walk. .
Dasychira, Hiibn. .
apicalis, Walk.
longipennis, Walk. .
signifera, Walk.
Dasypogon, Fabr. .
— semifilatus, Walk.
solutus, Walk.
Dasypogonites, Walk. .
Data, Walk. -

Dediama, Walk.
basivacua, Walk.

Degia, Walk. . ’

deficiens

—— imparata

Dexia, Meig.. .
parallela, Walk.

Dexides, Walk. . .

Dianthecia, Boisd.. .

—— scriptiplena, Walk.

Didigua, Walk. .

— purpureoscripta, abe |

Didina, Walk.

— thecloides, Walk.
Dighba, Walk.
— uninotata, Walk.
Diphthera, Ochs. . .
jucunda, Walk.
Dipterygia, Steph.

LINN. PROC.—ZOOLOGY, yoL. Ve.

emarginata, " St.-F arg. ;

Cymatophoride, . Herr. “Sch.

‘thalpophiloides, Walk.

INDEX.

Page

- 56 | Dipterygia vagivitta, Walk. .
47 Drepana, Sch. ;

47 micacea, Walk. . 3

61 quadripunctata, Walk.

61 | Drepanulide, Bozsd.

61 | Dryomyza, Fallén .

49 semicyanea, Walk.

63 | Echinopla, Sm... .

63 | —— dubitata, Sm. .

63 pallipes, Sm. .

95 striata, Sm.

96 | Ectatomma, Sm. .

97 rugosa, S7.

95 | Eleale, Walk... .

95 plusioides, Walk.

96 | Epichnopteryx

96 | Epixorides, Sm...

178 chalybeator, Sm. .

188 | Eristalis, Lazr. :

188 splendens, Leg.
13, 22 | Ernolatia, Walk.. .

22 signata, Walk.

14 | Etanna, Walk. . .

14 basalis, Walk. .

14 erastioides, Walk.

14 florida, Walk. .

85 | Eumenes, Lafr. .

85 blandus, Sm.

85 cirinalis, Fadr.

. 174 Praslina, Guér.

. 174 | —— tinctor, Christ.

. 130 tricolor, Sm. .

130 | —— Urvillei, Sauss.
. 131 | Eumenide, Westw. .
. 180 | Eumeta, Walk... ;
5 Cramerii, Westw. (sp. ;
5 | Euproctis, Walk. . . :
5 divisa, Walk.
5 | —— fusipennis, Walk.

. 191 | —— guttistriga, Walk.

. 192 | —— munda, Walk... ;

. 1384 xanthomela, Walk. .

. 134 | Eurygaster, Macq. .

onhie remittens, Walk. .

. 178 | —— ridibunda, Walk. .

. 178 | Euschema, Hiibn. . .
19 glaucescens, Walk.
19 | —— Malayana, Guér. .

9,19 recessa, Walk.. .

. 190 resumpta, Walk. .

. 190 | —— subrepleta, Walk.

; 138 transducta, Walk.

. 181 | Eusemia, Dalm.. .

99 | —— bijugata, Walk.
99 hesperioides, Walk. .

» 197 mollis, Walk.

. 198 | Exereta, Hiibn. .

178 smaragdiplena, Walk.

. 178 | Formica, Linn.

185 alpides, Sm.

i

202 INDEX

Page Page

Formica bipartita, Sm. . dd nate, and Gilolo, Fred. Smith’s
brunnea, Sm. . » 38 Catalogue of the . 5 36
circumspecta, Sm. . 87 | Ischnogaster, Guér. . 58
compressa, Sy. . 32 | —— aurifrons, Sm. 58
consanguinea, S77. . 386 | Jana,Boisd. . . . 182
—— gibba, Sm. . > 38 pallida, Walk. . . 1382
lactaria, Sm. . 36 | Janassa, Walk. . . . 135
leucophza, Sm. bay cerigoides, Walk... . 185
—— quadriceps, Sm. . . 86 | Lacida, Walk... . . 126
tropica, Sm. , OF costiplaga, Walk... . 126
viatica, Sm. . o2 strigifimbria, Wath. ; 126
virulens, Sm. . . 388 | Lamprogaster, Macq. 12
Formicide, Leach 32, 36 superna, Walk. 12
Fumea. . roe ; 158 | Lauxanides, Walk’. Ur 7°: YQ
Gastropacha, Ochs... ‘ i 176 | Laphria; Fabr,. 26), pp 6 EB a
Vishnou, Lefebvre 176 comes, Walk. 3) 2.0, AG
Gaugamela, Walk. . 138 conveniens, Walk. 6
atrifrons, Walk. . 138 flagellata, Walk. . 6
Glottulide, Guén: 182 ostensa, Walk. » 21
Gunda, Walk. : 176 setipes, Walk. . 6
ochracea. . . , 177 socia, Walk. 18
Gymnostylia, Macg. 10 tristis, Dol... . 6, 21
luteicornis, Walk. 10 Vulcanus, Wied . 21
Hadena, Treit. . . . 191 | Laphrites, Waik.. 6, 18
duplicilinea, Walk. 191 | Larrada, Sm... . Ur rleysaey, ip
Hadenidzx, Guén. . 190 chrysobapta, Sm... . 86
Hemerosidx, Guén. . 196 | Larridx, Leach . . 56

Heliconinz 73 | Larva, Dipterous, B. Hart Vinen,
Helomyza, Fallén 1] Description of a curious form of. 1

interventa, Walk. . 11 | Laughrin, W., Observations on the

Helomyzides, Fallén s vti choice of food in the Cod and
Heterocera collected at Sarawak, Tang s.. . 165
Catalogpueof . . . 5. 82, 171 | Leptide, Westw. . ,~- 8
Hippoboscidee, Leach . . . 17 | Leptogaster, Meigen 18, 21
Hypoprepia, Hibn. . , 101 exacta, Walk. . . Phe
cruciata, Walk. ‘ 402 magnicollis, Walk. 21
divisa, Walk. ; . 102 | Leucania? abbreviata, Walk. . 180
—— euprepioides, Walk, . 102 hamifera, Walk. . 179
perpusilla, Walk. . . 102 roseilinea, Walk. . 179
rubrigutta, Walk. y 104 simillima, Walk. . 179
Hypsa, Hiibn. an . 100 | Leucanide, Guén. 179
Dama, abr. . 100 | Ligidia, Walk. 117
egens, Walk, . 100 decisissima, Walk. 117
Javana, Cram. . 100 | Limacodide, Duponch. 143
privata, Walk. . 100 | Limnobia, Meigen 4
Silvandra, Cram.. . 100 euchyoma, Walle. 5... SURI 4

Tchneumon, Linn. . 62 | Lincecum, Gideon. Notice on the

—— pallidipectus, Sr. 62 habits of the eine Ant”
Ichneumonide, Leach . 62 of Texas 29
Ichthyura, Hiibn. . 134 | Liparide, Steph. . | 124
dorsalis, Walk. ge iy . 134 | Lithosia, abr. . 102
Insects, Tuffen West on certain ap- antica, Walk. . . 103
pendages tothe feet of. . . 26 apicalis, Walk. . 104
Insects, Dipterous, collected by Mr. aspersa, Walk. . 104
A. R. Wallace at Gilolo, Ternate, disealis, Walk. . 108
and Ceram, Mr. F. Walker’s Ca- entella, Cram. . . 102
talogue of the. . 4 fasciculosa, Walk. 105
Insects, Hyme nopterous, ‘collected —— fuliginosa, Walk... 106
by Mr. A. R. Wallace in the —— hypoprepioides, Walk. . . 106
Islands of Ceram, Celebes, Ter- —— intacta, Walk... . . 108

Lithosia leucanioides, Walk. .
—— magnifica, Walk. . :
—— muricolor, Walk..
nebulosa, Walk. :
—— nigricans, Walk. .
—— nodicornis, Wa/k.
reversa, Walk.. .
rotundipennis, Walk.
simplex, Walk. :
syntomioides, Walk.
tetragona, Walk. .
—— tortricoides, Walk.
xylinoides, Walk.
Lithosiide, Steph. .
Lonchea, Fallén .
? consentanea, Walk. ea
Syclene, Moore. ssw. 5 mg
atrigutta, Walk. :
bipunctata, Walk.
—— bizonoides, Walk.
crassa, Walk. . .
cuneifera, Walk. .
cuneigera, Walk. .
diffusa, Walk... .
—— distributa, Walk...
—— imposita, Walk.
——sequens, Walk. .
—— strigicosta, Walk..
—— tineoides, Walk. .
trifascia, Walk.
—— turbida, Walk.
—— vagigutta, Walk.
vagilinea. Walk.
Lymantria, Hiibn. .
marginalis, Walk. :
Macdonald, J. Dennis, on a new
genus of Trmicata, occurring on
one of the Bellona Reefs
Macromeris, St. Farg. .
violacea, St. Farg.
Mamestra, Ochs.. . .
prodita, Walk.
Mantala, Walk. . 4
tineoides, Walk. .
Masicera, Macq. .
Morio, Dol.
Massicyta, Walk. e
cerioides, Walk. .
Megachile, Larr. .
Alecto, Sm.
aterrima, Sm. .
— Clotho, Sm. .
—— laboriosa, Sm. .
—— Lachesis, Sm. .
placida, Sm.
Megasoma, Boisd. . .
basimacula, Walk.
Melia, Walk... .
exneifars, W valk. :
Melittia, Hiibn.

INDEX. 203
Page | Page
. 103 | Melittia fasciata, Walk. 3
. 103 | Mesostenus, Brullé . 63

105 decoratus, Sm. 63
106 \ Methoca, Latr. 50
103 thoracica, Sm... 30
. 104 | Milleria, Boisd., Herr. -Sch. 99
. 105 bifasciata, Walk. 99
104 | Miresa, Walk. . 143
. 105 orthosioides, Walk. A ie 143
. 106 | Morrhua vulgaris, T. §. Cobbold
. 103 onthe Eyeof. . . 145
107 | Mus Alexandrinus, Geet. St. Hil, 71
. 107 | Musca, Iinn.. . : : 10, 20

93 | —— costalia, Walk. 10, 22 -

12 | — obtrusa, Walk. . ae: |

12 promittens, Walk. 11, 20

111 | Muscide, Latr. . 9, 19, 22
116 | Muscides, Walk. . 10, 20, 22
115 | Mutilla, Leach . .. ene
111 | —— Anthylla, Sm. . 60
114 Tanthea, Sm. . 50
113 | —— Merops, Sm. 50
113 | Mutillide, Leach. 50
11] | Mygnimia, Sm. 5d
. sia cognata, Sm. 5d
112 fervida, Sm. 55
me FS ichneumoniformis, Sin... a el
114 | Myrmica, Lafr. csp . ot, 45
115 | —— fuscipennis, Si. . 46
111 | —— gracillima, Sm. 34
114 | —— insolens, Sm. . AT
116 © jucunda, Sm. . we a
114 | —— (Atta) malefaciens, Buckl. . 29
131 | —— molesta, Say. : nes ae
. 131 opaca, Sm... IE eke > |
pedestris, Sm. . : 46

—— pertinax, Sm. . soe

78 | —— punica, Sm. : 34

55 | —— ruficeps, Sm. . 46

55 vexator, Sm. ae ae
. 185 | Myrmicide, Sm. . . 34, 43
. 185 | Naprepa, Walk. . . ie at Se
. 108 albiceps, Walk. 172
. 109 albicollis, Walk. . . wee

9 attacoides, Walk. . ae iy’

9 | Narosa, Walk. . mea 171

5 velutina, Walk. oe eee. Ae

i) pess, Wale... °. ae Poe

60 | textilis, Walk. . 127

60 | Nebrissa, Walk. . . . 194

60 Macula, Walk. . 194

60 | Nerius, Wied . Pia ® 17

60 | duplicatus, Wied. . . 17

60 | Newton, Alfred, on the Possibility
. 60 of takinga Zoological Census 23
. 176 | Noctuide, Guén. 186

176 Nomia, La?r. . 59
. 127 clavata, Sm. 59
- 127 | modesta, Si. ._ oP
83 | Nonagria, Ochs. . 180

204

Nonagria seticornis, Walk.

Notodontide, Steph.
Numenes, Walk. .
contrahens, Walk.
Nyctemera, Hiibn.
abraxoides, Walk.
— Coleta, Cram. .
— Lacticinia, Cram.
latistriga, Walk. .
Nyssia, Herr.-Sch. :
biguttata, Walk. .
cruda, Walk. .

rubicunda, Walk.
rudis, Walk. . .
rubriplaga, Walk.
? vetusta, Walk.
Obana, Wath.

Odontomachus, Lazr.
rixosus, Sm.
seevissimus, Sm. .
tyrannicus, Sm.
Odynerus, Latr. .
fallax, Sm. . 4
soe arr Sm.
Oiketicus . 4
Ommatius, J7lig. .

noctifer, Walk. ,
—— platymelas, Walk.
retrahens, Walk. .
Ophion, Fabr.

unicolor, Sm. .

cupreiplaga, Walk. .
cupreistriga, Walk. .

pulchrilinea, Walk.

inextricatus, Walk. .

Orgyia, H. T. Stainton ‘on the Ab-

normal Habits of some Females

of the Genus .

Orgyia, Ochs...
dimidiata, Walk. .

dubia .
—Erice .
nebulosa, Walk.
—— nigrocrocea, Walk.
osseata, Walk. .
rupestris
Trigotephras .
varia, Walk.
Ornithomyia, Leach.

Ortalides, Haliday .
Ortalis, Mallén
sequifera, Walk.
—— concisivitta, Walk.

Orthosid#, Guén.
Oxycephala, Macq. .
alienata, Walk.
Pachymenes, Sauss. .
-— elegans, Sm,

Batohinsion, Welk...

punctifascia, Walk.

INDEX

Page
180 | Panacra, Walk. . .

. 1382 scapularis, Boisd.
122 | Parasa, Moore .

122 humeralis, Walk...

93 | Pelopzus, Latr.. . g
93 Bengalensis, Dahl. .
93 letus, Sm... .
93 | Pera Huxleyi, Macd.

93 | Pergesa, Walk. . . :

. 148 Castor, Botsd. (sp.) ;

. 145 | Phegorista, Boisd. . . .
144 catacoloides, Walk.
143 | Phauda, Walk. ;

143 tensipennis, Walk.
144 | Pheidole, Westw. d
144 megacephala, Sm.
144 | Philanthide, Dahlb.
144 | Philanthus, Fadr.

> 190 notatulus, Sm.

. 190 | Phusiana, Walk... .
4 albifrons, Walk. .
44 | Pidorus, Walk. . .
4+ sordidus, Walk.

44 | Pisara, Walk... °. :
58 ? acontioides, Walk. .
58 opalina, Walk.
58 | Platystoma, Latr.
. 159 pectoralis, Walk. .
7, lo, 2 potens, Walk. .
. 21 | Polistes, Latr. ;
8 multipictus, Sm. .
8 tepidus, Fabr..
18 | Polyrhachis, Si.
63 Amanus, Sm. .
63 bicolor, Sm.
—— bihamatus, Sm.
| —— Busiris, Sm. .
156 | —— Chaonia, Sm.. .

. 124 | —— Cleophanes, Sm. .

. 125 Democles, Sm. .
162 | —— Diaphantus, Sm. .
161 | —— Eurytus, Sm. .

. 125 exasperatus, Sm. .

. 124 | —— hastatus, Lar.

. 125 | —— Hippomanes, Sm.

. 160 | —— Lycidas, Sm. .

. 160 | —— Merops, Sm. .

. 125 | —— Mutilie, Sm. .

. 17 | ——Numeria, Sm. .

. 17 | —— Olenus, Sm.

12, 20, 22 Orsyllus, Sm. . :

; wo rufofemoratus, Sm. .
15 rugifrons, Sm.

16 trispinosus, Sm. .
15 | —— Valerus, Sm. .
187 | —— Vibidia, Sm.

22 | —— Zopyrus, Sm. .
22 | Pompelon, Walk.

58 marginata, Guér.
58 | Pompilide, Leach

INDEX 205
Page Page
Pompilus . . [ 4): =f. OF | Navara, Walk, . 184
predator, Bio. gare Age contraria, Walk. 184
rufifrons, Sm.. . . . . . 54 | Scarpona, Walk. . 123
ecre hages -. * a. a ae a ennomoides, Walk. 123
feviesps, Smet 2 oy. Sa | Seiomyza, Fallén So a 1
mahanattsm.* 0.0 a ? leucomelana, Walk. . . . 12
ao Mtabilis tea... tw 4) Seolia, Pabr.-. co. SOOT OO BB
—nitida, Sm... .... . 46 ambigua, Sm.. . a. Be
parimeia, Sm. eee. ..... 44 annulata, Fabr. Ch ) -. . Oo
rugosa, Sm. *. Gee tee, . 44 apicata, Sm. . mos Ge
moncrids, oi: °. 'Wamaee .. 44 aureicolliae Sz. . 2 852
Priocnemis, Schiédte . . . . . 54 | —— captiva, Dn. . AOE & 52
confector, Sm. . . . . 4 | ——~dimidiata, Sm . . . . . 58
Prodenia, Guén.. . 185 mifrudens, S72. he A eS
reclusa, Walk... . . . 185 THOLOHa: Suet las EN ee
Prosopis . . we 31 et. OO- | peoliads, Leach.’ " 52
eximius, Sin. ee eee ae Scyllarus Arctus, J. Couch o on ‘the
eres pear ! i015 8 OP ee rane Occurrence of. . . 78
Raepornnes °c ee. pepaides, Walle.) ') oP eae
Psyche ‘ Steer ae: ean dae 4 emia “PY alk * 5.7. 193
Psychide, Bruand. . . . . . 182 cyathicornis, Walk. 194
Ptilocera, Wied . . . 4,17,20 | Smith, F. Descriptions of some New
quadridentate, Fabr. 4,17, 20 Species of Ants from the Holy
Redoa, Walk... Pb pth ras B Ff Land .-*. 31
marginalis, Walk. . . . . 128 : Catalogue of Hymenopterous
—— micacea, Walk. . a Insects collected by Mr. A. R.
perfecta, Was. 4 oe a. Wallace in the Islands of Ceram,
—— transiens, Walk. . 128 Celebes, Ternate, and Gilolo .

Reeve, Lovell, on the Structure of

the Mantle in Testacella . . . 153
Rhynchium, Spzn. . . cote ge Shi
hzmorrhoidale, Fabr. Pap metged | 5:
rubro-pictum, Sm. . . . . 958
mages, GFae. eee, Oo
nobilitator, Sm-.. . . .- 63
Pala, Desus 7; ae oo,
atribasis, Wali. 2 se). «19

excelsa, Walk.. . WE oo
fervens (var.), Ware Sa <9
Tome aks. oO ee 8D
sapphirina, Walk, 1% ttenl tg
saturatissima, Walk... . . . 9
Sacada, Walk. lea eed egg 635
decorm Walk... . . . '. 136
Saliocleta, Walk. . sone? ot Eee
nonagrioides, Walk. 124

Salter, S.J. A. on the Cranial Cha-
racters of ce Snake Rat)". “266

Sannina, Walk. . . Pde oe
pulchripennis, Walk. . . . 82
raeemia Walle OO. see

Sacvena: Walk. a7. 5 Oe
lignifera, Wale. « . . . 137

Sarcophaga, Meg. . . . . . 10,22

a Mapndet, Walk ss aes... «> 10
sericeo-nitens, Dol. . . . . 22

Sarcophagides, Walk. 10, 22

Sargus, Fabr.. . ee eee

—— tarsalis, Walk. SA pene IAC
pints, Wale... ee Bc se

Snake-Rat, S. J. A. Salter on the
Cranial Characters pe the
Solenobia . pee :
Solenopsis, Westw. .
cephalotes, Sm.
laboriosa, Sm. .
pungens, Sm. .

Solva, Walk. . ;
hybotoides, Walk.
Sophira, Walk. . . . . .
brpars, 7 ale 2 oo ae nee

punctifera, Walk. SE ete! ot
Soritia, Walk... Li ee = ee ene
bipartita, Walk, 80 eas
Sphegide, Leach. . . . . . . 5D
Sphex, Fabr.. . gps Cees ee
argentata, Dahl... . . . BB
i: = Se eae ae le i
— nigripes, 1, mee ie ele ne SEE,
TL Wie aan heel mda 5
——tyrannica, Sm. . .. . . 55
Symincide, Leach ~.° 2’) 2), (BF
Spilosoma, Steph. 123

—— transiens, Walk. A pe
Stainton, H. T., on the Abnormal
Habits of some Females of the

Genus Orgyia . : iy Soe
Stratiomidz, Hal. 4, 17, 20
Stratiomys, Geoffr. . . Cs bates ee

cinctilinea, Walk. 4
Suragina, Walk... 8
—— signipennis, Walk. 8

THE END.

Printed by TAYLOR and FrANcI6, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street.

206 INDEX
Page at Page
Susica, Walk... . 172 | Trirogma cerulea, Westw. . 56
basalis, Walk, 172 | Trupanea, Macq. 7
congrua, Walk. 172 Gilolona, Walk. 7
Syntomis, Ochs. . . 87 | Trypeta, Mecg. 16
—— albiplaga, Walk. 92 retorta, Walk. . 16
basifera, Walk. 92 | Trypoxylon, Latr. 56
*—— decorata, Wa/h. 89 providum, Sm. . 56
derivata, Walk. 89 | Tunicata, J. D. Macdonald on a
——— detracta, Walk. 91 New Genus of. ; " 78
divisura, Walk. . 90 | Typhlatta, Sm... - 49
egenaria, Walk, .. . = 28 leviceps, a... 49
expandens, Walk. . . eos | Tyrictaca, Walk... are ss 83
flaviplaga, Walk. . . 92 apicalis, Walk. 84
——— intermissa, Walk. 90 | Urbona, Walk. . . 183
—— longipennis, Walk. . 91 sublineata, Walk.. 184
—— producens, Walk. 88 | Veddahs, G. Busk on some Skulls
—— Schenherri, Botsd. 87 from Ceylon, said to be those of. 166
~-— separabilis, Walk. 90 | Vespide, Leach . 58
tetragonaria, Walk. 87 | Vespa, Linn. 59
transitiva, Walk, . 89 affinis, Fabr. sie ere A i
Syrphide, Leach. 19,22 | Vinen, E. Hart. Description of a
Syrphus, Fadr. s 19 curious form of Dipterous Larva 1
Ericetorum, abr. 19 | Walker, Francis. Catalogue of the
Tachinides, Walk. 19 Dipterous Insects collected at
Taleporia . 158 Gilolo, Ternate, and Ceram by
Tapinoma, Forst. , 34 Mr. A. R. Wallace, with descrip-
erratica, Latr. (ep. ): 34 tions of New Species . . 4
Tegulata, Walk... . 10 Catalogue of the Hetero-
tumida, Walk. 110 cerous Lepidopterous Insects col-
Tenthredinide, Leach . . 66 lected at Sarawak, in Borneo, by
Testacella, Lovell Reeve on the Mr. A. R. Wallace, with descrip-
Structure of the Mantle in 153 tions of New Species . 82, 171
Teulisna, Walk... . ; . 109 | West, Tuffen, on certain Appendages
chiloides, Walk. . 109 to the Feet of Insects, subservient
plagiata, Walk. . 109 to Holding or Climbing 26
Thalatha, Walk. . . ABS | Kylina, Ochs. . ., . 195
sinens, Walk. ; . 1Bi calida, Walk. . . 195
Thelde, i . 1389 | ——? lativitta, Walk. . . 195
—— patula, Walk. 140 | —— perversa, Walk. . 195
Thereva, Latr. 8 | Xylinide, Guén. 195
conscita, Walk. 8 | Xylocopa, Sm. 61
Therevites, Walk. 8 | —— coronata, Sm. . 61
Thyatira, Ochs... ; onthe diversipes, Si. 61
——- magniplaga, Walk. 178 perforator, Sim. 61
Thynnidex, Hrich. 51 volatilis, Sm. . 61
Thynnus, Fabr. . 51 | Xylonomus, Grav. . 64
atratus, Sim. 51 | —— flavifrons, Sm. . 64
—— vagans, Sm. 51 | Zeuzera, Latr. . . . ee ir
Tiphia, Fabr. . 52 | —— roricyanea, Walk. i de
flavipennis, Sm. . 52 | Zigera, Walk. . 182
Tipulide, Halid. 4 | —— orbifera, Walk, . 182
Trirogma, Westw. 56 | Zygenide, Leach 87

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