I' f 1 V . i I N\\W^- jC THE RECORD / ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. 1865. VOLUME SECOND. EDITED BY ALBERT C. L. G. GUNTHER, M.A., M.D., PII.D., F.Z.S., ETC. ETC. LONDON: JOHN VAN VOORST, PATERNOSTER ROW. MDCCCLXVI. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. FLAMMAM. PREFACE. The object of the ^ Record ^ is to give, in an annual volume, reports on, abstracts of and an index to, the various zoological publications which have appeared in the preceding year; to acquaint zoologists with the progress of every branch of their science in all parts of the globe ; and to form a repertory which will retain its value for the student of future years. No fact is better calculated to show the usefulness and neces- sity of this undertaking than the results of the present volume, forming as it does a systematic guide-book to not less than 35000 pages of zoological literature * published (with the excep- tion of a comparatively small part) within the year 1865. We have not attempted to count the animals described as new forms, but in estimating them at 7000 we give their num- ber rather under than over the real limit. It has been suggested by several zoologists and reviewers that an index of genera should be appended to each volume. The great usefulness of such an index having been acknowledged at once, it was attempted, but being found to comprise about as many names as Agassizes ^ Index universalis,^ and to add im- mensely to the labour, bulk, and cost of the book, it was of ne- cessity abandoned. However, it is the Editor's intention to give * This number is divided between the various classes thus r^Mammals 2400, Birds 3500, Reptiles 1300, Fishes 3100, Mollusks 4400, Molluscoids 300, Crustaceans 1600, Arachnids and Myriapods 480, Insects 14300 (viz. Coleoptera 5400, Hymenoptera 1400, Lepidoptera 4200, Diptera 800, Neuro- ptera 400, Orthoptera 200, Rhynchota 1300), Annelids 800, Scolecides 460, Echinoderms 600, Coelentorates 760, Protozoa 1030 (the last two numbers contain also the literature of 1864). IV PREFACli. this index periodically every third or fifth year^ with the refer- ences to the three or five preceding volumes. Considering the great divergence in the views of zoologists respecting families, an alphabetical index of family names (suggested by others) might have more frequently proved a source of disappointment than a help. The Editor has therefore been satisfied with add- ing to the list of contents such details as appeared to be really calculated to facilitate reference to the volume. The Editor has succeeded in obtaining the cooperation of Professor E. Perceval Wright, of Dublin, who has undertaken the Records on the lower animals, and has added those on Coelenterata and Protozoa^ omitted in the volume for 1864. He expresses his thanks to the authors who have kindly sent early copies of their publications. As regards separate reprints of papers from Journals, Proceedings, or Transactions of learned societies, he would, on this occasion, suggest that a most excellent plan, adopted for many years by the K. K. Zoolog.- botanische Gesellschaft of Vienna, and lately by the Zoological Society of London, should be more generally followed, viz. that of indicating the original pagination either at the bottom of the pages or at the top within brackets. The value of separate copies is much increased thereby, as the time wasted in search- ing for the original pages is saved. The fact that this year the contributors have had to report on about 10,000 pages more than last year will sufficiently account for the excess of the number of pages of this volume beyond the original estimate ; and if some authors should think the notices of their publications too short, the responsibility rests less with the Recorder than with the Editor, who has spared no efforts to keep the volume within reasonable limits, frequently inducing a Recorder to shorten his abstracts of de- scriptive or systematic matter. The Editor does not think that the ^ Record ^ will lose in value if, in future, such general works or memoirs as are indispensable to the student should be treated with less completeness of detail, by omitting diagnoses of genera, and by indicating the systematic attempts without add- PREFACE. V ing the characters of each division. The expenses of so large a volume as this can only be refunded by a larger sale than is to be anticipated at present; and liberally as Mr. Van Voorst has supported this undertaking, the Editor cannot abs- tain from reminding all interested in our science of the words of the President of the Linnean Society in his Anniversary Address, 1866 : — " I would particularly call your attention to the ‘ Record of Zoological Literature.^ Not only is it earnestly to be desired that it may receive sufficient support to ensure its continuance, but it is to be hoped that a similar compilation may be undertaken for botanical literature. It is one of those works which, for the sake of the real working man of science, every amateur who has the means ought to encourage.^^ ALBERT GUNTHER. London, August 1866. [Communications, papers, and memoirs intended for this work should he addressed sohly to » The Editor of the Zoological Record, care of H*'- Van Voorst, 1 Paternoster Row, London.” All publications sent will be distributed among the several Recorders.] CONTENTS AND INDEX. MAMMALIA. By Albert Gunther, M.A., &c. Page Review of Publications 1 Special Part Quadrumana 19 Fer^ Chiroptera 24 Insectivora 32 Felicia) 34 Yiverridie 34 Canitla) 35 Page Mustelida) 35 Ursidae 38 Pliocidae 38 Eosores 39 Edentata 42 Pachtdermata 43 llUMlNANTIA 44 Cetacea 46 Marsupialta 50 Monotremata 52 AYES. By Alfred Newton, M.A., &c. Review of Publications Bibliography 54 The Geueral Subject .... 55 Pala3arctic Eegion 61 A5thiopian Eegion .... 69 Indian Eegion 72 Australian Eegion 73 Near otic Eegion 78 Neotropical Eegion .... 80 Anatomy and Physiology 82 Ptcrylology 87 Neossology 88 Oology 89 Special Part Accipitres 91 PSITTACI 94 PiCARIJS 96 Passeues 101 Pittidae 101 Formicariidae 101 Maenuridae 102 Pteroptochidae 102 Dendrocolaptida3 102 Meliphagidae 103 Nectariniidu) 104 Cotingidae 105 Ampelidae 105 Hirundinidae 105 Oriolidae 106 Vireonida) 106 Tyrannidae 106 Dicruridae 107 Laniidae 108 Campephagidae 108 Muscicapidac 109 Mniotiltidae 110 Turdida) 112 Sylviidae 113 Motacillidae 115 Troglodytidae 116 Certhiidae 116 Sittidae 116 Paridae 116 Maluridae 117 Tanagridae 117 Ploceidae 118 Fringillidae 118 Emberizidae 119 Alaudidae 120 Sturnidae 120 Paradiseidae 121 Corvidu) ........... 121 CONTENTS AND INDEX. vn Page CoLHMBiE 121 GALLINiE 125 Grallas 128 Page Anseres 134 Struthiones 137 REPTILIA. By Albert Gunther, M.A., &c. Review of Publications . . 139 Special Part Chelonia 145 Sauria 148 Ophidia 150 Batrachia Salientia 156 Gradientia 161 PISCES. By Albert Gunther, M.A., &c. Review of Publications . . 163 Special Part 179 Dipnoi 179 Acanthopterygii 179 Percidae 179 Pristipomatidao 182 Squamipinnes 183 NandidiB 183 Mullidae 183 Sparidae 184 Hoplognatliidao 184 Cirrhitidae 184 Scorpaenidae 185 Teuthididao 186 Berycidae 186 Kurtidae 186 PolynemidaB 186 SciaenidaG 186 TrichiuridaG 186 Acronui’idaG 187 CarangidaG 187 CyttidaG 188 CoryphaGnidaG 188 ScombridaG 188 TrachinidaG 189 BatrachidaG 189 Pediculati 189 CottidaG 190 Discoboli 190 Gobiidac 190 Blcnniidao 191 Acanthoclinidac 192 MastacembelidaG 192 SphyraGnidaG 192 Atherinidac 192 MugilidaG 192 GasterosteidaG 193 EistularidaG 193 OphiocephalidaG 193 Labyrinthici 194 Acanthopterygii Pharyngo- * GNATHI 194 Anacanthini 196 Physostomi 199 Plectognathi 206 Lophobranchii 208 Ganoidei 208 Elasmobranchii 208 Cyclosomata . . 210 MOLLUSCA. By Eduard von Martens, M.D., &c. Review of Publications The General Subject .... 211 Contributions to Faunas a. Land and Freshwater Europe 218 N. Africa and W. Asia 222 British Tndiaand Burmali 224 Japan, Indo-China, and Malayan Archipelago 225 Polynesia 226 Australia 227 Tropical Africa 227 Tropical America .... 227 "Morth America 229 h. Marine Mollusea 232 Vlll CONTENTS. AND INDEX. Special Part Cephalopoda Ptebopoda Heteropoda Gastropoda Pectinibranchiata Proboscidifera Toxifera llostrifera Scutibranchiata Opisthobranehiata . . , . Pulmonata Geophila Oncbididae Vaginulida} Janellidaa Limacidae Agnatha Page 239 240 240 241 242 249 251 260 264 266 268 269 269 269 270 Oxygnatha PafB , 271 IlelicaceR , 272 Orthalicea , 276 Pupacea 276 Succineae 278 Limnophila Auriculacea 279 Limnaeacea 279 Thalassophila 281 Pulmonata Operculata 281 Solenoconchae 285 CoNCHIFERA . . . 285 Inclusa 286 Cardiacea . . 287 Mytilacea 292 Ostracea 296 Brachiopoda 297 MOLLUSCOIDEA. By E. Perceval Wright^ M.A., &c. (Page 298.) CRUSTACEA. By C. Spence Bate, F.R.S., &c. Review of Publications . . 306 Special Pai't 311 Brachyura 312 Anomura 319 Macrura 321 Cumacea 325 Amphipoda 329 IsopoDA 336 Phyllopoda 338 Cladocera 340 OsTRACODA 344 CoPEPODA 350 PcECILOPODA 354 Argulidae 355 Caligidae 355 Notodelphidae 359 Dicbelestidae 360 Chondracanthidae 360 Lernaeopodidae 363 Lernaeidae 364 CiRRIPEDIA 366 SuCTORIA 366 (Pycnogonidae 366) ARACHNIDA. By W. S. Dallas, F.L.S., &c. (Page 367.) M^RIOPODA. By W. S. Dallas, F.L.S., &c. (Page 376.) INSECTA. By W. S. Dallas, F.L.S., &c. The General Subject 381 COLEOPTERA Review of Publications 389 General notes 407 CONTENTS AND INDEX. IX Special part Cicindelidae Carabidie Djdiscidfe GyrinidjE Palpi cornia Staph 5dinidnc Anisotomidrc CorylophidoD Trichopterygidae Scaphidiidae Histeridse Nitidulidse Trogositid® Colydiidae Cucujidae Cryptophagidaa DerraestidaB Byrrhidae Parnidae Lucanidaa Scarabaeidae PuprestidaB ElateridaG Eucnemidae Dacillidae Malacodermata CleridoB Lymexylonidae Ptinidae Cissidae Melasomata Cistelidae Melandryidae AnthicidaG Mordellidae Ilhipiphoridac Cantharidoc Curciilionidae B nielli daG Bostrichidae Longicornia Phytopbaga Erot3’lidaG P]ndomycbidaG CoccinellidaG Hymenopteka Review of Publications General notes Page Special p>art Antbophila 535 Vespidae 538 PompilidaG 539 CrabronidaG 540 Sapygidae 543 ScoHidic 543 Miitillidao 543 EormicidoG 546 ChrysididaG 551 IchiieiimoiiidaG 552 ChalcididaG 559 Proctompidae . 561 Cynipidae * 561 XJroceridae 563 TenthredinidaG 563 Lepidoptera Review of Publications 563 General notes 577 Special part Bhopalocera 580 SphingidaG 600 Castniidae 603 ZygaenidoG 603 SesiidaG 604 HepialidaG 604 BombycidaG 605 ArctiidaG 612 LithosiidaG 613 Noctuidae 614 Geometridae . 620 Pyralidae 623 TortricidaG 629 Tincida; ; . . . . 631 Ptcrophoridae 634 Diptera (with Aplmniptera) Revieiv of Publications . 635 General notes 638 Special j)art Cccidomyidac 639 ]\Iycetophilidae 640 Bibionidae * * 640 ChironomidaG ' 641 Psychodidae 642 CulicidiG 642 TipiilidaG . 642 Stratiomyidae 644 b Page 410 413 428 429 429 430 438 438 438 438 438 441 441 441 441 441 442 443 443 444 444 446 462 463 463 463 467 468 469 469 469 477 477 477 477 477 477 477 489 489 494 510 529 530 530 530 534 X CONTENTS AND INDEX. XylophagidiD . Tubaniduo . . . . Eombyliida) . . Acrocerida3 . . Sceiiopiniduj . Asilidae Tliercvida) . . . . Leptidai Empidie .... Dolicliopodidie Muscidae .... Platypezidae . . Pipimculidoe . . Syrphidu) .... 046 646 648 651 652 652 654 655 Conopidae . . . , Ilippoboscidoe A£hani£tera . . , Neuropteka OllTnOPTERA lllIYNCUOTA Pago 667 667 667 668 676 655 657 657 664 664 064 Review of Publications 685 Special part Heteroptera 688 Homoptera 704 Anoplura 710 E.OTIFERA. (No publication in 1865.) ANNELIDA. By E. Perceval Wright^ M.A.^ &c. Review of Publications ... 711 Special part , Pol)^chacta 714 Oligochaeta 735 Discopliora 737 Gepliyrea 737 SCOLECTDA. By E. Perceval Wright, M.A., &c. (Page 739.) ECHINODERMATA. By E. Perceval Wright, M.A., &c. Review of Piiblications ... 751 Special part Crinoidca 753 Ophiuridea & Asteroidea 761 Echinoidea 764 Holothurioidea 767 CffiLENTERATA. By E. Perceval Wright, M.A., &c. Review of Publications ... 768 Special part Hydroida 770 Actinozoa 781 Zoantliaria 781 Alcyonaria 783 PROTOZOA. By E. Perceval Wright^ M.A., &c. Review of Publications . . . 785 Special part lufusoria 789 Spongiida . liliizopoda 791 795 EECOED 4>F ZOOLOGICAL LITERATUKE. MAMMALIA BY Albert Gunther, M.A., M.D., Pn.D. A. Sejmrate Publications, Zoological Sketches by J. Wolf, made for the Zoological Society of London from Animals in their Vivarium in the Regent's Park. Edited, with Notes, by P. L. Sclater. London, 1861-1866. Eol. In the year 1852 the Couneil of the Zoologieal Soeiety re- solved to eommence the formation of a series of original water- colour drawings to illustrate the most interesting animals of their menagerie. For this purpose the services of Mr. J. Wolf, who may he fairly said to stand alone in intimate knowledge of the habits and forms of Mammals and of Birds, were secured, and a publication of a selection of these drawings was commenced by Mr. D. W. Mitchell, the late Secretary of the Society, and after his death eontinued by his successor. Dr. P. L. Selater. The work is issued in double parts, eaeh of which contains eight plates and a sheet of temporary letterpress. Six double parts form one volume; and the thirteenth contains the permanent letterpress, titlepage, and index. The first volume was concluded in 1861, and contains 32 plates of Mammals, 17 of Birds, and 1 of Ophidians, all unsur- passed in beauty of execution. Each plate is accompanied by a separate leaf of permanent letterpress. Of the second volume four double parts have been issued in 1865, and this volume will be completed in 1866. iWe regret to 1865. [voL. II.] B ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. * hear that it is not intended to continue this magnificent work beyond the second volume. The species figured will be separately mentioned below. Krefft, G. On the Vertehrata of the Lower Murray and Dar- ling. Read before the Philos. Soc. of New South Wales, 10th Sept. 1862. Sydney, 1865. 8vo. pp. 33. This paper contains obscrvatic^ns on the habits and propaga- tion of Mammals and Reptiles collected by Mr. Krefft during a nine months^ sojourn on tlie Lower Murray and Darling. He enumerates 4 Bats, the Dingo, 5 Rodents (one of which appears to be new*), 21 Marsupials, and 2 Monotremes. He observes (p. 3) that, if the Dingo was introduced in Australia by man, it must have been at a very remote age, as the first molar tooth of a Dog was found with other fossil remains in the breccia of the Wellington caves. In those days of Diprotodontes, not only did the Dingo exist, but also some of the animals now restricted to Tasmania, as Thylacinus and Sarcophilus, teeth of which were discovered in the same breccia. PiNSCH, O. Neu Guinea und seine Bewohner. Bremen, 1865. 8vo. pp. 185, with a map. [New Guinea and its In- habitants.] The author has diligently collected what is known at present of the Mammal-fauna of New Guinea (p. 18) ; and in an ap- pendix he gives a list of all the species inhabiting not only this island but also the Moluccas, northern coast of Australia, and Timor. From New Guinea 15 species only are known, viz. 2 Bats, 1 Carnivore aradoxurus) ^ 10 Marsupials, 1 Pachyderm (^W5), and 1 Cetacean [Halicore australis). Of these, two species only are peculiar to the island, viz. Phascogale melas (Miill.) and Sus papuensis (Less.). Monkeys, Rosores, and Ruminants are entirely absent. The Monkeys are represented in the Moluccas by four species, the Ruminants by two (Cervus). The Rosores are absent in the Moluccas, as in New Guinea; but three species are known from North Australia. The author enumerates all species separately for each island : 23 species are known from Timor, 19 from Celebes, 22 from Amboy na, 7 from Batj4n, 7 from Halmaheira, 8 from Ternate, 3 from Waigiou, 2 from My- sol, 1 from Ceram (!), 1 from tlie Ke Islands, and II from the Aru Islands. The Mammals of the whole of this zoological province belong to 66 species, Unger und Kotschy. Die Insel Cypern. Wien, 1865. 8vo. The authors mention 18 Mammals (p. 570), among which Pteropus (egj/ptiacus may be noticed. * No cliaraclerialics u! iliis supposed new species pf 3Iics ure given. MAMMALIA. 3 Filippi, F. de. Note di un viaggio in Persia nel 1862. Milano, 1865. 8vo. pp. 396. A diplomatic mission sent by the Italian government to the Schah of Persia was accompanied by a scientific staff, in which zoology was represented by Prof. Lessona, Prof, de Filippi, and the Marquis G. Doria. The expedition started in April 1862, and, crossing the Black Sea to Trebizond, proceeded to Persia via Tiflis and Eriwan. After having effected its object, it was dissolved in August of the same year. Prof, de Filippi, however, spent another month in travelling along the southern and western shores of the Caspian Sea. His account of the events of the journey is mixed with observations on the physical cha- racters of the countries visited, and is especially instructive to the zoologist. Besides the zoological notes dispersed throughout the journal, a systematic account of the fauna of western Persia (chiefly V ertebrates and Mollusca) is given towards the end of the work, containing descriptions of numerous new species. A portion of the general remarks on the characters of this fauna is reprinted, under the title Riassunto di alcune osservazioni sulla Persia occidentale,"*^ in Att. Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat. vii. Riun. straord. a Biella, 1864, pp. 279-284. The author regards this district as a well-defined geographical province. European types are prevalent, but there is a mixture of representatives of other regions. Eastern Asia has furnished it with mammals and birds, Africa with reptiles, the Euphrates with fishes. This proves that western Persia is a country of comparatively recent origin, colo- nized by immigrations from the neighbouring regions, and is quite in accordance with its geological character. With regard to the absence of any peculiar character in its flora and fauna, it forms a perfect contrast to New Holland, in which, on account of its great antiquity, the organic creation has preserved its pri- mitive character. As regards the Mammalia, thirty species are enumerated (pp. 342-344), four of which are considered to be uiidescribed species, and will be noticed below. Prof, de Filippi mentions what would certainly be a most singular fact, viz. that Mus mus- cuius as well as Mus decumanus are absent in western Persia ; he mentions having met with one species only of this genus, M. silvaticus. Muller, J. W. Reisen in den Vcrcinigtcn Staaten, Canada und Mexico. 3 vols. Leipzig, 1864-65. 8vo. The third part contains a list of Mexican Vertebrafes (Sys- tematisches Yerzeiclmiss der Wirbelthiere Mexico^s, pp. 109), which has been published also separately. The names of 106 Mammals are enumerated on pp. 9-15. It is a compilation from other works, without original researches, as far as the Mammals are concerned. B 2 4 ZOOLOGICAL LITEllATUllE. Owen, R. Memoir on the Gorilla {Tn'oylodytes gorillay Sav.). London, 1865. 4to. pp. 58, with 13 plates. This work includes the substance, or portions, of the author's publications on the Anthropoid Apes (nos. vi., vii., and viii.) printed in tlie fourth and fifth volumes of the Transactions of the Zoological Society, from which also the plates have been se- lected. Bianconi, C. G. G. La Teoria dell' Uomo-Scimmia esaminata sotto il rapporto della organizzazione. Bologna, 1864. 8vo. pp. 58, with a plate. [The tlieory of the Man-Ape examined with regard to structure.] The author examines the question of affinity between man and anthropoid apes. He denies that any such affinity exists, and maintains the distinction between Bimana and Qiiadrumana. Man is a creation by himself, entirely independent of that of the other animals. Nathusius, H. von. Vorstudien fur Geschichte und Zuchtder Hausthiere, zuniichst am Schweineschadel. Berlin, 1864. 8vo. pp. 186. Atlas, with six plates, fol. [Preliminary Studies for the History and Breeding of Do- mestic animals ; first, the Skull of Pigs.] The object of the work is to fix the zoological characters of the various races of domestic animals. The author has com- menced with an examination of the skulls of varieties and spe- cies belonging to the genus Sus. He describes the skull of the Wild Boar in the various stages of development, and compares it with those of the domesticated breed and of the Indian Pig. The parents of the latter cannot have been identical with those of the European Pig, the two living races differing widely in the form of the os lacrymale. He shows that the form of the skull of the Wild Boar is much influenced by tlie general nutrition of the animal. After having described and compared various races and cross-breeds, he concludes with a critical synopsis of the wild species known. Walton, E. The Camel : its Anatomy, Proportions, and Paces. London, 1865. Fol. pp. 39, with numerous plates. The object of tliis magnificent work is to supply artists with representations of the entire animal in various jiositions and with the necessary anatomical detail. But it is of no less value to the zoologist. All the drawings and the dissections were executed by the author in the East. 19 plates are devoted to the oste- ology, 26 to myology, 3 to foot-prints, 22 to various positions of the entire animal, &c. The text consists of explanations of the plates. MAMMALIA. 5 B. Zoological Papers published in Journals. Allen, H. On a New Genus of Vespertilionidoi. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Pliilad. 1865, August (pp. 173-175). [Cory- norhinus^ . Alston, E. R. Notes on the Wild Cattle at Cadzow [Lanark- shire]. Zoologist, 1865, pp. 9514-9517. Aucapitaine, H. Notice sur les Dromadaires ou Chameaux de course des Touaregs {Camelus dromedarius, L.). Rev. et Mag. Zool. xvi. pp. 369-375. . Note sur quel (pies varietes de Renards observes en Corse, et particulierement le Vulpes melanogaster (Ch. Bonap.). Ibid. xvii. Jan. (pp. 3-8). Austen, N. L. On the habits of the Water-Shrew (Crossopus fodiens). Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, June 27 (pp. 519-521). Bartlett, A. D. Remarks upon the affinities of the Prongbuck (Antilocapra americana). Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, Nov. 28 (pp. 718-725, with woodcuts). Beneden, P. J. van. Le Rorqual du cap de Bonne-Esperance et le Keporkak des Groenlandais. Bull. Acad. Sc. Lettr. etc. Belg. 1864, xviii. December 3 (pp. 389-400, with woodcuts) . Blyth, E. On Indian Rats and Mice. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1865, pp. 192-194. Bocage, J. V. Barboza du. Sur quelques Mammiferes rares et peu connus, d’Afrique occidentale, qui se trouvent au Mu- seum de Lisbonne. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, April 25 (pp. 401-404, with woodcuts). Five species are enumerated, among which Potamogale velox. . Noticia acerca dos caracteres e affinidades naturaes de um novo genero de Mammiferos insectivoros da Africa occidental, Bayonia velox (Potamogale velox ^ Duchaillu), apresentada em sessao da Classe da Academia de 27 d^abril de 1865. Lisboa. 4to (pp. 19, with two plates). . Noticia acerca dos Arvicolas de Portugal. 4to. pp. 11, with a plate. This memoir w as presented to the Royal Academy of Sciences of Lisbon in 1864, and will be published in the ^ Memoires ’ of this Academy. Meanwhile it has been separately printed as a part of ^ Memorias zoologicas,^ apparently for private circulation. Burmeister, H. Description of a new species of Porpoise in the Museum of Buenos Ayres [Phoceena spinipinnis] . Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, Febr. 28 (pp. 228-231, with woodcuts). 6 ZOOLOGICAL LITEEATURE. Burmeister, H. On a supposed new speeies of Fin- Whale from the coast of South America. Ibid. Nov. 28 (pp. 713-715, with a woodcut). [Sibbaldius antarcticus^ Chabrillac, F. Sur le Tapir. Bull. Soc. d'Acclim. 1865 (pp. 25-28). The author relates several instances of the tameness of the Tapir, and recommends it strongly for acclimatization. Claraz, G. Sur V^quus bisculus de Molina. Lettre M. II. DE Saussure. Bev. et Mag. Zool. xvi. pp. 241-248. See special part of this Becord, under Cervus. CoLLiNGWooD, C. The historical Fauna of Lancashire and Cheshire. Proc. Lit. & Philos. Soc. Liverpool, 1864, pp. 151-180. The author has collected ancient records of species of Mam- mals formerly inhabiting, or supposed to have inhabited, those counties, and enumerates more recent instances of the occur- rence of rare or interesting animals of all classes. Cope, E. D. Note on a species of Whale caught in the river Delaware. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1865, August (pp. 168, 169). ■ . Note on a species of Hunchback Whale. Ibid. Sept. (pp. 178-181). . Contribution to a knowledge of '^DelpMnidm. Ibid. October (pp. 198-204), and December (pp. 278-281). The author has examined some thirty specimens in American collections, belonging to about 27 species j the species to which the author has appended notes will be mentioned below. CoRNALiA, E. Descrizione di una nuova specie del genereFb/i^, F, jacobita. Mem. Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat. 1865 (j)p. 7 and a plate) . Crisp, E. On some points relating to the anatomy and habits of the Bactrian Camel, and on the presence of intestinal glands not before noticed. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, March 14 (pp. 257-265, with a woodcut). De lTsle, a. De Fexistence d^une race negre chez le Bat, ou de Fidcntite specifique du Mus rattus et du Mus alexandrmus. Ann. Sc. Nat. 1865, iv. pp. 173-222. An extremely well-written article, and of great interest, not only on account of the result at which the author arrived as re- gards the species mentioned, but on account of the experiments made to prove the specific identity of two forms by the fertility of the hybrids between them. We shall give an abstract of this treatise in the special part of this Becord. MAMMALIA, 7 Flower^ W. II. On Physalus sibbaldii (Gray). Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, June 13 (pp. 472-474). . Observations upon a Fin- Whale [Physalm antiquorum) recently stranded in Pevensey Bay. Ibid. Nov. 28 (pp. 699-705). Giebel, C. Zur Charakteristik des libyschen Igels, Erinaceus libycusy Ebb. Zeitschr. gesammt. Ntrwiss. xxvi. 1865, July (pp. 1-7). . Zur Charakteristik der Ilamsterratte, Cricetomys gam’- bianus y Waterh. Ibid. August (pp. 136-139). . Zur Charakteristik der Seidenaffehen: Ibid. Sept. (pp. 257-261). [Contribution to our knowledge of the di- stinctive characters of Hapale.^ Gill, Tii. On two species of DelphinidaSy from California, in the Smithsonian Institution. Proc. Aqad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1865, Sept. (pp. 177-178). Gilpin, J. B. On the Mammalia of Nova Scotia. Proc. & Trans. Nov. Scot. Instit. Nat. Sc. Halifax, vol. ii. part 3, 1865 (pp. 8-15). This paper is full of valuable information as regards habits, geographical distribution, and variation of the species found in Nova Scotia. The volume mentioned contains a part of the In- sec tivores and Carnivores only, viz. Condylura Crist at ay Lasiurus cinereuSy Vespertilio subulatus and V. evotuSy Lynx canadensis and L. rufuSy Cams occidentalis y Vulpes fulvus. We trust to see soon a continuation of these notes. Glitsch, C. Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte der Antilope saiga (Pallas) . Bull. Soc. Natur. Moscou, 1865, i. pp. 207-245. Gray, J. E. Notice of some new species of Spider Monkeys {Ateles) in the collection of the British Museum. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, Dec. 12 (pp. 732-733). . Notice of some new species of Marmoset Monkeys {Ha- pale and Midas). Ibid. (pp. 733-735). . Notices of some apparently undescribed species of Sapa- jous (Cebus) in the collection of the British Museum. Ibid. Dec. 12 (pp. 824-828, with woodcuts and a plate). . A revision of the species of Golden Moles {Chrysochloris), Ibid. Nov. 28 (pp. 678-680). . On the names of the genus Mustomys. (In a letter to Prof. Allman.) Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1865, xvi. pp. 425- 428. 8 ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. GraYj J. E. Revision of the genera and species of Mustelidcs con- tained in the British Museum. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, Jan. 24 (pp. 100-154, with a plate and woodcuts). —. Supplementary notes on the Mustelida. Ibid. Nov. 28 (pp. 680-681). . Notice of the skull of a new species of Bush-Goat (Cephalophus longiceps), sent from the Gaboon by M. Du Chaillu. Ibid. Feb. 14 (pp. 204-206, with a woodcut). . Revision of the genera and species of Entomophagous Edentata, founded on the examination of the specimens in the British Museum. Ibid. April 11 (pp. 359-386, with woodcuts and three plates) . *. Notice of a new Whalebone Whale from the coast of Devonshire, proposed to be called Eschrichtius robustus. Ibid. Jan. 10 (pp. 40-43). . Notice of a new species of Porpoise [Phoccena tuberculu fera) inhabiting the mouth of the Thames. Ibid. March 28 (pp. 318-321). . Notes on the Whales of the Cape ; by E. L. Layard. With descriptions of two new species. Ibid. April II (pp. 357-359, with woodcuts) . These notes arc preliminary to the following paper. . Notices of a new genus of Delphinoid Whales from the Cape of Good Hope, and of other Cetaceans from the same seas. Ibid. June 27 (pp. 522-530, with woodcuts). [Petrorhynchus .] . Notice of a new species of Australian Sperm-Whale (Catodon krefftii) in the Sydney Museum. Ibid. May 23 (pp. 439-442, with woodcuts). . Short account of part of a skeleton of a Finner Whale, sent by Mr. Swinhoe from the coast of Formosa. Ibid. Nov. 28 (pp. 725-728, with woodcuts). . Description of three species of Dolphins in the Free Museum at Liverpool. Ibid. Dec. 12 (pp. 735-739, with woodcuts) . . On the species of Manatees {Manatus), and on the difficulty of distinguishing such species by osteological cha- racters. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1865, xv. February (pp. 130-139). • We may remark here that the numerous recent labours of Dr. Gray on Ce- taceans have been embodied in a separate work, ^Catalogue of Seals and Whales; ’but wo are obliged to defer an account of it, as its publication has been delayed to the commencement of the year 1800. MAMMALIA. 9 IviiEFFT, G. Description of a new species of Rock-Kangaroo from New South Wales. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865^ March 28 (p. 324). [Pterogale longicaucla.'] . Notice of a new species of Sperm-Whale belonging to the genus Euphysetes (MacLeay). Ibid. Nov. 28 (pp. 708-713, with woodcuts). [Euphysetes macleayii\. Leybold, F. Bemerkungen liber Dolichotis patagonica, Lago- stomus tridactylites und Dasypus minutus. Corresp.-Blatt. zool. -mineral. Verein. Regensb. xix. 1865 (pp. 114-115). The author makes some observations on specimens kept in captivity. Martin, L. Die Hornbildung bei der Mazama-Antilope. Zool. Gart. 1864, pp. 254-256. [The formation of the horns of Antilope furciferaJ] Murie, J. On the identity of the Hairy-nosed Wombat (Phascolomys lasiorhinus , Gould) with the Broad-fronted Wombat (P. latifrons^ Owen), with further observations on the several species of this genus. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, Dec. 12 (pp. 838-854). OsBURN, W. Notes on the Cheiroptera of Jahiaica. By the late Mr. W. Osburn. Communicated by P. L. Sclater. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865 (pp. 61-85). During a two years’ sojourn in Jamaica, the late Mr. W. Os- burn made a collection of Bats, which were described by Mr. Tomes in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 63. Mr. Osburn had kept a journal, in which he carefully collected all his observations re- garding the habits of these animals and the circumstances under which he obtained them. These notes are now edited by Dr. Sclater, who has added the names under which the species were described by Mr. Tomes. They are thirteen in number, and will be mentioned below. Owen, R. Contributions to the Natural History of the An- thropoid Apes. No. VIII. On the external characters of the Gorilla {Troglodytes gorilla, Sav.). Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. V. 1865 (pp. 243-28 k plates 43-49). The greater portion of this paper was read before the Zoological Society as far back as 1859, January 11th, and printed in the Proceedings of that year. It appears now with important addi- tions, in which the brain- and limb -characters of the Gorilla, and their zoological value, the classification of the Quad rum an a, and the steps necessary to transmute a Gorilla into a Man are dis- cussed (see p. 20). 10 ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. Owen, R. On the marsupial pouches, mammary glands, and mammary foetus of the Echidna hystrix. Philos. Trans. 1865 (pp. 671-686, with three plates). — An abstract of this me- moir appeared in Proc. Roy. Soc. 1865, p. 106, and in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1865, xv. May, pp. 419-423. Peters, W. Note on the Mammalia observed by Dr. Welwitsch in Angola. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, April 25 (pp. 400-401). Eleven species are enumerated. . Note on the systematic position of Platacanthomys lasiurus. Ibid. April 25 (pp. 397-399, with a plate). . Ueber die zu den Vampyri gehorigen Elederthicre, und iiber die naturliche Stellung der Gattung Antrozous. Mo- natsber. Akad. Wiss. Berl. 1865, Oct. 16 (pp. 503-525) . • [On the Chiropteres belonging to the Vampyri, and on the natural position of the genus Antrozous^ . Uber die brasilianischen von Spix beschriebenen Fle- derthiere. Ibid. Nov. 13 (pp. 568-588, with a plate). [On the Brazilian species of Chiropteres described by Spix.] PuciiERAN — . Sur les indications que pent fournir la Geo- logic, pour Pexplication [dc ce] que presentent les Faunes actuelles. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1865. This paper is spread over nearly all the numbers of the Journal mentioned, and is not finished in the volume for 1865. The author, who has adopted the doctrine of the variability of spe- cies, attempts to show where and in what manner geology can furnish evidence as regards an original relation between faunas which, in our period, present more or less degrees of difference. It would appear from M. Pucheran^s treatise that the assistance actually furnished by geology to the zoologist is, at present, insignificant, compared with what may be expected. The au- thors observations refer to the general characters of the Mam- malian and Ornithic faunas of the Sahara, Central Asia, and South America. He starts from the general fact that a perfect harmony exists between the physical conditions of a certain part of the globe and its fauna, and avows the impossibility of an explanation in cases where we find two countries, like New Guinea and Madagascar, offering the same physical characters, yet inhabited by most distinct faunas. To show that the harmony between the fauna and the phy- sical condition of a country has been gradually established (riiarmonie post-etablie) , he chooses (§ 1) as an example the fauna of the plains of Africa and Northern Asia. Geology teaches us that the Sahara was once submerged below the sea,* consequently the animals inhabiting it arc not aborigines, but MAMMALIA. 11 must have immigrated either from Senegambia or Abyssinia, their affinities being decidedly African (not European) . The plains of Central Asia likewise were once covered by the sea, and consequently their fauna also must be descended from that of neighbouring regions. But we find the animals of the desert strikingly characterized by, and differing from the original types in a peculiarly modified coloration, which, in the case of the animals of the Sahara, must have been caused by the rays of the sun, and in the case of those of the deserts of Asia, by con- tact with the soil (contact du sol). The latter animals have acquired, in the course of time, other differentiating charaeters — for instance, a denser and longer fur (Siberian Tiger, Felis irbis), those of the Sahara much developed aural conchae; and, in accordance with this, the savage tribes (of man) inha- biting the plains of Central Asia are distinguished by a great acuteness of the senses of hearing, seeing, and smelling. We care not to follow the author into the details by which he attempts to show that these physiological peculiarities of the Kalmucks, &c., are aecompanied bj^ corresponding external and anatomical modifications of the organs of sense. In § 2* M. Pucheran states that the number of centres of creation has been unduly increased by zoologists, that there must be an assemblage of genera and families (not of species only) to justify us in establishing a separate centre of creation, that Africa, having representatives of almost all its tjqies in Asia or Europe, eannot be regarded as inhabited by a speeial fauna, but that New Holland and South Ameriea ought to be held in this respect distinct from the rest of the globe. He then enters into the details of the well-known eharac- teristicsof the South- American mammalian and ornithic faunas. As regards Mexico, he maintains that those mammals which it has in common with North America have a shorter and thinner pelage than their representatives in the more northern pro- vinces, but, on the other hand, that the pelage is longer in such of the Mexican species as have their “ homologues in South J-’U’- CA - >J rJf'~ \ Reinhardt, J. Om Klapmydsens. ufodte Unge og dens Mel-'^ ketandsaet. Vid. Meddel. natpirh. Foren. Kjobnh. for 1864. 1865, pp. 248-264, with a woodcut. [On the Foetus of Cystopliora, and its milk-teeth.] Saussure, II. de. Note supplementaire sur les Mammiferes * M. Pucheran does not appear to have been well acquainted with the literature connected with the subject of the geographical distribution of animals; at all events he does not mention previous authors who have worked in the same field and arrived at some of the conclusions which he himself has. 12 ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. du Mexique. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1865^ Sept. (pp. 257- 262). These notes are chiefly corrections or additions to the author^s paper on Mexican Mammals^ which appeared in the twelfth volume (1860) of the same journal. The more important will be mentioned below. ScHLEGEL, H. Contributions h la faunc du Madagascar ct des lies avoisinantes, d^apres les decouvertes et observations de Messrs. F. Pollen et M. D.-C. van Dam. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. hi. 1865; pp. 73-89. The mammals which are treated of in this paper are the Lemurs and Viverra schlegelii. ScHMiDT; M. Der Norz (Vison lutreola). Zoolog. Garteli; 1865; pp. 168-175; with a woodcut. ScLATER; P. L. Description of a new species of Indian Porcu- pine. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, April 11 (pp. 352-356, with a plate) . [Hystriuc malabarica.~\ ScLATER, P. L. The Mammals of Madagascar. Quart. Journ; Science, 1864, Ajiril (pp. 213-219, with a lithogr. sketch). The author enumerates in systematic order the Mammals inhabiting this island, viz. 28 species of Lemurides belonging to 9 genera (against 11 African and 4 Asiatic species), 5 Bats, 9 Insectivores, 5 Carnivores (Viverrines), 1 Rodent, and 1 Pachyderm {Potamoclmrus africanus) . Cats, Dogs, and Rumi- nants are entirely absent. The wide ditference between this fauna and that of the nearest continent (that of East Africa) , the fact that in several instances we are reminded of the Indian and South- American faunas, together with the presence of types quite peculiar to Madagascar, induce the author to regard it, with the Mascarene Islands, as a distinct zoological region, for which he proposes the name Lemuria. Being an advocate of the hypotheses of the continuity and of the derivative origin of species, he draws the following conclusions as regards the origin of the Mammals of Madagascar ; — 1. Madagascar has never been connected with Africa, as it at present exists. This would seem probable from the absence of certain all-pervading Ethiopian types in Madagascar, such as Antilope, Hippopotamus, Fells, &c. But, on the other hand, the presence of Ijemurs in Africa renders it certain that Africa, as it at present exists, contains land that once formed part of Madagascar, 2. Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands must have remained for a long- epoch separated from every other part of the globe, in order to have acquired the many peculiarities now exhibited in their Mammal fauna, e. g. Lemur, Chiromys, Eapleres, Centetes, See., to be elaborated by the gradual modifica- tion of preexisting forms. MAMMALIA. 13 3. Some land-connexion must liave existed in former ages between Mada- gascar and India, whereon the original stock, whence the present Lemurida3 of Africa, Madagascar, and India are descended, flourished. 4. It must be likewise allowed that some sort of connexion must also have existed between Madagascar and land which now forms part of the New W orld — in order to permit the derivation of the Ccntctince from a common stock with the Solenodo7i\^*'], and to account for the fact that the Lemuridae, as a body, are certainly more nearly allied to the weaker forms of American monkeys than to any of the Simiidse of the Old World. ScLATER, P. L. The Mammals of Australia. Quart. Journ. Science, 1865, Jan. (pp. 13-19, with a lithogr. sketch). According to onr present knowledge, Australia is inhabited by 107 Implacental, and 53 Placental Mammals, viz. 29 Ro- dents, 23 Bats, and 1 Carnivore (the Dingo). It is, however, worthy of remark that the 53 Placentals belong to 11 genera, whilst the 107 Implacentals are referred to 16 only. The pre- dominance of Implacentals over Placentals distinguishes at once the Australian Mammal-fauna from that of every other part of the world. The author concludes from this, that Australia must have been separated from the great mass of land which forms the Old World at a time when Marsupialism was the pre- valent, if not the only, form of Mammalian life in existence upon our planet. The Implacental Mammals are the old indi- genous denizens of the eountry j the Plaeental to be regarded as probably nothing more than intruders of comparatively recent introduction f- ScLATER, P. L. The Mammals of South America. Quart.' Journ. Science, 1865, Oct. (pp. 605-621, with a lithogr. sketch) . The author discusses in systematic order the various forms of Terrestrial Mammals of the Neotropical region, which, from the number of peculiar types, he regards, after Australia, as the most distinct of any of the great zoological divisions of the world^s surface. He sums up its principal characteristics as follows : — 1. The possession of two families of Qiiadriimana {Cehidm and Hapalidtd)^ constituting a special section of this order {Platyrhina) , peculiar to this region. 2. The absence of the true frugivorous Bats {Pteropodidcc) ^ and the pre- [* This alleged affinity is in some measure counterbalanced by the recent discovery that the West African Potamogale is similarly allied to Solenodon. The entire absence of Felis and Canis in Madagascar appears very much to contradict the bold hypothesis of a connexion between Madagascar and the New World.] t See Mr. Krefft’s observation on fossil remains of the Dingo, as reported above, p. 2. 14 ZOOLOGICAL LlTEllATURE. sence of a peculiar family of Cliiroptera (^Phyllostomatulce)f some forms of which are frugivorous, and others feed solely on the blood of living animals. 3. The absence of Insectivora; except the singular genus Solenodon of the Antilles. 4. The absence of Vivenidce, and the presence of several peculiar genera of Carnivores {Icticyorif Galictis, Nasua, and Cercoleptes). 6. The absence of true Mus, which is replaced by Hesperomys and allied forms, and the presence of numerous forms of Ily stridden, constituting nearly the whole of this extensive and varied family. 6. The absence of Proboscideans and Perissodactyles, except Tapirus. 7. The great poverty of Ituminants, the family Bovidee being entirely un- represented, and only Cervus and Auchenia occurring out of the whole sub- order. 8. The presence of three families, containing by far the majority of genera and species of Edentates. 9. The possession of a peculiar family of Marsupials (Didelphys), which has intruded itself into the Nearctic Region, but is unknown elsewhere. Steenstrup, J. Yderligere Bemarkninger om Malketandsattet hos Remmesaleri. Vid. Meddel. naturh. Foren. Kjobnh. for 1864. 1865qpp. 269-274. [Last remarks on tlie milk-teetli of Phoca barbataj] Stoliczka, F. Note on Lagomys cw'zonice (Ilodgs.). Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1865, pp. 108-111. C. Anatomical Publications. Bisciioff, Tii. Ueber das Vorkommen eines eigentliumliclien, Blut und Hiimatoidin entlialtenden Beutels an der Placenta der Fisebotter [Lutra vulgaris). Sitzgsber. Bayr. Akad. Wiss. MUneb. 1865, i. March (pp. 213-224, with two plates) . [On a peculiar sac-like appendage of tbe placenta of Lutra vulgaris j containing blood and baematoidin.] . Ueber die Ei- und Placenta-Bildung des Stein- und Edel- mardeVs, Mustela foina und martes, und des Wiesels, Mus- tela vulgaris. Ibid. (pp. 339-350). [On tbe structure of tbe ovum and placenta oi Mustela foina j marteSf and vulgaris Burt — , and Turner, W. Exhibition of three skulls of tbe Gorilla, received from M. du Cbaillu, with observations relative to their anatomical features. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb. v. 1865, Jan. (pp. 341-350). Crisp, E. On tbe Os Penis of tbe Chimpanzee and of tbe Orang. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, Jan. 10 (pp. 48-49, with two woodcuts) . mammalia. 15 Dean^ J. The Gray Substance of the Medulla oblongata and Trapezium. Smithson. Contrib. (173) 1864. 4to (pp. 75, with sixteen plates). Filippi, F. de. Ueber das Foramen orbito-temporale der amerikanischen Affen. Moleschott, Untersuch. Natur- lehre, ix. 1864, pp. 360-362. [On the foramen orbito-temporale of the Monkeys of the New World.] Flower, W. H. On the Commissures of the Cerebral Hemi- spheres of the Marsupialia and Monotremata, as compared with those of the Placental Mammalia. Philos. Trans. 1865, pp. 633-651, with three plates. (Abstract in Proc. Roy. Soc. 1865, pp. 71-74.) . Reply to Prof. Owen^s paper "On Zoological Names, &c., read before the Royal Society March 23, 1865. Proc. Roy. Soc. 1865, March 30 (pp. 134-139). Gegenbaur, C. Untersnehnngen znr Vergleichenden Ana- tomic der Wirbelthiere. Heft. 1. Carpus et Tarsus. Leip- zig, 1864, 4to (pp. 127, with six plates). Heft 2. Schul- tergurtel der Wirbelthiere. [The humeral arch of Ver- tebrates.] Leipzig, 1865, 4to (pp. 176, with nine plates). . Upon the episternal portions of the Skeleton, as they ap- pear in Mammalia and in Man. (Jen. Zeitschr. Med. 1864 ; translated in Nat. Hist. Review, 1865, pp. 545-567.) Giebel, C. Zur Characteristik einiger carnivoren Saugethiere. Zeitschr. gesammt. Ntrwiss. xxiv. 1864, Dec. (pp. 465- 476). This paper contains notes on the skulls of several Carnivores, which will be mentioned below. . Zur Osteologie des labradorischen Springers, Jaculus labradorius. Ibid. 1865, xxv. pp. 272-274. . Die Oeffnung im Jochfortsatz des Nagethier-SchMels, Ibid. pp. 427-432. [The foramen in the zygomatic process of Rodentia.] Gratiolet P. Comparaison du bras et de la main de Fhomme avec Favant-bras et la main des grands Singes h sternum plat designes k tort par les naturalistes sous le nom di’an- tliropomor plies, Compt. Rend. lix. August 17, p. 321 ; and Rev. et Mag. Zool. xvi. pp. 266-269. Haughton, S. Notes on Animal Mechanics. No. IV. On the 16 ZOOLOGICAL LITEllATUllE. Muscular Anatomy of the Lion ; and No. V. On the Mus- cular Anatomy of the Seal. Proc. Hoy. Irish Academy, 1865, pp. 85-101, with woodcuts. Huxley, T. H. On the Structure of the Stomach of Desmodus rufus. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, April 11 (pp. 386-390, with a woodcut). / Lankesteii, E. 11. On the Cerebrum of the Entellus Monkey. Quart. Journ. Science, 1865, July (pp. 562-565, with woodcuts) . Lucae, J. Ch. G. Die Hand und der Fuss. Ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Osteologie der Menschen, Affen und Beu- telthiere. Ahhandl. Senckenb. ntrforsch. Ges. 1865, v. pp. 275-332, with four plates. [The Hand and the Foot. A contribution to the compara- tive anatomy of Man, Apes, and Marsupials.] Mivart, St. G. Contributions towards a more complete know- ledge of the Axial Skeleton in the Primates. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, June 27 (pp. 545-592, with woodcuts). \ . Notes on the Myology of a specimen of Cercopithecus sahoius* Ibid. Jan. 10 (pp. 43-46, with two woodcuts). Mivart, St. G., and Murie, J. Observations on the Anatomy of Nycticebus tardigradus. Ibid. Feb. 28 (jip. 240-256, with woodcuts). This paper treats almost wholly of the mjology of this animal. Murie, J., and Mivart, St. G. On the Myology of Hyrax capensis. Ibid. April 11 (pp. 329-352, with woodcuts). > Murie, J. Observations upon Presbytes albigena (Gray) and Colobus guereza (Riipp.). Ibid. Dec. 12 (pp. 740-745). . On the Anatomy of a Fin-Whale {Physalus antiquorum) captured near Gravesend. Ibid. Feb. 14 (pp. 206-227, with woodcuts). I . On deformity of the Lower Jaw in the Cachalot (Physeter macrocephalus) , Ibid. April 11 (pp. 390-396, with two woodcuts) . Owen, B. On zoological names of characteristic parts, and homological interpretations of their modifications and be- ginnings, especially in reference to Connecting Fibres of the Brain. Proc. Boy. Soc. 1865, March 23 (pp. 129- 133). MAMSiALlA. 17 This refers to the abstraet of Mr. Flower^s memoir on the Marsupial brain in Proc. Roy; Soc., quoted above. Pagenstecher^ a. H. Ein Fall von OfFenbleiben des eifdr- migen Loches im Herzen des Stachelschweines. Zool, Gart. 1865, pp. 214-317, with a woodcut. [A case of opeji foramen ovale in the heart of a Porcupine] . Pettigrew, J.B. On the arrangement of the Muscular Fibres in the Ventricles of the Vertebrate Heart, with physiological remarks. Philos. Trans. 1864, pp. 445-500, Avith five plates. . On the Relations, Structure,, and Function of the Valves of the Vascular System in Vertebrata. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xxiii. 1865, pp. 761-805, with two plates. Reichert, K. Bcitrag zur fcincrn Anatomic der Gchorschneckc des Menschen und der Saugethiere. Abhandl. Akad. Wiss. Berl. (1865), 1865, pp. 1-60, Avith three plates. [Contribution to the minute anatomy of the cochlea of the ear of Man and Mammals.] Rolleston, G. On the Placental Structures of the Tenrec [Centetes ecaudatus), and those of certain other Mam- malia ; Avith remarks on the value of the Placental system of classification. Trans. Zool. Soc. v. 1865, pp. 285-316, Avith a plate. The author describes the female generative organs of the Tenrec, and the maternal and foetal structures developed in utero in connexion with the embryos, and compares them Avith those of other Mammals known to him from autopsy or from a careful study of the literature on the subject. He believes that the modifications of the placental structures form a very safe basis for the classification of the Monodelphous Mammalia. Rutherford, W. The CEsophagus of the Ruminantia. Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc., Zool. 1865, pp. 53-61, Avith Avoodcuts and a plate. Van Bambeke — , Sur le squelette de Pextremite anterieure des Cetaces. This paper does not appear to have been published up to the present time j but there is a preliminary report on it by Prof. Van Beneden, in Bull. Acad. Sc., Lettres, &c. Belg. 1864, xix. pp. 388-392. Welcker, H. Ueber die EntAvicklung und den Ban der Haut und der Haare bei Brady pus, nebst Mittheilungen fiber cine im Inner n des Faulthierhaares lebende Alge. Abhandl. ntrf. Ges. Halle, ix. 1864, pp. \7-7%d (with two plates). 1865. [voL. II.] c 18 ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. [On the development and structure of the skin and hairs of Bradypus, with notes on an Alga (Pleurococcus) growing in the interior of the hairs of the Sloth.] ^ The author found a nearly mature embryo of Bradypm tridac- tylus (cuculligerl) y 26*5 centim. long, enveloped in an amnion- like, tight-fitting sac. The embryo presented itself within this membrane, covered by a perfectly developed coat of hairs nearly an inch long. Microscopical examination, and the cir- cumstance of this membrane passing into the outermost coyering of the nails and into the epithelium of the mucosa of the mouth and umbilical cord, proved that it is not the amnion, but the up- permost stratum of the epidermal lamella of the embryo, raised by the hairy covering which is developed within this sac, called by the author epitricMum, In a younger embryo, 24*5 centim. long, the hairs are not developed, and consequently no epitrichium is formed. Such an epitrichium is found in CholoepuSj Myrmeco- phagUj DicotyleSf Sus, and probably in the Horse ; and absent in JDasypus, CmlogenySj Basyprocta, Hydrochoerus^ CervuSj Ovis, BoSj Bidelphys, Ursus, Felis, and in Man. The remainder of the memoir treats of the structure of the hair of BradypiiSj and jof an Alga growing in the interior of the hair. D. Publications of a Popular Character. Brehm, B. L., und Zimmermann, Th. F. Bilder und Skizzen aus der Thim‘welt im zoologischen Garten zu Hamburg. Liegnitz, 1865. 8vo. pp. 283, with 26 illustrations. This book contains the description of a new species of Deer, named Rusa paradoxa (see below) . Cornelius, C. Die Zug- und Wanderthiere. Berlin, 1865. 8vo. pp. 341. The author treats in systematic order of the animals, from the Mammalia to the Mollusca, of which periodical oy isolated migrations are known. Dumeril, a. Des animaux utiles h Fhomme, programme d^un cours de zootechnie ou zoologie appliquee. Mem. Soc, Imp. Sc. Nat. Cherbourg, xi. 1865, pp. 229-252. Without entering into a detailed enumeration of animals useful to man, the author shows in what various ways man de- rives benefit from the animal creation. Small, H. B. The Animals of North America. Mammals. Montreal, 1864. 8vo (pp. 112, with woodcuts). A poor popular account of Canadian Mammals, illustrated by rude woodcuts. MAMMALIA. ID QUADUUMANA. . ^ • * • Mr. MivaRt lia^ entered into a detailed examination of the vertebral column of Qnadrumana/ Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866^ pp. 545-592; and we have to refer to this anatomical paper here because the author has applied the results of his study to the determination of the natural affinities of the groups. The ])apcr (illustrated by woodcuts) is divided into two parts : in the first the several portions of the axial skeleton are treated of; and in the second the vertebral peculiarities of each group or genus examined are summed up. The author himself gives the follow- ing as the results of his examinations The Primates present us (as regards their vertebral column only) with four principal types of structure, well represented, respectively, by (1) Simia^ (2) Cercopithceus, (3) Nycticehis, and (4) the first having, however, many points in common with the third, and the second with the fourth ; so that the affinities between the various groups of the order (as regards their spinal characters) may he represented under the symbol of a tree (see fig.)* The trunk of such a tree divides into two main branches,— one of them representing the forms possessing few caudal vertebrae, an elongated tapeiifig sacriun, inconspicuous metapophyses or anapophyses, neural spines of trunk nearly 20 ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. always vertical or backwardly inclined; and that of the axis more or less bifid or trifid, cervical vertebra3 short; and cervical spines sometimes very produced — that is to say; the forms included in the family Ilominidce and in the subfamilies SimiincB and Nycticehince j the other main branch representing all the rest of the order, and possessing the characters attributed above to the Simiidce (other than the Simiince)^ the CehidcBj the Ha^palidce, and the Lc- mtiroideam common. The first main branch gives off a secondary one to represent the Nyctico- hincD, and then divides into three others for (1) Homo, (2) for Troylodytes and Simiaf and (3) for Ilylohates. The second main branch bifurcates, — its first division representing the Simiidce other than the Simiincd, together with the Cebidce and Hapalidce ; its second denoting the Lemuroidea other than the Nycticehince. From both the Semnopithecince and Cynopithecince Inuus and Oynocephahis distinguish themselves as separate twigs ; and Aides diverges from the Cebidce generally, and very interestingly parallels Ilylohates in its long cervical neural lamince, backwards inclined neural spines of trunk- vertebra3, largo transverse diameter of thorax, and slightly marked metapophyses and anapophyses. Mycetes and Layothrix also, with their marked hyperapophyses, and Chrysothrix, with its undivided caudal transverse processes, are also special forms. ' The genera Galago, Tarsias, and Cheiromys, with their rudimental cervical spines, diverge so much from the typical Le- murs that they might almost be represented as a distinct primary division of the second main branch, instead of a subdivision of that bifurcation which culminates in Lemur, and which gives oft’ a twig to represent Indris — a form, as wo have seen, almost, if not quite, as distinct amongst the Lemuroidea as Homo is amongst the Anthropoidea. ^ Prof. Lucae has published the results of a detailed examina- tion of the osseous structure of the hand and foot of various races of man, of Anthropoid and other Apes, and of two Marsu- pials [Phalangista and Phascolarctos), Abliandl. Senck. ntrf. Ges. V. pp. 275-332. We cannot enter into the anatomical details of this treatise without reproducing a greater portion of it than is consistent with the object of this Record. The chief results arrived at by the author are, that the development of a thumb commences on the hind limb of certain Marsupials, that the hinder hand of the tailless as well as of the tailed Apes agrees anatomically and physiologically more with the human hand than with any other extremity of the limbs of Mammals, and, consequently, that the Quadrumana form a perfectly distinct order ; finally, that man only has a perfect hand and a perfect foot, with perfectly separate functions. This memoir, which must be consulted by every one who is engaged in the study of this subject, is illustrated by four plates. SiMIIDiE. ^ Tn'oglodytes gorilla. Prof. Owen^s memoir On the external characters of the Gorilla,'’^ read before the Zoological Society in 1859, has been published in the Transactions of the Society, vol, V. pp. 243-281', accompanied l)y seven ])latcs : — ■ MAMMALIA. 21 After giving the liistory of our knowledge of this Ape, the author describes in detail the external characters and appearance of a young but nearly full- grown specimen preserved in spirits, and adds descriptions of the adult of both sexes, and of the very young animal, from skins. Compared with the other Anthropoid Apes and with the long-armed Gibbons, the Gorilla proves to be the most nearly related to man, the Gibbons being the lowest in the scale. The appearance of superior cerebral development in the Siamang and other long-armed Apes is due to their small size and the concomitant feeble development of their jaws and teeth ; it is an appearance which depends upon the precocious growth of the brain as dependent on the law of its development. In all Quadrumana the brain has reached its full size before the second set of teeth is acquired. If a young Gorilla, Chimpanzee, or Orang be compared with a young Siamang of corresponding nge, the absolutely larger size and better shape of the brain, the deeper and more numerous convolutions of the cerebrum, and the more completely covered cerebellum in the former, demonstrate the higher organization of the shorter-armed Apes. As growth proceeds, the facial portion of the skull increases, and the bony fulcra for the temporal muscles rise, but the brain grows no more ; yet it is still better and larger than is that of the long-armed Ape, which retains throughout life so much more of the characters of imma- turity, especially in the structure of the skull. The author then proceeds in detail to a variety of characters by which the Gorilla makes a closer step towards Man than does any of the other Apes named. He examines the fossil Quadrumana, and shows that none of them, as far as w^o are acquainted with tlicm at present, comes as near to Man as do the living Anthropoid Apes. After having given an account of the food and habits of the Gorilla, he enters into a discussion of the zoological value of the characters derived from the brain and limbs, and anives at these conclusions : — that the human cha- racteristics of the brain aflbrd a zoological character of higher degree and importance than do those of the limbs ; that, agreeably with this estimate of the value of cerebral characters, the Gorilla, like the Chimpanzee and Orang, remains with the Gibbons and lower Quadrumana, and stands apart in a distinct subclass from the genus Homo ; and that, if an ordinal value be assigned to the limb-characters which distinguish Carnivora from Quadrumana, the same value must be assigned to the limb-characters which distinguish Quadru- mana from Bimana. To fix the position of the Gorilla among the Quadiumanes, the author proceeds to consider the divisions of this order. The Gorilla would belong to the suborder of Catarrhines, to the tribe of Pithecina (Is. GeoflT. St.-Hil.), to the section of Dasypyga (Kuhl), and finally to the genus Troglodytes, Geof- froy’s genus Gorilla being rejected. In conclusion, the author enumerates the chief steps necessary to trans- mute a Gorilla into a man, and. directs our attention to the contrast between the peculiarly limited range of geographical distribution of the Orangs and Chimpanzees and the cosmopolitan character of mankind. Dr. Burt and Mr. Turner have examined three skulls of the Gorilla, and published their observations in Proc. Boy. Soc. Edinb. v. 1865, pp. 341-360. Hr. B. Meyer has made remarks on an old example of a Gorilla, and on a skull. rUnft. Bericht d. Offenbach, AT’rcin. 18Cd, pp. f8-C2, with a plate. ^2 ZOOLOGICAL LITEl^ATUllE. M. Gratiolet has recognized in a large Chimpanzee from Tropical Africa a distinct species, which he names Troglodytes aubryi (Compt. Rend. lix. p. 321 ; Rev. et Mag. Zool. xvi, p. 266). It is distinguished hy an entirely black face, and by a well-dc- , veloped talon on the hinder part of the last lower molar. In dissecting this specimen and other Anthropoid Apes, he paid par- ticular attention to the forearm and the hand, comparing it with those of Man, and shows that the large muscle which moves the thumb independently of the other digits in Man is entirely absent in the Gorilla and Chimpanzees, and that the thumb-por- tion of the tendon of the m. flexor digitorum communis is still more reduced in size than even in other monkeys. The author did not live to see the final publication of this last work of his ; but in it he expressed his full conviction that anatomical facts have not given any foundation to the idea of a close affinity between Man and Ape. ^ Dr. Crisp has discovered an os penis in the Gorilla, as well as in the Chimpanzee. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 48. l*rof. Wyman has given comparative measurements of the pelyis and limbs in two Europeans, a Hottentot, a Chimpanzee, and a Gorilla. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. ix. p. 366. SemmpUhecm entellus. Mr. E. Ray Lankester has examined and figured the brain. Quart, Journ. Science, 1806, pp. 602-606. ^ Colohus gitereza. Dr. Murie has examined the anatomy of this species, which does not show any differences from that of the species examined by Prof. Owen. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 744. 4 Cei'OQpithecm mhceus. The muscles of the extremities are described by Mr. Mivart. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, pp. 43-46. I Cercocehus alhigena. Dr. Murie has compared the skull of Presbgtes albigcna (Gray) with those of Semnopithecus, and confirms the opinion of M. Pucheran as to the propriety of referring this species to Cercoccbus, Proc. ZooJ. Soc. 1865, p. 740. 4 Macacus ocreatus, fig. in Zoolog. Sketch, by Wolf and Sclater, vol. ii. ■ '^Inmcs assamensis (Maclell.) is, according to Mr. Blyth, probably merely an individual variety of colour of I. rhesus, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1865, p. 102. Captain Hutton (ibid. 1864, Append, p. xiii) had stated in a note that this I. assamensis and I.pelops (Hodgs.) are totally distinct species. Cebid^. Cebus. Dr. Gray (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865) has examined the specimens of this genus in the British Museum, and enumerates sixteen species, of which the following are characterized as new : — C. leucogenys, p. 825, pi. 45, from Brazil ; C. leucocephalus, p. 827, from Columbia ; C. Jlavescens, p. 827, from Brazil j C. annellatus, p. 827, from Brazil j C. subc^ istatus^ p. 827, from Brazil j and C. cupillat{(s, p. 827, from Brazil. MAMMALIA. 23, ^Ateks. Four now species aro characterized by Br. Gray, I’roc. Zool, Soc. 18G5, p. 732 : A. grisescens (Sclater), A. cmiillatus, A.fuscicepSj and A. veU' lerosus. Ateles cucuUatus. The measurements of an animal in the flesh, and some notes on its anatomy, are given by Dr. Murie, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, pp. 739- 740. ^^HapaU. Dr. Gray distinguishes four subgeneric groups : 1. Ilapale, with Jl. aurita (Geoffr.); 2. lacclms^vfx^ H.iacchus, of which I. vulgaris j alhicolUsy pmicillatus, and leiicoccphalus are varieties; 3. C'ehuella, with II. pygmcaa (Spix); 4. Mico, with II. melamtra (Geoffr.). Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 734. Prof. Giebel has examined the sheletons of Ilapale jncchuSj H. esdipm^ and II. rosaliaj and tho skull of II. penicillata, and describes osteological characteristics of these species. Zeitschr. gesammt. Ntrwiss. xxv. 1865, pp. 257-261. ' ■^Midas leucogenys, sp. n.. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 735, from Brazil. Midas rufiventer (Gray) = M. elcgantxdus (Slack) is characterized, ihid. LEMURIDiE. ^ Prof. ScHLEGEL has determined two species of Lemur, from Mayotte (Comoro Islands) , and the other from the north- west coast of Madagascar, and enters, on this occasion, upon the distinctive characters of the species and their synonymy (Ned. Tydschr. Dierk. iii. 1865, pp. 74-78). He divides them thus : — I. Tail with alternate black and white rings s L. catta. II. Tail uniformly coloured. A. Ears almost hidden below long hairs : L. varius (Geoffr.) and the true X. macaco (L.). B. Ears not hidden. a. Snout whitish: 1. L. coronaius (Gray) = Z. cJirysampyx (Schuur- nian). 2. L. mongoz (L., not Gray and other authors) = X. nigrifrons (Geoffr., not F. Cuv.) = Pros^w^^V^ albimana et collaris (Gray, not Geoffr.). h. Snout black or blackish brown, a. Ears hairy to the margin; L. ruhriventer (Geoffr.) = X. venter (Geoffr.). Ears with a broad naked marginal band : 1. X. alhifrons (Geoffr,). 2. X. ru/ifrons (Benn.). 3. A species nearly always confounded with X. mongoz (L.), of a very variable coloration, and consequently de- scribed under various names, viz. by Geoffroy as X. collaris, ftdvus (or hrimncus, v. d. lloeven); rxifus et albimaxms, by Gray as Prosimia xanthomxjs- iax et melanocephala, and probably also as P. anjuanensis (not Geoffr.), and by F. Cuvier as X. nigrifrons. The constant characters of this species .are — the dark colour of the vertex, a dark band along the median line of tho forehead connecting the dark colour of the vertex with that of the snout, a broad greyish or reddish band on each side of the dark one descending to the cheeks. The dark band varies frequently and much as regards its width, but never suppresses the light band entirely. To this species, which may be called X, collaris, belongs tho Lemur from Mayotte, but, having a blackish 21. ZOOLOGICAL LITEUATUKE. Spot above the root of tlio tail (croupion), it may be distinguished by a specific name, L. mayottensis (p. 76). The author then describes the varia- tions of colour in ten specimens. The species from the south-west coast of Madagascar examined by the author is represented by two examples : the female agrees with L. Icucomys-’ tax (Bartlett); the male with Z. macaco (L.)=Z. niyer (Geofir.), which names must be considered synonyms of the same species (p. 77). Otolicnus crassicaudatiis. Dr. Sclater, after a comparison of the typical specimens, arrives at the same conclusion as before (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 711 j Zool. Record, i. p. 15), viz. that Galago monteiri (Bartlett) is little, if anything, more than a pale variety of O. crassicaudatus ] and that O. cras- sicaudatus, var. kirhii, is intermediate between it and the type of 0. crassi’- caudatus. \\ Nycticelus tardigradus. Messrs. Mivart and Murie have examined and described the muscular structure. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, pp. 240-256. As points of especial interest are pointed out — 1. The appearance of that anthro- poid muscle, the flexor lougus pollicis, and its resemblance, by the inter- lacements of its tendons with those of the flexor profundus, to the conditions always ofiered by the foot in Primates. 2. Tlie almost atrophied gastrocne- mius, but concomitantly augmented flexor longus communis, which last, inverting the analogy of the flexor longus pollicis, resembles a hand-flexor in its origin from the proximal bone of the limb. 3. The very large size of the rectus anticus major, and the generally extensive development of the muscles of the ventral surface of the spine. 4 Chiromys madagascariensis, fig. in Zoolog. Sketch, by Wolf and Sclater, vol. ii. Mr. Bartlett states that the Aye-Aye in the Zoological Gardens in Regent’s Park is fond of fresh sugar-cane, vdiich confirms him in his belief that the creature feeds upon the juices of trees. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1865, xvi. p. 142. FERiE. ClIIROPTERA. Prof. Peters has communicated a s}^stematic synopsis of the groups and genera of Chiropteres, whieh will form the base of a monograph of this family, on which he is engaged at present: Monatsher. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 18’65, p. 256, As we shall soon have occasion to record the forthcoming work, and as no characters are added in this synopsis, the present notice will suffice. 4 Prof. Peters has examined the typical specimens of the Brazilian species described hy Srix : they appear to have suf- fered much from the way in which they have been prepared ; but by softening some of them in a weak solution of alum, the author was enabled to recognize the original form of the dis- torted parts. The chief results of this examination are the following [Ibid. pp. 568-588) : — MAMMALIA. 25 1. Noctilio rufusy Spix=i\^. amcrictmus or hpori'nns (L.)=iV'. unicoJo)' (Wied) j VespertiUa mastivus (Valil) = iV; dorsatus (Wied)=iV. leporinus (Gerv. Casteln. pi. 12. figs. 6 & 6«) is probably merely a variety : p. 670, 2. Noctilio albivente7‘, Spix=i\^ qffinis (D’Orb. & GerA^)=iV'. leporinus (Gerv. Casteln. pi. 12. fig. C7>) = ?iV. ruhcr (Rengger). Very badly figured by Spix. Differing from N. rufus in size ; with or without a light dorsal band, as N rufus. Prof. Peters adds the measurements, p. 672, and figures the skull, fig. 1. 3. Molosstts ursinusj Dysopes alccto (Temm.) = ilf. rufus (Geoffr.). The measurements are given, p. 676 ,* and the skull is figured, fig. 3. 4. Molossus nasutus, Spix. Ears in form and size similar to those of M. ohsctcrus, not united, the distance between them being 2 millim. Tragus very small, with broad base, and with a very small pointed process at the lower end of the base. Nares as in 31. ohscurus. Margin of the lips swollen, without a trace of cross folds. Wing-membrane terminating at the last third of the tibia. Calcaneum Very long, extending nearly to the tail. Tail with eleven vertebrae, six projecting bej’^ond the wing. Ventral side of lumbar portion of the wing with a thick woolly fur, continued in a broad strip below the forearm, and descending on both sides of the metacarpus of the fifth finger nearly to the middle of the same. The ventral surface of the humeral portion is hairy near the throat only, whilst on the dorsal sur- face of the same portion of the wing a tapering band of thick hair extends to the middle of the forearm. A band of thin hairs, 6 millim. broad, runs on the other side of the forearm, the hair becoming thicker between the fourth and fifth fingers, and descends to the commencement of the third fifth of the metacarpus of the fifth finger. Brown, lighter below: p. 676 5 skull, fig. 4. 6. Molossus fumariuSy Spix, identical with the preceding species: p. 679. 6. Tliyroptcra tricolor, Spix, described by Basch, Nyt Mag. Naturvid. Christ. 1843, iv. 1. 7. Prohoscidca ( = Emhallonura, Temm.) saxatilis, Spix = Vespertilio naso (Wied). Generally with two upper incisors on each side: p. 681. 8. Prohoscidca rivalis, Spix, identical with the preceding species : p. 681. ’ 9. Vespertilio hrasiliemis, Spix. Original specimen lost : p. 681. 10. Vampyrus cirrliosus, Spix= Tracliyaps fidiginosus (Gray). Cfr. p. 27. 11. Vampyrus hidens, Spix, belongs to the genus Lophostoma (D’Orb. & Gerv.). A detailed description is given : p. 686. 12. Vampyrus soi'icmus, Spix. Cfr. p. 28. 13. Pliyllostoma planirostre, ^f\yi—Ph.perspicillatmn (Geoffr.) is an Arti~ hem : p. 687. 14. Glossopliaya amplexicaudata (Geoffr.) (Pall.) : p. 687. 16. Piplxylla ccaudata, Spix. Young examples appear to have -f- molars, adult ones ' P* 587. Nycteris grandis, sp. n., Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berl. 1866, p. 361. Similar to N. ftdiginosa in colours and fut, but exceeding in size N. javanica. Ears as long as the head. The four upper incisors are three-lobed, and the second lower premolar is'scarcely one-third the size of the preceding, not compressed in its longitudinal diameter. From Guinea. (Allen). Professor Peters has demonstrated that the nearest ally of this American genus is Nyctophilus from Australia. lie thinks that. ZOOLOGICAL I.ITERATURE. for the present at least, it will he better to associate these two genera -with |he Megadexmata than to introduce them into the natural group of tiliori^s. Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berk X865, p. 621. Minolophus ferrwn eqidnum. Mr. Salter has recorded the occurrence of this species at Thomson Manor House, in Dorsetshire, and indicates this locality as being much frequented by bats. Zoologist, 1805, p. 9830. Ccolops bemsteinii (Ptrs.). Some remarks on the skull, and measurements of the typical specimen by Peters, 1. e. p. 014. \i Prof, Peters lias revised the genera and species allied to Vam- pyrus spectrum j uniting them into a group, Vampyri (Monatsber. Acad, Wiss, Berl. 1865, pp, 503-525), We give a full abstract of this paper : — A. Ears connected by a membrane. I. Macrotus (Gray) with two or three species. B. Ears not connected by a membrane. a. Tail at least as long as the interfemoral membrane. II. Lonchorhina (Tonies), with one species. III. Macrophyllimi (Gray), with one species. b. Tail much shorter than the interfemoral membrane, or absent, a. Molar teeth ly. Vampyrus (Geoffr.) with one species. Ilorseshoe-shaped ap- pendage well developed, witli the edge free. Lower lip with two broad warts, separated by a median groove. Ears large. First phalanx of middle finger conspicuously longer than one-half of the metacarpus, and but little shorter than the second phalanx. Wing-membranes reaching the toes. Tail none. Incisors the second lower premolar well developed. V. Chrotopterus (subg. n., p. 505), differs from Vampyrus in having a short tail) and the second lower premolar is small, somewhat displaced in- wards. Incisors | *, Type Vampyrus auritus (Peters). VI. Schizostoma (Geryais). Horseshoe-shaped appendage well deve- loped j two naked warts, separated by a median groove, in the middle of tho lower lip. In other respects, externally, agreeing with Lophostoma, In- cisors the second lower premolar well developed, longer than broad. With three species : — 1. Sch. behnii (sp. n., p. 605). The distance between the ears equals that of the eye from the margin of the snout j they are rather shorter than the head, and provided with about eight deepish transverse folds on the outer mar- gin j the lower auricular lobe forms an obtuse angle with the external edge of the ear, Tragus pointed, swollen along its inner edge, and provided with two protuberances at the base of its outer surface. Eyes much nearer to the ears than to the margin of the snout. The horseshoe-shaped appendage is conspicuously broader than the lanceolate appendage, which is three-eighths longer than broad, much pointed, and with the margins entire. On the dorsal * Not ' , Ayhich, the author informs us, is a misprint. MAMMALIA. 27 surface, tlio liaiis extend over the basal half of the upper arm, and as far on the lumbar region of the wing-membrane, becoming thinner on the latter part. Tail not quite reaching the middle of the interfemoral membrane, four- jointed. ' The second phalanx of the middle finger conspicuously longer than the first. The wing-membrane terminates opposite the calcaneum, which is distinctly shorter than the foot. Brown above, paler below. The hairs of the back are white at the base ; then follow a brown, and a whitish ring ; the tips are brown again. Measurements of the various parts are appended to the detailed description ; total length 76 millim. From Cuyaba. 2. Sch. minidum (Gervais). The two first phalanges of tlie middle finger are equal in length. The alar membranes do not quite reach the end of the tibise ; calcaneum shorter than the foot j the basal third of the forearm haired above and below. 3. ScJi. elongaimn {Fk. elongatuniy Gray). The two first phalanges of the middle finger are equal in length. The alar membranes extend to the metatarsus ; calcaneum conspicuously longer than the foot ; the basal portion of the forearm nearly naked. VII. Lophostoma (D’Orb.), Horseshoe-shaped appendage rudimen- tary. Lower lip with a median triangular naked space, which is warty on the borders. Ears large. First phalanx of middle finger but little shorter than one-half of the metatarsus and than the second phalanx. Wing-membranes extending to the tarsus or metatarsus. Calcaneum longer than the foot. Skull more or less narrowed behind the orbits ; palate emarginate on each side to the penultimate molar. Incisors ; the second lower molar very small, but in the same series with, the others. With throe species, viz. L. hidens (Spix), L. amhlyotis (Wagner), and X. sylvicola (D’Orb. & Gerv.). Of these X. amhlyotis is described from the typical specimens. Some- what smaller than X. elongatum. Ears very large, longer than head, united inwards with the forehead by a short band. Tragus pointed. Eyes nearer to the ears than to the end of the snout. Lanceolate appendage pointed, one- third higher than broad. Fur continued over two-thirds of the upper arm, above and below ; on the ventral surface, very slightly woolly hair runs beyond the first third of the forearm, and a stripe of similar hair on the lumbar part of the wing-membrane, these parts being naked on the dorsal surface. Meta- carpal bone of the thumb a little longer than the' first phalanx ; second finger conspicuously shorter than metacarpus of third finger. Lower leg half as long as forearm ; calcaneum long, one-fourth shorter than lower leg. Tail as long as foot, four-jointed, free at the tip. Wing-membrane extending nearly to the end of dorsal surface of metatarsus of second toe. Brown above, paler below. Total length 90 or 95 millim. VIII. Trachyops (Gray). Inferior border of the horseshoe-shaped ap- pendage ill defined ; middle of the lower lip with a deep chin-groove and with a double row of warts ; muzzle and chin with lobuliform warts. Ears large. First phalanx of middle finger somewhat shorter than one-half of the metacarpus, and very much shorter than the second phalanx. Wings as in Fhyllostonia. Incisors ; the second lower molar very small, displaced in- wards. V. cirrhosus (Spix) = T. fuliginosus (Gray) = Tylostoma mcxicanum (Saussure). IX. Vhylloderma (subg. u., p. 512). Externally similar to Vhyllostonia 28 ZOOLOGICAL LITEllATUllE. s. s. j differing by the peculiar form of its skull, the rostral portion being much narrower than the narrowest part of the temporal portion, which is not nar- rower than the interorbital space. Incisors the small additional premolar displaced inwards. Fh, stenops (sp. n., p. 613) from Cayenne. Molar ? X. Mimon (Gray), not examined by the author. M. henncUii (Gray) erroneously identified by Tomes with Fhyllodoma clomjatum. XL Tylostoma (Gervais), not examined by the author. XII. Phyllostoma (Pet.). Horseshoe-shaped appendage well deve- loped ) middle of lower lip with a triangular naked space surrounded by small warts. Ears moderately long. First phalanx of middle finger much shorter than one-half of metatarsus, and very much shorter than the second phalanx. Wing-membranes reaching the tarsus. Interfemoral membrane much deve- loped. Tail present, but much shorter than interfemoral membrane. Skull, behind the orbits but little compressed, but narrower than snout. In- cisorsWith three species: Fh. hastatum^ Fh. discolor (Wagn.) .P = P/[. angusticeps (Gerv.), and Fh. elojigatum (Geoffr.). As regards the last species, the author was induced by Tomes’s state- ment, viz. that it is identical with Mimon hennettii (Gray), which has only two lower incisors, to describe in detail a specimen which agrees perfectly with Fh. clongatum (Geoffr.), having four lower incisors ) so that Mr. Tonies appears to have been mistaken. XIII. Carollia {Gmy') =iIIeQnulerma (Gervais). Ilorseshoe-shaped appendage scarcely separated from the upper lip in the middle ; lower lip, ears, and the number of teeth as in Fhyllostoma. Wing-membranes attached to the end of the tibia. Tail and calcaneum short. Angle of the W-shaped ridge of the molars very obtuse ; cingulum on the inner side of the upper true molars with one tubercle only, so that these teeth have a triangular ap- pearance when viewed ffom below. With one species only, viz. Fh. hrevi-^ caudmn (Wied) = ! Vampyrus soricinus (Spix) = ! Fh. bicolor (WagTi.) = .P Ar~ tibeus Jimbriatus (Gmy') = Carollia verrncata (Gray)=:iyi. grayi (Waterh.) = ! Fh. lanceolatum (Temm.)= ! Fh. calcaratum (Wagn.)= 1 Fh. brachyotmn (Burm., not Wied)= \ Carollia aztcca (Sauss.). Of the names marked with an (I), the typical examples were examined. XIV. Fhinophylla (g. n., p. 355 & p. 525). Similar to the preceding genus as regards the development of the nasal appendage, ears and limbs, and the number of teeth. Wing-membranes reaching the toes j tail entirely ab- sent. Upper true molars much longer than broad, without cingulum on the inner side ; the upper middle incisors broad and lobate. Fh. pumilio, sp. n., p. 355, perhaps from Brazil. Fhyllostoma infundibuUformc (Eengger) and Vampyrus auricidaris (Sauss.) are uncertain species, tlie former is perhaps a Dcrmodus. Fhyllostoma (Carollia') brachyotum (Wied). The t3'^pical specimen has been described by Peters, who is inclined to regard it as specifically identical with Fh. brevicaudum. Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1865, p. 641. Macrotus tvatcrhousii (Gray) is described by Osburn, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 74, who adds notes on its habits, MAMMALIA. 29 Glossophaga soricma. Prof, rctora (Monatsbor. Alcad. Wiss. Bcrl. 1805, p. 351) has given an historical account of the Vespertilio soricinus (Pallas), which has not been recognized by succeeding zoologists : — 1. Geoffroy St. -Hilaire (Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. xiv. 1810, p. 179) first con- vinced himself of the correctness of Pallas’s description, having examined spe- cimens in spirits, which probably are the types, and which, originally in a Belgian museum, were transferred by the French to Paris. However, after- wards (Mem. Mus. iv. p. 418) he describes them as a distinct species of his genus Glossophaga, viz. as G. amplexicaudata, because Pallas’s description contains the words ^^caudre vestigiurii nullum.” But Pallas did not mean to express thereby the absolute absence of a tail, but merely the absence of a projecting tail, as is evident from his description. 2. Gray proposes for the true Pallasian species the generic name of ThyU lophora, retaining Glossophaga for G. soricma of Geoffroy, which is a merely imaginary species. 3. Blainville figures, in Osteogr. Cheiropt. pi. 7, under the erroneous name • •• *33 of Glossojyhaga soricimim, a shiill which, in fact, is G. ecaudata j it has 2 3 molars, whilst G. soricina (Pall.) has molars only, as already described by Pallas. 4. Gervais, in Casteln. Anim. noiiv. Cheiropt. p. 42, supposes that Vesper^ tilio soricinus (Pall.) may be identical with Ph. hrevicaudum (Wied) j but the tongue, admirably described by Pallas, is quite different. 5. Phyllophora nigra (Gray, Voy. Sulph. pi. 6) does not show any cha- racters by which it ma}’^ bo distinguished from G. soricma. Phyllophora me- galotis (Gray) belongs, according to Gray, to the Vampyri. Chocronyctcris (Licht.) has a tail 7 millim. long, and there are molars ; it is therefore different from Anoura, and rather a subgenus of Glossophaga, Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berl. 1805, p. 354. Monophyllus redmanii (Leach). On its habits see Osburn, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 69. Phyllonycieris pocyi (Gundl.) is described, with notes on its habits, by Os- burn, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 81. Prof. Peters has given a short synopsis of the genera and speeies of Stenodermata in Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berl. 1865, pp. 356, 357, and 524. The genera are characterized and the species enumerated; three of the latter are new, and will be characterized at the end of the Synopsis : — 1. Artiheus (Leach)*. A. Molars I-; Artiheus (s. st.) ; with A. pcrspicillatus (Geoff.) and A. jamaicensis (Leach). B. Molars j: Permanura (Gervais); with JD. einereum (Gerv.), ? D. toltecuni (Sauss.), and P. quadrivittatum (sp, n.) * We give this synopsis in the form modified by a correction in the foot- note, p. 587. 30 ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. 0. Molars Xiroderma (subg. n.) j with A, fallax (sp. n.), A. con- color (sp. n.), and A. personatus (Wagl.). 2. Pht/Uops. Molars | ; palate deeply excised; to between the molars j with P. albo?naoulatm (Gundl.) and P. undatus (Gervais). 3. Vampyrops. Skull and palate as in Artiheus j molars similar to those of Stumira j with P. Uneatum (Geoffr.) and V. vittatus (Pet.). ? 4. JStenodenna (Geoff.). Molars ^ ; the dentition; according to Geoffroj; appears to be very similar to that of Vampyrops } the author is uncertain whether the absence of the small hinder molar is a peculiar character; or de- pendent on young age only. 6. Pygoderma (Ptrs.). Molars j; the fourth very small ; facial portion of the skull very high j with P. hilahiatum (^agn.). —^6. Ametrida (Gray). Teeth as in Pygodet'ma ] facial portion of the skull much flattened^ with A. centurio (Gray). 7. CMrod(n'ma (Peters); with C. villosum (Pet.) and C. p)usillum (Wagn.). 8. Stu7'uira (Gray), with P. liliimi (Geoffr.) and /S', chilensis (Gerv.). ‘ . 9. Brachyphylla (Gray) j with B. cavei'nai'imi (Gray). ^0. Centurio (Gray) j with C. senex (Gray) and C. m^murtrn (Allen). Ai'tibeus fallax^ sp. n.; PeterS; Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berl. 1865; p. 365. Extremely similar to A. perspicillatus, but with the lower border of the horse- shoe-shaped appendage longer, more distinct, and finely notched. Molars -g-. Coloration variable as in A. perspicillatus. Guianas. Artibeus concolor, sp. n., Peters, 1. c. p. 357. Much smaller than the pre- ceding. Nasal appendage not notched on its lower free border. Ears and wing-membranes as in -4. perspicillatus. Molars j. Uniform brown, paler below. Total length to the edge of the interfemoral membrane 85 millim. From Paramaribo. Artibeus (Der^nanura) guadrioiUatus, sp. n., Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Beii. 1865; p. 358. Of the size and appearance of Stenoderma toltecum (Sauss.), with which it also agrees in the nasal appendage and ears ; interfemoral mem- brane less broad and less hairy. Brown above, paler below, with four white longitudinal stripes on the head. The fourth lower molar but little shorter than the third. Total length of a specimen not quite adult, 80 millim. From Surinam. Ai'tibeus perspicillatus (L.) and A. h'achyotus (Neuwied). On their habits see Osburn, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, pp. 64 and 81. ■\Ceniurio senex (Gray). C. Jiavogidaris (Licht., Pet.) and C. mexicanus (Sauss.) are identical with this species. Peters, 1. c. p. 625. XDesmodtcs rufus. Prof Huxley describes and figures the very extraordinary form of its stomach, the cardiac portion of which is prolonged into an exceed- ingly long diverticulum, the pyloric division being very short. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 386. On this occasion the author suggests a division of the Chiroptei'a into three primary groups, viz. Frugimra, Insectivoi'a, and Ilcema- tuphilina ; the last group would comprise Desmodus and DiphyUa. MAMMAtlA. hi Mortnoops UainvilUi (Leach). On its 'habits see Osburn, Pi*oc. ^ool. Sod. 1865, 72 ; a detailed description is hdded. ^Chihmjctefis oshurnt (Tomes), dn its habits see Osburn, t c. p. 68. ^ Furta horrens (F. Cuv.) is described by Peters, Monatsber. Ahad. ' Wiss. Berl. 1865, p. 645. ^ Prof. Peters lias given a short synopsis of the genus Molossu$ and the genera allied to it in Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berl. 1865, pp. 573-575 :~ L Nyctinomm (Geoff.). Upper lip with more or less distinct cross folds. Ears very approximate or connected by a membrane. Intermaxillaries sepa- rate as in Vespertilio, Lower incisors 6 in young age, 4 (rarely 2) in the adult state. a. Nyctinomus s. s. Upper lip with distinct cross folds. One upper premolar. 1. N, hrasiliemis (Geoffr.). 2. N, gracilis (Wagn.). ? 3. N. au- ritus (Wagn.). b. Mormopierusj subg. ii., p. 574. Upper lip with shallow cross folds; ears distinctly separate ; snout flat. Two upper pfemolars. M.jugu- laris, sp. n., p. 258, from Madagascar. II. Ciiii'omeles (Horsf). Upper lip thick, without cross folds. Ears dis- tant. Intermaxillaries united ; upper incisors contiguous, not toitchiiig thd baniudS. ? III. Myopterus (Geoffr.). PIV. Mops (F. duv.). V. Molossus (Geoffr.). Upper lip thick, without cross folds. Intermaxil- laries united ; upper incisors contiguous. a. Promops (Gqxy.). Ears very large, directed forwards, and more or less united by a fold of the skin. Two upper premolars ; upper incisors with the crowns divergent, and with the broad base touching the incisors. I. M. peroiis 2. M. gigas (Vei.), 3. M. ahrastis (Ti&mm.') 4. M. ferox (Gimdf). 5. M. 7iasutus (Spix). b. Motossus s. s. Ear^ inclined forwards, more or less distinctly united by a fold of the shin. One upper premolar ; upper incisorS with the inner edges parallel, and with the base touching the canines. I. M, rufus (Geoffr.). 2. M. ohscurus (Geoffr.). c. Molossops (subg. n.; p. 675). One upper premolar ; upper incisors with the crowns divergent, and with their base separated from the canines bjr a diastema. Ears moderate; triangular, distinctly separate. Muzzle flat ; lips thick, smooth. Skull similar to that of Morjnopierus. , 1. M. temminchii (Lund). 2. M. planirosb'is, sp. n., p. 675. Ears but little broader than high. Wing-membranes naked, except a narrow border of the lumbar por- tion, and below the dorsal surface of the lower arm, at the fifth finger, and on the humeral portion above the lower arm. Above dark ferruginous ; lower parts light ferruginous laterally, and white mesially. Wings brownish black. Total length 78 millim. From British Guyana. 3. M. hracliymeles, sp. n., p. 575. Ears but little broader thah high. Ventral surface of the wings naked, except along a narrow strip on the 33 ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. lumbar portion close to tbo trunk; on the dorsal surface, a patch of hairs above the lower arm near the humeral portion, and another between the fourth and fifth fingers and the forearm. Dark brown above, ferruginous below. 104 millim. long. From Peru. 4. M. aztecus (Sauss.). '^3Iolossus fumarius (Spix). For notes on this species see Osburn, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 79. N Nyctinomus {3Iormo2jten(S, subg. n.) juyulans, sp. n., Peters, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 468, from Madagascar. Nijctinomus uasutus (Spix). On its habits see Osburn, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 61. ^Synotus. Dr. Allen proposes to separate generically the two American Barbastelles, S. macrotis and JS. tow?isencU, from the European species. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. 1865, p. 173. Adding fresh descriptions of both species, he characterizes the new genus, which he names Corynorhinus. Prof. Peters says that this genus differs from Synotus only by having molars, instead of Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1865, p. 648. Plecotus auritus. Mr. W. Sowerby has observed in an example kept in captivity that it caught flies by means of the interfemoral membrane, which, pressed against the abdomen, formed a kind of trap or bag, in which the in- sect was kept until withdrawn and devoured. Ann. & Mag, Nat. Hist. 1865, xvi. p. 302. 'AJFIistiotus velatus. Prof. Peters remarks that figs. 6 a and 6 6 of plate 13 in Casteln. Voy. Ani4r. du Sud, Cheiropt., represent the dentition of this spe- cies, but that the head, fig. 6, is that of Plecotus auritus. Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berl. 1865, p. 571. '^Natalus lepidus (Grervais). On its habits see Osbui’ii, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 67. Lusionycteris, g. n., founded by Prof. Peters for] Vespertilio noctivagans (Leconte), distinguished from Vespertilio and Vesperugo by its dentition 3 2 1 2—2 12 3 3-J-3 j -p 3-^, and from Miniopterus by a different form of the ears, nose, and skull. Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1865, p. G48. Vespertilio ( Vesperus) mirzaj sp. n., De Filippi, Viaggio in Persia, p. 342, from western Persia. M. E. Hardy has reported on a deposit of guano in a cave near Vesoul in France, the entire mass being estimated at 700 or 800 cubic metres. It is the accumulation of the excrements of innumerable bats inhabiting the cave. Compj;. Bend. 1865, lx. p. 1044. Insectivora. Potamogale. Prof, du Bocage, in the memoir quoted above (p. 5), has given a most important contribution to the know- ledge of this animal. A shorter communication on the same subject appeared in the Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 403. He received from Angola the perfect skin of an adult female, a skull, and the greater part of a skeleton, and a foetus. It proves to MAMMALIA. 33 belong to the family of Insectivores. The author rejects not only the name Potamogale given by Du Chaillu, but also that of Mythomys proposed by Gray, because it is not a member of the Murine tribe ; and adds, unfortunately, a third to the syno- nymy, viz., that of Bayonia, He gives a detailed description of the zoological and anatomical characters, figuring the animal, skull, and other parts of the skeleton, and regards it as the type of a distinct group of Insectivores, allied to Solenodon and Sorex, He fixes the generic characters thus : — Rostrum productum, rotimdatum, depressiim* rliinarium minimum, nu- dum, bifidum ; oculi parvi ; auriculae prominulae, rotundatae, pilosae ; pedes ambulatorii plantigradi, pentadactyli, posteriores syndactyli, digitis 2" et 3® usque ad basin plialangis tertiae coadimatis ; ungues falciilares; cauda longa, alta, compressa, dimidio apicali compressissima, in acumen desinens. Mam- mae iiropygii duae. Cranium arcu zygoniatico nullo, bulla ossea oblonga, distincta, osse tympanico annulari. Claviculao nullae. Ossa antebrachii sejuncta. Ossa cruris connata. Dentes quadraginta, den tibus Solenodon tis, quoad numerum, formam ac dispositionem, valde similes ^1:2 -L _L V4.3 i 4 1 3.4/* Haemal arches, articulating with the intervals of the caudal vertebrae, are much developed. ''^Dr. Gray, in a letter directed to Prof. Allman (who is engaged in a jniblication on this animal), wishes him to reconsider the question whether tlie name Potamogale given by Du Chaillu has any claim to be adopted. He persists in rejecting it, on account of the incorrectness of Du Chaillu^s notes on the animal. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1865, xvi. p. 426. We fully agree with Dr. Gray as regards the principle on which he objects to the name Potamogale. If we commence to introduce names into the system given at random by inex- perienced amateurs or popular writers, or names unaccompanied by such a diagnosis that the object can be recognized by the scientific zoologist, we consent to be constantly exposed to the danger not only of sharing the reward for our labours with men who do not deserve it (which is a matter of minor considera- tion and of too frequent occurrence), but to add to the multi- plication of names which is getting more and more burdensome. For this reason Dr. Gray might have been justified in ignoring Du Chailliris account altogether ; but since he has adopted the specific name of velox, given by Du Chaillu at the same time, and as in this case the generic and specific names refer to the same individual specimen, succeeding naturalists have no other choice but to recognize or to reject both alike. '^Potamogale is referred by Prof. Peters to the Centetina, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 18G5, p. 286. X Briculus (Geoffr.) and BchinonaU (Wngn.) are referred to the Centetina 1865. [voL. II.] D 34 ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. by Prof. Peters, who has lately had an opportunity of examining speci- mens. Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1866, p. 286. ^ Ennaceus lihycus. Prof. Giebel has published a description of this hedge- hog and of its skeleton, comparing it with that of the common European species. Zeitschr. gesammt. Ntrwiss. xxvi. 1866, pp. 1-7. Tupaia splendidala^ sp. n.. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 822, pi. 12, irom Borneo. Sorex r&miftr. Mr. Hogg discovered this Shrew between Norton and Billingham, and notices its difterences from 8. fodiens. Nat. Hist. Trans, of Northumberland and Durham, i.* 1865, p. 136. A Ci'ossopus fodiens. Mr. N. L. Austen has published some notes on the habits of this Shrew. It is readily caught in traps baited with small frogs, and feeds greedily on live small fish. The author says that C. remifer is a distinct species. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 619. ' Sorex {Crocidura) fumiyatus, sp. n., De Filippi, Viaggio in Persia, p. 343, from Tiflis and Teheran. Tcdpa europcea, Voigtliinder states that he had seen in one nest twenty- one young of the same size. Sitzgsber. Isis Dresden, 1864, p. 231. A Chrysochloris. Dr. Gray states, fr’om a comparison of numerous examples and their skulls, that, besides the Ch. aurata, only Ch. villosa (Smith) can be maintained as a distinct species, and that the other forms distinguished by authors under various names should be reunited with the former. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 678. ' EeLIDtE. Felis leo. Mr. Blyth mentions instances of the appearance of Lions in parts of India where they had been supposed to have been long extermi- nated. Nat. Hist. Eeview, 1866, p. 463. ^Felis bengalensiSf fig. in Zoolog. Sketch, by Wolf and Sclater, vol. ii. Felis mexicana (Sauss.). M. de Saussure thinks that it is most probably identical with F, canescens (Swainson), but that the F. ocelot (II. Smith) is distinct, Bev. ot Mag. Zool. 1865, p. 257.3 A Felis jacohita. For the diagnosis of this species see the preceding volume of this Becord, p. 18. M. Cornalia gives a more detailed description and figure in Mem. Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat. 1865. ^Felis catus. Notes on the skull, by Giebel, Zeitschr. gesammt. Ntrwiss. xxiv. p. 466. 4 Felix lynx, fig. in Zoolog. Sketch, by Wolf and Sclater, vol. ii. * VlVERRID^. ^Viverra schlegelii (Pollen), Schlegel, Ned. Tydschr. Dierk. iii. 1865, p. 78, fr’om Mayotte and Nossi-Faly (Comoro Islands). X Viverricula malaccensis, fig. in Zool. Sketch, by Wolf and Sclater, vol. ii. \Artictis hinturong, fig. in Zoolog. Sketch, by Wolf* and Sclater, vol. ii. * The ^ Natural History Transactions of Northumberland and Durham ’ ‘are a continuation of the ^ Transactions of the Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club’ under a different title, being, in fact, the Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne,” incorporated with those of the Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club. MAMMALIA. '35 Canids. Canis familiaris. Prof. Giebel repeats his belief in the existence of dif- ferent species among the races of dog, and describes the skeleton of a young example of some small variety. Zeitscbr. gesammt. Ntrwiss. xxiv. p. 468. Canis dingo. On the antiquity of the Dingo, see Mr. ICi-efft’s observations, reported on p. 2. ^ I Canis cerdo and Canis swinJioiiy fig. in Zoolog. Sketch, by Wolf & Sclater, vol. ii. ^ Canis vtdpes. Notes on the skull, by Giebel, Zeitschr. gesammt. Ntrwiss. xxiv. p. 46^ M. Aucapitaine has observed the black-tailed and black-bellied varieties of fox in Corsica, the latter being more common in cpld and exposed loca- lities than in warm and sheltered places. However, Bonaparte’s Vtdpes mclanogaster is merely a variety of the type, the black colour being assumed ill winter, and passing into white during the spring. The foxes of Corsica arc generally larger than those of Southern Europe, and very subject to madness. Eev. et Mag. Zool. 1865, p. 3. ^ . Mus^'elid.®. ' . Ill tlic Bccord of last year we gave an aecount of two synoptieal monographs— -of the VwerYid(2 and Ursidca- — by Dr. J. E. Gray. They are followed this year by a similar one of the Zool. Soe. 1865, pp. 100-154. The groups, genera, and speeies are eharaeterized by a diagnosis, and their synonymy is worked out. The author, agaiti, direets attention to the form, size, and number of the bald parts of the feet as ah exeellent systematic character. He is acquainted with 75 spe- cies (many forms described by others as species being regarded by him as varieties) , which he refers to 27 genera and 8 tribes. The arrangement is the following : — I. Acanthopoda. Feet rounded; toes short, curved , the last joint hent tip; claws short, compressed, acute, retractile. Tribe 1. Mustelina. Head oblong. Toes slightly webbed. Tail cylin- drical. Terrestrial. A. Figitigrade. Soles of the hind feet hairy, with four bald pads in front ; anal glands developed; tubercular grinder short, transverse. 1. 3Zarics (Cuv.), with nine species, subdivided into three subgcnera, viz. Martes (type M. abietum'), PeJkania (type M. pcnnantii), and Foina (type M. foina). One of the species is [described as new : Martes japonica (p. 104). The author has found that the Asiatic Sable {M. zihellina) agrees with the European Pine-Marten {M. abietum') in having the last upper tuber- cular grinder nearly twice as long on the inner as on the outer side, whilst the same tooth is only somewhat longer on the inner than on the outer side in the American Sable {M. amencana). 2. Putorius, with four species. ' u 2 3G ZOOLOGIC A l4 LITERATUrtK. 8. Mustela. This name is retained for the Weasels j ten species. The Ermine and Weasel of North America {M. noveboracensis, 31. cicognani, and M.pmillci) are not specifically different from those of Europe. Two sub- generic groups are indicated, viz. Gale (type M. vulgaris) and Neogale (type 31. hrasiliensis). Zorilla albinucha, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 69, proves to belong to this genus, although it has the coloration of a Zorilla j therefore it forms a separate group, for which no name is proposed. 4. Vison (Gray), with four species, referred to two subgenera, viz. Vison (type 31, vison) and Lutreola (type 31. lutreola). 6. Gymnopus (Gray). Four species are referred to it ; 3Lustda nudipes (Desm.) = Gymnopus kucocepJtalus (Gray), 3f. kathiah (Ilodgs.), 3£. striyi- dorsa (Hodgs.), and 31. africana (Desm.). B. Subplantigrade. Soles and between the pads hairy j tail short, bushy j anal glands none ; false grinders f . Gulonina. 6. Gulo. C. Plantigrade. Soles of the hind feet bald, callous ; anal glands distinctj false grinders | ; tubercular grinders oblong, band-like, transverse. 7, Galera. 8. Grisonia. Tribe 2. Lutrina. Head depressed. Feet normal, rounded ; toes webbed. Tail thick, tapering, depressed. Tubercular grinder oblong, transverse. A. Tail conical, entirely covered with hair. t The palms and soles of the feet bald between the pads. * The muzzle hairy j only the thin margin of the nostrils bald. 9. Baranyia (g. n., p. 123), with two species ; hutra barang (F. Cuv.), the skull of which is figured j and J?. (P) nepalensis (sp. n., p. 124), known from a skull only. ** The muzzle hairy between the nostrils^ upper and front edge of the nostrils bald. . . i " 10. Lontra (Gray), with three species. *** The muzzle bald, band-like between the front and upper edge of the nostrils. Orbit defined by a conical process behind. a. Toes thick, webbed to the claws, sharply clawed ; pads of toes and palm large, close together. 11. Lutraf with six species, of which L. monticola (Ilodgs.) and L. ma- crodus (sp. n., p. 128) from Brazil are united in a subgenus, Lutrogale. 12. Nutria (g. n., p. 128), distinguished from Lutra on account of its short and broad skull 3 type Lutra felina (Molina) =X. chinensis (Benn.) = L. calif ornica (Gxdy)=L. 2)latensis (Waterh.). /3. Toes bluntly or imperfectly clawed. 13. AonyXj with four species. tt The palms and soles of the feet slightly hairy between the pads ; the two inner hinder toes with a band of hair on the inner side of the under surface. Muzzle bald, transverse. 14. Hydrogale (g. n., p. 131) ; type Lutra //ruyi (Verreaux) = ? Z. ?««- cuhcollis (Licht.) ) skull figured. ttt Balms and soles of feet hairy between the pads. INluzzle bald between the nostrils, and produced into an angle on the upper edge. MAMMALIA. 37 15. Latax Lidra canadensis and L. destructor (Banislon; see Zool. Record, i. p. 22). 13. Tail flattened, with a narrow, fringe-like expansion on each side, 16. Ptcronura, Tribe 3. Enhydrina. 17. Enhydris. II. Platypoda, Feet elongate ; toes straight ; claws exserted, hlunt, A. Tiantigrade. Soles bald, callous nearly to the heel. Tribe 4. Metana. Tubercular grinder large, oblong, elongate. Palate produced behind. Flesh-tooth with two more or less distinct tubercles on inner lobe. 18. Arctonyx^. 19. Moles, 20, Taxidca, 21. My dans. Tribe 5. Mellivorina. Tubercular grinder transverse, band-like. Palate only slightly produced behind. Flesh-tooth with a small inner lobe and a single tubercle. 22. Mellivora. (See also p. 680.) Tribe 6. Mephitina. Tubercular grinder oblong, four-sided. Palate scarcely produced behind j hinder opening in a line with the hinder grinders. 23. Conepatus (Gray)= (Licht.). The various forms described by authors are regarded as one species, referable to four varieties. 24. Mephitis. The author, finding that the extent of baldness of the sole varies in different specimens of the same variety, unit.es M. chinga veith M. mesomelas and others into one species, keeping only M. vittata (Licht.) and M, mexieana (Gray) =ilf. macroura (Licht.) distinct. All have three pads in front of the sole of the hind feet. 25. Spilogale (g. n,, p. 150), with four pads in front of the sole of the hind feet •, type M. zori'lla (Licht.) = ilf. interrupt a (Rafin.). B. Subdigitigrade, Soles hairy, with a narrow, elongate, triangular, bald space in front. Tribe 7. Zorillina. 26. Zorilla^ with two species. Tribe 8. Helictidina, 27. Ilelictis^ with four species, two of which, viz. II. orientalis and H. nepalensis, are united into the subgenus Melogcdc, because they have the flesh-tooth larger, and the aperture in front of orbits [? foramen infraorbitale] smaller, than the others. Miistcla. Prof. Giebel has published some notes on skulls and skeletons of M. piutorius, M. furo, M. vulgaris, M. foina,M. alptina, M, vison. Zeit- schr. gesammt. Ntrwiss. xxiv. pp. 470-476. Prof. Bischoff has examined the ovum and placenta of M. foina, martes, and vulgaris, and discovered a sac-like appendage to the placenta, similar to that of Lutra. Sitzgsber. Bayr. Akad. Wiss. Miinch. 1805, i. p. 339. Mustela vulgaris. Prof. Costa has described a variety from Southern Woodcut of skull, p. 681. aa ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. Jtaly, which, he names var. meridionalis ; it is intermediate hetweeji M. vulgaris and M. hoccamela as regards the length of the tail, which is two- fifths pf that of the body in the Sardinian Weasel, two-ninths in the comnion species, and two-sevenths in the variety mentioned. Kendic. Accad. Sc. Napol. 1865, pp. 32 & 33. \Zorilla alhinucha (Gray). Du Bocage proposes to change this name into Z.Jlavistriata, because his specimens have yellow markings' instead of white ones. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 401. This alteration is inadmissible accord- ing to the rules of nomenclature. ■d Vison lutreola. Dr. M. Schmidt has given an account of a specimen living- in the Frankfort Zoological Garden. Zoolog. Gart. 1865, pp. 168-175, with a woodcut. Hr. Claudius states that this species is not uncommon within a limited district in the vicinity of Lubeck. Arch. Ver. Freund. Ntrgesch. Mecklenb. 1864, p. 184. Lutra vulgaris. Prof. Bischotf has discovered a sac-like appendage to the placenta, containing blood and hsematoidin. X. o. p. 213, with two plates. ^ Enhydris lutris is figured by Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, pi. 7. UllSIDiE. Cercoleptes caudivolvulus. Dr. Gray remarks that it uses its feet as hands;j much in the manner of a Lemur. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 680. Phocidae. Cystophora crisiata. Prof. Reinhardt (Vidensk. Meddel. naturh. Foren. Kjobenh. (1864) 1865, pp. 248-264, 277) has examined the milk-teet}i. The embryo, 2 feet long, was evidently not mature, and probably would not have been born before some weeks. It had been brought from Green^ land as a skin. ^ The milk-teeth were still covered by the gingiva 3 and after removal of the latter all became visible, with the exception of the lower incisors, which, probably originally present, were lost during the first preparation of the skin in Greenland. The milk-teeth; although fully de- veloped, are minute in size, and comparatively much smaller than those of other seals ; they are evidently never used, and it is not improbable that they never break through the gingiva. There are on each side of. the upper jaw two incisors, one canine, and three molars. T|ie incisors and the canine are below, and somewhat inwards of the corresponding permanent teeth, which are entirely hidden in the alveoli ; the three molars correspond to the ■ second, third, and fourth of the five permanent molars. The first milk- incisor is styliform, about 1 millim. long, half as large as the second ; the canine tooth is *7 millims. long, one-third of which projects horizontally beyond the alyeolus, a peculiarity observed also by Nordmann in Haliclicerus grypus, but not by Steenstrup in Fhoca groenlandica, hispida, and harhata, who, however, seems to have examined specimens in Avhich a portion of these milk-teeth was apparently resorbed, so that their original position had become indistinct. The first milk-molar is 4 millims. long, its single root being 3 millims. ; the second is scarcely half as large, and has also a single root ; the third the largest, with two short but distinct roots. There was probably one incisor on each side of the lower jaw \ the lower milk-canine is vertically implanted in the jaw; three molars, also corresponding to the MAMMALIA. 39 second, third, and fourth permanent molars, and similar in form to the upper milk-molars, but the third is considerably larger than the third of the upper jaw. The milk-dentition of this species is : inc. pfEjp j ’ Thus JlaUciiocrus, Phoca, and Cystophora appear to agree in their milk- dentition ; so that the number of incisors and canines is the same as that of the permanent dentition, but that there are two milk-molars less on each side of the upper and lower jaws *. Further, from a study of the milk- dentition of these animals, it is evident that Owen was mistaken when he regarded three of their permanent molars as premolars ; such a division is easily explained from the form of those teeth, and was made at a time when the milk-dentition of Otaria only was known, and this very incompletely. In the present state of our knowledge we must divide these teeth into four premolars and one molar, and it is not improbable that also Otaria will be_ found to possess four preinblars when its miUr-dentition shall be better known than it is at present. Phoca harhata. Prof. Steenstrup explains the reasons which induce him to regard a fourth molar observed in a young example as a milk-tooth, against the views of Prof. Reinhardt mentioned below, note. Vidensk. Meddel. naturh. Foren. Kjobenh. (1864) 1865, pp. 270-274. Otaria hookeri. Mr. Bartlett has made some observations on a tamed male Sea-lion, showing the great docility of these animals ; it stands on all fours, and runs and jumps at a great rate. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1865, vol. xv. p.496. UOSORES.' . ^ Prof. Giebel treats of the foramen in the zfygomatic proeess, through which, in many Rodentia, a portion of the masseter passes. He examines its size, form, and position in the various groups, and comes to the conclusion that it may be used as a very good generic character, without being of a higher syste- matic value. Zeitschr. gesammt. Ntrwiss. xxv. 1865, pp. 427- 432. ^ Mus rattus. M. A. de lHsle has made researches into the ' affinity between Mus rattus and that form which has been dis- tinguished as Mus alexandrhms by previous zoologists. Ann. Sc. Nat. 1865, iv. pp. 173-222. A part of these researches consisted of breeding- experiments continued for thirty months, during which time he obtained 26 litters with 129 young ones. AVc must remark, however, that all the individuals experi- mented upon were European examples, chiefly from France ,* * Steenstrup observed in a young Phoca harhata (but not in P. grbnlandica or P. hispida), with the second teeth much advanced in development, but with the milk-teeth still present, a fourth tooth behind the third molar, which he regards as a milk-tooth, without deciding whether it belongs normally to the milk-dentition or not. Reinhardt regards it as a tooth ahnormally de^ veloped in that individual, and is inclined to refer it rather to the second than to the first dentition, on account of its form and size. 40 ZOOLOGICAL LITLUATUKE. the correctness of the aiithor^s conclusions would have been beyond any doubt if a part at least of the experiments had been made with examples obtained from Egypt : — The author commences by showing that the characters of form and ana- tomical structure are absolutely the same in Mus rattus and M. alexandnuus, and that the distinctive cliaracters given by Blasius do not hold good, if numerous fresh examples are examined. M. tectorum and M. leucogastcv (Pictet) are merely nominal species. Experience shows us that every distinct European species of 31ns is distinguished by certain peculiarities in habits ; but there is an absolute identity in this respect between 3f. rattus and 3f. alexandrinus \ in fact the only distinctive difference is one of colour, the former species being intensely black above, which colour gradually passes into the greyish of the lower parts, the latter being pure white below, pass- ing into a brownish grey above. These extreme types of coloration are, however, united by a series of in- termediate forms. As regards the question Avhich of the two forms is the original stock, the author refers to the fact that tlie species of numerous natural genera show a similar system of coloration, and states, as his con- clusion, that, as 31. alexandrinus represents the general coloration of 3Ius, we must consider this species to be the parent stock from which the black 31. rattus is a descendant. In like manner the uniformly coloured 31. onus- culus is to be looked upon, not in the light of a specific t^^pe, but as the de- scendant of M. imertus (Savi), which continues to show the typical colora- tion of the genus 3£us, After having thus zoologically demonstrated the specific identity of the black- and white-bellied Rats, he was desirous of obtaining additional and conclusive proof. He gives a most instructive account of his experiments, crossing both races and producing hybrids which did not show any decrease in the power of reproduction, even after the offspring of the same parents, and of the same litter, had been paired through four generations. He ob- served some very curious facts in the course of these experiments : when a male 3£. rattus was crossed with a female 3t. alexandrinus, black Rais only (like the father) were produced; but when the sexes were re- versed, half of the offspring were like tlie mother, the other half like the father. The author has a very ingenious explanation for these different results : there is, he says, in the first case, a union, and in the second an an- tagonism of two agencies, simultaneously at work during reproduction, viz. the influence of the male parent over the female, and the influence of the acclima- tized race over the exotic. We cannot follow the author mto all the details of his experiments; but after having obtained the black form from the union of two pure Alexandrine Rats, he came to the irresistible conviction that all the individuals experimented upon must belong to one and the same species. Attempts to cross 31. rattus with 3£. decumanus were entirely unsuc- cessful. In the concluding chapter, the author enters into the probable history of the migration of 31. rattus. Neither the black- nor the white-bellied forms are very recent additions to the French fauna; they are found inland in fields, not in or near the seaports. The centre of creation of this species is Arabia ; hence it spread over the soiilli-eastern coasts of the Mediterranean, and was imported into France towards tlic end of the tAvelfth century. MAMMALIA. 41 clothed in the light-coloured fur which it had when inhabiting its desert- home. After three centuries more, having passed through about 900 gene- rations, we find evidence that it changed colour to black, probably under the influence of the diminished intensity of light and heat, hut without de- riving any perspicuous advantage from such a change. In an Appendix, the author adds notes on the external and internal characteristics of the different European species of Mus, and on the development and dentition of young Mus rattus. The Recorder trusts that this abstract will induce our readers to refer to the original of M. de Flsle^s paper, who deserves great credit, not for having abolished one of the infinite number of so-called species of Mus, but for having shown us, in a clear and convincing manner, the way to prove the identity or dis- tinctness of species. J/ws. Mr. Blyth has made short remarks on numerous Indian species of tliis genus ; however, little or no progress can be made in their investiga- tion until much better specimens are available for examination, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1865, pp. 192-194. Mus decumanus. A specimen suffering from hypertrophy of the skin has been observed by Mr. T. E. Gunn t Zoologist, 1865, p. 9645. See also a note on the same subject by Mr. E. R. Alston, ibid. p. 9708. This disease does not appear very uncommon among mice and rats, and there are notes on, and figures of, such individuals in Proc. Zool. Soc. Mus. Prof, de Eilippi found one species only of this genus (AT. silvaticus) in Western Persia, M. musculus and M. decumamis being absent. Viaggio in Persia, p. 344, \piatacanthomys (Blyth). Prof. Peters has removed this genus from the Myoxina to the Murina, and characterizes it thus: — Habitus myoxinus. nostrum acutum, rhinario nudo, labro fisso ; oculi mediocres ; auriculaB me- diocres, nudae ; vellus molle, setis dorsalibus latis, sulcatis ; artus mediocres ; palmaB plantreque pentadactylae, digito primo abbreviate, falculis modicis curvatis, acutis ,• cauda villosa, versus apicem fere disticha. Dentes priinorrs laeves, compressi, acuti ; molares utrinque 3, complicati. Cranium miirinum, sed foraminibus incisivis parvis, coarctatis ; ossibus intermaxillaribus inclusis, palato perforate et processu coronoideo brevissimo. Ossa antibrachii se- juncta, cruris connata. — The species, P. lasiurus (Blyth), is described and figured (with the skull). Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 397, pi. 20. 'ACricetomys gamhiamis. Prof. Giebel has described external and osteological characters of this Rodent. Zeitschr. gesammt. Ntrwiss. xxvi. 1865, pp. ISG- 139. ACricetus isahellinus, sp. n., De Eilippi, Viaggio in Persia, p. 344, from Teheran. Arvicola. Prof, du Bocage, in the memoir mentioned above (p. 5), dis- tinguishes and describes three species occurring in Portiigal-T— -4. musignani (Selys), A. inccHus (Selys), and A. roziamis, sp. n. j the zoological and ana- tomical distinctive characters are pointed out, and the new species, its skull and dentition are figured. ZOOLOGICAI, LITERATURE. 4>2- ^ Arvicold mystacinus, sp. ii., De Filippi, I, c. p. 334, from "Western Persia, A yariety of A, amphibitts is also very common there. Fiber zibethicus. Capt. Bulger mentions instances of the courage of the Musquash. Proc. Zool. Soc. 18G6, p. 682. Hystriv malabarica, sp. n., Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 352, pi. 16, fi*om Cochin. The author establishes this species on the ground of its ex- ternal characters, as well as of those taken from the skull, which is figured, lie enumerates six species of Hystriv. ^Frethizon t'ufescens, sp. n., Gray, ibid. p. 321, pi. 11, from Columbia 3 it may prove to be the type of a distinct subgenus, Echinoprocta. Capromys mdanurusj sp. n., Poey, Monatsber. Ak. Wiss, Berk 1864, p. 384, from Cuba. ^ Lagomys. Dr. Stoliczka has published a very good description of a species found by him in the eastern provinces of Ladak, and believed to be the Jj. mrzonice (Hodgs.) j it ranges to an altitude of about 19,000 feet. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1865, p. 108. Jamlus labradorius. Its skeleton described by Giebel, Zeitschr. gesammt, Ntrwiss. 1865, xxv. pp. 272-274. Sciuriis vidgaris. On its habits see E, B. Alston in Zoologist, 1865, pp. 9481- 9484 } its partiality for truftles noticed by A. Newton, ibid. p. 9560. EDENTATA. Dr. Gray has published a revision of the genera and species of Insectivorous Edentata in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, pp. 359-386. This group offered to him fewer difficulties and fewer novelties than those previously revised by him ; and as the pgper itself will be consulted by all who may take up the study of these animals, it will suffice to indicate the general arrangement, with special notice of some more important additions to our knowledge of those points in which the author differs from his predecessors. He continues to follow the example of Cuvier in uniting the Monotremata with the Edentata. The groups, genera, and species are characterized by diagnoses; the synonymes are added, and the skulls of several species described and figured. The author distinguished 31 species, which are referred to 17 genera. The arrangement is the following : — I. Cataphracta. : Earn. 1. Manididce. 1. ManiSf witli M. longicauda and M. tricusjris, — M. quad ridacty las (Thomps.) and M. trulontata (Focillon) being regarded as synonyms of tlio latter species. Skulls of this species are figured (pp. 364, 365). 2. PholidotuSj with Manisjavaniea (Fisch.) = ilf. aspera (Sundev.) == M. guy (Focillon), young ? 3 M. dalmannii (Sundev.) 3 Pholidotus indicus:=.M. pentadactyla (L.) = J/. crassicaudata (Gray) 3 P. africanus (sp. n., p. 368, . pi. 17), from the river Niger, For the two last species a gubgeneric name, PhatageSy is proposed. 3. Smutsia (g. n., p. 369) : Munis iemminehii. MAMMALIA. 43 Fam. 2: Dasj/podida>.' Tribe a. Dasypodina or Peltochlamydes. A. Digitigrade : Chceroclilamydes. 4. Frttea (sp., F. Cuv.)=Pmo/?Ms (Burm.). Subg. Tattisia, with D. scpiemcinoixfk (L.) = 1). peha (Desm.) = Praopus longecaudatus (Burm,) ; P. hirsutus (Burm.) ; and D. hyhridus (Uesm.). Subg. Praopus, with P. happleri (Kjauss ; see Zool. Record, i. p. 28). B. Plantigrade: Platyclilamydes, 6. Prionodus : D. gigas. 6. Pasypus, with P. sexcmctus (L.) and P. vellerosus (sp. n., p. 376/ pl. 18), from Santa Oruz de la Sierra. 7. Puphractus, with P. villosus and P. minutus. 8. Xewwrws, with P. gymnurus (111.) and P. hisjxidus (Burm.). Tribe b. Tohjpeutina : Sphm'ochlamydes. 9. Tolypeutes. Tribe c. Chlamydophorina, 10. Chlaxnydophorus. 11. Burmeisteria (g. n., p. 381) : C. retusm (Burm.). II. Abmourless. . ' Fam. 3. Orycteropodidce. 12. Oryctcropus. ; ' Fam. 4. MyrmecopTiagidm. 13. Myrmecophaga. 14. Tamandua. '*■ 15. Cyclothux'us (Gray), with M. didactyla and Cyclothurus dorsalis (sp. n., p. 385, pl. 19), from Costa Bica. Fam. 5. Ornitliorliynchidce—Monotrcmata. Tylopeutes conurus (Is. GeofFr.). Dr. Sclater has observed in a living Three-banded Armadillo (which differed from the ordinary form of the species in the entire absence of the rudimentary first digit, having but three front toes) that, in walking, only the pointed tips of the elongated nails of the second and third digits of the front feet touched the ground, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 256. ' Bradypus. On the epidermal covering of the foetus and the hair see p. 4.' PACHYDEllMATA. For Hr. von Nathusiiis^s work on this genus we refer to p. 4 of this Record. andamensis, fig. in Zoolog. Sketch, by Wolf and Sclater, vol. ii. Centuriosus pliciceps. In the Record of the preceding year (p. 28) we mentioned that Dr. Gray and Dr. Scl.nter simultaneously contradicted Fit- zinger’s assertion that this Pig comes from Abyssinia, and not frohi Japan. 41 ZOOLOG ICxVL LITLllATUIUi:. Dr. Fitzinger’s note, whicli originally appeared in Sitzgsber. Akad. Wiss, Wien, 1804, p. 181, is reprinted in the Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist, 1866, xv. p. 80. The latter periodical contains the replies of the two English zoolo- gists on p. 154. Dr. Sclater at the same time expresses it as his opinion that this Pig is nothing more than a Chinese domesticated variety of the common species. Hr. Brauer directs attention to the figure of the Sukotyro ” given by Nieuhof, Morkw. Zee- cn Lant-Beize, p. 293, and reproduced by the aiUhor j he thinks that it represents this Pig. Zoolog. Garten, 1865, p. 413. ^^icotyles torqnatus, fig. in Zoolog. Sketch, by Wolf and Sclater, vol. ii. Hippopotamus amphihius. Dr. Sclater has reported upon the birth of a Hippopotamus in the Zoological Gardens at Amsterdam. The copulation had occurred in the first part of December, and the birth on the 29th of July, the period of gestation being estimated at 234 days. Nat. Hist. Beview, 1865, p. 698. ''^2'apirus americanus. M. Chabrillac gives an interesting accoimt of several domesticated individuals of this species. Bull. Soc. d’Acclim. 1866, p. 25. Elephas indicus. Some notes by Capt. Heysham on the period of gestation of this species are recorded in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 731. ^Ilyrax capensis. Messrs. Murieand Mivart have given a detailed account of almost all the muscles of this animal. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, pp. 329- 362. Equiis calallus. An instance of a foal produced by a mule is recorded in Nat. Hist. Beview, 1865, p. 147. The mule is said to have been covered by an ass. Equus hurchelli. A female living in the Zoologic.al Gardens in Begent’s Park is figured by Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1805, pi. 22 j he refers it to the same form which is called Eqims chapmanni by Mr. Layard, who has pub- lished notes on this supposed new species, ibid. p. 417, BUMINANTIA. Camelus dromedarius. On Mr. Walton^s work on the Camel see p. 4. M. Aucapitaine speaks of various races of the Dromedary, and particularly of those distinguished by their swiftness j it is his opinion that if not indi- genous in Africa, it has been introduced and domesticated by tribes regarded as the first inhabitants of Africa. Bev. et Mag. Zool. xvi. pp. 369-375. i^Camelus bactrianus. Dr. Crisp has published a paper on some points rela- ting to the anatomy and habits of the Camel, and describes particularly cir- cular glandular folds near the cjecal valve. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, pp. 257- 265. Cervus canadensis. Captain Hardy, in a paper on Provincial Acclimati- zation,” relates an instance of successful breeding of the Wapiti in America. Proc. & Trans. Nov. Scot. Inst. Nat. Sc. Halifax, ii. 1865, p. 29. Cervus mantchuricus. The specimen to which this name was applied by Swinhoe (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 169 j Zool. Becord, i. p. 30), has been sent by liim to I.onclon. In a letter ho expresses liis doubt as to its being MAMMALIA. 45 distinct from C. psendaxia. Also C. hoHulorum (Swinhoo) may bo the same species. The buck in its summer coat (September) is described. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1805, p. 1. '' Cervus ivallicliii, C. sika, C. hmmliSj C, taivanus, and C. rusa, fig. in Zoolog. Sketch, by Wolf and Sclater, vol. ii. 4 Itusa paradoxa. Dr. Brehm has described under this name as a new species a Deer said to be from the Mascarene Islands, and probably identical with that of Mauritius (Bilder u. Skizzen, p. 18, with a woodcut). [This is evi- dently the Indian Cervus rusa, stated by Mr. Blytli to be introduced into Mauritius from Java, Ibis, 1862, p. 92.] Cervus peronii. M. Pucheran states that F. Cuvier’s statement of the oc- currence of this species in Timor is erroneous, and that the typical specimen was obtained on the Indian continent. Rev. et Mag. Zool. xvi. p. 376. '4 Cervus sp. ? M. G. Claraz has attempted to identify the JEquus hisulcus of Molina : he is inclined to regard it as a species of Tapir ; but M. de Saussuro informs us that the pieces of skin sent to him as being from this animal belong to a species of Cervus. Whatever the animal may be, it appears to inhabit South America, from the Straits of Mngellan to 26° 30' S. lat. Rev. et Mag. Zool. xvi. pp. 241-248. [We refer to an article by Philippi on this subject, Wiegm. Arch. 1857, pp. 135, 136.] "^Aniilocapra. Mr. Bartlett has, from observation of a male Prongbuck living in the Zoological Gardens in Regent^s Park, established the highly interesting fact that this species differs from the other hollow-horned ruminants in shedding its horns periodically. The new horns attain to a considerable size within the hollow portion of the old ones, and are at first soft and covered with long hair. The shedding of the horns probably occurs annually. In the animal under observation the horns were scarcely 3 inches long in January; in July they were fully formed and measured 8 inches ; they were cast on the 7 th of November, the new horns being then about 4 inches long, and on the 28th of the same month the latter had grown to a length of 6 inches. The fact, however, has been noticed before ; thus, for instance, by Dr. Weinland (Zool. Gart. 1863, p. 255), who incidentally speaks of it as of an abnormal formation ; and more explicitly by Hr. Martin (ibid. 1864, p. 254), who regarded the old shed horn, still adhering to the top of the new one, as the new horn which would grow downwards to the base of the frontal bone. Mr. Bartlett is inclined to believe that Antilocapra antefiexa (Gray) has been founded on an individual with the horns de- formed. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 718. The specimen living in the Zoological Gardens has been figured by Dr. Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, pi. 3. ^ Antilope saiga. A very exhaustive and interesting account of this Ante- lope has been published by Hr. 0. Glitsch in Bull. Soc. Natur. Mosc. 1865, i. pp, 207-245. 'Ihe author treats of its geographical distribution, stating 46 ZOOLOGICAL LITERATUllE. that it is rapidly decreasing in numbers in the European parts of Russia, but that it is still tolerably numerous in the plains between Don and Wolga, from the river Manitsch to 48° 42' N. lat. He describes its external cha>- racters in various stages of growth and age, its habits and treatment in captivity*. Cephalophus. Dr. Gray describes a new species, C, ImgicepSj from a skull received from the Gaboon, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 204. On this occasion he has examined various skulls of other species of this genus, and directs attention, among other points, especially to the different direction of the horns, which in some are nearly in a line -with the forehead (C. coronatus, C. sylvicultrix, C. ogilbyi^ C. natalensis, C. longiceps, C, altifrons), and in others are im- planted in a more ascending direction (C. grimmius, C. ocularis). 4 Oryx leucoi'yx, fig. in Zoolog. Sketch, by Wolf and Sclater, vol. ii. '^apra megaeeros, fig. in Zoolog. Sketch, by Wolf and Sclater, vol. ii. Ovis tragelaphus, fig. in Zoolog. Sketch, by Wolf and Sclater, vol. ii. Bos taurus. Mr. E. R. Alston has published observations on the wild cattle at Oadzow (Lanarkshire). Zoologist, 1865, pp. 9514-9517. CETACEA. SiRENIA. A Manatus. Dr. J. E. Gray commences an examination of a series of skulls and skeletons of these Cetaceans by giving a history of the ostcological literature. lie shows that none of the ostcological characters hy which, for instance, Cuvier at- tempted to distinguish American skulls from African, or on which additional species have been founded hy succeeding authors, holds good, except the presence or absence of nasal bones, or rather their continuity or non- continuity with the frontals. He came to the conclusion that there is hut a single species on either side of the Atlantic ; that the species of each country varies in size and shape of the nasal cavity, in the length of the rostrum of the skull, and the angle at which it is bent in regard to the line of the palate, in size and form of the intermaxillary bones, and in the form and direction of the coro- noid process. However, Manatus americanus has distinct, thick, subcylindrical nasal bones, with a notch and groove in the froptals for their reception. M. senegalensis has no such notch in the front als ; and if the nasal bones are not entirely absent, they must be loose in the flesh. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1865, XV. pp. 130-139. Cete. > Dr. J. E. Gray has published a paper on Cetaceans from the Cape of Good Hope. After a preliminary notice of them (Proc. * Directors of Zoological Gardens will be glad to be informed that the author recommends Hr. Wilhelm Riickbeil in Sarepta (Gouvernement Saratofi') as the person from whom living specimens may be obtained. MAMMALIA. 47 Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 357), tlio author was enabled, through the kindness of Mr. Layard, to examine the specimens themselves, and to complete his previous notes (ibid. p. 522). The collec- tion consisted of the skulls of seven species, viz. Delphinus doris (Gray), Delphinus eUphrosyne Sieno frontatus (Gray), Steno capensis (sp. n., p. 522), Grampus richardsonii (Gray), of the skull of which a description is given (p. 522) > Ziphius layardi (sp. n., p. 358, with a woodcut, and p. 523), and Petrorhynchus capensis (g. and sp. n., p. 524, with wood- cut) capensis (p. 359), The study of the skulls of the last-named species, and of Ziphius indicus (Van Ben.), has induced the author to reconsider the arrangement of Ziphioid Whales, which he now forms into a family, Ziphiidce, with the following characters : — Head beaked ; blower linear, transverse, on the back of the bead. The upper jaw toothless, or with a few rudimentary teeth ; lower jaw with a few teeth on the side or in front, which are sometimes early deciduous or not exposed. Body elongate j’" dorsal fin falcate ; pectoral fins small, low down, and rather close together on the middle of the chest ; fingers five, of four or five phalanges. Skull with an enlarged nasal over the blowers, which are more or less sunken. This family is subdivided thus I. IlyrEROODONTiNA, with Hyper oodon and Lagcnocetiis. II. ICrionoNTiNA. Tooth in front of lower jaw cylindrical or conical. Beak conical; the intermaxillary enlarged behind, forming a more or less large cavity round the blowers. 1. Aliama*. Vomer simple ; intermaxillary only slightly elevated on the sides of the blower. Teeth large. Ziphius indicus (Van Ben.). 2. Epiodon, Vomer forming a sunken groove; intermaxillary form- ing a moderately high basin round the blower. E. desmarestii=: Ziph. emVos^m (Cuv., quaere Gervais?)*. 3. Petrorhynchus (g. n.). Vomer swollen, forming a large, prominent, elongate, pyriform pad between the callous intermaxillary ; intermaxillary forming a high basin round the blower. P. capensis (sp. n.), from the Cape of Good Hope. HI. ZiPHIINA. 1. JBerardiuSy type B. arnouxii, 2. Ziphius, type Z. micropterus. 8. Dioplodon, typo Z. sechcllcnsis. * In 1864 Dr. Gray premosed the generic name of Aliama for the Del- phinus desmarestii (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 242), and therefore this name cannot be applied again to a different type. However, we may add, antici- pating the Record of next year, that in the ^Catalogue of Seals and Whales, 1866,’ the author reunites Ziphius indicus and, Petrorhynchus into the same genus, having had an opportunity of examining a cast of the skull of the former species. 48 ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. ^JJalcemi cisaniica, sp. n., Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Pliilad. 18G5, p. 168, the Black Whale of the whalers of the Atlantic coasts of the United States, referred to Euhalcena (Gray). Some additional notes on remains of whales, ibid. p. 180. Balcena aleoutiensis has been indicated as a probably new species, by Van Beneden, Bull. Acad. Sc. Belg*. 1865, xx. p. 853 3 found in the North Pacific, between 40° and 60° lat. N. Megaptera. Prof, van Beneden has examined and described the skeleton of the Borq^ual of the Cape of Good Hope in the Paris Museum {M. poeskop'), confirming Dr. Gray’s opinion that it is specifically distinct from the arctic M. longhnana. Bull. Acad. Sc. Lettr. etc. Belg. xviii. 1864, pp. 389-400^ with woodcuts. Megaptera osphyiaj sp. n.. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1865, p. 178, from the coast of Maine, U.S. ^ JPhysalus antiquoru?n. Dr. Murie has published a description of a speci- men, 60 feet long, captured in the Thames in May 1859. After having described its external appearance and internal anatomy, he gives a very detailed account of the skeleton. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, pp. 206-227. Mr. ^ Flower has published his observations on an adult male specimen stranded in Pevensey Bay, Sussex. He took particular care to preserve the pelvic bones ^to which, in this species, a cartilaginous appendage is attached, a rudimental representative of the hind leg ; and also directs attention to some well-developed muscles on the inner side of the forearm, between radius and ulna, ending in strong tendons passing to the palmar surface of the hand. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, pp. 699-705. Physalus sibbaldii (Gray). Mr. Flower has found that his Ph. latirostris (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 410) is identical with this species. Having examined the two typical specimens ho points out in which points they agree with each other and differ from Ph. antiquorum. This species has 64 vertebrie, and the baleen of a deep-black colour. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 472. Physalus. A new species of Whale from the mouth of the Bio Plata is described by Dr. Burmeister in a letter to Dr. Gray, under the name of Palce^ noptera patachonica. Dr. Gray refers it to Physalus. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 190, with woodcuts, representing osteological details. 4 Sibbaldius antarcticus has been described as a new species by Dr. Burmeister from a bladebone, the only part examined ; it was foimd south of Buenos Ayres. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 713. \Palcenoptera swmhoii, sp. 11., Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1865, xvi. p. 148 'j and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 725, from the Island of Formosa. ^ Balcenoptera robusta (Lilljeb.). Dr. Gray has added this species to the British fauna, recognizing it in a cervical vertebra (fourth or fifth) found on the coast of Devonshire. This vertebra is distinguished by the great width of the canal of the spinal marrow, which is greater ‘than the width of the body of the vertebra, and by the regular and well-developed form of its lateral processes. The species is therefore considered to be the type of a distinct genus, Eschrichtius, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, pp. 40-43, with a wood- cut. MAMMALIA. 49 Haloinoptcra syncondyhis, sp. n., Aug. Muller, Scliriffc. Pliys.-okon. Gesellsch. Konigsberg, iv. p. 38, from the Baltic j described from an incomplete skull. Occipital condyles united. Plerohalmia rostrata (Fabr.). Prof, van Beneden has observed hairs in the lips of a foetus. Bull. Acad. Sc. Belg. 1866, xx. p. 852. He adds some observations on the parturition of the same species and of Glohiceps. 4 Catodon JcreffUi, sp. n., Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 439, from the Australian Seas. This Sperm-Whale is known from the ceiwical vertebrae only, which are figured. Dr. Gray considers it to be the type of a distinct subgenus, Meganmron, the atlas being subcircular, but little broader than high, with the central canal circular in the middle of the body and widened above ; whilst in the typical Catodon the atlas is nearly twice as broad as high, with the central canal subtrigonal, and narrow below. Dr. Gray expresses his opinion (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 529) that the Physeters should be separated from the Catodontes into a separate family, Physeterid(By with the three genera Kogia (Gray), Euphysetes (MacLeay), (Gray). This family would be characterized thus : — Head of an oblong rounded form ; blowers on the hinder part of the crown ; mouth small, narrow, inferior ; dorsal fin elevated, pectoral ovate. The con- cavity on the crown divided by a more or less central bony ridge into two cells (this part being simple in the Catodontes). ■'\Physeter macrocephalus. Dr. Murie describes and figures some cases of crooked lower jaw in this species ; this deformity does not appear to be of rare Occurrence, The author is inclined to regard it as the result of periosteitis during the growth of the animals. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 390. -1 [Kogia~\ Euphysetes macleayiiy sp. n., KrefFt, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 708, with woodcuts; from New South Wales. Scarcely’’ distinct from Physeter breviceps (Blainv.). Delphmorhynchus australis, an sp. n., P = P. micropterus (Dumort.), Bur- meister, Zeitschr. gesammt. Ntrwiss. xxvi. 1866, p. 262, from Buenos Ayres. '^Eelphinus. Three new species are described by Dr. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, viz. jD. moorii, p. 736, caught in lat. 34° S., long. 7° 3' W. ; D. waU heri, p. 737, from lat. 36° 38' S., long. 10' E. ; Clymene punctata, p. 738, from lat. 16° 40' N., long. 21° W. ^ Mr. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1866, has given notes on skulls of Delphinus doris, D. clynwne, and D. styx on p. 201, of D. delphis, var., on p. 203, and of Z>. delpTiis and Steno frontatus on p. 204. The author describes two new species from skulls, viz. Z>. asthe7iop)s, p. 201, and D. crotaphisctis, p. 203 ; habitat unknown. A- third new species, probably from the Atlantic coasts of the United States, is named by him D. erchennus, p. 281 ; formerly, p. 199, he referred the skeleton, on which the species is founded, to E. tursio, compa- ring it with other Dolphins known to him. > '^Lagetiorhynclmis ohliquidens, sp. n., Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1866, p. 177, from San Francisco. Lagenorhynchus leucopleurus (Gray). Measurements of a cranium by Mr. Cope, in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1866, p. 199. 1865. [voL. II.] 60 ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. ’ Orca (Ps&udorca) meridionalis. Mr. Flower, who described this species last year (see Zool. Kecord, i. p. 38), states, in an additional note, that two dif- ferent Cetaceans are confounded under the name of Blackfish,” viz. this species and a GlohiocephaUiSy and that the notes on the habits and external appearance of the Blackfish, sent to him by his correspondent, Mr. Crowther, and published in his description of the Fseudorca^ do not apply to that species, but to the Glohiocephalus. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 470. ^ Notes on the front part of a skull of Orca meridionalU by Mr. Cope, in Proo. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1865, p. 198. 4 Phoccena spinipinnis is a very singular new species from the Bio Plata, de- scribed by Dr. Burmeister in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 229. The anterior margin of its dorsal fin is concave, and beset with small spine-like tubercles. The dorsal fin is in the middle of the back. Views of the skull and dorsal fin are given. This discovery was followed by another not less interesting, viz. of ^ Phoccena tuhercidifera^ sp. n.. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 318, fr-om the moiitb of the Thames. Also this species has the anterior margin (which is convex) of the dorsal fin tubercular. This fin is behind the middle of the back. ^Phocmia vomerina^ sp. n.. Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1865, p. 178, from California.— P. hrachycium^ sp. n.. Cope, ibid. p. 279, from the coast of Massachussets. '^Beluga. Three new species from Arctic North America are noticed by Mr. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1865, p. 278, viz. B. rhinodon, B, dccUvis, and B, concreta. Glohiocephalus melas. Prof. Beinhardt reports on the captm’e of a young female in the Kattegat, April 23rd, 1863. Vidensk. Meddel. natm’h. Foren. Kjobenh. (1864) 1865, p. 276. Glohiocephalus intermedius (Hartl.). Notes on a specimen, by Mr. Cope, in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1865, p. 198. ^Hypet'odon semiJunctuSf sp. n.. Cope, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1865, p. 280. MABSUPIALIA. Mr. Flower has examined tlie brain of various Marsupials (Kangaroo, ’Wombat, Thylacinus, Pbalangista, Didelpbys) and of Echidna, especially with regard to the existence or non-ex- istence of a corpus callosum, Philos. Trans. 1865, pp. 633-651. For the purpose of comparing their brain with that of placental Mammals, he describes the modifications of the corpus callosum, as they appear in the Sheep, Rabbit, Sloth, and Hedgehog. He maintains that the corpus callosum is present in the Marsupials and Monotremes, although but little developed, even less than in the Hedgehog, and that, therefore, the differentiating characters of the Implacentals should be expressed thus : — 1. The peculiar arrangement of the folding of the inner wall of the cerebral hemisphere. A deep fissure, with corresponding projection mthin, is con- tinued forwards from the hippocampal fissure, almost the whole length of the mammalia* 51 inner wftll. In other words, the hippocampus major, instead of being con- fined as it is, at least in the higher forms of placental mammals, to the middle or descending cornu of the lateral ventricle, extends up into the body of the ventricle, constituting its inner wall. 2. The altered relation (consequent upon this disposition of the inner wall) and the very small development of the upper transverse commissural fibres (corpus callosuni). 3. The great increase in amount, and probably in function, of the inferior set of transverse commissural fibres (^anterior commissure). ■\ The paper is accompanied by three plates, showing vertical, transverse, and longitudinal sections of the brains of the animals mentioned. It elicited from Prof. Owen the remark that the presence of a corpus callosum in Marsupials has been denied by him from a zoological point of view only, and that its rudimen- tary condition not only has been observed but described by him in several anatomical treatises, Proc. Roy. Soc. 1865, p. 129. Mr. Flower replied to this, ibid. p. 134. APhascolomys. Dr. Murie (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, pp. 838-854) has examined the typical specimen of P. lasiorhinus (Gould), which had been living for some time in the Zoological Gardens in RegenPs Park. He took this opportunity of comparing it with other specimens (stuflPed examples and osteological prepara- tions) in the London collections, some of whicli had been used as types for sj)ccific descriptions ; and after having given an ac- count of the history of the species, he comes to the conclusion that only three species may be regarded as well established, the P. lasiorhinus being identical with P. latifrons (Owen) and the type of a distinct subgenus. The author gives the following generic and specific characters : — a. Fliascolomys (Geoffr.). Fur rough and coarse; muffle naked. Skull of moderate breadth in proportion to length ; postorbital ridge and frontal pro- cess obsolete ; nasal bones of moderate breadth ; supratympanic cavity mo- derately excavated ; foramen magnum of a trefoil figure. Upper incisor teeth forming one-third of a circle, and set with the enamelled surface chiefly out- wards. Dorsal vertebrte 16, lumbar vertebrae 4, and ribs 16 in number 1 transverse processes of caudal vertebraj long and broad. 1. Phascolomys womhat [Shaw]. Body of moderate size; sel- dom more than 3 feet long. Ears short and rounded. Colour dark grizzly greyish brown, produced by d.qrk-brownish hairs for the most part tipped with silvery grey, the longer ones with black points. Skull between 6| and G| inches in length ; nasal bones relatively long and narrow ; supra- tj^mpanic excavation ver}’^ shallow ; postpalatine foramina oblong and of mo- derate size ; scapula long as compared with its breadth. 2. Phascolomys platyrliinus (Owen) = P. mitclielli (Owen), fossil =P. latifrons (Gould) = P. setosus (Gray), pale var. = P. angasii (Gray), brown var. =P. niger (Gould), black var. Body large, generally above 3 feet long. Colour varying from pale yellowish brown (isabelline hue) to blackish brown, E 2 52 ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. or even approaching black, but nearly always uniform according to the va- riety; no silvery grey tint. Skull from 7 to 8 inches long; nasal bones relatively broad to their length ; supratympanic cavity moderately deep; postpalatine foramina triangular, largo ; scapula broad as compared with its length. /3. Lasiorhinus (Gray). Fur smooth and silky; muffle hairy; incisors much curved, forming nearly a semicircle ; the enamelled surface directed nearly forwards. Dorsal vertebrae 13 ; ribs 13 ; lumbar vortebiw 6. Skull broad in proportion to length ; nasal bones relatively very broad ; frontal bones broad, presenting a well-marked supraorbital ridge and postorbital pro- cess ; supratympanic hollow, very large ; foramen magnum oval ; transverse processes of caudal vertebrie short and narrow. — With one species : Phasco- lomys latifrons (Owen, Angas, M‘Coy) = P. lasiorhinus (Gould) =^Jjasio7'hinus m‘coyii (Gray), p. 854, pi. 47. Size about equal to that of P. toomhat, but body longer. Fur of a light silvery mouse-colour, with mottled, darker, buff and purplish hairs ; muffle broad, white, and hairy ; ears large, prominent, and acutely pointed; white spot above each eye ; chest, neck, and inside of fore limbs whitish ; rump of a rufous tint. Phascolojnys lasiorhinus [latifrons'], fig. in Zoolog. Sketch, by Wolf and Sclater, vol. ii. Mao'opus t'ufus, fig. in Zoolog. Sketch, by Wolf and Sclater, vol. ii. Pteroyale longicauda, sp. n., Krefft, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 324, from New South Wales. MONOTREMATA. . Our knowledge of the history of propagation of the Monotre- mates has been much advanced by a memoir of Prof. Owen in Philos. Trans. 1865, pp. 671-686, in which he publishes his dis- covery of a pair of marsupial pouches in the impregnated female of Echidna hystrios : — r The specimen was caught in August, with one of the mammary foetus at- tached to it, and sent to Dr. F. MUller in Molboiinio, who forwarded it to Prof. Owen. The pouches were small, half an inch in depth and two-thirds of an inch in length of aperture, and so well concealed by the hair that they were not perceived by the gentleman in Australia who examined the animal. At the fundus of each pouch is an elliptic surface, about four lines in diameter, on which the orifices of about 60 ducts of the mammary gland can be dis- cerned. There is no nipple to which the foetus hangs, as in Marsupials ; and it is evident that the young simply nestles itself within the marsupial fossa, clinging, perhaps, by its precocious claws to the skin of that part. The foetus obtained was little more than one inch long, and found dead and detached from the mother on the fifth day of her captivity ; it is probable that the other pouch was occupied by a second foetus, but that this was lost at a some- what earlier period. There is no trace of such pouches in immature or uuimpregnated females^ : * The change in the development of the egg-pouches of Nototrema is an example perfectly analogous to this observation. MAMMALIA. 53 they commence with the growth or enlargement of the mammary glands pre- liminary to birth, and probably increase in size with the growth of the young ; but it is very doubtful whether they increase ever so much as to include or wholly conceal the young animal. No such structure has ever been found in Ornithorhynclms ; nor is it likely that this animal, compelled to seek its food in water, could safely carry its progeny during such quest. The author describes the mammary glands and the urogenital organs of the female Echidna, and its foetus ; in the latter he notices, beside a scarcely vi- sible trace of an umbilicus, especially an internarial tubercle which he pre- viously observed in the foetal Ornithorhynclms, and which is obviously homo- logous with the hard knob on the upper mandible of chelonians and birds, by which they break their way through the covering of the egg. And, indeed, from the latest accounts sent to the author from Australia, it would appear that the question of the Monotremates being viviparous or ovo- viviparous is far from being settled. The memoir is accompanied by three plates showing the female with the foetus in situ, the mammary glands and genital organs, and various views of the embryonal Echidna and Ornithorhynclms. Echidna hystrix. Mr. Kretft observes that, strange as it may appear, the Echidna probably lives on grass, as the intestines of several specimens were found to be full of digested grass or herbs. On the Vertebr. of the Lower Murray, p. 23. 64 ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. AVES BY Alfred Newton, M.A., F.L.S., etc. It is hoped that the present ^ Record ^ will be found in all re- spects more perfect than its predecessor. Though its comple- tion has been deferred until the last moment possible, several parts of journals which have a claim to notice in it, as being pro- fessedly published in the past year, have not yet reached our hands. Among these may be specified the ^ Revue et Magasin de Zoologie,"^ of which we have not been able to see the numbers for November and December last, and the ^ Journal fur Ornithologie,^ the concluding Heft of which, we believe, has not yet appeared, though when it is published it will doubtless bear the date, No- vember 1866, at which it ought to have been issued. That the study of Ornithology is being most actively pursued a very cursory inspection of our ^ Record ^ will show ; the necessity, therefore, of some such annual summary as is here given becomes year by year greater. In its compilation we have endeavoured, as before, to do justice equally to the authors from whose works it is drawn and to the public for whose use it is designed ; and thus, with our sincere thanks to the many good friends, both at home and abroad, to whom we are especially indebted for assistance, we leave it to the kind consideration of our brother ornithologists. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Hartlaub, Gustav. Bericht fiber die Leistungen in der Natur- geschichte der Vogel wahrend des Jahres 1864. Archiv fur Naturgeschi elite, Jahrgang xxxi. Band ii. pp. 28. Berlin : 1865. We observe with pleasure that many of the opinions expressed by ourselves in the ^Record^ for last year are confirmed by Dr. Hart- laub in this ^^Report,^^ which goes over the same ground. Though not entering so much into details as our own work, the general features of ornithological progress in the year 1864 are sketched in a masterly manner. The author observes with regret that his countrymen appear to have a tendency to confine their researches to European ornithology, and consequently to be neglecting the ornithology of other parts of the globe, a subject in -which they have hitherto so much distinguished themselves; but the follow- ing pages will, we fear, from the disproportionately long list of publications relating to the Palsearctic Eegion, show that this tendency is not exclusively confined to the ornithologists of Ger- many. Dr. Hartlaub, however, prefixes to his Report fewer general observations than usual, and these do not seem to require any detailed notice on our part. It is almost needless to add that the work is compiled with its author^s accustomed ability. Finsch, O. Index ad Caroli Luciani Bonaparte Conspectum Generum Avium. Lugd. Batav. : 1865. Roy. 8vo, pp. 23. The titlepage of this publication fully explains its scope ; its utility will be self-evident to every working ornithologist. It is only to be regretted that it was not extended so as to contain every name, whether generic or specific, mentioned in the * Con- spectus,^ instead of being limited to the genera therein adopted, and the species described or named by Bonaparte. It has been most accurately compiled. {Cf. Journ. fiir Orn. 1864, p. 466 ; Ibis, 1865, p. 532.) SuNDEVALL, C. J. Lcs Oiscaux d’Afrique de Levaillant, cri- tique de cet ouvrage. Trad, du Suedois par Leon Olph Galliaru. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1865, pp. 153-159, 192, 209-212, 249-254, 279-285, 323-329. The original of this able paper appeared some years ago in the Transactions of the Stockholm Academy (Vet. Akad. Handl. ii. no. 3), before which it was read in 1857 ! M. Gal- liard, however, has certainly conferred a benefit on those ornitho- logists to whom the introductory part, written in the Swedish language, was inaccessible. At present, however, he has not half got through his task. (Cf, Ibis, 1859, pp. 324, 325.) THE GENERAL SUBJECT. Fitzinger, Leop. Jos. Ueber das System und die Charak- teristik der natiirlichen Familien der Vogel. Sitzungsb. der Kaiserl. Akad. der Wissensch. Wien, 1865, pp. 285-322. This is the third and concluding portion of the author^s paper. The first appeared in the same journal for 1856, and comprised, according to his classification and nomenclature, the orders Psittacinij Raptatores, Nocturniy Scansores, and Amhulatores , the latter being further divided into suborders, of which two, Gres- sorii and ConirostreSj were then included. The second portion, in the volume for 1862 (pp. 194-240), treated of the remaining suborders of Amhulatores — Uncirostres, Coracirostres, Subulu 56 ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. rostres, and TenmrostreSy and the order Hiantes. The portion we have to deal with includes the orders Columbini, Cr acini y and Gallinaceiy grouped in a^^Reihe^^ as RasoreSyihQ orders Cursoriiy Gallinogr alias y and Herodice similarly grouped as VadanteSy and Natator'cs comprehending the orders Anseriniy Macropteriy and Peropteri. Dr. Fitzinger further divides his orders into families (of which he gives the characters at some length)^ genera^ and^ we imagine, suhgencra, and appends to eacli of the last tlic name of the type-species. Classification, in ornithology at least, is, now-a-days, so much a matter of opinion, that it hardly seems necessary for us to pass judgment upon Dr. FitzingeFs. We have briefly indicated its chief peculiarities. Hutton, F. W. Notes on some of the Birds inhabiting the Southern Ocean. Ibis, 1865, pp. 276-298. These valuable notes are the results of personal observations made during seven voyages round the Cape of Good Hope, and from information obtained by the authors friends. They refer to Chionis minor y Lestris catarrhactes y and many species of Procellariidce. The inordinate number of ocean-birds found in cold regions may be accounted for by the fact that the lower plants, and consequently the lower animals, are there more abundant. Captain Hutton tlicu notices the phenomenon of re- presentative species in the two hemispheres, and considers it probable that the northern species crossed the equator from the south during a glacial period, after which they have varied through isolation. The form of the beak in the Procellariidce y he thinks, marks their close resemblance to, and perhaps their descent from, the Lestres. Their prolonged nostrils he considers due to the fact of all crepuscular birds having some organs more highly de- veloped than usual, and the species which take their prey under water have the tubes not so prolonged. The author^s experience is against the belief that birds follow ships incessantly for very great distances. He then passes on to consider the manner of flight in Diomedeay and difters from the opinion uttered by Dr. Bennett on that subject. The act of sailing,^^ in particular, is performed by the bird^s momentum, acted upon by the wind according to known mechanical laws. {Of, Ibis, 1865, p. 527.) Jaeckel, Joii. Ueber Schnabcl-Missbildungen verschiedener Vogel. Zool. Garten, 1865, pp. 133-138, and 175-179. The first article consists of a list of nineteen species in which malformation in the bill of birds has been observed, with refer- ences to the authors by whom the instances have been recorded. In the second the author endeavours to account for the origin of these monstrosities. AVES. 57 Liais, E. On the Flight of Birds and Insects. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. xv. pp. 155-158. (Translated from Comptes BenduSj 1864^ p. 907.) The author considers three cases : — (1) Flight without loco- motion ; (2) Flight with locomotion and heating of the wings ; (3) Flight without beating of the wings^ or Gliding Flight. This third mode presupposes a previous locomotion_, produced by beat- ing of the wings. The whole matter seems to be left very nearly as it was before. Milne-Edwards, H. Rapport sur quelques acquisitions nou- velles faites par la galerie ornithologique du Museum. Nouv. Arch, du Mus. Bulletin^ pp. 75-78^ pis. iii.-v. This report contains an indication of a new species of Foly- plectrum, and descriptions and figures of five other new species, Gecinus erythropygius, Capito qidnticolor, and Butlirmpis ed- wardsi by Mr. D. G. Elliot, and Turdus goudoti and Sitiavillosa by M. Jules Verreaux. PaHker, W. K. Preliminary Notes on some Fossil Birds from the Zebbug Cave, Malta. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 752. The specimens found are assigned to Cygnus falconeri (a gigantic new species), C. olorl, C. beivicM?, and a Bernicla or large Anas, Pelzeln, August von. Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahrcn 1857, 1858, 1859, u. s. w. Zoologischer Theil. Erster Band. Vogel. Wien: 1865. 4to, pp. 176, tabb. 6. The course of the Austrian frigate ^ Novara,^ on this voyage, was from the Mediterranean to Rio J aneiro, touching at Madeira, thence to the Cape of Good Hope and St. PauFs Island ; after that to Ceylon, the Nicobars, Malay Archipelago, and China, then touching at the Ladrone and Caroline Islands (Puynipet) to Australia and New Zealand ; thence across the Pacific, visit- ing the Society Islands, Pitcairn, MitchelFs Islands, and Juan Fernandez, to Valparaiso, and so home round Cape Horn. Col- lections were not only made throughout this long voyage by the zoologist on board, Herr Zelebor, but at several of the places visited collections more or less extensive were also procured from residents interested in science ; so that the present work con- tains enough to make the cruise of the ^ Novara^ for ever memorable in the annals of zoology. In the introduction the author suggests the expediency of forming the ocean south of the tropic of Capricorn into a new zoological region, in addition to the well-known six shown to exist by Mr. Sclater (Prbc. Linn. Soc., Zoology, ii. p. 130), and adopted in this ^ Record,^ 58 ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. grounding his opinion chiefly on the fact of the luemhers of the genus Chionis and of the yellow-hooded group of EudypUs being confined within that limit. Herr von Pelzeln includes also some general remarks on the changes and variations observed in the plumage of many of the Falconid(By which have since been ex- tended and contributed to another publication. (They are further noticed under the heading Pterylography.^^) He has also some remarks on the geographical distribution of Accipitres, The new species described are Micrastur macrorhynchus y Gerygone aucklandicuy Mecistura swinhoiiy Volvocivora schierbrandiy Car- pophaga frauenfeldiy and Aramides zelebori ; but observations on upwards of 700 species of all orders and from all regions (exclu- sive of those mentioned in the pterylological dissertation) are in- troduced^ which alone makes the work one of great importance. The true habitats of several rare birds are now for the first time determined with precision, and the eggs of sixteen species are figured. [Cf. Ibis, 1866, pp. 115, 116.) '^PucHERAN, — . Indications que pent fournir la Geologic pour Pexplication dcs diflercnces que presentent les Faunes actuelles. Eev. et Mag. de Zoologie, 1865, pp. 9-15, 33-40, 65-74, 97-115, 161-170, 193-197, 225-240, 289-295. This series of papers (still, so far as we know, unfinished) is in the form of a letter to Prof. d^Archiac ; and from the well- known reputation of the author as an ornithologist, the fact may be at once inferred that a great many of his inferences are drfiwn from the class Aves. The first question to which Dr. Pucheran turns his attention is to decide whether the harmony existing between Desert-species and the places they occupy has been pre-established or post-established. Finding (1) that the Great African Desert is by geology proved to have been an ^rm of the sea, and (2) that the forms inhabiting it are repre- sented in the bordering districts by others only a little differing jn coloration, he comes to the conclusion that the harmony is post-established. The next question is as to the mode whereby this harmony, which in birds seems confined to coloration, is produced ; and the author appears to consider contact with the soil a sufficient cause, though one particular case which he cites, that of the rufescence of specimens of Gypaetus fi’om Algeria {cf. Ibis, 1859, p. 85, and F. W. Meves in CEfvers. Yet.-Akad, Forh. Stockholm, xvii. p. 487), shows that the change of hue thus acquired is merely superficial, and therefore not really in point. Dr. Pucheran then proceeds to enter upon the subject of the distribution of species, and propounds the question as to the basis that should justify a zoologist in considering any particular region to possess a special fauna. On this point he is of opinion that mere differences of species are insufficient, but that diffe^’- ences of genera, if not of families, are required; and accordingly AVES. 69 he is doubtful whether Africa can be looked upon as having a special ornithological fauna^ since out of more than forty families of birds therein found, two only, the Musophagtdm and the Stru^ thionid(R (?) are peculiar to it. On the other hand. Dr. Pucheran regards Madagascar, South America, and Australia, with many of the Polynesian archipelagos, as forming indubitable centres of creation. The peculiarities of the South American ornis are then concisely stated, and after a digression on mammals the proposed division of the country by Lafresnaye (R. Z. 1845, pp. 81-92, 113-119) into two provinces, the Brazilian and Colom- bian, which further south become the Guaranian and Patago- nian. The author then arrives at the conclusions (1) that the characters which serve to distinguish species offer numerous and frequent variations in the American fauna, and (2) that south of the Isthmus of Panama a certain number of provinces can be laid down, each having a special ornis. After a few remarks on these conclusions, the series of articles, so far as we have seen it, concludes ; the learned author would, however, have done well to have cited some of the works of other ornithologists who have written on the same subjects. (Cf, Sclater, Proc. Linn, Soc., Zool. ii. p. 130, and Tristram, Ibis, 1859, p. 429.) SALVAnoRi, Tommaso. Intorno ad alcune Specie nuove o poco conosciute d^Uccelli del Museo di Torino. Note ed Osserva- zioni. Atti della Society Italiana di Scienze Naturali, vol. vii. Seduta del 4 Settembre 1864 a Biella. These notes and observations refer chiefly to species of Tur- didcR, Cotingid(B, TyroMnidm, Formicariidm, and OriolidcB, to which heads the reader is referred for details. Seven species are described as new. ScHLEGEL, H. Observations Zoologiques. I. Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde, 1865, pp. 181-213. 11. Op. cit. pp. 249-258. These articles contain countless important facts and opinions, chiefly ornithological, of which it is impossible here to give more than the very briefest summary ; and the task of doing this is in- creased by the author^s plan of seldom citing sufficiently the works in which the old species concerned are described or mentioned, and the absence of any typographical indication or precise speciflc characters of the new ones. It is, therefore, not always possible for the reader, without considerable trouble, to be certain to which of these categories any one subject of Prof. SchlegeFs ob- servations is to be referred. In the first article the following appear to be new species or cohspecies : — Strix rosenbergi, Noctua ochracea, Loriculus exilis, Dacelo fall(iXj Pitta atricapilla san- ghirantty Otagon tanagra, Goura coronata minor , Carpophaga neglecta, and Rallina rosenbergi. In the second : — Psittacula 60 ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. gulielmi III. (!)j Campephaga sloeti^ Scolopacc rochussenij and Noctua ft'anseni. The knowledge of all these birds is due to the indefatigable exertions of Dutch travellers or residents in the Malay archipelago. Schmidt^ Max. Die Ueberwinterung. Zool. Garten^ 1865, pp. 330-340. This article is in continuation of one in the same volume (p. 293) referring to Mammals^ and treats of the effects of win- tering in the climate of Frankfort on the Maine on exotic birds, Turrel, L. Des moyens les plus efficaces pour prevenir la destruction des Oiseaux de passage. Bull. Soc. Imper, d^Acclimat. 1865, pp. 497-532. The folly of the indiscriminate destruction of birds, especially carried on in the south of France and Italy, is very fairly shown, and the author by doing this probably supplies a better means of checking the bad practice than any other that he suggests. The paper contains no information that will be new to the naturalist. ViAN, Jules. Causeries Ornithologiques. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1865, pp. 40-47, 74-79, 129-133. These papers treat chiefly of the economy of Cuculus canorus, and merit attention from those ornithologists to whom it is a matter of interest. The author very properly scouts the idea that the hen Cuckoo can voluntarily give her egg any colour desirable to assimilate it to those of the bird into whose nest she intends to introduce it, and considers that the variety in the colour of Cuckoos'’ eggs has been much exaggerated. He believes that intimidation is the means employed to induce other birds to foster them, and that a fight always takes place between the ovipositing Cuckoo and the owners of the nest. Acting on this belief, he instituted a series of experiments, of which he gives the details, proving that birds will not foster the egg of another species unless one of their own has been broken in or near the nest. The other subjects mentioned are the ceremonies de mariage^"’ of Corvus coroner and the reunion'’^ of a Turdus viscU vorus with a Fringilla ccelebs ! Weir, J. Jenner. On the power possessed by Birds, natives of warm climates, to resist with impunity the cold of higher latitudes. Zoologist, pp. 9411-9414. The authoFs experience is of some practical use to those who have the management of zoological gardens, tending as it does to show that birds from the tropics have a far greater power of re- sisting cold than is commonly supposed, apd are kept in better AVES. G1 health hy being exposed to Severe weather than sheltered from it. WoLFj Joseph. Zoological Sketches made for the Zoological Society of London, from Animals in their Vivarium in the Eegent’s Park. Edited, with Notes, by P. L. Sclater. Second series. Parts i.-viii. London : 1865. Folio. The second series of this magnificent work shows in a more striking manner than ever the extraordinary skill of Mr. Wolf, both as artist and zoologist. The subjects have been well se- lected by Mr. Sclater, and the temporary letterpress which accompanies them contains explanatory notices judiciously compiled. The following are the birds represented : — PtilojiorhyncJms holosericeus, Gallophasis vieilloti, Talegalla lathamij Balmni- ceps rex, Aquila ncevia, Struthio camelus, juv., Oci/dromus australis, Casarca Icucoptera, Ceriornis satyra, JRhmochetusJuhatus, and Chlocphaga magellanica. The first series of this work, which was completed in 1861, contained figures of Falco sacer, F. grcenlandicus, F. islandicus, Gypohierax angolensis, Fhasianus torquatus, P. versicolor, Gallophasis horsjieldi, Tetraogallus caspius, Galloperdix lunulosa, Rhea americana, Casuarius hennetti. Apteryx mantelli, Otis tarda, Grus montignesia, Mycteria australis, Cygnus nigricollis, and Chloe- phaga polioccphala. PAL^ARCTIC REGION. Bettoni, Eugenio. Storia Naturale degli Uccelli che nidificano in Lombardia ad illustrazione della raccolta ornitologica dei fratelli Ercole ed Ernesto Turati con tavole lito- grafate e colorate prese dal vero da O. Dressler. Vol. I. Milano : 1865. Folio. Fascicoli i.-iii. This very luxurious work, which we believe to be published at the expense of the Counts Turati, will sufficiently commend itself to Italian ornithologists, though it does not appear to con- tain much of interest to the general student. The illustrations represent the species depicted at their nests, which contain either eggs or young, generally the latter. Collett, Robert. Zoologisk-Botaniske Observationer fra Gud- brandsdalen og Dovre. Christiania: 1865. 8vo, pp. 64. It contains (pp. 6-13) a list of the birds of the neighbourhood of Lillehammer in the south of Norway, and one (pp. 54-64) of those appearing at Dovre. Neither contains anything of more than local interest. (Gf, Ibis, 1866, p. 212.) Crommelin, J. P. van Wickevoort. Bijdrage tot de Vogel- fauna van Nederland. Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. 1865, pp. 242-248. 62 ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. General observations^ but not many of more than local in- terest, Falco barbarus has occurred in Holland. CzERNAYj A. Nachtrag zur Fauna des Charkowschen Gou^ vernements. Bull. Soc. Imper. Moscou, 1865^ vol. xxxviii. p. 61. Nine species of birds are added to the list published in 1853, of which Caprimulgus ruficolUs alone seems worthy of remark here-. Daniloep, Pierre. Catalogue des Oiseaux de la partie sud-est du gouvernement d^Orel. Bull. Soc. Imp. Moscou, 1864, part i. pp. 452-464. About 176 species are mentioned ; but the catalogue is little more than a nominal one, and none but well-known species are included. Depierre, M. Contributions h la Faune vaudoise des oiseaux. Bull. Soc. Vaud. viii. pp. 146-148. The author^s observations have reference to the dates of ap- pearance of migratory birds in the year 1862, and also to the occurrence of several species not commonly met with in the district, but nothing of very general interest is brought forward. Droste, Ferdinand von. Die Vogel BorkunVs. Journ. fiir Orn. 1864, pp. 416-429. This paper contains a description of the island, and a list of the thirty-four birds which breed upon it, followed by one of the hundred and thirty-nine species which visit it. The particulars only possess local interest. . Zu Borkum, im Entenloche. Op.cit. 1865, pp. 341-353. Remarks in continuation of the paper last named. Drummond-Hay, H. M. Birds noticed in the Island of Crete during a Stay of nearly Two Months. Appendix V. to vol. ii. of Captain SpratFs ^ Travels and Researches in Crete. London : 1865,'’ pp. 397-407. This is a reprint, with many emendations, of a ^ List of the Birds of the Island of Crete^ by the author (then Captain Drum- mond), with notes by the late H.E. Strickland, which appeared in the ^Annals and Magazine of Natural History* (vol. xii. pp. 423-427) , having been read at the Cork Meeting of the Bri- tish Association in 1843. Colonel Drummond-Hay remained in Crete from the 27th April to the 18th June in the year just mentioned, and, so far as we know, is the only person in modern times who has had such facilities for becoming acquainted with its ornithology. The chief changes made in the present reprint are Falco eleonorcc for F. subbuteOj Sylvia elaica for >8. palustrisj AVES. 63 Anthus campestris for A. Hchardiy Linota Unarm (of course not the Linnsean species) for L, montiwm, Perdioo gr<2ca for P. sauna- iilis, Sterna leucoptera for S. nigra, Puffinus obscurus for P. anglorum, and Pelecanus crispus for P. onocrotalus, Perdix coturnix of the former list is now altogether omitted, and it is suggested that Fringilla ccelebs should be F. spodiogenia. One hundred and five- species are included. Fatio, Victor. Distribution verticale des Sylviadees en Suisse. Bull. Soc. Orn. de Suisse, i. pp. 39-67. The author takes four localities, the borders of the Lake of Geneva, the Hasli, the Valley of Urseren, and the Upper Enga- dina, at all of which careful observations have been made. At the first, 24 species of Sylviidee occur, 21 breed, and two are resident; at the second, 19 occur, 16 breed, and one is resident; at the third, 18 occur, 12 or 14 breed, and none are resident ‘ and at the fourth locality 8 occur, 4 breed, and none reside. The general results are conveniently shown by means of tables. Eilippi, E. ub. Note di unViaggio in Persia. Mijano: 1865, 8vo. pp. 398. The author was a member of an embassy sent, in 1862, by the Italian government to Persia, and in this work gives att account of the expedition from a zoological point of view, in which ornithology has a full share. The observations relating to birds are very numerous, and towards the end of the volume (pp. 344^-352) a complete list of the species which occurred between the Caucasus and Teheran is given. The spring-passage of birds over the Mediterranean is mentioned (pp. 6, 7), and the flocks of Puffinus anglorum which haunt the Bosphorus (p. 9) . Notice is also taken of the species observed near Tiflis (pp. 79, 80), Mount Ararat (p. 97), and Tabriz, and especially the locust- destroying services of Pastor roseus (pp. 161-164), as well as of the ornithology of Sultanieh(p. 196), Casbin (pp. 211, 212), and Ask (p. 276) . The list of Persian birds includes 167 species, of which seven were the discoveries of the author and his com- panions. Five of these, Irania (gen. nov. SaxicoUnum) finoti, Dromolcea chi'ysopygia, Otocorys larvata, Emberisa cernutii, and Pious khan, were described in 1863 or 1864 (Archiv. per la Zoo- logia, &c., Modena, vol. iii. p. 377 et seq^ ; the two remaining are now announced as new under the names of Crateropus Sal- vador ii 2ind Sylvia doriw. The avifauna of Western Persia is characterized (pp. 365, 366) by a very great prevalence of Eu- ropean species; besides the new discoveries just mentioned, it appears that there are only some five species of Passeres not found within the limits of Europe ; these are locus leucotis, Pra- tincola hemprichi, Serinus pusillus,.Erythrospiza obsoleta, and Garrulus melanocephalus. 64 ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. Fontaine, A. de la. Faune du Pays de Luxembourg ou Manuel de Zoologie, contenant la description des Animaux Vertebres observes dans lePays de Luxembourg. Luxem- bourg : 1865, 8vo, pp. 152. The district of which the author writes is that which, prior to the political arrangements of 1759, formed the then Duchy of Luxemburg, extending from the neighbourhood of V erdun and Metz on the south to that of Liege and Buttgenbach on the north, and from Givet and Carignan on the west to Priim and Wittlich below Treves on the east. At present the part of the work published only comprehends the Accipitres, Passeres, and a few Pica7'iiy to the entire number of 148 species, to which several more have a tolerably fair claim to be added. The local names, both Walloon and German, some of which are very odd ones, are always given. The author expresses his acknowledge- ments for assistance to M. de Selys-Longchamps. Giglioli, Henry. Notes on the Birds observed at Pisa and in its Neighbourhood during the Winter, Spring, and Summer of 1864. Ibis, 1865, pp. 50-63. A paper sufficiently interesting in its details, but containing no great novelty. Gould, John. The Birds of Great Britain. Parts vii. and viii. London ; 1865. Imp. folio. Two parts of this grand work have, as usual, made their appearance within the past year. Hintz I., W. Ornithologischer Jahresbericht u. s. w. in der Umgegend von Sclilosskampen bei Coslin in Pommern, Journ. fur Orn. 1865, pp. 81-96, 230-244. This report is in continuation of that noticed last year (Zool. B-ecord, i. p, 43), and is of the same nature. Falco peregrinus was the only species noticed for the first time breeding. Homeyer, a. von. Streifereien fiber die bohmischschlesischen Grenzgebirge. Jouim. ffir Orn, 1865, pp. 355-367. An account of the species observed at eight different locali- ties on the frontier of Bohemia and Silesia. None seem to require any special notice here. Lilford, Lord. Notes on the Ornithology of Spain. Ibis, 1865, pp. 166-177, pi. v. These notes refer almost exclusively to the birds of prey in the neighbourhood of Valencia. The author has seen Aguila mevioides several times in Spain, and a plate representing it in two stages of plumage accompanies the paper. None of the other species mentioned require further notice here, AVES. 65 Malmgren, a. J. Nya Anteckningar till Spetsbergens fogel- fauna. CEfvers. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. 1864, pp. 377-412. (Translated by Dr. C. F. Frisch) Journ. fur Orn. 1865, pp. 192-216, 261-270. This paper is in continuation of one published in the same journal for 1863 (pp. 87-126), and contains the results of the author’s further observations made in 1864. He reckons twenty- seven species as the avifauna of the country. Very many that Were formerly assigned to it rest upon insufficient authority. Renewed researches have not led him to take a more favourable view of their claims than he did in 1863, but he makes some few changes in the identification of the species met with. No naturalist has enjoyed such opportunities of becoming acquainted with the zoology of Spitsbergen as the author, and his opinions in regard to it must retain their influence for many years ; but personally we are unable to agree with all of them, though this is chiefly on general grounds of principle, such, for instance, as what differences are sufficient to constitute ^^a species.” This paper, like its predecessor, is worked up with great care. It contains also a short notice of the birds of Bear Island, lying between North Cape and Spitsbergen, a place not visited before by any ornithologist. Marchand, Armand. Catalogue des Oiseaux observes dans le departement d’Eure-et-Loir. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1865, pp. 262-266. In continuation of the series of papers noticed last yeav (Zool. Record, i. p. 43) . Milne-Edwards, H. Rapport sur diverses Collections envoyes au Museum par le V. Armand David, missionnaire h Pekin. Nouv. Arch, du Museum, Bull. pp. 30, pis. 1 & 2. Father David’s collections were formed in the north of China, and the report upon them contains several observations on the general natural history of that still little-known country, orni- thology, however, occupying the principal position both in col- lections and observations. Two species are described as new, Carpodacus davidianus and Abrornis armandij both of which are figured. More, A. G. On the Distribution of Birds in Great Britain during the Nesting-Season. Ibis, 1865, pp. 1-27, 119-142, 425-458. With a map (pi. i.). The object of this series of articles is to show more accurately than has hitherto been done the precise limits of each species in Great Britain during the breeding-season, that being the only time when the birds could be treated as stationary. For this purpose the division of the whole country into districts, 1865. [voL. II.] F ZOOLOGICAJL LITERATURE. 66 / proposed by Mr. H. C. Watson in bis botanical works, has been adopted ; and by references to tbe accompanying map, which is copied from one designed by that gentleman, the range of the different species is very compendiously shown. Follow- ing the same model, the author classes the birds of Great Britain into six categories, representing respectively the British, ^^English,^^ Germanic,'’^ Atlantic,^^ Scottish,^^ and High- lands^ types of distribution. Some such arrangement must necessarily have been adopted ; but these names, if they be con- strued too literally, may lead to some misconception. Mr. More states that his work is confessedly imperfect, but we must express our opinion that it goes very far beyond anything in the way of completeness that has yet been attempted. The aid of about one hundred correspondents has been obtained to carry out the author^s design ; and as these include nearly all the best living ornithologists of Great Britain, it is no wonder that his mode of dealing with this interesting subject has met with success, -especially as he also has bestowed a great amount of care and trouble on the task. Mueller, A. & K. Charakterzeichnungen der vorziiglichsten deutschen Singvogel. Leipzig und Heidelberg. 8vo, 11 tabb. We have not seen this work, and only know of its existence from an advertisement. Hewton, Alfred. Notes on the Birds of Spitsbergen. Ibis, 1865, pp. 199-21&, 4ae-525, pi. vi. The first part of this paper contains a narrative of the author^s ornithological proceedings in Spitsbergen, and the second a catalogue of the species found there. The number of these tallies with that of Dr. Malmgren (vide supra) ^ but this result is obtained by dismissing Bernicla leucopsis from, and inserting into the list Strepsilas interpres. From that naturalist the author also dissents in the assignment of several species of Alcidee, Fratercula glacialis is figured. , Paessler, W. Beobaclitungeii aus den Jahren 1863 und 1864 in Anhalt. Journ. fiir Orn. 1865, pp. 30-42. -. Bebbachtungen in Anhalt aus dem Jahre 1865. Op, cit, pp. 297-306. These observations have apparently only a local interest. ^^Badde, Gustav.^^ The Zoology of Siberia. Nat. Hist. Re- view, 1865, pp.457~4fi6. This article contains an excellent abstract of, and commentary on, the seeond volume of Herr Haddens ^ Travels in the South of Eastern Siberia,^ published at St. Petersburg in 1863 (4to, AVES. 67 pp. 392, tabb. 15), a most important work for the ortiithbl6gist, since it gives a complete account of the avifauna of South-Eastern Siberia, a region of which so little was before known, as it was left almost untouched by previous explorers. (Cf, Ibis, 1866, pp. 118, 119.) Salvador!, Tommaso. Katalog derVdgel Sardiniens mit Noten u. Beobachtungen. Aus dem Italienischen iibertragen durch Dr. Carl Bolle. Journ. fiir Orn. 1865, pp. 45-67, 128-144, 271-288, 314-326. A German translation of the work we noticed last year (Zool. Record, i. pp. 44, 45) . Another article is required to com- plete the task ; this will probably appear in the sixth Heft of the ^ J ournaV which has not yet reached uSi Saxby, Henry L. Catalogue of the Birds of Shetland. Natu- ralist, ii. pp. 121-126, 142-146, 158-162. One hundred and seventy-four species are enumerated, of which fifty seem to be inhabitants. ' Some appear to be intro- duced on very slight authority. . Ornithological Notes from Shetland. Zoologist, pp. 9401 -9405, 9435-9439, 9484-9489, 9518-9526, 9566-9572, 9587-9591, 9760-9772. This series of papers, in continuation of that we noticed last year (Zool. Record, i. p. 45), contains a mass of facts, some of them highly interesting, but far too numerous to specify, ScLATER, P. L. A collection of Bird-skins from Japan. ^ Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 618. Twenty species enumerated, in addition to those mentioned by Capt. Blakiston (Ibis, 1862, pp. 309-333, and 1863, pp. 97- 100), but some of them are not precisely determined. Seidensacher, Eduard. Die Vogel von Cilli. Mitth. naturw. Ver. Steiermark, 1864, 34 pp. Two hundred and foui* species, to which two others are added by the author in manuscript, are enumerated. None seem to be of any great rarity, but many of interest, and the whole article contains much useful information respecting the orni- thology of Styria. SuNDEVALL, C. J. Svenska Foglarna. Parts XVI. and XVII. Stockholm : 1865. Oblong 4to. These contain half-sheets 45 to 52, and plates Ixi. to Ixviii* The letterpress continues to give an account of the birds of prey. Tristram, H. B, On the Ornithology of Palestine. Part I., F 2 0)8 ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. Ibis^ 1865, pp. 67-83 ; Part II., op. cit. pp. 241-263, pi. ii. These articles contain fuller details of the birds observed by the author and his friends. The characters of the Palestine avifauna as shown by Mr. Tristram^s Report (P. Z. S. 1864, p. 426) we last year mentioned (Zool. Record, i. p. 46). The first of the two papers we have here to notice enlarges on the general features of the country from an ornithological point of view, and on some of the most remarkable species found in it, such as Nectarinia osea (of which a beautiful plate is given), Cypselus galilceensis (since shown by Mr. Sclater to be identical with C. affinis), Hirundo rufula, Crateropus chalyheiuSy Ixus oaanthopygiuSy and Drymoeca gracilis. The second article contains a catalogue, with notes, of all the birds of prey observed by the author^s party. The fact here most noticeable is the identifica- tion of what was in his Report named Accipiter sphenurus with the Astur brevipes of Severzow {Cf. Ibis, 1865, pp. 341, 342). Further details of the singular and interesting dis- covery of Ketupa ceylonensis in the Holy Land are also given. The publication of Mr. Tristram^s paper is being still con- tinued, Tristram, H. B. The Land of Israel; a Journal of Travels in Palestine, undertaken with special reference to its physical character. London : 1865, 8vo, pp. 652, This entertaining volume furnishes a connected account of the authors travels, of the results of which we have before spoken, [Wheelwright, H. W.] Ten Years in Sweden, &c. By an Old Bushman. London ; 1865, 8vo. Pages 249-450 of this work contain a List of all the Birds met with at the present day in Scandinavia, Denmark, Finland, Greenland, and Spitzbergen,'’^ which is chiefly compiled from the^ labours of the best-known northern ornithologists, and among them especially Prof. Nilsson^s ^ Skandinavisk Fauna ^ (Lund: 1858), while the papers of Prof. Reinhardt (Ibis, 1861, pp. 1-19) and Dr. Malmgren (CEfvers. K. Vet.-Akad. Forhandl. 1863, pp. 87-126) are respectively laid under contribution for the birds of Greenland and Spitsbergen. The whole has been worked up with a good deal of care ; but it contains no small number of errors, and some of them grave ones, while the author has omitted to notice several valuable articles bearing upon the subject. It will, however, be useful to English readers, Willemoes-Suhm, R. v. Beitriige zur Vogelfauna Nord- deutschlands. Zool. Garten, 1865, pp. 76-78. AVES. 69 This paper consists of notes on various birds occurring near the mouth of the Elbe or in Holstein; but nothing of import- ance is recorded^ except that Sylvia philomela is not found there. WiLLEMOEs-SuHMj R. V. Zu Andcmachs Vogclfauna. Op,cit. pp. 355-357. Only species which are well known to occur in the district are mentioned. Wright, Charles A. Second Appendix to a List of Birds observed in the Islands of Malta and Gozo. Ibis, 1865, pp. 459-466, pi. X. The original list and its first appendix were noticed by us last year (Zool. Record, i. pp. 46, 47). Three species are now added, as well as some further notes on seven formerly included. ETHIOPIAN REGION. Adams, A. L. Beobachtungen uber Vorkommen und Lebens- weise der Vogel Egyptens und Nubiens. Aus dem Engli- schen, &c., von Dr. Rob. Hartmann. Journ. fiir Orn. 1864, pp. 447-457. A conclusion of the translation noted last year (Zool. Record, i. p. 47). Antinori, Orazio. Beschreibung und Verzeichniss einer von Mai 1859 bis Juli 1861 in Nord-Central-Afrika angeleg- ten Vogelsammlung. Aus dem Italienischen auszugsweise iibersetzt und mit einigen Anmerkungen versehen von Dr, R. Hartmann. Journ. fiir Orn. 1865, pp. 67-77. The beginning of a German translation of the work noticed in our last volume (Zool. Record, i. p. 48). The translator’s notes are not numerous. Bianconi, G. G. Specimina Zoologica Mosambicana. Fasci- culus xiv. Mem. Acad, Scienze di Bologna, 2 ser, tom. iv. pp. 519-523, tab. ii.-iv. This is one of a series of papers commenced in the same ^^Me- morie ” some sixteen years since. It contains descriptions and figures of Ploceus spilonoius, Vigors, foem., with nest and egg, and of Coturnix fornasiniy supposed to be a new species. A few other remarks are added, but none that need be noticed here. Bulger, G. E. Record of a Day in KafFraria. Zoologist, pp. 9810-9814. Contains several ornithological observations. Garnier, — ♦ Sur les Animaux domestiques et sauvages et sur 70 ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. les Oiseaux du Soudan. Bull. Soc. Imper. d^Acclimat. 1865^ pp. 385-393. This paper contains nothing that can he of use to the orni- thologist. Gurney, J. H. A Seventh additional List of Birds from Natal. Ibis, 1865, pp. 263-276. The former lists were published in the same journal (Zool. Record, i. p. 48). Thirty-five species are now added, of which Butalis ccerulescens and Estrelda nitidula are described as new by Dr. Hartlaub. Bemarhs on several other species are appended. Hartlaub, G. Descriptions of Seven New Species of Birds discovered by Mr. J. J. Monteiro in the Province of Ben- guela, Angola, West Africa. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, pp. 86-88, pi. iv.-vi. The species are Crateropus gymnogenySj Bryoscopus guttatus, Upupa decor at tty Toccus eleganSy T. monteiriiy Cursorius bicinctuSy and Otis picturata, A few notes upon other sjiecies collected by Mr. Monteiro are added. The two Tocci and the Otis are figured. . On Two New Species of African Birds. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, pp. 428, 429, pi. xxiii. The species are Tchitrea spekii and Saxicola spectabilis. . On a New Species* of Francolin discovered by Messrs. Speke and Grant in Central Africa. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, pp. 665-667, pi. xxxix. The bird is called Prancolinus grantij a list of the twenty-five known species of African Francolini is added, and a description of F. icteropuSy Heuglin. On two New Species of South African Saxicola, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1865, pp. 746-747. Saxicola castor and S. pollux. Heuglin, Th. von. Ornithologische Miscellen aus Central- Aft’ika. PetermaniFs Mittheilungen, Erganzungsband iii. no. 15, 1865, pp. 33-38. This is an appendix to the author^s journal kept while on the well-known expedition of Madame Tinne. It contains notes on a vast number of birds, some of which are said to be new species; but where these are described it does not appear. Names, however, are given to them by the author. . Notizen fiber den Vogelzug im Herbst 1864 so wie fiber die ornithologischen Vorkommnisse in den Liindern der Bischfirin, Omarfib und Hadendoa zwischen Berber und AVES.' 71; Sauakin. Tom. cit. pp. 39^ 40. Extract^ Journ. fiir Orn. 1B65_, pp. 42-45. These observations are of considerable interest^ nearly all the species observed in passage being European. The avifauna of that part of Nubia lying between Berber on the Nile and Saua- kin on the Red Sea is very varied^ and a brief list of the species observed by the author is given. HeugliNj Th. von. Nachtrage zu den Ornithologischen Berich- tenvom Bahr-el-abiad. Journ. fiir Orn. 1865, pp. 98-100. This paper contains the description of a Ploceus (which the author does not name) akin to, but distinct from, P. ruhigmosus, Riipp., and also of a new Cursorius ; to the last are added some notes on the four other species known to him. Monteiro, J. J. Notes on Birds collected in Benguela. Broc. Zool. Soc. 1865, pp. 89-96. The seventy species enumerated were collected in 1862 and 1863 in the coast-region of ^the province, which is, generally speaking, dry, barren, and rocky, vegetation being abundant only near the few rivers or some twenty to thirty miles towards the interior. Some of the species are new, and have been de- scribed by Dr. Hartlaub (P. Z. S. 1865, pp. 86-88), who also determined the names of the remainder. Newton, Alfred. On Two New Birds from the Island of Ro- driguez. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, pp. 46-48, pi. i. The two birds are Foudia flavicans and Drymoeca (?) rodeHcana* . On an apparently undescribed Bird from the Seychelle Islands. Ibis, 1865, pp. 331-333, pi. viii. The bird is named Copsychus sechellarum. . List of Animals collected at Mohambo, Madagascar, by Mr. W. T. Gerrardi Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, pp. 832-837. - Forty-four species of birds, none of which are new; though some are rare, were contained in the collection. Newton, Edward. Notes of a Visit to the Island of Rodri- guez. Ibis, 1865, pp. 146-154. The only two aboriginal land-birds observed proved to be new, Foudia flavicans and Drymoeca rodericana. Three bones of the extinct Didine species peculiar to the island were also found by the author and one of his friends (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, pp. 199-201). ScHLEGEL, H. Contributions h la Faune de Madagascar et des lies avoisinantes, d’apres les decouvertes et observations de 72 ZOOLOGICAL LITEllATUKE. MM. Fran9ois Pollen et M. D.-C. van Dam. Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. 1865, pp. 73-89. The author gives an account of some of the more interesting of the specimens sent home by the two travellers named from Reunion, Mayotte, the north-west of Madagascar, and the islands of Nossi-be and Nossi-faly, which account is to be taken in connexion with M. Pollen^s Enumeration des animaux vertebres de Madagascar contained in the same jom’ual for 1863 (pp. 277-345). Prof. Schlegel describes as new species Nisus brutuSj Noctua pollenij Xenopirostris damiy JDicrurus waldeniy Zosterops flavifi'onSy Pollen (7iec Latham), and Columba polleni. He considers Tinnunculus newtoni to be identical with T. punctatuSj and Tchiti'ea mutata, T. pretiosuy and T. holosericea to be synonymous, and the Madagascar Pigeons, which have been distributed under several genera, Funingus, AlectrocenaSy and Erythrcenay to belong strictly to the genus Ptilopus (qu. Ptilo^ nopus?). (Cf. Ibis, 1866, pp. 210 & 211.) ScLATER, P. L. Description of a New Species of Passerine Bird from Madagascar. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, pp. 326, 327, pi. xiii. This bird is the type of a new genus, Hylophorba, belonging to the family 3fuscicapidce, and is named H. ruticilla. INDIAN REGION. Reavan, R. C. Indian Ornithological Notes, chiefly on the Migration of Species. Proc. Zool. Soc. I865jpp. 690-695. This paper contains records of very numerous observations made at Barrackpore, near Calcutta, between July 28th and November 21st, 1864, of which it would be almost impossible to give an abstract. -- — . Notes on various Indian Birds. Ibis, 1865, pp. 400- 423. The species noticed are some of those which occur around Darjeeling, in the Maunbhoom district and near Barrackpore. Of the physical features of the Maunbhoom district the author gives a rapid sketch. No new species are described, but, following the arrangement of Dr. Jerdon^s work, nearly one hundred are re- marked upon. Blyth, Edward. A few Identifications and Rectifications of Synonymy. Ibis, 1865, pp. 27-50. The birds to which these multitudinous remarks apply are chiefly the types of Horsfield^s well-known paper on the ornitho- logy of Java (Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 133) many of which arc AVES. 73 identical with Australian species, a fact only recently determined by the author and Mr. Swinhoe, but since greatly corroborated by the researches of Prof. Schlegel and Mr. Gould. From the nature of the case it would be impossible to bring within the limits of this compilation an abstract of the many (not few identifications and rectifications of synonymy made by Mr. Blyth. The paper is one that must not be neglected by any student of Indian or Australian ornithology. Gould, John. The Birds of Asia. Part xvii. London * 1865. Imp. folio. Of the sixteen species described and figured, two are new — Saxicola capistrata ( = S. leucomela, Jerdon nec Pallas) and S, montana, the last from Afghanistan. The true leucomela is also figured, but does not appear to be really Asiatic. Several others are not Indian,’^ but essentially Palsearctic or Au- stralian.^^ . Deseriptions of Four New Species of Bii’ds from Eastern Asia. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, pp. 663-665. They are Nectarinia (Arachnechthra) insignis, Otocompsa fus- cicaudata, Enicurus (lege Henicurus) guttatus, and E, (if.) sU nensis. SwJNHOE, Robert. Letters on Formosan and Chinese Orni- thology. Ibis, 1865, pp. 107-112, 230-234, 346-359, 538-546. These letters are crowded with interesting details, and contain the descriptions of several new species, of which due notice will be found under the groups to which they belong. . Neau-Show. Birds and Beasts (of Formosa). From the 18th Chapter of the revised edition of Tai-wan foo-che, Statistics of Taiwan. Proc. As. Soc. Shanghai, 1865,' pp. 39-52. This is a catalogue of Chinese names which the translator has endeavoured to identify with their scientific equivalents. As it is probably the first translation of the writings of a Chinese ornithologist, it is to be regarded as a curiosity. AUSTRALIAN REGION. Bernstein, H. A. Ueber einen neuen Paradiesvogel und einige andere neue Vogel. Journ. fiir Orn. 1864*, pp. 401-410. Deseriptions of Schlegelia calva, Arachnotliera vagans, Zos~ terops fusca, Corvus megarhynclius, and Ptilonopus ochragaster * Not published till after March 1865. 74 ZOOLOGICAL LlTERATUllE. are given in German^ these having been already published in Dutch (N. T. D. pp. 320-324), as noticed by us last year (Zool. Record, i. pp. 75, 86, and 87) ; but two other species, hyco- corax morotensis and L. obiensis, are described for the first time. Finsch, Otto. Neu-Guinea und seine Bewohner. Bremen: 1865, 8vo, pp. 186. In the body of the volume the more prominent features of the avifauna of the country are pointed out (pp. 19-30), and in an appendix (pp. 154-185) a list of the birds hitherto observed in it and neighbouring localities, fromNorth Australia (to lat. 30° S.) to Timor, is given. The total number of species enumerated is 920, of which 252 are known from New Guinea, 246 from North Australia, 129 from the Aru and 26 from the Ke Islands, 94 from Ceram, 95 from Mysol, 92 from Waigiou, 49 from Salwatty, 83 from Ternate, 129 from Halmaheira, 124 from Bat chi an, 75 fr’om Amboyna, 157from Celebes, and 147 from Timor. The new species made known since 1858, when Mr. Wallace's discoveries drew attention afresh to this part of the world, are separately distin- guished, and are no less than 178 in number, most of them being due to that traveller. Full of information as this volume is beyond any other on the subject, it only serves to show how little really is known of the animal productions of the wonder- ful island of which it treats. Gould, John. Handbook to the Birds of Australia. London : 1865. Royal 8vo, vol. i. pp. 636, vol. ii. pp. 629. In its effects this will most likely prove to be the most im- portant work on ornithology published during the past year, and, if we except Dr. Jerdon^s Birds of India,^ it might even be safely said the most important published for several years, as it is almost impossible to overrate the stimulus which this Handbook ^ will be to the progress of science in Australia. Six hundred and seventy species are enumerated as forming the avifauna of the Australian continent, Tasmania, and those islands of the Great Barrier Reef which properly belong to Australia,"’^ to which limits the author confines his labours, though two dozen species from New Guinea, New Zealand, Norfolk, Lord Howe^s, and other Islands, which were figured in his ^ Birds of Australia/ are noticed in the Appendix. Very considerable care has been bestowed in amending the nomen- clature and in working up the synonymy of the birds included, and this feature in the undertaking is one that can be dwelt upon with the greatest pleasure, for the execution of other parts of it is not equal to this. Diagnoses, whether generic or specific, are in almost every case wanting, and the descriptions are often so vague as very imperfectly to supply their absence. Nine new genera are proposed by the author, and names given to but few, if any, of them can be said to be defined. They are as follows ; — Hylochelidon, Lagenoplastes {HirundU nid(B)j MelanodryaSjAmaurodryas, Poacilodryas {Sylviidm), Stig^ matops {Meliphagid(B)j Ptistes (Platycercida), JEgialophilus (Charadriidm) , and Limnocinclus {Scolopacidce) . For sim- plicity's sake it is to be hoped that no future systematist will think it tiecessary to re-name these suggested genera in the event of his adopting and furnishing characteristics of them, though in most cases his right to disregard Mr. Gould^s names would be unquestionable according to the generally recognized principles of zoological nomenclature. Six new species are also described in the present work, these are, Melanodryas picaia^^ PtisteB coccineopteruSy^ Chalcophaps longirostriSj Lophophaps ferruginea,Synoicus{iegQSyn(xcus) cervinuSj ^cndiExcalfatoria (lege Excalfactoria) australis. In the matter of synonymy the most important result of Mr. Gould^s later researches and comparisons is the identification of numerous Australian species formerly looked upon as distinct with well-known Indian or even Palae- arctic forms. This is most especially to be remarked, as might have been expected, in the case of many of the Grall(B and AnsereSy other orders having come in for their share of this treat- ment at the hands of Messrs. G. R. Gray and Strickland many years ago (Ann. N. H. xi. pp. 189 and 333). It is impossible, even in the special division of this ^ Record,^ to notice more than a portion of the changes brought about by the author^s meritorious labour in this respect ; and here we can only mention, to show what we mean, that Charadrius veredus and Ardea leucophma are now identified with C. asiaticus and A. cinerea. The tables at the end of the work, indicating the distribution of the species throughout the seven Colonies into which Australia is at present divided, are also very useful, though, as Mr. Gould is careful to remark, these Colonies are by no means so many natural provinces. It is stated that, on a review, it will be seen that of the 670 species of birds found in Australia 400 have been observed in New South Wales, 427 in Queensland, 348 in Victoria, 312 in South Australia, 239 in West Australia, 235 in North Australia, and 162 in Tasmania. In West and North Australia probably many more have to be added, but in the other Colonies the numbers of species may be taken as a fair approximation to reality. A comparison of these tables with those contained in the author^s ^Introduction to the Birds of Australia,^ published in 1848, will alone show the progress that has been made in the accurate knowledge of the avifauna of the great island-continent. Gould, John. Descriptions of Two new Australian Birds. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, pp. 198, 199. They are Malurus leuconotus and Artamus melanops. zoological UTEllATUllE. Ramsay, E. P. List of Birds received from Port Denison, Queensland. Ibis, 1865, pp. 83-87, A nominal list of forty-five species, some notes being added respecting a few of them. Nectai'inia australis is perhaps the most remarkable. . On the Nests and Eggs of some New Zealand Birds. Ibis, 1865, pp. 154-157. [See ^^Oology.^^] . Notes on Birds breeding in the neighbourhood of Sydney, Ibis, 1865, pp. 298-306. [See Oology.'’'’] ■ . Notes upon the Cuckoos found near Sydney, New South Wales. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, pp. 460-465. The species mentioned are Chalcites luciduSy Cuculus inornatuSy and C. cineraceus. Many details of their habits, especially when breeding, are given. Schlegel, H. De Vogels van Nederlandsch Indie beschreven en afgebeeld. Monographie 2, Ijsvogels (Martin-Pecheurs). Harlem : 1864. 4to, pp. 68, tabb. 16, figg. 67. The first part of this work, forming a monograph of the Pittidce of the Dutch Indies, was published in 1863. The second contains the Alcedinidce of the same region j and under the heading of that family further details will be found. The text is partly in Dutch and partly in French, the Revue synoptique^^ of the whole being in the latter. The figures, though on a small scale, are very beautifully executed. Travers, Henry Hammersley. Notes on the Chatham Islands (lat. 44° 30' S., long. 175° W.). Proc. Linn. Soc. Botany. ix.pp. 135-144. While describing the human inhabitants, formation, fauna, and flora of the group, the author enumerates the birds found upon the two islands which compose it. As may be expected, they are all of New Zealand type, though their precise identity with New Zealand species is rather inferred than proved. Very curious is the reported occurrence there of so many flightless forms, such as ApteryXy OcydromuSy and StrigopSy which, are stated to have become extinct since the Maori invasion of 1832 or 1835. Two species, termed a Pigeon and a Titmouse,'’^ but not scientifically named, have made their appearance in the islands, and colonized them, at a recent date. The ornithological portion of this interesting paper is reprinted, ^Ibis,^ 1866, pp. 113-115. Wallace, Alfred R. On the Pigeons of the Malay Archi- pelago. Ibis, 1865, pp. 365-400, pi. ix. This paper is a worthy companion to the author^s treatise on AVES. 77 the Psittaci of the same region, noticed last year (Zool. Record, i. pp. 53-55). Like that group of birds, the ColumbcB attain their maximum development in the limited district of which the great island of New Guinea forms the centre, and which he calls the Austro-Malayan subregion. Its actual land-area is less than one-sixth of Europe, and yet it contains more than a fourth of all the species of Pigeons known to exist. This peculiar distribution is, Mr. Wallace suggests, owing to the total absence from it of all forest-haunting and fruit-eating mammals, such as Monkeys and Squirrels ; at least the converse is no doubt the reason why, in the Amazon valley. Pigeons are scarce or almost entirely absent, such species as there are having mostly habits of feeding on the ground and breeding lower in the bushes than Monkeys descend. In the Malay countries also there are no great families of fruit-eating Passeres, and their place seems to be taken by the true Fruit-Pigeons, which, unchecked by rivals or enemies, often form with the Psittaci the prominent and characteristic features of the avifauna. Mr. Wallace divides the order Columbce into three great families : the TreronidcCy with short legs and broad-soled grasp- ing feet, feeding entirely on fruit, and never descending to the ground, are entirely confined to the eastern hemisphere ; the true ColumbidcR, with larger feet but slenderer toes, feeding either on the trees or on the ground, are of the most general distribu- tion ; and the GouridcSy with longer legs, running quickly, feed- ing always on the ground, and only ascending trees to roost, chiefly abound in the Australian and [South] American regions. Each of these families is distinguished by a characteristic type of colouring. Of the Treronid(B fifty-four species are confined to the Austro- Malayan, while twenty-eight inhabit the Indo-Malayan sub- region. In India fourteen, and in Africa six species (all of the same genus Treron) are found ; thirty inhabit the Pacific islands ; and eight occur in Australia or New Zealand ; while New Guinea has fourteen species. The true Colmnbida are, in the Archipelago, chiefly repre- sented by the genus Macropygia, but more than a single species is rarely found in any one island, except Java. The Old-World genus Turtur has a few representative species in the Indo-Malay islands, but does not properly extend to the Austra- lian region. Of the seven genera of Gourid(S found in the Archipelago^ only two extend to the continent of Asia, while five are confined to the Austro-Malayan subregion, and three to New Guinea. The singular Calcenas nicobarica Mr. Wallace believes to have spread westward from New Guinea to the islands whence it takes its name. The other genera have a very limited range, Chalcophaps being the only exception ; but all its species are 78 ZOOLOGICAL LITERATUEE. very closely allied^ and their extended distribution has probably been of not very ancient date; human agency^ indeed^ may have aided it. The entii’e number of Pigeons known to exist is about three hundred: of these the Malay Archipelago already counts one hundred and eighteen^ while only twenty-eight are found in India, twenty-three in Australia, less than forty in Africa, and not more than eighty in the whole of America. These facts show that the Malay Archipelago is preeminently the metro- polis of the ColumbcB ; but there they are very unequally distri- buted; for while the Indo-Malayan subregion contains nine genera and forty-three species, the Austro-Malayan has fifteen genera and eighty-four species. Here, then, is the focus of the order; and the condensation is carried to the utmost in New Guinea, in which, though only a few points on its coast have been visited, twenty-five species have been obtained. Mr. Wallace therefore believes that the distribution of the Columbm fully confirms the results furnished by the study of other groups of birds, mammals, and insects, the chief of which is that the Malay Archipelago is not one of the primary divi- sions of the globe, and that while one half belongs to the Indian region the other forms part of the Australian. We have here only given a brief sketch of the introduction to this paper, touching upon those points which seem to have a general interest. The remainder will be found noticed under the head Columbae.^^ Wallace, Alfred R. Descriptions of New Birds from the Malay Archipelago. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, pp. 474-481, pis. xxviii., xxix. The species are named Accipiter (equatorialis, A. muelleriy Gerygone neglectay G. palpebrosay Muscicapa heliantheay Cyornis rufigula, C. rufifronSy Rhipidura longicaudUy R. torrida (figured pi. xxviii.), R. cineretty Prionochilus aureolimbatus (figured pi. xxix. fig. 1), Pachycephala brunneay Picrurus leucopSy Ptilotis rostrataj Nectarinia flavostriata (figured pi. xxix. fig. 2), N. porphyrolcemay N. grayiy Mimia tristissimay Turnix rufilatuSj Porzana moluccanay and P. rufigenis, NEARCTIC REGION. Allen, J. A. Catalogue of Birds found at Springfield, Mass., with Notes on their Migrations, Habits, &c., together with a List of those Birds found in the State not yet observed at Springfield. Proc. Essex Instit. iv. p. 48. This paper we have not seen. We quote its title from the list of publications printed by the Institute. AVES. 79 Ambrose, J ohiI. Observations on the Sea-Birds frequenting St* Margaret^s Bay, N.S. Proc. Nov. Scot. Inst. Nat. Sc. ii. pp. 51-59. Twenty-nine species are mentioned by their local names, and . some of them are scientifically identified, but the list is admitted by the author to be incomplete. A very great and unnecessary destruction of birds appears to go on in this district. Baird, S. F. Beview of American Birds in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Part I. (continued). North and Middle America. Washington: 1865. Royal 8vo, pp. 177-320. The scope of this work was explained in the last volume of the 'Record^ (p. 55). The continuation published during the past year completes the family Mniotiltid(S, including descriptions of thirteen or fifteen species which are new or renamed j and three new subgenera, Myioborus, Idiotes, and ErgaticuSy are characterized. This portion of the work concludes with the family HirundmidcBy of which six or seven new species are de- scribed. Phceoprogne, Pygocliclidon, Notiochelidoriy and Calliche- lidon are new subgenera formed. The author characterizes every species and group included in his work with a degree of minuteness which is almost excessive ; but the abundance of materials at his disposal probably renders this necessary, while the perspicuity of his descriptions does much to remove any evil that might in consequence arise, though this does not make the task of the present compiler the easier, it being impossible for him generally to condense the numerous peculiarities, which in some instances appear t6 belong rather to the individual, sufficiently to reproduce them in the special part of the ^ Record.^ CouES, E. Ornithology of a Prairie- Journey, and Notes on the Birds of Arizona. Ibis, 1865, pp. 157-165. The route taken by the author was through Fort Leavenworth and Santa Fe to Fort Whipple, in the spring of 1864. At St. Louis he had the first indication of entering upon an avifauna different from that of the east, and near Fort Riley he found still greater changes, though its type was still essentially eastern; but directly westward of this place the true prairie-species are met with. Calamospiza bicolor is the characteristic bird of the district, but stops abruptly at the first mountains. Xanthoce- plialus icterocephalus j Eremophila cornutay and Sturnella neglecta continue through New Mexico into Arizona. Carpodacus fron- talis is the common town-bird of New Mexico. Several eastern forms are common on the Rio Grande. The avifauna of Arizona inclines decidedly towards that of corresponding regions in Cali- fornia, as is shown by the list of birds with which Dr, Couea 80 ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE, concludes this interesting paper on a country of which so little was known. Downs, A. On the Land-Birds of Nova Scotia. Proc, Nov. Scot. Inst. Nat. Sc. ii. pp. 38-51. Sixty-one species are treated of, hut the paper has only a local interest. Dresser, H. E. Notes on the Birds of Southern Texas. Ibis, 1865, pp. 312-330, 466-495. [Concluded abis,^ 1866,pp. 23-46.] The author resided in this region from June 1863 to July 1864, and made many excursions to different localties. At San Antonio he fell in with the late Dr. A. L. Heermann, who aided him materially. These notes consequently contain much in- formation relating to the birds of the country, and especially to their distribution in it. Several species of considerable rarity were met with. [Mueller, J. W.] Systematisches Verzeichniss der in Mexico beobachteten und gesammelten Vogel, pp. 26, 8vo. It appears from Dr. Hartlaub^s ^ Bericht ^ for 1864 that this list, which is said to be the fullest yet published of the Birds of Mexico, is from the third volume of the author^s ^ Reisen in Mexico und den Yereinigten Staatcn.^ The separately-printed copy we have seen bears no author^s or printer's name or date pr place of publication : 621 species are enumerated^ and a few synonyms added. Whitely, H. Catalogue of North American Birds and Eggs, arranged in cabinets in the museum of the Royal Artillery Institution, Woolwich. Woolwich: 1865. Roy. 8vo,pp.23. We notice this publication chiefly for the purpose of drawing attention to the flourishing Museum at Woolwich. NEOTROPICAL REGION. Cassin, John. On some Conirostral Birds from Costa Rica in the Collection of the Smithsonian Institution. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1865, pp. 169-172. Twenty-two species are mentioned, of which three, Arremon rufidorsalisj Buarremon crassirostrisj and Buphonui aimece [sic] are described as new. Landbeck, Luis. Beitrage zur Ornithologie Chiles. Archiv fur Naturgesch. 1864, i. pp. 55-62. Two supposed new species are described, Dench'oeca atricapilla and Arundicola citreola. AVES. 81 Landbeck, L. and Philippi, R. A. (See Philippi, R. A., and Landbeck, L.) Lawrence, G. N. Descriptions of four new species of Birds from the Isthmus of Panama. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1865, pp. 106-108. The species are Tachyphonus ruhrifronSj Anthus parvus, Tham- nophilus nigricristatus, and Geotrygon albiventer. They are all founded on specimens which have been described under other names. . Descriptions of Six New species of Birds from Central America. Ann. Lye. New York, 1865, pp. 171-174. The species described are named Spermophila Mcksi, S. badiU ventris, S. fortipes, Formicivoj'a schisticolor, Elainea frantzii, and Miirephorus aurantiiventris. . List of Birds from near David, Chiriqui, New Granada, collected for the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, by Mr. Fred. Hicks, with Descriptions of New Species. Op. cit. pp. 175-179. The collection consisted of thirty-nine species, of which three, Spermophila collaris, Elainea chiriquensis, and E, semiflava are described as new. — . Catalogue of a Collection of Birds in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, made by Mr. H. E. Holland at Grey town, Nicaragua, with Descriptions of New Species. Op. pp. 179-185. Sixty-one species are enumerated, of which Thryothorus brun- neus, Synallaocis nigrifumosa, and Thamnophilus Jiollandi are described as new. Philippi, R. A., and Landbeck, L. Beitrage zur Ornithologie Chiles. Archiv fur Naturgesch. 1864, i. pp. 41-54. Op. cit. 1865, i. pp. 56-104. The first of these papers contains the descriptions of three species supposed to be new, namely Accipiter chilensis, Chloro- spiza [?] plumbea, and Sycalis aureoventris. The second article includes the description of Pteroptochus casfaneus, and two trea- tises, one on Die Lerchen Chiles’^ which belong to the family Dendrocolapfidce {cf. Sclater, Ibis, 1865, p. 59), and the other a "Monographic der sudamerikanischen (7V- rannidc^. S ALVIN, OsBERT. The Sea-birds and Waders of the Pacific Coast of Guatemala. Ibis, 1865, pp. 187-199. This paper does for the western shore of Central America 1865. [voL. II.] G 82 ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. what; the paper noticed last year (ZooL Eecoi^dj i, p. ^6) did fpy the eastern^ and is of exactly the same description, ScLATER, P. Ii. On two rare Species of the American gcpus Dendrceca. Iliisj 1865, pp. 87-89. [Error corrected^ op. dt. p. 237]. Description of a New Accipitrine Bird from Cost^ Rica. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, pp. 429, 430, pi. xxiv. Named Leucopternis princeps. ANATOMY AND PHYSIODODY, Bianconi, G. G. Studi del Tarso-metatarso degli Uccelli ed in particolare su quello del? Mpyornis maximum. Continua- zione e fine. Mem. Accad. Scienze di Bologna, 2 ser. tom. V. (12 Jan. 1865), pp. 31-112, tabb. v.-xiv. This is the conclusion of a paper * by the author in the same journal for 1863 (tom. hi. pp. 173-199, tabb. i.-iv.). In the former part Pyof. Bianconi examined the structure of the tarso- metatarsus in the Scansores and Grallai. In the present memoir the same bone in tlie Gallince, Struthiones, AccipltreSj Passeres, Ansen'eSy and finally in jEpyomis moximus (of which it is, with the egg, the sole relic) is taken into consideration. lie at length arrives at the conclusion that this last-named species was a Vulture, and very nearly allied to the Condor [Sarcorham^ pirns gi'yphus). The plates represent the tarso-metatarsus of the following birds : — Meleagris gallopavo, Tetrao urogallus, Perdix cinerea, Columba turtur, Corvus frugilegus, Cypselus apus, Struthio cameluSy Rhea amer\cg>na, Aquila chrysaetuSj Asio otus, Barcorhamphus gryphus, S. papa, Gypaetus harhatus,' Golymhys arcticus, Podiceps, sp.. Anas boschas, Clangula glaucion, Pelepa^ 71US, ^^.,Phalacrocorax carbo, Hydrochelidon nigra, 2in.di^pyornis. A brief extract from this paper is contained in Ann. des Sci. Natu- relles, hi. pp. 59, 60, and an abstract of it in Bev. Zool. 1865, pp. 47-49. \cf. P. Z. S, 1865, p. 196, and Ann. & Mag. N. H. 3rd ser, xvi. p. 59.) Crisp, E. On the Anatomy and Habits of the Water-Ousel [Cinclus aquaticus). Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, pp. 49-52. The first object of the author is to ascertain by what means the bird is enabled to dive. This, he thinks, is accounted for by the shortness of the wing and great development of its muscles. The caudal muscles also are much developed. The visceral anatomy differs very little proportionately from that of other * The series of articles in connexion with the subject has its beginning in the Memoirs of the Bologna Academy several years ago, and is continued in those for 1862, pp. 3-64 AVES. 83 TardidtR examined^ and^ as in most of them, the bones contain no air. Cullen, W. H. On the Gular Pouch of the Male Bustard {Otis tarda, Linn.). Ibis, 1865, pp. 143-145. The author has rediscovered this curious structure, the exist- ence of which had been doubted (c/. Ibis, 1862, pp. 107-127; J. f. O. 1862, pp. 137-153), in two examples of the bird examined by him in Bulgaria, of one of whieh he gives two figures, showing the orifice under the tongue and the saek expanded. No light is thrown on the development or applieation of this mysterious organ. Dareste, C. Investigations on Eggs with a Double Germ, and on the Origin of Double Monsters in Birds. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. xv. pp. 432, 433. The observations herein contained are of a nature purely phy- siological. Davy, J. On the Freezing of the Egg of the Common Fowl. Trans. Boy. Soc. Edinh. xxiii. pp. 505-513. The careful experiments made by the author are entirely of a physiological nature. They differ from those of Hunter and Mr. Paget, wherein the eggs were exposed to extreme artificial cold, and only for a short time. Dr. Davy generally made use of natural frost, but some experiments with freezing mixtures are also mentioned. The question of how mueh cold a fertile egg can endure without its vitality being injured seems to be stiU undecided. Dusseau, j. L. Musee Vrolik. Catalogue de la Collection d’ anatomic humaine, comparee et pathologique de MM. Ger. et W. Vrolik. Amsterdam: 1865. Boy. 8vo, pp. 464. The ornithological portions of this Catalogue are scattered about in a manner rather puzzling to the student. The follow- ing references to them will, we believe, serve as a guide to any ornithologist consulting the work — pp. 152, 153, 163-166, 177— 182, 190, 191, 194-198, 200, 203, 207, 210, 211, 213, 231, 233, 244-246, 253, 256, 259, 263, 264, 270, 271, 459 ; but not much information is contained in it that, apart from the collection, which is now at Amsterdam, would be found useful. Eudes-Deslongchamps, E. Note sur des Moisissures abondam- ment developpees dans Finterieur d^un oeuf de Casoar de la Nouvelle Hollande. Bull. Soc. Linn, de Normandie, ix. pp. 381-385. The author supposes the spores to have penetrated the egg- shell. 84 ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. Flower, W. H. On the Gular Pouch of the Great Bustard (Otis tarda, Linn.). Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, pp. 747, 748. The specimens dissected by Dr. Cullen (vide supra sub eo nom.) are here fully described. There is a distinct and unques- tionably natural opening under the tongue, surrounded by well- marked folds of mucous membrane, which close it by coming into apposition. A band of muscular fibres runs on each side of the neck of the sack, and is evidently the sphincter spoken of by several observers ; it appears, however, only to be part of the general muscular system. One sack measured 9 inches in length, and held easily three imperial pints. Both of them con- tained a few pieces of grass and leaves. There appears to be no glandular structure connected with the organ ; and it is probably a simple reservoir for fluid, more analogous to the pouch of the Pelecanidce than anything else. Germain, R. Note sur la structure du gesier chez le Pigeon Nicobar. Ann. des Sc. Nat. hi. p. 352. The note seems to confirm Mr. Flower’s more detailed observa- tions (P. Z. S. 1860, pp. 333, 334). Giebel, C. Zur Charakteristik der Pelekane. Zeitschrift fur die gesammten Naturwissenschaften, 1865, pj>. 250-257. The osteology of the genus Pelecanus as represented by three of its species, P, erythrorhynchus, P. crispus, and P. onocrotalus, is very carefully and at the same time succinctly described. Harting, P. L’appareil ^pisternal des Oiseaux, Natuurk. Ye- hand. Utrechtsch Genootsch. Kunst. Wetenschapp. Nieuwe Reeks. I. hi. pp. 20, cum tab. By the term episternal apparatus ’’ the author means all that structure, whether membranous or osseous, which commonly unites the clavicles [furcula] to the sternum, and has generally been considered as forming its anterior part, but is in reality as distinct from it as are the clavicles and the coracoids. After describing in some detail the form it takes in various birds (re- marking on the curious fact that in the male of Meleagris gallo- pavo there is a strong osseous superior apophysis, while in the female of the same species there is simply a thickening of the median plate only composed of tendinous tissue without any trace of cartilage) , he briefly sums up the results of his observa- tions nearly as follows ; — 1 . All birds have an apparatus comparable to the episternum of saurians and some mammals. 2. The episternal apparatus of birds is sometimes altogether, and always for the most part, in a membranous state. 3. When it is complete, it consists of a vertical median poste- AVES. 85 rior plate, with two lateral plates and a horizontal median and anterior one, which last is sometimes wanting. 4. These taken together correspond to the T-shaped or cruci- form episternum of saurians, with the exception of the upper parts of the lateral plates, which are equivalent to the lateral prolongations of the coracoids in those animals. 5. Sometimes the episternal apparatus remains membranous for the bird^s whole life. The place of ossification is generally in the median posterior plate. The superior apophysis, which is its result, bifurcates when it also extends into the lateral plates. Another point of ossification is close to the angle of the furcula. The prolongation of this, which forms the furcular apophysis, varies much in different species, sometimes extending to the lower end of the crest. The least-frequent ossification is that of the middle and posterior part of the median horizontal and anterior plate between the branches of the furcula and giving rise to the median apophysis. 6. When the traehea enters the keel, the osseous walls of the cavity are part of the episternal formation. The plate illustrating this paper is most beautifully executed. The sternum of Grus cinereaj however, is represented as that of Cygnus musicus, though the mistake does not impair the value of the author’s observations. {Cf. Comptes Rendus, 1865, p. 727, Rev. Zool. 1865, pp. 118, 119, and ^Ibis,’ 1866, p. 116.) Haughton, Samuel. On the Muscular Mechanism of the Leg of the Ostrich. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. xv. pp. 262-272, plates vi., vii. A very elaborate and excellent piece of descriptive anatomy. The author believes that in the digastric rectus femoris muscle lies the key to the explanation of the complieated muscular apparatus of the Ostrich’s leg. This mechanism Dr. Haughton considers to be a strong argument against the theory of natural selection. Homeyer, Alexander von. Das Wiederaufleben eines durch nasse Kiilte erstorbenen Zwerg-Fliegenf angers, Er'ythro^ sterna parva. Journ. fur Orn. 1865, pp. 221-2^'. An instance of resuscitation of a half-drowned cage-bird, not very remarkable. Landois, H. Die Eierschalen der Vogel in histologischer und genetischer Reziehung. Zeitschr. fiir Wissensch. Zoologie, 1865, pp. 1-31, taf. i. The histological and genetic relations of egg-shells are con- sidered in much detail by the author, who bases his researches on an examination of the eggs of upwards of sixty species of birds. The plate represents the microscopic appearance of dif- 86 ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. ferent layers in tlie shell of the eggs of Meleagris gallopavOf Upupa epopSy Phasianus colchicus, Hirundo rustictty Podiceps minor j Sylvia atricapilla, and Emberiza citrinella, Milne-Edwards, Alphonse. Observations sur happareil respi- ratoire de quelques Oiseaux. Ann. desSc. Nat. hi. pp. 137- 142. The author confirms the observations of Prof. Owen (P. Z. S. 1835, pp. 9-12) as to the communication existing between the lungs and the subcutaneous air-cells in some of the Pelecanid p. 676. Ealconid;e. The supposed occurrence of llaliaetus albicilla m North America (P. Z. S* 1863) p. 261) proves to be a mistake. The birds obtained in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland turned out to be H. leucocephalusi P. L. Sclater^ P, Z. S; 1865, p. 731. Aquila ncevia is figured. J. Wolf, Zool. Sketches, 2nd series, Aquita nroofs, an examination of the pellets of bones, fur, and feathers ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. 94 past l)y Owl?, tlie enormous |jene^t these l)irds render t9 wap ?>y the 4ot struption of Mwi