DECAPODS, fy | ce TOM, ACORODA FAR EAST ory Be nano) (uly ARE . Die ent d'A R D LATE DT a Me ce oe Th ON M % aa A A À i L ” ‘eo £ thy | à L . 4 $ | A % 217207. “VOL, Vi, pp? Ki KEMP, Ba. PAS.B. Dee me CALOUTEA: am tHe Baptist Mission PRESS, AND PUBLISHED By Mas Asramio Soomy, 1, PARK Stepper, | 1918. a 0 ea SONIAN INSTITUTION - Bee ORDER oe | WASHINGTON 28. B.C. ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF A TOUR IN THE FAR EAST. POA Pav CONTENTS. ; Page Crustacea Decapoda and Stomatopoda .. SraANLEv Kemp, B.A., F.A.S.B. Ry (Issued separately October 11th, 1918.) G pe 2 AGI3 3 14/0 Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol. VI. alae f INVZ. ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF A TOUR IN THE FAR EAST. CRUSTACEA DECAPODA AND STOMATOPODA. By STANLEY KEMP, IBM. 18 Al SIBs A HSON4y MAY 22 1957 LIBRARY ale) 2% oie ere Ss A Ca ve r 8 Mar: in. INTRODUCTION Decapoda BRACHYGNATHA Rhynchoplax introversus, Kemp a exiguus, Kemp Gelasimus annulipes, Latreille Dotilla wichmanni, de Man Tympanomerus deschampsi, Rathbun Camptandrium sexdentatum, Stimpson .. Grapsus strigosus (Herbst) . Metopograpsus messor (Forskäl) a maculatus, Milne-Edwards 3 quadridentatus, Stimpson Varuna litterata (Fabricius) Eriocheir japonicus (de Haan) + sinensis (Milne-Edwards) 5 leptognathus, Rathbun Pyxidognathus deianira, de Man Sesarma quadratum (Fabricius) ra haswelli, de Man » andersoni, de Man.. te edwardsi, de Man .. » tntermedium (de Haan) », dehaani, Milne-EKdwards » taentolatum, White 5 siamense, Rathbun aC foxi, sp. nov. ee SD: Ee » politum, de Man Helice tridens (de Haan) Clistocoeloma merguiense, de Man Potamon (Potamon) denticulatum (Milne- Edwards) a aA granulatum (de Man) Fe i stoliczkanum (Wood- Mason) a SE anacoluthon, Sp. nov. a (Geotelphusa) dehaani (White) Paratelphusa (Paratelphusa) tridentata (Milne-Edwards) Paratelphusa (Paratelphusa) convexa, de Man. ao do Paratelphusa (Paratelphusa) incerta (Lanchester) .. CONTENTS. Page Page 221 Paratelphusa (Paratelphusa) germaini (Rathbun) .. 247 Paratelphusa (Liotelphusa) hae de Man) 248 Myomenippe granulosa (A. Milne- 226 Edwards) ave co 240 227 Pilumnus quadridentatus, de nen + 0219 227) Scylla serrata (Forskal) .. 56 EO 227. Neptunus pelagicus (Linn.) . 250 228 Charybdis crucifera (A. Milne: Dire) 250 229) me afiinis, Dana ae ay 250 279 5 callianassa (Herbst) 50) ASO os OXYSTOMATA 30 Ebalia heterochalaza, sp. nov. oe 250 230 Philyra sexangula, Alcock .. 50) | ARB 231 rn olivacea, Rathbun .. ee 253 231 Dorippe astuta, Fabricius .. 5110253 232 PAGURIDEA 233 Clibanarius padavensis, de Man dont AR 233 a longitarsis (de Haan) oo) ABA 233 Diogenes avarus, Heller .. oo. ABA sehr THALASSINIDEA i Upogebia (Upogebia) heterocheir, Kemp.. 254 235 CARIDEA 237 Palaemon carcinus, Fabricius Hae 255) 237 Fe lanchesteri, de Man do 257 238 ae nipponensis, de Haan ie 258 ° 240 fe asperulus, von Martens se 259 241 5 sundaicus, de Man ( ? Heller).. 261 241 5A elegans, de Man .. 56 AOA 241 a neglectus, de Man.. so 205 = pilimanus, de Man oo 267 242 BP lampropus, de Man DE 267 242 Leander annandalei, Kemp .. oe 268 i modestus, Heller .. ue 268 243 3 semmelinki, de Man 8 268 243 potamiscus, Kemp.. 00 270 245 AA paucidens (de Haan) 50. 270 Palaemonetes sinensis a à 272 246 Alpheus paludicola, Kemp . eT Caridina propinqua, de Man 0 27h. 246 Dp nilotica, subsp. gracilipes, de Man .. bo 275 subsp. macrophora, nov. 277 ») >) 220 Caridina brachydactyla, subsp. peninsula- ris, Nov. a < gracilirostris, de Man . gracillima, Lanchester - denticulata (de Haan) 2 A subsp. sinensis, nov. - laevis, Heller 5 serrata, Stimpson .. 35 weberi, subsp. sumatrensis, de Man ve Paratya compressa (de Haan) 5 5 subsp. improvisa, Kemp PENAEIDEA Penaeus indicus var. merguiensis, de Man aa carinatus, Dana CONTENTS. Page Penaeopsis monoceros (Fabricius) 56 affinis (Milne-Edwards) i brevicornis (Milne-Edwards) Acetes indicus, Milne-Edwards » erythraeus, Nobili » Japonicus, Kishinouye Lucifer hanseni, Nobili Stomatopoda Squilla scorpio, Latreille » hepa, Latreille (Bigelow) » nterrupta, Kemp » vaphidea, Fabricius var. immaculata, Kemp. . ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF A TOUR IN THE FAR EAST. DECAPOD AND STOMATOPOD CRUSTACEA. By STANLEY Kemp, B.A.,F.A.S.B., Superintendent, Zoological Survey of /ndia. The collection of Decapoda and Stomatopoda made by Dr. Annandale during his recent tour is one of very great interest and I am much indebted to him for the op- portunity of examining it. It contains ninety-five species and subspecies all of which were obtained in fresh or brackish water. The chief value of the collection lies in the precise information it affords regard- ing the environment of the different species. Little attention has been paid to this matter hitherto; when doubts arise as to the habitat of a particular form, the pub- jished accounts generally prove valueless and even where the most exact details of the locality are given no reference is as a rule made to the salinity of the water. In consequence, the number of forms which have succeeded in establishing themselves in fresh water has probably been much under-estimated ; in the collection under con- sideration members of no less than twelve genera and subgenera were found living far beyond the reach of tidal influence. The principal object of Dr. Annandale’s tour was the investigation of the faunas of three lakes situated in eastern Asia,—Lake Biwa in Japan, the Tai Hu in the Kiangsu province of China, and the Tale Sap on the east coast of Peninsular Siam ; maps and brief descriptions of these are given in the Introduction to this volume. The collection of Crustacea was, however, not restricted to the lakes; specimens were obtained in various parts of Japan, at three localities in China and at a number of places in the Malay Peninsula. The Japanese collection contains examples of nine species and one subspecies, namely : — Eviocheir japonicus (de Haan). Leander paucidens (de Haan). Sesarma dehaant (Milne-Edwards). Caridina denticulata (de Haan). Helice tridens, de Haan. Paratya compressa (de Haan). Potamon (Geotelphusa) dehaam (White). aR ,, subsp. tmprovisa, Kemp. Palaemon nipponensis, de Haan. Acetes japonicus, Kishinouye. Helice tridens and Acetes japonicus probably came from water that was slightly brackish; all the remainder were found in pure fresh water. The only Decapods actually found in Lake Biwa are the three prawns Leander paucidens, Caridina den- hculata, and Paratya compressa, but the crabs Eriocheiy japonicus and Potamon de- haam are said to enter the lake at times. 222 ZOOLOGY OF THE FAR EAST. Since 1849, when the concluding part of de Haan’s magnificent work on Japanese Decapod Crustacea was published, a considerable number of important papers on the same subject have appeared, notable contributions having been made by Doflein, Miss Rathbun, de Man and Balss. ‘The present collection does not in consequence make any striking addition to our knowledge of the non-marine forms, though it has been possible to demonstrate the existence in the main island of Japan of two distinct races of Xiphocaridina (more correctly Paratya) compressa. Compared with Japan, China is from a carcinological point of view almost un- known and the collections from this country are in consequence of very great interest. Sixteen species were found in three distinct localities, all having been obtained in pure fresh water. + Tar Hu LAKE, KIANGSU PROVINCE. (| Rhynchoplax introversus, Kemp. Palaemon nipponensis, de Haan. Eriocheir sinensis (Milne-Fdwards). se asperulus, von Martens. Potamon (Potamon) denticulatum (Milne- (Leander modestus, Heller! Edwards). t Caridina denticulata, subsp. sinensis, nov. SHANGHAI AND THE WHANGPOO RIVER. Tympanomerus deschampsi, Rathbun. Sesarma dehaam, Milne-Edwards. Eriocheir sinensis (Milne-Fdwards). >» Leander annandalei, Kemp. se leptognathus, Rathbun. 5, modestus, Heller. Sesarma intermedium (de Haan). Palaemonetes sinensis (Sollaud). Caridina nilotica subsp. gracilipes, de Man. THE PEAK, HONGKONG. Potamon (Potamon) anacoluthon, sp. nov. Caridina serrata, Stimpson. ~ It will be noticed that nine genera are represented in this collection, a very large number when it is remembered that all were found in fresh water. Three species and one subspecies had not previously been described ; of these the Rhynchoplax is interest- ing in view of itshabitat, whilethe Leander is of considerable importance in that it repre- sents a type intermediate between Henderson’s very remarkable L. tenwipes and the more normal members of the genus. Tympanomerus deschampsi, Eviochetr leptogna- thus and Palaemonetes sinensis are species only recently discovered ; but our know- ledge of Palaemon asperulus, Leander modestus, and Caridina serrata has hitherto rested on descriptions made more than fifty years ago. Caridina nilotica subsp. gracilipes is recorded far to the north of its previously known range and evidence is brought forward to show that the Chinese form of Caridina denticulata differs sufficiently from that found in Japan to warrant subspecific recognition. The only species in Dr. Annandale’s collections common to both China and Japan are Sesarma dehaam and Palaemon mpponensis. The collection from the Tale Sap, a lagoon connected with the Gulf of Siam by means of a comparatively narrow channel, contains the largest number of species, Crustacea Decapoda and Stomatopoda. 223 forty-seven forms being represented. At the mouth of the Patalung river and in the inner of the two lakes of which the Tale Sap is composed, the water was fresh at the time when the collection was made and probably remains so throughout the year. In the channel between the two lakes and in the outer lake it was brackish, specific gravities falling between 10015 and 1:‘0085.! The following species were obtained in these two regions :— PATALUNG RIVER AND INNER LAKE OF TALE SAP. Fresh water. Paratelphusa (Paratelphusa) germain Palaemon elegans, de Man. (Rathbun). Caridina propinqua, de Man. - Palaemon carcinus, Fabricius. Ke gracillima, Lanchester. lanchesteri, de Man. he nilotica, subsp. macrophora, nov. 3) OUTER LAKE OF TALE SAP AND CHANNEL BETWEEN LAKES. Brackish water. Rhynchoplax exiguus, Kemp. Dorippe astuta, Fabricius. Gelasimus annulipes, Latreille. Chbanarius longitarsis (de Haan). Dotilla wichmanm, de Man. Diogenes avarus, Heller. Camptandrium sexdentatum, Stimpson. Upogebia (Upogebia) heterocheir, Kemp. Grapsus strigosus (Herbst). Palaemon carcinus, Fabricius. Metopograpsus messor (Forskal). Ms sundaicus (Heller), de Man. és maculatus, Milne-Edwards. Alpheus paludicola, Kemp. Varuna litterata (Fabricius). Candina propinqua, de Man. Sesarma quadratum (Fabricius). ‘ gracillima, Lanchester. 5 haswelli, de Man. Penaeus indicus, var. merguiensis, de Man. Fe taemolatum, White. = carinatus, Dana. a siamense, Rathbun. Penaeopsis monoceros (Fabricius). Pilumnus quadridentatus, de Man. affimis (Milne-Fdwards). Scylla serrata (Forskal). brevicornis (Milne-Edwards). 3 3) Neptunus pelagicus (Linn.). Acetes indicus, Milne-Edwards. Charybdis crucifera (A. Milne-Edwards). 5 japonicus, Kishinouye. * affimis, Dana. Lucifer hanseni, Nobili. és calhanassa (Herbst). Squilla scorpio, Latreille. Ebalia heterochalaza, sp. nov. Philyra sexangula, Alcock. olivacea, Rathbun. “ft fe var. immaculata, Kemp. nepa, Latreille (Bigelow). 5 interrupta, Kemp. Squilla raphidea, Fabricius. 29 It is probable that a considerable number of the brackish-water forms are merely casual or seasonal immigrants to the lake and do not inhabit it permanently; the fact | Nearly all the species were found in water the specific gravity of which varied from 1:0035 to 1‘0085 (corrected). 224 ZOOLOGY OF THE FAR EAST. that the specimens were all collected at one season renders it impossible to de- termine the precise status of individual species in this respect. It is none the less possible to institute a comparison with the Decapod and Stomatopod fauna of the Chilka Lake on the Orissa coast of the Bay of Bengal. The two lagoons are in many respects closely similar: both are shallow, with a muddy bottom, both are connected with the sea and it is practically certain that in the outer part of the Tale Sap, as in the Chilka Lake, the salinity of the water varies considerably at different times of the year. One essential difference must be noted,—that in no part of the Chilka Lake does the water remain permanently fresh ; but this discrepancy may be obviated by considering for comparative purposes only the fauna of the outer lake of the Tale Sap. Of the forty-one species of Decapods and Stomatopods which we regarded as permanent inhabitants of the Chilka Lake fifteen were found in the Tale Sap, namely :— Camptandrium sexdentatum, Stimpson. Alpheus paludicola, Kemp. Varuna litterata (Fabricius). Caridina propinqua, de Man. Scylla serrata (Forskäl). Penaeus carinatus, Dana. Neptunus pelagicus (Linn.). Penaeopsis monoceros (Fabricius). Chbanarius longitarsis (de Haan). “ affinis (Milne-Edwards). Diogenes avarus, Heller. Lucifer hanseni, Nobili. Upogebia (Upogebia) heterocheir, Kemp. Squilla scorpio, Latreille. Squilla scorpio var. immaculata, Kemp. The majority of these are species of very wide distribution, found in the open sea as well as in backwaters, and are consequently of little importance for comparative purposes. The occurrence of Camptandrium sexdentatum, Upogebia heterocheir, Alpheus paludicola and Caridina propinqua appears, however, to indicate a real relationship between the two faunas; it is also noteworthy that the species of two Oxystome genera found in the Tale Sap are closely allied to those obtained in the Chilka Lake. The fauna of the Tale Sap, like that of the Chilka Lake, has little in common with that of the Gangetic Delta, though the delta occupies a position intermediate between the two lagoons so far as the coast-line is concerned. The Tale Sap collection is not rich in undescribed species but in a number of cases considerable additions are made to our knowledge of the geographical distribu- tion. The collection also contains a number of species found about fifty miles to the south-east of the Tale Sap in the Patani river, below the town of Patani in the Siamese Malay States. These specimens belong to sixteen species and were all obtained in water that at the time of their capture was quite fresh; the situation in which they were found was, however, subject to tidal influence and there can be no doubt that all the species are at times brought into contact with brackish water. The following forms were found in the Patani river :— Crustacea Decapoda and Stomatopoda. 225 Varuna litterata (Fabricius). , Leander potamiscus, Kemp. Pyxidognathus devanira, de Man. Cavidina propinqua, de Man. Sesarma edwardsi, de Man. ts brachydactyla, subsp. peninsu- » stamense, Rathbun. laris, nov. Clistocoeloma merguiense, de Man. gracilirostris, de Man. Palaemon carcinus, Fabricius. ce weberi, subsp. suwmatrensis, de sundaicus (Heller), de Man. Man. lampropus, de Man. Acetes erythraeus, Nobili. Acetes japonicus, Kishinouye. 9 ” A number of these species were also obtained in the Tale Sap. The most interest- ing are the scarce Pyxidognathus deianira, the Leander and the subspecies of Caridina brachydactyla, a species that in its typical form is known only from Celebes, Flores and Saleyer. In ditches in the vicinity of the Patani river Paratelphusa germaim (Rathbun) was found. Dr. Annandale also made a small collection at Penang. Six species were obtained on the island, for the most part in a hill stream in the Botanical Gardens, and six at the mouth of the Prai river on the mainland opposite Penang ; the latter were found in water of considerable salinity. The species are :— PENANG ISLAND. Sesarma sp. Leander potamiscus, Kemp. Potamon (Potamon) stoliczkanum (Wood- Caridina brachydactyla, subsp. peninsu- Mason). laris, nov. [Man. Palaemon neglectus, de Man. Caridina weberi, subsp. sumatrensis, de Mouts OF PRAI RIVER. M etopograpsus maculatus, Milne-Edwards. Clibanarius padavensis, de Man. ee quadridentatus, Stimpson. Leander semmelinki, de Man. Myomentppe granulosa (A. Milne-Ed- Acetes ervthraeus, Nobili. wards). In addition there are single examples of Paratelphusa (Paratelphusa) incerta, Lan- chester, from the Singapore Botanical Gardens and of Sesarma andersom, de Man, from Kantan in Trang. To my account of this extensive collection I have added a description of a very interesting Grapsid (Sesarma foxi) presented to the Indian Museum by Mr. B. H. Buxton and obtained at the unusual altitude of 2000 ft. on Langkawi I. off the west coast of the Malay Peninsula. Reference is also made to a Javanese collection of Decapods, comprising six species, kindly obtained for us by the late Dr. W. C. Hos- sack. All these had already been recorded from the island by Dr. J. G. de Man. In dealing with certain groups of species concerning which our knowledge was more than ordinarily deficient, I have found it advantageous to work through portions of i 3 à ‘ 226 ZOOLOGY. OF TH HAR WAST: the undetermined material lying in the Indian Museum and to present the results con- currently with those derived from Dr. Annandale’s collection. The literature of the subject being so widely scattered I have found that a great economy in time is effected by this procedure, and the conclusions reached are, I believe, of much greater value than if either collection had been examined separately. The groups treated in this manner are (1) the Hymenosomatidae, (ii) the species of Leander allied to L. styliferus, Milne-Edwards, (ii) the Atyid genus Paratya (= Xiphocaridina) and (iv) the Penaeid genus Acetes. On these groups separate reports, including descriptions of a number of. the new species, have been already published in Vol. XIII of the Records of the Indian Museum. Dr. Annandale has generously presented a complete set of the specimens he ob- tained, together with the types of the new species and subspecies to the collection of the Zoological Survey of India (Indian Museum). Family HYMENOSOMATIDAE. In the course of his tour Dr. Annandale obtained two species of this interesting family, both apparently new. Descriptions of these forms have been published in Vol. XIII of the Records of the Indian Museum in a paper devoted mainly to the elucidation of the Indian representatives of the family. In this paper I have attempted a revision of the genera and have pointed out that the Indian species referred by Alcock to Hymenicus should more properly be grouped under Stimpson’s Rhynchoplax. Dana’s Hymenicus is in my opinion synonymous with Whites Hali- carcinus. It is unfortunate that both Dr. Tesch and I should have been occupied with this family at the same time without knowledge of each other’s work. Tesch’s report on certain crabs obtained by the ‘Siboga’ Expedition, published only five months after - my Own paper, also contains a revision of the genera of this family. In the applica- tion of Rhynchoplax we are, for the most part, in agreement !; but Tesch retains Hymenicus as a distinct genus and in less important details our work shows a number -of discrepancies. Rhynchoplax introversus, Kemp. 1917. Khynchoplax introversus, Kemp, Rec. Ind. Mus., XIII. p. 262, figs. 11a-c. This species, which is readily distinguished from any other by the peculiar form of the lateral border of the carapace, is based on two specimens obtained in the Tai-Hu lake in China, living in water that is quite fresh at all seasons of the year. The only other Hymenosomatid known from fresh water beyond the reach of all tidal influence is Halicarcinus lacustris (Chilton)? which has been recorded from Australia, New Zealand and Norfolk I. | Dr. Tesch places Hess’s H. Kreffti and Haswell’s H. rostrata under Rhynchoplax. According to my views both these species are to be referred to Halicarcinus or, if it really be distinct from the latter, to Hymenicus. This is certainly true of Haswell’s species of which I have seen specimens. 2 Chilton, Trans. N. Zealand Inst., XUV, p. 128 (1912). Crustacea Decapoda and Stomatopoda. bo bo NI Rhynchoplax exiguus, Kemp. 1917. Rhynchoplax exiguus, Kemp, Rec. Ind. Mus., XIII, p 260, fig. 10. _ Avery small species without any strongly marked characteristics. Ten specimens were found by Dr. Annandale in the outer part of the Tale Sap, on the mainland opposite the western end of Koh Yaw. They were living in lumps of turf that had fallen into the lake owing to the undermining of the banks. The specific gravity of the water was about 1°00625. | Family OCYPODIDAE. Subfamily OCY PODINAE. Genus Gelasimus, Latreille. Gelasimus annulipes, Latreille (Milne-Edwards). 1900. Gelasimus annulipes, Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, LXIX, p. 353. 1015. Gelasimus annulipes, Kemp, Mem. Ind. Mus., V, p. 221. A colony of this abundant species was found by Dr. Annandale at Kaw Deng at the mouth of the Tale Sap. The claws of large males were of a pale dull yellow colour in life. No specimens were observed more than a few hundred yards within the mouth of the lake, the water being practically as salt as that of the Gulf of Siam. Subfamily SCOPIMERINAE. Genus Dotilla, Stimpson. Dotilla wichmanni, de Man. 1892. Dotilla wichmanni, de Man, in Weber’s Zool. Ergebn. Reise Niederland. Ost-Ind., IT, p- 308, pl. xviii, fig. 8. 1895. Dotilla wichmanni, de Man, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VIII, p. 577. 1910. Dotilla wichmanni, Rathbun, Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Skrift. (7), Naturvid. og Math., V, p. 324. . 1918. Dotilla wichmanni, Tesch, Decap. Brachyur. ‘ Siboga’-Exped., I, p. 45. A large number of specimens were obtained at Kaw Deng at the mouth of the Tale Sap on the opposite side of the channel from Singgora. The series includes some very fine individuals with carapace nearly 8 mm. in length and consequently much larger than any of de Man’s original specimens, none of which exceeded 5 mm. In males between 6 and 8 mm. in length the carapace bears three large angular projections on either side ; two of these are situated, one behind the other, on the outer side of the deep groove that borders the lateral margin, while the third, which is more spinose in character and possesses a corneous apex is situated on the side-wall, immediately beneath the small tooth that defines the upper and outer limit of the orbit (text-fig. 1). These projections are not seen in females or small males. In large males, also, there is a short but high ridge on the inner face of the carpus, situated close to the meral articulation and easily visible in dorsal view. There is no æ 228 LOOLOCVYMONMILELE MERE ASIE great difference between large and small specimens in the form of the fingers of the chela, the largest examples possessing merely a low crest in the middle of the dac- tylus. De Man compares this species with D.sulcata and remarks (p. 311) “‘ Das ster- num ist uberall glatt und zeigt nicht die für D. fenestrata characteristischen, durch- sichtigen stellen ; wahrend aber die einzelnen segmenten bei D. sulcata leicht convex erscheinen, sind sie bei der neuen Art stark abgeflacht oder leicht concav, sowie deut- lich gerandert.’”’ On comparing the species with D. myctirordes it is, however, evident that the slightly concave areas that occur on each sternal segment and occupy nearly the whole of the space between the legs and the abdomen are true ‘tympana’ and that so far as the sternum is concerned the difference between D. wichmanm and Hilgendorf’s D. fenestrata rests merely in the number of segments on which ‘tympana’ are found. Fic. 1.—Dottila wichmanni, de Man. Adult male. Dr. Annandale notes that the ‘runs’ made by this species are not so carefully constructed and the pellets of sand not so tidily arranged as is the case with the species found living on the western side of the Bay of Bengal. Dotilla wichmanni has not hitherto been recorded from Indian waters, but has, however, recently been obtained in the Andaman Is. ‘The specimens, none of which are of large size, were found living on the sandy shores of Corbyn’s Cove South, not far from Port Blair. The species has been reported from Celebes, Makassar and Atjeh in Sumatra (de Man), the Talaut Is. (Tesch) and from the coast of Koh Kong in the Gulf of Siam (Rathbun). Genus Tympanomerus, Rathbun. Tympanomerus deschampsi, Rathbun. 1914. Tympanomerus deschampsi, Rathbun, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVI, p. 356, pl. XXxii, pl. xxxiii, fig. I. Crustacea Decapoda and Stomatopoda. 229 A single female with carapace 9} mm. in breadth was obtained by Dr. Annandale at the edge of the Whangpoo R., 5 to 10 miles below Shanghai. It was found ina burrow above the water-line in mud which was rapidly hardening. The water in the river at the point where the specimen was taken is quite fresh at all seasons. The species is readily distinguished from T. stapletoni, de Man, by the characters given by Miss Rathbun ; it has been recorded from Shanghai, where the type speci- mens were obtained, and from Korea. Subfamily MACROPHTHALMINAE. Genus Camptandrium, Stimpson. Camptandrium sexdentatum, Stimpson. 1907. Camptandrium sexdentatum, Stimpson, Smiths. Misc. Coll., XLIX, p. 138, pl. xvii, fig. 4. 1915. Camptandrium sexdentatum, Kemp, Mem. Ind. Mus., V, p. 236, pl. xii, fig. 6. 1918. Camptandrium sexdentatum, Tesch, Decap. Brachyur. ‘ Siboga’-Exped., 1, p 65, pl. v, fig. 3. Dr. Tesch has recently redescribed this species. In the account which I pub- lished in 1915 I placed the genus in the Grapsidae and in the subfamily Varuninae, being under the impression that it was remotely allied to Eriocheir. Dr. Tesch, who has had the advantage of examining an adult male, considers that it belongs to the Ocypodidae and to the subfamily Macrophthalminae and is not distantly related to Paracleistostoma. With this view I concur. Two females of this rare species, with carapace 7:2 and 6’7 mm. in breadth, were found by Dr. Annandale in the Tale Sap. They are a trifle smaller than the dead female found in the Chilka Lake (v. Kemp, loc. cit., text-fig. 13) ; the sculpture of the carapace is crisper, the transverse ridge on the branchial and cardiac regions being more sharply defined and the antero-lateral teeth more prominent. The specimens were found in the channel opposite Singgora on a bottom of mud and dead shells at a depth of 44 metres and in the middle of the outer lake, N. of Koh Yaw, on a bottom of sticky mud at a depth of 24 metres. The specific gravity of the water in the former locality was 1:00625 and in the latter 1:0035 (corrected). The species has been recorded from Hong Kong (Stimpson), the Bay of Batavia (Tesch), the Chilka Lake, Orissa (Kemp) and Ennur backwater, Madras (Kemp). Family GRAPSIDAE. Subfamily GRAPSINAE. Genus Grapsus, Lamarck. Grapsus strigosus, (Herbst). 1900. Grapsus strigosus, Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, LXIX, p. 303. A single dead specimen with carapace 34 mm. in breadth was found at the mouth of the Tale Sap. The species is probably not an inhabitant of the lake. 230 ZOOLOGY OF THE FAR EAST. Genus Metopograpsus, Milne-Edwards. Metopograpsus messor, (Forskäl) Milne-Edwards. 1900. Metopograpsus messor, Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, LXIK, p. 397. 1918. Metopograpsus messor, Tesch, Decap. Brachyur. ‘ Siboga’-Exped., 1, p. 79. Two dead specimens were found at Kaw Deng at the mouth of the Tale Sap. The carapace of the largest is 20 mm. in breadth. Metopograpsus maculatus, Milne-Edwards. 1900. Metopograpsus maculatus, Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, LXIX, p. 398. 1918. Metopograpsus maculatus, Tesch, Decap. Brachyur. ‘ Siboga’-Exped., 1, p. 80. Two examples of this species, including an ovigerous female with carapace 22 mm. in breadth, were obtained at the mouth of the Prai River, on the mainland opposite Penang ; they were living under stones on a mud flat exposed at low water. Two others were found under stones on the shore of Koh Yaw in the outer lake of the Tale Sap. The specific gravity of the water at the latter place (corrected) was T'00625. Metopograpsus quadridentatus, Stimpson. 1858. Metopograpsus quadridentatus, Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 102. 1883. Metopograpsus quadridentatus, de Man, Notes Leyden Mus., V, p. 158. 1895. Metopograpsus quadridentatus, de Man, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., IX, p. 76, fig. 16. 1901. Metopograpsus quadridentatus, Nobili, Boll. Mus. Torino, XVI, no. 397, p. 3. 1907. Metopograpsus quadridentatus, Stimpson, Smiths. Misc. Coll., XLIX, p. 115, pl. xvi, fig. 2. 1910. Melopograpsus quadridentutus, Rathbun, Danske Vid. Selsk. Skrifé (7), naturvid. og math., V, p. 325. 1918. Metopograpsus quadridentatus, Tesch, Decap. Brachyur. ‘ Siboga’-Exped., 1, p. 79. Five specimens were found in company with M. maculatus at the mouth of the Prai River near Penang. In the largest example, a male with carapace 20°5 mm. in length and 24°75 mm. in breadth, the chela precisely resembles the figure given by de Man (loc. cit., 1895). M. quadridentatus has not so far been found in Indian waters. It has been re- corded from Macao (Stimpson), Amoy (de Man), ‘ Malacca’ (de Man), Borneo (Nobili) and from the east coast of the Gulf of Siam (Rathbun). Subfamily VARUNINAE. Genus Varuna, Milne-Edwards. Varuna litterata (Fabr.), Milne-Kdwards. 1900. Varuna litterata, Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, LXIX, p. 401. 1015. Varuna litterata, Kemp, Mem. Ind. Mus., V, p. 232. Several specimens were obtained in the outer lake of the Tale Sap, at and near Singgora and at Koh Yaw. They were found in fishermen’s nets, under stones on the shore, and in pools and ditches. The specific gravity of the water in which they were taken varied from about 1:004 to 10085 (corrected). Crabs of this species were also taken in the Patani River, fifty miles to the south-east of the Tale Sap, in water that was quite fresh, though subject to tidal influence. Crustacea Decapoda and Stomatopoda. 231 Genus Eriocheir, de Haan. Eriocheir japonicus (de Haan). 1835. Grapsus (Eriocheir) japonicus, de Haan, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, Crust., p. 59, pl. xvii. This is the common edible crab of the main island of Japan and is sold in large numbers at Kyoto. It is said to be migratory in habit, making its way towards the sea or into lakes after heavy rain. There is a specimen in the Otsu laboratory from the southern end of Lake Biwa, but Dr. Annandale was unable to find examples in the lake in October and November 1915. Young and half-grown specimens were abun- dant in the main channel of the Yodo River, just above Osaka, at the beginning of December. The species does not appear to have been found in the sea ; it has occa- sionally been recorded from brackish water, but is almost always found in water that is quite fresh. Four very large specimens obtained in the Kyoto market and said to have come from Echizen province to the north of Lake Biwa yield the following measurements (in mm.) :— 3 2 2 Length of carapace Se 7102 82 67 66 Greatest breadth of carapace SPC OI WB 72 Length of chelipede APS 130 76 75 Length of chela ae rez 82 He 43 Breadth of chela Rs ile SORA 44 22 Ant Length of second walking leg ATOS 151 123 128 In the largest males the whole palm on both outer and inner sides, except for a small area at the proximal end of the lower surface, is thickly covered with woolly hair, which also invests the anterior margin of the carpus and the base of the dactylus. In other males, with carapace about 38 mm. in length, the hair is less abundant ; the entire lower surface of the palm is bare, on the inner side there is only a comparatively small patch in the neighbourhood of the finger-cleft and there is very little on the anterior margin of the carpus. In males between 11 and 12 mm. in length the chela is apparently nude, but on close inspection is seen to be largely covered with a fine and very close pubescence. In these smallest individuals the carapace is flatter and its antero-lateral margins are straighter than in adults. . Eriocheir sinensis (Milne-Edwards). 1854. Eriochirus sinensis, Milne-Edwards, Arch. Mus. Hist. nat. Paris, NII, p. 146, pl. ix, figs. I-Ic. | 1880. Eriocheir sinensis, Kingsley, Proc. Acad. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 210. The collection contains a large male and female from Moo-Too, Tai Hu, Kiangsu province, China, and a number of young individuals obtained in the Whangpoo River, between Shanghai and Woosung at depths of 5$ to 74 metres. The carapace of the largest specimen is 54 mm. in length. 232 ZOOLOGY OF THE FAR EAST. In young examples, as in E. japonicus, the antero-lateral borders of the carapace are much straighter than in adults and there is less hair on the hands. In a male with carapace 15 mm. in length the hair is restricted to the outer surface of the chela and it is completely absent in all specimens under 12 mm. in length. The four teeth on the front are very sharply pointed in adults, but much blunter in young in- dividuals. ; Eriocheir rectus | (Stimpson) is perhaps merely asynonym of this species. It was described from a specimen 0°92 ins. in length and is chiefly characterised by its straighter lateral margins and blunter frontal lobes, thus closely resembling the young of FE. sinensis. Dr. Annandale informs me that this is the common edible crab of Shanghai and is to be found on sale in all the village markets round the Tai Hu, where it is chiefly captured in narrow creeks. Doflein* records the species from Shasi on the Yang-tse- kiang, 1300 kilometres from sea, and also from brackish water in the neighbourhood of Shanghai. Eriocheir leptognathus, Rathbun. 1914. Eriocheir leptognathus, Rathbun, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XLVI, p. 353, pl. xxxiii, figs. 2, 3. To this species I refer a small male with carapace 9'I mm. in length and 9°6 mm. in breadth. It agrees on the whole very well with Miss Rathbun’s description. The edge of the front is almost straight, only very obscurely trilobed, the postero-lateral margins of the carapace are parallel rather than convergent and the hindmost tooth of the antero-lateral border is extremely small and inconspicuous. The outer surface of the palm is bare, as in the type, but there isa dense patch of woolly hair on the inner side, extending on to the base of both fingers. The granulate ridge, anteriorly concave, that runs inwards from the hindmost tooth of the antero-lateral margin is well marked ; it is finer and less elevated than in E. japonicus ot E. sinensis and in front of it there is no trace of the comparatively deep depression found in those species. There is, moreover, a noticeable distinction in the size of the eyes. If specimens of similar dimensions be compared it will be seen that the cornea is much smailer in E. leptognathus than in the two allied species and is decidedly narrower than the basal part of the stalk. The most obvious character in which the species differs from other members of the genus is, however, the presence of only three instead of four teeth on the antero-lateral margin of the carapace ; this feature seems to have escaped Miss Rathbun’s attention though it is clearly shown in her figure. The single specimen was found in company with young Æ. simensis in the Whangpoo River, between Shanghai and Woosung at a depth of 54 to 74 metres. It was found in pure fresh water. The female described by Miss Rathbun was 10°6 mm. in length and 116 mm. in breadth and was obtained at Shanghai. p. 125 (1907). 2 Doflein, Abhandl, K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., XXI, p. 665 (1902). Crustacea Decapoda and Stomatopoda. N Genus Pyxidognathus, A. Milne-Fdwards. Pyxidognathus deianira, de Man. 1888. Pyxidognathus deianira, de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., XXII, p. 148, pl. x, figs. 4-6. Dr. Annandale obtained a single specimen of this scarce species among the roots of a dead palm trunk in the Patani River, below the town of Patani in the Siamese Malay States. The individual is a male with carapace 9 mm. in breadth. Except for the slightly more acute teeth on the antero-lateral margin of the carapace, the specimen bears the closest resemblance to two smaller males, co-types of the species, that are preserved in the Indian Museum. The species has hitherto been recorded only from Mergui, where it was obtained in mangrove swamps. Subfamily SESARMINAE. Genus Sesarma, Say. Sesarma quadratum (Fabricius). 1887. Sesarma quadrata, de Man, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., IL, p. 683, pl. xvii, fig. 2. 1800. Sesarma quadrata, de Man, Notes Leyden Mus., XII, p. 99. 1892. Sesarma quadrata, de Man, in Weber’s Zool. Ergebn. Reise Niederl. Ost-Ind., IT, p. 328. 1895. Sesarma (Parasesarma) quadrata, de Man, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., IX, p. 182. 1917. Sesarma (Parasesarma) plicata, Tesch, Zool. Meded. Mus. Leiden, III, p. 187 (syn.). Several specimens were found at different places in the outer lake of the Tale Sap (Kaw Keoh, Kaw Deng, Koh Yaw and Singgora) ; they were for the most part found under stones or running on the shore at some distance from the water. All appear to belong to the true S. quadratum as redefined by de Man. Sesarma haswelli, de Man. 1888. Sesarma haswelli, de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc., XXII, p. 175. 1917. Sesarma (Chiromantes) haswelli, Tesch, Zool. Meded. Mus. Leiden, III, p. 158. A single example of this species, an ovigerous female 16 mm. in breadth, was ob- tained by Dr. Annandale near Singgora. Alcock ' included S. haswelli, along with S. lvidum, A. Milne-Edwards, and S. dussumieri, Milne-Edwards, in his synonymy of S. bidens (de Haan), being-evidently of the opinion that the five forms distinguished by de Man in 1888 ‘in his “ section C”’ (loc. cit., p. 175) were only based on individual variations of a single wide-spread species. De Man in 1902 * dissented from Alcock’s opinion. In the Indian Museum are preserved the type of S. haswelli, other specimens from Mergui originally determined by de Man as S. livida, a large number of examples examined by Alcock and several additional samples obtained in recent years. On examining this material I find little difficulty in separating it into groups, corresponding to those that de Man and Tesch recognize as distinct species. I have no doubt that Alcock formed a wrong estimate of the variability of the forms in- cluded in the bidens-group and that it will be necessary to subject the Indian material to a thorough revision. ' Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, LXIX, p. 415. 2 De Man, Abhandl. Senck. naturf. Ges., Frankfurt, XXV, p. 538 (1902). 234 ZOOLOGY OF THE FAR EAST. It should be noted that the specimens from Mergui, recorded by de Man in 1888 under the name S. vida, have since been described by him as a new species—S. onychophora.' Sesarma andersoni, de Man. 1888. Sesarma anderson, de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc., XXII, p. 172, pl. xii, figs. 1-4. 1917. Sesarma (Parasesarma) andersoni, Tesch, Zool. Meded. Mus. Leiden, XII, p. 129. A single specimen, with carapace 86 mm. in breadth, was obtained by Dr. Annandale at Kantang in Trang, on the west coast of peninsular Siam. It was caught running on the piers of the landing stage above water-level. Sesarma edwardsi, de Man. 1888. Sesarma edwardsi, de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc., XXII, p. 185, pl. xili, figs. 1-4. 1917. Sesarma (Sesarma) edwardsi, Tesch, Zool. Meded. Mus. Leiden, III, p. 147. Two males and one female, the largest with carapace 15} mm. in breadth, were found in the Patani River in the Siamese Malay States. The specimens were obtained in fresh water, but in a locality subject to tidal influence. Sesarma intermedium (de Haan). 1865. Sesarma intermedia, Heller, Reise ‘ Novara’, Crust., p. 64. 1918. Sesarma (Sesarma) intermedium, Tesch, Zool. Meded. Mus. Leiden, III, pp. 162, 243. Two males from Shanghai are referred to this species. The carapace of the larger is 27 mm. in length and 31 mm. in greatest breadth; that of the smaller is 17°5 mm. in length and 20°8 mm. in breadth. In both specimens there is a single well marked tooth on the lateral margin behind the extra-orbital angle, but further back there is scarcely a trace of a tudimentary third lateral tooth, such as has been described in certain Sesarma referred to this species. The crest on the upper margin of the merus of the chelipedes does not possess a subterminal tooth, as in S. tetvagonum ; the upper surface of the carpus is smooth and its inner margin bears a few small tubercles, but is not toothed. The up- per margin of the palm is defined by an obscure and feebly crenulate ridge ; its outer surface shows 6. only the slightest traces of rugosity, but bears the oblique longitudinal line referred to by ‘Tesch. a. Left chela of a specimen 27 mm. The fingers are smooth except for a slight tubercu- in length. lation on the dorsal surface of the dactylus near its D, D a specimen 175 mm. proximalend. In both specimens the fingers gape, meeting only at the tips, the extent of the gape FIG. 2.—Sesarma intermedium (de Haan). being very much greater in the larger specimen. ! De Man, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., IX, p. 214 (1895), and X, pl. xxxi, fig. 30. Crustacea Decapoda and Stomatopoda. 235 The walking legs are comparatively slender. The merus in the first pair is about two and a half times as long as broad in the larger specimen, about two and a quarter times in the smaller. In certain respects the two specimens obtained by Dr. Annandale do not entirely agree with the descriptions given by de Man. In the notes published in 1880 he men- tions the existence of traces of a third tooth on the lateral margins of the carapace and remarks that the ambulatory legs agree with those of S. tetragonum, in which species the merus is greatly expanded, that of the first pair being only twice as long as broad. In 1887 he compared the species with the closely allied S. sinensis, Milne- Edwards, distinguishing the latter by the proportionately longer fingers of the chela and more slender meropodites of the walking legs. Dr. Annandale’s specimens seem to some extent intermediate in character be- tween S. intermedium and S. sinensis as understood by de Man. In the comparative slenderness of the walking legs they incline to S. sinensis, in which the merus of the first pair is described as being three times as long as broad (de Man, Joc. cit., 1887, p. 670), while in the proportionate length of the fingers of the chelipedes they appear to agree with S.intermedium. Outlines of the chelae of the two specimens are shown in text-figs. 2 a,b. The examples agree very closely with de Haan’s original figure, in which the meropodites of the legs do not appear to be much expanded, and I have little doubt that my identification is correct. The specimens recorded by de Man in 1888 from Mergui as S. intermedia ! are un- questionably distinct ; de Man has redescribed them under the name S. moeschit.” The larger of the two specimens was obtained by Dr. Arthur Stanley from a creek near Shanghai, the smaller was found dead in a burrow on the banks of the, Whangpoo River in the same neighbourhood. Both were from fresh water. The habits of the species appear to resemble those of S. dehaami (infra). The species has been recorded from Japan, the Liu-Kiu Is., Shanghai and Hong- kong. De Haan’s supplementary record from Sourabaya in Java requires confirma- tion. Sesarma dehaani, Milne-Edwards. 1917. on nee) dehaani, Tesch, Zool. Meded. Mus. Leiden, III, pp. 143, 238 ubr lit.). ? 1017. Soe na neglecta, Tesch, 1bid., pp. 178, 238. Examination of a limited number of specimens from both China and Japan leads me to believe that de Man's S. neglecta is not specifically distinct from S. dehaant, though it is possible that the name should be retained in a subspecific sense. S. neg- lecta was described from Shanghai, and S.dehaani from Japan, and the differences between the two have recently been summarised by Tesch (loc. cit., p. 145). The material I have examined consists of a large and small male and two females of medium size from the Yodo R., near Osaka (Yoshida coll.), a large male from 1 De Man, Journ. Linn. Soc., XXII, p. 182 (1888). 2 De Man, in Weber’s Zool. Ergebn. Reise Neiderland, Ost-Ind., II, p. 331, pl. xx, fig. 14 (1892). 236 ZOOLOGY OF THE FAR EAST. Yokohama (Berlin Mus.), a large male from Shanghai (Haberer coll.) and three rather small females from the same locality (Annandale coll.). The carapace in these specimens yields the following measurements (in mm.) :— MT Mere | [as © | EE ww a CROSS | = 2 p a | LOCALTrv. JE | SE) | |e ee | à : oc QO 3 a on IA Se | ea} & | am | M | es | | Vodo R., nr. Osaka be STE) Bera || SOS ” > .. | 2 | 259 | 277 | 247 | » 35 so | @ leo) 240) 20%) : | | | ” Do ca | Gf | OPO |, seshab |. 10, | Yokohama .. oa | & | B20 | 3er7 | 350 Shanghai gd | 32°0 | 31-8 || 29:9 | p of sn | Ql 07 I mors | 177 5) 0 0 en Me) 19'9 | L0:3 | 17'4 | > an so Qu LEO) I> wR! | | | It will be seen that as regards the proportion between length and extra-orbital breadth there is scarcely any difference between Japanese and Chinese specimens; but in large males from Japan the breadth at the base of the penultimate legs is a trifle greater than that at the extra-orbital angles, whereas the reverse is found in the large male from Shanghai. ‘The difference is an extremely small one. In large Japanese specimens the front is much more deeply excavate in dorsal view than in the large male from Shanghai, but this character is variable in smaller specimens from both localities. In the large male from Shanghai the outer surface of the palm is obscurely granulate in its lower half, the upper half being nearly smooth. In the large males from Japan it is coarsely tuberculate both above and below. ‘The vertical row of large tubercles on the inner face of the palm in the latter specimens is represented in example from Shanghai by a number of much smaller tubercles not arranged in a definite row. The collection seems to indicate that while Japanese and Chinese individuals of small or medium size are altogether indistinguishable, large males from the two coun- tries exhibit certain small but possibly constant differences. The material at my dis- posal is not sufficient to indicate the range of normal variation in adults. The specimens from Japan were presented by Dr. S. Yoshida ; they were obtained Crustacea Decapoda and Stomatopoda. 297) in fresh water in the R. Yodo, above Osaka, where they run about on the piers of landing stages and on embankments at the edge of the river. In the neighbourhood of Shanghai Dr. Annandale found the species common, along with S. intermedia ; though found in fresh water it apparently does not pene- trate so far inland as the Tai Hu. ‘The banks of all the small freshwater creeks at Shanghai and ponds in the same neighbourhood are full of its burrows and large num- bers of crabs may be seen in warm weather running on the mud. In winter they stay inside the burrows, only appearing in exceptionally warm sunny weather. None were seen in December at places where they were stated by residents to be common in summer, but young specimens were obtained by digging in embankments near the Whangpoo River ; probably the burrows of the adults were much deeper. Sesarma taeniolatum, White. 1900. Sesarma taentolatum, Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, LXIK, p. 419. Numerous specimens, the largest an ovigerous female with carapace 344 mm. in breadth between the outer orbital angles, were obtained by Dr. Annandale in the outer part of the Tale Sap. The ovigerous female was dug from a large and not very deep burrow at the edge of a small freshwater stream near the point where it entered the lake on Koh Yaw. Others were taken on fishing stakes and the piers of a land- ing stage above the water-line. It is probable that the female recorded from Singgora by Lanchester * under the name Sesarma lafondi, Jacq. and Lucas,” was in reality au example of this species. Sesarma siamense, Rathbun. 1910. Sesarma (Chiromantes) siamense, Rathbun, Danske Vid. Selsk. Skrijt. (7), naturvid. og math., V, p. 328, text-figs. II a-c. Five specimens are in the collection, the largest a full-grown male with carapace 10°2 mm. in length and 11°3 mm. in breadth at the outer orbitalangles. The epibran- chial tooth is bluntly rounded in all the specimens and behind it rudimentary traces of a second tooth are usually visible. ‘The large male has six sharp spinules on the upper edge of the dactylus ; in the females there are four, five or six. The striae on the upper surface of the palm bear a close resemblance to Miss Rathbun’s figure, but the very short distal stria that runs backwards from the dactylar articulation is only visible in one female. The specimens were found among the roots of dead palm trees at Kaw Deng near the mouth of the Tale Sap, on fishermen’s stakes opposite Koh Yaw in the same neigh- bourhood and in the Patani River, south-east of the Tale Sap, in the Siamese Malay States. The water in the first two localities was brackish, its specific gravity varying from 1:004 to 10085 (corrected); in the Patani River it was quite fresh when the speci- mens were taken, though probably brackish under certain conditions of tide. 1 Lanchester, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1901, p. 550. 2 Vide Tesch, Zool. Meded. Mus. Leiden, III, p. 164, pl. xv (1917). 238 ZOOLOGY OF THE FAR EAST. S. siamense was described by Miss Rathbun from the eastern side of the Gulf of Siam, from Koh Kong, Koh Kut and Koh Chick. Sesarma foxi, Sp. nov. I take this opportunity of describing a very interesting species of Sesarma ob- tained in 1914 by Mr. B. H. Buxtonat a height of 2000 ft. on Gunong Raya, in Langkawi I., N. of Penang. Species of this typically estuarine genus have seldom been recorded from considerable altitudes, though a number have been taken on land some distance from the coast-line. The following list, so far as I am aware, comprises all species of the genus that have been recorded from definite heights above sea-level. Sesarma maculata, de Man. Halmahera, 2000 it. “ Sesarma maculata,’ Lanchester (? de Man). Bukit Besar, near Patani, Siamese Malay States, 2500 and 3500 ft. Sesarma trapezoidea, Guérin. Halmahera, 2500 ft. Sesarma thelxinée, de Man. Andamans, 800 ft. Sesarma sp. (vide infra, p. 240). Penang, 1200 ft. Fic. 3.—Sesarma foxi, sp. nov. It appears probable that in these places the Sesarma have been able to adopt a strictly terrestrial mode of life and to ascend to considerable altitudes owing to the damp climate that prevails; in the Andamans the entire absence of competitors in the form of Potamonidae is doubtless an important factor. The carapace in S. foxi is exactly quadrilateral, its length being precisely, or al- most precisely, equal to its breadth; the lateral margins are strictly parallel, the breadth at the base of the third pair of legs being equal to that at the outer orbital angle. The carapace is slightly convex fore and aft and from side to side and is everywhere distinctly rugose and faintly pitted. A trifoliate gastric areola is distinct and behind it there is a slight prominence on the cardiac region ; these areas are a little smoother Crustacea Decapoda and Stomatopoda. 239 than the rest of the carapace. The front is abruptly and vertically deflexed and is not visible in dorsal view. When viewed obliquely, the edge is seen to be produced to two broadly rounded lobes on either side of a median excavation. The four post- frontal lobes are sharp-edged and present a straight transverse line ; those of the in- ner pair are broader than those of the outer and are separated by a deep mid-dorsal groove that extends to the anterior end of the gastric region. Behind the outermost post-frontal lobes on a level with the inner angle of the orbit there is a small but dis- tinct elevation. The superior margin of the orbit is oblique and sinuous; the outer orbital tooth is sharp and rather broad, but does not extend so far outwards as the end of the cornea. There are two small epibranchial teeth, both obtuse and inconspi- cuous ; the breadth between the foremost pair is a trifle less than that between the outer orbital angles. The lateral margin of the carapace is defined on either side by a sharp ridge, and the postero-lateral surface, though indistinctly rugose, bears no ob- lique striae, except for one, of considerable length, immediately over the bases of the last two pairs of legs. The chelipedes much resemble those of S. syluicola, de Man. The upper border of the merus ends in a subrectangular, subterminal lobe : the inner and outer margins are denticulate, the former being slightly produced near the distal end. The inner surface bears two longitudinal rows of hairs and the outer surface is furnished with a number of conspicuous granules. The upper surface of the carpus is strongly rugose; or its inner margin there are numerous denticles, but no outstanding tooth. The chela, in its general form, al- most precisely resembles that of S. sylvicola. The palm is swollen and strongly tubercu- lar externally, the tubercles being, however, confined to its proximal three-quarters, being absent in the neighbourhood of the finger-cleft, where there is a perfectly smooth, conspicuous depression (text-fig. 4). The tubercles are most closely packed on the upper border and from those which are scattered irregularly over the lower surface a single series, composed of four or five, extends on to the base of the fixed finger. The inner surface much resembles the outer, being similarly tuberculate and having a similar depression near the base of the fingers. It shows no distinct transverse row of tubercles. The fixed finger, except for the few tubercles at the proximal end of its lower margin, is smooth. The dacty- lus is nearly twice the length of the upper border of the palm; at its proximal end there are numerous small tubercles which extend in a single row a little beyond the middle of its length. In lateral view from six to eight tubercles are visible. There are occa- sional short, dark brown hairs on the carpus, palm, and at the base of the dactylus. The walking legs are exceptionally slender. The merus in each pair bears a prominent subterminal tooth on its anterior margin; the segment in the penultimate pair is little less than four times as long as broad. ‘The dactylus in the first three Fic. 4.—Sesarma fox, sp. nov. External view of left chela of male. 240 ZOOLOGY OF THE FAR EAST. a pairs is about five-sixths the length of the propodus, that of the last pair is longer, almost equal to the length of the propodus. On all the legs there are conspicuous slender spinules, not very thickly set, on the carpus, propodus and dactylus; each spinule is dark brown basally and white distally. The abdomen of the male is broad and closely resembles that of S. sylvicola. In colour the carapace of the specimens is of a very dull reddish brown; the chelipedes are pale yellow suffused with pale red on the carpus and palm; the walk- ing legs are deep brown with a fine mottling and dark chromatophores are thickly sprinkled on the abdomen. The species is described from two males which yield the following measurements (in mm):— Length of carapace de MONS 9°7 Breadth of carapace between outer Cebit AMES 2 . OS 98 Breadth of carapace at base of 3rd walking legs .. 98 98 Breadth of front. = et SAO 50 Length of penaitimere aliens legs rd sa 22O 21:5 Length of merus of penultimate walking legs LAN AS 73 Breadth of merus of penultimate walking legs MLO 1'9 The species differs from all the allied forms described by de Man in his Report on Max Weber's expedition to the Dutch East Indies in the shape of the carapace, which is not wider behind than in front; it is allied to S. svlvicola, from Sumatra, but in addition to the form of the carapace, differs in the tuberculation of the chelae, in the blunter epibranchial teeth and more slender merus of the walking legs. It is also closely related to S. ocypoda, Nobili!, from Sumatra, from which it differs in the form of the carapace, in the number of denticles on the dactylus of the chela and in the proportions of the meropodites of the walking legs. Its nearest ally, however, is perhaps S. avanea, Nobili,’ from Nias, in which the carapace is described as ‘‘ per- fettamente quadrato”’; this species is smoother than S. foxt, the tuberculation on the outer face of the chela is obsolete inferiorly and the merus of the walking legs is less slender. The specimens obtained by Mr. Buxton, the types of the species, were found on Gunong Raya in Langkawi I, at a height of 2000 ft. They were collected in moist places under stones or rotten wood at some distance from any stream. At Mr. Bux- ton’s request I have named the species after Mr. Fox of Langkawi I. The types of the species are in the Indian Museum, where they bear the number 9457/10. Sesarma sp.? I do not venture to name three small specimens of Sesarma obtained by Dr. Annan- dale on Penang Hill in the island of Penang at a height of 1200 ft. The specimens are all young ; the carapace of the largest is only 7:5 mm. in length and its chelae do not appear to have assumed their adult form. ! Nobili, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2), XX, p. 513. 2 Nobili, zbid., p. 510. Crustacea Decapoda and Stomatopoda. 2AI Though the two forms are clearly allied there are many conspicuous differences between these young individuals and S. foxi. ‘The carapace is decidedly broader than long and its lateral margins are posteriorly divergent. The orbital tooth is narrower, the first epibranchial tooth more prominent and a strong ridge runs obliquely inwards and backwards from the rudimentary second epibranchial tooth. The walking legs are much stouter, the merus of the penultimate pair being scarcely more than two and a half times as long as broad. It is possible that these are young examples of the form described by Lanchester from “T,acom”’ and Bukit Besar as Sesarma maculata, de Man, but they differ notice- ably from de Man’s description, especially in the form of the penultimate segment of the male abdomen. It appears to me exceedingly improbable that the true S. macu- lata, which was described from Flores, can occur in the Malay Peninsula. Sesarma politum, de Man. 1888. Sesarma polita, de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc., XX, p. 180, pl. xiii, figs. 7-9. Three specimens were found at the mouth of the Tale Sap on the shores of Kaw Deng. The largest is a female with carapace 21°5 mm. in length. In the smallest the carapace is only 7°5 mm. long and the second epibranchial tooth is undeveloped. Genus Helice, de Haan. Helice tridens, de Haan. 1894. Helice tridens, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., VIT, p. 727. A single male, with carapace 26 mm. in breadth, was presented to Dr. Annandale by Prof. S. Yoshida. It was obtained in brackish water near Osaka in Japan. Genus Clistocoeloma, A. Milne-Edwards. Clistocoeloma merguiense, de Man. 1900. Clistocoeloma merguiense, Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, LXIX, p. 429. Two specimens, a male and a female, were obtained by Dr. Annandale in fresh water near the mouth of the Patani River in the Siamese Malay States. The cara- pace of the male is 8-3 mm. in length and 94 mm. in breadth ; that of the female is 9:9 mm. in length and 11°8 mm. in breadth. The specimens were found in burrows in wet mud, under the trunk of a dead palm tree. Family POTAMONIDAE. In determining the ten species of river-crabs in the present collection I have followed the classification proposed by Alcock in 1910.! Alcock divides the family into two groups, the Potamoninae and the Gecarcinucinae, mainly on characters drawn from the structure of the mandibular palp. In the former subfamily the ter- minal segment of the palp is ‘‘ simple, sometimes thickened at the base for the attach- ment of a bunch of hairs,’ whereas in the latter it is ‘cut into two lobes which em- 1 Alcock, Cat. Indian Decap. Crust., I, fasc. ii, p, 17 (1910). 242 ZOOLOGY OF THE FAR EAST. brace the incisor-process of the mandible.” Calman,' whose notes on the point will be read with much interest, has since shown that in certain crabs from Madagascar the form of the palp is in some degree intermediate in character, though it is still quite clear that the species in question belong to the Potamoninae. My own experience with Indo-pacific species tallies with that of Alcock : the distinction between the two groups is absolute and the structure of the palp can easily be made out without dissection. Even if it should be shown in course of time that the two groups intergrade in certain countries, necessitating some nomenclatorial changes in Alcock’s system, the character will none the less retain considerable systematic importance and there is no doubt that it will prove a very essential factor in all problems connected with the dis- tribution of the family. - Alcock’s classification is unfortunately attended by some inconvenience. Prior to 1910, the date when his memoir was published, the ‘structure of the mandibular palp is never mentioned in specific descriptions, with the result that it is frequently" impossible to refer a species to its correct genus without actual examination of speci- mens. A case in point has occurred among the species in the present collection. Potamon (Geotelphusa) dehaam (White) from Japan bears a very close external resem- blance to the Javanese crab originally described as Geotelphusa kuhli, so much so that de Man, when instituting the latter species, compared it in detail with the for- mer. The two species have, however, no real affinity; that from Japan is a true Geotelphusa, belonging to the Potamoninae, whereas the Javanese form is a Paratel- phusa, belonging to the subfamily Gecarcinucinae and to Alcock’s subgenus Liotel- phusa. It is to be hoped that in all future work on the Potamonidae note will be made of the structure of the mandibular palp. Subfamily POTAMONINAE. Genus Potamon, Savigny. 1910. Potamon, Alcock, Cat. Indian Decap. Crust., X, fase. ii, p. 18. Subgenus Potamon, Ortmann. Potamon (Potamon) denticulatum (Milne-Edwards). 1904. Potamon (Potamon) denticulatus, Rathbun, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris (4), VI, p. 260, pl. ix, fig. 6. Fourteen specimens of this species, the largest a female with carapace 49 mm. in breadth, were collected by Dr. Annandale in the Tai Hu, in the Kiangsu province of China. They were obtained from a Chinese fishing boat with examples of Eriocherr sinensis and were said to have been caught in a creek opening into the lake. Potamon (Potamon) granulatum (de Man). 1904. Potamon (Potamon) granulatus, Rathbun, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris (4), VI, p. 274. An adult female and four young specimens, of which only one is a male, were ob- tained by the late Dr. W. C. Hossack in Java. ! Calman, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1913, pp. 922-925. Crustacea Decapoda and Stomatopoda. 243 As in the case of the female recorded by Nobili,' the granulation of the carapace appears to be rather less pronounced than in the large male described by de Man,’ though it is far more conspicuous than in any allied species. The extreme develop- ment shown in de Man’s figures is doubtless to be found only in adult males. As de Man has pointed out, the crest of the antero-lateral border is decidedly shorter than in related forms: in this respect a marked difference exists between P. granulatum and P. andersonianum (Wood-Mason). In the specimens in the present collection, however, the granules on this border are more numerous than is indicated by de Man; they are never less than ten in number and are very irregular in their size and distribution. Potamon larnaudi (A. Milne-Edwards), as Miss Rathbun has shown, is readily dis- tinguished by the greater breadth of the mesogastric area. The specimens examined were found in the Government Quinine Gardens at Tijnproean at an altitude of 5600 ft. The carapace of the large female is 41 mm. in breadth and 32 mm. in length. The species has hitherto been recorded only from Tijibodas. : Potamon (Potamon) stoliczkanum (Wood-Mason). 1910. Potamon (Potamon) stoliczkanum, Alcock, Cat. Ind. Decap. Crust., I, fase. ii, p. 53. Two small males were obtained by Dr. Annandale in the Botanical Gardens at Penang; they were found under stones in a rapid running stream. There is apparently some variation in the form of the epigastric and post-orbital crests. Those of the larger example do not form an absolutely transverse line, but are a trifle more advanced in the middle than at the sides. In the smaller individual the line formed by the crests is more nearly transverse, almost as much so as in the types. In the larger individual the carapace is 21 mm. in length and 26 mm. in breadth, the length of the second walking leg being nearly 47 mm. P. stoiczkanum has only been recorded from Penang (Wood-Mason) and “Tacom”’ (Lanchester). The specimens recorded by de Man from Mergui, under the name Telphusa stoliczkana, have been referred to P. thagatense, Rathbun. Potamon (Potamon) anacoluthon, sp. nov. The carapace is longer than in most species of the genus, the breadth being only about one and one fifth times the length. The upper surface is slightly convex fore and aft and from side to side. The usual H-shaped groove is conspicuous, but other- wise the carapace is almost wholly without distinction of regions. The middle por- tion of the cervical groove is indicated by a broad and very shallow depression and between this depression and the antero-lateral limits of the H-shaped groove there is, in both the specimens examined, a small flattened tubercle standing in the middle of a shallow pit. ‘The entire surface, though it has a shiny appearance when dried, is coarsely and evenly punctate, the punctae being sometimes connected by exceedingly 1 Nobili, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2), XX, p. 500 (1900). 2 De Man, in Weber’s Zool. Evgebn. Reise Nied. Ost-Ind., II, p. 290, pl. xvi, fig. 5 (1892). 244 ZOOLOGY OF THE FAR EAST. fine grooves, to be seen only under a strong lens. The epigastric crests are promi- nent; their anterior edges are strongly and irregularly rugose and they are separated in the middle by a deep grove which, however, does not extend backwards behind them. The protogastric or post-orbital crests are practically obsolete, being repre- sented merely by a slight roughened declivity separated by a faint transverse depres- sion from the upper orbital margin. Internally the crests are on a line with, and only indistinctly separated from, those on the epigastric region; from this point they slope backwards on either side, completely disappearing before reaching the lateral margin. The upper border of the orbit is practically smooth; the lower margin is beaded and there is a distinct sinus beneath the outer orbital angle. The front is faintly emarginate in the middle and its breadth is contained about two and two- thirds times in that of the carapace. The edge is very finely crenulate and the upper D Fic. 5.—Potamon (Potamon) anacoluthon, sp. nov. Male, 17°8 mm. in breadth of carapace, and eggs of female drawn to same scale. surface finely rugose. The epibranchial tooth is very strong and is situated at some distance from the outer orbital angle; the surface in its vicinity is distinctly roughened. The level of the carapace in front of the epibranchial tooth is the same as that behind it. The margin between the tooth and the outer orbital angle is beaded; behind the tooth it is finely denticulate. The postero-lateral walls bear a few fine oblique striae; the lower surface, on either side of the buccal cavern, is covered with short rugae from which small setae arise. The ischium of the outer maxillipedes is traversed longitudinally in its middle by a fine and deep groove; it bears very large punctae, especially near the antero-inter- nal angle. The merus is much broader than long, with raised outer and inner borders and with its antero-external angle rounded off. The basal portion of the exopod reaches to the middle of the merus; the flagellum is very long. Crustacea Decapoda and Stomatopoda. 245 The chelipedes of the male are scarcely longer than the breadth of the carapace. The upper edge of the merus is granular and terminates in a blunt and obscure sub- terminal lobe. Both inferior margins are granular and the outer surface bears num- bers of small rugae arranged transversely. The carpus is rugose above; the internal tooth is very strong and behind and beneath its apex there are one or two conspicuous tubercles. The chela is slender, the depth of the palm being only about one and a half times the length of the upper border. The outer surface is slightly rugose proxi- mally and bears numerous punctae, some of which form a conspicuous, median, longi- tudinal row. The fingers are nearly twice the length of the upper border of the palm; they are strongly fluted and pitted and meet throughout their length when the claw is closed, the tips crossing each other. The second walking legs, which are the longest, are about one and three quarters the length of the carapace. The abdomen of the male is very broad and is irregularly pitted. The segments increase successively in length, that of the sixth being only one third its basal breadth ; the seventh segment is simply triangular, with a slightly sinuous proximal border, and its length is contained about one and three quarter times in its basal breadth. In the female the last abdominal segment is still more broadly triangular, its length being scarcely more than one half its basal breadth. The eggs are extremely large, each being from 2:0 to 2°5 mm. in diameter (text-fig. 5). The species is described from two specimens, a male and a female, the latter ovigerous, but lacking the chelae. In the male the carapace is 14°6 mm. in length and 178 mm. in breadth; in the female it is 173 mm. in length and 19°9 mm. in breadth. The female in life was dull olive brown with bright red eggs; the male was of a distinctly blue shade of grey, a colour that has not apparently altered after nine months’ preservation in spirit. P. anacoluthon appears in some measure to form a link between the subgenera Potamon and Geotelphusa, agreeing with the former in the presence of a strong epi- branchial tooth and with the latter in the almost complete suppression of the post- orbital crests. It does not seem to possess close affinities with any species hitherto described. The two specimens, types of the species, were found by Dr. Annandale on the Peak at Hongkong, under large stones at the edge of a small stream at an altitude of 1000 ft. They are preserved in the Indian Museum and bear the number 9475/10. Potamon (Geotelphusa) dehaani (White). 1905. Potamon (Potamonautes |) dehaanii, Rathbun, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris (4), VII, p. 204, pl. xviii, fig. 4. 1907. Geothelphusa Dehaani, Stimpson, Smiths. Misc. Coll., XLIX, p. 112 (nec. syn.). 1916. Potamon (Geothelphusa) Dehaanii, Parisi, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., LV, p. 163. The collection contains numerous specimens from Japan. ‘The species was com- mon in hill streams, in ponds and in irrigation channels in the country round Lake | Presumably a clerical error for Geothelphusa, but repeated in a footnote under Stimpson’s record. 246 ZOOLOGY OF THE FAR EAST. Biwa. It is said to enter the lake itself, but Dr. Annandale could find no specimens there. In wet weather it often travels a considerable distance from water and one individual was found in the streets of Otsu. The precise localities of the specimens are (i) from hill streams and garden paths near Otsu; (ii) from irrigation channels at Hikone on the western shore of L. Biwa; (iii) from hill streams above Sakamoto on the eastern shore of L,. Biwa ; (iv) from a small lake at Komatsu on the same shore of the lake. In the largest male, a specimen with carapace 30 mm. in breadth, the right chela is enormously enlarged, 31°5 mm. in length, with very widely gaping fingers. Subfamily GECARCINUCINAE. Genus Paratelphusa, Milne-Edwards. 1910. Paratelphusa, Alcock, Cat. Indian Decap. Crust., I, fase. ii, p. 70. Subgenus Paratelphusa, Wood-Mason. Paratelphusa (Paratelphusa) tridentata, Milne-Edwards. 1905. Potamon (Paratelphusa) tridentatus, Rathbun, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris (4), VIL, p. 234, pl. xi, fig. 2. A number of distinct species were at one time confounded under this name: the series so labelled in the Indian Museum collection contains, in addition to the true P. tridentata, examples of P.convexa, de Man, P. maculata, de Man and P. oxygona, Nobili. In determining this material I have derived much assistance from de Man’s papers, particularly that published in 1870,' as well as from Miss Rathbun’s key and full references to the literature. The specimens of P. tridentata in the present collection are five in number, all collected by the late Dr. W..C. Hossack in Java. There are three males and a female from Buitenzorg Gardens, alt. 300 ft., and one female from Garoet, alt. 3000 ft. The carapace of the largest individual, a female, is 42 mm. in breadth. The species is recorded from Borneo, Java, Sumatra and the neighbouring islands. Paratelphusa (Paratelphusa) convexa, de Man. 1905. Potamon (Paratelphusa) convexus, Rathbun, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris (4), VU, p. 237. Three specimens were obtained by Dr. Hossack in Java in company with ex- amples of the preceding species. A male and female with carapace respectively 27 and 28°5 mm. in breadth were found in Buitenzorg Gardens and a female of similar size at Garoet. The specimen from the latter locality differs from the others in colour, being rather closely mottled with deep purple on a dull olive ground. P. convexa is known from Timor, New Guinea, Borneo, Java and Nias. ! De Man, Notes Roy. Zool. Mus. Leyden, I, p. 61 (1870). Crustacea Decapoda and Stomatopoda. 247 Paratelphusa (Paratelphusa) incerta (Lanchester). 1905. Potamon (Paratelphusa) incertus, Rathbun, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris (4), VII, p. 238 (ubi syn.). Of this species Dr. Annandale obtained a single fine male, with carapace 55 mm. in breadth, in the Botanical Gardens at Singapore. It was found on a wet day ina rubber plantation, sitting at the edge of a burrow in the bank of an irrigation chan- nel. Paratelphusa incerta is very closely related to the Sumatran P. maculata, de Man ; but, so far as I am able to judge from the examination of a single specimen, is not merely a variety of that species as suggested by Nobili.! Compared with a series of P. maculata from Deli in Sumatra, the following differences are apparent :— (i). The carapace is broader and shorter: measured in the middle line the dis- tance from the edge of the front to the cervical suture is conspicuously less than half the greatest breadth of the carapace. In P. maculata these two measurements are ex- actly the same. (ii). An imaginary line joining the tips of the posterior epibranchial teeth is situated rather further forwards than in P. maculata. (iii). The lateral extremities of the post-orbital crests reach a point only a little in front of the middle of the foremost epibranchial tooth and are thus situated further backwards than in the allied form. (iv). The external orbital angle is rather more obtuse and the two epibranchial teeth project outwards more strongly. The distance between the extra-orbital angle and the first lateral tooth is only a little greater than that between the first and second lateral teeth. P. incerta is known only from Singapore and was originally described by Lanches- ter from a specimen found in the Botanical Gardens. The individual recorded by Lanchester from Borneo’ has been referred by Miss Rathbun® to Nobili’s P. oxygona. Paratelphusa (Paratelphusa) germaini (Rathbun). 1901. Potamon (Paratelphusa) sinense, Lanchester, Proc. Zoo). Soc. London, p. 545. 1905. Potamon (Paratelphusa) germaini, Rathbun, Nowv. Arch. Mus. Paris (4), VIT, p. 246, (ubi cet. syn.), pl. xi, fig. 9. 1906. Potamon (Paratelphusa) sex-punctatum, Lanchester, Fasciculi Malayenses, Zool., XII, p- 129, fig. 2. Dr. Annandale found this species in abundance in ditches and ponds and at the edge of the Tale Sap at Lampam, where the water of the lake is quite fresh. It was common also at Singgora, but apparently does not enter the brackish outer portions of the lake though it occurs in ditches containing water that is slightly saline. It was also common in ditches at Patani and in pools on the sand near the sea. In a very old male, much overgrown with alga, the carapace is 56 mm. in breadth | Nobili, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, XVI, no. 397, p. 8 (1901). 2 Lanchester, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), VI, p. 255, pl. xii, fig. 2 (1900). 3 Rathbun, Joc. cit., p. 230. 248 ZOOLOGY OF THE FAR EAST: and 44 mm. in length; the chela is 64 mm. in length with very widely gaping fingers. Adults are invariably of a rich reddish crimson colour, stains of which not infre- quently occur on the sternum. The six punctae described by Lanchester in his account of P. sexdentatum are visible in most of the specimens and four of them are often rendered conspicuous by their colouration, which is pale yellow and contrasts sharply with that of the general surface. Young individuals are of a dull olive brown tint. There can be little doubt that the synonymy given above is correct. P. germaini is recorded by Miss Rathbun from many localities in French Indo-China and Siam and also from the islands off the west coast of the Malay Peninsula and (doubtfully perhaps) from Japan. It is evidently the common river crab of the country round the Tale Sap, from which it was recorded by Lanchester under the name Potamon (Paratelphusa) sinense. Subgenus Liotelphusa, Alcock. 1910. Liotelphusa, Alcock, Cat. Indian Decap. Crust., I, fase. ii, p. 100. Paratelphusa (Liotelphusa) kuhli (de Man). 1883. Geothelphusa Kuhlii, de Man, Notes Leyden Mus., V, p. 154. 1892. Geotelphusa Kuhlit, de Man, in Weber’s Zool. Ergebn Reise. Nied. Ost-Ind., II, p. 288, pl. xv, figs. 3a-c, pl. xvi, fig. 3. 1905. Potamon (Geothelphusa) kuhlii, Rathbun, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris (4), VII, p. 208. Other references are supplied by Miss Rathbun. Hitherto the species has invariably been referred to Geotelphusa; in general appearance it bears a very close resemblance to Potamon (Geotelphusa) dehaani (White), and it has been compared in detail with that species by de Man. Examination of the mandibular palp shows, however, that in spite their external similarity there is no close affinity between the two forms. In P. (G.) dehaani the terminal segment of the palp is simple, the species belonging to Alcock’s subfamily Potamoninae. In “Geotelphusa”’ kuhli the terminal segment is formed of two lobes which embrace the incisor-process of the man- dible ; the species will therefore find a place in the subfamily Gecarcinucinae of Alcock’s classification and must be referred to the genus Paratelphusa and the subgenus Liotelphusa. It is by no means distantly related to P. (L.) levis (Wood- Mason). Paratelphusa kuhli is represented in the collection by a series of more than thirty specimens of all ages. In her key to the species of the subgenus Geotelphusa, Miss Rathbun lays stress on the presence in this species of a rudimentary epibranchial tooth. The use of this character is, however, likely to prove misleading, for the tooth is entirely absent in a number of the specimens in the present collection, while in all the others only the faintest traces of its presence can be detected. The specimens were found by the late Dr. W. C. Hossack in the Government Quinine Gardens at Tijnproean in Java at an altitude of 5600 ft. The species is only known from Java, Crustacea Decapoda and Stomatopoda. 249 Family XANTHIDAE. Subfamily MENIPPINAE. Genus Myomenippe, Hilgendorf. Myomenippe granulosa (A. Milne-Edwards). 1898. Menippe (Myomenippe) granulosa, Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, UXVII, p. 179. ‘wo small specimens, the largest with carapace 18°5 mm. in breadth, were found at the mouth of the Prai River, opposite Penang, on mud flats left bare at low tide. Subfamily PILUMNINAE. Genus Pilumnus, Leach. Pilumnus quadridentatus, de Man. 1888. Pilumnus seminudus, de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc., XXII, p. 65. 1895. Pilumnus (Purapilumnus) quadridentatus, de Man, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., VIII, p. 537 and IX, pl. xiii, fig. 6. 1906. Pilumnus quadridentatus, Nobili, Ann. Sci. nat., Zool. (9), IV, p. 278. A male and an ovigerous female, 9°3 mm. and 8°8 mm. in breadth respectively, were found in dead shells of Balanus on fishing stakes in the channel off Singgora at the mouth of the Tale Sap. A very young individual, with carapace only 5 mm. in breadth, was also found among mangrove roots near Koh Yaw. In addition to the long hairs on the upper surface of the front and to those which extend inwards in a curved line from the last tooth of the antero-lateral margin, there are two conspicuous setose areas on the gastric region. These are situated further forwards than in de Man’s figure and each is oval in outline and is produced exter- nally forwards and outwards towards the middle of the orbital margin (text-fig. 6). In a specimen from Mergui, one of those identified by de Man in 1888 as P. seminudus, Miers, I can find no trace of these patches; but they are easily removed in cleaning the carapace and leave prac- tically no trace of their existence. Fic. 6.—Pilumnus quadridentatus, The granulation of the outer surface of the palms Ge Mes of the chelipedes is conspicuous in all the specimens, the See larger granules being arranged in longitudinal rows. De Man notes that in very large males the granules almost completely disappear. In all other respects the specimens agree very closely with de Man’s detailed des- cription. The species is evidently closely allied to P. malardi, de Man,' a form also found in dead Balanus shells, but differs in the shape of the front and the form of the teeth on the antero-lateral margin. | De Man, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, XXXIX, p. 330 (1914) 250 ZOOLOGY OF THE FAR EAS’. Family PORTUNIDAE. Subfamily PORTUNINAE. Genus Scylla, de Haan. Scylla serrata (Forskal), de Haan. 1899. Scylla serrata, Alcock, Journ. Astat. Soc. Bengal, LXNIII, p. 27. This species is the common edible crab of the Malay Peninsula. Dr. Annandale found it abundant in the outer part of the Tale Sap and young specimens were ob- served in ditches of brackish water and in mangrove swamps. Genus Neptunus, de Haan. Neptunus pelagicus (Linn.). 1899. Neptunus pelagicus, Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, XVIII, p. 34. Very abundant in the outer part of the Tale Sap. Young specimens were taken in the channel opposite Singgora and round Koh Yaw in from 3 to 44 metres, usually among dead sheils. Genus Charybdis, de Haan. Charybdis crucifera (A. Milne-Edwards). 1899. Charybdis (Goniosoma) crucifera, Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, LXNIII, p. 51. Common at Singgora. Many dead specimens were seen at the edge of the lake. Charybdis affinis, Dana. 1899. Charybdis (Goniosoma) affinis, Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, IVXVIII, p. 56. Two large specimens, with carapace 67 mm. and 51 mm. in breadth, are in the collection. They are considerably larger than any other examples in the Museum and differ from Alcock’s description in the almost complete absence of the transverse ridge on the cardiac region of the carapace. This character, which is used by Alcock in his key to the Indian species of the genus, is evidently not valid in the case of very large specimens. The specimens were taken in fishing nets at Singgora. Charybdis callianassa (Herbst), A. Milne-Edwards. 1899. Charybdis (Goniosoma) callianassa, Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, XVIII, p. 57. Found with the preceding at Singgora. Tribe OXYSTOMAT A, Family LEUCOSIIDAE. Subfamily LEUCOSIINAE. Genus Ebalia, Leach. Ebalia heterochalaza, sp. nov. The carapace is sharply polygonal in outline and is broader than long in the pro- portion of 14 to 13. The lateral and posterior margins are coarsely granulate and Crustacea Decapoda and Stomatopoda. 251 the postero-lateral border is divided into thirds by two clusters of enlarged and prominent tubercles (text-fig. 7). The grooves and depressed portions of the carapace are smooth and the elevated parts tubercular. The sculpture of the dorsum is much as in E. diadumena, Al- cock, but the grooves are not so deep. The elevations on the gastro-cardiac, in- testinal and branchial regions are coarsely granulate and in the middle of the two former are several very large upstanding tubercles of a pearly appearance and of a size much greater than those on any other part of the carapace. The gastro- cardiac and intestinal elevations are im- perfectly separated from one another by a transverse furrow ; the granules on them are very Aiea 4 in size. The front is deeply hollowed in the middle line; its antero-lateral portions bear numerous fine denticles. The anterior margin is prea steals straight, the edge of the epistome being visible in dorsal view. ‘The hepatic facet is well defined ; its lower border is excavate posteriorly and is edged with excep- tionally large tubercles. Its upper margin is defined by smaller tubercles which form a cluster near the middle of its length. The posterior limit of the facet is marked on either side by a large tubercle and the margins between these tubercles and those that define the widest portion of the carapace are straight and posteri- orly divergent. The posterior margin is narrow, slightly sinuous, a little promi- nent at the middle point and with protruding lateral angles. The lower sur- face of the carapace, on either side of the outer maxillipedes, is conspicuously granular. The cornea of the eye is scarcely visible in dorsal view; the orbits are in open communication with the antennular fossae. The margin of the epistome bears two sharp processes separated by a median emargination. The endopod of the outer maxillipedes is very narrow ; the merus is almost ex- actly the same length as the inner border of the ischium. The exopod is only a trifle shorter than the endopod and has a strong outward bulge; it is conspicuously granu- lar and its outer margin is very strongly curved. The chelipedes in the male are scarcely longer than the carapace. The merus is trigonal with granular edges; it is covered with minute granules on its lower side and with a few near the base of its upper surface. There are minute granules on the car- pus. The upper edge of the palm is roughened and on its lower surface are two finely beaded lines that extend from its base to the tip of the fixed finger. The uppermost of these lines is better defined than the lower and the space between them is smooth. The fingers are heavy and meet only in the distal half of their lengths, where they Fic. 7.—Ebalia heterochalaza, sp. nov. 252 ZOOLOGY OF THE FAR EAST. are provided with teeth; both fingers are obscurely grooved and there are minute asperities on the upper surface of the dactylus. The walking legs are smooth and slender ; in those of the last pair the dactylus is fully one and a half times the length of the propodus. The sternum of the male is granular throughout, the granules being very large and vesiculous opposite the bases of the chelipedes. The abdomen of the male con- sists of four pieces, a transverse basal portion, perhaps partially fused with that which follows, and three distal pieces, the two last being each about half the length of that which precedes them. The basal breadth of the penultimate portion is scarcely less than half its length; there is no median tubercle. ‘The middle parts of all except the ultimate portion are closely covered with minute granules. The species is described from two males with carapace respectively 5:2 and 4°6 min. in length. Ebalia heterochalaza appears to be nearly allied to E. granulata (Rüppell), re- described by Nobili in 1906,' the latter form differs, however, in the granulation of the carapace; the front and orbital margins are smooth and there are enlarged granules on the branchial regions similar in size to those in the middle line. The front in F. granulata is also conspicuously bilobed, there are no granules on the third maxilli- pedes or on the sternum and there isa large tubercle on the penultimate segment of the male abdomen. The last character affords a distinction between E. heterochalaza and E. abdominals,” in which also the chelipedes are much longer and do not possess longi- tudinal granular ridges on the lower surface of the palm. From E. diadumena, Alcock,’ it differs conspicuously in the shallower sculpture of the carapace and in the presence of a well-defined hepatic facet. The specimens were found at a depth of about 44 metres, on a bottom composed of soft mud with many dead shells, just inside the mouth of the Tale Sap, near Sing- gora. They were obtained in water of low salinity, its specific gravity being about 1004 (corrected). The two specimens, types of the species, are registered under no. 9426/ro in the Indian Museum books. Genus Philyra, Leach. Philyra sexangula, Alcock. 1896. Philyra sexangula, Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, LXV, p. 241, pl. vii, fig. 2 and (1899) Illust. Zool. ‘Investigator’ Crust., pl. xxix, figs. 6, 6a. 1900. Philyra sexangula, Lanchester, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 765. A very small male, with carapace only 3:2 mm. in length, was obtained by Dr. Annandale. The sculpture in this individual is more clean-cut than in the larger speci- mens recorded by Alcock. ‘The outline of the carapace is much more sharply angular, ! Nobili, Ann. Sci. nat , Zool. (9), IV, p. 155, pl. ix, fig. 1 pases) 2 Nobili, zbid., p. 157, i ix, fig. 2 (1906). 8 Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, LXV, p. 187, pl. vii, fig. 4 (1896). Crustacea Decapoda and Stomatopoda. 253 the oblique carinae on the branchial regions are exceedingly strong and in the middle line are five large blunt tubercles of which only traces remain in adults. The chelipedes have the same proportional length as in older examples, but are practically devoid of granules. The specimen was found in the same locality as Ebalia heterochalaza, in water of specific gravity 1°004. The species was hitherto known from the Godaveri Coast and Persian Gulf (Al- cock), from the Matlah river in the Gangetic Delta, whence a large female, 9°5 mm. in length, was obtained a few years ago by Dr. J. T. Jenkins, and from Singapore (Lan- chester). Philyra olivacea, Rathbun. 1909. Philyra olivacea, Rathbun, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXII, p. 108. 1910. Philyra olivacea, Rathbun, Danske Vid. Selsk. Skrift. (7), nat. og math., V, p- 312, pl. ii, fig. 17, and text-fig. 4. Two specimens, both males, are in the collection; in most respects they agree well with Miss Rathbun’s description. The posterior margin of the carapace, des- cribed as trilobate in the original examples, is merely sinuous with the outer angles prominent. The two oblique lines which run inwards from the postero-lateral mar- gins and converge are exceedingly obscure, though visible in both specimens ; they consist merely of a single row of low and widely spaced granules and might easily be overlooked. There is a considerable difference between the two specimens in the form of the angulation of the lower margin of the hepatic facet. In the smaller specimen it is much the more prominent and is quite pale in colour, the remainder of the carapace being a very dark grey. ‘The larger individual is pale in colour throughout. The specimens are respectively 9°5 and 8:0 mm. in length. One was taken along with the examples of the two preceding species near Singgora, in water of specific gravity 1:004; the other was found in the bottom of a fishing boat at Patani, far to the south of the Tale Sap, and had probably come from Patani Bay. The species was previously known only from the Coast of Lem Ngob on the east- ern side of the Gulf of Siam. Fairily DORIPPIDAE. Genus Dorippe, Fabricius. Dorippe astuta, Fabricius. 1896. Dorippe astuta, Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, LXV, p. 280. A specimen with carapace about 11 mm. in length was found dead near the mouth of the Tale Sap and two smaller individuals were taken in the channel opposite Singgora in water of specific gravity 1‘004 (corrected). ‘They were found on a bottom of mud and dead shells at a depth of 4} metres and neither of them carried anything in the last pair of legs. Alcock states on the authority of Giles that it is the custom of this species to carry an inhabited wori-tube. 254 ZOOLOGY OF THE FAR EAST. Tribe PAGURIDEA. Family PAGURIDAE. Subfamily PAGURINAE. Genus Clibanarius, Dana. Clibanarius padavensis, de Man. 1888. Clibanarius padavensis, de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc., XXII, p. 242, pl. xvi, fig. I. Three specimens were found by Dr. Annandale at the mouth of the Prai River, opposite Penang, on mud-flats exposed at low water. ‘They were living in Murex and other marine shells. Clibanarius longitarsis (de Haan). 1887. Clibanarius longitarsis, de Man, Arch. f. Naturgesch., LIL, i, p. 441. This species was very abundant at Kaw Deng and in other localities near the mouth of the Tale Sap. All the larger individuals were inhabiting marine shells, but very small ones were usually found in Potamides fluviatilis. Dr. Annandale noted that the legs in living specimens were very deep blue with bright blue longitudinal stripes and that the eyestalks were bright olivaceous brown. Genus Diogenes, Dana. Diogenes avarus, Heller. 1905. Diogenes avarus, Alcock, Cat. Indian Decap. Crust., IT, fase. i, p. 68, pl. vi, fig. 6. Two very small specimens, dredged in the outer part of the Tale Sap, opposite Singgora, appear to belong to this species. Tribe THALASSINIDEA. Family CALLIANASSIDAE. Subfamily UPOGEBIINAE. Genus Upogebia, Leach. Upogebia (Upogebia) heterocheir, Kemp. 1915. Upogebta (Upogebia) heterocheir, Kemp, Mem. Ind. Mus., V, p. 257, pl. xiii, figs. 6, 7. Two specimens were dredged towards the northern part of the channel connect- ing the inner and outer parts of the Tale Sap near Pak Payum at depths of 33 to 54 metres. They were taken in a thin layer of soft mud overlying a bottom of coarse sand in water of specific gravity 1:0015 (corrected). One of the specimens is very much damaged ; the other is a male approximately 16 mm. in total length. In this specimen the first peraeopods differ from those of the types in the absence of the subterminal tooth on the upper edge of the merus and in the presence of only one tooth on the upper border of the propodus. ‘The extent of Crustacea Decapoda and Stomatopoda. 255 a the variation in the number of spinules on the legs is thus rather greater than was gathered from examination of the Indian specimens. The species has hitherto been found only in the Chilka Lake on the Orissa coast of India, where it was obtained in water ranging in specific gravity from 1:000 to 1'0265. DECAPODA NATANTIA. Tribe CARIDEA, Family PALAKMONIDAE. Genus Palaemon, Fabricius. Palaemon carcinus, Fabricius. 1890. Palaemon carcinus, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., V, p. 700, pl. xlvii, fig. 1. 1902. Palaemon (Eupalaemon) carcinus, de Man, Abhandl. Senck. naturf. Ges., XXV, p. 763. 1010. Palaemon carcinus, Henderson and Matthai, Rec. Ind. Mus., V, p. 281, pl. xv, figs. 1 a-g. 1914. Palaemon carcinus, Cowles, Philippine Journ. Sci, Sect. D, UX, p. 324, pl. i, figs. 1, Id-j. The collection contains numerous specimens of this well-known species from the Malay Peninsula. Three males, which doubtless came from the Patalung river where the water is always fresh, were bought in the market at Lampam and a large number of specimens were obtained from fishermen’s nets at Singgora in the Tale Sap in water of specific gravity varying from 1:004 to 1‘0085. - It is a remarkable fact that all the Singgora specimens, with one exception, are females and that nearly all of them bear eggs. In our investigations on the fauna of the Chilka Lake on the Orissa coast of India, we drew attention to the fact that certain species of Palaemon, P. rudis and P. malcolmsomi, visit the lake each year at the period when its waters are at their freshest in order to liberate their young. In the case of P. malcolmsoni this migration is undertaken only by the ovigerous females, whereas in P. vudis the males accompany the females.' It appears that a similar phenomenon occurs in the Tale Sap in the case of P. carcinus. Dr. Annandale found only a single male and very few females without eggs out of many hundreds of specimens examined at Singgora and there can be little doubt that the females migrate to the lake for breeding purposes. The speci- mens were obtained in January at the beginning of the dry season when the water of the outer part of the lake was probably fresher than at other times. The specimens agree well with the published descriptions. The rostrum as a rule extends much beyond the antennal scale, but in one male from Lampam, 168 mm. in total length, reaches beyond this point only by some 5 mm. ‘There are from 12 to 15 teeth on the upper border of the rostrum and from 10 to 14 (usually 12 to 14) on the lower border. Nine specimens yield the following measurements (to the nearest mm.) :— | Kemp, Mem. Ind. Mus., V, p. 203 (1915). 256 ZOOLOGY OF THE FAR EAST. | oO 1 4 - | Sy À SECOND PERAEOPOD : LENGTH OF | nr = Es | LOCALITY. oh = pores | a 2 cia, | RE A 3 Peco woo icc. ees, nd) & he ae ae Boye LE) à th FM a |S 4 | = no) A A Lampam 3 AL | ABQ | 1 192 23 25 29 28 25 B | @ 168 | 46 140 | 23 26 29 32 29 iS De oe obs atest WHO |] GO) ES) 2 22 26 24 20 Singgora .. a3 6, 173 | 46 205 | 28 | 44 | 48 AS || 37 || > : g 0 | “5 | uO} a9 | 38° | 37 | 3a | 29. Be g 175 | 42 TI | 29 | 29 30 22 16 s 1 & ON GS | HS || 23 16 12 A | @ 120) o> BB. le SO LON eS 20 14 II 0 g WAS || 20 |) FR wa | aed AQ) | 52 10 | | : There are also in the collection two very small individuals, 45 and 46 mm. in total length, that I consider to be young examples of this species. They were obtained in the Patani river, below the town of Patani in the Siamese Malay States. In the Indian Museum collections I have not been able to find any specimens of P. carcinus as small as these; the youngest, which are from Garia, near Calcutta, being 65 and 69 mm. in total length. In the larger of the Patani river specimens the rostrum Guten beyond the antennal scale by about one-quarter its length, and bears 12 teeth above and 10 below. In the smaller individual the rostrum reaches beyond the scale by about one third of its length, and bears 14 teeth above and 11 below. In the young specimens from Garia the rostrum is fully as long as in the smaller Patani individual, and bears 13 or 14 teeth above and 12 or 14 below. The second legs in both Patani specimens reach beyond the end of the scale by the length of the chela—in those from Garia by the chela and fully one-third of the carpus. The segments yield the following measure- ments (in mim.) :— | | | | | | | | | | Ow | a |e SECOND PERAEOPOD: LENGTH OF | | . | an ES | à : u | & ’ oes | LOCALITY. bp 3 | 3s ; | le à | À qd de = El Q a | | Del | = = a So Ÿ = 2 3 | SES 9 a 0 | We Os | 3 QQ E | D | 4 + (= Au a a [a = | = oO fo} vo Co) io vo 3 Gy | Dn A es: H 4 = OPEN ie iS) | | | | | | Garia, nr. Calcutta 2 Sane GP 69 7 | 30 | 7°8 81 Tro | 6:5 | 4:6 Fe a ? 65 I4'0 37 76 7°9 10'8 5'8 41 Patani river ae Le ? 46 OS | 2sy | Ger 52 Or || 30 2°4 | | | | ha Se Hee eh. Py a SPA seeps zeae | aves gs | se as | 1In the largest specimen, which is evidently a male, the appendix masculina is represented by a small bud; i others no trace of it can be detected. Crustacea Decapoda and Stomatopoda. 257 The measurements are closely comparable to those of some adult females, the chief difference being that the dactylus is a little shorter in relation to the palm. De Man ! records a young male specimen of this species, 65 mm. in total length, in which the carpus of the second legs was 9 mm. in length, the palm 44 mm. and the fingers 2? mm. The telson tip in the Patani individuals differs conspicuously from that of adults, the inner pair of subterminal spinules extending beyond the apex by more than half their length. The specimens from Garia represent an intermediate stage, the spinules just reaching the apex. Lanchester, in his account of the Crustacea of the « Skeat Expedition,” refers to a specimen, 43 mm. in length, under the name P. carcinus var. lamarrei. This in- dividual is doubtless a young P. carcinus, Milne-Edward’s P. lamarrer being, as de Man has shown,’ quite distinct from the Fabrician species. Palaemon carcinus is evidently an abundant species and has a distribution extend- ing from India to New Guinea and the Philippines. Palaemon lanchesteri, de Man. 1901. Palaemon paucidens, Lanchester, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 568, pl. xxxiii, fig. 4 (not P. paucidens, Hilgendorf, Sitz-ber. Ges. naturf. Freunde, Berlin, Jahrg. 1893, p. 155). 1911. Palaemon (Eupalaemon) Lanchestert, de Man (nom. nov. for P. paucidens, Ianchester nec Hilgendorf), Notes Levden Mus., XXXIII, p. 264, footnote. Lanchester, when describing this species, noted that notwithstanding the pre- sence of ovigerous females it might eventually prove to be merely the young of P.idae. In my opinion there can be no doubt that the species is valid, its nearest relative being apparently P. /amarret, Milne-Edwards. In both species the secondary sexual characters seem never to be strongly developed and the second peraeopods differ little, if at all, in.their proportions from those of the young. I have little to add to Lanchester’s description. The rostrum in its length and dentition agrees with his account. The posterior tooth of the dorsal series is situated on the carapace, the second being as a rule immediately over the orbit ; the distance between the first and second is generally not greater than that between the second and third. The apex is nearly always bifid. The second legs are rather shorter than indicated by Lanchester, those of oviger- ous females reaching beyond the scales by scarcely more than the length of the chela, those of males by the chela and not more than one third of the carpus (for measure- ments see table on p. 258). The apex of the telson is sharply pointed, the inner pair of subterminal spinules extending beyond the tip by more than half their length. The eggs are large, about 1:05 mm. in length and 0°78 mm. in breadth. Sixteen large specimens and a number of young individuals were obtained by Dr. Annandale at the inner end of the Tale Sap in ponds and ditches of fresh water near Lampam. Lanchester records the species from Singgora, but Dr. Annandale obtained no evidence that it enters the lake at that place. | De Man, Notes Leyden Mus., I, p. 165 (1879). 2 Lanchester, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1901, p. 565. # De Man, Rec. Ind. Mus., Il, p. 222, pl. xix, fig. 4 (1908). ; 258 ZOOLOGY OF THE FAR EAST. Ne RS En Ey SECOND PERAEOPOD: LENGTH OF . | ees] en oes | Bir sepals 2 lay loa 2 EE 0 $ SES go | 3 : = | : a oN ey À ue ren | 24 pe © | 8 © © er Oo ay 9 (D) | a ss} is} | on a — | =) _ = | (®) AY A Qovig. | AI 8°8 88 3°9 43 || (OPA 22 1:7 | | | | 2 395 || 82 | wre | 37 X77 | FO) BO | 2% | | | | | € 35 | 97 re | SOP 28 Ay le) 1 | EE | 345 674 | L452) | 2:0 Bee ANS HO | 1:2 Palaemon nipponensis, de Haan. 1890. Palaemon nipponensis, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., V, p. 715. 1902. Bithynis nipponensis, Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXVI, p. 53. 1914. Palaemon nipponensis, Balas, Abhandl. math.-phys. Klasse K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., Suppl. Bd. II, Abh. 10, p. 50. The synonymy has been dealt with by Ortmann; more recent references are sup- plied by Balss. A number of specimens which show a considerable amount of variation are referred to this species; they were obtained in China and Japan and the largest, which is from the former country, is only 90 mm. in total length. Miss Rathbun has remarked the close relation that exists between P. nipponensis and P. longipes and has noted certain points of distinction, but the use of these characters has not enabled me to separate the collection into two groups. In Japanese specimens from 70 to 85 mm. in length the fingers of the second per- aeopods are always shorter than the palm, varying from three quarters to nine tenths of its length; the carpus in specimens with longer fingers is usually more slender, about seven and a half times as long as its distal breadth, while in those with shorter fingers the carpus is generally stouter, hardly more than six times its distal breadth. Distinctions based on these grounds break down entirely when a number of specimens are compared. The upper edge of the rostrum is comparatively straight and in nearly all cases bears 12 or more teeth. I can find no differences in the hairiness or toothing of the fingers of the large chela. In young Japanese specimens from 40 to 50 mm. in length the degree of variation in the proportions of the chela of the second legs is even greater than in adults, the fingers being a little longer than, equal to, or only three-quarters the length of the palm. The dorsal teeth on the rostrum are as numerous as in adults, whereas, accord- ing to Balss, there are only 7 or 8 in young P. longipes. A Palaemonid from Sagami Bay, about 55 mm. in length, received in exchange from the Munich Museum and determined by Balssas P. longi pes, differs in a conspicu- ous manner from all the specimens in Dr. Annandale’s collection. ‘The rostrum is shorter and more strongly arched above, the carapace is thickly covered with minute Crustacea Decapoda and Stomatopoda. 259 spinules, the second legs are proportionately longer and much stouter with the carpus shorter than the palm.' The Japanese specimens were obtained in the Yodo river, about one mile above the town of Osaka and in the Recours at Kasumi- ae ura. The Chinese examples were caught in the Tai Hu lake. s Palaemon asperulus, von Martens. 1868. Palaemon asperulus, von Martens, Arch. fur Naturgesch., Jahrg. XXXIV, i, p. 43, pl. i, fig. 5. 1890. Palaemon asperulus, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., V, p. 708. This species, which apparently has' not been recorded” since it was originally described by von Martens in 1868, is represented in Dr. Annandale’s collection by ten specimens, obtained in the Tai Hu. (22 Fic. 8.—Palaemon asperulus, von Martens. Anterior part of carapace, rostrum, etc. (a) Second peraeopod. (b) Fingers of same further enlarged. The largest male is rather smaller than von Marten’s type and is 75 mm. in length ; in this individual, however, the second peraeopods are noticeably smaller than in one only 63 mm. long. In the three iargest specimens there are a few minute asperities on the carapace behind the eye and below the hepatic spine; the others are almost or quite smooth. 1 In this respect the specimen differs from the published descriptions of large males of the species. 2 The specimen which de Man referred to P. asperulus in 1904 is apparently a different species (see p. 261). The rostrum reaches almost to the tip of the antennal scale in adults (text-fig. 8) ; in the young it is a trifle longer. The upper margin is straight or very slightly convex and bears from 8 to 11 teeth'; the hindmost is rather widely separated from the next of the series and the posterior two or three are placed on the carapace behind the level of the orbit. On the lower border there are 2 or 3 large teeth. The accessory ramus of the outer antennular flagellum is longer than the peduncle. The second peraeopods (text-figs. 8a, 6) are equal and in well developed males reach beyond the end of the antennal scale by the chela and at least half the length of the carpus ; in the largest individual, however, they are proportionately shorter, reaching beyond the same point only by three quarters the length of the chela. Five specimens yield the following measurements :— . | # S| Secon, PERAEOPOD: LENGTH OF a) 5 Ag 1S) | lee leek. | à eg ee eae ee el em Le “oS bp © OD 14 = 5 a, q | oe (eee se fe eee on is ee LS 4 = © 4 A | sj 75 | 224 | 420| 70! 84) 93 96) 56 | Gi 63 | TON | Berg 84 95 | ro:9 | 133 86. 3 57 | 161 | 505 | 771 03 104) 13:4] 8&3 9 A) | USA | GIS | FO | A 84 OB | C2 ° Go| EF (BO OSA FS Nae | yO | aa | It will be noticed that the carpus is decidedly shorter than the propodus in all the larger specimens. In those below 45 mm. in length the proportions are, however, differ- ent, the carpus being almost as long, or even (as in the specimen measured) a shade longer than the palm. In the male 63 mm. in length the carpus is 2°7 mm. in breadth at the distal end, the segment thus being about four times as long as broad. In all the larger specimens the segments bear minute asperities, specially noticeable on the inner and under surfaces of the carpus and propodus where they tend to form longitudinal rows. The fingers bear few hairs ; on their inner margins there is a fine ridge extending from the base to the tip; there is a single small tooth at the base of the fixed finger and two in a similar position on the dactylus. The telson is produced to a sharp apical point which is, however, exceeded by the innermost of the two pairs of terminal spinules. The specimens collected by Dr. Annandale were found not far from Shanghai, the locality from which von Martens described the species. There is thus little doubt that they represent the true P. asperulus. | The rostral formulae in ten specimens are,—8/2, 9/2, 9/3, 9/3, 10/3, 10/3, 10/3, 10/3, 11/3, 11/2. Crustacea Decapoda and Stomatopoda. 261 The female, 45 mm. in length, from South Hu-peh, referred by de Man! to Palaemon (Parapalaemon?) asperulus, is without doubt different. In none of Dr. Annandale’s specimens can I find any trace of carinae on the first abdominal somite and the peraeopods differ conspicuously from de Man’s account. In the case of the Hu-peh specimen the merus of the second leg is 5°2 mm. in length, the carpus 6:4 mm., the palm 75 mm. and the fingers 5°5 mm., proportions which differ slightly from those of Shanghai individuals. In the latter specimens, moreover, there is no trace of a longitudinal ridge on the outer side of the merus and carpus. The last three peraeopods are also much stouter in the Hu-peh specimen, the merus of the third pair being only five times, and the propodus seven times as long as broad. In Dr. Annandale’s examples the merus of this limb is six and a half times and the propodus about nine times as long as broad. The specimens were deeply pigmented in life, but without any characteristic markings. They were taken from small basket traps set among weeds in and-at the mouths of narrow creeks opening into the Tai Hu. They were found along with Palaemon nipponensis and Leander modestus, but were much less abundant than either of those species. | Palaemon sundaicus (Heller ?), de Man. 1862. Palaemon sundaicus, Heller, Sitz.-ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XIV, p. 415, pl. ti, figs. 38, 39. 1892. Palaemon (Eupalaemon) sundaicus, de Man, in Weber’s Zool. Ergebn. Reise Niederland. Ost-Ind., II, p. 437, pl. xxvi, fig. 35. 1897. Palaemon (Eupalaemon) sundaicus, de Man, Zool. Jahrb., Syst, IX, p. 779 and X, pl. xxxvii, fig. 71 (1898). 1014. Palaemon sundaicus, Cowles, Philippine Journ. Sci., Sect. D, IX, p. 355, pl. ii, figs. 3, 3a-/. To this species I refer a number of rather small specimens in which the chelipedes (after nine months’ preservation in alcohol) are deeply mottled with purplish brown. They almost certainly belong to the same species as those with identical colour markings described by de Man and Cowles (loc. cit. 1897 and 1914). De Man has described two varieties of P. sundaicus from Atjeh and Batavia, distinguishing the latter under the name var. bataviana. Dr. Annandale’s specimens agree most nearly with the typical form. Of the twelve specimens in the collection, ten have 10 or 11 (usually 11) teeth on the upper edge of the rostrum and 5 to 7 (usually 6) on the lower edge. One specimen has 13 dorsal teeth and 6 ventral and one which has clearly suffered injury—the antennal scale on one side being only half its normal size—has 14 teeth above and 11 below. In all cases there are three teeth on the carapace behind the orbital notch. ‘Towards the apex the rostrum is always rather strongly upturned, reaching beyond the antennal scale by a proportion varying from one tenth to one fifth of its length. The carapace is smooth throughout. The second peraeopods are slender and in the larger specimens reach beyond the scale by rather more than the chela and carpus. The merus, carpus and ' De Man, Tyans. Linn. Soc., Zool. (2), IX, p. 293, pl. xviii, figs. 2-8 (1904). palm are thickly covered with small spinules which are larger on the inner and under sides of the carpus and palm where they tend to form longitudinal rows. These spinules are visible even in the smallest individuals. In the larger males and the oldest female the fingers are thickly clothed with hair. There are two small teeth on the inner margin of the dactylus near its proximal end and one similar tooth which fits between them on the fixed finger. Seven specimens yield the following measurements :— ‘ D 3 5 Se | SECOND PERAEOPOD: LENGTH OF we) (2) wae By S| Sey | à ae den Ales alta cian nae ui = Aime | eye Se) ge | see Ge BO EE Le |g a Be Peo |A cet eS (@) Ay À d' 76 | 175 ep | WAP | T5221 23:0 | 152) TO 7 a 72 | 17:3 | 615 | zo'4 | rr5 | 16:8 | 127 | 83 | | d 53 | 113 | 42:5 8:0 8:0 | 124 | 65 6:4 d 43 9°I | 32°0 60) 6:2 8:5 47 48 Co) 76 | 21:3 Gp || RAA | 140] 18:6 | xr'7 8 | 9 ASS UN dk), SS oe | wera | Op C3) 3 82 | 21-7 | x27 | 168 | 23:0 | 40:5 | 32:0] rr:6 | It is doubtful if the last of these specimens, which is separately referred to below, is correctly referred to P. sundaicus. The measurements of the remainder tend to show that in the course of growth the palm increases considerably in length in proportion to the merus and fingers. In young males it is much shorter than the merus and little if at all longer than the fingers, whereas in large males it is equal to or a little longer than the merus and almost one and a half times as long as the fingers. In the male 76 mm. in length the carpus is 2:5 mm. in breadth at its distal end and the palm 2.4 mm., the segments being respectively about nine times and six and a third times as long as broad. In the female of the same length these measurements are 2°3 mm. and 2°5 mm., the carpus being eight times and the palm six and two thirds times as long as wide. If the figures tabulated above are analysed and compared with those given in other descriptions, certain small differences are evident; these, however, do not appear to be sufficiently well marked to afford any basis for the foundation of a subspecies. In the males from the Tale Sap, for instance, the merus and carpus seem proportion- ately a trifle longer and the palm and dactylus a little shorter than in those described by de Man as P. sundaicus var.! and the same features may be detected if the Tale Sap females are compared with de Man’s typical P. sundaicus from the Java Sea.” | De Man, loc. cit., 1897, p. 783. 2 De Man, Loc. cit., 1897, p. 782. Crustacea Decapoda and Stomatopoda. 263 The large male, the last of those included in the table of measurements, iS referred to P. sundaicus with very considerable doubt, but is perhaps merely an abnormality. Both legs of the second pair are detached and only one is complete. The rostrum resembles that of the other specimens, extending a little beyond the scale, with an upturned apex and with 10 teeth above and 5 below. The second peraeopod shows very faint traces of mottling, but is proportionately much longer than in the other specimens and exhibits great differences in the relative lengths of the segments. The dactylus is proportionately much shorter and the carpus and palm longer. Cowles (/oc. cit.) has given the measurements of a number of Philippine specimens of P. sundaicus of sizes comparable with this male; but in all of them the fingers are considerably more than half the length of the palm, whereas in Dr. Annandale’s specimen they are little more than one third the length. The specimens in the collection were found in the Tale Sap near Singgora and in pools and ditches in the vicinity ; they were obtained in water of specific gravity varying from 1004 to 10085. ‘There are also a few small individuals from the Patani river in the Siamese Malay States. These were found in fresh water, but in a locality subject to tidal influence. Dr. Annandale notes that, in addition to the tortoise-shell-like mottlings on the chelipedes, living specimens showed a small dark spot on each side of each abdominal somite. Specimens which I regard as specifically identical with those obtained by ine Annandale are recorded by de Man from Java, Flores and Celebes and by Cowles from the Philippines. Most other records appear somewhat doubtful. Henderson and Matthai’ regard P. sundaicus as a synonym of P. idae, but I am not at present prepared to follow them in this view. The specimens I have examined seem to differ conspicuously in the form of the rostrum from any of those which they have recorded from S. India under the latter name. P. sundaicus was described by Heller from a very young specimen and its true identity is still uncertain. The notes made by Koelbel on the type and published by de Man” have led the latter author * and Coutiére* to suggest the possibility of its identity with von Martens’ P. dispar and this view seems to have more to recommend it than that adopted by Henderson and Matthai. If proved it will, however, have unfortunate consequences, for P. dispar must then be known as P. sundaicus, while a new name will probably be necessary for the form described above. De Man (loc. cit., 1897) has also suggested that Heller's P. sundaicus may be specifically identical with Dana’s P. equidens from Singapore. But Dana’s species was described from a mutilated specimen which, apparently, is not now in existence. It is exceedingly improbable that the species will ever be recognised with cer- tainty and it is best that it should be altogether ignored in future work. 1 Henderson and Matthai, Rec. Ind. Mus., V., p. 285 (1910). 2 De Man, Joc. cit., 1892, p. 437. 3 De Man, Loc. he 1897, p. 781. 4 Coutière, Ann. Sci. nat., Zool. (8), XII, p. 335 (1901). 264 ZOOLOGY OF THE FAR EAST. Palaemon elegans, de Man. 1892. Palaemon (Eupalaemon) elegans, de Man, in Weber’s Zool. Ergebn. Reise Niederland Ost.-Ind., II, p. 440, pl. xxvi, fig. 36. 1903. Palaemon (Eupalaemon) elegans, de Man, Abhandl. Senck. naturt. Ges., Frankfurt, XXV, p. 764. The specimens in the collection are from Patalung in Lower Siam. They agtee closely with the original description and also with an adult male from Buitenzorg determined by de Man and preserved in the Indian Museum: there are, however, slight differences in the form of the rostrum. In Javanese specimens the upper edge of the rostrum is usually convex and at the apex is straight or directed a little downwards. In those from Patalung the upper edge is usually a trifle sinuous and the apex is straight, or (more particularly in young males and females) directed a little upwards. The teeth on the upper edge vary in number from 9 to 13,' with 2 or 3 situated on the carapace, thus agreeing exactly with de Man’s account. On the lower edge, however, there are from 4 to 6 teeth (usually 4 or 5),* whereas in Javanese specimens there are only 2 or 3 and rarely 4. The spinules on the carapace of the male, except in the case of the largest speci- men, are restricted to the lateral walls and to the region in the vicinity of the hepatic spine. The identity of the de specimens with P. elegans is proved beyond doubt by the form of the chelae of the adult male which agree in every particular with those of the specimen from Buitenzorg referred to above. ‘The fingers are clothed with hair in their basal two-thirds, with teeth at their proximal end exactly as des- cribed by de Man, while the movable finger bears distally the characteristic double row of tubercles. Seven specimens yield the following measurements :— 3 | i _ | SECOND PERAEOPOD : LENGTH OF | ois) iS) | T | a4 © | 6 BS eh ey g | ni os | S9 = | @ 5 | à à boo | We | = 3 A = S| Bi Pel eh Coan ay oie, Ue cnt Melb ro. À à CAR DE Fee PNR ate = © ae | 2 PRE lu th à ene a 3 6x | 165 | OCTO) ONE SN SG |) ea (| 775 | 104 | 140 10% 134 | 14° | d' Sf || 7 | BAM Hoy) T4 re || ors | Opa | | s 58 | 14:3 | OH) Cp) TO.) rc) ca | ro, Ei 60 | 14:2 43 | PSAP one. GPO) 77 à PN OA YT | ON TIN OF |. 7S. OS OVAIRES ey SPA yp SS |. Pe | 473 . | . | PS ) 99 * à 8 i Fy WIS ates | I specimen has 4 8 eel Olwmntis | 9 Wh 99 6 dq ut 55 3 » 19 > 2 20 Crustacea Decapoda and Stomatopoda. 275 Caridina propinqua has hitherto been recorded only from the vicinity of Calcutta and from the Chilka Lake and the neighbourhood of Puri in Orissa. Caridina nilotica, Roux, subsp. gracilipes, de Man. 1892. Caridina wyckii, var. gracilipes, de Man, in Weber’s Zool. Ergebn. Reise Nied. Ost-Ind., II, p. 393, pl. xxiv, figs. 20, a-e. 1902. Caridina wyckii gracilipes, Schenkel, Verh. naturf. Ges. Basel, XIII, p. 498, pl. viii, fig. 5 (in part). 1904. Caridina wyckit var. gracilipes, Roux, Rev. Suisse Zool., XII, p. 554. 1905. Caridina nilotica var. gracilipes, Bouvier, Ann. sci. France Belgique, XX XIX, p. 73. 1908. Caridina nilotica var. bengalensis, de Man, Rec. Ind. Mus., II, p. 265, pl. xx, figs. 6, 6a, 6b. 1908. Caridina nilotica var. gracilipes, de Man, ibid., p. 207, pl. xx, figs. 7, 74, 70. 1915. Caridina nilotica var. bengalensis, Kemp, Mem. Ind. Mus., V, p. 307. I have already drawn attention to the fact that Indian specimens of C. mlohca subsp. bengalensis show a greater range of variation than is indicated by de Man and that in consequence it becomes almost impossible to separate the Indian race from the subsp. gracilipes, described from Celebes. A short series of specimens obtained by Dr. Annandale at Shanghai still further emphasizes the close relationship that exists between the two races, and I am therefore forced to the conclusion that bengalensis must be regarded merely as a synonym of gracilipes. Ina few points differences may certainly be detected between the forms inhabiting India, Celebes and N. China, but these in my opinion are too trivial to justify nomenclatorial recognition ; in most cases they can only be discerned by taking the average characters of a large number of specimens and they are clearly of far less weight than those employed in the case of other subspecies. In the Shanghai specimens the rostrum reaches a little beyond the end of the antennal scale and is armed dorsally at its proximal end with from 10 to 20 teeth (usually 12 to 17).' Of these the first 1 or 2 are placed on the carapace behind the orbital notch. At the apex there are from I to 3 dorsal teeth (nearly always 1) ; inno case are there any isolated teeth between these and the foremost of those comprising the proximal series. The teeth on the lower border are from 6 to 14 in number, usually 7 to 12." 1 In thirty-three specimens the numbers of teeth are as follows :— Dorsal teeth. | Ventral teetk. (Proximal series only.) 1 specimen has 6 teeth. 1 specimen has 10 teeth. 3 specimenshave 7 A I 50 DD II )) 2 50 8 3 specimens have 12 ,, 8 9 oy 7 » I 4 a 5) Sp 9 Dp pp lees op 6 2) 22 14 22. 6 >) DE IT HE) 3 2 pp. Wt hp 2 Fe ot: 7 59 os WS) spp 1 specimen has 13 ,, 4 OP » 17 2) I ” ” 14 2) 1 specimen has 18 .,, I > » 19 2) 2 specimenshave 20 ,, | | 276 ZOOLOGY OF THE FAR EAST. The carpus of the first peraeopods is from 2°0 to 2°2 times as long as wide. The propodus of the third peraeopod is from 2°9 to 3°33 times as long as the dactylus. The dactylus bears from 9 to 11 spines; excluding which it is from 3°8 to 42 times as long as broad. In the fifth peraeopods the propodus is from 2°7 to 31 times as long as the dactylus; the latter segment is from 4°8 to 5:2 times as long as broad and bears from 42 to 50 spinules. ‘There are 8 or 9 movable spines on the outer uropod. The eggs are from 0°50 to 0°52 mm. in length and from 031 to 0°32 mm. in breadth. Dr. Annandale was unable to recognise any difference in colouration between these specimens and those of C. denticulata subsp. sinensis taken with them, though he noted that two species were probably present in the Shanghai ditches. As regards the number of rostral teeth it will be noticed that the average of the dorsal series is 15 in the case of the Shanghai specimens, about 15°8 in de Man's ex- amples from Celebes and from 16°8 to 22:7 in various samples from the coasts of India and Ceylon (v. Kemp, /.c., 1915, p. 308). In this respect, therefore, the Shanghai specimens are in close agreement with those from Celebes. The teeth on the lower margin are much less numerous than usual; the average number in the Shanghai ex- amples is 9°8, whereas in those from Celebes it is 144 and from 12:0 to 15:6 in those from India and Ceylon. In the length of the eggs (0:50 to 0°52 mm.) the specimens correspond most nearly with Indian specimens, the length in the latter being from 0°41 to 0°49 mm. as compared with 0°33 to 0°40 mm. in the case of those from Celebes. Miss Rathbun, writing in 1902,' refers Hickson’s Atya wycki from Celebes to the synonymy of the Japanese C. leucosticta, Stimpson,” while de Man in 1908,’ follows other authors in regarding the form described by Hickson as a subspecies of C. nzlo- tica. Three specimens of C. leucosticta, obtained in Japan and determined by Balss,* are in the Indian Museum; they almost certainly belong to the same form as those examined by Miss Rathbun and agree well enough with Stimpson’s brief description. The specimens are unfortunately in very poor condition, but it seems fairly certain that they represent merely a race of C. nilotica. The carpi of the first legs are, how- ever, slender—about twice as long as broad—, a fact which precludes the suggestion that they belong to C. nilotica subsp. wycki, while the comparative measurements of the dactyli of the last three legs and the very small eggs indicate affinity with the sub- species gracilipes. Though the material from Japan is quite insufficient to justify any definite state ment, the probability that a race of C. nilotica inhabits that country should not be forgotten. The Japanese form appears to be closely related to the subspecies gracilipes and may indeed prove to be identical with it, Stimpson’s name in the latter event having priority as a subspecific term. From the comparatively small amount of knowledge that we at present possess it 1 Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXVI, p. 50 (1902). ? Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860, p. 28. 8 De Man, Joc. cit., 1908, p. 260. 4 Balss, Abhandl. math.-phys. Klasse K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., Suppl. Bd. II, Abh. 10, p. 25. Crustacea Decapoda and Stomatopoda. 277 would appear that there is a discontinuity in the distribution of this form. It occurs in India and Ceylon on the one hand and in Celebes, N. China and possibly Japan on the other hand, but is apparently absent from Java, Sumatra and the Malay Penin- sula. Max Weber’s extensive collections of Atyidae from Java and Sumatra seem to indicate that no form of the wide-spread C. nilotica occurs in those islands, while, judging from Dr. Annandale’s collection, the species is represented in the Malay Peninsula only by the distinct variety described below. Caridina nilotica (Roux), | subsp. macrophora, nov. A subspecies of Caridina nilotica, readily distinguished by the very large size of its eggs from all the Asiatic races hitherto known, was found by Dr. Annandale in the FIG. 9.—Caridina nilotica, subsp. macrophora, nov. a. Carapace, rostrum, etc., in lateral view. d. Third peraeopod. b. First peraeopod. e. Dactylus of same further enlarged. c. Second peraeopod. f. Fifth peraeopod. Tale sap in Peninsular Siam. It occurred only in the inner part of the lake in water that in all probability is permanently fresh. The rostrum (text-fig. ga) usually extends a little beyond the apex of the antennal scale. In lateral view it is directed somewhat downwards in its proximal half, while distally itis a little ascendant. The proximal part of the upper margin bears a series 278 ZOOLOGY OF THE FAR EAST. of 13 to 20 close set teeth,' of which from I to 3 (usually 2) are situated on the carapace behind the orbital notch. The foremost of the series is, as a rule, not situated in front of the middle point of the second segment of the antennular peduncle. There are from I to 3 (most commonly 2) subterminal dorsal teeth and between these and the fore- most of the proximal series there is, in a few cases, a single isolated tooth. The lower margin bears from 6 to 12 teeth (usually 6 to 10)' which decrease regularly in size from behind forwards. The lateral process of the antennular peduncle does not reach the end of the seg- ment to which it is attached. The antennal scale is about 34 times as long as broad. In the first peraeopods (text-fig. 9b) the carpus is about 24 times as long as broad ; the chela is one third longer than the carpus with the dactylus about 14 times the length of the palm. The carpus of the second peraeopods (text-fig. gc) is very slender, from 54 to 7 times as long as broad and about one fifth longer than the chela. The dactylus is 14 times the length of the palm. The last three pairs of peraeopods possess the usual large spines on the lower margins of the ischium, merus and carpus. In the third pair (text-figs. 9d, e) the pro- podus is from 3§ to 33 times the length of the dactylus (terminal spine included). Ex- cluding the spines the latter segment is from 44 to nearly 5 times as long as broad: the spines vary in number from 6 to 10. _ In the fifth peraeopods (text-fig. 9/) the propodus is from 3} to 34 times the total length of the dactylus. Excluding the spinules, which vary in number from 35 to 45, the latter segment is from 44 to 4? times as long as broad. The outer uropod bears 8 or g movable spines. The eggs are very large, from 0:90 to 0°96 mm. in length and from 0°52 to 0°58 mm. in breadth. Large specimens do not exceed 23 mm. in total length. Classified on the lines adopted by de Man in his excellent paper on the races of Caridina nilotica, the form from the Tale Sap would find a place near the subspecies gracilipes and bengalensis from both of which it is immediately distinguished by the very large size of the eggs. Eggs of more than 0°75 mm. have hitherto been known 1In fifty specimens the numbers of rostral teeth are as follows :— Dorsal teeth. Ventral teeth. (Not including those at apex.) 5 specimens have 6 teeth. 7 specimens have 13 teeth. 6 ù a Se 9 ” D LA 13 59 Un pp II D A0 DOUTE TI 5; Sas MoN 9 ” » 16 ,, Il 59. IO), 99 5 ” ” 17 ” 3 np ae) II 4 5 pp, 6 5 I specimen has 12 ,, 4 A Tulane ° I specimen has 20 Twenty specimens have one subtermiaal dorsal tooth, twenty-eight heve two and two have three. ? De Man, Rec. Ind. Mus., II, p. 257 (1908). Crustacea Decapoda and Stomatopoda. 279 only in two races of the species,’ viz. the typical form, which is found in Egypt, and the subspecies paucipara from Natal. From both these forms the subspecies macrophora is distinguished by the greater proportionate length of the dactylus of the third legs, while from paucipara it also differs in the smaller number of spinules on the dactylus of the last leg. C. n. macrophora may also be distinguished from all the other known races by the reduced number of teeth on the rostrum, a feature which is especially marked in the case of those on the lower border. I have little doubt that the two mutilated specimens recorded by Lanchester ” from the River Petwi, Tale Sap, as Caridina wycki are to be referred to this sub- species. The specimens were all obtained in January, 1916, at the northern end of the Tale Sap in and near the mouth of the Patalung River. The water where they were found was quite fresh, though subject to slight alterations of level according to the state of the tide, and probably remains fresh throughout the year. The types bear the number 96064/10 in the register of the Zoological Survey of India. Caridina brachydactyla, de Man. 1802. Caridina wyckii, de Man (nec Hickson), in Weber’s Zool. Ergebn. Reise Nied. Ost-Ind., TI, p. 386, pl. xxiv, figs. 29 f, g, 7, 17, k, cc, dd. 1908. Caridina nilotica var. brachydactyla, de Man, Rec. Ind. Mus., II, p. 269. 1013. Caridina brachydactyla, Bouvier, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool. (2), XV, pp. 463, 466. subsp. peninsularis, nov. A number of specimens collected by Dr. Annandale near Patani, in the Siamese Malay States and on Penang I. appear to represent a local race of deMan’s C. nilotica var. brachydactyla. This form, hitherto known only from Celebes, Flores and Saleyer, dif- fers notably from all other varieties of C. nilotica in the very short dactyli of the last three pairs of legs and Bouvier, whom I follow, has recently given it full specific rank. Minor points of distinction are to be found between individuals from Patani and those from Penang, while the specimens from both these localities in my opinion differ sufficiently from those described by de Man to justify their separation as a distinct subspecies. The rostrum (text-fig. 104) always exceeds the length of the antennular peduncle and in some cases extends a trifle beyond the end of the antennal scale. It is a little upturned distally, more rarely straight, and is armed above with a series of 21 to 37 (usually 25 to 32) teeth of which 3 or 4 (usually 3) are situated on the carapace behind the orbital notch. In most of the specimens examined by de Man a considerable length of the rostrum towards its distal end is unarmed, except for the presence of from 1 to 3 subterminal teeth, in this respect resembling C. milotica. In the specimens before me the condition is quite different. The teeth, in the great majority of cases, stretch un- 1 The size of the eggs in C. nilotica subsp. wycki, Hickson, a race found in Lake Tondano in Celebes, is at present unknown. No ovigerous females occur among cotypes of the subspecies preserved in the Indian Museum. 2 Lanchester, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1901, p. 560. 280 ZOOLOGY OF THE FAR EAST. interruptedly from the base to the apex, with the result that it is quite impossible to draw any line of separation between the subterminal teeth and those that form the proximal series. The teeth are crowded at the base and the interspaces between them sometimes increase in size as they approach the tip. In a very few cases there is a distinct break in the series and such specimens seem to differ only in a small degree from some from Mbawa in Flores examined by de Man. He notes that in these FIG. 10.—Caridina brachydactyla, subsp. peninsularis, nov. a. Anterior part of carapace, rostrum, etc. e. Dactylus of same further enlarged. b. First peraeopod. /. Fifth peraeopod. c. Second peraeopod. g. d. ‘Third peraeopod. Dactylus of same further enlarged. examples “der distale ungezahnte Theil des oberen Randes ist kurz, nicht selten sehr kurz, zumeist ein wenig aufgebogen; vor der Spitze stehen 1-3 Zanchen, aber nicht selten rücken zwei oder drei Zanchen der proximalen Reihe mehr nach vorn und steh- endann auf dem sonst gewohnlich zahnlosen Theile’’ (de Man, /.c., 1892, p. 393, pl. xxiv, figs. 201, 1). The lower margin of the rostrum bears from 6 to 10 teeth in the few specimens from Patani, from 8 to 17 in those from Penang.! ‘The teeth may ! The numbers of rostral teeth in the few specimens from Patani and in fifty examples from Penang are as follows :— Number | NUMBER OF SPECIMENS | Number | NUMBER OF SPECIMENS of | ° | dorsal teeth. __ Penang. | Patani R. | ventralteeth. | Penang. Patani R. | © | 21 I bd 6 60 I 22 c0 7 a 50 23 2 I | 8 3 2 24 -: . 9 5 5 25 6 aid | 10 10 4 26 2 | 2 II 5 60 27 4 2 12 5 28 7 4 13 8 2 8 2 14. 7 30 7 -. I5 3 | 31 2 16 3 | 32 4 I if 17 | I 33 2 | | 34 | 2 | 35 I | I I Crustacea Decapoda and Stomatopoda. 281 extend throughout the anterior two-thirds of the lower border, or may cease some little distance behind the apex. The cornea is proportionately larger than in any C. milotica that I have seen, while the stalk is shorter and broader. In dorsal view the length of the cornea is greater than that of the stalk, whereas in C. nilotica subsp. gracilipes the reverse is the case. The preocular length of the antennular peduncle is at least 0°82 times the post- ocular length of the carapace. ‘The lateral process is short, not reaching the end of the basal segment. The antennal scale is from 3°6 to 3°8 times as long as broad; the second segment of the antennal peduncle is produced distally as a spine immediately below the insertion of the scale. The carpus of the first peraeopods (text-fig. 10b) is about 2:2 times as long as broad in the Patani R. specimens, from 2°4 to 2°6 times in those from Penang. The fingers are about 1°5 times the length of the palm.' In the second peraeopods (text-fig. roc) the carpus is one quarter longer than the chela and is from 4'9 to 5°8 times as long as broad. The fingers are about 1°5 times the length of the palm.' The last three pairs of peraeopods usually bear from 2 to 4 spines on the lower edge of the merus and, occasionally, one near the distal end of the carpus. The pro- podus of the third pair (text-fig. rod) is from 5:6 to 6°6 times as long as the total length of the dactylus in the Patani R. specimens, from 5°5 to 5°8 (exceptionally 5'1) times in the case of those from Penang. Excluding the spines, which vary in number from 5 to 7, the dactylus (text-fig. 10e) is from 2°0 to 2°6 times as long as broad. In the fifth peraeopods (text-figs. 10/, g) the propodus is from 4°8 to 6:8 times the length of the dactylus; the dactylus is from 2°5 to 2°8 times as long as broad and bears from 29 to 43 (usually 36 to 43) spinules. There are from 3 to 5 pairs of dorsal spines on the telson and from 8 to 10 at the apex. On the outer uropod there are from 12 to 14 movable spines. The eggs vary from 0°35 to 0°42 mim. in length and from 0:22 to 0:25 mm. in breadth ; they do not differ in size in specimens from the two localities. Large specimens reach a length of about 28 mm. In examples of 18 to 20 mm. in length the rostrum is not longer than in adults whereas in varieties of C. milotica it is proportionately longest in adolescent individuals. The subspecies peninsularis is based solely on the character of the upper border of tle rostrum ; in the subspecies the teeth extend along the whole length of this border, whereas in the typical form there is an untoothed portion close behind the apex. The few Patani specimens were obtained in the river in muddy water which was fresh though subject to tidal influence, while those from Penang came from a stream of clear water in the Botanic Gardens. In the latter locality they occurred in places where the flow of water was not very rapid and where the banks were not overgrown | The length of the palm is measured from the hindmost limit of the chela to the dorsal point of junction between palm and dactylus, the dactylus from its tip to the same point. De Man appears to have measured these segments differently. 282 ZOOLOGY OF THE FAR EAST. with dense jungle. They were most abundant among the roots of grasses, etc., at the edge. The types of the subspecies, which are from Penang, bear the number 9667/10 in the register of the Zoological Survey of India. Caridina gracilirostris, de Man. 1892. Caridina gracilirostris, de Man, in Weber’s Zool. Ergebn. Reise Nied. Ost-Ind. IX, p. 399, pl. xxv, fig. 31. 1904. Caridina gracilirostris, Roux, Rev. Suisse Zool., XII, p. 555. 1905. Caridina gracilirostris, Bouvier, Ann. sci. France Belgique, XX XIX, p. 72. 1908. Caridina sp., de Man, Rec. Ind. Mus., Il, p. 227. This species, hitherto recorded only from Celebes, Flores and Sumatra, is represented in Dr. Annandale’s collection by a number of specimens from Peninsular Siam. There are also in the Indian Museum numerous examples from four widely separated parts of India. The following is a list of the localities from which specimens have been examined : — Dhappa, near Calcutta. N. Annandale. Brackish water. Three specimens (much damaged ; recorded by de Man in 1908 as Caridina sp.). Garia, near Calcutta: Dec., 1910, and Jan., 1911. S. Kemp. Brackish water. Seventeen specimens. Sanguem R., Sanvordem, Portuguese India: Sept., 1916. S. Kemp. In water fresh at the time of capture, but subject to tidal influence. Six specimens. Udaiyarpettai Kulam, Tinnevelly, S. India: Sept., 1911. J. R. Hill. Fresh water. Twenty-three specimens. Tambrapani R., Tinnevelly, S. India: Sept., 1911. J. R. Hill. Fresh water. About sixty specimens. Vellaney, Travancore: March and Sept., 1911. S. N. Pillay. Fresh water. About fifty specimens. Patani R., below town of Patani, Siamese Malay States. N. Annandale. In water fresh at the time of capture, but subject to tidal influence. In addition there are three specimens from Celebes, determined by de Man and received in exchange from Prof. Max Weber. Ovigerous females were found in the months of September, December, January, February and March and occur in samples from all the localities listed above with the exception of Dhappa. I have made a close comparison of the available material with a view to deter- mining the possible existence of distinct races of the species. Specimens from different localities, however, agree very closely in structure and the few small differ- ences that were observed in the case of one or two samples are of far too trivial a character to justify subspecific recognition. The rostrum varies very considerably in length and is apparently longest in adolescent individuals between 25 and 30 mm. in length. In these it not infre- . quently exceeds twice the length of the carapace. In adults, especially im large Crustacea Decapoda and Stomatopoda. 283 females, it is usually shorter and in rare cases is less than one and a half times the length of the carapace. The dorsal teeth, excluding that at the apex, vary in number from 4 to 10 (usually 5 tog). In the specimens from Tinnevelly the number appears to be decidedly lower than in those from other localities, while de Man has recorded ex- amples with an exceptionally high number from the Bari R. in Flores. There is, almost without exception, a single subapical dorsal tooth: I have seen single speci- mens with 2 and 3 teeth in this position. The ventral teeth of the rostrum vary still more, from 17 to 42, the majority hav- ing from 23 to 32. Here again the specimens from Tinnevelly seem to have, on the average, a lower number than the others, but the material is not sufficiently abundant for accurate determination of the point. The numbers of teeth in specimens from the five principal localities are as follows :— NUMBER OF SPECIMENS. | ; NUMBER OF SPECIMENS. | | | | | | Number of ventral teeth. Number of dorsal teeth. | Garia. | Sanvordem. Tinnevelly. | Vellaney. Patani. | Garia. | Sanvordem. | Vellaney. Patani. SO RE SU 6 HN : Co O & tn on Leal © OO ON Oui R WO ON H D H OL HNN NH © D ul | | | H NS © ! D! À H DU OU DONW H N H H | Tinneveff. [ROW H OH BR WU HU Hi : à: à pw à H w BIS H WD The antennal scale is from 32 to 4 times as long as wide. ‘The lateral process of the antennular peduncle is short, not reaching the end of the basal segment. The second segment is about twice as long as broad. In the third maxillipedes the epipod is long and straight; the terminal segment beats from 8 to 10 spines. The carpus of the first péraeopôds is from 12 to 2 times as long as wide atid is 284 ZOOLOGY OF THE FAR EAST. moderately excavate anteriorly ; I have not seen any individual with this segment as slender as in de Man’s examples from the Nargi River in Flores (de Man, J/.c., 1892, p. 403, pl. xxv, fig. 31d). The fingers are usually a little longer than the palm. In the second peraeopods the carpus is from 1} to 14 times as long as the chela and is from 4 to 44 times as long as its greatest breadth. The usual spines are present on the ischium, merus and carpus of the last three peraeopods. The dactylus of the third pair generally bears from 8 to 10 spines, but in specimens from the Patani River the number is higher, from 12 to 15. In the fifth peraeopods the propodus is from 3? (Tinnevelly) to 44 times (Patani R.) the length of the dactylus. The latter segment usually bears from 32 to 39 spinules; but, as in the case of the third pair, the number is higher in specimens from the Patani River, varying from 45 to 55. The outer uropod is provided with from 8 to 11 movable spines. Large specimens reach a total length of about 38 mm. The size of the eggs is somewhat variable. In specimens from Calcutta, Portu- guese India and the Patani River they are from 0°35 to 0°43 mm. in length and from 0:23 to 0°28 mn in breadth. In those from Travancore and Tinnevelly they are slightly, but noticeably larger, from 0°50 to 0°52 mm. in length and from 0:32 to 0°33 mm. in breadth. The lowest of these determinations agrees with de Man’s description, in which the length is stated to be } mm. Even between the extremes the variation is small, but it is noteworthy that the specimens from Travancore and Tinnevelly that possess the largest eggs were found in fresh water, whereas all the rest, including those from which de Man drew up his description, were obtained in places within _ the reach of tidal influence. ac Summarizing the foregoing observations it may be stated that material from five distinct regions (four situated in the Indian Peninsula and one in Siam) shows little signs of local variation. Three points only call for emphasis,—(i) in specimens from the Tinnevelly district in S. India the average number of upper rostral teeth is below normal, (ii) in specimens from Lower Siam the number of spines on the dactyli of the last three legs is above normal, and (iii) specimens from water that is brackish or subject to tidal influence have smaller eggs than those obtained in fresh water. The colouration of living specimens is distinctive. The animal as a whole is translucent with the rostrum, the lower surface of the last abdominal somite, the distal two-thirds of the telson and frequently the tips of the uropods deeply pigmented. The carapace is without markings, but there is a short transverse row of chromato- phores on the third abdominal somite and a longitudinal line of similar chromato- phores near the inferior margin of the first five somites. The depth of pigmentation is variable. In extreme cases the whole of the rostrum, the antennules, the inner edge of the antennal scale and the tail-fan are deeply pigmented and there is a broad lateral longitudinal band on either side of the abdomen. In my experience C.gracilirostris is a scarce form, much less abundant than other species of the same genus with which it is found associated. Crustacea Decapoda and Stomatopoda. 285 The localities from which specimens have been examined have already been enumerated. The range of the species so far as known is Peninsular India, Lower Siam, Sumatra, Flores and Celebes. Caridina gracillima, Lanchester. 1901. Caridina gracillima, Lanchester, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 560, pl. XXXIV, fig. 1. 1905. Caridina gracillima, Bouvier, Bull. sci. France Belgique, XX XIX, p. 72. 1913. Caridina gracillima, Bouvier, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool. (2), XV, p. 463. As Lanchester has pointed out this form is very closely related to C. gracilirostris it may indeed be no more than a well marked local race of that species. The principal distinctions between the two are as follows :— C. gracillima, Lanchester. | C. gracilirostris, de Man. Rostrum shorter, usually not more | Rostrum longer, usually more than 14 than 14 times length of carapace. | times length of carapace. Ventral teeth of rostrum less numer- | Ventral teeth of rostrum more numer- ous, usually not more than 20. | ous, usually more than 20. Outer uropod with 6 to 8 movable Outer uropod with 8 to 11 movable spinules. spinules. Eggs larger, from 0°65 to 0°70 mm. in Eggs smaller, from 0°33 to 0°52 mm. in length. length. Size smaller ; total length not exceed- Size larger ; total length up to 38 mm. ing 25 mim. The differences noted by Lanchester in regard to the proportionate lengths of the first two peraeopods and the spinulation of the telson break down on actual comparison of specimens. In fifty specimens the number of dorsal teeth ' on the proximal part of the rostrum varies from 5 to 10. In forty-nine specimens there is a single subapical dorsal tooth and in one specimen two such teeth. ‘The ventral teeth vary from 13 to 22 (usually 14 to 20). The antennal scale is from 34 to nearly 4 times as long as broad. The peraeopods agree almost precisely with those of the allied species. The dactylus of the third bears from 6 to 9 teeth and that of the fifth from 30 to 47 (52 according to Bouvier). According to Dr. Annandale’s notes living specimens were transparent, with the | The teeth in these specimens are arranged thus :— Dorsal teeth. Ventral teeth. 7 specimens have 5 teeth. 1 specimen has 13 teeth. 6 > 5 © 4 specimens have14 ,, 20 50 op 89 2 9D 99. 85 ” 12 EC MP RTS FD IGN, 3 ” »» 9 ” 10 35 p 17 ” D DS HIONR, 9 D np op 4 ») »» 19 »;; 2 as NO SA, 2 5 DH NE) MERS I specimen has 22 ,, 286 ZOOLOGY OF THE FAR EAST. rostrum, posterior and lower margins of each abdominal somite, the margins of the telson and a longitudinal streak on each branchial region dark olive green. Suffusions of the same colour were sometimes present on other parts of the body. The eggs were greenish. The numerous specimens in the collection were all obtained in the lower reaches of the Patalung River and in the Tale Sap in Lower Siam. In the inner lake they were common in fresh water, among weeds at the mouth of the Patalung River and at the edges of the lake in the same neighbourhood. In the outer lake they were equally abundant, living among weeds round the island of Koh Yaw in water of specific gravity 1006. Ovigerous females were obtained in both parts of the lake, but the size of the eggs —o'65 to 0°70 mm. in length and 0°40 to 0°45 mm. in breadth—does not differ in correlation with the different specific gravity of the water. - It willbe noticed that the eggs of specimens obtained in slightly brackish water are nearly twice the size of those of C. gracihirostris living in similar situations. This fact, more than any other, has in- duced me to retain C. gracillima as a distinct species. Lanchester was in some little doubt as to the precise locality at which his speci- mens were obtained. They were found by Dr. Annandale and Dr. R. Evans in 1899, when attached to the “‘Skeat’’ Expedition, and were caught in the inner lake of the Tale Sap, just inside the mouth of the Patalung River. The species has not been recorded from any other locality. Caridina denticulata (de Haan). 1849. Caridina denticulata, de Haan, in Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, Crust., p. 186, pl. xlv, fig. 8 (as Hippolyte). 1894. Caridina denticulata, Ortmann, Proc. Acad. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 406. 1902. Caridina denticulata, Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXVI, p. 49. 1902. Caridina denticulata, Doflein, Abandl. math.-phys. Klasse Bayer. Akad. Wiss. München, XXI, p. 632, text-figs. 1905. Caridina denticulata, Bouvier, Bull. sci. France Belgique, XX XIX, p. 74. 1914. Caridina denticulata, Balss, Abhandl. math.-phys. Klasse Bayer. Akad. Wiss. München, Suppl. Bd. II, Abh. 10, p. 24. This species has been recorded both from China and Japan and good series from each of these countries are in Dr. Annandale’s collection. On comparison certain small but apparently constant differences are to be found between the two sets of specimens and I have, in consequence, given the Chinese form subspecific rank. An important character of C. denticulata is the presence of an acute for- wardly directed tooth on either side of the carapace at the antero-inferior angle. Though clearly shown in Doflein’s figures, and less distinctly inthat of de Haan, its existence is not mentioned in any of the published descriptions. The antero- inferior angle of the carapace ! is rounded off in most known species of Atyidae, but 1 Bouvier in his key to certain species of Caridina (1913) separates some forms by the presence or absence of spines at the points he calls ‘‘l’angle orbitaire’’ and ‘‘l’anglé sous-antennaire.” By the former term he apparently refers to the angle on the anterior border of the carapace which is frequently called the antennal angle or antennal spine and by Crustacea Decapoda and Stomatopoda. 287 is produced to form a tooth in C. pasadenae, Kingsley,' from California and C. davidi, Bouvier* from China. A similar tooth is frequently to be found in Indian specimens of a form closely allied to C. weberi, subsp. swmatrensis ; but it is here vari- able in its development and in some localities at least does not even possess racial significance.* Classified according to the scheme outlined by Bouvier* in 1913, C. denticu- lata would find a place alongside the Chinese C. davidi, Bouvier. Balss regards the latter species as synonymous with the former, but in this he is certainly in error. C. davidi, co-types of which are in the Indian Museum, differs in many respects from C. denticulata and may be distinguished at a glance by the depressed rostrum and by the strong curvature of the propodi of the last three pairs of legs. The Japanese and Chinese races of C. denticulata may be distinguished in the following manner :— Typical form. subsp. sinensis. nov. Japan. China. Rostrum usually with roto 15 teeth above Rostrum usually with 14 to 22 teeth above and with 2 to 5 below” (text-fig. r1a). and with 3 to 8 below.® (text-fig. 11c). Anterior margin of carpus of first peraeo- Anterior margin of carpus of first peraeo- pod slightly excavate (text-fig. 115). pod deeply excavate (text-fig. 11d). the latter to a projection on the infero-external aspect of the second segment of the autennal peduncle (cf. description of C. brevirostris, p.452). He makes no mention of a tooth or spine at the antero-inferior angle of the carapace. | Kingsley, Bull. Essex Inst., XXVII, p. 98, pl. iii, figs. 1-7 (1897). 2 Bouvier, Bull. Sci. France Belgique, XXXIX, p. 83, fig. 7. 3 Vide Kemp, Rec. Ind. Mus., XIV, p. 100 (1918). + Bouvier, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. (2), XV, p. 462 (1913). 5 In fifty specimens from the neighbourhood of Lake Biwa in Japan the numbers of rostral teeth are as follows :— Dorsal teeth. Ventral teeth. 6 specimens have 10 teeth. I specimen has no tooth. 4 oH ay ellen I Tihs uo 12 ie lees 7 specimens have 2 teeth. II A ARTS A 5e 17 > Bercy NES 8 oo = LT op 16 Le Sd, 7 ” 99 US vs 8 007 DB 6p 1 specimen has 16 ,, I D ” 17 ”» 6 In fifty specimens from the Tai Hu in China the numbers of teeth are as follows :— Dorsal teeth. Ventral teeth. 1 specimen has 12 teeth. 2 specimens have 2 teeth. 3 specimens have 13 ,, 5 iB ro eran Z ” pp. UG ap 13 » » 4 os 7 > DDC RTE 12 LE RATES 6 2 5 16 ” 9 59 5D 6 > ”? pp 7 ,) 5 29 2) 90 30 SUC 3 Pe ob SNORE >) 5 LOS)": I specimen has 9 ., specimen has 2 specimens have 2 specimen has 2 =e hw & AN © to O a” ”» >» 288 ZOOLOGY OF THE FAR FAST. The specimens recorded by Miss Rathbun from Fusan in Korea, with 14 to 18 teeth on the upper margin of the rostrum and 4 to 6 on the lower margin, most pro- bably belong to the subspecies sinensis, and this is almost certainly true of Doflein’s specimens from Pekin with 14 to 16 dorsal teeth and 3 to 5 ventral. In the figure given by the latter author the deeply excavate anterior margin of the carpus of the first legs is clearly shown. In both races the rostrum reaches almost to, or a little beyond, the apex of the antennular peduncle. Its upper border is dorsally concave with the distal quarter or third of its length unarmed. Two or three of the posterior dorsal teeth are situated on the carapace behind the level of the orbit. The preorbital length of the antennular peduncle is about seven-tenths the post-orbital length of the carapace. Fic. 11.—Caridina denticulata (de Haan). a, b. Typical form. c, d. Subsp. sinensis, nov. a, c. Anterior part of animal in lateral view. b, d. First peraeopod. The merus of the third peraeopods bears 3, very rarely 4 teeth on its lower border ; the dactylus bears 7 to 10 spines in Japanese specimens, 8 to 13 in those from China. The merus of the last pair of peraeopods also has 3 teeth on its lower edge ; the propo- dus is from 25 to 2? times the length of the dactylus. The latter segment is about 4 times as long as broad ; it bears about 40 to 60 teeth in Japanese specimens and about 50 to 70 in those from China. The number of movable spines on the outer uropod varies from 10 to 16. Large specimens reach a length of about 28 mm. ; none are ovigerous. According to notes made by Dr. Annandale on Japanese specimens the species in , life varies considerably in colour, as a rule it was brownish with mottled and marbled { | Crustacea Decapoda and Stomatopoda. 289 sides, with a broad pale bar running from the rostrum to the tip of the telson, and with the edges of the uropods irregularly pale. Occasionally the whole animal was dead black, except for the longitudinal mid-dorsal bar, which was then yellowish, and for the pale edging to the uropods. Chinese individuals were similarly coloured, but were as a rule rather paler. The parasitic Temnocephalid, Caridinicola, was very abundant on the Chinese specimens. ~The Japanese specimens were obtained at Hikone on the eastern shores of Lake Biwa and in ditches at the edge of the Seta River at its exit from the lake. The Chinese specimens were found in creeks and irrigation channels at the edge of the Tai Hu lake in Kiangsu province. | -Lesti Caridina laevis, Heller. 1862. Caridina laevis, Heller, Sitzber. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XLV, p. 411. 1892. Caridina laevis, de Man, in Weber's Zool. Ergebn. Reise Nied. Ost-Ind., II, p. 376, pl. xxiii, fig. 27. d 1905. Caridina laevis, Bouvier, Bull. sci. France Belgique, XX XIX, p. 74. 1913. Caridina laevis, Bouvier, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool. (2), XV, p. 464. A large number of specimens of this species have been presented to the Indian Museum by the late Dr. W. C. Hossack, who obtained them in September 1916, in Lake Situ Bagendit, Garut, Java, at an altitude of about 3000 ft. The series includes a number of ovigerous females and agrees very closely with de Man’s description of specimens from the same locality. Caridina laevis is known only from Java. Caridina serrata, Stimpson. 1860. Caridina serrata, Stimpson (not of Richters),! Proc. Acad. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 29 (98 of reprint). 1905. Caridina serrata, Bouvier, Bull. sci. France Belgique, XXXIX, p. 76. The species does not seem to have been found since it was briefly described by Stimpson from Hong Kong more than fifty years ago. The specimens collected by Dr. Annandale are also from Hong Kong and agree fairly well with the original description. The rostrum (text-fig. 12a) is very short but varies somewhat in length. In lateral view it is horizontal or inflected downwards and its apex may fall a little short of, or reach a little beyond the end of the first segment of the antennular peduncle. In dorsal view it is comparatively very broad at the base and bears above from 5 to 18 (nearly always 9 to 14)’ small forwardly directed teeth, of which from 1 to 3 are usually situated on the carapace behind the orbit. The teeth are largest proximally and the series extends along almost the whole length of the upper border. Stimpson does not make any reference to teeth on the lower border of the rostrum, from which it might well be 1 Caridina serrata, imperfectly described by Richters as a new species in Mébius’ Meeresfauna Mauritius, p. 163, pl. xvii, figs. 24-27 (1880), is different. Thallwitz in 1892 suggested for it the name C. richtersii (Abh. Ber. K. Zool. Mus. Dresden, 1890-91, no. 3, p. 27). 5 In seyenteen specimens, in which the rostrum is complete, the numbers of teeth are as follows :— 290 ZOOLOGY OF THE FAR EAST. inferred, as has been done by Bouvier, that they were altogether absent. In the comparatively short series of specimens before me the lower margin bears from 1 to 4 very small teeth in its distal third ; it is therefore not improbable that it is occasionally toothless. Fic. 12.--Caridina serrata, Stimpson. a. Catapace, rostrum, etc.. in lateral view. d. Third peraeopod. b. First peraeopod. e . Dactylus of same further enlarged. c. Second peraeopod. /. Fifth peraeopod. g. Dactylus of same further enlarged. The preorbital length of the antennular peduncle is only about half the postorbital length of the carapace. The lateral process of the basal peduncular segment is long, much as in C. serratirostris, de Man, reaching a little beyond the end of the segment to which it is attached. In lateral view the distal end of the second segment of the antennular peduncle is Dorsal teeth. Ventral ‘eeth. specimen has 5 teeth. 2 specimens have 1 tooth, 9D op Be 4 oD », 2 teeth. specimens have 9 ,, 8 A PaaS LE] 2) 10 ” 3 LE LE 4 LE] ” ” IT ” specimen has 12 specimens have13 ,, specimen has 14 ,, 18 Hw HY HM NW A M ” ») Crustacea Decapoda and Stomatopoda. 291 produced to a tooth at its infero-external angle. ‘The antennal scale is nearly three times as long as wide and its outer margin is very slightly concave. The second maxillipedes are remarkable for the possession of a large protruding lobe, quadrate in outline, at the proximal end of the propodite. The third maxilli- pedes reach to the end of the antennal scale, the exopod extending beyond the end of the antepenultimate segment. In the first peraeopods (text-fig. 12) the carpus is equal in length with the palm and its greatest breadth is about two-thirdsits extreme length ; anteriorly it is very deeply hollowed to receive the rounded proximal end of the chela. The second peraeopods (text-fig. 12c) are long and slender, reaching a little beyond the end of the scale. The carpus is about one and a third times the length of the chela and is between 5} and 6 times as long as its greatest breadth. ‘The palm is two-thirds the length of the dactylus. In the third peraeopods (text-figs. 12d, e) the merus bears four spines on its lower margin and the carpus one near its distalend. The propodus is provided with a series of spinules on the same margin ; it is about 8 times as long as broad and rather more than 34 times as long as the dactylus (terminal spine included). The dactylus bears in all 5 or 6 spines, the outermost large and strongly curved. The fifth peraeopods (text-figs. 12/, g) bear spines on the merus, carpus and propodus, much as in the case of the third pair. The propodusis from 11 to 13} times as long as broad and from 4 to 44 times the total length of the dactylus. The latter segment bears from 29 to 34 slender spines ; excluding these its length is a trifle more than three times its breadth. The outer uropod is provided with a series of from 18 to 21 movable spinules. Well-grown specimens reach a length of about 17 mm. The eggs are large and few in number: about 0°96 mm. by 0°70 mm. in longer and shorter diameter. Caridina serrata is allied to C. parvirostris, de Man, and C. pareparensis, de Man, but differs from both in the much greater proportionate length of the lateral process of the antennular peduncle. In addition it differs from C. parvirostris in the large size of the eggs and from C. pareparensis in the more deeply excavate carpus of the first pair of legs. In Bouvier’s latest scheme of classification (1913) it would come nearest to C. serratirostris, de Man, which it resembles in the length of the lateral process of the antennule. From this species, however, it differs in many respects, notably in the length and dentition of the rostrum and the form of the carpus in the first pair of legs. Dr. Annandale informs me that, in life, the specimens were mottled with brown- ish pigment and were consequently very difficult to detect on the rocks on which they commonly sat. They were found in pools in very small streamlets of clear water, devoid of weeds, on the Peak at Hong Kong, at altitudes of 1200-1500 ft. The specimens were collected in September, three of the females being ovigerous. Two additional specimens from the same locality, collected by Capt. F. H. Stewart, I.M.S., have recently been presented to the Museum. Stimpson gives the habitat of his specimens as “ad insulam Hong Kong; in rivulis.” CE] 202 ZOOLOGY OF THE FAR EAST. Caridina weberi, de Man. subsp. sumatrensis, de Man. 1892. Caridina weberi var. sumatrensis, de Man, in Weber’s Zool. Ergebn. Reise Nied. Ost- Ind., I, p. 375, pl. xxii, fig. 23 g. 1905. Caridina weberi var. sumatrensis, Bouvier, Bull. sci. France Belgique, XXXIX, PP- 75, 83. The principal characters of the specimens that I refer to this subspecies are as follows :— The rostrum reaches nearly to, or a little beyond the end of the Sdeona segment of the antennular peduncle and is armed above with from 12 to 21 (usually 15 to 19) teeth of which from 4 to 6 (usually 4 or 5) are situated on the carapace behind the orbital notch. The lower margin bears from 2 to 9 teeth (usually 3 to 6). The lateral process of the antennular peduncle does not nearly reach the end of the basal segment. The longitudinal carina on the dorsal surface of the antennulary somite is high. The antero-inferior angle of the carapace is rounded. The carpus of the first peraeopods is deeply excavate anteriorly and is from 1°8 toas 2-0 times as long as its greatest breadth. In the second pair the carpus is very slender, 67 or 68 times as long as broad. ‘The propodus of the third peraeopods is from 4:3 to 47 times the length of the dactylus, the latter segment bearing 7 spines. In the fifth legs the propodus is 5:2 times as long as the dactylus (4°5 times ina very large indivi- dual) ; the spinules on the dactylus vary in number from 36 to 57. ‘The outer uropods bear 18 or 19 movable spines. Fully developed eggs are from 0:46 to 0°47 mm. in length and from 0-28 to 0-29 mm. in breadth. An exceptionally large specimen is about 24 mm. in total length. The specimens are from Penang I. and the lower reaches of the Patani River ; in both localities they were found together with the examples of C. brachydactyla subsp. peminsularis. There are thirty-one specimens from Penang and two from the Patani River. | The subspecies swmatrensis was described from Sumatra and has also been recorded from Bombay. Genus Paratya, Miers. 1882. Paratya, Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), IX, p- 194. - 1909. Xiphocaridina, Bouvier, Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris, p. 1720. He Paratya, Kemp, Rec. Ind. Mus., XIII, p. 293. | In thirty specimens Gee en the numbers of teeth as are follows :— Dorsal teeth. Ventral teeth. I specimen has 13 teeth. 3 specimens have 2 teeth. 4 specimens have 15 ,, 7 20 06 ét: tno 8 0 an LOM. 6 on » NRA ENT» 6 Be. ME AS DA 7 30 pp p90 5 ” 2 HD 55 4 ” ” 6 ” 3 » DD 19 2 55 ” 7 ” 2 DD aut ZOM ve I specimen has 9 ,, I specimen has 21 ,, Crustacea Decapoda and Stomatopoda. 293 I have recently given some notes on the species and races of this genus and have pointed out that the form inhabiting Australia is not, as was hitherto supposed, conspecific with that found in Japan. The information I have been able to give regarding the two races found in the latter country is, in the main, derived from material obtained by Dr. Annandale. Paratya compressa (de Haan). 1917. Paratya compressa, Kemp, Rec. Ind. Mus., XIII, p. 296, text-figs. 1 a-f. The typical form of this species was found in abundance by Dr. Annandale among weeds and dense vegetation at Komatsu and in pools and backwaters round Lake Biwa : in the lake itself it was much scarcer. Other specimens are from Ogura and Yodo ponds near Kyoto. The Temnocephaloid worm Caridinicola was present in the gill-chambers of a large proportion of the individuals examined at Komatsu. subsp. improvisa, Kemp. 1917. Paratya compressa, subsp. improvisa, Kemp, Rec. Ind. Mus., XIII, p. 299, text- figs. 2 a-f, 3. The race differs from the typical form in certain well-defined rostral characters. Judging from the material examined it is restricted to the north-eastern parts of the main island, while the typical form inhabits the south-western regions. The boundary between the two races appears to be just to the north-east of Lake Biwa. The specimens I have examined are from the lagoon Kasumi-ga-ura in Hikachi province, collected by Dr. Annandale; from Tokio, collected by Hilgendorf (Berlin Mus.) ; from Lake Haruna, near Ikao, about 3000 ft., collected by Dr. K. Nakazawa and from Lake Suwa, in the Shinano province, 2660 ft., collected by Dr. T. Kawa- mura. Tribe PENAEIDEA. Family PENAEIDAE. Subfamily PENAEINAE. Penaeus indicus, Milne-Edwards. vat. merguiensis, de Man. 1906. Peneus indicus var. merguiensis, Alcock, Cat. Indian Decap. Crust., III, i, p. 13, pl. ii, fig. 4. 1011. Penaeus mergwensis, de Man, Decap. ‘Siboga’ Exped., Penaewdae, p. 104, and (1913), pl. ix, figs. 33 4-c. Two specimens obtained by Dr. Annandale in Lower Siam are referred with some doubt to this form. The principal distinction between typical indicus and the variety merguiensis rests in the comparative length of the terminal segment of the third maxillipede of the male, and both the specimens in the collection are female. In the larger individual, which is about 120 mm. in length, the rostrum is much elevated at the base, as in Alcock’s figure, and the foremost tooth on the upper 204 ZOOLOGY OF THE FAR EAST. border is situated above the middle of the terminal segment of the antennular peduncle. In the smaller example, which is 85 mm. in length, the rostrum agrees precisely with de Man’s fig. 33a. The large specimen was taken from fishermen’s nets opposite Singgora in the outer lake of the Tale Sap ; the smaller individual is from Patani Bay, at the mouth of the Patani river in the Siamese Malay States. Penaeus carinatus, Dana. 1906. Peneus semisulcatus, Alcock (not of de Haan), Cat. Indian Decap. Crust., III, i, p. ro, pl. i, fig. 2. 1911. Penaeus carinatus, de Man, Decap. ‘ Siboga’ Exped., Penaeidae, p. 101. 1015. enaeus carinatus, Kemp, Mem. Ind. Mus., V, p. 317. Two males and one female, varying in length from 176 to 186 mm., are in Dr. An- nandale’s collection. They were obtained from nets and stakes set by fishermen oppo- site Singgora in the outer part of the Tale Sap in Lower Siam. Genus Penaeopsis, Bate. Penaeopsis monoceros (Fabricius). 1906. Metapeneus monoceros, Alcock, Cat. Indian Decap. Crust., III, i, p. 18, pl. iti, figs. 7, a-c. IQII. a monoceros, de Man, Decap. ‘ Stboga’ Exped., Penaeidac, p. 55 and (1913), pl. vi, figs. 14a-c. Numerous examples of both sexes, the largest 107 mm. in length, were found by Dr. Annandale in the Tale Sap, along with the preceding species. The petasma does not appear to be fully developed in any of the specimens. Penaeopsis affinis (Milne-Edwards). 1906. Metapeneus affinis, Alcock, Cat. Indian Decap. Crust., II, i, p. 20, pl. iii, figs. 8, 8a-d. 1011. Penaeopsis affinis, de Man, Decap. ‘ Siboga’ Exped., Penaeidae, p. 57 and (1913), pl. vi, figs. 15 a, b. Nine males were found in company with P. monoceros. All are young, the largest being only 78 mm. in length. The fifth legs are not appreciably longer than in P. monoceros of similar size, and in no case reach beyond the end of the second seg- ment of the antennular peduncle. The petasma precisely resembles that figured by de Man and differs conspicuously from that of the larger specimens recorded from the Chilka Lake ! and from Alcock’s figure. The differences, as de Man has noted, are probably due to age. Penaeopsis brevicornis (Milne-Edwards). 1906. Metapeneus brevicornis, Alcock, Cat. Indian Decap. Crust., III, i, p. 22, pl. iv, figs. 10, 10 a, b. The collection contains two large females from the Tale Sap, found with P. mono- ceros, and one male and four females from Patani Bay, at the mouth of the Patani l Kemp, Mem. Ind. Mus., V, p. 321 (1915). Crustacea Decapoda and Stomatopoda. 205 river in the Siamese Malay States. The females are from 76 to 117 mm. in length and the male 73 mm. In both sexes the rostrum is more elevated at the base than in Alcock’s figure ; in the male it reaches only a little beyond the eyes, whereas in the female it is much longer, extending to or a trifle beyond the end of the antennular peduncle. Alcock has not noted any difference between the sexes in the proportionate length of the rostrum, but some of the females determined by him are in close agreement with those in the present collection. The petasma agrees almost exactly with Alcock’s figure. The thelycum varies considerably, more especially as regards the size of the central plate between the bases of the fourth legs. Family SERGESTIDAE, Genus Acetes, Milne-Edwards. The characters of the different species of Acetes have hitherto been very imper- fectly known, and the determination of the three forms in the collection proved in consequence to be a matter of some difficulty. It was only after an examination of the long series of undetermined specimens in the Indian Museum that definite conclu- sions were reached. The results of my examination of this material (with which that collected by Dr. Annandale is included) have been published in the Records of the Indian Museum. In this paper Milne-Edwards’ A. indicus is redescribed and figured along with A. erythraeus, Nobili, A. japonicus, Kishinouye, and a hitherto unknown form from Borneo. In three of the ‘species well marked sexual differences are to be found in the length of the last segment of the antennular peduncle. In the fourth species, A. erythraeus, Nobili, the males appear to be dimorphic in respect of the pro- portionate length of this segment, the specimens on which this interesting observation is based forming part of Dr. Annandale’s collection. Acetes indicus, Milne-Edwards. 1017. Acetes indicus, Kemp, Rec. Ind. Mus., XIII, p. 47, text-figs. The specimens in Dr. Annandale’s collection are from the Tale Sap. Eleven examples were obtained in the channel between the inner and outer lakes in the vicinity of Pak Raw and Pak Payun, the specific gravity of the water varying from T0015 to 100225 (corrected). Four individuals were also found at the mouth of the outer lake near Singgora in company with Acetes japonicus, the specific gravity of the water here varying from 1°004 to T'0085. Acetes erythraeus, Nobili. 1917. Acetes erythraeus, Kemp, Rec. Ind. Mus., XIII, p. 51, text-figs. This species is represented in the collection by four males from the mouth of the Prai river, opposite Penang and by a few of each sex from the Patani river, below the town of Patani in the Siamese Malay States. In the latter locality the species was found with Acetes japonicus, occurring in water that was quite fresh, though ina situation subject to tidal influence. 296 ZOOLOGY OF THE FAR EAST. In the paper cited above I have drawn particular attention to the four individuals from the Prai river, for it is on their characters that I have based my statement that the male in this species is dimorphic. In all the four specimens (precisely as in males of A. indicus and À .erythraeus) the ultimate segment of the antennular peduncle is slender and longer than the basal segment. In examples of the same sex from the Patan river, as well as in numerous males from three separate localities on the west coast of the Bay of Bengal, the ultimate peduncular segment is invariably short, closely resembling that of the female !: the specific identity of the Prai river specimens is proved beyond doubt by the distinctive form of the petasma. Acetes japonicus, Kishinouye. 1917.