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As enian | Stites ~é

ae Cry > ay S: date
XXII. No. 1 & / MAR 2.4 1920 \ 4 eee 1920

it

TUT

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eae
+E

‘ZOOLOGICAL
PSOCIETY.-
BULLETIN

mage

I =
il Published by
THE NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
oe = CAME

|| ell il he ill
ARRAN TT TAMA AT

New Bork Zoological Society

Genera Orrice, 111 Broadway, New Yorx Crry.

President
Henry Fairrictp Ossorn
Hirst Vice-President Second Vice-President
Mapison GRANT Frank K. Srurais
Greasurer Asst. Crrasurrr
Percy R. Pyne, 20 Exchange Place Tue Farmers’ Loan & Trust Co.
Secretary

Mapison Grant

Executive Committee

Mapison Grant, Chairman. Wm. Pierson Hamitton, Warson B. Dickerman,
Percy R. Pyne, Frank K. Srurais, Anruony R. Kuser,
Witiim Waite NILes, LisPENARD STEWART, A. Barron Hrrsurn

Henry Fatrrietp Oszorn, ev-officio
Board of Managers
Ex-nftcin = ZT'he Mayor and The Presipent Department of Parks, City of New York.

Glass of 1921

Levi P. Morron, Frank K. Srurais, Arcuer M. Huntineron,
Mapison Grant, Greorce J. Goutp, E. C. Converse,
Witiiam Wuite NILEs, Oaven Mitts, Grorce D. Prarv,
Henry A. C. Taytor, Lewis Rutuerrorp Morris, T. Coteman pu Pont
Glass of 1922

Percy R. Pyne, Emerson McMinuin, Freperic C. Watcorr,
GrorGce Birp GrRINNELL, Antuony R. Kuser, Beekman WIntTuHRopP,
CieveLtanp H. Dopeée Watson B. Dickerman Georce C. CrarKk

3 3 ’
C. Lepyarp Buair Morrimer L. Scuirr W. Repmonp Cross.

3 3
Class nt 1923
Henry Farrrietp Osporn, Wm. Pirrson Hamitton, A. Barron Hepsurn,
LisPENARD STEWART, Rosert S. Brewster Witiiam Woopwarp
’ 5] ’

s 5 = .
Cuartes F. Dirrericu Epwarp S. Harkness Epwin THorne

3 S/ 3
Georce F. Baker Wixuiam B. Oscoop I'irip Percy A. RockEreLuer.

3 ]

Geurral Officers
Wirriam 'T. Hornapay, Director Zoological Park.
Cuartes H, Townsenp, Director, New York Aquarium.
Grorce S. Hunrineron, Prosector. C. Grant La Faree, Architect.
Grorce A. MacCativm, Pathologist. H. De B. Parsons, Consulting Engineer.
R. L. Cerero, Bursar.

Officers uf the Zoological Park
Witiram T. Hornapay, Director.

H. R. Mirenety, Chief Clerk. H. W. Merxet, Chief Forester.
Raymonp L. Dirmars, Curator, Reptiles. W. Rew Brair, Jeterinarian.
Ler S. Cranvary, Curator, Birds. Winuiam Mircue ty, Cashier.

Wiriiam Breese, Honorary Curator, Birds.
Eiwin R. Sansorn, Photographer and Editor.

Officers uf ithe Aquaria
Cuar tes H. Townsenp, Director.
Wasuinetron I. DeNyse, Assistant. Roserr Surcxuirre, Clerk.
Ina M. Meturen, Secretary.

Sag ees rs neared NX i;, eae”
ons mase

7

ES
|
CONSE ENEL Ss for JAMIN U AMR SY: 1 OR2NO: |
Sace Grouse Strurtinc—Water Color Drawing—R. Bruce Horsfall............... Frontispiece
T@lajeyans @isy GES) PSVACeTOR (CHOY Oho ee eee ee ere ae Ee R. Bruce Horsefall 3
IELUINIRIN GEO ReenT iim: 7/0 Ole ete tnt eee ie ee ae a ne ea le Ee 6
PAGNATNUANT:S SEAURUE i but OF G DED ere eee nese one ee SNe Pe ra a EN peer Reamer cP nen ROE 6
AUR IESETSTENT G MCTSEL Evan SIN O UV en Ox © 0 SE coe eee spa ee eee ee Lee S. Crandall ti
UR OIOUNTE, | 4 TDN ETO ES Icy ee ko See ee of haa John Tee Van 9
BRUTE O Rau bviGIMLY ELI POP OT AIMIUS sxe = eee oe ek cease one ae nncc William T. Hornaday 11
ST WerIcee © O CK OR TEE EO CNet anata cae eee, een dees cya x het ete es Lee S. Crandall 13
Wirp-Animan, FAMINE:...................---------- So NE CY Se NE Nf eS eae eR eh 14
A OTE GG ATs Le POKER O Fea LUD STETIN OS eo eee ee aes eas irs rev tiie he Mist Re ae Poet 14
BIMEriIN(G SMV WinME ASV WIVISTSSIED 0 0 sec pa Oe ee eee ce BS William T. Hornaday 15
WIETE EC UNISIVE DA Gnik OUES Bitte eae ee ete i a weet MOR rar eee == oes oe Winthrop Packard 15
Canapians Graze REINDEER 15
AGN OU GAUE TING UANUNIIS WET Pees oe es eee e NG
FraTHERED MARAUDERS.........-... 2 seems aGrandall. 16
Tue SEvENTEEN-YeEAR Locust : Raymond L. Ditmars 18
PAGO IN(O GRUACE Fin: O Roel Sears ky EL IG AS AUNT See ee nce ree ee ee eee coe (Advertisement) 24
Illustrations
Sace Grouse FreatHers—PrEn DRAWINGS.....---------------------22<------2---------- R. Bruce Horsfall 4
Sacre Grouse Cock SrrutTiInNGc—PEN DRAWINGS......--.---.--------------------- R. Bruce Horsfall 5
Finitinc Povcu wirn Air Sipe View or Lirr
Run Arter Povucu Is FILien Greatest THrow or Poucu
Raistnc Poucw Wrru WInNGcs Stap-Down or Povucn
IN Dene: inter Sion (Gnas yo Se Se eee ee ee oe ee ee Ec ee 7
Bb OE TGIAC ND UINIGHE Kai NIBVAURY WAAR ITSAVE O Sees eos wee John Tee Van 8
AY GMa ENTE OPO TYAUNTULS ieee ene ees eh sare aly a en hee Mitek oe Rk. L. Ditmars 10
@ catered Lae AUNTS WE 2 gO Oe se eee ete ces Fee ae Ce ee A ee es M. L’Hoest 16
GID AtEcTN END 1 ONIDO INGL1O.O set ee Se re eee IE ee ae ee O. W. Barrett 17
PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE CICADA.....................--- mk. L. Ditmars 18
A Reposrrory ror Eecs Caissons Anove Water LeveL
Eccs Ixy A Perrorarep Twic Cast Suetts On Twics
Tue Lire Cycre TerMINnaAtreEs Cast SHELL ENLARGED
Tunnewinc To THe Surrace Casr Suetts On Tree Trunxks
Tunnets In Sorr Grounp Preparinc For Fricutr
Ovenincs In A Crnpver Pati Sincinc Orcans Or Mate
Tue Perrecr INsecr
SNIe oR OLSEN CO CRG STIR IUZTUTTIN Goss seeenen an Senne Re SEE MEN es ee ae eens oven,

AZO OIMOEMCAIL SOC I 1s) WAG yA On|
PusiisHeD by the New YorK ZootoaicaL Society
111 Broadway, New York City
Single Copies, 20 cents Bi-monthly Yearly by Mail, $1.00

| | SAGE GROUSE DISPLAYING AND STRUTTING AT SUNRISE |
| | Painted from life by R. Bruce Horsfall,
Y |

[2]

ZOOLOGICAL

SOC PEAY

BULLETIN

Published by the New York Zoological Society

VotumE XXIII

JANUARY, 1920

NuMBER 1

REMARKABLE HABITS OF THE

As OBSERVED IN SOUTHEASTERN OREGON

SAGE GROUSE

in May 1918

By R. Bruce Horsrary

With Illustrations Drawn from Life by the Author

TEALTHILY and carefully we picked our
way along the mud-flat road to the high
gate in the lava-rock ranch fence, and

peered through the bars.

“There they are!” burst from our lips in an
excited whisper, as we caught the glint of white
spots a few hundred yards beyond.

Cautiously we clambered over the irregular
loose rocks, and like Indians on the warpath
crawled, squirmed and wriggled our way to a
low outcropping of volcanic rock. From this
vantage point we had an unobstructed view of
the broad and bare flood-plain before us.

Cramped and strained in every muscle and
bone, we remained hidden among those rocks
till supper time, loath to leave the wonderful
sight.

In the open at intervals of from twenty-five
to fifty feet, were sixty magnificent sage cocks
strutting around with putted-out chests and tails
spread like miniature turkey gobblers, making
noises for all the world like the popping of
corks on the pier at Atlantic City —a sound
which took me back in memory to the hotel in
Colombo, Ceylon, where a hundred guests were
served with soda water at every meal, and the
bottles were always opened at the tables.

Evidently these rocks had been favorite place
for Indians in years gone by, for all about us
in the sand were obsidian chips and charcoal,
with bits of arrow and spear heads. We after-
wards picked up many perfect specimens on the
open flat.

Here the Klamath Indian had lurked at eve-
ning to secure, with his twanging bow and bits

of flying glass, a sage cock for the morrow’s
dinner, making arrow heads in the middle of the
day when no birds were about. ‘To the Indian
a strutting sage cock was but an easy mark and
a quick lunch. His stolid nature probably did
not marvel at the wondrous performance, and
no question entered his mind as to how and
why.

To us, however, it was a sight which satisfied
a great hunger; not the hunger of the body, but
of the mind. We had spent days and nights in
travel to see that phase of nature, to gain that
scrap of knowledge; and we feasted to a great
content, though many questions remained un-
satisfied as to the how and the why.

The opportunity for these observations had
come after two years delay, and we were ac-
cordingly appreciative to the utmost.

In the summer of 1915, we had been viewing
the Klamath Lake pelican colonies with the
game warden, Mr. J. J. Turber, and had gone
on to Laird’s Landing, at the foot of the lake,
to remain over night. While we were there Mr.
Laird told us of sage grouse coming down on the
flat at the eastern end of the pasture every
spring to do their courting, but at that date,
May 31, they had stopped for the season.

It was now May 1917, and we were to have
our opportunity to observe and picture the birds
in action.

Mr. Turber had brought William L. Finley,
Stanley G. Jewett and the writer from Klamath
Falls to Mr. Laird’s place. It was afternoon
when we rounded the lower end of the lake,
and a few grouse were on the open alkali flat.

[ 3 |

4 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

We cached our camera and blind,
and went on to the house to ar-
range for beds and board, leaving
as soon as possible for our first
close view of the birds. After
supper that evening we set up our

blind near a grassy slope reaching \\,\\
to} ? to)

from the sage covered hill at the
eastern side of “the wash.”

The waters that had formed
this flood plain came down from
the forest-capped Van Brimmer
mountain away off to the south.
Westward of this wash lay _hil-
locks and ridges of dark lava rock.
About eight level acres, near the
shore of the lake, were bare of
vegetation, and it was there that
the sage cocks came from miles

around to dance and strut—and “‘plop.”

The strut was made up of four movements.
First, the filling of the air pouch, accom-
panied by a grunting sound; second, a short
stiff-legged run in which neither pouch nor
wings touched the ground; third, the bird \¥W
stopped suddenly, spread his tail as it raised NN /
to the perpendicular, threw back his head

with a forward movement of
the wings, pushed the air-filled
pouch well up on
the chest; fourth,
there was a sudden
upward throw, fol-
lowed by a more
vigorous anid
snappy toss, and
the tightened pouch
came down again ~ \
on the extended ~
chest with a rub-
bery “plop.” This
plop was repeated
three times then the
bird eased down for
another — rumbling
gurgle and another
run.

Mr. Laird assured us that these antics
take place from early March till the
first of June; in fact, through the mat-
However, it was evident

ing season,
that this was not a
courting action; be-
cause when in the
course of the morn-
ing or evening per-
formance, two or

three hens meandered through the throng no
notice whatever was taken of them.

SAGE GROUSE (MALE) NECK FEATHERS

September feather of loose structure which accounts for the wear on
the spring feather. Upper. Taken from near bare spots
on the pouch. Lower. Feather from breast

courting performance of a differ-
ent character may take place .in
the day time, far from the water-
ing place, on the sage-covered
, hills.

/ Bach bird appeared to have a
_ private spot on which no other
dares to trespass. In reaching
those proprietary spots, collisions
sometimes occurred, and quiet
- cock-fights took place much after
ZZ, , the manner of china pheasants.
Z With rump feathers erect, low-
ered heads and tails, and dragging
pouches, the birds sidled around
and struck with their wings; ali
the while scolding in a trumpet-
ing, gurgling grunt, as the owner
actually pushed the intruder off
his domain. A few feet one way or another,
the belligerents would separate and go on
plopping as before.

Some birds began to perform well up in
the sage brush and plopped all the way out
to the dancing spot, others walked quietly
in to their respective claims before beginning
to show off.

An examination of the pouch of
the sage grouse disclosed a peculiar
/ development. In
front are two yel-
lowish-green bare
spots separated and
surrounded by short
stiff feathers, short-
est and stiffest im-
mediately surround-
ing the bare area.
Probably it is these
spots which make
the sounding plop,
after the manner of
a wet drum-head.
In the fall, when
new, these feathers
are soft and exceed-
ingly pliable, and
by the time the birds are ready
for strutting, have broken away
to stiff, sharp bristles which
will in no way interfere with
the vigor of the
snap, as soft feath-
ers would do.

The morning after
our arrival, the 11th
of May, no_ birds
came near enough to the blind for photograph-
ing. At nine o’clock it began to rain, and we

SY

Z

beneath pouch.

A real

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

= 7 5 hy f} \\ Rm
= Sag Giil

Stiff-legged run after filling the pouch.

Extreme of throw of the pouch. Slap down of pouch on chest showing distended bare spots

PEN STUDIES FROM LIFE BY R. BRUCE HORSFALL OF SAGE GROUSE DANCE

6 ZOOLOGICAL

spent the remainder of the morning search-
ing for nests on the adjacent hillside. We
found two from which the young had hatched,
and one that had been rifled of its contents,
probably by a coyote. In the afternoon the
birds came in too late for pictures.

On May 11, no birds came near the blind, so
we moved it to another spot. The afternoon
was windy and stormy, and only a few birds
came in at four o'clock.

On the 13th of May we arose at three A.M.
and after a hurried breakfast, stumbled and
wabbled along the ruts of the road. No wind
was stirring; which was a very unusual thing
for this high plateau region. A heavy cloud
hung over us, as only clouds in an arid region
ean hang, black as night, but the faint yellowish
light of dawn was slowly brightening as we
crept into the blind, at four o'clock. Dark as

SOCIETY

BULLETIN

it was, a few birds were already there, and by
five-fifteen we were able to make the first ex-
posure. As usual, there were about sixty birds
in the field. Actual counts of birds within our
range of vision at various times were 51, 52,
51 and 54. By seven o'clock all had left for
the sage-brush hills; but we had had several
birds within thirty feet of us most of the time.

We returned to the blind at 3 P.M. and the
birds came in at about four, and plopped until
dark.

On the 13th of May we were in the blind at
4:15 A.M. A few birds were on the shore when
we arrived and by seven o'clock, the usual time
for the birds to scatter, we had secured moving
and still pictures of every action from birds
within twenty-five feet of us.

As we left, a lone coyote yapped to us a long
farewell.

DR. C. GORDON HEWITT

The Dominion of Canada has suffered a great
loss, and the cause of wild life protection in
North America has lost one of its foremost
champions. Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt died of
influenza and pneumonia at Ottawa on Sunday,
February 29, in his 35th year.

Dr. Hewitt was the leading expert of Canada

on wild life protection, and besides being
Dominion Entomologist and the director of

Canada’s fight against crop-destroying insects,
he was Consulting Zoologist of the Canadian
Conservation Commission. He was born in
Scotland on February 23, 1885, and obtained
his degree of Sc.D. by graduation at the Man-
chester University. He entered the service of
the Canadian Government in 1909.

His most conspicuous activities were in the
promotion of the international treaty with the
United States for the protection of migratory
birds, in which he was so diligent and so suc-
cessful that in 1918 the British Royal Society
for the Protection of Birds
its gold medal for that service.

awarded to him

For four years Dr. Hewitt had been diligently
engaged in the preparation of a very important
book entitled “The Conservation of Wild Life
in Canada” and doing justice to the fine enter-
prise of the Dominion in that field. It was
finished and made ready for the printers only

one month ago and it is safe to say that it will,

when published, prove a fitting monument to
its justly distinguished and deeply regretted
author.

ED

Huntine ror tHE “Zoo.”’—The Zoological
Society of London have undertaken the restora-
tion of their collection, for which the time is
ripe. They are sending Mr. Wilfrid Frost, an
experienced traveller for such objects, to the
Malay Archipelago. His itinerary is enough to
turn an adventurous boy all colors with envy.
He goes to places like Sourabaya, Amboina,
Celebes, and Ternate, whose very names are
romantic. The names, in fact, are sometimes
more romantic than the places themselves. Mr.
Frost hopes to get specimens of wild pig, opos-
sum, kangaroo, orang, cassowary, birds of para-
dise, and so on. Lovers of the “Zoo” wish him
luck in his hunting—and, which is equally im-
portant, in his transport of the prey.—
London Times.

Animats Are Prorectep.—Butte, Montana.
—That efforts on the part of the state game
warden to protect fish, birds, and animals in
Montana, according to the state laws, have
been successful, is shown by a recent report
issued by Warden J. L. de Hart, for the year
ending November 30, 1919. Out of 250 arrests
there were 237 convictions, and fines collected
amounted to over $6,000. Moose, mountain
goats, mountain sheep and antelope are animals
protected by the law the year round.—Christian

Science Monitor.

ZOOLOGICAL

ek

NESTING L

SOCIETY BULLETIN

SER SNOW GEESE

~

The first time in captivity ever recorded in America.

BREEDING THE SNOW GOOSE FIRST

TIME IN AMERICA
By Lee S. Cranpaur, Curator of Birds.

URING the few years that immediately
» preceded the outbreak of the war, the

propagation of game birds in captivity
gained many followers and finally became a
well-defined movement. Since 1914, this work,
like the work of many others of a similar nature,
has been practically dormant, but in spite of
all obstacles, a few enthusiasts have been able
to continue in a small way, and although the re-
sults in most cases have not been particularly
striking, in at least one instance, a record of
unusual interest has been made. This is the
breeding for the first time in America of the
lesser snow goose, (Chen hyperborea hyper-
borea).

Naturally enough, the attentions of American
game breeders have been centered on our native
species. Success with upland game birds has
not been great; the difficulties of breeding the
bobwhite not being entirely overcome and the
problems of rearing the ruffed grouse remaining
almost untouched. Among waterfowl, much
more has been accomplished. The Canada goose,
the mallard duck and the wood duck now breed
so freely that they might be considered as
domestic birds. Besides these, there are well-
authenticated records of the reproduction in
captivity of the following North American

species: fulvous tree duck, black duck, gadwell,
green-wing teal, blue-wing teal, pintail, shov-
eller, redhead and canvasback. Progress is be-
ing made with these and possibly other forms,
and the sum of our knowledge concerning them
is fast increasing. :

While distinct progress is being made with
ducks, it is a curious fact that the only North
American goose that breeds freely is the Canada.
At least fifty years ago, this bird was bred by
Mr. A. W. Whealton, of Chincoteague, Virginia,
and now nests in captivity the country over as
regularly as domestic geese. But with the ex-
ception of the present instance of the lesser
snow goose, there is no record of the breeding
in captivity in this country of any other native
goose.

The causes of this strange reluctance to repro-
duce are not fully known. White-fronted, great-
er and lesser snow, Ross, blue, cackling and
Hutchins geese have been kept in the Zoological
Park for periods of well over ten years, under
all sorts of conditions, and while most of the
birds mate in the spring, their interest invaria-
bly wanes when the nesting period is at hand.
Many of them have been kept on Lake Aggasiz,
where they have the run of grasslands several
acres in extent, with a clean, well-supplied lake
of even larger size. Here they are wholly un-
disturbed, since our visitors can see them only
at a distance, yet to our knowledge, none of
them has ever laid an egg. Pairs have been

NEAR KARTABO

1LE

JUNC

PROPICAL

hn Tee-Van.

opical Research Station, by Jo

Ty

A view made in the forest near the Society's

[8]

ZOOLOGICAL

kept in smaller enclosures, where grass and wa-
ter were to be had in abundance, with equally
discouraging results.

Mr. A. W. Whealton, of Chincoteague, Vir-
ginia, has experimented for many years with
the greater snow goose, (Chen hyperborea ni-
valis) but his success has been only partial.
Pairs of birds have nested and laid but the
young were never reared. Snow geese mated
with domestic geese of the white variety known
as the Emden have brought up young and the
hybrids have been paired with the pure snow
gander with perfect success. Many of the birds
containing a touch of the domestic blood are
practically, indistinguishable from the snow
goose, and breed regularly. Mr. Whealton hopes
eventually to produce a goose which will be
identical to the snow goose, but it is doubtful
if the taint can ever be eradicated.

Yet in Europe the problem appears to pre-
sent no such insurmountable difficulties. In
England alone, blue, snow and Hutchins geese
have been bred and it is probable that others
have reared young on the Continent, particular-
ly in Holland. In 1912, a pair of snow geese
occupied a tiny paddock in the Zoological Gar-
dens of London, and with them in December
were three lusty goslings, which they had reared
under seemingly impossible conditions. Hybrids
between the blue and snow, of great zoological
interest, have been produced repeatedly.

There seems but one solution of the mystery.
It is unlikely that local weather and conditions
have any great effect. The larger enclosures
and greater freedom that captive geese in this
country have enjoyed without result, would
more than compensate for greater clemency in
the weather of western Europe, if it exists. But
game propagation in England greatly ante-
dates the work in this country. More deter-
mined attempts, over a greater period of time,
have produced results by sheer force of endea-
vor. Once any species was induced to breed,
the young were carefully preserved, with the
certainty that when they reached maturity they
would nest much more readily than their par-
ents. Thus strains of breeding birds were es-
tablished, and there is no doubt of the existence
of such families in Europe today.

Apparently no American game breeder has
attempted to make use of this obvious means for
establishing the birds in captivity in this coun-
try. Importation of judiciously selected birds
from European breeders would give us a stock
of captivity bred geese, which from a small be-
ginning, should quickly grow to greater things.

SOCIETY

BULLETIN 9

But with the lesser snow goose, a step has
been made without resort to this means. Mr.
H. J. Jager, of Owatonna, Minnesota, has
bred from a pair of wing-tipped birds long in
his possession. If this success can be duplicated
in future years, it is probable that a line of
breeding geese can be established, tracing its
ancestry to this one foundational pair.

Mr. Jager’s geese were originally wild birds,
wing-tipped by gunners in the vicinity of this
home. For seven years they had the run of a
ten-acre field, with two ponds, without showing
an inclination to breed. But in the eighth year,
a nest was built and six eggs laid. Five of
these eggs were placed under a domestic hen
that hatched them all but reared only one. The
one egg left to the parents was hatched and
the gosling brought to maturity.

When these geese attain breeding age, it will
be possible to pair them with wild birds with
every hope for suecess. If this can be accom-
plished, continued propagation will bring about

the survival of another of America’s hard-
pressed game birds.
TRRORICAL LADPOITEHS:

By Joun Tee-Van.
Artist, Tropical Research Station.

ARTABO offers an excellent field for the
K study of tadpoles and adult amphibians.

Tadpoles are to be found in every suitable
situation within the district; in the quiet side-
pools of swift-running streams, in shallow jun-
gle pools, in ponds swimming near the shore,
and even in small, isolated, leaf-filled holes be-
tween the roots of the bamboos surrounding the

Station. A few have been found along the shore
of the river, probably accidental stragglers

from some stream.

Their coloration varies considerably. Some
are uniformly bluish-black, with no distinct pat-
tern or shading. The most common colors are
varying shades of dark green and brown. One
species, whose life-history is now being worked
upon, is strikingly different from all others I
have ever seen. The front portion of the body
is brilliant yellow tinged in places with dull
orange. There is a black mark between the
nostrils and two black spots near the eyes. The
posterior portion of the body is black, changing
into deep shining blue, whenever light shines
upon it. The transitional stages in the life of
these tadpoles have not been completed; in other

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MUVd TVOIDOTOOZ AHL NI SAWVLOdOdd THSAW OD Ad

[10 ]

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 11

words we have no idea as yet as to what species
of frog it will become. But the indications are
that this early coloration will be entirely lost,
and that they will become drab little jungle-
lovers with no recollection of the brilliant har-
lequin dress of their infant days.

The bluish-black tadpoles were found at Ca-
maria, near the first rapids of the Cuyuni River,
five miles from the Research Station. They
were first seen as a black mass with heads
turned inward, slowly circling about an imag-
inary axis. Dipping a small net into the group,
I drew up a wet, wriggling mass of potential
frogs. The single catch resulted in less than
half the group, and yet they numbered nearly
two hundred and fifty. Strange to say, this dis-
turbance of their aquatic dance did not change
the circle, the remaining tadpoles closing up the
gaps and continuing the round. After choosing
about fifty typical individuals for study, I threw
the remainder back into the pool. They imme-
diately congregated in a single mass, and slowly
started the old dance, slowly circling and then
stopping for a while, then circling again. Now
and then one would break away and come to
the surface to gulp some air. But it always
returned to its fellows. A metamorphosed speci-
men of this tadpole with the tail still present
has changed into a beautiful pinkish-grey with
myriad spots of black over all the upper sur-
faces,—a pattern as surprising as it is inexplic-
able at present, for it is one unknown as well
to tadpoles as to any adult frog.

The teeth of tadpoles give to their mouths an
absurdly shark-like appearance. These mem-
bers are usually very valuable in helping to
identify the species, but in the case of the Kar-

tabo tadpoles, the teeth as well as the rest of
the little creatures are all new facts to science.
The yellow and black tadpole is armed with
nine rows of teeth, two rows in the upper series
and seven in the lower, in addition to the horny
beaks, of which each possesses a strong row.
All of which the little creature finds necessary
in his varied vegetable and animal diet. During
the change from tadpole to frog, all of these
teeth are lost, and the mouth becomes wider and
more suitable for the more mature diet of in-
sects and other living creatures.

Almost all of the tadpoles found at Kartabo
lead normal lives, similar to those of our north-
ern states, dependent upon themselves for the
continuation of their existence from their hatch-
ing to their ultimate change into full grown
frogs. Now and then a strange form appears.
A specimen of the black marsh frog, (Dendro-
bates trivittatus) was brought into the Station
carrying forty-three tadpoles attached to its
body. During the seasons when dry weather
threatens to evaporate the water in the nursery
pools, the adults of this species allow the tad-
poles to fasten themselves to the lower back.
They are then conveyed to other pools where
there is less possibility of drying up.

Another strange amphibian found within the
district is the Surinam toad, (Pipa americana),
a curious flattened creature, that carries its eggs
in small depressions of the skin of the back.
The tadpoles are hatched within the skin, and
develop fully before they leap out of the cell
as diminutive but perfectly formed toads of
a new generation. With these and others still
unknown that are awaiting discovery, little ex-
cuse is needed for greeting with real enthusiasm
every new form of tadpole.

BIRTH OF A PYGMY HIPPOPOTAMUS

By Witu1am T. Hornapay

N JULY 1912 three Pygmy Hippopotami
arrived at the Zoological Park. They were
purchased (for $15,000) from Carl Hagen-

beck, whose exploring collector caught five in
all, in Liberia.

At that particular juncture the zoological
garden directors of all Germany were industri-
ously engaged in boycotting Mr. Hagenbeck,
the best and foremost of all dealers in wild
animals, and were keeping the oath they had
sworn to buy nothing from him. This generous

and kind “gentleman’s agreement’? was entered
into and kept because Mr. Hagenbeck had had
the temerity to build at Hamburg a_ private
zoological garden so spectacular and attractive
that it made the old Hamburg Zoo look obsolete
and uninteresting.

It was because of that boycott that the New
York Zoological Society was enabled to buy three
out of the five pygmy hippos captured by Hans
Schomburgk. Had it been otherwise only one
of these rare beasts would have been offered to

12 ZOOLOGICAL
us. Just what finally became of the other two
we do not know. In our Buiietin for July

1912, there appears a very interesting narrative
by Schomburgk entitled “On the Trail of the
Pygmy Hippo.”

Never since we began to worry over the idio-
svnerasies and troubles of wild animals have
we had any more satisfactory animals than those
In appetite, health and general
deportment they must be marked 100 per cent.
No one of the trio ever has been sick for so much
They eat their
rations—cheerfully, gratefully and copiously.
The large and fully mature male came living
alone, and he has lived so ever since, at the
east end of the Elephant House. The other
two, male and female, were slightly under the
age and size of maturity, and being happily

pygmy hippos.

as one day, or missed a meal.

paired we built a tank for them at the west
end of the Elephant House, and they have al-
ways lived together.

The adult pygmy hippo is provided with long
and sharp hog-like tusks set in the lower jaw,
and he can bite savagely and effectively if
Just those formidable weapons
five or six inches long are chambered in the
muzzle when the mouth is closed is Dame Na-
ture’s private affair, but when the mouth is
widely and truculently open, it reminds us of the
coiled-rattlesnake flag tahive
“Don’t tread on me!”

crossed. how

bearing warning

During the past four years, or ever since the
female hippo attained her majority, we have
closely and carefully watched for the birth of
offspring. The perfect vigor of both animals
three years ago led to mating, but the signs of
offspring that Keeper Walter Thuman thought
were observable each time proved barren of
results. By means of hot water pipes the bath-
water in the tank was kept at a temperature all
around 80 degrees. The fat and always rotund
condition of the female was so pronounced that
the usual signs of maternity were negligible.

Finally, on the morning of December 23, like
a bolt falling from a clear sky, the female gave
birth to a male baby at 10:30 A.M.

Dr. Blair was on the spot within five minutes.
He found the male greatly excited by the event,
and making considerable trouble, but the animal
was promptly isolated. The labor lasted about
twenty minutes, and was entirely successful.
When the writer reached the scene the full de-
livery had just been accomplished, the umbilical
cord had been cut, and the wet and helpless

SOCIETY

BULLETIN

infant was floundering on the bare concrete floor,
trying to rise.

Realizing that contact with the cold floor
would in all probability produce pneumonia, the
struggling infant was lifted and held in a pail
of milk-warm water while the keepers hurriedly
emptied and cleaned the tank, and ran into it
enough warm water to cover the bottom to a
depth of three inches. The temperature of this
water carefully maintained, to prevent
pneumonia and promote vigor.

was

It was at that point that our real trouble
began. Owing to a fatal non-development of the
gluteus major and the biceps, or flexor muscles
at the rear of thigh (very effectively shown in
the photograph of the infant hippo), the hind
legs of the infant were half-way powerless, and
unable to support the body, or to walk. While
the fore-quarters stood well erect, the hind legs
floundered helplessly and were dragged along.

That muscular defect proved fatal to natural
All the resources of the Park finally
proved unable to control conditions sufficiently
to render it possible for the baby hippo to nurse.

nursing.

The mother was passive toward the men as long
as they did not attempt to handle her offspring,
but whenever they attempted to handle it, she
would threaten them so savagely that they were
quite thwarted in their friendly and very per-
sistent attempts to hold the baby in a position
to nurse.

Realizing from the outset that about ninety
per cent of the baby’s chances to survive lay in
being nourished by its mother, for twenty-four
hours all efforts were bent upon accomplishing
that result. It seemed as if with all our re-
sources we surely could devise some means by
which that result could be achieved.

But the pygmy hippo mother was not made
by Nature at all right for suckling weak babies
who are wholly unable to stand or to walk. Her
fat round body is shaped like a barrel, and the
two small and conical teats, flattened in order
to function in a very narrow space, are most
dificult for any baby hippo to attain. The
problem was like a big sack of wheat endeavor-
ing to suckle a sack of salt.

The mother was from the first fully conscious
of the status of her offspring, and anxious to
be a good mother to it. The baby was well
aware of the necessity of nursing and anxious
to promote that result. Scores of times the in-
fant struggled violently to get upon its feet,
and failing that, to drag itself to its mother.

ZOOLOGICAL

For twenty hours, with all the human help
that could be rendered, that struggle to nourish
and be nourished continued in the quiet seclu-
sion of that warm tank—both with and without
water on the bottom. The animals were at-
tended constantly throughout the night. Finally,
at 6 o'clock in the cold gray dawn of December
24 the baby nursed vigorously for ten minutes.
Bravo! Perhaps we would win after all. It was
accomplished by the mother lying upon her left
side and holding her right hind leg up in the
air at an angle of forty degrees.

Ordinarily in lying down the mother simply
sinks straight down, back erect, and stomach
flatly pressed upon the floor; and in such a
position even the strongest infant could not
reach the udder.

In order to miss no chances of success, and
be provided for the worst event, Dr. Blair and
Mr. Ditmars procured a milch goat and installed
it in the hippo’s cage in the forenoon of the 24th
ot December.

The nursing efforts continued, but absolutely
without further success.

At eleven o'clock an effort was made to in-
duce the baby to nurse the goat; but the teats
were too large, and the effort ended in failure.
Then some warm goat’s milk was placed in the
last resort of foster parents—a nursing bottle
—and about two ounces of the milk were taken.
Later on, other efforts were made at artificial
feeding, but the now weakened infant did not
respond to them. It died at 7 o'clock, about
thirty-two hours after it was born.

Dr. Blair’s measurements of this specimen
are as follows:

Length of head and body, 19 inches; tail, 24%
inches; height at the shoulders, 16 inches; cir-
cumference of chest,

19 inches; weight 91%
pounds.

Of course the skin was quite hairless. The
skin color was light Vandyke brown, quite uni-
form in tone. The iris was dark, blackish brown.
The toes were extra long and spread widely, like
those of a capybara. In life the little animal
frequently twitched its little triangular and
sharp-pointed ears a dozen times in very rapid
succession, quite like adult pygmy hippos.

The infant was posed artificially after death
and photographed, as shown herewith. Its re-
mains were at once taken in hand by the
Society’s Prosector, Dr. George S. Huntington,
Director of the New York College of Physicians
and Surgeons, and they will be scientificaly
developed to the utmost. The skin and skeleton

SOCIETY BULLETIN 13

were given to the American Museum of Natural
History, where both will be prepared for ex-
hibition.

Thus was born and died the first pygmy hip-
popotamus that ever was bred in captivity. The
causes of death were precisely two: (1) the non-
development of the flexor muscles of the hind
legs with the consequent loss of ability to stand
or to walk, and (2) the structural handicaps
imposed by the form of the mother upon the
nourishing of newly-born offspring. The female
pygmy’s maternal factor of safety is entirely too
small.

THE COCK-OF-THE-ROCK
New

A Rare

ON TRARY to our expectations, the end of
C the war has brought little betterment to
the live animal collecting industry. The
great demand for shipping space and generally
unsettled conditions the world over, have mili-
tated against the improvement for which we had
hoped. Present indications are that the trace
on which the Zoological Park must depend for
most of its specimens will not resume normal
proportions before next summer.

This being the case, arrivals of all sorts are
eagerly welcomed and when the newcomer hap-
pens to be both rare and beautiful, the event
is almost epochal.

ArrivaAL FRoM Britis GuIANa.

So far this year, acquisitions
in this category have been few. On August
12th, however, we received from the Society’s
Tropical Research Station in British Guiana, a
consignment of specimens that included, be-
sides several other interesting birds, a fine cock-
of-the-rock, (Rupicola rupicola). The bird is an
adult male in full plumage, and is the second
of its species to be exhibited in the Zoological
Park.

Our first bird, the arrival of which was re-
corded in the Bunierin for July 1916, also
‘ame from the Research Station. It was a
strong, healthy individual and throve for more
than a year, when a between-season break in our
supply of small fruits brought its career to a
sudden end.

There is no doubt of the delicacy of this rare
bird in confinement. Dr. P. Chalmers Mitchell
gives the average longevity of eight specimens
in the Zoological Gardens of London, as eight
and one-half months, with a maximum of
twenty months. However, it seems equally cer-
tain that with a plentiful supply of fresh fruits,
especially grapes and cherries, that the life of
this rare bird in captivity can be considerably

prolonged. Ee Sal

14 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

Departments :
Mammals Aquarium
W. T. Horvapay. C. H. Townsenp.
Birds Reptiles

Lee S. CRANDALL. Raymonp L. Ditmars

WittiaM Breese. Honorary Curator, Birds

Published bi-monthly at the Office of the Society,
111 Broadway, New York City.

Yearly by Mail, $1.00.
MAILED FREE TO MEMBERS.
Copyright, 1920, by the New York Zoological Society.

Each author is responsible for the scientific accuracy
and the proof reading of his contribution.

Etwin R. Sansorn, Editor

Vou. XXIII, No. 1

JANUARY 1920

THE WILD-ANIMAL FAMINE

When an Asker of Foolish Questions saw the
Wild Man of Borneo, he promptly inquired,

“What makes you wild?”

“The fool questions that people ask me,” was
the answer.

If the same man should put the same question
The famine in wild

to us, we would answer
animals.

Daily, weekly, monthly, the situation steadily
is growing more serious. Until recently, Eng-
land and Canada had been open to us for hoofed
animals, but in December 1919, when we applied
for a permit to import a rare African antelope
from England, we found that even that country
now is under the grand taboo. It is because of
foot-and-mouth disease.

Really, unless the Bureau of Animal Industry
will loosen up, and place some real reliance
upon the quarantine conditions of every well-
kept zoological garden, ALL collections of
foreign antelopes, goats, markhors, ibexes, sheep,
wild cattle, deer, giraffes and wild swine very
soon will be obliterated. The remnants of the
stocks on hand in 1914 rapidly are dying of
old age and leaving empty cages behind them.

We think that in many cases the regulations
are too sweeping, and unnecessarily severe on
wild animals that never have the diseases of
domestic species.

INVALID SOLDIERS AT PARK

Surely it will give all members of the Zoolog-
ical Society a thrill of pleasure to learn from
the reading of the accompanying letter how the

Zoological Park has been enjoyed by wounded
soldiers in New York hospitals. The gratitude
so generously expressed is in no sense due to
the director of the Park, but to those who have
made the Park what it is. ie fhe 186)

127 West 58th Street, New York,
December 11, 1919.
Dear Dr. Hornaday:

As the member of the American Red Cross Motor
Corps who has taken a large number of wounded
soldiers to visit the Zoological Park, I want to thank
you on behalf of the boys for the great privileges
which you have extended to them.

I was attached last winter to Debarkation Hos-
pital No. 3, known to us as “Greenhut’s” on special
duty to take out badly wounded soldiers, and our
visits to the Park were of the greatest benefit and
the greatest pleasure. Our Ward Surgeon stated it
helped materially in their recovery and morale. This
outing was always so popular and so much discussed
that there were more boys ready to go than there
were automobiles available.

The kindness and courtesy of Mr. Toomey, Mr.
Spicer and Mr. Schwartz were unfailing, but the chief
thanks are due to you, under whose instructions they
acted.

The woodland beauty and interest of the animals
was much appreciated by the fine out-door Western-
ers and Southerners. It was the rule not to take local
boys.

I know the fame of the Park is carried all over the
United States. This winter these outings are still
eentinuing from the Polyclinic Hospital, now under
the War Risk Insurance. Many of the cases of these
discharged men are very sad, but they eagerly look
forward to the visits to the Park. I wish you could
see the enthusiasm when a “Zoo party” is planned.

I feel it my duty to express to you my appreciation
of your kindness, and beg to remain,

Yours very sincerely,
IsapeL VICKERS.

ZOOLOGICAL PARK FOR ILLINOIS

A New Zooxroaicat Park Unir 1x Coox
County, ApsgacentT To CutcaGco

The Chicago Daily Tribune of the issue Jan-
uary 1, 1920, printed the following information:

“The plan committee of the Forest Preserve
voted unanimously yesterday to accept Mrs.
Harold F. McCormick’s gift of a $300,000 site
for a huge country zoological garden. The site
is a tract of about 200 acres on the west bank
of the Desplaines River, near Riverside, and
will be added to the Forest Preserve’s 1,500
acres.

“Mrs. McCormick has intimated through H.
O. Stone, her agent, that she has no preference
for a name for the new zoo, but it was tenta-
tively agreed by the committee to name it the
“McCormick Zoological Gardens.’

ZOOLOGICAL

“Mrs. MeCormick’s stipulation that the land
be used to establish a zoo representative of
American wild animals was accepted.”

THINGS WE HAVE MISSED

“All hits are history,
All misses, mystery!”

Successful men talk little of their failures.
We all feel what women call “sensitive” about
the dreams that didn’t come true. But after all,
are we not entitled to some credit marks for
the desirable things that we vainly attempted to
do for the greatest good of the greatest number ?

For example:

In 1901 we sent a vigorous young naturalist-
explorer, J. Alden Loring, to Alaska, to catch
for us living lambs of the beautiful white moun-
tain sheep. Both the exploration and the catch-
ing were conspicuously successful. The plans
were good, the execution was perfect, and not
one mistake was made. Two lambs were safely
brought to the base camp, but the excitement
of the capture and the carry down from the
summits quickly threw the delicate little crea-
tures into an ailment impossible to cure, and
from which they presently died. Since that day
we have never heard of a white mountain sheep
in captivity.

In 1912 we tried for the great and elusive
white rhinoceros. We made an engagement with
Newland, Tarleton & Co. of Nairobi, for two
specimens at a large price, and they sent Ex-
plorer Grogan to the Lado District to do the
work. The necessary permit from the Uganda
Government was granted, but it did not reach
the explorer until the grass had grown se high,
and the baby rhino of that year’s crop had
grown so large, that captures had become im-
possible.

We have tried and tried for the giant panda
of western China, often called the parti-colored
bear (Eluropus), but it cometh not.

Mr. Herbert Lang’s vigorous and finally suc-
cessful effort to procure a live okapi for us, and
its subsequent death from lack of milk, already
has been described in the BuLLETIN.

Our first effort for a gorilla was a total fail-
ure; our second was only a partial success, but
our third venture was everything that we hoped
for, and more. “Dinah” broke all records for
gorilla longevity in captivity, save one.

At this moment we are guessing whether a
great adventure in the widest wilds of South

SOCIETY

BULLETIN 15

America is going to be “history” or “mystery.”
We are after giant otter and giant armadillo;
and but for the unspeakable ocean shipping sit-
uation we would have scored tong ere this with
the otters. The giant armadillos are a well-nigh
impossible species, because of the obstacles pre-
sented by their food requirements.

We are also “gunning” for Indian rhinoceros,
markhor, Uganda and reticulated giraffe, pigmy
African elephant and the inland white bear,
(Ursus kermodei). And these are by no means

all. [W.T. H.]

Tue Rurrep Grouse.—My snowshoes mak-
ing no sound on the fluffy floor of woodland
paths, I felt that I might stalk invisible and
unheeded in the wilderness world.

A ruffed grouse was the first woodland creat-
ure not to see me. I stalked around a white
corner almost upon him and stood poised while
he continued to weave his starry necklaces of
footprints in festoons about the butts of scrubby
oaks and wild-cherry shrubs. He too was
barred from the denser tangle which he might
wish to penetrate. He did not seem to be seek-
ing food. Seemingly there was nothing under
the scrub oaks that he could get. It was more
as if, having breakfasted well, he now walked
in meditation for a little before starting in on
the serious business of the day. He also was
wearing his snowshoes, and they held him up
in the soft snow fully as well as mine supported
me. His feet that had been bare in autumn
now had grown quills which helped to support
his weight but did not take away from the
clean-cut, star-shaped impression of the toes.
Rather they made lesser points between these
four greater ones, and added to the star-like
impression of the tracks. The demure placing
of star after star in that necklace trail was
broken by a little fantastic passeul, from which
he dropped suddenly on both feet, vaulted into
the air, and whirred away down arcades of
snowy whiteness and vanished.—Winthrop
Packard.—Christian Science Monitor.

Canapians To Graze Rerypeer.—In Can-
ada the North American Reindeer Company,
capitalized at $750,000, has obtained a con-
cession of 75,850 square miles of land north of
the Churchill River to graze caribou and rein-
deer.

This amounts to 48,000,000 acres, for which
the government charges the nominal sum of 4
cents an acre a year. The herds are being gath-
ered by the company’s agents.—T'ribune; New

York.

16 ZOOLOGICAL

Sian

OKAPI IN THE
The young Okapi arrived in Antwerp from Buta, in the Uele, Congo in August 1919.

AN OKAPI IN THE ANTWERP
ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN
A T last a fine and perfect living specimen of

the rare and elusive okapi has been brought
out of Africa, and landed safely in a
zoological garden for public exhibition.*

On August 10, a female specimen fourteen
months old, arrived at the Antwerp Zoological
Garden, direct from Buta, in the Uele country,
in the great rain belt of the Upper Congo. It
is the specimen described in the article by Mr.
Lang in the July, 1919, issue of the BuLLetin.
This okapi was reared through the skill and
enterprise of Mrs. Landeghem, wife of the Bel-
gian Commissioner at Buta, in Uele, Belgian
Congo. It was planned in Buta, before the ani-
mal departed for Europe, that it should be
taken to Antwerp by Mr. Lebrun, an official of
the British government and himself a great lover
of animals. No doubt that plan was carried into
effect.

Readers of the BuLLETIN are reminded of the
great illustrated article in the May 1918, issue,
by the famous explorer in Equatorial Africa for
the American Museum of Natural History, Mr.

Herbert Lang. Its title was “In Quest of

* The young okapi did not survive in captivity very long, dying September 20,

SOCTEA YS B UIE TE BEEN

4

\/
1

i |

*

ANTWERP ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS

the Okapi,”
ly fine.

and the illustrations are surpassing-

FEATHERED MARAUDERS.
Ow xs Prey

UBURBAN aviculturists expect to en-
counter pests in the form of feral vermin,

on Birpo House Occupants.

and endure their depredations with a
philosophic spirit, as part of the game. But an
urban institution partially surrounded by

crowded apartment houses, might naturally hope
to have only the parasitic animals of civilization,

such as cats and rats, to contend with. Unfor-
tunately, we are beset by both groups. Rats and

cats we have with us always, although usually
not for long, since their partial extermination
has been well systematized. But for combatting
the piratical visitors that periodically descend
upon us from the wooded areas to the north, we
are less well equipped.

Raccoons, oppossums and even foxes, enter the
Park at surprisingly frequent intervals, and al-
ways take their toll of our birds before they can
be captured. Hawks visit us in numbers dur-
ing each migration. Screech owls are perma-
nent residents in the Park and each winter re-
1919.—Editor.

ZOOLOGICAL

SOCIETY

BULLETIN 17

TAKIN IN THE LONDON ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS

The Society possesses a mounted specimen of the Chinese Takin,

This specimen which was the only one in captivity has died recently.

the entire skin, skull and horns of which were presented to the Heads and Horns Collection by Hon. Mason Mitchell at that time Consul

at Chung King, China.

An interesting account of this occurence appears in the BuLLEeTIN of September, 1910.

From a photograph by O. W. Barrett

Early
last spring, two screech owls acquired the habit
of entering the Bird House through the venti-
lators that necessarily were left open at night.
No doubt their original purpose was the laud-
able pursuit of mice, but soon they found that
the cages contained game much easier to capture.
After several birds had been mutilated through
the wire of their cages, we managed to put an
end to the visits.

cérds one or two transient barred owls.

About the middle of last winter, we found
that some nocturnal creature was disturbing the
waterfowl, and later we missed some of the
smaller ducks. Investigation led to the belief
that the marauder was a large and powertul
Keeper George Snyder volunteered for the
vole of executioner, but after several night-long

owl.

vigils without result, was becoming disheartened.
when we
made the discovery that a valuable blue goose,
a bird supposedly beyond the strength of an
owl, had been killed while watching was actu-

His determination revived, however,

ally in progress. Stimulated with fresh re-
solve, Keeper Snyder resumed his nocturnal
post. That very night, as he was passing the
Pheasant Aviary, he noticed two glowing eyes
shining distinctly in the darkness from a point
about two feet above the cage. There was no
time to waste in speculation, and he promptly
let go with a single-barreled shot-gun, straight
at the points of the light. After the smoke had
cleaved, a search with a lighted match revealed
a really tremendous horned owl in his last strug-
gles.

No horned owl has previously been recorded
in the Park, although a locality that has been
visited by a bald eagle, an American egret and
include tie
This particular owl

evening grosbeaks, might easily
horned owl in its avifauna.
was of unusual size; its wings from tip to tip,
measuring fifty-five inches. Its ‘weight, deter-
mined at the American Museum of Natural His-
tory, where the bird was sent, was found to be

(asec.

four and one-half pounds.

18 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

THE

SEVENTEEN-YEAR LOCUST

Py Raymonp L, Drrmars, Curator of Reptiles.

(Illustrated by enlargements from motion pictures prepared by the author.)

Y THE time
this article
pears, a great
event will have
passed, and billions
of the — shrivelled
bodies of a marvel-
lous insect, the
seventeen-year — ci-
cada, will have re-
turned as debris to
the soil.

that
ap-

Despite the scep-
ticism of scientific
writers, certain
much to amateur ob-

popular
servers and the species figuring in this article
will ever be known as the periodical locust—

names mean

though locust he is not. That popular term
should apply only to the members of a family
known technically as the Locustidae, but more
commonly termed the grasshoppers. The prin-
cipal of this resumé is a member of the great
race of suctorial insects, embraced within the
orders scientifically designated as Hemipter and
Homoptera. The generic name of the marvel to
be described is Cicada—and having gone thus
far, the writer feels that this is sufficient tech-
nical detail.

The interest of the Cicada centers about its
life history and the right domination of it by
a natural law or force apparently as inflexible
as that governing the movement in their orbits
of the celestial bodies.

Like the prediction of astronomers, announc-
ing the expected appearance of some heavenly
body, the government officials in the Bureau of
Entomology, at Washington issued a warning
early the past spring. It was to the effect that
a great swarm of the seventeen-year cicada (ofhf-
cially designated as brood x) was due to appear
over a considerable portion of eastern and cen-~
tral United States, extending in a belt from New
York and Pennsylvania, inclining southwest-
ward through Maryland, Virginia and West
Virginia and embracing the western portion of
North and South Carolina and northern
Georgia; curving sharply northwestward,
through Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana,
Illinois and Michigan. Bordering all the
margin of this area of superabundance were

localities where the locusts were to appear in
fair numbers.

The government chart indicated that they
were to appear in twenty states. Over this area,
and exactly on time, after a lapse of seventeen
years, the swarms appeared at a moment as
mathematically correct as an eclipse of the sun
or the moon. And one of the strangest things
about these legions of newcomers, with their
alert red eyes, glistening wings and joy in the
air and sunshine, after years of toil in total
darkness, underground, and as lowly, grub-like
forms is, that their emancipation and freedom
is limited to a few weeks and assailed from all
sides by numerous enemies.

To review the life history of the seventeen-
year locust or—more properly—cicada, we must
go to the beginning and note that the egg is
strangely deposited. The female possesses an
auger-like appendage beneath the body and with
this drills holes in tender stems. With each bor~
ing she deposits one to two eggs. Skillfully
concealed from harm, the eggs hatch within a
few weeks and the young cicadas, pure white
and in form like microscopic crustaceans, crawl
from the boring and without hesitation launch
themselves with utter abandon into space. Fall-
ing into a jungle of grass-blades and weeds,
their one thought is to reach the soil and after. a
hasty scurrying for spots where their enlarged
forelimbs may push aside the particles, they be-
gin working their way downward. Progress at
first is slow, but frost is a long way off. With
their sharp proboscis they begin sucking the
juices from thread-like roots and their growth
is rapid. Before many weeks have passed they
are strong enough to push aside the soil with
the shovel-like limbs and move ahead, down-
ward. Thus they mine and toil from root to
root, imbedding the sharp beak to obtain nour-
ishment, existing for a period of seventeen years
in the utter darkness of underground.

In travels underground, in search of root
juices, the progress is always ahead as the use
of the forelimbs seems to be zealously restricted
to forcing the earth particles backward and
restricted in opposite motion for a supreme
engineering feat that may be necessary in years
to come——during the construction of an under-
water caisson.

ZOOLOGICAL

Female Cicada selecting a repository for the
eggs.

During this almost eternal
night, the toiler sheds its outer
covering four times, and with
the fourth moult technically
changes from the larval to the
nymph form. There is~ not
much difference in form and
none in habits, but capelike flaps
on the sides of the body indicate
a development beneath of the
wings that will be used in years

to come. The final larval moult

takes place in the thirteenth
vear.

It is at the end of its six-
teenth year that the most

marvelous of events transpires.
To say
a weak
assertion

marvellous, is to use
term, even with the
that here is a mani-
festation of instinct—if instinct
it is—that is more amazing
than the fulfillment of the
most spectacular of astronomi-
cal prophecies. The latter are aiong mathe-
matical lines and must transpire if the planets
continue to move, but with the
have billions of lowly forms, scattered over
every type of soil where storms have raged on
one and droughts have burned another, where
cold ‘“‘waves” have rendered the soil as hard as
granite to a yard in depth, or a belt of southern
country that has been bathed in mild winter
sun—no matter how varying the conditions—
throughout the seventeen years if embraced
within the area of the swarm, the toiling multi-

cicada we

The life cycle terminates in the Cicada's death.

SOCIETY

BULLETIN 19

tudes will appear from the earth on time—the
last of May—just seventeen years from the time
their former generation was emancipated from
subterranean darkness.

In emerging on schedule time through vary-
ing conditions of soil, they overcome such ob-
stacles as cinder roads and even flooded ground.
Nothing daunts them.
tunnel and dig, always thrusting the earth back-
ward and the wingless creature emerges, from a
hole as round and clean as though a projectile
from a rifle had pierced the ground. The earth
is honeyeombed with the tun-
nels of the emerging legions.
The bore their
through hard paths where man
has trod or rolled cinders and
ashes for after
Myriad holes appear along the
edges of cement boulevards—
on time with the rest—and this
has involved frenzied labor in
horizontal tunneling when the
surface was found unyielding.
But most wonderful of all is
the ingenuity displayed when
the upward journey has met
such grave obstacles as swampy
ground and shallow water.

The powerful fore-limbs

toilers way

year year.

detour would
too long to

A horizontal
be impossible
complete the journey of emer-
gence on schedule time. Prep-
arations are at once made to
meet this difficulty. The crea-

Cicada eggs deposited in a perforated twig.

20 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Tunneling to the surface.
ture begins the construction of a
waterproof caisson. Feverishly
thrusting the wet earth forward—
the only condition under which it
does this—a cylinder of cement-
like mud rises to a height of from
three to five inches, the height
apparently calculated to allow a
margin of safety should the

swamp be flooded by rain. And
from the roofs of these turrets the
builders emerge at the same time
the more fortunate members of the
great swarm issue from the loamy
ground of the adjacent country.
Where there are trees, the emerg-
ing creatures crawl a short distance
up the trunk and pause. It is their
last step as a crawling, toiling be-
ing. The back splits open and
from the earth-stained shell the

Cicada caissons elevated above water level.

BULLETIN

locust slowly emerges. For a time,
the soft and whitish body is pen-
dant. Then feeble limbs grasp the
bark and the creature drags its
way a short distance and _ rests.
Two crumpled bundles are slowly
unfurled and assume the outlines of
glistening wings. A surge of dark
hue flares over the body, which is
soon black, with ruddy markings.
The eyes are brilliant red.

Where the tunnels end in soft ground.

It is not many hours after the
transformation of the myriads that
the woodlands resound with the
strangest of insect songs. The
continuous drone seems far away
yet if the observer stops and listens
intently one realizes that it is
everywhere. This sound is pro-
duced only by the male cicada and
is the song of the insect’s brief

Tunneling openings in a hard cinder path,

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 21

u
Like

mummy cases, the cast shells

adorn the twigs.

courtship; for death is but
a few weeks distant. Be-
neath the body of the male
are two organs covered
with protective flaps that
are best described as minia-
ture kettle drums. Covered
with tightly-stretched mem-
brane they are vibrated by
an almost microscopic air
valve. After about a week
of the droning love song,
the female cicada becomes
of considerable intciest to
mankind.

Though both sexes of the cicada are provided
with a beak for sucking plant juices, they do
little feeding in the imago stage. They have
little time for feeding, in fact, as courtship is
too short and death too near. The female is
provided with an auger-like appendage beneath
the abdomen. This boring instrument is used in
imbedding the eggs in slender branches. And
here occurs the only harm that comes with the
locust swarms. With this phase of the cicada’s
life, we complete the cycle of this creature’s
existence through its seventeen years of life and
return to a phase explained in an early para-
graph in this strange story, where the eggs are
noted to rest snugly within a twig. But it is of
interest to explain how the female employs the
ovipositor.

The trunks of the trees festooned with dried casts.

Selecting terminal stems, where the bark is
soft and green, she literally drills a hole with
the sharp instrument at an oblique angle to the
pithy center of the twig. By an expanding
process at the tip—the ovipositor enlarges the
cavity at the bottom and from one to two eggs
are secreted. Crawling up the stem, she makes
a slit in the bark for a fraction of an inch, then
drills for another insertion of eggs. After about
a dozen perforations, she flies to another branch.
The attacked twig looks as though a large pin
had been sunken at regular intervals and heavily
dragged between the perforations. Throughout
the woodlands, innumerable branches are to be
seen thus attacked. Masses of injured stems
even can be detected at a considerable distance
owing to the uniform injury and protruding
fibers of the injured surface. A considerable
portion of the injured
i twigs wither and die and
the woods are soon spotted
with sprays of dead, brown
leaves, imparting to the
forests an aspect of sear-
ing from a fire. This is
the only material damage
done by the cicada swarms.
Its effect upon the forests
is superficial, but serious
if orchards involved.
Fruit trees occasionally are
attacked, but seldom to a
serious extent if wood-

A cast shell
which the

are

split through
emerged.

showing
cicada

ZOOLOGICAL

Preparing for the first flight of their
brief life.

land is nearby.

The writer very thor-
oughly investigated the
cicada visitation at sey-
eral points of the great
area of occurrence
both in Georgia and
Long Island. In both
areas there was little
damage to fruit trees
the great majority of
the eggs being deposited
in nearby forest growth.

At Massapequa, Long
Island, a_ thicket of

young birches showed
the stems to be absolutely riddled and a nearby
orchard of young peach trees to be practically
without damage. A few scars were noted in
nearby apple trees, but the birch thicket, and
groups of young oaks had halted the cicadas
from the fruit trees.

Seventeen years is a long period of time
through which to remember a former menace,
but fruit growers would do well to be ready for
a coming visitation—about which they are al-
ways warned by the government. The critical
time to make ready is several years before the
occurrence of the swarm and the process of prep-
aration should be the actual cultivation of young
and natura] tree growth where the locusts are
expected. The more profuse the growth, the
better, and particularly as regards the develop-
ment of sucker branches to attract the female

The perfect insect now ready for flight.

SOCIETY BULLETIN

cicadas away from neighboring fruit trees.
Most important of all should be the provisions
to guard against brush-fires the year before
the cicadas are due to emerge. They appear
late in May and the preceding fall is the time
to be on guard. It is then that the brush and
young growth that is to entice the cicadas is
imbedded in dry leaves that will quickly flare
and spread a withering fire.

Within a month after the ground has been
riddled by the emerging myriads, the droning
courtship song has reverberated all day and sud-
denly ceased each night, the eggs have been
snugly encased and the cicadas have completed
their task and also their lease of life. It is
during the third or fourth week of their joyous
flight and fast that one another becomes less
sure in flight and footing and drops to the
during the late afternoon journeys
through the foliage.
Stunned for the moment,
these individuals crawl
slowly over the ground,
but are overtaken by
the chill of dew and
condensation. They are
dead by morning and
others whose impover-
ished bodies have been
attacked by a fast grow-
ing fungus are rapidly
falling to swell their
numbers. The droning
song quickly grows
fainter day by day and

ground

The folded arms of the male Cicada
cover the singing organs.

ZOOLOGICAL

with rapid disintegration all signs of the swarm
—except the damaged stems—disappear to
human eyes.

The student of these strange creatures real-
izes, however, that a few weeks later, other
legions will appear. They are too minute to
attract attention and emerge from the imbedded
eggs, thence through the orifice drilled by a
deceased parent to assure their safety. Without
hesitation they launch their frail bodies into
space and after their aerial journey begin their
tunnelling which is to last for seventeen years
of time.

In a former paragraph the writer referred to
the visitation described as Brood X._ Strangely
enough the government officials of the Bureau
of Entomology at Washington, have charted
seventeen distinct broods of the seventeen-year
cicada. Brood XI is due to occur next year in
Connecticut and Rhode Island. Practically
every year sees the emergence of one of these
broods in some part of the United States. Brood
X is the most extensive of them all, but in 1923
a great swarm will appear to represent Brood
XIV. This will extend southward and west-
ward from New England and has been noted
in history from our early colonial days.

LEBANON CEDARS VANISH
Sacrep Trees Atmosr Extincr

HE cedars of Lebanon have almost disap-
peared from their native mountains of
Palestine, and yet one hears no great pro-

test. Trees 2,000 years old, that passed through
their infancy a hundred years before the Chris-
tian era, were cut to supply fuel for military
locomotives during the war.

The wholesale destruction of wonderful works
of art during the war brought forth groans that
were heard around the world, but the wood-
chopper, without a murmur being heard outside,
has destroyed this living thing that for centuries
has been used as a symbol of physical strength
by nations forgotten except in the pages of
history.

These beautiful giants thrived best in their
native home in the mountains of Lebanon in
Palestine, just south of Beirut. Their wood is
so durable that Pliny, the Roman historian, said
it was everlasting. The Arabs regarded the
trees as endowed with the principle of continual
existence, and when the great age of some in-
dividual specimens is considered they had very
good reason for holding this belief.

SOCIETY BULLETIN 2:

Timbers unearthed by excavators in the ruins
of the ancient Assyrian cities were found to be
practically unchanged after passing through
2,000 years of vicissitudes.

The cedar forests, which were historic when
the armies of Sennacherib laid them waste in
608 B. C. as recorded in the Bible and men-
tioned in the Psalms of David, have now been
ravaged by the Turks to feed their locomotives
that drew trains between the military station
at Beirut and the ancient capital at Damascus.
The conquerors of the Turks continued the
practice.

The cedars of Lebanon have the reputation
of being particularly fragrant, and in ancient
times the oil of this tree was thought to have
curative properties and as such was applied to
the body of those suffering from leprosy. The
Romans used the oil for the preservation of their
manuscripts.

The great size of individual trees produced
a profound impression upon the beholder. The
trunk often attained a girth of forty-two feet,
and a height of ninety feet was common. With
this is to be considered the fact that the spread
of the tree’s branches exceeded its height; an
unusual feature in an evergreen tree.—Argo-
naut; San Francisco.

Witp Anrmats Cuittep.—Warren, Pa., Feb.
11.—Deep snow throughout this entire section
is driving the deer from the forests to seek food
and shelter with domestic cattle in adjoining
farms. One herd of thirteen has been seen a
number of times in the vicinity of Kane.

Foxes and other wild animals close to civil-
ization have taken to the mines for shelter.—
Sun; New York.

Birp Lovers InpigNanrv.—Bird lovers of
Riverton, N. J., are criticising the proposed
campaign of the federal and state boards of
agriculture for the use of poison
sprays on hundreds of miles of highway foliage
in the fight 1inst the Japanese beetle next
spring. Representatives of Audubon societies,
it is said, have been asked to look into the pro-
gramme by farmers who believe the poisons will
kill insectivorous birds that are of more value
in combatting the beetle pest than are the direct
poisons.—Evening Sun; New York. +

extensive

Grand Chenier Bird Refuge cost the Rocke-
feller Foundation $7,872 for taxes and expenses
in 1918.—Sun; New York.

A Notable Event for Bird Lovers
“The World's Most Perfect Zoological Monograph”

TEMMINCK’S TRAGOPAN, Tragopan temmincki (J. E. Gray)

Specimen color-plate from volume one)

A MONOGRAPH OF THE PHEASANTS
By Wr11aM Breese

New York ZooLoGIcaL SOCIETY, through the co-operation of Col. Anthony R. Kuser.

To be completed in four royal quarto volumes, It appeals equally to the layman and the scientist.
richly illustrated with reproductions in color of Only 400 copies are available for sale in America.
paintings by Thorburn, Lodge, Knight, Fuertes and Volume I is now ready for distribution. Price is

Jones, also many photogravures and maps. $62.50 for each volume.

PusuisHeD by the

Prospectus, specimen plate and subscription blank will be mailed on application.

Tur Zoorocican Sociery, Zoological Park, New York Crry.

[24]

New York Zoological Society
GENERAL INFORMATION

MEMBERSHIP.—Membership in the Zoological Society is open to all interested in the
objects of the organization, who desire to contribute toward its support.

The cost of Annual Membership is $10 yearly, which entitles the holder to admission to
the Zoological Park on all pay days, when the collections may be seen to the best advantage.
Members are entitled to the Annual Report, bi-monthly Bulletin, Zoologica, Zoopathologica,
privileges of the Administration Building, all lectures and special exhibitions, and ten compli-
mentary tickets to the Zooloogical Park for distribution.

Any Annual Member may become a Life Member by the payment of $200. A subscriber
of $1,000 becomes a Patron; $2,500, an Associate Founder; $5,000, a Founder; $10,000, a
Founder in Perpetuity, and $25,000 a Benefactor.

Applications for membership may be given to H. R. Mitchell, Chief Clerk, Zoological Park,
C. H. Townsend, Aquarium, Battery Park, and the General Secretary, 111 Broadway, New York
City.

ZOOLOGICAL PARK.—The Zoological Park is open every day in the year, free, except
Monday and Thursday of each week, when admission is charged. Should either of these days
fall on a holiday no admission fee is charged. The opening and closing hours are from 10
o'clock A. M. until one-half hour before sunset.

NEW YORK AQUARIUM.—The Aquarium is open free to the public, every day in the
year: April to September, 9 A. M. to 5 P. M.; October to March, 10 A. M. to 4 P. M.

PUBLICATIONS

A MONOGRAPH OF THE PHEASANTS (BEEBE). Four Royal Quarto Volumes, $250.00

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and many photogravures and maps. Volume I—$62.50—ready for distribution. Prospectus, specimen plate
and subscription blank will be mailed upon application. Address The Zoological Society, Zoological Park,

New York City.

Paper Cloth Souvenir Postal Cards: Series of 75 subjects in colors,
40 sold in sets of 25 cards, assorted SubyjectSe = s-0- .25
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Publications for sale at 111 Broadway, Zoological Park and the New York Aquarium.

OBIHGCLS:~OF TEE SO Cathie

A PUBLIC ZOOLOGICAL PARK
THE PRESERVATION OF OUR NATIVE ANIMALS
THE PROMOTION OF ZOOLOGY

<0 2 WJ { Wy ;
fore X XAT. No. 2 epi MARCH, 1920

SOOCEET TY
BU LLETIN.

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Published by
THE NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL ee

ae NEA ea eA TST mm

aap Sia fi
HUR SETS yor

] m0 lke _ 7S

New Bork Zoological Society

Genera Orrice, 111 Broadway, New York City

President
Henry FairFietp Ossorn

First Vice-President

Mapison Grant

Treasurer
Percy R. Pyne, 20 Exchange Place
Secretary

Mapison Grant

Executive Committee
Won. Pierson Hamitton
Frank K. Srurcis
LisPENARD STEWART
Henry Farrrietp Osporn, e2-officio

Board of Managers
€x-officio The Mayor and The Prestoent Department of Parks,

Mapison Grant, Chairman
Percy R. Pyne
Witiiam Wuire NILes

Class of 1921
Frank K. Srurets
Georce J. GouLp
Ocpen Mivus
Lewis RutHerrorp Morris

Levi P. Morton
Mapison GRANT
Witiiam Waite Nites
Henry A. C. Taytor

Class of 1922
Emerson McMILuIn
Antuony R. Kuser
Watson B. DickERMAN
Mortimer L. Scuirr

Percy R. Pyne
Gerorce Birp GRINNELL
CLEVELAND H. Dopee
C. Lepyarp Buair

Class of 1923
Wo. Pierson HamiILttTon
Rozsert S. BrewsTER

Epwarp S. Harkness
Wiu1am B. Oscoop Fie.p

General Officers

Henry FarirFrietp Osporn
LisPENARD STEWART
Cuar.es F. DietrericH
Georce F. Baker

Witu1am T. Hornapay, Director Zoological Park

Second Vice-President

Frank K. Srurcis

Asst. Treasurer
Tue Farmers’ Loan & Trust Co.

Warson B. DickERMAN
AntHony R. Kuser
A. Barton Hrepsurn

City of New York

ArcHer M. HuntTINGTon
E. C. Converse

Grorce D. Pratt

T. Coteman pu Pont

Freperic C. WaLcotTtT
BrerEKMAN WINTHROP
Georce C. CLark

W. RepmMonp Cross

A. Barton Hrepsurn
Witiiam Woopwarp
Epwin THORNE

Percy A. RockEFELLER

Cuartes H. Townsenp, Director, New York Aquarium

Georce S. Huntinerton, Prosector
Grorce A. MacCa.uivum, Pathologist
R. L. Cerero, Bursar

Officers of the Zoological Park
Wituram T. Hornapay, Director
H. R. Mircuetx, Chief Clerk
Raymonp L. Dirmars, Curator, Reptiles
Ler S. Cranpatu, Curator, Birds
Wituiam Berse, Honorary Curator, Birds

Exwin R. Sansorn, Photographer and Editor

Officers of the Aquarium
Cuarites H. Townsenp, Director
Wasuinctron I. DENysz, Assistant
James P. Moore, Chief Engineer

C. Grant La Farce, Architect
H. Der B. Parsons, Consulting Engineer

H. W. Merket, Chief Forester
W. Rei Brair, Veterinarian
Wivuiam MircuHe tu, Cashier

Rozsert Sutrcuirre, Clerk

Ipa M. Metten, Secretary

? a es
A SUGGESTION FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE AQUARIUM BUILDING
This plan contemplates the removal of the existing wooden superstruc-
ture both weak and unsightly, and an enlargement of the building
in pyramidal form

From a sketch by C. H. Townsend

CORNER INES ou, MPAURIC Hs) 169/270

CastTLE GARDEN NUMBER
Cksnrme GARDEN lS 0) fae eotdeny ee ares ares Oke tee contre ene wlayavsrape odessa Auesshe Frontispiece
HisrortcaL SKETCH oF THE AQuartumM—Charles Haskins Townsend...... ...... Q7
Illustrations
Cacia Evan Ap. Isp anise, ISOs 6 osa6 cacao aneueneooenmuceonacedcnossn 28
CASmrE GARDEN TAN DEBATE R vaVIA Kel SSO) | Seto cos eas town ae cuee e 28
(Nera CoAT ENP OCG AAN erty Mame oman ee Selatan Seay auch ahs bow Settle eee ee ge 26)
CAsnreEGARDEN AND WHEE BATTERY GAOL eerie se cieiva cic ae ston eea meas: 29
JENNY Linp at Castite GArpEN : : . 380
diniiinhy JONI 5,6 Wao bana eines biciees bla eeene ee : eo asl
CastLe GARDEN AND THe Barrery 32
INTERIOR OF CAsTLE GARDEN, 1851 32
SRA Tey See ES ste eerie & 33
IN@RAUANEC 15 Ga CRS aS he SIA Ohta ler A Sie ONCE arr nee eo EER nO ae sOSce oD
ARN TINT GO ee Grr Ne AUN ARIE TIS eae pene cae od roe Sua. Apeesct ale) cleaner eats ses eames nr eee 34
(Cuangiaicrn: (GuATeyaNOIN TGV ye sae Bah ren meters Ge AS, ERR atte oe 35
CastLteE GarRpDEN, 1852 Re EE ev ite AD reenact Bey nh 35
Cacimaie (Carina (IDES ere seVony aad) 55 agen oo Eee ceo a Oeeac ARS ERA lel eS teniet er ene ea 36
CAS TIAE CARD ENEMA OUTS O Ste erry ewe oki. coo mnie he me nate MR en ys cus a ee 36
Orne OORSIOR YAO UARIUMMm acne iN ene o eave cae seers ee eee oe ene See, oe ROO
WLR Oia INO MORI SOW) Ore WWiNinsen Sansoiow ye oe em a dice 6 Malco a ose ae a emas 39
Castin GARDEN AND Tur Barrery.................- 4 SRL ee ie ne ei 39
KoRn CrrnyroNs lS ious: so eiaters crepe ists a Ge th nae Rey Mitch ha hte a ee ly eee ene eat 40
(Ciatsavrarmn Gast Nea GO Omen ten ek tea eval accepts acetone taacicertewer me serrate Sette ome at 41
Castine Garpen, 1890 ....... Be a ecole Sree De RCL ae coat 5s A) Oe ete 4.2
AN OAMTRATENTE, TENG TOTES ZI CAN Ice we Grete Beg RRL ees cet eu a CeCe Ie eg 43
BitinE rn val ARKen cel tall sally OD Asy geet ree rie cere ite Merercticlisrer occa cee calle re ete os cece cette 44
IN RERTORNORENTWA ORK -AQUARIUIME LOIOn seeder cee wenceelssusnse ses cece 44
LANDING oF Waraverten Aw CAstim GARDEN, 1824 ............-5-5eecnececece Cover

LOO OGG AGES O'C PEM YS BW ia Ren TN
Pusuisuep by the New Yorw« Zooroaicat Socirry
111 Broadway, New York City
Single Copies, 20 cents Bi-monthly Yearly by Mail, $1.00

York

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From

AOOKOGICAL SOCIETY
BULLETIN

Published by the New York Zoological Society

Votume XXIII

MARCH, 1920

9

NuMBER

HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE AQUARIUM BUILDING

FORMERLY KNOWN AS CASTLE GARDEN

By Cuarves Haskins Townsenp

In the library of the Aquarium, there are a number of old prints showing the appearance at

various times, of the building which it occupies, formerly known as Castle Garden.

It has been

thought desirable to reproduce them in this number of the BuLtietin, and thus make them avail-
able to a considerable number of visitors to the Aquarium who make inquiry respecting the history

of the building.
HE low, dingy building in Battery Park

i which houses the Aquarium, shares with

old St. Paul’s, the City Hall, Fraunce’s
Tavern and perhaps a few other down-town
structures, the distinction of being more than a
century old.

It has had a varied career under various names.
Built between 1807 and 1811 as a fort, known as
Southwest Battery, it later was called Fort Clin-
ton and afterward Castle Clinton, in honor of
the Mayor of New York during the war of 1812.

In 1823, having been abandoned as a military
station, it was ceded by the federal government
to the City of New York. The roomy structure
was soon converted into an amphitheatre capable
of seating six thousand persons and was opened
as a public assembly hall in 1824, called Castle
Garden, a name which clung to it long after it
became an immigrant depot in 1855, and indeed
after it was made an aquarium in 1896.

The career of prosperity on which Castle Gar-
den started in 1824 was continued for many
years. Being the largest place of assembly in
the country, and possibly in the world, it is not
surprising that it should have been used for many
purposes. It was virtually the water-gate to
the City. The public receptions held there
fill the old building with historic memories.
Lafayette was received there in 1824; President
Jackson in 1832; President Tyler in 1843;

Jenny Lind in 1850; Kossuth in 1851; the Prince
of Wales in 1860; some of Daniel Webster’s ora-
tions were delivered there, and it was there that
Professor Morse, in 1835, publicly demonstrated
the use of the Morse telegraphic code. It be-
came the home of Italian Opera, where Malibran,
Sontag, Mario, Strackosch and_ others
Castle Garden was, in fact,
In 1852
it was the scene of the centenary of the stage in
New York, when John Braham sang and Lola
Montez danced.

Grisi,
achieved triumphs.

the first real home of opera in America.

The greatest musical event connected with it
was Jenny Lind’s first appearance in America,
under the management of P. T. Barnum. The
following notes are extracts from Rosenberg’s
Jenny Lind in America:

“On the morning of Wednesday, September
11, there was little more than her name talked
about from one end of New York to the other.
Go where you would, the subject of conversation
was the great singer. Mr. Barnum had
made every possible effort to control the multi-
tude. The police were there and were
very actively employed in keeping the gates and
pathway across the Battery, from the end of
Broadway, clear of the crowd. This neverthe-
less was a task which they attempted almost
wholly in vain.

28 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

CASTLE GARDEN AND THE BATTERY IN 1830
Engraved for the New York Mirror, 1830. Castle Williams at the left

CASTLE GARDEN AND BATTERY WALK IN 1836

This interesting old print shows the comparative height of the gun embrasures above the
water. As the building stands imbedded in Battery Park, the embrasures are only a
yard above the ground

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 29

CASTLE GARDEN IN 1844
First Division, New York State Artillery, at The Battery, From a colored lithograph,
seventeen by twenty-six inches

CASTLE GARDEN AND THE BATTERY IN 1846
View from the foot of Broadway

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[ 30 |

ZOOLOGICAL

JENNY LIND

From
New

the cover of a music sheet published in
York in 1847, three years before she began
singing in Castle Garden

“Jenny Lind was now face to face with an
American audience, and probably the largest
audience before which she had ever sang. . . .
She indeed sang the Cavatina so finely that the
audience were completely carried away by their
feelings and drowned the last portion of the air
in a perfect tempest of acclamation.”

Soon came the duet in which Jenny Lind sang
with Belletti. “She sang it deliciously, and the
approbation of the audience broke out so vehem-
ently that they were at length compelled to desist,
and this from sheer exhaustion.

“In the meantime a singular scene had been
going on in the rear of the building. The
river was swarming with boats, filled with the
hardest class of customers, numbering consider-
ably more than five hundred. They had abso-
lutely besieged Castle Garden by water. How-
ever, Mr. Matsell, the chief of the police, had
effectually guarded against the chance of such
an intrusion.”

The author continues: “This time it was the
Flute Song by Meyerbeer. It called

SOCIETY

BULLETIN 31

forth the enthusiasm of those present, until the
applause died down from the fatigue which it
produced.”

The author describes the concert in detail,
finally coming to the Echo Song: “It completely
and irrevocably sealed her triumph, and when
she came forward and sang her Greeting to
America, it was listened to as that of the greatest
singer who had ever crossed the water that sep-
arates it from the Old World.”

“We here subjoin the Programme of
Concert.

this

CASTLE GARDEN

First Appearance of Madamoiselle Jenny Lind

On Wepwnespay Evenine, Ilrit Sepremper, 1850
Programme
Parr I
(ONE — (Ol xo)) Ganososecosoombocdds oven! Neber
Arta—‘Sorgete” (Maometto Secondo) ...... Rossini
Sicnor Bevierri
Scena anp Cavatrna—“Casta Diva”
(NGM) socgaedadanicodegenoonmmrpoemdobaab Bellini

MapamoiseLte JENNY Linp

Dver on Two Piano Forres

HorrmMan

Messteurs Benepicr and
Dverro—‘Per piacer alla Signora”
(Il Tureo in Italia)

MapamoisetteE JENNY Linp and Signor BeLierri

Rossini

Part II

OverturE—(The Crusaders) ............... Benedict
Trio for the Voice and Two Flutes, composed ex-
pressly for Madamoiselle Jenny Lind (Camp of
SUGSED Pasa ootoacnavceno) opadueotus.sc! Meyerbeer

Mapamorsette JENNY Linp
Flutes, Messrs. Kyte and Srepe
Cavatina—“Largo el Factotum” Il Barbiere. . Rossini
Signor BEeLLertr
THE

“The Echo Song”........1 Vadamoiselle Jenny Lind

HerpsmMaAn’s Sonc, more generally known as

Tue Wetcome to America, written expressly for this
occasion, by Bayard Taylor, Esq. ........ Benedict
Mapamoisevie JENNY Linn

SrdouooEPpSCyAPO One ED Hoon onc M. Benedict

The Orchestra will consist of Sixty Performers,
including the first Instrumental talent in the country.
Price of Tickets, Three Dollars. Choice of places
will be sold by Auction, at Castle Garden.
Concert to commence at

ConpuctTor

Doors open at six o'clock.
eight o'clock.

No checks will be issued.

Malle. Jenny Lind’s Second Grand Concert will be
given at Castle Garden on Friday evening, 13th
instant.

Chickering’s Grand Pianos will be used at the first
Concert.”

32 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

CASTLE GARDEN AND THE BATTERY
Engraving dated 1850. From Governor's Island

INTERIOR OF CASTLE GARDEN IN 1851
Kossuth addressing the Military

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

The public demonstration over the arrival of
Kossuth a year later was almost as enthusiastic,
if we may judge from the description given in
Headley’s Life of Kossuth:

“Saturday, December 6, was selected by the
authorities of New York to celebrate Kossuth’s
arrival. . . . At 9 o'clock the steamer V’an-
derbilt, decorated with flags of the United States
and Hungary, touched the wharf at Castle
Garden to receive the city officials. . . .
Thus amid incessant displays of congratulations,
the Vanderbilt sweeping round by Jersey City
returned to Castle Garden. The battery never
before offered a sight so glorious. A hundred
thousand persons were there. . . . Upon
the Magyar’s entrance into the ample structure,
another tumultuous shouting rose and_ rever-
berated, until the roof seemed to tremble. . . .
After partial silence was gained, Kossuth pro-
nounced his eloquent address to the Republican
masses of the New World. . . .

“The subsequent pageant it is impossible to
describe with fidelity. Everywhere along the line
of march the most lively enthusiasm was man-
ifested.”

Lafayette arrived on the ship Cadmus, August
15, 1824, on his first and only visit after the

KOSSUTH
engraving in Headley’s ‘Life of Louis
Governor of Hungary. Published Auburn,
>

Ne eee

From an
Kossuth,”

BULLETIN 33

LAFAYETTE

From an engraving in Foster's ‘‘Tour of Lafayette
in the United States’ in 1824. Published Portland,
Maine, 1824. At this time Lafayette, aged 67, wore
a brown wig
Revolution in which he played a conspicuous part.
After transfer to the steamboat Chancellor Liv-
ingston, he was escorted up to the city by war-
ships and steamboats on which were members of
the city, state and federal governments. At
Castle Garden, Lafayette landed upon a richly
carpeted stairway arranged for the occasion,
under an arch richly decorated with flags and
wreaths of laurel. A magnificent ball was given
in his honor at Castle Garden, which surpassed
anything of the kind previously held in the city.
The féte at Castle Garden is described as follows
in Foster’s Tour of Lafayette:

“Tt was a scene of enchantment which the mind
could not bring itself to believe was a reality,
and which left the beholder mute, bewildered,
and gazing in astonishment. Let the reader im-
agine an immense amphitheatre, not less than
two hundred feet in diameter, or six hundred
feet in circumference, with galleries rising one
above another, to the extreme part of the battle-
ment, the ascent to which was by lofty flights of
steps—let him imagine a canopy extending over
the whole area, *the apex of which was seventy
feet from the floor, woven of festoons of flags of
all colours and descriptions, entirely concealing
the triple folds of canvas, forming the
RAMEE 5 gS

“Let him imagine six thousand ladies and
gentlemen, in full dresses, dancing, promenad-
ing, and moving in all directions, to the music of
two numerous orchestras in the gallery, over the
entrance; let him, if he can, combine, into one

* There was no roof on the building at that time.

34

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

BULLETIN

LANDING OF GEN. LAFAYETTE AT CASTLE GARDEN, AUGUST 1824
The tower at the right of the picture, jocularly referred to by Washington Irving as “the churn,”
appears only in the older views of The Battery. It must have disappeared during the late ‘20s.
From a drawing by Imbert, engraved by Sam’l Maverick.

view, these splendid images, and he may form
some idea of the coup d’oeil of this spectacle. .. .

“At Lafayette
entered the Castle, accompanied by his suite,
and

TENTS ese) ts

about ten o'clock, General

escorted by the committee of arrange-

“Throughout the whole evening, the company
amused themselves with cotillions, eighty sets
being frequently on the floor at the same time,
the dances being called, and closed by the
bucleseee

“At two o'clock in the morning, the General
took leave of the company, and embarked on
board the James Kent, in waiting for him at the

Castle, being beautifully illuminated, and
adorned with banners. . .

“London boasts of its Vauxhall; Paris of its
Champ d’Elysses; Naples, of San Carlos; but
foreign gentlemen present, admitted that they
never had seen anything to equal this féte, in
the several countries to which they belong.”

Making due allowance for the author’s en-
thusiasm, it was evidently quite a demonstration
for a city still able to find elbow room on the
lower end of Manhattan Island. The Battery
was then the social center of New York, Father
Knickerbocker had not yet put on his seven
league boots for the strides which were to leave

Castle Garden socially far behind. Seventy
years later when reconstructed into an aquarium
its popularity returned.

The following notes on the military history
of the building are from documents sent by the
War Department to the Director of the Aquarium
in 1906.
some of the earlier descriptions, it seems best

In view of the fact that errors exist in

to quote verbatim:

“1. Many of the letters and reports of the
period during which Castle Clinton was under
construction and which would probably give in-
formation concerning the progress of the work,
are missing. The following extracts and notes
furnish all the data found.

“9. “As soon as a proper title can be obtained
a foundation should be made round the Bastion
of the Old Battery, where the Flag staff is placed
extending about forty or fifty feet from the pres-
ent. And upon this foundation, a Casemated
Battery should be constructed in such manner,
that the Gun upon the right, will take the North
river, while that upon the left will range along
the Courtine of the old Battery.’ (Instructions
of the Secretary of War to Lieut. Col. J. Wil-
liams, July 21, 1807, 58510/115.)

“3. ‘On discovering the extent of the Water
Lots granted to individuals for the purpose of a

oa

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN ‘

CASTLE GARDEN IN 1847
From a painting six feet long, owned by Mr. Klein of San Francisco. This is a view from the north
with Governor's Island in the background. At the left is the bridge connecting with Battery Walk

CASTLE GARDEN IN 1852

From a lithograph published in Valentine’s Manual, showing entrance to bridge and
aecessory buildings supported by piling

36 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

CASTLE GARDEN
From an old print of the Aquarium building, of unknown date

PR

CASTLE GARDEN. ABOUT 1868

From the painting by Edward Moran in the Fairmount Park Museum, Philadelphia, showing
the building before the completion of the sea wall along the edge of Battery Park

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 37

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

Mammals Aquarium
W. T. Hornapay. C. H. Townsenp.
Birds Reptiles

Lee S. CRANDALL. Raymonp L, Dirmars.

WitituMm Breese, Honorary Curator, Birds

Published bi-monthly at the Office of the Society,
111 Broadway, New York City.
Yearly by Mail, $1.00.

MAILED FREE TO MEMBERS.
Copyright, 1920, by the New York Zoological Society.
Each author is responsible for the scientific accuracy

and the proof reading of his contribution.

Etwi R. Sansorn, Editor

Von. XXTILT, No. 2 Marcu, 1920
new street and wharves for without any yet made,
I found that I must go at least two hundred feet
out from the Battery to have any command of the
north river; this will carry me into about eigh-
teen or twenty feet of water. Shall I do this?
At forty or fifty feet as at first proposed the new
buildings and wharves will cover a great part of
the “ROPER Battery, which could not fire far-
ther up, than in a direction towards Hoebuck.’
(Letter of Lieut. Col. J. Williams to the Secre-
tary of War, Aug. 28, 1807, 58510/119.)
* * * * *

on

‘On my return from West Point where I
have been to pay & dismiss the Academy I
found that Capt. Whiley had stop’d all the work
at the Blocks off the Battery. I have
therefore on my own responsibility directed the
Works to continue as long as the Season will
permit.’ (Letter of Col. J. Williams to
the Secretary of War, Dec. 3, 1808, 58510/188).

“8. ‘Preparations have also been made for
erecting a heavy battery on a stone foundation
with a superstructure of solid mason work at the
southwest point of the city. The point selected
has a complete command from the whole range
of North river on one side to the complete width
of East river on the other. Nothing more than
the exterior blocks or counterguards for sinking
the foundation can be effected this winter.’
(From a report of the Secretary of War, com-
municated to Congress by President Jefferson,
Jan. 6, 1809. See American State Papers, Mil-
itary Affairs, Vol. 1, page 237.)

Olea Considering that I have already
overloaded Capt. Whiley with business & wish-
ing to obtain experience in laying foundation
in water I mean to leave the Battery at the City
the last because it ought to be the most securely
done. (Letter of Col. J. Williams to the Secre-
tary of War, Sept. 13, 1809, 58510/220.)

TUG), When Bedloe’s Island shall be
finished & the Battery off the City Battery shall
be completed the first will mount about forty &
the last thirty Guns.’ (Letter of Col. J. Williams
to Cap. R. Whiley, U.S. Artillery, Commanding,
Fort Columbus, Dee. 1, 1809, 58510/232.)

“ld. “New York:

: At the West point of the city, near
the old battery, a circular battery, calculated for
thirty guns has been commenced.’ (From a re-
port of the Secretary of War to the House of
Representatives, Dec. 19, 1809. ahs American
State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. 1, page 246.)

EES as . It was originally ee that
the Castle off the old Battery should be like the
but you directed me to
taking care to have the
it should be deter-

(Letter of Col.
of War, Feb. 1,

one on Governors Island;
build it of one Tier only,
foundation sufficient, in case
mined to raise it afterwards.’
J. Williams to the Secretary
1810, 58510/241.)

* % * * ¥

“16. ‘Report of Fortifications — ete.
WEG Gf 6 oc

‘New York Harbor, Continued. About one
hundred yards in front of the west head of the
grand battery, in the city of New York, an en-
closed circular battery of stone, with twenty-
eight heavy guns mounted, with two magazines,
and barracks for officers.’ (See report of the Sec-
retary of War, Dec. 10, 1811.)

con-

Nothing found showing when
name ‘Castle Clinton.’

“18. (Note.
the work received the
References in ‘Military Papers of Daniel D.
Tompkins, Governor of New York, 1807-1817,’
Published by the State, Vol. 1, 714, 753 and 757,
indicate that it was known as the “West Battery”
in Dec. 1814. It is designated ‘Castle Clinton’
on a plan marked ‘Drawn by Capt. Poussin,

1819, Drawer 36, sheet 27.)
“19, Description of Castle Clinton. See
letter of Capt. R. E. De Russy, Nov. 5, 1820.

(E 479-1820.)

“90. President authorized to have works dis-
mantled and to reconyey land to Mayor and Cor-
poration of New York. (Act of Congress Ap-
proved, March 30, 1822, Vol. 6, Stats. at Large,
pages 263 and 264.)

“24. Summary. It appears from the fore-
going notes that the construction of the work
afterwards known as Castle Clinton was ordered
by the Secretary of War in 1807, that the con-
struction of the foundation was probably begun

Aquarium Reception postponed until June 7, 1920

38

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

BULLETIN

THE OLD DOORS OF THE AQUARIUM

These are the original doors of Southwest Battery.
are studded with 768 iron bolts.

in 1808, that operations were probably suspended
in 1809 and 1810 and resumed in 1811 when the
work was completed, and that it was turned over
to the authorities of the City of New York, June
ZO WUS2oen

In referring to the changes taking place in
the neighborhood of the Battery at the begin-
ning of the century, Thomas A. Janvier in Old
New York writes as follows:

“Meanwhile there had been set up in this
region another military engine of destruction
which never came to blows with any-
body, but led always a life of peaceful usefulness
that is not yet at an end. This was the South-

They are twelve feet high, seven inches thick, and

The small postern door is 57 inches high

west Battery that later was to be known honor-
ably as Castle Clinton; that still later was to
become notable, and then notorious, as Castle
Garden; and that at the present time is to take
a fresh start in respectability as the Aquarium.

“It is not easy to realize, nowadays, as we see
this chunky little fort standing on dry ground
A that when it was built, between the
years 1807 and 1811, it was a good hundred yards
out from the shore. . . .

“The Battery Park, or Battery Walk, as it in-
differently was called, of that period, was a
crescent-shaped piece of ground of about ten
acres—being less than half of the size of the

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 39

A. Trinity Church.

3. Tablet: First Houses.

(67, Site of Cregier’s
Tavern.

D. Tablet: Kennedy Ho.

EH: Site of Statue of
George III.; de Pey-
ster Statue.

F. Tablet: Fort Amsterdam.

G. Site W. I. Co. Bakery.

H. Old House, 19 Pearl.

1 Site Stuyvesant’s
White Hall.

fe U. S. Army Building.

K Site Hirst Dutch
Church, 33 Pearl.

LL. Line British Barracks
and Whitehall Bat-
tery.

M. Fraunce’s Tavern.

N. Site of Horse Mill
(1626).

O. Marketfield St. (Pro-
duce Exchange.)

12) Marinus Willett Tablet.

Q@. Jeannette Park.

R Tablet: Stadt Huys.

Ss. Hanover Square (Tablet
Cotton Exchange).

T. Water Gate of New
Amsterdam,

U. Tontine Coffee House.

Vv. Custom House.

We SitieiNielw, Dihuttiesh
Church.

Ne Sub-Treasury; Wash-
ington Statue.

Ye Site First Presbyterian
Church.

Z. Land Gate New Am-
sterdam.

MAP OF NEW YORK SOUTH OF WALL STREET
The heavy mark, indicating the original water line, shows that The
Battery was then merely a narrow strip

CASTLE GARDEN AND THE BATTERY

From an undated French engraving, ‘Vue prise au dessus de la batterie.” At this time The Battery had
been extended, its northern edge being parallel with Washington Street

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[ 40 ]

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

CASTLE GARDEN

Showing the building as an immigrant station after the extension of Battery Park.

not yet been completed. The old Battery Walk

from

BULLETIN 4]

IN 1869

The
southward,

had
From

sea wall

Greenwich Street remains.

a color print eight by twelve inches

Battery Park of the present day—which ended
at the water-side in a little bluff, capped by a
wooden fence, with a shingly beach beyond.”

Mr. Janvier adds that Southwest Battery
never fired a shot against an enemy.

An examination of the map (page 39) is
desirable, as it makes clear the position of the
building with respect to the shore line which
was finally so extended as to bring the structure
within the limits of what is now Battery Park.
The dark wavy line on the map marks the orig-
inal shore line of lower Manhattan. The tree-
covered strip then known as “The Battery” was
very narrow as compared with its present area.

By comparing cut and map (page 39) it
will be seen that the side-wheel steamers docked
immediately north of Castle Garden, poking
their bowsprits into Washington Street, are lying
farther inshore by the width of a whole block
and a street, than they could at present. West
Street and the block between it and Washington
Street, rest on land reclaimed by a long process
of filling in.

An interesting view of the building (page 40),
when it still was a fort, is shown in the cut of
an eighteen-inch blue platter. The hand of
the disfiguring vandal had not yet been laid

upon the exterior of the fort. A dozen or more

similar pictures of it are to be found on the old
blue colonial tableware of the period. This
platter, considered a gem by collectors, was pre-
sented to the Aquarium by the Misses Earle, of
New York, in 1896, when the building started
on its career as an aquarium. Its duplicate sold
in Boston, in November, 1901, for one hundred
and seven dollars and seventy-five cents.

The landing of Lafayette, in 1824, at Castle
Garden, is pictured on a piece of this tableware,
one of the Clews patterns, now seldom to be
found except in the hands of collectors. The
Staffordshire potteries produced much printed
china for the American market a century ago.

There are in existence many more prints of
this building than are presented here, some of
which relate to the military period of its history
when it was simply an unadorned fort. After
it had been abandoned to municipal control it
acquired many architectural excrescences. A
study of the prints of this second period shows
that its wooden superstructure—the part above
the original masonry walls—was altered many
times. While it stood off shore the view of its
walls from the land was almost cut off by sur-
rounding outbuildings supported on piles. For
many years there was a covered balcony around
the top. While being remodeled for use as an

42 ZOOLOGICAL

SOCIETY BULLETIN

CASTLE GARDEN AS THE LANDING PLACE FOR IMMIGRANTS, 1890
The structure and its outbuildings were enclosed within a wall

aquarium, the roof was altered again to admit
more light and was extended nearer to the edge
of the masonry wall.

The building as it appears at present, is de-
scribed in The New New York by John C. Van
Dyke, as follows:

“If such a fate [referring to old landmarks
outliving their usefulness| should overtake the
Aquarium (formerly Castle Garden) there would
be few mourners. It has no beauty about it, and
the only thing that is saving it just now is its
enforced use. It makes a fairly decent building
for an aquarium, and besides it is located in
Battery Park and no one is crying for the land
it occupies.

“Tt now houses the finest collection of fishes in
the world but it has almost completely lost its
old character.

“Instead of covering a tiny island, it rests
bedded in the stone slabs of Battery Park and
looks somewhat like a half-sunken tank.
Sentiment may cling about it, and the folk with
neither New York ancestry nor history may
reverence it because it is so ‘very old’ but in
reality it is sad rubbish and has little place in
the new city. There is not a building in lower
New York that goes back to the time of the
Dutch occupation, and very few that belong to
the later English occupation.”

gas

That it is unsightly cannot be denied, but its
unsightliness lies wholly in its wooden super-
structure, which should be removed because it is
other reason. Besides,
it is old and weak. We should like to see every-
thing above the level of the nine-foot-thick walls
forming the fort of 1811, shaved clean off. Havy-
ing thus got back to original principles, the

a fire trap, if for no

architects would soon design a fitting superstruc-
ture. *The accompanying sketch by the writer
has been warmly approved by prominent arch-
itects, as not only solving the problems of provid-
ing more room for the Aquarium and saving in-
tact the walls of old Southwest Battery with all
their gun embrasures, but entirely eliminating
the deplored unsightliness.

Van Dyke’s comparison to a half-sunken gas
tank, comes nearer the truth than he supposed.
The building in its original situation carried its
guns well above high tide. Now that it is im-
bedded within the general level of Battery Park,
its high gun embrasures are brought within three
feet of the ground. How deeply its massive
walls have been sunken may readily be judged
by comparing its height on land with the earlier
prints showing it surrounded by water. Built
upon part of an off-shore reef known to the

*See table of contents.

ZOOLOGICAL

CONE HONEY CHEETOS UsPren roenesal tspaeT

SOCIETY

BULLETIN 43

THE AQUARIUM, BATTERY PARK
From a photograph taken by A. Loeffler in 1902, showing the Castle Garden building deeply
sunken in Battery Park, its gun embrasures only a yard above ground

Dutch settlers as Kapske rocks, and with walls
nine feet thick, its foundation should be firm
enough to support a skyscraper.

The massive doors of the Aquarium are as old
as the building itself, and are of considerable
interest to visitors. They are, in fact, the doors
of a fort and were constructed to withstand al-
most any force except the cannon shot of that
period.

Today they seem as out of place in New York
as though they belonged to the Tower of London.
It is not unlikely, however, that some other forts
in the country have doors like them.

The great doors of the Aquarium are each
twelve feet high, five feet wide and seven inches
thick. They are constructed of three layers of
heavy cross-planking, thickly studded with bolts
all riveted inside, the heads of which are over two
inches in diameter. The bolts on each door are
in twelve vertical rows, with thirty-two in each
row; a total of 768 bolts, five inches apart, for
both doors.

The hinges, three to each door, are proportion-
ately massive. The small sentry or postern door
that is cut in one of the large doors, is fifty-seven
inches high and twenty-one inches wide, with a
ponderous lock, the key to which must have been
three times the size of the key to the Bastile
that Lafayette presented to Washington and
which is exhibited at Mount Vernon.

The doors were fastened with heavy timbers,
the ends of which were let into the masonry at
each end.

Nothwithstanding its changing scenes the
building never was deserted. After the social
activities marking the Castle Garden epoch, end-
ing in the early ’50s, there was a period of thirty-
five years’ service as an immigrant depot, during
which nearly eight millions of immigrants passed
through its doors.

After these came the legions of visitors that
pass through the same doors into the Aquarium
—forty-three millions of them in the past
twenty-two years,

44 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

BATTERY PARK AS IT IS TODAY
From an engraving of the present time

INTERIOR OF NEW YORK AQUARIUM IN 1920
None of the interior equipment of the Castle Garden period remains

New York Zoological Society
GENERAL INFORMATION

MEMBERSHIP.—Membership in the Zoological Society is open to all interested in the
objects of the organization, who desire to contribute toward its support.

The cost of Annual Membership is $10 yearly, which entitles the holder to admission to the
Zoological Park on all pay days, when the collections may be seen to the best advantage.
Members are entitled to the Annual Report, bi-monthly Bulletin, Zoologica, Zoopathologica,
privileges of the Administration Building, all lectures and special exhibitions, and ten compli-
mentary tickets to the Zoological Park for distribution.

Any Annual Member may become a Life Member by the payment of $200. A subscriber
of $1,000 becomes a Patron; $2,500, an Associate Founder; $5,000, a Founder; $10,000, a
Founder in Perpetuity, and $25,000 a Benefactor.

Applications for membership may be given to H. R. Mitchell, Chief Clerk, Zoological
Park, C. H. Townsend, Aquarium, Battery Park, and the General Secretary, 111 Broadway,
New York City.

ZOOLOGICAL PARK.—The Zoological Park is open every day in the year, free, except
Monday and Thursday of each week, when admission is charged. Should either of these days
fall on a holiday no admission fee is charged. The opening and closing hours are from 10
o'clock A. M. until one-half hour before sunset.

NEW YORK AQUARIUM.—The Aquarium is open free to the public, every day in the
year: April to September, 9 A. M. to 5 P. M.; October to March, 10 A. M. to 4 P. M.

PUBLICATIONS

A MONOGRAPH OF THE PHEASANTS (BEEBE). Four Royal Quarto Volumes, $250.00

Illustrated with reproductions in color of paintings by Thorburn, Lodge, Knight, Fuertes and Jones, and
many photogravures and maps. Volume I ready for distribution—$62.50. Prospectus, specimen plate and
subscription blank will be mailed upon application.

Paper Cloth | potvents ios Caras Series of 63 enbyeces in colors,
sold in sets o cards, assorted subjects......... 25
AMES Sone RG ‘ CT LODOAOOL RO oe $1.00 (By mail, postage 2 cents per set extra.)
4 x4 be SR RCOH OES 0 : Souvenir Book: Series No. 3, 48 pages, 7 x 9 inches,
3 and 4, each 40 -60 78 illustrations from four-color plates............. -50
“ “ CE CI re Co 75 1.00 (By mail, postage 3 cents extra.)
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“ “ “ “ “ space for mounting 120 art stamps in four colors
9 10, 1.25 1.50 4
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11 to 23 incl. 1.00 1.25 in the Zoological Park, complete with stamps...... .75
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ST eee ee ue 1.65 Wild Animal Stamp Primer: 96 page cloth bound book
day) postpal ; containing 49 animal stories, illustrated by 50 four-
Destruction of Our Birds and Mam- : colon = stanip exe PKOGUCtIONS sieainistteiesisteleistelel vies terse = 85
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The Caribou (Grant)............. 40 -60 | Panorama of the Zoological Park: Reproduced in colors
The Origin and Relationship of the rom an original drawing in perspective. Sold
fuagys Meme GF Noman Amos flat or in sar es a aera eyecare a -10
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Tropical Wild Life (Beebe; Hart- Duotone, Brown, ee 335
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Zoologica Vol. I. Nos. 1-20 incl. 3.85 BGM Seat anacerE Tree (MANOS ees eee ee ren mint 420
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oologica Vol. II. Nos. 7, 8 and 9, Care of Home Aquaria (Osborn)................. cloth .50
EG ag andha Sees oe SOB Bec SOD AneS -25 Porpoise in Captivity (Townsend) Bin fapejnleicieie orsiataiate ce elanere .25
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Publications for sale at 111 Broadway, Zoological Park and the New York Aquarium.

OBJECTS OF THE SOCIETY

A PUBLIC ZOOLOGICAL PARK
THE PRESERVATION OF OUR NATIVE ANIMALS
THE PROMOTION OF ZOOLOGY

Vou. XXIII. No.3 Cee MAY, 1920

EN

e/ ETAT iT

aaa AWWA

ZOOLOGICAL
SOCIETY
BUELETIN

A il SORT LTA UUTTCAUU WLU OTT SSC

Published by AUT
THE, NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
| if
i

MEENA LANA ALARM SMT NTA ASNT

Wht PH HH TPR YT NY MN) 1 OR
‘eux, SS 1912

New York Zoological Society

GeNERAL OFrice, 111 Broadway, New York Criry

President
Henry Farrrietp Osporn

PHirst Vice-President

Mapison GrantT

Treasurer
Percy R. Pyne, 20 Exchange Place

Secretary

Mapison Grant

Executibe Committee
Wo. Pierson HamittTron
Frank K. Srureis
LisPENARD STEWART
Henry Farirririp Oszorn, ex-officio

Board of Managers
€x-officio The Mayor and The Prestoentr Department of Parks,

Mapison Grant, Chairman
Percy R. Pyne
Witiiam Wuire NIves

Ciass of 1921
Frank K. Srureis
Grorce J. Goutp
Ocpren Mitts
Lewis Ruruerrorp Morris

Class of 1922
Emerson McMitiin
Antuony R. Kuser
Watson B. DickERMAN
Mortimer L. Scuirr

Levi P. Morton
Mapison Grant
Witiiam Wuire Nites
Henry A. C. Tayior

Percy R. Pyne
Grorce Birp GRINNELL
CieveLtanp H. Dongs
C. Lepyarp Buair

Class of 1923
Wn. Pierson HAmittTon
Rosert S. Brewster
Epwarp S. HarkNess
Wirxiiam B. Oscoop Fietp

General Officers

Henry Farrrietp Osporn
LisPENARD STEWART
Cuartes F. Dirtrericu
Grorce F. BAKER

Witu1am T. Hornapay, Director Zoological Park

Second Vice-President

Frank K. Srureis

Asst. Treasurer
Tue Farmers’ Loan & Trust Co.

Watson B. DickrRMAN
Antuony R. Kuser
A. Barton Hepspurn

City of New York

Arcuer M. Huntinetron
E. C. Converse

Grorce D. Pratt

T. Coteman pu Pont

Freperic C. Watcorr
BrEEKMAN WINTHROP
Grorce C. Ciark

W. RepmMonp Cross

A. Barron Hrpspurn
Witit1am Woopwarp
Epwin THorNrE

Percy A. RocKEFELLER

Cuaries H. Townsenn, Director, New York Aquarium

Grorce S. Hunrineron, Prosector
Grorce A. MacCaruivum, Pathologist
R. L. Cerero, Bursar

@fficers of the Zoological Park
WivuraMm T. Hornapay, Director
H. R. Mrrcnety, Chief Clerk
Raymonp L. Dirmars, Curator, Reptiles
Ler S. Cranpatu, Curator, Birds
Witi1am Breese, Honorary Curator, Birds

Eiwin R. Sansorn, Photographer and Editor

Officers of the Aquarium
Cuartes H. Townsenp, Director
Wasuineton I. DeNyse, Assistant
James P. Moors, Chief Engineer

C. Grant La Farce, Architect
H. Dr B. Parsons, Consulting Engineer

H. W. Merket, Chief Forester
W. Rew Buair, Veterinarian
Witiiam MircuHe tu, Cashier

Rosert Sutcuirre, Clerk
Ipa M. Metten, Secretary

CO NESE NSIS

Yak IN THE ZOOLOGICAL ParRKk.......-
SILVER PH@EASANTS..............---...--

Victory For AVICULTURE.................--
ExTERMINATING THE AMERICAN EaGu
VWanievacvie WD En Gi Ree

ProvrectTinG THE Pronc-Hornep ANTELOPE
GAN gigas ee ee Se
Our EpucaTionaL Sipe.
Witp
Items or INTEREST. z
Ancient Beartne Onive Trees
Seats INCREASING
Batu Caves
Heatn Hen

Lire Destruction

INCREASING

for

Illustrations Se
By ELEPHANT THROUGH YUNNAN....... A: Sis Ca CED EN GOS Oar ey ee 52
SILVER AND KaLEeEGe CouNTRY....... ...- 48 | Restoration oF A Moa.........-2...------------ 56
HovusEspoatT oN THE MIN River....... ... DOME VR Canon sb en are Oe a 57
Sitver PuHeasant CountTRY.....-.......- 0 || Srna Wein 58
Martine Saits Near Foocnow...........- KO ||, Bacunsrenny (Gun ioe eee ee ee 60
A SamMpan on THE MIN RIVER....... -... 51 | Baru Caves, Panane..... 63
Wierre Punasanss Come ro Drink. 51! | @Orrmr eee 64
HeapMAN oF SIN-MA-HOW.............--. Ree 27 NG ANKS, De eerie te ee ee i onl Cover
AOOMOIGAGAI = SOG LEY BU YE EN

PusutsHeD by the New York ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
111 Broadway, New York City

Single Copies, 20 cents

Bi-monthly

MPA YG esl. 9) 20

seer oib.>. Se a Frontispiece

William Beebe A?7
ne OR Ne ee ee ED
agree ss New York Sun-Herald 538

Obituary 54
T. Hornaday 54
T. Hornaday 57
ae Chicago Tribune 5
ee eee Col. Henry W. Shoemaker 5
Ee es W.T. Hornaday; Wm. Beebe 62

Beaver A MENACE

Friorma Crocopirtes SCARCE
Cranpatt Gores to Evrore A
ANNOUNCEMENT

Yearly by Mail,

‘diamjuy ‘suapiey jroo

MUVd ‘TV.

dv wo

[oo s,Ajatoog ay} mosy ue

[ 46 ]

ZOOLOGICAL
BULLETIN

SOC LE Ty

Published by the New York Zoological Society pe

Votume XNIII

MAY, 1920

NUMBER 3

PHEASANTS

SILVER

IN

THEIR WILD HOME

By Witi1amM Berse

Illustrations from photographs by the Author

ILVER Pheas-

S ants are almost
the commonest spe-
cies of the family in
captivity. They are
hardy and_ prolific,
and the hens will
incubate their own
and rear the
young birds, when
domestic fowls are
not used as foster
\ mothers. They are
not so successful as
introduced game birds on preserves, because of
their tendency to remain in the vicinity of homes
and farm lands. It is disconcerting to go out
after Silver Pheasants and have a pair come
into full view, look at you, and then walk in
your direction. Shooting under such circum-
stances has all the thrills of hunting in a
barnyard.

eggs

They are beautiful birds and for once the
scientist who named them used real imagination,
and their specific designation of nycthemerus
or day-and-night, does poetic justice to their
sharply contrasted colors of white and black.

Although so common in captivity, yet the
Silver Pheasant is almost unknown in a wild
state, no one has ever seen a nest or egg of
feral birds. It ranges across Southern China,
almost from the sea-coast in Fokien, to the
border of Burma, where it interbreeds with the
darker birds of the Himalayas.

Standing on the high divide which shunts its
eastern waters into China and its western into

the great rivers of Burma, a great tumbled,
irregular mass of mountains and valleys is seen
on the Burma side. All are forest clad with
bamboo, oak and other hard woods and it was

here, hidden beneath that vast extent of many-
tinted foliage, that I found pheasants which,
from the point of view of their origin, were the
most remarkable of their family.

Elephants and mules were the commonest
means of transport and [ found it necessary to
take an escort of six Gurkhas. The Kachin
tribes hereabouts are nominally safe, but the
individual components of these tribes are un-
certain quantities. As still-hunting was my
method of finding and observing these pheasants
and as I always carried a .308 rifle cartridge in
the third barrel of my gun, I worried little
about human enemies and only twice was even
threatened with any molestation. A few miles
to the north, however, the wild tribes are wholly
independent and work their pleasure upon
strangers.

I spent many delightful days in the study of
these birds, glorying in the wonderful scenery
and magnificent climate after many months of
hot, steaming, tropical jungles. The early
November mornings were keen and clear, and
every valley and depression was always filled to
overflowing with a calm, waveless lake of cloud.

The farthest Tibetan and Yunnan peaks were
a deeper purple than ever painter dared put to
canvas. The sweetness of the chorus of bul-
buls was the major theme at this hour, with a
minor accompaniment of distant cooing doves.

But pheasants were difficult to find in the
morning and one might wander about for hours
with never a glimpse.

[ 47 ]

18 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

ELEPHANT ‘THROUGH NORTH-
ERN YUNNAN AND BURMA

BY

About three o'clock in the
afternoon of one of my first
days in this region when the
sun still held back the sting
of the coming night air, I left
camp and turned down one of
the old, native trails. The
ground was littered with dried
leaves and the soughing wind
through the bamboo leaves
gave an added hint of autumn
even thus near the equator. The
rains were just over and the
foliage was bright and clean.
I crept as quietly as possible
down, down to the very bottom
of a deep ravine which the
sun’s rays had already left.
I knew that the Pheasants

began to vigil.

were certain, sooner or later, to come down to
this level for their evening drink. Near the
mossy bank of the rivulet I seated myself and

For an hour I sat quietly, mak-

ing certain that the birds had not yet come
Through the curtain of lofty ginger
stalks overhead I could see Drongas darting
here and there after insects. Small fly-catchers
and babblers passed in flocks, drinking and

flitting upward again. Mos-
quitos rose in clouds and pes-
tered me sorely. Once the low
tree ferns on the opposite bank
were shaken and through the
deeper shade of their fronds I
saw a small tiger cat passing,
slowly, sinuously. He, too,
sensed that pheasants come
here to drink.

Knowing from the silence
that they were not yet among
the bamboos above, I crept on
up the valley. Tree-vines had
hung their great masses of
bloom overhead, and graceful
wisteria-shaped flowers light-

SILVER AND KALEEGE PHEASANT COUNTRY, BURMA AND YUNNAN

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 49

ened the gloom with their pink and salmon
petals, and spread far their musky odor—that of
Hemiptera. Some four-footed creature dashed
from my path and marking its fright, left an-
other sharp stratum of musk upon the air.

I came upon a maze of footprints, where
pheasants had that morning crossed the muddy
rim of the pools, and here I turned upward.
I know of no more difficult feat than attempting
to climb noiselessly up a steep bank through
clumps of bamboo, the ground covered with the
dryest of sheaths and leaves. Finally, I passed
the grave of a Kachin chief, covered by an oval
thatched hut and a curious ornament of dyed
bamboo. Just beyond, I reached the mule trail
which at this point cut into the bank of the
upper slope. Still hearing nothing I climbed
half-way to the summit of the ridge; here an
open growth of oaks, when suddenly a shift in
the breeze brought to my ears a loud scratching
and rustling among the fallen leaves beyond the
summit. I was exposed to full view, so with all
possible speed I backed down the slope on
hands and knees, crossed the trail and en-
sconsed myself in a small thicket, which gave
me full view of the oak slope which I had
just left.

For half an hour I heard nothing, then a leaf
flew upward from a tangle of vines and a sturdy
form leaped high over a log into view. It was
not a pheasant, but a big black-gorgeted laugh-
ing thrush. Another and another leaped down
the slope, now hidden by tree trunks or bushes,
now standing out in full silhouette. There were
sixteen in all spread out in a segment of a
circle, and chuckling low to themselves at every
succulent morsel. They are splendid sturdy
birds, jay-like from beak to claw, now holding a
wormy acorn and pounding away as hard as a
woodpecker, then, ant-thrush-like, picking up
leaves and throwing them far over their backs.
I was absorbed in watching their gradual ap-
proach, when a jungle-fowl crowded loudly in
the valley beyond the ridge and brought my mind
sharply back to pheasants. I was keenly dis-
appointed at having apparently missed my birds
and half rose to go. At my first motion a
laughing thrush set up a truly jay-like yell
and fifteen throats answered, but with guffaws
and peals of loud laughter which no jay could
ever produce. When I sat quiet and their alarm
passed, they began to sail overhead down the
valley. Not being certain at this time of the
species I fired and secured one.

I waited five uinutes and heard not a sound,
save the calls of the la ighing thrushes far down
below me. Rising stiffly and slowly moving out
into the trail I began to reload, when half-way

up the slope, a black head and neck shot up
and the warning or suspicion cry of a kaleege
pheasant rang out sharp and shrill.

I dropped flat upon the trail and wriggled
back over the edge into my thicket again. Not
a cluck or call came from the slope above, but
little by little a low murmur of rustling leaves
and in ten minutes the ground over which the
laughing thrushes had passed was being quar-
tered by eleven splendid pheasants. With my
balanced glasses I could see every feather. Four
were adult cocks, four more were hens, while
the other three were nearly grown young males.
Without doubt four of them comprised a still
united family of the present year, while five
others seemed to represent another. To my
surprise I could easily distinguish between three
of the male birds. A solitary cock was the
lightest of all, apparently a full-blooded Silver
Pheasant, one of the young males appeared as
dark as a black-breasted kaleege, while its
brother was lightly vermiculated. I watched
the dainty birds, stepping high like thorough-
breds, snatching an insect or leaping at some
morsel on a leaf overhead, or picking up an
acorn; ever alert and watchful. I remained as
still as the tree-trunk at my back and the birds
descended half way down the slope toward me.

Then two Kachin women with silver and
tassels in their ears and great baskets on their
backs came along, chattering loudly. They
halted when they saw me and despite all my
motions, stood stupidly gaping at me for several
minutes, before they plodded on their way. The
pheasants had of course retreated to cover and
when, twenty minutes later, they returned they
were spread out more irregularly. I secured
the light colored old male and two young black
ones which came within range and the others
passed me on either hand, together with a
junglecock, which in bearing and gait was not
to be compared with the far more elegant and
graceful pheasants. Except for a short, sharp
alarm note and five minutes of silence, the rest
of the flock paid no attention to the roar of the
gun. As I had occasion to notice on many other
occasions, if one shoots from a thicket and
makes no movement after firing, the birds seem
to have no sense of direction of the danger and
are but little affected by the sight of their dead
companion. When headed down toward water
I have never known a flock to be turned back
by shots fired in this way, and have secured as
many as four from the same ambush.

The following day the same route was fol-
lowed by both laughing thrushes and pheasants
and on each of the succeeding six days, when my
observations ceased. In no fewer than eight

50 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

Early in the morning the
birds worked up hill toward
the higher, warmer ridges
rather irregular and at no spe-
cial time, early or as late as
nine o clock as the fancy or
abundance of food influenced
them. At this time they kept
together in small family par-
ties, uniting with others only
when starting down for the

HOUSE BOATING ON THE MIN RIVER
From Foochow in quest of Silver Pheasants.
other flocks, or more properly famil-
ies, of pheasants in the hills farther
to the east I found the same interest-
ing relation between the two difter-
ent groups of birds.

SILVER PHEASANT COUNTRY
Well up from the coast.

evening drink. Mid-day was spent
in dense bamboo thickets or tangles
of thorn palms where observation of
them was almost impossible. I once
watched three birds apparently pick-
ing ticks from one another's heads
and even from under the uplifted
wings, at full noon in the dense shade
of some fallen vines. ‘Toward two
in the afternoon of a partly cloudy
day or about three if the sun shone
warmly and _ uninterruptedly, the
pheasants began calling to one an-
other in undertones—sweet notes
which much resemble the voice of
our own bluebird, without, however,

MATTING SAILS NEAR FOOCHOW the plaintive tremolo. The young
The vegetation here has been trimmed for centuries for fuel birds—nearly in adult plumage as

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 51

A SAMPAN ON THE MIN RIVER
Here the water was too shallow for the

houseboat.

they were—now and then voiced
these sweeter notes chick-like
seeps! and peeps!

Gradually working together,
with the laughing thrushes drift-
ing along like scattered leaves
or bounding with high, strong
leaps over the low bushes and
logs, all united in a loose flock and
began feeding slowly downward,
usually over a southern slope. The
greater activity of the thrushes
usually carried them _ several
yards in advance before they had
gone far, but many times I
watched the birds at a distance
and saw them keep together for
a thousand feet or more of de-
scent. In such a case I would
locate the flock as it crossed an

SILVER

open space well up on the moun-
tain, and making a detour and
concealing myself far below in the
line of their descent, I would be
almost certain to intercept them
before they reached water. The
thrushes are almost wholly insec-
tivorous, while the pheasants
choose animal and vegetable food
in equal quantities.

Whether the relation is mutual-
ly helpful in any way or not, it
certainly exists. And, as I have
said elsewhere, while the associa-
tion may be due solely to the so-
cial love of birds, it is certainly
true that the laughing thrushes
many times give the pheasants
warning of danger visible from
trees, which the latter on the

PHEASANT COUNTRY

The birds come down here through the scrubby pines to drink.

ot
bo

CHINESE HEADMAN

The headman of the village of Sin-ma-how showing where
the Silver Pheasants could be found.

ground could never detect until too late; and
again I have repeatedly seen several thrushes
stand around while the pheasants scratched
or pecked to pieces some fallen log, now and then
springing into the air to seize an insect that
had escaped by flight from the larger birds.

Two species of laughing thrushes are thus
found in intimate association with the pheas-
ants, the black-gorgeted and the black-throated.
These were usually in separate flocks of from
six to eighteen individuals, but now and then
I observed both species feeding together. When
a bare patch of ground or a wide trail is encoun-
tered, the pheasants cross it by a quick dash,
the laughing thrushes by a single scaling flight.

After drinking at the rivulet or pools in the
ravine bottoms, by which time it is almost dusk,
the birds fly up into trees to roost for the night.
I have never actually seen this, being defeated
either by the sudden descent of darkness or the
wary scouting of the birds before they retire.
But again and again I have heard the heavy
hollow beating against air and leaves as the

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

KACHIN BOY

He is armed with a cross-bow of wood with trigger of elephant ivory
that shoots poisoned arrows. By his side is his great sword-knife

birds reach a first and often a second branch
before they settle down, after mumbling a few
smothered, low notes. By aid of the strong
moonlight I have seen them sound asleep, seldom
above, but two or three close together, a few
feet from the trunk, heads under wings.

The few crickets whose chirps were not yet
silenced by the chill of the autumn night still
shrilled faintly ; small owls hawked about after
droning beetles; a podargus fanned my cheek
like a ghost of a bird, and far off in the black-
ness toward the wild Chinese mountains, came
the moan of a leopard. As I turned homeward,
a wind—first prophet of the morrow’s storm—
rattled the bamboos, drawing forth weird sounds
which seemed to verify the Kachin’s belief in
the spirit nats which wander along every trail at
night searching for evil to do. For this reason
these wild hillmen will never travel at night,
and as I trudged toward camp from the sleeping
pheasants I knew that whatever dangers the
darkness hid at that hour, it was from animal
and not human foes.

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 53

A VICTORY FOR AVICULTURE
Tue Pencuins oF Maceguari£ IsLanp
From the Avicultural Magazine

E HAVE received the following from
\) \) the London correspondent of the
North Queensland Register :—

“At the Brisbane congress of the Royal Aus-
tralian Ornithologists’ Union, Mr. C. Lord (‘Tas-
mania) emphasized the necessity for Mac-
quarie Island being made a sanctuary for the
preservation of the Penguin. Captain White
(South Australia) moved that this Union is of
the opinion that Macquarie Island should be de-
clared a sanctuary for the perpetuation of the
fauna of the Antarctic. He said that the Fed-
eral Government proposed to buy the island
from Tasmania, which asked £15,000 for it.
This was rather high, seeing that the island was

leased for forty a year for private exploitation. -

Dr. Mawson had said there would very soon be
a dash into Antarctica to secure its furs and
oils, and it was very desirable that the Federal
Government should step in and make a sanctu-
ary on Macquarie Island. Mr. Lord seconded
the motion, which was carried, and the Council
was empowered to take action even to the ex-
penditure of funds to secure the object of the
motion.”

Our sister association, the Royal Society for
the Protection of Birds, now reports as follows
in Bird Notes and News :—

“The long-continued efforts of the Society on
behalf of the persecuted Penguins of Macquarie
Island have at last borne the fruit desired. It is
announced that the Government of Tasmania
has refused to renew the lease of the island to
Mr. Joseph Hatch and his oil company, which
for years has been massacring the birds at the
rate of a million and a half a year for the sole
purpose of boiling them down for their oil. It
may be remembered that as long ago as 1905 a
resolution, carried at the International Ornith-
ological Congress at the instigation of the
Society, was cabled to the Tasmanian Govern-
ment protesting against the business; but un-
happily the lease was later on renewed. Letters
of remonstrance and appeal have since been
addressed by the R. S. P. B. to the New Zealand
and Tasmanian Governments, and to the Prime
Minister of the Commonwealth. The subject
was again brought forward last March at the
Annual Meeting of the R. S. P. B.; Mr. Mat-
tingley, the Society's representative in Aus-
tralia, offered to go over and investigate the
facts; Mr. Pycraft ventilated the matter in the
press; Mr. H. G. Wells made it the subject of a
powerful passage in “The Undying Fire’; Sir

Douglas Mawson spoke strongly upon it before
the Zoological Society of London; Mr. Cherry-
Gerrard roused public opinion through the
Times and the Spectator. At last the hideous
slaughter is brought to an end.

““We venture to hope, says the Times
(December 29, 1919), ‘that a further step will
be taken, and that means will be found to make
Macquarie Island an inviolable sanctuary for
Antarctic life. ”

EXTERMINATING THE AMERICAN
EAGLE
Editorial, New York Sun-Herald

Are the American people to exterminate the
American eagle? The bald eagle, national em-
blem of the United States since June 20, 1782,
is in such danger that it may have a fate like
that of the passenger pigeon. There are men
who recall the great nestings of these pigeons, in
which the birds gathered in numbers which broke
limbs from trees. The pigeons were so plenti-
ful they sold at the killing place for half a
cent each. To-day not a single passenger pigeon
remains alive.

One way to exterminate a species is to put a
price on the heads of its members. That is what
Alaska is doing to-day with the golden eagle
and the bald eagle, the latter so called from its
white head, which at a distance gives the im-
pression of baldness. The Legislature of Alaska
in 1917 passed a law which authorized the kill-
ing of eagles and fixed a bounty of 50 cents
a head on them. The figures from April, 1917,
to April, 1920, are not in yet, but the record
for two years shows that 5,600 eagles were
killed in that period.

The bounty was offered for the eagle on the
ground that it destroyed fish and game. Whether
eagles are eating more fish and game now than
they did a century ago or two centuries ago
has not been considered. Perhaps the reason for
the enactment of the law may be found in the
commercial fox farming on the islands off the
Alaskan coast. Surely from no other source
until 1917 was there complaint of the destruc-
tion eagles do by eating d-ad fish they find along
the shore or the fish they take through their
own efforts.

Eagles are long lived birds, sometimes reach-
ing the century mark. They live singly or in
pairs in the wilder places. The bird of freedom
appealed to the Indians of North America, who
held it in superstitious and appreciative regard.

Should not the Americans of to-day have suf-
ficient respect for the bird they have dignified as

or
_

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

Bepartments -
Mammals Aquarium
W. T. Hornapay. C. H. TownsEnND.
Birds Reptiles

Lee S. CRANDALL. Raymonp L. DirmMars

WiuraM Beere. Honorary Curator, Birds

Published bi-monthly at the Office of the Society,
111 Broadway, New York City.
Yearly by Mail, $1.00.
MAILED FREE TO MEMBERS.
Copyright, 1920, by the New York Zoological Society.

Each author is responsible for the scientific accuracy
and the proof reading of his contribution.

Exiwin R. Sansorn, Editor

Vou. XXIII, No. 3

May 1920

the national emblem not to wipe the species from
the face of the earth? Congress could not do
better than to come to the rescue of the bird that
“orasps the crag with hooked hands.”

HANDLIST OF BIRDS OF EGYPT

From the Zoological Service of the Egyptian
Government's Ministry of Public Works we
have received, as Publication No. 29, Mr. M. J.
Nicoll’s “Handlist of the Birds of Egypt.” On
this work its author has been engaged for thir-
teen years, and it is the first publication of its
kind since 1872.

So far as human knowledge extends, it is a
complete and well annotated list of the birds of
Egypt, it is illustrated and adorned by twenty-
five colored figures of birds and many half-tones
of bird skins, and the volume is highly creditable
to the Government Press of Cairo. It contains
a good map, 120 pages of text, and its price is
15 Turkish piastres.

WILLIAM DUTCHER

On Friday, July 2, at his son’s home, Chevy Chase,
Md., at the seventy-four years, William
Dutcher, ornithologist and defender of American
birds, passed over the great divide. Stricken with
almost complete paralysis ten years ago, his actual
work ended at that time, but the foundation that he
laid, and the structure that he erected upon it pre-
vious to that time, will endure forever.

The National Association of Audubon Societies
which he founded in 1902 is a monument to his exec-
utive ability, his love of birds, his love of fair play,
his love of mankind, his abhorrence of cruelty and
waste, and to one-man Albert Wilcox saw
Mr. Dutcher, approved him and his methods, and
left his fortune of $822,000 as an endowment fund
for the National Audubon Association.

age of

power.

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

To Mr. Dutcher his years of labor in the cause of
bird protection represented a great burden of extra
work, wholly without compensation save in the form
of satisfaction in having rendered valuable service
to his country. He lived to see and to enjoy the
splendid fruits of his labors, of which even disease
and death could not rob him.

A brave, clean and gallant spirit has passed away.
The world is better because he lived. Wherever
American birds fly between the poles, the name of
William Dutcher deserves to be known and gratefully
remembered.

“IT drink to him, he is not here,
Yet I would guard his glory.

A knight without reproach or fear,
Should live in song and story.”

MWe dts 186

PROTECTING THE PRONG-HORNED
ANTELOPE

The occasions wherein the Zoological Society
has entered into the field of law enforcement
have been few indeed; but circumstances alter
cases.

Last summer while touring through eastern
Oregon Mr. Madison Grant touched the sphere
of influence of the last bands of prong-horned
antelope now remaining in that state. They
are in Lake County, south by east of the Warner
Lakes, and their country is crossed by the Ore-
gon Military Road. They inhabit a region of
sterile lava, wholly impossible for agriculture,
and only slightly useful for stock grazing.

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

In that region Mr. M. S. Garretson, Secretary
of the American Bison Society, and Dr. Geo.
W. Field of the U. S. Biological Survey, say
there are probably 300 antelope. Their figures
have some value, because they are based upon
investigations made on the spot.

The Warner Lake region was the theatre of
the remarkable sage grouse observations that
were made last year by William L. Finley and
R. Bruce Horsfall, and graphically described
and pictured by the latter in the Zoological
Society Buttetin for January 1920.

It is the desire of many American zoologists
that the sage grouse region in Lake County,
Oregon, should be made a federal bird reserva-
tion, and at the same time provide a sanctuary
for the prong-horned antelope remnant still liv-
ing there.

Mr. Grant’s attention was fixed by stories of
the illegal killmg of antelope; and these ac-
counts were abundantly confirmed by Dr. Field
and Mr. Garretson, who found the carcass of an
antelope actually in use as wolf bait, beside
which Mr. Garretson was caught in two wolf
traps !

Finding that no proper officers of the game
laws were located within easy striking distance
of the antelope range, and that unusual efforts
were called for in the punishment of antelope
killers, Mr. Grant informally stated that the
Zoological Society would be asked to offer a re-
ward of #200 for the arrest and conviction of
any men guilty of killing antelopes.

From that moment onward certain events
moved swiftly. It seems that the reward was
regarded as fair compensation for the labor in-
volved in journeying to the seat of war, mak-
ing an arrest and carrying the case through
the court to a verdict.

Before the award had been formally posted
by the Oregon Game Commission, and also be-
fore it had been really authorized by the Zoo-
logical Society, another antelope killing occured,
and was reported to the Game Commissioners
at Salem. The case was placed in the hands
of two competent men: George Tonkin, U. S.
Game Warden, of Boise, Idaho, and E. E.
Woodcock, Sheriff of Fairview, Oregon. Forth-
with those two officers foregathered, outfitted
themselves for a long field trip, and took the
road. They traveled over the desert 130 miles
from Lakeview, and Warden Tonkin thus writes
of the camp experiences of the trip:

“The sheriff once was a cowboy, and he can
turn off about as good a meal as I ever ate in
a camp. He has a regular pantry and kitchen

ur
or

attached to his Ford. The evenings spent with
him by the campfire have left with me a pleas-
ing and lasting impression. The revolver and
rifle practice during the day on the coyotes,
the mirages in the dry lake valleys, the herds
of antelopes and flocks of sage hens and the
night music by the coyotes’ desert choir were
only a few of the incidents that make such a
trip indescribable.”

The real business of the trip was consum-
mated in the arrest of Arthur Thomas, of Lake-
view, Oregon, one hundred and fifty miles from
Lakeview, and James Baldwin, also of Lake-
view. They had been trapping coyotes and
killing antelopes for food and for wolf bait.

The accused men were taken to Lakeview,
tried before Judge H. J. Angstead, found

guilty, and each one was fined $200.

It is the expectation of all the game protec-
tors concerned that this demonstration of the
workability of the antelope law will tend to
discourage further killing of Oregon antelope.

Concerning the payment of the reward, which
was gratefully acknowledged by Game Warden
Tonkin and Sheriff Woodcock, the following
letter tells the Zoological Society’s part of the
story:

May 20, 1920.
Mr. George Tonkin,
Game Warden, Boise, Idaho.
Dear Sir:

At a meeting of the Executive Committee of
the New York Zoological Society held on May
13, 1920, it resolved that the
$200 offered by the Society on December 11,
1919, should be paid as follows:

$100 to George Tonkin, U. S. Game Warden,
Box 1531, Boise, Idaho.

was reward of

$100 to Sheriff E. E. Woodcock, Lakeview,
Oregon.
The Society in doing this has waived the

failure of the Oregon Fish and Game Commis-
sion to comply with the requirements in post-
ing notices and also has waived the fact that
the arrest and conviction took place before the
reward was authorized.

The Treasurer of the Society has been directed
to forward a cheque to you, which will probably
be sent from here in the course of the next two
weeks.

Very truly yours,
Manpison GRANT,
Chairman

LIFE SIZE RESTORATION OF A MOA
Executed by Rowland Ward, Ltd.
A mounted Apteryx is shown for comparison.

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

Or
~l

EYRA CAT

From a photograph by Elwin R. Sanborn.

THE GIANT MOA, RESTORED

E MUST confess to a strong liking for

good restorations of particularly interest-

ing mammals and birds of the past. The
image of the colossal restoration of the Siberian
mammoth that was at Ward’s Natural Science
Establishment in 1876 should be fresh in the
memories of at least half a million of the visitors
to the Chicago Exposition.

And now another Wardian restoration appears
in the form of a life-size moa of New Zealand,
executed by Rowland Ward, Ltd., of London,
for the museum of Lord Rothschild at Tring.
The height of the restoration has not been stated,
but it is safe to assume, from the diminutive pro-
portions of an apteryx shown on the same scale,
that it is not far from nine feet! Although
some of the moa species were small, the giants
of the Family attained a height of eleven feet.

The moas were cousins of the apteryx, or kiwi,
and in size far surpassed the largest ostriches of
today. Their extinction is not to be laid at the
door of civilized man, for they were dead and
gone long before white men occupied New Zea-
land. However, their remains in bones, eggs,
feathers and other items brought them down to
a comparatively recent date, and supplied much
good material to zoological museums. It is de-

clared by Rowland Ward that the beak, feet and
legs of their restoration are actual casts from
original remains.

In addition to the specimen executed for the
Tring Museum, another was produced for the
British Museum of Natural History at South
Kensington.

The feathers of the restoration seem to have
come from the emu, which closely resemble the
shaggy coat of the apteryx. On the whole, the
restoration seems to us quite an acceptable rep-
resentation of the living bird as it “might have
been seen” several hundred years ago. W. T. H.

OUR EDUCATIONAL SIDE AS OTHERS
SEE IT
Editorial Special Chicago Tribune, May 9, 1920.
By Eye Witness
VER the Lincoln park cage of one of the
finest specimens of tiger in captivity ap-
pear the two words:
Siberian Tiger
That, and nothing more.
Well, Siberia is a pretty big place—more than
3,000 miles across—and the two-word label

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udy} “pat ] as i E .

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ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 59

leaves the uninformed beholder with a wide field
of territory and ignorance to range in.

No guide book or printed catalogue of the
2,700 creatures inhabiting our ZOO supplements
that label, because the Lincoln park commission
does not issue one. It says it can’t afford it.

New York SysteM DirrERENT

In front of the three acres of inclosed land
and water where the beavers build and play in
the Bronx zoo stands an ample signboard
painted green—green so that it won’t clash with

the foliage of the park—and lettered in black
with these words:

American Beaver

(Castor canadensis fondator.)

The beaver now exists only in widely separated
fragments of its former habitat. Found in
Maine, the Colorado River delta, the Adiron-
dacks (by restoration), and a few other locali-
ties. Plentiful only in the Algonquin Park region
of Canada and a few other localities.

Remarkable for its constructive ability in the
building of canals and dams, the cutting of trees,
and the of winter The
original stock of this colony came from Algon-
quin National Park, Ontario, Canada.
May, 1912.

construction houses.

Received

Supplementing that label are a couple of
pages of entertaining narrative—not mere rou-
tine data—about beavers, their wonderful ways,
and their unconquerable shyness—in a 200 page
guide book prepared for the big public.

Easy Test ror CHILDREN

In the “Wild Animal Stamp Primer,”” pre-
pared by the authorities of the Bronx zoo for
children, are two more pages about beavers,
written, not in namby-pamby, but in graceful
language, readily comprehended by a child.

The print is large. At the top of the first
page about the beavers is an indicated space,
where the child may paste an authentic 2x3 inch
beaver picture in colors after he has searched
it out in an oil paper packet of fifty animal pic-
tures attached to the back cover of the book.

Both books are written in a singularly ingrati-
ating, friendly style, and are packed with in-
formation. If an adult visitor thoroughly as-
similated the contents of the larger guide book
he would be a pretty decently informed zoolo-
gist. As for the primer for children, it is fasci-
nating. I puttered away a whole evening past-
ing up one of them, and by the time I had fin-
ished felt as learned as a Buffon.

Norep Scientist IN CHARGE
When I reached Dr. Hornaday’s office on my

way through the Bronx zoo, and there congratu-
lated him on his system of labels—which is al-
most the first thing that captivates you in this
wonderland, that is at the same time a school—
he said:

“We have made a specialty of our labels. We
tell all we can on them and are sorry we can’t
tell more.”

When I confessed to him that we had no
guidebook to our zoo, he looked up startled—
and sort of irritated, too—and said, “That's too
absurd !’’—adding, “‘Inexcusable !”

You see, Hornaday, the director and general
curator of the Bronx zoo, is a man of science
and an educator as well as a provider of public
entertainment, and such an omission as ours
in an institution on which we spend $75,000 a
year irks him to the soul on the ground that it
deprives the public of all the instruction and a
large part of the entertainment.

He knows, as every instructor knows, that an
object concerning which the beholder possesses
not one iota of exact knowledge, takes but a
feeble hold on either his imagination or his
memory. So he spreads information unobtru-
sively, but everywhere through the park.

Easy Way tro Learn

As you are standing in front of the capacious
rhinoceros your eyes wander involuntarily to a
bright hued map that tells in a few bold colors
where in the world the rhinoceros flourishes.
You glance above the map and there is a sheet
about the size of a T'ribune page which tells you
in vigorous black lines how many kinds of
rhinoceros there are, and what are their habitats,
and how it is found in America only as fossil

remains, and how it lives well in captivity, and
so on.

After that you feel as if you had got on a
certain basis with the box-headed and friendly
creature in front of you.

The information has not been rubbed in.
just happened on it.

You

DESTRUCTION OF WILD LIFE
IN AFRICA, ITALY AND FRANCE
Eye-witNess TESTIMONY OF AN AMERICAN

TRAVELER
A Letter from Cot. Henry W. SHOEMAKER,
Member of the New York Zoological Society.
“VW HAVE returned from a 3,000 mile trip
through Morocco and Algeria, principally

to study forestry matters, but have kept a
close eye on game, asking questions everywhere.

Zuano¥ si

NOJ Sassassc

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[ 60]

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 61

Excellent game laws prevail, but the great num-
ber of hunters has made wild life as scarce in
French North Africa as in the western states
at home.

Of the larger mammals the lion is gone, and
even as a tradition is barely remembered. I
visited the grave of Jules Gerard at Bouira,
who to my surprise I found survived down to
our time, dying in 1911, in his 89th year! The
panther is extinct in all except two localities.
Judging from the number of women wearing
jackal furs, a terrible slaughter has been meted
out to these animals. The hyena is very rare.

~The mouflon is gone from all sections of Al-
geria but one, and is scarce in Morocco. Form-
erly at Biskra horns of the mouflon, addax, ga-
zelle, ete., were on sale everywhere. This time
I found only one very old pair of mouflon horns,
a few very inferior gazelle horns, no addax, and
no panther skins. From forty to fifty English
sportsmen hunting each year for forty years (all
observing the game laws), have wiped out the
mouflon at El Kantara. At Bougie, where
panther claws were sold as charms at five franes
apiece, none are now to be had at any price,
“none being killed” the reason.

In the Sahara, Mahomet Szhir, a character
famous at Biskra, says: “The game is all gone.
Occasionally, one sees an old skin, that is all.
No ostriches have been seen for several years.”
The bubal hartebeest (Bubalis boselaphus), is
gone, even as a memory. The Barbary par-
tridge is almost gone. On our trip we actually
saw three; and one squirrel, two foxes, two
jackals and a tame young wild boar.

Game laws are mere “‘scraps of paper” in the
face of an army of well-armed and indefatigable
hunters! Unless hunters can content them-
selves with small kills, there will be no game in
the future, anywhere!

When I was here in 1913, the leopard was
considered in no danger of extinction. Now it
is practically gone. The gazelle is far from
plentiful. This winter English and American
sportsmen have made big bags, and they will
have it all gone by 1925. The wild boar will
last the longest, as it haunts the deep forest
covers. The decrease in bird life is most notice-
able. Many birds which we class as insectivor-
ous, and try to protect, are subject to open
seasons here. Apart from the loss to sport and
agriculture by the destruction of these interest-
ing forms -of wild life, it is a sad fact that
much of the picturesque charm of these coun-
tries is gone from them by their passing.”

Before leaving Algiers, Edouard Arnaud, the
best known guide of American and English

hunting parties for mouflon and gazelle, said:
> =

“In the Sahara desert about Biskra and Tug-
gurt the gazelle will last probably three more
seasons. It is very scarce now, and thirty to
fifty parties of English and Americans go out
after it each winter, to say nothing of local and
native hunters all of whom make big kills. The
mouflon has been completely exterminated in the
mountains about El Kantara. The gazelles have
been all killed off since the war in the Little
Sahara at Bou-Saida. In Morocco, since the
French occupation, the gazelles are disappear-
ing fast in the plains about Marrakesh. I know
of only one place in Algeria where the mouflon
and gazelle can be found in favorable numbers,
and that is because it is too difficult for tourists
to get in to them.”

In the Cevennes Mountains wolves are still to
be found, and wild boars are so numerous that
one hunter near Anduze killed five in one month.
Since the wolves have been destroyed over the
greater part of France the boars have increased
enormously, and now they can be killed at any
time, and in any way. In some sections there is
a bounty of fifty francs for mature boars, and
smaller premiums for younger ones.

In Italy we found bird life at a low ebb, and
an awful slaughter going on at all times. I
spent some time with a taxidermist in Turin,
watching boys and men coming in with beautiful
insectivorous birds, in their nesting season, to be
mounted. The taxidermist said:

“Apart from birds, wild life still exists in the
Italian Alps. The ibex is still protected as
royal game, and though the heads are deterio-
rating owing to the easy life which these animals
lead since their natural enemies the wolves and
lammergeiers have been killed, they still exist
in fair numbers. The- chamois still is to be
found, also a few deer; and wolves and bears
are sometimes met with; also the wild cat. Game
birds have been shot and trapped steadily, as
have all other birds, and there seems to be no
way to create a public sentiment to save thein.
In Sardinia the mouflon is fast disappearing,
owing to the demands for its horns.”

In France bird life is much in need of assis-
tance, due to years of non-protection, though all
French scientists are anxious to have something
done.* The only bird we saw in an extensive
tour of the country was the pie, or magpie, and
now there is talk of putting a bounty of five
franes on it to get it out of the way. We saw a
hawk kill a magpie in the open road near Arles,
so they have their natural enemies also. The
French sporting papers are deploring the ab-
sence of birds and game, and so are the leading

62 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

avicultural journals. They advocate bounties
to bring back the game, a thing which never
happened since the world began. The vanished
species must be restocked by man. Vanished
dead birds never come back themselves.

In Paris a few pigeon ramier still are to be
noted in the parks and gardens, but not one
where there were ten before the war.

In conclusion, I do not think that the war has
changed the condition of wild life either forward
or backward. A steady decrease of everything
has been and is going on, due to the vast army
of hunters with improved firearms, who make
game laws a joke by the immense volume of
their lawful slaughter. Nature’s balance has
been upset everywhere by the destruction of
predatory animals and birds, hence bounties are
placed on the animals or birds which these
creatures formerly preyed on. This means the
wiping out of species formerly overlooked by
the hunters. For example, in Algeria (in the
Kabylie country) since the forest rangers have
well-nigh exterminated the leopards, wild boars
have greatly increased, and they can now be
killed at all seasons. One native has killed sixty
boars this winter, hunting them with dogs; and
such slaughter soon will wipe them out. It is
all very doleful to those who love wild life, and
desire to see it perpetuated for future genera-
tions.

*Immediately following the end of the war, the
French National League for the Protection of Birds
began to reassemble its scattered forces for new
and vigorous campaigns for the protection and in-
crease of the birds of France. In a short time this
new movement will be in evidence, all over France,
and practical results may confidently be expected.—
Weil Ee

ITEMS OF INTEREST

Ancient Brearine Oxive Trees.—There are
few trees that bear edible fruit which are good
for more than half a century, the olive tree
standing alone with its long period of useful-
ness to mankind. Some of these trees are ex-
tremely long lived. There are some in Syria
which are known to be more than 400 years
old; and not only are they in a flourishing con-
dition but they bid fair to bear fruit for an-
other century or two.

The Syrians have learned much about car-
ing for trees from Europeans. Formerly their
olive trees were not expected to produce fruit
oftener than once in three years, but with im*
proved methods of culture they now bear abun-
dantly each season. In ancient times the olives

were thrashed from the trees with sticks, but
now the Syrians pick them by hand, thereby
preserving their trees and also improving the
quality of the fruit—Kwening Post; New York.

Seats INcreastnc.—Juneau, Alaska, April 7.
—Residents of Sitka say that the herds of seal
migrating northward toward Bering Sea this
spring are greater than they have seen in years
and that the migration is three weeks ahead
of its usual time. Countless thousands of the
seal have been passing Sitka. Government of-
ficials say the great size of the migratory herd is
evidence that the government’s protective
measures have been eftective—

Messenger, St. Albans, Vt.

Tue Baru Caves.—The Batu Caves, Pahang,
in the Malay Peninsula are natural palaces and
cathedrals, limestone Alhambras and Notre
Dames, caryen, dissolved, precipitated, etched
within the great mountain chain which extends
from Siam to the southern sea. The great
stalactites and stalagmites are like milky opals,
and near the entrance the vines from the jungle
drape the cliffs and send skeins of green foliage
as far in as the light of day can reach.

A herd of elephants spent several nights
there during my visit, and a tiger slept out the
days in a small side cavern, with bones of wild
boars scattered about the openings to his lair.
Monkeys clambered down the jungle ratlines
and looked fearfully into the dark depths; while
wild monkey-like Sakai men, tied bundles of
bones left from meals high up among the stalac-
tite rafters, for superstition’s sake. Besides
fear and superstition, these great earth caverns
exert an even stranger fascination, and strange
beings have deserted the warmth and light of
the mountain jungles, and, drawn by some in-
conceivable desire or need have become accus-
tomed in sense and body to the unchangeable
night—such are innumerable bats, hosts of pale
yellow roaches, and a few blind snakes. Just
outside, venturing only to the portals I found,
and studied and shot splendid fire-backed pheas-
ants, and while the flash of my gun was drowned
in the blaze of tropical sunshine, the sound found
echoes deep in the black caverns, where no ray
of light ever came.—William Beebe.

Tue Hearn Hen ts INcreasinG.—An attempt
was made in late April to take the annual census
of the heath hen, but the cold storm that oc-
curred at that time so affected the birds that
they kept silent for the most part, and no com-
plete count could be made. Reports received
from many people on Marthas Vineyard indi-
cated that the number of the species on the is-

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

BULLETIN 63

THE WONDERFUL BATU CAVES AT PAHANG

The photographs of these great caverns on the Malay Peninsula were made by our Mr. Beebe

in his world quest of pheasants.

land had increased considerably since April,
1918, and that probably there were at least 165
birds then on the island. <A letter from Mr.
Allan Keniston, superintendent of the reserva-
tion, received December 8, indicates that the
birds are now frequently seen over the greater
part of the island, and that in some sections they
are approaching the numbers seen before the
great fire of 1916, which threatened them with
extinction. So much rain fell during the past
summer that there was little fire danger, and the
unusual precipitation favored the production of
much wild fruit and many acorns and other vege-
tation on which the birds feed. There are no
goshawks about and thus far the winter seems
favorable, with plenty of food in sight.—I'rom
the Annual Report for 1919 of E. H. Forbush,
State Ornithologist, Masachusetts.

Tue Beaver as A Menace.—From the Walla
Walla valley, state of Washington, comes the
news that the wild beavers of that locality are
disturbing the peace by their depredations.
We like the beaver, and we admire him, too;
but if beavers were to cut down for us forty
bearing prune trees, we would seek lawful re-
lief.

It is estimated that in the Walla Walla valley
beavers have done $3,500 worth of damage, but

the animals are protected by laws both federal
and state, and at present can not be touched.
This reminds us that in the Adiron-
dacks some of the beavers have had the bad
taste to cut down many valuable trees on camp
sites, and much
thereby.

news

trouble has been occasioned

Every state and every province and territory
should have a law similar to the wild-animal-
nuisance law of New York, which provides that
the Conservation
tive

take etfec-
any unbearable
ance that may be created by any wild species,

either of birds or mammals.

Commission may

measures to abate nuis-

FLoripa CrocoprLes aRE Scarce.—As late as
the autumn of 1915, we saw at the San Fran-
cisco Exposition a great array of living Flor-
ida crocodiles, to the
They were of good size,
and their number bespoke abundance on the
home grounds.

number of twenty or

more, in one show.

Today, it is proving a difficult matter to pro-
cure even one specimen seven feet long. On
finding that there is not one obtainable in Palm
Beach, we appealed to Mr. John R. Bradley for
assistance. Hearing of no’ crocks, he appealed
to Mr. Joe L. Earman, Editor of the Daily Palm

64 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

OUR NEW OTTER

Like many of the fur bearing animals, the otter is becoming rare in zoological collections, and the Society is
afforded much satisfaction in possessing this specimen for exhibition. The otter is a dainty feeder,

and obtaining a supply of fresh live fish, which is essential to its welfare, has occasioned
much difficulty in the commissary department.
From a photograph by Elwin R. Sanborn.

Beach Post, who in his turn appealed to his
readers through display advertising.

At least one reader responded, with a declara-
tion that within a month or so he could find and
capture a specimen’ crock of the required di-
mensions; and with him Mr. Bradley promptly
signed a contract.

All this indicates a scarcity in Florida croco-
diles where formerly there was an abundance.
We fear that tourists, and “Alligator Joe” and
his heirs and assigns have between them caught
and consumed well nigh the whole ayailable
supply. And Florida sans crocodiles will not
be the romantic Florida that we used to know
and love.

Curator CranpaLLt Gors to Evropr.—De-
spite sailing difficulties, the Zoological Society
had dispatched Bird Curator Lee S. Crandall
to western Europe, in quest of rare East In-
dian birds and mammals that do not seem able
to cross the Atlantic under their own steam.
Accompanied by Mrs. Crandall, he will briefly

visit England, Holland, Belgium and France,
gathering as he goes, and finally will take his
departure from London.

Although our bird collections are now well
stocked, it is nothing but sleepless diligence in
collecting that can keep them so.

ANNOUNCEMENT

Through the courtesy of the American Mu-
seum of Natural History, which sent to Africa
the great Lang-Chapin zoological collecting ex-
pedition, we are enabled to publish in the July
number of the Zoological Society Butietin a
surpassingly fine contribution to knowledge. It
will consist of a notable article, by Herserr
Lane, F.Z.S., on “Tue Wurre Rurnoceros of
the Breieian Coneo,” and it will be superbly
illustrated by photographs never before pub-
lished.

The July Butxetin will be a special “Rhino-
ceros Number,’ wholly devoted to the article.
It will, of course, be sent free to all members
of the Society. Copies for the public, twenty-
five cents each.

New York Zoological Society
GENERAL INFORMATION

MEMBERSHIP.—Membership in the Zoological Society is open to all interested in the
objects of the organization, who desire to contribute toward its support.

The cost of Annual Membership is $10 yearly, which entitles the holder to admission to the
Zoological Park on all pay days, when the collections may be seen to the best advantage.
Members are entitled to the Annual Report, bi-monthly Bulletin, Zoologica, Zoopathologica,
privileges of the Administration Building, all lectures and special exhibitions, and ten compli-
mentary tickets to the Zoological Park for distribution.

Any Annual Member may become a Life Member by the payment of $200. A subscriber
of $1,000 becomes a Patron; $2,500, an Associate Founder; $5,000, a Founder; $10,000, a
Founder in Perpetuity, and $25,000 a Benefactor.

Applications for membership may be given to H. R. Mitchell, Chief Clerk, Zoological
Park, C. H. Townsend, Aquarium, Battery Park, and the General Secretary, 111 Broadway,
New York City.

ZOOLOGICAL PARK.—The Zoological Park is open every day in the year, free, except
Monday and Thursday of each week, when admission is charged. Should either of these days
fall on a holiday no admission fee is charged. The opening and closing hours are from 10
o'clock A. M. until one-half hour before sunset.

NEW YORK AQUARIUM.—The Aquarium is open free to the public, every day in the
year: April to September, 9 A. M. to 5 P. M.; October to March, 10 A. M. to 4 P. M.

PUBLICATIONS

A MONOGRAPH OF THE PHEASANTS (BEEBE). Four Royal Quarto Volumes, $250.00

Illustrated with reproductions in color of paintings by Thorburn, Lodge, Knight, Fuertes and Jones, and
many photogravures and maps. Volume I ready for distribution—$62.50. Prospectus. specimen plate and
subseription blank will be mailed upon application.

Paper Cloth Post Cards: 63 Subjects in colors, in sets
)
Ample RSrats, NGS NeG ae eyes aataesae 40 t of 21, SCEM at sec ee cere gBS asin AoAES (postage 2c.) .25
% i “ 2 75 $1.00 Souvenir Book: 48 pages, 78 four-color
OOS OO RES OOO S : NUM “Goononoonanudpansebconnce Giemeiye ake), all)
“ ‘ Somatic a4 mea Chi-veric 40 60 Animals in Art Stamps: 32 page album;
“ “ cope opegts he aes ae 1.00 120 mounting spaces; 120 four-color
ue a fol aby, ee ce 1.00 1.25 animal stamps—complete ............. (postage 6c.) .75
i, i f a aah 1.25 1.50 Wild Animal Stamp Primer: 96 pages; 49
9 10, a yeyave re) é animal stories, 50 mounting spaces and
56 ne “11 to 23 inclusive 1.00 1.2 50 four-color animal stamps—complete (postage 7c.) .85
Our Vanishing Wild Life (Hornaday) 1.65 Eanoramad) prcological Park, colored— ;
ACO GE TOlded mise wtrete emieneititaree cine a Hedy =o
Destruction of Our Birds and Mammals eae i pictures, four colors—two ne = “A
(Hornaday) se vveeeveeee rere cece sees 15 Photogravures: Animals and views in the Zoological
Notes on Mountain Sheep of North Park; 12 Subjects. Sepia—two prints.............. 25
America (Hornaday) .......s+0-e00% 40 Enlargements: 12 animal subjects—11x 14 inches:
REE GRALGG (GHENT) ho loeinnne 40 60 ae ieee Se dtibocdasonooomctooooQnonoees oe)
ihe Omen cual Shims of ate learn NIOLOTLE—_DL OWA CACM ir aveelchajafana tr etatobeataterese ce-ieteleteze vaste 235
Mammals of North America (Grant).. . 1.00 New Dork Aquarium Nature Series
The Rocky Mountain Goat (Grant)*..... [Out of Print] 1.00 2 es ul 5
Tapa WHEL IN (alecane flactiens Sea) Shore) Lifer CMiagior) cloth < <ta:. aie lsteietate-aisjeietstovesele oe 1.20
IGE Rec Eo oe Eee ee ere ore 3.00 | Cultivation of Fishes in Ponds (Townsend), paper .... .25
Zoologica Vol. I. Nos. 1-20 inclusive... 3.85 6.00 Chameleons of the Sea (Townsend), paper ............ 25
Zoologica Vol. II. Nos. 1, 2, 3-4, 5, each 25 Northern Elephant Seal (Townsend), paper ......... 25
Zoologica Vol. II. No. 6 ......2..-06-- 75 Care of Home Aquaria (Osborn), cloth ............. -50
Zoologica Vol II. Nos. 7, 8 and 9, set 25 ee oy
Zoopathologica Vol. I, Nos. 1 to 5, each 25 Porpoise in Captivity (Townsend), paper ............ 25
Bulletin—Bi-monthly ........ 20c. each; Yearly by mail 1.00 Natural History of the Whale Shark (Gudger), paper .25
Bulletin Nos. 24 to 60 inclusive, set, cloth bound.... 10.00 The Gaff-Topsail Catfish (Gudger), paper ............ -25
Bulletin Nos. 1, 6, 8, 35, 43 and 46...... (Out of Print) . .
aos 3 . ‘i I tes of the Aquarium (a book of views), paper.... .25
Official Guide Zoological Park (Hornaday) .40 Mees on Segal bas af sews) Tee
* Can be furnished in Ninth Annual Report. Cloth bound Illustrated Guide to the Aquarium (Townsend), boards .40
only. $1.50. Aquarium Post Cards: Colored, in sets, set (postage 5c.) .25

Publications for sale at 111 Broadway, Zoological Park and the New York Aquarium.

OBJECTS OF THE SOCIETY

A PUBLIC ZOOLOGICAL PARK
THE PRESERVATION OF OUR NATIVE ANIMALS
THE PROMOTION OF ZOOLOGY

Agel:

NONONONONENONENENENENONONENONG)

COTTON NOON NNO NO NON NO NONAN

BeOvpOoGIicAl SOCIETY
BOLLE TIN

WHITE RHINOCEROS NUMBER

JULY
1920

Vol. XXIII
No. 4

THE WHITE RHINOCEROS OF THE BELGIAN CONGO
BygtERBERT vwLAN'G

HNO O\/O\NW/OV/ONW/ON/ DOV OVO NIDA OVW ANOVA

Nem York Zoological Society

Genera Orrice, 111 Broadway, New York Ciry.

President
Henry FairFIELD OsBorn

Hirst Vice-President
Mapison GRANT

Second Vice-President
Frank Kk. Srurais

Asst. Greasurer
Tue Farmers’ Loan & Trust Co.

Treasurer
Percy R. Pyne, 20 Exchange Place

Secretary
Mapison Grant

Executive Committee
Wma. Prrrson Hamitton,
Frank K. Srurais,
LisPENARD STEWART,
Henry Farrrietp Ossorn, ev-officio

Watson B. Dickerman,
Antuony R. Kuser,
A. Barton Hepsurn

Mapison Grant, Chairman.
Percy R. Pyne,
Wiruiam Wuire NILes,

Board of Managers
Ex-oficin The Mayor and The Prestpent Department of Parks, City of New York.

Glass of 1921

Levi P. Morton,
Mapison Grant,
Wituiam Wuire NItes,
Henry A. C. Taytor,

Percy R. Pyne,
Gerorce Birp GRINNELL,
CieveLtanp H. Doper,
C. Lepyarp Bratr,

Henry Farirriretp Ossporn,
LisPENARD STEWART,
Cuartes F. Dierericn,

Frank K. Srurais,

Grorce J. Gov pn,

Oapen Mitts,

Lewis RurHerrorp Morris,

Glass of 1922
Emerson McMi tin,
Antuony R. Kuser,
Watson B. Dickerman,
Mortimer L. Scuirr,

Class nt 1923
Wo. Pierson Hamitton,

Rosert S. Brewster,
Epwarp S. Harkness,

ArcHer M. Huntineron,
E. C. Converse,

Gerorce D. Prart,

T. Coteman pu Pont

Freperic C. Waxcorr,
Beekman WINTHROP,
Georce C. Crarx,

W. Repmonp Cross.

A. Barton Hepsvurn,
Wirii1am Woopwarp,
Epwin Tuorne,

Wixuiam B. Oscoop Fietp, Percy A. RocKEFELLeER.

General Officers

Witr1am T. Hornapay, Director Zoological Park.
Cuartes H. Townsenp, Director, New York Aquarium.
Grorce S. Huntineron, Prosector. C. Grant La Farce, Architect.
Grorce A. MacCatuium, Pathologist. H. De B. Parsons, Consulting Engineer.
R. L. Cerero, Bursar.

Officers of the Zoological Park

Wituiam T. Hornapay, Director.
H. W. Merke , Chief Forester.

Grorce F. Baker,

H. R. Mircuety, Chief Clerk.
Raymonp L. Drirmars, Curator, Reptiles. W. Rew Brat, Jeterinarian.
Ler S. Cranpatu, Curator, Birds. Witiram Mircue tt, Cashier.
Wiruram Berse, Honorary Curator, Birds.
Erwin R. Sansorn, Photographer and Editor.

Officers of the Aquarium
Cuartes H. Townsenp, Director.
WasuincTon I. DENysz, Assistant. Rosert SurcuirFe, Clerk.
Ipa M. Me ten, Secretary.

me Wines RAINOCEROS
OF THE

bDEEGIAN, CONGO

LE AND IEEUSTRATIONS
By HERBERT LANG

y eesanizn, liga
: uit

SEP? 34 1920 "

Wa; PS

~fOna} Mose

IN THE FIELD
The author, with one of the prizes collected
by the American Museum of Natural History
Congo-Expedition (1909-1915), of which he

was the leader.

AOOMOGLEAMIES |SO OE Yor 3 Ul kan TN
PUBLISHED by the NEw YorK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
111 Broadway, New York City

Single Copies, 20 cents Bi-monthly Yearly by Mail, $1.00

rita WOE g

t to tip of

ZOOLOGICAL

SOCIETY

BULLETIN

Published by the New York Zoological Society

VoLtuME XXIII

THE WHITE

JULY, 1920

RHINOCEROS OF

NUMBER 4

THE BELGIAN CONGO*

By Hersert LANG

Assistant Curator of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History; F.N.Y.Z.S.; Chair-
man Subcommittee on Life Histories of Exotic Mammals, American Society of Mammalogists

Illustrations from -Photographs by the Author

l ATE in May, 1909, at the Foreign Office

in Brussels, diplomatic attention, strange

to say, was focused upon the subject
of white rhinoceroses. The pending ques-
tion involved the conditions under which

the Congo Expedition, sent by the American
Museum of Natural History to the Belgian
Congo could gather material for a habitat group
of these rare and legally protected animals.
The Colonial Administration had pledged itself
not to grant any one the privilege of disturbing
the only herd of white rhinoceroses then off-
cially known, until Colonel Roosevelt had com-
pleted his visit to the eastern border of Belgian
territory.

His Excellency the Minister of Colonies was
then in Africa to second the efforts of the pres-
ent King Albert, who as heir to the throne was
anxious to acquire first-hand information about
the great Central African demain. Secretary
General H. Droogmans and Director General
A. Kervyn, in charge of such matters, frankly
informed us of the queer turn of circumstances.
Could we perhaps suggest a satisfactory solu-
tion?

Fortunately Mr. James P. Chapin
Foundation ;

eye and the writer were able to
Ricicon inform our hosts that Professor
Exploration Henry Fairfield Osborn, Presi-

dent of the American Museum,

and Colonel Roosevelt already had arranged
that the two American expeditions might unite
their efforts to realize more easily the great
project of presenting to visitors of the New
York Museum a realistic bit of the greatness

*Copyright, 1920, by Herbert Lang. All rights reserved.

and fascination of the African jungles. This
discussion about white rhinoceroses also sug-

gested further cooperation for the benefit of
the Colonial Museum in Tervueren, Belgium,
and the final solution of the difficulty presently
afforded an opportunity for hearty congratula-
tions.

Our progress from Banana, at the mouth of
the Congo River, across the western half of
Africa consumed a great deal of time and the
gathering of material for a habitat group of the
rare okapi so delayed the Congo Expedition
that we had to forego the pleasure of meeting
Colonel Roosevelt in the haunts of the white
rhinoceros. When we arrived in the northern
Uele district we found, contrary to all rumors,
that the far-famed beasts were fairly numer-
ous. We were spared the trouble of asking
the Sirdar of Egypt for the privilege of pro-
ceeding to the Lado Enclave, which, after the
demise of King Leopold, had reverted to the
British crown. Furthermore, on account of
sleeping sickness this territory had been closed
to caravan traffic, and access to the Nile was
impossible without special permission. Fort-
unately at Niangara the Honorable Charles
Smets, who knew more than any one else about
the white rhinoceroses in that region, kindly
offered his expert advice, and later his devoted
friendship contributed much to the success of
the Congo Expedition.

Formerly the white or square-
Zoological lipped” rhinoceros — (Ceratothe-
Status of : : 5
the White "um — simum = simum) was con-
Rhinoceros sidered common only in South
Africa. In years gone by thous-

ands were wantonly slaughtered there, and today

[ 67 |

ZOOLOGICAL

but a few mounted specimens, skeletons, and
skulls are all that is preserved in the museums of

the world. A very few still are alive in the
Umfolosi reserve in Zululand. These being

supposedly the last of their race, considerable
surprise was aroused by the discovery of a
northern form (Ceratotherium simum cottoni)
by Major Gibbons when he stopped in 1900 at
Lado, just west of the Nile. Since then Powell-
Cotton, Solvay, Winston Churchill, Selous, de la
Kethulle, Colonel Roosevelt, and the Congo
Expedition (1909-1915) have established the
fact of their relatively extended northern range.
My companion, Mr. James P. Chapin, and I
had the privilege of studying them thoroughly
during exploration in the northeastern
Uele, throughout a period of over two years,
and the writer's previous experience with black
or hook-lipped rhinoceroses (Diceros bicornis)
during the Tjader East African Expedition
also proved valuable by way of comparison.

our

The habitat of the white rhinoc-
eros in the north is essentially
similar in environmental and climatic conditions
to that in the south. Though situated only a few
degrees north of the moist equatorial regions,
various factors, especially the proximity of the
most extensive desert in the world, have helped
to stamp upon it all the characteristic features
of the African savannah, well scattered with
scrub. As the haunts of the rare okapi are
restricted to the northeastern Rain Forest, so
the habitat of these white rhinoceros lies in the
northeastern savannah of the Belgian Congo,
and beyond it to the Nile.

Habitat

In general the country is fairly arid, espe-
cially the large expanses of higher-lying brush
country, and the rolling savannah, where one
seldom can find a waterhole. In many places
granular, brownish-red limonite is so predomi-
nant as to form great boulder fields, in some
features resembling those of volcanic origin.
In lower-lying tracts, however, swamps are
numerous, as may be expected in a territory
representing a portion of the Congo-Nile divide.
The most typical swamps are overgrown. with
papyrus twelve feet high, and at a distance look
like an uninterrupted stretch of grass country.
The deepest portions are thus brought to an
even level with the surrounding areas. Usually
some clear water runs through the dense mass
of stalks, but below the dirty scum-laden sur-
face it is often lost in a mere brownish fluid.
Near the more open places, where the cross-
ings of rhinoceroses, elephants, buffaloes, and
even giraffes are found, tropical luxuriance runs
riot, marantaceous plants of a glossy dark ereen

SOCIETY

BULLETIN 69

cover small tracts; blue, yellow, and whitish
flowers of water-lilies being common. Clusters
of graceful Phoenix palms there tower above
all other vegetation.

To the north northeast some of the
swamps forming the sources of the affluents of
the Congo and the Nile are separated by only
low undulations, in some places no more than fif-
teen feet wide. In years of extra heavy rain-
fall, the two river systems may thus be con-
nected, especially as here the rise of the waters
is often surprisingly rapid. As a result there
are a large number of species of fishes common
to both watercourses.

and

oe In the Uele district. typical
he mountains are unknown and even
District the highest elevations, which reach

an altitude of 8000 feet above
sea-level. look rather like rounded hills. Many

of these are merely enormous granite boulders
About Aba, especially
to the south, such hills are fairly barren, and
from one of the highest a panorama including
seventy others may be enjoyed. Some of them,
however, are with vegetation, most
often in the ravines, and even one of the great-
est, Gaima, is crowned with trees.

In the northeastern Uele and
southern Bahr-el-Ghazal we find
the striking contrasts of dry and
rainy seasons typical of savan-
nah regions, with grass ten to fifteen feet in
height, and low bushes and trees. The wet
period starts towards April, with heavy rains
from June to October, or further north to No-
vember. The terrific rains and the fury of the
storms beat down the tall grass and entangle
it still further. The vegetation becomes more
impenetrable, the swamps are full of water,
the brooks and rivers often impassable, and

or grass-covered ridges.

covered

Seasons
and

Vegetation

the highways few. The cutting blades of grass
lacerate the natives’ skin, and are a
check to travel. Hunting is fraught with dan-
gers, for the height of the jungle cuts off the
view and one is exposed to unexpected encoun-
ters. The country now bears all the marks
of devastation from the continued passage of
the big game. Bushes and trees take on true
autumnal colors and all that relieves the gen-
eral monotonoy of the scene are a few groups
of flowering bushes and plants.

With the early part of the dry
season, stretch after stretch of
the minor forms of vegetation in
this immense area is slowly consumed by the

serious

Savannah
Fires

crackling and roaring fires set everywhere by

natives. Hundreds of kites, other birds of

day} dae.
SAMO 72

Jano} sumed

ay} ‘s#uissoio asay] Uy

[ 70 |

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 71
prey, even vultures, and bee-eaters, rollers, Occasionally widely ditferent as-

swallows, and swifts busily snap up, amidst
clouds of smoke, the escaping insects, some
of which are carried high by the currents of
heated air. Right after the fires have passed,
white-necked storks and marabous may be seen
searching the blackened ground for the large
grasshoppers, reptiles, and lesser animals that
have been injured or killed.

During the conflagration game stands without
fear in close proximity to fire, and in certain
places may even walk across the fire line. With

unexpected rapidity the tender grass com-
mences to spring up and the bright green

blankets attract the game, most of which again
form herds, larger than at any other time.

As soon as the smoke-laden atmosphere clears
and the burned particles carried by the wind
cease to fall, trees and bushes show some green
again. In a few weeks springtime seems to
have arrived. Gorgeous blooms often grace the
bushes and trees, and a delightful fragrance
may fill the air. Scattered flowers appear, but
fields washed in a single bright tone are un-
known. Orchids emerging from the parched
soil, or even from the ashes, with their delicate
form and color, mostly white, violet, yellow and
rose, are an agreeable surprise.

The season from January to June

Beat is the ideal hunting period, but
Time for :
Hunting success depends upon a thorough

knowledge of the country. In
the northeastern Uele district, game at all times
is scarce as compared with its abundance in
British East Africa. Some sections then are
alive with natives, for with them it is the most
propitious time for laying in their annual sup-
plies of meat. They often make use of grass
fires to drive their prey to certain places where
companions with nets, spears, and arrows are
ready to slaughter all they can.

Sometimes whole fields are covered with the
heavier charred stalks that have been left stand-
ing by the flames. These obstruct the view and
make hunting difficult. Many of the swamps
are dry, and the river-beds nearly empty, fore-
ing game to travel great distances in search of
water. During the rainy season much of the
savannah proper is traversed by sluggish rivers
winding their way between low banks, as in
newly dug channels. It seems strange that even
then in spite of the proximity of water there
is not the slightest trace of greater luxuriance
in those sections, the typical scrubby vegetation
leading down to the water’s edge without change.

Neighbors
of the White

Rhinoceros

pects are offered in other parts
of this region, where wooded
strips mark from afar the sites

of swamps, or meandering watercourses.

These forest galleries show many of the
features characteristic of the equatorial
Rain Forest, and strange contrasts — are

naturally unavoidable. Indeed, here one may
listen to the calls of the chimpanzee as they
mingle with the roaring of the lion, the howl
of the hyena, and the yelping of the jackal.
The and the leopard, the civet and
prairie cat all find their living here. The sylvan
red colobus, and the black-and-white guereza,
so typical of these forested galleries, both
jump noisily from tree to tree. The forest-
loving red river-hog, and the wart-hog of the
plains may wallow in the very swamps that

serval

elephants and square-lipped rhinoceroses have
used a few days before, and the cane-rat (Thry-
onomys) cuts its runways through the high
The same termite hills may here be
visited by the scaly ant-eater (Manis) and the
aardvark (Orycteropus), and without taking a
step one may observe both the large forest
squirrels (Protoxerus) and the fossorial ground
squirrel (Huverus) of the savannah.

grass.

To paint a vivid picture of the
northern white rhinoceroses in
their leisure, frolics and unrest
is no easy task, for the obscurity of night en-

Daily
Habits

One can no
more hope to succeed in wresting life’s secrets
from two-horned

shrouds their most active phases.

monsters
short span of the blazing

these during the
sun than to
serve native customs during the long hours of

the moon.

ob-

In the heat of the day, rhinoceroses
merely rest, wherever they may be, in open or
dense thickets, in shade or scorching sun. In
the early morning they may continue to wallow,
or like nomads take delight in roving, or they
may be seen while standing still to doze oft
the effects of late hours. When violently dis-
turbed in their light slumbers they, like most
other gigantic creatures, rush either to safety
or attack. Most of their assailants unfor-
tunately have greater interest in them when
dead than alive, and refer to them either as
cowards or heroes. These are the regions
wherein distance counts for naught, and the
eyes have to scan each minute sign in trails
and tracks. From them alone one reads the
facts supplied so seldom by face to face en-
counters.

me

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

BULLETIN

BLACK OR HOOK-LIPPED RHINOCEROS

The triangular, prehensile process of the upper lip, responsible for the name “hook-lipped,”” helps this browser gather lea

anterior horn is roundish and usually longer than the posterior one, but both may vary considerably in form.

between the usual pair is abnormal.
expeditions to British East Africa.

and twigs. The
In this ease the tiny third horn

Both photographs from a bull shot by the late Mr. Richard Tjader at Solai, during the first of his three
The right hand picture is reproduced by courtesy of D. Appleton and Company from Mr. Tjader’s book

“The Big Game of Africa,’ (New York, 1910.)

The ‘white’ rhinoceros, whose
hide is naturally dark slate gray,
belongs, like the elephant, hippopotamus and
giraffe, to those groups of gigantic land mam-
mals which flourished millions of years ago. At
present it is impossible to state with any rea-
sonable degree of precision which is the largest
of the five species of rhinoceros still living in
India, Malaysia and Africa. Huge dead mam-
mals are so difficult to handle that accuracy in
measurements, made in so many different ways,
cannot be expected. When taken from mounted
skins and skeletons they are liable to introduce
even greater errors Unfortunately the natives’
and sportsmen’s hecatombs of these giants never
have furnished to any museum a sufficient num-
ber of adult specimens by which to settle all
questions of size. Perhaps the white rhinoceros
surpasses in bulk the great Indian species, but
we are not sure of it. The latter, like the lighter
built Javan species, has only one horn, in con-
trast with the smaller, hairier, two-horned
Sumatran, and the only other African species,
the black rhinoceros.

Color

The names “‘square-lipped,” “‘square-nosed,”
and “‘square-mouthed” for the white rhinoceros
are traceable to the broad and truncated snout,
with wide-open nostrils. The term “hook-
lipped” is equally applicable to the triangular,
pointed and prehensile median process of the
upper lip of the African black rhinoceros. In-

cidentally, this broad snout and heavy underlip
are facial features that may, as in horses, ex-
press moods of great excitement, though two
other signs help to announce this,—the tail
held high or knotted in “‘pig-tail” fashion, and
the cocked-up ears.

= The subspecifie differences be-
The tween the South African and the
South Te : 5 é P

Mecca Nile-Congo races of white rhinoc-
Race eroses are slight. Heller* con-

siders the great concavity in the
dorsal outline of the skull of the southern form
(C. s. simum) as the only valid difference. But
even this character is subject to doubt, for the
material collected by the Congo Expedition
shows the same amount of individual variation
that seems to be common among all large mam-
mals. The white rhinoceros differs from the
black in the following external characters:
Greater average size; longer head; fleshy hump
in front of shoulder; truncated snout; straight
lips, the lower one with horny edge; relatively.
heavier horns, the anterior with squarish base
and flattened front; bigger soles for the feet.

The huge bulk of the white rhi-

Bulk noceros standing erect and alert,
ad with its unwieldy head and cocked

ears turned in the direction of
danger, presents an impressive sight. The

* Smithson

I-XXXI,.

Misc. Goll., LX, No. -1, 1913, pp. 1-77, Pls.

ZOOLOGICAL

SOCIETY BULLETIN 73

WHITE OR SQUARE-LIPPED RHINOCEROS

The broad, square mouth and especially the horny edge of the lower lip, facilitates the cropping of grass, its only food.

the left, this ridge, usually covered by the bulky snout, may be distinctly seen.

common black rhinoceros.

In the picture at
The head of this species is much longer than that of the

From contact with vegetation near the ground the anterior horn is worn off in front, and its base squarish

The variation in size and shape of horns is very extensive.

menacing horns suggest painful possibilities,
and they would be formidable weapons of
ageression were it not that the peaceful grazing
habits of their owner have relegated them to
an eminently practical use. In these regions of
high grass, except during a few months after
the annual grass fires, progress through the
tangled mass of vegetation demands _ intense
muscular exertion. The fending action of the
horns, carried close to the ground, clears the
way for the short, pillar-like front legs and
barrel-shaped body as the animal slowly p:
across country, or grazes with constantly nod-
ding head. Imagine nearly forty pounds of
horns on top of a long, wedge-like nose, swung

sses

about with astonishing ease, while tearing
through the jungle. Quite naturally — this

abrading use accounts for their general smooth-
To this incidental friction, and not to a
supposed special grinding action against stones
or the ground, nor to digging, must be ascribed
the flattening in front and the wear directly
above the base of the anterior horn, as well
as the posterior edge and often spatulate form
of the rear horn.

ness.

Biase The factors giving the long,
nysica : : : :
Rentines weighty head such remarkable

facility of movement are the
highly efficient ball and socket joint hinging the
head to the neck and the enormous band of
sinewy nuchal muscles extending from the rear
of the skull to the high processes of the verte-

bral column. A huge mass of muscles on either
side of this “rubber band” are responsible for
the distinctive hump in front of the shoulder.
At every sway of the head they exert an enor-
mous pull on the upper corners of the skull,
which perhaps has brought about its curious
V-shaped dorsal outline in the rear.

There are always two horns, ex-
cept in young calves, where the
posterior one is merely a slight hump. Far
from being set directly upon the skull they rest
upon the heavy hide, which runs beneath them
without interruption. After two days of decay
they easily can be pulled off the skin, to which
they are attached only by small fibres sunk into
innumerable tiny pits, but if haste is necessary
they can be severed at once with a knife. In
adults there is a roughened, granular area upon
the naso-frontal bones beneath each horn. The
slightly thickened patch of skin between horn
and bone certainly forms an ideal cushion to
absorb the shock of heavy blows. No doubt
this is also an important function of the hide,
which in some places is about two inches thick.
It is toughest on shoulder, belly, and other parts
exposed to abrasion in passing through the
jungle.

Horns

Under normal circumstances, the front horn is
much the longer of the two. In contrast with
the roundish of the horn in the black
species, that of the white rhinoceros is rather
square. Individual variation in size and form

base

~1

4 ZOOLOGICAL

EFFECT OF THE RAZOR-LIKE EDGES OF GRASS
The author's shoes, before and after a nineteen days march through the
haunts of the white rhinoceros. The tips, filed away by the gra
were nailed down again with brass tacks, and the other holes were
Imagine what such friction does to the horns of

mended with wire.
rhinoceroses fending their way through the cutting grass of the jungle,

is considerable. The heavier development of
the nasal boss in males allows for relatively
larger and heavier horns. The one in front
may be perfectly straight, as in exceptional
female specimens, or curved slightly forward,
or bent so far backward as almost to describe
a semicircle. With advancing age, the part
immediately above the base is worn away grad-
ually and the outstanding lower portion shows
well their bristly makeup of vertical, strongly
agglutinated hollow fibres.

The posterior horn is directly behind the
other, and it may be at a little distance from
it, as in young specimens. As a rule it is con-
siderably shorter, roundish, or laterally com-
pressed. Exceptionally fine horns are not de-
pendent on great age, but are carried by in-
dividuals in the prime of life, those of very old
specimens generally being inferior.

However seldom these rhinocer-

Charge oses charge their living enemies,
a at times bushes, trees, and even
White boulders may receive the tremen-
Rhinoceros dous impact of their weight and

violence. Often in such reckless
plunges, instead of crushing an imaginary

foe, they splinter their front horns. In the
Uele district at least, this is not so rare an
occurrence, for among sixty waiting at a post to
be exported to Egypt, half a dozen had been
injured in this manner. Of two that we obtained
from our own freshly killed specimens, one
anterior horn was a mere stub and the other
only a little higher than the posterior horn.
Those of younger animals are too short and
solid to be broken; only the worn-off, slender
horns of adults are subject to such damage.
The splintered portion is gradually polished

SOCIETY

BULLETIN

off, but the stumps left probably never change
much in form.

From South Africa a single re-
markably slim front horn of sixty-
é two and one-half inches, and
probably from a female, credited to Colonel W.
Gordon Cumming, breaks all records for length.
In open plains horns may grow uninjured, but
they cannot escape the gradual wear from the
razor-like blades of common grasses, which is
the most probable way of accounting for their
slenderness. Perhaps the density of the brush
and roughness of the ground in the haunts of
the white rhinoceros west of the Nile do not per-
mit such excessively long-horn development.
We were fortunate, however, in obtaining there
the two largest complete specimens of white
rhinoceros ever collected, the photographs of
which are reproduced herewith for the first time.
One, the bull, had a total length of fifteen feet
five inches in a straight line from snout to tip
of the tail, which itself measured thirty-two and
one-half inches. His standing height at the
shoulders was five feet eight inches, but at the
nuchal hump, by raising the neck and pulling
the forelimb eighteen inches more might have

been added.

Meas-
urements

While the length of horns pre-

Height viously known from that region
1) _ : 5
April does not exceed three feet, this

male from Faradje, in the Uele,
constitutes a record for the northern form
(C. s. cottoni), with a forty-two inch front and
twenty-two and one-half inch rear horn. The
female is an equally remarkable partner, her
front horn measuring thirty-six and a quarter

THICK HIDE
BENEATH. HORNS

NASAL BONE

TWO DAYS AFTER BEING SPEARED BY NATIVES
Decomposition has loosened the mass of minute fibres fastening the
horns to the skin, which runs without interruption beneath the horns.
Here a part of the skin one inch thick, has been cut out to show the

naso-trontal bones below.

ZOOLOGICAL

SOCIETY

BULLETIN 75

RECORD COW WHITE RHINOCEROS

Her size can be judged by comparison with the standing native.

A fit partner to the bull figured in the frontispiece.

thirty-six and one quarter inches, and the rear one twenty-two and one half inches.

inches and rear one twenty-one and one-half
inches. The great development of both rear
horns is unusual.

Those
a young
Museum and long since have been imbued with
lifelike appearances. Indeed the artistic skill
of Messrs. Carl Akeley and J. L. Clark in
modeling the group arouses the admiration of

two huge rhinocernses, together with
specimen, now are in the American

all visitors who behold these huge dark mon-
Many ask: “Why do they call them
The story is a simple one:

sters.
white?”

Formerly the two kinds of Afri-

Causes :

Be ts can rhinoceroses, the black and
Golo the white, were fairly common in
Names certain regions of South Africa.

Their habits being vitally differ-
ent, it is probable that in the same regions they
different. The white
pend to a great extent on wallowing places,

looked rhinoceroses de-
and a mud bath is an absolute necessity. Though
their rough hide normally is dark gray, after
every

plunge their “coat of armor” gradually
changes to the color that the mud assumes when
dry. The bulk of the dirt is rubbed off at once

The front horn measured

A side view is shown on p. 73.

against bushes and tree trunks, or when the
The

body temperature dries out the rest and the

rhinoceros rolls about on the ground.

blaze of the tropical sun often adds a glare to
the fire to the and
deeper shadows to the darker hues of loam.

white, or red tones, also

But after only a few hours, every trace has
been shaken off.

The color of these rhinoceroses therefore de-
pends at times on the reddish-brown, black, blue
or whitish mud of the mires in which they have
In South Africa those who originally

thus

wallowed.
coined the name
have seen them as they were self-painted by

earth. J

“white rhinoceros” may

“white” have even observed one a
dark green, still covered with the scum of alge
Others
were jet black from passing across a portion
Per-

haps the charred, cork-like bark of certain trees

from a pond near a papyrus swamp.
of the veldt recently swept by grass fires.

had helped to make them such terrible looking
monsters. Jn addition, hundreds of well-scoured
places on the veldt, often near waterholes, tes-
tify how fond they are of taking dust baths,
which may contribute to a still different aspect.

=

6 ZOOLOGICAL

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

Bepartments :
Mammals Aquarium
W. T. Hornapay. C. H. TownsEnD.
Birds Reptiles

Lee S. CRANDALL. Raymonp L. Ditmars

WituiaM Beere. Honorary Curator, Birds

Published bi-monthly at the Office of the Society,
111 Broadway, New York City.
Yearly by Mail, $1.00.
MAILED FREE TO MEMBERS.
Copyright, 1920, by the New York Zoological Society.

Each author is responsible for the scientific accuracy
and the proof reading of his contribution.

Etwrn R. Sansorn, Editor

Vou. XXIII, No. 4

JuLty 1920

The distribution of the two spe-

Habits cies of rhinoceroses, “black”
= ect “e - ” pes
Distribution and “white,” has been greatly

influenced by certain peculiarities
of structure, feeding, and other habits. The
browsing black rhinoceroses strip leaves and
twigs from bushes with the triangular, prehen-
sile process of the upper lip, and are found in
a great variety of places. Though the rolling
portions of the savannah are preferred sites,
they may live in forests, where I have seen them
on the siopes of the Rift Valley and foothills
of Mt. Kenia. Yet they also find a livelihood
in really arid tracts where no white rhinocer-
os could live, subsisting mainly on the xero-
philous scrub, which, with its green, succulent
aspect, seems to belie the general parched con-
ditions vouched for by the many thorny ele-
ments. They of course care little for wallow-
ing places.

The grazing white rhinoceroses feed on noth-
ing but common grasses. Grassy plains and an
abundance of pasture are an absolute necessity
in their habitat. The horny edge of the lower
lip (see photograph, p. 73), usually hidden by
the overhanging snout, seems to have escaped
the notice of all previous observers. As no
incisors are present this ridge greatly facili-
tates the cropping of fodder. The resulting
muscular movement explains the characterist-
ically great width and depth of the bony portion
supporting the chin, which is slim and pointed
in other rhinoceroses. The food is well masti-
cated between the broad and flat grinding sur-
faces of their molars, which contrast with the
high, crushing ridges and sloping deep grooves
of the relatively smaller teeth of their black
relative. In these tropical regions the grasses
favored lose their succulence soon after emerg-
ing from the ground. Drinking water to aid
digestion then becomes all important. Just

SOCIETY BULLETIN

about the time the last puddles dry up these
white rhinoceroses find large sections of their
haunts becoming arid. All wallowing places are
then deserted, even the few connected with trick-
ling springs that retain some moisture, and only
in the rainy period do the huge beasts scatter
again.

The area of the former distribu-

The tion of the white rhinoceros in
ane South Africa (C. s. simum). as
1ite . . 4 .
Rhinoceros etermined from available infor-

mation, hardly ever attained more
than 800,000 square miles. Probably it was
much less, as they inhabited chiefly the grassy
regions between the middle Zambesi southward
to the central section of the Orange River and
Natal provinces. All localities of their actual
occurrence fall within the range indicated on
the map shown herewith. Damaraland, erron-
eously attributed to Andersson and quoted by
a few recent authors, has been excluded. His
first white rhinoceros was killed just southwest
of Lake Ngami, “at Kobis,” which, together with
the more southern Kuruman, also in Bechuana-
land, represents the easternmost limit of the
species. No white rhinoceroses ever have been
known west of, or in the Kalahari Desert proper.
nor from the Drakensberg Range in the east.
The range of the Nile-Congo race
(C. s. cotton), a form discovered
of as recently as 1900, was believed
Noseern to be restricted to the Lado coun-
try and the immediate neighbor-
hood of the Nile. Contrary to all surmises its
range has steadily increased. These white
rhinoceroses are now positively known to extend
from a little north of Lake Albert to three hun-
dred miles down the Nile to a point near Shambe.
From there it stretches four hundred and fifty
miles westward to the Dar Fertit section, and
two hundred south to Rafai.* The
southern limit extends about five hundred miles
across the northeastern Uele district to the ter-
ritory northwest of Lake Albert. This habitat
thus forms an oblong area of about 100,000
square miles, all situated west of the Nile.
which is the eastern limit of their dispersal.
Southward their haunts reach to the forested
and hilly transition belt just north of the West
African Rain Forest, but in the north and west
the boundaries can not be considered definite.
They might ultimately be found along the grassy
outskirts of the Sahara, just as in South Africa
the southern form was at one time abundant
about the edge of the Kalahari Desert, near
Lake Ngami, and in eastern and_ southern
Bechuanaland. In the west. one can point to
* Schouteden, Rev. Zool. Afr., I, fasc. 1, 1911, p. 124.

Range

miles

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

BULLETIN

~1
~

}- TROPIC oF cancts,

district, the
ae the Congo
pelditiéns observations

DISTRIBUTION

OF

UMA GHAI} CeratotHerium simum
ES Geraiotheriem simum|cottoni

TAG” Sous HY

“jo Co 200 100 Miles

zo | a0 0 mo emo Kilometers,

Meridian 0 Of Greenwich

ED 0

FORMER AND PRESENT RANGES OF THE TWO WHITE RHINOCEROS SUBSPECIES

The South African race is now extinet save for a very few individuals still living in the Umfolosi Reserve,
ranges, with the Nile route open, white rhinoceroses are afforded little protection.

Zululand.

The map shows the easy access to the home of these mon-

In their northern

sters by way of Khartoum, the point of departure for steamers bound southward.

the hopeful omen of the presence of black
rhinoceroses in the Niger-Shari districts, south
of Lake Chad, especially as both species were
found together in many regions of South Africa.

According to the information of Maruka, an
intelligent native chief of the Logo at Faradje,
it may be possible that in former times the two
kinds of rhinoceroses shared their ranges in the
northeastern Uele. He told us that when the
rinderpest swept across Africa from the north-
east in the early nineties, the rhinoceros feed-
ing on bushes died out, together with most of
the buffaloes, elands and antelopes, and never
appeared again. Only in the last ten years have
the white rhinoceroses and other game become
sufficiently numerous in that section to figure
once more in the natives’ larder.

The great gap between the north-

Gap ern and southern ranges of white

Bengeen rhinoceroses represents a territory

Two z A SS :

Rances over 1200 miles long. So far no
hee . eo no . .

positive proof of their former

occurrence there has come to light, notwith-

standing various reports to the contrary. In
regions where hyenas abound and long rainy
seasons accelerate the destruction of even the
heaviest bones, the chances are slight that their
remains have found a safe burial, to come to
light again as witness to former flourishing
times. In ages past Africa has changed, though
less and more gradually than other continents,
and instead of whole mammal groups being com-
pletely wiped out. some were able to hold their
own in scattered areas. Interrupted distribution

ZOOLOGICAL

~t
loo)

MARUKA, THE GREAT CHIEF OF THE LOGO

In his territory the regular annual toll of white rhinoceroses killed by
natives for meat exceeded forty.

among living groups of African mammals is a
natural condition, and not so rare as generally
believed.

Even so decidedly widespread a

ane “. species as the black rhinoceros
ack y - =
Species cannot boast of a continuous

range, though it is found yet in
many sections of South Africa and all the way
north to Abyssinia, neighboring parts of Egypt,
across the Sudan to the eastern bank of the
Nile, and also in Angola, and the Katanga dis-
trict of the Belgian Congo. At present it is
totally absent from all that territory known as
the range of the Nile-Congo race of white rhin-
oceroses, though, as stated, occurring again in
the Shari-Niger region south of Lake Chad.
Thus in the north both species apparently live
apart.
Of the habits of the only white
rhinoceroses still alive im South
Africa Vaughan-Kirby* has just
published an interesting study.
There, in the Umfolosi reserve
in Zululand, embracing an area of
about 90,000 acres, and for the greater part

Near
Extinction
of Southern
White

Rhinoceros

SOCIETY

BULLETIN

situated between the Black and White Umfolosi
rivers, both the prehensile-lipped black and
square-mouthed white rhinoceroses live under
natural and undisturbed conditions. For some
strange reason their number in this last refuge,
stated in 1910 by Stevenson-Hamilton to be
“some fifteen’? seems now to have dwindled to
“some ten” individuals, according to Heller’s
reference, later quoted by Vaughan-Kirby, who
nevertheless gives assurance that reproduction
is proceeding as rapidly in the reserve as in the
Congo-Nile region.

In the field one need not worry

Habits much about dangers from aggres-
and sion by white rhinoceroses. All
Tempera- those who have wandered the veldt
ment of a 5 s

NSC know the fascination of tracking
White hour after hour under constantly
Rhinoceros shifting winds. Finally the re-

ward may be to catch a glimpse
of what perhaps promises an exciting adven-
ture, but now, beyond the hazy screen of thicket,
looks merely like an outcropping boulder.
These rhinoceroses, gregarious, sociable, and
piglike in many ways, lie down helter-skelter
in the fashion of heedless vagabonds. An occa-
sional snort and the rumbling of gases in their
intestines alone break the dead silence of a
tropical noon. Instinctively and as in a dream
their ears continue to fan the air, the eyelids
twitch, the muzzle quivers, and the tail whisks
off the hosts of harassing flies. The shifting
of a bulky head or the fidgety turn of a body
will not disturb a herd. But at the slightest
evidence of your presence their elbows jerk the
forelimbs from beneath the body. One or all
may sit up in dog fashion on their haunches,
listen and sniff, and if all is well, lie down
and quietly drowse again.

Once roused from rest the sluggish body is
full of hesitation; and doubt and fear are easy
losers. The massive brutes seem suddenly to
realize that the traditional freedom of their
haunts is at stake. Bewilderment is changed
into blind fury. With astonishing speed they
dash across the veldt. Sharp horns, swift
hoofs, mighty weight, and hide like solid armor,
they recognize no obstacles. The clumps of
bushes, gnarly scrub, entangled masses that no
one has yet dared brave are trodden down and
brushed aside like trembling blades of grass.
The weirdness of the crashing sounds, the boom-
ing of the thundering progress fan still higher
the flames that furnish energy and motion.
Yet one cannot help but note how quickly the
fearful rush gives way. Soon they trot and

* Ann.
XXVIII.

Durban Mus., II, part 2, 1920, pp. 223-242, Pl.

ZOOLOGICAL

SOCIETY

BULLETIN

~1
©

CAMP OF THE CONGO EXPEDITION NEAR FARADJE, IN JANUARY

At this period, grass fires sweep the country and camping sites are cleared to prevent accidents.

In the foreground, the row of loads contain

accessories for a habitat group ready for transportation to America.

then they walk in stupid lassitude, glad to use
the easy, deep-worn trails their aimless wan-
derings shaped so long ago.

With our base camp at Faradje

ac cine our numerous side trips brought
ne ° .

White us one might say into the very
Rhinoceros midst of the white rhinoceros

population. Once for over seven
hours we had been following various trails, and
toward noon we came upon a bull that had
broken away from his companions and was
feeding alone on the edge of a swamp, eagerly
nibbling the grass. This stately brute, ordi-
narily a rock of immobility cast into living flesh,
was moved by only hunger, rage, fear and love.
During the night he had gone hungry, his time
having been spent in riotously prancing about
a cow. The freshly burnt ground gave an ex-
ceptionally clear record of his movements.
Uninterested in her lover’s display, the cow, like
the other members of the herd, had apparently
continued to enjoy the succulent blades of grass
that had sprung up among the bristly, charred
tussocks.

A whiff of air from our direction sent him
off at good speed until he reached the trail.
Then he slowed down to a saunter, to join his
company of five. Though he must have known
them well, he carefully investigated their de-
posits along the trail, following suit himself.
But our conclusion that the bull would help us
find the others was wrong. Many times he
stopped, away from the trail, waiting for us
“around the corner.” Once he truculently trot-

ted up to within twenty yards. Presently he
snorted, and then evidently took fright at the
click of the camera, for most unexpectedly he
gave a shrill whistling sound.

Following him for about three miles across
country, no further photograph
seemed possible. We had wasted our time and
now it was too late in the afternoon to find an-
other fresh trail.

chance to

Suddenly, as we were quietly
ee juiethy
ESA ANY waiting for our black porters to
witha :

Herd come up, Balla, a very plucky na-

tive, jumped to his feet with a
The ground trembled and the
Our bull had returned, but not

Six big rhinoceroses passed like a living

tornado a few yards away. Had they charged

straight upon us we could hardly have escaped !

warning cry.
jungle sighed.
alone.

But not all of them vanished into

peel Near us a calf began to

Tae space.
squeal frantically, because it was
transfixed by Balla’s spear! Our hunter’s ir-
repressible zeal had snatched the youngster
from its mother as the herd dashed by. There
was a question whether the mother would re-
turn, until at last the noise of the band as it
crashed through the jungle became less distinct.
and finally died away. We had been taken
completely unawares. The sandy ground near
the great swamp had effectually muffled the ap-
proach of the frightened monsters. Little time
there was then in which to wonder what had
started the herd on its maddened course, for

Sie) ZOOLOGICAL

AT BAY AFTER A TWO HOUR_CHASE

Although wounded, this young bull traveled about ten miles across
country. Mr. van de Kerkhove with his rifle courageously covered
his quarry, so the author declares that he “took no particular risk” in

photographing the maddened brute.

SOCIETY

BULLETIN

now we had to take care of our unexpected
prize, which was needed for the habitat group.

On another occasion three of us passed
within a few yards of a good-sized bull. The
tip of his horn as it rubbed against a clump of
trees, was just visible, but the high grass and
occasional bushes had cut off our prospects of
taking a photograph. My friend, Judge Smets,
thought he could head off our quarry and cau-
tiously advanced. We waited. It was not his

intention to shoot, but a sudden detonation
from the express rifle drowned every other
noise. The rhinoceros had turned upon him,

and he fired over its back.

Now, with the beast thundering

Balla through the brush it raised the
a a wrath and courage of our native
aoe aa ;
Bull hunter. Balla acted as if the fir-

ing pin had nerved his heart anew
and given strength to every muscle. <A few
leaps, and the thud of his spear brought forth
a squeal from the maddened brute. Yet the
famous Azande lay prostrate in the track of his
victim, unharmed, to be sure, but how could he
withstand the force that hurled his six foot
lance? Cutting through the middle of one of
the animal’s ribs and penetrating half a foot
beyond, the spear caused a stream of blood to
gush forth from its nostrils. In the mad rush
through the jungle the shaft splintered, the
blade bent and the vital organs were still more
lacerated.

Balla was now deaf to all questions, his mind
set on murder as he thought of the meat that
would nourish his family and the deed that
would stamp him a hero even in this land of
many hazards. Crawling forward on his hands
and knees, he found a branch torn down and
trampled upon in the wild stampede and coy-
ered with clots of blood. This aroused him to
fresh exertions. Presently he recovered the
shaft of his lance and smeared it with the gore
of his victim to insure future good luck. Twice
he slapped his hands against his thighs, mean-
ing twenty, then with the left hand counted five
and raised four fingers. This was the twenty-
ninth rhinoceros to fall to his spear!

Of our many attempts to take

Great photographs from life, the follow-
Effort to ing episode is typical. Before
Mere daybreak Judge Smets, Matari

Photographs ~°? | e
a his faithful gunbearer, and I, with

Alimasi my fearless Mangbetu, dived into the
dark gray mists of the apparently unknown.
Matari had been scouting for the last two days.
His report held out a good chance for me to

ZOOLOGICAL

take photographs of live rhinoceroses. A heavy
rain had fallen and ceased shortly after mid-

night, and this incident greatly favored our

enterprise. Finding tracks that were per-
fectly fresh, we proceeded to follow them

without delay. A glorious sunrise swept off
the last vapors and by ten o'clock the intense
heat made it certain that the troop of rhinocer-
oses we were after must have settled down to
rest.

We found that the great beasts had satisfied
their thirst in a nearby swamp, and at the first
wallowing place the stirred-up mud_ revealed
that they had been having the time of their
lives. How many there were could not be
determined. Footprints on the trail a little
beyond showed three had entered the jungle,
but the old bull, by far the biggest animal,
had passed on. Crossing the hill in a hurry
we saw by the trail that the members of the
herd had rejoined one another. After scan-
ning the expanse of short grass of the lower
lying morass right in front of us, we decided
to make a short cut to the next plateau, where
we hoped to find the rhinoceroses sound asleep.

Only a few words were spoken, and then a
sudden commotion, several hard snorts, and a
wild rush were our punishment for
broken the silence. The bolting of our quarries,
which had been standing in the high grass only
twenty yards away, seemed to announce that
surprises might be the rule of the day. Now
that their vigilance was aroused we might have
a long chase and it would be far better for us to
go slowly and give them a chance to allay their
fears. Though it was still an hour before noon
we halted to take a bite and soon were loudly
joking.

Twenty minutes passed, when, “What was
that?” Matari dropped the food from his
mouth and stared straight ahead, blank con-
sternation seemed to have paralyzed him. At
first no one dared to move. He and his master
soon stood ready with their rifles. Our rhin-
had returned and we could now see
their dark gray backs hardly ten yards away.
Mr. Smets was happy and motioned me to take
photographs. Certainly it seemed an admirable
chance, but every blade of grass in front of the
rhinoceroses enlarged itself to the size of a cur-
tain on the mirror of my graftlex camera. We
all went back to the trail, the Judge alone would
try to turn them, and if this were impossible,
he decided to wound the bull.

oceroses

Anxious seconds, minutes, and a half hour
passed. Finally a shot rang out, followed by

SOCIETY

having

BULLETIN 81

LOYAL TO THE LAST

A bull calf white rhinoceros, standing guard over its dead mother.
Rushing forward and trotting about, he snorted and whistled like a
steam engine. In the side view the distinctive nuchal hump of this

species is already well marked

82 ZOOLOGICAL

SOCIETY

BULLETIN

DANGER SIGNALS

The twisting of the tail is generally followed by an immediate charge, but in open country like this, one can easily jump aside.

the usual uproar of stampeding rhinoceroses.

Just at that moment, as I started to rejoin my

friend, the most terrific, awe-inspiring squeal

and racket arose right ahead of me, and I rushed
forward.

What luck! There was the big

A bull madly struggling but securely

Self- caught between two gnarled trees.
stepped Blind fury and blustering impetu-

osity had landed him in this di-
lemma. His terrific onward rush had jammed

his head between the twin trunks, which held
him fast. Rage, fright and terror made mat-

ters still worse and he had forced both fore-

limbs through until he was caught and held in

living stocks, made by nature. The tree-stems
shook, but they were slow-growing partners, not
used to bending, and had braved many storms.
The violent efforts of the rhino only increased
his helplessness. His huge body slipped up-
ward, and in no time the feet had dug out what
ground they could still reach. Matari and I
frantically worked to tear away a few bunches
of grass and to cut some of the bushes, so I
might focus. ensued for a

Dead silence mo-

ment. Our captive gathered his strength, sank
back, and feeling firm ground, he reared up,

The
tree nearest to us had been weak at the base,

The Judge

and on coming down again he was free!

and it simply had to give way.

rushed up just in time to see our prize disappear
with tail in the air.

The cause of all this was that
Judge after we had left Mr. Smets, he
Smets

with infinite patience succeeded in
sneaking up in the high grass to
the place where the cow and two
younger animals were walking about. Altogether

Shoots a

Big Ball

too late he discovered that the bull was facing
him, and he had to fire on short notice.

It was not yet noon, and my companion laugh-
ingly remarked that my opportunity was still to
Matari warned us to go slowly, and with
fingers on his lips motioned for silence. We fol-
lowed an easy trail. Our bull merely went
from waterhole to waterhole, and from
wallowing place to another, but always heading
away from our camp. Twice we caught sight of
him going at a fair rate. It was no longer a
question of photographing. We would not aban-
don an animal that might not recover from his
wound.

come.

one

With barely sixty minutes’ intermission we
had been on the move for nearly twelve hours.
Night was at hand and we could not possibly
reach camp until several hours after dark.
With no moon, it would be pitch black, and if a
storm broke loose we would be in for it. I was
in favor of taking up the trail anew next morn-

ZOOLOGICAL

SOCIETY

BULLETIN 8:

WHITE RHINOCEROS AT HOME

When hunted during the torrid hours of the day, they love to cool off and linger in far-extending swamps

ing, but the Judge wanted to continue for an-
other half hour.

Ten minutes later Mr. Smets and

oat Coes Matari, with rifles shouldered,

Quarters

with an were a hundred yards ahead. This
Angry was the one day I did not carry
Bull mine, and now I even turned my
‘amera over to Alimasi. In this short grass

country I felt sure a wounded rhinoceros would

not lie down. But suddenly, hardly ten
feet beyond me, the wounded beast arose
like a ghost. He made straight for me.

It was impossible to jump aside. Here indeed
was the chance of my life, not to photograph—
but to run, and to run fast. One glance back and
I saw my camera dancing on the back of the on-
Alimasi had hoped to turn his
course by hurling my photographic outfit at him,
but on he came faster still.

coming brute.

Just one cluster of gnarled trees about sixty
Both
the rhinoceros and I went at top speed, and both
landed at the same spot. When I dared look
again there was not an inch between me and
the source of furies. In fact the sharp tip of his
front horn reached beyond my ankles. But he
was in front of the trees and I behind, as safe
as if an iron wall had sprung from the ground.

With the terrific rush he had rammed _ his
horns between the trunks, in that one stroke con-

yards off was my only chance for safety.

centrating all his revenge. For the second time
that day he was caught, now held fast by the
horns. Try as he might he could only groan
and rage. Finally with a mighty effort he broke
free. Mr. Smets, rushing up, aimed, shot, and
brought him down in a flash. My friend took
no further interest in the noisy brute, and,
turning to me, started to joke, but I was still
absorbed in its struggles.

And then, heavens! It rose again, shook it-
self, and started to run. The Judge would
not fire a second time. He knew he had hit his
With every step the rhinoceros gained
disap-

mark.
greater
peared in the jungle.

“What did you look for in your left pocket
when you were playing hide-and-seek with the

vigor—and suddenly turning,

rhinoceros?’ Mr. Smets asked, “Your pistol was
at your right.” I answered, “It was of no use
for me to shoot with a pistol. I wanted my
spare glasses, not to lose one precious moment of
a spectacle one can not see twice.” This was
the finale of our day’s work—it had all the
settings of a movie story, and with not even a
line of pictures to show.

The night was cool and we hur-

The ried, too tired to walk slow or to
Bull stop. At ten we reached camp.
Wee Next morning at daybreak I saw
Secured ae is a ;

the Judge’s swollen foot protrud-

ing from the blankets; he had run against an

84

iron-hard root in the
dark and would have to
rest for days. Matari
and Alimasi Mulai, six
of the skinners, and ten
porters left with me.
By eleven our bull was
discovered, totally un-
able to give further sur-
prises. After leaving us
he had run at a good
pace for a few hundred
yards, then slowed
down, and his last three
included many
stops. Mr. Smet’s first
shot had hit exactly in
the middle of the fleshy
hump. His second, after the bull’s charge, had
torn through just above the vertebrae, stunning
him for a moment, but not preventing his last
dash. ‘Two days afterward, horns, hide, and
skeleton were on their way to Faradje.

As an example illustrating their more peace-
ful disposition the following incident is instruc-
tive. I was camping for a few days in the veldt
north of Faradje, not far from a trail near the
Aka River, where rhinoceroses often crossed

miles

the sole of the hindfoot is elongated.

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

are nail-like, but of peculiar shape.

BULLETIN

eastward to the savan-
nah. The grass shelters
of my thirty natives
formed a wide semicircle
which was closed with
our workshop. My A-
tent, just large enough
to hold a sleeping bag.
occupied the center. To-
ward dusk it rained quite
hard and though in these
regions one keeps no
night fires burning, it
had been cool and some
of the natives warmed
themselves before a few
smoldering brands.
which were later extin-
guished by another shower. ‘The stillness after
the storm had lulled us all to sleep. In the dead
of night I was suddenly roused. Instinctively
I grabbed my pistol and felt for my rifle. What
was prodding me from the rear of the tent?

SOLE OF LEFT FRONT AND HIND FOOT

In these odd-toed Perissodactyls, the middle toe is much enlarged, and

The hoofs of the white rhinoceros

Matari’s warning click meant danger. “‘Rhinos
“be careful.”

Faithful as ever, he was lying alongside, rifle in

are in camp,” he whispered,

hand and ready for any emergency.

calcaneum (heel)

astragalus

navicular

cuneiform tse
VG

wii:

metatarsal l I

phalanges

hoof, I digit flexible sole

HIND FOOT OF CALF KILLED BY LEOPARDS

At every step, the bulging, flexible sole is flattened by the tremendous weight of the body.
The great pad of elastic tissue absorbs all shock like a rubber heel,

made in the field rhinoceroses walk on tiptoe.

As shown by this drawing from a cross section

and gives an easy and secure tread.

ZOOLOGICAL

SOCIETY

BULLETIN 85

WALLOWING PLACE OF WHITE RHINOCEROSES

Tracks and churned-up mud marks of an early morning frolic at the edge of a pool, a few feet below the level of the savannah.

The

Here I was in a real trap.

Rhinoceros tent was securely closed and mos-
Herd quito-proof as well. With rhin-
Invades ar | :
Sleeping oceroses in front I could not open
: g

it and even the noise of ripping
the back might make things worse.

Camp

Carefully unhooking one corner, I peered out.
There in the darkness fifteen yards away, four
monsters were sniffing at the ashes in front of
one of the shelters, from which the natives had
long since fled. For ten minutes Matari and I
anxiously watched our uninvited guests wander
about. Finally one of them ran into a pole sup-
porting a crate upon which a skeleton was stored
out of reach of hyenas and leopards. With a
crash the platform came down, and then great
was our relief and surprise to see the night-
prowlers make off at a fair pace.

Hardly were they out of camp when the fires
were burning again brightly. Native dances
started and songs rang through the midnight
air. Over and over echoed the monotonous re-
frain: “The rhinos’ strength was bewitched. and
like sheep they had to leave the white man’s
camp.

I had always supposed that the

Visual sight of these animals, known to
Powers be poor, was more acute at night
of the ; ;

White than during the day. But though
Rhinoceros one of the rhinoceroses had stared

in my direction for a considerable
time during this visit, his interest was not
aroused, even when I later moved around. The
orbits are small and well protected by a series
of skin folds or pads that effectively shield

them from injuries during wild stampedes.

Visual power certainly plays but a small part
in agitating the usually sullen mood into fury.
Should a rhinoceros hold its head in a horizontal
position the eyes would naturally look obliquely
up toward the sky. The curious angle at which
the eyes are placed suggests that they are
chiefly used at close range, as during grazing.
But it is generally believed that favorable con-
ditions may permit them to recognize at a hun-
dred yards what ordinarily is out of their range
at thirty.

The sense of smell is admirably

Sense developed, but often places the
Oo ° . . .
Smell rhinoceroses in the sorry plight of

having to content themselves with
only such hazy information as the wind will
carry. Bewilderment, which is coupled with
their hesitation and fear, may be the natural
result of their inability
danger confronts them. Like men of the old
stone age, with but few implements for defense
or attack compared with the multitude of de-
structive weapons in our times, the rhinoceros

to define clearly what

seems to lag ages behind in the development of
its various senses. But relying on smell and
hearing, backed up by two tons of weight and
irresistible power, it might exist for centuries to
come and succumb to none of the ordinary dang-
ers of attack, if it were not hopelessly doomed
by modern firearms.

On the ground I was surprised to
find at times plants they had acci-
dentally chewed. At first I
thought that only strong-flavored herbs were re-
jected, but this is not the case. A well developed
taste discriminates against everything but grass,

Food
Habits

86 ZOOLOGICAL

THE BEGINNING OF A WATER HOLE

In the midst of the jungle a mere puddle may rapidly be transformed into a deep hole, for with

each wallowing each rhinoceros carries off a heavy load of mud.

as stomach contents and droppings also attest.
Perhaps such a restricted diet is one of the
reasons why no white rhinoceroses have ever
reached civilization alive. A careful supervision
of their food would undoubtedly help keep these
monsters alive after capture. Strange as it may
sound the young are easily handled. In 1907
I had the pleasure of turning over to Dr. Wil-
liam T. Hornaday, Director of the New York
Zoological Park, a young black rhinoceros I
brought to New York from Mombasa, East
Africa. I can vouch that the monstrous weight
and power is not so serious a drawback. These
giant pets show great affection for those attend-
ing them and at the slightest call give instant
response. Even when racing at top speed a
mere whistle will make them brace their four
limbs and turn with a rapidity that astonishes
every one.

Black rhinoceroses live in rather
solitary fashion, and stand about
or travel with head generally car-
ried well off the ground. Their
sources of information being more dependent

Habits of
Black and
White

Rhinoceroses

on the wind are uncertain, a fact accounting

for their more truculent temper. Usually
their droppings are left along trails, in

well established sites, and the large accumula-
tions are thoroughly kicked over and nosed
about by other passers-by. Much in the same

SOCIETY

BULLETIN

manner as dogs sniff about, these
black rhinoceroses gather infor-
mation about the presence, num-
ber, and sex of their kin. These
nalodorous messages of course
are really important for the wel-
fare of their race.

The white rhinocernses travel
with nostrils close to the ground,
the whole family within a nar-

row compass. No special excite-

ment need necessarily rouse
them to a spirit of aggressive-
ness, their information being

transmitted through scent, is al-
ways close at hand. Their tem-
per is therefore less susceptible
to being rufled by continuous
doubt. Unlike the black species,
they deposit their droppings
wherever they happen to be,
usually during the early morn-
ing; they may nose them and
occasionally scrape the ground
with their hind feet, but other-
wise leave them untouched.

It would thus seem that the different methods
of depositing excreta in the black and white
species, are not accidental habits. They prob-
ably are based upon fundamental differences in
instinct, with a definite purpose, and are related
to the fact that in both kinds the eyesight is
poor.

The impress these rhinoceroses
leave upon their habitat bears but
little comparison to the general
havoe wrought upon a region by passing herds
of elephants. True, the latter also have a few
well-worn highways, but the daily ten to twenty
mile stroll of rhinoceroses endows their haunts
with good trails, welcome to all. Relentless
habit, softening rains, and hardening action of
the sun—these are the factors that have slowly
formed the greatest jungle trails in Africa.
Here the primitiveness of a one-track brain, the
rhinoceroses brutal strength and ponderous
weight have forced their right of way, and the
results can well compare with those wrought
by the American bison. Where do these age-
old pathways lead? To native hovels, to far
off hamlets, to hard-tilled soil, or to white men’s
brick-built posts? No! They claim their world,
and throw a mighty span across the jungle.
The whole savannah, with its level stretches
and its hills, the rivers, swamps, luxuriant
grazing grounds and barren outcrops all are in

Rhinoceros
Trails

ZOOLOGICAL

their domain. No narrow-mind-
ed spirit has imposed a plan—

they follow nature, lead no-
where, and are owned by none.

The feet, with
Feet of | three broad-nailed
the White Logisnlonve :
Rhinoceros 0ofs, leave an un

mistakable track
and the accompanying photo-

graph shows the differences be-
tween the oblong sole of the hind
foot and the more roundish one
of the forefoot. Consistent with
their greater size, the tracks of
old bulls are perceptibly larger
and deeper than those of cows.

To say that rhinoceroses walk
on high heels seems far-fetched,
yet this is practically what hap-
pens. These mighty monsters
step on tiptoe, their full weight
resting on a pad of resilient tis-
sues which absorbs every jar and
acts in a manner similar to, but
far more efficient than any rub-
ber heel. Protected by a horny
flexible sole, at each step this
cushion of elastic tissue can adapt itself to any
surface. Even on slippery, sloping ground,
where I saw a big bull giraffe trip and tumble,
a white rhinoceros passed safely at a swift pace.
As in elephants a rather shuffling gait with steam-
roller-like action upon the vegetation is their
usual manner of walking. The many broad
trails are witnesses to the smoothing effect of
their oft repeated travels. In rambles by day
or night they tramp in leisurely fashion often in
single file, through the primeval wilderness.
Speeding on smooth ground any good horse
could readily overtake a rhinoceros in the first
five hundred yards.

much like pigs.

Fleet animals like antelopes or horses are
little hampered by the density of the vegetation
near the ground. To leap over impediments is
like a mere pastime to them, and their high-
placed knees and hocks furnish a freedom of
action that allows a maximum of speed and
endurance. The small hoofs, long
bones, compact muscles, and rope-like tendons
effect with ease what would be impossible for the
ungainly, loose-jointed stocky and short legs
of the rhinoceros. The great entanglements of
a grass covered brush country demand a new
exertion for each step. The lower part of the
pillar-like fore and hind limbs terminates
abruptly in clumsy, truncate feet, difficult to

cannon

favorite ‘“‘wallows’’ induces them to migrate.

SOCIETY BULLETIN 87

WHERE HERDS GATHER TO PLAY

A mud bath is so necessary to the comfort of white rhinoceroses that the drying out of their

At full length, they plunge about in the mud,

Some of the mud is rubbed off on the bushes, and by rolling about on the

ground great clearings are worn down.

lift far from the ground; but the relatively
short, stout bones, muscles, and sinews are well
designed for the tremendous pushing effort
needed.

Since the motive power is gener-
ated only by coarse grass of
rather slight nutritious quality the
digestive organs are enormous, a living “steam-
boiler’ hooped by broad ribs and an armor-
like hide. The rest of the carcass is but bone
and sinew, with surprisingly few large muscles.
This is a serious defect in the eyes of meat-
hungry natives, and even the hide, roasted and
boiled like meat, is not a sufficient compensa-
tion; and so in their songs they bitterly complain
of it.

Anatomical
Features

Only once have I heard of a com-
bat between white rhinoceroses.
Their usual, unruffled calmness
may suddenly give way to a senseless charge,
but a determined struggle, as among elephants
and buffaloes, is hardly in keeping with their
temper. The solitary bull, fought out of the
herd, is rarely met with. Continued breeding
seems to foster the formation of small family
troops from which domestic pugnacity is happily
absent.

Fighting
Rare

With the exception of man they have no ene-
mies but lions and leopards, which prowl about

88 ZOOLOGICAL

SOCIETY

BULLETIN

AN AGE-OLD TRAIL

To the Jeft of the tall tree where the native stands, is one of their wallowing places; an almost daily resort for wandering rhinoceroses.

seeking their young. Near the crossing in a
papyrus swamp we came upon the remains of a
calf that had been overpowered by two leopards,
and later feasted upon by hyenas. Fortunately
there was enough left to furnish me a cross
section of the hind foot. From the photograph
of this preparation the accompanying drawing
was made to show its interesting structure.
To judge by the tracks there had evidently
been a very short struggle, and the mother,
usually so devoted to her offspring, had aban-
doned it. Probably the calf was attacked at

the very moment it attempted to enter the water.

The young rhinoceros shows a

Tae x: great fondness for its mother.
yung s F Poe

At her death the awe-inspiring

whistling noise the calves make is proof of their
anxiety. In confusion they trot back and forth,
when
However, in two cases such or-
followed were adopted by

deliberately charge, and return again

chased away.
later

phans and

other rhinoceroses.

It is surprising how early the young are

weaned. When six weeks old they are practi-

cally independent of their mother for nourish-
ment, as we could plainly see by their deposits
of digested food.

Reproduction is also unexpectedly
rapid, though but one young is
born at a time. Often troops of
five included, besides the adults, a calf, a three-
quarter grown and another still youthful mem-
In spite of well pronounced climatic sea-

Breeding
Habits

ber.
sons there is neither a rutting nor calving period,
and at any time throughout the year young may
be seen. They walk either ahead of or behind
the mother and, contrary to general belief, this
surely is not a characteristic distinction between
the white and black species; but in
danger the calf invariably precedes.

vase of

Among the smaller pests that may
inconvenience white rhinoceroses
are various ticks, the most typical
of which have a beautiful metallic lustre. They
chiefly infest the softer, wrinkled parts of the
hide about the eyes, ears, neck, abdomen, tail,
and limbs. Credited with removing these in-

Insect
Pests

sects are the oxpeckers (Buphagus africanus),

ZOOLOGICAL
which, however, in the Uele district and the
Bahr-el-Ghazal are far more eager to follow
herds of giant eland. It so happens that at
A least one of these birds always
Guardian seems to be on the lookout to warn
Bird big game of the slightest danger.
As the little oxpeckers rise higher and higher into
the air their sharp shrill notes act as a magic
whip even for rhinoceroses. Without a
ment’s delay the thud of swiftly moving feet
affirms the obedience shown to the tiny feath-
ered sentinels. In long, dipping flight the birds
follow their charges, which do not resume the
interrupted siesta until the order to move is
countermanded. This quick response on the
part of those dull beasts seems to indicate that

mo-

their hearing, like the sense of smell, is not
hampered by the lethargy shown in sight and
touch.

The oxpeckers’ food consists only of ticks, al-
though some hairs are swallowed incidentally.
Often they are said to enlarge their hosts’
wounds, from which they are believed to gather
some nourishment. With their strongly hooked
claws they have no difficulty in clinging to the
hide of the larger mammals, following herds of
game and also cattle. Over the rough hide of a
rhinoceros an oxpecker clings and climbs in
any direction, head up or head down, like a
brown creeper on the rough trunk of a tree.
It is difficult to prove whether they actually in-
tend to their whether their
natural shyness indirectly causes the alarm.
Surely among herds of cattle they become so
tame that they can be approached without
trouble.

warn hosts, or

No cow-herons (Bubulcus ibis) were seen with
white rhinoceros in the Uele, though Roosevelt
reports them in numbers near the Nile.

Some might think that horseflies
(Haematopota and other Taban-
ids) find the hide of the white
rhinoceros too thick, but another, really minute,
blood-sucking fly (Lyperosia) is a character-
istic companion, constantly hovering in great
swarms about their huge prey. Their presence
often indicated to us the proximity of a sleeping
herd before we could actually. see it. In such
cases we listened for the usual noises that denote
their exact whereabouts. And even while we
halted. other tiny flies, which never attack the
healthy human skin, gathered upon wounds or
small scratches, and their bites always produced
an infection which retarded healing. On care-
ful inspection it became apparent that the hides
of rhinoceroses have thousands of little injuries

Fly

Enemies

SOCIETY

BULLETIN 89

whose exudations furnish ample nourishment for
these insects.

More remarkable still is an oestrid fly (Gyro-
stigma pavesii), whose grub-like larve often
cover large portions of the stomach lining, just
as those of other species do in zebras. Accord-
ing to Dr. Rodhain’s investigations,* this large,
beautiful fly. whose entire life history is inti-
mately connected with the white rhinoceros, fixes
its eggs upon the skin of the head, neck, and
shoulder of its host. The young larve after
escaping from the egg probably crawl about,
enter the mouth of the rhinoceros, and reach its
stomach, where they remain throughout their
stages. Final into
the imago is attained when together with the

successive transformation

excrement they leave the body and burrow into
the ground to pupate.

Intestinal parasites, especially
Internal round worms (nematodes) are
Parasites

numerous, and most noteworthy
is a broadened, rather short tape worm

(Taenia). The large numbers of these parasites
are astonishing, yet they seem to be rather a
sign of good health, instead of a serious plague.

What has indirectly contributed

Use of more than anything else to the

Horns PA ann »

Bediniade gradual extermination of the
white rhinoceros are the horns,

a dusky inconspicuous mass, and a relatively
insignificant part of the bulky brute. ‘They
made the horn-bearer a danger, and the horns
could be sold. Greek and Hindu traders were
ready to buy them at the value of ivory which
has proven so fatal to the elephant. Super-
stitions of* peoples in far off Asia made a mar-
ket for horns, at good prices. Greasy and sleek
humanity, rudely cursing or suavely smiling,
has been willing to guarantee health to those
stolidly believing, so long as the mere powder
and scrapings from rhino horns sufficed. The
craze among native chiefs to own a horn staff
of unsurpassed length helped decimate the white
rhinoceroses in South Africa.

White man, too, has bid for these rarities,
and not in vain. Polished and shaped into
canes, gold-topped and diamond encrusted, these
horns become Amulets to
keep away witchcraft were carved easily, and
worn willingly. A cup turned out of rhinoceros
horn was believed to splinter at the mere touch
of obscure poison, and insured carousals their
unchallenged happy-go-lucky — strain. Now
statuettes and other bric-a-brac, fashioned by

valuable “curios.”

* Rodhain, J. and
Belgique, LII, 4,

Bequaert, J. Bull. Biolog.
1919, pp. 379-465, Pl. III.

France et

90 ZOOLOGICAL

artists of many lands, still delight
those eager for quaint trinkets.
The many-thonged slave-trad-
er’s lash cut out of rhinoceros hide
now finds its counterpart in the
dainty horse-whip of the more re-
fined. The hide, raw or burnished,
or given an amber-like appearance
and polish, is often transformed
into queer-looking tables, trays,
and smaller objects. Thus it adds
to the pride of the home owned by
men of the colonial set. And
finally, industry has found that
disks cut from the hide and put on
the lathe give a high polish and
stand great wear.
In young countries
like Africa we must
expect a) peal d
changes in economic
The natural paradises of
game now seem to vanish as fast
and as surely as the buffalo from
the wide plains of America. Greed
for lucre, the facilities of travel,

Changes
to be
Expected

aspects.

perfection in firearms, alleged necessity, all
At first
helped the slave-trader and the missionary,
Oxcarts

and

have played their parts.

the trader and the sportsman.
railroads brought the settler,

THE USUAL FATE OF A RHINOCEROS

Rhinoceros meat, and also the thick hide, is cut in strips a few inches thick and thrown across a hastily constructed rack.

SOCIETY

HIDE OF RECORD BULL
RHINOCEROS

When first stripped from the carcass

the heavy skin needed about twenty

porters to move it, but after sixteen

hours of scraping and paring, and as

finally dried and packed, it weighed

only 65 pounds and was carried by one
native.

caravans

and
his indus-

< *aecenaagy - at
; wo aii th ne ses

BULLETIN

tries. Today automobiles are dis-
placing oxen and horses. Chances
for the game become slighter,
and the difficulties for those who
try to protect it greater. The

countless herds are

Game fast losing their
Protection heritage. Great
Now s
Necessary game reserves have
< been set aside
throughout the “Dark Continent,”
and the laws of various govern-
ments guarantee to the teeming
multitudes freedom unharassed.
At times clamoring settlers and

prospectors with their following
enter. Economic stress tightens
the purse strings of colonial ad-
ministrations ; restrictions are les-
sened,—and all hope for the game
is gone. The elephants of the
Addo Bush furnish proof of this
in their last stronghold in south-
ernmost Africa. The huge beasts
could not be corralled nor con-
trolled. They simply had to go.

Fortunately the white rhinoceroses of the
Congo-Nile race have little of the aggressiveness
that makes the black form so dangerous a brute.
naga ; ° ait Br
[heir realm lies far remote from civilization,
and they leisurely roam over regions wherein

ts

The fire and smoke,

together with the heat of the sun, transform the dried flesh into a staple food for the natives.

ZOOLOGICAL

SOCIETY BULLETIN 91

SUCCESSFUL RETURN TO HEADQUARTERS

On this oceasion we secured, in addition to skin and skele-

Small carayans were used for many side trips made during the Congo Expedition.

ton, the first plaster cast ever taken of the muzzle of a white rhinoceros (carried by porter fourth from left), a valuable aid to the correct

mounting of specimens for the Museum's habitat group.

the call of forward struggling civilization is still
faint. They are protected by the natural in-
dolence of natives, and the commercial poverty
of nature They have a fair chance to survive
the native spear. but not modern gun and pow-
der, and today the negro marvels at the small
bullet that brings him so easy and big an ex-
change in meat

Judging from observations made

Nemuber by others and ourselves, from
White 2000 to 38000 white rhinoceroses

Rhinoceroses May still be alive in the entire

northern range. Just how rapidly
their numbers will decrease, depends upon the
protection afforded them. Their fate now lies
in the hands of three Colonial Administrations:
the northeastern Uele district of the Belgian
Congo, the adjoining portion of French West
Africa, and the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Per-
haps complete restrictions to traftic in the horns
of white rhinoceroses would be the most impor-
tant step toward saving from extinction one of
the few huge beasts dating back to Pleistocene
times.

According to Colonel Roosevelt “the white
rhinoceros is, next to the elephant, the largest
of existing” land mammals. Among living giants
it is the only one that has been considered ex-

In the foreground an ideal pasture for these broad-mouthed monsters.

tinct, the only one never brought alive to civil-
ized countries. In Museum collections mounted
specimens are still scarcer than of the rare
okapi, which thanks to the remarkable pluck of
a Belgian woman, Mrs. Landeghem, recently

reached Antwerp alive.

Is any American sportsman will-

Capture ing to help capture so coveted
ee a prize? Or will any one be so
Specimen S =

for New generous as to enable the New
York York Zoological Society to be the

first to exhibit a monster that has
successfully daunted skill and courage? It would
be a fitting and well deserved triumph for one
of America’s leading institutions, which, backed
by keen enterprising spirit, has aroused the ad-
miration and envy of century-old competitors
abroad. Fortunately rhinoceroses in captivity
have proved to be among the longest-lived crea-
tures in the world. For half a century a white
rhinoceros might interest the millions of New
York city.
The Nile route is open. December to June
Six months of sport and
Shall

is the best season.
adventure might bring crowning success.
America be first?

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Publications for sale at 111 Broadway, Zoological Park and the New York Aquarium

OBJECTS OF THE SOCIETY

A PUBLIC ZOOLOGICAL PARK
THE PRESERVATION OF OUR NATIVE ANIMALS
THE PROMOTION OF ZOOLOGY

Son
Mt
SEPTEMBER, 1920

Vout. XXIII. No. 5

LOGICAL
zk) COLE YY
BULLETIN

TAAL

r ONC
“ Published by -

THE NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Se dee

‘
4

il i ee OAD MNT UM TLS TET
_ MT HITS ILCLMAUUNONN LSS

il Se ————

a PETA nit
sa RISING arate

New York Zoological Society

Generat Orrice, 111 Broadway, New Yorx City.

President
Henry Farrrietp Osporn
Hirst Wice-President Second Hice-President
Mapison Grant Frank K. Srourais
Creasurer Asst. Crerasurer
Percy R. Pyne, 20 Exchange Place Tue Farmers’ Loan & Trust Co.
Secretaru

Mapison Grant

Executive Committee

Mapison Grant, Chairman. Ww. Pierson Hamitton, Watson B. Dickerman,
Percy R. Pyne, Frank K. Srurais, Antuony R. Kuser,
Wiriiam Waite NItes, LisPENARD STEWART, A. Barton Hepsurn

Henry Fairrietp Osgorn, ex-officio

Board of Managers
£x-officin The Mayor and The Presipent Department of Parks, City of New York.

Glass of 1921

Levi P. Morton, Frank K. Srurais, ArcHer M. Hunrtineron,

Mapison Grant, Grorce J. Goutp, E. C. Converse,

Witiram Wuire NILEs, Ocpren Mitts, GrorcGe D. Pratt,

Henry A. C. Taytor, Lewis RutrHerrorp Morris, T. Coreman vu Pont
Class of 1922

Percy R. Pyne, Emerson McMI tn, Freperic C. Watcorr,

Grorce Birp GrINNELL, AntHony R. Kuser, BrexMan WINTHROP,

Cirvetanp H. Dope, Watson B. Dickerman, Georce C. Crarx,

C. Lepyarp Bratr, Mortimer L. Scuirr, W. Repmonp Cross.
Glass ot 1923 ‘

Henry Farrrietp Ossorn, Wu. Pierson Hamitton, A. Barton HeEpsurn,

LisPENARD STEWART, Rosert S. Brewster, Wirii1am Woopwarp,

Cuartes F, Dietericn, Epwarp S. Harkness, Epwin Tuorne,

Grorce F. Baxer, Wirram B. Oscoop Firetp, Percy A. RockEreLter.

General Officers
Witiiam T. Hornapay, Director Zoological Park.
Cuaries H. Townsenp, Director, New York Aquarium.
Grorce §. Huntineton, Prosector. C. Grant La Fares, Architect. X
Grorce A. MacCautum, Pathologist. H. De B. Parsons, Consulting Engineer.
R. L. Cerero, Bursar.

Officers of the Zoological Park

Wituiam T. Hornapay, Director.

H. R. Mrrcue tu, Chief Clerk. H. W. Merxet, Chief Forester.
Raymonp L. Dirmars, Curator, Reptiles. W. Rei Buarr, Veterinarian.
Lee S. Cranpatt, Curator, Birds. Witiram Mircue tt, Cashier.

Wituram Bexse, Honorary Curator, Birds.
Exwin R. Sansorn, Photographer and Editor.

Officers of the Aquarium
Cuaries H. Townsenp, Director.
Wasuineaton I. DeNysz, Assistant. Ipa M. Me tien, Secretary.
Sreruine A. Cauiiesen, Chief Clerk. James C. Moors, Chief Engineer.

AOC OGrCAL “SOCIETY
Bw hie TiN

CONTENTS for SEPTEMBER 1920

ONAGER ...... Frontispiece

Far-Distant Parks oF ZooLoGy._.... , Robert Cushman Murphy 95

CoMPLETE Success oF AFRICAN VENTURE... ee i ae ae 00

PAUP Sie vOiRe GrIBIRIA (AR sess es se .......W. T. Hornaday 102

Ostricu Eaes PAuaTaBLe...... prt oe ee 103
Nores oN THE Birtu or A CHIMPANZEE... aot. : IW. Reid Blair 105
IvemMs oF INTEREST... peso ioe sepeest ses 111

Heaps anp Horns Museum Corp ResistiING SKIN

Micratory Biro law Victory Wuate’s Treru Goon as Gorp

REINDEER STEAK Daxora Wars on Rovents

Rosin Tres up Freigut Apprrions to Society's Funps

Tue Sace Bequest

LZOUOWOGHE A, SOCIETY (BU LET TEN
PUBLISHED by the New York ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
111 Broadway, New York City

Single Copies, 20 cents Bi-monthly Yearly by Mail, $1.00

a1 uautioads ainl y

GHL NI YoIVNO

[ 94 ]

LOOLOGICAL

SOCIETY

BULLETIN

Published by the New York Zoological Society

Votume XXIII

SEPTEMBER 1920

NuMBER 5

FAR-DISTANT PARKS OF

ZOOLOGY

I. THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK OF LIMA, PERU

By Roserr CusHmMan Murpny.
Brooklyn Museum.

Illustrations from photographs by the Author

With this issue we begin the publication of a series of occasional articles descriptive of the public zoolog-

ical parks in the lands farthest from New York.

The first of the series is an admirable word-and-camera

picture of “The Zoological Park of Lima,” by Robert Cushman Murphy, of the Brooklyn Museum.

Really, this fine touch of kindred nature seems to bring far off Lima much nearer to us. As New Yorkers,
beset by fierce winters and harried by the throwers of rubbish day in and day out, we read with sighs of
envy Mr. Murphy’s description of the peace, good order and ethereal mildness of the Lima park.

We are promised in the future an article descriptive of the zoological park that is farthest from New

York. Now, how many of our boy
WERE NiGa sat hie
course of the
Brooklyn Mu-

seum’s “Peruvian
Littoral Expedi-
tion,” in 1919-1920,
I made a number of
visits to the national
Parque Zoologico y
Botanico, which oc-
cupies a spacious
and well-kept rec-
tangular area in the
newer quarter of

Lima, with en-

A MUTE GUARD trances oe the fash-
Conventionalized marble lion at the ionable 1 CAO Co-
gate of Lima Zoo. lon. Admission in-

to the park is ten
centavos, the equivalent of five cents in United
States currency, and it appears to be well
patronized not only by people who enter for
the special purpose of seeing the animals, but
also by visitors to the Eaposicion restaurant,
which is within the walls of the park. After
taking tea or dining on the cool, shady balconies
of the restaurant, it is a common custom of
guests to stroll through the quiet pathways,

[ 95 ]

and girl readers will correctly guess where this is?

Try it. Wien Le Ea.
beneath a dense, green-black canopy of huge
Ficus trees, along aisles of imposing royal palms,
and to spend an hour or so in post-prandial con-
templation of the comfortable enclosures in
which the birds and quadrupeds are confined.

Although the Aztees are said to haye main-
tained at least two pretentious zoological gar-
dens in Mexico before the advent of the Span-
iards, I can find no evidence that the aborigines
of Peru, who were no less enlightened than their
northern contemporaries, had developed any
institution of the sort. Regarding the age of
the present park in Lima, I have been able to
learn nothing, for my letter to the Director in-
quiring about the history, management, policy,
support, and attendance, remains unanswered.
The Encyclopedia Brittanica, in its references
to South America zoological gardens, does not
mention the existence of any in Peru, and yet the
appointment of the Lima park give evidence that
it has occupied its present site for upwards of a
generation.

It is almost certain that previous to my first
visit, in September 1919, no Old World animals
had been received at the Lima zoological park
for more than five years, or since the outbreak
of the European war. Under the circumstances,

96 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

The mammals observed dur-
ing my visits between Septem-
ber and December, 1919, com-
prise the following: Six lions,
one of them a fine old male
whose roaring during the night
could be heard all over the
southern part of Lima; several
tigers; jaguars, leopards, and
other cats; striped and spotted
hyenas; one Indian elephant; a
number of dromedary and Bac-
trian camels, and a single camel

calf; European fallow deer;
various American deer; African

WATER-BIRD ENCLOSURE

Demoiselle crane in the foreground.

the generally healthy condition of the large
cats, the Asiatic and African ungulates, and
other exotic creatures, testified both to the salu-
brity of the new environment and to the care ex-
ercised in feeding and sanitation. This was
further substantiated by the presence of many
young animals, born within the park, including
two litters of vigorous and playful lion whelps.

A SILENT SENTINEL
Marabou stork in the water-fowl

enclosure.

antelopes of five or more spe-
cies; zebus; Old World apes
and many species of South
American monkeys; agoutis,
with subterranean brick retreats
in lieu of burrows; squirrels.
and a few other rodents; jack-
als, and South American wild
dogs; peccaries in a pen with
Galapagos tortoises; porcu-
pines; North American and Eu-
EUROPEAN WHITE STORK rasian bears, a Malay bear, and
Enjoying a noon-day siesta. a pair of the very interesting

Stat ag

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 97

MANCHURIAN CRANE
A model for an artist.

oso-hucumari or spectacled bear (T'remarctos )
of the Peruvian Andes, the only South American
representative of the bear family.

As will be seen from the list, there was a
relative paucity of small mammals in the park.
Nor were any reptiles noted, with the exception
of the giant Galapagos tortoises referred to
above. The latter were among the few crea-

FEMALE ANDEAN CONDOR

On the wing may be seen several flies that live parasitically among the feathers.

tures which seemed to find the
climate unfavorable.

Although Lima is rather close
to the Equator (12° S.), and is
situated in the heart of a
coastal desert, its type of
weather is tempered by the
cold ocean current of the west
coast of South America, and
during the southern winter it is
subject to prolonged periods of
cool, misty precipitation known
as garua. While the air is
doubtless never cold enough to
warrant the construction of

ANDEAN CONDORS

Flying over Asia Island, Coast of Central Peru.

artificially heated compart-
ments, the temperature is,
nevertheless, often too low for
the well-being of the tortoises
out-of-doors. On days when
the garua was falling, I often
saw the poor brutes completely
benumbered, and some time be-
fore my last visit several of
them died.

Regulations against feeding
the animals, which seem to be
so necessary in zoological gar-

98 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

INDIAN MARABOU STORK

dens of the United States and Eu-
rope are apparently waived in the
Lima park, perhaps because the
fruits and other tropical products
which can be bought at the entrance
to the grounds are almost certain to
be suitable food for all of the ani-
mals that are not strictly carnivor-
ous. The Indian elephant, like most
others the world over, consumes
great quantities of tidbits brought to
his yard by children. This particu-
lar lone elephant possessed Little
Tommy Tucker's accomplishment of
singing for his supper. When ap-
propriately tempted, and asked to
sing, he would raise his trunk and
mournfully wheeze. I used to see
the delighted but insatiable Peruvian
youngsters holding the elephant’s
reward out of reach and shouting

BULLETIN

“Mas fuerte!”’, and only after he had
emitted a crescendo of sounds, which
rose to a dismal climax, would be re-
ceive his morsel.

The aviaries of the Lima park in-
terested me even more than the mam-
mal quarters, partly because the va-
riety of birds was greater, but espe-
cially because their environment
seemed far more natural and satisfy-
ing than that of the four-footed ani-
mals. Some of the feathered cap-
tives, such as hawks, parrots and
songbirds, were kept in large roofed
cages of the usual type, but prac-
tically all the waders and water-fowl
enjoyed the freedom of good-sized
fenced enclosures filled with water-
ways, trees, thickets, and rockeries,
with resulting protection from the
sun and opportunity for seclusion.

ASIATIC PINK-WHITE PELICAN

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 99

LION AND LIONESS

With no hinderance except a clipped wing, such
birds could live normal lives, and hunt, display,
mate, and rear their young much as they might
in their native wilderness. On the largest pond
in the park, swans and other swimmers lived,
with no fences whatsoever to restrain them, and
on the surrounding shores they raised full-sized
broods.

Some of the birds which I noted in runways
or cages distributed through the park are the
following: Ostriches; emus; rheas; peacocks
and other pheasants; numerous varieties of do-
mestic fowls, including “frizzly” chickens; tina-
mous of several kinds; hawks, caracaras, and
owls; a large number of magnificent macaws. and
many parrots and parakeets; a moderate ag-
gregation of passerine birds; and a group of
eight or ten Andean condors. It is not generally
realized, perhaps, that the condors habitually
fly down from the lofty mountains to the coast,
and that they can be captured rather easily near
Lima. I saw as many as twenty of them to-
gether on one of the guano islands, and more
than one of the superb creatures flew so close to
me that I could almost have touched them
with a cane.

Within the water-bird enclosures, which I
have already mentioned, were Humboldt pen-
guins ; herons ; ibises; Andean flamingos; mute
and Australian black swans; ducks and geese of
at least a dozen species; coots; pelicans, includ-
ing the exquisite pink-white form of western
Asia; Old World storks and marabous, and

South American jabirus; and a beautiful selec-
tion of cranes—American, Asiatic, and African.

Although the assemblage of water-birds was
the best that I ever had seen. ‘The individuals
seemed entirely free from a sense of restriction
or self-consciousness, and I well remember a
pleasant morning spent in watching them, while
coots and teals tipped-up in the sunlit pools, rails
slunk through the clumps of tropical reeds,
demoiselle cranes danced skittishly for
other's amusement, while herons raised the
gauzy plumes of their bridal veils, and a solemn
trio, composed of a wood ibis, jabiru, and Peru-
vian pelican, held a long-winded confabulation
at the border of a pond.

each

In September, the European white storks were
courting, showing that they were amenable to
changing their seasonable customs after crossing
the Equator. They were all taking part in a
woodpecker-like chorus by rattling their bills,
sometimes holding their heads and necks upside
down along their backs during the performance.
By the middle of October they had built bulky
nests of fagots on bridges crossing the brook in
their enclosure, and they subsequently raised
broods of delightful little storklets, which, of
course, remained long in the nest, and seemed
very helpless and infantile when compared with
the lively chicks of the demoiselle cranes.

Aside from the “zoo” birds, the Lima park is
the home of a wild avifauna of much interest.
Two or more species of doves fly into the en-
closures to feed with the captive birds, and

100 ZOOLOGICAL

SOCIETY

BULLETIN

GREAT WHITE EGRET

many tropical songsters, among which are most
garrulous and irrepressible wrens, live in the
hedges and in the thick foliage of the trees.
Tiny house-swallows, called “Santa Rositas’’ in
honor of Lima’s patron Saint, skim about all
day within an inch or two of the paths, and
vermilion fly-ecatchers occasionally can be seen
clicking off insects in the higher spaces. At
evening, barn owls perch along the roof of the
Exposicion palace, and nighthawks sally forth
into the Paseo Colon. ‘The most conspicuous of
the wild birds are the black vultures or galli-
nazos, which at all hours wheel in a definite cir-
cle of the sky above the park, and which de-
scend every morning to gobble up the offal in a
slaughter-pen in which the food of the flesh-
eating mammals and birds is prepared.

All in all, the Lima park seems to be an in-
The

summer-

stitution of genuinely popular purpose.

has erected seats and

houses throughout the grounds, and has planned

management

in all ways for the comfort of visitors.
tent
rich soil and favorable climate in working out

Compe-

gardeners have made the most of the
the floral features, and in providing for irriga-
tion. The park is kept scrupulously clean, and
the Peruvian public neither litters it with rub-
bish nor plasters the bottoms of the the benches

with American chewing gum. On certain after-

noons, military bands, made up almost entirely

of the music-loving Peruvian Indians, render
concerts in the park, which never fail to be well
attended. Of other

even to the ingratiating

familiar
“official

photographs you in front of the elephant pen

appurtenances,
artist, who
and prepares the pictures while you wait, there
is no lack.

Considering the climate of Lima, which agrees
particularly well with captive birds, there would
seem to be an opportunity for the authorities
of the zoological park to draw upon the maryel-
ous resources of the interior of Peru, especially
of the Amazonian montana, and to develop at the
capital a tropical aviary which would have no
peer. * =.
COMPLETE SUCCESS OF OUR AFRICAN

VENTURE
Mr. Haagner arrives with a large and valuable
collection.

ORTUNE helps those who help themselves.
KF Looking ahead in 1916, it seemed reason-

ably certain that for us a famine in wild
animals was impending. That forecast proved
to be correct. The enterprise we then set on
foot has now culminated very greatly to our
advantage.

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 101

ON THE DECK OF THE

CHINESE PRINCE

Collection of animals from South Africa for the Zoological Park.
Photograph by A. K. Haagner

The zoological expedition projected in 1916
by the New York and Philadelphia Zoological
Societies ended when the
steamship Chinese Prince arrived at Philadel-

was successfully
phia a few days ago with the largest consign-
ment brought out of Africa since the war. It is
probable that the shipment was the most varied

and zoologically the most valuable that ever left
Africa in a single steamship.

The collection consisted of ninety-six crates
and boxes. These were ranged in four tiers fifty
feet long on the after deck of the vessel. The
Pretoria railroad officials, the officers of the
Chinese Prince and the officials of the company

LOADING AT CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA

Hoisting one of the animal crates from the cars to the deck of the ship.

Photograph by A, K. Haagner

102

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

Departments :
Mammals Aquarium
W. T. Horyapay. C. H. TownsEnb.
Birds Reptiles

LEE S. CRANDALL. Raymonp L. Dirmars

WrritraM Berre. Honorary Curator. Birds

Published bi-monthly at the Office of the Society,
111 Broadway, New York City.
Yearly by Mail, $1.00.
MAILED FREE TO MEMBERS.
Copyright, 1920, by the New York Zoological Society.

Each author is responsible for the scientific accuracy
and the proof reading of his contribution.

Extwin R. Sansorn, Editor

Vou. XXIII, No. 5. SEPTEMBER 1920

did everything possible in the matter of rates
and service to facilitate the shipment; and the
United States Bureau of Animal Industry co-
operated in expediting the shipment.

Because of skilful handling only two of the
important animals died on the voyage. A zebra
died from a combination of home sickness and
sea sickness and a sable antelope died as the
journey was nearing the end. For thirty-eight
days the animals have been on the way and dur-
ing that time they were confined within the nar-
row limits of their boxes. The length of their
journey by rail to Durban and by the Chinese
Prince to Philadelphia from Cape Town was
7,800 miles.

The animals consigned to the Zoological Park
arrived there on September 11, and they all
more or less showed the effects of their long
trip. When the mountain zebra of the collection
waddled out of his crate he staggered about the
corral from leg stiffness like a zebra who had
disregarded the prohibition amendment. The
kudu for a time walked with its sea legs, and the
brindled gnu took little apparent interest in
life. This, however, was only for a time. After
their stiffness had worked off and they all had
eaten the best food the zoological park could
offer, they perked up, and some of them wan-
dered about exploring with interest their new
homes.

The largest and most valuable specimen was
a Nubian giraffe ten feet high, which was
allotted to the Philadelphia Gardens because its
giraffe house was empty. Next in importance
and value was a mountain zebra, a species now
represented by only four hundred living indi-
viduals; the kudu, most beautiful of all ante-
lopes; the very handsome sable antelope, the
lechwe antelope (never before brought to
America), the gemsbok, eland, brindled gnu,
spring-bok, blessbok and Chapman zebra.

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

BULLETIN

The series of smaller animals included the
wart hog, Cape hunting dog, fennec fox, long-
eared fox, various jackals, many small cat ani-
mals, hares, hyraxes, squirrels, porcupines, bab-
oons and monkeys. The most important primates
were three fine specimens of the new species of
Rhodesian baboon recently discovered and de-
scribed by A. K. Haagner. These specimens
were presented by their discoverer to each of the
three American zoos sharing in the shipment.

The most important birds were white-bellied
storks, Stanley crane, crowned crane, secretary
bird, white-headed vulture, hornbills, eagles,
vultures, and a host of smaller species.

The division of the collection was made on the
dock at Philadelphia and huge trucks brought
the New York collection overland to the Bronx
by an all night run of nine hours. The collection
was made possible by the intelligence, energy
and scientific knowledge of Mr. Haagner, who
is Director of the National Zoological Gardens
of South Africa at Pretoria. The managers
of the Transvaal institution consented that the
wild animals shouid be collected and kept in the
Gardens until -they could be transported to
America. Some of the animals just landed have
been in Pretoria nearly three years. Director
Haagner with a Pretoria keeper brought the
whole collection to America. Some of the ani-
mals were sent to the National Zoological Park
at Washington.

The Philadelphia and New York Zoological
Societies are planning to send back to Pretoria
on the Chinese Prince a large collection of
American animals as a gift to the Pretoria
Gardens.

THE “APES” OF GIBRALTAR

Because of the published reports which
came to us from England regarding pos-
sible action against the so-called “apes”

of Gibraltar as a necessary sanitary measure, we
wrote to General Sir H. L. Smith-Dorrien, in
command at Gibraltar, inquiring for the facts,
and also announcing the desire of the Zoological
Society for some living specimens of the Gibral-
tar monkeys, should any become available for
distribution. It was stated that the ape colony
was about to be destroyed as a necessary sani-
tary measure.

General Smith-Dorrien promptly and kindly
replied as follows:

“The monkeys have been on the increase for
years, and complaints of the inhabitants in-
creased too on account of destruction of roofs,
etc., but worse still, fouling of roofs; and as the
water supply is from rain water into tanks,

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

MOOR MACAQUE
One of the ‘tapes’ of Gibraltar.
Photographed by Elwin R. Sanborn

serious contamination of drinking water was
feared. Again, women in a delicate state of
health and children were frightened by the ap-
pearance of uninvited and alarming beasts at
their windows. Many advocated extermination,
but I think that by gradually reducing the num-
ber to ten and providing rather more money to
feed them at a distant part of the Rock, the
trouble will be overcome.”

It is not the intention of General Smith-Dor-
rien to exterminate the colony, but he does find
it necessary to reduce the number of its mem-
bers. This is entirely in accordance with the
wild animal nuisance law of the state of New
York, enacted about eight years ago, which pro-
vides that any wild animal or wild bird nuisance
that becomes unbearable may be abated by sys-
tematic measures taken in accordance with the
direction of the State Conservation Commission.
The wisdom of this principle will be apparent to
all reasonable persons, and the principle ap-
plies to all regions that are inhabited by wild
life. In all communities of men, both civilized
and savage, men, women and children are pre-

BULLETIN 103

vented from making nuisances of themselves,
and the same principle may properly be applied
to wild creatures that become too numerous,
too troublesome or too destructive.

A very interesting feature of General Smith-
Dorrien’s reply is the very kind offer to capture
and present to the Zoological Society two pairs
of the Gibraltar monkeys. This offer has been
gratefully accepted.

The so-called
really apes.

“apes” of Gibraltar are not
Their best and most correct name
is Moor macaque. In appearance, they are the
most odd and remarkable looking of all the
macaques save the Burmese species, and some
specimens bear a singular resemblance to heay-
ily-haired human beings. Specimens of the Moor
macaque have been becoming steadily more rare
in zoological gardens. Werebe Ele

OSTRICH EGGS PALATABLE

FavoraBLy ComMPARED BY A Diretist WiTH
THE EGG or THE HEN

An interesting experiment has been made by
Mr. Gallichan, diet expert. Mr. Gallichan’s
chief food for two days has been ostrich eggs,
the eggs being supplied by the Zoological Gar-
dens. He says that, compared with meat, the
food value of the egg is about the same and
that the flavor seems exactly like that of the
domestic hen’s egg. Although ostrich eggs con-
tain less protein than meat they have more fat
and a fair amount of phosphorus and iron. One
egg will make an omelet sufficient for thirty
people.

On examining the hard, highly polished shell
it was thought that there would be some dift-
culty in boring a hole, but this was finally done
with a bradawl, and the contents expelled with
a bicycle pump. The white and yolk of the egg
almost filled two ordinary oval vegetable dishes.

“My first dish was an omelet, beaten up in
the usual fashion and fried in olive oil,’ Mr.
Gallichan says. “The flavor seemed exactly
like that of an omelet made from domestic hens’
eges.

“The experiments in ostrich egg cookery
made by two women who are expert in the art
show that these eggs produce the same result
as ordinary eggs. One woman made a delicate
custard, which I ate with a relish, and six ex-
cellent scones composed of oatmeal, wheatflour
and the necessary amount of egg.

“Ostrich egg dishes might become attractive
items of the menu at restaurants. For household
cookery these eggs would be highly valuable.”
—New York Tribune.

CHIMPANZEE SUZETTE

The mother of the first chimpanzee born in a zoological park or garden, and the second in captivity.
Photograph taken immediately after her retirement from the vaudeville stage, where her forearms had been shaved as shown.

Photographed by Elwin R. Sanborn

[ 104 ]

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

NOTES ON THE

BIRTH OF

105

A CHIMPANZEE

By W. Rew Brarr, D. V. S.

HE scarcity, or nearly total absence, of any
a reliable information relating to the breed-

ing of anthropoid apes,. justifies us in re-
cording the following notes and observations,
dealing with the birth of a chimpanzee baby
which took place on July 14, 1920, in the Pri-
mate House of the New York Zoological Park.
So far as known that event constitutes the rec-
ord of the second chimpanzee ever born in
captivity.

Dr. Louis Montane, Professor of Anthropol-
ogy at the University of Havana, Cuba, records
the birth of a chimpanzee, on April 27, 1915, at
the home of Senora Rosalie Abreu, owner of the
“Quinta Palatino” estate at Havana, Cuba. The
breeding of a chimpanzee by Senora Abreu rep-
resents the first successful attempt at breeding
champanzees in captivity, an event that has
attracted world wide interest among anthropolo-
gists and scientists, generally. Judging from
Dr. Montane’s description of the seclusion pre-
vailing upon the estate of Mrs. Abreu, condi-
tions must have closely approximated the ideal
for the breeding of chimpanzees.

Studies in infant psychology are of compara-
tively recent date, few in number, and in most
instances very incomplete; while, as regards
animals lower in the scale, such investigations
are still more imperfect. The science of com-
parative psychology is a very youthful one, so
that anyone who contributes a single fact will
be a real friend to its progress.

It is for this reason principally that these
notes, however meager and incomplete, are pub-
lished with the hope that they may add some-
thing to the scanty literature of a subject that
is of so much concern to those who are re-
sponsible for the care of anthropoid apes in
confinement.

In a zoological garden, the list of births
among the mammals affords a very good index
of the general health and condition of the col-
lections. A long and varied list of births is
one of the best indications that a healthy en-
vironment has been established.

The breeding of animals, aside from the
hoofed stock, never has been with us an im-
portant factor, chiefly for the reason that the
demands for exhibition and educational pur-
poses are so imperative that all other conditions
have been of secondary consideration. The suc-
cessful breeding and rearing of captive wild

animals on any considerable scale requires spec-
ial provisions to afford the seclusion and en-
larged quarters that would insure satisfactory
offspring. The providing of quiet, comfortable
and sanitary quarters with proper isolation can-
not be satisfactorily arranged in a Park like
ours, where the animals, and especially the
higher apes, must be constantly on exhibition to
thousands of visitors each day. When one re-
members these conditions, and the absence of the
many factors deemed necessary for the propa-
gation of offspring among the rarer species of
our wild animals, the fact that we have succeeded
in breeding a chimpanzee should be considered
the more noteworthy. In addition to the chim-
panzee we have successfully bred and reared the
Japanese red-raced monkey, long armed baboon,
macque and lemur.

On account of their undoubted physical and
mental resemblances to man, the study of the
higher apes and monkeys, is naturally of the
greatest interest to the student of comparative
psychology, as well as to the ordinary observer
whose only plea to science is his love of animals.
The higher in the scale the animal that is
studied, the nearer we are approaching on the
whole, to man.

Anyone who will watch the countenance of an
ape or monkey when he feels himself insulted,
and again when he is fondled by his keeper, will
be forced to admit that the changes of expression
of the features, and the gestures are almost as
expressive as those of man.

There is a striking difference between the dis-
positions of the chimpanzee and orang-utan, the
most intelligent of the apes. The temperment
of the chimpanzee is of the nervous or stubborn
type, but its mind is more alert and prompt in
action than that of the orang. The chimpanzee
while showing great affection for his keepers
or those frequently about him, generally resents
being handled by strangers.

With a fair degree of precision, the chim-
panzee exercises the faculty of reason on prob-
lems that concern his comfort and safety. He
is quick to interpret motives, to discern intents,
and is a rare judge of character. Ordinarily
he is docile, and quickly learns anything that
lies within the range of his mental plane.

The appearance of dejections in a chimpanzee
when in poor health, is as plain and almost as
pathetic as in the case of a child. This state of

106

mind and body is shown by listless movements,
fallen countenances, dull eyes, and changed com-
plexion.

Terror and rage are expressed by the chim-
panzee by the utterance of shrill screams and
terrified yells, and a harsh barking noise, the
lips being drawn back, so that the teeth are ex-
posed and with nostrils dilated. The hair be-
comes erect, the arms are thrown wildly about,
and sometimes the hands are clasped tightly
over the head. A young chimpanzee in a passion
presents a curious resemblance to a child in the
same state of emotion.

The investigations of Professor Robert M.
Yerkes, of Harvard University, on “The Mental
Life of Monkeys and Apes,” furnish much in-
teresting data for the student of animal psychol-
ogy; also the work of Dr. Haggerty on “Imi-
tations in Monkeys,” which was carried out
in the New York Zoological Park, and submitted
to Harvard University as a thesis for his degree
of Doctor of Philosophy. Haggerty’s tests of
the ability of young orangs and chimpanzees to
solve simple problems, and to use tools in vari-
ous ways, yielded results which may be safely
accepted as evidences of a fairly high degree of
reasoning in these animals.

Both parents of our baby are unusually large
and well developed chimpanzees, such as rarely
are seen in captivity.

Suzette, the mother, (Pan chimpanzee, Mey-
er), habitat Gambia, West Africa), was acquired
March 2, 1918, through the gift of the John L.
Cadwalader Fund. She was born about 1910,
making her age at this time about ten years.
She is three feet and ten inches in height, and
weighs approximately 130 pounds.

Suzette was purchased from Mr. Fred D’
Osta, who had trained her on the vaudeville
stage for about two years before we secured her.
She was an accomplishd performer and gave
some remarkable exhibitions of ‘trick’ bicycle
riding, roller skating, ball rolling and other
feats. Owing to her great strength, and at times,
an erratic disposition which made her difficult
to handle on the stage, she was retired from
theatricals about the time we purchased her
from her trainer.

Boma, the father, is a hairy-headed Schwein-
furth chimpanzee, (Pan chimpanzee, Giglioti).
His habitat is Soudan, German East Africa,
and he also was acquired through the gift of
the John L. Cadwalader Fund. He arrived at
the Park on August 21, 1915. He was born
in 1912, making him about eight years old. He
stands about three feet and eight inches in
height, and weighs approximately 145 pounds.

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

Since coming to the Park, Boma has developed
a wonderfully fine physique, but owing to his
untamed and wild spirit, no effort has been made
to train him in any way. During the past year
he has developed a more amiable disposition,
especially toward his keepers, although still he
resents undue familiarity.

On July 14, 1920, about 10:45 A. M., while
passing through the Primate House, Keeper
Palmer reported that the chimpanzee Suzette
had not eaten her breakfast, and upon going
to the outside cage to examine her, we found her
lying on her back, where she had apparently
just a moment before given birth to a baby.
The baby was lying on the mother’s abdomen,
face downward and covered by the hands of the
mother. Because of the fact that the event oc-
curred several weeks before it was expected,
no one was present at the critical moment save
Boma, the father.

Boma had been with Suzette in the outside
cage for about an hour and when I found him
he was sitting, apparently unconcerned, about
twenty feet from Suzette.

Boma was allowed to enter his own interior
cage, while Suzette with her baby tucked into
her left groin, and clinging to her hair, was
quickly returned to her own cage. Here two
bundles of fresh straw were provided, out of
which she at once made a comfortable bed for
herself and infant. In walked from the outer
to the inner cage, Suzette walked on her hands
and right foot, keeping the lett leg flexed upon
her abdomen, with the infant’s head appearing
at the anterior point of the hip bone.

When moved to the inner cage Suzette was
very quiet and docile, and soon settled down in
her bed. Upon hearing Boma in his cage she
became restless and started several times as if
she wished to join him. When offered food she
ate hungrily. As Suzette made her bed up close
to the front bars of the cage, an opportunity was
thus offered to study the appearance of the
baby, whenever its mother uncovered it, which
she did frequently.

When first seen in the outer cage it was feared
that the baby might be premature, but on a
closer view it appeared normal in every way.
There was an abundance of thick hair on the
head, and this was parted in the middle as neatly
as though it had been combed. There was also
hair on the shoulders and arms as far down as
the elbows. The eyes were wide open, brown
in color, and had the appearance of being able
to see. The standing height and weight of the
baby, estimated at birth were, height sixteen
inches, weight three pounds. The more accurate

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 107

THE MOTHER OF THE FIRST CAPTIVE BORN CHIMPANZEE

Picture at right shows the young animal.

measurements made when it died nine days later
showed the estimated weight and height as ap-
proximately correct. The baby was active, and
clung to the hair of the mother’s abdomen. In
lying down on her side Suzette always shifted
the baby to the upper side. She handled it very
gently, and always changed it from side to side
by first supporting the head and lifting it.

Being present when the baby made its first
sound or cry, I was able to note the effect of this
on Suzette. While Suzette was half reclining
and busily engaged in eating her first meal,
after the baby was born, the baby uttered a low,
plaintive cry, the sound of which caused Suzette
to stop eating, and to sit upright and listen with
a startled expression on her face. When the cry
was repeated she looked down at the baby, and
then hurriedly began making her bed anew, fuss-
ing with the straw and shifting the baby from
the right to the left groin.

Whenever Suzette would lie down without
shifting the baby to the uppermost groin, the
slight pressure exerted on the baby would al-
ways make it cry. This was always a signal for
Suzette to hurriedly sit up, shift the baby, and
rearrange the straw bedding. During these
times the baby would often grasp some of the
straws in its hands or feet, but Suzette would
always take them away, not by pulling the
straws, but by gently opening the hand and
taking the straws out of them, carefully looking
between the fingers as if searching for pieces
which might be retained there.

The following day, July 15, Suzette appeared
somewhat depressed, and coughed a good deal,

but when food was offered she appeared hungry.
She drank milk containing raw eggs, and ate
some bananas and stewed prunes. The breasts
were not enlarged, and there were no evidences
of the secretion of milk. The baby was kept
tucked in Suzette’s groin, but while the hands
and feet were frequently in motion the position
remained the same. Both Suzette and the baby
slept frequently during the day, but whenever
she would hear Boma calling from the outer
cage she always roused up, and made an attempt
to join him by going to the outer cage door.

On July 16, there was a noticeable enlarge-
ment of the mammary glands, and Suzette was
paying more marked attention to the baby. She
frequently examined the inside of its hands and
feet, and would lie on her back and fondle the
baby’s feet without looking at them. She also
would sit upright and make a chuckling sound,
accompanied by a vibration of the abdominal
muscles, which expresses the emotion of
pleasure, and is frequently observed in chim-
panzees when they are tickled under the arms
by their keeper. On this day the baby was
carried higher on the abdomen of the mother,
and clung by holding on with hands and feet
tightly grasped to the hair.

On July 17, Suzette was depressed, and
showed very little interest in her food. She had
a distressing cough, fever and headache, the
latter manifested by keeping her hands pressed
over her forehead. For most of the day she was
restless and drowsy. Her breasts showed some
enlargement, but there were no evidences of milk
secretion.

suvanqny "Ty Aq poqduaszojoyg

“uno ) payer 1 ‘AUL} n Ul pex pus aplaeay “lopuays STM iW
MUVd TVOINOTOOZ AHL NI NYO AAZNVAWIHO
Sac

[ 108 ]

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

CHIMPANZEE BORN IN THE PARK

Its diminutive size is apparent by comparison with the hand
of the man.
Photographed by R. L. Ditmars*

The baby seemed more active, and occasionally
would cry, and this acted as a signal for the
mother to immediately sit up, shift the baby,
and hurried readjust the straw bedding.

On July 18, Keeper Spicer reported having
seen the baby nursing on the left breast at 9
A. M., for about one minute. Suzette appeared
much brighter and took considerable food con-
sisting of cocoa and milk, bananas and prunes.
The baby was not so active on this day, and ap-
peared to be noticeably thinner. It slept prac-
tically all the time.

Suzette moved her bedding from the front of
the cage to the top of the sleeping boxes. She
lay on her back with the baby in her groin or
across her abdomen.

On July 19, Suzette seemed in better spirits,
and her cough was less troublesome. In addition
to her regular food she ate some mashed potatoes
and two lamb chops with great relish. She kept
to her bed and rarely left it, and then only for a
moment. In starting from her bed for food,
she apparently brought pressure to bear on the
infant, for it usually emitted plaintive cries,
which caused Suzette to immediately hurry back
to her bed, hastily rearrange the straw, and lie
down. In a few minutes she would again start
to leave the bed, but the baby’s cry again caused
her to settle down, shift the baby to the other
side, and rearrange the straw.

On July 20, Suzette remained in her bed all
day, and this did not afford such a good oppor-
tunity to observe the movements of the baby.
It had not been seen to nurse since Sunday

BULLETIN 109

morning, July 18, nor had it been seen near the
mother’s breast.

On July 21, and 22nd, Suzette still kept to her
bed. The baby seemed less active, thinner, and
weaker in the movements of its hands and feet.
Suzette seemed to have less interest, and to pay
less attention to it.

On July 22, about 9 A. M., when I appeared
in front of Suzette’s cage at once she came from
her bed directly toward me, and while watching
for the movements of the baby, I saw its body
relax, and realized it had just died.

Suzette almost immediately seemed to realize
that something was wrong. She became uneasy,
and in moving away from the front of the cage
the baby hung limp and lifeless, and ready to
slip from her groin.

She sat down, gazed intently at its face, gen-
tly put her finger-tip in the baby’s mouth, and
turned back the lips. She also put her fingers
up in the nostrils. She carried it about as be-
fore, but would frequently sit down and examine
it, looking into its face with an anxious and
puzzled expression. Several times Suzette al-
lowed the baby to slip from her groin to the
floor of the cage, whereupon she would immedi-
ately pick it up again, and tuck it into its place.
Once or twice she laid it on the straw beside
her, and studied it intently as if she expected it
to move.

It was during one of these quiet intervals
that, Suzette’s interest being attracted to an
offering of food, the keeper succeeded in extract-
ing the dead baby from the cage. When Suzette
realized what had happened she became furious,
and in her rage rushed about the cage, scream-

LIKE A BEING FROM ANOTHER WORLD

The ear of the chimpanzee is large and well formed.
Photographed by R. L. Ditmars

110

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

FRONT AND PROFILE OF THE YOUNG CHIMPANZEE

There was an abundance of thick long hair, the ear was huge in comparison with the head, and the lower lip
and jaw were covered with fine gray hair.

Photographed by R. L. Ditmars

ing, and pounding the floors and walls. When
Boma in the outside cage, heard her, he also be-
came greatly excited, and joined her in her rage
and expressions of protest.

Concerning the psychology of the death epi-
sode, Director Hornaday has furnished the fol-
lowing notes:

“The death of the infant was reported to me
as I sat in my office, by Boma himself. The
frightful and long continued yells and screams
that issued from his outside cage, and rang out
for half a mile in every direction through-
out the Park, clearly indicated an unusual
provoking cause. Never before had I
heard such cries from the throat of a wild ani-
mal. After they had continued for about five
minutes, I hurried to the Primate house, where
I learned the cause.

“When by strategy Keepers Spicer and Pal-
mer succeeded in snatching the dead infant from
Suzette’s possession, her cries of rage and pro-
test were heard by Boma in his outside cage.
The fact that Suzette was in real trouble ex-

cited him to the utmost, and his rage knew no
bounds.

“Presently Suzette calmed down, and ap-
proached her keepers with plaintive whines, be-
seeching that they give back her baby. It was
decidedly pathetic. Keeper Spicer held out his
empty hands and said, “J haven't your baby,
Suzette. I can’t give it to you!’

“Suzette, being in a fair way to become fever-
ish with anxiety and disappointed motherhood,
Boma was immediately admitted to her cage,
whereupon the two animals at once became
quiet; but to them Death remained an unsolved
mystery.”

The loss of the chimpanzee baby was one of
the keenest disappointments that we ever have
experienced. If it had been possible to assist
Suzette in teaching her to nurse the baby prop-
erly, it might have thrived. However, it was out
of the question for even her most trusted friend
and keeper to get near enough to her to attempt
assistance. Suzette resented any interference
with her baby. If any had been attempted it

ZOOLOGICAL

would have been a dangerous proceeding for
the keepers, and certainly would have resulted
in the killing of the baby. If persisted in it
it might have caused the death of Suzette herself.
The aroused maniacal rage of an adult chim-
panzee is a fearful thing to witness, and the
fight she would have put up to keep her baby
certainly would have ended in a tragedy.

MEASUREMENTS OF BABY
NINE

CHIMPANZ
DAYS OLD

Wenethob ibodye.----— +=. 151% inches
Length of head and body 101% inches

Circumference of chest... 51% inches

Spread of arnisee=2---- 203, inches
Wengthw Ot arm 2 834 inches
Wen othio tel coe eee inches
Length of hand to tip of

md destin er sere 3 inches
Width Wot aimdets = = 114 inches
Length of foot to tip of

MmUGGlembOes sees 314 inches

Wradithinot fOOts se
Circumference of head...
Jaga GrVigd Ns een eco
Ear width.
Weight

114 inches
854 inches
114 inches
114 inches
35 ounces

and

Gray hair on lower lip and jaw. No

Thick hair on head; also hair on back
arms.

teeth.
Nore: A second article dealing in more de-

tail with the physiological aspects of the birth
of the chimpanzee baby will soon appear in the
Society's scientific publication, Zoopathologica.

ITEMS OF INTEREST

Heaps ann Horns Museum.—At the quar-
terly spring meeting of the Board of Managers,
Mr. Madison Grant, Chairman of the Executive
Committee, reported to the managers that the
plans of Architect Whitfield have been com-
pleted and approved and in a short time the new
building which will house the collection of
Heads and Horns will be under construction.
The estimated cost is $145,000, and since the
entire amount will be furnished by the Zoologi-
cal Society, the building will be yet another gift
to the people of New York.

Mieratrory Biro Law Vicrory.—aAt least, if
the phrase “Show me, I’m from Missouri” did
not originate in the minds of some of the citi-
zens of that famous state, its “‘pat’’ application
cannot be denied by them, for that is exactly
what the United States Supreme Court has

SOCIETY BULLETIN

111

demonstrated beyond cavil in a recent decision.
Mr. Grant, the Secretary of the Society, has
received the following interesting communica-
tion in re the Federal Migratory Bird Law as
it will apply in future to Missouri.

Washington, D. C.
June i9, 1920.
Dear Mr. Grant:

This is to carry the pleasing news that the
Supreme Court has promptly denied the appli-
cation of the Attorney General of Missouri for a
re-hearing of the “Migratory Bird Treaty Act”
case. This appears to be the final coup on the
enemy.

Sincerely,

EK. W.

Nelson.

RemnDeeR Streax.—Twelve years ago there
were 1,200 reindeer in Alaska; now there are
200,000, and an Alaskan capitalist plans to ship
6,000 frozen carcasses to America
this fall. The meat is said to be as good as
beef and is expected to find a ready market.
As only the surplus males are picked for slaugh-
ter, the herds are growing rapidly, and within
three or four years it is expected that the num-
ber will have grown to a million. Alaska is
said to be capable of providing forage for un-
limited numbers of reindeer, and the natives
find the raising of the animals easy and _profit-

able.—Toledo Blade.

reindeer

Rosin Ties Up FreiGur.—An illustration of
how the railroad muddle is delaying freight of
every description was furnished the Merchants’
Association yesterday by a local lumber dealer.
He has had $879,000 worth of lumber on its way
here from the South since last December. An
inspector of the firm recently found a robin’s
nest built on a plank in one of the cars on a
Southern siding.

While the car was awaiting removal the robin
had time to build its nest, lay its eggs and hatch
its brood.

Coup ResistinG Sxkin.—The skin of the rein-
deer is so impervious to cold that any one clothed
in such a dress, with the addition of a robe of
the same material, may bear the intensest cold
of any Arctic winter’s night.

Wuate’s TretH Goop as Goitp.—When the
Prince of Wales was in the Fiji Islands, en
route from Honolulu to New Zealand and Aus-
tralia upon the warship Renown, the Fijians
presented to him many whales’ teeth. These
are so valuable, according to native standards,
as practically to be the gold reserve of the
islands.—New York Evening Sun. L

112

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

BULLETIN

THE PANDA

A recent addition to the Society's collections is this little creature from Regent’s Park, London.

very docile.

It was born in captivity and is

He is as unique as any Teddy-bear, and toy makers might well use him as a model.

Photographed by Elwin R. Sanborn

Dakota Wars on Ropents.—A rigid cam-
paign for the extermination of the destructive
prairie dog from many western South Dakota
counties is being carried on with a view to turn-
ing thousands of acres which in past years has
shown very little growth of green into fertile
pastures and cultivated land.

Crews. of men with regular camping outfits
take the field and work half a township thor-
oughly in search of these rodents. Poisoned
bait is spread, and after passing on to the other
half of the township a rear guard again surveys
the ground first covered. If there is need this
territory is gone over a second time. Many such
York Evening

crews are now at work.—New

Sun.

ADDITIONS To THE Society's Funps: By the
will of the late John Leyden, the Society is
named as his beneficiary, and the sum of $184.75
has been sent to the Chairman of the Executive
Committee by the Metropolitan Life Insurance

Company of New York. There will be a further

deposit of about the same sum from the Leyden
Estate, later on.

Leyden was an energetic and honorable em-
ployee in the Park for many years, and when
old age had weakened his activities the Society
provided for him a pension sufficient to enable
him to pass his last years in peace and comfort.
Through the good offices of the Society, he was
provided a very comfortable home with the Little
Sisters of the Poor, where he at length passed
away.

To the very end of his.days he was warm in
his praises of the kindly manner in which the
Society had interested itself in his behalf.

It is believed that the Executive Committee
will apply this money to the Pension Fund.

Tue Sacre Bequest.—The first payment of
the bequest of the late Mrs. Russell Sage to the
Endowment Fund, $489,073.83 has been re-
ceived. The entire amount of this bequest is as
yet undetermined, but it is by far the largest
sum that has been bequeathed by any individual
to the Society.

New York Zoological Society
GENERAL INFORMATION

MEMBERSHIP.—Membership in the Zoological Society is open to all interested in the
objects of the organization, who desire to contribute toward its support.

The cost of Annual Membership is $10 yearly, which entitles the holder to admission to
the Zoological Park on all pay days, when the collections may be seen to the best advantage.
Members are entitled to the Annual Report, bi-monthly Bulletin, Zoologica, Zoopathologica,
privileges of the Administration Building, all lectures and special exhibitions, and ten compli-
mentary tickets to the Zoological Park for distribution.

Any Annual Member may become a Life Member by the payment of $200. A subscriber
of $1,000 becomes a Patron; $2,500, an Associate Founder; $5,000, a Founder; $10,000, a
Founder in Perpetuity, and $25,000 a Benefactor.

Applications for membership may be given to H. R. Mitchell, Chief Clerk, Zoological Park,
C. H. Townsend, Aquarium, Battery Park, and the General Secretary, 111 Broadway, New York
City.

ZOOLOGICAL PARK.—The Zoological Park is open every day in the year, free, except
Monday and Thursday of each week, when admission is charged. Should either of these days
fall on a holiday no admission fee is charged. The opening and closing hours are from 10
o’clock A. M. until one-half hour before sunset.

NEW YORK AQUARIUM.—The Aquarium is open free to the public, every day in the
year: April to September, 9 A. M. to 5 P. M.; October to March, 10 A.M. to 4 P. M.

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ee Bor pes sand Sammals 15 Renae Zoological Park, colored—flat
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ee eee) ceed VG Sag 40 | Photo-Letter; 18 pictures, four colors—two letters...... 10
The (Gachou (Grant)! RG (ie yer ese” “40 60 | Photogravures: Animals and views in the Zoological
The Origin and Relationship of the Large i: Panes 12 Subjects. Sepie=swo prints. SRE PEAR 25
Neale Mae North Atuerion |CGront) 1.00 tnlargements: 12 animal subjects—11 x inches:
is 4 : 2
The Rocky Mountain Goat (Grant)*....[Out of Print] 1.00 Black Sand! pwhite macs Le ico nce ek ereen snc: oe
Heads and Horns Brochure, Part

EX GHNAAGNM. eve casts nfcletaeletaseve: chereceala.ais 1.00 |

(Part I out of print) New York Aquarium Nature Series

Ir | DTOLOME——DEO Wile NeAGIy samaalieis)cielisiaraeNeyehstel els¥acctarin)aiaiarnrs vA 35
|
|

Tropical Wild Life (Beebe; Hartley; | Sea Shore Life (Mayor), cloth .........--.+++-++++-- 1.20
Howes) Besiseae es eee Weer ete a fgieies ea 3.00 Cultivation of Fishes in Ponds (Townsend), paper.... .25
Zoologica Vol. I. Nos. 1-20 inclusive. ... SHE atoy Northern Elephant Seal (Townsend), paper.........-. 25
Zoologica Vol. II. Nos. 1, 2, 3-4, 5, eacli 25 P se in (Gantini Tounsend 25
Weclopicn Voll NO= Grn. satin ten 75 orpoise un aptivity (Townsen ), DADEUs cielorsjslaresaieye tes nie 2
Zoologica Vol. II. Nos. 7, 8 and 9, set 25 | Natural History of the Whale Shark (Gudger), paper .25
Zoopathologica Vol. I. Nos. 1 to 5, each 25 The Gaff-Topsail Catfish (Gudger), paper........-.-.--- 25
Bulletin—Bi-monthly ........20c. each; Yearly by mail 1.00 Illustrated Guide to the Aquarium (Townsend), boards .40
Bulletin Nos. 24 to 60 inclusive, set, cloth bound.... . 10.00 Aquarium Post Cards: Colored. in sets. set (postage Sc.) .25
Bulletin Nos. 1, 6, 8, 35, 43 and 46..... (Out of Print)
Official Guide Zoological Park (Hornaday) 40° Aquarium Post Cards: Colored. In sets, each......... 25
*Can be furnished in 9th Annual Report 1.50 (For all mail orders, 5c. extra)

Publications for sale at 111 Broadway, Zoological Park and the New York Aquarium

OBJECTS. OF THE SOC TER

A PUBLIC ZOOLOGICAL PARK
THE PRESERVATION OF OUR NATIVE ANIMALS
THE PROMOTION OF ZOOLOGY

J Attn, Y
Vou. XXIII. No. 6 Laineh\e NOVEMBER, 1920

off

SOCIETY
BULLETIN

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CARRELL

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THE NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

HPNANTLULUTN SW LLUINELNHEASOETOT.y ELAS OOOOH

| mT Jj somrrerre scene ISOMXSAR TONSA
ANTHEM eT Tt CTT

PUTA TEE
“MUR FREUND $912

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New York Zoological Soriety

Genera Orrice, 111 Broadway, New York Crry.

President
Henry Fairrietp Osporn

Hirst Vice-President
Mapison GRANT

Greasurer
Percy R. Pyne, 20 Exchange Place

Secretary
Mapison Grant

Executive Committee
Wma. Pierson Hamitton,
Frank K. Srourais,
LisPENARD STEWART,
Henry Fairrietp Osporn, ea-officio

Mapison Grant, Chairman.
Percy R. Pyne,
Witiram Waite NIss,

Board of Managers

£x-nffirin
Glass of 1921
Frank K. Srurais,

Georce J. Goutp,

Oepen Mitts,
Lewis RurHerrorp Morris,

Levi P. Morton,
Manpison Grant,
Witiiam Wuire Nites,
Henry A. C. Taytor,

Glass of 1922
Emerson McMituiin,
AntHony R. Kuser,
Watson B. Dickerman,
Mortimer L. Scuirr,

Percy R. Pyne,
Grorce Birp GRINNELL,
CreveLtanp H. Doper,
C. Lepyarp Brarr,

Glass ot 1923
Wm. Pierson Hamitton,
Rosert S. Brewster,

Epwarp S. Harkness,
Wituiam B. Oscoop Fiexp,

General Officers

Henry Farrrietp Osporn,
LisPENARD STEWART,
Cuaries F. DietericH,
Gerorce F. Baker,

Wixuram T. Hornapay, Director Zoological Park.

Second Vice-President
Frank K. Sroreis

Asst. Oreasnrer
Tue Farmers’ Loan & Trust Co.

Watson B. Dickerman,
Antuony R. Kuser,
A. Barton Hersurn

The Mayor and The Presipent Department of Parks, City of New York.

Arcuer M. Huntineron,
E. C. Converse,
Grorce D. Pratt,

T. Coteman pu Pont

Freperic C. Watcort,
Brexman Win tHRop,
George C. Crarx,

W. Repmonp Cross.

A. Barton Hepszurn,
Wi.iiam Woopwarp,
Epwin Tuorne,

Percy A. RockEereLuer.

Cuarutes H. Townsenn, Director, New York Aquarium.

Gerorce S. Huntineton, Prosector.
Grorce A. MacCatuvum, Pathologist.
R. L. Crerero, Bursar.

Officers of the Zoological Park
Witiiam T. Hornapay, Director.
H. R. Mircuept, Chief Clerk.
Raymonp L. Dirmars, Curator, Reptiles.
Ler S. Cranpatu, Curator, Birds.

C. Grant La Faran, Architect.
H. De B. Parsons, Consulting Engineer.

H. W. Merxet, Chief Forester.
W. Rew Brarr, Veterinarian.
Wituiam MircuHett, Cashier.
Wixuram Breese, Honorary Curator, Birds.

Exwin R. Sanzsorn, Photographer and Editor.

Officers of the Aquarium
Cuartes H. Townsenp, Director.
Wasuinerton I. DeNysz, Assistant.
Rosert J. Lanier, Foreman.
James C. Moorr, Chief Engineer.

Sreruine A. Catuisen, Clerk.
Ipa M. Me tten, Secretary.

AQUARIUM INCOM) BR

CONDE NAS for NOVEM BER, 19/210

Tue WELL-BOAT SEAHORSE Bu ILT BY THE New York ZOooLoat AL SOCIETY FOR THE

Use or THE AQUARIUM......... ..__......=......- iy eee a <oc8 Frontispiece

s Tue Work or THE Aguartum Wett-Bo-r _ . = C. H. Townsend 115
Exurerr or Fancy Gouprisues.__.. ears eee re Ida M. Mellen 117
A Lone-Livep Sra Horszr.........-.- oe ee : Bey pee .....C. H. Townsend 118
Giant GarFisH FROM LouISIANA __. 74. ET Se _C. H. Townsend 119
Pounp FisHeries or Lower New Yorw« Bay~. a phan. S. A. Callisen 121
Noves oN THE TAKING OF AN OcraNn SUNFISH. les eset Van Campen Heilner 126
ANILINE Bs ee es Parte Meera a Ida M. Mellen 127
Anima Lire on a Prece oF SHA Lerrucn.......---<.-...------------------.......--..1da M. Mellen 129
DISTINGUISHING THE PIKRS....................- 2 ie: feels econ. a0 ‘non _...IdaM. Mellen 130
Tue Jenny Linp CentTENNIAL CELEBRATION........------------------- : Ida M. Mellen 1380
Items or INTEREST.....__..__ C. H. Townsend, Chapman Grant and IW. I. DeNyse 133

Tue Wuirerisu IN Capriviry

Recent ENLARGEMENT or Exureition TANKS
Tue Unicorn Fisu

Aw Opp User ror tHE Sea Horse

Notses Mane py Fisues

In THE AQuaRIUM __.. Pe eee. ee WE re a Mary, in The Evening Sun 1386

Tue Wei-Boat Sranorse _.__________. Ie Aire Pe Le Nah he Pe ewe oe a =. Cover

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN
PusuisHEp by the New YorK ZooLoGicaL Socrnry
111 Broadway, New York City

Single Copies, 20 cents Bi-monthly Yearly by Mail, $1.00

WATYV dV

“dy aag-AjueMy Souda

J J[PY-9U0 puv so14} “}jeIp Sjoa} UeAefe ‘uTReq *

GHL fO AS AHL WO ALAIOOS TVOIDOTOOZ MUOK MAN GHL AD LITO

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GASYOHVAS LYOM-TIAM AHL

[114]

ZOOLOGICAL
BULLETIN a

Published by the New York Zoological Society on

POCIEAY

DEC iC

Yomal Muse

VotuMeE XXIII

NOVEMBER,

1920 NoumBer 6

THE WORK OF THE AQUARIUM WELL-BOAT

By C. H. Townsenp

\HE possession of a first-class well-boat for
‘| the collecting of specimens has recently en-
abled the Aquarium to increase its marine
exhibits, which are now larger than they have
been at any time in the past. A boat of this
kind has long been needed, as all public aquari-
ums are under the necessity of procuring their
living exhibits directly from Nature's sources of
supply. The animal dealer has little to offer
aside from marine mammals.

Visitors are generally surprised when told
that the fishes and invertebrates of the Aquarium
are all brought in by our own men and a large
proportion of them captured with our own nets.

The work of keeping the tanks well stocked
both in numbers and variety has until recently
been no easy matter, as all transporting of live
specimens had to be done in small tanks carried
in boats or wagons hired for the purpose and
constantly aerated by hand.

With a well-boat always ready for service,
fishes are now safely floated to the door of the
building and disheartening losses in transit are
eliminated, specimens are also received in better
condition and are therefore better fitted to sur-
vive under the conditions of captivity.

Our well-boat, the Seahorse, was specially
built for the service of the Aquarium by the New
York Zoological Society. The vessel was
launched from the boat-yard of A. Hansen in
Brooklyn on May 20, 1920, and has been in ser-
vice ever since. Collecting trips lasting from
twenty-four to forty-eight hours have been made
weekly during the summer and will be continued
until sometime in November, when cold weather
makes fishing unprofitable as well as difficult.
The craft will then be hauled out for the winter.

The Seahorse is thirty-five feet in length,
eleven feet beam, three one-half feet
draught, and is registered at nine tons gross.
The well amidships is ten feet long at the bot-
tom, with the width and depth of the boat. The
forward cabin is ten feet long, the engine cabin
seven feet, and there are berths for four men.
The boat is strongly built and thoroughly sea-
worthy.

and

The Seahorse has a twenty-five horsepower
engine, is sloop rigged and is well adapted for
the kind of work to be done. -The boat made
nineteen trips to Sandy Hook and Raritan bays,
bringing in nearly three thousand live fishes and
over eight hundred crustaceans, to say nothing
of other fishes and small marine forms used as
fish food.

The collecting outfit includes a twelve-foot
seine boat, a three-hundred-foot haul-seine, and
a beam trawl. Next summer an otter trawl will
be added to the equipment.

Owing to unfavorable weather conditions a
few trips were barren of results. On the other
hand, more than three hundred live fishes have
been carried in the well of the boat on a single
trip. The largest fishes secured were sand
sharks and red drum from three to four feet
in length, but fishes up to ten feet in length
can be carried. About sixty different species
of fishes were taken up to October 14.

There are no beaches suitable for the hauling
of seines near the City. It is necessary to go
to the lower bay to find sandy beaches clean and
free from bottom obstructions, but even there
the nets are sometimes snagged and torn.

The Seahorse makes the run from the Battery
to Sandy Hook, a distance of sixteen miles, in

[115]

116 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

two hours, with favoring
wind and tide. Sails are
set whenever it is advan-
tageous to do so. The only
cruise made into Long Is-
land Sound was so disap-
pointing in results that it
was not repeated. The
lower bay, that is, the re-
gion comprising Sandy
Hook and Raritan bays,
having proved satisfactory,
our work has not yet been ex-
tended farther. The explor-
ation of Jamaica Bay and
Barnegat Bay will be de-
ferred until next summer.

The presence of forty
large permanently located

pound nets in the lower bay, operated by
commercial fishermen, proved a sufficient induce-
ment to confining the collecting work to that
region for the present season. The pound nets
are emptied of their catches every morning ex-
cept Saturday and Sunday, and it is only neces-
sary to be present when this is done in order
to secure many kinds of fishes that cannot be
caught in seines along the beaches. Desirable
food fishes can be transferred directly from the
pound nets to the well of the Seahorse, by pay-
ing the fishermen the prevailing market prices,
while the numerous kinds rejected by the fisher-
men are also available. The latter are of course
equally desirable as Aquarium exhibits, as they
include interesting species of skates, puffers.

STOWING THE SEINE IN THE
SEINE BOAT

sculpins, dogfish and the
unmarketable in general.

The usual procedure of
the Seahorse crew is to
spend some hours seining
the beaches, dredging under
sail, or collecting inverte-
brates along shore, then
after lying at anchor over
night, visit the pound nets
when they are lifted at day-
break. Fishes that have
been handled carefully and
placed in the well of the
Seahorse require no further
attention, and the cruise
may be prolonged if desir-
able, as the water supply
changes constantly with the
motion of the boat.

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

The Seahorse has proved
a valuable acquisition and
the Aquarium would have
had better exhibits, secured
with less effort, if the craft
had been built a dozen years
The Seahorse could
have made many more cruises
if a crew had been available
at all times, but the day’s
work at the Aquarium nec-
essarily comes first and col-
lecting trips are therefore
arranged only when men can
be spared.

ago.

All expenses connected
with the operating of the
boat are paid by the Zoo-
logical Society.

EXHIBIT OF FANCY GOLDFISHES

An exhibition of fancy goldfishes, held at the
New York Aquarium by The Aquarium Society
on October 10, 11 and 12, proved of great in-
terest to the public.
were

The varieties exhibited
Calico Telescopes,
Japs, Comets and Lionheads, and included some
remarkable prize winners.

principally Moors,
The jetty blackness
of the Moors, the red-white-and-blue patterns
of the Japs, the black-red-and-blue tapestry of
some of the Calicoes, the strange anatomy of
the Lionheads, and the graceful bodies of the
Japs and Comets, drew exclamations of admira-
tion and wonderment from many of the 25,716
persons who viewed this exhibit.

No addition to the present exhibits of the
Aquarium could be more enthusiastically wel-
comed than a permanent display of these curious

SEINING AT SANDY HOOK

117

BEACHING THE SEINE

Bred for
centuries by the Chinese and Japanese from
“sports” and oddities, in much the same manner

and interesting varieties of goldfish.

that pigeons have been bred by the English, for
the mere human love of creating, they are de-
lightful to the eye of the lover of beauty and
form, and interesting to the student of heredity

The Aquarium, though long desirous of show-
ing a large and varied collection of these beauti-
ful animals, is not properly equipped to maintain
Not adapted to our
Catskill running water that reaches a tempera-

them in health and comfort.

ture of 39 degrees in the winter, nor yet to the
heated water in which tropical fishes thrive, they
require balanced aquaria, well stocked with
The
Aquarium has no appropriate place for such an

exhibit—I. M. M.

plants on which a strong light can fall.

WELL-BOAT SEAHORSE—DRYING SAIL

118 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

The collecting of suitable food in the mild cli-
mate of southern California has evidently not
been as difficult as it has at New York, and this
seems to have been the secret of the success in
keeping sea horses in the Venice Aquarium.

—C. H. T.

“Continually study the history of nature, and
trace the progress of bodies from one form and
species to another; contemplate often upon this
subject, for there is nothing contributes so much
to greatness of mind.’’-—Marcus Aurelius.

THE SEAHORSE ENTERING *‘ THE BASIN” BEHIND
THE AQUARIUM

A LONG-LIVED SEA HORSE

On January 11, 1916, the Aquarium sent
six sea horses (Hippocampus hudsonius) to the
aquarium at Venice, California. They were
shipped by way of experiment, in one-gallon
sealed jars of sea water charged with oxygen,
two fishes to each jar, and reached their des-
tination safely.

Under date of September 10, 1920, Mr. John
J. Kemp of Venice writes that most of them
lived until the present year, the last one dying
in September, 1920. Mr. Kemp states that they
were always fed on live amphipod crustaceans
of minute size.

It has always been the practice at the New
York Aquarium to feed sea horses on small am-
phipods of the genus Gammarus gathered along
the sea beaches. They have, in fact, never been
successfully fed on anything else, and as there
are long periods in winter when Gammarus
could not be obtained, specimens were some-
times lost from lack of food. Two or three years
has been the limit of life for sea horses in the
Aquarium under favorable conditions.

> A a aes
DIP-NETTING SPECIMENS FROM WELL OF SEAHORSE

AQUARIUM GUIDE
BOOK

Up to November 1, 1920,
1755 copies were sold of the
new Guide Book to the New
York Aquarium issued last
February. This is a book
with 170 pages, 160 illustra-
tions, in which 350 species
are briefly described. Num-
erous mail orders have been
received, some of them from
points as far distant as the
Gulf of Mexico and_ the
Pacific Coast.

HOISTING A BUCKING SHARK
WITH BLOCK AND TACKLE

ZOOLOGICAL

SOCIETY

BULLETIN 119

GIANT GARFISHES (LEPISOSTEUS TRISTOECHUS)
Presented to the Aquarium by Mr. Henry D. Whiton
Elwin R

Photographed by

GIANT

GARFISH FROM

Sanborn

LOUISIANA

By C. H. Townsenp

HE Aquarium has seven giant or “alligator”

gars (Lepisosteus tristoechus ), the gift of

Mr. Henry D. Whiton of New York. So
far as known, these are the first specimens of
this species to be exhibited in an aquarium.
They were captured in Lake Calecasieu, in south-
western Louisiana and arrived at the Aquarium
on May 28.

The gars are about half grown, averaging four
feet in length and thirty pounds in weight. The
American Museum of Natural History has a
mounted specimen of the giant gar eight feet
long, but we know that the species grows much
larger. Mr. Whiton has furnished a record of a
twelye-foot specimen killed in the Lake Calea-
sieu region by M’sieu Tata Ibert. It is said
that it grows still larger, but our opinion on this

point is reserved until the claim can be demon-
strated.

This is the second lot of gars secured for the
Aquarium by Mr. Whiton, the first shipment

having been lost in New York during zero
weather before the fishes could be removed from
the steamer.

The transportation of these large fresh-water
fishes by steamship presented a problem, as sea
water could not be used for renewing the water
supply of the large tanks in which they were
carried. The problem was solved by the use
of a steam-driven air compressor for the con-
stant aeration of the tanks, both collections of
gars being brought to New York without change
of fresh water except for a limited quantity
spared from the ship’s supply.

The fishes arrived more or less bruised and
chafed, but they have recovered their normal
appearance, and after five months in the
Aquarium appear to have accepted the condi-
tions of captivity and settled down to the simple
life.

The sheltered life of the Aquarium tanks in-
volves a complete change in habits for this big,

120 ZOOLOGICAL

SOCIETY

BULLETIN

SAND SHARKS AND DOGFISH, CAUGHT IN SANDY HOOK BAY

Photographed by Elwin R. Sanborn

voracious fish, which has been called “the fresh-
water counterpart of the shark.” Among fresh-
water fishes it rivals the sturgeon in size. Its
formidable jaws are armed with dangerous teeth.
We have before us the personal letter of a bather
in a Louisiana lake whose arm was seized and
badly lacerated by a garfish. Its voraciousness
and destructiveness to other fishes is well known.
It is a plague and a pest to all interested in the
fisheries. The giant gar is not only armed for
offense, but is heavily armored for defense, its
body being completely

protected by hard

rhombic plates—ichthyologists do not describe
them as scales. The giant garfish is one of the
few survivors of the extinct ganoids of Eocene
It inhabits the middle and lower Mis-
sissippi River and streams flowing into the Gulf

of Mexico.

times.

Our specimens refused to take food for several
weeks, but are now feeding freely. They no
longer insist on live fish, but are willing to eat
It is to be hoped that they will
prove as hardy in captivity as the small northern

dead ones.

ears (Lepisosteus osseus ) which have lived in
the Aquarium twenty years. Should they keep
on growing and give promise of reaching giant

size, the Aquarium will have an exhibit that will
increase in interest as time passes.

Last November the writer participated in the
capture of the first lot of gars donated by Mr.
Whiton, which were also taken in Lake Calea-
A heavy 400-foot seine was used and over
forty gars were taken in a few days, the largest
The fishes were placed in

sieu.

being six feet long.
seven wooden tanks, each eight feet in length,
and loaded on a barge which was towed through
the Intercoastal Canal from Lake Calcasieu te
Sabine, Texas. From this point the Union Sul-
phur Company’s steamer Hewitt brought them
to New York.

The census of the Alaska fur seal
taken by the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries in
August 1920, shows that the herd has now in-
creased to nearly 550,000 animals.

herd as

The annual attendance of the Aquarium, which
dropped during the war to less than a million
and a half, is now returning to the pre-war
figure of over two millions. The number of visi-
tors to November 1, 1920, was 1,741,858.

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

7|

8\
9\

Sa fEELEV NS

KEANSBURG

FISH POUNDS
RARITAN & SANDY HOOK BAYS

June 15,1920.

40|

BULLETIN
N

13]
12]

1000 9
amt

MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF POUND NETS IN 1920

POUND FISHERIES OF
YORK BAY

By S. A. Cauiisen

LOWER NEW

EW people in and about the City of New

York, including even those who daily travel

by boat to Red Bank or the Highlands,
realize how large a fishing industry is carried
on at their very threshold.

Compton Creek, flowing into Sandy Hook Bay
some three miles from the Highlands, furnishes
a shallow but sufficient harbor for the fisher-
men’s boats, and has therefore become the center
of this activity. Despite the fact that the creek
affords but a scant four feet of water at low
tide, it is ideally located to form a base for the
pound fishermen. It is near the fishing grounds
and well protected, while its meanderings
through salt meadows gives ample opportunity
for spreading, mending and tarring the nets.
The town itself, known as Belford, lies some-
what farther inland and its trim, comfortable
homes give proof of the size and profit of its
trade.

It would be well at the outset clearly to define
pound fishing. It is, in reality, fishing by means
of large trap nets set so as to catch the fish as
they follow rather clearly defined lines of move-
ment. The trap, known in its entirety as a
pound, is composed of four distinct parts, the
“leader,” the “big heart,” the “little heart,” and
the “bag” or “pocket.”

The “leader” is a ten-inch mesh net from
three hundred and fifty to four hundred feet

long, and ten to twenty feet deep, tarred, and
weighted at the bottom with large stones. It is
set in a straight line and held above high tide
level by poles driven into the bottom at intervals
of about twenty feet. The “big heart” is com-
posed of two nets set opposite each other in the
outline of a heart. The “leader” the
notch, while the point of the “big heart’ is
truneated so as to form the notch of the “‘little
heart.” The nets are three-inch mesh, tarred.
weighted with chain, and held up by poles like
the leader. The “heart” thus formed is from
100 to 150 feet in length from the base of

ends in

the notch to the opening of. the “‘little
heart” formed by the truncated point, with
about the same width at its widest part.
The “little heart” is similar in construction

and design, the notch, as stated, being formed
by the point of the “big heart.” Its point, how-
ever, is different, ending in a funnel that is
carried into the center of the “pocket” or “bag.”
The “‘little heart” is from forty to seventy feet
in length, with about the same width. The
“pocket” is a box of net held in place by poles,
with either a roughly rectangular or circular out-
line. Its lower side rests on the bottom, and it
is pierced on the wall nearest the “little heart”
by the funnel, which projects into the center of
the pocket. The funnel opening is about six feet
square and is held in place by a rope passed
through a pulley fastened to a stake on the oppo-
site side of the net. The pocket is made of two
and one-eighth inch mesh tarred net, and is
twenty-five to thirty feet deep, fifty-five feet

122

ZOOLOGICAL

SOCIETY

BULLETIN

MENHADEN FACTORY AT PORT MONMOUTH, N.J., FOR THE PRODUCTION OF FISH OIL AND FERTILIZER

long and forty-five feet wide. It is not lashed
directly to the stakes, but is held by so-called
“stops, “hauls” and “‘brails”’ at a little distance
from them in order to facilitate handling. The
leaders are set as a rule at right angles with the
beach, since the fish follow the coast line coming
in or out of the bays. The fish strike the leaders
and are headed into the “big heart,” the “little
heart,’ and finally the “pocket,” as they always

follow the line of the net in an effort to escape.
They are diverted at the open notch of the
hearts by the turned-in ends, until they at last
find their way through the funnel into the
“pocket.” This seems to form an almost perfect
trap for fishes and even crustaceans.

The entire pound must be raised, one part at
a time, every two or three weeks, depending on
the season, and taken ashore, a substitute net

BAILING OUT THE CATCH
Pound Net and Boat of J. C. Johnson.

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

BULLETIN 12%

A HEAVY CATCH OF MENHADEN

Pound Net and Boat of Jacob Schnoor & Sons.

being put in place. This is necessitated by the
rapid growth of weed and low animal forms
which collect dirt and rot the net. On shore
the nets are washed clean if necessary, loaded
into a wagon and then spread to dry on the
meadows. Here they are carefully gone over
and repaired, a task involving skill and patience.
They must next be tarred, which is done by pass-
ing them into a large pot and then over a grat-
ing, which takes off the excess tar. They are
again spread out and allowed to dry until needed
to replace the nets off shore.

All this handling makes for expense. The
two sets of nets needed for each pound cost from
$1500 to $2500. Seventy to eighty poles are
needed at $2.50 apiece. New twine and ropes
are constantly used for repairs; and so it is evi-
dent that here, as elsewhere, upkeep takes the
lion’s share of the profits.

In Sandy Hook Bay, the location of the nets
is determined to a large extent by the limits set
by the War Department. Nets must be kept
clear of the ship channels and cannot be placed
profitably beyond a depth of about thirty feet.

Leader

FISHING BOAT INSIDE THE POUND, PREPARING
TO BAIL OUT THE FISH

Pound Net and Boat of Jacob Schnoor & Sons.

They are grouped in lines of two to eight, with
a few single ones scattered about where fish are
known to run.

The boats used to reach these nets are all of
the same general model and dimensions. They
are trom thirty to forty feet in length, eight to
ten feet beam, and draw twenty-two to thirty-
six inches. They have a narrow wash board
some ten inches wide, along the sides, with a
deck covering the bow and the stern so as to
give a working platform. A narrow’ bench
raised a foot or so above the bottom, runs along
both sides for the same purpose. A closed cabin
forward or aft houses an engine ranging from
sixteen to twenty-eight horsepower, which drives
them along at a rate of nine knots an hour. In
this cabin is also the steering wheel and compass,
so that the helmsman has direct control of the
engine. Each boat has a mast set well forward
with a gaff used as a derrick arm. The body
of the boat is open so as to give maximum space
for stowing the catch. They have a capacity
ranging up to one hundred bushels, although
when loaded down they can hold much more.
They carry half a dozen bushel baskets in a

DIAGRAM OF POUND NET
Drawn by S. A. C,

124

BAILING OUT THE CATCH
Pound Net and Boat of A. Runyon

space divided off in the stern, together with a
large scoop net and one or two small ones.
Amidships is a pump which can remove all bilge
water taken aboard in handling the fish or nets.
A large oar and a boat hook complete the outfit.
Each pound boat tows a skiff aft, locally known
as a bateau-—a curious use of a French word for
which no explanation is offered. The boats with
their equipment are valued at from $2000 to
$3000, but are so well built as to render service
over a considerable period of years. Despite
their open construction and low freeboard. they
are very stanch and even

deeply loaded seem to be

quite seaworthy. The ease

with which they can be han-

dled is surprising to the no-

and_ their
been proved since they have

vice worth has
superseded all other types
for pound fishing in this lo-
cality.

The crews vary from three
to eight, the difference in
size being caused by the
number of nets owned and
their location. A man with
three sets of nets located in
deep water needs of course
more men than the man with
only one net well inshore.
The owner of the nets is
captain and either he or his
son is in charge of the en-
gine as well. It is no easy
matter to place a boat just

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

BULLETIN

right in running alongside a
pound, and in a heavy fog
experience and a
knowledge of the

perfect

loeal
waters and landmarks is es-
sential. Many of the owners
are of Dutch extraction, but
the crews hired are, of course,
of many stocks, Swedes being
fairly common. Like all sea-
faring men, they seem to be a
strong, healthy lot, and to-
ward a bothersome speci-
men collector certainly pa-
tient and amiable. Theirs
being a wet occupation, the
regular costume is
boots, oilskin

gum
trousers and
jacket, and when necessary
a sou'wester. They receive
$35 a week and find their
own keep. With good management they are
sure of Sunday off, together with Saturday,
and several afternoons a week. The season lasts
from the middle of April to the middle of No-
vember, after which they have often little or
nothing to do. The work is, of course, hard.
and the hours rather long; but it is far healthier
than thousands of other more remunerative occu-
pations.
“Early to bed and early to rise” is indeed a
fitting motto for Belford. In summer everyone
is stirring by four o'clock, and before sunrise

ae

Yas
BAILING OUT THE CATCH
Pound Net and Boat of Paul Tarnow.

ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIELY BULL LIN

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

Departinents :
Mammals Aquarium
W. T. Horyapay. C. H. TownsEND.
Birds Reptiles

LEE S. CRANDALL. Raymonp L. Dirmars

WuttiaM BEEreE. Honorary Curator, Birds

Published bi-monthly at the Office of the Society,
111 Broadway, New York City.
Yearly by Mail, $1.00.
MAILED FREE TO MEMBERS.
Copyright, 1920, by the New York Zoological Society.

Each author is responsible for the scientific accuracy
and the proof reading of his contribution.

Etwin R. Sanzsorn, Editor

Vor. XXIII, No. 6

NovemsBer, 1920

the boats begin slipping out from the mouth of
the creek. They head directly for their nets,
and on coming close run up on the lee or off tide
side of the “pocket.” If no net is to be reset,
a corner of the “pocket” is at once lowered,
and the boat pulled into the enclosure, a large
oar and boathook being used to clear the rudder
and propeller. After this it is hauled up by the
man in the skiff and made secure. The funnel is
then hauled up, closing the bag completely. The
bottom of the bag is then pulled up gradually,
partly hauled on board and then dropped over
the side so as to pull the boat across the net and
confine the fish in an always decreasing space.
As soon as this has become sufficiently small to
make their handling easy, the net is hooked into
pegs inside the gunwale of the boat, and the
large scoop net brought into action. This is
operated from the gaff, one man hoisting while
another, holding it by the handle, directs and
dumps it. When the net has been emptied the
boat is taken out of a lowered corner as before,
and the net again hoisted into place. A catch of
eighty to one hundred bushels, while not ex-
traordinary, is considered a good fare, but the
average would seem to be nearer fifteen from
each net. Menhaden, of course, are caught in
great numbers, and when running strong are first
sorted out from the food fish. As each net is
hauled, the Seabright skiffs of the lobstermen
gather about it to purchase bait. This is sold to
them at twenty-five to forty cents a bushel de-
pending upon its abundance. Any excess men-
haden is taken to the fish factory at Belford,
where the same prices prevail.

During the current year 500,000 bushels of
fish were ground for oil and scrap, of which
approximately 312,500 bushels were brought in
by the pound fishermen. When the catch of
food fish is sufficiently large to warrant it, the
boat is run with its load directly to Fulton
Market, New York. As a usual thing, however,

125

the catch is taken to the market boat, which lies
at the mouth of the creek. The fish are packed
in large boxes and covered with chipped ice.
The charge for transporting to New York is
twenty-five cents a bushel, the fishermen sup-
plying their own ice. Due to the great demand
for fish on Friday, an effort is made to haul the
nets on that day, no matter how the weather
may be. The next haul is made on Monday, as
there is no sale of fish over the week-end.
\t present there are forty nets in actual oper-
ation. These belong to seventeen men, all of
whom, with but two exceptions, hail from Bel-
ford. According to last year’s reports, the value
of the nets ran from $700 to $11,500, the total
value for all employed being $78,703. Righty-
five men and seventeen boats were employed, not
counting some men whose duties were confined to
mending nets ashore, and 12,070,444 pounds of
marketable fish were caught during the season of
1919, which brought $147,246.61 in the market.
Individual sales for the year ran from $1,000
to $17,000, the average being about $9,500 for
each of the seventeen men owning pounds. ‘This
does not represent all the assets, since the sale
of menhaden must be reckoned in, but on the
other hand it is far from being pure profit.
Wages, wear and tear, repair and replacements,
taxes and licenses, all cut into the actual money
received for the sale of fish. Then also at best it
is a very uncertain game, since the ways of the
fish migrations are far beyond human ken. Dur-
ing 1919 and 1920 there has been a tremendous
run of menhaden, while for several years pre-
vious almost none were taken in the Bay. Blue-
fish, on the other hand, have been very scarce
this year, as have most food fishes.

In April the first run of fishes consists mainly
of shad. later weakfish, spot, croakers, various
Hounders, and bluefish. Besides these. a large
variety of fish are caught, some edible but many
of interest chiefly to the aquarium collector.
The nets catch considerable numbers of sharks.
dogfish, scup, skates, puffers, sea robins, and
such “trash,” which, while cherished by the col-
lector, is thrown overboard by the fisherman or
sold at low rates to the Italians and others less
finicky of taste. Some of the sharks formerly
rejected now have a considerable market value
as food fishes. It is surprising to find how many
tropical and semi-tropical fishes wander north
in summer. Since Long Island forms the north-
ern limit of many kinds, the Lower Bay is natur-
ally well situated for the procuring of these
southern stragglers.

The Aquarium is indebted to the kindness of
the pound fishermen for over a thousand excel-
lent specimens from local waters.

126 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

OCEAN SUNFISH / MOLA

NOTES ON THE TAKING OF

CAPTURED AT SANTA CATALINA ISLAND, CALIFORNIA, BY MR. VAN CAMPEN HEILNER

AN OCEAN SUNFISH (MOLA

MOLA) OFF SANTA CATALINA ISLAND, CALIFORNIA,
SEPTEMBER 3, 1919

By Van Campen HEILNER

E first sighted the sunfish about 3:30 in

the afternoon, basking on the surface of

the Pacific, some three miles east of the
town of Avalon.

I had been fishing for swordfish for several
days without any success, and for want of some
excitement I suggested to Captain McKay that
we attempt to harpoon the creature.

We ran up to it, and from my position on the
bow, I hurled the harpoon with all my strength
at the great tan colored body that flapped lazily
about in the blue waters. ‘The iron struck near
the head, a head-on blow, and glanced off the
tough hide as though it had been thrown against
a granite wall instead of a living creature. The
sunfish immediately sounded and for some time

was lost to our view. In about twenty minutes,

however, it rose to the surface about a quarter
of a mile distant and we again approached it.

This time I threw for the tail and the harpoon
found its mark, burying itself to the hilt in the
great mass of flesh. From then on our troubles
commenced. The Mola sank, taking out all the
available rope which it strained to the breaking
point. But by judicious handling of the launch.
the captain enabled me to regain some of the
line, and in the course of an hour we had the
fish up to the boat.

I managed to get a large gaff into the crea-
ture’s mouth and another in its eye socket which
held it close to the side of the launch. But not
for long, for one of the gaffs straightened out
and the rope on the other parted, leaving the
harpoon as the only connecting link between us
and the fish.

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

We finally inserted the gatfs once more, after
a great deal of difficulty. The weight of the
Mola listed the launch dangerously to one side,
and at frequent intervals it opened its small
round mouth and belched forth great quantities
of small food particles and spray, covering us
with a disgusting slime.

It had been my hope to tow the fish into
Avalon alive, but I soon saw this would be im-
posible, due to the tremendous weight of its re-
sistance. I was forced to shoot it with a large
calibre revolver, which, although it did not kill
it, subdued it sufficiently to allow of more ropes
being fastened to it.

We started at low speed for Avalon, the Mola
towing behind, weaving back and forth in the
water after the manner of a fan which has been
thrown into the air.

Upon our arrival at shore an attempt was
made to hoist the sunfish onto the steamer pier,
but the weight was so great that the block and
tackle collapsed, and the fish fell into the sea.

After some Herculean efforts, a cart was
pushed into the water and the sunfish floated
over it, when it was dragged up on the beach
where a large crowd assembled to view it.

There were no scales available to record its
weight. The only thing for which I can vouch
is the measurement. The Mola was over all—
from tip of snout to end of caudal—ten feet,
eleven inches; and in depth—from tip of dorsal
to tip of anal—ten feet, nine inches. These
measurements may be verified by Captain Hugh
McKay and Mr. Ernest Windle, editor of the
Catalina Islander. Myr. Windle in a letter to
me, says: “At the time the fish was caught I
asked several boatmen to estimate the weight
of the sunfish. The estimates made were ‘from
1,800 pounds to 2,000 pounds. The latter figure
would be a safe estimate. I have seen a number
of sunfish brought into Avalon, and yours was
the largest.”

ALBINOS
By Ipa M. Metien

HE albino lake trout, Cristivomer namay-

cush, now on exhibition at the Aquarium,

excellently illustrates some of the peculiar
characteristics that accompany albinism in what-
ever animal found.

The most careless spectator cannot help notic-
ing that they wholly lack color except for an
occasional faint tinge of pink or pale purple.
The lateral line, though distinct enough, is with-
out a particle of pigment, and resembles a dotted
indentation in wax. The eye is pure garnet;
minus the black pupil to which we are accus-

BULLETIN

tomed in normal animals, it looks more like a
drop of raspberry gelatin than sentient matter,
and on close inspection proves to be pear-shaped,
the apex of the pear pointing toward the mouth.
The translucent cornea is not so conspicuous as
in most fishes. In the albino rabbit the red pupil
is set in a pinkish white iris; but in the albino
trout the iris is apparently orange colored and
can be seen only in a bright light and only at
the apex before-mentioned. As far as can be
discerned in the living specimens, the pupil
occupies the visible. remainder of the eye-slit.
The whole eye appears an unbroken garnet;
moreover, as in most, if not all, albinos among
the lower animals, it moves only at the owner's
volition. The eyes of many human albinos ex-
hibit an incessant. involuntary oscillation from
side to side (nystagmus).

Looking down on the fish from above the
water, we plainly see the more superficial bones
of the skull through the colorless flesh, and we
also notice that the animal appears to feel
rather than see its approach to the stone walls
of the tank.

In referring to the albino fish as an abnormal
animal, we do not mean that it is less healthy
than other fishes, or, barring certain handicaps
presently to be mentioned, that it is less fitted
for the struggle of existence. It has splendid
physical vitality as a rule, reproduces its kind,
lives as long under protection, grows as fast
and does as well as other fishes.

Under natural conditions an albino fish is
handicapped in two serious ways. That the
living garnet of its eyes is ravishingly beautiful,
cannot be gainsaid; yet here, as so often else-
where, beauty and utility are divorced, just as
conversely, we find it rarely true that. ‘Hand-
some is that handsome does.’’ Pigmentation is
nature's protection against sunlight, and lack-
ing normal eye pigment, the albino cannot see
as well as other fishes, especially in a strong
light, and, because of the almost uniform white-
ness of its body, can be seen much better by
enemies. In outdoor pools, ponds or lakes, we
fancy Mr. Kipling’s Ethiopian observing that
it “shows up like a bar of soap in a coal-hod.”
Translated into terms of life and death this
means, of course, that it is snapped up far more
quickly by fish-eating birds such as kingfishers
and herons, and by larger fishes.

To say the very least, it is a freak of nature.
and it is a misfortune to be an albino; and we
may well rejoice that albinism is infrequent be-
cause it is a latent, not a dominant trait, in in-
heritance. That is to say, it is a character
which, by judicious mating, can be bred out, the
judicious mating consisting principally in pair-

125 ZOOLOGICAL

SOCIETY BULLETIN

ALBINO LAKE TROUI

(CRISTIVOMER NAMAYCUSH)

Photographed by Elwin R. Sanborn

ing with an albino an animal in no wise related
to it by blood and among whose relatives there
are no albinos. From two albino parents there
can be nothing but albino offspring, and this in-
exorable law of heredity binds all animals
mice, rabbits, fishes, birds, men, and every other
species.

Someone, experimenting some time ago with
albino trout, made the statement that they grow
slower and catch their prey faster than other
At the Aquarium our observations have
Our albino lake

fishes.
been quite contrary to these.
trout have grown much faster than our pig-
mented lake trout, and the man who feeds them
could feed a dozen other tanks of fishes while
feeding the single tank of albinos, even on dark
days when they see best and even in summer
when the warmth of the water accelerates their
appetites. ‘The albinos, as though realizing that
dignity is an admirable co-relative of beauty,
make no rude rushes for their food. No other
fishes eat so leisurely. Furthermore, it is neces-
sary to take time to throw the food to them
deliberately, in order to catch their imperfect
vision and enable them to take it before it sinks
to the bottom. While most fishes with normal
sight will pick up food that falls. only three of

our eleven albinos appear to be able to see it on
the bottom of the tank, and these often make
several lunges before succeeding in securing it.

When fed raw beef cut in small cubes, they
mistake one another's eyes for bits of the meat,
and their vision is so poor that in taking a piece
of meat, if it happens to be close to a com-
panion’s fin, they often take the fin too. As a
rule they do not appear to injure one another
by these false moves for eyes and fins, probably
because of their extreme deliberation in seizing
their food, although in one instance noted the
side of one was bitten by an erring companion
sufficiently hard to leave a slightly ragged im-
print of the teeth that was visible for several
days.

Two of our specimens are developing blind-
ness, and it seemed at first that this might be due
to injury from lunges made at the eyes in mis-
take for food. But the white spots, on as close
examination as is possible with live fishes, ap-
pear to be directly upon the pupil, and not on
the corne The parent stock has been blind
for years, supposedly from lack of protection
against sunlight, which would have blinded nor-
mal fishes as readily. Our specimens are the
first of their descendants to develop this char-

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN.

acter, which seems, therefore, not to be heredi-
tary, and no explanation can be offered for it
at the present time. Dr. Lucien Howe, the dis-
tinguished ophthalmologist, informs us that he
knows of no statistics to show that albino eyes
are more subject to blindness and cataract than
normal eyes.

ANIMAL LIFE ON A PIECE OF SEA
LETTUCE
By Ina M. Mreiien

QUATIC vegetation always harbors a cer-
tain amount of animal life. If we remove
a plant, or even an old dead leaf, from a
pond, and shake it, crustaceans and young
dragon flies, water spiders, beetles and leeches
are likely to be thrown off, and if we scrape it
and place the scrapings under a microscope, we
discover them to be rich in unicellular organ-
isms and minute and wonderful worms (kite-
shaped rotifers, may be, with rapidly whirling
cilia), crustaceans (blue-green, one-eyed “‘cy-
clops,” perhaps. with handsome orange egg-
cases), and other curious and fascinating crea-
tures.

The sea is ever more fertile than the pond,
and its life is varied and marvelous, and so
bewilderingly rich that we are urged to pro-
found admiration for the mind of science that
has achieved and fostered the extreme patience
and penetration necessary to sorting and nam-
ing, grouping and classifying, studying and de-
scribing, so many animals of such diverse forms
and habits of life, in order that the world at
large may be made familiar with the “hidden
treasures of the deep.”

As a bit of sea-growth floats past us on the
ocean we see only a strip of green or brown
vegetation, and let it sail on with but a casual
glance. Were our eyes fitted for minuter ob-
servation, we would recognize a microcosm pass-
ing by—a little world of life and action.

If we snatch the plant—let us say, for ex-
ample, a leaf of rich green sea-lettuce (Ulva)
from the wave and deposit it in a dish containing
sea water, we may, at leisure, take inventory
of our booty.

Threatening us with almost invisible but none
the less angry baby claws, a blue crab, scarcely
big enough to cover the nail of one’s little finger,
scurries excitedly over the surface of the plant
and rushes into a brown eel, another mere baby
but three inches long. The eel glides into a
different fold of the leaf, with that peculiar
grace and rhythm of motion which eels, perhaps

129

most of all the sea’s inhabitants,

superlative degree.

possess in

A killifish that had been dozing in the sea
plant, leaps about in mad efforts to escape,
joined, possibly, by a tiny fish of some other
species lately seeking and finding in the floating
vegetation a sure protection from some pursuing
enemy.

Small crustaceans—shrimps and_ salt-water
cyclops somewhat larger than the fresh-water
species-—dart wantonly over the
while more sedate little pink anemones spread
their soft, treacherous tentacles to capture what
they can, and white sea-squirts repose pictur-
esquely on the plant as if an industrious merman
had blown them out of glass and set them there
for ornament. One would not guess them to be
highly organized animals that escaped being
vertebrates only by sheer degeneration.

vegetation,

Here and there a Spirorbis, one of the small-
est of the sea-worms, secretes its coiled lime-
stone tube, while rows of dwarf hydroids, like
microscopic anemones, adorn the edges of the
leaf and vie in fantastic beauty with the regular
rows of vase-shaped egg-cases that a prolific
mud snail is gluing to the leaf. And a naked
molluse slimes its tortuous way among numerous
wriggling worms of various sizes, shapes and
colors. Nothing in the world is more awe-
inspiring than one of these baby sea-worms just
out of the egg, especially clam worms timidly
initiating themselves in the use of their many
active pseudopods, (false feet), the strange
anatomy of which they do not quite understand,
and never will, but which they will nevertheless
learn to manage and manipulate with agile per-
fection.

A very young sea-mussel, not over three-
thirty-seconds of an inch long, already adept in
the use of its byssus threads, clings fast to its
moorings on the leaf, while white-and-black sea-
spiders, all legs and about the size of a decimal
point, crawl clumsily among numbers of dancing
protozoa that can be seen only under magnifica-
tion.

We cannot yet profess familiarity with all
the animals living on the bottom of the sea, but
any of us may discover thus easily the forms
that travel from time to time in the surface
vegetation.

Acknowledgments.—The photographs repro-
duced in this bulletin have been furnished by
C. H. Townsend, S. A. Callisen, Ida M. Mellen,
Van Campen Heilner, E. R. Sanborn, Madame
Frieda Hempel and Leonidas Westervelt.

130

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

BULLETIN

ARRANGEMENT OF SCALES ON HEAD OF

a, Pickerel; b, pike;

DISTINGUISHING THE PIKES
HE Aquarium is occasionally called upon to
settle wagers of sport fishermen, as_ to
whether their prize captures were pike or

muskallunge. Quite as frequently the question

is asked, What is the difference between a pick-
erel and a pike?

The most concise and lucid answer to these
questions is an illustration appearing in a paper
on the pikes, by William Converse Kendall of
the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, published in the
Report of the Commissioner of Fisheries for
1917. The illustration is here reproduced, for
the benefit of our future disputants who may
not be familiar with Mr. Kendall’s paper.

First it will be noted that the pickerel, pike
and muskallunge are all pikes—Duciidae. Sec-
ondly, that the slight difference in the shape of
the head would be of doubtful assistance to the
angler in determining which species he had
caught. Thirdly, that the only positive means
of identification is by the squamation—the ar-
rangement of scales—of the cheeks and _ ill
covers.

PIKES

c, muskallunge.

It will be observed that in the pickerel the
cheek and gill cover are completely scaled; that
in the muskallunge there are only a few scales
behind the eye and on the upper half of the gill
cover; while the pike is intermediate between the
two, having the whole cheek and upper half of
the gill cover sealed, the lower half of the gill
cover being unscaled.

The muskallunge is generally stated to be
the largest of the pikes; but the common pike is
known to have reached a greater weight, mus-
kallunge not having been recorded as weighing
over 100 pounds, while a 145-pound pike is on
record. The muskallunge averages from twenty-
five to eighty pounds, with a length of four
feet, although it has been known to attain eight
feet; the American pike runs from five to forty
pounds and reaches a length of four feet; and
the pickerel runs from about four to fourteen
pounds, with a length of from one to two feet.

Large specimens of the pike and pickerel may
easily be mistaken for muskallunge, and the
angler will find an identification key useful.

—I. M. M.

THE
By Iva M.

In commemoration of the one hundredth birth-
day of Jenny Lind (October 6, 1820-November
2, 1887) and of her first American concert,
which was given in the Aquarium building
(Castle Garden) in 1850, the Executive Com-
mittee of the Jenny Lind Centennial Celebration
opened an exhibition of her relics at the Aqua-
rium on October 1, to continue for ten days.
Owing to the great appreciation shown by the
public, permission was asked and granted to
extend the exhibition until October 28. During
this time 163,151 persons visited the Aqua-

_ rium and viewed this exhibit.

Six museum cases of of the famous

prima donna were shown, two handsome satin

relics

JENNY LIND CENT

ENNIAL

MELLEN

CELEBRATION

flags loaned by the United Swedish Societies of
New York were hung in appropriate places, one
being the flag of Sweden, the other of America.
Two pianos used by Jenny Lind at her concerts
in America were exhibited—one a Chickering,
belonging to Chickering & Sons, the other manu-
factured by W. Geib (New York) and owned
by Mrs. John W. Tobin of New York. A
photograph was shown of a third piano which
Jenny Lind took back to Sweden with her as a
wedding gift to Mrs. Louise Munthe Broman,
whose brother, Judge C. H. Munthe, now has
it in his home near Stockholm. A dress of yel-
low moire silk worn by the singer, three auto-
graph letters of hers, and numerous likenesses

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 131

RL 1

WS

JENNY LIND WITH GIOVANNI BELLETPTI, Tenor,
AND JULES BENEDICT, Conpuctor
(Castle Garden, 1850)

were shown—prints, photographs, paintings and

daguerreotypes—the most curious of these being

an “image paree’”’ portrait set in a heavy gilt
frame about a foot square, arms extended and
hands crossed on knee, the figure dressed as
Jenny Lind had dressed and with part of a lace
collar and yellow satin gown once worn by the
“Nightingale.”

Perhaps the most charming likeness was the
daguerreotype here reproduced, of Jenny with
her husband, Otto Goldschmidt, whose arm is
about her in the picture. To this gifted musi-
cian, nine years her junior, she was happily
married in Boston, February 5, 1852. This
daguerreotype was exhibited by Mr. Edward
Francis Coftin of Worcester, Massachusetts, and
later purchased by Mr. Leonidas Westervelt of
New York, owner of an enviable collection of
relics of the great singer, which he has been
collecting for the past decade.

Among Mr. Westervelt’s exhibits were bi-
ographies of P. T. Barnum, who first contracted
with the “Swedish Nightingale’ to sing in
America. one of these containing a bar of music
with the appended signatures of “Otto Gold-
schmidt” and “Jenny Goldschmidt, nee Lind;”
two blue-green glass bottles with the head and
shoulders of Madamoiselle Lind raised in the

glass; Barnum’s own copy of her life; a photo-
graph from an ambrotype and a daguerreotype
taken in Boston; upward of fifteen different
medals struck in commemoration of the singer’s
popularity; two large volumes of her musie and

thirty of her American musical programs
bound; a book from her library, some of the

George Baxter prints of her, printed in oils
(1850), one showing her singing “Coming Thro’
the Rye,” and two statuettes—busts of the singer
in Haviland china, made in England about the
same year.

Miss M. H. Osman of Buffalo loaned for the
exhibit a fan presented to Jenny Lind by the
Princess Eugenie of Sweden, a black lace veil
worn by Jenny Lind and an autograph letter of
hers. Mrs. John W. Tobin loaned a quaint china
perfume bottle. Mr. John F. Anderson of San
Diego, California, exhibited a volume of Jenny
Lind’s programs printed on embellished silk

cloth, together with Exeter Hall Programs
(London, 1849).
Mr. Elliott Smith’s collection included a

splendid engraving with autograph signature, a
Baxter color print showing Jenny Lind as “The

Daughter of the Regiment,” books, programs,

ee

d

ca

JENNY LIND IN Li SONNAMBULA
(Collection of Mr. C. H. Jones)

32 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

JENNY
AT THE TIME OF THEIR MARRIAGE IN BOSTON, 1852
Daguerreotype owned by Mr. Leonidas Westervelt of N. Y

LIND AND HER HUSBAND, OTTO GOLDSCHMIDT

medals, an envelope stamped with the head and
bust of the singer, and various engravings, one
of especial uniqueness, portraying the singer
walking along the fallen tree in “La Sonnam-
bula,” a part which it would seem was trying
to her as was the hanging-from-the-bell scere
in “The Heart of Maryland” to Mrs. Leslie
Carter, for she closed her eyes when takinz
the perilous steps, to render the part realistic.

Mr. Ashley Cole exhibited a daguerreotype
and autograph letter, program, and a copy of
“The Jenny Lind.” a two-sheet newspaper pub-
lished in Boston and printed in gold ink.
and
replicas of the program of her first concert at
Castle Garden were sold for the benefit of the

Numerous other relics were exhibited,

same New York charities to which Jenny Lind
contributed the proceeds of that concert.

On October 6 a gathering at the Aquarium
paid tribute to the birthday and the memory
of Jenny Lind as woman and singer, to her in
whom were combined the most lovable qualities
of womanhood, the noblest instincts and aspira-
tions of humanity, and that rare gift of song
which gave rise to the expression “human night-
ingale.”’ As Glorioli said to Litrebili, there are
but two human nightingales born in every cen-

tury—a male and a female.

Dr. Johannes Hoving, who presided at the
meeting, read cablegrams to and from the King
of Sweden:

October 4.
“To His Majesty the

“The Committee in charge of the Jenny Lind Cen-
tennial Concert felicitates your Majesty and sends its
respecttul greetings on the one hundredth anniversary
of the birth of the great Swedish singer.

King, Stockholn.

sy -

“Hovine, Chairman.
“Marvin, Secretary.”

October 6.
“The Jenny Lind Committee.

“Thanking for your kind telegram, I send my best
wishes for the celebration of the memory of the
famous daughter of Sweden, the great singer and
noble personality, Jenny Lind.

“Gusrar.”

Mr. Madison Grant, as Chairman of the
Executive Committee of the New York Zoologi-
cal Society, welcomed the Swedish Minister and
the y Lind Centennial Celebration Com-
mittee and thanked them for the exhibition which
they had installed in the New York Aquarium.

Jenny

Mr. Grant made some vitally interesting re-
marks about the uniform independence of the
Swedish people and the Scandinavian stock from
which the “Nightingale” sprang, stating, among

MADAME FRIEDA HEMPEL AS JENNY LIND

Carnegie Hall, October 6, 1920.

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

other things, that Sweden has never been invaded
or conquered ethnically from the outside within
tne historic period, and is the only example in
Europe of a nation with a single racial stock,
language, religion and culture.

He remarked that it was peculiarly appro-
priate that the relics of Jenny Lind should be
displayed in Castle Garden, not merely because
of the memories of the great singer that cluster
round the old building, but also because through
its portals so many of her countrymen have en-
tered America. Of all the many peoples that
America has welcomed to her shores, Mr. Grant
said none have contributed in proportion to their
numbers so largely as have the Swedes to the
racial elements and cultural ideals established
by the earliest settlers in America.

The singing of Jenny Lind, he said, had also
refuted the wide-spread belief that the Nordic
race, while highly endowed with all the attri-
butes of intellect, was devoid of the soul of
music. Its rivals conceded its pre-eminence in
physical strength and beauty and its achieve-
ments in the manifestations of genius, but always
claimed that music could flourish only in the
south and east of Europe. They admitted that
intellectual capacity and administrative ability
diminished as one traveled south and east from
Scotland and Scandinavia. As these failed, the
emotional expression of song and dance in-
creased proportionately as the traveler ap-
proached Hungary and Poland. To all such
ideas the singing of Jenny Lind and the instru-
mental achievements of Ole Bull were a sufficient
answer.

Director Charles H. Townsend gave an out-
line of the history of the Aquarium building;
its construction as a fort, its subsequent use as
an audience hall, when Jenny Lind and other
celebrities helped make it historic; its conver-
sion into an immigrant station; and its final
transformation into the largest aquarium in the
world.

The Swedish Minister to the United States,
Mr. W. A. F. Ekengren, read a resume of the
life of his noted countrywoman, whose origin
in poverty and obscurity terminated in such
brilliant achievements, world-wide renown and
admiration.

To all who love animals there is something
fascinating about the fact that except for a pet
cat to which (or should we, like Walter Scott, in
referring to cats, say “to whom?) the nine-
year-old Jenny sat singing in a window and
thereby attracted the attention of a passerby
who happened to recognize her musical gift,
she might never have been known. Her educa-
tion for twenty years at Government expense,

1338

the provision that made her development possi-
ble, gives us food for thought in America to-day.
Were such opportunities granted our indigent,
talented children, what flowers we, too, might
snatch from the fate of “wasting their sweet-
ness on the desert air” and plant in the per-
fumed Garden of Fame! When Manuel Garcia,
her final instructor, uttered the prophetic words,
“Madamoiselle, no singing teacher can do any-
thing more for you, genius must do the rest,”
her career was assured; and King Karl Johan’s
appointment of her as Court Singer placed her
beyond the need of charity. She to whom so
much had been given without cavil or price,
became in turn the giver and not infrequently
gave, for good works, the entire and immense
proceeds of her concerts. For personally, as
well as professionally, “she belonged not to
Sweden, but to the world.”

The meeting was opened and closed with
singing by the Swedish Singing Society Svea
under the direction of Mr. Ole Windingstad,
perhaps the most fitting compliment to which
was paid by a gentleman who said he had never
heard our “Star-Spangled Banner” sound really
musical and beautiful before.

The concert given in Carnegie Hall was a
success, socially and financially, and the pro-
ceeds will be devoted to the same charities fos-
tered by Jenny Lind on her first concert in New
York, the program of which was followed at
Carnegie Hall. Mme. Frieda Hempel, who had
made a careful study of Jenny Lind costumes,
appeared in a gown like that worn by her
famous predecessor and made especially for
Mme. Hempel in Paris. She used. the Geib
piano owned by Mrs. Tobin, the same used by
Jenny Lind in New York in 1850. She sang
divinely.

ITEMS OF INTEREST

Tue WuiterisH iN Captiviry—One of the
large fresh-water tanks in the Aquarium con-
tains a hundred or more Lake Erie whitefish
which were hatched at the Aquarium in January,
1913, and are now nearly eight years old. Be-
ing the only whitefishes in the country of a
known age, they have attracted the attention of
certain biologists engaged in determining the
ages of fishes through a study of their scales.

It has been known for several years that
growth and age can be ascertained by examina-
tion of the scales. Fishes in northern latitudes
grow faster during the warmer months, while in
winter growth is retarded. The periods of rapid
and slow growth leave their impress on the
scales.

134

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

Se

LAKE ERIE WHITEFISHES, NEARLY EIGHT YEARS OLD

Hatched in the Aquarium, January, 1913.

There are about 130 remaining.

Photographed by Elwin R. Sanborn

Prof. Reighard of the University of Michigan,
in studying whitefishes of the Great Lakes under
the auspices of the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries,
has requested specimens of our whitefishes, or
scales taken from them at intervals during the
year. The Aquarium being well supplied, will,
of course, contribute to the carrying on of such
investigations.

The scales of fishes in captivity may not, how-
ever, show the seasonal changes found in wild
fishes, although the fresh water in which they
live varies from 386 degrees in winter to 75 de-
grees in summer.

It is not easy to raise young whitefishes.
The specimens shown in the accompanying pho-
tograph were carried through the critical period
of infancy by feeding on herring roe and the
larvae of mosquitoes.

Never having enjoyed their natural live food,
these fishes are undersized notwithstanding their
age. One of the smaller specimens before me
measures ten and one-half inches and weighs
only five ounces. Many of them, however, are
from twelve to fifteen inches in length and must
be decidedly heavier.—C. H. T.

Recenr ENLARGEMENT OF EXHIBITION
Tanxs.—The work of enlarging the glass-

fronted tanks located on the main floor of the
Aquarium, which has been going on intermit-
tently for three or four years, is now completed,
with the exception of four tanks which, on ac-
count of their position, cannot be made larger.
Most of the work of rebuilding the tanks has
been done by the employes of the Aquarium as
opportunity afforded, without cost to the City
except for cement and other materials.

A donation of $2,540 from the Zoological
Society has provided for the completion of the
improvement and the eleven tanks just finished
by the contractor have already been stocked with
fishes.

The enlargement of the ground floor series of
tanks has greatly increased the space for ex-
hibits and each tank now contains about three
times as many specimens as it formerly held.

The Aquarium has at present a larger collec-
tion than ever before and the fact is commented
upon by many of its numerous visitors. The
ground floor tanks, originally constructed with
their rear walls four feet back from the glass

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

135

UNICORN-FISH
ORANGE FILE-FISH

Above:
Below:

fronts, now have a depth of ten to eleven feet
back from the glass. The increase in swimming
space has been of positive benefit to the occu-
pants of the tanks and has added enormously
to the attractiveness of the whole series. As
soon as suitable material can be found, the new
tanks will be provided with linings of rock
work suitable as backgrounds for the exhibits
they contain.—C. H. T.

Tue Unicorn Fisu.—Among the fishes re-
ceived from Florida in September was the uni-
corn fish (Aleutera scripta). Although fairly
well known in the Florida-West Indies region,
it has been brought to the Aquarium only twice
before. It reaches a length of over two feet, our
specimen being about eighteen inches long. Like
other file-fishes of this genus, it is deep of body
but much compressed laterally. It has the same
long head, with small upturned, terminal mouth,
and the eye so far back that it seems to be on
the body rather than on the head. It is slow
of movement, like the orange file-fish so common
in New York waters in summer, and rather dis-
posed to lie on its side near the surface of the
tank. The unicorn fish is strikingly colored, the
head and body being covered with round black

ADEUTERA SCRIPTA) RECENTLY RECEIVED FROM FLORIDA
ALEUTERA SCAOEPFI) FOUND IN NEW YORK BAY IN SUMMER

Photographed by Elwin R. Sanborn

spots and streaked lengthwise with many broken
stripes of blue—C. H. T.

AN Opp Use ror THE Sra Horse.—According
to Chinese logic, everything has some purpose
and an animal that has no commercial or food
value must be intended for medicine. The Chi-
nese materia medica therefore contains not only
many plants and drugs used by occidentals, but
a variety of animals prepared and preserved in
different ways. Chinese drug stores in Califor-
nia display lizards, snakes, birds, fish and in-
edible parts of other animals, dried, pickled,
salted or otherwise treated.

The idea that by eating a certain animal we
may become possessed of its most striking
peculiarities, is common among primitive peo-
ples and still persists with the Chinese, who
steep a broth from the finely chopped portions of
the animals. Thus a man become ferocious and
dangerous after drinking snake wine. This is
prepared by introducing a live rattlesnake into
a crock of rice wine. The longer the snake lives
and the more it strikes at the sides of its prison,
the more potent the wine becomes; and the pe-
cuniary value of a snake so used rests, first

136

upon its size, and secondly on the degree of its
viciousness when placed in the wine.

An assortment of dessicated sea horses repos-
ing in a large candy jar in the window of a
Chinese apothecary in San Francisco attracted
my attention, and the proprietor rewarded my
curiosity with the remark, “Alle kin’ medicine,”
that is, a panacea. We could wear a dried sea
watch and nibble its tail
when indisposed.

horse on our chain

At the Customs House, whither I went for
further information, I found a book by Stewart,
Plants used for Medicine by the Chinese, and
incidentally learned from it that grass cut from
the mouth of an old well, dried and placed
beneath a baby’s bed, would prevent its crying
during the night. But there was no printed
reference to the medicinal virtues of sea horses,
nor could the Chinese officials enlighten me.

Returning a few days later to the drug store,
I purchased a dried sea horse—for ten cents—
and the proprietor now assured me that it was
“good for lookum,” that is, a curio, as well as
a panacea.

Another Chinese apothecary, however, volun-
teered the more valuable information that a
steeped essence of Hoy ma (sea horse) is a
certain cure for the itch!—C. G.

Noises Mave sy Fisurs.—Very few persons
are aware that nearly all fishes are capable of
producing sounds. All of the Haemulon family,
commonly called grunts, get their name from
the grunting sounds they make; the drum fish’s
name is derived from its drumming noise. Most
members of the sculpin family emit certain
sounds, the sea raven having won the name of
Sally Growler from fishermen, because of its
habit of growling on occasion, like a puppy over
a bone. The eel is called smacker, because of
the curious sound it makes when feeding on fish
fry and young sea worms at the surface of the
water, and this fish also makes a peculiar hiss-
ing noise when out of water or when confined in
small quarters. The croaker came rightly by its
name, and pufters produce certain sounds when
held in the hand, similar to the grinding of teeth.

Weak fish are perhaps most notorious among
seafaring men, for the noises they make. They
are attracted to vessels anchored in the bays,
and I have heard more than one captain of a
brick schooner plying from Haverstraw-on-the-
Hudson to New York, remark that weakfish,
croaking under the ship on a still night in June
or July, produced enough noise to keep a light
sleeper awake. The weakfish also make the
same sound out of water.—W. I. DEN.

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

BULLETIN

a

THE PERPETUALLY INTERESTING HORSESIIOE
CRAB ( LIMULUS, NEAREST LIVING RELATIVE
OF THE EXTINCT TRILOBITES
Abundant on the New York Coast.

IN THE AQUARIUM

This is a place of enchantment, where two
worlds come together,

Full of impossible beauty and wondering little
children.

Here, serene and silent, are creatures of gold
and of silver,

Sprinkled over with rainbows; others of pearly
transparence ;

And others of delicate colors shifting and blend-
ing like music

Calm and aloof in a world of their own, imper-
turbably gliding.

This is a place of enchantment, where suddenly
one desires

Like them to be strangely lovely, living with
effortless ease

In a crystalline world unapproachable; yet
nevertheless to be,

Like them, for little children a wonder of pure
delight.

—Mary, in The Evening Sun.

New UYork Zoological Society
GENERAL INFORMATION

MEMBERSHIP.—Membership in the Zoological Society is open to all interested in the
objects of the organization, who desire to contribute toward its support.

The cost of Annual Membership is $10 yearly, which entitles the holder to admission to
the Zoological Park on all pay days, when the collections may be seen to the best advantage.
Members are entitled to the Annual Report, bi-monthly Bulletin, Zoologica, Zoopathologica,
privileges of the Administration Building, all lectures and special exhibitions, and ten compli-
mentary tickets to the Zoological Park for distribution.

Any Annual Member may become a Life Member by the payment of $200. A subscriber
of $1,000 becomes a Patron; $2,500, an Associate Founder; $5,000, a Founder; $10,000, a
Founder in Perpetuity, and $25,000 a Benefactor.

Applications for membership may be given to H. R. Mitchell, Chief Clerk, Zoological Park,
C. H. Townsend, Aquarium, Battery Park, and the General Secretary, 111 Broadway, New York
City.

ZOOLOGICAL PARK.—The Zoological Park is open every day in the year, free, except
Monday and Thursday of each week, when admission is charged. Should either of these days
fall on a holiday no admission fee is charged. The opening and closing hours are from 10
o'clock A. M. until one-half hour before sunset.

NEW YORK AQUARIUM.—The Aquarium is open free to the public, every day in the
year: April to September, 9 A. M. to 5 P. M.; October to March, 10 A. M. to 4 P. M.

PUBLICATIONS

A MONOGRAPH OF THE PHEASANTS (BEEBE). Four Royal Quarto Volumes, $250.00

Illustrated with reproductions in color of paintings by Thorburn, Lodge, Knight, Fuertes and Jones, and
many photogravures and maps. Volume I ready for distribution—$62.50. Prospectus, specimen plate and
subscription blank will be mailed upon application.

Paper Cloth Post Cards: 63 Subjects in colors, in sets
(Annuals Reports) No! lis:.22¢-02 00.4 6 40 OL Sets ise a asetonaaeterocisiaren cvoeeinveron (postage 2c.) .25
ae us Se eA Ney cr Paced 5 bis by 6 75 $1.00 Souvenir Book: 48 pages, 78 four-color
« « scaaee diet Peach ne 40 60 ilastrations®) sivas < siseicin: © = ais ecslersterorm (postage 3c.) .50
Ae s Pe mee ie JO herd eee .8s% 75) 1.00 Animals in Art Stamps: 32 page album;
“ “ ONE A 1.00 1.25 120 mounting spaces; 120 four-color
, ~ ROR OME pee th wil oe 1.25 1.50 animal stamps—complete ............. (postage 6c.) .75
“ “ cme Osu TnClisive 1.00 1.25 Wild Animal Stamp Primer: 96 pages; 49
Ses A F é 65 animal stories, 50 mounting spaces and
Our Vanishing Wild Life (Hornaday).. 1. 50 four-color animal stamps—complete.. (postage 7c.) .85
Destruction of Our Birds and Mammals P aaa ate Packs
CEL DEM) mara atatst ainiate elcettiersvelstele ste 15 Be ma oO Cece ark, colored—flat
i Ox Fold ed grct tiers avejepaisestel tayo usiesis eine (postage 2c.) 15
Notes on Mountain Sheep of North Ph : 3
America (Hornaday) ...-.ssceeees sos 40 oto-Letter; 18 pictures, four colors—two letters...... 10
MhenCarihow, (Grant)\-cccacielee sis assole ciel .40 .60 Photogravures: Animals and views in the Zoological
The Origin and Relationship of the Large Park; 12 Subjects. Sepia—two prints.............. -25
Mammals of North America (Grant).. 1.00 Enlargements: 12 animal subjects—11x14_ inches:
The Rocky Mountain Goat (Grant)*....[Out of Print] 1.00 Blackeand\ twhite:) seachi:. .i..0ke sive sue mc eine cote lets rai 25
Heads and Horns Brochure, Part II Wuotone—bro wn, reach iasiec cage cc sysioe snare nate wie aie 35
(CET as LOAD) eli (atatey rarest akatael shalalieteletsieleteinls 1.00
(Part I out of print) New York Aquarium Nature Series
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Hewes Wail 1. Mise ke) Gaara oy. 3.85 6.00 Cultivation of Fishes in Ponds (Townsend), paper.... .25
Zoologica Vol. II. Nos. 1, 2, 3-4, 5, each 25 Chameleons of the Sea (Townsend) ................+.-- 720
velopica, Vole Ile (Non iG2cckcccs eck ccniee 75 Northern Elephant Seal (Townsend), paper........... ae
Zoologica Vol. II. Nos. 7, 8 and 9, set 25 Porpoise in Captivity (Townsend), paper.............. 25
Zoopathologica Vol. I. Nos. 1 to 5, each 25 Natural History of the Whale Shark (Gudger), paper .25
aca eve a . % : -20¢. py ne ek ne Ea The Gaff-Topsail Catfish (Gudger), paper............... .25
ulletin Nos. to inclusive, set, clot ound..... lM . .
7 > Z Illustrated Guide to the Aquarium (T d), board: 50
Bulletin Nos. 1, 6, 8, 35, 43 and 46..... (Out of Print) 2 eae ee
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*Can be furnished in 9th Annual Report 1.50 (For all mail orders, 5c. extra)

Publications for sale at 111 Broadway, Zoological Park and the New York Aquarium,

OBJECTS OF THE SOCIETY

A PUBLIC ZOOLOGICAL PARK
THE PRESERVATION OF OUR NATIVE ANIMALS
THE PROMOTION OF ZOOLOGY

Vou. XXIV. No. 1 JANUARY, 1921

mth LAN

SOCIETY
BULLETIN

ae ek Usb lsitsiiverd by 35
THE NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

i il NI
ee, in MMMM MMUMTTMMTUMNT MM MNT

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Imm Tmo
ete ewe A ae ea snl

SOULE es
THYR FREUND 19)2

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Nem York Zoological Soriety

Genera Orricer, 111 Broadway, New York City.

Hirst Bice-President
Mapison Grant

Oreasurer
Percy R. Pyne, 20 Exchange Place

Mapison Grant, Chairman.
Percy R. Pyne,
Winiiam Wuire Nixes,

President

Henry Farrrietp Ossporn

Second Vice-President
Frank K. Storcis

Secretary
Mapison Grant

Executive Comittee
Wm. Pirrson Hamitton,
Frank K. Srourais,
LisPENARD STEWART,

Henry FarrFietp Oszorn, ex-officio

Board of Managers

Asst. Oreasurer
Tue Farmers’ Loan & Trust Co.

Watson B. Dickerman,
AntnHony R. Kuser,
A. Barron Hersurn

Ex-officis The Mayor and The Prestiwent Department of Parks, City of New York.

Percy R. Pyne,
Grorce Birp GRINNELL,
CieveLtanp H. Dopes,
C. Lepyarp Brarr,

Henry Fatrrietp Ossorn,
LisPENARD STEWART,
Cuarues F. Dierericn,
GrorcE F. Baker,

Mapison Grant,
Witiiam Waite Nites,
Henry A. C. Taytor,
Frank K. Srurats,

Witi1am T. Hornanay, Director Zoological Park.

Glass nf 1922
Emerson McMitt1n,
AntHony R. Kuser,
Watson B. Dickerman,
Mortimer L. Scuirr,

Glass of 1923
Wm. Pierson Hamitton,
Rosert S. Brewster,
Epwarp S. Harkness,
Wiuram B. Oscoop Fiexp,

Glass of 1924
Grorce J. GouLp,
Oepen Mitts,
Lewis RutHerrorp Morris,
Arcurer M. Huntineton,

Geurral Officers

Freperic C. Watcorr,
Brexman WintTuRop,
Gerorce C. Crarx,

W. Repmonp Cross.

A. Barron Hepsurn,
Witi1am Woopwarp,
Epwin Tuorne,

Percy A. RockereLirr.

E. C. Converse,
Grorce D. Prart,

T. Coreman vu Pont
Henry D. Wuitron

Cuar.tes H. Townsenp, Director, New York Aquarium.
C. Grant La Farer, Architect.

Grorce S. Huntineton, Prosector.
Grorce A. MacCatuivm, Pathologist.

R. L. Crerero, Bursar.

H. Dz B. Parsons, Consulting Engineer.

Officers of the Zoological Park
Wituiam T. Hornapay, Director.
H. R. Mircue ti, Chief Clerk. H. W. Merxet, Chief Forester.
Raymonp L. Dirmars, Curator, Reptiles. W. Rei Brair, Veterinarian.
Lee S. Cranpatu, Curator, Birds. Wituram Mircuett, Cashier.
WituiaM Breese, Honorary Curator, Birds.

Exwin R. Sanzorn, Photographer and Editor.
Officers of the Aquarinm

Cuartes H. Townsenp, Director.
Wasuineton I. DeNysz, Assistant. Srertine A. Cauuisen, Clerk.
Rosert J. Lanier, Foreman. Ipa M. Metuen, Secretary.
James C. Moore, Chief Engineer.

CONTENTS See Ss ee JANUARY, 1921

Lee S. Grendel

Raymond L. Ditmars

ag be Her naday

. Frontispiece*

Bey RCHELL ZEBRA, U. Ss pee au Museum.

Mapprin Terraces ror Bears anp Witp Goats, Lonpon
Monkey House, Rorrerpam

Gaya, AMSTERDAM

CuILLiIncHamM Bui, Lonpon

ee ae ees ‘ ne TWERP
Koara

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN
PuBLisHED by the New YorK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
111 Broadway, New York City

Single Copies, 20 cents Bi-monthly Yearly by Mail, $1.00

r

KOALA, OR NATIVE “BEAR”

One of the most remarkable of the strange mammals of Australia. It is extremely difficult to keep it alive in captivity.
Photographed in the New York Zoological Park by Mr. Ditmars a few hours before its unexpected death.

[2]

ZOOLOGICAL

SOCIETY

BULLETIN

Published by the New York Zoological Society

Votume XXIV

JANUARY,

1921 NuMBER 1

ZOOLOGICAL

ARGOSIES

A Birpsryre VIEW or THE NorTaBLe ARRIVALS DuRING 1920.

HE war’s stagnation of the wild animal

market led to a universal drop in our ex-

hibits. From 1916 down to July 1920 it was
a steady fight against empty cages and cor-
rals.

However, thanks to the ripening of seed sown
in previous years, the year 1920 brought an in-
coming tide of specimens that has filled some of
our Zoological Park collection units full to the
point of actual overflow. On account of the new
accessions, the collections that we sent to
Antwerp, London, Pretoria and Johannesburg,
in 1919 and 1920, have not been missed.

Today our Park is well dotted over with the
cheerful scarlet label which says “Recent Acces-
sion.”

During 1920 there were three great arrivals.
Curator Crandall started the inflow in July, with
the collection of about 500 birds, mammals and
reptiles that he worked hard to gather in Eng-
land and on the continent. No sooner was that
lot safely stowed away and the wreckage clear-
ed than the “Chinese Prince” floated in from
South Africa, having on her forward deck Mr.
A. K. Haagner and an amazing collection of
African antelopes, small mammals and birds and
reptiles both great and small. There were 96
cages and crates,—and the giraffe house merely
counted “one.”

The landing, the dividing, the hauling and the
installing of that lot made for us and for our
Philadelphia partner in the enterprise, weeks of
work; but like all things earthly, at last it came
to an end.

And then came the steamer “Belle Buckle’,
directly from Sydney, Australia, via the Panama
Canal, with Ellis S. Joseph, most amazing of

zoological collectors, and a collection of Austra-
lasian birds and mammals of staggering propor-
tions. Mr. Joseph is a man of boundless energy
and resource, and his one great object in life is
the gathering of the rarest of the rare in bird
and animal life, and placing it where it will do
the greatest good to the greatest number. It is
for this reason that he brought four species of
birds of paradise, the turquoisine parrakeet, the
kea, the koala, the feather-tailed opossum, the
mandrill and an actual living specimen of the
famous Australian lung-fish, Ceratodus fosteri.
He had,—and he has—in Sydney a live platy-
pus, but the government would not permit him
to bring it to us. It will die, at Sydney, in Mr.
Joseph’s pond, and our 2,000,000 visitors never
will see it.

Fortunately for us, not all of the Joseph col-
lection was for us. Had we been obligated to
absorb all of it, repletion certainly would have
ensued. Portions of that great collection,—
certainly the greatest and most valuable that
ever left Australia at one time,—were purchased
by Philadelphia, Washington, Boston, Chicago,
Cincinnati, Cleveland, Minneapolis and a few
other places.

Under the circumstances, the very least that
we can do for the readers of the Bulletin is to
offer a brief story of the most rare and notable
of the arrivals of 1920, and as in duty bound
by our system we begin with the

MAMMALS

The Chimpanzee Baby.— The birth of a
living and perfect baby to Suzette, the Chim-
panzee, thrilled the Zoological Park from centre

[3]

4 ZOOLOGICAL

to circumference. But fortune was unkind, in
leaving out of her chain of evolution the con-
necting link of animal instinct that no human
hands could supply, because of the savage sus-
picion of the ape mother. The exasperating de-
cline and death of the baby have been fully
described, and we will not dwell upon that pain-
ful episode.

The Giant Mandrill.— Fortunate indeed is
the Primate House that can count among those
present a huge, well muscled, gorgeously painted
and savagely fanged male Mandrill Baboon in
full color. His face is brilliant red, white and
blue, garnished by a brilliant yellow beard long
enough to shelter a million germs. Adult
mandrills in full color are scarce because it takes
six years for one to reach full maturity, and of
the young captives only one out of six ac-
complishes that feat.

The Hoolock Gibbon.— Mr. Crandall]
bought two in London for 80 pounds. The larger
of the two has a voice that can be heard a mile;
and he is very generous in its use. Whenever
any other boarder at the Primate House thinks
that he has a voice and attempts to show it,
Hoolock shows him what a Real Voice is like.
The old White-Handed Gibbon, who one night
caught a big rat and ate half of it, is so envious
of his new rivals that his temper is more savage
than ever.

The Black Drill, first cousin to the Mandrill,
purchased by chance in New York, is coming on
nicely, and again we hope to rear a Drill to full
maturity.

The Zebra collection achieved during the year
1920 three great rarities, which brought the
level of the collection one species higher than
it ever before attained.

The Onager, a pale salmon-colored wild ass
from Beluchistan (north-west of India), was
caught by Mr. Crandall in London at the op-
portune moment shortly after its arrival from
India. It is a fine young animal, practically
adult in size, and being a female it will make an
excellent mate for the Kiang, of Tibet.

The Mountain Zebra brought from Cape
Colony by Mr. Haagner, was sorely needed to
replace the old specimen that died in 1919. This
is the first species of zebra seen and described
by a zoologist, and its name is Equus zebra.
Only 400 head remain alive, in the central
mountains of Cape Colony, and there is only one
man who is able to catch one or two of them each
year, for the zoological gardens.

SOCIETY

BULLETIN

The Chapman-Burchell Zebra _ is fully
described elsewhere in this Bulletin.
Two Rocky Mountain Sheep were _pre-

sented to us early in 1920 by the City of Denver,
through the good will of Albion K. Vickery,
Superintendent of Parks. It is now a practical
impossibility to purchase Big-Horn Sheep, be-
cause no state or province that possesses
wild herds is willing for any of them to be
captured for exportation. The female (three
years old) of this pair astonished the Zoological
Park people by giving birth to a lamb on May
10, 1920, for which she seemed too young. The
lamb did well for about a month, then passed
out one night without the slightest warning.

Again the Musk-Oxof the Frozen North is
to be counted among our prizes. The year 1920
ended in a blaze of glory that was lit up on the
afternoon of December 31 by the arrival of a
fine pair of Ovibos wardi, twenty months old.
They were caught at Franz Joseph Fjord, east
coast of Greenland, by bold and hardy Nor-
wegian fishermen, landed and kept for a time
in Norway, and then shipped to us.

Our former Musk-Ox herd did very well by us.
Its members lived far beyond our original ex-
pectation, and we believe that the last of them
outlived all previous records of Musk-Ox long-
evity. Our oldest inhabitant lived here seven
years and nine months.

The new pair occupies the quarters of their
illustrious predecessors.

By close crowdino the Small-Deer House has
been made to contain several valuable new
kangaroos, derived from the Ellis Joseph col-
lection.

The Big Red Kangaroo species is further
represented by a huge old male who is so gray
in color that he looks like a great gray kangaroo.
With him is shown a smaller specimen that is
properly red. This species is fast disappearing
from all parts of Australia, in response to the
insatiable demand for their soft skins for shoe
leather. and their pelts for “fur.”

The Bernard Kangaroo is a species both
new and rare. We never saw one before this
arrival. It is about the size of a medium-
sized red kangaroo, but its muzzle is so short
and thick that there was nothing else to be done
than to set it off as a new species. Mr. Joseph
took unbounded satisfaction in bringing to us
that rarest of all kangaroos. It is brown in
color, and comes from North Australia.

ZOOLOGICAL

SOCIETY

BULLETIN 5

THE GREATER KUDU

This fine young specimen of the most beautiful African antelope species was a pet in the Pretoria Zoological Gardens.

In the Zoo-

logical Park its first acquaintance was cultivated with pieces of bread, of which this animal is very fond. The horns
of the adult animal are very long, strongly spiraled, and generally are regarded as the most beautiful horns
developed by any of the many species of African antelopes.
(Courtesy of Wide World Photos)

The Female Wart-Hog, adult size, that was
brought to us by Mr. Haagner, is caged next to
“Clarence,” of British East Africa, now getting
along in years, and displaying the longest tusks
on record.

The Antelope House collection has been
greatly strengthened by new arrivals. Never
since it was first filled have so many valuable
animals been added to it in one year.

The Masai Giraffe.— Of commanding zoo-
logical interest is the very dark colored young
female Giraffe, of the Masai species (Camel-
opardalis tippelskerchi) that was very kindly
loaned to us last spring by the Ringling Brothers
of the Barnum-Bailey-Ringling Show. The
Ringling Brothers have astonished the world by
their enterprise, skill and success in gathering,
breeding, and rearing giraffes under the handi-

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ZOOLOGICAL

SOCIETY

BULLETIN

~

CAPE LONG-EARED FOXES.

These foxes are characterized by the extreme length and size of their ears.

caps that naturally surround the animals of a
traveling show. Up to date three giraffes have
been born and reared, and what is more the
young animals have been each year exhibited
with the show! This success we consider noth-
ing short of marvelous, and it is our hope that
it will continue.

Having two female giraffes that could be
spared from the show, they were kindly offered
to us as a deposit, and we received them most
gladly. Our own giraffe is a big and powerful
male nearly fifteen feet high.

The Masai Giraffe is a species with very
dark markings, from southwestern British East
Africa, and we never before have seen a speci-
men in America.

The Greater Kudu from Pretoria, reared
in the Zoological Gardens there, is our greatest
prize from the Haagner collection. The animal
is about half grown. and has fine, perfect horns
that promise to be quite large. WL regret to
learn from Mr. Haagner that even yet this rare
and very beautiful animal is being shot in the

PRETORIA COLLECTION

Transvaal for “sport” and we have sent back an
S. O. S. request that this should at once be
stopped.

The Sable Antelope is again with us,
through the shipment from Africa. The speci-
men is not quite fully grown and still is in the
brown coat, but in the fall of 1921 we should
see it in black.

The Great Ant-Eater, purchased of | Mr.
Louis Ruhe, of New York, is an arrival of which
we are very proud, because we can render no
smaller tribute to that remarkable beast. Of
nearly a dozen specimens that we have had, this
one is the largest, the finest, and the most satis-
factory. His picture tells the story of his won-
derful form, and also his giant size.

The Feather-Tailed Opossum is the small-
est and the last of the notable mammals that we
have space to mention. It is regarded by Mr.
Joseph. who brought it to us from Australia, as
the prize mammal of his collection. It is about
the size of a large domestic mouse, grayish
brown in color, and the hair on its strongly

8 ZOOLOGICAL

SOCIETY

BULLETIN

SPRINGBUCK FROM SOUTH AFRICA

This interesting antelope, once very common throughout a wide area in South Africa, is now very greatly reduced in numbers and in

range.

At the present rate at which it is being shot for sport this beautiful animal soon will become extinct.

(Courtesy of World Wide Photos)

prehensile tail grows out in a long feather,
sidewise only. It is very lively, but nocturnal
in its habits. We keep it at the Reptile House,
in the Economic Rodent Collection.
NOTABLE BIRDS
By Ler S. Cranpay

HILE arrivals during 1920 were not up

to pre-war standards, they were far
greater than in any other year since

1914. Moreover, so many rare and _ striking
species included, that the collection is
richer at the present moment than ever before.
We now have many birds that we never had
hoped to possess, a considerabe number of

were

which have not previously been exhibited in
zoological gardens.

White-barred Ant-thrush.— The first bird
of importance was purchased on July 16th, and
was imported by Gustave Sebille, a well-known
This White-barred

collecting dealer. was a

Ant-thrush (Thamnophilus doliatus), a small
and inconspicuous creature in the eye of the pub-
lic but nevertheless of great interest, for it is,
without doubt, the first representative of this
great neotropical family ever to reach a zoologi-
cal garden. This bird is a female and a few
months later, a male was acquired from the
same source. Nothing previously was known of
the habits and needs of ant-thrushes in captiv-
ity but we have found them less delicate than
most other purely insectivorous birds. Prob-
ably more than 350 species of this family
(Formicariidae) are known in tropical America.

Cock-of-the-Rock.—On August 13th, we
received from the Tropical Research Station,
two fine male Cocks-of-the-Rock (Rupicola rupi-
cola). Since the bird sent to us in August, 1919,
was still thriving, we decided to risk two of
them together in a large cage. The birds quar-
reled at first but finally settled down and now

ZOOLOGICAL

SOCIETY

BULLETIN 9

ROCKY MOUNTAIN SHEEP, OR BIG HORN
Gift of the City of Denver, through Albion K. Vickery, Superintendent of Parks.

are one of the most striking exhibits in the
Large Bird House. We have found that, pro-
vided with plenty of sound fruit of suitable
character, these birds are not nearly so delicate
in captivity as once supposed. There are no
specimens on exhibition elsewhere at the pres-
ent moment.

Lesser Bird of Paradise.—On August 25th,
the consignment collected in Europe by the Cu-
rator, arrived in care of Keeper Bailey, of the
Zoological Gardens of London. Probably the
most important individual is a male Lesser Bird
of Paradise (Paradisea minor), an adult in full
color. We now have two of these splendid
birds, kept in adjoining cages.

Vultures.— Two Pondicherry Vultures (Oto-
gyps calvus) replace a species we have not had
for many years, and two White-backed Vul-
tures (Pseudogyps bengalensis) are quite new
to us. Large, hardy birds that can endure our
winters out of doors in the Eagles’ Aviary,
always are gladly received, since the tropical
species must be removed in winter, leaving
vacancies which are not easily filled.

Hemipodes.— There are two species of
Hemipodes or Button Quail—the Indian (Tur-

nix tanki) and the Little (7. dussumieri).
These curious little birds are of great interest,
since they belong to a small Order (Turnici-
formes), closely related to the fowl-like birds,
and characterized by peculiar nesting habits.
As in the Emus and others, incubation is carried
on by the male alone, the female making the

advances of courtship.

Olive Grass Parrakeets.— Among the many
other interesting birds secured in Europe, are
two Olive Grass Parrakeets
undulatus var).

(Melopsittacus
These birds are the latest by-
product in the variation of the common green
Grass Parrakeet, which has been developed by
European breeders. This color variety was
produced in the breeding of the beautiful blue
variety, and is characterized by the rich, deep
olive which has replaced the brilliant green of
the wild bird.

Early in September, Mr. A. Haagner, Direc-
tor of the Zoological Gardens of Pretoria,
arrived with the first important consignment of
South African birds to reach America in several
years. The collection was apportioned between
the National Zoological Park of Washington, the
Zoological Gardens of Philadelphia, and the

10 ZOOLOGICAL

SOCIETY

BULLETIN

FEATHER-TAILED OPOSSUM

This exceedingly rare Australian mammal may be seen by special arrangement in the Rodent Section of the Reptile House.

New York Zoological Park, but the share which
fell to our lot included many valuable specimens.

White-bellied Stork — Most important was
a White-bellied Stork (dAbdimia abdimi), a
species seldom seen in captivity and never
before represented in our collections. It is
smaller than most storks, but is conspicuously
marked in black and white, the face and beak
brilliantly colored in blue and crimson,

White-headed Vulture.—A handsome
White-headed Vulture (Lophogyps occipitalis)
is a welcome accession and the first to be exhi-
bited alive in New York. It is very rare in
collections and at the time of the writer's visit,
was represented in European gardens by a sin-
gle individual at Antwerp.

The White-headed Sea Eagle. —(/aliaee-
tus vocifer) resembles in some respects our own
Bald Eagle but is more brightly colored, having
the breast, as well as the head and tail, pure
white, and the abdomen deep chestnut. The sin-
gle bird brought by Mr. Haagner is the first we
have had and like the White-headed Vulture,
was represented in Europe last summer only by
a bird at Antwerp.

Two White-faced Tree Ducks. —(Dendro-
cygna viduata), brought from South Africa, are
a reminder of one of the most curious twists of
geographical distribution found among birds.
This handsome little duck is found in tropical
Africa and Madagascar, as well as in the West

Indies and tropical America. Separated by an
impassable barrier thousands of miles wide,
birds from the two hemispheres are in-
distinguishable and so far have defied the sys-
tematists who have sought to separate them
technically.

The most important shipment of the year was
that of Mr. Ellis S. Joseph, who arrived from
Australia early in November. Shipping dif-
ficulties had prevented transportation since
1917, so that the accumulation of several years
was ready when space finally became available.
The extraordinary interest and value of this col-
lection probably never has been equalled by any
other arrival in this country, certainly not in
recent years. It included species from every
part of Australia, as well as from Tasmania,
New Zealand, New Guinea, New Caledonia, and
the Caroline Islands. Thirty-five have never
before been represented in the Zoological Park
and a good number are quite new to aviculture.
Among so many striking forms, only a few of
the more important can be mentioned here.

Blue Bird of Paradise.— First place must
be conceded to the splendid pair of Prince Ru-
dolph’s Blue Birds of Paradise (Paradisornis
rudolfi). This beautiful bird, so different in
coloring from other Birds of Paradise, is found
in the Owen Stanley Mountains of southeastern
New Guinea, at an altitude of about 8000 feet.
The inaccessibility of its habitat and the hostile
attitude of the savage tribes which control the
interior, account for the scarcity of this bird in

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 11

PANDA

Born in the London Zoo and presented by the Zoologica Society of London

collections. In 1907, the first living specimen,
a young male, was captured for Sir William
Ingram, and deposited in the Zoological Gardens
of London, where it lived only three weeks.
Two years later, a pair was obtained by Mr. E.
J. Brooke, a well-known Scotch aviculturist
Our pair, which Mr. Joseph had on deposit in
the Zoological Gardens of Sydney, Australia, ap-
pear to be the only specimens which have reach-
ed civilization since 1909.

Other Birds of Paradise in Mr. Joseph's
collection included three immature Six-plumed
(Parotia sefilata), two immature Magnificent
Rifle Birds (Craspedophora magnifica) and a
Green Manucode (Manucodia chalybata), all
natives of New Guinea. These birds, with our

own Lesser and Count Raggi’s Birds of Para-
dise, give us six species of this wonderful
family, a greater number than have ever before
been exhibited in America.

Turquoisine Parrakeet.— The parrot tribe
is strongly represented by a great number of the
gorgeous-colored species found in Australia.
The rarest is the Turquoisine Parrakeet (Neo-
phema pulchella), a tiny creature with a strik-
ing color scheme of olive, turquoise and chest-
nut. This bird, once abundant in Australia, now
is on the verge of extinction. In fact, it was
believed to be extinct until the three specimens
secured by Mr. Joseph appeared. One of these
birds, a lovely male, has been added to our col-
lection.

“yAB_ [PaITo}oo7 oy) wr parqryxe

uaaq sey alojaq saAeu saioads Su1jses0jUl puv avi AJOA SIqT,
UASVNO

[12]

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

BULLETIN 13

YOUNG BACTRIAN CAMEL

This notable arrival was born in the Zoological Park, and when photographed it was being christened ‘‘Sophie Smith”

by two Senior girls from Smith College

Princess Alexandra’s Parrakeet.—Larger
and perhaps more delicately colored, is a male
Princess Alexandra’s Parrakeet (Spathopterus
alexandrae). Its predominating colors are soft
gray, apple green and purple. The history of
this bird is most interesting since, after its cap-
ture in its home in central Australia, it was car-
ried 800 miles on camel-back across the desert,
then 150 miles on horseback and a final fifty by
motor, to Oonadatta, the railway terminus.
From that out-post to Adelaide, is a distance of
about 500 miles by rail but that was not enough,
since the bird still had to travel another thousand
miles by train to Sydney. To a bird so ac-
customed to the road, the trip from Sydney to
New York was of small moment and he reached
us in immaculate condition.

Kea and Kaka.—There was a pair each of
the famous sheep-killing parrot of New Zealand,
the Kea (Nestor notablis) and its much rarer
cousin, the Kaka (N. meridionalis). Both of
these birds, more especially the Kaka, have been

brought to the verge of extermination by the
colonists.

White-fronted Bronze-wing Pigeon.—
Handsome doves and pigeons are always wel-
additions to a collection of live birds,
since the seed-eating species, at least, are hardy
and long-lived. Mr. Joseph had a number of
these desirables, several of which are of great
rarity. The finest is the White-fronted Bronze-
wing Pigeon (Henicophaps albifrons), a product
of New Guinea. It is a grotesque creature,
with a huge, rail-like bill and a white mark on
the forehead, very suggestive of the frontal
plate of a gallinule. There seems to be no
record of any previous appearance of this bird
in captivity.

come

Pigeons.—The genus Phlogoenas, which in-
cludes the well-known Bleeding-heart Pigeon,
had three representatives in Mr. Joseph’s ship-
ment, all of which seem new to collections.
These are Beccari’s Pigeon (P. beccarii), the
Amethyst Pigeon (P. kubaryi), from the Caro-

14 ZOOLOGICAL

SOCIETY

BULLETIN

LUNG FISH

Recent arrival from Australia.

line Islands and the Yellow-heart Pigeon (P.
rufigula), a lovely shadow of the Bleeding-
heart, with the crimson breast paled to golden
yellow.

Fruit Pigeons.—The group of fruit pigeons
contains some of the most brilliant of birds of
the world but unfortunately their food habits
make them less easily kept than their grain-
eating relatives. These beautiful birds are sel-
dom well represented in collections but Mr.
Joseph brought three species new to us: the
Lilac-shouldered (Chlorotreron iozona), the
Golden-fronted (Sylphitreron aurantiifrons )
and the New Guinea Purple-breasted (Megalo-
prepria poliura). We seem at last to have
solved the problem of keeping fruit pigeons and
still have a number brought us in 1917 by Mr.

Joseph. Our present series of seven species of
these gorgeous birds has never before been
equalled in our history.

THE LUNG FISH

By Raymonp L. Drrmars

HERE are no zoological subjects in the

world more fascinating than the Lung
Fishes. The fact that they have continued

to survive through a period which staggers
human imagination forms a problem which
scientists are unable to solve. | Contrary to the
history of Evolution, which is spectacularly
written among the rocks and soils and attested
by the towering fossils of dinosaurs and other
wierd creatures, the Lung Fishes were halted
in a transitional stage of evolution and have
thus remained and survived since the Jurassic
period, now imbedded in a solidified grave of
wide-strewn rock from the dim past of over
thirty million years ago.

(CERATODUS FOSTERI)

Exhibited in the Reptile House

These remarkable creatures were actually
part fish and part amphibian when wondrous
changes were taking place and they were defi-
nitely swinging along the course of evolution
and out of the strictly aquatic class to become
air-breathers. Crude limbs of the amphibian
type were represented by members occupying
the location of limbs, but in outline like the
fins of a fish. The fish-like tail was the sole
other swimming member. There were no dorsal
or anal fins.

The body was coated with large and thin
scales, narrow gills were retained, but the
swimming bladder had developed into the form
of a large lung so that it was possible for these
creatures to actually breathe air.

According to many phases of animal life that
have passed through such transitions, this crude
form, hastening toward another phase of life,
should have completed its transition, but some
inexplicable thing happened and while a great
procession of animal life swept by and with the
passing of millions of years absolutely changed
their forms, the Lung Fishes never left the
water. Their progress in Evolution simply
ceased—and thus they remained crude, ancient
forms until the present day, with no similar
types of such imperfect development anywhere
on earth to match them except the most ancient
fossils.

As an answer to the problem it has been sug-
gested that the Lung Fishes, consisting of only
three types and strangely scattered over three
widely separated areas—tropical South America,
tropical Africa and Australia——have been “‘rec-
onciled” to their development, as their air breath-
ing powers and strictly aquatic adaptability
meet the requirements of the stagnant waters in
which they live and enable them to hide in
crevices and self-made cells when their native
rivers temporarily go dry during certain sea-

ZOOLOGICAL

sons. But this explanation is in the face of
evidence which shows that the legions of Nature
have never been satisfied with half measures—
and still leaves the Lung Fishes stranded in
doubt.

The specimen on exhibition in the Reptile
House is the Australian Lung Fish (Ceratodus
fosteri). It is nineteen inches long. For two
months, in its journey from Australia, it
traveled in a glass tank several inches shorter
than itself, refusing food and with no change
of water. The specimen was brought to us by
Ellis S. Joseph, who thought it best, while the
creature was en route, not to disturb it in any
way.

Upon arrival at the Park the Lung Fish was
placed in a plate-glass tank 3144 ft. long by
two feet wide and covered with a dome of wire
screen to prevent it jumping from the water—
a habit noted on board ship. It was develop-
ing a large patch of fungus, which covered the
greater part of its head and appeared in patches
along its back and side. It also refused food.
Our first care was to destroy the fungus growth
which showed indications of pitting through the
skin.

The water in the tank was dropped to a depth
of about an inch when the creature was gently
rubbed with a swab of cotton dipped in a solu-
tion of permanganate of potassium—the solu-
tion mixed to show a deep amethyst hue through
a glass jar. The bathing process was continued
for ten minutes, when the water in the bottom
of the tank was run off and the tank filled. This
treatment was continued every alternate day for
about two weeks, when the fungus was entirely
destroyed.

After a week in the Reptile House the Lung
Fish commenced feeding. We had cabled to
the London Zoological Gardens, where a speci-
men had lived for a number of years, and asked
the authorities what food they had used. They
advised chopped raw beef and lettuce leaves.
Our specimen fed sparingly upon the beef, but
refused the lettuce leaves. We later killed sey-
eral small frogs, cutting these in small pieces,
and they were taken with much more interest and
to a greater amount than the beef. Later we
tried earthworms and these were taken in con-
siderable amounts, about ten at a meal, and
appear to furnish the most suitable food.

This creature now appears to be in perfect
and vigorous condition. It spends much of its
time lying motionless upon the bottom of its
tank, then rises in strong swimming movements
exploring the tank for five minutes or so, when
it goes to the top for a generous gulp of air—
amphibian fashion—after which it again retires

SOCIETY BULLETIN 15

to the bottom. The trips to the surface for air
appear to be quite as frequent as those of a big
Japanese salamander in a nearby case.

The specimen has been provided with a large,
descriptive label, has attracted much interest
from the public and has been photographed for
the Society’s records. The writer has prepared
a very complete series of motion pictures of the
Lung Fish, for exhibition at the Annual Meet-
ing of the Society.

The Lung Fish was purchased from funds
provided by the John L. Cadwalader bequest
for the purchase of animals.

A GREAT ZOOLOGICAL COLLECTOR.

All intelligent persons should know and re-
member that the wild animal collectors and
dealers are to be counted among the best friends
and strongest allies of the zoological parks of
the world. Without them we would indeed be
compelled to struggle mightily to obtain for our
collections the best wild beasts and birds of
other lands. Foolish and shortsighted is the
director who drives hard bargains with the men
who laboriously roam through wild lands, risk
their lives on land and sea, and stake all their
money on the fickle fortunes of eccentric wild
creatures that are prone to die without warning
or reasonable excuse.

Mr. Ellis S. Joseph, of the World at Large,
is a remarkable man. ‘Tall in stature, big in
heart, a marvelous engine of energy, intelligent,
fair and square, it is a pleasure to know him,
and to count him as an ally. Fortunately for us,
we had sufticient animal instinct to appreciate
the work of this tireless collector from the first
hour of our personal acquaintance. One strong
feature in his favor is his almost fanatical de-
votion to the pursuit and care of zoological
rarities. But for a lapse on the part of the
government of New South Wales, he would have
brought to us this year a living platypus, with
the koala, the blue bird of paradise, the “‘ex-
tinct” turquoisine parrakeet and the ceratodus.

Mr. Joseph is 48 years of age, he stands 6
feet in height and he weighs 275 pounds. He is
at home everywhere in the southern half of
Africa, in Australia, New Zealand, England,
America, Panama and the Pacific islands. He
handles all kinds of wild beasts and great
snakes, and he is as proud of a feather-tailed
marsupial opossum as some collectors are of ele-
phants. To see him reach into a crate, seize a
big kangaroo by the tail, drag it forth strug-
gling and kicking and hold it up in midair for
your admiration, is a daily incident possible only
to him.

SPH

SE

- JOS

n
mn

ELLI

[ 16 ]

ZOOLOGICAL

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

Departments :
Mammals Aquarium
W.T. Hornapay. C. H. TownsEND.
Birds Reptiles

Lex S. CRANDALL. Raymonp L. Dirmars

WuuiaM Beese. Honorary Curator, Birds

Published bi-monthly at the Office of the Society,
111 Broadway, New York City.

Yearly by Mail, $1.00.
MAILED FREE TO MEMBERS.
Copyright, 1920, by the New York Zoological Society

Each author is responsible for the scientific accuracy
and the proof reading of his contribution.

ELwin R. Sansorn, Editor

Vou. XXIV, No. 1 January, 1921

MR. A. K. HAAGNER, OF PRETORIA

It is always refreshing to welcome zoologists
from far-distant countries. As we scan the
“proceedings” and “transactions” of zoological
organizations in Tasmania and Perth, Mel-
bourne, Sarawak, Singapore, Pretoria and Cape
Town we are, by each one, reminded that the
brotherhood of science encircles the globe.

We remember vividly the delightful call at
New York eight years ago of Mr. W. H. D.
LeSouet, Director of the Zoological Gardens of
Melbourne, and the great uplift that he imparted
to our knowledge of “Wild Life in Australia.”
His visit certainly tended to put Australia on
the zoological map.

With the coming of a great collection from
South Africa there came to us another far-dis-
tant zoologist, Mr. A. K. Haagner, Director of
the National Zoological Gardens of South
Africa, at Pretoria, Transvaal. To tell the
whole truth, we were so desirous of meeting
Mr. Haagner that we urged, and even insisted
upon, his coming, and his visit was fully as in-
teresting and agreeable as we had anticipated it

would be.

It was in 1916 that Mr. J. A. Loring, who
went to South Africa as our agent in quest of
animals, discovered Mr. Haagner—for us,—en-
joyed the benefits of his good will and practical
helpfulness, and laid the foundation of the
Africa-to-America collection of 1920. For three
long years Mr. Haagner had been collecting and
keeping the animals that finally culminated in
the arrival of the steamer “Chinese Prince’ in
Philadelphia on September 2.

SOCIETY

BULLETIN 17

Mr. Haagner is a young man, in full vigor,
tall and muscular, and his energy is boundless.
He won his spurs as Director by eight years of
service in the Pretoria Gardens as assistant
director. Already his zoological work, as repre-
sented by his books and published papers, has
given him a place with the leading zoologists of
South Africa. More than this, we observed that
he is deeply concerned about the destruction of
wild life in South Africa, and we confidently ex-
pect that he will develop into a strong conserva-
tor of African game.

Mr. Haagner is the author of “South African
Bird Life” (1914) and “The Mammals of South
Africa” (1920), and a large collection of scien-
tific papers on the fauna of South Africa.

While here Mr. Haagner shipped back to
South Africa, for Pretoria and Johannesburg, a
very large collection of mammals, birds and
reptiles from the zoological parks of New York,
Philadelphia and Washington.

Weediaekte

A BULL MOOSE AND A RAILROAD.

The game preserve established by Mr. Wil-
liam C. Whitney on October Mountain near Len-
ox, Massachusetts, still shelters a solitary bull
moose of fine proportions, whose name is record-
ed as “Old Bill.” It is reported by Mr. William
Sargood, Game Warden for Berkshire County,
Mass., that Old Bill occasionally descends from
the sky pastures and sheltering woods of October
Mountain to the railroad track of the Pittsfield
Branch of the N. Y. N. H. & H. R. R., and that,
with more confidence than good judgment, he oc-
casionally promenades along the track between
the rails.

Fortunately. the engineer and the trainmen of
the railroad are good and true game preservers
and whenever Old Bill is seen on the track
ahead, the train is stopped and the trainmen
humanely and patiently go out and shoo him off.

Fortunately, thus far the diversions of the big
moose on the railway’s right of way seem to
have been confined to daylight hours. It is to
be feared, however, that on some moonlight night
Old Bill will make the tactical error of walking
along the track without permission from the
section boss and will come to grief by accident.

But what an opportunity is there presented
for wild animal photographers in photographing
a wild and savage bull moose in his native
haunts! Surely such a golden opportunity as
this will not be too long neglected. Our advice
to the knights of the camera is “Go early and
avoid the rush!”

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0S6I Jequiaydag ul ‘BoNyy [NOG ‘BOJIIg WOIJ padtaoayy -
MUVd TVOISOTOOZ AHL NI SVUHAZ TIPHOUNE-NVNdVHO

ZOOLOGICAL

BURCHELL ZEBRA IN THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

RESTORE THE

SOCIETY

BURCHELL

BULLETIN 19

ZEBRA

By W.'T. Hornapay.

WO recent arrivals at the Zoological Park

from South Africa present an excuse for

recording certain impressions that we long
have entertained.

For reasons best known to herself Dame
Nature saw fit to create and install in Africa a
brilliant display of the Horse Family. Begin-
ning with the Somali wild ass, entirely destitute
of body markings, she began to decorate with
stripes. Her first experiments were with the
quagga, now extinct. Gaining confidence with
the few experimental stripes laid upon the body
of that animal, she next tackled a more northern
group and with an excellent outfit of body stripes
turned out Burchell’s zebra, with white legs.

Feeling mightily pleased with that effort, she
decorated other groups with few or many leg
stripes,and some mighty broad stripes laid across
the hindquarters. When tired of the monotony
of plain black-velvet stripes on white or tan, she
developed the “shadow-stripe’’, and upon one
group she laid so many that they took permanent
root, and produced the Chapman zebra.

Finally, up in British East Africa and Abys-
sinia, she took the largest and most heavily eared

of all zebras and indulged in a final orgy. Ona
pure white ground she painted narrow black
stripes galore, until the total number was be-
wildering and there was no room left for even
one more. Far down the corridor of time, man
at last caught up with that species and called it
the Grevy zebra, in honor of a French president
who never in bis life saw a wild zebra in its na-
tive haunt.

The writer's intimate acquaintance with the
Burchell Zebra began in 1888, when he secured
from the Chief Animal Man of the Barnum and
Bailey Show a fine male specimen, and mounted
it for the National Museum, where it may today
be seen. A picture of it is shown herewith. So
far as we know, its status as a typical burchelli
is not questioned.

For several years, word has been passing
around among British and American mammalog-
ists to the effect that “the true Burchell zebra is
practically extinct,’ and people began several
years ago to take account of the Burchell stock in
the museums. Some living specimens in Rhode-
sia and the Transvaal that by South African
naturalists were regarded as true burchelli, were

20 ZOOLOGICAL

presently “inspected and condemned” as such,
in true military fashion, by—we know not whom.
But we never concurred in that decision.

Seven years ago when the Annual Report of
the Zoological Gardens at Adelaide, South
Australia, contained an illustration of specimens
living there which certainly were white-legged
Burchell Zebras, we wrote to the Director of
those Gardens, urging the utmost diligence in
breeding those animals, for the purpose of help-
ing to restore a species that was almost lost.

Four years ago the Philadelphia Zoological
Gardens purchased of a dealer in wild animals a
pair of zebras, with legs so nearly pure white
that it seemed impossible to call them anything
else than Equus burchelli, and they were so
labeled. They have bred, but their offspring
have about the same number of leg stripes which
their parents possess. The young two-year-old
stallion has three of the most beautiful shadow
stripes that we ever saw on a zebra.

With the arrival of the shipment brought to
us last September from Pretoria by Mr. Haag-
ner, we received a pair of zebras of the Burchell
group that brought the status of burchelli on the
carpet for a definite decision. What should we
label them!

The group of Burchell zebras stands as it has
been mapped out by British zoologists. Its
members have been divided into what are
universally accepted in England as five sub-
species of the parent species Equus burchelli.
All these save one have been named after British
naturalists or sportsmen, and they stand as
follows: Chapman’s, Crawshay’s, Grant’s and
Selous’, and the Damaraland antiquorum. All
these sub-species show, by resemblances,
their mutual relationships. Their one striking
feature of differentiation from the Burchell
“topotype” is the white legs of the latter, off-
set against their legs marked, more or less
strongly, by horizontal stripes.

It seems to the writer that to refuse a white-
legged zebra a dozen small and insignificant leg
stripes without throwing it into a sub-species is
illogical and improper. It is our judgment that
any zebra of the Burchell group with legs that
are 98 per cent white is a true Equus burchelli,
and should be so labeled. We believe that we
have two Burchell zebras, with traces of Chap-
mani leg stripes. We believe that Philadel-
phia, Pretoria, Rhodesia and Adelaide have
others, and that the Burchell species is by no
means extinct.

In recognition of the Chapman trace in our
specimens we have decided to label them pro-

SOCIETY BULLETIN

visionally
burchelli’

“Chapman-Burehell Zebra,—Equus

If there is anything in selective breeding, it
would be an easy matter for those who own
white-legged zebras to breed out the last vestige
of leg stripes, and thus restore the perfect and
immaculate Burchell. This would be absolutely
legitimate, and we strongly recommend that this
policy be adopted and pursued.

The reasons why man should whenever pos-
sible assist nature in restoring species that are
at the vanishing point are too apparent to re-
quire comment.

A NEW PYTHON

The Reptile House has been fortunate in
receiving a fine understudy for the big python
which has occupied the large central cage for
over twelve years. This giant snake is old and
for several years has been troubled by the
attacks of parasites, brought with him from his
native jungles, and which will ultimately cause
his death. His length is about twenty-two feet
and we have kept very accurate records of the
shedding of skin and feeding periods, which
will shortly form a scientific article in the But-
Levin. The understudy for this spectacular
reptile was purchased in December from a local
dealer and measures slightly over twenty feet.
It journeyed all the way from Singapore in a
crate barely two feet square, in which tightly
coiled position it remained over three months.
The specimen is thin, but in good health and
with a vigorous appetite. Our first care was
to usher the reptile into a generous tank of tepid
water. This resulted in softening several
layers of unshed skin, from which the big fellow
emerged in pattern like an oriental rug. A few
months feeding will place this splendid reptile
among the star exhibits of the Park and he
promises to become as famous as our old speci-
men, which is now probably the largest serpent
on exhibition in the United States.

IN EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL
GARDENS.

By Ler §. Cranpaur

RARITIES

URING the period of the great war, in-

formation concerning the condition of

European Zoological Gardens was un-
certain and indefinite. Disquieting rumors of
harrowing experiences, depressing losses and
mysterious catastrophies, reached us through
devious channels. But definite facts were seldom
revealed and our knowledge has remained in-
complete.

ZOOLOGICAL

As the representative of the Zoological Soci-
ety, the writer was privileged to visit various
European gardens during the summer of 1920
for the purpose of learning conditions, reestab-
lishing broken contacts and, incidentally,
acquiring such stray specimens as might
be available in the wild animal markets.
The trip was fully successful in all these fields.
Even the acquisition of animals for our collec-
tions was favored by fortune. After the long
dormant period, arrivals are becoming fairly
frequent in the English market. This is true
more particularly of African species but the
selection is quite varied and many good things
are to be secured. It is a curious fact that buy-
ers who quarreled over the scanty arrivals dur-
ing the period of restriction, now appear apa-
thetic, and really rare and interesting creatures
ean often be found in the shops of dealers,
awaiting purchasers.

On the. continent, conditions are quite dif-
ferent. There have been few arrivals in Hol-
land and Belgium. The shops of the Paris
dealers, along the Seine, are well stocked with
desirable birds, but the prices asked are so ex-
orbitant that few can atford to buy.

To one equipped with a preconceived idea of
desolation and ruin, molded by dark and alarm-
ing rumor, the present condition of most of the
Gardens is a pleasant shock. Almost without
exception, reconstruction is already well ad-
vanced and, except for infrequent signs, seen
only by the practised eye, there is no indication
left of the fearful time of privation and desper-
ate expedients through which even the neutrals
have passed.

Living up to its splendid traditions, the
Zoological Garden of London is still the first in
Europe. The imposing Mappin Terrace has
been completed and is well stocked with a fine
series of bears. ‘The Apes’ House contains,
among other things, an Orang-utan that cer-
tainly is the largest and finest specimen in
captivity. The remarkable Gorilla, John Daniel,
while still privately owned, is exhibited at the
Gardens three times weekly. He is proving a
tremendous attraction and may well be con-
sidered the most valuable exhibit in Europe.
The good health, happy disposition and gentle
manners of this animal make it a most unusual
creature. The Monkey House is full to over-
flowing and contains an unusually large series
of the species of Cercopithecus.

The London Zoo is fortunate in the possession
of fine pairs of both American and European
Bison, which are kept side by side in commodious
yards. The European bull is the finest the

SOCIETY

BULLETIN 21

He is taller than the
well-grown American bull in the next compart-
ment but the comparatively long legs are very
heavy in bone and the weight of this animal
seems greater than that of his New World
cousin. The relatively small head, however, pre-
vents this splendid bison from attaining the
majesty of the American species.

writer has ever seen.

The bird collections are in very good condi-
tion and contain many rarities. Perhaps the
most striking are the curious knob-billed Fruit
Pigeon (Globicera pacifica) and a gorgeous
Ross Touraco (Musophaga rossae). There is a
large flock of penguins, including two speci-
mens of Catarrhactes. The Parrot House is
well stocked, and in spite of all obstacles, still
contains the world’s finest series of these birds.

The Zoological Gardens at Antwerp are in
excellent condition and maintain their reputa-
tion as one of the best kept in Europe. The
grounds are laid out with an eye to scenic effect,
and lawns and flower-beds leave no hint of what
has passed. There is even no sign of the damage
done by a great German shell, which demolish-
ed a section of the Lion House and destroyed a
number of the feline inmates. The searcity of
arrivals in the continental market has prevented
raising the collections quite to the old-time level
but the exhibits are well spread out and there
seem to be no empty cages. The series of eagles
and vultures at Antwerp, as in pre-war days, is
the best in Europe. It contains many rarities,
including a very fine White-headed Vulture
(Lophogyps occipitalis). The collection of
birds, mammals and_ reptiles presented by the
New York Zoological Society, in the autumn of
1919, continues to thrive, and makes a fine dis-
play.

While the Zoological Gardens of Holland did
not suffer directly from the effects of the war,
as did those of the belligerent countries, they
naturally were affected by the scarcity of food
and the lack of new specimens to fill gaps. In
spite of these conditions, however, the gardens
of both Amsterdam and Rotterdam came through
in excellent condition. The lawns were as fresh
and green, the ornamental shrubs and well-
arranged flowering plants as brilliant, as in
former times. All of the European gardens are
far stronger in man-power than our own, because
of the low cost of labor, and nothing that hands
can do to beautify them is neglected. Rot-
terdam, as usual, has a very fine collection of the
wading birds with which the country abounds
The water-fowl collection is unusually good and
the Monkey House, like those of most of the
other gardens, was very well stocked. In the Bird

22 ZOOLOGICAL

SOCIETY

BULLETIN

er Me nn es he

= oe ta

MAPPIN TERRACE FOR BEARS AND WILD GOATS
LONDON ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS

House, several fruit pigeons (Carpophaga),
which were exhibited in 1912, are still living and
in good health. Unfortunately, the director,
Dr. Buttikofer, was enjoying his annual holiday
at the time of the writer's visit, so that the aid

of his intimate knowledge of the collection was
missed, and no doubt many good things were
overlooked.

The gardens at Amsterdam seemed to show no
effects of the period of close living and the

MONKEY HOUSE, ROTTERDAM ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS

ZOOLOGICAL

SOCIETY

BULLETIN 23

GAYAL IN THE AMSTERDAM ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS

collections seemed even finer than ever before.
Under the guidance of Mr. A. F. J. Portielje,
the inspector, many rarities were noticed, which
otherwise might not have been seen. Among
the mammals, perhaps the most interesting were
a number of a new species of Pygmy Buffalo
(Anoa quarlesi), discovered about ten years
ago, in the mountains of central Celebes. This
herd contains the only living specimens yet ob-
tained. They have bred in the gardens and
Dr. Kerbert, the Director, promises an early
paper concerning them.

A very interesting wild dog (Icticyon vena-
ticus) has been bred in the gardens, and is now
represented by a fine male. It is a small, power-
ful, tawny-colored creature and has a most
romantic history. It is quite possible that this
little-known dog may be responsible for the
supposed mythical tales of South American
natives, concerning wierd creatures that hunt
in packs at night, and which they greatly fear.

The Monkey House contains many fine things,
including an Aye-Aye (Chiromys madagas-
cariensis) and an Orang-Utan little, if at all,
inferior to the one in London. One of the most
surprising exhibits was an adult Harbor Seal
(Phoca vitulina). This excellent creature had
been in the collection for over two years and its
good health was attested by the balloon-like dis-
tention of its skin and its engagingly human
smile. Seals of all sorts are difficult subjects in
captivity but this individual is quite happy and
prosperous. It is kept by itself in a yard with
a small concrete pool, where its antics are both
instructive and amusing.

As usual, the series of cattle at Amsterdam is
very extensive and contains fine examples of the
Gayal (Bibos frontalis) and the Gaur (B.
gaurus), the former having bred freely in the
Gardens.

CHILLINGHAM BULL, LONDON ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS

The well-lighted and attractive aquarium had
a good supply of exhibits but there was a
natural searcity of tropical species. The most
interesting things here were the tremendous pair
of Giant Salamanders, certainly the largest in
captivity. This pair caused a sensation some
years ago by breeding, an event so unusual that
specialists came from Japan, the home of this
species, to study the development of the em-
bryos.

Amsterdam has always been famous for its
cranes, storks and herons and the collection of
these birds has not diminished. The famous
pair of Goliath Herons (Ardea goliath), which
have produced two or three nests of young year-
ly for eighteen years, are still flourishing and
were incubating at the time of the writer’s visit.
These birds have supplied the Zoological Gar-
dens of the world with their offspring. A young
bird of their rearing, purchased at the time of
the writer’s previous visit, in 1912, is still living

in New York.

A NEW’ ANOA FROM CELEBES, AMSTERDAM
ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS

ZOOLOGICAL

SOCIETY

BULLETIN

MONKEY HOUSE; IN

Amsterdam was the only continental collection
that had duplicates to spare and several inter-
The Zoological Soci-

of

animals, including a very fine Panda (Aelurus

esting birds were secured.

ety of London presented to us a number
fulgens), the only specimen ever bred in captiv-
ity, and a Patagonian Cavy (Dolichotis patoch-
onica). There were also several birds, includ-
ing a Black-footed Penguin. These, together

with numerous purchases from English dealers,

THE

LONDON ZOO

made up a collection of about 500 mammals,

birds and reptiles. Transportation conditions
were very difficut but through the kindness of
Dr. P. Chalmers Mitchell, Secretary of the
Zoological Society of London, and Mr. David
Seth-Smith, Curator of Birds, the services of
Keeper James Bailey were secured. Keeper
Bailey landed the collection in New York in
very good condition and deserves great credit
for his diligence and care.

PHEASANT AVIARY, ANTWERP ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS

New York Zoological Society
GENERAL INFORMATION

MEMBERSHIP.—Membership in the Zoological Society is open to all interested in the
objects of the organization, who desire to contribute toward its support.

The cost of Annual Membership is $10 yearly, which entitles the holder to admission to
the Zoological Park on all pay days, when the collections may be seen to the best advantage.
Members are entitled to the Annual Report, bi-monthly Bulletin, Zoologica, Zoopathologica,
privileges of the Administration Building, all lectures and special exhibitions, and ten compli-
mentary tickets to the Zoological Park for distribution.

Any Annual Member may become a Life Member by the payment of $200. A subscriber
of $1,000 becomes a Patron; $2,500, an Associate Founder; $5,000, a Founder; $10,000, a
Founder in Perpetuity, and $25,000 a Benefactor.

Applications for membership may be given to H. R. Mitchell, Chief Clerk, Zoological Park,
C. H. Townsend, Aquarium, Battery Park, and the General Secretary, 111 Broadway, New York
City.

ZOOLOGICAL PARK.—The Zoological Park is open every day in the year, free, except
Monday and Thursday of each week, when admission is charged. Should either of these days
fall on a holiday no admission fee is charged. The opening and closing hours are from 10
o’clock A. M. until one-half hour before sunset.

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year: April to September, 9 A. M. to 5 P. M.; October to March, 10 A. M. to 4 P. M.

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OBJECTS OF THE SOCTE TS:

A PUBLIC ZOOLOGICAL PARK
THE PRESERVATION OF OUR NATIVE ANIMALS
THE PROMOTION OF ZOOLOGY

NS
NGL LOLQOLELWQL\OLOEOLOLELLOLLOLLOLLOLPLLPLPLOLLOLPOVELVOLOLOLOLVON GN OVONONONONE

EeeLOGICAL SOCIETY
PAE CLIN

THE FUR TRADE Bl Es son
WILD ANIMALS , See

By WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, Sc. D., A. Mf Ee eee

Director, New York Zoological Park SANE

Vol. XXIV
INos 2

MARCH,
1921

PUBLISHED BY

THE NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
111 BROADWAY, NEW YORK CITY

New York Zoological Soriety

Generar Orricr, 111 Broadway, New Yor Crry.

President

Henry Fatrriztp Osporn

Hirst Vice-President Second Vice-President
Mapison GRANT Frank K. Srurais
Creasurer Asst. Oreasurer
Percy R. Pyne, 20 Exchange Place Tue Farmers’ Loan & Trust Co.
Secretary

Mapison Grant

Executive Committee

Mapison Grant, Chairman. Wma. Pirrson Hamitton, Watson B. DickerMaAn,
Percy R. Pyne, Frank K. Srurais, AntHony R. KuseEr,
Wituiam Wuirte NILEes, LisPENARD STEWART, A. Barton Hepsurn

Henry FairFietp Oszorn, ex-officio

Board of Managers
Ex-niticio: The Mayor and The Presipent Department of Parks, City of New York.

Glass of 1922

Percy R. Pyne, Emerson McMitu1n, Freperic C. Watcort,

Grorce Birp GriNNELL, AntuHony R. Kusrer, Brrxman WIntTHROP,

CieveLtanp H. Doper, Watson B. DickERMAN, George C. Crark,

C. Lepyarp Bratr, Mortimer L. ScuHIFF, W. Repmonp Cross.
Glass of 1923

Henry Fatrrietp Ossorn, Wm. Pierson Hamitton, A. Barton Hepsurn,

LisPENARD STEWART, Rosert S. Brewster, Witi1am Woopwarp,

Cuar.es F. Dierericn, Epwarp S. Harkness, Epwin Tuorne,

Grorce F. Baker, Wiruiam B. Oscoop Fiexp, Percy A. RockEFreL_er.
Class of 1924

Mapison Grant, Grorce J. Gou tp, E. C. Converse,

Witiiam Wuire NItegs, Oaeven Mitts, Grorce D. Prart,

Henry A. C. Taytor, Lewis RutruHerrurp Morris, T. CoLteman pu Pont

Frank K. Srurais, ArcHER M. Huntineron, Henry D. Wuiron

General Officers
Witiram T. Hornapay, Director Zoological Park.
Cuartes H. Townsenp, Director, New York Aquarium.
Grorce S. Huntineron, Prosector. C. Grant La Fares, Architect.
Grorce A. MacCatuium, Pathologist. H. De B. Parsons, Consulting Engineer.
R. L. Crerero, Bursar.

Officers of the Zoological Park

Wituiam T. Hornapay, Director.

H. R. Mrrcuety, Chief Clerk. H. W. Merxet, Chief Forester.
Raymonp L. Dirmars, Curator, Reptiles. W. Rew Brarr, Veterinarian.
Lee S. Cranpatu, Curator, Birds. Wittram Mircue tt, Cashier.

Grorce M. Beersower, Consulting Civil Engineer.
WituraM Beese, Honorary Curator, Birds.
Erwin R. Sansorn, Photographer and Editor.

Officers of the Aquarium
Cuarites H. Townsenp, Director.
Ipa M. Me tten, Secretary. Sreriine A. Cauisen, Clerk.
Rosert J. Lanier, Assistant. James C. Moore, Chief Engineer.

The Fur Trade and Tie Wild Animals

By WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, Sc. D., A. M.

SDE COAG, eyes os -¥e tos ot 5c ettn ate is/are esl. 5 6 aioli aire © lol eleurtlonsi enishens, sgcusie ie: wuel.eiete Frontispiece
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SKINS#S OLDELNG NIE Woe YORK (GINAIBIIE)) i rayerahaiersy «ci ctevataicnaeveuetsteteratels eeayaicters tele suterey s,(svokeevevess nietele's 32
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[ 25]

CONTENTS—Continued

Tue Fur Trape’s Greatest Errort

THE ExTRavAGANZA IN FuR GARMENTS...........2.+:-+-----
“Repucep” Prices ror Fur Garments, New York

Tue Dearn Rare per GARMENT

SET VV EAS IVE IO FR EN UR se cietctestcee incu onthe eee ee

Waste InN ‘TRIMMINGS

Tue Furure or THE Fur Trape
Tie Worrntess Propuctr
Rerorms TrHar Can Be Mave
Prospects ror BerrerMENT

Fur Farming ExprertMents

News From rue Fur Trape
Brincing Back tHe Fur-Bearers (Lerrer rrom THE Ganss Fur Co.)....
Neep For Conservation (Lerrer rrom C. G. Gunruer’s Sons)
Neep or Epucationat Errorr ‘Toward CoNnseRvATION
(Letter from Funsten Bros. & Co.)

Tue Ovurtook rw Canapa (Terrer rrom Horr, Renrrew & Co.)

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN
PusiisHEp by the New York ZooLoGicaL SOCIETY

111 Broadway, New York City

Single Copies, 20 cents Bi-monthly Yearly by Mail, $1.00

(Price, 25 cents for this issue)

[ 26 ]

ILLUSTRATIONS

An ExTRAVAGANZA IN Fur
Coat or LirtLe Stripep SKUNK
THe Common Muskrat

Coat or Narurat Muskrat
Inpran Leoparp Coat

Tia \Wormoiiswin, IKONS 56.06 one Odds dono HOO dH oomEE noo eo dood DU odcunocemaads

Fur Propucine Areas or THE Wor cp (Maps)

Ria) IRANGAROO Oi ANCKHIANIIUNS o oo dan doouoonoupbeomoensneosd poonbouogococd ono
Coat or OcELot, GENET AND BEAVER

Common SKUNK AND LirTLe STRIPED SKUNK

American Fur Prices—1920 anp 1921 (TaBLe)

CHINCHILLA

Awy Beanie @ig Toi. WWiangiisiwinsmhs Goo bce un abosoeobnesbanoooaopanDoOCHNudoamo
Coypu Rat

AMERICAN BEAVER

Tue Bay Lynx or Witp Cat

NOURMEAMOUSPAMERTOANMEIUR- DARI Sitar tieienhencietershcraisiecaeicrer ereiciare cicie) cichersiisrs sie =

Photographs of fur garments made by Joel Feder.
Little Striped Skunk and Common Skunk—Permission Chas. Scribner's Sons.
Four Famous American Fur-Bearers—Permission Chas. Scribner's Sons.
Chinchilla and Coypu Rat—Permission D. Appleton and Co.

[ 27 ]

AN EXTRAVAGANZA IN FUR

Chincha wrap. In 1920 a wrap similar to this sold for $55,000. The chinchilla is now so nearly extinct that the Chilean
government has forvidden the exportation of chinchilla skins or living animals.

[ 28 ]

LOOLOGICAL

SOCIETY

BULLETIN

Published by the New York Zoological Society

Vortume XXIV

THE FUR TRADE

MARCH, 1921

7-0 De We 8

NuMBER 2

WILD ANIMALS

By Witutam T. Hornapay, Sc.D., A.M.

Director, New
HE following pages have been written
solely as historic notes, and without the
slightest expectation that they will cause

even one fur wearer, fur dealer or trapper to

pause in his, or her, career of destruction, and
take measures for tomorrow.

The fur-bearing animals of the world are in a
worse plight today than were the birds 25 years
ago when the Zoological Society joined in the
great crusade against the milliners which has
resulted triumphantly in restoring the birds to
America and aiding, at least, in the preservation
of birds throughout the world.

While there is life there is hope. We are
making the present effort in the hope that some
remnants at least of the glorious Age of Mam-
mals may be allowed to survive. But, unless
immediate steps are taken, we believe that the
fur-bearing animals of the world at large are
DOOMED. The craze for “fur,” for legitimate
and illegitimate purposes; the insatiable de-
mands of the trappers and fur dealers, and the
mad rush at the counter for fur and pseudo-fur,
constitute three irresistible forces with which no
outside reform can cope, and no outside conser-
vation campaign can arrest.

Even the present much reduced prices are
highly destructive, and if they continue—as they
surely will—then must we bid a long farewell
to all the wild mammals whose skins can, by
any stretch of the human imagination, be re-
garded as furnishing wearable fur.

Proressor Osporn’s DECLARATION OF
Doom

The world’s final frantic struggle for “fur”
brings to our mind Professor Henry Fairfield

York Zoological Park

Osborn’s masterful book entitled “The Age of
Mammals.” It reviews and throws upon the
screen the developments of the world’s most
interesting geologic period, following the Age
of Reptiles, and the passing of the dinosaurs.

Viewing with the eyes of a biologist the war
of extermination that now is being waged by
trappers, hunters and fur dealers to satisfy
the greedy maw of “The Market,” and the de-
struction of wild animals for food and for sport,
Professor Osborn today solemnly declares that
“The last chapter of the Age of Mammals now
is being written in blood, and the end of the
period of mammalian life is at hand.” By this
expression probably he means A. D. 1950. Geo-
logically considered, the great zoologist is indis-
putably right. Geologic time is longer than one
span of human life.

We would like to think that the mammalian
species living and thriving today will go on and
on, changing and progressing according to their
circumstances, for another million years. But
all such dreams and hopes are vain and illusory
We are witnessing the extinguishment of the
world’s grandest group of vertebrates—the class
Mammalia. The great tragedy is proceeding
on plain and mountain, in forest and field, on
lake shore and seacoast, in swamp and desert,
in the sea and in the bowels of the earth. Even
under the surface of Mother Earth it is relent-
lessly moving on, and not even the subterranean
mole is secure. All the fur in our coats, around
our shoulders and upon our hands, implicatiny
alike, outside the tropics, all men, women and
children, and even the cradled babe, shows the
extent to which we are guilty of participating in
the war of extermination.

[ 29]

30 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

COAT OF LITTLE STRIPED SKUNK
Commonly called by the fur trade “‘civet cat.’’ In the southern
and southwestern United States the species which furnished this
contribution isfrequently called the “shydrophobia "skunk, because
its bite sometimes results in death from hydrophobia. It contains

about 90 skins. Value, $225.

The killing of game for food and sport is, in
all conscience, bad enough; but much has been
accomplished by the valiant army of defense to
check, and in places prohibit, that line of exter-
mination. Here and there, in wild life preserves
both great and small, protection really has be-
gun to protect, and over an aggregate area of
many thousand square miles many important
species now are safe from total extinction, at
least in the tomorrow of our time.

Tue Human DEMAND FoR F'uR

Thirty thousand years ago the cave men of
the temperate zone were the first wearers of

fur garments. It is very unlikely, however, that
the Neanderthal Woman ever descended to the
zoological depths that now are being explored
by the modern fur trader in quest of wearable
fur.

Imagine the feelings of a respectable Chey-
enne squaw if she were asked by the lord of
her teepee to make for him a coat of 300 gopher
Even twenty-five years ago the lowly
skunk was safe from the trapper; but today
Mephitis mephitica is “the darling of the gods,”
and zoological nightmares of undyed striped
skunk skins now are seen at large on our streets
sheltering and adorning full-grown girls.

skins.

If the amazing high prices of fur that pre-
vailed in the winter of 1919 and 1920 had held
for five years, the fur question would have
answered itself. In five years all species of
fur-bearing animals surely would have been
exterminated. Thanks to the long and hard fall
in fur prices that in the last half of 1920 gave
the fur market a terrific jolt, the fur-bearers
may be about twenty years in reaching extinc-
tion. The annual slaughter will be terrible; but
who is going to attempt to resist the demands of
vanity, selfishness and greed when made in the
sacred name of “Fashion”?

When ‘“‘summer furs” are in fashion ‘summer
furs’” must be worn, regardless of midsummer
heat. The girl who can lay bare her legs and
her sternum in winter will not balk at furs in
the dog-days of August.

At present our interest in the slaughter of the
fur-bearers is purely academic. We know that
it is useless for us to tilt against the impreg-
nable walls of the citadels of fashion. The
truly fashionable woman is a cruel animal, just
as game-hogs and pot-hunters are among men.
It is useless to try to convince a man with plenty
of money that the best of wool is as warm as the
poorest fur; hence the “fur” or ‘“‘fur-lined”
overcoat—walking graveyard of wild life. Dame
Fashion has not yet decreed that skulls, leg-
bones and strings of vertebrae shall now be worn
with furs as additional trimmings.

The killing of wild animals for their fur and
skins has gone on ever since the days when the
fur-bearers outnumbered the fur-wearers by fifty
to one, and the wearers sought and used only
the best. Then, the annual balance between
supply and demand was far within the factor
of safety. Humanitarians cheerfully condoned
the cruelties of trapping, because men and
women sorely needed fur garments. Man him-
self has been from the first a predatory animal,
and even today you may, if you watch, see the
strange spectacle of a gentleman wrapped in a

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 31

THE COMMON MUSKRAT \

| NW.
A pillar of the fur trade now furnishing the best imitation of more valuable fur, and sold under eat 3 hi,
: ei (9)

much-too-heavy overcoat made of 200 wild ani-
mal skins causing the arrest of a truck driver
for driving a horse with a lame shoulder. ‘Thus
is the jewel of consistency displayed upon the
human breast.

For half a century, men with seeing eyes and
thinking brains have noted the steady disappear-
ance of the best fur-bearing mammals before the
combined demands of the trapper, the dealer and
the wearer. Ten years ago we directed attention
to this line of destruction. (‘Vanishing Wild
Life’: Destruction of Animals for Fur. p. 193.)
Two long lists of the annual fur sales of Lamp-
son & Company, London, for 1911 and 1912
were published to show two things: the enormous
number and variety of animals killed for their
fur, and the great decline in the supply in one
year.

In 1911 Lampson & Co. of London sold
3,460,764 muskrat skins.

In the London winter fur sale of January,
1920, all the London fur houses combined could
muster only 333,500 muskrat skins, which rep-
resents a proportionate falling off since 1911 of
90 per cent. In other words, Lampson & Co.
alone handled in the first quarter of 1911 a total
of 865,000 muskrats, whereas in 1920 all the
London dealers together could muster for the
winter sale only 333,500, which was an exceed-
ingly small number.

In January, 1920, it looked as if the last act
of the tragedy had been staged. It came upon
the world like the rush of a cheap modern melo-
drama that assumes merit in whirlwind rapidity

‘

of action, regardless of sense. During the first
two years of the war, with Russia, Germany and
Austria conspicuously out of the fur market as
competing buyers, and England in much the
same position, the bottom of the fur market
almost dropped out. Some trappers actually
ceased trapping because prices were too low
to make it profitable.

But war profiteering and an orgy of extrava-
gant fur buying in America presently changed
the whole aspect of the fur trade. The soaring
prices of labor and all products of labor in
America created a tremendous wave of sill-shirt
extravagance and of new desire for extravagant
apparel, which quickly developed a new and
clamorous demand for furs, regardless of price or
quality. It reached a point where to every woman
in America a “piece of fur” became the one indis-
pensable badge of respectability. All fur prices
went soaring to heights never before dreamed
of, with insatiable demands for ‘“‘more.’’ We saw
prices doubled, trebled, quadrupled, and even
worse. The raw muskrat skin of our boyhood
which brought ten cents ‘“‘at the store’ and
more recently fetched 25 cents, has been selling
in the country stores of Illinois at an aver-
age of $2.35 and at auction in New York
as high as $4 and $5! We have already referred
to the drop in the supply of muskrat skins in
the London fur market from 3,460,764 in the
year 1911 to a paltry 333,500 for the winter of
1920, a decrease of about 90 per cent in nine
years. Is it any cause for wonder that now the
whole United States and Canada are being
combed with fine-toothed combs for muskrats?

32 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

COAT OF NATURAL MUSKRAT

It contains about 68 skins.

Value, for fine quality, $425.

And is there any intelligent person who believes
that the muskrat species can long endure?
Prime British Columbia marten that in 1906
were caught and sold at $10 each, in 1920
brought in the New York fur auction from $60
to $100, and in Montreal even more. On Octo-
ber 8, 1919, at the New York fur auction, 7
dark marten skins fetched $135 each; and who
will undertake to assert that five years hence
similar skins will not fetch $200 each?

ANNUAL VOLUME OF CapturED Furs

We know no better index of the destruction of
fur-bearing animals than the figures of the great
fur sales in London and America. The kinds
and quantities tell their own stories.

In the United States and Canada great fur
auctions are held periodically at New York, St
Louis and Montreal. Each city is competing
for first place in fur importance, and each han-
dles its full share of raw furs. Let us take a
few figures from our own mart, which will
merely show the quarterly output of only one
of the three fur markets of America.

Skins Sotp 1n New York
Two Sales, 15 Months Apart
Oct. 6,1919 Jan. 17, 1921

Moiskratl aia.. cee 270,265 295,832
Beaver? tire eeeere 15,626 2,655
Otters. neers acct nee eee 2,222 1,015
Marten ee sea teen 9 ATS 3,625
Stone Marten!;.....-5- 2,940 3,549
Baum Martens 1,160 1,139
Japanese Marten....... 695 T17
Badgers faeecrciccvenmnn 6,249 1,308
Kirmine) eis crsercenceceere: 52,852 50,581
Wolverines aaaneeacaene 329 169
Minkitntorseaacicmacore 48,425 52,028
Japanese Mink ......... 17,748 8,195
Skunks ster ecco 173,871 106,380
Bishertemanccticeiateer 504 272
hha INOS Sonaoacassons 257 142
Red Hoxtacecee esr 23,470 12,649
Gross! Hoxseyeeeeree ce 392 424
(Gigine INS soodseosocanaa 8,620 1,337
Whites Hoxeneacce sees 1,042 1,764
JME Boooocooso4oce 392 964
Australian HOx-- eee 29,010 16,825
Sundry Hoxes) sees 9,825 9,805
Wilf. Somers cere 19,470 19,000
Riaccoon.- ner eeonenre: 17,753 35,087
BlacksBearwecen see 865 444
Browne bearer renee ae 120 50
GrizzlysBeatn ne eenee. 17 25
Russian Savles- eee 3,018 439
@hinchillage ere eee 544 931
Kolinskys “acest 20,118 22,800
INI Sagi eoaeretbonomntas 34,242 10,289
Chinese Raccoon........ 4,524 1,002
Pi i0) omeanteonrccreecio Ti ondy 2,360 402
Wildl Cattansecana-ctci 9,885 9,308
Moles =. cvcton atone ans 238,760 473,809
OPOOSAINTN ooooouasonsnad 81,962 185,410
Ringtail Opossum....... 20,148 71,156
Australian Opossum... . 63,933 31,094
Tasmanian Opossum.... 1,349 8,813
Ming talliCatsia-eeree ate 6,149 4,583
Ritch (Rolecat) erences 16,214 55,492
Flying Squirrelly....---- 2,000 770
Japanese (HOx <a). sen 2,492 ete
Squirrel]! fica cesses 345,936 124,085
Chinese Weasel......... e: 28,041
Rabbit (Skins) eee 33,668
Rabbit (pounds) 43,596 85,470

Total) cy.ciacsetameene 1,567,231 1,683,133

Coincident with the January fur sales in the
three fur markets of North America, there oc-
curred in London, on January 26, 1920, a sale
of furs which represents an additional output
from the fur fields of the world. The figures

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 36

are positively staggering. Here is a list of
whole skins from wild animals, taking no ac-
count of paws, tails and parts of skins, nor of
the domestic output.

1920

155,000 Red Fox,
Australian
160,000 Opossum,
Australian
3,100 Fox, dyed
6,000 Muskrat
tric” skins
39,000 Rabbit “Electric”
skins
4,800 Bear
11,000 Opossum,
Ringtail
189,000 Wallaby
2,000 Chinchilla
400,000 Squirrel
10,500 Fox, Japanese
1,500 Mouflon
2,400 Leopard
13,500 Kolinsky
(Siberian Mink)
8,500 Fitch (Polecat)
26,500 Squirrel Backs
500,000 Mole
55,000 Marmot
131,000 Hare, White
70,000 Nutria (Copyu
Rat)
25,000 Slink Crosses
8,000 Slink Skins
1,200 Hare, Dyed
27,900 Mole Coney

Lonpon Fur Sares IN January,

730,000 Skunk
333,500 Muskrat
364,000 Opossum
21,000 Raccoon
65,400 Civet Cat
96,000 Mink
1,500 Fox, Silver
2,100 Fox, Cross
70,000 Fox, Red
16,000 Fox, White
705 Fox, Blue
15,000 Fox, Gray
65,000 Fox, Kit
9,000 Beaver
4,610 Otter
980 Lynx
805 Wolverine
2,600 Fisher
10 Sea Otter
210,000 Ermine
6,500 Marten
2,800 Sable, Russian
250 Baum Marten
3,500 Stone Marten
30,000 Wolf
9,700 Badger
8,000 Fur Seal, salted
450 Fur Seal, dry
420 Fur Seal, dyed
5,029 Hair Seal, dry

Total number of dead wild repre-
sented by skins, in one London fur auction,
8,965,259.

We leave out of the above reckoning 18,889
house cats, because we are dealing only with
wild species.

To the exhibits expressed in terms of skunk
skins of the depths to which the fur wearers
have descended in comparison with the high
levels of fifty years ago, we add the following
remarkable showing of unjustifiable slaughter
in the name of “the fur trade,” drawn jointly
from the New York auction referred to above
and the London fur sale of January 26 to 380,
1920:

“Elec-

animals

Foreign. Pseupo ‘Furs’

1,500 Mouflon sold in London
63,933 AustralianOpossum “New York
26,902 Koala(‘““Wombat’) “ ‘“ New York

400,000 Squirrel = eeelvondon
189,000 Wallaby = eedlvondon
65,400 Civet Cat >= London
63,382 Civet Cat “ “New York

1,216 Ocelot <— “" New York

2,400 Leopard “London

INDIAN

It contains about 7 leopard and 24 nutria skins.

LEOPARD COAT TRIMMED WITH NUTRIA
Value, $475.

345,804 Squirrel New York

55,000 Marmot london
625,000 Chinese Rabbit I_.ondon
5,029 Hair Seal I_ondon

2,344,566

The above list shows how hard pressed are
the fur wearers in “keeping up with Lizzie,” in
the demand for “fur,” regardless of quality, ac-
tual value or price. As wearable furs, the great
majority of the skins enumerated above are poor,
and in comparison with real fur, about 80 per
cent. of the total number are to be regarded as
beneath contempt. Fancy wearing the skin of
a prairie dog (marmot) as ‘fur!’ And consider
the hair seal as “fur,” to keep a lady warm!

34 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

The handling of 1,500 real mouflon skins as
fur—or on any other commercial basis—is a
crime and a disgrace sufficient to bring the
blush of shame to any but the most brazen cheek.
Whatever nation would permit such a slaughter,
or permit the exportation of real mouflon skins
for any commercial purpose, would be highly
culpable, and deserving of the execration oi
zoologists and nature lovers, until she apologized
to the world and pledged herself to do better.
The beautiful mouflon, which is the only moun-
tain sheep of Europe, is now numerically down
to a point so low, and is so near to oblivion, that
not even ten skins should be spared for com-
mercial purposes, much less the appalling num-
ber of one thousand five hundred. How could it
be possible for all the poachers of southern
Europe to find and kill such a number?

This great output of furs and pseudo-furs is
due to enormously increased activities on the
part of trappers and hunters all over the world,
spurred to their utmost diligence by the tempta-
tion of high prices. The previous balance, or
half-way balance, of natural demand and legiti-
mate supply has been wiped out, we fear, for-
ever.

In all probability the feverish quest for skins
with hair upon them will go on with accelerating
speed until total extinction is suddenly an-
nounced—precisely as the bison millions were
suddenly snuffed out in 1882-8-4. That dra-
matic ending came so suddenly that even the
buffalo hunters and skinners were not aware
of what they had accomplished until they re-
turned from the barren ranges of Montana in
1885, quite empty-handed.

THe TRAGEDY OF THE KOoALA

Australia’s Zoological Novelty Adopted, Ex-
ploited and Almost Exterminated.

For anyone who has the time and the inclina-
tion it would be an interesting task to add up
the totals of the fur-bearing animals that have
been sold during the last two years in the fur
auctions of St. Louis, New York, Montreal and
London. For some species the figures would
stagger the imagination and create profound
wonder that our continental stock of fur-bearing
animals could for even two years survive such
slaughter.

As an easily calculated illustration let us
take the case of one of the pseudo-fur animals
of Australia. Zoologically, the koala is one of
the most interesting of the many bizarre and
remarkable animals of Australia. It is a tree
dweller, it feeds on the leaves of the eucalyptus,

it harms nothing and nobody, and there is every
reason why a creature so interesting and so
harmless should survive. If Australia ever
loses this species, then Australia will distinctly
be the poorer thereby, and her regret over the
loss will be permanent.

Up to date only two living koalas ever have
landed in North America. One came to the
New York Zoological Park in October, 1920,
and for it the Zoological Society agreed to pay
the very substantial sum of $1,250. All haste
was made to photograph the animal before it
could shuffle off its mortal coil, and this foresight
was well timed. The photographs were secured,
and while the animal was virtually in the course
of transference from seller to purchaser, it died.
Its portrait is published herewith.

Now, the hair of the koala looks at a little
distance like fur, and the withering glance of
the fur trade has fallen upon it. The fur trade
demanded the life and the pelt of the koala, and
the Australian slaughterers were prompt in re-
sponding. ‘The records show that in five of the
auction sales of fur recently held in the United
States and Canada, the appalling number of
32,376 koala skins, absurdly listed as ““wom-
bat,” were disposed of.

Now, what was the value at stake in that
awful slaughter? The records of the fur sales
show that these skins fetched from 70 cents to
$1.25 each, with $1.50 as the highest price for
a very few extra choice skins! This means that
to the Australian destroyers those animals
meant a cash return, in Australia, of not more
than 50 cents each.

I know of no case of fur slaughter more
wicked than this. Unless the provinces of Aus-
tralia take thought for the morrow and stop the
awful destruction for commercial purposes that
now is going on among their mammals, in a
comparatively short time it will be possible to
figure up the census of the mammals of Aus-
tralia from the catalogues of the fur sales, be-
cause no fauna on earth long can withstand the
strain that has been put upon the mammals of
the antarctic continent. Recently we have
learned that some of the provinces of Australia
have taken alarm at the slaughter of the koala
and have placed an embargo on the further ex-
portation of koala skins.

AREA OF FurR-BEARING ANIMALS

The most deeply tragic feature of the fur
trade’s slaughter is the fact that it covers fully
one-half of the land area of the world and em-
braces a long list of species. The accompany-
ing map of the world shows in black the regions

THE WONDERFUL KOALA OR NATIVE “BEAR” OF AUSTRALIA

10950 skins misleadingly listed as “‘wombats,”’ were sold in New York in January, 1921, at prices ranging from 70 cents to $1.30.

Ten of these animals must be killed to make one short coat. Unless all the provinces of Australia immediately stop the
exportation of koala skins, this exceedingly interesting species very soon will become totally extinct.

[ 35 ]

36 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

FUR PRODUCING AREAS OF THE WORLD

from whence come the world’s present supply of
furs, but the localities of the few pseudo-furs
of the tropics are not shown.

From now henceforward, other localities and
other species in rapid succession will be caught
in the dragnet and thrown into the insatiable
hopper of “the fur trade.” Will anything with
hair escape?

CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE CONTINENTS

At present the continents of the world con-
tribute to the world’s fur supply about as
follows:

Australia

Kangaroos Wombat
Wallabies Opossum
Koala Rabbit (introduced)

Fox (introduced)
North America

Beaver Coyote

Muskrat Gray Wolf
Otter Red Fox
Sea Otter Cross Fox
Fisher Black Fox
Marten Blue Fox
Mink Arctic Fox
Weasel Gray Fox
Wolverine Swift Fox
Badger Black Bear

Polar Bear
Brown Bear
Fur Seal
Hair Seal
Harbor Seal

Rabbit

Raccoon
Opossum

Red Lynx
Canada Lynx
Ring-tailed Cat

Asia and Eu rope
All species corresponding to the fur-bearers
of North America, and also the
Sable
Fitch (Polecat)

Brown Bear
Civet Cat

Kolinsky (European Mouflon

and Asiatic mink) Leopard
Squirrel Snow Leopard
Marmot Reindeer

South America
Coypu Rat (“Nutria”)Crab-eating Raccoon
Vicunia Chinchilla
Opossum Guanaco

THe Srarus or THE FuR-BEARERS

The real fur-bearing animals of the world
stand on a basis apart from most other wild
animals of the world. Many of them are fiercely
predatory, and absolutely require the hand of
the human killer to keep them from overrunning
and devouring man, beast and bird. For ex-
ample:

Wolves, wherever they occur in large num-
bers, constitute a nuisance and scourge of the
first magnitude. With unparalleled ferocity
they devour the wounded and the dead of their
own kind, their own pups, and game of every
description from mice to men. It is true that
their slaughter of men is not great, but that is
because man is himself a dangerous animal of
no mean proportions. The depredations of gray
wolves and coyotes on the cattle, sheep and colts
of the western stock ranges are at all times very
exasperating, and millions of dollars have been

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 3

expended in wages and bounties for wolf de-
struction.

In approaching the wolves and weasels, some
of our principles against the extermination of
species break down, and we note exceptions.
There are those who believe that it would be
a good thing for the world at large if all wolves
and weasels were to be totally blotted out of ex-
istence. We believe that their destruction of
more valuable wild creatures outweighs their
own fur value.

All the members of the Marten Family, in
which are the fishers, martens, skunks, weasels
and mink, are and merciless killers.
Some of them, such as the weasel, mink and
skunk, are wholesale slaughterers who murder
helpless birds by the dozen for the vicious lust
of murder. For example, on two occasions a
mink wiped out an entire flock of over twenty
gulls (in the New York Zoological Park) in a
single killing, and without devouring even one.

On the estate of Mr. C. C. Worthington, at
Shawnee. Pennsylvania, one murderous little

savage

weasel murdered twenty-four ring-necked pheas-
ants in one night!

The skunk is the pariah of the class Mam-
malia, a dangerous and disgusting outcast, and
it is a good thing for the world that his pelt is
wanted for its fur. May the price of skunk
skins never go down until the last skunk has
been gathered in! This view, however, will not
receive the endorsement of those fur dealers who
hold that the skunk is so nearly harmless to
man that he should be tolerated and encouraged
for the sake of his fur.

The wolverine is the devil of devils—on four
legs. His only redeeming trait is his skin, and
even that is a poor excuse as fur.

The “sufferings” of wolverines, weasels, mink
and skunk in traps are not so great as they may
seem. A marten or a mink will eat a good meal
with one foot in a trap. It is the way of the
members of the Marten Family to tear and de-
your their prey alive, and it is the way of man
to catch them in about the only way in which
it can be done—in steel traps. We do not be-

y
‘

>

REDKANGAROO OF AUSTRALIA

This species fitly represents the many species of Austraiian kangaroos and wallabies that are slaughtered in great numbers for their skins to be

used both as fur and for shoe leather.

The photograph of an automobile in Austraiia loaded with dead kangaroos originally

intended for this articie 1s at present unavaliable

38 ZOOLOGICAL

COAT OF

OCELOT, GENET AND BEAVER
Value, $450.

It contains about 22 ocelot and 3 beaver skins.

lieve in any unnecessary cruelty, either in the
killing of wild animals or domestic animals, but
there is plenty of both. The proper course of
humane people is to reduce it to an irreducible
minimum.

Tue Batance or Nature

Ever since the days of primitive man, and
according to their needs, the carnivorous fur-
bearers have killed and devoured other verte-
brates whenever they could be caught; and man

SOCIETY BULLETIN

has killed the fur-wearers to supply his own
needs. We need not quarrel with those two
fundamental laws of nature, for they are as
fixed and unshakable as the Rocky Mountains.

On the other hand, it is a right good thing
that man’s needs have caused him to keep down
the increase of predatory animals by killing and
utilizing the surplus. Had this not been done,
many species of land birds and mammals now
living would have been exterminated, and only
the largest, the strongest and the fleetest would
have survived.

Not merely at the risk, but in the absolute
certainty of arousing resentment and criticism,
we feel compelled to say that the fur trapper
has his legitimate place in the economy of nature.
We believe in fur, in moderation, just as we do
in the Constitution—minus some of its amend-
ments.

But it is easy for the trapper to overplay his
hand, and leave behind him lifeless wastes. To-
day the world is trapping not wisely but too
well. Too much trapping can be just as ill
balanced as no trapping.

It is the duty of the fur trade to get together
and take steps to regulate the trapping business,
to stop waste and abuses, to stop using species
that should not be used, and provide for a con-
tinuance of the legitimate fur trade.

There are many species that now should be
stricken off the list. Among those that most
readily come to mind are the mouflon, koala
(“wombat”), chinchilla, sea otter and _ all
monkeys.

Toe Fur Trape’s Greatest Errort

For several years prior to 1920 we noticed in
the columns of the Fur Trade Review the fact
that in the West very keen rivalry existed in the
ranks of the fur dealers in the buying of raw
furs. By means of tempting circulars and dis-
play advertisements, trappers were urged to
trap to the utmost, and boys and men who were
not trappers were urged to enter that field of
activity.

So strong was the appeal to the American
boy that we were called upon to contribute to
Boy's Life, the official magazine of the Boy
Scouts of America, an article on “The Ethics
of Trapping by Boys.” Briefly stated, we took
the position that trapping is not necessarily a
wicked pursuit and that it is a legitimate indus-
try, but that its unavoidable cruelties are so
serious a factor that we do not advise boys to
engage in it.

As fortune ordered it, this great campaign of
advertising and exhortation was followed by

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 39

THE COMMON SKUNK (left) AND THE LITTLE STRIPED SKUNK OR “HYDROPHOBIA CAT” (right)

From the “American Natural History,’ by permission of Chas. Scribner's Sons.

steady increases in the value of raw furs, which
sent into the fur fields a grand army of new
trappers. The whole world was raked and
scraped for fur, good, indifferent and bad. Even
the back-yards of New York City were swept
clean of domestic cats whose skins were hurled
into the rapacious jaws of the fur trade, at fifty
cents per throw. Never in its history has Man-
hattan been so blissfully free of yowling cats as
now; and this is no joke.

In 1919 and 1920 this wild orgy of fur-
seeking culminated in a series of dramatic cli-
maxes in high prices. The peak was reached in
the sales of January, 1920, and then the bottom
of the fur boom dropped out. All over America
prices fell to figures that spelled ruin to many
an overloaded fur buyer and the rush to liqui-
date immediately began. As the most cruel blow
of all, Fashion, the fickle jade, turned against the
“silver’’-black fox, which for years had been the
spoiled darling of the London fur market. We
will not dwell in detail upon this harrowing epi-
sode, but we have been assured that “black fox
is no longer wanted” at fancy prices.

The great drop in the price of furs caused
thousands of trappers to stop in mid-career.

Some fur buyers even sent out circulars calling
for less trapping.

Had the high prices continued for about five
vears, I think they would have finished up the
fur-bearing animals of the world, excepting the
rabbits, rats and mice. But now they have a
little breathing space, pending the final assault.

I know of no better index of the danger now
hanging over the fur animals and the fur trade
than the price of fur and fur garments, and the
wastefulness in designs.

We know that the one sure way to exterminate
a wild animal species is to remove protection
from it and place a cash price on the head of
each individual. The American bison was ex-
terminated because of $2.50 per hide. The pas-
senger pigeon millions were annihilated because
of ten cents per dozen. The sea otter has van-
ished because of the awful prices paid for skins.
After long years of trapping the beaver became
so nearly extinct that for a dozen years beaver
fur almost disappeared from the fur markets
of the world.

It is impracticable to quote here a long list of
prices of fur garments, but we can show in one
table an excellent exhibit of the prices at which

TIN

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ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULL

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ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN i 1

THE CHINCHILLA OF SOUTH AMERICA
From “The

Animal Kingdom: Mammalia,” by permission »°

D. Appleton & Co.

American raw furs sold in New York and Mon-
treal in 1920 and 1921. Does anyone believe
that our fur-bearing animals can long survive
even the reduced prices prevailing today?

Tur EXTRAVAGANZA IN Fur
GARMENTS

I now come to a feature of the story of the
fur trade that few persons will believe, because
it is so wildly fantastic. It concerns the abso-
lutely unbelievable prices of real fur garments
that have been charged and paid, here and else-
where, in the year of grace 1920.

In the winter of 1919-20 an old friend in the
fur business casually remarked to me:

“Iam now busy making five hundred dollar
fur coats for stenographers.”’

We laughed at the idea, but later on it struck
me seriously. It became apparent that the wild
orgy of high prices had not neglected the fur
business. We will pass over the common items
and show only a few samples of the high lights.

First, we read of a Russian sable coat that
sold for $10,000; and we gasped with astonish-
ment. Close upon that came an extravaganza
chinchilla wrap (see frontispiece) of which the
head of a great fur house said:

“That must have cost $50,000.”

While we were reeling trom this stunning
blow, he added the knockout thus:

“Last year we made up a cloak of dark Rus-
sian sables, from skins furnished us, which was
worth, at the skins,
$125,000.”

While the tidal wave of high prices was re-
ceding and furs were being “‘sacrificed at one-
half their value,” a reputable New York fur
manufacturer, for the first time dealing directly
with consumers, advertised the following gar-
ments, at 50 per cent discount, at the prices set
opposite their names:

market price of those

Prices or Fur Garments In New

1921

“Repucep”
York oN JaNuary 18,

After 50 per cent reduction

Coats and Wraps

Hudson Seal (Muskrat)... $185 and $565
Minko aye tics ee eee 1,500 mS 0
INVOLG St eieeien sats ot eens eer 285 sf 500
Sloane! “ooonovasossenoone 415 § 675
Genuine Seal (Alaska).... 425 uw 735
BEAVEEY wists celelcciste crepaomrers 435 ‘ 565
Mii Skirat”<f.s sii sects te ioe 175 Y 825
Marmot: Sacer ssisacieiyer 6 45 SE 85
Neckpieces
Natural Black ‘Hoxes; a) pain). 5-...0- 40.0.6 $750
Silver’ Moxa eden sarees rcteveresstare etecstarerereiece ielare 275
RiussianesSableseacheerseeeticeenicr ini eiscrics 150
Now, I ask, with prices as they are, dis-
counted 50 per cent, and with the trapping
grounds of the world wide open to unlimited

trappers of all nations, and no volume restric-
tions whatever, what has the future in store for
the fur-bearing animals of the world save quick
and sure ANNIHILATION?

Tue Deatru Rate Per Garment

To all conservers of wild life, the death rate
of fur-bearers per coat will be of at least mo-
mentary interest.

Will the human (and humane?) wearer of fur
coats and wraps pause for a fleeting moment
and consider the number of animals blotted out
for each of the garments illustrated herein.

The memoranda covering the number of skins
and value of the fur garments reproduced in
this Buttetin, with the sole exception of the
frontispiece, were kindly furnished by Mr.
Lorillard de Lancey, fur expert of the firm of
C. G. Gunther’s Sons, New York City.

The following figures have been supplied
through the courtesy of Kohn & Baer, Inc.,
manufacturing furriers, New York.

“The amount of skins required in the making
of various garments naturally varies according
to the size of the skins and the length, and the

42 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

DOMESTIC

Killed while hunting birds.

figures we submit to you can fairly be called
average.”

Sto 10 skins

80 skins
et Sickonemeiene 200 skins
Black wVolescoat. permeate 280 to 300 skins

How is it that any humane full of
human kindness and fruitful in good works, can
order the killing of a family of ten wonderful
beavers, or a herd of eighty mink, or a drove of
200 harmless and diverting little squirrels—just
for one coat or wrap, when the wool of the black
sheep is just as fine and will keep out the cold

Beaver coat.......
Mink wrap......
Squirrel coat...

person,

just as well?

Names INVENTED BY THE Fur Trapr

For reasons of their own the fur trade has
elected to invent a number of trade names for
dyed and manipulated skins of muskrat, rabbit,
coypu rat, otter, mink and some others. With
the most responsible dealers this practice is by
no means concealed and it is known to many fur
wearers about,as long as the misnaming of furs
has existed as a prominent feature of the fur
industry. I have observed that in New York
responsible dealers do not hesitate to inform a
possible customer what the trade name of a fur

CATS
When dyed and dressed for the fur market they appear under the trade name of “‘genet.”’
under consideration really means and from

what animal it came. Personally I have always
regarded these trade names as having been in-
vented chiefly to describe certain grades of fur
and to cover all those which correspond suffi-
ciently to be described in the finished product
by one trade name.

But there are exceptions to the conditions we
have suggested above. Mr. A. L. Belden, the
author of a entitled The Fur Trade of
America, published by the Peltries Publishing
Company of New York, has this: to say (pp.
k74-475) on the subject of the deceptions prac-
ticed by irresponsible dealers through the mis-

book

naming of furs:

“Sundry manufactured furs are misnamed for
various reasons, conscienceless retailers being
the principal offenders. There is no justifica-
tion for the custom even when the particular
act constitutes nothing worse than a mild decep-
tion, for while it is true that “a rose by any other
name would smell as sweet,’ it is also true that
coney fur foisted upon the unsuspecting under
any other name wears neither better nor worse
than coney.

“Furs that are misnamed are always inferior
to the articles under whose titles they masque-

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 43

rade—a high-grade fur is never offered under
the name of a common or low cost peltry.

“Misnaming is done to increase sales, secure
larger profits than could be obtained in selling
the fur under correct representation, to gain the
reputation of dealing in goods of better quality
than are actually handled, and definitely as an
effective bait for catching gudgeons—snobs for
whom nothing ready-made is good enough, and
who proudly ‘give up’ an excess of twenty per
cent over value for a garment ‘to order,’ and
unwittingly receive a drummer’s sample slightly
changed to fit; and others who are eager to emu-
late the overdressed, and who would consider
themselves grossly underrated if the tradesmen
offered them a coat of rabbit fur for fifty dollars,
but who cheerfully surrender one hundred and
twenty-five dollars for the same garment when
represented as French sable.

“England has enacted a drastic law against
this form of deception, and it is effectively en-
forced through the Fur Trades’ Section of the
Chamber of Commerce. In some parts of the
United States laws governing the misnaming of
articles offered for sale are upon the statute
books, and a few convictions have been secured.
There should be many.”

In view of the foregoing testimony from a
member of the fur trade, does it not seem quite
time for the responsible fur dealers of the
United States to clean house in the matter of
misnaming furs?

There are certain animals whose real names
actually have disappeared from the nomencla-
ture of the fur trade. The following are good
examples:

Coypu rat (Myopotamus coypus), always

known as nutria.

Red sable or Siberian mink (Mustela siberi-

cus), always known as kolinsky.

European polecat (Mustela putorius), always

known as fitch.

Koala (Phascolarctus

known as wombat.

Little striped skunk (Mephitis interrupta),

always known as civet cat.

Domestic cat (Felis Domestica), listed as

genet.

cinereus), always

From the volume referred to above we quote
the following list of misnamed furs as used by
the fur trade of North America:

American sable, sold as Russian sable.
Fitch, dyed, sold as sable.

Goat, dyed, sold as bear or monkey.
Hare, dyed, sold as fox, lynx or sable.
Kid, sold as lamb or broadtail.
Marmot, blended, sold as mink or sable.

Mink, blended, sold as sable, and unhaired
and dyed, sold as seal.

Muskrat, unhaired and dyed, sold as mink,
electric seal, Hudson seal, Red River
seal, and many other kinds of seal, none
of which exist.

Muskrat, sheared, sold as mole.

Nutria, unhaired and dyed, sold as beaver,
seal, electric seal and Hudson seal.
Otter, unhaired and dyed, sold as real fur seal

and electric seal.

Raccoon, dyed, sold as lynx.

Rabbit, dyed, sold as sable or French sable;
unhaired and dyed, sold as electric seal
and sundry other seals not found on land
or sea.

White rabbit, sold as ermine, and dyed, repre-
sented as chinchilla—rabbit, twenty-five
cents, real chinchilla, ten dollars per
skin.

Hares, foxes and other dyed skins pointed
with white hairs, sold as natural furs.
Dyed skins of many kinds, sold as natural.

Wildeat, sold as genet.

Opossum, blended, sold as stone marten.

Muskrat, natural and blended, sold as water

mink, or brook mink.

THe Waste or Fur

Concerning this subject a volume might be
written, but what is the use? In all probability
there is nothing that can be said by an outsider
which reasonably could be expected to effect the
slightest practical result on the wasteful use of
fur. People of means have grown into the habit
of being most kind and generous with themselves.
In the matter of wearing apparel the fancy of
the moment is immediately gratified. The closets,
the packing trunks and the cold storage rooms
of New York City are crowded full of perfectly
unnecessary and useless fur garments, and par-
ticularly fur-lined overcoats of heavy weight,
the majority of which are 90 per cent useless
to their owners.

There are places and times wherein warm and
heavy fur overcoats and fur-lined overcoats are
both desirable and necessary. To the Dakota
farmer, the Montana stockman and the Sas-
katchewan wheat grower who in every winter
drives his high-powered car over thousands of
miles of wind-swept country at a temperature
below zero, the fur coat is a necessity. To the
New York gallant in evening dress who rides
in a tightly closed and luxurious limousine from
hotel to theatre and ball, the heavy fur over-
coat is just about as necessary as a caribou-lined
sleeping bag would be in the Waldorf-Astoria
In New York a universal object of commisera-

14 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

Babies

A SPECTACULAR CREATION IN SCOTCH MOLE AND
SIBERIAN GREY SQUIRREL

It contains about 64 squirrel and 300 mole skins. Value, $675.

tion is the man with the fur-lined overcoat rid-
ing in the subway bravely striving to bear up
under the burden of unnecessary fur. The
chauffeur is practically the only man in city or
suburban life who really needs a fur overcoat
and has one. The vast majority of the men and
women who need them most are too poor to pur-
chase them. The idea that wool can take the
place of fur does not seem to enter the mind
who has in his bank account the
Having myself faced Mon-

of the man
price of the latter.

COAT OF NATURAL RACCOON, ABOUT 25 PER CENT
WASTEFUL

It contains about 28 skins. Value, $275 to $475.

tana gales in a short chinchilla coat when the

temperature was ten degrees below zero, I can

testify that fur is not the only thing that can

keep a man warm.

A survey of some of the illustrations repro-
duced hereafter will reveal the fact that great
quantities of fur are wasted by making cloaks
and wraps unnecessarily full, and collars and
capes ridiculously ample. It is not an uncom-
mon sight to see a fur-wearing lady so loaded
down with skins that she stands forth as a moy-
ing mountain of fur, often devoid of feminine
shape because her form is completely masked
by a superabundance of skins. Is it not strange
that this condition is not recognizable at a glance
by every feminine fur wearer?

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

COAT OF BOB-CAT (LYNX), WITH COYPU

(NUTRIA) TRIMMINGS

It contains about 11 bob-cat and 12 nutria skins.
Value, %195 to $2

RAT

It is a common sight in the streets of New
York to see fur garments that contain fur that
in quantity goes 50 per cent beyond the dic-
tates of good taste and artistic form. In the
wearing of jewelry such offenses against good
taste seldom even the dullest
mind is aware of the fact that a human being
overloaded with diamonds, pearls, sapphires and

occur, for now

rubies is a living advertisement of bad taste.
But these observations are purely academic
and a waste of space. Just so long as there are
rich men and women they will envelop them-
selves in fur far beyond their needs and far

beyond what the traffic can stand.

BULLETIN ss)

SIBERIAN

It contains about 300 skins.

ERMINE WRAP
Value, $3,000.

Waste IN TRIMMINGS

The crowning wickedness of fur fashions is
found in fur trimmings, for the bottoms of coats
and gowns, for sleeves, for extravagant collars,
and to a small extent even upon hats.

It would be interesting if some fur manufac-
turer or dealer in fur garments would take the
trouble to make a calculation of the percentage
of fur that annually is wasted from the annual
product used in fur garments.

It is unnecessary to dwell at length on the
so-called “summer furs,’ because they repre-

46 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

sent nothing but a moment of hysteria in fur
fashions. The instant that Dame Fashion waves
her hand in a deprecating way and announces
that “They are not wearing summer furs,” down
go the summer furs forever. At present, how-
ever, the up-to-date young lady feels that they
are necessary to the preservation of feminine
life in hot weather, and for a brief season they
will remain.

It is worse than useless to seek to impress the
buyers of fur garments with the necessity of
conserving fur. The only remedy lies among
the designers and makers of fur garments.
They, and they alone, have it in their power
to check the reckless and wicked waste that now
is going on. Concerted action on the part of
the fur trade might easily effect. through this
channel, a real result in conservation. Thus
far, however, we have not been able to observe
the slightest sign of awakening to the realities
of the situation.

THer Fururs or THE FuR
TRADE

The future of the fur trade in-
dustry rests wholly in the hands of
the fur trade and those who are en-
gaged in it. By them it either will be saved on
a continuing basis, or practically exterminated.
The conservers of general wild life are entirely
out of this field. They will not elect to take up
arms to save the fur industry from itself, or to
enter into any contest with wasteful extravagant
fashion.

The fur dealer, the manufacturer and the
trapper either can organize themselves and con-
serve the fur-bearing animals on a sensible basis,
or they can let them alone and see them quickly
follow the bison, the passenger pigeon and the
great auk into oblivion.

There are ways and means by which the fur
industry can save the source on which it feeds.
All that is needed is combination, co-operation,
intelligence and work. There is no one all-
sufficient remedy, no single panacea. There are
numerous things that must be done, not one of
which must be neglected. Let us briefly note
a few of them.

Tue WortHLEss Propuct

The catalogues of the fur auctions show an
appalling proportion of skins at prices so far
below the prices of first and second quality pelts
ANOTHER EXHIBIT OF WASTEFULNESS IN FUR as to suggest the idea that they are worthless.
Beyond the possibility of dispute they represent
for legitimate use. It contains between 125 and 150 skins. Value, a great loss to the fur trade. These worthless

$2,250 to $4,000. and nearly worthless skins are those of young

Wrap of Eastern Mink, containing twice as much fur as necessary

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 47

COYPU

From “The

RAT OR “NUTRIA” OF THE
Animal Kingdom:
D. Appleton & Co.

FUR TRADE

Mammalia,” by permission of

and very small animals, pelts taken out of sea-
son, or damaged in curing or shipment.

In actual number, in the catalogue before me,
these derelict pelts, below the third grade, seem
to represent about 60 per cent of the total!

Now, herein lies an enormous
Are the fur dealers blind to it, or merely indif-
ferent? If they are awake, then why do they
permit this annual waste to continue? Surely
they are not powerless to check or reduce it,
even though they cannot wholly prevent it.

annual loss.

Rerorms THat Can Be Mave

Here are a few measures that the fur dealers
could adopt to prevent waste, check unnecessary
slaughter and preserve the fur industry from
soon becoming extinct:

1. Resolutely regulate the quantity of fur,
species by species, that the trade may buy
each year.

2. Stop the waste in the taking and market-
ing of small, young, and unprime (i.e., un-
seasonable ) skins, by flatly refusing to
buy them at any price.

3. ‘The complete closure of depleted areas, to
provide long close-season periods for the
recovery of the fur-bearing species.

4. The prohibition of the use of fur of all
grades as trimmings for garments or hats.

5, 7 Able discouragement of the use of the so-
called “summer furs’ that are worn
ornamental purposes only.

6. Finally, the fur trade should establish and
maintain a code of morals prohibiting the
handling of wild animal skins that are not
“fur,” the use of which tends to extermin-
ate species without justification.

for

Prospects For BeTTeERMENT!

Just at present there are no prospects for the
betterment of the fur trade situation.

The trade is a great mass of uncorre lated, un-
controlled and uncontrollable units that it would
be a work of years to pull all together into one
organized body. The etiort involved would be
very great. and what is everybody's business is
nobody’ s. There are now four keen rivals for

“the fur market of the world’—London, New
York, St. Louis and Montreal. Ask for infor-
mation from the Hudson Bay Tur Company at
Winnipeg and they refer your inquiry to London
for reply.

Great industries rarely put hobbles upon
themselves. The feather trade slaughtered wild
birds until outside people stopped them. The

salmon canners of Alaska will go on joyously
exterminating their industry until outsiders call
a halt. The fur trappers ‘and fur dealers will
do the same; and no conservationist in his senses
will take up arms against that grand army of
extermination in the belief that he can win a
substantial and worth-while victory. ‘The odds
against him are too great, the possible reward
too small.

Regarding the future of the world’s fur-
bearers, we are distinctly pessimistic. The logic
of the situation points to their general destruc-
tion at a date comparatively early. Once that
is accomplished, the people of cold countries will
come down to two resources—wool and leather.

Will the federal and state governments of the
United States, either unitedly or separately,
assisted by the fur dealers, frame, adupt and
enforce the very drastic and far-reaching re-
strictive and regulatory measures that now are
absolutely necessary to put the fur industry on
a sound and continuing basis?

Most assuredly they will NOT, unless the fur
trade asks for it and frames the necessary legis-
lation.

We fear that the fur trade will not save the
fur animals. We fear that nothing will avail
to save the stock of fur producers except prices
so profoundly low, and so long continued, that
one-half of the grand army of trappers will quit
their trap lines in disgust, and engage in other
employment.

The legitimate need for warm furs will con-
tinue.

The demands of Fashion for the ornamental
use of fur will continue. With the return of
general prosperity, up will go all prices for fur
and pseudo-fur; and is there anyone who cannot
foresee the result?

In order to ascertain how the fur situation ap-
pears to some of those whose fortunes are em-
barked in it, we have requested statements from

four leading fur houses, two in New York, one

48 ZOOLOGICAL
in St. Louis and one in Montreal. Their letters

are shown herewith, and all of the.a merit the
most thoughtful consideration. The writers are
thoroughly qualified to speak for this industry.

Tue Fur Farmine ExprerRIMEeNtTs

With perfectly commendable enterprise, and
a desire to develop a new and valuable fur in-
dustry, many good men have made studious and
determined efforts to breed and rear fur-bearing
animals in captivity. We have hoped for the
success of these efforts, until hope seems to be
in vain.

One by one the fox, skunk, mink and marten
have been tried, and the efforts with black, cross,
red and blue foxes have been partially success-
ful. The black fox industry on Prince Edward
Island has attracted wide attention, but it has
been almost wholly on account of the high prices
charged and obtained for breeding pairs. Very
few black foxes ever have been killed for their
fur. Some dealers say that fur raised on fox
farms is not popular in the fur trade because
it lacks the brilliant lustre of the wild fur, and
therefore must sell accordingly.

The fur farmers who have tried skunks, mink
and marten have encountered a long series of
obstacles and discouragements, based chiefly
upon the temperamental idiosyncrasies of those
very difficult animals. The devouring of the
young is the chief curse of this business, but
there are others.

I advise no one but my enemies to go into fur
farming. Much as we would like to think other-
wise, it is our opinion that with the exception of
the beaver it never can amount to anything worth
while. I think that as a factor in the mainte-
nance of the supply of furs it should be set
down as absolutely nil.

Under certain conditions, beaver farming can
be made successful—but I wish to give notice
that I will not answer letters calling for the
writing of letters of instruction on this subject.
I am tired of replying to fur-breeding inquiries,
and am entitled to a respite from them.

NEWS FROM THE Fur TRADE

Although “the fur trade” is showing a few
signs of uneasiness regarding the future fur
supply, I think that about 95 per cent of the
dealers are asleep on the job. Funsten Brothers
of St. Louis seem to be the men most widely
awake on this subject, and most anxious to do
something to stop waste and promote conserva-
tion. They have issued some excellent warning
circulars, all quite good as far as they go; but
considering the subject of fur conservation as a

SOCIETY BULLETIN

whole, no man will dispute me when I say that
thus far the surface of it has not even been
scratched.

In order to ascertain how the trade regards
the subjects of fur extermination and conserya-
tion, we called for expressions of opinion from
four representative houses, and their replies are
published herewith. They are valuable contri-
butions to the scanty literature of this subject.

Brineine Back tHe Fur-Bearers

A letter from the Ganss Fur Company of New
York, specialists in raw furs of North
America, dated March 5, 1921.

The subject of the conservation of fur-
bearing animals is a very important one, both
as regards the interests of the country at large
and the interests of the fur trade.

For years fur dealers all over the country
have been favoring intelligent laws limiting
the time of the trapping of fur-bearing ani-
mals, but unfortunately the legislators of the
different states have ignored the advice and
suggestions given to them. To give you an
instance, I would point to the efforts made
by the Raw Fur Dealers’ Association of the
State of New York two years ago when a new
law was passed authorizing the hunting of
raccoons on October Ist instead of November
15th. The Raw Fur Dealers’ Association of
the State of New York employed counsel and
went to considerable expense to defeat this
legislation, but their efforts did not avail and
hunting of raccoons is now authorized to be-
gin on October Ist.

As the pelts of raccoon skins taken during
the month of October are practically valueless,
you can see what a useless waste has resulted
from such legislation.

Some of the Northwestern states, like Wis-
consin and Minnesota, passed laws last sum-
mer establishing a closed season on muskrats.
I happened to read in a Western newspaper
last week that in some of the counties of Min-
nesota the Game Wardens had decided to lift
the restriction on account of a very considera-
ble increase in the number of muskrats which
did considerable damage to the crops.

In my opinion, a limiting of the time of
catch of practically all fur-bearing animals is
absolutely necessary in order to insure their
permanency, and I think that no fur-bearing
animals should be shot or trapped before No-
vember 15th and after February 15th. The
only exception to this rule should be the catch
of the spring muskrats, which means an addi-
tional hunting time for this animal toward the

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 19

end of April for probably two weeks, which is
all the time required for the catch of the
spring muskrat.

At the present time there should be an ab-
solutely closed season on beaver, otter and
mink for at least three years in our Northern
sections, because these animals have almost
completely disappeared in the Northern part
of the country. Mink seem to be very plenti-
ful in the South and such legislation there
seems unnecessary.

Raccoons and muskrats are also disappear-
ing very fast in the Northern States and the
least that should be done for them should be
a much shorter time of hunting.

Trusting that this information will be of
some help to you, I remain, with kind regards,

Very truly yours,
Ganss Fur Co., Inc.

(Signed) H. Ganss.

NerepD FOR CONSERVATION, AND THE ELIMINATION

or WastTE

A letter from C. G. Gunther's Sons, specialists
in high-grade fur garments, dated New
York City, February 24, 1921.

In replying to your favor of the 16th inst.,
would say that high prices such as have pre-
vailed of late would cause the extermination
of many species of American fur-bearing ani-
mals in less than ten years.

The great slump in markets, not alone in
furs, has forced unemployment all over the
United States. Immigration is also an im-
portant factor. This season has proven that
the average man was not fitted to catch raw
furs. The price lists sent forth by United
States dealers were low in comparison with
other years purposely to discourage the catch,
which had a marked effect, hence this year’s
supply was very small. The farmer and the
schoolboys did not think it worth while to
waste their time. These are true facts that
we hear direct from many trappers in our own
state. The future of our fur-bearing animals
depends entirely on the vigorous work of our
many zoological societies and the attitude
taken by our dealers in sending out price lists,
and the amount of fine or penalty on each head
caught before or after the various seasons in
each prescribed district. There never was a
large catch of beavers in the United States,
the majority coming from Canada. On ac-
count of the small catch of muskrat this sea-
son we believe next season’s catch will be
greater than ever. If public sentiment is

against a certain fur that kills it at once.
Take, for instance, pony’s which are used for
coats; the dealers tried to force it on the
market the season of 1920. The public abso-
lutely refused to buy them, therefore what
merchant will buy them except at a ridicu-
lously low figure, and naturally this will dis-
courage the future breeding of this particular
fur. If you should start a crusade against
waste of furs for trimmings and summer wear
and try to prevent the extinguishment of our
American fur-bearing animals, this can be done
without causing loss to our many dealers or
manufacturers. We still, however, could go
ahead with our trimmings and summer fur
business, using skins imported from Canada,
Russia, China and many parts of Europe. We
are now using seventeen different furs for
spring wear that are not American.

We firmly believe that the extermination of
our American fur-bearing animals can easily
be prevented through a national body of men
on the order of the United Board of Trade
of the Fur Industry, representing all manu-
facturers, skin merchants and dealers, dress-
ers and dyers, and, in fact, all kindred lines.

Very truly yours,
C. G. GuNTHER’s Sons.

(Signed) Loritvarp pe LaNncey.

Neep or EpucationaL Errort Towarp Con-

SERVATION

A letter from Funsten Bros. & Co., of St. Louis.

pioneers in the preservation of the fur
trade, dated St. Louis, March 9, 1921.

We have just finished our 1921 winter auc-
tion sale, and all things considered, the result
was very satisfactory, although prices of all
kinds declined very considerably from last
sale, and even more from the winter sale of
a year ago.

I enclose you a memorandum of quantities
offered and the declines reported on the dif-
ferent articles as compared with last May.
The total of the sale was $11,000,000. An-
swering your request for our figures of the fur
sales of 1919 and 1920, they are as follows:

Winters me 9119 Sregertarsieienel-cistelcle tte ebel- $7,924,330
Syomie, - JIMS) scoccescoweds ouguose 10,046,779
otto, MONO osodsdcadoade HoogdeD 15,298,287
VWitinte, UOsocossauecsapostapoob0o 27,102,588
May, HEY) o0.5..o cic DER GOREREEGOE 21,812,270
Febr., LOD eee cree teoke rans 11,000,000

It might be of interest to you to know that
we have been advocating the conservation of
fur-bearing animals for a number of years,

AMERICAN BEAVERS IN

A successful breeding colony, representing one of the very few fur-bearing animals that breeds in wilderness surroundings

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK

under protection on a commercial basis.

working along educational lines, and we are
very well pleased with the result.

We enclose herewith one of our fur cir-
culars in which you will note that we try to
appeal to the trapper and fur shipper through
his pocketbook, and point out the advantage
of only trapping the animals at the right
time, as you no doubt know it is quite impos-
sible to make game laws that will operate to
the best advantage for all concerned in every
section. We, of course, advocate proper and
sane game laws, but the point that I am try-
ing to make is that the principal thing is to
get the co-operation of the man in the country,
and to have him friendly to the fur bearers
and protect them the same as he would his
own live stock, regardless of the fact that his
game laws allow him to trap. The idea of
considering the fur bearers the same as live
stock has met with a great response from the
people in the country. We have received
numerous letters promising co-operation along
these lines and stating that they had never
thought of fur-bearers in just that light before.

We are also enclosing several articles which
we had our advertising agent send out to the

different farm papers entitled “Lend your
aid in protecting the fur crop next year.”

We also enclose you our fur circular sent
out this season in which we advised the trap-
pers and fur shippers of the country not to
trap. As a result of this, trapping is from
60 to 70 per cent short of normal, and this
fact alone will be a tremendous help to the
entire situation.

As our business is the fur business, we are
naturally very much interested in keeping it
a going industry, therefore we have advocated
the conservation of fur-bearing animals and
proper trapping for a great many years. It
is our opinion that fur-bearing animals are on
the increase, and that the educational matter
that has been sent out by our organization
and the Department of Agriculture has done
more to conserve and increase the fur supply
than any other one thing. This year has been
the smallest trapping year for the last decade.
This was due to the fact, as stated above, that
we advised the country not to trap on account
of conditions in the fur trade, with the result
that the catch was 60 to 70 per cent below
normal.

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 51

THE BAY LYNX OR WILD CAT
Often called the Bob-Cat.

It is our opinion that fur-bearing animals
are on the increase, and will continue to in-
crease. There are some sections where the
fur bearers have almost disappeared, but this
is not the result of trapping. It is usually
the result of some vast drainage project,
which does away with a large area of swampy
country and turns it into farm land. Fur-
bearing animals leave these sections, but as
a rule usually show up in some other section
of the country.

We do not believe that the fur supply of
the country will ever be materially affected
by legitimate trapping. It is only in sections
where entire ponds or lakes are drained in
order to get the muskrat, or where their houses
are destroyed, that any great damage is done,
and these cases are comparatively few and
far between.

The bulk of furs are taken by the man or
the boy in the country who sets out a dozen
steel traps, and his catch amounts to a half
dozen to a dozen skins a season. These are
the people that we urge and whom we are try-
ing to educate up to protecting the fur-bearers
in their immediate vicinity, and, as stated
above, we believe we have accomplished a
great deal along this line.

If at any time I or my firm can be of any
service to you, please do not fail to call on us.

With kindest personal regards,
} g
Very truly yours,

Funsten Bros. & Co.,
International Fur Exchange.

(Signed) A. M. Auern, Mice-Pres.

Tue Ovriook in Canapa Hoprrur, Provipep
THE Fur Suppty is INTELLIGENTLY
CONSERVED

Letter from Holt, Renfrew § Company, of Mon-
treal and Quebec, dated Montreal,
March 28, 1921,

In regard to your request for a general
statement as to the prospects of a continu-
ance of the fur supply of Canada, we do not
feel that there is any grave cause for alarm in
regard to this matter, providing proper game
and trapping laws are continued in force.

We think the Provincial Government is
making a much closer study of the proper
way of conserving fur-bearing animals than
formerly, and the percentage of unprime furs
taken is now very much less than in the past.

A proper understanding of the prime sea-
sons, on the part of the legislators, and prohi-

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

Otter

FOUR FAMOUS AMERICAN FUR-BEARERS

Marten

Mink

These four animals, with the American beaver, constituted the foundation on which the fur industry of America rested

for more than a century. Unfortunately, however, there does not seem to be the slightest possibility of multiplying any

one of them by any known process of fur farming. They must breed, live and thrive in an absolutely wild state or perish,

and it is now for the fur trade to determine whether it is possible to throw around them sufficient safeguards to permit
them to exist on a continuing basis.

From the ‘“‘American Natural History’, by permission of Charles Scribner's Sons.

bitive laws thoroughly enforced, are all that
is necessary in the writer’s opinion to conserve
fur-bearing animals for any definite time.
There are periods, such as the last three or
four years, in which a great incentive is given
to trapping by the high prices which are of-
fered, but on the other hand, there are periods

of depression, such as are taking place at the
present time, going a great deal towards con-
servation, by lessening the incentive to trap.

Yours sincerely,
Horr, Renrrew & Company, Lrtp.

(Signed) R. S. Corrarr,
Vice-Pres. and Managing Director.

New VYork Zoological Sociviv
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The cost of Annual Membership is $10 yearly, which entitles the holder to admission to
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Any Annual Member may become a Life Member by the payment of $200. A subscriber
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Applications for membership may be given to H. R. Mitchell, Chief Clerk, Zoological Park,
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: ZOOLOGICAL PARK.—The Zoological Park is open every day in the year, free, except
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year: April to September, 9 A. M. to 5 P. M.; October to March, 10 A. M. to 4 P. M.

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OBJECTS OF THE SOCIETY

A PUBLIC ZOOLOGICAL PARK
THE PRESERVATION OF OUR NATIVE ANIMALS
THE PROMOTION OF ZOOLOGY

Nou. XXIV. No. 3 MAY, 1921

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ZOOLOGICAL

SOCIETY

BULLETIN

Published by the New York Zoological Society

gE XXIV

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MAY,

192] NuMBER 38

FISHES

MALL fishes have taken so definite a place
S in the home that a living-room without an

aquarium is almost as desolate as a fire-
side without a cat. The aquarium is also a
popular and valuable adjunct to the sickroom,
and a boon to the invalid. No human being is
too young or too old to enjoy it, scarcely a purse
too poor to buy it. Unlike most animals in cap-
tivity, fishes do not return their owner’s affec-
tion, and it is therefore possible to enjoy them
while they live and refrain from mourning
when they die.

One may trace a fairly definite evolution of
taste in the maintenance of small aquatic ani-
mals in the home. Some people begin and end
with goldfishes, while others admire different
species and maintain more than one aquarium,
or have a “happy family” tank. As a rule
people start with turtles or newts, tadpoles,
snails, and common goldfishes. They next be-
come enamoured of the fancy goldfishes that
have been known in the Occident for two or
three hundred years and were previously bred
for centuries in China and Japan, just as
pigeons have been bred in England, by artificial
selection. They learn to distinguish and wish
to possess, different types. This stage some-
times passes into the desire to breed goldfishes,
resulting in the sale of surplus stock—a pleas-
ing and not unprofitable avocation. Later the
beautifully colored and easily bred tropical toy
fishes win a place in the home, despite their
minute size. And lastly the enthusiast dis-

*Acknowledgment is made to Mrs. E. K. Bruce of
Thorburg, Iowa, for her very kind reviewing of
the chapter on goldfishes. Mrs. Bruce is one of the
foremost experts of the world on the care and breed-
ing of goldfishes,

IN THE HOME"
By Iva M. ae

anf car GR 1094
MELLEN;: i AY 20 iJZ)

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covers that\he Gee £0 out to thesp
net and cap e
fishes as beautifu

nds with a

Sertingc Up tHe AQuarium

The most helpful motto in dealing with man
beast is “Put yourself in his place.” It is
the very best guide in the care of fishes, also.
If you have a large fish in a small globe, ask
yourself how it would seem, after having a lake
to swim in, to be placed where it was just pos-
sible to turn around, impossible to swim at all.
If you think it a good idea to empty the en-
tire contents of your aquarium daily and re-
place it with cold water from the faucet, con-

sider how it would agree with you to be
instantaneously transferred, without clothing.

from a temperature of 70 degrees to one of 39
degrees, and how long you would be likely to
survive such treatment.

If it is your impression that a fish needs to
be fed but once a week, and with dry prepared
food, reflect how enjoyable it would be to be
served but one day in seven, and with ground
shrimp, dried flies, or puppy biscuit as the sole
item on the bill of fare. But remember also
that if your exercise is limited, overfeeding is
rather more dangerous than partial starvation,
and fishes, like other folks, are subject to fatty
degeneration.

“One inch of fish to a gallon of water’ is an
excellent rule for judging the swimming space
proper for a goldfish, and in a healthy aquarium
may occasionally be stretched a little. Tropical
fishes require less room, and as many as seventy-
five inch-long fishes can be kept in health and
comfort in a fifteen-gallon tank.

[ 55 |

56 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

HORNWORT TAPE GRASS

MYRIOPHYLLUM

ANACHARIS

CABOMBA

Plants suitable for the Aquarium.

One light meal daily is sufficient for captive
fishes, though they should have plenty of plants
to browse upon when so inclined. They will
live for a long time on the algae growing on
aquarium plants, and there is no need to worry
about them if one wishes to go away for a week-
end or slightly longer. Use a food ring and
always feed in the same place, not only in order
that the fishes may know where to seek food.
but that, in siphoning, you may be better able to
remove any food particles that have become
secreted.

The aquarium should be made ready for its
occupants a day or two in advance of their
coming, if possible. For goldfish a spot should
be chosen where the winter sun will shine upon
the aquarium for an hour or two a day, and
where in summer it receives strong light but
little or no sun. For tropical fishes more sun
is necessary, and if possible the aquarium con-
taining them should be placed where it will re-
ceive a little sun every day in the year.

The breathing surface of a fish globe is not
suitable for a goldfish, and globes are suitable
only for the fry of tropical toy fishes. An all-
glass, straight-sided aquarium or one with metal
frame and slate bottom is best; those with tin
bottoms are not durable, but can be improved
by placing a thin layer of putty on the tin and
pressing it down securely with a strip of glass
cut to fit. Such putty as oozes out around the
edges can be cut away with a knife. A glass-
bottomed tank made in this way gives good
service.

A layer of an inch or more of pebbles should
be introduced, banking them up on the side
nearest the light in a round aquarium, or at
each end in a square one. In the banked-up
areas the plants may be set. Or, a layer of an

inch or more of garden soil may first be in-
troduced, with a similar layer of clean sand or
pebbles on top of it. This affords the best
foundation for plants to take root in. Select
dry soil, pack it down well, and place only
thoroughly washed pebbles on top of it. With
the finger bore a hole here and there for the
plants, and pack the pebbles well about their
roots. Lay a saucer or piece of glass in the center
of the jar and pour the water directly onto it. An
aquarium thus started will be clear as crystal
from the beginning, with no mud or sediment
and a minimum of air bubbles.

It is well to plant a couple of sprays of
straight-leaved tape grass (Vallisneria) or
arrowhead (Sagittaria) for oxygen; and such
other plants as one pleases for ornament.
Among rooted plants fanwort (Cabomba), mil-
foil (Myriophyllum), hornwort (Ceratophyl-
lum), willow moss (Fontinalis), Anacharis or
Elodea, pondweed (Potamogeton), stonewort,
(Nitella gracilis), and many others make a
pleasing addition to the straight-leaved species,
although most of them are subject to degenera-
tion in the limited space of a home aquariun:.
Bladderwort (Utricularia) may also be used,
but this carnivorous species with bladders that
catch small live animals, should be avoided in
stocking the aquarium for infant specimens, or

the plant may capture most of the fry. For
floating plants one may select crystalwort
(Riecta), our common pond plant Salvinia

natans—usually found with duckweed (Lemna)
the Florida floating ferns (Ceratopteris pteri-
doides or C. deltoidea), or the beautiful water
hyacinth (Kichhornia) that florists often have
for sale in the spring.

The floating fern is the only strictly aquatic
fern, and reproduces by the formation of small

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 57

leaves along the edges of the old ones, the new
ones breaking away and forming independent
plants. One should therefore place only one
plant of this kind in the aquarium to begin, for
in a few months in a good light it will spread
over the entire surface.

Pondweed, Sagittaria and other rooted plants
reproduce rapidly in a bright light, sending out
green rootlets over the surface of the gravel or
mud, which soon develop roots and leaves and
form new plants.

Plants should be disinfected before intro-
duction to the aquarium, to avoid trouble from
leeches, aquatic insect larvae, fungus, or other
destructive agents. For this purpose a weak
solution of phenol sodique or of permanganate
of potassium may be used, or a tablet of bi-
chloride of mercury to a gallon of water. All
traces of the disinfectant should be washed off
before placing the plants in the aquarium.

Goldfishes like to clean their gills with fine
sand, and a place where they can always find
clean bird gravel will help keep them well and

happy.

In setting up an aquarium it will be noticed
that water drawn fresh from the faucet pro-
duces oxygen bubbles. It is unwise to allow
these bubbles to collect on fishes, and they
should be carefully removed from plants and
glass with a slender stick before the fishes are
introduced.

An aquarium thus begun need not be reset
oftener than once in six months, half an hour’s
attention each week being sufficient. The pro-
gram for this half hour should be about as
follows:

With a glass siphon, procurable at any bird
store, siphon off the sediment and refuse. While
the water is lowered, clean the inside of the jar
with a bit of felt or cloth fastened about the
end of a stick. If algae has formed on the glass
it can be scraped off with a bit of cuttlefish, but
if one has snails they can be afforded a brows-
ing ground by leaving untouched a space of a
couple of inches in breadth from top to bottom
of the aquarium, behind the plants, where algae
may grow undisturbed. In replacing water
siphoned off, use water that has been standing
until of the temperature of the room. Some
aquarists strain back the same water that has
been withdrawn.

For replacing water in an aquarium of three
gallons’ capacity or over, nothing is superior
to a small watering can, which disperses it
evenly over the surface, like rain. Another ex-
cellent method is to hold a tumbler over the
aquarium in one hand, allowing it to rest just

below the surface of the water, and pour the
new water into the tumbler from a_ pitcher
held in the other hand. If water is poured di-
rectly into the aquarium, its violent entry will
uproot the plants and be likely to necessitate
entire resetting.

To replace the salts and lime of the natural
pond, salt and plaster of paris or cuttlefish are
generally employed. A pinch of table salt, sea
salt or epsom salt, with a bit of ground cuttle-
fish, are used by some aquarists; or a mixture
of one or two kinds of salt with an equal amount
of plaster of paris. Salt does not evaporate,
but plaster of paris does, and more of it can
be added from time to time.

A still-water aquarium can be a success only
when a perfect balance is secured between its
plant and animal life. It is hardly possible to
have too many plants, but too many fishes in a
jar are like too many people in a room. They
soon use up the oxygen given off by the plants,
the plants cannot take up all the carbon dioxid
thrown off by such a superabundance of fishes,
with the result that the animals die off until a
proper balance is established.

Goldfishes habitually come to the surface and
blow bubbles or suck in air, and this need oc-
casion no alarm except when they suck audibly.
When they can be heard across a room—and a
small fantail can “cluck” loud enough to be
heard twenty feet away—it is a plain call for
oxygen.

A fish’s distress signals should be heeded by
opening a window and allowing a draft to play
across the surface of the water, also by siphon-
ing off a quart or two—in this instance a small
rubber tube is the quickest way—and replacing
with cold water from the faucet.

Like the bowl of water on the old-fashioned
“parlor stove,’ the aquarium absorbs the
poisonous gases of the room, and does this work
best in a warm room in winter, when many
homes are improperly ventilated and rooms are
allowed to become overheated. The proper
temperature for a normal human being is 68
degrees, and if this is maintained the fishes do
not suffer.

One of our frequent inquiries at the Aquarium
is “ Does tobacco smoke injure fishes?”
Chemists’ experiments show that in addition to
marsh gas, carbon dioxid and other gases, an
ounce of burning tobacco gives off three pints
of carbon monoxid gas—all poisonous gases,
soluble in water. The water absorbs these
gases so slowly, however, that the general be-
lief is that smoking in a room with open win-
dows that allow a free circulation of air over

58 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

RED RAMSHORN SNAIL AND YOUNG

The young—greatly enlarged—shows marked difference in
shape of shell and size of eye and syphon.
Drawn by Ida M. Mellen

the surface of the aquarium, is not harmful to
fishes. Ashes or stumps of cigars or cigarettes
falling into an aquarium, however, prove
speedily fatal, a mere scrap of tobacco con-
taining sufficient nicotine to kill a large num-
ber of fishes. Valuable specimens are not in-
frequently lost at exhibitions in this way, and
hundreds of fry in open troughs are sometimes
thus killed at the Aquarium—such vandalism
being no doubt due more to ignorance than
malice.

Most fishes should be handled with a net,
though the smallest fry and also tropical fishes
of small size are best transferred with cups or
spoons.

The principal instruments that one will need,
therefore, in the management of the home
aquarium, are a small net, a long stick with a
broad end covered with felt or cloth, a glass
siphon, and a feeding stick. For the feeding
stick a twig, whittled to a point at one end, is
as good as anything.

A fish’s gills are for breathing oxygen in the
water, just as human lungs are for breathing
oxygen in the air. Gills in the air and lungs
under water, are in the same sad predicament.
We have known people to remove their fishes
from the water to pet them, and then wonder
why they died. Fishes are not meant to be
kissed, and caressing is likewise dangerous.
The less frequently a fish is removed from the
water, the better for it.

Special advice on feeding aquarium fishes
and the care of sick specimens, will be found
farther on.

TADPOLES AND SNAILS

Tadpoles and snails are commonly used in
the aquarium as scavengers and for the pleasure
derived from watching them. The tadpole is
omnivorous and will nibble the fine growth of
algae off plants, pebbles and glass, and pick up
such scraps of food, both animal and vegetable,
as the fishes leave. The tadpole is what alien-
ists would call a manic-depressive—one subject
to opposite moods of joy and depression; for

at one time he appears listless and depressed,
as though tired waiting to grow legs or wishing
he could sleep like a butterfly through his
metamorphosis, and anon dashes madly about
the aquarium as fast as though he already had
four good legs to carry him. It is safe to say
that he is more popular with his owner than
with his aquatic companions. Fishes do not
relish being run into by a crazy runaway, and
snails abhor being butted against.

One tadpole, therefore, is sufficient for any
aquarium of from three to fifteen gallons’
capacity. It is well to buy the smallest speci-
men possible in the fall, and by spring it prob-
ably will have legs and be ready for liberation
in a pond or lake, where it can procure flies,
worms, aquatic insects, and other living foods,
for with the advent of legs it becomes strictly
carnivorous, and unless live food can be plenti-
fully supplied, a frog cannot be maintained in
the home. It is against the law to destroy a
frog.

Those who wish to keep a frog, should pro-
vide it with a terrarium in which it can stay on
land or take to the water, at will. Small earth-
worms, mealworms, angleworms, flies, beetles,
bugs, catterpillars, etc., will be eagerly ac-
cepted. Some frogs will take a bit of beef or
liver swung before them on a slim stick.

Snails are as interesting as any aquatic ani-
mals, and their life history easy to study. Most
American pond snails—Physa and Limnaea
with pointed spirals, the brown ramshorn, the
minute Ancylus, ete—lay eggs in gelatinous
masses, and the developing young can be seen
under magnification. This is true also of the
European red ramshorn. In most aquatic snails
hermaphroditism prevails, both sexes being pres-
ent in each individual and cross-fertilization
taking place; but our Potomac green snail, like
the black Japanese snail, is separately sexed
and brings forth its young alive, and these two
are the only common species with shells too hard
from birth for fishes to chew. All other common
snails form an important item in the natural

Left: POND SNAIL Right: PHYSA

Physa is a near relative of the Pond Snail. When held in
the same position, one shell opens to right and
the other to the left.

Drawn by Ida M. Mellen

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 59

FRESH-WATER LIMPET, ANCYLUS
Smallest of fresh-water snails.

Drawn by Ida M. Mellen

food of fishes, and if the shells are too large to
tackle, the fishes will nibble off the tentacles
and kill the snails.

Potomac snails are short-lived in captivity,
and the most desirable of all aquarium snails is
the Japanese, commonly sold in bird and animal
stores. Once fertilized the female is said to be
fertile for life and reproduces at odd times dur-
ing the year. One owned by the writer pro-
duced fifty-four young in a year, and when she
died, thirteen young were cut out of the mantle
and placed in a tumbler of water. In a few
hours twelve were climbing up the side of the
tumbler and continued to thrive. These young
snails began to breed when three years old, but
at four years are not yet half the adult size,
though it is hardly to be supposed that their
growth.is so slow in a state of nature, but rather
that, like fishes, with a limited space to live
in, they tend to become dwarfed.

The Japanese snail has a remarkably small
appetite and does not damage the plants. It re-
fuses to eat lettuce, of which all soft-shelled
snails are so fond. It eats the fine algae that
forms on plants and glass, and seems to prefer
prepared fish foods to fish and meat, though it
will on occasion consume the latter. It must
be provided with shell-making substances, such
as powdered cuttlefish or plaster of paris; other-
wise the shell becomes perforated and death en-
sues. The Japanese snail, being provided with
a strong operculum, completely closes the shell
with it and may go to sleep for a week at a time.
Relaxation of the muscles is the first evidence of
death, and if a snail, lying with the operculum
open, does not contract when touched, it is time
to remove it from the aquarium. The sexes are
easily distinguished when the snail is crawling.

The male carries his right tentacle curled,
whereas the female carries both her tentacles
straight.

THE GOLDFISH

Animals that are produced by artificial selec-
tion tend to revert to type; and with all their
fantastic shapes and glorious colors, goldfishes,
so far as we know, are descended from plain
blue-brown carps (though some aver from the
yellow crucian carp), just as faney pigeons are
descendants of the modest gray rock pigeons,

and domestic fowls descendants of the jungle
fowls of India.

If man’s continuous artificial selection is re-
moved, goldfishes finally return to type just as
pigeons and fowls do, and those who would
breed fancy types must weed out all but the
best, in the same manner that Burbank weeds
out all but the best of his artificially produced
varieties of plants and trees. Only strict elimi-
nation of the young that fail to resemble their
parents in all expected points, will keep the
type true.

Fishes lay a great many eggs, just as plants
produce many seeds, and breeders can attord to
be ruthless, though of course specimens not
strictly true to type are as satisfying as any
to a beginner, who does not care about possess-
ing valuable breeds.

SPAWNING

Goldfishes begin to breed when in their sec-
ond year, and continue six or seven years, being
at their best when from three to five years old.
Young males are considered more fertile than
older ones, and two or three are generally al-
lowed to fertilize the eggs of one female. The
sexes are readily distinguished in the breeding
season, the male by his little white tubercles
dotting the gill covers and pectoral fins like
decorative beading, the female by her enlarged
dimensions when swollen with eggs.

All fishes should have richer foods during the
spawning season.

A general belief prevails among aquarists
that fishes become roebound and will die unless
relieved; but specimens that appeared to us at
the Aquarium to have died from being roebound,
proved, on examination, to have parasitic or
other troubles from which death might quite as
readily have ensued. If it appears that a choice
specimen is going to die anyway, there may be
some satisfaction in having at least tried to strip
it. This may be accomplished by placing the
thumb in front of the vent and exerting pres-
sure toward the tail, until the eggs are pressed
out. Sometimes goldfishes have been treated in
this way merely until the oviduct protruded.

wv & od

POTOMAC SNAILS AND NEW-BORN YOUNG

American counterparts of the Japanese black snail.

60 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

COMMON GOLDFISH
Photograph by H. V. Letkemann.

when, on being returned to the males, they
spawned normally, the operation seeming to
hasten the process.

They naturally spawn in spring and summer,
and the young of a May spawning are hardier
than those produced by forced spawning earlier
in the spring, which is accomplished by raising
the temperature of the water. They spawn sev-
eral times in a season, from March to July,
or May to September.

Some breeders separate the sexes in January
or February in order that the females may be
rested for the spawning season, the males be-
ing likely to drive them about before that time.
Driving may look like play, but is exhausting
to a driven fish, which may soon be reduced
through nervous excitement, to a gasping, pros-
trated condition. Mere chasing away from the
site of food, however, must not be confused with
driving. Goldfishes and killifishes, mud min-
nows and others, are prone to greediness, and
chase off their companions from a prospective
meal, and jealously drive them around even af-
ter the food is gone. Some of them, like turtles,
would rather pull the food out of a neighbor's

VEIL-TAIL GOLDFISH
Bade.

Photograph by Dr. E.

mouth than help themselves, so great is their
anxiety to secure the first morsel their eye lights
upon.

The signal that spawning is about to com-
mence is conveyed by the males beginning to
drive the females about the tank persistently
and vigorously. When this begins, spawning
may be expected in the early hours of the fol-
lowing morning.

The fishes may be allowed to remain in their
customary tank and the eggs removed later; or
they may be transferred to another tank espe-
cially prepared with plants to catch the eggs.
After they have begun to spawn they will con-
tinue spawning when placed in another tank.
The eggs are adhesive and become attached to
the plants on which they fall, Myriophyllum,
water cress and water hyacinth roots being pre-
ferred by breeders for this purpose. The Jap-
anese also use willow roots.

The parents will immediately eat such eggs
as fall to the bottom, and if allowed to remain
with the other eggs will consume them also. It
is thought good policy to permit them to eat a
few for stimulant.

The spawning usually proceeds from daylight
till the middle of the morning, though some
specimens spawn in the afternoon.

From ten to fifty eggs are laid at a time, with
intervals of rest, until all are spawned. Five
hundred or more may be laid in one day.

Dr. Hugh M. Smith estimates that at two
years of age the goldfish lays 2,000 eggs; at
three years 25,000; at four and five years 70,-
000. At each spawning the eggs are laid in
from three to ten lots during eight or ten days,
the first laid being the best, the last most likely
to be infertile.

The receptacle containing the eggs should be
placed in a strong light or where the sun will
strike it for a short time each day. They hatch
in from three to six days at a temperature of
from 60 degrees to 70 degrees, in less time if
the temperature is higher. In cold water they
do not hatch for two weeks.

The eggs are about one-sixteenth of an inch
in diameter, and when fertilized resemble tiny
bubbles, transparent or temporarily tinged with
amber. On the second or third day, two tiny
black spots appear, and they are now popularly
called After the eyes appear,
hatching is practically assured. The unfertil-
ized eggs or those attacked by fungus, turn
white and should be removed as speedily as may
be.

Great care must be taken, in transferring the
eges and young, to place them in water of the

“eyed eggs.”

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 61

LIONHEAD GOLDFISH
Photograph by Dr. E. Bade.

same temperature as that from which they are
removed. White enamel pans for hatching are
favorites with breeders, who find it easier to
watch and care for the young in receptacles of
this order. The hardiest specimens emerge from
the egg tail first, and the fry at birth are about
three-sixteenths of an inch in length.

Tue Fry

Like most fishes hatched from eggs, gold-
fishes are provided at birth with a yolk sac that
nourishes the young fish until the sae is ab-
sorbed, which occurs in about three days. When
no longer encumbered with the bag of food, the
young fishes, which haye until now been lying
quietly near the surtace, or clinging to the
plants or glass, begin to swim about and are
ready for such nourishment as they can find in
the water. They look and act not unlike mos-
quito, larvae.

Snails can now be safely introduced to clarify
the water, but sharp watch must be kept for
enemies in the form of aquatic insects, worms,
etc.

Sorting is necessary, since the eggs, being of
different ages, hatch at different times. When
two weeks old the larger ones commence to
eat the smaller and they must therefore be
sorted according to size. The transfer from
one receptacle to another can be best effected
with a small cup or dipper, or a large spoon.

Embryo goldfishes are very delicate little
creatures, cannot endure much water pressure,
and live close to the surface for some time.
They thrive best in shallow water, not over a
foot deep. Drops of water falling on them will
destroy them, and care must be taken to pro-
tect them from rain in out-door pools.

Like all very young animals, they must be
fed often—six or eight times a day at first—and
the question of proper foods is naturally an

important one. Indeed, it is believed that the
food determines the shape of the body, de-
velopment of the fins, and colors of the fish.

In a live on free-
swimming microscopic organisms—plant bodies,
protozoans, the young of small crustaceans,
rotifers and other invisible worms, and the like.
Green and pink-colored waters that we some-
times see in ponds and lakes are so full of these
organisms as to be colored by them. Hundreds
of thousands of protozoans and motile micros-
copic plants pulsate in every drop of water
taken from the green areas, while in pink
waters minute crustaceans known as “water
fleas” are often crowded so thickly as to form
an almost jelly-like mass. By green water, we
do not mean green scum.

state of nature they

Those who have access to ponds provide food
for their very young fishes by pouring occa-
sional portions of green water into the tanks.
Fishes a little older thrive on the inhabitants
of the pink water. When breeders talk of
“infusoria” they refer to certain common
species of protozoans; and “daphnia’” (often
mispronounced “daphnee”) are common water
fleas, usually found with two other kinds—
eyelops and cypris. Daphnia are the largest
of the three, and are characteristically shaped
like an ellipse with one side flattened, the
flattened section being the back of the animal.

It is possible to provide food for baby gold-
fishes without visiting ponds. Preparations are
on the market which produce infusoria when
placed in water, or one can breed his own in-
fusoria by making infusions of various sub-
stances. It is well to use separate Jars for the
cultivation of live food, taking portions from
them for the young fishes as needed. Directions
are given a few pages farther on, for breeding
infusoria.

SCALELESS VEIL-TAIL TELESCOPE GOLDFISH
Photograph by Dr. E. Bade,

62 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

DAPHNIA CYPRIS

Water fleas. Equalized in size for clearness. Daphnia is the largest and
Cypris is the smallest of the three. All are visible to the naked eye.
Drawn by Ida M. Mellen.

CYCLOPS

Some young goldfishes have been observed to
feed better on bright than on dark days, and all
goldfishes feed better in cool than in warm
water. The infusoria may be alternated with
a sprinkling of rice flour on the surface, the
finest dust from soda or graham crackers, oat-
meal broth, a little blood pressed from raw
beef, or juice similarly pressed from a clam,
oyster or mussel. Algae growing on old plants
or the sides of tanks is much appreciated, also
the fine dust from the various prepared fish
foods such as dried ground shrimp and ground
puppy biscuit. There are excellent preparations
of baby fish food on the market, two different
varieties of which may be bought and mixed, or
fed alternately.

All foods must be given sparingly. The rule
of feeding little and feeding often, cannot be
improved upon.

Oatmeal broth or the yolk of a hard-boiled
egg strained through cheesecloth or a fine tea-
strainer furnishes a splendid food during the
first three months—the most delicate period in
the goldfish’s life. It will find some food sub-
stances in clean earth which can be suspended
in a saucer.

During the first six weeks the young fishes
are a nondescript gray color, assuming the adult
form and coloration at about the end of this
period which is a trying one for the breeder,
not so much because of the difficulty of feeding
them properly, but because it frequently hap-
pens that hundreds of the fry—sometimes the
entire spawning—are lost through a sickness
called “‘gill trouble,” “‘gill fever,’ or “‘gill con-
gestion.” The gills become inflamed and swollen
and the fishes soon begin to die off. Some
breeders have thought that an exclusive diet of
infusoria and artificial foods during the first six
weeks will prevent this sickness, others have at-

tributed it solely to overcrowding. The exact
cause is uncertain, but if the food and character
of the water are correct, it is believed that a
draft playing over the surface where the young
congregate, may chill them and bring on the
condition, which corresponds, of course, to a
cold on the lungs in higher animals, and is
probably equally contagious. They can be pro-
tected against this source of danger by screen-
ing the top of the tank. A common window
ventilator of unbleached muslin laid across the
top will serve the purpose, or, for a circular
tank, one can make a cover by sewing some mus-
lin onto a pasteboard hoop cut to fit.
Prevention is worth more than any cure, but
if the trouble has started, it may be checked by
placing the fishes in a weak solution of perman-
ganate of potassium (three grains to a quart of
water—meaning by particle one
thirty-second of an inch long), or in a one to
10,000% solution of sulphate of copper, leaving
them in the solution a quarter of an hour, then
diluting it by half and leaving them in for an

“grain” a

hour unless they begin to die or appear to suffer,

COLLECTING
Photograph by Ida*°M. Mellen.

ZOOLOGICAL. SOCIETY BULLETIN 63

THE COMMON FOOD OF BABY FISHES (MICROSCOPIC)
1 and 2 are Rotifers, 3 to 7 are Infusoria known as Slipper, Bell, Sun, Mussel and Barrel Animalcules.

Drawn by Ida M. Mellen.

Beginning at left:

when they must be removed into clear water
of the same or a slightly warmer temperature.

Six Weexs tro Turee Montrus Op

If carried safely through the first six weeks,
baby goldfishes may be permitted a variety of
foods, such as small crustaceans and mosquito
larvae. If these are collected in open ponds,
it is best to strain them through a fine sieve, to
avoid placing in the tanks young water beetles,

fresh-water polypes (hydra), leeches, or
dragon-fly larvae, which prey upon young

fishes.

Strained boiled oatmeal and egg-yolk may be
continued until the fishes are large enough to
eat the oatmeal itself, which may be fed either
cooked or ground raw.

Puppy biscuit and cereals of all sorts, vermi-
celli, and dry bread crumbs, all ground to a
powder, dried codfish, and the common prepared
fishfoods of dried shrimp, ant eggs, etc., may
be fed. Chopped meal worms and earthworms
are favorite foods. Very finely scraped raw
beef or boiled fish may also be used.

At six weeks it is safe to place the fry in tubs
out of doors. Sorting and the rejection of poor
specimens may continue to be necessary, and the
swimming space allotted the young fishes is now
of almost equal importance with the food given
them. Two or three six-weeks-old specimens
for every gallon of water is a good rule, in-
creasing the swimming space as they grow, so
that fishes one inch long shall haye about a
gallon of water apiece.

The number of feedings should be gradually
decreased so that at the end ot three months
there shall be but one meal a day. Goldfishes
are always greedy and adult specimens in cap-
tivity will overeat and, lacking the exercise that

wild specimens have, develop indigestion, fatty
degeneration, and other sicknesses, if care is
not taken,

At four months the young fishes should be
well formed, and the breeder will need no fur-
ther advice on feeding, except a word as to
common foods for adult goldfish.

Aputts, Tuer Foop, erc.

Adult goldfishes should be fed daily, or six
days a week, and it is entirely possible to give
them something different each day of the six.
To a goldfish, variety is as much the spice of
life as it is to other folks. Scraped raw beef,
raw fish, oyster, mussel or clam, chopped meal-
worms or earthworms, small crustaceans, mos-
quito larvae and the red water-worm Tubifex
where procurable, toasted breadcrumbs, boiled
or baked white potato, cereals powdered raw or
cooked, yolks of hard boiled eggs, ant eggs,
boiled roe of marine fishes, dog biscuit ground
in a coftee mill, finely crushed or boiled vermi-
celli, and the prepared fish foods—all are
wholesome and much relished. A goldfish, like
a cat lapping a saucer of milk, likes to rest when
half-way through the meal. Its teeth are in its
throat, and it will be observed to chew its food
thoroughly before swallowing. Sometimes it
takes so much that one feels sure there is a re-
serve supply held in the mouth while the teeth
are working on the first morsel taken. After one
mouthful is disposed of, a second is greedily
sought and the fish works industriously, literal-
ly standing on its head to gather up such foods
as falls to the bottom of the tank.

The Japanese, feeding goldfishes in open
ponds, sink food in porcelain dishes to prevent
contamination of the water, one-half foot below
the surface for adult fishes, and about two inches
below for larval fishes.

64 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

Bepartuents :

Mammals Aquarium
W. T. Hornapvay. C. H. TownsENb.
Birds Reptiles

Ler S. CRANDALL, Raymonp L. Dirmars

WitiiaM Bernt. Honorary Curator, Birds

Published bi-monthly at the Office of the Society,
111 Broadway, New York City.

Yearly by Mail, $1.00.
MAILED FREE TO MEMBERS.
Copyright, 1920, by the New York Zoological Society.

Each author is responsible for the scientific accuracy
and the proof reading of his contribution.

Etwin R. Sanrorn, Editor

Vou. XXIV, No. 38 May, 1921

Goldfishes have lived more than twenty years
in captivity. The natural term of their existence
is unknown. Longevity depends on health and
proper environment; freedom from the diseases
that are caused by handling, overcrowding and
overfeeding, and by the introduction of new
fishes that are infected; a well-balanced tank
reset not oftener than twice a year, and water
not too warm summer or winter. Adult gold-
fishes can stand almost any degree of cold, but
lose both health and appetite in water that is
too warm. In hot weather a little of the water
removed from the aquarium and replaced with
water from the faucet is much appreciated.
Like human beings, fishes may be cooled off a
little without necessarily being chilled.

There is on record the case of a “‘silver fish”
that lived in an aquarium in England for thirty
years. It was fed three times a week on raw
meat—beef and mutton. ‘This specimen may
have been a silver or pearl goldfish, or it may
have been a roach or minnow.

Goldtishes are subject to variation in color,
and one may find his scarlet fishes turned to
white, his silver specimens become black and
yellow, or his black specimens pure gold or even
red, white and blue. The only “fast black’
goldfish is the Moor.

Goldfishes belong in the group of carps and
minnows, are of the genus Carassius, and each
variety has its own specific name, the common,
straight-tailed goldfish being Carassius auratus.
This is procurable for five or ten cents in any
bird store. Fantails, costing from twenty-five
cents up, are equally common. Comets, calico
telescopes, Chinese Moors or black telescopes,
Japanese nymphs (a cross between comet and
fringetail), lionheads, fringetails and orandas
are also commonly reared in this country;

Comets, deriving their names from the long
forked tail, telescopes from their protruding
eyes, moors from their blackness, lionheads from
the hood-like protuberances on the head.
Orandas are much the same as lionheads ex-
cepting that they possess a dorsal fin and
longer tail. Rarer species are occasionally im-
ported from the Orient, such as celestials (with
eyes that can look only upward), Chinese egg-
fish (an egg-shaped fish with no dorsal or anal
fins and a long flowing tail), Chinese tumbler,
tailless goldfish, ete.

Some of these rarities bring fabulous prices.

Wuar ro Piace with GOoLpFIsHEsS

Tadpoles and snails have already been dis-
cussed.

Other fishes that can safely be placed with
goldfishes are carps, roaches, shiners, dace,
suckers, minnows, chubs, and small specimens
of catfishes, sunfishes and crappie. Black-
banded sunfishes never molest goldfishes, nor do
black-nosed dace.

New fishes should be isolated for a week and,
if they show signs of disease give them a mild
bath for fifteen minutes to half an hour, several
days in succession, in a solution of perman-
ganate of potassium, five small grains to a quart
of water.

Turtles and newts should not be placed with
goldfishes. Newts and other small salamanders
should be cared for in a terrarium, the same as
frogs. Turtles are best kept in a shallow bowl
with stones placed in the center, upon which
they may crawl out of the water and bask in
the sun. Without provision for this basking,
their shells become soft and they die.

HOW TO BREED INFUSORIA

There are several ways of succeeding with
infusoria. Experiments made by the writer,
with all kinds of fruit and vegetable skins, corn
husks, lettuce, peanut shells, dried garden fer-
tilizer, ete., showed that there are three in-
fusions that can be pronounced the best: hay,
prepared infusoria culture (put up by various
concerns and sold in bird stores), and aquatic
plants laid thickly in a shallow dish and allowed
to break down gradually.

Most cultures are richest from the fifth day
on, but show some signs of life on the second or
third day.

Hay Infusion.—Place a little hay in an open
receptacle any kind of a dish or jar will do,
but a basin with a broad surface area is prob-
ably best. Cover the hay well with water,

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 6!

setting it aside in a place not too light. In a
few days a scum will form on the surface. In-

fusoria breed slightly faster if the infusion. is
placed in the dark than if set in the light, even
though shielded from a glare. The mixture
darkens as it ripens. In two days a few thou-
sand infusoria have appeared, in four days
myriads. In seven days their number is legion.
As time passes they become thick an inch or two
below the surface, and various species appear,
including the swan, bell, and slipper animalcules.
About the ninth day the scum may be full of
common rotifers also.

Rotifers are microscopic animals sometimes
called animalcules, because no larger than pro-
tozoa. They are properly grouped with the
worms. Many have little shells; all are pos-
sessed of definite organs, with an alimentary
tract, nephridia, eyes as a rule, and are sep-
arately sexed.

In an infusion of dried lettuce, one may look
for rotifers on the ninth day also, but infusoria
are never as thick as in a hay infusion.

Infusoria Culture —Various powdered prep-
arations are now on the market which, when
placed in water, generate infusoria. Use gen-
erously, doubling or tripling the prescribed
amount, and in six to eight days the infusion
will be teeming with minute infusoria.

It is hoped that our aquarist friends will not
make the mistake made by some of the manu-
facturers of infusoria culture, who call it “A
culture for producing a minute water insect to
feed baby fishes.” An insect is an organized
animal with six legs, eyes, alimentary tract, etc.,
more highly developed than worms, starfishes,
corals and sponges; while infusoria are one of
the five classes of protozoa—smallest and
simplest of all known animals, having but a
single body cell and no organs whatever, and
all being microscopic.

Infusoria differ from other protozoa in that
their bodies are provided with cilia either when
young or throughout life. Cilia are fine threads
of the body plasm, resembling hairs, and are
useful for locomotion and for whirling smaller
animals and plants into the gullet, where there
is a gullet. Some of the protozoa merely pass
over their food and secure it by pressing it into
their soft bodies. They are cannibalistic, having
no compunction about consuming their own kind
if small enough to be engulfed. When the pro-
tozoan’s body becomes uncomfortably fat, it
remedies the situation by constricting itself in
the center until it breaks apart, each half taking
up existence as an independent animal. This

or

is its common method of reproduction, though it
also reproduces by spore formation.

Aquatic Plants——These may be packed in a
shallow dish with a broad surface and just
enough water to cover, and allowed to decay.
Numerous protozoa appear within a week, and
in ten days the largest sizes of protozoa appear
in the surface film—paramoecia (slipper animal-
cules), mussel animalcules, and rotifers; and
sometimes blood worms develop, which are ex-
cellent food for all fishes with mouths large
enough to take them in. Blood worms are small,
scarlet, squirming creatures, not really worms
but the larvae of gnats having no common name.
They are the common food of young brook trout
in the wild state.

It may be easy enough to understand the oc-
currence of protozoa in decaying aquatic plants,
since they would be living among the plants
anyway and as the plants decayed and bacteria
gathered in the dish the protozoans would find
more to eat and would grow and_ reproduce
faster. But the question may well be asked,
Why do protozoa appear in dried hay infusion,
or in the infusoria culture now on the market,
which is made, probably, of dessicated grasses,
lettuce, hay, ete. The only explanation we can
offer of this is that protozoans and rotifers both
have power to resist dessication; that they be-
come encysted and blow about (eggs of rotifers
do the same) till they strike a moist place like
wet grass, when they break through the cyst and
swim about, becoming encysted again when the
grass dries. Bacteria, of which the air is full,
would naturally appear in any of the infusions,
and on these the protozoans and rotifers would
feed, growing fat and reproducing more rapidly
than if undernourished.

NATIVE FISHES

Our native fishes suitable for home aquaria
are comprised principally of minnows, dace,
sunfishes, sticklebacks, chubs, catfishes, crappie,
eels, suckers and darters. The most showy are
the red-bellied dace and rosy-sided minnows,
the sunfishes, darters, and some of the Southern
killifishes. They all live well in balanced
aquaria except the darters, which really require
running water and are generally short-lived in
the home aquarium. No fish taken from a cool,
running brook, will do as well in still water as
those taken from ponds and lakes.

One “happy family” tank of small native
fishes is maintained at the Aquarium for the
observation of those interested in collecting such
specimens. We have been unable to keep
darters very long in standing water, and have

66 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

KILLIFISH, FUNDULUS CHRYSOTUS
Photograph by Dr. E. Bade

never attempted to place the little sticklebacks—
so murderous in breeding season—with other
fishes. All the others mentioned are maintained
very well in a fifteen-gallon tank, to the number
of thirty small specimens. Only very young
catfishes, both bullheads and stone cats, are used,
and like crappie, eels, bass, perch, roach and
most sunfishes, they will outgrow the home
aquarium and need transferring to larger quar-
ters after a year or two. Very young pike and
pickerel have been kept in “happy family”
tanks, though not at the New York Aquarium.
They are never too young to exercise the family
characteristic of pugnaciousness and _ can-
nibalism, and will ere long make the tank a
happy one for themselves only.

One may, of course, place together very
young specimens of almost any of our native
fishes such as yellow perch, rock bass, bowfin,
etc., and to those who are equipped to do their
own collecting there is a large variety possible.

For best results one must endeavor to have
the fishes inhabiting one tank of approximately
the same size.

All of our small native fishes in the north lay
eggs, and in most species the male constructs
a nest and guards it jealously from all intruders
including his spouse. Some nests are scooped
out of sand, others are fashioned more like
birds’ nests, among the aquatic vegetation.

All are partial to fish, shellfish, meat and live
food, though all except the sunfishes and their
allies will accept dried prepared foods.

MiInNows AND KILLIFisHEs

The northern fresh-water Killifish (Fundulus
diaphanus), famous as a destroyer of mosquito
larvae, is much sought after by owners of
mosquito-breeding ponds. Its maximum length
is four inches, though in the abbreviated
swimming space of the home aquarium it rarely
attains more than three inches.

The male has a blue-gray body dotted with
green and is marked with about twenty pale
vertical bars, while the female, which is plain
fish-gray, has fifteen or twenty transverse bars.
On the whole the killifish is without color at-
traction, its body being of that fish-grayness
commonly called “olivaceous’; but its “pep”
cannot help winning favor. It is abundant in
lakes throughout New York State.

The killi soon learns to leap more than an
inch out of the water for food placed on the
end of a stick, and as it is obsessed with per-
petual hunger, is always ready to “do the trick.”

Like the goldfish, it will eat almost anything—
crustaceans, flies, boiled cereals, worms, chopped
raw beef or lamb, fish, shellfish, prepared fish
foods, ete.

As soon as it learns that it must depend upon
its owner for its food supply, it watches for his
coming, dashing back and forth at the front of
the tank every time he heaves in sight and
begging as frantically as a fish knows how to do,
for something to eat.

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 67

MUD MINNOW OR ROCKFISH
Photograph by Dr. E. Bade.

The killifish is one of the hardiest in captivity,
specimens being on record as having lived for
thirteen years in a balanced aquarium.

The killifish here pictured (Fundulus chryso-
tus) is common in swamps from South Carolina
to Florida, prettier than our northern species,
and adapts itself well to home aquaria. The
male’s rich green body is flecked with dots of
dull red and brown, while the female dis-
plays a bluish green sheen with silver spots.
They have been bred in captivity, the adhesive
eggs hatching in a couple of weeks.

Still more beautiful is the Star-headed Min-
now (Fundulus noti), found commonly in
swamps and streams of Florida and nearby
states and only an inch and a half in length. Its
orange-yellow breast and jaws, its glistening
silver sides with six longitudinal black stripes
running from head to tail, and the star of silver
green shining at the back of its head, are indeed
striking.

RockFIsH

The Eastern Mud Minnow or Rockfish (Um-
bra pygmaea) can usually be purchased in bird
and animal stores, and is hardy and entertaining.
A pleasing little fish in its warm browns, with
sad eyes that seem to peer out pensively and
questioningly at what is happening in the room,
though actually seeing nothing. It is tenacious
of life and will live a considerable time out of
water.

Mup Minnow or

Tt attains its maximum length of four inches
in captivity, and is amiable until it grows to
maturity, when it will select one corner of the
tank for its very own and chase away all who
presume to swim into that territory. This
tyranny is not directly harmful to other fishes
excepting that it may prevent smaller specimens
from getting a proper food supply, and when
the mud minnow grows large at the Aquarium we
place it, for the good of all concerned, in a tank
with no fishes of other species except common
sunfishes and chub suckers of approximately its
own size. The common sunfish being a worse
scrapper than the mud minnow, will play
Petrucio if necessary, and henceforth Kate is
tamed.

The chief charm of the mud minnow is its un-
commonly graceful body, which it is able to bend
in the form of a rainbow, remaining in this
languorous attitude for half an hour at a time,
either suspended in the water, gracefully resting
among the plants, or, characteristically, with
its small, prognathous snout pressed against
the glass.

It moves quickly when snatching at its food
and driving off other fishes.

In the ponds, the mud minnow, true to its
name, lives among the plants or in the mud at
the bottom. It is almost wholly carnivorous,
but will accept prepared fish foods when nothing
else is available. The sexes are similar, both
having a black vertical line or two black dots
at the base of the tail.

68 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

NINE-SPINED STICKLEBACK
Photograph by Dr. E. Bade

They are found from Connecticut southward
to South Carolina.

There are but four or five cases on record of
the spawning of European or American species
in captivity. The latest that has come to our
attention was observed in an aquarium of Mr.
W. L. Paullin, recorded in Aquatic Life for
September, 1918. A pair of mud minnows was
captured while in the act of spawning in a bed
of algae. and deposited in a densely planted
aquarium, where they resumed spawning in a
hollow they had formed in a mass of algae, clos-
ing the nest from the side when the eggs were
in it. It was the female, curiously enough, that
remained on guard. The young hatched on the
sixth day and left the nest about six days later.
They reached a length of one and a half inches
in four months.

DartTeErRs

Darters are characterized by their slender,
graceful bodies, and their ungraceful, jerky
movements.

Among the darters are some of the most at-
tractively colored of our small native fishes; but
they do well only in cool, running water. If
this can be provided, they may be cared for the
same as other native fishes. The hardiest in
captivity is the Fantailed Darter (Etheostoma
flabellare) from Kentucky, which unfortunately
is not as beautifully marked as most of the
others.

STICKLEBACKS

The interesting nest-building habits of the
sticklebacks have won them a merited place in
many home and school aquaria.

Most of the sticklebacks are commonly found
in brackish water. A few fresh-water species
exist in the northeastern United States, the
commonest of these being the Brook Stickleback

(Eucalia inconstans), found in small brooks
and sometimes in stagnant water. It is a small
species rarely longer than onc and a half inches,
though said sometimes to attain two and a half
inches. This species has lived in the New
York Aquarium for four years

Some of the marine species seek fresh waters
in which to breed, and nearly all can be gradu-
ally adapted to a fresh-water existence. Bou-
lenger says that the European Three-spined
Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) can be
“transferred suddenly from fresh to salt water
without appearing in the least inconvenienced.”

The Nine-spined Stickleback ( Pyqosteus
pungitius), attains a length of two and a half
inches. It has survived captivity for two years
in the Aquarium, as has also the Two-spined
Stickleback (Gasterosteus bispinosus), though
both were kept in brackish water in this insti-
tution.

The Four-spined Stickleback (Apeltes quad-
racus) will live for four years in captivity
in brackish water, this species not being found
in fresh water.

The nine-spined stickleback, common on both
Atlantic coasts, constructs his nest among the
plants in such wise that it bears a resemblance
to an oriole’s nest hanging from a tree. The
four-spined stickleback constructs a_ barrel-
shaped nest with an opening at both ends.

The nest-building habits of the various spec-
ies are similar. The sticklebacks are typical
fish-gray in color, but at the approach of the
breeding season the ventral fins or under por-
tions of the body of the male assume a brilliant
red color, with blue and green above, and he
begins to build a nest of odd bits of vegetation
glued together by a secretion from the kidneys
which has been found to develop in the fish
coincidently with the ripening of the milt. The
shape of the nest varies in different species
from a small structure like a sparrow’s nest

JOHNNY DARTER, BOLEOSOMA NIGRUM

From The Fishes of Illinois by Forbes and Richardson.

SUNFISHES AND CRAPPIE
Upper: Black-Banded Sunfish and Little Sunfish. Photographs by Dr. E. Bade.

Center: Crappie. Lower: Red-Breasted Sunfish and Common Sunfish. Photographs by Elwin R. Sanborn.

[ 69 |

70 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

in miniature to a spherical nest with one or two
holes for entrance and exit.

When the nest is complete, a female is coaxed
in to deposit her spawn, which the male im-
mediately fertilizes, afterward driving off this
mate and perhaps seeking another, whose eggs
are added to the first and also fertilized. A
nest may contain the eggs of three or more
females, and each female may lay eggs in more
than one nest. In any event the females are
not allowed to approach the nest again after
spawning, the male taking up his station near
at hand and rushing furiously at any living
object that so much as peers at the nest through
the stems of a neighboring plaat. He will kill
any female that dares to approach after the
eggs are ready for incubation.

His chief duty is the defense and aeration
of the eggs, and this he performs with extra-
ordinary valor and labor, his eyes ever alert
for foes, his pectoral fins kept rapidly fanning
the tiny living jewels nearly every minute of
the day and night.

The young hatch in from eight days to two
weeks, and require infusoria and later daphnia
and prepared foods.

Like other fishes that guard the eggs and
young, the male, after his charges hatch and
seek to leave the nest, will pick them up in his
mouth and place them in the nest again and
again, until the time is ripe for them to set
forth in search of their own fortunes. And
like other fishes, the male, when his offspring
are at last ready to shift for themselves, may
suddenly abandon his parental instinct and gob-
ble them up, though cases are recorded where
he has cared for his young for a month after
hatching. While reasonable care should be
taken to remove him at the crucial time, it
must be remembered that if there are other
fishes present and the parent is removed too
soon, they will immediately proceed to feast
upon the helpless young.

The sticklebacks prefer chopped fresh meat
and shellfish, insects, worms, small crustaceans,
etc., but will accept boiled cereals and other
foods.

They are said to breed more than once in a

season, though this has not happened at the
Aquarium.

Tue SuNFIsHES AND TuHerr ALLIES

Common Sunfish—Eupomotis gibbosus
Little Sunfish—Enneacanthus obesus
Spotted or Diamond Sunfish—E. gloriosus

Long-eared Sunfish—Lepomis megalotis

Red-breasted Sunfish—L. auritus

Blue-gill Sunfish—L. pallidus

Black-banded Sunfish—Mesogonistius chae-
todon

Red-Eye or Rock Bass—dAmbloplites rupes-
tris

Crappie—Pomoxis
others )

Large sunfishes of all species except the
black-banded sunfish are notoriously pugnaci-
ous, and only small specimens are therefore
suitable for the home aquarium. Among the
most beautiful of our small native fishes, their
bodies glisten as though set with gems, in
which emeralds and pearls predominate in the
common and spotted sunfishes, with garnets
set in the iris.

The beautiful red-eye and black-and-white
crappie, nearly related to the “‘sunnies,’”’ agree
very well with sunfishes of approximately their
size.

annularis various

(and

The black-banded sunfish, easily the aristo-
crat of the tribe, and somewhat less hardy
than the others, can be maintained with the
others but really deserves a tank all by itself
or shared only by the little sunfish or spotted
sunfish, since they attain about the same size.

A dozen black-banded sunfishes, sedate, ex-
quisite little creatures with their pearl-gray
bodies richly striped with black and their ven-
tral fins of black and orange, make as hand-
some an array as one could hope for. They
have even been mistaken, when very small, for
the rare Brazilian half-moon fish. They are
so docile that they can be kept with faney gold-
fishes, never offering to nibble their long tails.

The sunfishes do not care for prepared fish
foods. Some specimens will take a little boiled
or baked white potato or hard boiled egg-yolk,
or chopped fish. All accept minced shellfish
and raw beef or lamb, and are partial to flies,
mosquito larvae, small crustaceans, white worms
(Enchytraeids), ete.

Most sunfishes grow to be eight inches long,
but the spotted sunfish measures at full maturity
only four inches. The black-banded sunfish
attains a length of but three or at most four
inches and is most attractive for the home
aquarium when about one and a quarter inches
long. The same may be said of the little sun-
fish. It is said that the black-banded sunfish
breeds when ten months old, constructing a
hollow nest among plants or in the sand, the
eggs numbering upward of a hundred and

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 71

CHUB SUCKER OR BLACK-NOSED DACE?
Photographs by Dr. E. Bade.

hatching in two to five days. ‘The parents
have been known to spawn again in the same
nest within a few days. The male eats the
young as soon as they are able to leave the
nest (when about five days old) and must be
removed. The fry can be reared on infusoria,
hard-boiled egg-yolk, juices of meats and shell-
fish, worms chopped fine, and small crustacea
if available. At five weeks they are the exact
miniature of their parents and measure one-
half inch in length.

The eggs of the spotted sunfish are laid
among the aquatic vegetation and hatch in a

couple of days. The adults will eat the eggs at
once if not removed.

Most sunfishes can be found commonly
throughout the east in brooks and ponds from
Maine southward, but the black-banded sun-
fish makes its

home in cedar
sections
of Southern New
y and Del-

aware and ranges

swamp

Jers

from _ Pennsyl-

ae a:

RED-BELLIED DACE

vania south to Maryland, while the spotted

sunfish’s range is approximately from New
Jersey to Florida. In North Carolina it is
said to be common in the rice ditches,

creeks and ponds connected with Cape Fear
River. The little sunfish ranges from Massa-
chusetts to Florida.
Dace aNp CHuB SUCKER
Difficult to distinguish apart when of small
size, the Black-nosed Dace (Rhinichthys atro-
nasus) and Chub Sucker (Erimyzon sucetta),
with their long, slender bodies, marked by a
conspicuous black band from snout to tail, make
an interesting adjunct to the “happy family”
tank. The black-nosed dace have been found
excellent fishes to place with goldfishes, being
one of the few species that will not nibble
their fancy tails. They are hardy and are
known to have lived

eight years in the
small quarters of
the home aquarium.
They do not grow
beyond three inches
in length, and the

BOWFIN

Photograph by L. B. Spencer

mioqurg “yy uapy Aq qdrisojoqg
WOTHVASV MHOA MAN AHL NI STAA

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 73

males in the spring are handsomely marked
with a lateral band of crimson which some-
times suffuses the entire body.

Chub suckers, on the other hand become too
large for the home aquarium, sometimes attain-
ing ten inches in length. The chub sucker loses
its lateral band before reaching full growth,
while the black-nosed dace retains the band
through life. Chub suckers also be dis-
tinguished from dace by the polly-wog-like
mouth, pointing downward and as_ typically
fitted for bottom feeding as is the upturned
mouth of the killifish for surface feeding.

Both dace and chub suckers will eat the
same food as goldfishes and are therefore easily
maintained in the home.

can

The Silver Dace or Shiner (Notropis cor-
nutus) is reputed to be most abundant of all
pond fishes throughout the eastern states, and
can easily be differentiated from the common
roach (also called shiner) by the narrowness
of its body.

The Red-bellied Dace (Chrosomus erythro-
gaster), found in various parts of the country
from Maine to Alabama, is as attractive as
any native fish, and a happier addition to a
fifteen-gallon tank with other native specimens
could not be made. It is hardly, but no record
exists of its having bred in captivity. No fish
takes its food so gracefully. Instead of rush-
ing at the food as most fishes do, it takes
it in passing, as a bat takes a mosquito on the
wing, merely opening the mouth and swimming
on.

Tue Bowrin

From the Great Lakes south to Florida and
Texas ranges the Bowfin (Amiatus calva) a
fish of ancient origin—one of the famous gan-
oids whose skeletons are found in Palaeozoic
and Mesozoic remains. It has a variety of
common names—dogfish, mudfish, lawyer, John
A. Grindle, and others varying with the locality
in which it is found.

At the end of its first year, the bowfin mea-
sures ten inches and is therefore suitable for the
home aquarium only in its babyhood. It is a
hardy little fish, however, and the colors of
the young are not surpassed in beauty by any
other native fish. Specimens of from three to
five inches in length charm the eye, their ex-
quisite fins tinted with bright green, yellow and
red, and bordered with black; orange bars run-
ing along their mottled sides, their gills suffused
with scarlet, and the gracefully waving dorsal
fin extending from just behind the pectorals

to the root of the tail, where the characteristic
round black spot is one of the most. striking
captivity the bowfin
naturally grows more slowly than in the open
lakes, and if captured when quite young, furn-
ishes an attractive feature in a small aquarium
for an indefinite length of time.

of their markings. In

The thin lips of the fish, the knowing cast
of the eye, and the two tiny barbules rearing
themselves like mustaches from the ends of the
nostrils, give the Bowfin a peculiarly human ex-
pression.

Its natural food consists of small fishes,
aquatic insects and crustaceans, and it has
thrived for twenty years at the New York
Aquarium on small live fishes and chopped
beef, with an occasional change to minced clam.
The air-bladder acts as a lung, and the fish can
live a longer time out of water than any other
native fish.

For those who capture their own specimens,
it may be interesting to know that male adult
bowfins are easily distinguished by their green
fins and the yellow or orange circle around
the tail spot. The male cares for the young,
which envelop him in a swarm or swim beside
him till able to look after themselves. Females
reach a length of twenty-four inches, but males
rarely exceed eighteen inches.

Er.s

No fish presents a more interesting life his-
tory than the Eel (Anguilla chrysypa) which is
found in all waters that lead to the sea. The
only known fresh-water fish that spawns in the
ocean, it will live many years in fresh waters
without breeding, but soon attains a size too
large for accommodation in the home. When
very young it is a graceful, fascinating animal,
soon becoming tame enough to eat from one’s
fingers, and is likewise a wonderful scavenger,
overlooking nothing that has escaped the other
fishes and working assiduously with its pointed
snout among the pebbles for anything it can
find to eat. It does well with killifishes and
minnows, but is inimical to goldfishes and will
destroy snails indiscriminately.

Worms and snails constitute its chief diet
in a state of nature, but in captivity it readily
takes almost any food that is offered.

The same family is known throughout the
world, though some of its members are strictly
marine.

CaTFISHES

These nocturnal fishes are desirable for the
home aquarium only in their early stages, and

=
=

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

COMMON ROACH
are never especially pleasing, since they hide
in the vegetation by day, coming forth by night
A little boy related to us last sum-
mer that when out nature-studying with his
father, he gathered both hands full of catfishes
so tiny that they seemed like toad pollywogs,
and the parent fish that was guarding the
youngsters leaped clear out of the water in his
anxiety to rescue them. The common Horned
Pout or Bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) is re-
markable for its ability to live a long time out
of water.

to forage.

Common Roacu or SHINER
This little fish, glistening like bright new
silver, is so common in all our ponds and lakes
that almost anyone can collect it. It can be
kept with any other of our native fishes, in-
cluding goldfishes, and is one of the most de-

PEARL ROACH OR RUDD

sirable species for a happy family tank. In
nature it preys upon mosquito larvae and other
aquatic insects, and in captivity will accept all
the foods offered commonly to goldfishes. — Its
scientific name is Abramis crysoleucas.

Tue Peart Roacu

There are so many inquiries at the Aquarium
regarding the possibility of keeping Pearl
Roach (Scardinius erythropthalmus) in cap-
tivity, that a few words respecting this fish
are opportune. The pearl roach—known in
Great Britain, where it is indigenous, as the
rudd or red-eye—would make an admirable ad-
dition to a tank containing goldfishes and com-
mon roach, were it not for its vegetable-eating
habits. Its handsome silver, set off by the
scarlet edges of fins and tail, together with
its customary failure to grow large when con-

YOUNG BULLHEAD CATFISH

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

SPINED LOACH
Photograph by Dr. E. Bade

fined to small quarters, would make it
of the most desirable fishes for the home; but
no plant is safe in the receptacle with it.

one

The facts concerning the date and circum-
stances of its introduction in the United States,
where New York Aquarium collectors discovered
it in 1894 in the lake of Central Park, New
York City, are unknown to science; but the
fish has been transplanted by the Aquarium to
other lakes as far west as Ohio, and as it is
a prolific species, it will no doubt eventually
become common in this country and_ possibly
become a food species, as it has long been in
Europe. The name “pearl roach” was given
this fish at the Aquarium, before it was rec-
ognized as the rudd.

Its food in a state of na-
ture consists of aquatic
plants of all kinds, insects,
snails and worms—especial-
ly the red worm, Tubifec.
In captivity it will eat al-
most anything offered—yolk
of hard-boiled egg, baked or
boiled white potato, ant
eggs, ground or boiled ver-
micelli and cereals, chopped
clams, beef, fish, ete. Nor-
mally it attains a weight of
two pounds and its scales
become rough in the breed-
ing season. It is a favorite
morsel for the pike and
other large fishes.

Our experience with the
pearl roach at the New

Ue

York
that it
satisfactorily

indicates
maintained
the
home that can provide run-
for it, doing
away altogether with plants
except such as are thrown in
for food. We have found it
destructive to the plants
commonly used in balanced
aquaria, such as Sagittaria,
Myriophyllum and Cabomba.

Aquarium
can be
only in

ning water

EUROPEAN FISHES
(Bitterling, Loach, Tench and
Golden Ide.)

One of the most interest-
ing aquarium fishes is the
Bitterling (Rhodeus
rus) of Europe, sometimes
brought to this country, and

ama-

famous for its strange habit of laying its eggs,
which are few and large, within the shells of
fresh-water mussels. Without mussels, it can-
not be bred.

There seems actually to exist an interchange
of service by which the parasitic young mussels,
liberated at the proper moment by their mother,
become attached to the bitterling while she is
depositing her eggs in the shell of the mussel,
the young fishes and mussels leaving their re-
spective hosts coincidently, in about one month.
American mussels, as a rule, become parasitic
upon larger fishes than the bitterling, and there

is no American fish that lays its eggs in the
The bitterling is therefore of

mussel’s_ shell.

BITTERLING
Photograph by Dr. E. Bade.

76 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

peculiar scientific interest—a _ real

among fishes.

anomaly

Several loaches besides the Japanese Dojo
are brought to the United States, and Europe
provides three common species: the Marbled
Loach (Nemachilus barbatulus), with green and
yellow body marbled with black, and six bar-
bels, all on the upper lip; the Weather Fish
(Cobitis fossilis), adorned with ten barbels,
four on the upper lip, four on the lower, and
one at each angle of the mouth, and dressed in
brown and orange with a lateral black band
from gills to tail; and the Spined Loach (C.
taenia), smallest and prettiest of all, not reach-
ing over four inches in length, its mouth beset
with six short barbels, and its fish-gray body
painted with black spots, curves and lines.

Loaches should have an aquarium to them-
selves, which they may roil to their heart’s con-
tent without disturbing other fishes; and_ it
would be cruel to deprive them of the delight
of wallowing in mud or sand, and, indeed, to
deprive oneself of the pleasure of watching them
taking mouthfuls of sand and squirting it back-

ward through the gill openings, for this is their
favorite pastime; and it makes one feel that
gills so frequently cleaned must be uncommonly
free from parasites. Loaches thrive best in
shallow water.

The weather fish is so called because of its
increased restlessness for hours before a storm,
when it more frequently visits the surface of
the water. According to the Cambridge Natural
History its air bladder may become so altered
in its functions as to serve for a sensory organ
connected with the skin in such a way as to
convey “thermo-barometrical impressions to the
auditory nerves.”

Other European fishes of interest, but more
desirable for the out door pool than the home
aquarium, are the European Tench (Tinca
tinca), and the beautiful Golden Ide (Idus mela-
notus). They may be maintained in the same
manner and on the same foods as goldfishes.

The July Number of the Buttetin will be de-
voted to Tropical Toy Fishes, with a chap-
ter on the Care of Sick Fishes.

THE PRINCE OF MONACO RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY

Notep Roya. Scientist Visrrs THe Zoorocicat Park aNp AQUARIUM

yAN LUNCHEON was given in honor of His
Serene Highness, the Prince of Monaco,

on Sunday, April 17, 1921, at the Zoo-
logical Park. The Prince was attended by his
Aide-de-camp, Commander H. Bouree and Dr.
I. Louet. They arrived in the ear of Mr. Madi-
son Grant. Those present were, President
Henry Fairfield Osborn, Mr. Madison Grant,
Dr. William T. Hornaday, Dr. Charles H.
Townsend, Messrs. Robert S. Brewster, W. Red-
mond Cross, William W. Niles, Perey R. Pyne,
De Forest Grant and Park Commissioners Fran-
cis D. Ballatin and Joseph P. Hennessy.

An informal reception was held at the Aquar-
ium on Tuesday, April 19, 1921, at five o'clock

in the evening, in honor of His Serene High-
ness, the Prince of Monaco, who was attended
by his Aide-de-camp, Commander H. Bouree
and Dr. F. Louet. They arrived in Mr. Grant’s
car and were met by members of the Board of
Managers and others.

The Prince spent an hour an a half going
over the Aquarium, expressing himself as great-
ly pleased with its large and varied collections.

Those present were Dr. Charles H. Town-
send, Messrs. Madison Grant, W. Redmond
Cross, Mortimer L. Schiff, Henry D. Whiton,
Robert Cushman Murphy, Austin G. Fox, H.
DeB. Parsons, J. Stanley Brown, A. H. Bald-
win and Dr. C. Stuart Gager.

Tea was served at six o'clock.

Nem York Zoological Society
GENERAL INFORMATION

MEMBERSHIP.—Membership in the Zoological Society is open to all interested in the
objects of the organization, who desire to contribute toward its support.

The cost of Annual Membership is $10 yearly, which entitles the holder to admission to
the Zoological Park on all pay days, when the collections may be seen to the best advantage.
Members are entitled to the Annual Report, bi-monthly Bulletin, Zoologica, Zoopathologica,
privileges of the Administration Building, all lectures and special exhibitions, and ten compli-
mentary tickets to the Zoological Park for distribution.

Any Annual Member may become a Life Member by the payment of $200. A subscriber
of $1,000 becomes a Patron; $2,500, an Associate Founder; $5,000, a Founder; $10,000, a
Founder in Perpetuity, and $25,000 a Benefactor.

Applications for membership may be given to H. R. Mitchell, Chief Clerk, Zoological Park,
C. H. Townsend, Aquarium, Battery Park, and the General Secretary, 111 Broadway, New York
City.

ZOOLOGICAL PARK.—The Zoological Park is open every day in the year, free, except
Monday and Thursday of each week, when admission is charged. Should either of these days
fall on a holiday no admission fee is charged. The opening and closing hours are from 10
o’clock A. M. until one-half hour before sunset.

NEW YORK AQUARIUM.—tThe Aquarium is open free to the public, every day in the
vear: April to September, 9 A. M. to 5 P. M.; October to March, 10 A. M. to 4 P. M.

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OBJEC TSO" THE SOCTEEES

A PUBLIC ZOOLOGICAL PARK
THE PRESERVATION OF OUR NATIVE ANIMALS
THE PROMOTION OF ZOOLOGY

" ae

J : J & aA
(ty
Vor. XXIV. No.4 oxal JULY, 1921

=— \

cay

———
SSS

===e| SOCIETY

(h
MW)

BULLETIN

RTS TAN TUS NSS SSCS

i i I
iy ae he Do ivsined. ey *

THE NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
ZS CIMT MM TT

il | l | i f ZZ HOTT
oA TTR mT

LE TESSATSEATOTE TRAD TUTTO AAO
THUR FREUND jei2

Nem York Zoological Soriety

GeneErRAL Orrice, 111 Broadway, New Yorx Crry.

President
Henry Farrrietp Osporn
Hirst Vice-President Seroud Vice-President
Mapison GRANT Frank K. Sroureis
Oreasurer Asst. Greasurer
Percy R. Pyne Tue Farmers’ Loan & Trust Co.
Serreiary

Mapison Grant

Executive Committee

Mapison Grant, Chairman. Wm. Pierson Hamitton, Watson B. Dickerman,
Percy R. Pyne, Frank K. Srurais, AntHony R. Kussr,
Witri1am Wuirte NItss, LisPENARD STEWART, A. Barton Hepsurn

Henry Farrrietp Oszorn, ex-officio

Board of Managers
Ex-vitcia: The Mayor and The Prestwent Department of Parks, City of New York.

Glass of 1922

Percy R. Pyne, Emerson McMituin, Freperic C. Watcort,

Grorce Birp GRINNELL, AntHony R. KuseEr, BrekMan WINTHROP,

Curvetanp H. Doper, Watson B. DickerMaAN, Gerorce C. Crark,

C. Lepyarp Brarr, Mortimer L. ScuIFF, W. Repmonp Cross.
Glass nf 1923

Henry Farrrietp Osporn, Wm. Pirrson Hamitton, A. Barton Hepsurn,

LisPENARD STEWART, Roser? S. Brewster, Wixti1am Woopwarp,

Cuarwes F. Dietericn, Epwarp S. Harkness, Epwin Tuorne,

GeorceE F. Baker, Wizriam B. Oscoop Fiexp, Percy A. RocKEFELLER.
Glass of 1924

Mapison Grant, Groree J. Goutp, E. C. Converse,

Witiiam Wuire NIes, Oapen Mitts, Georce D. Prart,

Henry A. C. Taytor, Lewis RutuerFurp Morris, T. Coreman pu Pont

Frank K. Srurais, Arcuer M. Huntineton, Henry D. Wuiton

General Officers
Wiruram T. Hornapay, Director Zoological Park.
Cuarirs H. Townsenp, Director, New York Aquarium.
Grorce S. Huntineton, Prosector. C. Grant La Fares, Architect.
Grorce A. MacCatium, Pathologist. H. De B. Parsons, Consulting Engineer.
R. L. Crerero, Bursar.

Officers of the Zoological Park

Witiiam T. Hornapay, Director.

H. R. Mircue t, Chief Clerk. H. W. Merxet, Chief Forester.
Raymonp L. Dirmars, Curator, Reptiles. W. Rei Brarr, Veterinarian.
Lee S. Cranvatt, Curator, Birds. Wiriram Mircue tt, Cashier.

Grorce M. Berersower, Consulting Civil Engineer.
WixuaM Berse, Honorary Curator, Birds.
Erwin R. Sansorn, Photographer and Editor.

Officers of the Aquarium
Cuartes H. Townsenp, Director.
Ipa M. Me tuen, Secretary. Cuartes M. Breper,. Jr., Aquarist
Rosert J. Lanier, Foreman. Sreritine A. Cauuisen, Clerk.
James C. Moorr, Chief Engineer

AQUARIUM NUMBER

FISHES IN THE HOME—PART II

COW WINAS yea a WG sy a eeal

Tromieat, Wore INGEitcooobcoonpenedeonds ppp aco OU nooo dome cada do oonedpo os 81
CiyPRINOMONUS: 4 ¢o0oacccuceosnoo ago Do0dgD ODOM OODUDOUDObOMbaH oo Oboo Hoos EEO 82
LUATNTBO WALIS HOR | GUE EY ee errr teiecleledsistetetielelsperatetry-Lrc ine) befeyletelolels oleletelel holes =roccrabshsteists 82
MOV MN UCNINO Wisi GUAMIBUSLA ME Pe reerniaicicietsicheleteter sieve sYeietaleveleieiedai tela /ol<ieieielelsiol= <ede)elsl-ievs\s)iaYsuela-stovelats S4
Moun Eiamers on MOnLIENTISIA. «0. 00006 cece ce eee ce eee ene cet n eee e nese scans 84
Sworptatts ork HELLERT AND HYBRIDS........- 0 eee eee eee tet eee eect teeta ene nees S4
PPMATROROMIN soosoedoqohonacegcconnoDoEG) pou G0DD DDODdUEAUpEdoonoCUsDodoDocUnoodnoGc 85
RIA CCAM oaddcandeodssOoauodoogu0CDdDDO Dob DDOODEDO sucHoUaeDOoScDocooO OOD ooodKdD OC 85
IRM asnoncandun econ neooonuCOnnoOObyOn CoNOO DO odDS DADBODUD CUR ION DOOD OnOCOnOuOD 85
TATHNAS. cognonpen cope sUcoDodooDOoODUO DE Oa doobconbegosnnoonEoouoDasoodGCDOOUDOUDODOL 86
HeEtTeRANDRIA FoRMOsA; Top MINNOW.............--+----++++-> opeaonaconcoonbooGeCuor 86
JORARAGN AGEING oo oooagcsno oun 60000500 condo O nD uo D Ue UUHEOSnoOUMOeDOOOOoUOoOCDEoD 86
GiGH DID STORE CHRO MIDE See acisicerac eit rerio tensreensiexe ole terials exteneietie saeteiior-=) 86
@wANCHITO; CIGHLASOMA FACETUM. «2.0000 ce ecco en cnn teen eens ese ees neeereerncses 86
IGN THING IWIN go pn dcoanas oop ooo HEE oEeo DDOON DOD ODO DDoS onan oUoDoOoHoocoDooOUDoDedS 87
BRAZILIAN EQAtF-MOoN OR SCADARE. «2... cei eee een eatin tenet ete tenes ere eeeerens 88
Rep Curomipe; HEMICHROMIS BIMACULATUS... 2... . 0-0 eee e eee eect eee c erect eee eteenees 88
BLACK-BANDED CHROMIDE; CICHLASOMA NIGROFASCIATUM.... 6.002020 cee cece eee teense 89
MovutH Breeper; HaAPLOCHROMIS STRIGIGENA.......00 0. cece eee eee eer e tee eee eee canes 89
(CUARAGINY INGIEGHS G6 a5 c0n cobns So Cebu DgUnee eae Doo OUnOoG deb uo boob OOO mcncr 89
TZVeATESN DUB Aonaceooodabepdean Hobo CAB OO UoDOUO donc oD acceso oud oDUOmoDOIT 89
124 AUK UNAE: Gooooecodasmou cans coud UnUORUnOO One mo Oo COD OonoonU SD OESD ooODU COU CODE Doneonon 89
(COI 5.516 Soe COO UDO OeU OS Ob OC Oe eee nin SOG RO OOOO a Aas 5 Seo ao oscar 89
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OSPHROMENIDAE...<...1-...-.- “falco 10:6. OT IGNG eR GHO OPE Wire oiG: DinkorD GroNOROhD.-CAcL enc icha mecmnereteoae 90
PARADISE MESIS EL ae rorstrteverciereestbsersetsnciersteiee ehebenetete teres er -atehierstohonsrelstcrekelelersschehele/orei) et cwelalla/a\eyersiale enn) 90
(COURANT Seqb0ne 506 ab pmoObDSs DodeOnO DU me Go COMO OMDUODS TOO OCUCU ROO O.cco Tamora dc oOmticas 92
LG TAMING MELUISENEN I etreaeiserierieteratcreterenctanorciehelien rersinictcd- idle) clove tenenetencnetey sieUcltaskedousiafs ets) sfajioqeV'a4aya| So vollais..« 92
PAGNTAS AGN ETI IAUE SVASN Des VEAUAKSEN Gs xO Boro) a) efi et-a) chelate) lel felelclie) ie ey (eledie! sls sel) ce)/=)eeile eile) « 93
Chimie IP concn con soc anagondccOnOnOOnDIDeHoEdonnODeo dD doo oodooMoNNU oe mD OT sone 93
VW GATT: HUE G COTS THI teste cic terest atetctsl srs. = fa )ePepevatetedeiferoleeoteleel“r-V-l+)<favatoliowa)« ele nielielasereis « FOO LDM ey a OO 93

(Price, 25 cents for this issue)

[77 ]

CONTENTS

PAN TODON TDA) <ivac opel. aise dP xi eve Rcmpens suet ecerene eas cae te oho ete enerce eae ee 93
lena IEE n6comobee paEbOCOpObldO25600 Do nHonObaDanuENDocCHOOOCOuoONCObUCeEKEDE 93
651g 0 O00 UI amie Ont ots ane ey ee Re ee cE EiCMarAS Oct G otc cio Grecteinichs o-clolstatic 0.0 a0 Bole'sto. wc 94
DEVE DIANTOS! |< jectetere wists ore sok erste rere) sal ele Ae erencieeterole esac q Nase rest ioe iat ae eer eee terete 94
‘Lie BiARBEns SB ARB US te feernciosae, ccutere aerstond Canta eie eee OU ae erioe eee et CO eee ere 95
JAPANESE: COACH OB DOTO!, -er 50 «jut victoteiesesiea)sieiaisiss > aayen cieplslaiere waeletoey a eel ance nee 95
NAN DIDA BI! 2 atsus <0 cher. dvede echo ena ee eae acne eerie ete Gena SP Ieee eee 96
SADISH BADIS fs oraz -tovescvapayesete sts 7esa 70 opehopsga oj sbarokepetotsl Pel abe (cP eerste tek a tale Clears erste eee eee eet 96
ROLY CENTRUS| (SCHOMBURGKE ge o-j-tictorieis clel-torel sore -vels tolerate tareb-rsto acct kei eteicee eae ee ae 96
TRopicar hisHEs ro! Brace MoGerHEReeseer) eae eee eee eee 96
How tor Brenp Marat, WiORMSixc.aocn tated tance. Sneeie miata elle seepete cen era ae 96
Tm GaRevorSicKsPisHEs -...)sso0 coe. cuersasss eae one) cask eeeensasde: Veneers tae ae ee 97
PREVENTION? (OF) DISEASE) cces tet aiskeseyefai of eoeteranchel sero sielelervo oiaierFetsictereeeneretese) eit aiet eee eras 97
Ven STORTES! “aiah ce oi eatin. # rte cretmteseyesnteloceterer nse ele lese.e fel eae, osetesole ays lees nlorsis teieve) si staseierece re tosreretcverere ites 98
\azonugel Minin SeossounsoecconogHomnos sbGno Coup OCoUsURONSOOOUECORUUSCUaQOOdEOGNCOO CON 98
Wiazens ISnghiig SVN, US) INGRob obooonson0D DODdeNCoDaDGODoOAGoD DODO dOadnSuOMasoboooOe 98
(Omir 9 IMAI Wy Gone docsAtonenddodnuosoonbonoods oo oDooobOhUCOONOGNOAbonodDoSAcedOOR 99
EINE CONGESDION) ANDI ears ODeRr grits kelehtelleleliisietettetetal tet ttee ie) tet iteeietareeeteeeea 99
(Ean OH (Conriis (CoprrruG@ioogns coounabocnds DoobeovodooonUadooSadeconcoocondansoDesese 100
IESINCAIVON sgoocosbaubno po csndcoongndboDtde cuOS UU Dean oeouD MOOD TOOUdEOdNDCOOOOODDD 100
GENERATE SN CURABLED DISORDERS jefe lee ae ee eis 100
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN
PuBLISHED by the New York ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
111 Broadway, New York City
Single Copies, 20 cents Bi-monthly Yearly by Mail, $1.00

Frontispiece

BraziviaNn Hatr-Moon or Scatare....... Photo by Elwin R. Sanborn
(ChORIDs 6\ ao Slee o CIN cio ea 0 DIStenora each rote eater) t/a Photo by Dr. E
Top Minnow—Gampbusia Houprookt...... SP aie 3 eo ROIS F SoA) poate Se
NIOPL TTS, WATOTI ONIN NG oioid fin cco God Bee ae ie Hes Oe anne Oe ss tee age
Minx CaNnpomORD LATS Heri criteria cloacae rasan oe ss “ie ia Me
ELVERIDS) FROM P) RUBRA AND) X< HELLERD. .....-220.-..6.-.- a oad wise
ATYPON CIDUSHMACULATUSISWa ricci net oun wel sickens se eusraiie 2 ose s ie tx
RIBBONETAIEED MEAP IO CEU US peta sce iacie, si niche sees eee eveesereees are SS Naar age
RIVOPUSEREABEDDICAUD ARR. pits n Tis clsiel tae eesceea eneaeicner aos Saar os So oma
ol) AINMOP NED CORT aeewe a ot Sutsscacl toe Oro on ete ne ieee meee pean i i eam a ila
Top Minnow—HereraNpbRIA FORMOSA......

VORDAN HID ASIST ORINDA rae teeisneleie cicineacieesi orem oe

. Bade 82

“

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... Courtesy of Aquatic Life 87
....Photo:by.Dr. E. Bade 87

(GEPAINICEIID ORRIN pet Bo noe arcane sake sau ok oot Pn a ation eae : Je pe OPS 87
PAT CIARIAGHE TI MIA\C UIIVACL Neola orater. ratte acer rece fea Se cs esac doga ayer own Oh Ee a lea 90
Ripe CuRoMIDE yan. conc cece a viielo sca te eae s eats os | eee Courtesy of Aquatic Life 90
MG UTED REED ER hornet rete: eae tert ie Sone eat, s eePS eae CEaORee Photo by Dr. E. Bade 90
EXIST ONLY « CROUCH ONG) lesaus 6 Go Hlao 6 Ga a6 cated GI oeIor a odo o 7 eae? ths 91
STLERPERGORM) ORMUEDADOR <a) ceils eGis eee oes eiio cue eieisienecenuere, © oe bet eon 91
JAP UAIDY (3100) OTISTE tensa telat BiG Re CE OEE ROT OnG Oro RRR Oe ceo rOIGicio. 6 a Soe chan aap Ss 91
DN WATR Rg Gr OUUAMM eens aus re apace atarct eters cachetoue sctnys lace scouted ou esata ‘ TE ee he 94

CLIMBING Preren

BF CLERC PRETORIA SRC CTT eerie: Photo by L. B.

Spencer 94

EB. Bade 95

Hickson 95

Siamese Figutine Fiso—Berra sPLENDENS................. Photo by Dr

WAIKINGUEISHgn semi aces From A Naturalist in North Celebes, by S.J.

ZEB RAE EISE——D)AINTOMRERLO Sa cece doisiechevenetersi tiers sth susiotere eros iis Photo by Dr. E
EAD ISS AD IS Brewer creel cert hOdsv ome ener ea ated cosa er RSC sue ret sh aiiele oe sr sven Me Seo jl eS
BARBUSSPHUDUINIO)s) 2, siecc1 = Sensi cie so curueteuoie sc Sores fe Grea sels cies 6 atom
ROMVCEN TRUS :SGHOMBUR GIy ya sha cu/- ee eyieroiee iahe ree ase - Seo
BU REBT VE ISH apereye ater cel arouse severe seaaercle sa= Seay ssa seo od esas Se Sees

. Bade 96
ot 96
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re 97
“ Cover

*usoques "Yy ulm, Aq yduasojoqg

AdVIFOS WO NOOW-AIVH NVIIUZVUE

ZOOLOGICAL
POLISHING cca

Published by the New York Zoologr

SOC

sont Instity,
/

ly

Ra

UL 25 1921

NV y®

tae

Votume XXIV

AMON EE

1921 NuMBER 4

TROPICAL

TOY FISHES*

By Ipa M. Meiien

ECAUSE of their handsome colors and

great fecundity, various species of minute

tropical fishes have become popular for the
home aquarium. Some of these little fishes will
live in water of the temperature of the living
room, provided the heat is maintained steadily
throughout the colder seasons, and they do
especially well when the aquarium is protected
by a sheet of glass laid upon the top. This is
always a desirable provision, as most fishes are
apt to jump out.

For the special heating of a tank in the
home where a proper degree of warmth is un-
certain, aquaria are manufactured with a metal
sleeve built in, into which a tubular incandescent
lamp may be inserted; but if one does not wish
to purchase a special tank for his tropical
fishes, he can provide himself with a water-tight
brass sleeve, nickel plated, made for the same
kind of bulb, and place the whole apparatus in
the water by suspending it over the side of the
aquarium whenever extra heat is necessary. The
suspension of an incandescent lamp in the
aquarium is also effective, care being necessary
to prevent any metal parts from striking the
water.

Nearly all tropical toy fishes will breed in a
temperature of from 68 degrees to 75 degrees,
and they breed during the better part of the
year. In live-bearing species the female re-
mains fertile for some months after giving birth
to one family, producing more young from time
to time, though there is no male in the aquarium
with her.

Like goldfishes, they require a well-balanced
tank, with plenty of plant life and an hour or

*Indebtedness is acknowledged to Mr. Richard
Dorn and Dr. E. Bade for their kind reviewing of
the chapter on Tropical Fishes.

two of sunshine daily; but must not be given
cold water from the faucet. Water, to replace
evaporation and siphoning, should stand until
of the temperature of the room. Siphoned
water may be used again by straining back
through cheese-cloth.

Most tropical toy fishes are destructive to
snails, eating off their tentacles down to the eyes
and killing them, and tadpoles are too large
and boisterous to be placed with them. Most
species will forage for such food as falls to
the bottom, but for their complete well-being
siphoning must be resorted to for clearing the
tank of uneaten food and debris.

Sagittaria is the best of rooted plants for
oxygenation, but for live-bearing species the
tank should also be stocked with bushy plants
of the order of Myriophyllum and Cabomba for
the shelter of the young against their cannibal-
istic parents. For this purpose nothing is
superior to floating Riccia, masses of which,
hanging several inches down from the surface,
form a dense aquatic jungle in which the fry are
sate.

Those that lay eggs and do not care for the
young will eat their spawn the same as gold-
fishes do; but non-adhesive eggs may be saved
if they fall between large pebbles or among the
roots of plants, and adhesive eggs may be saved
by removing them with the plants to which they
are attached. Various sieve-like devices have
been invented for permitting non-adhesive egrs
to fall through and rest on the bottom, where
the young may develop in security.

It is a wonderful experience to start with a
pair of fishes an inch long and some day dis-
cover a dozen babies in the tank three-eighths
of an inch long and looking like nothing but
two big eyes attached to a wee gray streak

[ 81]

82 ZOOLOGICAL

-

ee:
a
Pa

GUPPY
Photograph by Dr. E. Bade.

of animated matter that can dart twenty-five
times its own length in the minutest fraction of
a second.

It is not possible in this paper to deal with
any but the best-known varieties of tropical toy
fishes. Aside from the number already familiar
to aquarists in this country, dozens of others,
equally attractive, never been brought
here; and one has only to consult a catalog of
fresh water fishes of Central and South America
and Mexico, to realize that these countries afford
a happy hunting ground for the enthusiast in
search of finny beauties yet unknown in the
United States.

All adult tropical fishes should be fed once
daily, and the fry two or three times. The
young that hatch from eggs require live food—
infusoria, and later daphnia, ete.—but those
born alive will take the prepared baby fish
foods, powdered yolk

have

of egg, graham or soda
cracker dust, oatmeal broth, juices of meat and
shellfish, ete., and the adults will eat pretty
much the same food as goldfishes. Wherever
live food is procurable it is most desirable for
all young fishes, and older but if

ones, too;

MOLLIENISIA LATIPINNA
Photograph by Dr. E. Bade.

SOCIETY

BULLETIN

collected from the ponds great care must be
exercised to eliminate the natural enemies of
little fishes—larvae of aquatic insects, beetles,
hydra, ete.

CyprINopONT FiIsHEes
With a flat head and protractile mouth
Rarnsow Fisu or Guppy

The commonest and one of the hardiest of
tropical toy fishes for the home is the viviparous
rainbow fish, commonly called Guppy because
of its former scientific name, Guirardinus
guppyt. It is now called Lebistes reticulatus
and is highly prized as a destroyer of mosquito
larvae in its native waters of Trinidad, Vene-
zuela, Jamaica, Surinam and Barbadoes, where
its occurrence is in sufhcient numbers to have
earned it the epithet of “million fish.”

TOP MINNOW, GAMBUSIA
Photograph by Dr. E. Bade.

HOLBROOKI

The plain fish-gray female measures at full
growth about one and a half inches. The male
measures slightly less than an inch in length and
his colors are beautiful beyond description. No
two are alike, and rainbows seem actually to
flit before one in aquatic miniature, in the com-
bination of orange, light green, pink, deep pur-
ple, pale blue and majenta, with black spots and
lines irregularly disbursed, as the male guppy
indulges in his tireless occupation of courting
the female in the most brilliant array that he is
capable of assuming. The colors are best seen

with the light falling over the observer's
shoulder. The young are fish-gray like their

mother, males not acquiring their colors until a
couple of months old.

They will breed at about six months, when
half grown. ‘The male parents appear not to
eat the young fish, but will fatally bite them,
gouging out their eyes or stomachs. The females
feast on their offspring as they would on
mosquito laryae, swallowing them whole with

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

apparent relish. As with other animals, inter-
breeding is not desirable, and an exchange of
males with someone else who is breeding gup-
pies is always profitable for both breeders, in-
fusing new blood into the strains and produc-
ing finer colors in the males.

Warm water stimulates their reproduction,
and a dealer, finding that in his store there was
a section of stove-pipe continually warm, set
his guppy tank above it, and said his supply of
guppies soon exceeded the demand.

The number of young at a birth varies, but
if nine are saved from their pursuing mother,
the beginner is doing too well to complain. If
he saves twenty, he is lucky indeed. One
common practise is to place the gravid female
in a small globe or jar thickly stocked with
plants in which the young may hide, removy-
ing her after they are all born and leaving

MEXICAN SWORDTAILS
Photograph by Dr. E. Bade

them until large enough to be safely returned
to the tank with the others. One young man
prepares jars for the gravid
females, arranging a strip of copper mosquito
netting in each jar to divide it, much as a
breeding cage is divided. The mother fish is
placed in the side away from the light. He
finds that the new born young will dart through
the holes in the netting toward the light, and stay
there in safety. They well know their own
danger. After all are born, he removes the
mother and the netting, keeping the fry apart
from the adult fishes for several weeks. In this
way he has frequently saved more than twenty
young.

small separate

At the slowest rate of breeding, let us say
once in six months, it will be seen that one
should have at least fifty-six guppies at the
end of the year, starting with a single pair.
(This is figuring on the pair producing two
lots from which eighteen are saved. If there
were four females among the nine from the

BULLETIN 83

HYBRIDS

From P. rubra (male) and X. helleri (female).

first lot, these, reproducing at the end of six
months, would add thirty-six to the number,
making in all fifty-six. If the aquarium is kept
in a warm place, this number may be doubled
cr tripled.)

Both young and old will browse on the minute
algae of the aquarium, and the young should
be fed as already prescribed for fishes born
alive. The adults are voracious and will clean
up all foods thrown into the tank provided
the pieces are not too large for their throats.
They will eat yolk of hard-boiled egg, baked
or boiled white potato, prepared fish foods of
all sorts, chopped fish, meat, shellfish, and will
greatly appreciate live food when this is pro-
curable—daphnia, mosquito larvae, white worms
(Enchytraeids) ete.

A common custom is to hang a piece of raw
beef in the guppy tank for a few hours, and
let them pick at it.

Enchytraeids can be purchased from some
dealers with full instructions
them, and though there is some slight suspicion

for Dreeding

that they contain parasites which eventually

PLATYPOECILUS MACULATUS
Photograph by Dr. E. Bade.

[oe)
=

prove injurious to the fishes, many breeders
still use them.

Top Minnow or Leoparp Fisu (Gambusia)

In Louisiana and Florida and Cuba and in
fact pretty generally from Illinois to Mexico,
top minnows inhabit the brooks and ponds, and
Gambusia holbrooki is the proper toy fish for
those who admire jet black or the combination
of black and white, so striking in any animal.
In this species the males are wholly black or
black and white, while the females are plain
fish-gray. (It is said that an occasional male
is found lacking color like the females.)

Another common species, found in Mexico,
our own southern states, and even as far norti
as Delaware, is G. affinis, which does well
in a “happy family” tank of native fishes.
Both sexes are gray. Some specimens have a
dusky band on the sides, others are faintly
peppered with black.

Neither of the species mentioned exceeds two
inches in length and in most collections the
males are but one inch long, the females one
and a half inches.

In the top minnow the embryos develop in
the evisacs, where, as a rule in viviparous spec-
ies, they are fertilized, and deveiop in the
ovarian cavity. It consequently happens that
the dark area which indicates gravidness in
most other small live-bearing species, is present
at all times and may mean nothing in Gam-
busia. It is therefore not so simple to make
special preparations to save the young, which
the parents mercilessly pursue and devour. The
tank should be uncommonly well stocked with
plants in which the fry may hide.

Food for young and adults should be the
same as for the rainbow fish.

Tue Mvup-Earers

The Mud-eaters (Mollienisia latipinna M.
velifera, and M. formosa), ranging from the
Carolinas to Mexico, accommodate themselves
to either fresh or brackish water and_ bring
forth their young alive. One brought to New
York from Key West gave birth to seventy-
five young, and another that died was opened
and found to contain one hundred and twenty-
eight embryos.

They are large at birth—about three-eighths
of an inch long—and so far as has been observed,
the parents do not eat them. For safety’s sake,
however, it is customary with aquarists to
separate the young until six or eight weeks old,
since a suspicion of cannibalism attaches to
fishes in general.

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

Altogether, the mud-eater is one of the most
satisfactory of toy fishes, accepting almost any-
thing offered—prepared foods, boiled egg yolk,
chopped meat, fish, shellfish, ete., and the males
are exceedingly attractive in the breeding season,
adding orange tints to the head and breast that
contrast handsomely with their steel-gray bodies
trimmed with black lines, and frequently exhibit-
ing for the female’s admiration their beautiful,
sail-like dorsal fin. They are fond of vege-
table foods also, and a dense growth of algae in
the tanks suits them to perfection.

They grow slowly in captivity—more slowly
in brackish than in fresh water—but breed
when about two years old, even though they
have not yet attained half their growth. As
with most fishes, there are fewer young in the
first than in subsequent births, especially so if
the mother is not half grown.

The sex of the mud-eaters can be told from
birth by the intromittent organ of the male.

The mud-eater’s flat head gives it a peculiarly
unintelligent expression; but except for this, the
little fish has a comfortable, matronly look,
which makes it appear to accept captivity with
genuine contentment.

Mexican Sworpratrs AND Hyprips

Except for the rainbow fish it is probable that
no tropical toy fish has met with so much favor
among American aquarists as Xiphophorus hel-
leri, the only species of the three handsome
Mexican Swordtails (found in Mexico and Cen-
tral America) that is commonly brought into
the States.

The male has a long, green or yellow sword-
like tail edged with black, and a red stripe adorns
his body. The female’s shape is similar to that
of the female rainbow fish, but she is twice,
sometimes three times as large, and much more
beautiful, having an orange-red band running
the length of her body.

The two other species of swordtails are X.
jalapae, found in the streams of Vera Cruz up
to an altitude of five thousand feet and attain-
ing a length of four inches, and X. montezumae,
found in the basin of the Rio Panuco and hay-
ing about the same length as X. helleri— about
four inches.

Their habits are similar to those of rainbow
fishes, the females having been known to re-
main fertile for over a year after one impregna-
tion, normally producing a dozen young about
every six weeks in water of summer temperature,
and eating their own young unless the latter are
protected.

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 85

Like most small tropical fishes, they prefer a
diet of raw meat, live worms and crustaceans,
but will take other foods on occasion.

Cross-breeding of Helleri with other fishes
has been tried with much success and the oftf-
spring are not always sterile, though they have
the reputation of being shorter lived than the
pure stock.

The Red Helleri, which brings high prices and
the exact parentage of which has not been re-
yealed by its producers, is acknowledged to be a
hybrid. Crosses between X. helleri and Platy-
poecilus rubra have been frequently made, and
the Helleri has also been crossed with the rain-
bow fish. Handsome hybrids are produced by
crossing X. helleri with P. pulchra, the offspring
being beautiful black fishes with sides of burn-
ished blue and green satin.

PLATYPOECILIDA

The Platypoecilida come from South America
and Mexico, and are commonly called by their
specific names of maculata, rubra, pulchra, etc.
All are viviparous, and the female, kept quite
alone, may surprise her owner after producing
one family, by giving birth to another when a
number of weeks have elapsed. A female rubra
at the Aquarium gave birth to eighteen young
in two days.

The delicate, blue-tinted Platypoecilus macu-
latus from Central America and Mexico, in which
the female’s anal fins are edged with black, is
most timid; and the P. rubra, with its scarlet
color and occasional black specks and green-
tinted scales, the most handsome. The male
rubra is about half the size of the female and
more brilliantly colored. Both sexes have a
black spot at the root of the tail. In the color-
ing of P. pulchra a rich, satiny black predom-
inates.

All are partial to raw meat and live crusta-
ceans, but most will take prepared foods by
oway of variety, and they are always hungry.

If the aquarium is covered with a strip of
glass during all but the warm months of sum-
mer, artificial heating of the water is unneces-
sary, a room-temperature of 68 degrees being en-
tirely suitable.

Hap.Locui.us

Half a dozen species of Haplochilus have
been introduced into the United States and have
found popularity because of their attractive
shapes and colors, beautiful fins and tails being
a common characteristic of the males. All are
egg-layers, and all prefer live food though they
will take other foods, even the dried kinds. The

eggs are adhesive and are laid among the aquatic
plants, where they hatch in from ten to fourteen
days. It is well to remove the adults to another
tank after they have spawned; also to watch
and sort the young so that the larger may not
feast upon the smaller. Young and old may be
ted the same as goldfishes.

Some of these fishes come from Africa, others
trom India. Among the former are H. spil-
argyreus with six black vertical bands and a
red and yellow spot on the gill cover, and the
allied H. chaperi, similarly banded and measur-
ing about two and a half inches. The _best-
known haplochilus of all comes also from Africa
and is one of the smallest of the species, attain-
ing but two inches in length. It is called the
Ribbon-tailed Haplochilus (H. cameronensis),
and the beautiful tail, shaped like a lyre in
the male, adds to the attractiveness of a delicate
body of blue, spotted with rows of scarlet, and
red-striped fins.

From India comes the Red-spotted Haplo-
chilus (H. lineatus), the male having green and
blue sides, his body and fins spotted with scarlet,
his tail bordered with red, black and white, the
female having a black stripe from head to tail.
This species has been kept for two years at
the Aquarium, and is the largest of the group,
attaining four and a balf inches in length. Other
species from India are H. fasciolatus in which
the female is smaller than the male, and the
male’s yellow-blue body is dotted with seven
rows of scarlet specks, his tail being enhanced
by two long central rays; the H. panchaz, of
which several varieties are known, also called
the Red-tailed Haplochilus which attains a
length of three inches, has bluish sides and in
the male a tail bordered with red and_ black,
in the female with red only. |

Rivutus

Several species of the hardy Rivulus are im-
ported from Brazil and Central America, R.
poeyit being perhaps the commonest, the entire
length of its plain, fish-gray body offset with
rows of scarlet and the fins with yellow and red.
As in many small fishes, the fins of the male
are more highly developed and colored than
those of the female. The body and fins of R.
flabellicauda are similarly dotted and marked
with red, and it has a red throat. The Golden
rivulus is a variety of R. Poeyi, the dots and
markings of scarlet being the same but the body
color being golden instead of gray. The average
length of Rivulus is about three inches.

Rivulus are noted for their capacity for jump-
ing out of the water. They will lie for hours

86 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

RIBBON-TAILED HAPLOCHILUS
Photograph by Dr. E. Bade.

among the floating plants with half their bodies
out of the water, and Mr. Richard Dorn has
observed specimens in his aquarium adhering to
the sides of the jar or to the glass cover, out of
water, for a long time. The species is supposed
to be air bladder, but Jordan and
Evermann did not find this true in the case of
some Fivulus from Cuba.

minus an

They are egg layers, and the parents or eggs
should be removed after spawning occurs. The
young may be expected to hatch in two weeks’
time or slightly sooner.

Rivulus have lived for three years at the
Aquarium, and showed a preference for live
food, meat, fish and shellfish. though on oc-
casion they would accept dried shrimp and
other prepared foods.

JANUARIUS

A little, grayish-yellow fish with black spots,
Januarius has been introduced into the United
States and also into Europe, from the West In-
dies and Central and South America, where it in-
habits streams. The sexes are similarly marked,
and it thrives under conditions suitable for our

¥ pt

See
JANUARIUS
Photograph by Dr. E. Bade.

native fishes. Its breeding habits and food are
about the same as those of the rainbow fish.

Scientifically it was long known as Girardinus
reticulatus, then as Phalloptychus januarius,
and now labors under the title of Phalloceros
caudomaculatus—all very heavy names for such
a tiny and innocent creature.

Tor Minnow (Heterandria formosa)

Found in company with the top minnow
Gambusia, in the swamps and ditches of our
southern states, with a range approximately
from South Carolina to Florida, Heterandria
formosa long had the reputation of being the
smallest known fish. Though it has been obliged
to yield that title to a goby inhabiting a lake in
the Philippine Islands, it still lays claim to be-
ing the smallest viviparous fish, the Philippine
species being oviparous.

RIVULUS FLABELLICAUDA
Photograph by Dr. E. Bade.

JORDANELLA FLORIDAE

Abundant in the streams and swamps of
Florida, this little fish, as yet lacking a com-
mon name, has frequently been shipped north.
The body color of green is spotted with black
in both sexes, and in the male with red. The
food consists of both vegetable «nd animal mat-
ter, like that of the rainbow fish. The eggs are
adhesive, and the parents cannot long be trusted
with them.

Crcuuips or CHromIpeEs
In some species of which both parents care for
their young

Tue CHancuiro
(Cichlasoma facetum or Heros facetum)

This little fish, sometimes called the Brazilian
Zebra-fish but usually referred to as Chanchito,
meaning pig, from its habits of fighting like a
young pig and of uprooting plants, especially

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

when excavating its nest in the sand, has still a
third name, for the English call it Chameleon-
fish because of the remarkable changes of color-
ing it exhibits during the breeding season. The
male is a fighter, and even the female stoops to
bullying; but notwithstanding their quarrelsome
dispositions, the Chanchitos have won their way
into the affections of aquarists by their fascinat-
ing breeding habits. The male, which, like the
male paradise fish, mates only with a female to
whom he takes a fancy, forces his lady by bites
and shoves into the spot where the eggs are to
be laid and fertilized, and generously permits
her to join with him in caring for the eggs
and young—a privilege granted to very few
mother fishes by their despotic lords.

The eggs are conveyed to a nest scooped in
the sand, and the little ones hatch in from five
to ten days and begin to swim around after their

JORDANELLA FLORIDAE
Photograph by Dr. E. Bade.

parents in an interesting procession, the female
acting as advance guard and the male bringing
up the rear. This procedure is allowed by the
devoted parents only during the day, for on the
approach of evening the precious babies are
safely stowed back into the nest for the night
and the parents keep vigilant guard over them,
transferring them from one hole or nest to an-
other from time to time as their judgment dic-
tates. This anxious watchfulness continues until
the offspring are about two months old, and
even then the parents do not as a rule turn can-
nibal,—another unusual feature among fishes.
There have been occasional exceptions to the
rule, however.

They breed when about nine months old, and
have not infrequently spawned in captivity,
seeming to have a preference for flower pots by
way of nesting places.

In a state of nature they are carnivorous,
subsisting on worms and other small forms of

wm
~I

TOP MINNOW, HETERANDRIA
Courtesy of Aquatic Life.

FORMOSA

aquatic life. In captivity they can, be fed the
same as guppies, with live food, meat, prepared
foods, ete.

Eighteen species of Chanchito are found in
Mexico, ranging from five to fourteen inches in
length, the species with which we are familiar
in North America being one of the smallest.
Found in ponds and slowly moving streams
tributary to the La Plata River in South
America, it grows to be four and a half inches
long.

ACARA BIMACULATA

The habits of Acara bimaculata of Brazil,
Guiana, Trinidad, ete., are somewhat similar to
those of Chanchito, in that it will spawn on an
old flowerpot, laying upwards of one hundred
and fitty eggs which are fanned and guarded by
both parents. The try are transferred occasion-
ally from one place to another, and are cared
for by both parents for some weeks.

This fish attains a length of four inches, and
changes color rapidly, assuming green, yellow
and blue markings interspersed with black, and
always showing a black spot near the center
of the body and another at the beginning of
the tail.

CHANCHITO
Photograph by Dr. E. Bade.

88 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

Bepartments :
Mammals Aquarium
W.T. Hornapay. C. H. Townsrnpb.
Birds Reptiles

Lek S. CRANDALL. Raymonp L. Ditmars

WittiaM Beest. Honorary Curator, Birds

Published bi-monthly at the Office of the Society.
111 Broadway, New York City.

Yearly by Mail, $1.00.
MAILED FREE TO MEMBERS.

Copyright, 1920, by the New York Zoological Society.

Each author is responsible for the scientific accuracy
and the proof reading of his contribution.

Etwin R. Sansorn, Editor

Vou. XXIV, No. 4

Jury, 1921

As in numerous other species of small fishes,
the fins of the male, notably dorsal and anal,
are projected to a point, while those of the
female are slightly rounded.

This species has lived for two years at the
Aquarium, and responds to the same treatment
and care as that applied to the Chanchito.

Brazitian Hartr-Moon or Scalare

This alluring fish of the Amazon, Essequibo
and other South American waters, commonly
called Scalare from its scientific name, Ptero-
phyllum scalare (ter-o-fil-lum sca-la-re), is
sought by fish fanciers on both. sides of the
Atlantic, yet it is said there have been few suc-
cessful breeders of the species.

The fish requires heated water in winter in
the climate of New York, and unless one has a
conservatory or is willing to install a heating
system, is not suited to the home.

At the Aquarium it has been exhibited in water
artificially heated in winter to 68 degrees or
72 degrees and has lived for two years, though
no attempt was made to breed it.

The breeding of this fish, which may occur
several times in one year, has been described
by various experimenters as a most interesting
process. The eggs are deposited on the glass
sides of the aquarium, or, preferably, on broad-
leaved plants, the male fertilizing them as rap-
idly as they are laid; and both parents keep the
supply of oxygen fresh over them by fanning
them constantly for from two and a half to four
days, when the young may be expected to hatch.

The fry cling to the plants and the parents
move them about from one leaf to another.
The male, which can be distinguished by his
longer dorsal fin, and also by the strange fact

—for a fish—that he is of inferior beauty to
the female, digs a hollow in the sand, and both
parents transfer the young to it. Some say the
babies swim in seven days, returning every
night to the hollow.

Some breeders have found the parents safe
with the fry for eight days; others found cani-
balism commencing before that time and removed
the parents on the sixth day.

All agree that these fishes prefer live food
and will eat beetles and bugs, worms, flies, ete.
At the Aquarium we fed them on minced beef
and shellfish, which they ate ravenously.

In about five weeks the young resemble the
parents in form, and if the water is kept at the
proper temperature they generally prove hardy.
They will eat infusorians, canned shrimp, pre-
pared foods, ete. They are also plant-eaters
and like Riccia, Salvinia and other floating
plants.

The form of the male is highly attractive, all
of his fins except the pectoral being drawn out
in long filaments, while those of the female end
in a sharp point.

Adult half-moons grow to be the size of a
man’s hand. Even Europeans come to the
Aquarium to inquire where they can be bought.
So far as we know in New York, the only suc-
cessful breeders of half-moons in this country
are Mr. William L. Paullin of Prospect Park,
Pennsylvania, to whose accounts of his experi-
ments, published in Aquatic Life, we are in-
debted for some of the foregoing statements,
and Mr. Franklin Barrett of Philadelphia, who
succeeded in raising one hundred specimens in
the spring of 1921.

THe Rep CHromMipe

The Red Chromide (Hemichromis bimaculatus )
is one of the handsomest of the toy fishes coming
to America from African waters, the female be-
ing quite as brilliantly colored as the male. The
rich reddish brown and blue of the back and
sides is enhanced by a scarlet throat, and three
characteristic black spots appear, one on the
gill cover, another at the base of the caudal fin,
and the third in the center of the body. Trzm-
aculatus (three-spotted) would be a more appro-
priate name.

The eggs are adhesive like those of the Brazil-
ian half-moon, and the parents take turns in
guarding them, removing the babies in their
mouths to hollows scooped in the sand. Like
Chanchitos, they dig up plants in their efforts
to scoop these hollows. At almost any time
after the young are five days old, one may ex-

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 89

pect to see them following their parents about
and searching for food, which should be the
same as that used for baby goldfishes.
CuROMIDE

Tue Briack-Banpep

A specimen of Black-banded Chromide (Cich-
lasoma nigrofasciatum) from Brazil lived in the
Aquarium laboratory for a year or so. A fish
of exquisite coloration, it is nevertheless of an
inordinately pugnacious, not to say ferocious,
disposition. The male, in the breeding season,
changes his rich brown coat for a deep black,
beset with turquoise gems, and his pectoral fins
become suffused with red. The breeding habits
of this fish are the same as those of the red
chromide.

Tue Mouru-Breeper

Haplochromis strigigena is an_ interesting
mouth-breeder of the diminutive size of one and
three-fourths inches, which comes from Africa
and Egypt to delight the eye of the American
aquarist, who knowns it also by a former name
—Paratilapia multicolor.

The colors of the fish are brown, burnished
gold and blue, the male having a red-tipped anal
fin.

As in all mouth-breeding species observed
from Africa, it is the female that carries the
eggs in her mouth during incubation, the young
in early infancy swimming back again for
safety. The eggs are first laid in a hollow
scooped in the sand, and then picked up by the
female, whose mouth becomes distended to ac-
commodate them. No food is taken by mouth-
breeding fishes while the eggs are hatching, but
fortunately for this little fish it is not obliged
to abstain from food as long as are some large
fishes of similar habits, the young, which may
number from one dozen to six dozen, hatching
in two weeks or less. It is customary among
fishes for the male to care for the young when
they receive any care, and the little male of
this species resents very bitterly the assumption
of maternal duties by his spouse. First being
an anti-suffragist, he takes the next logical step,
and when his mate gathers up the eggs, be-
comes a wife-beater. At this juncture solitary
confinement is the very best thing for his soul.
Unfortunately it is necessary to remove the
mother, too, when the young become free-swim-
ming, for, forgetting her maternal instincts,
sacrifice and all, she will make a meal off them.

Live foods are best if procurable, but the
young of this species will sometimes take arti-
fical foods. The adults, which are hardy in
captivity, appreciate a meat or fish diet, but will

take foods similar to those prescribed for the
rainbow fish.
Cuaracin FisHes
One of the species lays its eggs out of water
PyRRHULINA

A curious fish whose eggs are hatched out of
water, is occasionally brought from South
America—Pyrrhulina filamentosa. Gracefully
formed, though not brilliantly colored, it is
prized chiefly for its peculiar habit of fastening
its eggs an inch above the water, where the
male keeps them moist by squirting water upon
them at frequent intervals. Luckily they hatch
within two days, or his exertions might become
wearisome. Once the eggs are hatched and the
fry- drop down into the water, the parents take
no further care of them.

The species here pictured, P. australis, though
a near relative of P. filamentosa, and strongly re-
sembling it in other ways, lays its eggs in the
water like other fishes.

*GOBIES

A large and yaried family of fishes, com-
prising 600 species, found in both fresh and
salt waters, ranging from half an inch in length
to three feet, and among which are some of
the Walking Fishes. Most of the gobies kept
at the New York Aquarium inhabit warm,
brackish water; but the hardiest of our gobies
is

THe SLEEPER

These beautiful fishes, ranging from the Caro-
linas to Brazil and the West Indies and also
found on the Pacific Coast, thrive better in
standing fresh water than in brackish water,
though they have the disadvantage of out-grow-
ing the home aquarium. They also come as near
to eating their owner out of house and home as
a fish very well can; and they are happiest in
muddy water. But their lovely colors—rich
shades of blue and yellow—compensate for
most of the disadvantages.

Just why the fish is called Sleeper (Dormita-
tor maculatus ) is not quite clear, but it has two
unusual habits, either of which may have given
rise to the name. When first taken into captivity
it has a trick of fainting from fright whenever
a person moves before the tank or disturbs the
water in it, and will lie on its back gasping for
some time. An occasional specimen will die of
fright, but as a rule sleepers recover from this
habit after a few months in captivity and speci-
mens well acclimated to confinement never faint.
The sleeper also has a way of poising itself in
the water for a considerable time as though medi-

*For Walking gobies, see Walking Fish.

90 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

ACARA
Photograph by Dr. E. Bade.

BIMACULATA

tating, either resting against the floating plants
or balanced at the top or against the glass. Even
the mud minnow does not remain motionless for
such a long time. Seeing it thus poised for an
hour or so, one naturally begins to wonder if
the fish is dead, and might conclude, as it darts
away, that it was only sleeping.

In a native state the sleeper eats mud and
vegetation, and at the Aquarium seems to enjoy
aquatic plants, beef, shellfish and fish.

The sexes are distinguishable, the coloring of
the male being richer, his dorsal fins much closer
together than those of the female.

OsPHROMENIDAE

that build bubble nests.
labyrinth fishes

Also called

Fishes

Tue Parapise Fisu

A boarder that is both beautiful and intelli-
gent and that will eat anything is the, most
satisfactory kind to have; and in this respect the
Paradise Fish (Macropodus viridi-auratus) can
hardly be surpassed. Anything that a goldfish
will eat suits the Paradise fish, it is always

MOUTH BREEDER
Photograph by Dr. E. Bade.

hungry, and will take amazingly large mouthfuls
for a fish of its size.

No fish presents more beautiful and interesting
color changes, the customary warm brown with
the conspicuous vertical bars giving place to
flesh color, red, green, blue, and other handsome
hues according to the fish’s moods. Tempera-
ture, food, the introduction of a mate into the
tank, excitement, and various other causes may
operate to effect a rapid change in color.

It is one of the so-called labyrinth fishes, in
which accessory breathing organs are developed
in connection with the branchial arches, enabling
the animal to breathe air like the climbing perch;
but unlike the perch it does not leave the water,
its fins not being similarly adapted to maintain
the body on land in an upright position. It has
been our experience with one specimen at the

RED CHROMIDE

Courtesy of Aquatic Life.

Aquarium that jumping out of the tank was dis-
astrous for though picked up within a few
minutes and replaced, it died soon after. Mr.
Lee Crandall, however, describes a specimen of
his that fell down stairs without sustaining in-
jury, and Mr. Richard Dorn tells of one that
jumped out of a container and laid on a city side-
walk. for several minutes with no harm accruing.

Its breathing facilities are such that it has
been known to survive foul water, to say nothing
of close quarters, saving itself from suffocation
by rising and taking air at the surface. It can-
not live in cool running water, but will stand
considerable variations of temperature, surviy-
ing the extremes of 50 degrees and 90 degrees.
Mr. Dorn, accidentally overlooking a specimen
when removing the fishes from an outdoor tub to
his house one fall, was surprised to discover that
it had survived the winter in the tub, at tempera-
tures often near the freezing point.

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 91

Southeastern Asia and Africa have supplied
the Occident for fifty years with this interest-
ing species, which naturally inhabits the swampy
bottoms of rice fields and evidently feeds on flies
and such other insects and live food as are
available, since its preference is for fish and
meat.

The paradise fish is hardy and breeds often
in captivity, sometimes rearing several broods
in one season.
of nest builders.
summer began to build a nest the very next day
after arrival. This feat is accomplished in a
curious manner, the male fish blowing a bubble
nest at the surface of the water, held intact by
a buccal secretion and anchored to the floating
plants. It may be a quarter of an inch thick,

and measure six inches in circumference. When

It is one of the most captivating
Some received from abroad last

SLEEPER OR DORMITATOR
Photograph by Dr. E. Bade.

his work is complete, he urges the female under
the nest, and as she lays the eggs, fertilizes them.
The eggs are so light they rise into the nest.
In all there may be from two to five hundred
eggs, and to preserve the female from the vigil-
ance and ferocity of the male it will be nec-
essary to remove her as soon as the spawning
is completed. Occasionally a male will eat the
eggs, but as a rule he is safe with his offspring
until they become free-swimming, when from
five to eight days old. The female becomes
almost white during the spawning operation.
The eggs hatch in from twenty to thirty-six
hours, according to the temperature of the water,
and with a magnifying glass the fry can be
seen emerging. They retain the yolk-sac for
several days, and require a little sun daily. The
father fish keeps the nest in constant repair
until it becomes necessary for the fry to seek
food. At this juncture he must be removed,
else he will break the fast he has maintained
while on duty, by feasting upon the very babies

PYRRHULINA
Photograph by Dr. E. Bade.

AUSTRALIS

he has theretofore so jealously and_ fiercely
guarded.

Like all fishes born with a yolk-sac, the young
do better on infusoria than other foods. They
should be fed the same as goldfish fry, except
that as early as two weeks they can eat chopped
beef, worms, small crustaceans, etc. The young
must be sorted to prevent cannibalism.

The paradise fish matures at about four
months, and will breed when a year old, or
sooner, and often when the young of one spawn-
ing are about ten days old, a new nest is built
and another family long as the
temperature remains favorable. The male, the
larger of the two, attains a length of three and
a half inches.

reared, so

Like killifishes, they watch for their owner,
peering through the glass and following his
movements with lively curiosity, prompted, of
course, by an ever-present hunger.

They have lived for eight years in captivity.

Paradise fishes, fishes, not
blessed with heavenly dispositions, despite their
sweet-sounding names. By malicious poking and
driving, one will prevent another from feeding

like angel are

PARADISE
Photograph by Dr. E. Bade.

FISH

92 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

and a male will kill a mate to whom he does
not happen to take a fancy. Breeders have
handled this situation by placing the pair in a
tank with a glass partition, it having been ob-
served that when a male watches a female in
this manner for a time, he is more likely to ac-
cept her with amiability. Males will kill one
another, and females are not always averse to
bullying other females and killing specimens
smaller than themselves.

Most breeders transfer paradise fishes with
a cup if possible, as a net has sometimes proved
injurious to their delicate fins.

If the male happens to be of the sort that
eats his eggs, the eggs can be removed with a
cup to a well-stocked tank, where the young,
on hatching, may attach themselves to the vege-
tation till their yolk-sacs are absorbed.

These fishes, being equipped with air-breath-
ing facilities, do not require a great deal of
water, two gallons sufficing for a pair three to
four inches in length; but if one wishes to
breed them, an aquarium that will accomodate a
six-inch bubble nest must, of course, be provided.

Tue Gouramti

Dwarf Gourami—T'richogaster lalius

Striped Gourami—T. fasciatus

Thick-lipped Gourami—T. labiosus

Spotted Gourami—Osphromenus trichopterus

These yarious species of gourami, kept in
home aquaria, are of similar habits. The dwarf
gourami is not uncommon, and the striped, spot-
ted thick-lipped and other species have been
introduced from India and the Malay Peninsula.

No fish presents a more self-satisfied appear-
ance than the chunky dwarf gourami, with a
total length of one and a half inches and a
pretty blue body offset with orange-red vertical
bars. The striped gourami attains a length of
four or five inches and is adorned with alternate
stripes of red and blue in brilliant array. The
spotted gourami is least attractively marked,
with its plain gray body and dark-spotted sides.
Some other species of gourami are said to weigh
as much as twenty pounds.

Several species have been bred in captivity,
building a nest of bubbles, five or six inches in
diameter, which the male jealously guards, even
killing the female in his feverish anxiety to
protect his offspring. She should be removed im-
mediately after spawning. The gourami are
peculiarly subject to being preyed upon by the
carnivorous plant, Utricularia, which catches
the new-born young in its bladder-like traps, and
ere long transforms them from living, moving
animals into immobile plant tissues. Several

hundred eggs are laid and the young hateh in
from one to three days according to the tempera-
ture of the water, which may range on an
average from 65 to 80 degrees. They breed sey-
eral times during the summer, at a temperature of
about 75 degrees. The dwarf gourami uses both
plants and bubbles in the construction of his nest.

When the fry leave the nest a few days after
they hatch, it is time to remove the father, who,
fish-like, suddenly shifts his unstable instinct
for the preservation of his species to a shame-
less appetite for his own babies.

The food of the gourami is more varied than
that of most fishes of its class, aquatic plants,
worms, insects and crustaceans supplying its
nourishment in a state of nature, to which, in
captivity, a diet of scraped beef, fish and shell-
fish, and the prepared fish-foods, may be added.

Like paradise fish, the gourami has accessory
breathing organs, adapted to air breathing. It
does not quit the water, but frequently visits
the surface for oxygen, of which its gills seem
unable to extract a sufficient quantity from the
water.

Ficutine Fisues

Siamese Fighting Fish—Betta splendens
Red Fighting Fish—B,. rubra
Fighting Fish—B. pugnax

Man has not exercised his brutal betting
instinct solely on the result of fights between
dogs and cocks with their kind, bulls with man,
and men (so-called) with men. He has found
a subject even in fishes, and gambled away im-
mense sums upon the outcome of aquatic combats
fought to a bloody end, his pleasure in the
spectacle not having been diminished by the
diminutive size of the combatants, but, rather,
heightened by the wonderful colors their excite-
ment causes them to assume.

The King of Siam, as is well known, was at
one time the recipient of considerable revenues
from licenses granted for such fights, in which
one fish is said always to be killed, sometimes
both.

Betta spendens and Betta rubra are hand-
somely colored, excitement causing the assump-
tion of most brilliant flashes of color. They live
in shallow waters and, like the paradise fish,
build a bubble nest among floating plants, to
which the male carries the eggs, which hatch in
about twenty-four hours and the young leave
the nest in a few days. The mother fish should
be removed after spawning, permitting the jeal-
ous father to guard his young without murder-
ing lookers-on. He destroys the nest when the
young are hatched, and cares for them for some

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 93

days. The male rubra is red-brown and black
with a blue-green sheen, the female plain brown.
In B. splendens the rays of the tail are red.

Betta pugnaz is a species regarding which we
feel that “the least said, soonest mended.” It
has not been kept at the Aquarium, and there
is no agreement among aquarists regarding its
habits. Some say it never fights, while the Cam-
bridge Natural History mentions it as the
species most commonly used in the Siamese fish-
fights; some say it builds a bubble nest, others
that the male carries the eggs in his mouth till
they hatch; some say it lives in warm water,
others that it inhabits cool stream; some affirm
that they have had it in their aquariums in the
United States, others declare that the species has
never been brought to this country. It is evi-
dently a matter of confusion regarding the iden-
tity of the species.

Fighting fishes are partial to mosquitoes and
other live foods, and the young have been reared
on infusorians, daphnia, enchytraeids, raw beef
or other scraped meat, hard-boiled egg yolk, the
inside of meal worms, cracker dust, etc.

Like climbing perch, the fighting fishes are
adapted to air-breathing.

In this group of fishes belong also Polyacan-
thus cupanus and P. dayi, bubble nest builders,
with habits similar to other labyrinth fishes.

ANABANTIDAE AND WaLKING GoBy

The question is often asked at the Aquarium,
“Are there really fishes that walk and climb
trees?” The answer is that there are several
species of fishes that leave the water and work
their way across land for limited distances,
and that they have been seen to go up the roots
and trunks of trees. One, the walking fish,
is said to lie on the low branches of trees for
a considerable time, entirely away from the
water.

THe CrimpinGc Percu

The commonest of the walking fishes is the
fresh-water Climbing Perch (Anabas scandens ),
imported from India and Africa and found also
in Ceylon, Burma and the Malay Archipelago.
It will live a number of years in captivity, and
though not handsomely built or colored, proves
an interesting animal in the home. It does well
in water of the temperature of the living room
and will thrive for years in captivity. On being
removed from the water it does not lie helpless
on one side or flop about like ordinary fishes, but
balances its body upon its strong pectoral fins.
maintaining an upright position. Provided with
accessory breathing organs which supplement

gills, the fish can live a considerable time out of
water. Its gill covers and ventral fins are armed
with short spines, which assist it to clamber over
the land, and by hooking its pectoral fins around
clumps of grass and plant stems, it secures a
leverage and makes a certain amount of awkward
progress.

This fish has never spawned at the Aquarium.
The male is darker than the female, and the
eggs are said to float loosely at the surface of
the water, where they hatch in two or three
days. In the natural state the young, like the
adults, thrive on live food. In captivity the
climbing perch takes mealworms and_ earth-
worms, chopped fish, meat and shellfish. It is
shy and will hide in the vegetation of the aquar-
ium until lured forth by the introduction of
food into the water.

Tue Warkine Fis

Another fish given to disporting itself on dry
land and occasionally imported from Africa,
Asia and Australia—and also another without
brilliance of coloration or beauty of form, is the
Walking or Jumping Fish (Periophthalmus
koelreuteri), sometimes called by the English the
Mud-Skipper, because of its habit of skipping
about on the mud dats, but known to the African
natives as the Bommi. It is one of the gobies.

The projecting cyes, set close together like
twin barnacles on the top of its head, and turn-
ing in every possible direction, give the fish a
droll appearance. The pectoral fins are fan-
shaped and bent at an angle so that they can be
used like feet, and support the weight of the
body very well on land. These fishes spend
much time out of water and are said to be partial
to “roosting” on the branches of trees. They
also remain for long stretches of time with the
tail immersed and the remainder of the body out
of water, which has given rise to the theory that
the highly vascular tail acts as a respiratory
organ.

In captivity, Mr. Walter Brind describes the
bommi as thriving without sea water but requir-
ing a liberal mixture of sea-salt or table salt in
the water, and as being carnivorous, enjoying
snails, worms and insects of various kinds, also
accepting raw meat and chopped clam. Like
most fishes, it is fond of the yolk of hard-boiled
egg and of scrambled egg.

PANTODONTIDAE
Burrerrty Fis (Pantodon buchholzi)
One of the most pleasing of all tropical toy

fishes, if proper food can be provided for it,
is the butterfly fish from West Africa—one ot

94 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

a

DWARF GOURAMI
Photograph by Dr. E. Bade.

the few fresh-water flying fishes known. It
will live for several years in captivity in the
temperature of the living room, and spends its
time entirely at the surface, never descending
for the most tempting worm that may drop.
Special care must be taken to keep a cover over
the tank containing the butterfly fish, which will
avail itself of any opportunity to use its wing-
like pectoral fins and fly out on the floor, where
it soon dries up. ,

It will sometimes take worm-like strips of
fresh beef dangled before it, but prefers live
food, and when meal worms are fed. it will
take only those that happen to float. In summer
time flies and other insects can be fed to ad-
vantage.

The

aquaria, the «

butterfly

fish has been bred in home
o

ges Hoating loosely at the surface.
mm .

The young hatch in about a week and require
minute living organisms like other tropical fishes

born from eggs—infusoria at first, followed by

seas SSIS ROME

CLIMBING PERCH
Photograph by L. B. Spencer.

almost invisible crustaceans, and later mosquito
larvae if procurable, and small worms, such as
enchytraeans; and finally are able to take meal-
worms.

As with other species where the parents do
not guard the eggs, it is well to remove the par-
ents or eggs after spawning.

The large pectoral fins and long rays of the
ventral fins readily distinguish the butterfly
fish from all other fishes, the sexes being dis-
tinguished by the anal fin, rounded in the female,
notched in the male, and the dorsal fin, pointed
in the male and rounded in the female.

CyPRINIDAE
Fishes with barbels.
Tue Dantos
Danio albolineatus
D. analipunctatus
D. malabaricus
D. rerio
The Danios, from India /and Ceylon, are
among the most beautiful of tropical toy fishes,
and not difficult to rear if one can save the non-
adhesive eggs, which, falling among the roots of
plants and gravel, are eagerly sought by the
parents. Some aquarists have succeeded in
rearing the young by the invention of devices
for saving the eges, and it has also been found
that the packing of large, smooth pebbles or
marbles in the tank, permits the eggs to fall be-
tween them where the parent fishes cannot
reach with their busy little snouts. Trays of
sieve-like design have been used successfully;
also trays made of strips of smooth, sloping
glass, which permit the eggs to fall
through and onto the bottom
A dense stock-

wood or

out of reach.

ing with plants has also
proved an egg-saver, the

eggs, or some of them, find-

ing protection among the
roots.

The young hatch in from
one to three days and require
infusoria, baby _ fish-foods,
rice flour, ete. The adults
favor white worms, meat.
fish, chopped shellfish, ete. It
is necessary to sort the young
at regular intervals, or they
will prey upon one another.

Danios thrive very well in
the temperature of the ordi-
nary living room. Specimens
of D. rerio have lived at the
Aquarium for three years.

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 95

The appearance of this species can be judged
from the fact that a lady once asked if some D.
rerios at the Aquarium were baby striped bass!
One and a half inches is their maximum length,
and they are sometimes called zebra fish.

D. rerio from Ceylon, and D. malabaricus
from the Malabar coast region of India, both
show blue coloring, D. rerio having broad
stripes of brilliant blue across a ground color
of yellowish in the male, and silver in the
female, the dorsal and pectoral fins of the male
being gold, of the female colorless. D. malabar-
icus has a blue body with salmon stripes and is
the largest Danio brought to this country.

In D. analipunctatus the male has blue and
yellow borders on his fins. D. albolineatus, as
its name suggests, is striped with white. Some
regard it as the handsomest of all, while others
deem D. malabaricus the handsomest.

The males of all species are smaller, more
slender and more highly colored than the
females, and all of the Danios are provided
with two long, hair-like barbules on the lips.

THe Barprers

The fishes of the genus Barbus are chiefly re-
markable for their large and handsome scales,
seemingly so disproportionate to the size of the
fish. This is so characteristic of the genus that
one yery large species, B. mosal, common to the
mountains of Asia and attaining a length of
from four to six feet, develops scales as large
as those of the tarpon—the size of the palm
of one’s hand. All have breeding habits simi-
lar to the goldfish excepting B. viviparous from
Natal, which, as indicated by
its name, brings forth its
young alive.

A half dozen or more toy
species of Barbus from India
are familiar to
aquarists, B. conchonius be-

American

ing one of the largest and at-
taining three inches in
length. They are all hardy ir
captivity. The adhesive eggs
laid among aquatic plants.
hateh in from thirty-six to
forty-eight hours in a temp-
erature of from 70 to 75 de-
grees and it is not safe to
leave them with the parents.
The young mature in from
four to six months, and
should be fed the same as

goldfishes.

SIAMESE FIGHTING FISH, BETTA SPLENDENS
Photograph by Dr. E. Bade.

The distinguishing marks of a few of the

commonest species are as follows:

Barbus semifasciolatus, gray-green with black
bars and red fins.

B. conchonius: one black spot near the tail
In the male a black spot in front of the dorsal
fin. The male turns red in the breeding season.

B. vittatus: black spot on caudal peduncle,
and a black vertical line through dorsal fin.

B. phutunio: blue-black spots, fins orange.

B. ticto: two black spots, one near tail and one
at the back of the gill cover. Fine black mark-

ings in dorsal fin of male. Otherwise this
species is similar to B. conchonius.
Japranese Loacn or Doso
Few fishes from foreign parts are better

known in this country than the long and slender
Dojo (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus), which at-
tains a length of about six inches and habitually

WALKING FISH
From A Naturalist in North Celebes, by S. J. Hickson.

96 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

from the British West Indies and South Amer-
ica. It attains a length of two inches, and the
male is darker than his mate, shading from
brown and blue to near black. The fish will lay
its eggs among the plants or in a flower pot, and
the male protects them during incubation, which
lasts about four days. It is well to remove the
female after she has spawned, and the male
as soon as the eggs have hatched.

Their preference is for live food, and they
require to be fed on small crustaceans, worms,
flies, ete.

TropicaL Fisues to Prace ToGETHER

We do not maintain a “happy family” tank
of tropical toy fishes at the Aquarium, prefer-
ring to keep each species by itself. Others

ZEBRA FISH. DANIO RERIO have found it possible to place together the fol-
Photograph by Dr. E. Bade lowing species: Guppies, Swordtails, Platy-

poecilida, Haplochilus, Danios, Barbels, Molli-
feeds at the bottom. It takes almost any kind enisia, Gambusia and Januarius.
of fish, shellfish or meat offered, and is a
sreedy eater. How vo Breep Meat Worms
There are no records of the fish having been Meal worms, purchasable at bird and animal
bred in captivity, though it will live for up- stores, are easily bred by placing them in malt
wards of five years in the home aquarium. Dojos or corn meal, in a glass receptacle with a cover.
are found in China, Japan, and Formosa, and A cloth should be laid on top of the malt or meal
their appearance and habits are similar to those and kept moist. ‘he meal warm is the larva

of European loaches, which see. of a black beetle, and undergoes the metam-
orphosis common to such creatures. After feed-
AISA ing for a few months, the yellow worm turns

into a white pupa, which sleeps for a short

time and is then transformed into a black beetle.

The beetle lays eggs that hatch into meal worms.
From Eastern India comes Badis badis, with If the receptacle is not kept covered, the

stripes of yellow on a brown and blue body, beetles will fly away.

long dorsal fins and trans-

Fishes with Transparent Tails

Bapis Bapis

parent tail. The ventral pro-
tile of the male is concave, y
of the female convex. Badis
badis will lay its eggs in a
flower pot, the male protect-
ing them till they hatch, in
about three days, fanning

them with much devotion and
concern. But when the
young begin to move about.
it is well to remove both par-
ents, for. fish-like, they have Se
but a fickle fondness for
their offspring. Live food,

meat and fish are the foods : <<
: ;
preferred. © ong
ak
= a
PoLyceNTRUS SCHOMBURGKI eee
a
‘ sort*

Some species of Polycen-
trus are found in West Af- BADIS BADIS
rica, but this species comes Photograph by Dr. E. Bade.

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Tue Care or Sick Fisues
Formulae for all solutions referred to in the
text:
(To inerease circulation. ) 10
drops to a gallon of water, leaving fishes in the
solution for five minutes.

Salt.-

Ammonia—

(Turk Islands’ sea salt is the best.)

Weak Solution, for all day treatment:
34 teaspoonful of sea or table salt and
14, teaspoontul epsom salt, to a gallon

of water. (Change every 24 hours.)

Stronger Solution, for one-half hour treat-
ment:

%4 tablespoonful of sea or table salt
and 14 tablespoonful epsom salt, to a
gallon of water.

20 percent. Solution, for sterilizing tank or
treating diseased or injured spots—not
to touch the gills: 6 tablespoonfuls of salt
to a pint of water.

Potassium Permanganate.

Weak Solution, for 15 minute baths:

5 small grains to a quart of water,

20 small grains to a gallon of water, or

a level teaspoontul to every +40 gallons.
Very Weak Solution, for 8-hour treatment:

2 small grains to a gallon of water.
Strong Solution, for application to injured

or dis
the gills:

sed spots. This must not touch
Add just enough water to the
permanganate to make a solution.

POLYCENTRUS SCHOMBURGKI
Bade.

Photograph by Dr. E

BULLETIN

©
aa

BARBUS PHUTUNIO
Photograph by Dr. E. Bade

(For sterilizing plants, use the Weak Solution
for ten minutes. )

All solutions recommended should be made up
fresh for each treatment, and care should be
taken, when transferring fishes from one re-
ceptacle to another, to see that the water in
each is of the same temperature.

PREVENTION OF Disea AND THE BEGINNING OF

SICKNESS

The commonest causes of sickness of fishes
in captivity are overcrowding, overfeeding, im-
proper foods, introduction of sick specimens
into a tank of healthy fishes, failure to remove
uneaten food, too frequent changing of the
water, too much or too little sunlight, absence
of good oxygenating plants,
and limited swimming space.
Trouble may also ensue from
the introduction of fish ene-
mies or diseases on plants,
and from the effects of chill-
ing.

Some aquarists keep their
goldfishes in health by a
regular monthly bath in a
weak solution of potassium
permanganate, though many

specimens keep well for
years without this kind of
treatment. All fishes are

benefited by a pinch of salt
in the water, either table or
epsom salt. Nothing agrees
so well with tropical fishes
as a heightening of the temp-
erature of the water and a
pinch of salt in it.

98 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

Most diseases are contagious and sick fishes
should be segregated to save the remainder.
Nets should be sterilized by dipping them into
boiling water or a disinfecting solution.

If a fish is ailing and the trouble cannot be
readily diagnosed, regular salt or permanganate
baths should be given; but if the specimen is
not benefited and appears to be suffering, it is
best to put it out of its misery.

Turks Island salt is generally preferable to
table salt, which may contain some ingredients
to prevent caking. Sick fishes can be placed
in a weak solution, changed daily, and if they
fail to respond, the strength of the solution may
be gradually increased until double strength
is used.

Shallow water, in a spot away from the
bright light, is best for specimens under treat-
ment.

INJURIES

For fishes that have received slight injuries,
scales torn off, ete., it is best to remove the
specimens from the water and pour on the
wounds a strong solution of permanganate of
potassium, returning the fishes at once to their
native element and using a separate dish until
the permanganate washes off, when they may be
placed in their customary aquarium. Infection
will not set in where this treatment is used in
time.

When a fish is removed from the water its
gills should be kept moist with a wet sponge
or cloth, and the less handling with the fingers,
the better. Removal of slime that naturally pro-
tects the scales, may ensue from the touch of
a finger, thus rendering the fish liable to in-
fection. Too little or too much slime on a fish
appear to be equally dangerous. Mr. Harvey
Van Cott found that a sick fish secretes more
slime than a healthy one, thus allowing parasites
to enter and protect themselves until they have
time to bore through the epidermis. A healthy
fish could brush them off.

Wuite

Funcus—Saprolegnia

One of the commonest ills of captive fishes
is the development of white tufts like small
bunches of cotton, on various parts of the body.
Fishes fed on one kind of food exclusively, un-
less that food is beef, seem specially liable to
this disease. At the Aquarium it has been obser-
ved that if perch are fed exclusively on clams,
they develop fungus; less trouble ensues if
they are fed on a mixed diet of clams and beef
heart, and no trouble when fed exclusively on
beef heart. Fishes like common pond fishes

and goldfishes, have been kept successfully in
home aquaria for many years on an exclusive
diet of beef, but, like other folks, they like a
variety of foods.

White fungus also results from other un-
healthy conditions such as lack of exygen, sud-
den changes of temperature, food decaying in
the bottom of the tank, ete. If the scales are
torn off or their protecting slime removed by
improper handling, fungus is likely to develon
The white fungus, sometimes called water mold,
has lost its color by adaptation to a parasitic
existence. Dr. E. Bade has found that, as the
fungus is a plant thriving only in cool bright
places, the placing of an infected fish in warm
shallow water in a dark place, will effect a cure.

At the Aquarium, where a collection of fishes
may have become fungused through bruises
caused by long journeys, we have found daily
treatment in weak permanganate solution the
best for soft-scaled fishes like goldfishes. For
fishes with tough scales, salt treatment is most
efficacious, and we inject a stream of salt water
into their tank continuously until they are cured,
which may take several weeks. The same effect
may be accomplished in the case of toy fishes
by putting them in a weak salt solution.

An effective remedy where the fungus is at-
tached to the body away from the head, is to
dip the affected part in a 50 percent. solution
ot peroxide of hydrogen, or a 50 percent. solution
of kerosene oil. ‘This may be repeated once or
twice, keeping the fish’s gills moist while the
operation is in progress.

Once the fungus reaches the gills, the case
is as good as hopeless. The gills soon become
filled and close up.

There is a black fungus which we have not
seen at the Aquarium but which is said to yield
to the same treatment as that for white fungus.

Wuire Prrs in Scaves anv Fins
Tue SHAKES

This disease presents, at a superficial glance,
an appearance similar to that of white fungus,
but on closer examination proves to be pits and
not tufts of white, on the scales and fins of the
fish. It is caused by an animal parasite, one
of the protozoans, by whose name it is common-
ly known—Ichthyophthirius multifilius. It is
most frequently found in fishes of the carp,
trout and catfish families, the goldfish belonging
to the first of these.

The life history of this parasite was studied
fifty years ago, but it was not until Dr. C. W.
Stiles was appointed by the U. S. Government
at the time of the Columbian Exposition, to

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 99

make special studies of it, that a means of com-
bating the pest was discovered. It is now known
that the protozoan imbeds itself in the epithelial
layer of the skin of its host, and after feeding
on the tissues for a few days, drops to the bot-
tom; and that it has two modes of reproduction
—by fission and by spore formation. On reach-
ing a certain stage it either divides and forms
new protozoans in situ or it leaves the fish and
drops to the bottom, where it undergoes encyst-
ment and develops spores to the number of per-
haps a thousand. ‘These make their escape in
three or four days and seek a host. Their de-
velopment is more rapid in warm than in cool
water.

As there is nothing that can be used to reach
the parasites while imbedded in the skin of
the host, they must be killed during the unat-
tached stage, which can be accomplished with
solutions quite harmless to the fish.

Dr. Stiles’ early experiments showed that in
an aquarium at least four feet deep and supplied
with a free current of flowing water, the plac-
ing of salt on the bottom of the tank, which
would leave a layer of fresh water at the top
and various stages of salinity between top and
bottom, enabled the fish to get rid of its par-
asites in from one to ten days. The infected
fishes were observed to dive into the salty areas
at the bottom of the tank and wallow there
for an instant before seeking the fresh water
at the top. All parasites leaving the fish were
killed on reaching the salty water.

Dr. Stiles also found that fishes could live
for some days in very weak solutions of methy-
len blue and eosin, while parasites leaving the
fish were killed in a few minutes in such a solu-
tion. These chemicals are dangerous, however,
and constant aeration is necessary in employing
them. Simpler and safer methods for the treat-
ment of small aquarium fishes are therefore in
use at present, and the following have been
found successful.

Transfer the fishes from one to three times
daily into fresh water of the same temperature.
Some aquarists use two jars, leaving the patients
for eight hours in one and then transferring
them to the other, taking care to use jars with-
out plants or pebbles and sterilizing each jar
as the fishes are removed from it. Two weeks
of this treatment are said to cure. The water
in which the fishes are placed, though under
any circumstances requiring to be changed from
once to thrice daily, may contain a weak solu-
tion of salt or a very weak solution of perman-
ganate of potassium.

For tropical fishes the same treatment is rec-
ommended, with the usual advice that a heighten-
ing of the temperature of the water is always
beneficial to them, and it may be raised to 90
degrees for a few hours every day. (This can
be done by placing an electic bulb in or under
the tank.)

The aquarium should be sterilized while the
fishes are out of it, with a strong salt solution
(20 percent. )

Symptoms—Fishes suffering from this disease
lose their appetite, appear listless, and tremble
so much that the disease has been called The

Shakes. The fins may also appear ragged.*
Orner Parasites: Crustaceans, Leecues, Evc.

The fish may be able to rid itself of most gill
parasites as previously stated, if provided with
fine sand. External parasites, such as the com-
mon crustacean, drgulus, called the carp-louse
because of its great frequency on the scales of
fishes of the carp family, cannot be removed in
any way except forcibly. No solution that will
kill this parasite will not also kill the host. Soft
brushes are sometimes used to remove the par-
asite, but less injury to the scales will result
if the pest is picked off with a slender pair of
forceps. The fish should be given a salt or
permanganate bath after the operation, to pre-
vent bacteria from entering the spots where the
parasite has been attached.

Leeches and flukes are usually introduced on
plants, and if they have once settled in an aquar-
ium it is best to sterilize the entire tank and
destroy such plants as are in it, for the leech
can hide itself most cleverly, and its new-born
young can hardly be seen at all.

Ror

Fix ConGestion ann Tarn

If blood streaks become noticeable in fins
and tail, farther trouble may be looked for un-
less the congestion is arrested at once. It usu-
ally ends in tail rot, which, if not observed and
treated in time, makes the fish “of an unhand-
some look.’’ A thin white line appears along
the edges of the tail, the diseased sections later
breaking up and hanging in strings. It is one
of the ailments most frequently met with in

*Since this paper went to press, we learn that Mr.
H. L.. Canfield of the Fairport (Iowa) Fisheries Sta-
tion has found carbonate of soda an effective remedy
for Ichthyophthirius in channel catfish. He places
affected specimens in a bath containing five ounces of
the soda in each gallon of water, leaving them in until
they become uneasy. This method kills all but the
large imbedded parasites, and improvement is
noticed after six days’ treatment.

100

aquarium fishes, often ensuing after the intro-
duction of new plants or fishes into a previously
healthy tank; or it may be caused by poor condi-
tions in the aquarium,—too many fishes, or
too much food given in a small tank where
there is not enough swimming space for the
fishes to exercise. The trouble is highly contagi-
ous.

For fin congestion give daily baths—perman-
ganate baths in weak solution, or all day salt
baths. The ammonia treatment may also be used
as an adjunct to salt or permanganate baths.

When the tail is affected remove the fish
from the water, keeping its gills moist with
a wet cloth or sponge, and if the trouble is
slight, hold the tail in a 10 percent. solution
of peroxide of hydrogen for two or three min-
utes. If the tail is stringy, hold it for half a
minute in a 50 percent. solution of peroxide, or a
50 percent. solution of kerosene oil, or a strong
solution of potassium permanganate. Repeat
this treatment for several days in succession.
The rotted portions will drop off, or they can be
removed by cutting. Mr. William E. Meehan
has found an effective remedy in turpentine,
dipping the affected tail into turpentine and then
into phenol sodique daily until cured.

Cotps or Git~ CONGESTION
(Atso Catrep Ginn Fever)

This trouble in infant specimens has already

been treated under Goldfish (The Fry).

Gill congestion in older fishes is often caused
by parasites, which many fishes rid themselves
of by sifting fine sand through the gills, tak-
ing it into the mouth and briskly ejecting it
backward. The gills may become pale and
swollen when the fish has taken cold, and a half
hour’s salt bath is most helpful, repeating daily
or oftener. Fever may be reduced by giving
the specimen a bath in a solution of eight drops
of sweet spirits of nitre in a gallon of water.

Feed ailing specimens twice a day with nour-
ishing foods such as scraped beef or lamb, or
chopped oyster, and, if procurable, small pond
snails or crustaceans.

Any serious affection of the gills is fatal, but
a valuable fish is always worth bothering with,
and there is some satisfaction in knowing that
one has not allowed an animal to die without
earnest effort to save it.

INDIGESTION

The fish may become dizzy, lose its equil-
ibrium, and stand on its head indefinitely, or
lie on the bottom of the aquarium; and _ its

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

abdomen may appear swollen—all symptoms of
digestive disturbances.

For this trouble, all day salt treatment has
been found beneficial; also ammonia baths and a
slight raising of the water temperature. Castor
oil may be given by soaking some food in the
oil or removing the specimen and dropping four
or five drops down its throat. Otherwise, food
may be omitted for three days, or, in bad cases,
for a week. In the case of tropical toy fishes,
which nibble continually at the plants and find
food in the algae of the aquarium, regular feed-
ing may be omitted for ten days.

The general belief is that too much feeding
with prepared foods and too little with animal
food, causes this trouble.

In case of any sickness in which indigestion
is suspected as a contributory cause, it is well
to discontinue feeding for several days or a
week. Fishes will live longer with no food than
with too much of it.

GENERALLY INcURABLE DISORDERS

Swim-Bladder Trouble: The fish loses the
power to maintain its equilibrium for longer and
longer periods, remains indefinitely at the top
or bottom of the tank, or swims in a lop-sided
fashion. The same remedies may be tried as
for indigestion, with which this trouble is
sometimes confounded. Placing the fish in
warm shallow water (60 degrees to 75 degrees
for goldfish, 85 to 90 degrees for tropicals) is
thought to give relief.

Consumption is manifested by the thin sides
and seemingly enlarged head of the specimen,
sunken eyes, loss of appetite, listlessness, ete.
General wrong conditions or internal parasites
may cause it. A meat diet may be tried, but
no cure is known unless it be to place the fish
in an open pond and let Nature take care of it.

Dropsy reveals its presence in the bloated ap-
pearance and distended scales of the fish, little
gas bubbles sometimes forming on the exterior.
It is supposed to be caused by a disordered
liver, and while the disease is generally fatal,
there are certain remedies that one may have
the satisfaction of trying. Salt baths appear to
give relief, and tapping has been tried by in-
serting a needle just under the scales above the
ventral fin on each side, in an upward direction.
Mark Samuel suggests that as the disease does
not kill till it reaches the brain, the fish may
be made more comfortable by placing it in a
solution of five to ten drops of digitalis to a gal-
lon of water. This treatment is even reputed to
have effected an occasional cure.

New Work Zoological Society
GENERAL INFORMATION

MEMBERSHIP.—Membership in the Zoological Society is open to all interested in the
objects of the organization, who desire to contribute toward its support.

The cost of Annual Membership is $10 yearly, which entitles the holder to admission to
the Zoological Park on all pay days, when the collections may be seen to the best advantage.
Members are entitled to the Annual Report, bi-monthly Bulletin, Zoologica, Zoopathologica,
privileges of the Administration Building, all lectures and special exhibitions, and ten compli-
mentary tickets to the Zoological Park for distribution.

Any Annual Member may become a Life Member by the payment of $200. A subscriber
of $1,000 becomes a Patron; $2,500, an Associate Founder; $5,000, a Founder; $10,000, a
Founder in Perpetuity, and $25,000 a Benefactor.

Applications for membership may be given to H. R. Mitchell, Chief Clerk, Zoological Park,
C. H. Townsend, Aquarium, Battery Park, and the General Secretary, 111 Broadway, New York
City.

ZOOLOGICAL PARK.—The Zoological Park is open every day in the year, free, except
Monday and Thursday of each week, when admission is charged. Should either of these days
fall on a holiday no admission fee is charged. The opening and closing hours are from 10
o'clock A. M. until one-half hour before sunset.

NEW YORK AQUARIUM.—The Aquarium is open free to the public, every day in the
year: April to September, 9 A. M. to 5 P. M.; October to March, 10 A. M. to 4 P. M.

PUBLICATIONS

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and the New York Aquarium, Battery Park, New York City.

OBJECTS OF THE SOCIETY

A PUBLIC ZOOLOGICAL PARK
THE PRESERVATION OF OUR NATIVE ANIMALS
THE PROMOTION OF ZOOLOGY

Vou. XXIV. No. 5 PNEF SEPTEMBER, 1921

Ca
——
V4

AS Nie

a! ii vs ‘inna ff armas 2 i =
—} us aan) er Se

ae) ZOOLOGICAL
SOCIETY *
BULLEWI

SSS

=

AEE UE NS

THUR FREUND 1912

New York Zoological Soriety

Gewnerat Orrice, 111 Broadway, New Yorx City.

President
Henry Farrrizrtp Ossporn
Hirst Vice-President Second Vice-President
Mapison GRANT Frank K. Srourais
Greasurer Secretary Asst. Oreasurer
Percy R. Pyne Mapison Grant Farmers’ Loan & Trust Co.

Exerutiuve Comntitiee

Manison Grant, Chairman. Wma. Pirrson Hamitton, Antuony R. Kuser,
Percy R. Pyne, Frank K. Srureis, A. Barron Hepsurn,
Wiruiam Warts NILzs, Watson B. DickEeRMan. W. Repmonp Cross.

Henry Farrrietp Oszorn, ez-officio

Board of Managers
Ex-nficiu: The Mayor and The Presipent Department of Parks, City of New York.

Glass nf 1922

Percy R. Pyne, Emerson McMitu1n, Freperic C. Watcorv,

Grorce Birp GRINNELL, Antuony R. KuseEr, BrexmMan WINTHROP,

Cieveranp H. Dopas, Watson B. Dickerman, Grorga_ C. Crarx,

C. Lepyarp Bratr, Mortimer L. Scuirr, W. Repmonp Cross.
Glass of 1923

Henry Fairrietp Ossorn, Wa. Pirrson Hamitton, A. Barron Hepsurn,

LisPENARD STEWART, Rosert S. Brewster, Wixi1am Woopwarp,

Cuar.tes F, Dietericn, Epwarp S. Harkness, Epwin Tuorne,

Grorce F. Baker, Wizram B. Oscoop Fiexp, Percy A. RockEFreLieER.
Glass of 1924

Mapison Grant, Groree J. Goutp, Grorce D. Pratt,

Wirtiiam Wuirte NILEgs, Oepen Mitts, T. Coteman pu Pont,

Henry A. C. Taytor, Lewis RutHerrurp Morris, Henry D. Wuirton,

Frank K. Srurais, ArcHEer M. Huntineton, Epwarp Harcn, Jr.

General Officers

Wituiam T. Hornapay, Director, Zoological Park.

Cuartes H. Townsenp, Director, New York Aquarium.
Grorce S. Huntineton, Prosector. H. De B. Parsons, Consulting Engineer.
Grorce A. MacCat.ium, Pathologist. R. L. Crerero, Bursar.

Officers of the Zoological Park

Wirit1am T. Hornapay, Director.

H. R. Mircuetz, Chief Clerk. H. W. Meret, Chief Forester.
Raymonp L. Dirmars, Curator, Reptiles. W. Rei Brarr, Veterinarian.
Lee S. CranvattL, Curator, Birds. Wiriiam Mitcue tt, Cashier.

Witi1am Breese, Honorary Curator, Birds.
Erwin R. Sansorn, Photographer and Editor.

Officers of the Aquarium
Cuar_tes H. Townsenp, Director.
Ipa M. Me ctuen, Secretary. Cuaries M. Breper, Jr., Aquarist.
Rosert J. Lanier, Foreman. Srerimne A. Cavuisen, Clerk.
James C. Moore, Chief Engineer.
Corrected to September, 1921

M BGEU L: AN -EPEAND.G| EESE

SE Pitta M BEI

CONTENTS Aha?

= —

=)
GirAreEe HOUSE es. see f. Pireeie eee eas 195
Preroria ZooLoGicaL GARDENS: realest
Himarayan Poppy Firips

A Scuoou Vivarium

. Haagner

Ide POTS ANAS eds i oe

Jesyeqoiios 1B peypy corse OVA ANDY ASN a ee ee eee See ee meee Lee S. Crandall
THat Game SLauGHTER IN NATAL...........-.----- W. T. Hornaday
Mr. Dirmars Purcuases IN SAN FRANCISCO. _.R. L. Ditmars
HO OT-O GUC ATs y PARKS NOME Sine ees ee eee _R. L. Ditmars

San Francisco Sea Lions
Reprires—Excu ances with Lonvon
Our Beavers Burip

Noisy Primate House

Vircin Forest aNp CoppERHEADS
Heaps anp Horns BuiipinG

Picrures ror AN

NUAL
A New Pair or
Aw Apino RaTTLer
New ANIMAL
ATTENDANCE
RestorInG THE FrRocGs

MEETING

ANOAS

PAINTINGS

Cunningham

New Cace Work
JN (GiOyemoen yn thal Upwaoy 1p (Co ep ANN CO ee eee Alyse
Illustrations

New Monkey Howse ................. en 104 Marx's Fountvarn....
Marin AVENUE AND CHEETAH CaGEs__. 104 Portion or Bear De
House ror Deer 105 AARDVARK
Larce Duck Ponp_ 105 IMPALAS ___.. g ee
IRNTAVAEIN GP ASVTAUR teens he en dae yee ee 106 Younc Arrican BurFrato_..___.-
House ror Pactynt 106 ALpIno PorcuPINe
RIDING LEP ERAN 28 eee 106 CrawsHaAy ZEBRA -
Aapies River 107 WHITE-TAILED GNU ____........

» J 110
ECE HRT EO See AR ADDIS Ere me ese eee we cee eS ca a ee ea NS :
Masor Penny and JOHN 119 JoHn GoriLta AND CHILD
Joun av tHE Lonpon Zoo__ 120 Miss CuNNINGHAM _..

CHaracteristic ATTITUDES OF JouN. ia a 12
STaNLEY CRANE

Joun Goritta CLAPPING His C HEST.

~ TROLOMAOKG HEC PAG eS OlGaley > Yer eB Ue luslek 1 DEN
Pusuisuep by the New York ZoorocicaL Society
111 Broadway, New York City
Single Copies, 20 Cents Bi-monthly Yea

rly by

Frontispiece

1038
109

118

124

Mail, $1.00

GIRAFFE HOUSE

The National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, Pretoria

[ 102 ]

ZOOLOGICAL

SOCIETY

BULLETIN

Published by the New York Zoological Society

VoLuME XXIV

SEPTEMBER, 1921

NuMBER 5

FAR-DISTANT

ZOOLOGICAL

PARKS

The National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, at Pretoria

Illustrated with Official Photographs by the South African Railways

By A. K. Haaener, Director

HESE are the oldest Zoological Gardens
in South Africa, having been founded in
1900, when the few living animals got

together by the then Director of the Transvaal
Museum in the yard of the old building on Mar-
ket Square, were moved down to the present
site. This was Government Ground, known as
“Rus-in-Urbe,’ and it contained two dwelling
houses which were once used as boarding estab-
lishments for the Government Boarding School
(called the Gymnasium School, not for distant).
These dwelling houses eventually became the
residences of the Director and Assistant, respec-
tively.

The commencement of the Zoo was very mod-
est, the entrance gate being a single narrow
one of wood with the word ‘Dierentuin” painted
on a board above it. The first buildings con-
sisted of a small wooden cage of two partitions
for monkeys, another similar one for baboons,
a series of wood and iron aviaries and a corru-
gated iron building of four compartments open-
ing into four large wire netting paddocks, for
antelope. Nothing remains today of these
buildings, which were pulled down and the ma-
terial utilized for various smaller buildings as
the old ones were replaced by more imposing
and substantial structures.

To the late Dr. J. W. B. Gunning, the first
Director, belongs the honour of founding the
institution, and his keenness and energy induced
the Government to give it an annual grant, which
was eventually increased to its present day
amount of £6,000. The Institution is governed
by a Committee or Board of Management
appointed by the Government and consisting of
public men, government officials and municipal
representatives. The late Mr. Andrew John-

ston was Chairman for twenty years, and he
was largely instrumental in producing the rapid
growth of the Gardens, repeatedly collecting
money for much needed buildings or improve-
ments. He also personally contributed consid-
erably to the funds. Mr. Harry Jorissen,
Deputy Governor of the Central Bank, succeed-
ed Mr. Johnston as Chairman, and takes an
active interest in the Institution.

Besides the Government grant and gate en-
trance fees, the Institution receives a small mu-
nicipal grant, and a small fund from annual
subscribers, chiefly mercantile firms of the town.

A band or orchestra plays in the grounds every
Sunday afternoon, and the tea gardens are
spacious and pleasantly situated under the shade
of a clump of eucalyptus trees.

The Gardens are noted for the lovely shaded
avenues of stately trees, the beautiful flower-
beds, its sub-tropical aspect and general “‘lay-
out.” The area in use at present comprises
some forty acres, and there is another portion
of thirty acres on the north side of the Aapies
River (which traverses the grounds from east
to west), for further extension in the future.

The collection of animals usually numbers
1,600 specimens, composed of 600 mammals, 900
birds and 100 reptiles and fishes.

Among the more noteworthy groups are a
fine collection of South African antelopes, and
an equally fine array of South African birds
of prey and South African game birds. The
series of lions and leopards is very good, and
most of the South African carnivores are rep-
resented.

The avaries are spacious, and of ample size
to contain well grown trees and shrubs.

[ 103 ]

104

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

NEW MONKEY HOUSE

The paddocks for antelope and deer are fairly
large, and the housing facilities quite adequate
for the climate. Recently, a large Monkey House
has been constructed containing fifteen roomy
open air cages with small night houses attached.
It should be mentioned here that, owing to
the lovely, salubrious climate of Pretoria, ex-
pensively heated night houses are quite unneces-
sary, excepting for reptiles and a few tropical
monkeys.

The following is a brief resumé of the col-
lections: Near the entrance gate and to the
right, will be found the Nocturnal House con-
taining a collection of rodents and carnivora
that sleep for the best part of the day.
the South
African

These
Africa

spring-hare

include poreupines of and

America, the South

AND ROSE GARDEN

(Pedetes cafer), the coati-mundi of America,
and several of the Mongoose family, including
the black water mongoose and the white-tailed
mongoose of South Africa.

Swinging on their perches under the shade
of a fine avenue of silver oaks will be found
a good collection of the larger parrots, includ-
ing the South American macaws and Amazon
parrots, Australian cockatoos and parrakeets,
the black V

Indian

1 parrot of Madagascar and some

species.

Not far from the main entrance is the Octagon
House containing the leopards, including a fine
pair of black panthers from the Straits Settle-
ments, the hyenas, spotted, striped and brown,
and a puma received by exchange from Wash-
ington.

MAIN AVENUE AND CHEETAH CAGES

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

HOUSE FOR DEER

Opposite this installation are
some open-air cases containing the
lynx, cheetah, and several cats. On
the left of the main avenue are
situated the large duck pond, con-
taining white and black swans and
a variety of ducks, and also the
sealion pond, which is concrete
lined. On the right are the Indian
blackbuck and South African
springbuck camps_ with rustic
This is followed by the
Pheasantries—ten large open air
cages with night houses—for game
birds and pigeons. Here are located a collec-
tion of Chinese pheasants and South African
game birds, including crested and crowned
guinea fowl, francolin of six species, bustard
of four species, including the large giant or
kori bustard that weighs up to thirty-five
pounds.

houses.

The large Flight Aviary nearby measures
135 feet by 38 feet, and contains mulberry and
macrocarpa trees. Here are located four kinds
of peafowl, including the albino, or white; the
ibises, herons, storks, gulls, ete. Three blocks of
paddocks contain several species of deer, in-
cluding the red deer of Europe, the Indian
hog deer, rusa and sambar deer and the fallow
deer. A block of eight smaller paddocks con-
tain a collection of Australian marsupials—
wallabies and kangaroos. All species of deer
and kangaroos breed well here.

The Bear House contains American black
bears, gifts of the New York and Philadelphia
Zoological Societies, polar bear, the brown bear
of Europe, and the Alaskan bear.

The Lion and Tiger Houses contain seven
lions and lionesses, and a fine pair of Bengal

BULEELIN 105
tigers. Lions breed well here, al-
though the cubs have had to be

reared by tame dogs on two oceca-
sions.

Below these buildings is a Con-
Stove well
stocked with hot house plants—ferns,
To the right of this

is a block of eight large paddocks

servatory or House

orchids, ete.

for sheep and goats, including the
Barbary sheep, the mouflon of Sar-
dinia, the Himalayan tahr, and the
llama and guanaco of South America.

PORTION OF LARGE DUCK POND

The new Monkey House which follows, and
already has been mentioned, contains monkeys
from India, America and South, East and West
Africa. It includes a fine big example of the
chimpanzee, a black spider monkey and a full
grown Abyssinian colobus monkey ; putty-nosed,
Campbell’s, and patas monkeys from West
Africa and three species of mangabey from the
same region, which with Maloney’s guenon and
the Angolan and South African vervets com-
plete a fine collection of South African monkeys.

Below the Monkey House is the Giraffe House
and Paddocks. Here are a fine pair of South
African giraffes and a pair of dromedary camels.
Paddocks for ostriches and emus, and another
set for pigs, follow. Among the latter are
the African warthogs and bushpigs, also the
South American peccary and the Madagascar
river hog.

The cages for small mammals lie between the
Giraffe House and the Pachyderm House, and
contain dingoes, jackals, wild dogs, wombats,
mongoose of various kinds, the American wood-
chucks and prairie dogs, and the curious South
African antbear or aardvark (Orycteropus ater ),

106 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

seen in captivity. A big bull rhi-
noceros was lost last year from
nephritis.

We next pass a few magnificent
examples of several species of palms,
including an enormous date palm.
The tea gardens are adjacent, below
which will be found the Aviaries of
the Birds of Prey—a series of
eighteen large cages, each fifteen feet
wide and ranging in height from
twelve to eighteen feet. A fine series
of eagles is located here, including
the black or Versaux’s, the tawny,
the brown, the African hawk, the
martial hawk and the crowned hawk-
eagle of South Africa; also the

PART OF FLYING AVIARY

seldom seen alive even by South
Africans. It is a very difficult ani- =
mal to keep alive, and the specimen :
now on exhibition is the third the
institution has been able to rear.
It has to be accustomed to an arti-
ficial diet of maize-meal gruel mixed
with milk and raw eggs.

The Pachyderm House contains
an Indian and an African elephant,
a black rhinoceros and a fine bull
hippopotamus, the largest we have

HOUSE FOR PACHYDERMS

South African sea eagle (Hallaetus
vocifer), five species of South Afri-
‘an vultures, including the enormous
black or eared vulture (Orogyps au-
ricularis ), the white crowned (Lopho-
gyps occipitalis), the white-backed
(Pseudogyps africanus) and the
Egyptian vulture. Of the exotic
species, the condor of South America
and the brightly colored king vul-
ture are noteworthy. There also are
five species of South African owls,
including the giant eagle owl, and a
fair collection of kites, kestrels and
buzzards.

Below this are the Zebra and Buf-
RIDING ELEPHANT ON THE MAIN AVENUE falo Stables containing four species

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 107

AAPIES RIVER

of zebra, a zebroid (zebra-horse
hybrid), the African, Indian and
American buffalos (the latter better
known to naturalists as the bison).
Below this again is a reedbed which
in summer is alive with brightly plum-
aged weaver and bishop birds breed-
ing in comfort. A poplar grove and
fine old willow trees growing on the
river bank are much appreciated by
picnic parties on public holidays.

ESENS
FI

CENTRAL PORTION OF BEAR DENS

Adjacent to the buffaloes and
zebras are the Canine Breeding
Paddocks. The writer discovered
some nine years ago that the more
delicate and wilder species do much
better in open-air, wire-netting en-
closures with the earth for a floor
and grottoes or rockeries for sleep-
ing quarters. Here the Cape hunt-
ing dog (Lycaon pictus), the Cape
long-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis )
and the silver fox (Vulpes chama)
successfully breed, and the writer
had the pleasure of landing all
three species alive in America to
adorn the collections of New York,
Philadelphia and Washington.

MARK’S FOUNTAIN

Turning south, we proceed along
a fine avenue of casuarina trees and
pass large paddocks for the gnu or
wilde-beast, and here are usually
to be found several breeding pens
for both South African species—
the blue or brindled, and the black
or white-tailed gnu.

The Large Bird House, with
open-air runs, contains the cranes,
storks and fancy breeds of domes-
tic fowls, including a large array of
bantams. Here can be seen all
three species of South African
cranes, the finest being the wattled
crane, which is now, alas, becom-
ing scarcer every year. In this

AARDVARK

building are situated a few small fresh water
aquaria containing turtles and small fish.

Antelope paddocks follow next, and consist
of three blocks containing sixteen enclosures.
Here may be admired some of nature’s loveliest
creatures—the antelopes. The largest of the
African species, the lordly eland, may be com-
pared with the smallest—the tiny blue buck
or blue duiker (Cephalophus monticola). ‘The
lovely kudu is represented by a family party—
bull, cow and two calves—one eighteen months
I believe this is the
The

period of gestation is the same as for the elaud,

and one four months old.
first record of kudu breeding in captivity.

nine months.

YOUNG AFRICAN BUFFALO

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

Here also may be seen the strange looking
sitatunga (Tragelaphus selousi) with its splayed
feet, which are admirably adapted to its semi-
aquatic and the (Adenotla
leche) or yellow waterbuck from Northern Rho-
desia, which breeds regularly every year, and
of whose progeny three were landed safely in
America, and in adjacent paddocks are shown
the beautiful sable antelope with its curved
horns, and the stately gemsbuck with its long
spear-like horns. Blesbuck, duiker, springbuck
and impala—the last two the most graceful of

existence, lechwe

antelopes, and noted for their leaping powers—
complete the South African list, to which must
be added the nylgai of India. All the species
enumerated breed well in the Gardens.

IMPALAS

An open air enclosure for rodents contains
South American viscashas and golden agoutis,
South African ground squirrels and various spe-
cies of squirrels in a semi-wild state, breeding
freely. Small cages (breeding pens) for por-
cupines, squirrels, etc., and a set of baboon poles
fixed in concrete bring us to the end of this part
of the gardens. Climbing a concrete stairway,
we come to the Parrot Aviaries with the col-
lections of various species of parrots, parrakeets,
and lovebirds, and also the weird-looking horn-
bills, including the large turkey-like ground
hornbill (Bucorvus cafer). Close by is the duck
pond already mentioned which contains flamin-
goes and waterfowl, and beyond this is an open
space with lawns and indigenous shrubs, where-
on is situated the “Marks” Fountain. Here will
also be located the new open air enclosure for

reptiles and the new Small Birds’ Aviaries.

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

These much-needed additions are at present in
abeyance owing to lack of funds, as the high
prices of foodstuffs (produce mainly) during
the last four years have made it impossible to
continue the expansion of the institution. It is
to be hoped that conditions will soon change,
so that the National Zoological Gardens may
continue their successful career.

As this article has been written mainly for
American the writer the
opportunity without acknowledging his
great indebtedness to the American naturalists
for their wonderful hospitality and willing
assistance to him during his recent visits to
New York, Philadelphia and Washington. This
tour always will remain fresh in his memory
as one of his most pleasant recollections.

readers, cannot let

pass

ALBINO AFRICAN PORCUPINE

HIMALAYAN POPPY FIELDS
Re. grow downwards, stems, flowers and

fruit upward—a law which plants have

worked out in conjunction with light, mois-
ture and gravitation. So in a land which is all
on edge, where mountain follows mountain, and
valley upon valley like arrested waves of a trou-
bled sea, something unusual must be done if
one would have fields of wheat or poppies or
rice. Such a land is the valley of the Jumna,
below Lakhwar, in the foothills of the Western
Himalayas, and there I turned in my saddle
one day and photographed a hillside. My object
was a band of monkeys which were slipping
from terrace to terrace, and which proved invis-
ible in the film. But the labor of generations
of the hill folk was a worthy recompense. If
a great giant should stride along the bed of
the tumbling river and suddenly decide to mount
to the summit of the range on either side, he

109

CRAWSHAY ZEBRA

would find ready to his feet mighty steps, first
of brilliant poppies, then of yellow-green wheat.
Into the hard-turfed mountain sides, the patient
natives have etched field after field, banked with
broken filled with fertile from the
lowest slopes to the crest. Later on I left my
horse and the trail and clambered to the crest
of the ridge at the meeting place of two valleys
and there at the very top I found in a tiny
niche the last and the highest field. It was
formed by nine large stones, jammed closely to-
gether; it was six inches in diameter and four
heads of wheat were sprouting from it, and I
thought of the tremendous wheat fields in our
western states, and I wondered what would
happen to the world if these Asiatics ever devel-
oped their unending patience and resources of
mind along lines which would make demands on
the world beyond their borders. W. B.

rock, soil,

WHITE-TAILED GNU

110 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

A Scuoor Vivarium.—Last
year at the Washington Irvy-
ing High School, the habitat
of the model high school vi-
varium in which the Zoological
Society maintains a friendly
interest, Miss Florence W.
Slater, head of the Depart-
ment of Biology, lectured to
8,524 pupils and 208 teachers
from the elementary schools
of the region round about that
institution. The Biological
Department of the Washing-
ton Irving High School con-
tained during the year 2,432
students.

The extent to which the
living mammals, birds and
reptiles, in the very practi-
cable and well-conducted vi-
varium of the Washington
Irving High School, have
been utilized for educational
purposes is indeed most grat-
ifying. It is doubtful whether
any similar effort in zoological
education ever bore a greater
amount of fruit than this.

ABYSSINIAN COLOBUS MONKEY

Erepuants.— An elephant is intelligent, he has
immense strength and a long life, and therefore has
developed a very pronounced personality and a
philosophy which never deserts him. Many people
know a little about elephants, but some day The Book
of Hathi will be written and it will be a eulogy and
a classic. It will be a fascinating account of a won-
derful end product of evolution, and unless written
within the next half centry it will be a memorial,
there will be no wild elephants left upon the earth.

I have seen wild elephants swaying like giant
tethered Zeppelins, with flapping ears and pendulous
trunks, waiting for the heat of a Cinghalese midday
to pass; and again in Rangoon when they piled teak,
with or without the guidance of their mahout. And
as they passed frolicsome calves, the eyes of the
mothers wrinkled with some fleeting emotion, and
they swung out their trunks in a caress like the sweep
of a boom. And, once I squatted among baobab roots
while an angry elephant winnowed the air above me

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

with her trunk seeking for some guiding scent.
And the animal smell of her breath which seeped
down through the foliage was terrible beyond
all memories of dangers I have experienced.

When the last wild elephant is killed or cap-
tured, the world will be a little less wonderful,
and when the last elephant dies, room will be
made for things of less worth.—W. B.

THE BLUE BIRD OF PARADISE
By Ler S. Cranpatn

OURTSHIP displays among birds have
always attracted the interest of observers.
Many remarkable habits have been made

known, some almost passing belief in their
fantastic extremes. These displays range from
the noisy strutting of the house sparrow to the
dignified and ever-wonderful spread of the pea-
cock. Usually, though not always, they are con-
fined to the male birds. While in a great many
species the work of observation has been carried
out thoroughly, and our knowledge of details is
extensive, there still is much confusion concern-
ing the actual causation. Whether it be held
that these antics are for the purpose of charm-
ing the prospective bride, or merely as an escape
for surplus energy, their close connection with
mating and reproduction seems evident.

Specialization of plumage, taking the form
of crests and similar variations, or brilliant
patches of color, usually have to do with the
courtship display. Remarkable effects often are
produced by seemingly uninteresting species, the
decorative plumage being hidden or obscured
while the bird is at rest.

The development of display appendages often
is very pronounced in certain groups, and
appears to reach its highest point in the birds
of paradise. Here every form of the bizarre
and beautiful appears to have been produced,
each species seeming to strive to surpass all
others in aesthetic rivalry. Every degree cf
specialization is found, from the manucodes,
with black, crow-like plumage, and only the
slightly curled feathers of the neck for decora-
tion, to those forms in which every force of
evolution seems to have been exerted to produce
a further marvel of beauty.

In groups wherein the means for display have
been so amply provided, it follows that the birds
themselves are not lacking in ability to use
them. In antics and attitudes, most of the birds
of paradise are unexcelled. Only in voice do
they fail to meet every requirement. Here their

111

apparently close relation to the crows becomes
evident, for the voices of all of the best known
species are harsh and strident.

Unfortunately, all of the birds of paradise
are very rare in captivity, due in part to the
inaccessibility of their habitats, and also to
their lack of stamina in captivity. Increased
knowledge of their requirements has greatly
their longevity, but the fact still
remains that adult males of most species are
not easily kept for any great period. Probably
because of the unusually difficult and often
dangerous character of New Guinea, where most
of the birds of paradise are found, descriptions
of the displays of wild birds are noticeably
meager.

improved

Most of our knowledge, therefore, comes from
observations of captive birds, and in the case
of Paradisea, the typical genus of the family,
the facts have been reported in full detail.
Three of the species of this group have been
represented in our collection—the lesser bird
of paradise (P. minor), the greater (P. apoda)
and Count Raggi’s (P. raggiana). All of these
birds are provided with the long, brilliantly
colored side plumes unfortunately so well known
in millinery commerce. In display, these plumes
are raised aboye the wings, falling in a wondrous
double arch toward the back. While thus dis-
playing, the bird maintains a normal body posi-
tion, but indulges in a variety of leaps, gestures
and cries, according to the habit of its species.

Of this large and varied family, abounding
in wonders, and with life histories but little
known, it is not strange that occasionally a
startling new fact is disclosed. Thus, when a
new bird of paradise enters a collection, it is
watched with more than usual interest.

Among the many fine birds brought to us in
the autumn of 1920 by Ellis S. Joseph, were
a pair of Prince Rudolph’s Blue Birds of Para-
dise (Paradisornis rudolfi). The rarity, beauty
and value of these birds placed them in the first
rank among the many fine exhibits of the Zoo-
logical Park and they were cared for with great
solicitude.

The male entered his molt almost simultane-
ously with his arrival, and as this is the critical
period with newly imported male birds of para-
dise, his daily progress was observed with some
trepidation. However, his constitution evidently
was fundamentally sound, for the crisis was
safely passed. As soon as the body feathers
had been fully renewed, the pair were placed
in a cage near the other birds of paradise. All
went well for a few days, when suddenly the
male attacked his mate and only her prompt

THE BLUE BIRD OF PARADISE IN THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK

Showing the bird in a normal pose, and two positions of display.
From Water Color Drawings by Herbert Kurth.

[112]

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

remoyal saved her life. This strange vagary of
temperament is common among the birds of
paradise, and was in accord with our expecta-
tions.

The comparatively short side plumes of the
male had now reached their full length, and
appeared as brilliant blue beneath, and delicate
mauve above. The two central tail feathers or
“wires” had grown to a length of a foot or more,
each bearing on its tip a spatula of brilliant
blue. While the bird was unquestionably hand-
some, his colors were not so startling as we had
hoped they would be, and our disappointment in
the bird’s final appearance was marked.

Then, one morning a keeper who was work-
ing nearby noticed that the male bird was hang-
ing upside-down from his perch, and otherwise
conducting himself strangely. He promptly
reported that the bird was in convulsions, and
advocated its immediate removal to the hospital,
for treatment. But more deliberate observation
showed that while the bird’s antics might prop-
erly be described as a convulsion, it evidently
was not of the sort that calls for medical aid.
He was in full display, such as perhaps had
never before been seen by civilized men.

The Blue Bird of Paradise rarely has been
figured. Even in museum collections, it is not
a common species, though mounted specimens
are occasionally found. Since all birds of this
group are far more beautiful in display than
when in tranquil mood, they usually are drawn
or mounted in this position. Lacking knowl-
edge of particulars, it is not strange that artists
and preparateurs should be drawn into error by
comparison with related species of known habits.
Invariably, they have presented the bird with
wings spread and plumes raised above the back,
after the fashion of the Paradisea group !

The display of this species, as revealed by
our splendid specimen, is sharply contrasted
with the conventional exhibit. Instead of
remaining in an active, upright position, he
grasps his perch firmly with his powerful feet
and, with legs extended to the utmost, hangs
head downward. During the entire display
period of several minutes, the position of the
feet is never changed, and the firm grip never is
relaxed,

Viewed from the front, the plumes, incon-
spicuous and rather disappointing when at rest,
form a brilliant, inverted triangle, with the
raised feathers of the abdomen completing the
center. In the middle appears a longitudinal,
ovate patch of velvet black, bordered above by
a narrow band of dull red, formed by the
feathers that ordinarily clothe the abdomen.

113

The long, pendant “wires” rise to half their
length, then droop gracefully downward on
either side. The wings are held tightly closed
and the head is turned upward.

During the display, the body is moved for-
ward and back, with the hips as a fulerum, and
with a violent motion of the body the plum-
age is frequently spread to its widest expanse.
The white lines of feathers which border the
eye above and below, are conspicuously ex-
tended, leaving the bird only a narrow slit
through which to peer at the observer. Through-
out, the bird sings softly, in a low, grating
voice, moving his head slightly by sharp jerks.
This habit of singing, in which the Blue Bird
of Paradise often indulges when not in full
display, seems peculiar to this species.

Taken altogether, the display of this bird is a
beautiful and marvellous sight. The rapid
vibration of the body causes the brilliant blues
of his plumage to run in waves of color over
the entire filmy triangle. The dead black spot
in the center is made more conspicuous by the
contrasting color about it and when seen under
certain lights, appears more like a deep cavity
than a mere patch of plumage.

As far as we have been able to determine but
three living Blue Birds of Paradise besides our
own ever have reached Europe or America. The
first of these. an immature male, brought to
England by collectors in the employ of Sir
William Ingram in 1907, was the subject of an
article written by the owner for The Avicultural
Magazine, from which the following is quoted:
oa when he flew from his perch to the
ground, the magnificence of his azure blue plum-
age was most conspicuous; the sheen of the
feathers on his back was like spun glass, glis-
tening like the ripples ef the waters of the blue
Mediterranean sea. . . . It must be a won-
derful and entrancing sight to see the rudolphi
displaying with his full plumage in the sunlight

amidst the foliage of his dancing tree. . . . I
very much doubt if we shall ever see his like
again. but, as long as I live I shall

always think of what might have been had my
bird lived to renew his plumage and to give an
exhibition of his display.”

The sight for which Sir William Ingram ex-
presses so much feeling is now seen daily by
many among our throngs of visitors and not all
are lacking in appreciation of its wonder.

Boswell’s original proof sheets for his “Life
of Dr. Johnson,” with corrections marked, have
just sold for $2,200. Nowadays the printers
charge more than that for correcting anybody's
prooft.—Sun-Herald.

114

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

Bepartments :
Mammals Aquarium
W. T. Hornapay. C. H. Townsenp.
Birds Reptiles

Ler S. CRANDALL. Raymonp L. Dirmars

Witiiam Beesk. Honorary Curator, Birds

Published bi-monthly at the Office of the Society,
111 Broadway, New York City.

Yearly by Mail, $1.00.
MAILED FREE TO MEMBERS.
Copyright, 1921, by the New York Zoological Society.

Each author is responsible for the scientific accuracy
and the proof reading of his contribution.

Etwin R. Sansorn, Editor

Wior. XOxliVin Nok 5: SEPTEMBER, 1921

THAT GAME SLAUGHTER IN
NATAL

Several months ago fragmentary bits of news
came to America by way of England concerning
a great slaughter of game that had taken place
in the Transvaal, seemingly under government
auspices. The early information received was
brief and fragmentary, and gave no detailed
reasons for the massacre of zebras and other
species of game that has taken place.

In due course of time we received from the
British Society for the Protection of the Fauna
of the Empire, expressions which betokened its
strong disapproval of the whole occurrence.

At last, however, we are in receipt of direct
news from South Africa which uncovers the
whole situation, and shows it in clear but hid-
eous perspective. The ignorance, the sordidness
and the blood-guiltiness of the whole affair is
disgusting beyond words; and the savagery of it
is quite unparalleled in the annals of British
colonization. Even the casual reader can meas-
ure the depth of the iniquity of it by the fact
that four of the twelve much prized and long
protected remaining white rhinoceroses of South
Africa, now found in South Africa in the Trans-
vaal only, and most carefully preserved through
a period of twenty years. were slaughtered in
the drive, and left to deeay on the veldt!

From a thoroughly trustworthy South African
source we have the information that the organ-

The Natal massacre should be a warning to
the whole world against the perpetration of any
similar crimes against wild life-——W. T. H.

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

ized massacre of big game which occurred in
Natal about nine months ago, involved the
slaughter of about 2,000 zebras and at least
1,000 head of other large game. About five
hundred white men, who were called up from
the towns by advertisements, took part in the
slaughter, and the pretext was “‘the tsetse fly.”
In addition to the slaughter, one result of the
drive was to scatter the remaining big game still
further afield, and presumably to carry the
tsetse fly much farther than before. Inasmuch
as a great many of the men engaged in the kill-
ing never before had handled firearms or hunted
big game, it is reasonably certain that in addi-
tion to the game kilied thousands of head were
wounded. of which many must have died of
their wounds.

In the first instance it was supposed that
the game destroyed had been seriously encroach-
ing upon the cultivated fields and gardens of
civilization; but the facts seem to be otherwise.
It seems that the theatre of the massacre did
not consist of cultivated lands. It is said that
the men who take up such lands as_ those
occupied by the game do so for the purpose of
exploiting the game and the timber, and when
those are exhausted they return to the high and
healthy parts of the country, leaving behind
them a devastated and barren wilderness.

This, we repeat, is the statement of a com-
petent South African authority who is thoroughly
familiar with the whole situation.

We deeply regret the lapse backward into
savagery of the perpetrators of the appalling
slaughter described above. It is to be hoped,
however, that the horror and aversion which it
has caused in the minds of all fair-minded and
humane Englishmen will go far toward prevent-
ing such exhibitions in the future.

We are quite familiar with the arguments
usually brought forward in defense of the
slaughter of big game that happens to be in
touch with our so-called civilization. We do not
believe in the perpetual maintenance of unbear-
able wild animal nuisances. It is quite conceiv-
able that under certain conditions the checking
of the increase of big game by well regulated
killings can, and occasionally does, become nec-
essary, although so far as the experience of the
world has gone, such justifiable occasions are
few and far between. But the wholesale slaugh-

ter perpetrated in Natal is an_ entirely
different matter. It seems to have been con-

ducted with blind ferocity and blood-thirstiness
that did not stop even at the destruction of the
most valuable wild animal asset of Natal—the
white rhinoceros. In Rhodesia, where twenty

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

years ago a few white rhinoceroses still re-
mained, the fine for killing one was £250; but
months ago in the Trans-

how different nine

vaal!

MR. DITMARS’ PURCHASES IN SAN
FRANCISCO.

EW and interesting specimens are steadily
N arriving. Two orang-utans, a slow loris,
five Prevost’s squirrels, a twenty-foot
regal python and a_ twenty-two foot black-
tailed python were recently brought from San
Francisco by the writer. They arrived from

Caleutta and Singapore, on the steamship
Granite State. It is seldom that so large a

collection of interesting animals arrives on the
Pacific coast, and in this instance it was neces-
sary to send a member of the Park stat to
inspect, purchase and care for a consignment
during the transcontinental journey. ‘This
seemed particularly urgent in the case of orang-
utans, in memory of the recent loss by a dealer
of a fine orang-utan that was shipped unat-
tended from California to New York, with safe
arrival guaranteed.

The writer was kept thoroughly busy during
nine days in San Francisco, chiefly in protect-
ing the orangs from changes in temperature.
The days were warm and the nights decidedly
cold. On two the temperature
dropped as low as 48 degrees. As there were
no places to quarter them, the larger orang—
of rather savage disposition—was placed in a
south (and sunny) room of a warehouse, where
he fared well during the day, but shivered at

occasions

night. He was provided with an army blanket.
and fortunately had enough intelligence to

wrap up in it.

The smaller orang was kept in the writer's
room at the Hotel Saint Francis upon reluctant
permission from the management. Our consid-
erable stay in San Francisco resulted from the
arrival of a pair of anoas, or pygmy water
buffalo, described in a previous paragraph.
When the writer was able to leave for the Kast
he transported all of his specimens as baggage,
through special permission of the Southern
Pacific Company, having been given sufficient
room on the Overland Limited, a three day train
to Chicago. This arrangement gave immediate
access to the animals, and the facilities of
kitchen and refrigerators of the dining car.

The animals fared well, and really seemed to
rejoice in the heat across the desert and the
Nebraska plains. At Chicago, some generous

115

courtesies were extended by the officials of the
New York Central Lines. The
quickly transferred to a baggage compariment
on the Lake Shore Limited, and reached New
York twenty-four hours later. Thanks to the
generous co-operation of our railway friends
these animals were subjected to only four days
of travel. En route the orangs and other mam-
mals were fed moderately, three times a day

animals were

and safely placed on exhibition in the Park.
The orang additions were particularly gratify-
ing, for these additions had long been desired.

—R. L. D.

ZOOLOGICAL PARK NOTES.
By Raymonp L. Dirmars.

San Lions—The Seal Rocks
near Golden Gate Park. San Francisco, always

Francisco Sea

a point of great interest to visitors on the
Pacific coast, are not densely populated this

summer. Evidently the sea lion herd has
migrated to the Farallone Islands. The few

sea lions on the rocks, however, are of large
size, with a quite majestic bull of the Stellar
sea lion species in spectacular prominence. Mr.
John MacLaren, Superintendent of Parks, in-
formed the writer that a huge bull steadily fre-
quented the rocks for a period of about twenty
years. One day it was found dead, and washed
up on the beach, apparently a victim of old age.
This fine specimen, which appears to have
weighed at least twelve hundred pounds, is now
mounted in the fine lion group in the
museum building in Golden Gate Park.

sea

Reptiles—Eachanges with the London Zoo-—
The Zoological Gardens of London, through Dr.
E. G. Boulenger, Curator of Reptiles, recently
asked us for an exchange of reptiles, and we
immediately shipped them the following speci-
mens: 10 timber rattlesnakes, 4 water mocca-
sins, 2 copperhead snakes, 4 hog-nosed snakes
(northern), 2 hog-nosed snakes (southern), 6
water snakes, 2 coachwhip snakes, 1 gopher
snake, 2 bull snakes, 2 king snakes, 3 spotted
turtles, 4 wood turtles, 3 painted turtles, 4 box
tortoises and 4 large bull frogs. The shipmeit
left on the Cunard steamship Albania. All
the specimens arrived in good condition. In
return Dr. Boulenger shipped us the following
species: + black mambas or spitting cobras, 12
European vipers, 6 grass snakes, 6 dark-green
snakes, 1 smooth snake, 2 sand boas, 12 pond
turtles, 4 spike-tailed lizards, 1 Indian monitor,
1 cyclodes, 12 salamanders and 2 fire-bellied
toads.

116

The spitting cobras were of particular inter-
est. This very dangerous snake of southern
Africa must be handled with great caution. [ts
tactics of defense are varied and formidable.
It feigns death, then suddenly hurls itself at
any one unsuspecting such habits, or rears in
true cobra fashion and ejects fine jets of venom
at the eyes of an intruder. Col. Roosevelt was
much impressed with this reptile, and describes
it in the narrative of his great African collecting
expedition.

Our Beavers Build a New House.—Flor some
reason unknown to us, our beavers have decided
to “move.” The old house has been occupied
for a number of years and as the colony in-
creased in numbers, additions were constructed
to the south and east, until the structure
appeared like a fair-sized island, with a foliage
of high weeds. Of late years a small tree
developed upon it. The house appeared to be
a thoroughly established structure, satisfactory
in every respect.

Early this spring the beavers were observed
digging tunnels into the shore around the pond.
They concentrated work upon one of these,
emerging about ten feet inward from the shcre
line, where they dug out a circular gallery, full
of water from the tunnel. Leaving enough of
the ground above to form a generous living
platform, above water, they then began exten-
sive activities in gathering brush, sticks and
mud. In a short time the familiar dome-like
house rose over the skillfully planned founda-

tion. The old house, now deserted is gradually
sinking and disintegrating, showing that a

beaver home needs constant attention from these
animal engineers if it is to remain in habitable
condition.

A Noisy Primate House—The Primate
House, never more crowded with specimens
than now, has become the noisiest exhibition

centre in the Park. The most vociferous cherus
occurs in the morning. The first number is
produced by three lusty gibbons—two hoolocks
and a white-handed gibbon. Before the arrival
of the former, with a shipment of animals pur-
chased in London by Curator Crandall, our
white-handed gibbon (many years on exhibition
in the Park) gave oceasional samples of jnis
prolonged and piercing call. It is difficult to
describe, but in effect it is a long wail, increas-
ing in power and ascending in tone until it
assumes ear-splitting intensity.

The hoolock gibbon is gifted with a call of
shorter duration, but it is persistently repeated,
and is even more piercing than that of the white-

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

handed species. With three of these animais in
full ery and all of them much enjoying the
operation of producing all the noise collectively
possible, the effect upou the ears is almost
stunning. The writer has clearly heard this
chorus while on the Southern Boulevard, out-
side the Park and nearly half a mile away. The
daily shouts and yells of Boma, the big chimpan-
zee, are another story.

Virgin Forest and Copperhead Snakes.—It
occasionally happens that we discover a small
area of country close to the city which appears
quite undisturbed, and harbors a variety of wild
life. The Inwood section of upper Manhattan
Island, and an actual part of the city of New
York, was long recognized as a spot of that
kind, but now it is passing rapidly out of such
standing, owing to the increasing number of
picnic parties. Its grassy slopes now show
numerous sears of bare earth, and the inevitable
litter of newspapers and luncheon refuse that
follows a fine Sunday.

Not far north of New York City, however,
immediately north of White Plains, and within
the township lines of the latter, there is an
area about three miles in diameter, that is yet
undisturbed. In this area, barely forty minutes’
motor run from the northern boundary of the
big city, are fine forests, rocky hills bearing
mountain laurel, and brooks and lakes, although
the latter now serve as reservoirs. In this area
live wild foxes, skunks, raccoons, woodchucks,
mink and weasels.

Even more interesting, however, and rather
serious, too, is the fact that the poisonous cop-
perhead snake is there quite at home, and in
fair numbers. The reason for this appears to
be that no highways traverse the ground over
which these reptiles would naturally wander in
search of food. If a road had pierced the centre
of this territory they would have disappeared
many years ago, but all of their wanderings
are among swampy meadows, or among vocks
and generally under cover. The discovery of
these poisonous snakes marks the nearest record
of venomous reptiles to the north of New York
City. The writer has endeavored to locate the
hibernating “‘dens’”’ and thus gather the greater
number of specimens. This beautiful spot
ultimately will become a haven for picnics,
and for future bits of real nature we must look
northward toward the Bedford Hills.

The Heads and Horns Building.—The writer
is preparing a “‘trick’’ motion picture to show
the construction of the Museum Building on
Baird Court which will house the Society's

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

National Collection of Heads and Horns. ‘Tis
picture is to be part of the program for the
coming annual meeting, and it is designed to
show in a few minutes the entire construction
of an imposing building. Eight second intervals
will represent a week's progress in building.
The scenes begin with the clearing of the forest,
and terminate with the arrangement and_ the
completed installation of the specimens upon the
walls.

Pictures for the Neat Annual Meeting.—
There will be much of interest on the program
of the 1922 annual meeting. Curator Beebe is
now arranging his motion picture films pheto-
graphed at the Zoological Society's tropical
laboratory in South America. All of
material was produced with the now famous
Akeley camera. There will be views of the
sloth in its native environment, the giant ant-
eater, the leaf-cutting ant, tropical walking
sticks and wonderful scenes of the impressive
waterfalls at Kaieteur, that are five times the
height of Niagara. The motion picture piio-
tography from the Tropical Station is the work
of Mr. John Tee-Van.

this

A New Pair of Anoas——For the first time in
the history of the Park we are exhibiting a pair
of anoas, or pygmy water buffalo of Celebes.
In the past we have had two male specimens.
The present pair arrived in San Francisco by
way of Singapore, and encountered the usual
rigid government inspection and quarantine.
The writer was in San Francisco at the time
these animals arrived, and suggested that he be
permitted to take them East with him, thus
transferring the quarantine to the port of New
York.

There were two specifications for quarantine—
a thirty-day period from the port of embarka-
tion, and fifteen days at the port of arrival. ‘The
thirty-day period had expired during the voyage
across the Pacific, but the latter period was a
ground of sorrow. An immediate transfer to
New York was declared impossible, and the
writer came east without them, but bringing
animals that could not be kept waiting in tem-
porary quarters. Very fortunately Mr. Alex.
Mitchell, of Oklahoma, and brother of our Mr.
H. R. Mitchell, appeared in San Francisco most
opportunely, at the time of the expiration of the
final quarantine period. He successfully con-
veyed the animals to Kansas City, and at
Chicago they were met by Mr. William Mitchell,
who brought them directly through by Erie
Railroad. They arrived in quite as fine condi-
tion as they were when they left Celebes, and

Italy

are safely quartered at the Small-Deer House,
in charge of Keeper Riley.

An Albino Rattler—The present star of the
Reptile Collection is an albino rattlesnake, cap-
tured on Black Rock Mountain, in the Berk-
shires, Massachusetts. The writer observed this
specimen, sunning itself at the base of a ledge,
in August, 1920. He at first thought it was an
alabaster or a marble paperweight left by some
artist who had been sketching on the mountain.
During a moment’s hesitation the rattler glided
into a crevice and escaped. Later in the season
we hunted him, and again last spring, but with-
out success. Early this summer Mr. R. M.
Smith, of Sheffield, Mass., an ally of the writer,
returned to the ledge and found the specimen
coiled near a shelving rock. He shoved
out with a stick, and into a bag. This is our
first record of an albino specimen of the timber
or banded rattlesnake. The Park now has a
number of interesting albinos. There are two
albino woodchucks, an albino gray squirrel, a
perfectly white Canadian porcupine, an albino
crow and a fallow deer.

him

New Paintings of Animals.—Several impor-
tant paintings have arrived to strengthen the
already fine series of animal portraits at the
Administration Building, in the Park. Among
the recent additions is a life size oil painting
by Carl Rungius of the North American puma,
or mountain lion, at home among the crags
of the Rockies. Another new and masterful oil
painting, with the subjects life size, is by
Louis Agassiz Fuertes. It shows nesting flamin-
goes on Andros Island, in the Bahamas. Mr.
Fuertes made two trips to Andros Island to
make studies of the vast nesting grounds, and
to watch the birds in the care of their young.
His painting is spectacular in the brilliant red
coloration of the birds, the vivid green of trop-
ical foliage and a striking cloud effect often
seen in the Bahamas.

Attendance.—Despite surprises of the past
year, when the Zoological Park records of
attendance showed two and a quarter million
visitors, the figures for the present year reveal
even stronger proof of the steadily increasing
popularity of the Park.

Restoring the Frogs.—Through changes in
drainage, the droughts of former years and other
causes, the Park ponds were slowly depopulated
of frogs, and the cheery note of the green trog,
as well as the impressive bass voice of the bull-
frog had altogether ceased. During the past
fall and the spring of the present year, this void
was filled. The writer and his assistants in the

118

Reptile Department have very generously
stocked all of the Park’s lakes and ponds with
frogs and tadpoles. There is now a frequent
croaking of green frogs in the marsh garden,
and a frequent and hearty bull-frog chorus at
several points, particularly noticeable in the
Heart-Shaped Pond immediately south of the
Zebra House.

New Cage-Work.—A great amount of repair
work has been accomplished the past spring and
the present summer. One of the major jobs

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

was the dismantling, repairing, reconstructing
and painting of the outside cages of the Lion
House, with the construction of an entirely new
system of permanent cage gutters of reinforced
cement. The Burrowing Rodents’ cages are
now dismantled, and next year will be rebuilt
along new lines, affording greater strength, more
attractive appearance, and more room for the
animals. The entire reconstruction of the out-
side cages of the Small Mammal House is well
under way, and will be completed this year.

A GORILLA’S

LIFE IN

CIVILIZATION

By Atyse CunNINGHAM

T was with the feelings of greatest misgiving
that I settled down to the task of bringing
up, or at least helping to bring up, a young

gorilla, when my nephew, Major Rupert Penny
of the Royal Air Force, in November, 1918,
bought “Johnny Gorilla,’ which name we pre-
ferred to the “John Daniel” that was given
him when he first came to England in July,
1918. Inasmuch as the British Government
did not permit any wild animals to be brought
into England at that time, John was brought in
with a lot of monkeys which then were required
by the government for experimental purposes.

We heard that a captain of a French ship
brought John to Havre, where he was bought
by an animal dealer and shipped to England
with the monkeys. Soon afterward he was sold
to a departmental store in London as a Christ-
mas attraction, and it was there that we first
saw him, about October or November, 1918.

Disliking anything in the shape of a monkey
or ape, I did not take a fancy to the gorilla,
but I thought him amusing when I saw him in
his cage, clapping his hands or chest, and doing
various little tricks off his own bat, much to the
amusement of the crowds who saw him daily.
On the other hand Major Penny had always
been very much interested in primates, and he
bought the gorilla with the idea of seeing how
much mentality could be developed in the high-
est of the anthropoidal apes.

John Gorilla was captured when very young,
on the seaboard of the French Gaboon country,
and came to England when he was rather under
three years old. He continued to amuse people
in the zoo section of the store until near Christ-
mas time, when he acquired influenza, or at least
a severe cold—most probably caught from “the
public.” As he was in a very stuffy atmosphere

throughout the day, in close proximity to people,
and he was being kept night and day in an
amazing temperature of from 80 to 85 degrees,
it was a case of a complete change or an early
death.

John came to live with us at 15 Sloane Street,
London, at the end of December, 1918. He was
in a “rickety” condition and he weighed only
thirty-two pounds. He stood erect with diffi-
culty, as a photograph taken at that time plain-
ly shows. When he left us in March, 1921, he
weighed 112 pounds and his measurements were
as follows: Height, standing naturally, 3 feet
414 inches; Circumference of head, 1914
inches; Neck, 1714 inches; Chest, 34 inches;
Length of upper arm, to elbow, 12 inches;
Forearm to wrist, 1014 inches; Around upper
arm, 10 inches; Around wrist, 844 inches; Top
of head to seat, 28 inches; Hip to knee, 11
inches; Knee to heel, 1144 inches; Around
ankle, 9 inches; Length of foot, 9 inches.

We converted a small room into a cage for
him, separated from another room by bars. so
that he could see and be near to people all day.
The cage was heated by an electric radiator.
One of the windows of the cage we had taken
out, and the space was covered with several
thicknesses of muslin, to allow fresh air to be
filtered through. At once we dropped the high
temperature he had been having down to 65
degrees. His cold got better at once.

We soon found it was impossible to leave him
alone at night, because he shrieked every night,
and nearly all night, from loneliness and fear!
This we found he had done in the store before
coming to us. He always began to cry directly
he saw the assistants putting things away for
the night. We found that this loneliness at
night was trying on his health and appetite,

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

MAJOR PENNY AND JOHN
May, 1919.

besides which, we were afraid the people in
the neighborhood would complain. As soon as
possible my nephew had his bed made up every
night in the room adjoining the cage, with the
result that John was quite happy, and at once
began to grow and put on weight.

By this time I was getting to like John, and
to take a great interest in him. I fed him,
washed his hands, face and feet twice a day,
and brushed and combed his hair—which_ he
would try and do himself whenever he got hold
of the brush or comb. He soon got to like all
this. My next idea was to teach him to be
strictly clean in his habits. It was my ambi-
tion to be able to have him upstairs in our
house at 15 Sloane Street, as an ordinary mem-
ber of the household. I taught him first as
a child is taught and handled. This took some
time. At first I could not make him understand
what was expected of him, even though I always
petted him, and gave him grapes (of which he
was especially fond, when he first came to us),
but I think he imagined that this treatment was
a punishment. At first, without other reasons,
he would roll on the floor and shriek, but directly
he understood what was expected of him he soon
learned and began to behave excellently. This
training occupied quite six weeks. About Febru-
ary, 1919, we took him out of his cage and
allowed him the freedom of the house. There-
after he would run upstairs to the bathroom
of his own accord, turning the door knob of

119

whatever room he was in and also opening the
door of the bathroom.

Jchn’s appetite seemed to tire of foods very
quickly. The only thing he stuck to was milk,
which he always liked best when warmed. We
began by giving him a quart a day, raising to
three and a half quarts a day. I found that
he preferred to choose his own food, so I used
to place for him several kinds, such as bananas,
oranges, apples, grapes, raisins, currants, dates
and any small fruit in season, such as raspber-
ries or strawberries, all of which he especially
liked to have warmed. These displays I placed
on a high shelf in the kitchen, where he could
get them with difficulty. I think that he thought
himself very clever when he stole anything. He
never would eat anything stale. He was ex-
tremely fond of jelly, especially fresh lemon
jelly, which was often made for him, but he
never would touch it after the second day.

Oranges or apples, or any fruit that had been
cut he would never eat after a few hours. He
loved roses, to eat, more than anything! The
more beautiful they were the more he liked them,
but he never would eat faded roses. As a con-
sequence I hardly ever was able to have roses in
the vases. He also liked nibbling twigs, and
to eat the green buds of trees.

When he first came to us, I found that nuts
gave him dreadful spells of indigestion, for
after eating them he would lie down on the floor
and groan. As he grew older he became very
fond of peanuts baked in the oven, and they
seemed to agree with him very well. He never
cared very much for nuts of any other kind,
except walnuts. With cocoanuts he was very
funny. He knew that they had to be broken,
and he would try and break them on the floor.
When he found he couldn’t manage that, he
would bring the big nut to one of us and try
to make us understand what he wished. If we
gave him a hammer he would try to use it
on the nut and on not being able to manage that,
he always gave back to us both the hammer and
the cocoanut. He knew what hammers and chis-
els were for, but for obvious reasons we never
encouraged him in anything to do in the line of
carpentry.

John loved to have people come to see him
in his home. At first we used to admit every
one who asked, but after a while I found this
was impossible. Very soon we were compelled
to limit visitors to those introduced by personal
friends, or people who wished to see him from a
scientific standpoint. Whenever people came to
see him, he would show off like a child. It was
his custom to take them by the hand and lead

— . Pek
» JOHN AT THE LONDON ZOO, SEPTEMBER 1920

He went there three days each week, going and returning in a taxicab with Miss Cunningham

[ 120 }

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

them round and round the If he
that a person was at all nervous about him, he
loved running past them, and give them a
smack on the leg—and you could see him grin
as he did so. A game he was very fond of was
to pretend that he was blind, shutting his eyes
very tightly and running about the room knock-
ing against tables and chairs. He loved to take
everything out of a waste paper basket and
strew the contents all over the room, after which
he would always pick up everything and put
it all back when told to, but looking very bored
all the while. If the basket was very full he
would push it all down very carefully to make
room for more. He would always put things
back when told to do so, such as books from a
bookshelf, or things from a table.

room. saw

His table manners were really very good.
He always sat at the table, and whenever a
meal was ready, would pull his own chair up to
his place. He did not care to eat a great quan-
tity, but he especially liked to drink water out
of a tumbler. I always gave him some butter
with his breakfast, but he seldom liked bread.
Sometimes he would take a whole crust or round
of toast when you least expected him to do
and eat it all. He always took afternoon tea—
of which he was very fond—and a thin piece
of bread with plenty of jam; and he always
liked coffee after dinner. He was the least
greedy of all the animals I ever have seen.
He never would snatch anything and always ate
very slowly. He always drank a lot of water,
which he would get himself whenever he wanted
it, by turning on a tap. Strange to say he always
turned off the water when he had finished drink-
ing. He seemed to thrive on water, and this
never prevented his taking his milk as well.

John seemed to think that everyone was de-
lighted to see him, and he used to throw up the
window whenever he was permitted. If he found
the sash locked he would unfasten it and when
a big crowd collected outside he would clap
his chest and his hands. He was especially
fond of children, and would always put out his
hand in an appealing fashion and grunt with
pleasure. When told to do so, he would always
come in, shut the window and lock it.

He was especially fond of my little niece,
three years old, who used to come with her
mother to stay. John and she used to play
together for hours and he seemed to understand
what she wanted him to do. If she ever cried,
and her mother would go and pick her up, John
would always try and nip the mother or give
her a smack with the full weight of his hands,
evidently thinking that she was the cause of
the child’s tears.

121

One day we were going out, for which I was
sitting ready dressed, when John wished to sit
on my lap. My sister, Mrs. Penny, said:

“Don’t let him, he will spoil your dress.”

As my dress happened to be a light one I
pushed him away and said, “No.” He at once
lay on the floor and cried just like a child for
about a minute. Then he looked round
the room, found a newspaper, went and picked
it up, spread it on my lap and climbed up. ‘This
was quite the cleverest thing I ever saw him do.
Even those who saw it said they would not have
believed it had they not seen it themselves.
Both my nephews (Major Penny and Mr. E. C.
Penny), his wife and my sister (Mrs. Penny)
were in the room and can testify to the correct-
ness of the above record.

rose,

Another clever thing John did, although I
suspect this was due more to instinct than down-
right cleverness. A piece of filet beef steak
had just come from the butcher. Inasmuch as
occasionally I gave him a small mouthful of
raw beef, a small piece of the coarser part of
the steak was cut off, and I gave it to him. He
tasted it, then gravely handed it back to me.
Then he took my hand and put it on the finer
part of the meat. From that I cut off a tiny
piece, gave it to him, and he ate it. When my
nephew came home he wouldn't believe it, so I
tried it again, with the same result, except that
then he did not even attempt to eat the coarser
meat.

John seemed to realize danger for other people
in high places, for if any one looked out of a
high window, he always pushed them away,
if he were at the window himself, but if he was
away from it he would run and pull them back.

Our gorilla could stand a lot of cold, and we
often let him go on the roof in freezing weather.
This he did not seem to mind as long as he
could come into a warm room when he wanted to.
He would then go straight to the fire, rub his
chest and sit down with his feet right on the
fender. The one thing, however, he could not
stand was dampness during the winter, or any
draught.*

We found that exercise was the thing he
required to keep him in health, and my nephew
used to give him a great deal of that by playing
hide and seek with him in the morning before
breakfast, and in the evening before dinner—
up and down stairs, in and out of all rooms.
He simply loved that game, and he would giggle
and laugh while being chased. But he was very

*In the New York Zoological Park the terror of the
animals and the animal man-is the cold dampness of
wet weather in winter.—Kd.

CHARACTERISTIC ATTITUDES OF JOHN, THE GORILLA.

A- The all-fours attitude common in apes. B- Erect, but physically weak (December 1918). C- John, troubled
with rickets (December 1918). D- John, physically very fit, and clapping his chest (February 1921).

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN 12%

JOHN GORILLA AND CHILD THREE YEARS OLD
December, 1920.

cautious. He never would run into a dark room
without first turning on the light! He enjoyed
getting into a warm bath and sponging himself,
but we could allow this only during warm
summer weather.

He always went to bed at eight o'clock. He
had his own little room, adjoining that of my
nephew, with a spring bed and blankets. He
would get out in the night by himself, go back
to bed and pull the blankets over himself quite
neatly. A thing he greatly enjoyed was to
stand on the top rail of his bed and jump on the
springs, head over heels, just like a child.

We never taught him any tricks; he simply
acquired knowledge himself. We took him by
train to our cottage in the country, as an ordi-
nary passenger, without even a chain round
his neck. We found he did not like fields or
open country, but he was very happy in a garden
or in woods. He was very much afraid of full
grown sheep, cows and horses, but he loved
colts, calves or lambs, proving to us that he
recognized youth. At the cottage he found he
had to jump to get water, which he taught him-
self in three days.

We made one very great mistake with John.
His cage was used as a punishment, with the
result we never could leave him there alone, for
he would shriek all the time. We never were
able to get a satisfactory person to look after

him, and so he became a very great tie. We
tried a great many persons, but they all im-
agined that you could not bring up the animal
without a stick. Now a stick was the one thing
that our gorilla would not stand from anyone
save Major Penny and myself. Presently we
found out that the only way to deal with him
was to tell him he was very naughty, and push
him when he would roll on
the floor and cry and be very repentant, holding
one’s ankles and putting his head on our feet.

away from us;

At last our gorilla became such a tie that
we knew we must presently part with him.
Understanding he was to be placed in a private
park in Florida and believing that these would
be ideal conditions for him, we signed the con-
tract to sell him, only to find out too late
Un-

fortunately also the man sent to take him

what the real conditions were to be.

across to America had not the slightest no-
tion how to treat him, because, although we
stipulated he would stay with John for six
weeks, he was with John only a very few
Thus was poor John Gorilla taken

away from us by a complete stranger to him,

with the result that from totally changed

conditions and homesickness he soon became
ill, and my presence was called for by cable
entirely too late for me to find him alive. He
died in Madison Square Garden Tower in the
last week of April, 1921.

hours.

MISS CUNNINGHAM AND HER GORILLA PET
Taken in March, 1921.

JOHN GORILLA CLAPPING HIS CHEST.

From a motion picture film, taken to show the characteristic breast-beating act of gorillas.

[ 124 ]

New York Zoological Society
GENERAL INFORMATION

MEMBERSHIP.—Membership in the Zoological Society is open to all interested in the
objects of the organization, who desire to contribute toward its support.

The cost of Annual Membership is $10 yearly, which entitles the holder to admission to
the Zoological Park on all pay days, when the collections may be seen to the best advantage.
Members are entitled to the Annual Report, bi-monthly Bulletin, Zoologica, Zoopathologica,
privileges of the Administration Building, all lectures and special exhibitions, and ten compli-
mentary tickets to the Zoological Park for distribution.

Any Annual Member may become a Life Member by the payment of $200. A subscriber
of $1,000 becomes a Patron; $2,500, an Associate Founder; $5,000, a Founder; $10,000, a
Founder in Perpetuity, and $25,000 a Benefactor.

Applications for membership may be given to H. R. Mitchell, Chief Clerk, Zoological Park,
C. H. Townsend, Aquarium, Battery Park, and the General Secretary, 111 Broadway, New York
City.

ZOOLOGICAL PARK.—The Zoological Park is open every day in the year, free, except
Monday and Thursday of each week, when admission is charged. Should either of these days
fall on a holiday no admission fee is charged. The opening and closing hours are from 10
o'clock A. M. until one-half hour before sunset.

NEW YORK AQUARIUM.—The Aquarium is open free to the public, every day in the
year: April to September, 9 A. M. to 5 P. M.: October to March, 10 A. M. to 4 P. M.

PUBLICATIONS

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i i i Park ! i # 4
Ofc tauide Zoviqrical BUS (ECA a)) (QUES CS) esl Aquarium Post Cards: Colored. In sets, each......... 25
*Can be furnished in 9th Annual Report 1.50 (For all mail orders, 5c. extra)

All publications of the Society for sale at the Zoological Park, 185th St. and Southern Boule-
vard, New York City. Aquarium publications for sale at the New York Aquarium,
Battery Park, New York City. |

Corrected to September, 1921

OBJECTS OF THE SOCIETY

A PUBLIC ZOOLOGICAL PARK
A PUBLIC AQUARIUM
THE PRESERVATION OF OUR NATIVE ANIMALS
THE PROMOTION OF ZOOLOGY

Ver. XXIV. No. 6 @ ; ? NOVEMBER, 1921

) ih
i Mu
Hy

a en = AC '

SSS

SSS

SS

AUER

oo

|

iii i it MMMM MMMM NN
NOTE H TTNTTeNHTNTT NT

[LETS Ae TSO
UR FREUND 1912

Nem York Zonlogical Soriety

Genera Orrice, 111 Broadway, New Yore Ciry.

President
Henry Fairrietp Osporn
Hirst Vice-President Serond Vice-President
Mapison Grant Frank K. Stourais .
Oreasurer Secretary Asst. Oreasurer
Percy R. Pyne Mapison Grant Farmers’ Loan & Trust Co.

Executive Committee

Mapison Grant, Chairman. Wm. Pirrson Hamitton, Antuony R. Kusrr,
Percy R. Pyne, Frank K. Srurais, A. Barron Hepsurn,
Wituiam Wurrte NILzs, Watson B. DickErRMaAN, W. Repmonp Cross.

Henry Farrrietp Osporn, ez-officio

Board of Managers’
Ex-nitris: The Mayor and The Preswwent Department of Parks, City of New York.

Glass nf 1922

Percy R. Pyne, Emerson McMitiin, Freperic C. Watcorr,

Grorce Birp GRINNELL, Antuony R. Kuser, Brexman WINTHROP,

Cirvetanp H. Doper, Watson B. DickermMan, Gerorce C. Crark,

C. Lepyarp Brat, Mortimer L. Scuirr, W. Repmonp Cross.
Glass of 1923

Henry Farrrietp Oszorn, Wma. Pierson Hamiuton, A. Barton Heprsurn,

LisPENARD STEWART, Rozert S. Brewster, Witii1am Woopwarp,

Cuar.es F. Dietericn, Epwarp S. Harkngess, Epwin Tuorne,

Gerorce F. Baker, Wii11am B. Oscoop Fiexp, Prrcy A. RocKEFELLER.
Glass of 1924

Mapison Grant, Groree J. GouLp, Gerorce D. Prart,

Wiriiam Waite NIEs, Oepen MiLts, T. Coteman pu Pont,

Henry A. C. Taytor, Lewis RutHerrurp Morris, Henry D. Wuirton,

Frank K. Srurais, Arcuer M. Huntinerton, Epwarp Harcu, Jr.

General Officers

Wiii1am T. Hornapay, Director, Zoological Park.

Cuarites H. Townsenp, Director, New York Aquarium.
Grorae S. Huntineton, Prosector. H. Dz B. Parsons, Consulting Engineer.
Grorce A. MacCauuium, Pathologist. R. L. Cerero, Bursar.

Officers of the Zoological Park

Witiiam T. Hornapay, Director.

H. R. Mircuery, Chief Clerk. H. W. Merxen, Chief Forester.
Raymonp L. Dirmars, Curator, Reptiles. W. Rew Brair, Veterinarian.
Les S. Cranpatu, Curator, Birds. Wixiiam Mitcue tu, Cashier.

Wituram Breese, Honorary Curator, Birds.
Erwin R. Sanzorn, Photographer and Editor.

Officers of the Aquarium
Cuaries H. Townsenp, Director.
Ina M. Metuen, Secretary. Cuartes M. Breper, Jr., Aquarist.
Rosert J. Lanier, Foreman. Sreriine A. CaLuisen, Clerk.

James C. Moore, Chief Engineer.
Corrected to November, 1921

MALAY SAMBAR DEER

CONTENTS for NOVEMBER, 1921

I EAUICT: OWA ID) a aap ee nor he 8 eres ee a ey neta are, Renton LE Wy aan Ree Frontispiece
FACE BTINOS LING eDELE! ¢Z/O O17 0 GT C/A a E18 ce wee oe face eae eee Raymond L. Ditmars 127
INDE Wale ERIE IN GETSEAV VETO) ell RCE ue Alo Wp AGT: Bose ee ee eee cee De es ee 133
AVJASNVIESIEAILIN Gon CUTTER AUN Ion Grr ACNE a Soe oa ee eee en 4d. K. Haagner 134
Savinc WyominG ANTELOPE........ 138
Gane REPORTS SER OM BRIEDISH (COMUMBUAC 2: sooo ce coos ooo eee eee eee 138
GHRISMNOAS BIRD) (CENSUS = rece ese William Beebe—Inness Hartley 139
[llustrations
ALBIno Crow 128 Mepat Presented TO THE SOcIETY 133

ALBINO PEAFOWL 128 Pam or Nyaras ...... _ 1384
Apino Raccoon 128 Mountain Zepra Corr. 135
PANT BTIN OMe OND wi EUR OG sees eo ce erect 129 INATA VAIN TELOPE) IORNS ee 135
Atpino Canapa Porcupine 129 MOUNDATN A ZEBRAG ees ee co sees 136
WEASEL IN 129 Bon TEBOK 137
Giant Torroise er ee Oe 139
HEART OF THE TROPICAL JUNGLE.___............. 140
TATURINO! EUATELESNAKE: 0 ce 131 Lesser KiskapeR FLYCATCHERS._......_.........- 142
Axtsino Woopcnuck _ 131 YounG Dusky NIGHTHAWK 142
Arpino Gray a LEY Rurus-Frontep Ant-carcier’s Nes 142
ATRINGECOROTE 300. = ee Ne 132 Oren Juncie Near River..............-2..... _ 144
Mepat Presentep TO THE PERMANENT
Witp Lire Prorection Funp_........ 133
GR EVAITE Rw SSC D Umer se emer eae ee) en NO TL inte NL hee ed ee oc ee 1 eee ee Sg ee eee Lal Cover
TROLOMAOIG MIC FAGL, . S) OLCUSE Tey 9B Wale EL LN
PusuisHep by the New York Zoorocicat Sociery
111 Broadway, New York City
Single Copies, 20 Cents Bi-monthly Yearly by Mail, $1.00

"mIoquBs *Y UIM[y Aq ydvizojoqg
*BISSNY W1OITJ aseyd youlq ay} pus us0} uvedoing [BoldA} aq} ‘aII0; O1YstUIqre aq} Aq pajuaseidad ‘saseqd 10[oo Burytsys aelq, 7,

MUVd TYOISOTOOZ MHOA MUN AHL NI WAAC MOTIVE

oe

ZOOLOGICAL

SOCIETY.

BULLETIN

Published by the New York Zoological Society

VotumME XXIV

NOVEMBER,

1921 NuMBER 6

ALBINOS IN THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK AND ELSEWHERE

By Raymonp L. Dirmars

Illustrations from photographs by Elwin R. Sanborn

N a period of over twenty years in a zoologi-

cal park, there are many opportunities to ex-
amine specimens that vary from the typical
forms they represent. We think that the Park
offers for such observations a wider field than
the average natural history museum. All of our
animals are transient, and must be replaced, and
the realization of this causes us to be constantly
in touch with collectors, whose observations and
eaptured material add largely to our records.
The purpose of this article is to cite our records
as to the occurrence of albinism in our collec-
tions.

Albinism is due to the lack of color pigment
in the skin, affecting the external covering of
hair, feathers or scales, according to the nature
of the subject. An albino mammal or bird is
pure white, owing to the lack of coloring matter
in pelage or plumage. Albinos with a bare in-
tegument or with scales like the reptiles and
fishes are usually of pinkish coloration. The
indicated pinkish hue results from the blood
and muscular tissue showing through the par-
tially transluscent skin. The eyes usually ap-
pear pink, the pupil but faintly indicated, ow-
ing to the lack of color in the minute muscles
of the iris. Owing to the lack of this shielding
color, permitting light to filter throughout the
area of the iris, and consequently rendering
ineffective the contraction of the pupil in rays
of strong radiance, in a strong light the pure
albino suffers from “halation” of vision. In
a light so subdued that the pupil would normal-
ly dilate to cover the greater part of the iris,
the animal sees perfectly well. The extent
of albinism may be immediately noted by an
examination of the eyes, and the gleaming pink
iris, denoting the reflection of blood within the
eye-ball, points to a purely albinistic example.

Studies of albino snakes are particularly in
teresting, as the more vivid color patterns still
are indicated to greater or less extent, seldom
being altogether absent. The writer has noted
specimens with perfectly pink eyes, that were
faintly ringed or blotched with yellow or sal
mon markings, correctly representing the loca-
tion of pitchy black patterns on normal speci-
mens.

Excluding all domestic types, the Zoological
Park has exhibited albinos of the following
species:

Ring-tailed monkey, raccoon, gray squirrel,
Canadian porcupine, woodchuck, fallow deer,
common opossum, jackdaw, crow, peacock,
pheasant, quail, sparrow, rhea, alligator, rattle-
snake, milk snake, garter snake, palm viper,
South American tortoise and pond frog.

The list presents a fair demonstration of
albinism among the classes and orders of mam-
mals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. We real-
ize albinism is due to the caprices of nature,
and that so far as scientific investigation is
concerned there are grave barriers to a defi-
nite solution, but we are, nevertheless, led to
form several conclusions.

It is our belief that albinism is
lent among the rodents than in any of the other
In reaching this conclu-

more preva-

orders of mammals.
sion, the writer has given full consideration
to the fact that the rodents form an extremely
large order, with very abundant representatives
of many of the genera. Nevertheless, in com-
paring this order with other orders among the
mammals, we fail to note, from records gath-
ered during twenty years, any mention of the
albinos among the in
tremely rare instances, and not always from

carnivores, except ex-

128

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

produce albinistic progeny. In his extensive
studies of the original wild bison of the plains,
Dr. Hornaday found no records of real albinos
from among those now extinct millions, nor does
he remember from his personal investigations
of living and mounted specimens having ob-
served an indication of even partial albinism ex-
cept one pale yellowish-gray specimen, distinct-
ly off color from the normal example.

Among the birds, albinism appears to be fair-
ly frequent among numerous orders containing
species both large and small.

Albinism is fairly frequent among the reptiles,
although the writer has never observed an albino
lizard, nor a perfectly albinistic crocodilian. We
have exhibited two albino alligators, one of
which was largely pure white, but a few black

ALBINO INDIAN PEAFOWL

authentic sources. We hear of occasional al-
bino monkeys, also of deer, but of the rodents
of the
larger and more important species that are not
particularly abundant.
dents, albinism appears to be extremely rare in
certain families and genera. It is fairly fre-
quent among the bushy-tailed tree squirrels
(Sciurus), but appears infrequent among the
chipmunks, (Z'amias), and the spermophiles
(Spermophilus ).

we have constant records among some

Even among the ro-

It is by no means rare with
particularly
-yet rare with the prairie-dog,

the American
abundant type,
which is very abundant over large areas and is
readily With the
woodchuck, albinism is very frequent.
exhibited at least a dozen in the Zoologi-
cal Park. There appears to be no doubt that
certain species of mammals seldom or never

porcupine—a not

related

We have

observed. closely

ALBINO RACCOON

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

ALBINO POND FROG

129
race. The typical form is olive-green, with
red markings. Pale yellow specimens—about
the hue of a lemon skin
are quite common. In fact, they are seen as
frequently as the typical form.

and without markings,

In snake albi-
nos the forked tongue is perfectly white. Al-
bino turtles never appear to be perfectly white,
but a rather dingy This is probably
caused by the thickness of the shell and _ its
horny composition.

yellow.

We have noted several albino frogs, one pure
white with pink eyes. The condition may be
fairly frequent among the amphibians, but in
the normally precarious life of such a creature

ALBINO CANADA PORCUPINES

markings adorned the back (in very bold con-
trast), and the eyes were silvery in place
of the green-bronze iris of the normal alligator.
The writer has noted a number of albino snakes,
and an interesting series has been exhibited in
the Park. Here, as among the animals, the
condition appears to be more frequent among
some genera than with others.

After many years of repeatedly observing
great numbers of rattlesnakes and copperhead
snakes at the ‘dens’ or spots where they con-
gregate for hibernation, the writer observed his
first albino rattlesnake during the past year.
With the blacksnake, seen in much smaller num-
bers, as well as the milk snake, we have noted
several pure albinos of each. There is a palm
viper in Central America, (Lachesis schleqeli,)
which appears to have established an albinistic

WEASEL IN WINTER PELAGE

130

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

BULLETIN

WHITE RHEA

the handicap of attraction is too severe to per-
mit maturity in but few instances.

It is probable that among certain groups the
tendency towards albinism is more frequent than
ordinarily is surmised. This would particular-
ly be the case with the smaller types, subject
to the attacks of enemies. Many of
the smaller, defenseless animals rely for pro-
tection upon a strong similarity to the ground,
or to leaves. Imagine the plight of an albino
quail, or a white woodeock! A normal speci-
men needs but to snuggle among dry leaves, re-
main motionless and an enemy might pass a
yard away and not detect it. Eliminate the
dull color of many of the smaller mammals,
birds, reptiles or amphibians and they form
objects that instantly attract attention, from
friends and enemies alike. This condition prob-
ably spells the doom of the greater number of
albinos before they attain maturity. As an in-
stance of this condition the writer cites the rec-
ord of an albino bat, observed during the past
summer.

various

This animal was noted flying in com-
pany with a number of others of normal color-
ation, in a clearing close to a farm house, where
a bat colony appeared to make permanent abode.

It was first noted when young, soon after leay-
ing the mother. For several weeks this pure
white and striking object flitted in circles about
a stable enclosure, and then suddenly disap-
peared. Its vivid form, both in flight, or hang-
ing head downward by day, formed an irresist-
ible target for hawks, owls and weasels.

In the scientific breeding of albinos there
have been marked disputes, and in some in-

stances results quite contrary to theory. Per-
fect albino strains of the fallow and the red
deer have been produced in Europe. Albino

peacocks are constantly bred. Both deer and
peacocks steadily breed true to the white color
of their parents. Various records show us, how-
ever, that among the first progenies of pairs of
albinos from normal parents, ““throw-backs”’ in
the third generation occasionally result of prac-
tically normal coloration, and hence in posses-
Of course, partially al-

Usually, however, al-
binos breed true, and invariably so after several

sion of color pigment.

binistie progeny occur.

generations.

Among the larger wild animals the occurrence

of albinos is so rare that the meeting of
albino pairs is an event of almost infinite

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

COMMON WOODCHUCK
Typical Color.

131

killed by
about seven years old.
the age of the

a pot-hunter. It was found to be
Feeling confident from

buck that there might be white

descendants, isolated on the island where the
deer had been introduced a number of years

before, he made observations throughout sey-
eral years, and in 1915 captured alive a fine
albino buck. That animal was placed in a large
the

idea being to establish a herd of white deer.

corral with several does of normal color,
Apparently some mysterious factor on the island
inclined towards the production of albinos, for
The

following year, one of the does gave birth to
female

a white fawn was captured shortly after.

an albino fawn. Another yearling al-
bino doe was brought in from the State Game
Farm. Another white fawn was born the fol-

lowing year, and in that same year a white doe

ALBINO RATTLESNAKE

rarity. Owing to this condition an article
by George Shiras, 3rd, in the National
Geographic Magazine of August, 1921, is of
great interest, in describing a situation relating
to our native white-tailed deer on the southerly
shore of Lake Superior. Mr. Shiras’ observa-
tions of these deer cover a period extending
from 1912 to the present date, and relate to a
wild herd on Grand Island, an area heavily
forested, and with a shore line of about forty
miles—a miniature paradise of lakes, ponds
and streams and a favorite resort for wild game.

This island is now a game preserve.

Mr. Shiras explains that ten years ago an al-
bino buck of the white-tailed deer species was

seen on Grand Island, and a year later was

zs

SOLOS

ALBINO WOODCHUCK

132 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

and two albino fawns were
noted running free in a re-
mote part of the island.
Breeding experiments have
continued, and apparently
Grand Island is to be the
birthplace of the only
herd of albino white-
tailed deer that ever
existed in the United
States. We expected to
receive from Mr. Shiras, a
photograph
tensely interesting series,

from his in-

showing this very notable
but, unfortu-
nately, a miscarriage of mail prevented its

condition,

publication in this issue of the bulletin.

In closing this reswmé the writer would men-
tion two other records personally noted the past
summer and denoting albinism among the lower
forms. One was an albino example of the leaf-
winged locust or lesser katy-did, a grasshopper-
like type found in a meadow close to the writer’s

ALBINO GRAY SQUIRREL

home in Westchester
County. It was a pale
pink, in coloration like a
faintly-tinted rose. The
normal coloration of this
species is leaf-green. The
other example was a per-
albinistic

fectly young
chestnut tree, and _ the
same is now growing

within a hundred yards of
the State Fish Hatchery,
at Hartsville, Massachu-
This chestnut is
about four feet high, with
perfectly white leaves. It
is growing from a crevice on a ledge, and a
small shoot is extending upward from its base,
the former with independent roots. It is the
writer's intention to transfer the offshoot to
the Zoological Park, the coming spring, and

setts.

note whether a richer soil will produce the
necessary chlorophyll to normally color the

leaves.

ALBINO COYOTE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

Bepartments :
Mammals Aquarium
W. T. Hornapay. C. H. Townsenp.
Birds Reptiles

Lex S. CRANDALL. Raymonp L, Dirmars

WittiaM BeEsk. Honorary Curator, Birds

Published bi-monthly at the Office of the Society.
111 Broadway, New York City.

Yearly by Mail, $1.00.
MAILED FREE TO MEMBERS.
Copyright, 1921, oy the New York Zoological Society.

Each author is responsible for the scientific accuracy
and the proof reading of his contribution.

Etwin R. Sansorn, Editor

Vout. XXIV, No. 6 Novemser, 1921

A NEW FRENCH MEDAL FOR WILD
LIFE PROTECTION

In designing, executing and awarding crosses
and medals of honor for approved services, the
French are the masters of the world. In that
field the Americans are only in the amateur
class.

Acting in conjunction with the French Société
Nationale d Acclimatation,—its parent,—the
Ligue Francaise pour la Protection des Oiseaux
has established a very beautiful and impressive
medal, to be awarded by the Ligue for distin-
guished services to wild life. As an earnest of
its high intentions the first copy was with due
ceremony bestowed upon an ex-Minister of Agri-
culture, Deputy Raynaud, in recognition of im-
portant services in the protection of the in-
sectivorous birds and game of France.

The new medal is of remarkable symbolism.
With deliberate intention it conveys a distinct
expression of remembrance of the encourage-
ment to take up wild life protection anew that
went from America to France immediately fol-
lowing the close of the war.

The central figure of the design is the armor-
ial protective shield of the United States, sur-
mounted by an eagle exulting with outspread
wings, all borne on the back of a sea-gull that is
flying over a stormy sea. In the distance a mass
of storm clouds is being pierced by the rays
of a glorious sun-burst, and above all are thir-
teen significant stars. This beautiful design is
the work of M. Maurice Loyer, general secre-
tary.

The art work is perfect, the execution is ex-
quisite, and underneath all this is the highly
complimentary inscription:

Prix pu Permanent WiLp Lire Protection Funpd

133

As the years go by, it will be, to the creators
of that Fund, a source of satisfaction to remem-
ber that in France a handsome prize is being be-
stowed in their name for active services in the
defense of Wild Life. The reverse of the Medal
bears an inscription which reads:

Socirrr NaTIONALE D ACCLIMATATION DE FRANCE
AU

Permanent Witp Lire Prorection Funp

EN RECONNAISSANCE 1921

This copy of the medal has been sent to the
Trustees of the Fund as a token of remem-
brance.

Along with the medal described above, the
League for the Protection of Birds bestowed its
original medal, also ‘‘in remembrance,” upon the
New York Zoological Society, in appreciation
of its sympathy and support at a critical period.

MEDAL PRESENTED “EN REMERCIEMENT” TO
THE NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BY THE
FRENCH LEAGUE FOR THE PROTECTION OF

BIRDS.
1921

34 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETID

A PAIR OF NYALAS

SOUTH
FOR

VANISHING

AFRICAN
PROTECTION

GAME AND ITS NEED

By A. K. Haaenrr, F. Z. S., Erc.
Director, National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, Pretoria; President, Transvaal

Game Protection Association.

HEN in New York, in 1920, I was re-

quested to write a short sketch of the

more interesting and scarcer forms of
game animals found in South Africa, with par-
ticular reference to their status at the present
time. I do this with all the more pleasure see-
ing that the request has come from a man who
has courageously and consistently fought for
the preservation of game animals on sane and
common-sense lines.

In South Africa our difficulties appear to be

worse than those obtaining in the United
States. They have at times appeared to me

to be so insurmountable that I have often

thought seriously of “throwing up the sponge”
Dp . = t

and acknowledging myself beaten, but my
American friends have been so emphatic in
their encouragement that I have been led to
continue my efforts. There is, however, one
big and fundamental difference between the two
countries. America seems to get money to-
gether for any serious project in hand, whereas
we in South Africa have to go down on bended
knees to raise a few pounds for any scientific
or non-utilitarian matter.

The Transvaal Game Protection Association
is only a small society boasting but few mem-
bers, and its funds are very meagre, but the
Central Executive Committee contains, never-
theless, some very enthusiastic gentlemen who

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

MOUNTAIN ZEBRA COLT

devote much of their spare time to the work
of the Association. Amongst these may be men-
tioned the hard-working Secretary, Major J. C.
V. Roos; Dr. A. A. Schoch (the Assistant At-
torney General of the Transvaal), Messrs. C.
A. O. Bain, D. F. Gilfillan, Paul Selby and
F. J. Finech-Smith of Johannesburg, T. N. de
Villiers, O. Pirow, and A. S. Porter of Pretoria.
Without the co-operation and assistance of these
men I do not know how our Association could
continue its work, but we want more help from
members, and we want more members as well.
The Transvaal Provincial Administration recog-
nizes the Association to a large extent, as its
recommendations are followed in the great ma-
jority of cases. It also makes a small grant
to the funds, for which we are profoundly
thankful.

The difficulties in South Africa are:

(a) Our country dwellers have for genera-
tions been accustomed to shooting where
and when they like, and game restric-
tions and laws are irksome to them.
Poaching on either Government and pri-
vate grounds, and contravention of the
laws are not, apparently, looked upon as
crimes.

135

(b) The enormous extent of territory still
unsettled, or but thinly populated, ren-
ders detection difficult, and policing in-
sufhcient for the needs of the wild life.

(ce) The natives, who are born poachers and
who by traps and

dogs, destroy an-

means of snares,

crowds of mongrel
nually an enormous number of head of
game, chiefly young animals. The Na-
tive Affairs Department has been ap-
pealed to time and again to try and limit
the number of these dogs, or at least to
force the natives to conform to the regu-
lations, but thus far without any appre-
ciable result.

It will thus be seen that our difficulties are
more than ordinary. Add to the foregoing the
onward march of civilization and the continual
inroads made upon the game territories, and the
reader will begin to realize our discouragement.

I will now endeavor to give a short account
of the present status of some of our most

HORNS OF NYALA, INYALA, OR ANGAS ANTELOPE

World's first record, length, 327¢ inches

136

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

MOUNTAIN ZEBRA IN THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK

Photograph by Elwin R. Sanborn.

valuable big game animals, and their needs for
the future.

Tue Wuirte Ruinoceros (Diceros simus ).

The White or Square-mouthed Rhinoceros is
today only found within the boundaries of South
Africa proper in Zululand.

Some years ago a special reserve was founded
in this country for their benefit. This is known
as the “Mfolozi Reserve,’ and is situated in
the triangle formed by the junction of the
White and Black ’Mfolozi Rivers, and extending
westward for about twelve miles—an area of
about 75,000 acres. One or two are occasionally
found in the vicinity of the Gqokolweni Bush,
as they wander southward across the White
‘Mfolozi River. There are about thirty of these
huge pachyderms left alive in the territory
above mentioned, where they exist today by the
grace of the Natal Provincial Administration.
Whether any will remain after the present gen-
eration is doubtful. The white settlers of Zulu-
land (and especially those of the Empangeni
settlements) are determined that all the noble

creatures in the one-time game paradise—Zulu-
land—shall be exterminated.

The fight grows fiercer every year, and un-
less the reserves in South Africa are national-
ized, as they are in North America, we can say
good-bye to many beautiful forms. The Pro-
vincial Councils leave too much of these matters
pertaining to game to their small executive com-
mittees, and these may, or may not, contain men
interested in the protection of game.

Recently an enormous drive was engineered
by the Natal Provincial Administration, and
many men from all over the Union took part
in the butchery, which extended over a fairly
large area in Zululand. It is said that quite a
number of these so-called “‘sportsmen” never
had a rifle in their hands before, and the mys-
tery is that more accidents and irregularities
did not take place. As it was, four of the rare
White Rhinoceros were killed, and the game
was scattered all over the country, thereby
largely defeating the aims and objects of the
drive, which was to rid the area of game and
so to try and do away with the “nagana’”’ disease
of cattle (i. e., typanosomiasis).

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

BONTEBOK IN THE

This interesting antelope, once very numerous, now is so nearly
25 may be killed each year for sport.

One must feel for Major Vaughan-Kirby,
F. Z.S., the Game Conservator of Zululand, who
has done his uttermost, but who is up against
a tough proposition. He is, however, not the
man to take opposition lying down, and it is
hoped that his energetic protests will bear fruit.

Nyata (Nyala angasi).

This beautiful antelope is one of the most
localized species we have, so far distribu-
It is found only in a few
strip of

as
tion is concerned.
well wooded portions of a
country along the east coast, from Zululand to
Gazaland in Portuguese East Africa. In the
latter country they are, however, becoming more
scarce every year, owing to the poaching which
the Portuguese authorities seem powerless to

narrow

prevent.

In Zululand possibly about a thousand at the
outside remain alive today. The principle
stronghold is the Mkuzi Game Reserve. The
only place south of the Mkuzi River where they
are found is the ’Sipicayi Bush at the northern

PARK

extinct that only about 200 individuals remain alive, of which

ZOOLOGICAL

Photograph by Elwin R. Sanborn

extremity of False Bay. These animals, how-
ever, as a rule carry poor heads, and Major
Kirby thinks that native trapping and Boer
shooting will soon exterminate the species. In
the Mkuzi Reserve they are numerous, and
numbers still found all suitable
localities (i. e., bush country outside the actual
sandveld) north of the Mkuzi, throughout the
Ubombo and Ingwavuma divisions of Zululand.

are also in

This antelope is of a shy, retiring nature and
inhabits almost impenetrable thickets, so that
given a fair chance it should not be in any dan-
ger of becoming exterminated. The attitude of
the authorities of the Native Affairs Depart-
ment in Natal is, however, apparently one ut-
terly lacking in sympathy for these beautiful

creatures. North of Zululand, Nyala were
common at Matope, south of Delgoa Bay, but
are getting scarcer every year. A _ few still

linger in the bush near Lourenco Marquez, and
some are found also in isolated patches north of
this place.

138

There is also a small territory on the In-
yamapuzi River in Gorongoza, north of Beira,
inhabited by these antelope, and another north
of the Zambesi in British Nyasaland. This is
the northern limit of their range.

Tue Bonresok (Damaliscus pygargus).

This pretty antelope is the southern relative
of the Blesbok (D. albifrons) and only about
200 are left alive today. These are strictly
preserved by the Cape Government and by their
owners, as they exist in a semi-domesticated
condition.

Herds are to be found on four farms in the
Bredasdorp district and a few on three farms
in the Swellendam district; and had it not been
for the praiseworthy efforts of the original
owners—the Van der Byls and Albertyns—this
animal would no doubt belong to the past, in
company with the extinct Bluebuck and Quagga.

The Bontebok is Royal Game and may only
be shot during the open season. The number
is limited to 1214 per cent and is controlled
by the issue of permits as recommended by the
local magistrates. The license to shoot Royal
Game costs three pounds for one season for
persons other than landowners, domiciled in the
Province, and twenty-five pounds for those not
living in the Province.

Tue Mountain Zepra (Hippotigris zebra).

This animal was the first species of zebra to
be made known to science, and in common with
Grevy’s Zebra of East Africa is characterized
by its assinine appearance, in opposition to the
equine build of the Burchelline Zebras.

It inhabits the mountainous country of the
Central plateau of Cape Colony, and localized
in four districts of the Province, viz., George
(4 farms), 830; Oudtshoorn (3 farms), 50;
Sutherland (1 farm), 20, and a few in the
Cradock district, making a total of not much
more than 400 individuals left alive in the Cape
Colony today.

Mountain zebras are allowed to be captured
only under exceptional circumstances, and as
their capture is attended by a certain amount
of risk to both horse and rider the price has
risen from sixty pounds to eighty pounds, ac-
cording to the will of the seller. They have to
be galloped down and owing to the rough nature
of the country they inhabit, few men will un-
dertake the job. <A different subspecies (H.
hartmannae) inhabits the South West Protec-
torate.

There are several other species of antelope
which are becoming scarce, such as the Southern

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

Eland, the Red Hartebeest, the Vaal Rhebok.
the Grijsbok, and the Southern Oribi.

SAVING WYOMING ANTELOPE

N August the State Game Commission of
ll Wyoming had under serious consideration

the question of granting permits to kill 100
buck antelope and 100 bull moose. Under the
present state law they have discretionary powers
in the matter.

On August 25 William C. Gregg, at that time
visiting in Wyoming, wired T. Gilbert Pearson.
President of the National Association of Audu-
bon Societies, of the impending slaughter of the
antelope. Mr. Pearson at once filed a protest
with Governor Robert D. Carey, who is the
executive head of the State Game Commission.
and also sent word to other organizations inter-
ested in wild life conservation, which for years
have had the habit of cooperating when cam-
paigns for the well-being of wild life became
necessary. <A telegram notifying Mr. Madison
Grant of the situation reached him at Victoria,
B. C., Canada. Mr. Grant at once sent the
following message to Goyernor Carey:

“New York Zoological Society protests
most earnestly against the threatened
butchery of antelope in Wyoming as dis-
grace to civilization. Antelope is only
representation of genus and family exclu-
sively American and is our most valuable
animal zoologically. It is doomed to speedy
extermination unless carefully protected, as
only a few hundred survive in North
America.”

It remains only to be added that as result
of the protests filed by Mr. Grant, the Audubon
Society and other interested organizations the
Game Commission decided not to issue permits
to kill antelope, and thus once more has been
averted a catastrophe to this now rare western
animal.

GAME REPORTS FROM BRITISH
COLUMBIA

HE last Annual Report (for 1920) of the
Game Conservation Board of British Colum-
bia contains a great amount of interesting
news from a great game country.
The Mountain Goat is abundant, and more
than holding its own.
Alarm is now felt about the over-killing of
deer, and a “buck law” is seriously discussed.
The bag limit on Mountain Sheep has been
reduced in northern British Columbia to two
rams of any one species, or three in all, and

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

BULLETIN 139

A GENUINE TREAT ON A HOT AUGUST DAY

At such a time the cooling shower from the hose

These great tortoises bask in the sun until their shells seem to fairly radiate heat.

affords them most evident delight.

in the south only one ram may be killed. The
Board refuses all applications to kill ewes and
lambs for museum groups. In the Kootenay
District the open season has been shortened.

The Wapiti is being very successfully restored
to southern British Columbia by the stoppage of
killmg. The Elk River Game Reserve is now
well stocked with them.

The Grizzly Bear now is accorded a measure
of protection. None may be trapped south of
the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway,
and only three may be killed under one license in
a season. (A bag limit of three is one too
many !)

The total amount of big game killed in 1920
was really small. The great drop in the price
of fur in the early winter of 1920 rendered trap-
ping so weakly remunerative that the fur-bear-
enjoyed a much-needed rest. The total
their fur, was as
trappers:

ers
catch of animals, trapped for
follows, as obtained by 1,842

Beaver* _..

Fox . 105
Fisher 586
Lynx . 1,242
iam herineer sec ere eter eed 11.446
Mink 5.887

*No figures received.

Photograph by Elwin R. Sanborn

Otter & 245
Muskrat 46,1038
Raccoon 1,389
Skunk 185
Weasel 13,489
Willd=Catt eremnese yore meri Stir mee Fe ton. 149
Wolverine 247

Nowious Animals Killed Under Bounty Law

Wolves - . 84
Cougars 211
Coyotes 176
Crows oe 1,955
(OM y , or. on

A CHRISTMAS BIRD CENSUS OF
KARTABO*
By Witi1aM Beese and INNess Hartiey

T always has been an exciting feat to see
how many birds one can see within a given
time or limited area. Birds of a city backyard,
or a month’s visitors to a bramble patch, offer
a gamble which is fascinating to the human
mind. I once took the greatest joy in recording
seventy-six species of birds within a week, in
This widespread human
for with most

a single tree in Brazil.

interest has been used years

*Contribution No. 96, Tropical Research Station,
New York Zoological Society.

‘sead] VIO] JO asBq eq} puv sBUuBT] peysIM] Surmoys ‘ayFunl pvordosy ayy Jo Jivey aqy Uy
SCUIG-LNV ONY SMOSSVUNO

9 ‘NOWVNIL JO LINAVH

[| 140 |

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

important results by Dr. Chapman in “Bird
Lore,” whose Christmas census lists I always
peruse with as much detail and interest as if I
had personally been a member of every party.

Mr. Inness Hartley and I decided to have a
Christmas census of the birds about our jungle
laboratory at Kartabo, British Guiana, but this
date occurs toward the end of the short rainy
season. And Christmas was a very unusual day
—as it rained from 5 A. M. to 5:30 P. M. The
following day was almost as bad, so we had to
compromise on the 27th of December, 1920.

From dawn to dark we covered considerable
ground. One trip in the launch was made a
short distance down the Mazaruni River, a walk
was taken along the beach, two trips through
the clearing about the tents and bungalow, and
four trips in the jungle, all within a quarter-
mile circumference. All the observations were
made by Inness Hartley or myself, and we were
out for about half the day—at various times
from 5:30 A. M. to dark at 6 P. M.

On this 27th of December, 1920, the temper-
ature was 72° at 6 A. M., 81° at noon, and
76° at 6 P. M. The morning was quiet, while
the trade wind blew gently from 1 to 6 P. M.
The morning was cloudy up to 11:30 A. M.,
while four heavy showers fell between noon
and 4 P. M., with bright sun between them.

We observed 116 species of birds, distributed
among 418 individuals. Of these a swift and
a vulture may be classed as aerial; nine as
water or shore birds; eighteen as inhabitants
of the clearing, and the remaining eighty-seven
tenants of the jungle itself. We had been
studying the birds hereabouts for seven months,
and yet it is so difficult to identify birds in the
high trees with any certainty that we had to
shoot about twenty species to be sure of them.
Besides those which we identified, we each saw
at least twenty or thirty more whose identity
escaped both glass and gun.

Several, such as the Goldbird and the Giant
Goatsucker or Poor-me-one, were identified from
the call alone—this being absolutely unmistak-
able.

It is interesting to note that thirty-seven spe-
cies or 31% of the whole, were named by Lin-
naeus, emphasizing the interest of this region
as the origin of most of the collections which he
named over one hundred and fifty years ago.

No.
Seen Common Name Scientific Name.
2 Guiana Great Tinamou Tinamus major major

(Gmel.)
Crypturus variegatus
varicgatus (Ginel.)

2 Variegated Tinamou

to

6

Crested Curassow
Lesser Olive Guan

Little Chachalaca
Guiana Partridge

Purple-tinted Pigeon

Talpacoti Ground

Dove
Great-billed Tern

Common Tern
Collared Plover

Spotted Sandpiper

Little Blue Heron

Yellow-headed Vul-
ture

Red-throated Cara-
cara

Black-faced Hawk
Swallow-tailed Kite
Red-and-Yellow

caw
Mealy Amazon

Ma-

Dusky Parrot

Purple Guiana Parrot
Black-headed Caique

Great Gray King-
fisher

Little Green King-
fisher

Guiana Motmot

Giant Goatsucker

White-necked = Night-
hawk
Swift

Cayenne Hermit

Red-vented Hermit

Broad - shafted
brewing
Black-eared Fairy

Sa-

Black-throated
gon
Green Trogon

Tro-

Southern Trogon

Black-tailed Trogon

Common Ani
Black-spotted Barbet

141

Crax nigra Linné
Penelope marail (P. L. S.
Mull.)
Ortalis motmot (Linné)
Odontophorus guianensis
guianensis (Gmel.)
Oenaenas purpureotincta
(Ridg.)
Chaemepelia talpacoti
(Temm. & Knip.)
Phaetusa chloropoda
( Vieill.)
Sterno hirundo (Linné)
Charadrius collaris

(Vieill.)

Actitis macularia
(Linné)

Florida caerulea caerulea
(Linné)

Cathartes aura urubitinga
( Pelz.)

Ibycter americanus
(Bodd.)

Leucopternis melanops
(Lath.)

Elanoides forficatus
yetapa Bonn. &
Vieill.

Ara macao (Linné)

Amazona farinosa fari-
nosa (todd.)
Pionus fuscus (P. L. S.

Mull.)
Touit purpurata (Gmel.)
Pionites melanocephala
melanocephala
(Linné)
Megaceryle torquata
cyanea (Vieill.)
Chloroceryle americana
americana (Gmel.)
Momolus momota mo-
mota (Linné)
Nyctibius griseus griseus
(Gmiel.)
Nyctidromus albicollis
albicollis (Gmel.)
Chaetura sp.
Phoethornis superciliosus
superciliosus
(Linné)
Phoethornis ruber ruber
(Linné)
Campylopterus largipen-
nis (Bodd.)
Heliothrix aurita aurita
(Gmel.)
Trogonurus curucui
curucui (Linné)
Trogan strigilatus strigi-
latus (Linné)
Chrysotrogon violaceus
violaceus (Gmel.)
Curucujus melanurus

melanurus
(Swainson)
Crotophaga ani Linné
Capito niger (P. L. S.
Mull.)

142 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

5 Sulphur - and - White- Ramphastos vitellinus
breasted Toucan Licht.
1 Green Aracari Pteroglossus viridis
(Linné)
2 Golden Jacamar Jacamerops aurea
(2g Jie Sb Nib)
1 Collared Puffbird Bucco capensis Linné
3 Swallow Puffbird Chelidoptera tenebrosa

tenebrosa (Pall.)
1 Spix’s Amazonian Celeus undata (Linné)
Woodpecker

LESSER KISKADEE FLYCATCHER NESTLINGS
Taken from nest near the Station.

YOUNG DUSKY NIGHTHAWK

Hatched on the ground at the edge of the jungle.

1 Red-necked Wood- Scapaneus rubricollis
pecker (Bodd.)
2 Lineated Woodpecker Ceophloeus lineatus
lineatus (Linné)
3 Undulated Piculet Picumnus buffoni undu-
latus Hargitt
1 Ashy-backed Bush- Dysithamnus mentalis
bird spodionotus Salvy.
& God.
5 Mouse-colored Bush- Hypolophus murinus
bird (Sel. & Salv.)
8 Cinereous Bushbird Thamnomanes glaucus
Cab.
oT Poa hee S 3 Pygmy Antbird Myrmotherula pygqmea
RUFUS-FRONTED ANT-CATCHER’S NEST AND EGGS ; (Gmel.)
Cymbilaimus lineatus lineatus (Leach): a photograph 5 Rufus-bellied Antbird Rhopias guttata

new to science (Vieill.)

12

i-7)

=

_

—

—

—

_

bo

_

White-flanked Ant-
wren

Gray-breasted Ant-
bird

Spotted-tailed Ant-
bird

White-bellied Ant-
wren

White-fronted Ant-
catcher

Rufus - fronted Ant-
catcher

Schomburgk’s Ant-
creeper

Woodcock Antbird

Black - faced Ant-
thrush

Guiana Spinetail

Dusky-vented — Phily-
dor :

Brown-tailed XNenops

Little Wedge - billed
Woodhewer

Guiana Spotted Wood-
hewer

Chestnut - rumped
Woodhewer

Rufus-throated Wood-
hewer

Guiana Curve - billed
Woodhewer

British Flat-

bill

Guiana

Pelzeln’s Flatbill

Spotted
catcher

Tody Fly-

Helmeted Pygmy Ty-
rant
Oily Flycatcher

Yellow-vented
catcher
Small-billed Kiskadee

Fly-

Guiana Kiskadee
Lesser Kiskadee
Pitangua Flycatcher
Whiskered Flycatcher
Royal Great Crest

White-throated King-
bird

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN

Murmopagis avillaris
avillaris (Vieill.)

Myrmopagis cinereiven-
tris cinereiventris
(Scl. & Salv.)

Herpsilochmus sticturus
sticturus Salvin

Rhamphocaenus albiven-
tris albiventris
Sclater

Pithys albifrons (Linné)

Anoplops rufigula rufi-
guia (Bodd.)
Myrmoborus leucophrys
anqgustiros tris

(Cab.)
Rhopoterpe torquata tor-

quata (Bodd.)
Formicarius colma subsp.

Synallacis qujanensis
gujancnsis (Gmel.)
Philydor erythrocercus
erythrocercus
( Pelz.)
Nenops genibarbis geni-
barbis Tl.
Glyphorhynchus cuneatus
subsp.
Niphorhynchus quttatus
sororius (Berl. &
Hart.)
Niphorhynchus pardalo-
tus (Vieill.)
Dendrexvetastes rufigula
(Less.)
Campylorhamphus troch-
* ilirostris procur-
voides (Lafr.)
Craspedoprion olivaceus
quianensis MeCon-
nell
Rhynchoeyclus sulphur-
escens subsp.
Todirostrum maculatum
maculatum Des-
marest
Colopleryx galeatus
( Boda.)
Pipramorpha oleaginea
oleaginea (Licht.)
Elacnia martinica flavo-
gaster (‘Thun.)
Muyiozotetes cayennensis
cayennensis
( Linné)
Pitangus sulphuratus sul-
phuratus (Linné)
Pitangus lictor lictor
( Licht.)
Megarhynchus pitangua
(Linné)
Myiobius barbatus bar-
batus (Gmel.)
Onycorhynchus coronatus
coronatus (P. L. S.
Mull.)
Tyrannus melancholicus
satrapa (Cab. &
Hein.)

2 Golden-headed Mana-
kin

to

White-crowned Black
Manakin
3 Crackling Manakin

4 Black-tailed Tityra
2 Goldbird

oo

Spix’s Attila

3 Cayenne Chatterer
2 Pompadour Chatterer

3 Variegated Swallow

4 Gray-breasted Martin

cs

White-banded

low

Swal-

3 Guiana House Wren

=

Quadrille Bird
2 Sabian Thrush

3 Guiana Woodbird

=

Yellow Warbler

Chestnut-bellied Seed-
eater

or

7 Olive Kernel-eater

3 Guiana Bananaquit

-

Turquoise
Creeper

Honey

11 Green Honey Creeper

—

Violaceus Euphonia

is)

Chestnut-headed Tan-
ager

6 Yellow-bellied Tana-
ger

Blue Tanager

2 6)

2 Eastern Palm Tanager

18 Silver-beaked Tana-
ger

2 Fulvus-crested Tana-
ger

2 Golden-crested Tana-
ger

50 Great Black Cacique

1 Yellow - backed Ca-
cique
2 Rice-grackle

3 Red-breasted Black-
bird
1 Moriche Oriole

143

Pipra erythrocephala
erythrocephala
(Linné)

Pipra leucocilla leucicilla
(Linné)

Manacus manacus mana-
cus (Linné)
Tilyra cayana (Linné)
Lathria cinerea cinerea

( Vieill.)

Attila thamnophiloides
Spix

Cotinga cayana (Linné)

NXipholena punicea
(Pallas)

Tridoprocne albiventris
(Bodd.)

Progne chalybea chaly-
bea (Gmel.)

Alticora fasciata (Gmel.)

Troglodytes musculus
subsp.
Leucolepis musica musica
(Bodd.)
Planisticus fumigatus
subsp.
Pachysylvia muscicapina
muscicapina (Sel.
& Salv.)
Dendroeca aestiva aes-
tiva (Gmel.)
Sporophila castaneiven-
tris Cab.
Pitylus canadensis cana-
densis (Linné)
Coereba chloropyga
guianensis (Cab.)
Dacnis cayuna
(Linné)
Chlorophanes spiza spiza
(Linneé)
Tanagra violacea viola-
cea (Linné)
Tangara gyrola (Linné)

cayana

Tangara mexicana mewi-
cana (Linné)
Thraupis episcopus
episcopus (Linné)
Thraupis palmarum mel-
anoptera (Sclater.)
Ramphocelus carbo
carbo (Pall.)
Tachyphonus surinamus
surinamus (Linné)
Tachyphonus- intercedens
Berl.
Ostinops decumanus
decumanus (Pall.)
Cacicus cela (Linné)

Cassidix oryzivora
oryzivora (Gmel.)

Leistes militaris militar-
is (Linné)

Icterus chrysocephalus
(Linné)

THE HOME OF GUIANA PARTRIDGES, HERONS, KINGFISHERS AND HUMMINGBIRDS

The open jungle near the river shore.

[144]

Nem Work Zoological Society
GENERAL INFORMATION

MEMBERSHIP.—Membership in the Zoological Society is open to all interested in the
objects of the organization, who desire to contribute toward its support.

The cost of Annual Membership is $10 yearly, which entitles the holder to admission to
the Zoological Park on all pay days, when the collections may be seen to the best advantage.
Members are entitled to the Annual Report, bi-monthly Bulletin, Zoologica, Zoopathologica,
privileges of the Administration Building, all lectures and special exhibitions, and ten compli-
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Any Annual Member may become a Life Member by the payment of $200. A subscriber
of $1,000 becomes a Patron; $2,500, an Associate Founder; $5,000, a Founder; $10,000, a
Founder in Perpetuity, and $25,000 a Benefactor.

Applications for membership may be given to H. R. Mitchell, Chief Clerk, Zoological Park,
C. H. Townsend, Aquarium, Battery Park, and the General Secretary, 111 Broadway, New York
City.

ZOOLOGICAL PARK.—The Zoological Park is open every day in the year, free, except
Monday and Thursday of each week, when admission is charged. Should either of these days
fall on a holiday no ‘admission fee is charged. The opening and closing hours are from 10
o'clock A. M. until one-half hour before sunset.

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year: April to September, 9 A. M. to 5 P. M.; October to March, 10 A. M. to 4 P. M.

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Zoologica Vol. I. Nos. 1-20 inclusive.... 3.85 6.00 Cultivation of Fishes in Ponds (Townsend), paper.... .25
Zoologica Vol. II. Nos. 1, 2, 3-4, 5, each 25 Chameleons of the Sea (Townsend), paper............ 25
Hoeolopica, Volel dls NOs Osi. cc's/s adie a eseie aie 75 Northern Elephant Seal (Townsend), paper.,.......... 25
Zoologica Vol. II. Nos. 7, 8 and 9, set 25 Porpoise in Captivity (Townsend), paper.............. 25
Zoologica Vol. II. Nos. 10 and 11 each 25 Natural History of the Whale Shark (Gudger)....... 25
Zoopathologica Vol. I. Nos. 1 to 5, each 25 The Gaff-Topsail Catfish (Gudger), paper............. 25
Bulletin—Bi-monthly ........ 20c. each; Yearly by mail 1.00 Illustrated Guide to the Aquarium (Townsend), boards .50
Bulletin Nos. 24 to 60 inclusive, set, cloth bound..... 16.00 Fishes in the Home (Ida M. Mellen)...........2.ccee0e 50
Bulletin Nos. 1, 6, 8, 35, 43 and 46..... (Out of Print) Aquarium Post Cards: Colored. In sets, each........ 25
Official Guide Zoological Park (Hornaday) (postage 6c.) .50 (Hor valle maill~orders’ add. “Se. :postasesexcept
*Can be furnished in 9th Annual Report 1.50 “Sea Shore Life’’)

All publications of the Society for sale at the Zoological Park, 185th St. and Southern Boule-
vard, New York City. Aquarium publications for sale at the New York Aquarium,
Battery Park, New York City.

Corrected to November, 1921

OBJECTS ORSiwaT SOCTRAS
A PUBLIC ZOOLOGICAL PARK
A PUBLIC AQUARIUM

THE PRESERVATION OF OUR NATIVE ANIMALS
THE PROMOTION OF ZOOLOGY

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