ee eee ne sy temte Tm Me nee — ew ey TT v Fe I ee ag miey Stee Ne weak hot Hat NOPD 3 a eo rt me OTE) p Nae “ , ay ‘ yo , ‘ : i Calas mor 5 ers uv t ; os ate “ a a ne “as! Y ? rouree i Ses : sonstny-? Spano 6 ; Bie voana deh Se NS Ae Seay ee a i eet ¢ meg - - i Me ao S pratt OSS ret me fp. 4 a a maha sae ety’ ery by ere” heen ee ~ “es Sw oe en . eee a” ArT TS Sy Seciertnt : prcetenice eS > Sx eer ere ne wo star WTP ee Papi Ae STS + o-6 oo tae yee ety - as iat he a wes FOR THE PHOPLE FOR DE DVGCALION FOR SCIENCE LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Lats ; } { . ; } , \ ~ . ce re AP 7: m* AN ee i iY iv ey " . sf : irae iy : om 7 oem ° ey ay deck NDT in oy aR | a Wat: sea a ath : Ae. a : an if 7 ui , 7 r ae 7 rary *% lit v1 " ; -) 1h H o 7 7 : i : Vai, ¢ rm a fa “a ed a _— TI ahs vi tas Ne — ey Von hae ya 7) rae a Cer vn al s ‘ne iN a v il ea ieee: & mi fi A iid ns ‘“ ’ F ae : F * ‘ a ( Tie ae, ee an a ve u % ; mi Nie i i hs Nii a i ine y ah AY yi vy : ‘3 . hae Mtn ; va se via fi i) an any, ri a ML ait) ies he ft none ae See : i i a ae oN a a ae aN bt i Ha rae ie we ; f va ee . if Hide) We rs ii. i Dane THE ZOOLOGIST FOR 1858. Pp. 5857 6812. 9 Se ee oe le w =. 7 a) a » ' ek hl Se ae ne 2 ae Pe ER ny ae a ee LONDON: | ——* E. NEWMAN, PRINTER, Ls DEVONSHIRE STREET, BISHOPSGATE, i a f we + a et WUucy stl Bess (eam Ora * 4 4 t r . On. sete : a. ‘ 7 . | +# > athe 2 ee xh Pi Sow Et Os THER Peer is. 1: - a A Sy an ie: vim M POPULAR MISCELLANY OF MAPTURAL HISTORY. CONDUCTED BY EDWARD NEWMAN, F.L.S., Mens. Imp. L.-C. Acap. VOLUME THE SIXTEENTH. LONDON: JOHN VAN VOORST, PATERNOSTER ROW. M.DCCC.LVIII. Oh, attend, whoever thou art, Whose candid bosom the refining love Of Nature warms; oh! listen to my song; And I will guide thee to her favorite walks, And teach thy solitude her voice to hear, And point her loveliest features to thy view. FLETCHER. CONTENTS. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. Apams, ArTuouR, F.L.S. A systematic list of Coleoptera found in the vicinity of Alverstoke, South Hants, 5966 ANDERSON, RoBERT Acronycta Alni near York, 6284 Arxrtnson, Rev. J. C., M.A. Winter food of the ring dove and stock dove, 5977; Contributions towards a biography of the partridge, 5977, 6010; On reason and instinct, 6043, 6081, 6196; Does the male partridge assist in incubation, 6059; Small variety of the partridge, 6095; Scent —an attempt to explain its pro- perties and causes, 6124; Contribu- tions towards a biography of the red grouse, 6257 ATKINSON, WILLIAM Does any insect feed on the tea-tree ? 5925 Backuousk, Joun Cuurcu Vanessa Antiopa in the North, Colias Edusa at Darlington, 6276 Baixig, W. Batroor, M.D., F.R.G.S. A systematic list of Coleoptera found in the vicinity of Alverstoke, South Hants, 5966 Baty, J.S. Capture of Lemophleus Clematidis near Gravesend, 5929 Barrett, C. G. Camptogramma gemmaria, 6104; Abundance of Psyche nitidella, 6215 Bates, Henry WALTER Excursion to St. Paulo, Upper Ama- zons, 6160 BircHayi, Epwin Habits and locality of Anthrocera Minos, 5924; Habits and locality of Miana expolita, 5926; Bankia Bankiana, 6145 Bizxs, Rev. B. H. The larva of Xanthia Aurago, 6145 Bisnop, H. S. Capture of Heliothis peltigera at Ply- mouth, 6101 BLapon, JAMES The loves of the slugs, 6272 Bop, Tuomas JoHn Description and capture of Platys- tethus Capito in Scotland, 5928; Note on the flying of Bembidia, Capture of Georvssus pygmzus in Cumberland, 5973; Notes on the British species of Blaps, 5974 Bout, Henry Camptogramma gemmaria and C., fluviata, 6251 Bonn, FREDERICK The red and willow grouse, 6264 Borner, W., jun. Tengmalm’s owl in Sussex, Fulmar petrel at Brighton, 5988 Boyp, Tuomas On the geographical distribution of butterflies in Great Britain, 6018; Retrospective criticism on Dr. Gray’s view of the cause of the cells of the honey bee being of an hexagonal form, 6216; Double-broodedness of the Notodontide, 6283 Bree, Rev. Wittiam, M.A. Curious variety of Apatura Iris, 5923 BRETHERTON, CHARLES On marine Mollusca 6231 Brices, JoHN JosEPH Remarkable anecdote of the cuckoo, 6309 Brown, Epwin Acentropus niveus a Lepidopterous insect, 5919 Brown, Tuomas Larva of Harpalyce sagittaria, 6030 in aquaria, Bucxte¥, HENRY Wood sandpiper near Birmingham, 6266 Burney, Rev. HENRY Tephrosia Laricaria, Gnophos Obscu-~ raria, 6029; Larva of Tephrosia Laricaria, 6103 Cuapman, THomas Black specimen of Cicindela campes- tris, 6286 ConsTantTINE, W. L. On specific distinctions, 5949 Cook, R. Cerura bicuspis and Acronycta Alni, 6249 Cooke, B. On classification, 5951, 6079 Cooper, SIDNEY Agrotis lucernea, 6213 Cox, Capt. On the ravages of Scolytus destructor, 5995 Crewe, Rev. H. Harpur, M.A. Gnophos pullaria, 6029 ; Undescribed Geometra larve, 6031; The Artax- erxes question, 6247; Habits of Nudaria Senex, Note on Nonagria Ty phe, 6283 Crotcy, W. D. New mode of capturing Nonagria geminipuncta, 6213 Daz, J.C. Gnophos obscuraria, 6102; Sterrha sacraria a British insect, 6249 Dix, JosHuA Colias Edusa near London, 6310 Dix, THomas Buzzard at West Harling, 5976 D’Orvitte, H. Deilephila livornica near Exeter, 6101 Dovus.epay, HENry Trochilium Vespiforme (Linn. ?), Asiliformis (Fab.), 5961; British Geometrina, as arranged and named in M. Guenée’s first volume of the Geometre of the whole world, 5962; Eupithecia pernotata in England, Two British Geometre included under the name Phibalapteryx gem- maria—Chilo obtusellus of Stainton =Tinea paludella of Hubner, 5963 ; British Geometrina, as arranged and named in M. Guenée’s second volume of the Geometre of the whole world, 6027; Hadena pere- grina of Treitschke in the Isle of Wight, 6067, 6068; Plectrophanes nivalis, 6093; Gnophos obscurata and G. pullata, 6102; The genus Oporabia, Description of a British Eupithecia new to Science, 6103 Dovetas, J. W. A proposal for a new catalogue of British Coleoptera, 5899; Ants’- nest beetles, 6067; Metamorphotic systems of classifying insects, 6079 ; Beetles in Ants’ nests, 6148 ; Beetles at home, 6216; Megachile centun- cularis, 6219; Beetles at Lee, 6286 DraneE, RopertT Note on the paper by Messrs. Boyd and More “On the Geographical Distribution of Butterflies in Great Britain,” 6099; Correction of an error, 6145; Additions to the butter- fly Fauna of South Wales, 6246 Draper, Witttiam HENRY Capture of Endromis versicolor in Til- gate Forest, 6066 Dutton, JOHN Marsh harrier on Pevensey Levels, 6266 Epteston, R.S. Tischeria angusticolella, Heyd., and Solenobia triquetrella, Zubn., 5927 ; Xysmatodoma argentimaculella, Captures near Bowdon, 6214 Epwarb, THomas «Capture of Notidanus griseus, a shark new to Britain, at Banff, 5959; Are there two species of Priapulus allied to caudatus? 5976; Ring ouzel near Banff, 6094; ‘Supposed new Ammocetes, 6097; Thecla Rubi, Anthocharis Cardamines and Pieris Rape in Banffshire, 6101; Rare birds near Banff, 6268 ;°Short sun- fish near Banff, 6271; Locusta migratoria in Shetland, 6288 FarrEN, WILLIAM, jun. The great gray shrike in Cambridge- shire, The great spotted woodpecker at Welney Wash, 5958 Fox, Howarp Weasel carrying its young, 6309 Frazer, Louis Proceedings of a Natural-History col- lector in foreign countries, 5939, 6158 Frey, Professor A new mine on Centaurea, 6215 GARDNER, J AMES Avocet in Kent, 5921; Plentiful oc- currence of Trochilium vespiforme in England, 5924 GASCOYNE, GEORGE Double-broodedness of the Notodon- tide, 6248, 6311 Vil Gossg, P. H. o Short sun-fish at Torquay, 6144; Sphinx Convolvuli in Devonshire, 6282 Gray, JoHn Epwarp, Ph.D., F.R.S. Reply to ‘‘ Remarks on the Sale of the Entomological Society’s Exotic Col- lection,” 6070, 6112 GreENE, T. W. -Hawfinch building at 6143 Greeson, C. 8. Gnophos pullaria, &c., 6102; Notes on the genus Oporabia, 6193; Oc- currence of a Peronea new to Science at Liverpool, 6251. Groves, W. Zeuzera Asculi feeding on ash, 6283 ; Reappearance of Scolytus rugulosus at Greenwich, 6286 GueErinzius, M. On the Habits of Paussida, &c., 5994 ; On the habits of the Hymenoptera of Natal, 6037 GuisE, W. V. Concerning a venomous lizard in Gu- jerat, 5921 GuRNEY, Joun HeEnry, M.P. Note on sparrows attacking rats, 6009 ; Note on a lapwing’s egg with two yolks, 6144; Note on the pertinacity of the spotted flycatcher in its choice of a place for nidification, 6238; Note on the late nesting of the wood pigeon, 6242; Note ona bird and ona quadruped, both found in Natal, and both said to prey upon serpents, 6267 Gurney, S., M.P. Black swans nesting at Carshalton, 5988 Guyon, GEORGE Clostera curtula in the Isle of Wight, 6145 ; Newt changing its skin, 6210; . Bembidium laterale in the Isle of Wight, 6220; Note on Cydippe Pileus, 6288; TInfusoria on a prawn, 6289 HavFie_p, Capt. Henry W. Emberiza nivalis, 6239; Nidification of Swallows, 6241 Hatt, J. EanpLey Capture of Endromis versicolor in Tilgate Forest, Note on _ the breeding of Endromis versicolor, 6066 Hau, THomas Glossy ibis in South Wales, 6096 Hamixtron, Rear-Admiral W. A. B. The sea-serpent, 6016 Tonbridge, Hammonp, W. OxENDEN Sound produced by the larva of Ache- rontia Atropos: beautiful variety of the same insect, 6282 HarvinG, G., jun. Phibalapteryx fluviata and P. gem- maria—are they distinct? 6216; Habits of Camptogramma gem- maria, 6251 Harpina. H. J. Lasiocampa Callune—is it a species ? 5925; Flavicinctaria and cesiaria, 6030; Polyommatus Artaxerxes and P. Agestis, 6211, 6246, 6277, 6310 Harrineton, Capt. G. H. Another peep at the sea-serpent, 5989, 6016 Hawarp, ALFRED Cossonus linearis, 6150 ; Carabide in the Isle of Sheppey, 6251 Hawker, Rev. Wituiam Henry, M.A. Blackbirds nesting in December, 5958 Hewirson, W.C. Notes on the swallow, 5921; Note on the early breeding of squirrels, Early arrival of the blackcap, 6058; Early nesting of the longtailed titmouse, 6059; Remarks on the sale of the Entomological Society’s Exotic col- lection—a letter addressed to the President, 6069, 6111 Hotpswortn, E.W.H. Bats flying in the sunshine, 6257 Huckett, THomas Capture of Cucullia Chamomille near London, 6103 Hussey, Rev. Artruur, M. A. Note on Mr. Wallace’s travels, 5942; The tzetze, 5965; Reason and instinct, 6092; Retention of scent by the partridge and other game, 6094; Domestic ducks nesting in a church tower, 6144; Scent, 6206; Short sun-fish on the Sussex coast, 6210; Duck breeding in a church tower, 6245; Shark on the coast of Sussex, 6246 Janson, Epwarp W. Scolytus rugulosus near London, 5944 ; Lzemophleus Clematidis, 5973 JENNER, EDWARD Ephyra orbicularia at Lewes, 6103 JERDON, ARCHIBALD Destruction of rare birds, 5957 Joness, Capt. J. M., R.A. Spider silk, 5922 Kipp, WARING Supposed variety of the partridge, 6059 Vili Kinawan, G. Henry, C.E., G.S.L. Description of a starling roost, at Rathkeale, county Limerick, 6003 Kinauan, J. R., M.D., M.R.I.A. Notes on the subaqueous habits of the water ouzel, 6001; Descriptions of two unrecorded British Isopoda, 6098; Notes on two Crustacea new to Britain, 6274 Lewis, GEORGE Capture of Chlenius Schrankii in the Isle of Wight, 6220 LicuTon, Rev. Sir C. R., Bart. Serpula contortuplicata, 5976 Lioyp, ALForp W. Note on Holothuria, 6069 Locan, R. F. Notes on Scottish Lepidoptera in 1855 —6, 6060; Is Artaxerxes a species ? 6100; Polyommatus Artaxerxes and Agestis, 6276; The genus Oporabia, 6285 Macuin, W. Undescribed Geometra larve, 6030 Martner, T. Roller in Flintshire, 5976 ; Barheaded goose near Chester, 5988 Martuews, Murray A. Rare birds near Barnstaple, 6014; Emberiza nivalis, 6207; Note on the blackbird sucking eggs, 6208; Botys lancealis, 6213; Little gull near Barnstaple, 6245; Norfolk plover and the ruff near Barnstaple, 6264 Martruews, Rev. A., M.A. Capture of two Coleopterous insects new to the British list, 6032; A synonymic list of the British Tri- chopterygide, 6104 McLacutan, RosBert Cossus ligniperda at sugar, 6212 Meves, W. Snipes neighing or humming, 6244 Mrtn\er, Sir WitiiaM M. E., Bart. The glossy ibis and _ yellowlegged sandpiper killed in Yorkshire, 5958 Mokrg, A. G., F.L.S. On the geographical distribution of butterflies in Great Britain, 6018 ; Migratory birds in the Isle of Wight, 6270 NeEAVE, Epwarp Spoonbill near Aldborough, 6266 Newman, Epnwarp, F.L.S., Z.S., &c. Remarkable variety of Argynnis Eu- phrosyne, 5923; Fungus on a Rhyncophorous beetle, 5927 ; Geo- graphical distribution of British butterflies, 6065; Deilephila Eu- phorbie not taken near Bridgewater, Larva of Tephrosia laricaria, 6066 ; Larva of MHarpalyce sagittaria, Pterophorus Lienigianus in Britain, 6067 ; Capture of Vanessa Antiopa in Scotland, 6100; Notodonta car- melita at Addington, Stauropus Fagi, Endromis versicolor and Pe- tasia nubeculosa, 6101; Aleucis pictaria, 6104; Note on Scolytus destructor, 6118; On diminutive co- coons of Cossus ligniperda, 6191; Epione advenaria, 6213; Another talking canary, 6240; The red and willow grouse, 6264; Larva of Sa- tyrus Semele, 6276 ; Double-brood- edness of Acherontia Atropos and Notodonta ziczac, 6281; Sphinx Convolvuli in the Metropolis, 6282 ; Xanthia ocellaris on the Coast, 6284 ; Creamcoloured courser in Hackney Marshes, 6309; Glea erythrocephala on the South Coast, 6312 Newman, H. W. Movements of swifts and migratory birds, 5958 NewnuaM, Rev. Puiripe H., M.A. Remarks on the etymology of names of animals, 5857 NicHots, HENRY, jun. Bee-eater at Kingsbridge, Devon, 6143 Norman, Rev. ALFRED MERLE, B.A. The Mollusca of the Firth of Clyde 5875 Norman, G. Hooded crows at Flambro’ Head 6142; Is the red grouse of Britain really distinct from the Norwegian willow grouse? 6209; The red grouse and the willow grouse, 6242, 6266 Oxtey, (D.J2 RR: An entomologist’s visit to the Diggings, 5901 ParFitt, EDWARD Scolytus supposed to attack only unhealthy trees—Cossus ligniperda does infest the elm, 6146 Peacu, C. W. Locusts in Shetland, 6288 PENGELLY, WILLIAM Sunfish at Berry Head, 6246 Picot, R. Birds at sea, 5957 PortTER, JOHN, jun. The Alpine accentor near Lewes, 5958 Power, J. A., M.D. Notes on Myrmecophilous Coleoptera, 6287 PRATT, ; Pieris Daplidice, 6212 READING, J. J. Lepidoptera at Plymouth, 5922; Notes concerning the capture of several interesting species of Coleoptera, 5927; Myrmecophilous Coleoptera captured in the neighbourhood of Plymouth, 5929; Scolytus supposed a secondary cause of injury—Cossus ligniperda does infest the elm, 6148 RIcHARDSON, JOSEPH Peregrine falcon in Yorkshire, 6058 Ropp, Epwarp Heart Firecrested Regulus at Penzance, Great Plover at Penzance, 6009; Kentish plover near Penzance, 6097; Baillon’s crake near the Land’s End, 6210; Pomarine skua at the Land’s End, 6267; Query respecting a caterpillar, 6282 Rogers, F. Wild geese in the Isle of Wight, 6097 Rocers, J. Capture of Vanessa Antiopa at Stoke Newington, 6100 Scorr, JoHn Notodonta Carmelita in 1858, Wby is empyrea considered a Phlogophora ? 5926; What there is beneath our noses, 5930 ; Proposed generic name for the Phlogophora meticulosa of our collections, 5961; A supposed new species of Tinea allied to T. rusticella, 5964; Additions to Messrs. Boyd and More’s “ Geo- graphical Distribution of Butterflies in Great Britain,” 6065 ; Elachista Trapeziella—its food and _ trans- formations, 6146; The Centaurea jacea miner, 6215 SHEPHERD, C. W. Peregrine falcon in Kent, 5976 Suepparo, A. F. Sphinx Nerii at Brighton, 5961 Staney, W. H. White thrushes, blackbirds, &c., 6141 Situ, Rev. ALrrep Cuarues, M.A. On Bavarian sporting, 5870, 6004; The sea-serpent, 6015; The red and willow grouse, 6265 Samira, Rev. B. Larva of Dasycampa rubiginea, 6284 ; Larva of Ennomos fuscantaria, 6285 Smira, FrepEeRIcK The sea-serpent, 5990, 6017 Smirn, Freperick (Brit. Mus.) Notes and observations on the genus Necrophorus, 6217 1X SmurRTHWAITE, HENRY Breeding of the bustard near Leipzic, 5986 ; Hoopoe and pied flycatcher in Yorkshire, 6093 ; Motacilla cam- pestris and M. boarula, 6239 ; Spotted crake near Richmond, York- shire, 6264 ; Crossbills in Yorkshire, 6309 Spicer, JoHn W.G. Note on the partridge, 6014; The sinall partridge, 6143 Spicer, Major Notes on the hedgehog, 6055 Stainton, H. T. Note on a curious little Geometra taken in London by Mr. Hunter, 6039 ; On the persistence of species, 6153 ; Larva of Chilo gigantellus, Cole- ophora leucapennella, Larve of Cemiostoma lotella, 6214 Stevenson, H. Early appearance of the hobby in Norfolk, 6058; Little bustard at Gorleston, Suffolk, 6059; Broad- billed sandpiper for the third time in Norfolk, Dusky petrel in Norfolk, 6096; A nest of Montagu’s harrier, 6207 ; Beautiful variety of the Gar- ganey teal, 6210; Extraordinary variety of the common nightjar, 6242; Varieties of black grouse and hybrid between blackcock and caper- cally, 6243; Appearance of skuas off the Coast of Yarmouth, 6309 SwinHoeg, RoBpert A few remarks on the Fauna of Amoy, 6222 Symet, J. T. Successful removal of the eggs of the ichneumon from a larva of Deile- phila Galii, 6031 Tyomson, Professor WyVILLE Anthrocera Minos in the West of Scot- land, 6212 Tuompson, THOMAS On the derivation of the English word “Mare,” as explained by the Rev. P. H. Newnham, 5937 Tuomrson, WILLIAM Actinia gemmacea at Weymouth, 6238 ; Pigmy curlew at Weymouth, 6244; Glossy ibis in Dorsetshire, 6266; Immaculate wrasse at Wey- mouth, 6272 Tuornsurn, W. STEWART Colias Edusa in Scotland, 5922 Tuorncrorr, T. Capture of Leucania vitellina at Brighton, 6283; Synia musculosa at Brighton, 6284 b Titty, Jonn Henry Capture of Ennomos fuscantaria near London, 5926; Capture of Camp- togramma gemmata and fluviata at light, near London, 6146 Tomekinys, H. Timandra_ prataria near Folkestone, 6249 ; Camptogramma fluviata near Worthing, 6312 Tuck, E. J. Nesting of swallows and other birds, 5920 Vaueunan, P. H. The larva of Gnophos—is there more than one British species, 6101 ; Calosoma Sycophanta, near Bristol, 6252; A new Nepticula, 6312 WalILEs, GEORGE Notes on Anisolabia maritima, Bon., 5895, 5965; Larva of Erebia Blan- dina, Larva of Erebia Cassiope, 6276; The distinctive differences between Polyommatus Agestis and P. Artaxerxes carefully considered, 6278 Watcort, W. H. L. Preservation of colour in Casside, 5929 Waker, ALFRED O. Connexion of Polyommatus Agestis with Helianthemum vulgare, 6248 Wanker, Francis, F.LS. Notes on Aphis Quercus, 5945 Wa ker, JAMEs S. A plea for birds, 6092 Wattace, ALFrep R. Note on the theory of permanent and geographical varieties, 5887; On the Entomology of the Aru Islands, 5889; A disputed case of priority in nomenclature, 6117; Proceedings as a Natural-History collector in foreign countries, 6120 WATERHOUSE, G. R. Descriptions of four species of Staphy- linide, 6073; Description of a new species of Oxypoda, 6116 WEATHERHEAD, JOHN EDMUND Sound produced by the larva of Ache- rontia Atropos, 6212 Weaver, RicHarpb Remark on Melitea Dia, Is not Satyrus Typhon a species? 5923 WeErE, Rosert B. Anecdote of a dog, 5920 Wes Ley, J.S. Colias Edusa, Macroglossa Fuciformis and M. Bombyliformis at Win- chester, 6145 WILpMan, T. Two pupe in one cocoon of the silk- worm, 6213 Witmot, J. P. Remarks on Dr. Gray’s note (Zool. 6070), 6112 Wrhter, Joun N. Capture of Pieris Daplidice near Rot- tingdean, 6212; Deilephila Galii at Brighton, 6282 Wiry, Marie Note on the regular perforation of leaves, 5927 Wo..astTon, T. VERNON Capture of a Stenus new to the British Fauna, 5928; Chrysomela Banksii in December, 5930 Woop, C. Great spotted woodpecker at Dulwich, 5920 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF SUBJECTS. -Accentor, alpine, near Lewes, 5958 Acentropus niveus a Lepidopterous insect, 5919 Acherontia Atropos, sound produced by the larva of, 6212, 6282; double- broodedness of, 6281 ; beautiful variety of, 6282 Acronycta Alni, 6249; near York, 6284 Actinia gemmacea at Weymouth, 6231 Adalia, 5971 Adimonia, 5969 Adonia, 5971 Agelastica, 5969 Agrotis lucernea, 6213 Aleucis pictaria, 6104 Altica, 5969 Amara brunnea, 5950 » orichalcica, zd. » Yufocincta, zd. Ammocetes, supposed new, 6097 Amoy, Fauna of, 6222 Anatis, 5971 Anecdote of a dog, 5920; of the cuckoo, 6309 Animals, remarks on the etymology of names of, 5857 Anisolabia maritima, Bon., notes on, 5895, 5965 Anisosticta, 5971 Anomia aculeata, 5886 ephippium, zd. patelliformis, zd. ay |: Shhlata, 2d. Anthidium cordatum, 6038 Anthocharis Cardamines in Banffshire, 6101 Anthophora P 6038 Anthrocera Minos, habits and locality of, 5924 ; in the West of Scotland, 6212 Ants’-nest beetles, 6067, 6068, 6148 Apatura Tris, curious variety of, 5923 Aphis Quercus, notes on, 5945 Aquaria, on marine Mollusca in, 6231 * Aquarian Naturalist : a Manual for the Sea-side, 6255 Arca lactea, 5882 Arcade, 5881 Argynnis Euphrosyne, remarkable variety of, 5923 Aromia, 5966 Artaxerxes: is it a species ? 6100, 6247 Artemis exoleta, 5877 a) 4ineta, id. Astarte arctica, 5878 compressa, 7d. elliptica, zd. » sulcata, zd, 5 triangularis, zd. Aviculacee, 5882 Avocet in Kent, 5921 Baird, W., M.D., F.L.S., ‘A Cyclopedia of the Natural Sciences, 6256 Bankia Bankiana, 6145 Bats flying in the sunshine, 6257 Bavarian Sporting, 5870, 6004 Bee, honey, cells of, 6188; the cause of the cells being of an hexagonal form, criticism on Dr. Gray’s view of, 6216 ; death of, supposed to be occasioned by a Fungus, 6285; cylindrical forms of cells, 6291 Bees feeding on pollen, 6291 Bee-eater at Kingsbridge, Devon, 6143 Beetle, Rhyncophorous, fungus on a, 9927 Beetles, ants’-nest, 6067, 6068, 6148 ; at home, 6216; at Lee, 6286 Bembidia, note on the flying of, 5973 Bembidium affine, 5951 bruxellense, 5950 decorum, 5951 femoratum, 5950 laterale in the Isle of Wight, ”? 9? Bembidium lunatum, 5951 monticulum, 7d. prasinum, 7d. rufescens, 5950 stomoides, 5951 Birds, rare, destruction of, 5957 ; at sea, id.; migratory, movements of, 5958 ; rare, near Barnstaple, 6014; a plea for, 6092; rare, near Banff, 6268 ; migratory, in the Isle of Wight, 6270 Blackird sucking eggs, 6208 Blackbirds nesting in December, 5958 ; white, 6141 Blackeap, early arrival of the, 6058 Blackcock and capercally, hybrid be- tween, 6243 Blaps, notes on the British species of, 5974 Blaps Chevrolatii, 5975 fatidica, id. gigas, 5974 » mortisaga, zd. Botys lancealis, 6213 Brightwell, Miss, ‘The Life of Linnzus, 6256 Bulea, 5971 Bustard, breeding of the, near Leipsic, 5986 ; little, at Gorleston, Suffolk, 6059 Butterflies in Great Britain, on the geo- graphical distribution of, 6018, 6065, 6099 Butterfly of South Wales, additions to, 6246 Buzzard, common, at West Harling, 5976 Callidium, 5966 Calomicrus, 5969 Calosoma Sycophanta near Bristol, 6252 Camptogramma fluviata, 6251; near Worthing, 6312 - gemmaria, 6104, 6251 ; larva of, 6250 ; habits of, 6251 Camptogramma fluviata and gemmata at light, near London, 6146 Canary, talking, 6240 Capercally and blackcock, hybrid be- tween, 6243 Captures near Bowdon, 6214 Carabide in the Isle of Sheppey, 6251 Cardiade, 5878 Cardium aculeatun, zd. echinatum, 5879 edule, zd. fasciatum, 7d. nodosum, 7d. norvagicum, 7d. pyginz2um, zd. suecinum, zd. psa saltitans, 6152 9? 9 ” Carpoca Cassida, 5971 Casside, preservation of colour in, 5929 Cassidide, 5971 ‘Catalogue of the Lepidopterous Insects in the Museum of the Hon. East India Company,’ 6255 Caterpillar, query respecting a, 6282 Cemiostoma lotella, larve of, 6214 Centaurea, a new mine on, 6215 Centaurea jacea miner, the, id. Cerambycide, 5966 Cerura bicuspis, 6249 Chilo gigantellus, larva of, 6214 » Obtusellus of Stainton = Tinea paludella of Hubner, 5963 Chilocorus, 5972 Chlenius Schrankii, capture of in the Isle of Wight, 6220 Chrysomela, 5968 Chrysomela Banksii in December, 5930 Chrysomelidx, 5968 Cicindela campestris, black specimen of, 6286 Circe minima, 5878 Classification, on, 5951 Clostera curtula in the Isle of Wight, 6145 Clytus, 5966 Coccidula, 5972 Coccinella, 5971 Coccinellida, id. Coleophora Leucapennella, 6214 Coleoptera, British, proposal for a new Catalogue of, 5899 ; nutes concerning the capture of several interesting species of, 5927; myrmecophiious, captured in the neighbourhood of Ply- mouth, 5929; a systematic list. of, found in the vicinity of Alv erstoke, South Hants, 5966; myrmecophilous, notes on, 6287 Colias Edusa in Scotland, 5922; at Winchester, 6145; at Darlington, 6276; near London, 6310 Corticaria, 5972 Cossonus linearis, 6150 Cossus ligniperda dves infest the elm, 6146, 6148; diminutive cocvons of, 6191; at sugar, 6212 Courser, orgamcolRHtes in Marshes, 6309 Crake Baillon’s, near the Land’s End, 6210; spotted, near Richmond, York- shire, 6264 Crangon Pattersonii, 6275 Crania anomala, 5886 Craniada, id. Crenella decussata, 5881 9 discors, td. a marmorata, zd. Crioceride, 5967 Hackney Xu Crioceris, 5967 Crossbills in Yorkshire, 6309 Crows, hooded, at Flamborough Head, 6142 Crustacea, two new to Britain, 6274 Cryptocephalus, 5968 Cuckoo, remarkable anecdote of, 6309 Cucullia Chamomille, capture of, near London, 6103 Curlew, pigmy at Weymouth, 6244 ‘Cyclopedia of the Natural Sciences,’ 6256 Cydippe Pileus, note on, 6288 Cyprina islandica, 5877 Cyprinide, zd. Dasycampa rubiginea, larva of, 6284 Deilephila Euphorbie not taken near Bridgewater, 6066 i Galii, successful removal of the eggs of the ichneumon from a larva of, 6031; at Brighton, 6282 liv ornica near Exeter, Dibolia, 5970 Diggings, an entomologist’s visit to the, 5901 Dog, anecdote of a, 5920 Donacia, 5967 Donacide, 5875 Donax anatinus, 2d. Doves, ring and stock, winter food of, 5977 Dublin Natural-History Society, pro- ceedings of, 6001 Dublin University Zoological and Botanical Association, proceedings of, 5956, 6000 Duck breeding in a church tower, 6245 Ducks, domestic, nesting in a church tower, 6144 Dyschirius globosus, 5950 6101 " impunctipennis ? ad. Pe nitidus, zd. e salinus, id. ‘9 thoracicus, zd. Egg, lapwing’s, with two yolks, 6144 Eggs, blackbird sucking, 6208 Elachista Trapeziella: its food and trans- formations, 6146 Emberiza nivalis, 6207, 6239 Empyrea: why is it considered a Phlo- gophora ? 5926 Endromis versicolor, capture of in Til- gate Forest, 6066 ; note on the breed- ing of, td. ; in Scotland, 6101 Ennomos fuscantaria near London, 5926; larva of, 6285 Entomological Club, 6033; list of Geometre desiderata to the, 6034 Entomological Society, proceedings of, 5943, 5393, 6035, 6071, 6113, 6150, 6185, 6221, 6252, 6289 Xi Entomological Society’s Exotic Collec- tion, remarks on the sale of the, 6069, 6070, 6111, 6112 Entomologist’s visit to the Diggings, 5901 ‘Entomology in Verse, 5932 Entomology of the Aru Islands, 5889 Ephyra orbicularia at Lewes, 6103 Epione advenaria, 6213 Erebia Blandina, larva of, 6276 » Cassiope, larva of, zd. Eupithecia pernotata in Evgland, 5963 = viminata, 6103 Excursion to St. Paulo, Upper Amazons, 6160 Falcon, peregrine, in Kent, 5976; in Yorkshire, 6058 Fauna of Amoy, a few remarks on the, 6222; butterfly, of South Wales, additions to, 6246 Flavicinctaria and Cesiaria, 6030 Fly, African brize, 6170 Flycatcher, pied, in Yorkshire, 6093 ; spotted, pertinacity of in its choice of a place for nidification, 6238 Frog, living, discovery of in the solid rock, 5959 Fungus on a Rhyncophorous beetle, 5927 Galeruca, 5969 Galerucida, id. Gastrophysa, 5968 Geese, wild, in the Isle of Wight, 6097 Geometra, note on a curious little, taken in London by Mr. Hunter, 6039 Geometre, two British included under the name Phibalapteryx gemmaria, 5963 ; undescribed larve of, 6030, 6031; list of, desiderata to the Ento- nological Club, 6034 Geometrina, British, as arranged and named in M. Guenée’s first volnme of the Geometre of the whole world, 5962; in M. Guenée’s second volume, 6027 Georyssus pygmeus, capture of in Cum- berland, 5973 Glea erythrocephala on the South Coast, 6312 Gnophos, the larva of: is there more than one British species ? 6101 Gnophos obscuraria, 6029, 6102 a pullaria, zd. Gonioctena, 5968 Goose, barheaded, near Chester, 5988 Gracilia, 5966 Grammupltera, 5967 Grouse, red, of Britain: is it really dis- tinct from the Norwegian willow grouse ? 6209; red and willow, 6242, 6264, 6265, 6266; black, varieties of, 6243; red, contributions towards a biography of, 6257 Gull, little, near Barnstaple, 6245 Hadena peregrina of Treitschke in the Isle of Wight, 6066 Halyzia, 5971 Harpalyce sagittaria, larva of, 6030, 6067 Harrier, Montagu’s, a nest of, 6207 ; marsh, on Pevensey Levels, 6266 Hawhlinch building at Tonbridge, 6143 Hedgehog, notes on the, 6055 Helianthemum vulgare, connexion of Polyommatus Agestis with, 6248 Heliothis peltigera, capture of at Ply- mouth, 6101 Helodes, 5969 Hippodamia, 5971 Hobby, early appearance of in Norfolk, 6058 Holothuria, note on, 6069 Homalota imbecilla, 6074 os plumbea, id. Hoopoe in Yorkshire, 6093 Horsfield, T., and Moore, F., ‘ Catalogue of the Lepidopterous Insects in the Museum of the Hon. East India Company,’ 6255 Hybrid between blackcock and capercally, 6243 Hymenoptera of Natal, on the habits of the, 6037 Ibis, glossy, killed in Yorkshire, 5958 ; in South Wales, 6096 ; in Dorsetshire, 6266 Ichneumon, successful removal of the eggs of, from a larva of Deilephila Galii, 6031 Infusoria on a prawn, 6289 ‘Insect Hunters; or, Entomology in Verse,’ 5932; two novelties for the next edition of, 5961 Insects, Coleopterous, capture of two new to the British list, 6032; metamor- photic systems of classifying, 6079 Isocardia Cor, 5878 Isopoda, British, descriptions of two un- recorded, 6098 Itea Mengii, 6099 Jones, Thomas Rymer, F.R.S., ‘The Aquarian Naturalist: a Manual for the Sea-side, 6255 Kellia rubra, 5880, » suborbicularis, zd. Kelliada, zd. Lemophleus Clematidis, capture of near Gravesend, 5929 ; remarks on, 5973 Lamiide, 5966 Lamprosoma, 5968 Lapwing’s egg with two yolks, 6144 Larva of Harpalyce sagittaria, 6030, 6067 ; of Deilephila Galii, successful removal of the eggs of the ichneumon from, 6031; of Gnophos, 6101; of Xanthia Aurago, 61453 of Achcrontia Atropos, sound produced by, 62123 of Chilo gigantellus, 6214 ; of Campto- gramma gemmaria, 6250; of Erebia Blandina, 6276; of Erebia Cassiope, id.; of Satyrus Semele, id.; of Ache- rontia Atropos, sound produced by, 6282; of Dasycampa rubiginea, 6284 ; of Ennomos fuscantaria, 6285 Larve, undescribed Geometre, 6030, 60313; of Tephrosia laricaria, 6066, 6103; of Cemiostoma lotella, 6214 Lasiocampa Callune: is ita species? 5925 Lathridiide, 5972 Lathridius, zd. Leaves, note on the regular perforation of, 5927 Heda caudata, 5881 » oblonga, id. » truncata, id. Leiopus, 5966 Lema, 5967 Lepidoptera at Plymouth, 5922 ; Scottish, notes on, 6060 Lepton convexum, 5880 » hitidum, zd. Leptura, 5967 Lepturide, zd. Leucania vitellina, capture of at Brighton, 6283 ‘ Life of Linneus,’ 6256 Lima Loscombii, 5882 », subauriculata, id. 7 tans, 2d. Lina, 5968 Lizard, concerning a venomous, in Guje- rat, 5921 Locusta migratoria in Shetland, 6288 Longitarsus, 5970 Lucina borealis, 5879 3 PLeKUOSa, 2. » spinifera, id. Lucinide, zd. Lucinopsis undata, 5877 Luperus, 5969 Lutraria elliptica, 5876 Macroglossa Bombyliformis at Win- chester, 6145 es Fuciformis at Winchester, id. Mactra elliptica, 5875 » solida, zd » stultorum, 5876 55 subtruncata, 5875 ‘, = truncata, ¢d. Mactride, 5875 “ Mare,” on the derivation of the English word, as explained by the Rev. P. H. Newnham, 5937 X1V - Marine Mollusca in aquaria, 6231 Megachile centuncularis, 6219 Melitza Dia, remark on, 5923 Miana expolita, habits and locality of, 5926 Micraspis, 5971 Micrus, 6107, 6109 Modivola modiolus, 5880 Bi phaseolina, 5881 Mollusca, of the Firth of Clyde, 5875 ; marine, in aquaria, 6231 Monotoma, 5972 Montacuta bidentata, 5880 zh ferruginosa, zd. substriata, 7d. Motacilla bo: arula, 6239 campestris, zd. Mytilide, 5880 Mytilis edulis, zd. N atural- History collectors in foreign countries, proceedings of, 5939, 6120, 6158 ‘Natural History of the Tineina,’ 6255 Necrophorus, the genus, notes and ob- servations on, 6217 Nepticula, new, 6312 Nesting of swallows and other birds, 5920; of blackbirds in December, 5958; of black swans at Carshalton, 5988 ; of the long-tailed titmouse, 6059; of domestic ducks in a church tower, 6144; of Montagu’s harrier, 6207 ; of the spotted flycatcher, 6238 ; of swallows, 6241 ; of the wood pigeon, 6242 Newt changing its skin, 6210 Nightjar, common, extraordinary variety of, 6242 Nomenclature, a in, 6117 Nonagria geminipuncta, new mode of capturing, 6213 f Typhe, note on, 6283 Northern Entomological Society, pro- ceedings of, 5917, 5947, 6077, 6190, 6292 Noses, our, what there is beneath, 5930 Nossidium, 6111 Notidanus griseus, a shark new to Britain, capture of at Banff, 5959 Notodonta Carmelita, in 1858, 5926; at Addington, 6101 disputed case of priority is ziczac, double-broodedness of, 6281 Notodontide, double-broodedness _ of, 6248, 6283, 6311 Nucula nitida, 5881 PON UCleus, td. 5, radiata, zd. » tenuis, zd. eV Nudaria Senex, habits of, 6283 Oporabia, the genus, 6103, 6193, 6285 Ostrea edulis, 5885 Ostreade, 5882 Ouzel, water, notes on the subaqueous habits of the, 6001; ring, near Banff, 6094 Owl, Tengmalm’s, in Sussex, 5988 Oxypoda aterrima, 6116 ae nigrina, 6073 is nigro-fusca, ¢d. Partridge, contributions towards a_bio- graphy of the, 5977, 6010; note on the, 6014 ; does the male assist in incuba- tion? 6059; supposed variety of the, id.; and other game, retention of scent by, 6094; small variety of, 6095, 6143 Pausside, on the habits of, 5994 Pecten danicus, 5884 » islandicus, 5885 9 Maximus, td. 3, iveus, 5883 » opercularis, 5885 » Pusio, 5884 » similis, 5885 » striatus, 5884 » ligrinus, zd. » varius, 5883 Pectunculus glycimeris, 5882 Pelopzus chalybeus, 6038 Peronea new to Science at Liverpool, 6251 Petasia nubeculosa, 6101 Petrel, fulmar, at Brighton, 5988 ; dusky, ~ in Norfolk, 6096 Phedon, 5968 Phibalapteryx fluviata and P. gemmaria: are they distinct ? 6216 Philongria P 6099 Philoscia Couchii, 6098 Phlogophora meticulosa of our Col- lections, proposed generic name for the, 5961 Phratora, 5968 Phyllobrotica, 5969 Pieris Daplidice near Rottingdean, 6212; near Brighton, zd. » Rape in Banffshire, 6101 Pigeon, wood, late nesting of, 6242 Pinna pectinata, 5882 Platyarthrus Hoffmanseggii, 6275 Platystethus Capito in Scotland, descrip- tion and capture of, 5928 Plectrophanes nivalis, 6093 Plectroscelis, 5970 Plover, great, at Penzance, 6009 ; Kent- ish, near Penzance, 6097; Norfolk, near Barnstaple, 6264 Pogonocherus, 5966 Polyommatus Agestis, 6211, 6246, 6276, 6277, 6278, 6310; connexion of with Helianthemum vulgare, 6248 PA Artaxerxes, 6211, 6276, 6277, 6278, 6310 Prawn, Infusoria on a, 6289 Priapulus: are there two species allied to caudatus ? 5976 ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 6256 Psyche nitidella, abundance of, 6215 Psylliodes, 5970 Ptenidium, 6110 Pterophorus Lienigianus 6067 Pterostichus Aithiops, 5950 Bs orinomus, 7d. Pteryx, 6106, 6108 Pteryx mutabilis, 6106 Ptilium, 6110 Ptinella, 6106, 6108 Ptinella britannica, 6032 Pupe, two in one cocoon of the silkworm, 6213 Rats, note on sparrows attacking, 6009 Reason and instinct, 6043, 6081, 6092, 6196 Regulus, firecrested, at Penzance, 6009 Rhizobius, 5972 Roller in Flintshire, 5976 Ruoff near Barnstaple, 6264 Sandpiper, yellowlegged, killed in York- shire, 5958 ; broadbilled, for the third time in Norfolk, 6096; wood, near Birmingham, 6266 Scent, 6206 Scent: an attempt to explain its properties and causes, 6124 Scolytus supposed to attack only un- healthy trees, 6146; supposed a secondary cause of injury, 6148 Scolytus destructor, on the ravages of, 5995 ; note on, 6118 my rugulosus near London, 5944 ; reappearance of at Greenwich, 6286 Scymnus, 5972 Sea-serpent, another peep at the, 5989, 6015 Serpents, a bird and a quadruped said to prey upon, 6267 Serpula contortuplicata, 5976 Shark on the coast of Sussex, 6246 Shrike, great gray, in Cambridgeshire 5958 Silkworm, two pup in one cocoon of, 6213; diseases of the, 6220 Skua, pomarine, at the Land’s End, 6267 Skuas off the coast of Yarmouth, 6309 Slugs, the loves of, 6272 6246, in Britain, Snipes neighing or humming, 6244 Solenobia triquetrella, 5927 Sparrows attacking rats, note on, 6009 Species, on the persistence of, 6153 ; on the tendency of to form varieties, 6293 Specific distinctions, on, 5949 Spheroderma, 5970 Sphinx Convolvuli in Devonshire, 6282 ; in the Metropolis, zd. » Nerii at Brighton, 5961 Spider silk, 5922 Spoonbill near Aldborough, 6266 Sporting, Bavarian, 5870, 6004 Squirrels, note on the early breeding of, 6058 Starling roost at Rathkeale, Limerick, 6003 Stauropus Fagi, 6101 Stenus new to the British Fauna, capture of a, 5928 Stainton, H. T., &c., ‘ The Natural-His- tory of the Tineina,’ 6255 Sterrha sacraria a British insect, 6249 Strangalia, 5967 Sun-fish, short, at Torquay, 6144; on the Sussex coast, 6210; at Berry Head, 6246; near Banff, 6271 Swallow, notes on the, 5921 Swallows, nidification of, 6241 Swallows and other birds, nesting of, 5920 Swans, black, nesting at {Carshalton, 5988 Swifts, movements of, 5958 Synia musculosa at Brighton, 6284 Tapes aurea, 5876 » decussata, zd. » pullastra, zd. » Virginea, zd. Tea-tree: does any insect feed on it? 5925 Teal, garganey, beautiful variety of, 6210 county Tendency of species to form varieties, 6293 Tephrosia laricaria, 6029 ; 6066, 6103 Terebratula caputserpentis, 5886 Terebratulida, zd. Thea, 5971 Thecla Rubi in Banffshire, 6101 Thrushes, white, 6141 Timandra prataria near 6249 Timarcha, 5968 larve of, Folkestone, XV1 Tinea, a supposed new species of, allied to T. rusticella, 5964 Tischeria angusticolella, 5927 Titan, 6108, 6110 Titmouse, longtailed, early nesting of, 6059 Travels, Mr. Wallace’s, note on, 5942 Trechus Discus, 5950 » lapidosus, zd. 3» Imienas; 7a ‘5 rubens, zd. Trichopterygide, British, synonymic list of, 6104 Trichopteryx, 6109 Trichopteryx convexa, 6107 Trochilium Vespiforme, plentiful occur- rence of in England, 5924 ; remarks on, 5961 Turtonia minuta, 5880 Tzetze, the, 5965, 6170 _ Vanessa Antiopa, capture of at Stoke Newington, 6100; capture of in Scot- land, zd. ; in the North, 6276 Varieties, permanent and geographical, note on the theory of, 5887 ; of black grouse, 6243; tendency of species to form, 6293; tendency of to depart indefinitely from the original type, 6299 Variety, curious, of Apatura Tris, 5923; remarkable, of Argynnis Euphrosyne, id.; supposed, of the partridge, 6059 ; small, of the partridge, 6095, 6143; beautiful, of garganey teal, 6210; extraordinary, of the common night- jar, 6242; beautiful, of Acherontia Atropos, 6282; of Cicindela campestris, 6286 Veneride, 5876 Venus casina, 5877 ». fasciata, zd. » ovata, zd. 4 ° seeriata; 7d. 9 verrucosa, zd. Weasel carrying its young, 6309 Woodpecker, great spotted, at Dulwich, 5920 ; at Welney Wash, 5958 Wrasse, immaculate, at Weymouth, 6272 Xanthia Aurago, larva of, 6145 » ocellaris on the Coast, 6284 Xysmatodoma argentimaculella, 6214 Zeugophora, 5967 Zeuzera Aisculi feeding on ash, 6283 Zoological Society, proceedings of, 5915, 5991, 6040, 6156, 6195 Pree OOL GTS ft FOR, 1858. Remarks on the Etymology of Names of Animals. By the Rev. Poitiep H. Newnuay, M.A. (Continued from p. 5697). Ir is not easy satisfactorily to trace the origin of the word /ox. Richardson ascribes it to the Gothic verb foxa, to deceive; but it is far more probable, from the analogy of similar instances, that the verb has its origin in the name of the animal. Talbot refers fox to the old English word fax, hair (whence the name of Fairfax), as if the creature were named from its long bushy tail. It is, at all events, identical with the German fuchs, and this latter word strongly reminds us of the Latin adjective fwscus, which properly denotes a reddish brown colour; but I would not venture to affirm that this resemblance is anything more than accidental. Vixen is only a feminine form of fox, and was originally written fiven, or, more anciently, foxin. It appears from an early period to have been applied to quarrelsome snarling people, irrespective of sex; and, however the ladies may rebut the charge, one cannot help remarking the significant fact that language and custom have now made this word the monopoly of the fairer sex. In Scotland the fox is known as the tod. This word in Gaelic means a clod, or bush, or a quantity of wool, and we ourselves use it to denote a measure in Wool weight. As applied to the fox, it seems to refer to his bushy tail, and this analogy supports the con- jecture of Talbot which has been already alluded to. Cat in Latin is catus; French, chat; Greek, yatos ; Turkish, keti ; Arabic, kitta ; but [ am quite unable to deduce the meaning of the name. Kitten, of course, is only a diminutive form. The familiar AVI. B 5858 Etymology of title of puss seems to be the same as the Latin pusa, or pusilla, tiny, a name of endearment originally applied to a little child, and thus transferred generally to any pet, especially to the cat, and, from the similarity of its long soft fur, to the hare. Talbot’s conjecture as to the origin of puss is no less amusing than it is curious and far-fetched. Finding that it is applied to both the cat and the hare, he argues that the Latin Jepus (hare) may have been corrupted in French into “le puss,” and that we have borrowed our word from this. But in Welsh the hare is called cath etthen, 7. e. furze or gorse cat. Little children call their warm neck-comforters by the name of “ pussies,” and’ the soft “catkins” of the willow and sallow take their name from the same source, so that I have little doubt that the origin I have suggested for puss is the correct one. Grimalkin, a name which is sometimes given to the cat, is compounded of grey (French, gris) and Malkin, a diminutive form of “ Moll,” and is one of the many cases in which a Christian name has been applied to some familiar animal. Walrus is the Norwegian hvalros, ¢. e. whale-horse. Another Nor- wegian name for the animal is rosmar, which is similarly compounded of avs, horse, and mor, the sea. The whale, in the Scandinavian dialects, is called hval or hvalo. In Greek it is @aAn and Qaaaiva; in Latin, balena. All these are identical with our word, and are modifications of the same root as appears in our verb to wallow, and which we ultimately trace to the Hebrew pdlal, to roll. Old Isaac Walton tells us that Pliny “ speaks of the fish called the Balena, or whirlpool;” and assuredly the un- wieldy wallowing of these monsters of the deep would naturally sug- gest their distinctive appellation. Dolphin is the Greek deagis, a name which was in all probability originally applied to our porpoise; and, when we consider the origin and affinities of this latter word, we can hardly think the resemblance between deagic and d&agaé (a pig) to be a purely accidental one. Porpoise is corrupted from the French porcpoisson, hog-fish. Simi- larly itis called marsouin, and in German meerschwein, 7. e. sea-swine, and in the Breton dialect morhuc, or sea-hog ; showing that the re- semblance of its general contour to the back of a pig is generally appreciated. In Mr. Bell’s * British Quadrupeds’ we read ‘‘ Grampus, says the Rev. Mr. Barclay, is the Saxon hranjisk, which signifies grunting fish. I cannot, however, help thinking that the more obvious and probable etymology is the French grand poisson, great fish.” There is an objection to this latter suggestion, namely, that it does appear, Names of Animals. 5859 from Mr. Barclay’s remark, that hranjisk is a name which actually is applied to the grampus, whereas I am not aware that the French ever use “grand poisson” to designate that animal; and, in endeavouring to etymologise, we cannot confine ourselves too close to facts as they are, or too carefully avoid theorizing on what simply might be. I again copy from the ‘ British Quadrupeds’ the remarks upon the name of the caaing whale. “ These whales follow their leader with blind confidence, and hence their pursuers endeavour to guide the leader on shore, as they are then morally sure of the whole herd. Caaing is a Zetland name, generally considered by authors as indi- cating calling, i.e. leading whale. But Mr. Barclay assures me that the real meaning of the word is ‘ driving.’” Beluga is a Russian word, and is said by Webster to signify white Jish. Rorqual is compounded of hval or waale, and rohr, signifying whale with folds, in allusion to the series of longitudinal folds beneath the throat of the animal. Horse is the Icelandic hross, ross ; Sueth., hors, horsa, ors ; French, roussin. These words are of kindred origin with the German reiten, and our rde, road, &c. We may also compare the Latin word rheda, a chariot; and thus Etymology alone would teach us how very ancient is the use of the horse as subservient to man. The name mare, too, reveals to us some very curious and interesting facts. Although it is now restricted to the female horse, yet it is no doubt identical with the Celtic march, which simply implied a war-horse, without restriction as to sex. We trace this same root in many other words: thus, mar- shal (French, maréchal) meant originally the commander of an army ; march was strictly the route of an army; the “ marches” were the boundaries of two countries, which used to be the perpetual scenes of border warfare, and, hence, marquis (Lat. marchio) was a name given to those barons who lived near the boundaries, and whose especial duty it was to keep off marauders. All these words are to be referred to one parent stock, which we see in the Latin Mars, the god of war, mors, death, and in the first syllable of our own murder. Surely we can need no stronger testimony than is afforded by these etymological facts to the martial spirit of our Teutonic forefathers, and to the well- known efficacy of their cavalry and terrible scythe-armed war-cha- riots. A steed is properly a stud horse. Colt appears to be etymologically identical with the word child, both of them being merely general terms for offspring. Foal and /jilly are the same as the Latin pullus, 5860 Etymology of young, and the Greek 74a0s, a foal. It is curious that we have exactly preserved the Greek form in the word tadpole, i.e. a young toad. Pony is doubtless, as Johnson derives it, a small or puny horse. The barb reminds us, by its name, of Barbary, the country from whence it was first introduced. The etymology of cob is worth the trouble of unravelling. A cob is a strong thickset sort of horse, and the adjective “ cobby” is still used, in the dialect of some parts of Yorkshire, as an equivalent for stout. In cobloaf, cobnut, and a host of similar compounds, the idea is evidently that of size. Our word gaby (the Italian gabbiano) is again of the same root, and the signification of these words, which mean what we should call a “ thick-skull” or “ blockhead,” all lead us up to the original source, which lies in the German kop/; Latin, caput; Sanscrit, kepala; all signifying head. In like manner the name of the chub is derived from its large head, and the root ramifies into a thousand directions, and reappears in a hundred words where you would least suspect it, but in every case it is intimately connected with one or other. of its three leading ideas, which seem to be size, strength, and stupidity. A dray horse no donbt takes its name from the verb to draw, as being specially adapted for the draught of heavy burdens. In hack- ney, and its contracted form hack, we are again led back a long way: through the French haquenée we can trace it to the Italian acchznea, which is a diminutive form from the Latin eguus (horse); and the identity of this with the Greek forms tos and imzos, Sanscrit agvas (horse) and ibhas (elephant), both of which come from a root signi- fying to carry, may be-satisfactorily established by a number of inter- mediate modifications. From the same source we have hobby; Dutch, hoppe; which is almost the same word as the Greek im7rn, & mare. Hobby, as the name of the hawks so called, is one of those curious instances 1n which two words appear to be similar, while they have, in reality, nothing whatever in common. Nag is the German nake, from the Anglo-Saxon hnegan, our modern neigh, a word which is an imitation of the sound which it characterizes. Palfrey is a word borrowed from our Norman ancestors, and carries us back to the old days of falconry and chivalry: in French it is palefroy; in Italian, palafreno; and is clearly derived from par le frein, signifying a ladies’ horse, 7. e. one led by the rein, at the hands of the attendant page or knight. In the word roan it is possible that we may have another instance of what I have before alluded to under the name of a “pregnant” etymulogy; for although the reference to the colour of Names of Animals. 5861 the “ red-roan steed ” is abundantly sufficient to account for the name, yet it is very possible, as Mr. Talbot suggests, that it may have ori- ginally had reference to the celebrated breed of Rowen horses. In like manner Sheltie will preserve a geographical fact which may be- come curious in some future generation, should this breed ever become extinct in its original birth-place, the Shetland Isles. ‘Ass is the Latin asinus ; French, dne, which is corrupted from asne. The root seems to be identical with that of ear, which is the Gothic auso; Greek, ots, and, in the Laconian dialect, ais; Hebrew, é6zen. There is a common word connected with this root, which would be the very last in which we should be likely to suspect any reference to an animal: a painter’s easel is the German ese/ (ass), which is identi- cal with the Latin asellus, a diminutive form of asinus. We ourselves speak of a clothes’-horse, &c., and so the Germans also use dock (buck), and the Greeks ovos (ass), while the Greek word for easel is maaijjas, which is compounded of xiaaos, an old word for ass. In Greek we find the verb éyxaouat, to bray. Comparing this with our donkey, it seems probable that both words originate from the same idea, vz. imitation of the animal’s voice. Mule is the Latin mulus; French, mulet; and may be connected with molior, I labour; in Greek with “a0, labour, and orgy, to go ; in our own language with the old word moz/, and, indeed, the primi- tive orthography of the word was moyle or motl. In the Cornish dialect this latter word signifies barren, and, to say the least of it, this is a very remarkable coincidence, and it is quite possible that our word may partake of the double parentage ; although it is equally pos- sible that the stubborn mulishness of the animal, coupled with its sterility, may have suggested the name for a hard and barren soil. Pig is the Danish bigghe, vigghe. These two forms strongly remind us of the nursery name, “ piggy-wiggy,” and suggest the idea that the name of pig is derived from its squeaking cries, just as hog and sow are taken from its more sonorous grunting. This idea is confirmed by the words which Shakespeare puts into Aaron’s mouth, when he murders the nurse: “ Weke! weke!—So cries a pig prepared for the spit.” Titus Andronicus, Act iv. Scene 2. The pig is still the especial food of our labouring poor, and, as many writers have remarked, a study of words shows this to have been the case for centuries past. ‘The animals which supply our food, so long as they are alive, are known by their old Saxon names, as 02, calf, 5862 Etymology of sheep, &c.; but, as soon as they are dead, their flesh receives a Nor- man name, such as beef (baus), veal (veau), mutton (mouton). So, too, with our present animal, the fresh pork and the dainty brawn were for the tables of the Norman lords of the soil; but the Saxon churl was allowed to feast on his own bacon. This word is variously derived. Johnson takes it as though it were baken, t.e. dried meat. Webster refers it to the German bache, a wild sow. But ina curious old book, printed in 1605, and intituled ‘A Restitution of decayed Intelligence in Antiquities, we find the following explanation of this term: “ But whereas swyne’s flesh is now called by the name of bacon, it grew only at the first unto such as were fatted with Bucon, or Beech-mast.” We can trace the word hog, in some modification or other, through all the cognate languages, and it is, as has been already remarked, imitative of a pig’s grunt,—a sound which may be fairly represented as “ugh.” In Welsh hog is hec; in Persian and Zend it is chuk, a form which reappears in the old English chuck, and is still retained in the name of the American woodchuck. In French this form gives us cochon. The Greek word 4 is an intermediate form, and supplies us with the link which binds together the apparently dissimilar words hog and sow; for our words soz and its plural see¢ne are manifestly the same as the German sau; Latin, sus; Greek, cvs. ‘This last is usually derived by lexicographers from ceva, to rush, in allusion to the fierceness of the wild boar; but, when we remember how commonly the aspirate in Greek is merged into a sibilant, we can hardly help considering % and cvs to be only different forms of the same word. This view, too, is confirmed by the call to pigs which we can hear in any farm-yard, “Sus! Sus! Sus!” And this is a good example of an Etymology which is undoubtedly sound, although, at the first glimpse of it, it seems to be the very contrary. Boar is the Anglo-Saxon bar; Dutch, beer. It forms the last syl- lable of the German eber and Latin aper, and appears again in the Latin verres and Sanscrit varaha. All these words spring from a kindred root, which is always connected with the idea of roughness. We find it in the Latin barba and in our own leard and Oristle, and the word boar no doubt refers to the bristly back of the animal. Deer affords us an instance of a word which was originally used in a very wide sense, but has been gradually restricted to one particular animal. The Anglo-Saxon deor, German thier, are the same as the Greek 67g, a name of wild animals in general; but the stag, as the noblest of the beasts of chase, has monopolized the title of the beast, Names of Animais. 5863 par excellence. The Greek énp leads us, through its dialectic varia- tion gip, to the Latin fera, by which, and the French fer, we arrive at our fierce. Buck is from bocker, to strike, and when we compare with it the French bouwc, a he-goat, we shall readily arrive at the con- clusion that it was a general title, applied to the males of horned animals, and more lately extended to others, such as the rabbit, &c. Still the stag preserves the same pre-eminence which we have seen to be indicated by the name of deer, for “a buck” is, again par eacel- lence, understood to refer to the stag alone ; while, if we apply the name to other animals, we always specify the kind. A further instance of this is found in the name we give its flesh, venison. This name was originally given to the flesh of all beasts killed in hunting, as we see by its derivation from the French vener, to hunt; but it was ‘soon restricted to the flesh of the royal beast of chase alone. Doe is the Anglo-Saxon da; Dutch, deyn; French, daim ; Latin, dama. Richardson derives it from the Greek deve, timidity ; but this is one of those mere guesses which always excite suspicion. May it not be akindred form with dayans, a heifer, and dawaros,a calf? These words come from dauaw, which is identical in meaning and etymology with our tame. Doe, like buck, may have originally been a sort of generic term, referring to the gentleness and tameness of the female animals as compared with the males. Hart is the Anglo-Saxon heord; German, hart. It is the same word as hard, and is meant to imply strength, an idea which we trace very strongly developed in the kindred words in Greek. Hind is akin to the Latin hinnus, a mare; Greek, ives, a filly. The Latin hinnio, to neigh, and our own word whinny, show us that these names are imitative of the voice of the animal; and it seems probable that the low quiet cry of the doe has caused the name to be transferred to her. In all probability fawn is another word from whence we may infer the high estimation in which the stag was held in the old days of the chase. It is the French faon, fan, which is contracted from the Latin infans, a word which signifies ‘‘ speechless,” and is, properly, only applicable to human infants. | Skinner suggests that the origin of the name stag is to be found in the Saxon séigan, our stick, in allusion to its sharp antlers, an ety- mology which requires confirmation from the analogous term buck. Junius, with his usual mere punning guess, takes stag from cteixewv, to goin order. Tooke believes it to be akin to the word stage, and to allude to the lofty bearing and erect head of the animal Fallow is an adjective, describing the general colour of the deer to ae 5864 Etymology of which it is applied, the Anglo-Saxon /fealewe being akin to the Latin helvus, gilvus, and to our own yellow. It is most curious to trace this word through the almost endless ramifications of its root, which, as | believe, may be ultimately carried back to the Anglo-Saxon gyl, and to heol, a name of the sun in some old Teutonic dialects. These affinities are most admirably worked out by Mr. Talbot in his ‘ English Etymologies,’ but, as is too often the case, his observations are most painfully in need of some connecting thread. Roebuck presents us with an ample scope for speculation as to whether the first syllable of its name be the Celtic roe, red (as the roe of fish is named from its colour), or whether it be not the Anglo-Saxon reege, raage (for hrege), signifying a goat, and akin to the Greek tpayos. Possibly it may partake of both relationships: certainly its scientific name, Cervus capreolus, inclines us to be in favour of the latter etymology. In French chevre is a goat, but chevrette is a doe; chevreuil is a roebuck, but chevrotine is deer-shot. This confusion has partly arisen from a certain resemblance between cerf (Latin, cervus), a stag, and chevre (Latin, caper); and the gradual progress of form from animals of the goat tribe to those of the deer has in all probability tended still further to complicate this etymology. | Were I to endeavour to trace the various and most dissimilar modi- fications of the root which appears in our word goat, I should infal- libly, though, as I believe, unreasonably, be accused of romance by the general reader. It is the Anglo-Saxon, get, gat; but in German the ¢ becomes s, and the word appears as geis, and also in the still harder form gems. It is the Gothic gaztez, gazisa, and this latter form reminds us of the Sanscrit adsha, which, be it remembered, was pro- nounced with a strong guttural g before the first vowel. Through various other forms we trace it to the Hebrew gaz, which is referred by Gesenius to the root gdzaz, to be strong. We must, therefore, re- ject Junius’s guess, that it is derived from yaitn, hair, as well as Wachter’s more reasonable conjecture that it comes from the Saxon gytsean, to be lustful. Aéd—the Turkish gets? and Hebrew gedi— belongs also to the same family as goat. It may not be out of place to notice here some of our own words which are derived from the names of the goat. To caper is precisely the same word as the Latin for a goat; and hence, too, comes caprice, 7. e. a whim as sudden and unlooked for as are the bounds and vagaries of a kid. Who, again, would have thought that there could be any connexion between the name of the London “ cab” and that of our animal? But it is quite certain that cad is an abbreviation of the Names of Animals. 5865 French cabriolet, a word derived from cabri (caper), a kid, and em- ployed to designate a light easy-going kind of vehicle, which was able to traverse roads along which the original heavy and: lumbering cha- riots were unable to venture. Sheep is the German schaf. This word is referred by Richardson to schaffen, in the sense of to drive, the allusion being to the driving of sheep before the shepherd, just as one of the Greek words for sheep — mpoBarov — may be derived from zegofaivew, to go before. It may be that the schdfer, or shepherd, was so called from the schaft, t.e. stick (our “ shaft”) with which he drove his flock, and that thus his name may have grown to be applied to the objects of his care ; or, possibly, the etymology may embrace both these ideas. Richardson derives ram from the Anglo-Saxon hremman, to butt, or to ram, as we say; but, as we have already remarked, it is not probable that any such verb will be derived from the habit of the animal, but rather vice versd. Family resemblance leads us in quite another direction. Ram is very nearly the same word as its Greek equivalent é7, which is probably only another form of aénv, male ; and this may be traced to an old root signifying strength. So, too, twp is taken from a root which is now little used by us, but which is found in the Greek ture, to strike. Wether, or wedder, is similarly referred by Richardson to the Anglo-Saxon wétheran, to resist. In the word ewe I think we may trace a very interesting story. It is the same word as the Latin ovis and the Greek ois, which are, pos- sibly, imitative of the low inward bleat of the sheep, which is a very distinct sound from its well-known “baa.” There are many old words wherefrom we may gather the fact that the wealth of our pri- mitive forefathers lay in their cattle. Such words are the Hebrew mik’? neh, which signifies both cattle and wealth or riches; the Greek utnvos, cattle, as compared with xtiua, a possession; and the Latin pecus, cattle, as compared with pecunia, money. I believe that our present word indicates a similar state of things ; for although ovis is a sheep, yet opzlio is a shepherd; and this latter word seems, at all events, to be connected with ops, opes, riches. Lamb is the Danish lam ; German, lamm. In Welsh llanu is to bound, and is nearly akin to /eap, and other words of the same family. I suspect, therefore, that the lamb is so called from its frolicsome gambols. We may here refer to a fact which is but little known. The breed of sheep from whence we obtain the merino wool was originally de- rived from our own country. Stow and Baker tell us that in the year XVI. C © 5866 | E tymology of 1404, Edward IV. “ gave a license to pass over certain Cotteswolde sheepe into Spain.” These were the origin of the present merinoes, a name which is a slight corruption of the Spanish marino, and refers to the original importation of the breed from “ beyond the sea.” Ox is the Anglo-Saxon ova; Danish, ove; Gothic, auhs. The root will be found in the Icelandic aka; Sueth., acka, to draw, which is the same verb as is found in the Latin as ago, and in Greek as @yo. The connexion existing between these words points out to us the primitive use of oxen for the yoke; while the horse, as we have seen that its names imply, was used for riding, or for war, but not for agri- cultural purposes. Bull is identical with its Latin equivalent bos ; Greek, Govs; French, boeuf; words which are all formed from the root 00, imitative of the loud bellowing of the animal. So, too, coze—which in the Teutonic languages appears as ko or kuh; Persian, gau, kaw; Malabar, ko; Sanscrit, gou, ghau—is also a name imitative of the voice; and it is curious that in Greek we have both the verbs fozw and yoaw, expressive of aloud and deep sound. Richardson suggests that cow is derived from the Anglo-Saxon ceowan, to chew, from its habit of chewing the cud; but this very plausible conjecture is found to be unsupported by the analogy of other languages. Professor Donaldson has some interesting remarks upon the curious coincidence to be remarked, throughout the Indo-Germanic languages, between the words which express the idea of Jand and the names of the cattle which till it. Thus, in Sanscrit, gaws means both cow and the earth; and in this latter sense we find the root in the Greek yn, yaia, and the German gau, country. The same analogy may be traced, though not quite so evidently, in the words related to dull. Kine is the plural of cov, just as swine is the plural of sow. In calf we have another instance of a word which was originally used as a general term, but which has been gradually restricted to an individual case, although, indeed, we still speak of a hind’s calf, or of an elephant’s calf. Our word is the Anglo-Saxon cealf; Swedish, kalf; Danish, calv; German, kald; and it is akin to the Dutch verb kalben, to vomit, which comes from a root indicative of gaping, having its nearest English analogues in yawn and yean. Calf, therefore, pro- perly means any offspring. Webster ingeniously accounts for the use of this word to indicate part of the leg. A calf is, properly, as we have said, any offspring: hence it comes to mean an offshoot or pro- tuberance, and so has been applied to the protuberant part of the leg. In the old expression, “calves of the lips,” it is hard to say whether Names of Animals. 5867 the reference be to the protruding of the lips, or, adhering to the strict meaning of the word, to the open mouth. I cannot satisfactorily account for the first syllable of heifer. The second syllable is, no doubt, identical with the Anglo-Saxon /ear ; German, farfe; Greek, opts; all of which words refer to the same animal. In Hebrew, too, we find par, a bull, and pdrah, a heifer, words which preserve the analogy of ox, and are formed from the same root as has given us our verb to bear. I again quote from Mr. Bell: “ When a cow produces two calves, one a male, and the other a female, the latter is styled a free martin, which, it is said, never breeds. In Scotland a cow or ox which is fat- tened is called a mart. Hence, probably, our term originated; for the female, being unfit for breeding, was free, or at liberty, to be fat- tened for the mart, or market.” The breed of Kyloe. oxen are said to derive their name from the Scotch islanders having to drive their beasts across the “kyles,” or ferries, on their way to market. Neat cattle in Anglo-Saxon are called neat, neten; in Swedish, not; in Danish, néd. The Anglo-Saxon geneat, herdsman, is also akin. The root will be found in the Welsh cnud, a group, and kin- dred words are the Latin nodus, our knot, knead, and need, in all which words the common idea is that of pressure. Neat, therefore, is a generic name for herded cattle. The first letter of steer is merely euphonious, and forms no part of the root. The word is identical with the Latin tawrus ; French, tau- veau ; Arabic, thawr ; Chaldee, tora. In Hebrew the initial ¢ becomes sh, and the word appears as shor. It comes from a root signifying strength, which we trace in the Latin forws, muscle. Beeves, it need hardly be said, comes from the French baewf, which also supplies us with our word beef. Caltle is said to be a general term, corrupted from the Latin capi- talia, z.e. the personal property of any individual. We find the same word in the legal term “ goods and chattels.” Squirrel has a pretty origin. It comes to us through the Latin scturiolus, a diminutive of sciwrus, which is the Latinized form of its original Greek name, cxiovgos, a compound of two words signifying ** shadow-tail.” - The first syllable of dormouse no doubt refers to its sleepy propen- sities, and is of a root which appears in the Latin dormio, Greek dapbavw, to sleep, and also, as I believe, in our dream. The second syllable of our word is, now, at all events, simply mouse. But as 5868 Etymology of hermaphrodite etymologies—by which we mean words compounded of two roots which are taken from different languages — are very rare, and to be received with suspicion, Talbot has suggested that our word may have been originally the French or Norman “la dormeuse,” the second syllable of which would soon be corrupted, by country people, into mouse. cf, The word mouse, itself, is a very ancient and wide-spread name. In Anglo-Saxon it is mus; in German, maus; in Latin, mus; in Greek, wis. It is ordinarily derived from a root which is expressed in the Greek uveiv, to hide, although Pott considers that it may come from the Sanscrit mush, to steal. Rat is the French rat, and appears in modern Latin as rattus. Wachter refers its origin to the German reissen; Anglo-Saxon, hreddan; our own rid; to which the Latin rodo, to gnaw, is akin. The name, therefore, may combine the ideas of gnawing and plun- dering. It is difficult to account for the name of Norway rat, as this species 1s aboriginal to Asia, and was not even known to exist in Norway when our name was given to it. There is an ill-natured tra- dition that it was introduced to our country by the same ship as brought in the Hanover dynasty; but this throws no light on the name: more probably it was imported on board of some Norwegian trader, which may have touched at one of our ports. Hare is a word that has sadly puzzled etymologists. Conjectures concerning its origin are innumerable, and, as it has no equivalent in the Latin and its kindred languages, its affinities are very hard to trace. It is the Anglo-Saxon hara, and it is the same word in Swedish. In Dutch and German the 7 gives way to s, as it is Dutch haas, German hase. One very plausible conjecture is that the word is akin to the Anglo-Saxon fer, hair; from the long soft fur of the hare. It has been suggested to me by a friend that it may come from the same root as our hoar, hoary; Anglo-Saxon, hara; in allusion to its pre- vailing colour. ‘Talbot says, ‘‘ Hare, the most timorous of animals, is perhaps named from the Anglo-Saxon earg, timid; earh, swift.” Leveret is the French liévre, Latin lepus, and is closely akin to the French lapin, rabbit. Indeed a close search will reveal to us a very curious connexion existing between the names for the hare and rabdit, in the kindred languages. The root is to be found in the Latin levis and our word leap, indicative of lightness and agility. Rabbit is akin to the Dutch robbe, which probably comes, as Skin- ner suggests, from the Latin rapidus, our rapid. It would not be difficult to establish the etymological identity of this word with the Names of Animals. 5869 French Japin, and, so, with lepus, leveret, &c., but the pages of the ‘Zoologist’ are hardly suited to such an attempt. Cony is the Latin cuniculus; German, canichen; Danish, kanzg ; Welsh, cwningen. Pliny supposes cuniculus to be so named from its burrows, but this can hardly be the case. In Greek we find the forms novindos and xuuxaros, but there is some doubt as to whether this be a genuine Greek word, or only the Greek way of writing the word which they borrowed from the Romans. Should it be a truly Greek word, I have little doubt that Mr. Bell’s etymology from xovéw, to hasten, would be correct, supported as it is by the analogy of the names for leveret and rabbit. The Guinea pzqg is hardly an indigenous animal, but as Mr. Bell gives it a place in his ‘ History of British Quadrupeds,’ we may take the opportunity of pointing out the solution of a difficulty which he seems to have experienced. He says, “ The name by which this little ani- mal is commonly known is founded upon an error of which I have in vain endeavoured to trace the origin; for I do not find, in any author by whom it is mentioned, any allusion to its being a native of Guinea. The country from which it truly derives its origin is the southern part of the South American Continent,—Brazil, Guiana, &c.” Obviously iis name originally alluded to the latter province; but as this was an unfamiliar name to most people, while Guinea was a “household word,” the substitution of the wrong name for the right one would fol- low almost as a matter of course. I have now completed the task which I at first proposed to myself; and I would fain hope that at all events some readers of the ‘ Zoolo- gist’ have been interested in the remarks I have made. I must again repeat one of my preliminary observations, that I have no doubt I may have made many mistakes. I therefore most earnestly solicit a personal correspondence with any one who is willing to correct me or to afford me hints. I have now collected the origins of about 2600 names of animal, vegetable or mineral objects, and I have exhausted all the means of information within my own reach, and have still a stock of at least 1200 names of which I can find no explanation, but with regard to which I trust that others will be found both willing and able to assist me. P. H. NewxHam. Guildford, November 19, 1857. 5870 Bavarian Sporting. On Bavarian Sporting. By the Rev. ALFRED CHARLES SMITH, M.A. I HAVE just been reading (Zool. 5806—7) Dr. Collingwood’s graphic account of the game-market at Vienna, and his description brings vividly to my recollection a similar scene at Munich, in the winter of 1840—1, which I spent in that capital; and on looking back to my journals of that date, by way of refreshing my memory on the subject, I have stumbled on some memoranda of various royal hunts of which I was an eye-witness, and by which these markets were supplied. Thinking that perhaps a short description of them may be of interest to the readers of the ‘ Zoologist,’ [ venture to tran- scribe again from my journals; but, for the benefit of those who have had no experience of Munich in the winter, I will first say a few words of that capital and its climate during the cold months, when these royal battues took place. I will premise, then, that Munich is the highest capital in Europe, though, not having a Murray at hand, I cannot state accurately how many feet it stands above the level of the sea. It is situated in a vast plain, or rather in the centre of a large basin, surrounded indeed by mountains, but all of them at a great distance; and on whichever side of the city you may ap- proach you will see for many a league the great kettle-drum-looking domes or cupolas on the summit of the two towers of the Dom Kirche, standing up as beacons to guide you on to your journey’s end. ‘The plain, too, in which the city stands is truly Bavarian, not only so vast and apparently interminable, but perfectly flat, and its surface unbroken by hedges, banks or any other kind of fence, since fences are not wanted in a country where the cattle are never turned out to grass; and in the autumn, when the crops are off the ground, you may strike off from the highway immediately after leaving the town, and ride in any direction, so long as the open weather lasts. But though Munich is one of the sultriest and certainly the very dustiest of towns in the summer, it is one of the very coldest in the winter, without shelter on any side, and exposed to all the winds of heaven: -for four months the weather is very severe, and the cold is intense ; and. there is no gradual change, but in a single night you pass from the height of summer to the depth of winter: from November to March the snow lies frozen and trodden into a hard, solid mass: all wheels disappear from the streets, and the silent sledges, unheard save through their jingle of bells (which the police rigidly require Bavarian Sporting. 5871 them to carry), come stealing round the corners and along the streets at a very rapid pace. Occasionally. sentinels are found frozen at their posts, though the guard is relieved at very short intervals, and all are well provided with warm clothing against the intense cold. The rapid river Tsar is arrested in its course, and soon becomes a dense mass of ice; and for four months winter reigns triumphant, without an interval of a thaw or the remotest prospect of a thaw for a single hour. Such is the climate and such the situation of the Bavarian capital ; but, notwithstanding the cold, the air is clear and the sun shines cheerily ; and when it was announced that the king would shoot hares at a certain spot about two leagues distant from the town, it required no second summons to persuade four Englishmen to drive to the spot, eager to be spectators of the scene. When we reached the ground the royal sportsmen had not yet arrived, but a large num- ber of keepers stood ready, and pointed out to us the most astounding preparations for sport I ever beheld. For two days previous to the hunt a large number of peasants had been employed to beat up the country for several miles round: this they effected by making a cor- don, encircling the game and walking up towards the centre; and thus they gradually drove the hares in immense numbers into a very small space, viz., a little cover of perhaps four acres in extent: the hares so driven up had been enclosed by a wall of canvas from nine to ten feet in height, and when the keepers took us inside the enclosure, prior to the arrival of the king, there were the wretched victims lying huddled together like a dense flock of sheep, to the number of sixteen hundred, as we afterwards ascertained on counting the slain. Pre- sently the royal sledges arrived with the king (now the ex-king) Lud- wig, the Crown Prince (the present King of Bavaria), Prince Luitpold, Prince Max, and two other royal princes, for none but royal princes may shoot in these right royal ,battues: immediately they entered the canvas wall, and took up their positions at the farther end of the enclosure, each within a certain little nook of boughs, waist high, which had been previously prepared, of fir branches; whether as a protection against the rage of wounded hares, or as a pretence at am- bush, I know not: and now the sportsmen are all standing behind their respective defences, in a line, about twenty yards apart from one another, and with their faces towards the canvas wall, which might be thirty yards in their front, each armed with a double-barrelled gun, and each with a whole posse of keepers behind him, with other guns to load and hand over. The word is given that all is ready ; and now 5872 Bavarian Sporting. the keepers and others, with whom we marched, forming a close line, began to walk up from the other end of the enclosure, driving all the unfortunate hares in a body towards the guns; as they neared the shooters they naturally ran to the sides; and now they were hunted round the open space, and made to run the gauntlet in front of all the guns: then the murder began in earnest, and for the first ten minutes each royal forefinger was continually engaged in pulling trigger after trigger, for as fast as each sportsman shot off his gun another was handed in its place. The hares at first came round in perfect droves, and then it was not only impossible to miss, but also impossible to kill without wounding many others; so then a horrible sight ensued, of hares unnumbered shuffling about with broken legs, wounded in every possible way, half-dead, bleeding, and uttering théir mournful cry, so like the cry of a child. Soon the ground in front of the shooters was white with dead hares; still the slaughter went on, at first amidst a roar of guns, then a dropping fire, then single guns at longer intervals, then occasional shots, then it ceased, but not till every one of the hares enclosed had been driven round and round till it had met its death: happy were those first slain, for, once enclosed within the canvas, escape was impossible: if the poor animal had run the gauntlet before all the shooters once’ or twice, and had escaped unharmed or with a broken leg, the third or fourth round must destroy it: nothing living could escape. An unlucky squirrel, appalled at the noise, descended a tree close to the king, who, with a shout of delight, ruthlessly shot it as it gazed at him in amazement from the ground at about ten yards’ distance, proving that if “‘a cat may look at a king” the old adage does not hold good with a squir- rel, for this poor unsuspecting innocent paid for its temerity with its life. About twenty roe, bucks and does, had been accidentally en- closed with the hares, and these, too, must of course suffer the same fate, and were shot in like manner, save and except five or six bucks, which, terrified at the first noise of the shooting, and not yet having been shot at, ran back towards the advancing line of keepers, who immediately raised their hands and sticks to turn them; but, led by one noble fellow, the bucks took a spring right over our heads, hats and uplifted sticks, not a little to the delight of the Crown Prince, who, priding himself on his English habits and ideas, and knowledge of the English tongue, told us, he “would give any sum for a hunter who shall jump so,” though, as the Germans never hunt or leap, and indeed there are no fences in Bavaria, we did’nt see of what possible use to his Royal Highness such a fencer would. have been. Some of Bavarian Sporting. 5873 the roebucks, when driven to desperation, charged the canvas wall, and most of them fell back, unable to clear so great a height; but three splendid fellows, more nimble and more fortunate than their companions, cleared it in great style and escaped. At length the shooting grew slacker and slacker, and after two hours’ firing the massacre was ended: then before each sportsman’s bower of firs were placed, in rows, the hares that were slain by him, and were lying dead in front of his stand; then they were counted, and great rivalry existed among the shooters as to who had gained the greatest score. The whole number killed was above 1600, and the king, who was always especially friendly and communicative to the English, observed to us, “There is so much more glory in killing them thus than if we only killed a dozen or so as you do in England.” It would have argued a sad ignorance of Court etiquette to demur at any proposition His Majesty might think fit to assert, so we con- tented ourselves with a smile and a bow, but we secretly entertained rather a different opinion. ‘The hares were now suspended on poles, and these were laid across some light waggons, and thus three wag- gons loaded with hares trotted triumphantly into Munich to the king’s cellar, where on the following day hares killed by royalty were sold to the public at thirty-six kreutzers apiece, or about one shilling English. At a subsequent battue the same party killed 1200, and on another occasion 900 hares ; but, as all the hare-hunting consisted of this abominable massacre, we did not care to go a second time. It may be supposed we were a little disgusted with what we had seen of Bavarian sport; but when we were invited to witness a stag hunt we said to one another, ‘‘ Now at least we shall see something more worthy of the name:” judge, then, of our disappointment when, on arriving at the wood fixed on for the rendezvous, we found the pre- parations in all respects like those made for the hare hunt; the canvas walls, the posse of keepers ready to drive the game round, the nooks of fir branches for the shooters, all as before; indeed, excepting that the wood was larger, the canvas walls something higher, and that rifles were substituted for guns and roe for hares, it was the.same unsports- man-like massacre we had seen before. There was a good deal of bad shooting displayed on this occasion, and some of the stags, after being driven about and shot at a good deal ineffectually, became at last so terrified that they laid down and refused to get up. At the conclusion it was found that about fifty bucks were shot, and these, too, were taken to the king’s cellar and disposed of next day, just as XVI. D 5874 Bavarian Sporting. the hares; and loyal subjects could there buy royal venison at nine kreutzers (threepence) per pound. After this fresh mstance of barbarous murder we were not very sanguine when we started to see “a wild boar hunt,” for in such terms it was announced to us; and yet we had a lurking hope that there might be some sport in this, but again we were doomed to dis- appointment ; and when we arrived at the place appointed (the mid- dle of a large forest) what was our dismay to find that this hunt, too, was to be conducted precisely as the hare and stag hunts had been : there were the canvas walls, within which were the poor boars, driven up by the peasants as before; and not only boars, but pigs of all sizes and ages; all were driven in, and all shot alike, the total number amounting to about forty; none of them appeared savage, indeed they were only half wild, as every day they came for food, placed for them at the skirt of the forest; but some of the boars had tusks of considerable size, with which they might have done considerable mis- chief if they had courage enough for an attack; but they seemed too frightened to make any resistance, and ran squeaking from place to place in the extremity of their terror, till a bullet put an end to their misery. The head gamekeepers, or “ Jagers,” were splendid fellows in their suits of green and gold, with epaulettes and swords and sashes, and plumes of dark green feathers in their cocked hats, rather a contrast to the shooting-jackets and leggings of the business-like men we are accustomed to meet at the cover side; however, it was all quite consistent with the sport, and the “Jiger’s” fine clothes were not soiled with hard work, but they looked very smart in the forest ; and very valiant, too, they were withal, for,.when one poor unfortu- nate piggy came running down a green drive towards us, squealing with terror, one of these brave armed men, dropping down on one knee in a theatrical attitude, exclaimed, to our intense amusement, “ Gentlemen, don’t be alarmed; I will defend you,” with which words he drew his sword, and presented it at the pig; but he, poor fellow, as soon as he saw us in the way was only too glad to hurry off out of sight into the thicket. After this hunt wild boar was as plentiful and cheap at the king’s cellar at Munich as hares and venison were at other times. If any comparison can be instituted among the above atrocious: massacres, I am inclined to think that the latter was the most barba-. rous of the three hunts; and I don’t doubt that those sportsmen will agree with me who have been accustomed to hog hunting in India, which I conclude to be the finest sport (in the true sense of the word) Mollusks. 5875 that exists, and which undoubtedly requires the greatest exertions and skill on the part both of the horse and rider. I had almost ap- pended some account of the rifle shooting at a mark by the ‘Tyrolese who flock to Munich at certain seasons, and which was really inte- resting to witness; and also of the horse racing in the same capital, one of the most horrible sights I ever beheld; but, recollecting that such subjects scarcely come within the province of the ‘ Zoologist,’ and fearing the wrath of its excellent editor, I spare the readers of that periodical, at any rate for the present, and conclude. ALFRED CHARLES SMITH. Yatesbury Rectory, Calne, November 9, 1857. The Mollusca of the Firth of Clyde. By the Rev. ALFRED MERLE Norman, B.A. (Continued from page 5713). Fam. X. Donacide. *Donax Anatinus (Donax trunculus). Included in the lists of Mr. Smith and Dr. Landsborough, but I have not met with it myself. Fam. XI. Mactride. Mactra solida. Bute, Cumbrae and Arran, but it is not a com- mon shell in the district. * 4, truncata. Bute, Smith; Lamlash Bay, Landsborough. * 4, elliptica. Occasionally taken with the dredge on hard ground in the coralline zone. The specimens from off Cumbrae ex- ceed in dimensions any that I have taken or received from elsewhere ; an individual in my cabinet measures one and a quarter inch long and four-fifths of an inch broad. * 4, subtruncata. Is a very abundant shell in the Clyde, and is known in the district by the name of “ Aikens.” It is frequently used for bait, and is usually found in the sand at low-water mark, and is either raked up from the sand, or gathered by the hand when thrown to the surface by storms. Millport Bay, Lamlash and Ar- drossan are prolific localities for it. It attains a large size here, ex- amples commonly exceeding one and a quarter inch long and an inch broad. “ A large and much-produced variety is very common on 5876 Mollusks. the Ardrossan sands, in Ayrshire ; a similar but smaller one is also com- mon in Lamlash Bay, Isle of Arran, where it is gathered alive at low water to feed pigs (Alder),” #. § H. Dr. Landsborough tells us that the name “ Aikens,” applied to Mactra subtruncata, is confined to the Lowlands; “in the Highlands it is called ‘ Mureck-baan ;’ baan de- noting the colour, which is white ; and Mureck, it is probable, being the Celtic origin of the Latin Murex, the shell-fish which yielded the Tyrian dye or imperial purple.” — Lands. Excur. p. 218. I must confess that my powers of imagination are at fault, and that I fail to see any connexion between Murex trunculus and Mureck-baan ! Mactra Stultorum (J/actra cinerea). This species, together with its variety cinerea, is said by Dr. Landsborough to occur in Lamlash Bay. Ihave not myself met-with it there, or elsewhere in the dis- trict. Ayr, Sith. *Lutraria elliptica. During very low spring tides a sand bank is laid bare at Fintry Bay, Cumbrae, extending along the shore, from which it is separated by a belt of water a foot or so deep; at such times fishermen and others go to the bank for the purpose of pro- curing “ Spout-fish” and the Lutraria, which they take there abun- dantly and of great size. I have likewise taken young specimens with the dredge between Clachland Point and the Corriegills, Arran. Fam. XII. Veneride. *Tapes decussata (Venus decussata). This local, but for the most part, where present, abundant shell, must, I think, be regarded with some doubt as a native of the Clyde. Dr. Landsborough mentions it twice (at pp. 337 and 362) in his ‘ Excursions,’ but he does not give it in his more recent lists; nor has it been met with by Mr. Smith or myself. * 4, pullastra (Pullastra vulgaris, Venus pullastra). Common here as everywhere. Very good examples of the variety perforans, with the shell strongly laminated, especially at the posterior end, occur in crevices in the masses of shale on the shore of Lamlash Bay, and in old Pholas burrows. * 4, virginea (Veniorupis virginea, Pullastra virginea, Venus virginea). Ayr, Bute, Clyde, Smzth. I have taken unusually large specimens, measuring two inches and four-tenths long, and one and a half inch broad, off the west of Cumbrae. It is frequent in the coralline zone in all parts that 1 have dredged. » aurea (Venus aurea, Venus enea). Mr. Smith records this shell from Ayr, and Dr. Landsborough from Arran. At Loch ~~ Mollusks. 5877 yan, to the south of this district, it may be procured in great abun- ance at low-water mark ; specimens from this locality are in the Bri- ish Museum. Venus verrucosa. I include this with doubt. Mentioned once by r. Landsborough (Excurs. p. 362) in a list of Lamlash Mollusca. » casina (Venus reflexa, Venus cassina). ‘This beautiful Ve- us is met with occasionally on the scallop-bed off the south-west of umbrae ; it is, however, by no means abundant, and I only suc- eeded in procuring some half-dozen specimens. I have likewise aken it in Lamlash Bay, and Mr. Smith records it from Ayr. It is robably distributed throughout the district. * 4, striata (Venus Prideauxiana, rugosa, gallina and lami- osa). Common, and is found with the concentric costelle at a reater or less distance apart, and more or less laminated. * 4, fasciata. Frequent throughout the district. The colour f these shells from the Clyde are usually dull, and have none of that rilliancy which characterizes their more southern brethren. They re usually, moreover, when found in the Clyde, invested, especially about the umbones, with a black incrustation. » ovata. This species is common among nullipore in the laminarian and coralline zones. . *Artemis exoleta (*Cytherea exoleta). Two very distinct varieties are to be found in the Clyde district; the first, the ordinary form, occurs in and outside Lamlash Bay and other localities; the second is brownish white, entirely devoid of painting, and has the striz much more closely arranged than usual, and they, moreover, become some- what raised and lamelliform at the extremities. This last variety, which measures two inches by two and an eighth, is taken near the Tan Buoy, Cumbrae. » lincta (Cytherea sinuata and lincta). Ayr, Lamlash, Cumbrae, Largs. The locality in which I have found it to be most numerous is between the Cumbraes. I have a distortion in which one valve is larger than the other, the one umbone projecting for- wards over the smaller one as in the genus Corbula. *Lucinopsis undata (Lucina undata). I have occasionally met with the Lucinopsis to the south-west of Cumbrae, and Dr. Lands- borough has taken it in Lamlash Bay. Fam. XIII. Cyprinide. *Cyprina islandica (Cyprina vulgaris). The dredge wili not un- frequently bring up the Cyprina from deep water where the ground is 5878 Mollusks. hard. The west of Cumbrae between Fintry and Shell Bays ; between Clachland Point and the Corriegills, Arran; and north-east of Holy Island, may be menticned as localities. Circe minima (Cyprina minima, Cyprina triangularis). This often beautifully marked shell is common in the deeper parts of the laminarian zone in the Clyde district. Wherever suitable ground, that is nullipore, is present, the dredge will seldom come up without containing one or two examples. *Astarte sulcata (Crassina scotica, Crassina danmoniensis, As- tarte scotica and danmoniensis). By no means common, though now and then to be met with. West coast of Cumbrae, and Lamlash Bay; Ayr, Bute, Smzth. * 4, elliptica (Crassina garensis, Crassina elliptica). “ It was first discovered near Helensburgh, mouth of the Clyde, by H. Witham, Esq., where it appears to be not uncommon.” — Brown. “The earlier specimens which found their way into collections were chiefly collected by Mr. Nicol, and distributed under the MS. name of gairensis.”"—F’. § H. It was so named from Loch Gair, or Gare, at the mouth of which Helensburgh is situated. Mr. Smith has also taken it off Bute. It is, however, very local. * 4, arctica (Crassina corrugata and Witham?). Mr. Smith includes this in his list of recent shells, under the specific names of -corrugata and Withami, as having been found in the Clyde and off Bute. Withami is figured by Mr. Smith in his paper; and he tells us that “ one valve was dredged in deep water in Rothesay Bay, ap- parently the same as that found by Mr. Witham in Yorkshire.” Astarte arctica, if met with in the Clyde, is probably fossil. 5 compressa (Crassina compressa and striata). Lamlash, Landsborough ; Bute, Smith. » triangularis. I have met with a few examples of this little Astarte among shell-sand from “ Landsborough’s Bay,” Lamlash. Isocardia Cor. Dredging one day in deep water between Great and Little Cumbrae, I procured two or three single valves of the heart shell. This is the only instance of its occurrence in the dis- trict with which I am acquainted. Although the shells had been some time dead, they were certainly not semi-fossil ; indeed, the Iso- cardia has not, I believe, been met with in the glacial beds of the Clyde. Fam. XIV. Cardiade. Cardium aculeatum. Mentioned by Mr. Smith, undoubtedly in error, as “ common” in the Clyde. Mollusks. 5879 *Cardium echinatum (Cardium ciliatum and ciliare). To be found in many of the sandy bays, as for example at Fintry Bay, Cumbrae ; and in certain parts of Lamlash. Pee iss edule (Cardium crenulatum). Nowhere, as far as my observations go, abundant, though generally diffused. } 95 nodosum. Fine and by no means uncommon. Shell Bay, Cumbrae; Largs; Lamlash Bay; and between Clachland Point and the Corriegills, Arran. ¥5 fasciatum (Cardium relate abit Frequent in the lami- narian and coralline zones. Fairleigh ; ‘T'an Buoy, Cumbrae ; Lam- lash. ee ity pygmeum (Cardium exiguum). Ayr, Bute, Clyde, Smith ; Lamlash, Landsborough. Ihave not myself been fortunate enough to meet with it. = suecinum. Included by Dr. Landsborough in his last corrected catalogue of the Lamlash Bay Mollusca. ints norvagicum. (Cardium levigatum and serratum). Fre- quent and widely distributed throughout the district. There are two very distinct forms of this shell: the one which is found in the Clyde is subtriangular, the hinder margin being much produced, so that the length exceeds the breadth; two inches and three-fourths long and two inches and five-eighths broad is the measurement of my finest specimen: the other variety, which I have taken off Falmouth, is’ subovate, the hinder margin suddenly sloping, and not at all pro- duced, the breadth exceeding the length, as, for example, one inch and three-fourths long and two inches and one-fourth broad. On the Devon coast I have taken an intermediate form, in which length and breadth are about equal; it is this form which is figured in Forbes and Hanley. Fam. XV. Lucinide. *Lucina borealis (Lucina Radula). Ayr, Smith. It is not uncom- mon in shallow water just off the pier at Lamlash, and I have like- wise taken a specimen or two in Kames and Shell Bays, Cumbrae. » Sspinifera (Myrlea spinifera). Occurs several times in the lists of Lamlash Bay Mollusca in Dr. Landsborough’s ‘ Excursions.’ I have not myself met with it. * 4, flexuosa (Lucina sinuosa). Bute, Ayr, Smith. Widely distributed in the district, though nowhere common. Largs, Cum- brae, and Lamlash Bay have given me specimens. The spot in which I have dredged it most frequently is close to the Clerk Rock in 5880 Mollusks. Millport Bay ; at least thirty single valves may be taken to every perfect specimen. Fam. XVI. Kelliade. Montacuta ferruginosa. I have met with a few fine examples thrown up on the sand at Millport Bay after gales from the West, having the animal still in them. It has likewise been taken by Mr. Alder and Dr. Landsborough in Lamlash Bay. i bidentata. Occurs occasionally in rock-pools, as for example at the outer Allans, Cumbrae; and Clachland Point, Ar- ran. It likewise may be found sparingly among Lamlash Bay shell- sand. 3 substriata. Fourteen examples fell to my lot from the spines of Spatangus purpureus taken off the west coast of Cumbrae. Dr. Landsborough several times met with it in Lamlash Bay (Lands. Excurs. pp. 195 and 322). Turtonia minuta (Montacuta purpurea). By no means rare in rock-pools, if the Corallina be gathered and washed, and the sediment examined. The Allans, Cumbrae ; and Clachland Point, Arran, afford it in some plenty. *Kellia suborbicularis (Mya suborbicularis). Distributed through- out the district. The best situations to look for it in are the interiors * of old dead bivalve shells filled with mud. The young may be taken occasionally in rock-pools. » Yubra. Common, though somewhat local. Abundant among Balani which clothe the rocks just north of Fintry Bay, Cum- brae ; and frequent in rock-pools, among Corallina officinalis and Li- china pygmeza, at Clachland Point, Arran. A white variety occurs in this last locality. Lepton convexum. Lamlash, Landsborough. 5 uitidum. Mr. Webster has informed me that among a small quantity of Lamlash Bay shell-sand which I sent him he met with a single example of Lepton nitidum. Fam. XVII. Mytilide. *Mytilis edulis (Mytilis pelluctdus). Abundant in the Clyde above Greenock, but further down itis by no means so, specimens being few and far between. *Modiola modiolus (Modiola vulgaris). Frequently taken both at low water and with the dredge, but full-grown specimens are scarce, and I am not aware of any locality in which it occurs gregariously. Mollusks. 5881 Modiola phaseolina. Lamlash, Landsborough. Crenella discors (Modiola discrepans). 'The young very abundant mong Corallina in rock-pools ; large specimens, however, rare. A mall stunted form is found at the outer Allans, Cumbrae. BY ere, marmorata (A/odiola discors). Ayr, Smith. Not rare ithin the tunic of Ascidia mentula. From a single specimen of this scidia, dredged at Cumbrae, I extracted no less than eleven Cre- elle, some of them very large, such as I have never seen except rom the West of Scotland. Dr. Landsborough mentions that Major fartin has dredged this species near the Corriegills, ‘ buried in the oriaceous coat of Ascidia rustica” (Lands. E:xcurs, p. 49). » decussata. Lamlash, Landsborough. Fam. XVIII. Arcade. *Nucula Nucleus (Nucula margaritacea). Common throughout the district in suitable localities: Largs, Fairleigh, Cumbrae, Rothe- say, Lamlash, Ayr. Fe nitida. [have taken one or two specimens at Cumbrae, but it appears to be very rare. Bute, Smzth; Lamlash, Landsborough. - radiata. “ Lamlash, Arran (Alder),” F & H. ape? tenuis. Forbes and Hanley inform us that “ this essen- tially northern species” occurs in the Clyde district. Mr. Smith records it from Bute, and Dr. Landsborough from Lamlash. It must, however, certainly be very rare, as it has never fallen to my lot to meet with it. *Leda caudata (Nucula minula, Nucula rostrata). Very rare. Clyde, Bute, Smith ; Lamlash, Landsborough).