TON AC? AND WILEY & PUTI

BOSTON
OULDt KENDALL & LINCOLN.

CARROLL&COOK PRINTERS TO THE ASSEMBLY.

■

ZOOLOGY

OF

NEW-YOBK.

OR THE

NEW-YORK FAUNA

COMPRISING DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE ANIMALS HITHERTO OBSERVED WITHIN THE

STATE OF NEW-YORK ; WITH BRIEF NOTICES OF THOSE OCCASIONALLY FOUND NEAR

ITS BORDERS : AND ACCOMPANIED BY APPROPRIATE ILLUSTRATIONS.

BY JAMES E. DE KAY.
PART V. MOLLUSCA.

ALBANY :

CARROLL AND COOK, PRINTERS TO THE ASSEMBLY.

1843.

The copy-right of this work is secured for the benefit of the People of the State of New-York.

SAMUEL YOUNG,

Secretary of State.
Albany, 1843.

WILLIAM C. BOUCK,

GOVERNOR OP THE STATE OF NEW-YORK.

I submit a continuation of a Report on the Zoology of the State.
Anil have the honor to he,

With great respect.

Your obedient servant,

JAMES E. DE KAY

INTRODUCTORY NOTICE.

The Mollusca, or Shells and Shell-fish as they are usually called, although
several have no shells or calcareous coverings, present many objects of interest
to the naturalist, and are not unimportant in their various uses to man.

The history of American Conchology must be necessarily brief. The earliest
notices are derived from the labors of Garden, Michaux, and more especially
of Bosc. Within our own times, we are chiefly indebted to Thomas Say, who
occupies in this department the same eminence which he attained in every
other branch of Natural History to which he directed his attention. The
names of Lea and of Totten, of Adams, Couthouy, Haldeman, Barnes, Binney
and Gould, will always be associated in the history of the progress of American
Conchology. To the last named naturalist, it will be seen that I have been
largely indebted for much valuable information derived from his History of the
Invertebrata of Massachusetts. To the excellent cabinet of shells belonging
to Dr. J. C. Jay of New- York, I have been chiefly indebted for opportunities
of comparing our own with foreign species. My obligations to Dr. B. W. Budd,
for many friendly services and important communications, will be found in the
course of the work.

In giving a succinct account of such of the Mollusca of the State of New-
York as have fallen under my notice, I have also endeavored to render it more
extensively useful, by furnishing the student in every part of the Republic with
increased facilities, by directing his attention to the species already described
in many scattering volumes beyond his reach. In the progress of the work, I
have been obliged to correct and revise so frequently what had been previously
written, that at the conclusion I cannot dare to hope I have attained what I
[Fauna — Part 5.] b

IV INTRODUCTORY NOTICE.

proposed to myself at the commencement. That many errors may have escaped
me, I think extremely probable ; such are, in fact, inseparable from the nature
of the task. I can only hope that what has been done may be received in a
proper spirit, not only by those who appear to think that " nobis " and " mihi "
are the chief end and aim of natural science, but by the genuine student of
nature.

The system of Cuvier has been adopted as the basis of classification, with
such modifications as appeared to me necessary to render it more natural, and
to correspond with my general plan. For the chief of these modifications, I
am indebted to the excellent Manual of Sander Rang. My researches among
the many volumes on this subject, both American and foreign, have been
numerous ; but it is chiefly to the labors of my own countrymen that I have
been indebted for the following pages.

Syosset, Queens County.
February 1, 1S44.

LIST

CONCHOLOGICAL WORKS REFERRED TO IN THE DESCRIPTIONS OF THE MOLLUSCA.

Adams. C. B. Various contributions to the American Journal of Science and the Boston Journal of Natural History.
Anthony. Catalogue of the Terrestrial and Fluviatile Shells of Ohio. By J. G. Anthony. Cincinnati, 1843.
Barnes. On the Genera Unio and Alasmodonta, with introductory remarks. By D. W. Barnes, pp. 40. 14 figures.

(Am. Jour. Sc. Vol. C.)
Binnet, A. Monograph of the Genus Helix. (Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist.)

" Descriptions of some of the species of naked air-breathing Mollusca inhabiting the United States. (From

the Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist.)
Blainville. Manuel do Malacologie et de Conchyliologie. 8vo. Paris, 1825.
Conrad. Marine Conchology. 8vo. Philadelphia.

" Descriptions of Freshwater Shells. 12mo.

Couthouy. Descriptions of new species of Mollusca and Shells. By J. P. Couthouy. (Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. 1838.)
Ccyier. Le Regno Animal distribue d'apres son organisation. 4 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1818 et seq.

" The same, translated by Griffith. Vol. 12th.

Earle. History of Land and Freshwater Shells in Massachusetts. Dy J. M. Earle. (From Hitchcock's Catalogue.)
Eights, J. Various contributions to the Zodiac. 4to. Albany, 1S35-G.

Fercssac. Histoire Naturellc generate et particuliere des Mo'.Iusques terrestres et fiuviatiles, etc. Paris, folio.
Gouid. Lamarck's Genera of Shells, with a catalogue of the species. Translated by A. A. Gould. 12mo. Boston,
1833. pp. 110.
" Various contributions to the Boston Journal of Natural History.

" Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts. Cambridge, 1841. pp.373.

Gkeene. List of the Marine Shells of Massachusetts. By T. A. Greene. (In Hitchcock's Catalogue.)
Guerin. Magazin de Zoologie, &c. Par F. E. Guerin. 8vo. Paris, 1831 et seq.
Haldeman, S. S. Monograph of the Limniades or Freshwater Univalve Shells of North America. Philadelphia, 1840

et seq.
Jay. Catalogue of Recent Shells in the Cabinet of J. C. Jay. 8vo. New- York, 1835. pp. 5(i.

" The same, with descriptions of new and rare shells, with four plates. 8vo. New- York, 183G. 2d ed. pp. 78.
" A Catalogue of the Shells arranged according to the Lamarckian system, together with descriptions of new and
rare species, contained in the Collection of J. C. Jay, M. D. 3d ed. 4to. New- York. pp. 125, with ten
plates.
Kiktland. Catalogue of the Testacca of Ohio. (First Annual Report of the Geology of the State of Ohio.) 8vo.
Columbus, 1838.

[Fauna — Part 5.] c

Z7L oC

LIST OF BOOKS.

Lamarck. Histoire naturelle dcs Animaux sans vertebrcs, etc. 7 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1815 et seq.

" The same. Third edition, edited by Deshayes and H. M. Edwards. Bruxelles, 1S41 et seq.

Lea. Various memoirs in the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series.
" Contributions to Geology. By Isaac Lea. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1833, with 228 figures.
" Synopsis of the Family of Naiades. 8vo. With numerous figures published separately.
Leach, W. E. The Zoological Miscellany. 3 vols. 8vo. London, 1814 et seq.
Lesueur. Descriptions of several new species of Ascidea. (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 3d.)

Description of a new species of Ccphalopode of the genus Loligo. (From the same.)
Sander Rang. Manuel de l'histoire naturelle des Mollusques et de leur coquilles. 12mo. Paris, 1829.
Sat. Article Conchology, Nicholson's Encyclopedia, 3d American edition, Philadelphia, 1818. Afterwards published
in a separate form, under the title of " Descriptions of the Land and Freshwater Shells of the United
States." 8vo. Philadelphia, 1819. pp. 15, with 4 plates.
" American Conchology, or Description of the Shells of North America. 8vo. New-Harmony, 1831.
" Appendix to the Narrative of an Expedition to the Sources of St. Peter's River. By S. H. Long. 2 vols. 8vo.

Philadelphia, 1824.
" Descriptions of some new species of Freshwater and Land Shells of the United States. (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci.

Philadelphia.)
" Descriptions of Marine Shells recently discovered on the Coast of the United States. (From the same.)
" Descriptions of some new Terrestrial and Fluviatile Shells of North America. New-Harmony Disseminator, 1829.
" Descriptions of several new species of Shells, and of a new species of Lumbricus. (Transylvania Jourual, 1832.)
These papers were afterwards published in a separate form, by Mrs. Lucy Say, New-Harmony, pp. 26.
Swainson. Treatise of Malacology, or the Natural Classification of Shells and Shellfish. 8vo. London, 1S40.
Turton. Conchylia Insularum Britannicarum. London. 4to. 1822.

Wheatlet. Catalogue of the Shells of the United States, and their localities. 12mo. New- York, 1842. pp. 29.
Wyatt. Elements of Conchology. 8vo.

SYNOPSIS

OF THE

NORTH AMERICAN FAMILIES AND GENERA OF MOLLUSCA DESCRIBED IN THIS WORK.

I. CEPHALOPODA.

Sepiad*, Loligo.

Siphonidjs, Spirula.

II. PTEROPODA.

CLIONID.E, Clio.

III. GASTEROPODA.

a. NUDIBRANCHIA.

Dorid.e, Doris.

Tritonidj;, Tritonia.

Glaucid2e, Eolidia, Cavolina, Filurus.

b. INFRABRANCHIA.
Hemiphyllidje, Ancylus.

c. TECTIBRANCHIA.
Acerid^e, Bulla.

d. PULMOBRANCHIA.

Limacid*, Limax, Arion, Tebennopliorus.

Helicidje, Vitrina, Helix, Pupa, Succinea, Bulimus.

Aurictjlid.e, Auricula.

Limniad^;, Planorbis, Limnea, Physa.

c. OPERCULATED PULMOBRANCHIA.

CyclostomidjE, Cyclostoma.

Helicinid.e, Helicina.

/. PECTINIBRANCHIA.

C Paludina, Amnicola, Melania, Anculotus, Io, Littorina, Margarita,

Turbinid^e, 1 Cingula, Lacuna, Turritella, Pyramis, Odostomia, Vermetus,

( Skenea, Valvata, Natica.

Trochid^:, Ampullaria, Janthina, Scalaria, Tornatella, Pirena.

SYNOPSIS OF MOLLUSCA.

p ( Cerithium, Buccinum, Purpura, Trichotropis, Cancellaria, Ra-

^ nella, Columbella, Pyrula, Fusus, Pleurotoma, Rostellaria.

Conidje, Conus.

Mitriadj2, Terebra, Oliva, Marginella.

Crvptostomid^;, Sigaretus, Velutina.

g. SCUTIBRANCHIA.
Calyftrid^e, Calyptrea, Cemoria, Crepidula.

h. CIRROBRANCHIA.
Dentalid.e, Dentalium.

i. CYCLOBRANCHIA.

Patellid.33, Patella, Patelloida.

Chitonid^:, Chiton.

IV. ACEPHALA.

a. BRACHIOPODA.
Terebratulid^:, Terebratula.

b. LAMELLIBRANCHIA.

Ostracid^;, Anomia, Ostrea.

Pectinid^:, Pecten, Plicatula, Lima.

Aviculid^:, Avicula.

Arcadje, Area, Nucula.

Mytilidje, Mytilus, Modiola, Crenella, Pinna.

Unionid^; Unio, Alasmodon, Anodon.

Cardid^, Cardita, Cardium.

Chamid.e, — Chama.

c. CONCHIFERA.

Tellimd^:, Tellina, Donax, Capsa, Sanguinolaria. Lucina.

VeneridjS; Cyprina, Cytherea, Venus, Astarte.

Cyclad.e, Cyclas, Pisidium, Cyrena.

Saxicavid^:, Saxicava, Petricola.

., < Mactra, Mesodesma, Lutraria, Montacuta, Kellia, Cumingia,

Mactrid^:, ^ Gnathodon.

Anatinidje, Osteodesma, Anatina, Cochlodesma, Thracia, Ampliidesma.

Myadjs, Pandora, Mya, Corbula.

( Solcn, Lepton, Solecurtus, Machsera, Solemya, Panopea, Gly-

SoLENIDiE, _-j d£eiis*

Pholid^, Pholas.

Teredinid^, Teredo.

V. CIRROPODA.

Balanid-E, Coronula, Balanus.

Lepad.3:, Anatifa, Cineras, Otion.

VI. TUNICATA.

Ascidea, Boltenia.

THE NEW-YORK FAUNA.

DIVISION II. INVERTEBRATED ANIMALS.

CLASS VI. MOLLUSCA.

ANIMALS OF A SOFT OR GELATINOUS STRUCTURE, NOT COMPLETELY SYMMETRICAL ; WITHOUT
ANY SOLID SKELETON OR VERTEBRAL CANAL, OR ARTICULATED LIMBS. ALMOST ALWAYS
FURNISHED WITH A DEVELOPMENT OF THE SKIN, WHICH ASSUMES A MORE OR LESS HARD
CONSISTENCE, UNDER WHICH THE ANIMAL CAN CONCEAL ITSELF. SOME HAVE A SOLID CAL-
CAREOUS COVERING OF ONE OR MANY PIECES, WHICH ARE TERMED " SHELLS." CIRCULATION
DOUBLE, THAT IS TO SAY, THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION DISTINCT AND COMPLETE ; THE
BLOOD WHITE OR BLUISH. BREATHE IN AIR OR WATER. OVIPAROUS AND VIVIPAROUS. CAR-
NIVOROUS AND HERBIVOROUS. LIVING ON LAND, OR IN SALT AND FRESH WATER.

Obs. This class, in its now extended form, comprises all those animals of a soft or gela-
tinous structure, with the above mentioned characters, found on land or in the water, and
which are known under the popular names of Slugs, Cuttlefish, Sea-slugs, and Shellfish.
These latter, which form a very large proportion of the whole class, are commonly called
Shells, from their hard calcareous coverings. The arrangement of these varied and often
beautifully colored shells constitutes the science of Conchology ; which, it will be perceived,
is only a partial and incomplete view of the subject, unless accompanied with a study of the
structure of the animals themselves. Various systems of arrangement have been proposed,
each of which have some peculiar advantage ; but none appears preferable, in its outline and
philosophical spirit, to that proposed by Cuvier. "We have therefore adopted it, with a few
modifications from more recent writers.

Fauna — Part 6. 1

NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

ORDER I. CEPHALOPODA.

Animal enclosed in a muscular tunic open in front, from which arises a distinct head. In
many species, this tunic is enlarged on each side into fleshy fins. Mouth terminal, armed
with two horny mandibles, and the tongue with horny points. Eyes generally large,
sessile. Head surrounded with numerous long fleshy arms or feet, serving for locomotion
or prehension.

Obs. The animals of this order are exceedingly varied in their form, but all are united by
the common character of feet or arms surrounding the head, which gives the name to the
order. The sexes are separate. The shell either entirely external, or partially so ; or wholly
internal, rudimentary ; univalve, of one or many chambers, and much varied in its form ;
the chambers connected. All marine. Many fossil genera.

FAMILY SEPIADM.

Animal sack-shaped, with or without fleshy fins ;. Head large, distinct, surrounded by eight
or ten unequal arms tvith rows of suckers on their internal surface, and occasionally with
hooks. Shell, when not external, represented by a solid cretaceous or horny and flexible
substance within the body.

Obs. This family, originally equivalent to the old genus Sepia of Linneus, now comprises
more than thirty species, arranged under eleven genera. It corresponds with the Cephalopo-
des sepiaires of Lamarck, and the order Cryptodibranches of Blainville. The animals com-
prising this family have been celebrated from the earliest times for their singular property of
surrounding themselves with an inky fluid, with which they envelope themselves to evade
pursuit. They are carnivorous, destroying many fish and crabs. The coloring substance
named sepia, is obtained from these animals. In this country, their only use is as bait in the
cod fishery.

GENUS LOLIGO. Lamarck.

Animal enclosed in an elongated cylindrical sac, enlarged into fleshy fins, and pointed beneath.
Dorsal edge of the sac very distinct from the head, and sometimes elongated into a point.
The eight sessile subequal arms furnished with suckers along their whole length ; the two
long arms with suckers on their enlarged extremities. Suckers occasionally furnished with
hooks. The rudiment of a shell represented by a thin horny flexible blade, varying in
form, but usually enlarged, and resembling a feather. This internal support, the horny
jaws, and the ink-bags of various species, have been found fossil.

FAMILY SEPIAD^E LOLIGO. J

LoLIGO PUNCTATA.

PLATE I. FIG. 1. — (STATE COLLECTION.)

Description. Body cylindrical, tapering, about three inches in length, and with a slight
ridge along the back, caused by the internal cartilaginous support. Body ends above in an
acute point. The caudal appendage or fleshy fins terminal, broadly rhomboidal, and ending
in an obtuse angle, nearly half the length of the body ; lateral edges rounded, perfectly smooth
on both sides, attenuated at the margins. Head moderately large, depressed ; neck narrowed.
Eyes large and prominent. Beneath the throat a prominent elongated muscular sac, opening
externally by an irregular rounded orifice or vent.

Arms ten, of which the two superior are shortest and smallest, and furnished with rounded
cup-like suckers attached to the arms by a central ligament. These suckers extend to the
tips, but become gradually smaller until they are scarcely visible unless aided by the lens.
The same remark applies to the other arms, and it may be observed that the suckers are
placed in no regular order. The second pair similar in shape, but more robust, and equal in
length to the fifth or inferior pair. The third pair remarkably robust, and exceeding in length
the preceding. Fourth pair longest of all, and equalling the length of the head and body ;
cylindrical, dilated towards the extremity, and ending in an acute tip : the suckers are
arranged irregularly over the dilated part.

Mouth central, sphincter-form, partly covered by an angular membrane with six short
processes resembling the arms in miniature, and, like them, furnished with minute suckers.
The internal cartilaginous support smooth, thin and translucent, resembling an ordinary quill ;
its superior portion being comparable to the barrel, and its broad dilated extremity to the web.
The upper portion triquetrous, hollowed out beneath, carinate above, and producing a corres-
ponding elevation externally along the back : it ends in an acute tip above. This ridge along
the back becomes gradually effaced towards the lower extremity.

Color. The whole body, back of the head, fins and external parts of the arms covered with
reddish rounded spots of various sizes ; they are rather more sparse on the inferior surface
of the sac. A row of these spots around the orbits, and behind the eyes they are so nume-
rous as to give a darkened red appearance to that part. The external cuticle containing these
spots is easily detached, leaving the denuded part of a pearly white.

Length of head and body, 4*0 - 6" 0.

This beautiful Squid is nearly allied to the L. pealii of Lesueur ; but this latter has its
suckers arranged in two regular series, with the disks obliquely truncated. It has also a
membrane along the lateral edges of the arms, and an acute termination of the caudal
extremity.

Dr. Gould, in his valuable report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts, has furnished us
with an exceedingly interesting account of the habits of these animals. Their colors vary
every moment from vivid red to deep blue, violet, brown or orange. Their usual mode of
swimming is by dilating their body and filling it with water ; the body is then suddenly con-

4 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

traded, and the water forcibly ejected so as to propel them backward with great rapidity,
shooting like arrows through the water. They devour great numbers of small fish and crabs.
The species above described is the only one I have noticed on the coast of New- York,
although I think it highly probable that the six following, described in detail by Lesueur, will
also at no distant day be detected on our coast. The plate referred to for the punctata, con-
tains a figure of the cartilaginous, or rather membranous internal support ; a figure of the
oral apparatus (fig. 3) ; and a bunch of the egg-cases, or sea-grapes, as they are termed in
Europe, with an embryo of a sepia highly magnified. This congeries I found on the northern
shores of Long island.

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

L. pealii. (Lestjecr, Ac. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 92, pi. 2. Pl. 38, fig. 354 of this work.) Surface covered
with transverse stria?. Caudal extremity more than half the length of the body. Peduncles of the
suckers on the long- arms attached to an undulating lateral membrane. Suckers on the short arms
obliquely truncated, each with six horny brown teeth. Length . South-Carolina.

L. illecebrosa. (Id. lb. p. 95, pl. 10.) Arms two-thirds of the length of the body. Internal support
dilated at both ends. Colors varying from bright red to deep blue. Eyes tinged with yellow.
Length . Sandy Bay, Mass.

L. bartlingii. (Id. lb. pl. 9.) Lateral arms compressed, and with the inferior pair furnished with a
membrane upon all their exterior length. Arms long, filiform at their extremities. Internal sup-
port dilated near the middle, smaller at the ends. History imperfect. Deep blackish brown with
numerous reddish brown points. Gulf Stream.

L. pavo. (Id. lb. p. 96, pl. 11. Pl. 38, fig. 253 of this work.) Body elongated, funnel-shaped.
Eyes very large. Arms very short, depressed. Tail cordate, ending in a point. Internal support
subgelatinous, cylindrical, enlarged beneath, and terminating in a point. Color deep carmine
brown, with numerous large rounded spots intermixed with smaller ones. Length of body 10
inches. Sandy Bay, Mass.

L. bartrami* (Id. lb. p. 90, pl. 7. Pl. 37, fig. 352 of this work.) Arms subcompressed, with a
large membrane at their inner angles. Fins united, entire, forming the third part of a circle of
which the extremity of the tail is the centre. Suckers on the long arms in four rows ; on the
shorter ones, in but two. Internal support narrow, feeble, transparent, enlarged slightly above ;
cylindric, and ending in a small hollow cone beneath. Color violet blue passing into purple, with
numerous brown points. Coast of United States.

L. brevipinna. (Id. lb. Vol. 3, p. 282, pl. 10. Pl. 37, fig. 351 of this work.) Sac short, thick,
cylindric anteriorly ; subcompressed, obtuse and rounded beneath. Fins narrow, rounded, distant,
half the length of the body; lateral edges rounded. Beak prominent, horny. Support large
behind, narrow before. The long arms slender, much compressed at the end, and terminating in
a point. Length of body nearly three inches. Delaware Bay.

* I do not understand why Ferussac should have cited this species under his group of Loligo, which he says have no>
suckers on the long arms.

FAMILY SIPHONULE SP1RULA.

FAMILY SIPHONIDJE.

Animal little known, with ten or more arms surrounding the mouth. Shell frequently spiral,
many-chambered, connected by a siphon or tube external or partially covered by the
animal.

GENUS SPIRULA. Lamarck.

Animal purse-shaped, surrounding partially a shell in its posterior part. Head with ten arms
furnished with suckers ; two of these pedunculated and contracted. Shell spiral, discoid,
with the turns separated from each other. The siphon on the internal border.

Spirula peronii.

PLATE XXXV. FIG. 332.

Nautilus spirula. Linn. Syst. Nat.

S. australis. Cuv. Rt'gne animal, Vol. 12, p. 12, pi. 5, fig. 8.

S. peronii. Lamarck, An. sans verteb. Vol. 7, p. 600. Gould, Invert. Mass. p. 317.

Description. Shell fragile, white or pearly, occasionally yellowish, with two or three
spiral turns which do not touch each other. The place of the partitions of the chambers
within are exhibited by circular grooves in the shell. As yet but one species is said to have
been discovered, common to the Atlantic and Pacific oceans ; it is probable, however, from
the difficulty of observing recent specimens, that two if not more species exist. The cham-
bers communicate by a siphon on the interior sides of the turns. Diameter 1-0- 1"5.

The beautiful little shell belonging to this species is occasionally picked up along our shores
after heavy storms. The nature of this animal was first detected by Peron, and hence we
are enabled to infer the structure of those which inhabited the numerous fossil shells of a
similar conformation. Such are the Orthoceratites, Ammonites, Bacculites, Scaphites, Be-
lemnites, &c. The nature of this work does not admit of their admission here, more parti-
cularly as they will all be described in the forthcoming work on the fossils of the State of
New- York, included in the Report on the Natural History of that State.

Those who are desirous of becoming acquainted With the numerous fossil shells of the
United States belonging to this order, will find abundant materials in the American Journal
of Science, Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New-York, Journal of the Aca-
demy of Natural Science of Philadelphia, and in a volume published by Lea, entitled
" Contributions to Geology." To those who wish to study the structure of the animals of
this order, we would refer to the Memoirs of Messrs. Owen and D'Orbigny on this subject,
and to the Bridgewater Treatise on Geology and Mineralogy by the English professor Buck-
land.

NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

ORDER II. PTEROPODA.

Body free, without arms or feet, but with two equal and opposite fins placed one on each side
of the mouth. Shell either present or entirely wanting ; ivhen present, fragile, variable
inform. All marine.

Obs. This order contains but few species, all small and hermaphrodite. The presence or
absence of a shell, with other modifications of structure, suggest a division into two distinct
families. I have not met with any representatives of the first family Hyalidce, on this coast.

FAMILY CLIONIDM.

Without any shell, but in its place a muscular covering. Head distinct ; no intermediate
lobe, but with one or several fleshy appendices in its stead.

GENUS CLIO. Brug.

Body oblong, sub-cylindrical, tapering, contractile. Head formed of two rounded tubes, from
which issue long retractile tentacula. Fins with a vascular net-work serving as gills.

Clio borealis.

PLATE I. FIG. 2.

Cliont. Pallas, Spicilegia Zool. p. 28, pi. 1.

Clio borealis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Co v. Mollusques, p. 1, pi. 1, figs. 1, 2.

C. id. Lam. Am, sans vert£b. Vol. 6, p. 288.

Description. Oblong, gelatinous, slightly compressed, tapering behind, truncated in front,
obscurely constricted in the middle. Head prominent, surrounded by retractile fibres, divided
by a furrow into two distinct tubercles, each pierced with a foramen, through which are pro-
truded three small tentacula. Fins two, opposed on each side of the neck, sub-triangular.
The excretory and generative ducts placed on the neck, under the fin of the right side. Two
small fleshy lips in front of the mouth.

Color. Whitish transparent, occasionally tinged with reddish.

Length, 0-5-0'9.

This species occurs in almost incredible numbers in the Northern Atlantic, where it forms
the ordinary food of whales. It has been observed occasionally in great numbers in our
bays. In April, 1833, they weie very abundant, and of a blood-red color. After a few
days, they all disappeared.

FAMILY DORID.E — DORIS.

ORDER III. GASTEROPODA.

Body free, without any distinct arms, but with a fleshy foot extending under the body,
adapted for crawling, and in a few cases for swimming. A distinct head, furnished with
one or several pairs of tentacula. Upon or near these are placed, the eyes. Shell either
entirely wanting or rudimentary, but for the most part complete. Generative organs
usually on the right side.

Obs. This order embraces an immense number of Mollusca, particularly of those furnished
with shells, which are usually termed shellfish. Their number requires their division into
several orders, or, as we shall term them, sections, divided after Cuvier from the form and
position of the gills or lungs.

SECTION 1. NUD1BRANCHIA.

'• ^*^ A

Gills in naked tufts rising from the back, always symmetrical either on the sides or median
line. No shell whatsoever. Marine.

Xjj I * j

Obs. We have numerous species on our coast, but they have not yet been much studied.
They are often seen swimming in a reversed position, employing the margin of their mantle
and the tentacula as oars. Others are found in the ocean, attached to fuci.

FAMILY DORIDJE.

With four tentacula ; two above, and two beneath under the edge of the mantle. Gills
arborescent, and forming on the median line a group around the vent.

GENUS DORIS.

Body oblong, flattened or cylindrical, bordered with a loose membrane surrounding it, and
extending occasionally beyond the head. Upper tentacula on the anterior part of the body,
in a cavity ; the other two, conic, and situated under the anterior edge of the mantle. Mouth
at the extremity of a small tube. Foot oblong. Vent on the median line, on the posterior
part of the back. Gills prominent, fringed and laciniated. Sexual orifice under the right
margin of the mantle.

8 NEW- YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

Doris illuminata.

Doris illumi?iata. Gould, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, p. 4.

Description. Animal prismatic, somewhat four-sided ; the back arched. Front of the
foot slightly dilated at angles. Upper lip full, and strongly pursed. A line of six tubercles
on each side, diverges from the front to each side of the tentacula, making the back at this
part of a four-sided form. Between these and the branchial tuft are four more tubercles on
each side, in parallel lines ; and then follow two on each side, much longer than the rest, of a
somewhat club-shaped form, followed by a few smaller ones towards the tail. Sides and
back dotted by several small tubercles. Gills fringed, arranged in a semicircle.

Color. Pearly white or light dove-color, dotted with greenish. All the tubercles, tentacula
and gills, tipped with bright sulphur-yellow.

Length, 0'75. Breadth, 0-25.

This species was first noticed by Dr. Gould in Boston bay. I have adopted his description,
believing that the same species exists on our coast.

FAMILY TRITONIDJE.

The two upper tentacula retractile into a sort of sheath. A membranous veil, of greater or
less extent, above the mouth. Vent and sexual orifice distant, on the right side. Respi-
ratory organs variously formed, but arranged in two longitudinal series.

Obs. This family, which corresponds with the Diceres of Blainville, now includes four
genera. The representative of one genus has been observed on our coast.

GENUS TRITONIA. Cuvier.

Body oval, oblong, convex above. Mouth with two lateral jaws, sharp, horny and denticu-
late on the edges. Foot long, canaliculate. Gills arborescent, arranged in a longitudinal
series on each side of the back. Sexual organs united on the right side in front. Vent
posterior to them, and near the middle of the back.

Tritonia reynoldsi.

PLATE V. FIG. 94. — (CABINET OF THE LYCEUM.)

T. reynoldsi. Codthody, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 2, p. 74, pi. 2, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.
T. arborescens. Gould, Invertebrat. Mass. p. 5.

Description. Body tapering to the tail, which ends acutely. Sides with numerous papillae.
Head short, depressed, orbicular, supporting three pair of gills. Mouth crescent-shaped,

FAMILY GLAUCID.E — EOLIDIA. »

papillose, with strong transverse folds. Jaws angular. Tentacula arising from the back of
the head, and received into a round sheath which terminates in five unequal branches. Five
pair of dorsal gills, all susceptible of being retracted into the body of the animal, leaving in
their places small tubercles. Sexual orifice closed by a conical valve, attached before. Anal
orifice between the first and second pair of dorsal gills.

Color. Rufous brown, occasionally dark brown, with patches of white on the back between
the branchial tufts. Foot white, diaphanous.

Length, 3 '5.

Mr. Couthouy found this animal about the bathing-houses and timber-docks in Charles river ;
and as it differed in many respects from the T. arborescens of Cuvier, he described it as a
new species. Recently Dr. Gould has referred it, on the authority of Dr. Loven of Stock-
holm, to the species described by Cuvier.

FAMILY GLAUCIDJE.

Animal furnished with two and sometimes three pair of tentacula. Gills strap-shaped, or in
the form of cirri.

GENUS EOLIDIA. Cuvier.

Body oblong, slug-shaped, gelatinous, terminating in a point behind. Head distinct, with four
tentacula above, and occasionally two on the sides of the neck. Gills prominent, composed
of conical or flattened cirri arranged in longitudinal series along the back. Sexual and anal
orifices separate, on the right side.

EOLIDIA BOSTONIENSIS.

PLATE V. FIG. 96. — (CABINET OF THE Li'CEUM.)

Eolis bosloniensis. Couthouy, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist.
E. rufibranchialis ? Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 6.

Description. Body oblong, with a slight protuberance on the centre of the back. Head
orbicular, short, with four tentacula : two lateral and longest ; the other pair on the back of
the head, with the eyes near their base. Beneath the mouth are two other appendages re-
sembling tentacula. Mouth large and fleshy. Lips hemispherical. Branchiae tubular, arranged
in five clusters on a side. Sexual orifice just behind the anterior cluster of gills on the right
side ; the vent near the back, between the third and fourth branchial group.

Color. Brownish white : lateral tentacula, lake tinged with blue ; the other pair dark flesh-
color. Gills brown tipped with white.

Length 1 ' 5.

Fauna — Part 6. 2

10 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

EOLIDIA DIVERSA.

PLATE V. FIG. 97.
E, diverm. Couthouy, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 2, p. 187, pi. 4, fig. 14.

Description. Body elongated, acute behind. Head distinct, sub-orbicular, depressed, with
two long slender lateral tentacula arising from near its junction with the neck ; two round and
smooth shorter ones on the back of the head, a little behind the others. Eyes minute, just
behind the latter pair. Branchial cirri disposed in a double series along the back. Sexual
orifice large, just behind the neck on the right side ; vent a short distance behind and below
it. Foot divided at its origin, forming two processes.

Color. Semitransparent pale yellow, tinged with red. Branchial cirri internally orange.

Length, 1*2. Breadth, 0-35.

Found near the roots of Lancinaria saccharina, on the coast of Massachusetts.

EOLIDIA GYMNOTA.

PLATE V. FIG. 95. —(CABINET OF THE LYCEUM.)
Eolis ( Tergipes) gymnota. Couthouy, Bost. Journ. Vol. 2. p. 69, pi. 1, fig. 3.

Description. Body elongated, slender, tapering gradually to the tail. Neck very distinct.
Head short, depressed, orbicular, perpendicularly linear. Tentacula four : the lower pair
round, smooth on the front of the head, and an eighth of an inch long ; the other pair rather
shorter, serrated, and on the back of the head. Gills disposed in seven remote clusters along
the sides ; the medial longest. Back with a central elevation. Sexual organs on the right
side, below the first group of branchiae. Vent on the same side, higher up, and between the
third and fourth group of branchias.

Color of the gills reddish brown. Foot transparent.

Length, 0-9.

The animals of this section are very varied in form, and our acquaintance with them is
but of modern date. I place provisionally here an inhabitant of our salt water which I have
nowhere seen described, and which was sent to me under the name of Aquatic larva, from
the Hudson river, a short distance above the city.

FAMILY GI.AUCID^E CAVOLINA. 11

GENUS CAVOLINA. Brug.

The general form and habits of the preceding, with retiform branchiae arranged in a series on
the dorsal surface on each side of the medial line.

Cavolina salmonacea.

PLATE VI. FIG. 116.

C. salmonacea. Couthouv, Host. Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 2, p. G8, pi. 1, fig. 'J.
Eolis id. Gould, lnvertebrata of Mass. p. C.

Description. Body nearly diaphanous. Back with a conspicuous elevation in the middle.
-Head large, with four tentacula ; the superior minutely serrated. Mouth an inverted ^ •
Branchiae in longitudinal series, to the number of one hundred or more. Foot with two short
processes in front, and ending in a point behind. Sexual appendages placed in a large tubercle
on the right side, a short distance behind the neck. Vent on the same side, near the centre
of the body.

Color. Pale yellowish white. Branchial cirri salmon-colored, bordering on orange.

Length, 1 ■ 7.

GENUS FILURUS.

Tentacula two. Gills in two series along the back. Vent terminal. Caudal appendage long
and filiform.

FlLURUS DUBIUS.

Description. Body cylindrical, enveloped in a loose transparent membrane through which
the intestinal tube is apparent. Along the back are two rows of branchial ? processes, six in
number on each side ; at their tips, furnished with five or six spiculae : these are only seen
when the animal is in motion. Mouth terminal, composed of a loose festooned membrane,
alternately dilating and contracting when the animal is in motion ; when dilated, two small
transparent tentacula are protruded. The abdomen, or upper surface, appears to be composed
of numerous rings. The caudal portion becomes abruptly smaller than the body, is long,
cylindrical, and tapering to a point.

Color. Abdomen silvery white ; dorsal region and sides light brown ; tail light greenish.
The color of the body, however, appears to depend on the contained viscera.

Length of body, 0"5; of tail, 0'7.

This curious animal was taken while swimming in salt water with its body reversed. Its
motion was vermicular, and it appeared to be very tenacious of life, as it lived several days
in a vessel containing salt water which had not been renewed.

2*

12 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

SECTION 2. INFRABRANCHIA.

With nearly the same form and organization as in the preceding section ; but their gills,
instead of being placed on the back, resemble one or two long series of laminae under the
mantle, either surrounding the body, or on the right side only. One or two pair of tentacula.
Occasionally an external or internal shell.

Obs. This section has been subdivided into two families, viz. Phyllidia, where the branchiae
are on both sides, and no shell is present ; and Hemi phyllidia, where the gills are on the
right or left side only : sometimes with a shell. To this latter we refer the following genus.

GENUS ANCYLUS. Midler.

Animal oval. Head large, with two large cylindrical contractile tenlacula ; the eyes placed
at their internal bases, and with a contiguous foliaceous appendix on the outer side. Mouth
beneath. Foot large, elliptical. Gills in a cavity on the left side, between the mantle and
foot. Shell patelliform, obliquely conical. Apex inclining forward and to one side. Aper-
ture more or less oval.

Obs. The true position of this genus is yet far from being well established. It cannot,
however, well be arranged with the other freshwater mollusca, inasmuch as it is branchi-
ferous, whilst they are pulmonous. The animals of this genus abounds in freshwater streams
and ponds, climbing over stones and aquatic plants. We enumerate the following species.

Ancylus rivularis.

PLATE V. FIG. 98. a. b. — (STATE COLLECTION.)

Ancylus rivularis. Say, Nich. Encyc. ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 1. p. 124.
A. id. Gould, Invert. Massachusetts, p. 224, fig. 153.

Description. Shell corneous, opake, small, narrow. Apex obtuse, almost central, nearer
to and leaning towards one side and one end. Aperture oval, somewhat narrower at one end.
Color. Greenish or dark green, with a dull brown epidermis; within, milk white or brown.
Length, 0-2-0-25. Height, 0 • 1 .
Common. Adhering to stones and aquatic plants in streams and ponds.

FAMILY HEMIPHYLLIDIA ANCYLUS. 13

Ancylus CALCARIUS.

PLATE V. FIG. 99. a. b. — (STATE COLLECTION.)

Description. Shell conic, calcareous, opake. Apex not central, moderately prominent.
Aperture oval, entire ; the curves on the longest sides dissimilar. In very minute specimens,
the edges somewhat everted.

Color. Epidermis rufous, extending beyond the edges of the aperture ; within, bluish
white, darker towards the apex.

Length, 0-3. Height, 0-12.

The specimen which furnished the above description was one of the largest which I have
seen. They are more commonly of the dimensions of A. rivularis. I separate it from this
latter, chiefly on account of its solid calcareous structure. I am indebted to Mr. I. Cozzens
for the specimens from the Passaic river, near Patterson ; but it will doubtless be found in
this State.

Ancylus fuscus.

A. fuscus. Adams, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 3, p. 329, pi. 3, fig. 17.
A. id. Gould, Invertebrata Mass. p. 224, fig. 152.

Description. Shell rounded oval, the entire outline regularly curved, thin and pellucid,
depressed ; convexity regular, not compressed at the sides. Apex obtuse, a little to the
right of the centre. Epidermis coarse, strong and rough, extending beyond the margin of the
shell.

Color. Epidermis dusky yellowish brown ; within, glistening, polished.

Length, 0-3. Height, 0-01.

This species has been observed in Massachusetts, and will probably be found in this State.
It appears to be a very distinctly marked species.

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

A. tardus. (Say, Des. terr. et fluv.) Shell conic, depressed. Apex behind the middle, obtuse, rounded,
inclining backwards, but not laterally. Line from the apex to the posterior tip rectilinear ; line
from the apex to the anterior tip arcuated. Aperture oval, not distinctly narrowed at one end.
Length, 0*15; breadth, 0 • 1. Wabash River.

A. filosus. (Conrad, Fresh Water Shells, p. 57.) Shell regularly oval, rather elevated, with nu-
merous radiating prominent lines. Apex very prominent, inclined, eroded, not nearly central.
Abundant on Melania. Alabama.

A. nuttallii. (Hald. Monog. Lymn. No. 3.) Shell oval, elevated. Apex one-fourth of the entire
length from one end. Color fuscous. Length, 0-3; breadth, 0-25; height, 0*09. Oregon.

A. diaphanus. (Hald. lb.) Shell regularly oval, very wide, depressed. Apex sub-central. Color,
very pale, translucent. Length, 0*25. Ohio.

A parallelus. (Hald. Adams, Am. Jour. Vol. 40, p. 275.)

14 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

SECTION 3. TECTIBRANCHIA:

The branchice are on the back, a little inclining to the right, composed of lamina more or
less divided but not symmetrical, generally protected by expansions of the mantle. Gene-
rative organs on the same individual, but distant on the right anterior side, and connected
by an external furrow. They are more or less covered by a mantle, in which there is
generally a small shell.

FAMILY ACERIDM.

Animal divided into lobes or distinct parts, of which, the lateral ones dilate into expanded
fins. No tentacula, or at least the tentacula unite into a sort of disk in front. Branchiae
in a cavity on the back, somewhat posterior and a little on the right side. Shell covered
by the mantle, external, internal, or entirely wanting.

GENUS BULLA. Linnaus.

Animal oblong, obtuse at the two extremities, divided into four lobes. Head not distinct.
Foot expanded, bent on the right side. Genitals on the same side, distant. Shell thin,
oval or cylindrical, and nearly covering the animal. The last whorl enclosing all the
others, and rarely exhibiting any spire. Aperture long and narrow, nearly the length of
the shell ; lip sharp.

Bulla insculpta.

PLATE V. FIG. 100. a. B —(STATE COLLECTION.)

Bulla insculpta, Totten, Am. Jour. Sc. Vol. 28, p. 350, fig. 4.
B. id. Gould, Invertel). Mass. p. 162, fig. 92.

Description. Shell small, thin, fragile, pellucid, oval, impressed at the top, regularly rounded
and widest below, with many slight longitudinal wrinkles, a few obsolete longitudinal waves,
and very numerous equal impressed revolving lines. Spire none, but in its place a pit not
deeper than the origin of the right lip. Aperture nearly linear above, thence expanding to a
considerable breadth. Right lip regularly arched, sharp, rising from the axis with a regular
curve upwards and forwards, higher than the shoulder of the shell. Left margin, above, a
thin plate glued upon the convexity of the second turn ; below, rolled into a kind of spiral
pillar. Umbilicus none ; a very thin plate of enamel covering the inner margin.

Color. White with a tinge of bluish.

Length, 0- 35 -0-45. Diameter, 0' 23-0' 25.

FAMILY ACERIDjE — BULLA. 15

This species, which was first detected and described by Col. Totten of the U. S. Engineers
on the coast of Rhode-Island, and subsequently along the shores of Massachusetts, has also
been observed on our own coast. Those obtained by Dr. Jay near Rye, at low water on the
surface of the mud, are much larger than the Rhode-Island specimens, with which, through
the kindness of Col. Totten, I have been enabled to compare them. Mr. I. Cozzens has
obtained them from Staten island, below Quarantine ground, in seven or eight feet water ;
and Dr. Stillman, by dredging in the East river above Corlaer's hook. These latter were
olive-green, and covered with a rust-colored epidermis. When a number of these specimens
are kept in a close vial, they communicate a deep olive-green color to the water.

Dr. Gould has thought proper to refer the solitaria of Say to this species.

Bulla gouldii.

PLATE V. FIG. 101.

Bulla gouldii. Couthouy, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 2, p. 181, pi. 4, fig. 6.
B. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 163, fig. 94.

Description. Shell thin and brittle, small, ovate, convolute ; of four convolutions, rounded
at their upper edges, and having their sutures well defined, the last whorl with numerous fine
transverse stria;. Spire depressed, discoidal, sometimes slightly mammillated : incremental
striae very indistinct ; lower extremity rather narrower than the upper. Aperture narrow
above, and abruptly dilated towards the base by the arcuated inner margin, which is a little
thickened, white and polished. No umbilicus.

Color. Shining dead white, with a yellowish epidermis.

Length, 0"3. Diameter, 0"1.

This species was first described by Mr. Couthouy, from specimens obtained from the
stomachs of fishes ; and was subsequently dredged by Col. Totten, in Provincetown harbor,
Mass. It will probably be found on our coast. Distinguished from insculpta by its fiat sum-
mit, displaying all the whorls.

Bulla obstricta.

PLATE V. FIG. 102. Magnified.

Bulla obstricta. Gould, Am. Jour. So. Vol. 39, p. 196.

B. id. Gocld, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 167, fig. 96.

Description. Shell oval, cylindrical, rather solid, small. Whorls five, the last nearly in-
volving all the others, pressed in or obstricted at the middle, dilated beneath, and forming a
fold at the umbilical region. Spire obtuse, rising above the junction of the lip to about one-
fifth the length of the shell : upper whorls suddenly smaller. Suture deep, apparently double
in old specimens ; or, rather, a narrow and deep line revolving on the shoulder of each whorl

16 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

near the suture, forms a channel. Aperture narrow above, enlarged beneath. Outer lip
sharp, entire, joining the preceding whorl by a gradual approach, and then turning down the
inner border in the form of a thick slightly attached plate of enamel : As it turns back from
the front, it becomes thicker and rounded, and at the umbilical region it enters the shell, and
forms a conspicuous fold.

Color. Whitish or pale horn-color, with a thin ferruginous epidermis.

Length, 0-1-0-2; diameter 0' 07 - 0- 1.

Found in the stomachs of fishes on the shores of Massachusetts, and by dredging in the
harbor of New-York below the Quarantine ground. The presence of a prominent spire in
this and a few other species, with a fold on the columella, would seem to indicate the neces-
sity for a subgeneric division. The characters assigned by Lamarck, " n'ayant point de
columelle ni de saillie a la spire," certainly require revision. The B. canaliculata of Say,
which belongs to this division, is referred by that author to Bullina of Ferussac, on account
of the animal having two distinct tentacula ; but this would necessarily remove it from the
present family. I am not aware that Deshayes, who says that the animals of the two genera
agree exactly, has had an opportunity of examining Mr. Say's species. I scarcely know
what to make of another species described by Mr. Say as a Bulla, under the name of B.
Jluviatilis (Journ. Acad. Vol. 2, p. 178), inhabiting fresh water. All the known species are
marine. It may possibly prove to be what I have ventured to describe under the name of
Physa planorbula.

Bulla lineolata.

PLATE 35 FIG. 334.

Bulla lineolata. CouTHOtTY, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. Vol. 2, p. 179, pi. 3, fig. 15.
B. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 169, fig. 99.

Description. Shell very small, oblong-ovate, broadest at the base, thin and fragile. Whorls
three ; the last inflated, and enveloping all the others, with numerous impressed minute revolv-
ing strias. Spire little, prominent, flattened, with the outer lip arising from near its summit.
Aperture the whole length of the shell, narrow above, dilated beneath, somewhat effuse at the
base ; a faint oblique fold near the middle of the columella.

Color. Pale brown, with a thin ferruginous epidermis ; within, glossy yellowish white.

Length, 0-15; diameter, 0" 07.

This very delicate and minute shell has as yet only been observed by its original describer.
in the stomachs of haddocks and other fishes on the northern coast.

family acerlcle — bulla. 17

Bulla triticea.

PLATE XXXV. FIG. 32G.

Bulla triticea. Couthouy, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 2, p. 88, pi. 1, fig. 8.
B. id. Russel, Essex Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 1, p. 75.
B. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 165, fig. 98.

Description. Shell polished, cylindrical, rather solid. Spire slightly depressed, imper-
forate. Surface traversed longitudinally and transversely by numerous microscopic stria?.
Lip inserted into, or rather arising from, the margin of the circular pit at the summit of the
spire. Aperture narrow above, almost linear, except at the base, where it is dilated to double
its previous breadth by the sudden curvature of the columella, which is slightly reflected upon
the body of the shell. At the region of the umbilicus is a flattened white space, thickened
by enamel, gradually disappearing within the aperture. The whole inner margin is some-
times slightly coated with enamel.

Color. Dull white, covered with a thin shining ferruginous epidermis. Columella white.

Length, 0-3; diameter, 0*1.

Neither this shell nor the preceding has been yet found in situ. The present species has
only been obtained from the maws of fishes on the coast of Massachusetts, but will probably
be found here.

Bulla debilis.

PLATE XXXV. FIG. 329.

Bulla debilis. Gould, Am. Jour. Sc. Vol. 38, p. 196.
Bulla debilis. Id. Inyertebrala of Mass. p. 164, fig. 95.

Description. Shell small, obliquely ovate, tumid, thin and brittle. Whorls four, all rising
to about the same height ; divisions distinct, each very convexly rounded. Last whorl the
whole length of the shell, including all the others, and partially detached from them above.
Surface smooth, without any apparent mark. Aperture as long as the shell, widening from
above. Outer lip attached behind, a little before the summit of the shell, rising to a
level with the spire, then descending in a regular though slightly waved curve to the front
of the pillar, where it terminates abruptly. Inner lip spread out into a thin enamel upon the
body of the shell, partially covering an umbilical indentation placed at about one-fourth the
length of the shell.

Color. Greenish white.

Length, 0"1; diameter, 0'13.

According to its original describer, this shell has as yet no determinate locality, being
obtained only from the maws of fish in Massachusetts bay. The same writer suspects that
it may possibly be the young of B. gouldi, and that it bears a striking resemblance to the

Fauna — Part 6. 3

18 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

Diaphana pellucida of Brown (Concliology of Great Britain, pi. 38, fig. 10, 11). It bears
a resemblance in its contour to the B.fontinalis of Say, which we are inclined to suspect to
be a Physa.

Bulla hiemalis.

PLATE XXXV. FIG. 335.

Bulla hyemalis. Cobthouy, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 2, p. 180, pi. 4, fig. 5.
B. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 163, fig. 100.

Description. Shell globular, minute, very thin and brittle. The body-whorl enveloping all
the others so as to leave no perceptible spire, and marked with the lines of growth. Aperture
narrow above, dilated beneath. Outer lip strong, and regularly curved : it revolves from its
junction behind, nearly a third of a revolution, before it turns forward. Columella slightly
arcuated, and reflected upon the body of the shell, so as to form a small but distinct umbili-
cus.

Color. Hyaline, with a brownish tinge, except near the tip, where it is whitish.

Length, 0 • 1 ; diameter, 0 • 1 .

Stomachs of codfishes on the coast of Massachusetts.

Bulla oryza.

PLATE XXXV. FIG. 327.

Bulla oryza. Totten, Am. Jour. Sc. and Arts, Vol. 28, p. 350, fig. 5.
B. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, p. 168, fig. 93.

Description. Shell minute, not very thin, regularly diminishing from the middle towards
each end ; the tip being depressed into a shallow pit, and the base rather acute. Surface
marked with numerous minute lines of growth, and with a number of impressed revolving
lines on the lower portion, and a few more obscure ones near the shoulder : none of them
perceptible without a magnifier. Aperture as long as the shell, narrow above, and widening
gradually downwards. Outer lip sharp, simple, regularly arched, rising above a little higher
than the shoulder. Left margin thickened below into a stout, smooth and glossy pillar, which
is twisted so as to form an oblique fold : it terminates abruptly beneath, truncated. No um-
bilicus either at the tip or the base.

Length, 0-3 ; diameter, 0*1.

Found originally by Col. Totten in muddy bottoms at Newport, and since in New-Bedford
harbor. It has not yet been noticed north of Cape Cod, but will probably be discovered on
our coast.

FAMILY ACERID^E BULLA. 19

Bulla canaliculata.

PLATE XXXV. FIG. 328.

Volvaria carmliculata. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 5, p. 211.

Bullina id. Id. American Conchology, pi. 39.

Bulla id. Gould, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, p. 116, fig. 97.

Descriptio7i. Shell minute, cylindrical, polished, with very faint lines of growth. Spire
convex, a little elevated, with a minute but prominent tip : whorls about five, with their
shoulders very obtusely grooved. Outer lip arching forward ; inner lip with a thin coat of
enamel, with a single oblique fold or small tooth near the base.

Color. Whitish, immaculate.

Length, 0"1 - 0'2.

This species, first observed by Say on the southern coast, has since been found on the
shores of Martha's Vineyard. It will, therefore, doubtless be discovered on the coast of
New-York.

This, with B. obstricta, are the only two American species yet observed, possessing a
prominent spire. T place the present species here with great doubt, which can only be settled
by a minute examination of the animal.

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

B. solitaria. (Say, Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 245.) Shell very thin and fragile, pellucid, oval,
narrowed at the base, with numerous impressed revolving lines and transverse very obtuse wrinkles.
Aperture surpassing the tip of the shell. Spire none, substituted by an umbilicus. No umbili-
cus at the base. Length 0-5. Southern coast.

Supposed by some American writers to be identical with B. insculpta.

SECTION 4. PULMOBRANCHIA.

Animals furnished with a foot for crawling. No gills, but instead thereof a pulmonary
cavity, receiving the surrounding medium by an aperture on the right side of the mantle.
Organs of generation in the same individual, united in the same cavity, or distant. Shell
complete, rudimentary or none, external or internal. Without opercle.

Obs. This section comprises numerous families, extended over the globe. They are ter-
restrial or aquatic. Those found in water live at a small depth, as they are compelled to
rise frequently to the surface to breathe. They are carnivorous and herbivorous.

3*

20 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

FAMILY LIMACID^E.

Body elongated, semicylindrical, flattened beneath. A wrinkled mantle on the anterior part
of the body in most species, sometimes covering the whole superior or entirely wanting
surface. In this mantle is occasionally found aflat shell, or more frequently a few calca-
reous grains. Two or four retractile tentacles ; the upper and posterior pair larger,
oculiferous. When only two tentacles, there is a pair of labial appendices. The pulmo-
nary cavity variously placed. The position of the vent variable. Terrestrial or marine.

Obs. The animals of this family are known in popular language under the name of Slugs,
or Slug-worms. They inhabit moist places, and move by successive contractions of the
muscular fibres of the foot, leaving a shining trace in their path. Feed on vegetables, and
are very voracious. They are mischievous in the gardens in some parts of Europe ; but
owing probably to the lesser humidity of our climate, their numbers, and consequently their
injurious effects are comparatively trifling here.

The Limaces of the United States have, until recently, been little studied. Mr. Binney is
the only American naturalist who has investigated the subject to any extent, and his nomen-
clature will for the most part be adopted in this family.

GENUS LIMAX. Linneus. Lamarck.

Animal with its body more or less elongated, semicylindrical, tapering to a point. Mantle
partial, and placed on the anterior portion of the body, wrinkled. Head tolerably distinct,
retractile. Four retractile tentacles ; the upper pair longest, and bearing the eyes. Foot
occupying the lower part of the body, without processes, and scarcely distinct from the
rest of the body. Breathing-hole and vent on the right side of the body. Generative ori-
fice between or near the upper tentacles.

LlMAX AGRESTIS.

PLATE I. FIG. 4. — "(STATE COLLECTION.)

L. agrestis. Linn. Lam. An. sans vert. Ed. 2, Vol. 3, p. 264.

L. tunicata. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass, p. 3.

L. agreslis. Binney, Desc. Limacidaa, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. Vol. 4.

Description. Body with numerous minute longitudinal interrupted wrinkles, and a distinct
ridge extending from between the upper pair of tentacles to the mantle, with a furrow on each
side. Foot narrow, with two distinct longitudinal furrows on each side. Tail somewhat
acute. Mantle contains within the rudiment of a delicate oval shell. The mantle is elliptical
or oblong-oval, much elevated, convex, and, in a state of repose, covers nearly one-half of the
body ; when in motion, scarcely equals one-third of the length of the body : its surface with

FAMILY UMKCIDM LIMAX. 21

distinct concentrical furrows, centering on its posterior portion. Breathing-hole on the right
side,* above the lower edge, and in the posterior third portion of the mantle. Vent adja-
cent, and slightly above and anterior to it. Upper tentacles terminating in a small bulb ; lower
tentacles much shorter.

Color. Various, but most usually dark reddish or chocolate-brown, varied with numerous
minute blackish brown dots and lines ; the mantle somewhat darker. Occasionally the gene-
ral color is greyish. Tentacles darker than the general color. Foot beneath flesh-colored-
Breathing-hole greyish or white on its margin.

Length r 5 - 1 ■ 7.

Found on the underside of leaves and decayed branches lying on the ground ; also under
stones and boards. Their chief food appears to consist of succulent leaves. Rarely seen
during the day. I make no reference to names of species published by myself some years
since, as the descriptions have been anticipated. This species varies much in its color and
markings, and is invariably smaller than the following.

LlMAX FLAVUS.

PLATE I. FIG. 5.

Lunax flavus. Linn.

L. variegalu*. Lam. An. sans. vert. Vol. 3, p. 266, No. 15.

L. flatus. Binney, Lim«cidse, Bost. Jour. Vol. 4.

Description. Surface with long narrow prominent tubercles. Mantle short, broad, oval,
concentrically striated. Breathing-hole large, near the posterior part of the mantle, and cleft
to the edge. Neck smooth. Body terminating acutely behind, with a short ridge.

Color, varying from deep reddish brown to light ferruginous, mottled with oblong-oval
greyish spots. Mantle with rounded spots. Head, neck and upper tentacles much lighter
than the general hue : the latter lineated with dusky at their bases. Foot greyish on the
margin.

Length, 2-0-2-8.

This species was obtained from gardens in the city of New- York. It has also been noticed
in Philadelphia. I have adopted the names proposed by Mr. Binney, but with much scepti-
cism in relation to the introduction of foreign species of this family. I have, however, had
no opportunity of studying the foreign species to which these have been referred.

* Through inattention, both the figures of Ldmaccs in Plate I. are represented with the breathing-holes on the left side.

22 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

LlMAX CAMPESTRIS.

L. campestris. Binnev, Family Limacidas, op. sup. cit.

Description. Body cylindrical, elongated, terminating in a very short carina at its posterior
extremity. Mantle oval, fleshy, but little prominent, with fine concentric lines. Back covered
with prominent elongated tubercles and furrows. Foot narrow. Breathing-hole on the
posterior dextral margin of the mantle. Body covered with a thin watery mucus.

Color, usually of various shades of amber, without spots or markings, sometimes blackish ;
head and tentacles smoky ; foot whitish.

Length, 1 ' 0.

This species, according to its author, is nearly allied to the L. agrestis, with which it may
probably prove to be identical. It is said to be much smaller, and at all ages possesses a
peculiar gelatinous or semitransparent consistency. Its tuberosities are very prominent, and
it does not secrete a milky mucus at every part of the surface when touched. Like agrestis,
it is very active in its movements, and suspends itself by a mucous thread.

It is found under decaying wood and stones. It occurs in this State and northwardly, and
has been seen in Ohio and Missouri.

(EXTRALIMITAL.)

L. gracilis, (Ferussac, Mollusques, p. 23.) Mantle fulvous ; back brown. Western States.

L.f dorsalis* (Philomycus id. Binney, op. cit. p. 14.) Body attenuated behind. No mantle. Breath-
ing hole very minute, and about an eighth of an incli behind base of the upper tentacle. Color, ashen
above, with a shade of blue and an interrupted black line along the back. Length, 0*75. Ver-
mont, Massachusetts.

* This species undoubtedly exhibits the type of a new genus, but its characters have not yet been defined.

FAMILY LIMACID.4E ARION. 23

GENUS ARION. Ferussac.

With the characters of the preceding, but the breathing-hole more in front. Mantle with
small granulations, and containing small calcareous concretions. A terminal mucous pore.

Obs. It is very doubtful whether this should be considered as more than a sub-genus of
Limax.

Arion hortensis.

Umax hortensis. Lamarck, An. sans vert. ed. Brui. Vol. 3, p. 265.
Arion id. Ferussac, Mollusques, p. 65, pi. 2, fig. 6.
A. id. BiNNEy, Liraacidas, p. 10.

Description. Body narrow, expanding somewhat behind, and ending in a truncated point.
Surface above with crowded fine oblong tuberosities ; and the flanks with elongated tubercu-
lated plates, with furrows between. Mantle small, oval, flattened, its anterior edge nearly
reaching the head. It is about one-fourth of the length of the body. A tubercular ridge,
with furrows on each side, between the upper tentacles ; lower tentacles very short. Foot
separated from the margin of the body by a furrow, and projecting beyond the body behind
in a flat and rounded form. The mucous pore is a triangular sinus. Breathing-hole very
small, near the edge of the mantle, about one-third of its length distant from its anterior ex-
tremity.

Color. Above whitish or ashen, with occasionally a tinge of brown. On each side of the
body an obscure brownish line, uniting over the posterior extremity. Upper tentacles darker
than the general surface. Foot whitish.

Length, 1 " 0 and more.

I have followed Mr. Binney in the nomenclature of this species, who appears to consider
it as identical with the hortensis of Europe, from its black longitudinal bands. Its hitherto
restricted locality (vicinity of Boston), and small numbers, seems to induce that distinguished
naturalist to consider it as an introduced species.

GENUS TEBENNOPHORUS. Binney. •

Mantle covering the whole superior surface of the body. Pulmonary cavity anterior ; orifice
on the right side, towards the head. Vent contiguous to, and a little above and in advance
of the pulmonary orifice. Organs of generation united ; orifice behind and below the
superior tentacle of the right side. No testaceous rudiment, terminal mucous pore, or
locomotive band of the foot.

Obs. This genus appears to be allied to the Onchidium of Buchanan, but I have had no
opportunity to examine the species upon which it is founded. In both, the mantle covers the

24 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

whole body. In Onchidium, however, the pulmonary cavity is placed towards the middle of
the body, with its orifice behind ; the organs of generation, moreover, are distant.

Tebennophorus caroliniensis.

PLATE III. FIG. 1.

Limax caroliniensis. Bosc, Buffon, ed. Deterv. Vol. 1, p. 80.
L. togata. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 3.
Tebennophorus caroliniensis. BlNNEY, Limacidas, p. 11.

Description. Body flattened towards its posterior extremity, which is obtuse. Mantle
fleshy, and falling in a slight curve between the two superior tentacles, reaching on the sides
to the superior margin of the foot, rounded behind. Surface covered with irregular vermiform
glands, assuming a general longitudinal direction, with shallow furrows between. Foot
extending a little beyond the mantle behind. Mouth surrounded with a circular row of
papillae. Orifice of the organs of generation on the right side, at a little distance behind
and below the superior tentacle. Breathing-hole large, a fourth of an inch behind the origin
of the upper tentacle ; vent in close contact, a little above and in front of it. Above the
breathing-hole, on the back, is a deep curved furrow, running upwards and backwards.
Upper tentacle long and stout, ending in a bulb ; lower short and conical. Locomotive band
not distinguishable from the lower surface of the foot.

Color. Whitish or yellowish white, variegated with clouds and spots of brownish and
blackish, so arranged as to form three ill-defined longitudinal bands the whole length of the body,
anastomosing more or less with each other, with smaller spots of the same color between
them ; lower margin white or yellowish. Upper tentacle brownish or blackish. In some
specimens the body is irregularly clouded with brownish, or with numerous black spots, or
with clouded spots in regular series.

Greatest length when extended, 4*0.

This species was first noticed by Bosc in South-Carolina. It has since been observed in
Vermont, Massachusetts, New-York, Ohio and Missouri. According to Mr. Binney, it is
very inactive and sluggish. Found under the bark of trees, and appears to be partial to the
Tilia americana, or Basswood.

FAMILY HELICILLE — VITRINA. 25

FAMILY HELICIDJE.

Body elongated, twisted spirally, and distinct from the foot. Tentacula four, rarely two ;
the upper bearing the eyes. Shell closed by a fleshy collar. Generative organs united in
front. Vent near the breathing orifice. Shell globular, spiral, varying very much in its
form, and receiving the body more or less completely.

GENUS VITRINA. Draparnaud.

Body slightly spiral, with a fleshy collar surrounding the neck, and produced forward into a
sort of shield, and, with other retractile appendices, covering the shell. Foot separated by
a slight furrow. Shell very small, thin, transparent, fragile, and flattened, without an um-
bilicus. Aperture large, but its margin not tumid, and borne on the posterior part alone of
the animal.

VlTRINA PELLUCIDA.
PLATE III. FIG. 42. A. B. —(STATE COLLECTION.)

Vitrina pellucida. Deapaen. Hist, des Moll. p. 119, pi. 8, fig. 34-37.
Hetico Umax. Ferdssac, Method. Conch, pi. 29 ; Moll. pi. 9, fig. G.
Vitrina pellucida. Say, Long's Expedition, Vol. 2, p. 258.
V. id. Adams, Am. Jour. Sc. Vol. 40, p. 274.

Description. Shell minute, ear-shaped, slightly spiral at its summit. Aperture very large.
Animal with its breathing and excretory orifices behind. Generative apparatus under the
right superior tentaculum.

Color, greenish yellow.

Greatest diameter, 0*25.

In this country, the above species was first detected by Mr. Say, under stones and fallen
timber, near Coldwater lake, Lat. 48° 50' north. It has more recently been found in this
State by Mr. Adams, at Rogers's Rock, Lake George.

Through inattention, the figures b. c. on the plate, are erroneously said to be of the natural
size.

GENUS HELIX. Linneus.

Animal with a head rather distinct, with four retractile tentacula enlarged at the end : a fleshy
collar closes completely the orifice of the shell. Foot large, oblong. Generative organs
as in the preceding genus. Shell very variable in its form, globular, fusiform, conoidal
or turreted. Aperture crescent-shaped, simple or toothed, oblique, broader than long.
Umbilicus open or concealed. From three to fourteen spiral turns. Usually dextral.
Fauna — Part 6. 4

26 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

Obs. The species of animals belonging to this group are very numerous, and have all a
strong family resemblance. They have been united together by Lamarck into one family,
under the name of Colimaces. They are so abundant in Europe as to become positively
injurious to cultivated plants. They form the basis of a nutritive soup in the south of Europe,
much prized by invalids. The best accounts of the American species are to be found in the
writings of Say ; of Dr. Binney, in the Boston Journal of Natural History ; of Dr. Gould,
and a few others whose names will be cited in the following pages.

Helix albolabris.

PLATE II. FIG. 18.— <STATE COLLECTION.)

Cochlea, virginiana. Lister, Conchology, pi. 47, fig, 45.

Helix albolabris. Say, Nich. Encycloped. Vol. 4, pi. 1, 6g. 1. Long's Exped. St. Peter, Vol. 2, p. 258. Am.

Conch, pi. 13.
H. id. Ferussac, Hist, des Mollusques, pi. 43, figs. 1, 3.

H. id. Binney, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 2, p. 476, pi. 13.

JJ. id. Jay, Catalogue of Shells, p. 43. Adams, Am. Jour. Vol. 40, p. 272.

H. id. Wheatley, Cat. Shells of United States, p. 17.

Description. Shell orbicular, subconvex. Whorls five to six, rounded, with numerous minute
oblong stria?, crossed by exceedingly minute revolving lines. Aperture contracted by the
lip, which is abruptly and widely reflected. Umbilicus of the mature shell covered by the
reflected lip, which is continued to the base of the shell. In the young, the umbilicus is
open, and the lip not reflected. Spire slightly elevated. Suture distinct.

Color. Almost uniformly of a yellowish brown, occasionally with a pinkish hue. Lip
white. The animal varying from white to cream-color ; its back with glandular tubercles.
Foot pointed behind, and its length twice the diameter of the shell.

Transverse diameter of shell, 1 • 0 - 1 • 3.

This is one of our largest and most common shells, occurring in moist and shady places in
every part of the Union. According to Dr. Gould, they deposit their eggs (which are white,
opake and elastic, and varying from thirty to eighty in number) in the month of June. They
are placed in light mould by the side of rocks and logs. In about twenty or thirty days, the
young animal issues forth with a shell containing one whorl and a half. In October they cease
to feed, and hiding themselves under a log or stone, with the aperture upward, close it by
secreting a thin membrane. In this state they remain torpid during the winter.

Common as this species is, and long as it has been known, I find no allusion to it in the
last edition of Lamarck. The name albolabris of Daudebert, figures as a variety? of H.
bonplandi of Lamarck, which is a very different shell.

FAMILY HELICID.E — HELIX. 27

Helix appressa.

PLATE II. FIG. 11. A. B. — (STATE COLLECTION.)

Helix appressa. Say, Nich. Encyclopedia; Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol.2, p. 151.

H. linguifera. Ferussac, Tab. systematique, p. 33.

H. linguiferc. Lamarck, Am. sans vert. Ed. Brux. Vol. 3, p. 293.

H. appressa. Binney, Bost. Jour. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 3, p. 356, pi. 8.

Description. Shell orbicular, depressed ; base flattened or slightly convex. Whorls five,
depressed, forming an angle on the external one, more acute near the superior angle of the
lip, with numerous transverse elevated equidistant lines with interstitial grooves. Umbilicus
covered with calcareous matter, but concave within. Aperture rather restricted. Lip dilated,
reflected, adpressed near the base to the body-whorl, and covering the umbilicus. A slight
tooth-like angle on the lower part of the outer lip. Pillar-lip with a strong, prominent, com-
pressed, oblique white tooth, gradually becoming obsolete towards the umbilicus.

Color. Epidermis uniform brownish horn-color ; the lip white, edged with dusky brown.
Animal with the neck and the sides blackish.

Diameter, 0-5-0-8.

This species appears to exist from the western part of this State southwardly. It has been
noticed in Alabama. The lip has occasionally two projecting angles. Somewhat allied to
tridentata, but the umbilicus is covered. According to Mr. Binney, this species and palliata,
although very unlike, yet their varieties approach each other by nice and scarcely appreciable
differences, until they at length seem to blend into one. I am not aware that it has been
found north or east of this State.

Helix exoleta.

PLATE II. FIG. 6. a. B. — (STATE COLLECTION.)

H. albolabris, var. unidentala. Ferussac, Moll. pi. 46, A. fig. C.

H. zalela. Say, MSS. as cited by Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. Vol. 1, p. 492, pi. 20.

H. cxoleia. Binney, in Uteris.

Description. Shell convex, somewhat ventricose. Whorls five or six, with minute oblique
strias. Suture distinct. Lip white, broadly reflected. Umbilicus covered. Pillar-lip with a
prominent oblique tooth.

Color. Epidermis of a uniform yellowish horn-color. Tooth white. Animal greyish brown
or blackish above, and three inches in length.

Diameter of the shell, l-0. Height, 0'6.

I am indebted to Mr. I. Cozzens for specimens of this species from the banks of the
Hudson river, Rockland county. It ranges through the Western States.

28 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

Helix tridentata.

PLATE II. FIG. 7. a. b. — (STATE COLLECTION.)

Helix tridentata. Say, Nicli. Ency. Am. Ed. Vol. 4, pi. 2, fig. 1.
H. id. Feedssac, Hist, des Moll. pi. 51, fig. 3.
Helice tridentee. Lamarck, An. sans vert. Ed. Brux. Vol. 3, p. 309.
H. id. BiNNET, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. Vol. 3, pi. 22, fig. 1.
H. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 173.

Description. Shell depressed, with the spire but little elevated. Whorls five to six, slightly
convex, and crossed obliquely by numerous minute elevated lines. Aperture contracted, tri-
lobate by three curves on the outer lip, which, at their junction, form two small acute teeth ;
a third slightly curved and transverse tooth on the pillar-lip. [Outer lip broad, reflected.
Umbilicus large, deep, and partially covered by the reflected outer lip.

Color. Epidermis brownish horn-color. Animal dark bluish slate ; deeper on the head,
back and tentacles. Foot nearly twice as long as the diameter of the shell.

Diameter, 0' 5 — 0*7.

This species is found from Massachusetts to Missouri, and along the Atlantic to Florida.
It is common in many parts of this State.

Mr. Binney supposes the H.fallax of Say to belong to this species. The description of
fallax shows it indeed to be closely allied to that species, but, as we think, with sufficient
distinctive characters.

Helix fallax.

PLATE IU. FIG. 23. a. b. — (STATE COLLECTION.)

Helix fallax. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 65, p. 119.
H. tridentata, var. Bihney, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 3.

Description. Spire elevated, convex, often decorticated. Whorls five to six, with elevated
lines. Lip reflected, with a deep stricture behind nearly closing the aperture, bidentate.
Teeth separated by a profound sinus : upper tooth reflected into the mouth ; lower tooth
placed near the base. Pillar-lip with a large subtriangular lamelliform tooth curving down-
wards. Umbilicus open, exhibiting all the volutions.

Color. Epidermis yellowish horn-color ; reflected portion of the lip white.

D iameter, 0 • 5 . Height, 0 • 3 .

The chief distinctive characters of this species are to be found in its smaller size, more
elevated spire, more contracted aperture, and the peculiar shape of the tooth on the pillar-lip.
It is found from New- York to South Carolina. The Carolina specimens, according to Mr.
Say, are as large as H. tridentata.

family helichxe — helix. 29

Helix thyroidus.

PLATE II. FIG. 8. A. B. Immature. —(STATE COLLECTION.)

Cochlea umbilkata. Lister, Conch, pi. 91, fig. 91.

Helix thyroidus. Sir, Nich. Encyc. Vol. 4. Id. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 161.

H. id. Id. American Concliology, pi. 13, fig. 1.

H. id. Ferussac, Histoire des Mollusques, pi. 49, A. fig. 4.

H. thywidierme. Lamarck, An. sans vert. Ed. Brui. Vol. 3, p. 309.

H. thyroidus. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 171.

Description. Shell rounded, convex. Whorls convex, about five in number, with minute
parallel oblique striae ; the suture distinctly impressed. Aperture moderately large, lunate.
Lip broadly reflected, and partially covering the umbilicus. Pillar-lip in the adult with an
oblique tooth. Umbilicus exhibiting one volution, and sometimes entirely closed.

Color. Epidermis yellowish brown. Animal granulated, and of a soiled yellow.

Diameter, 0"5 -0-8.

We have strongly marked varieties in this vicinity of a light chocolate-brown, with dis-
persed dark spots, and interrupted revolving lines; the pillar-lip smooth; diameter 0*8;
animal of a light amber-color. I have thought that it would be more instructive to give this
variety in the plate above referred to, than the typical form, which may be found in most of
our conchological works.

This species is common in moist shady places, from New- York to Missouri. It is more
rare in the Eastern States.

Helix alternata.

PLATE U. FIG. 9. — (STATE COLLECTION.)

Helix alternata. Say, Nich. Ency. Vol. 4, pi. 1, fig. 2. Id. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 101.

H. scabra. Lamarck, An. sans verteb. Ed. Brui. Vol. 3, p. 292

H. alternata. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 177. Adams, Am. Jour. Vol. 40, p. 273.

Description. Somewhat depressed, slightly convex above. Whorls five or six, flattened,
and roughened above with lines of growth ; smooth beneath. In young specimens, there is a
prominent ridge between the upper and under surfaces. Lip simple, thin and brittle, and
regularly curved. Umbilicus wide and deep, exhibiting all the volutions.

Color. Epidermis dusky. Shell light brown, alternating or varied with zigzag bars of
deep reddish brown, becoming smaller as they converge towards the umbilicus. These bars
are interrupted by a light colored revolving band. Lip within glossy and pearly. Animal:
Head and tentacles light slate ; back brown ; remainder of the upper surface brownish orange.

Diameter of the shell, 0-8 - 1 -0.

Common every where in ditches and moist places, and under the bark of decaying trees.
Its geographical limits southwardly and westwardly not known. It has been observed from
Maine to Maryland. As Deshayes has properly observed, the name imposed by Lamarck
must be expunged, that of Say having distinctly the priority.

30 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

Helix arborea.

PLATE II. FIG. 10. a. B. c — (STATE COLLECTION.)

Helix arborea. Say, Nich. Ency. Vol. 4, pi. 4, fig. 4.

H. id. Binney, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 3, pi. 26, fig. 1.

H. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 182, fig. 110.

H. id. Adams, Am. Journal Science, Vol. 40, p. 273.

H. id. Wheatley, Catalogue of Shells of U. S. No. 494, p. 19.

Description. Shell small, thin, fragile, orbicular, pellucid, depressed, very little elevated ;
concave beneath. Whorls four to five, slightly rounded above, with a distinct suture, and
minutely wrinkled irregularly in the direction of the lines of growth ; beneath smooth, with
a wide and deep umbilicus. Aperture sublunated. Lip simple, thin and brittle, its junction
with the body-whorl acute.

Color. Corneous, occasionally deep brown and even blackish. Animal with a dusky head
and neck, lighter behind.

Diameter, 0 ■ 2. Height, 0-13.

The species has a wide geographical range. It has been observed at Troy in this State by
Dr. Newcomb, and at Staten island in Rockland county. According to Dr. Gould, it may
be confounded with H. cellaria, indentata, gularis and electrina. It is smaller than the first ;
has not the distant impressed radiating lines of the second, nor the peculiar tooth within the
aperture of the third, and is distinguished from electrina by its greater number of whorls and
less polished appearance.

Helix electrina.

H. electrina. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 183, fig. 111.
H. id. Adams, Am. Journ. Science, Vol. 40, p. 273.

Desertion. Shell small, orbicular, depressed, conical, pellucid, fragile, and the lowest
whorl suddenly enlarging as in H. indentata. Whorls four, conspicuously wrinkled by the
lines of growth. Lip moderately thick and shining ; its outline nearly a direct section of the
whorl. Umbilicus moderate, smaller than in the preceding. Aperture rounded. Color,
amber.

Diameter, 0-2. Height, 0-13.

Dr. Gould, to whom we are indebted for this species, speaks of it as resembling indentata
above and arborea beneath. It is certainly very closely allied to both. It has been noticed
in Massachusetts and Missouri. I have not seen it, but Dr. Newcomb has found it near Lake
George in this State.

FAMILY HELICIOE — HELIX.

Helix indentata.

PEATE III. FIG. 26. a. b. — (STATE COLLECTION.)

Helix indentata. Say, Acad- Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 372.

H id. Binney, Journ. Nat. History, Vol. 3, pi. 29, fig. 1.

H id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 181, fig. 109.

Description. Shell small, depressed, highly polished, subiridescent, pellucid, very fragile.
Whorls four, slightly convex, with regular sub-equidistant impressed transverse lines, with the
intervening spaces very smooth ; from twenty-eight to thirty of these lines on the body-whorl,
extending to the umbilicus. Suture not deeply indented. Aperture moderate. Lip simple,
terminating at its lower extremity at the centre of the base of the shell. Umbilical region
deeply indented, but not perforated.

Color. Polished light horn-color : the apimal bluish black above ; immaculate, lighter
behind.

Diameter of the shell, 0 • 1 5 - 0 • 22. Height, 0 • 07 - 1 • 09.

This species is found, like the preceding, about decaying logs and fallen timber. In some
specimens the umbilicus is open and patulous, and the animal of a light blue color. It has
been observed from Vermont to Ohio. In this State it was found by Mr. Newcomb in the
neighborhood of Troy.

Helix clausa.

PLATE II. FIG. 13. a. B. — (STATE COLLECTION.)

Helix clausa. Say, Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 154. Id. Am. Conchology pi. 37.
H. id. Binney, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 1, p. 482, pi. 15.

Description. Shell fragile, somewhat elevated, subglobular, slightly perforated. Whorls
four to five, convex, with minute oblique strias. Aperture somewhat contracted. Lip reflected,
flat, nearly covering the umbilicus, and occasionally entirely so, but not dilated there as
in albolabris.

Color. Yellowish brown or russet ; the animal dusky black.

Diameter, 0-5 - 0> 7. Height, 0-5.
_ This species is allied to albolabris, but is not much more than half its size. It may be
considered as a southern species, extending to New-Jersey and New- York.

32 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

Helix subglobosa.

PLATE II. FIG. 14, A. B. ; AND PLATE III. FIG. 39, A. b. — (STATE COLLECTION.)

H. subglobosa. Binney, Jour. Nat. History, Vol. 1, p. 485, pi. 17.
H. hortensis. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass, p. 172.

Description. Shell elevated, subglobose, imperforate. Umbilical region indented. Whorls
five, rounded, with numerous transverse stria?. Suture distinctly impressed. Apex some-
what elevated. Aperture lunate ; its upper margin embracing nearly half of the penultimate
whorl. Lip simple, but everted above until it reaches the plane of the umbilical region,
where it becomes reflected throughout the remainder of its extent, being duplicated on the
umbilicus. Base convex.

Color. Light waxen, with five to six dark rufous revolving lines on the body-whorl. In
those with six lines, the line above the lowest is very broad ; the succeeding one above becomes
effaced in the suture, so that only two are obvious on the whorl above. In specimens with
but five revolving lines, three narrow bands may be traced on the second whorl ; these lines
are evident on the inner side of the outer lip. In dead shells, the waxen parts become white,
and the revolving rufous lines become nearly effaced. There are varieties entirely destitute
of the revolving bands. The animal has the head and neck blackish, slightly tinged with
brown ; base of the foot black, the tip soiled flesh-color. Breathing-hole surrounded by a
dark circle.

Diameter, 0-8-0-85. Height, 0-5-0-6.

I am indebted to Col. Totten of the United States Engineers, for my acquaintance with
this species, which he found near the shores of the St. Lawrence, two hundred miles below
Quebec. As it was certainly new to this country, I described it in my notes several years
ago under a distinct name, which it is now unnecessary to quote. Mr. Binney, who published
the first description of the species under the name of subglobosa, had only the variety desti-
tute of bands. Its resemblance to the European nemoralis, but more particularly to hortensis,
is very striking, but the spire is not so acute. As far as is yet known, it seems to be restricted
to the neighborhood of the sea ; a fact which I am far from supposing to afford corroborative
proof of its being a European species. It has been noticed near Portland in Maine, and at
Cape Cod in Massachusetts. I have not yet found it in this State, but I have reason to
believe that it may be found along our maritime border. I understand that Mr. Binney
concurs with Dr. Gould in believing it to be identical with the hortensis of Europe.

FAMILY HELICIDJ2 — HELIX. 33

Helix concava.

PLATE II. FIG. 15. a. B. — (STATE COLLECTION.)

Helix concava. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 159.
H. id. \Vheatley, Cat. Shells U. S. No. 492, p. 19.

Description. Shell much depressed, orbicular. Whorls five, irregularly wrinkled across,
and more convex beneath. Suture distinctly impressed. Lip simple, very slightly reflexed
towards the base. Aperture large but short, in the line of the axis of the shell. Umbilicus
large, funnel-shaped, exhibiting distinctly all the volutions (which are there very prominently
corrugated) to the summit.

Color. Light corneous, or whitish with a tinge of yellowish green, immaculate.

Diameter, 0'7. Height, 0'35.

Of this remarkably distinct species, I have received specimens from the western district of
this State, and from the neighborhood of Lake Champlain. It does not appear in Gould's
Catalogue of the Shells of Massachusetts. Mr. Wheatley, however, assigns its locality in
the Eastern States. To the west it seems to be more numerous, and has been noticed in
Ohio and Missouri.

Helix palliata.

PLATE III. FIG. 36. a. b. PLATE II. FIG. 16. a. b. Variety. — (STATE COLLECTION.)

Helix palliata. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 152.

H. obstricta. Id. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 154.

H. denotata. Ferussac, Histoire des Moll. PI. 49, A. fig. 5.

H. carolinensis. Lea, Am. Phil. Trans. Vol. 4, p. 102, pi. 15, fig. 33.

Cancolla helicoides. Id. Am. Phil. Trans. Vol. 4, p. 159, pi. 15, fig. 34.

H. palliata. Binney, Journ. Nat. Hist. Vol. 3, p. 353.

Helice notable. Lamarck, An. sans vert. Ed. Brui. Vol. 3, p. 309.

Description. Shell subdepressed or depressed, with elevated revolving and minute trans-
verse lines, and numerous minute tubercles with scattering stiff hairs. Whorls five, very
slightly convex above, distinctly convex beneath, and forming in one variety (PI. 2, fig. 16, b.)
an obtuse angle, appearing like a prolongation of the broadly reflected lip. Aperture usually
trilobed. Umbilical region covered with a white callus. Lip widely reflected, with two ob-
tuse sinuses on each side, forming a prominent tooth between them, and a third profound sinus
near the middle of the lip ; occasionally a single tooth on the outer lip. Pillar with a large
white oblique tooth.

Color. Reddish brown ; reflected portion of the lip white, tinged occasionally with blue.

Diameter, 0-7-0-9. Height, 0- 5.

Fauna — Part 6. 5

34 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

Var. a. With a prominent acute carina, and destitute of protuberances (PI. 2, fig. 16). This

forms the Carocolla lielicoides of Lea, cited above.
Var. b. Also carinate, but with a smooth epidermis, and a single tooth on the outer lip.

H. obstricta of Say. Western States.
Var. c. Carinate ; the oblique stria? widely separated and distant. H. carolinensis of the

same author.
As far as I have had opportunities for the examination of this remarkable species, its
northernmost limits do not appear to extend beyond this State. It has been found at Niagara,
near Troy, and in the neighborhood of New York. According to Dr. Eights of Albany, this
species appears to affect more especially the Limestone region. In the latest European con-
chological works, this species figures under the name of denotata, which was applied to it
by Ferussac, without being aware of Say's previous description. I entirely concur with Mr,
Binney in the synonimes of this species, although I have had no opportunity of making a
personal examination of all the varieties.

Helix dentifera.

PLATE II. FIG. 17. a. B — (STATE COLLECTION.)
Helix dentifera. Bimney, Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 1, p. 494, pi. 21.

Description. Shell subglobose, somewhat flattened. Spire depressed. Whorls five, convex,
with numerous minute oblique stria;. Suture distinct. Lip broadly and abruptly reflected,
occasionally with a slight process near its lower margin. Pillar-lip with an oblique prominent
tooth, nearly parallel with the upper margin of the aperture. Umbilicus closed by the broadly
reflected outer lip.

Color. Epidermis yellowish horn, immaculate. Tooth white. Animal brownish above,
greyish on the sides.

Diameter, 0"7. Height, 0-3.

This species was first described by Mr. Binney from Vermont. It does not appear in the
most recent list of the shells of Massachusetts. It seems to be a rare species, but will in
all probability be delected in this and the adjoining eastern States.

Helix diodonta.

PLATE II. FIG. 18. A. b. — (STATE COLLECTION.)

Helix diodonta. Say, Long's Exped. St. Peters, Vol. 2, p. 257, pi. 15, fig. 4.
H. id. Wheatley, Cat. of Shells of the U. S. No. 470.

Description. Shell moderately large, somewhat depressed. Spire convex, very little ele-
vated. Whorls five, regularly and prominently wrinkled and grooved transversely. Aperture
moderate regular. Lip moderately reflected, with a slightly projecting tooth-like callus near

FAMILY HELIC1D.E HELIX. 35

the base on the inner edge. Pillar-lip with a short oblique tooth on the middle portion.
Umbilicus large and deep, exhibiting all the volutions. This is very indistinctly given in
the figure a.

Color. Pale horn-color ; reflected portion of the lip and the tooth white.

Diameter, 0-7-0-9. Height, 0-4-0-5.

This species is somewhat allied to H. profunda, but is distinguished by its armed pillar-
lip ; in its delicate texture, it resembles multilineata. According to Mr. Wheatley, it is found
from Maine to Ohio.

Helix monodon.

PLATE III. FIG. 19. PLATE III. FIG. 21. a. b.

Helix monodon. Racket, Tr. Lin. Soc. Lond. Vol. 13, p. 42, pi. 5, fig. 2.

H. fraterna. Say, Long's Exped. St. Peter's, Vol. "2, p. 257, pi. 15, fig. 3.

H. convexa. Lamarck, An. sans vert. Ed. Brux. Vol. 3, p. 408.

H. fraterna. Adams, Am. Jour. Sc. Vol. 40, p. 272.

H. monodon and fraterna. Binney, Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 3, pp. 360, 363, pi. 10, figs. 1/2.

H. monodon. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 174, fig. 113.

Description. Shell slightly convex, subdepressed, and covered with a hairy epidermis.
Whorls five or six, narrow, diminishing very gradually in width to the apex. Aperture
semilunar, restricted and closed by a deep groove behind the reflected portion of the outer
lip. The umbilicus either deep, but not exhibiting all the volutions as in fig. 21 ; or partially
or entirely closed by the reflected lip. The outer edge of the lip not projecting beyond the
surface of the whorl. Base rounded, much excavated in the umbilical region. Pillar-lip
with an oblique compressed elongated white tooth.

Color. Epidermis dusky brownish or chesnut-colored ; reflected portion of the outer lip
occasionally with a pinkish hue. Animal yellowish brown, darker in front.

Diameter, 03 -05.

This species was originally described by Mr. Racket in the English Linnean Transactions,
with an open umbilicus. Mr. Say described the same under the name of fraterna, with a
closed umbilicus. Both are now believed to be identical.

Found on rotten wood in forests, or in open fields under stones : a pair usually found to-
gether. It appears to extend through the Northern and Western States. It has been found
at Troy, and throughout the western district of this State. It seems to be allied to H.
hirsuta, but the tooth is much smaller than in that species, which is moreover imperforate.

36 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSC A.

Helix hirsuta.

PLATE III. FIG. 37. a. b. — (STATE COLLECTION)

Helix hirsuta. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. I, p. 17.

H. id. Binney, Journ. Nat. Hist. Vol. 3, p. 365, pi. 10, fig. 3.

H. id. Lamarck, An. sans veit. Ed. Brux. Vol. 3, p. 308.

H. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 175, fig. 116.

Description. Shell rather small, subglobose. Whorls five, slightly rounded, and covered
with numerous short rigid hairs. Suture distinct. Aperture very narrow, almost closed by
an elongated lamelliform tooth on the pillar-lip, which extends nearly from the middle
of the base to the junction of the outer lip with the body-whorl. Lip much depressed and
reflected back on the outer whorl, and nearly incorporated with it, with a deep fissure near
the centre of the inner margin. Often a small tooth-like projection about the centre of the
margin of the outer lip.

Color. Epidermis brownish. Animal whitish ; head and tentacles slate-colored.

Diameter of shell, 0-3.

This species is common in this State, and is very abundant throughout the Western States.
In cabinet specimens, it is often found divested of its hairy epidermis. It can scarcely b&-
confounded with any other species.

Helix elevata.

PLATE III. FIG. 20. a. B.— (STATE COLLECTION.)

Helix elevata. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 154.

H. knoxvilliana. Id. American Conchology, plate 37.

H. elevata. Bisney, Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 1, p. 191, pi. 19.

Description. Shell large, convex, elevated, almost conical. Whorls nearly seven, some-
what convex, with minute oblique striee. Lip reflected, more broadly so towards its lower
inner margin, which is somewhat thickened. Umbilicus none. Pillar-lip with a stout white
obliquely curved tooth.

Color. Yellowish horn ; reflected edge of the lip and the tooth white. Animal ash-brown
above.

Diameter of the shell, 0"9. Height, 0-6.

This species, which is rather common in the Western States, has likewise been observed
in Pennsylvania. I have not succeeded in detecting it in this State, but it will probably be
found in the western district.

family helicid^e helix. 37

Helix fuliginosa.

PLATE III. FIG. 22.
H. fuliginosa, Griffith. Adams, Am. Jour. Sc. Vol. 40, p. 273.

Description. Shell large, pellucid, polished, little elevated. Volutions slightly convex.
Lip simple. Umbilicus open, broad, profound ; its margin furrowed by the tranverse
wrinkles, which become effaced towards the periphery of the body-whorl. Aperture large,
simple, semilunate.

Color. Light waxen, polished, with greenish tinge ; interior of the mouth rosaceous.

Diameter, 1*0.

This species has been detected near Troy in this State, by Dr. Newcomb. It is allied to
«.he following species, from which, however, I suppose it to differ constantly in size.

Helix cellaria.

PLATE HI. PIG. 25 a. b.— (STATE COLLECTION.)

Helix cellaria. Mullee, Verm. Hist. No. 130.

H. glaphyra. Say, Nich. Ency*Ed. Am. Vol. 4, pi. 1, fig. 3.

H. nitida. Uraparnaud, Moll. pi. 8, fig. 23 to 25.

H. cellaria. Binney, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 3, pi. 26, fig. 2.

H. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 180, fig. 104.

Description. Shell moderately small, orbicular, depressed, concave beneath, thin, fragile,
smoothly polished. Whorls five, slightly convex, with irregular obsolete transverse wrinkles.
The umbilicus moderate, gradually enlarging towards the circumference of the body-whorl.
Lip simple, thin, acute and regular. Aperture lunate, broader than high.

Color. Waxen or whitish, polished, slightly tinged with greenish, with deeper colored ver-
tical striae ; within the aperture, purplish. Animal light indigo-blue above, darkest on the
head ; collar greenish.

Diameter of the shell, 0'3 - 0'5.

This animal is now supposed, by the most recent American conchological writers, to be
identical with the cellaria of Miiller, and to have been introduced about water-casks, green-
house plants, etc. It is often confounded with inornata of Say, in the immature state of the
latter species, when the umbilicus is but small.

38 new-york fauna mollusca.

Helix suppressa.

PLATE III. FIG. 24. A. B.
Helix suppressa. Say, Des. ler. and fluv. shells, -p. 14.

Description. Shell small, subglobose, depressed, polished, somewhat pellucid. Volutions
six in number, wrinkled. Spire convex. Aperture sublimate, narrower beneath. A single
prominent tooth within, near the base and distant from the margin. Pillar-lip smooth, simple.
Umbilicus small and deep ; the umbilical region indented.

Color. Pale horn ; the body- whorl opake ; whitish near the aperture.

Diameter, 0-2.

This species occurs throughout New- York and Pennsylvania. It has the habit of H. hgera,
except in size and armature. It is also frequently confounded with H. gularis, which it
resembles very much both in size and external characters. It differs, however, in its armature.

Helix intertexta.

PLATE III. FIG. 29. — (STATE COLLECTION.)

Description. Shell moderately large, orbicular, subconic, thin. Apex elevated. Lip simple.
Umbilicus narrow, but open to the apex, the basal margin being folded over so as to cover
partially the entrance. Volutions five, subrounded, rather flattened ; apicial whorl smooth ;
all the others with numerous equidistant stria;, which are also impressed on the interior.
Body-whorl obtusely carinate in the upper third of its centre, near the junction of the outer
lip, but becoming effaced and almost obsolete on the margin of the outer lip. Suture deeply
impressed.

Color. Chesnut-brown externally, purplish within ; a light colored revolving line on the
upper third of the body-whorl, and is lost in the suture.

Diameter, 0"4. Height, 0'31.

This species I derived from Dr. Newcomb, who obtained it from Manchester, Ontario
county, and also from moist woody places in Wayne county. It was labelled " intertexta,
Gould ;" which name I have retained. It appears to be a very distinct species, although from
its markings it may prove to be the young of H. solitaria ; but that species has a wide
umbilicus. It is allied in the form and covering of the umbilicus to H. inornata, but differs
in the angle of the outer lip with the body-whorl.

FAMILY HELICID^E HELIX. 39

Helix inornata.

(STATE COLLECTION.)
Helix nwrnala. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol. 2, p. 371.

Description. Shell thin, subglobose, polished ; resembling, in its texture and external
configuration, H. cellaria. The whorls rounded, with numerous transverse wrinkles Spire
convex, little elevated. Suture distinct, but not deeply impressed. Umbilicus small, profound.
Lip simple, somewhat thickened near the base, slightly everted at that place over the umbilicus.
Pillar-lip smooth, polished. Aperture lunate, wider than high.

Color. Pale yellowish horn-color, polished.

Diameter, 0-5-0'7. Height, 0'3.

This species has been obtained from Orange and Rockland counties in this State, and is
also found throughout the western district. It extends throughout the Western States, but
does not appear farther north than this State. According to Say, it is closely allied to ligera,
but is larger and not as solid, and the aperture is proportionally wider.

Helix labyrinthica.

PLATE III. FIG. 31— (STATE COLLECTION.)

Helix labyrinthica. Say, Nich. Ency, Vol. 4 ; Jour. Aead. Nat. Sci. Vol. 1, p. 124.
H. id, Binney, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 3, pi. 24, fig. 1.

H. id. GorjLD, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 184, fig. 106.

Description. Shell very small, conoidal ; the apex obtuse. Whorls six, rapidly decreasing
to the apex, with distinct elevated equidistant oblique lines. Suture distinct. Outer lip
somewhat reflected, rounded. Pillar-lip with a long tooth-like ridge (and sometimes beneath
it a second one), which appears to revolve within the shell parallel to the suture. The second
ridge, when present, terminates before it reaches a point on the pillar-lip, opposite to the
outer margin of the lip. Shell flat beneath, with the umbilical region excavated and the
umbilicus small.

Color, varying from reddish brown to brownish horn-color. Outer lip often rose-colored.
Animal: Head slate-colored above ; foot white, linear; tentacles dark colored.

Diameter, O'l. Height, 0*1.

Found on fungus in decaying wood, or under logs and among decaying leaves. It is easily
distinguished by its strongly corrugated surface, and the internal ridge or ridges on the pillar-
lip. Ranges from Massachusetts, and perhaps farther north, to Missouri. In this State it
has been found near Troy, and in the neighborhood of New-York.

40 new-york fauna mollusc a.

Helix ligera.

PLATE III. FIG. 32. a. B. — (STATE COLLECTION.)
Helix ligera? Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol. 2, p. 157.

Description. Shell subglobose, polished ; the body-whorl pellucid. Spire somewhat ele-
vated. Volutions five to six, with minute transverse wrinkles ; the apex smooth. Umbilicus
moderately large. Lip simple, not reflected, but slightly everted at its lower margin so as
partially to cover the umbilicus. Suture distinct. Aperture lunate, broader than high.

Color. Light yellowish ; darker on and within the aperture.

Diameter, 0-5-0'6. Height, 0-3-0-4.

This species, which I noticed in Ontario county, varies very much in size, the smallest
not exceeding two-tenths of an inch in diameter. The everted lip, and the large umbilicus,
would seem to indicate a distinct species from that to which I have referred it. It mav.
however, remain provisionally here. It was found in low meadows.

Helix minuta.

PLATE III. FIG. 33. a. B— (STATE COLLECTION.)

Helix minuta. Sat, Nirh. Ency. No. 7. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 1, p. 123.

H. pulchella. BiNNET, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 3, pi. 13.

H. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 176, fig. 102 (excl. syn.).

H. id. Adams, Am. Jour. Science, Vol. 41, p. 272.

Description. Shell very minute, polished, depressed. Whorls three or four, with faint
transverse wrinkles. Suture deeply impressed. Umbilicus large, exhibiting all the volutions.
Aperture nearly orbicular. Lip thickened and reflected, not approaching beneath the umbi-
licus.

Color. Whitish or light horn-color, or opake white. Animal pale-colored.

Diameter, 0-08-0-1. Height, 0" 05.

Under the bark of trees, and among rotten wood ; extending from Massachusetts to Mis-
souri. It is thought by some of our eminent conchologists to be identical with the European
pulchella of Miiller, notwithstanding the sharp parallel ribs which characterize that species.
As I view it, I shall consider it as exclusively an American species. The specimen which
furnished the figure was obtained from Crownpoint, Essex county.

family helicidie — helix. 41

Helix multilineata.

PLATE III. FIG. 34. A. B.— (STATE COLLECTION.)
Helix multilineata. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, 156.

Description. Shell large, thin, convex, imperforate. Whorls six, with elevated subequi-
distant lines separated by grooves. Aperture lunated, not angulated at the base of the
column, but obtusely curved. Lip contracting slightly the aperture, reflected, white, and
adpressed to the body-whorl near the base. Umbilicus covered with a white callus.

Color. Dark brown, with numerous dark red revolving lines varying from four or five to
twenty-five or thirty, sometimes confluent into bands which are minutely and irregularly
undulated. Animal granulated ; granulaa large, whitish, the interstices blackish. Foot black-
ish beneath.

Diameter, 0'8- 1*1. Height, 0-5-0'8.

This animal was observed by Say in Illinois and Missouri, where it is exceedingly nu-
merous. The specimen which furnished the figure was said to have been found in the
western district of this State, but the precise locality was not indicated.

Helix pennsylvanica.

PLATE HI. FIG. 35. a. b.— (STATE COLLECTION.)

Helix pennsylvanica. Green, Journ. Maclurian Lyceum, No. 1, p. 8.

H. id. Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. Vol. 1, p. 483, pi. 16.

Description. Shell moderately large, convex, elevated, imperforate. Whorls five or six,
rounded, with numerous oblique striae. Suture distinctly impressed. Lip reflected, with
occasionally a thickening near the hase. Aperture oblique, subtriangular. Umbilicus closed,
with its region somewhat indented.

Color. Reddish or dark reddish brown ; lip white.

Diameter, 0-8. Height, 0-6.

This species occurs throughout the Western States. It has been found in Pennsylvania,
and will probably be discovered in the western district of this State.

Fauna — Part 6.

42 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

Helix perspectiva.

PLATE III. FIG. 38. A. B. — (STATE COLLECTION.)

Helix perspectiva. Say, Journal Academy Nat. Sciences, Vol. 1, p. 18.
H. id. Id. Long's Eiped. St. Peters, Vol. 2, p. 258.

Description. Shell small, orbicular, very much depressed. Whorls six, transversely
striated, with raised parallel acute lines, forming strongly impressed furrows between them.
Umbilicus very large, resembling an inverted spire ; in diameter equalling nearly the breadth
of the body-whorl, and exhibiting distinctly all the volutions.

Color. Yellowish, sometimes tinged with rufous.

Diameter, 0-3, Height, O'l.

Common in moist places, in the western district of the State. Found originally by Lesueur
near Lake Erie. Through inattention, the magnified figures b. c. are said to be of the natural
size.

Helix profunda.

PLATE III FIG. 57. a. b. c. — (STATE COLLECTION)

Helix profunda. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol.2, p. 160.
H. richardi. Ferussac, Hist, des Moll, pi. 70, fig. 4.
H. profunda. Say, American Conchology, pi. 37.

Description. Shell moderately large, convex, regularly ascending to the slightly elevated
spire. Whorls five, regularly rounded, with deeply impressed oblique wrinkles. Aperture
oblique, dilated. Lip reflected and (except near the superior angle) flat, with a slightly pro-
jecting tooth-like callus on the inner edge towards the base. Umbilicus large, profound, and
exhibiting all the volutions ; base somewhat excavated. The lower margin of the lip is almost
reflected over the umbilicus.

Color. Uniform pale corneous or light ashen grey ; or more frequently a revolving rufous
line on the body-whorl, which is almost concealed upon the spire by the suture, but which
passes for a short distance above the aperture. Lip white on its reflected edge.

Diameter, 0-9. Height, 0-6.

Var. a. with many rufous lines.

This species was sent to me from the western part of the State. It occurs also in Ohio
and Missouri.

FAMILY HEUCIDJE — HELIX. 43

Helix striatella.

PLATE III. FIG. 40. a. B. c. —(STATE COLLECTION )

Helix striatella. Anthony, Journ. Nat. Hist. Vol. 3, p. 298, pi. 3, fig. 2.

//. ruderata ? Stkder. Adams, Amcr. Jour. Science, Vol 40, p. 273 and 408.

H striatella. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 178, fig. 112.

Description. Shell small, orbicular, polished, thin, much depressed ; the spire somewhat
elevated. Whorls four to five, flattened above, rounded beneath, with a distinctly impressed
suture, minutely but distinctly marked with elevated sharp lines, which are most obvious on
the circumference of the shell ; these become obsolete on the whorls near the apex. Aperture
oblique, rounded. Base excavated, passing into a broad and deep umbilicus. Lip thin and
simple.

Color. Uniform transparent horn, or yellowish or reddish brown. Animal with bluish black
tentacles ; margin and posterior part of the foot white ; foot transparent, terminating acutely
behind.

Diameter at the aperture, 0'2. Height, 0- 1 .

This beautiful little species has for a long time been considered as identical with the H.
perspectiva of Say. It is, however, a smaller and more delicate shell ; the ridges are more
conspicuous, and it has fewer whorls.

It has been found near Oriskany and Troy in this State, about old timber and under the
bark of rotten trees. Its hitherto ascertained geographical range is from Vermont through
Ohio.

Helix solitaria.

PLATE HI. FIG. 41. a. b. - (STATE COLLECTION.)
Helix sottaria. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 157.

- Description. Shell large, solid, subglobose. Spire conic-convex. Volutions five and a
half, wrinkled across and rounded : suture rather deeply impressed. Aperture wide, em-
bracing rather a small portion of the penultimate whorl. Lip simple, not reflected. Umbili-
cus large, exhibiting distinctly all the volutions.

Color. Reddish horn-color, with two or more revolving dark reddish lines.

Diameter 1 • 0 - 1 • 3. Height, 0 • 7.

This species was first designated by Mr. Say, who noticed it in Missouri. It has since
been found, as I am informed, in Ohio. The specimen which furnished the figure was said
to have been obtained from Pennsylvania. It may probably be detected in this State.

44 new-york fauna — mollusc a.

Helix rufa.

PLATE III. FIG. 30. a. B. — (STATE COLLECTION.)

Description. Shell moderately large, subglobose, thin, with the apex slightly elevated.
Whorls five, convex, with numerous distinct oblique lines of growth. Spire somewhat ele-
vated, polished. Suture very distinctly impressed. Lip simple, somewhat thickened beneath,
dilated at its junction with the body-whorl, and almost reflected over the umbilicus. Umbili-
cus moderate, deep.

Color. Uniform reddish brown. Diameter, 0-7. Height, 0"5.

This shell was sent to me from the highlands of Rockland and Orange counties. I referred
it originally to the inornata of Say ; but a reexamination of the shell has satisfied me that it
is specifically distinct, not only in its color, but the elevation of its spire, and the shape of
the outer lip.

Helix lineata.

Helix tmeota. Say, Nich. Encyc). No. 11. Joura. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. I, p. 18, Vol. 2, p. 373.
H. id. Binney, Bost. Jour. Nat. History, Vol. 3, pi. 29, fig. 3.

H. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 179, fig. 103.

Description. Shell minute, thin and polished, orbicular, very much depressed. Whorls
four, flat above, higher than broad, and covered with numerous parallel raised revolving lines.
Suture distinctly impressed. Lip simple, with two and occasionally three pair of white
conical teeth, visible through the body-whorl. Umbilicus very large and deep, exhibiting all
the volutions.

Color. Light greenish, frequently covered with a dusky epidermis. Diameter, 02.

This minute species has been noticed from Vermont to Maryland. I have received speci-
mens from the neighborhood of Troy, in this State. It is usually found under stones and
leaves, and attached to rotten trees. It has a strong resemblance to a Planorbis, and may
be, as Dr. Gould suggests, the P.parallelus of Say.

Helix chersina.

PLATE XXXV. FIG. 338.

Helix chersina. Say, Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 156.

H id. Binney, Bost. Jour. Nat. History, Vol. 3, pi. 24, fig. 6.

H. id. Adams, American Journal Science, Vol. 40, p. 273.

H. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, p. 185, fig. 105.

Description. Shell minute, elevated, conic, pellucid, thin, very smooth and shining.
Whorls six, smooth, with a deep suture. Aperture semilunar, narrow, much higher than
broad, of about an equal width above and below : lip simple : base convex. Umbilical region
indented but closed. Color. Smoky horn-color. Diameter, 01.

FAMILY HELIC1D.E HELIX. 45

This species has been found from Vermont to Georgia. Tn this Stale it has, I learn, also
been found, but I am not aware of the precise locality. It occurs under pieces of wood, and
among rotten leaves. I have not had an opportunity of examining it, and am indebted to Dr.
Gould for the description and figure. It can only be confounded with the H. labyrinthica ;
but its polished surface, and the absence of parallel ridges wilhin its mouth, afford sufficiently
distinctive characters.

{EXTRA-LIM1TAL )

H. major. (Binney, Bost. Jour. Vol 1, p. 473, pi. 12.) Whorls six, with coarse oblique raised
stria?; revolving strise indistinct or wanting. Color, brownish horn. Diameter, 1 "5. Southern
Stales.

Closely allied to albolabris, and supposed by Femssac and others to be a southern variety of
that species.

H. inflecla. (Say, Ac. Nat. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 153. Binney, lb. Vol. 3, p. 358, pi. 9, fig. 1.) Aperture
trilobate. One or two teeth on the inner margin of the lip. Pillar-lip with a large lamelliform
tooth. Umbilicus closed. Epidermis brownish horn, with occasionally fine hair-like projections.
Diameter, 0 • 8. North-Carolina and the Western States.

H. irrorata. (Say, 1. c. Vol. 2, p. 370. Var. lactea, Ferussac.) Shell subglobular, depressed,
imperforate. Whorls five; wrinkles on the body- whorl obsolete, more distinct on the spire. Su-
ture declining much near the mouth. Lip reflected, but not flattened. Color, pale reddish brown,
with numerous white spots, and about four deeper brown obsolete bands. Diameter, 0 • 6. Penn-
sylvania.

H. corpuloides, Montagu. (Adams, Am. Jour. Vol. 38, p. 193.) Near Boston.

H. egena. (Say, 1. c. Vol. 5, p. 120.) Shell small, polished, convex. Whorls five, rounded, not
distinctly wrinkled. Aperture transverse, rather narrow. Lip simple, its lower margin termi-
nating at the base of the shell. Umbilicus none, but deeply indented. Diameter, 0-1. Penn-
sylvania.

H. mitchelliana. (Lea, Am. Phil. Soc. Vol. 6, p. 87, pi. 23, fig. 71 ) Shell above obtusely conical,
below inflated, longitudinally and finely striate: whorls five. Lip reflected; aperture nearly round.
Imperforate. Color, corneous transparent. Diameter, 0-7. Ohio. Allied to jejuna and ligera.

11. porcina. (Say, Exped. to St. Peter's, Vol. 2, p. 257, pi. 15, fig. 2.) Shell small, depressed.
Epidermis rugose, with numerous minute bristles. Whorls rather more than four, depressed
above, rounded beneath, forming a very obtuse angle rather above the centre of the whorl. Umbi-
licus open rather small, profound. Lip simple. Color, yellowish brown. Diameter, 0*3. N.
W. Territory.

H. vancouvrensis. (Lea, Am. Phil. Tr. Vol. 6, p. 87, pi. 23, fig. 72.) Shell large, planoconvex,
flattened below and shining, longitudinally striate, widely umbilicate. Whorls five, rounded. Lip
below somewhat reflexed, above depressed, forming a sinuous edge : columella short, callous.
Color, corneous. Diameter, 1 •!. Oregon.

46 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

H. interna. (Say, Ac. Nat. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 155.) Whorls 6-8, with regular elevated transverse lines,
which are obsolete beneath. Spire convex, little elevated. Aperture very straight, the transverse
less than one half of the longitudinal diameter. Lip not reflected. Umbilicus obsolete or wanting.
Two prominent lamelliform teeth within the lip; the upper largest, and neither attaining the edge
of the lip. Color, yellowish red. Diameter, 0'3. Missouri.
H. nuttaliana. (Lea, Am. Trans. Vol. 6, p. 88, pi. 23, fig. 74.) Shell obtusely conical, large, flat-
tened beneath, umbilicate, minutely striated longitudinally. Whorls seven. Lip somewhat re-
flected. Aperture nearly round, banded within. Yellowish above, dark brown below; near the
carina, banded. Diameter, 1 • 3. Oregon.
H. columbiana. (Id. 1. c. Vol. 6, p. 87, pi. 23, fig. 75.) Shell moderately large, obtusely convex,
rounded beneath, umbilicate. Whorls six, roundish. Lip white, reflected, slightly callous below.
Color, corneous, polished, longitudinally striate, transparent. Diameter, 0*7. Columbia River.
H. californiensis. (Id. 1. c. Vol. 6. p. 99, pi. 23, fig. 79.) Shell moderately large, globose, imperfo-
rate, granulated. Whorls five. Lip reflected : columella smooth. Color, brownish, with a dark
revolving band. Diameter, 0 • 7. California.
H- gvlaris. (Say, Jour. Acad. Vol. 2, p. 156.) Very small, subglobose, polished, pellucid. Whorls
6-7, with prominent wrinkles. Spire convex, a little elevated. Suture moderate. Lip not re-
flected. Throat bidentate, far within on the side of the lip. Teeth lamelliform, of which one is
oblique and near the middle, and the other shorter and near the base. Umbilicus none. Color,
yellowish horn ; beneath opake, whitish yellow. Diameter, 0*3. Ohio.
A southern species often confounded with suppressa.
H. townsendiana. (Lea, Am. Phil. Tr. Vol. 6, p. 99, pi. 23, fig. 80.) Shell large, obtusely conical,
longitudinally striate, rough, umbilicate. Whorls five. Aperture nearly round. Lip reflected ;
columella smooth. Color, brownish. Diameter, 1 • 0. Columbia River.
H. jejuna. (Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 158.) Shell small, subglobular, glabrous. Whorls
five, regularly rounded and slightly wrrinkled: spire convex; suture rather deeply impressed.
Aperture dilate, lunate. Lip not reflected, a little thicker within. Umbilicus open, small. Color,
pale reddish brown. Diameter, 0*3. Southern States.
H. oregonensis. (Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Vol. 6, p. 100, pi. 23, fig. 85.) Shell moderately small, sub-
carinate, thin, smooth ; above, slightly convex ; below, somewhat inflated. Color, reddish brown
a dark brown and white band on the carina. Diameter, 0 • 6. Oregon.
H. dealbala. (Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 159.) Shell moderately small, conical, oblong,
thin, fragile, and somewhat ventricose. Whorls six or seven, wrinkled across, more deeply so on
the spire. Spire elongated, subacute, longer than the aperture, which is longer than wide. Lip
not reflected. Umbilicus small and deep. Diameter, 0*5. Alabama, Missouri. Resembles a
Bulimus.
H. wardiana. (Lea, Tr. Am. Phil Soc. Vol. 6, pi. 23, p. 67, fig. 82.) Shell convex, rounded, umbilicate,
flattened below, translucent. Whorls six, longitudinally striate : spire obtuse : lip acute, thickened
within. Color, polished corneous ; animal with black stripes along the side. Diameter, 0 • 4.
Ohio. Resembles User a.

FAMILY HELICID.E HELIX. 47

H. auriculata. Polygyra id. (Say, Ac. Sc. Vol. 1, p. 277. Pl. 3, fig. 28 in this volume.) Shell
small, flattened above. Spire little elevated, often eroded. Whorls 5, rounded beneath, obtusely
carinate above, regularly wrinkled across. Umbilicus small within, dilated without. Lip and
pillar-lip irregularly dilated, and nearly closing the aperture, with a faint resemblance to an ear.
Color, bluish white to reddish brown. Diameter, 0 • 4 ; height, 0-2. Florida.

This forms the typo of a new genus proposed by Say, under the name of Polygyra, but which
has not been adopted by subsequent naturalists. I have deemed it important to give a figure, as there
is none extant to which the American naturalist has convenient access.

H. sayi. (Wood, Index Suppl. pl. 7, 34 n.) Shell small. Lip reflected, forming a narrow sulcus
towards the open umbilicus. Color, brownish.

Closely allied to, if not identical with the preceding.

H. septemvolva. Polygyra id. (Say, Ac. Sc. Vol. I, p. 278. Ferbssac, pl. 51, fig. 6.) Shell
much depressed, discoidal. Spire not prominent. Whorls 7, perfectly lateral, compressed and
depressed, with lines and grooves above; a projecting keel on the upper edge of the body-whorl.
Aperture subreniform, not contracted. Outer lip reflected; pillar-lip projecting inward into an
angle or tooth. Umbilicus moderate, attenuated to the apex, so as to show the volutions. Diameter,
0-3-0-4. Georgia, Florida.

H. avara. (Say, lb. Vol. 1, p. 277.) Spire convex. Whorls four, rounded, wrinkled, and furnished
with many short robust hairs. Aperture with two projecting obtuse teeth on the outer lip, separated
by a deep sinus ; pillar-lip connected to an elongate lamelliform oblique tooth on the penultimate
whorl. Umbilicus moderate, not showing the volutions. Diameter, 0 • 25. Florida, Carolina.

H. aspersa. (Ferussac, Moll. pl. 18.)

* * Whorls angular.

H. spinosa. Carocolla id. (Lea, 1. c. Vol. 4, p. 104, pl. 15, fig. 35. Binney, Bost. Jour. Vol.
3, pl. 11; and Pl. 6, fig. 114 a. b. of this book.) Shell lenticular, thin, diaphanous, imperforate.
Carina acute, with minute spines. Whorls 6. Spire nearly planular, being guarded by a long
tooth on the columella. Outer lip irregularly thick, angulated near the upper termination. Diame-
ter, 0-6. Alabama.

This belongs to the genus Carocolla of Lamarck, and Helicigona of Ferussac, but is considered
by later writers as a merely artificial section.

H. cumberlandiana. Carocolla id. (Lea, Am. Tr. Vol. 8, p. 229, pl. 6, fig. 61.) Shell lenticular,
carinate, striate, widely umbilicate, impressed above and below the carina. Whorls 5. Aperture
angular, within furrowed. Lip acute. Color, whitish brown, spotted. Length, 0-14; diameter,
0 • 54. Tennessee.

H. lasmadon. (Philips, Ac. Sc. Vol. 8, p. 182.) Shell minute, moderately elevated, lenticular, rather
thick, umbilicate, faintly striate. Aperture compressed, with one or two lamellar teeth. Color,
light horn. Alabama.

48 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

GENUS PUPA. Lamarck.

Shell small, obtuse at the tip ; the last whorl in the adult narrower or not larger than the
others, giving it a cylindrical shape. Aperture semioval or irregular, and modified by teeth.
Animal with four tentacles as in the preceding ; but in the smaller species, the anterior pair
scarcely apparent.

Obs. The animals composing this group are generally terrestrial, and usually small ; inhabit
moist places among mosses, and under the bark of rotten trees. They may be found abun-
dantly in old deserted tanyards, feeding on woody fibres. We are indebted to Messrs. Say
and Gould for the best illustration of the American species of this genus.

Pupa milium.

PLATE IV. FIG. 44.

Pupa milium. Gould, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. Vol 3, p. 402, pi. 3, fig. 23.
P. id. Adams, American Journal of Science, Vol. 40, p. 271.

P. id. Godld, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 187, fig. 118.

Description. Shell exceedingly minute, suboval. Whorls four, rather convex, obviously
wrinkled ; apex bluntly rounded : suture deep. Aperture half the width of the last whorl,
heart-shaped, the apex being its right upper angle: transverse margin nearly direct ; the
outer margin scolloped by an indentation of the lip ; remainder of the margin regularly
rounded. Lip white, slightly everted. Throat with six teeth, two of which, on the trans-
verse lip, equidistant ; one with a tubercle at its base, on the middle of the left lip, and nearly
at right angles with the former, is the largest ; a fourth is on the indenture of the outer lip,
directed between the two on the transverse lip and two smaller ones more within the shell.
Umbilicus large and deep.

Color. Light chesnut.

Diameter 0-03. Height, 0-06.

Found by Dr. Gould (whose description I have adopted) in Massachusetts, and subsequent-
ly in Vermont. It will doubtless be detected in this State. Allied to P. ovata of Say ; but
that shell is larger, and the semioval aperture with seven teeth.

family helicid^e pupa. 49

Pupa badia.

PLATE IV. FIG. 45.

Pupa badia. Adams, Amer. Joum. Science, Vol. 40, p. 271,

P. id. Id. Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 3, p. 331, pi. 3, fig. 18.

Pupitla id. Godld, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. Vol. 3, p. 404.

Description. Shell very obtusely tapering in the two upper whorls. Whorls seven, convex.
Aperture orbicular, with a slightly reflected margin, and a single tooth on the penultimate
whorl. Umbilicus moderate.

Color. Reddish brown. Diameter, 0-07. Height, 0"14.

This species has been observed at Crownpoint in this State.

Pupa exigua.

PLATE IV. FIG. 46 — (STATE COLLECTION.)

Pupa exigua. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 375.

P. id. Gould, Jour. Nat. History. Vol. 3, p. 398, pi. 3, fig. 20.

P. id. Adams, American Journal of Science, Vol. 40, p. 271.

P. id. Godld, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, p. 191, fig. 122.

Description. Shell exceedingly minute, elongate, subcylindrical. Apex somewhat obtuse.
Whorls five, with minute grooved lines. Suture distinctly impressed. Aperture large and
oblicpie, with the lip smooth and widely reflected, but not flattened. Pillar-lip bidentate ;
one near the middle, and the other smaller, near its inner termination. Umbilicus distinct.

Color. Pellucid watery white. Diameter, 0-04; height, 0-15.

This very minute species has been noticed in Vermont, Massachusetts and Ohio. In this
State, it has been detected by Dr. Newcomb near Troy.

Pupa contracta.

PLATE IV. FIG. 47.

Pupa contracta. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 374.
P. id. Gould, Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 3, p. 309, pi. 3, fig 22.

P. id. Adams, American Journal of Science, Vol. 40, p. 271.

Description. Shell very small, subcylindrical. Apex obtuse. Whorls five, convex, with
faint transverse lines : suture distinct. Aperture irregularly triangular. Lip widely reflected,
not flattened ; pillar-lip with a large elongated spoon-shaped lip, and contracting the throat
into the form of a horse-shoe. An oblong thin tooth or fold far within the shell. Umbilicus
large and distinct. Color, waxen white or dead white. Diameter, 0*05; height, 0'1.

Found among decaying logs and old stumps, from Vermont to Virginia. In this State, it
has been noticed near Troy, and throughout the western district. It appears to be a common
species.

Fauna — Part 6. 7

50 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

Pupa ovata.

PLATE IV. FIG. 50. — (STATE COLLECTION.)

Pupa ovata Vertigo id. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 2, p, 375.

P. modesta. Id. Long's Exped. St. Peter's, Vol. 2, p. 259, pi. 15, fig. 5. (Immature.)

P. modesta ? Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 188, fig. 119.

P. ovata. Adams, Am. Journal of Science, Vol. 40, p. 271.

Description. Shell minute, subovate, thin. Apex obtuse. Whorls five to six, rounded,
apparently smooth, but with minute transverse wrinkles. Aperture semioval, oblique. Lip
reflected, but not flattened. Teeth five, slender and sharp : three on the pillar-lip, parallel
to each other, the upper and lower small, the latter sometimes obsolete ; the two other
approximate, extending at right angles to the three preceding ones. Umbilicus small, but
distinct.

Color. Amber or dusky brown.

Diameter, 0'02; height, O'05-O-l.

Occurs in moist places under pieces of wood, from Vermont to Pennsylvania.

Pupa corticaria.

PLATE IV. FIG. 49. — (STATE COLLECTION.)

Pupa corticaria. Say, Nich. Encycl. Am. ed. No. 1, pi. 4, fig. 5.
P. id. Gould, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 3, p. 397.

Description. Shell nearly cylindrical. Apex rounded. Whorls four to five, not perceptibly
wrinkled or striate. Aperture suborbicular, often irregular : lip reflected. A tooth on the
pillar-lip, which is near the outer angle. Inner angle with an angular projection resembling
a second tooth, sometimes obsolete.

Height, 0-1.

Common under the bark of trees.

Pupa pentodon.

PLATE IV. FIG. 48 ; AND PLATE XXXV. FIG. 337.

Pupa pentodon. Vertigo id. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 376.
P. curvidens. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 189, fig. 120.
P. tappaniana. Adams;

Description. Shell minute, subovate, approaching cylindrical ; apex obtuse, rounded. Suture
distinct, but not deeply impressed. Whorls five, convex, glabrous. Aperture semioval. Pillar-
lip bidentate, of which a single prominent one is medial ; the other much smaller, remote, and
placed in the basal angle of the columella. Lip regularly arcuated, tridentate ; the tooth

FAMILY HEUCUXE — PUPA. 51

nearest the base very small, and placed near the smaller tooth of the columella ; the two
others larger, subequal. Umbilicus distinct.

Color. Whitish horn. Animal with two truncated tubercles, representing the anterior
tentacles : foot white ; and head and neck, as far as the mantle, black.

Height, 0-09.

This, according to Dr. Eights, is common about Albany and Troy. PL 35, fig. 337, is
copied from Gould, to illustrate his curvidens, which is now considered as identical with this
species.

Pupa fallax.

PLATE XXXV. FIG. 331.

Cyclostoma marginatai Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 172.

Pupa fallax. Id. Jour. Ac. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 5, p. 121.
P. placida. Id. Desci terr. and fluv. shells, p. 24.

P. fallax. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 192, fig. 123.

P. albolabrisi Adams, American Jour. Science, Vol. 40, p. 271/

Description. Shell very small, turreted, regularly tapering to a pointed apex. Whorls six,
moderately convex, polished, minutely wrinkled. Aperture unarmed, suboval, truncated above
by the penultimate whorl, less than one third of the whole length of the shell. Lip white,
reflected and thickened. Pillar-lip nearly straight, and turns abruptly at the front so as to
form nearly a right angle. Umbilicus small, but distinct. Color, dusky or pale horn.

Height, 0-2-0-3.

This animal was first described by Say as a Cyclostoma, under the name of C. marginata.
In describing P. fallax, he undoubtedly alludes to this as Pupa marginata, but thinks it
differs by its larger size, and its lip not being so widely reflected. Recent American concho-
logists have, however, united not only these species together, but have added to them the P.
placida of the same author,* as published in a scarce tract now out of print.

I have not been so fortunate as to detect this species in this State, but I am informed that
it has been found here by Mr. Binney. Its present range is from Massachusetts to Ohio.

* P. placida. (Des. terr. and fluv. shells, p. 24.) Shell pale yellowish horn ; apex whitish obtuse. Whorls six and a
half, somewhat wrinkled : suture moderately impressed : aperture unarmed, longitudinally oval, truncate a little obliquely
above by the penultimate volution. Columella so recurved as almost to conceal the umbilicus : labnim, with the excep-
tion of the superior portion, appearing a little recurved when viewed in front, but in profile this is hardly perceptible.
Umbilicus very narrow. Height, 0-3.

Since writing the above, I learn that the original specimen of the P. placida of Say is the Bidimus hordeaceus of
Europe.

52 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

Pupa armifera.

Pupa armifera. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 162.

P. id. Gould, Bost. Jour. Nat. History, Vol.3, p. 401.

P. id. Adams, American Journal of Science, Vol. 40, p. 271.

Description. Shell oblong-oval, or somewhat obtusely fusiform. Suture distinct. Whorls
six, obsoletely wrinkled. Aperture longitudinally subovate. Lip reflected but not flattened,
interrupted above by the penultimate whorl, and with five teeth, of which the superior, and
that which precedes the basal one, are smallest. Pillar-lip with an undulated lamelliform
tooth ; its anterior extremity little elevated, but elongated so as almost to join the superior
extremity of the exterior lip.

Height, 0"2 nearly.

Var. a. The two smaller teeth obsolete.
Var. b. The basal tooth obsolete.

This species has been found at Crownpoint in this State, and ranges westwardly to
Missouri.

Pupa simplex.

PLATE XXXVI. FIG. 347.
Pupa simplex. Gould, Bost. Jour. Nat Hist. Vol. 3, p. 403, pi. 3, fig. 21. Id. Invertebrata of Massachusetts, p. 190, fig. 121.

Description. Shell minute ; two-thirds of the shell cylindrical, surmounted by a rapidly
formed blunt apex, smooth. Whorls five, moderately convex, quite smooth, separated by a
distinct suture. Aperture circular, except for a small section from the posterior portion,
which is cut off by the encroachment of the preceding whorl. Lip simple and sharp, slightly
everted on the left side, and partially hiding a small umbilicus. No trace of a tooth.

Color. Light chesnut.

Diameter, 0 ■ 02. Height, 0 ■ 05.

This appears to be a rare species, observed in Massachusetts, and first described by Dr.
Gould.

(EXTRALIMITAL.)

P. rupicola. (Say, Jour. Ac. Vol. 2, p. 163. P. procera, Gould, Jour. Bost. Soc. p. 481.) Shell
minute, attenuated to an obtuse apex. Whorls six, glabrous ; suture deeply impressed ; pillar-lip
bidentate ; upper tooth lamelliform, emarginate in the middle ; lower tooth placed on the columella,
and nearly at right angles with the preceding ; lip tridentate ; teeth placed somewhat alternately
with those of the pillar-lip. Color, white. Height, 0*1. Florida.

FAMILY HELICID.E — SUCCINEA. 53

GENUS SUCCINEA. Draparnaud.

Animal elongated, spiral, larger than the shell : tentacles four. Amphibious. Shell ovate,
subelongate, pellucid straw-colored, very thin : aperture very large, oval, entire, rounded
before, angular behind : lip simple. Whorls three.

SUCCINEA OVALIS.
PLATE IV. FIG. 51, Vak., aod 52.— (STATE COLLECTION.)

Succinea avaiis. Say, Nicli. Encycl. No. 2, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sc. Vol. 1, p. 15, and Vol. 2, p. 163.
■S. id. Adams, American Jour. Science, Vol. 40, p, 270.

•S. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 194, fig. 125.

Description. Shell suboval, diaphanous. Whorls nearly three, oblique. Body very large.
Spire small, but little prominent, somewhat obtuse. Columella much narrowed, so as almost
to permit a view of the interior apex from the base of the shell. Scarcely any calcareous
deposit on the pillar-lip.

Color. Pale yellowish. Animal pale, with black stripes on its neck, and squares or bands
on its sides.

Length, 0-3 -0-5.

Var. a. Minutely striated and distinctly impressed with a medial revolving line, large.

This is a common species about the margins of ponds, and in damp places. The shell is
so vitreous, according to Dr. Gould, as to permit the viscera and circulatory apparatus to be
seen through it. The distinctive characters of the species by the shell alone are so few, that
when I obtained the var. a. from streams in Rockland county, I supposed that it was quite
distinct enough to form a separate species under the name of lineata. Such a course in this
genus now appears to me premature, until I succeed in obtaining the living animal. The
typical form of this species (fig. 52) bears a striking resemblance to S. putris, var. y. of
Ferussac (Hist. Nat. Moll. pi. 11, a. fig. 7-8).

Succinea obliqua.

PLATE IV. FIG. 53. — (STATE COLLECTION.)

Succinea obliipia. Say, Long's Exped. St. Peters, Vol. 2, p. 260, pi. 15, fig. 7.
S. id. Adams, Am. Journal of Science, Vol. 40, p. 270.

Description. Shell oblong-oval, nearly pellucid. Whorls three, very obliquely revolving,
and distinctly wrinkled. Spire a little prominent. Aperture sub-oval, sub-oblique.
Color. Pale amber. Animal : tentacles margined posteriorly, and tipped with black.
Length, 0-5-0-9.

54 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

This species is closely allied to Say's S. campestris, and he thinks it may possibly be allied
to Helix put r is of Linneus. The whorls of this species, as far as I have seen them, are not
as convex as in the following species ; but it must be confessed that these are scarcely appre-
ciable differences. I have obtained it in the neighborhood of New-York, and from Littlefalls
in Herkimer county, and the vicinity of Lake Champlain. It is found adhering to weeds,
and, when alive, is finely variegated with light horn-color and olive-brown : the shell is also
very flexible.

SuCClNEA CAMPESTRIS.
PLATE IV. FIG. 54. a. b. — (STATE COLLECTION.)

Succinea campestris. Say, Nich. Ency. No. 1. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol 1, p. 281.
S. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 195, fig. 126.

Description. Shell oval, thin, very fragile, transparent. Whorls three, not very oblique,
very convex ; the last very turgid. Suture deep. Aperture suboval, almost as broadly
rounded above as below.

Color. Olive yellow to pale yellow. Animal whitish, with a black line passing under the
eyes.

Length, 0-3-0-6.

This species is found more remote from water than any of the preceding. The markings
of the animal may be as distinctly seen through the shell as in <S. obliqua.

Succinea avara.

PLATE IV. FIG. 55. — (STATE COLLECTION.)

S. avara. Say, Long's Exped. St. Peters, \o\. 2, p. 260, pi. 15, fig. 6.
jS. vermela? Say, Desc. terr. and fluviatile shells, p. 23. (Adult.)
S. id. Adams, Amer. Joum. Science, Vol 40. p. 270.
jS. avara. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 196, fig. 127.

Description. Shell quite small, very thin and fragile, and usually covered with an earthy
crust. Whorls three, rounded, minutely wrinkled : suture deep. Body-whorl very large.
Aperture in the adult half as long, and in the young two-thirds of the whole length of the
shell. Spire elongated, small and acute.

Color. Pale reddish yellow or straw-color, often covered with a blackish earthy crust and
agglutinated minute pebbles.

Length, 0'2; of aperture, 0-15.

This species was first detected by Say in the Northwest territory. It has since been
observed in the Northern and Middle States. My specimens were obtained from an island in
Lake Champlain.

FAMILY HELICID^E — SUCCINEA. 55

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

retusa. (Lea, Am. Phil. Trans. Vol. 5, p. 117, pi. 19, fig. 86.) Shell ovate-oblong, very thin,
pellucid; spire short; whorls three ; aperture dilated below, and drawn back. Color, yellowish.
Length, 0*7; diameter, 0-3. Cincinnati.

GENUS BULIMUS. Bruguieres. Lamarck.

Shell oblong, oval-oblong or turreted. Aperture simple or entire, rounded anteriorly. Colu-
mella straight, smooth.

Obs. This genus comprises species which were found distributed by Linneus under the
genera Helix and Bulla. It forms the subgenus Cochlicopa of Ferussac, but the best con-
chological writers prefer arranging it as a separate genus in the vicinity of Helix. The
animals are terrestrial, and some of them are remarkable for the size and stony hardness of
their eggs. Few species have been detected in this country.

BULIMUS LUBRICUS.
PLATE III. FIG. 43. — (STATE COLLECTION.)

Bulimus lubricus. Bbugciebes, Diet. No. 23.

B. id. Say, Long's Expedition St. Peters, Vol. 2, p. 259. Adams, Am. Jour, of Sci. Vol. 40, p. 270.

B. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, p. 193, fig. 124.

Description. Shell very small, thin, polished and transparent, elongate-oval. Whorls five
or six, rounded, lessening to the obtuse apex, with a distinct suture. Aperture small, oval,
not broadly rounded at the base. Pillar-lip slightly thickened, so as to present the appearance
of a slight notch at the base. Lip simple, thickened within.

Color. Yellowish olive ; the inner margin of the lip light reddish : often smoky horn-colored
throughout.

Diameter, 0-1. Height, 0'3.

This species, which was first detected by Mr. Say in the Northwest territory, has since
been ascertained to have a wide geographical range. It occurs under rotten wood and leaves _
The specimen which furnished the above description was obtained from Oriskany, Oneida
county, but it doubtless occurs throughout every part of the State. I have never had an
opportunity of examining European specimens of this species.

56 NEW- YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

(EXTRALIMITAL.)

B. mutilatus. (Say, Jour. Acad. Vol. 2, p. 373.) Shell large, turreted. Whorls 4, longitudinally
striate with elevated lines: suture moderate. Apex widely truncate. Lip whitish, with no calca-
reous deposit. Body-whorl more than double the width of the truncated apex. Spire 1 J times
longer than the aperture. Color, pale reddish brown. Length, 0*9. Charleston.

B. multilineatus. (Say, 1. c. 5. 120.) Shell small, conic, not very obviously wrinkled. Whorls not
very convex: suture lineolar, not deeply indented : umbilicus small : lip simple, blackish. Color :
whorls yellowish white, with transverse entire reddish brown lines ; a blackish subsutural revolving
line : apex blackish : umbilicus surrounded by a broad blackish line : columella whitish. Diame-
ter, 0-3. Florida.

Genus Achatina, Lam. Shell ovate or oblong ; aperture entire, longer than broad; lip sharp, never

reflected. Columella smooth, truncated at the base.
A- solida, (Say, Ac. Sc. Vol. 5, p. 122.) Shell rather ponderous, conic, elongated, nearly smooth

or with distant wrinkles; whorls about 7 ; spire prominent ; mouth rather small ; labrum thickened

on its inner submargin ; columella hardly truncated, with a somewhat prominent ridge on the inner

side near the base. Color, yellowish. Length, 2-5. Florida.
A. vcxillum, Humph. (Plate 4, fig. 56 of this work.) Shell ovate-conic, smooth, with eight convex

whorls, minutely striated. Color, bluish, varied with yellow and reddish revolving bands. Length,

1 • 0 - 1*5. Florida.
A. virginea, Lin. (Ferussac, Moll. pi. 120.) Shell ovate-conic, smooth, with convex whorls ; lip

with one plait. Color, white, with red and black revolving bands. Length, 1 •0-2*0. Florida.
A. striata. (Fer. Moll. pi. 136, fig. 6-10.) Florida.
A. flammigera. (Id. Moll. pi. US, fig. 5 - 7.) Florida.

Genus Glandina. Shell subturreted, oblong, suboval, somewhat fragile; front of the shell gradually

attenuated to the base of the columella; aperture unarmed, rather narrow, nearly longitudinal;

lip simple, a little undulated; columella incurved, a little truncated at the base.

G. truncaia. (Planorbis glans, Say, Ac. Sc. Vol. 1, p. 282.) Spire rather truncated, somewhat

mammillary at the tip ; whorls 5 - 6, wrinkled; suture irregularly crenated. Color, pale reddish

brown. Length, 1*5. South-Carolina and Florida.

FAMILY AURICULIADjE — AURICULA. 57

FAMILY AURICULIADjE.

Shell always spiral and variable. Aperture dentate, and always lateral in relation to the
axis. Animal elongated, with the body distinct from the foot : no mantle : a collar.
Tentacles two, with the eyes at or near their base. Mouth usually armed with an upper
tooth opposed to the tongue. Pulmonary cavity and its orifice placed forward. Genera-
tive organs united or distant. Terrestrial or marine : freshwater ?

Obs. This small family corresponds with the Auriculaces of Blainville, and the Limno-
cochlides of Ferussac.

GENUS AURICULA. Lamarck.

Shell oval, more or less pointed and elongated, rarely cylindrical. Spire with five or six
whorls ; the last enveloping the others. Aperture long and narrow, ear-shaped, with two
or more folds on the pillar. Animal elongated, enlarged in front into a rostrum or snout.
Tentacles short, cylindrical, gland-shaped above. Eyes placed at the internal base of the
tentacles, slightly behind. Foot not divided.

Auricula bidentata.

PLATE V. FIGS. 92, 1, 2, 3.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Melampus bidentatus. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 245.
Auricula cornea. Lamarck, An. sans vert. Ed. alt. Vol. 8, p. 339.
A. bidentata. Rdssel, Essex Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 1, p. 67.
A. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, p. 197, fig. 130.

Description. Shell thin, translucent, smooth, broadest about the upper third. Whorls five
or six, somewhat rounded ; the last forming the largest part of the shell, with minute wrinkles
and revolving striae. Pillar-lip bidentate : the upper one, which may be considered as a fold,
is prominent, transverse, and placed below the middle ; the other oblique, not so large, formed
by the outer lip as it turns within the shell. Outer lip with four or five parallel revolving
ridges, not attaining the edge of the lip. Spire short and blunt. Aperture long and narrow,
widest below.

Color. Dark reddish brown. Animal reddish brown above, beneath paler. Rostrum
nearly as long as the tentacles, bilobed. Foot transversely bifid.

Diameter, 0 3. Height, 0-5.

Var. a. Aperture narrowed beneath, and with 3 4 revolving dark lines.

This is a common species in the salt marshes about New-York ; often observed near the
salt water, and said to have been found in the interior. They are occasionally submerged,
but do not appear to live in the water. Found from Vermont to Florida.
Fauna — Part 6. 8

58 new-york fauna mollusca.

Auricula denticulata.

PLATE V. FIGS. 93 & 91. Variety.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Voluta denticulata. Montagu, Test. Britt. p. 234, pi. 40, fig. 5.
Auricula personata. Lamarck, An. sans vert. Ed. alt. Vol, 8, p. 334.
A. denticulata. Gould, Invertebrata of ftlass. p. 199, fig. 129.
A. borealis ? Conrad, Jay's Catalogue of Shells, No. 1991-2.

Description. Shell thin, elongated : apex acute : spire elevated. Whorls eight, more or
less convex ; the suture towards the apex being frequently deeper than elsewhere, and render-
ing these whorls more convex : often with a marginal line near the lower sutures. Surface
polished, with faint incremental lines. Inner lip in the adult with three white folds or teeth ;
the lowest formed by the fold of the base of the outer lip ; the middle one largest, and the
upper scarcely conspicuous. Umbilicus small, concealed by a fold.

Color. Epidermis very thin, and of shining horn or greyish, often amber-colored. Animal
yellowish. Foot bilobed in front, and divided across towards the front.

Diameter, 0-12. Height, 0" 3.

This species appears to live exclusively in and near salt water. I have obtained specimens
from the wharves, and others have been sent to me, dredged from the harbor of New- York.
The borealis of Jay's Catalogue, of an olive-green color, an elevated apex, and with slightly
impressed sutures (fig. 91), with a thin transverse tooth above and a small sinuous tooth
beneath, I suppose to be a young variety of the above described species.

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

obliqua. (Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol.2, p. 377.) Shell obconic, rather thick; spire little ele-
vated ; whorls 8-9, wrinkled across : pillar-lip with two very distinct teeth, and slighter prominences
between them ; lower tooth very oblique, terminating at the base ; lip with 8 teeth or strias, termi-
nating on the margin ; base of the aperture contracted by the basal tooth. Color, reddish brown.
Height, 0*4. Charleston.

FAMILY LIMNIADjE PLANORBIS. 59

FAMILY LIMN I ABM.

Shell always complete, thin, smooth, much convoluted: outer lip trenchant, not reflexed.
Animal with its body elongated, distinct from the foot : no cuirass, but a collar formed
around the neck by the margin of the mouth. Head furnished with a wide sort of veil.
Tentacles two, with the eyes at their base. Pulmonary orifice on the collar. Organs of
generation separated. Vent near the pulmonary orifice. Allfluviatile.

GENUS PLANORBIS. Lamarck.

Shell discoidal, sinistral. Spire depressed or concave, exhibiting the whorls above and below.
Aperture broader than long ; the margin sharp, and not reflexed. Animal elongated, com-
pressed, with two very long filiform tentacles. Mouth with a crescent-shaped tooth above,
and the tongue armed with small hooks, surmounted by a sort of short emarginated veil.
Breathing-hole dextral, on the collar, and the vent near it. Organs of generation on the
same side, separate ; the male near the tentacle, and the other at the base of the collar.
All living in fresh water.

Planorbis trivolvis.

PLATE IV. FIG. 59. a. B.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Planorbis trwolvis. Say, Encyclop. Nich. Am. e&. Vol. 4, pi. 2, fig. 2.
P. td. Say, American Conchology, pi. 54, fig. 2.

P. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 201, fig. 131.

Description. Shell discoidal. Whorls three or four, marked with regular transverse lines,
rather acutely carinated above and beneath, more obtusely so on the circumference : these
carinfe most obvious on the young shell. Suture most apparent on the upper or right side,
which has a depressed spire ; beneath cup-shaped. Aperture large, higher than wide,
embracing a considerable portion of the body-whorl, inclining to the left. Lip abruptly
angulated at the termination of the carina, thickened within.

Color. Pale yellow or olive. Animal dusky, with pale yellowish confluent spots.

Diameter of the shell, 0*5 - 0-7 ; height, 0-2-0-3.

This species, which ranges through the Northern and Western States, is abundant in many
of the streams and ponds of New- York.

8'

**

NEW -YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

Planorbis BICARINATUS.

PLATE IV. FIG. 63. A. B.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Planorbu bicarinatus. Say, Nich. Encyclop. Vol. 4, No. 2, pi. 1, fig. 4.

P. id. Id. American Conchology, pi. 54, fig. 3.

P. id. Halde.man, Limniadie, p. 3, pi. 1, fig. 1.

P. id. Gould, Inyertebrata of Mass. p. 203, fig. 134.

Desc7-iption . Shell orbicular, deeply indented above and beneath. Whorls three, wrinkled
with minute revolving lines, and strongly carinate on both its sides. Aperture large, abruptly
vaulted at the carina of the right or upper side. Lip slightly expanded.

Color. Pale yellow or brownish ; reddish brown within, lighter colored on the carina.
Animal brownish, dotted with light reddish yellow. Foot tongue-shaped.

Diameter of the shell, 0-5. Height 0'3.

Not as numerous as the preceding, but found in sluggish streams and ponds in the State
The figure is not at all characteristic of the species.

Planorbis lentus.

PLATE V. FIG. 80.' A. B.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Planorbis Untus: Say, Am. Conchology, pi. 54, fig. 1.

P: idi Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 202, fig; 132

Description. Whorls three above and four beneath, marked by raised incremental lines
above, or on the right side, concave, with a distinct suture ; beneath, not so deep : the whorls
slightly carinate. Aperture large, oval ; its lower margin lying in the plane of the transverse
diameter of the shell.

Color. Dark greenish ; lip within dark reddish brown. Animal, dark olivaceous above
and below : foot oval, minutely dotted with yellowish.

Size of the preceding.

This is nearly as common as the preceding, with which it has usually been confounded
It is chiefly distinguished from it by the left margin of the lip being in the plane of the trans-
verse diameter, whilst in trivolvis it is below it.

FAMILY LIMNIADjE PLANORBIS. 61

Planorbis MEGASTOMA.

PLATE IV. FIGS. 60 <fc 61.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Description. Shell large, coarse and solid. Whorls nearly five, rounded, with coarse trans-
verse waving wrinkles, becoming larger towards the mouth. A large prominence on the body-
whorl nearly opposite to the aperture, producing an obtuse angle. Spire depressed, with
the suture distinct ; beneath, the volutions are exhibited nearly to the apex. Mouth dilated,
but somewhat contracted at the margin, 0-3 wide and 0-4 high; its lower portion rounded,
arising from the lower part of the penultimate whorl ; line of the upper margin more nearly
straight. In the young (fig. 60), the aperture is not so much dilated, and is obscurely trigonal,
with the lower margin beneath the plane of the transverse diameter of the shell.

Color. Olivaceous, tinged with yellowish within the aperture. In the young, black, with
the interior of the aperture dull reddish.

Diameter, 0-8. Height, 0-3.

This planorbis was found near Lake Ontario, and appears to be different from any species
yet described. In its aperture it resembles the small P. dilatatus of Gould, but is otherwise
very distinct.

Planorbis campanulatus.

PLATE V. FIG. 99* a. b.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Planorbis campanulas. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 266.

P. id. Adams, American Journal of Science, Vol. 40, p. 269.

P. id. Goold, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, p. 204, fig. 133.

Description. Shell regular, small, transverse lines and grooves ; with four whorls above,
which are carinated, and form a conspicuous cavity ; beneath much deeper, and nearly per-
forating the shell to the apex. Aperture suddenly dilated, and subtrigonal or bell-shaped ; its
upper margin being elevated above the plane of the shell.

Color. Light olive-green ; aperture brownish, polished.

Greatest diameter, 0-5. Height, 0-2.

This species occurs in most of the lakes in the western district of the State.

62 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

Planorbis OBLIQUUS.

PLATE IV. FIG. 57. A. B.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Description. Shell depressed, discoidal. Volutions four ; the surface shining, with regulai
minute incremental lines ; the body-whorl obsoletely subangular below. Spire nearly as much
depressed as the umbilicus, which latter is large, and exhibits all the volutions to the apex :
suture distinct ; body-whorl not distinctly deflected from the plane of the other volutions.
Mouth unarmed, very oblique.

Color, dull olive.

Diameter, 0-3. Height, 0*1.

The specimens of this species were obtained from the Mohawk, and from Newcomb's
pond in Pittstown, and presented by Dr. B. W. Budd of this city. Some eminent concholo-
gists suppose it to be a variety of the deflectus of Say ; but from this it differs by the obli-
quity of the mouth when turned downwards, and has no acute lateral edge as in that species.
The concavus of Anthony, of which I have seen specimens but no description, may possibly
be the young of this, but at all events is a closely allied species.

Planorbis armigerus.

PLATE IV. FIG. 64. a. b. c.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Planorbis armigerus. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Scienees, Vol. 2, p. 164.

P. id. Adams, American Journal of Science, Vol.40, p. 269.

Discus id. Haldeman, Monograph of the Limniades, No. 1.

Planorbis d. Gould, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, p. 205, fig. 138.

Description. Shell small, obsoletely wrinkled. Upper surface slightly concave ; the suture
distinct. Whorls four, with minute revolving lines on the under side. Umbilicus deep, ex-
hibiting all the volutions. Aperture very oblique, with the carina continued to its edge.
Throat armed with five teeth, which are large, white, and nearly fill the aperture ; two on
the pillar-lip, one of which is large and oblique, with a smaller one near it ; on the lip a pro-
minent lamelliform tooth near the base, with two small oblique ones above.

Color. Light olive brown. Animal dusky bluish.

Diameter of the shell, 0'3. Height, 0*1.

Common in swamps and ponds in all parts of the State. The teeth, which form so re-
markable a character in this species, are so far within the aperture as not to be obvious at
first sight ; they are exceedingly irregular, not only in their shape, but distribution ; their
general form and arrangement, however, corresponds very well with the description given by
Mr. Say. This and corpulentus are described as dextral shells.

FAMILY LIMNIADjE — PLANORBIS. 63

Planorbis EXACUTUS.

PLATE IV. FIG. 62. a. b

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Planorbis exacutus. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci, Vol. 2, p. 164.
P. id. Adams, Am. Jour, of Sci. Vol. 40, p. 269.

P. id. Goni-r, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 208, fig. 137.

Description. Shell thin and fragile, much depressed, lenticular. Whorls four ; upper and
under sides slightly convex, flattened to the periphery, and forming an acute edge which is
continued on the middle of the aperture, which is below the plane of the transverse diameter :
surfaces of the whorls transversely striated. Umbilicus regular, showing all the volutions to
the apex. Suture moderately impressed. Whorls wider than high. Aperture subtriangular,
oblique. Lip angulated in the middle, arched near its lower tip ; the upper termination just
including the acute edge of the penultimate whorl.

Color, light corneous.

Diameter, 0-2-0-3. Height, 0 ■ 07 - 0 • 1 .

Common in ponds and ditches. I have obtained it from the northern and western districts.
It is one of the most fragile and most depressed of all the species.

Planorbis parvus.

PLATE IV. FIG. 58.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Planorbis parvus. Say, Nich. Ency. Ed. Am. Vol. 4, pi. 1, figr 5.
P. id. Goold, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 209, fig. 139.

Description. Shell small, thin, depressed, discoidal ; upper side nearly plane, but concave
in the centre. Umbilicus broadly concave, and both sides exhibiting all the volutions. Whorls
four ; the body-whorl obtusely carinated on its circumference, and with impressed incremental
lines. Aperture rounded, oblique ; its upper and lower margins in the plane of the transverse
diameter of the shell. Lip sharp, not thickened.

Color. Varying from reddish brown to yellowish or olivaceous. Animal whitish, darker
above.

Diameter, 0'08-0-l. Height, 0-02-0-04.

Common. I have received specimens from the Mohawk and Connecticut rivers, which
only differ from the above in having the upper edge of the mouth nearly in the centre of the
last whorl. I refer them with doubt to the above named species. It is one of the smallest
of the group.

64 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

Planorbis CORPULENTUS.

PLATE VIII. FIG. 185.* a. b.

Planorbis corpulentus. Say, Long's Exped. St. Peters, Vol. 2, p. 262, pi. 15, fig. 9.
P. id. Adams, American Journal of Science, Vol. 40, p. 2G9.

Description. Shell large, dextral. Whorls three to four, rather rugged with coarse wrinkles.
Upper surface much flattened, and edged by an acute line, which is distinct to the margin of
the lip : sides hardly rounded, and terminated below by another carina not as sharp as the one
above. Spire slightly concave. Umbilicus exhibiting all the volutions to the apex. Aperture
longer than wide ; the upper part extending higher than the preceding volution, and the
lower part declining much lower than the lower line of the same volution.

Color, olive brown.

Diameter, 0-7. Height, 0"2.

This animal is found in Lake Champlain, and in other portions of the State. There is
much diversity of opinion in relation to this species ; some supposing it to be an exuberant
growth of trivolvis, and others assert it to be a large variety of lentus. To me it appears to
want the nearly equal concavity of both the upper and under surfaces of the trivolvis, and
the appearance of all the volutions distinguishes it from lentus.

It has been observed in Lake Champlain, and has a wide geographic range. The following
species, described by Dr. Gould, I have not seen myself; but as they exist in Massachusetts,
they will in all probability be found in this State.

Planorbis hirsutus.

Planorbis hirsutus. Gould, American Journ. of Science, Vol; 38, p/ 196.'
P. id. Id; Invertebrata of Mass: p. 206, pi. 135.

Description. Shell small : both sides concave, the left rather more than the right, but the
concavity is there more limited by the presence of a subangular ridge on the outer whorl.
Whorls three ; the outer one rapidly increasing. Surface exhibiting traces of revolving lines
when denuded, but usually covered with a dark pigment or epidermis bristling with rigid hairs,
which are arranged in close revolving lines : lines of growth very faint. Aperture suboval,
oblique ; its diameter from side to side shortest.

Color. Transparent brownish yellow. Animal slate-colored above on the head, with a
darker line along the tentacles ; foot chesnut.

Diameter, 0-4. Height, 0-15.

Stagnant pools. Allied to dejlectus.

FAMILY LIMNIAD^E — PLANORBIS.

65

Planorbis elevatus.
P. id.

Planorbis elevatus.

Adams. Joum, Nat. Hist. Vol. 3, pi. 3, fig. 15
Gocld, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 207.

Description. Shell small, faintly marked with incremental lines. Whorls three and a half
to four ; the tube not rapidly enlarging, and considerably flattened. Whole shell flat or
slightly elevated above, the tip depressed so as to form a small pit ; below with a deep fun-
nel-shaped cavity, the whorls appearing obscurely angulated : suture deeply impressed. Aper-
ture slightly oblique : its upper edge on a level with the spire, or slightly declining ; lower
edge descending considerably beneath the level of the under surface ; portion of the pre-
ceding whorl embraced by the aperture, constituting about one fifth of its circuit.

Color. Light grass-green, translucent.

Diameter, 0-25. Height, 0*1.

Allied to parvus, which is, however, more depressed, aperture more oblique, and the upper
surface more broadly and deeply concave ; to hirsutus, which is more elevated, and deeply
concave above and below. Dr. Gould imagines that it will prove to be the immature shell of
some other species.

Planorbis deflecttts.
P. id.

Planorbis deflectus.

Say, Long's Exped. St. Peter's, Vol. 2, p. 261, pi. 15, fig. 8.
Goold, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, p. 307, fig. 136.

Description. Shell small, distorted, depressed, finely wrinkled : right side in general con-
vex, but with the centre slightly indented ; suture distinct; left or under side concave, forming
an expanded umbilicus, exhibiting one-half of each whorl. Whorls four or five, very much
depressed, descending to an acute lateral edge below the middle ; the last whorl turns some-
what suddenly downwards. Aperture large, ovate. Lip commencing below the keel, and
embracing but a very small part of the preceding whorl, much narrower from side to side,
and its plane oblique to the axis of the shell : lip simple, very slightly everted beneath.

Color. Light greenish yellow or soiled waxen. Animal dusky above, with a dusky line to
the top of the tentacles.

Diameter, 0 • 4. Height, 0 • 1 .

Adhering to stones, etc. in ponds ; occasionally with scattering hairs on its surface. In
the very young animal, the remarkable deflection of the last whorl not conspicuous.

Fauna — Part 6.

66 NEW -YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

Planorbis DILATATUS.

P. lens? Lea, Am. Phil. Soc. Vol. 6, p. 68, pi. 23, fig. 83.
P. dilatatns. Gould, lnvertebrata of Mass. p. 210, fig. 140.

Description. Shell very small, minutely wrinkled. Spire flat, composed of not more than
three whorls, separated by a well defined suture : outer whorl has a sharp margin on a level
with the spire, diminishing near, but still modifying the aperture ; below this line the whorl
is very convexly rounded, so as to encircle a small deep abruptly formed umbilicus : this
whorl rapidly enlarges into a very large, not very oblique aperture, with the lip expanded
into a trumpet-shape. Color, yellowish-green.

Diameter, 0-15. Height, 0-05.

This small species ranges from Massachusetts to Maryland and Ohio, occuring in pools,
mosses, etc. The previous name of Mr. Lea is preoccupied by a fossil species.

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

P. glabratus. (Say, Nich. Ency. No. 5 ; Jour. Ac. Vol. 1, p. 280.) Shell large; whorls five,

glabrous or obsoletely rugose, polished, not carinated ; spire perfectly regular, a little concave ;

umbilicus large, regularly and deeply concave, exhibiting all the volutions to the summit; aperture

declining, remarkably oblique. Diameter, 0-9. South-Carolina.
P. antrorsus. (Conrad, Am. Jour. Vol. 25, p. 343.) Shell dextral, not depressed; whorls three;

spire profoundly indented or concave, with the summit of the body-whorl angulated ; umbilicus

profound, with the margin and inner volutions angulated ; body-whorl abruptly dilated near the

aperture, which is longitudinally subovate. Alabama.
P. virens. (Adams, Bost. Jour. Vol. 3, p. 326, pi. 3, fig. 15.) Shell small; a rough epidermis,

and with transverse striae and revolving lines ; spire not prominent, scarcely concave ; last whorl

flattened above, then abruptly curving downwards, subcarinate below; aperture nearly orbicular;

umbilicus as broad as the last whorl, deep, and showing all the volutions. Color, greenish horn

Diameter, 0-23; height, 0-09. Vermont.

FAMILY LIMNIAD.E LIMNEA. 67

GENUS LIMNEA. Lamarck.

Animal spiral, elongated or oval. Head with two flattened triangular tentacles, with the eyes
at their internal base. Mouth surmounted by a free thin movable appendage. Foot oval,
bilobed in front, contracted behind. Breathing orifice on the right side, narrow, oblong,
and covered by a fleshy appendage which borders it beneath : vent near it. Generative
organs distant : the male under the right tentacle ; female near the breathing orifice. Sexes
united in the same individual. Shell thin, dextral, oval, elongated ; spire more or less
acute and elongated : aperture longer than wide, oval, occasionally very large ; lip thin ;
an oblique fold on the columella.

Obs. The animals of this genus inhabit fresh water streams, or their vicinity, feeding on
aquatic animalculae. The American species have been carefully studied and beautifully illus-
trated bv Mr. Haldeman.

LlMNEA CATASCOPIUM.

PLATE V. FIG. 80.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Lymnea calascopium. Say, Nich. Ency. Vol. 4, p. 2, fig. 3 ; Ara. Conchology, pi. 55, fig. 2.

L. pinguis.' var. Id. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 123.

L. decollata. Adams, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist, ride Haldemani.

L. catascopium. Gould, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, p. 223.

L. id. Haldeman, Monog. of the Limniades, No. 3, p. 6, pi. I, figs. 1 - 12.

Description. Shell smooth and polished, oblong-ovate. Whorls four or five, convex, with
wrinkled incremental lines, and rapidly tapering to an acute apex : body-whorl large and ven-
tricose : spire shorter than the aperture : aperture ovate. Lip simple, thick, and regularly
curved : pillar-lip concave, with a distinct fold.

Color. Yellowish horn or blackish. Animal yellowish brown, minutely punctate with light
yellowish : foot rounded behind.

Diameter, 0-2-0-4. Height, 0-5-0-7.

I have followed Mr. Haldeman in uniting the pinguis of Say with the above. Common in
the western district of this State. It ranges from Massachusetts to Delaware, and west-
wardly through the Northwest territory.

68 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

LlMNEA FRAGILIS.

PLATE IV. FIG. 68.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Helix fragilis. Lin. L. elodes. Say, Journ. Acad. Vol. 2, p. 169; Am. Conchol. pi. 31, fig. 2.
L. elodes. Gould, Inverteb. Mass p. 221, figs. 146, 147. Adams, Am. Journ. Vol.40, p. 268.
L. fragilis. Haldeman, Monog. Limn. p. 30, pi. 6, figs. 1-11, p. 53 ; pi. 15, fig. 1.

Description. Shell oblong-conic, gradually acuminated. Whorls six, convex, with trans-
verse lines, frequently marked with irregular elevated reticulations. Suture rather deeply
impressed. Aperture generally shorter than the spire. Pillar-lip with an angular deposit of
enamel.

Color. Brownish tinged with yellowish, or amber-colored ; occasionally with a dusky
epidermis. Animal dusky, dotted with yellow. Tongue spoon-shaped: mouth margined
in front with a black horny plate.

Diameter, 0-1-0- 3. Length 0-6 - 0- 9.

One of our most common species, and referred by Mr. Haldeman, after a direct comparison,
to the L. fragilis of Europe. Ranges from Canada to Pennsylvania, and to the Pacific
westward.

LlMNEA UMBROSA.

PLATE IV. FIG. 76.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Limneus clongatus. Say, Journ. Acad. Vol. 2, p. 167.

L. umbrosa. Id. Am. Conchol. pi. 31, fig 1.

L. umbrosa. Adams, Am. Journ. Science. Vol. 40, p. 268.

L. idem. Haldeman, Monograph Limniades, p. 24, pi. 7, figs. 1-8.

Description. Shell elongated, ventricose. Whorls six, slightly convex. Surface with
numerous minute spiral lines. Suture oblique, with little depth, but well marked. Spire
slender : apex acute. Fold on the columella not well marked. Aperture wide, nearly straight
on the inside, wide anteriorly, less than half the length of the shell. Body-whorl above
longer than half the entire length, often marked with reticulated lines forming facets as in
the preceding species.

Color. Corneous, tinged with red or reddish brown. Margin of the lip lighter. Occasionally
the surface with light longitudinal lines.

Length, 1'3; of aperture, 0-7.

This species occurs from Canada to Illinois. The first name imposed by Say having been
preoccupied, he changed it to that which it now bears.

FAMILY LIMNIADjE — LIMNEA. 69

LlMNEA CAPERATA.
PLATE IV. FIGS. 66 & 69. — PLATE V. FIG. 79. Youico !

Limneus caperalus. Say, Des. terr and fluv. shells, p. 23.

L. umbilicala. Adams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. Vol. 3, p. 315, pi. 3, fig. 14.

L. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 218, fig. 149.

Ir id Haldeman, Monog. Limniades, p. 34, pi. 11, figs. 1-9.

Description. Shell conic. Whorls five or six, separated by a deep suture : apex pointed
or entire. Lines of growth fine, but apparent. Surface closely covered with numerous and
very fine spiral light-colored elevated epidermal lines : these become usually obsolete on the
adult shell. Aperture ovate, semicircular or subrotund. Pillar-lip with a fold more or less
distinct, and folding over the umbilicus.

Color. Yellowish or reddish brown, occasionally with whitish or reddish varicose bands.
Aperture frequently stained with reddish brown. Animal almost black, minutely and sparsely
dotted with whitish : tentacles long and very flat : foot rounded behind.

Length, 0-2-0-4.

My specimens were obtained from the Mohawk river. A variety of this species, beauti-
fully reticulated with transverse and revolving striae, was procured at Sandy pond near Lake
Ontario, Oswego county. They were numerous on the upper surface of the leaves of the
Pond-lily.

LlMNEA PALLIDA.

PLATE IV. FIG. 67.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Lrnrnta pallida. Adams, Am. Jour. Sc. Vol. 39, p. 374 ; Vol. 40, p. 208. Id. Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 3, p. 324,

pi. 3, fig. 3.
X. id. Haldeman, Monog. Limniades, p. 45, pi. 13, figs. 11-13.

Description. Shell conical, smooth, imperforate and fragile. Whorls five or six, slightly
convex. Suture shallow, but well defined. Spire as long or longer than the aperture, with
a subacute apex. Aperture ovate, symmetrical. Fold on the columella well marked and
remarkably constant. Incremental lines very fine and undeviating, crossed by minute spiral
corrugations.

Color. Varying from pale ochraceous to white. Apex often tinged with brown.

Length, 0*3-0-4.

I am indebted to Prof. Emmons for specimens of this shell, which he obtained from Lake
Champlain.

70 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

LlMNEA MEGASOMA.

PLATE IV. FIG. 70.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

L. megasomus. Say, Long's Ejtped. St. Peters, Vol. 2, p. 263, pi. 15, fig. 10.
L. id. Adams, American Journal of Science, Vol. 40, p. 267.

L. id. Haldeman, Monogr. Liraniades, p. 13, pi. 3, fig. 1-3.

Description. Shell very large, oval, inflated and rather solid. Whorls five, convex : body-
whorl with very obvious vertical grooves, which are crossed by very fine and often obsolete
lines. Spire short, rapidly diminishing, acute, often eroded. Suture deeply impressed.
Aperture oblong-ovate, capacious. Fold on the columella well marked.

Color. Reddish or chesnut brown : epidermis rufous ; within brownish or whitish. Animal
blackish.

Length, 1 • 0 - 1 • 5.

This species agrees very well with the description assigned to it by Mr. Haldeman, with
the exception of the surface of the shell, which, in my specimens, was marked by broad fur-
rows or grooves more like his figure of L. jugularis ; from which, however, it is sufficiently
distinguished by its less elevated spire. It occurs near the shores of Lake Champlain. Not
a common species.

LlMNEA GRACILIS.

PLATE IV. FIG. 73.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Limnea gracilis. Say's Catalogue, pi. 1, fig. 10, 11.

L. id. Adams, American Journal of Science, Vol. 40, p. 267.

L. id. Haldeman, Monog. Limniades, p. 50, pi. 13, fig. 21.

Description. Shell fragile, very slender. Whorls four to six, flat, and very obliquely re
volving. Suture distinct, deeply impressed. Body-whorl with minute incremental striae.
Pillar-lip unattached, without fold. Aperture oblong-oval, and rounded at both ends.

Color. Whitish and pearl grey. Animal unknown.

Length, 0-5-1-0.

This remarkable shell was discovered by Dr. Emmons in Lake Champlain, as yet its only
ascertained locality. It is with hesitation that I refer it to this genus, from the absence of
the oblique fold on the columella. The name of Acella as a subgenus has been proposed ;
but if my views are right, it must form a distinct genus intermediate between Limnea and
Physa, or perhaps better at the end of the family.

FAMILY LTMNIAD.E LIMNEA. 71

LlMNEA HUMILIS.

PLATE IV. FIG. 71. A. B.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Limntus linmilis. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 378.

L. mndicelltis, var.? Id. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 122.

L. modicdla. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 218, fig. 151.

L. humihs. Haldeman, Monog. Limniades, p. 41, pi. 13, figs. 1 ---8.

Description. Shell ovate-conic. Volutions five to six, convex ; the terminal one very
minute. Aperture and spire subequal, oval, regular. Fold on the columella occasionally
distinct.

Color-, varying from pale reddish to brownish horn. Animal translucent, except the cen-
tral portion, which is very light brown. Tentacles short, with a black point on the anterior
basal edge.

Length, 0-2-0-4.

Found from Maine to South-Carolina inclusive. The typical form of this species, accord-
ing to Mr. Haldeman, is short and thick, and such are found near the Susquehannah at
Owego ; the northern specimens are more slender, and form the variety described as modi
cellus.

LlMNEA REFLEXA.
PLATE IV. FIG. 72. a. B. — FIG, 65, vab.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

himneus reficxus. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 167.
L. exilis. Lea, Am. Phil. Trans. Vol. 5, p. 114, pi. 19, fig. 82.
L. reflexa. Haldeman, Monog. Limniades, p. 26, pi. 8, figs. 1 and 8.

Description. Shell elongated, tapering, subacute. Whorls six to seven, flattened or slightly
rounded, with transverse sinuous wrinkles, and very minute revolving lines. Suture deeply
impressed, revolving very obliquely. Pillar-lip with a fold more or less distinct : lip everted
at the base over the umbilicus, which is, however, distinct : apex polished.

Color. Brownish horn, becoming blacker towards the tip ; occasionally covered entirely
with a black epidermis. The young are amber-colored.

Length, 0-2-0-5.

The specimens illustrating this species were obtained near Fairfield, Herkimer county.
Fig. 65 represents a specimen, nearly 0"8 in length, from the same locality.

72 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

LlMNEA LINSLEYI.

PLATE IV. FIG. 74. a. b.
(STATE COLLECTION.)

Description. Shell ovate, subventricose. Whorls five, rounded, and rapidly attenuated to
the apex : suture deep. Aperture oblong-oval, longer than the spire. Pillar-lip with a
broad calcareous deposit ; the lower portion reverted, and partially covering the umbilicus.
Lip thin, forming a shoulder at its junction with the preceding whorl. Body-whorl towards
the margin of the outer lip, flattened as in megasoma, and impressed with deep incremental
stria? which are evident from within.

Color. Epidermis chesnut, often obscured by a blackish subvillous pigment.

Length, 0'25. Aperture, 0- 15.

This shell has affinities of form with catascopium, and more especially with the variety
which is designated by Say as L. pinguis. That variety is, however, represented as having
a moderate suture, and the whorls nearly four. 1 have ventured to impose upon it a new
name, expressive of my obligations to the Revd. Mr. Linsley of Stratford, who furnished
me with the specimens from his neighborhood.

LlMNEA COLUMELLA.

PLATE IV. FIG. 75.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

L. columella. Say, Nich. Ency. Ed. Am. Vol. 4, No. 3. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 1, p. 14 ; Vol. 2, p. 167.

L. macroslomus. In. Jour. Ac. Nat. Sc Vol. 2, p. 170.

L. acuminata. Adams, Amer. Jour, of Science, Vol. 39, p. 374 (Young).

L. columella, and var. chalybea. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 215, figs. 144, 145.

L. id. Haldeman, Monograph of Limniades, p. 39, pi. 12, figs. 1, 15.

Description. Shell ovate, ventricose, fragile, thin in texture, diaphanous : suture impressed
and conspicuous. Whorls four, with incremental lines crossed by minute spiral striae. Spire
narrow, acute, and much shorter than the aperture. Aperture very large, more or less
expanded. Pillar-lip with a thin film of enamel, not quite appressed anteriorly : it is so
much arched as to display a considerable portion of the interior of the shell.

Color. Pale greenish, or straw-yellow.

Length 0-5-1-0.

This species has very much the aspect of a Succinea. Mr. Haldeman has very judiciously,
as I think, united two nominal species into one. It abounds from Canada to South-Carolina.
In this State, I have procured specimens from the locks at Schenectady, and throughout the
western district.

FAMILY LIMNIAD^E LlMNEA. 73

LlMNEA EMARGINATA.

LATE IV. FIG. 77.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

L. emarginalus. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol 2, p. 170.

X. id. Id. American Conchology, pi. 55, fig. 1.

It. id, Haldeman, Monog. Limniades, p. 10, p.. 2, figs. 1-8.

Descrijition. Shell ovate-conic, thin, translucent and smooth. Whorls five, convex, polished,
with minute closely applied incremental lines : suture deep. Apex, when present, acute.
Aperture wide, and more than half the entire length. Pillar-lip with the fold obsolete, and
reflected in the adult so as to cover the umbilicus : columellar depression deeply emarginate.

Color. Light ochraceous or rufous brown ; within yellowish white.

Length, 0-5-1-0.

Some varieties of this species, according to Haldeman, have the body-whorl marked with
revolving divaricate lines, extending to the margin of the outer lip, which is undulated. A
boreal species, extending from north of Lake Superior, through Maine, etc. to New-York.
I am indebted to Dr. Charles Stillman for specimens from the Mohawk river.

LlMNEA DESIDIOSA.

PLATE V. FIG. 78.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Limneus desidiosus. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences. Vol. 2, pp. 169 and 378.

L. id. Id. American Conchology, pi. 55, fig 3.

L. acuta. Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. Vol. 5, pi. 19, fig. 81.

L. casta? Id. Tr. Am. Phil. Soc.

L. philadetphica. Id. Proceedings of same, Vol. 2, p. 32.

L, desidiosa. Adams, American Journ. Science, Vol. 40, p. 268.

L. id. Gould, Inverleurata of Mass. p. 219, fig. 150.

L. id. Haldemax, Monograph Limniades, p. 31, figs. 1 - 12.

Description. Shell subconic, somewhat inflated, thin and translucent. Incremental lines
rather coarse. Surface with a tendency to form irregular facets. Whorls five, convex, with
a deep suture ; body-whorl much the largest. Spire about as long as the aperture. Aperture
wide, generally obtuse behind ; edge of lip nearly level. Pillar-lip thick, and not adpressed
in front, but having a small umbilical aperture. Columellar fold not very distinct.

Color. Light chesnut or brownish : margin and submargin often dusky brown. Animal
light yellowish grey, darkest on the middle : surface minutely dotted with whitish.

Length, 0-3-0-5.

Common between the parallels of 35° and 45°, and from the Atlantic to the Mississippi.
I have specimens from various parts of the State, in rivulets and small lakes.
Fauna — Pakt 6. 10

74 NEW- YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

LlMNEA JUGULARIS.

PLATE V. FIG. 81.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

L. jugularis. Say, Nich. Enc. Ed. Am.

L. stagnalis. KlRTLAND, Am. Jour, of Sci. Vol. 31, p. 35.

L. jugularis. Haldeman, Monog. Limniades, p. 16, pi. 4, figs. 1, 2.

Description. Shell large, thin, ventricose, smooth and diaphanous. Whorls six, slightly
convex : incremental lines distinct. Spire regularly attenuated to an acute tip, rather shorter
than the aperture. Aperture large ; inner side subrectilinear ; outer margin slightly expanded.
Columella with a deep fold. No umbilicus, the last whorl being in close contact with the
pillar-lip. Color, light ferruginous.

Length, rO-2'0.

This and the following (if they are not identical) are the largest species of the genus. I
have received them from Lake Champlain and Canandaguia lake. They occur in Michigan,
Northwest territory, and Lewis river, Oregon.

LlMNEA APPRESSA.

L. appresms. Say, Jour. Acad. Not. Sci. Vol 2, p. 168.
L. id. Adams, Am. Jour, of Sci. Vol. 40, p. 267.

L. id. Haldeman, Monog. Limniadas, p. 18, pi. 5, figs. 1, 4.

Description. Shell elongated, ventricose. Whorls six. Spire regularly attenuated to an
acute tip, which, as in the preceding, is rather shorter than the aperture. Body-whorl pro-
portionally large. Aperture ample. Columella with the sinus of the fold profound. Callus
perfectly appressed upon the shell to the base.

Color. Pale ferruginous, frequently stained with a black foreign matter.

Length, 1-0-1.5.

This species agrees so well in all its characters with the preceding, that it would be
difficult to point out their specific comparative differences. The body-whorl of the present
species appears to be more ventricose than in the preceding, the outer lip more expanded
and dilated, and the apicial whorls are occasionally darker. None of these are confessedly
sufficient to create specific differences. In Dr. Budd's collection, I have observed a speci-
men which might be referred to this species, 2*1 long, and its aperture 1*1. Specimens
have been obtained by me from Cayuga and Champlain lakes.

FAMILY LIMNIADjE LIMNEA. 75

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

L. obrussa. (Say. Ac. Sc. 5. 123. L. decidiosa? Hald. 1. c. pi. 13, fig. 16 - 18.) Shell oblong,
rather slender, pale yellowish, testaceous. Whorls five, slightly rounded ; apex acute ; suture
deeply impressed; aperture not dilated, within pure white; columella with the sinus of the fold
very obvious. Length, 0*4; diameter, 0 • 2. Philadelphia.

L. ferruginea. (Hald. 1. c. p. 49, pi. 13, figs. 19-20.) Shell ovate-conic, thin. Whorls four,
convex ; suture and columellar fold distinct ; aperture oval, as long as the spire ; labium appressed,
ferruginous. Length 0 • 3. Oregon.

L. rugosa, Val. (Hald. 1. c. pi. 3, fig. 4 - 5.) Ovate-conic, thin. Whorls six, convex, with very
coarse accretional lines; aperture elliptic, longer than the spire; columella reflected on the last
whorl, so as to form a small umbilicus. Color, white, with a spiral fulvous band. Mexico.

L. attenuala, Say. (Hald. 1. c. pi. 9, fig. 1 - 5.) Long and slender. Whorls seven, slightly con-
vex, revolving obliquely ; suture rather deep; apex suddenly pointed ; aperture small and semicir-
cular, sometimes expanded; fold on the columella well marked. Length, 1 -0. Color, wood-brown.
Mexico.

L. expansa. Hald. 1. c. pi. 9, fig. 6-8. Pl. 36, fig. 348 of this work.) Short, smooth, translucent
and fragile. Body-whorl inflated ; spire rapidly attenuated to an acute apex, and as long as the
aperture. Whorls five, somewhat flattened ; suture shallow, but very distinct ; aperture effuse ;
columellar fold deep and distinct. Color, brownish ochre-yellow. Length, 1*0. Vermont.

L. solida et apicina, Lea. (Hald. 1. c. pl. 11, fig. 10- 13.) Shell obtusely conical, smooth and urn-
bilicate. Whorls 4-5, convex ; suture deep ; apex pointed ; aperture polished, subovate ; fold
conspicuous only in the young. Color, pale bluish grey; aperture various shades of reddish
brown; young ochraceous. Length, 0-5. Oregon.

L. bulimoides, Lea. (Hald. 1. c. pl. 13, fig. 9 - 10.) Shell short, inflated, composed of about four
convex whorls. Surface smooth and shining; lines of growth inconspicuous and undeviating, not
crossed by spiral strise ; aperture as long as the spire, level, subround and slightly produced poste-
riorly; labium closely appressed, except anteriorly, where it forms a small umbilicus; columella
without fold; spire generally much eroded; apex frequently truncated. Color, pale ochraceous,
sometimes with reddish varicose bands. Length, 0*5. Oregon.

L. vitrea. (Hald. 1. c. pl. 13, figs. 14-15.) Shell ovate, extremely thin and delicate. Surface smooth
and polished ; lines of growth very fine ; labium with a well marked fold, and is not appressed
anteriorly; spire short. Length, 0-5. Ohio? Missouri.

10*

76 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

GENUS PHYSA. Draparnaud.

b
Animal oval, more or less spiral. Head with two long thread-like tentacles, with the eyes

at their internal base. Mantle with two lobes, digitated on its margin, which can be re-
flected back so as to cover most of the shell. Foot long, rounded in front, pointed behind.
In other particulars resembling Limnea, except that the orifices are usually on the left.
Aquatic. Shell, often sinistral, oval, elongated or nearly globular, smooth, thin and fragile :
aperture oval, rounded in front, narrowed and subangular beneath ; pillar-lip somewhat
twisted, but without fold : spire more or less elongated, always prominent.

Physa heterostropha.

PLATE V. FIG, 82.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Limnea heterostropha. Say, Nich. Encyclop. Vol. 4, pi. 1, fig. 6.
Physa id. Id. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 1, p. 172.

P. id. Adams, Am. Journ. Science, Vol. 40, p. 268.

P. id. Gould, Inrertebrata of Mass. p. 213, fig. 142.

Description. Shell sinistral, subovate. Whorls four ; the first large ; the others small,
terminating rather abruptly in an acute apex. Surface smooth, but under the lens exhibits
very minute revolving and vertical lines : suture distinct. Aperture large, somewhat oval,
three-fourths the length of the shell, or rather more. Lip a little thickened on the inside in
adult animals.

Color. Yellowish or greenish yellowr, becoming more dusky with age ; inside of the lip
dull reddish. Animal, olivaceous.

Length, 0-5-0-7.

A very common species in almost every pond and running stream. Often seen swimming
rapidly in a reversed position at the surface of the water. Infested by a parasitic Cercaria.

Physa planorbula.

PLATE V. FIG. 83.

(STATE COLLECTION.)
Bulla fluviatilis ? Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 178.

Description. Shell small, thin and fragile, sinistral, cylindrical above, tapering beneath,
abruptly truncated on the summit; apex very slightly elevated above the truncation. Whorls
four ; the surface smooth, with minute revolving lines crossed by others equally minute. Body
whorl with an acute shoulder, the edge being slightly turned over. Aperture as long as the
shell, narrow above, dilated beneath, and broadly rounded. Outer lip acute, thin, and reflected
over the enlarged umbilicus. Color, light amber. Length, 0-2.

FAMILY LIMNIAD.E — PHYSA. 77

This singular shell was found by Mr. G. B. Clendining at the Cohoes falls, adhering to
stones. I have adopted the name proposed by its discoverer. It\vas alive, and was desti-
tute of an opercle. It is supposed by some conchologists to be a young Planorbis, but I
cannot learn that it has been found in the intermediate stages. It is placed provisionally here ;
but if a perfect animal, must constitute a new genus. I am inclined to suspect that it is the
animal described by Say as Bulla fluviatilis.

Physa cylindrica.

PLATE V. FIG. 83.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Pi cylindrica. Newcomb, in Uteris.

Description. Shell remarkably solid, sinistral, cylindrical. Whorls four, rapidly diminish-
ing to the subacute apex. Surface moderately smooth and polished, with incremental lines.
Suture impressed : outer lip with a sinuous margin, nearly straight, forming an acute angle
with the body, effuse beneath ; body-whorl not convex, but rather flattened and cylindrical.
Aperture narrow above, moderately dilated and elongated beneath. Columella smooth, arched
with a conspicuous callus reflected over the umbilicus.

Color. Light rusty, or opake rusty white : outer lip with a rusty submargin within.

Length, 0-5 ; of aperture, 0-35.

This specimen was communicated by Dr. Newcomb, who obtained it from Red creek,
Wayne county. I have received the same shell under the name of P. elliptica, Lea ; but it
does not agree with his description.

Physa elliptica.

Physa cylindrica. Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. No. 5, p. 115, pi. 19, fig. 83/

Description. Shell sinistral, elliptical, thin and fragile. Spire short, rapidly attenuating
to the tip. Whorls four to five, with minute vertical stria?. Outer lip dilated, margined.
Color. Reddish brown, translucid ; the apex amber-colored.
Length, 0*5; of aperture, 0-4. Diameter, 0-2 nearly.
According to Mr. Lea, found in various parts of the State.

78 NEW- YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

Physa PLICATA.

PLATE V. FIG. 85.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Description. Shell moderately solid, subovate, elongate, symmetrical. Whorls four to five,
rapidly attenuated to the apex. Surface with equidistant, longitudinal, and obsolete inequi-
distant transverse raised lines : suture distinct. Pillar-lip with a broad nacreous deposit.
Aperture rather more than two-thirds of the total length, acutely oval.

Color. Amber, but coated with a black pigment : before this is removed, the aperture
is bluish iridescent.

Length, 0-6-0-8; of aperture, 0-2-0-3.

This description is from specimens of the largest size, obtained from a pond on New- York
island. It moves, like P. heterostropha, with great celerity on the surface of the water, with
its mouth downward. In some specimens the revolving and longitudinal lines are so distinct,
particularly the former, that the surface of the body-whorl appears covered with distinct square
facets. Some naturalists consider it only as a variety of heterostropha. It differs in many
important particulars from that species, but I regret that I have not been enabled yet to
examine the animal.

Physa obesa.

PLATE V. FIG. 86.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Description. Shell ventricose ; when young, very thin and fragile. Whorls four to five,
rapidly attenuated to a minute and slightly elevated polished apex. Body-whorl inflated, with
its upper surface near the suture depressed, and forming an obtuse angle with the lower
portion : suture semicanaliculate. Surface polished, with minute incremental lines. Aperture
elliptical.

Color. Pale horn.

Length, 0'5; of aperture, 0'4.

This species was communicated to me by Dr. Budd, who obtained it from the Mohawk
and Hoosic rivers, Rensselaer county. I have since received from the same gentleman,
specimens eight-tenths of an inch long, and quite solid, with a stout callus. Some naturalists
who have seen it, are disposed to consider it as identical with the following.

FAMILY LIMNIAD.E PHYSA. 79

Physa ANCILLARIA.

PLATE V. FIG. 90.

Physa ancillaria. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol. 5, p. 124.
P. id. Adams, Am. Journal Science, Vol. 40, p. 268.

P. id. Godld, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 213, fig. 142.

Description. Shell heterostrophe, subglobose. Whorls rather more than four, very rapidly
attenuated, smooth. Spire truncated, hardly elevated beyond the general curve of the surface.
Suture not impressed, very inconspicuous. Aperture but little shorter than the shell, dilated.
Lip a little thickened on the inner submargin.

Color. Pale yellowish, occasionally deep bay : submargin of the lip reddish. Animal
lemon-yellow.

Length, 0-5-0-6.

This species occurs in Lake Champlain, and in other parts of the State. According to
Prof. Adams, the young of this species are not easily distinguished from P. gyrina, although
the mature specimens differ widely.

Physa gyrina 1

PLATE V. FIG. 87.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Physa gyrina. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 171.

P. id. Adams, American Journal of Science, Vol. 40, p. 268.

Description. Shell sinistral, solid. Subovate. Whorls five or six, slightly convex, not
flattened, gradually tapering to an acute apex. Surface with minute incremental lines. Suture
slightly impressed. Columella with a slight fold above, turned over beneath the reverted
edge, and concealing the place of the umbilicus. Outer lip thin, acute. Aperture elongated,
acute above, more than one-half and less than two-thirds of the length of the shell.

Color. Amber, often coated with a black pigment, except on the reflected portion of the
inner lip, which is polished.

Length, 0'8; of aperture, 0'45.

The specimens which I place here, were obtained from the northern part of the State by
Dr. Budd. They do not exactly coincide with any described species ; they approach nearest
to the descriptions of P. gyrina, which I have never seen. I have therefore placed it provi-
sionally here, to avoid the necessity of making a useless synonime. I annex the characters
assigned by Say to his P. gyrina. " Shell heterostrophe, oblong ; whorls five or six, gradually
acuminating to an acute apex ; suture slightly impressed ; aperture more than one-half, but
less than one-third of the length of the shell ; lip a little thickened on the inner margin.
Length rather less than an inch. Missouri."

80 new-york fauna — mollusca.

Physa glabra.

PLATE V. FIG. 88.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Description. Shell sinistral, smooth, shining, elongated, with five to six volutions : suture
impressed : spire elongated into an acute apex. Body-whorl more than half of the total
length. Aperture oblong, acute above, rounded beneath, and half of the total length.
Columella sinuous, slightly reverted, with a faint oblique fold.

Color. Deep brownish orange, approaching to copper.

Length, 0"4; of aperture, 0"2.

This shell, for which I am indebted to Dr. Budd, who obtained it from Lake Champlain,
appears in some collections under the name of P. aurea, which it resembles in nothing but
color. It approaches P. elongata, but differs in its impressed suture and the form of its
columella.

Physa aurea.

PLATE V. FIG. 89. a. b.
(STATE COLLECTION.)

Physa aurea. Lea, Trans. Arm Phil. Soc. Vol. 6, pi. 23, fig. 106.

Description. Shell sinistral, fragile, polished. Whorls four to five : suture very slightly
impressed. Body-whorl longitudinally striate. Aperture moderate, four-tenths of an inch
long. Lip thickened near the columella, and slightly folded near the umbilical region.

Color. Amber, varying to olivaceous and reddish brown.

Length, 0-6; diameter of aperture, 0- 4 nearly.

These were obtained from West-Point, and were found diminishing in size to the length of
three-tenths of an inch. Mr. Lea has described it as " sinistral, rather inflated, pellucid,
shining ; spire rather short ; whorls four ; outer lip margined ; aperture somewhat inflated.
Color, golden. Height, 0"5; diameter, 0.3. Hot Springs, Virginia." I had described
it in my notes as P . fragilis, but have concluded to arrange it here provisionally. It may be
distinguished from gyrina and elongata, by the number of whorls, and proportional length
of the aperture.

FAMILY LIMNIAD^E PHYSA. 81

Physa ELONGATA.

PLATE XXXVI. FIG. 346.

P. elongala. Say, Joum. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 171.
P. id. Adams, Am. Joum. Science, Vol. 40, p. 269.

P. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 214, fig. 143.

Description. Shell sinistral, very fragile, diaphanous, oblong. Whorls six or seven, polished.
Spire tapering, acute at tip. Suture slightly impressed. Aperture not dilated, attenuated
above, about half as long as the shell. Columella much narrowed near the base, so that the
view may be partially extended from the base towards the apex.

Color. Pale yellowish. Animal dusky : head above orange.

Length, 0-5-0' 7. Diameter, 0'2.

Common from Maine westwardly : usually found in stagnant pools.

(EXTRA-LIMIT AL.)

P. pomilia. (Conrad, Am. Jour. Vol. 25, p. 243.) Volutions four, polished; spire short, conical;

body-whorl ventricose ; aperture patulous. Color, corneous. Alabama.
P. intcgra. (Hald. Monog.) Shell oval, of five very convex whorls; apex pointed; suture very

deep ; aperture oval, wide posteriorly ; peritreme continuous ; no fold on columella. Color, pale,

with white varicose bands. Length, 0-5. Indiana.
P. concolor. (Id. I.e.) Shell oval; spire produced, with the apex pointed; whorls four, convex;

aperture oval, narrow; fold on the columella distinct. Color, honey-yellow. Length, 0*23.

Oregon.
P. sayii. (Tappan, Wheatley's Catalogue.)
P. globosa. (Hald. Ac. Sc. Vol. 8, p. 200.) Shell globose, translucent; spire short and rounded;

aperture very wide, occupying more than one-half of the entire area of the shell; fold well marked.

Length, 0 . 3. Virginia.

SECTION OPERCULATED PULMOBRANCHIA

Animal provided with a foot for crawling. No gills, but a pulmonary cavity communicating
externally with the air by a large solution of continuity placed above the head. Two
tentacles. Generative organs upon different individuals. All terrestrial. Shell external,
complete, spiral, globular or conic ; a calcareous or horny opercle.

Obs. None of this section are found in this or the adjoining States.
Fauna — Part 6. 1 1

82 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

{EXTRA-LIMITAL)

FAMILY CYCLOSTOMWjE.

Animal without a collar, and with two tentacles eyed at their external bases. Shell conoid, more
or less elevated, with the aperture rounded, and with its margin continuous.

Genus Cyclostoma, Lam. Animal very spiral, with a proboscis-like head bearing two cylindrical
tentacles, swollen at their tips, contractile and eyed at their external bases. Foot oblong,
elongated. Pulmonary cavity communicating externally by a large fissure in the upper and
anterior part of the mantle. Place of the male organ indicated by a large tentacular appendix
on the right side, and reflected into the pulmonary cavity. Shell conoid, discoid or turreted,
more or less elevated. Apertuie circular, entire, and in the adult reflected. Opercle calca-
reous, increasing concentrically : summit subccntral.
C. dentala. (Say, Ac. Sc. Vol.5, p. 125.) Shell conic, cylindric, truncate at tip. Whorls 3 - 4,

slightly convex, cancellate with fine regular subequal longitudinal and transverse elevated lines;

superior edge fimbriated, with prominences extending over the suture; lip somewhat reflected;

umbilicus distinct. Color, rufous; revolving lines occasionally obsolete; lip white. Height, 0-4.

Florida.
C. cincinnatiense. (Lea, Am. Phil. Tr. Vol. 8, p. 229, pi. 6, fig. 62. A. sayana? Anthony.)

Shell elevated in the form of a cone, smooth, shining, transparent, umbilicate. Whorls 6; apex

obtuse; margin of the lip reflected. Length, 0-22; diameter, ()• 13. Cincinnati.

FAMILY HELICINIDM.
Animal with a collar ; two filiform tentacles, with eyes at their external bases on tubercles. Shell
more or less globular ; aperture entire, semioval ; columella transverse and flattened ; opercle horny.

Genus Hf.licina, Lam. Animal with a bilabiate muzzle; foot short, rounded, with a transverse
furrow in front. Pulmonary cavity opening in front of the mantle by a large transversal
furrow. Shell subglobular, slightly depressed, not umbilicated: spire low; columella callous;
margin of outer lip acute, forming an angle at the base of the right margin.

H. orbiculata. (Say, Am. Conch, pi. 46, fig. 1-3.) Subglobular; spire not very prominent, but
more than convex. Whorls five, obsoletely striated across, regularly rounded ; base of columella
very slightly projecting into an obtuse angle; lip reflected. Color, pale greenish, yellowish or
slightly reddish, margined above by a paler line; occasionally a pale revolving band on the body-
whorl. Florida.

H. fasligiala. (Id Des. terr. &, fluv. shells, p. 14.) Whorls compressed, acutely carinated ; beneath
the carina, the elevated lines obsolete. Lip two-toothed ; the lower conic, obtuse. Diameter, 0-35.
Illinois,

H. plicata. (Id. 1. c. p. 14.) Inferior tooth compressed, and larger than the other; duplicature of
the labium emarginate near the tip Closely allied to the preceding.

H. occulta. (Id. 1. c. p. 15; Am. Conch, pi. 46, figs. 4, 6.) Whorls five, carinate, or with an
acute shoulder, which is almost concealed on the spire by the suture, and almost obsolete on the
body-whor', which latter has faint revolving lines. Lip thick, a little reflected. Western Slates.

FAMILY TURBINID.E PALUDINA. 83

SECTION 5. PECTINIBRANCHIA.

Animal with gills arranged in parallel rows like the teeth of a comb, within the pulmonary
cavity, which has a large opening in front and above, between the edge of the mantle and
the body. Two eyes, variously placed, sometimes on pedicles. Sexes separate : the orifice
of the female on the right side, at the entrance of, or within the branchial cavity ; the
male organ on the right side of the neck, usually very robust and reflected into the bran-
chial cavity : vent anterior and on the same side. Tongue of '.en armed with small hooks.
Aquatic; usually marine ; a few genera Jluviatile. Shell complete and spiral, variously
shaped, almost alivays external, rarely internal. Opercle complete, rudimentary or none.

Obs. This section, or order, as it stands in various works, comprises all the spiral uni-
valves, and many that are simply conical ; it is consequently the most numerous in species.
It corresponds with the Trachelipodes of Lamarck, and the Chismobranches of Blainville.
It has been subdivided into three groups, according as the water is introduced to the gills,
1, by a membranous appendage ; 2, by a siphon ; and 3, without either.

FAMILY TURBINID&.

Animal with two subulate contractile tentacles ; eyes at their base. Fluviatile or marine.
Shell variable in form. Aperture rounded or oval ; the edges not disunited, or slightly
so : without canal or emargination. Opercle horny or calcareous.

GENUS PALUDINA. Lamarck.

Animal: Mouth without teeth, but having in its stead a small prickly lingual mass. Tenta-
cles contractile. Foot oval, with a marginal furrow in front. Male organ very large, and
retracted through an orifice in the right tentacle near its base. Vent at the extremity of a
small tube near the branchial cavity. Shell conoidal, with an epidermis. Whorls rounded
or convex : aperture rounded or oval, angulated above : margins of outer and inner lip
united, with acute but not reflected edges. Opercle orbicular, horny.

Obs. The shells of the animals of this genus are distinguished from those of Melania by
the simple curvature of the lip at the base, from Cyclostoma by its simple lip, and from
Valvata by the form of its aperture. There are numerous species in the Western and
Southern States, but very few as far north as this State.

11*

84 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

Paludina disscisa.

PLATE VI. FIG. 131. a. E —PLATE VII. FIG. 131.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Paludina d-cisa. Say, Nich. Ency. pi. 2, fig. 6. Am. Conch, pi. 10.

P. ponderosa. Deshayes in Lam. (Young.)

P. decisa. Adams, Am. Jour, of Science, Vol. 40, p. 266.

P. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 227 ; fig. p. 144.

P. id. Haldeman, Monograph, p. 1, pi. 1.

Description. Shell ovate, elongate, thick and robust, often truncated at the apex. Whorls
four to five, with minute transverse striae and revolving lines, rounded, and briefly turning
into the suture, which is distinctly impressed. Aperture subovate, entire, and forming an
angle above. Lip simple, but forms a rounded margin as it rises towards the columella.
Opercle coriaceous, thin, concentrically striate.

Color. Dark olive green. Aperture bluish white. Animal: Foot soiled olive, varied with
orange ; tentacles olive, spotted with orange.

Length, 1"0. Diameter, 0" 7.

This is the most common species in this State, and found in most of the ponds and slug-
gish streams. The name originally given to it by Say, is evidently a misprint for disscisa.

Paludina Integra.

PLATE VII. FIG. 132. a. younq ; B. adult.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

P. intcgra. Sat, Journ. Acarl. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 176.
P. id. Haldeman, Monograph, etc. p. 10, pi. 3.

Description. Shell rather solid, conic. Whorls six, wrinkled across. Spire rather elon-
gated, entire at the apex. Suture profoundly indented. Aperture subovate, rather more than
half the length of the shell.

Color, Light olive green, tinged with rufous ; the callus margined with blackish.

Length, 1*1 ; of aperture, 0"5.

Mr. Haldeman has given an excellent figure of this species, which was first described by
Say from immature specimens collected in Missouri. The shells which are represented on
the plate, were obtained from the River Hudson near Albany : they are among the largest
measured. Farther south they appear to be larger still : the young shells, five-tenths of an
inch long, are more globose. Mr. Cozzens has favored me with specimens from the River
Passaic, which I refer to this species. They were obtained two miles and a half below the
Acquaconock church. The Passaic here flows over a sandstone bed, highly charged with
iron ; the shells are more rufous and ponderous. In the adult, an obsolete carina on the

FAMILY TURBINID^E PALUDINA. 85

upper part of the body-whorl forms a sort of shoulder with the suture. Like other specimens
of disscisa, the apex is often truncated, and some of the specimens were filled with young
shells.

In my notes, I had marked specimens from Wolcott creek, Wayne county, as P. heros,
with the following characters : " Shell subconic, solid ; whorls 5-6, with moderate vertical
wrinkles and revolving striae, becoming few and obsolete on the body-whorl ; suture very
deeply impressed ; apex depressed, polished ; aperture subelliptic, narrowed above. Color,
whitish, but covered with an olive-green epidermis ; aperture within whitish, with a slight
reddish or bluish hue. Length, 1'5; diameter across the aperture, 0-8." The enormous
size of these specimens, and the absence of banded stria? except on the body-whorl, induced
me at first to consider them as distinct; but on reexamination, I refer them to this species.

Paludina isogona.

PLATE VII. FIG. 133.

(STATE COLLECTION.;

P. isogona. Say, Des. terr. and fluv. shells, p. 19,
P. pallida ? Lea.

Description, Shell short, subglobose ; surface polished with minute lines of growth.
Whorls four or five, rounded, rapidly decreasing to the apex ; body-whorl ventricose : suture
distinct. Aperture oval, angulated above, reflected on the pillar-lip, partially concealing the
umbilicus : outer lip slightly everted at the base. Aperture nearly twice the length of the
spire. Apicial whorl minute, scarcely elevated.

Color. Olive-green.

Length, 0"25; of aperture, 0-15.

I have received specimens of Paludina from the western part of this State, labelled
" isogona, Say ;" which, I am informed, is identical with P. ■pallida of Lea. I have not
been able to find descriptions of the latter ; but to avoid burthening the systems with a new
name, I prefer to adopt that assigned to it by Say.

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

P. transversa. (Say, Des. terr. and fluv. p. 20.) Shell transverse, depressed-orbicular: spire convex.
Whorls three and a half, with numerous minute slightly elevated revolving lines; suture not widely
indented; body- whorl very convex, short ; umbilicus small. Opercle pale fulvous. Greatest width,
0*4. Louisiana.

P. interttxta. (Id. 1. c. p. 20; Am. Conch, pi. 30, figs. 3-6.) Shell subglobose, wrinkled, and
with minute, very numerous obsolete revolving deciduous lines: spire depressed, conic, obtuse,
truncated, eroded at tip. Whorls nearly four ; suture rather deeply indented ; umbilicus closed by

86 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

the lateral extension of the columella. Color, yellowish green or brownish. Length, 1*0.
Louisiana.

P. ponderosa. (Say, Am. Conch, pi. 30. Hald. Monog. pi. 4. P. heterostropha, Kirtland,
Am. Jour.) Shell reversed, somewhat ventricose, much thickened: spire not much elongated,
much shorter than the aperture, eroded at tip, but not truncated. Whorls 5, slightly wrinkled
across; suture profoundly impressed; aperture subovate, more than half the length of the shell;
pillar-lip with much calcareous deposit, and thickened into a callosity at the superior angle. Color,
olivaceous. Length, 1-5. Allied to disscisa. Falls of the Ohio.

P. georgiana. (Lea, Am. Tr. Vol. 5, p. 116, pi. 19, fig. 85.) Shell ventricose, conical, thin,
smooth: sutures very much impressed. Whorls about 5, convex : aperture nearly round. Color,
dark horn; aperture white. Length, 1*1. Allied to vivipara. Darien. Georgia.

P.vivipara. (Say, Am Conch.pl. 10.) Shell subconic. Whorls 4, rounded; aperture suborbicu-
lar; sutures impressed. Color, olivaceous, with three reddish brown bands, of which the middle
one is generally smallest; occasionally brownish, with fuscous bands : spire with but two bands.
South-Carolina.

P. magnifica. (Conrad, Fr. Water Shells, p. 48, pi. 8, fig. 4.) Shell subovate, ventricose, with two
spiral bands of prominent tubercles on the body-whorl, and one revolving near the base of each
whorl of the spire; suture profoundly impressed, margined by an obtuse subnodulous prominent
line; lines of growth oblique and prominent : obscure spiral strise. Color; epidermis olive, often
with purple bands. Alabama.

P. subpurpurea. (Say, Des. terr. &c. p. 21 ; Am. Conch, pi. 30, fig. 2.) Shell oblong, subovate,
subglobular: spire rather obtuse, entire at tip, longer than the aperture. Whorls 5, slightly wrinkled
across, rounded, not very convex ; suture not deeply impressed; aperture ovate, orbicular, much
widest in the middle, less than half the length of the shell; pillar-lip with a calcareous deposit.
Color, variable, occasionally with traces of obsolete purplish bands. Length, 1*8; greatest
breadth, 1-8. Wabash.

P. genicula. (Conrad, loc. sup. cit. p. 48, pi. 8, fig. 3. Hald. pi. 5.) Shell suboval : spire
slightly elevated. Whorls 4, scalariform ; shoulders angulated ; apex eroded ; aperture rather
more than half the length of the shell. Epidermis green olive; within bluish. Georgia.

P. subglobosa. (Say, Jour. Ac. Vol. 5, p. 125) Shell subglobose. Whorls three and a half, much
rounded, rapidly enlarging; suture profoundly impressed; aperture subovate; umbilicus very
narrow, nearly closed by the lip: spire very short, convex. Length, 0-3. Norihwes' Territory.

P. dissimilis. (Say, Nich. Ency. No. C.) Shell conic. Whorls about 3, with obsolete distant
wrinkles, and an abrupt acute prominent carinated line, which revolvi s on the middle of the body-
whorl, and is concealed on the spire by the suture, occasionally distinct ; suture not indented ; aper-
ture oval, half as long as the shell: columella emarginate, a little flattened at the base. Color,
dark horn or blackish; aperture rufous beneath the carina, and at base and apex. Length, 0*4.
Pennsylvania.

P.lapidaria? (Cyclostoma id. Say, Nich. Ency.; Jour. Ac. 1, p. 13.) Shell tun eted, subumbi-
licate. Whorls six, obsoletely wrinkled across; suture impressed ; aperture longitudinally ovate-
orbicular, operculated, rather more than one-third of the shell. Length, 0*2. Under stones,
Pennsylvania.

FAMILY TURBINIDjE AMNICOLA. 87

P. subcarinala. (Say, Nich. Ency. p. 1, fig. 7. Hald. pi. 2.) Whorls three, rounded and subcarinate,
reticulated with stria? and wrinkles (sometimes no stria;); suture deeply impressed; apex trun-
cated and reentering; aperture oval, more than half the length of the shell: 2-3, and sometimes
more, elevated lines or subcarina on the body. Length, 0*5; breadth, 0-4. Pennsylvania.

P. limoniUfera. (Lea, Am. Tr. Vol. 5, p. 58, pi. 19, fig. 71.) Shell obtusely turreted : apex obtuse.
Whorls with two rows of nodules: those of the lower row of the upper whorls hidden by the suture;
of the upper row larger, and visible on all the whorls: suture deep and irregular: outer lip sub-
biangular; base subangular. Color, dark horn. Height, 1*8; diameter, 1 • 1 . Alabama River.

GENUS AMNICOLA. Gould and Haldeman.

Animal with the foot rounded behind, and each anterior angle laterally produced. Head half
the breadth of the foot, and protruding beyond it. Tentacles short, filiform, unequal?
Eyes at the side of the external base. Oviparous. Fluviatile. Shell ovate-conic, thin ;
spire acute, composed of a few rounded whorls ; aperture small, oblique, rounded-ovate ;
lip continuous simple. Opercle horny, spiral, with a few volutions.

Obs. This genus has been established by Messrs. Gould and Haldeman, for the reception
of a few small shells hitherto classed under Paludina, but with distinct habits. Its position
seems to be between Paludina and Melania.

Amnicola lustrica.

Paludina lustrica. Say, Journ, Acad Nat. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 175.

P. id. Adams, American Joum. Science, Vol.40, p. 267. Valvala pupoidea ?

Description. Shell small, conic. Whorls slightly wrinkled, convex : suture profoundly
indented ; aperture oval, nearly orbicular ; lip with the upper edge not appressed to the
preceding whorl, but simply touching it: umbilicus rather large, rounded. Length, 01
nearly.

This very small species was first detected by Mr. Jessup, on the shores of Cayuga lake.
It abounds also in the streams emptying into Lake Champlain.

88 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLCSCA.

Amnicola PORATA.

PLATE XXXV. FIG. 333.

Paludina porata. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 174.

Amnicola id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 229, fig. 157.

A. id. Haldeman, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 8, p. 200.

Description. Shell very small, obtusely conic or subglobular, thin, smooth or with minute
incremental lines. Whorls four, very convex, and flattened near the suture so as almost to
present a shoulder : suture very deeply impressed ; spire obtuse ; aperture circular, the lip
and pillar-lip being equally rounded, meeting above at a broad angle, the upper edge of the
latter appressed to the preceding whorl ; in the adult, barely touching the whorl just before
it joins the outer lip, leaving a large and deep umbilicus.

Color. Olive-green, usually with a soiled coating of mud. Animal flesh-colored ; tentacles
silvery ; eyes at the external base with a dark line extending along the tentacles. Length, 0- 2.

First observed at Cayuga lake, but common almost every where in brooks and muddy
streams, attached to submerged stones and plants. Allied to A. limosa, but is larger, less
solid, more globose, and with a distinct umbilicus. Mr. Haldeman, in the work cited above,
describes the shell as " very long and slender, with six obliquely revolving very convex turns,
separated by a deep suture : aperture small, ovate, with the peritreme level and continuous,
as in Cyclosto?na." I cannot venture to reconcile these two descriptions.

(EXTRALIMITAL)

A. limosa. (Say, Journ. Ac. Sc. Vol. 1, p. 125.) Shell conic, subumbilicate, obsoletely wrinkled;
aperture ovate-orbicular ; suture impressed. Color, dark horn, generally encrusted with a blackish
eoat. Animal whitish; head brown; mouth, tentacles, orbits and vitta on each side of the neck
white; tentacles long and filiform: foot white, brownish above, short, suboval, truncated before,
rounded behind. Length, 0 • 1 . Delaware.

A. grana. (Say, 1. c. Vol. 2, p. 378.) Shell conic-ovate. Whorls convex, not perceptibly wrinkled;
suture deeply impressed ; aperture orbicular, hardly angulated above ; pillar-lip with the outer edge
appressed to the surface of the penultimate whorl ; umbilicus rather small, profound. Allied to
lustrica, but smaller. Length, 0*08. Pennsylvania.

A. cincinnatensis. (Anthony, Bost. Jour. Vol. 3, p. 279, pi. 3, fig. I.) Shell somewhat ventri-
cose, subumbilicate. Whorls four, smooth ; spire prominent and entire at the apex ; suture deeply
impressed; aperture much dilated, approaching to orbicular, nearly half the length of the shell
Color, green. Length, 0-2. Cincinnati.

A nichliniana, Lea.

FAMILY TURBINIDiE MELANIA.

89

GENUS MELANIA. Lamarck.

Animal witli a proboscis-like rostrum, semicylindrical, slightly notched in front; tentacles
filiform ; foot oval and very large ; mantle festooned in front and on the left. Shell turreted,
rather thick, and covered with an epidermis. Aperture acute, oblong, entire, effuse at
the base. Lip simple, acute, prominent near the base, and rather abruptly retracted at
its junction with the base of the columella, and not united above to the pillar-lip. Colu-
mella smooth, incurved. No umbilicus. Opercle corneous, spiral.

Obs. These animals are most numerous in Asia and America. In Europe they are only
found in a fossil state. In this country, more than one hundred species have been described,
almost exclusively from the Western and Southern States. In the first edition of Lamarck,
(Animaux sans vertebres), among the sixteen living species described, only one is attributed
to North-America. The chief laborers in this genus are Messrs. Say, Conrad, and more
especially Mr. Lea, who alone has added more than fifty species, all of which are beautifully
figured in the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. As the species are very
numerous, Mr. Lea has arranged them under nine divisions, according as they are smooth,
plicate, carinate, sulcate, striate, tuberculate, granulate, cancellate or rugose.

Melania depygis.

PLATE VII. FIG. 135. A. B. VariETV.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

M. depygis.
M. id.

Say, Des. terr. & fluv. shells, p. 19 ; Am. Conch, pi, 8, figs. 4, 5.
Adams, American Jour. Science, Vol. 40, p. 3GG.

Description. Shell oblong, conic-ovate, not remarkably thickened. Spire longer than the
aperture, often much eroded, with a broad revolving band near the suture, occupying more
than half the surface. Whorls about five, hardly rounded, and in the adult nearly flat.
Suture moderately impressed. Aperture ovate-acute above, moderately dilated. Lip not
projecting near the base, nor arched near its junction : base regularly rounded.

Color. Body-whorl rufous or yellowish, with two equidistant revolving rufous lines, of
which the upper is broadest.

Length, 0-5-0-9; of aperture, O'S-O^.
Var. a. Dark brown bands obsolete.
Var. b. Large, with coarse folds on the body-whorl.

I have received this species from the Brimstone springs west of Geneva, and it doubtless
occurs in various other parts of the State. The whorls of these are of a dark horn-color,
and the sutures whitish, often entirely covered with a calcareous coating. Prof. Adams
detected it in Lake Champlain, and remarks that it is the only species yet observed in the
States east of the Hudson river.

Fauna — Part 6. 12

90 new-york fauna mollusca.

Melania niagarensis.

Melania niagarensis. Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. Vol. 8, p. 173, pi. 5, fig. 21.

Description. " Shell smooth, obtusely conical, thick, horn-colored ; spire short ; sutures
linear ; whorls rather flat ; aperture rather large, elliptical, within purple." This shell, Mr.
Lea states, has hitherto been confounded with M. depygis ; but according to that author, is
smaller, with a shorter spire and a narrower aperture. It has a purple columella and interior,
which in some cases are very dark ; the number of whorls is either six or seven, but all the
specimens were more or less eroded, and the apex removed : the aperture is nearly half the
length of the shell.

Length, 0-55. Diameter, 0-25.

Melania virginica,

PLATE VII. FIG. 141.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Paludina virgimca. Say, Nich. Ency. Ed. Am. Vol. 3, pi. 2, fig. 4.
Melania id. Id. American Conchology, pi. 47, fig. 2„

Description. Shell tapering, elongate, often eroded at the tip. Whorls seven, but little
rounded, almost flattened, crossed by curved wrinkles on the spire and reclivate ones on the
body ; aperture subovate ; lip a little prominent towards the base.

Color. Dull olive or black. A dull reddish line revolves near the base of the whorls, and
another near or upon the middle : occasionally destitute of the revolving bands.

Length, 0*5 - 1-0; of aperture, 0-2-0- 3.

This species varies so much with its locality and different stages of growth, that it is
exceedingly difficult to seize upon any distinctive character applicable to its various phases.
I have seen some specimens from the River Raritan, of a deep jet black varied with rufous.
I am not sure but that the following, with some, may be considered as a mere variety of this
species.

FAMILY TURBINIDJE — MELANIA. 91

Melania bizonalis.

PLATE VII. FIG. 140. a. b.
(STATE COLLECTION.)

Description. Shell tapering, elongated. Whorls seven or eight, flattened ; the upper whorls
with a revolving strongly carinated line just above the suture, and above this two slightly but
distinctly elevated revolving lines ; all the volutions with sinuous vertical elevated lines
becoming obsolete towards the tip. Aperture subovate, angular above, and uniting with a
broad white callus on the pillar-lip : tip rarely perfect.

Color. Olivaceous-brown. Epidermis with two and rarely three dark reddish revolving
lines on the body-whorl, often indistinct, but may be traced.

Length, 0"7; of aperture, 0-23. Width of the same, 0-16.

For this species I am indebted to Dr. Emmons, who found it abundantly in Lake Cham-
plain. It approaches M. virginica, but, as I view it, very distinct by its flattened whorls
and deep angular sutures.

Melania gemma.

PLATE VII. FIG. 149.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Description. Shell moderately large, oblong : spire attenuated, acute ; the whole surface
covered with waved vertical wrinkles. Whorls eight, all distinctly carinate near the middle,
and very acutely so on the apicial whorls ; on the lower whorls this carina is below the middle,
but becomes medial above ; in some specimens, the lower whorls are bicarinate, or rather the
carina is slightly furrowed on its edge. Suture deep, occasionally cancellate. The body-
whorl has one or more rounded grooves on each side of the carina, which produces corres-
ponding minute elevated ridges. Lip fragile ; its margin convex, rarely perfect.

Color. Variable from straw-yellow to amber and dark reddish brown ; columella often
purple ; lower sutures opake white.

Length, 0-7- 1*2; of aperture, 0-23.

This species was obtained from Mud creek, Onondaga county, by Dr. Budd, and was at first

referred to the semicarinata of Say, hitherto supposed to be an exclusively western species.

An attentive examination and comparison of Say's description with this, will exhibit strongly

marked differences. It is larger ; all the volutions are carinate, and the sutures distinctly

cancellate. I have received others from the Erie canal, much larger, being more than an

an inch long. In these the revolving groove, in descending, gradually approaches nearer the

suture, and is continued on the body-whorl, which is vertically rugose. In my catalogue of

species, I had named this species after its discoverer ; but the practice has been so much abused

that it is daily becoming obsolete. I trust that the name now proposed will readily suggest

that of the gentleman to whom I have been under many obligations in this department.

*12

92 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

Melania SUBULARIS.

PLATE VII. FIG. 138.

(STATE COLLECTION.)
M. subularis. Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Vol. 4, p. 100, pi. 15, fig. 30.

Description. Body elevated, witli an acute spire, regularly attenuated from the body-whorl.
Whorls ten to twelve, quite flat ; base angular ; outer lip not regularly rounded ; suture sub-
cancellate.

Color. According to Mr. Lea, horn-color ; in my specimens, the centre of the whorl had a
broad revolving rufous band, becoming darker towards the tip : vicinity of the sutures chalky
white.

Length, 0-7-1-2; of aperture, 0-2-0-3.

This species occurs along the shores of Lake Erie. In the numerous specimens which I
collected, I was not fortunate enough to obtain a single perfect collection, and am indebted to
Mr. Lea for a portion of the figure.

(EXTRA-LIMIT AL.)

M. undulata. (Say, Des. terr. and fluv. shells, p. 17.) Shell large, elevated conic. Whorls
8, not convex : suture not impressed, hardly obvious, undulated by revolving the inferior
crenate boundary of the impressed band ; the superior boundary of the band elevated and
sometimes nodulous. Lip near the base, much protruded ; sinus very obtuse. Color, brown.
Allied to canaliculata. Length, 1*5. Ohio river.

M. kildretkiana. (Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Vol. 8, p. 164, pi. 5, fig. 1.) Shell smooth, fusiform,
rather thick : spire short, pointed ; sutures deeply impressed. Whorls 5, convex : aperture
large, angular at base, ovate. Color, horn-colored externally ; aperture white or purple.
Length, 0'37; width, 0-25. Ohio river near Marietta.

M.castanea. (Lea, 1. c. pi. 5, fig. 2.) Shell smooth, club-shaped, rather thin. Whorls 8, somewhat
convex: sutures small; spire elevated, carinated towards the apex. Color, dark brown;
aperture purple. Length, 0-67; width, 0'25. Te?messee.

M. leevis. (Id. 1. c. pi. 5, fig. 3.) Shell smooth, obtusely conical, rather thin, shining. Whorls 7,
rather convex ; sutures linear ; spire rather short, carinate towards the apex ; aperture rather
large, more than one-third of the total length, elliptical, angular at base. Color, yellowish ;
aperture whitish. Length, 0'55; diameter, 0"25.

M. kirtlandiana. (Id. 1. c. pi. 5, fig. 4.) Shell smooth, acutely conical, rather thick, shining.
Whorls 9, rather convex : sutures impressed ; spire elevated, carinated towards the apex
Length, 0"87 ; width, 0-3. Indiana, Ohio.

M. taitiana. (Id. 1. c. pi. 5, fig. 5.) Shell smooth, conical, rather thin, shining. Whorls rather
convex: suture impressed; spire truncate, carinate towards the apex; aperture small, ellip-
tical, subangular at base. Color, horn, often with revolving bands. Length, 0-8; diameter,
0-25. Alabama.

FAMILY TCRBINID^E — MELANIA. 93

M. dubiosa. (Id. 1. c. pi. 5, fig. 6.) Shell smooth, conical, rather thin. Whorls 7, somewhat convex:
sutures linear; spire rather elevated ; aperture elliptical, subangular at the base, rather more
than one-third of the total length. Allied to M. simplex of Say. Color, horn ; aperture
whitish. Length, 0-75; diameter, 0'3. Tennessee.

M. ebenum. (Id. 1. c. pi. 5, fig. 7.) Shell smooth, obtusely conical, thick : spire obtuse ; sutures
small; whorls somewhat convex ; aperture rather large, ovate, subangular at base. Color,
black or bluish ; aperture purplish. Length, 0-47; diameter, 0- 3. Tennessee.

M. rufescens. (Id. 1. c. pi. 5, fig. 8.) Shell smooth, turreted, rather thin, shining: spire elevated;
sutures impressed ; whorls 8, convex, carinate towards the apex ; aperture small, elliptical,
subangular beneath. Color, dark red ; within purplish. Length, 0- 85 ; diameter 0'3. Ten-
nessee.

M. tuberculata. (M. stygia, Say, Am. Conch. Lea, 1. c. Vol. 4, pi. 15, fig. 31.) Shell robust,
conic-ovate : spire rather larger than the aperture, eroded at the tip. Whorls 5, hardly
convex ; wrinkles obsolete, except a few larger ones ; aperture narrowed at base into a slight
sinus, and subangulated, much widest in the middle ; lip much arched in the middle. Color,
black. Resembles armifera, but that shell has tubercles and colored lines. Length, 0-75.
Tennessee.

M. armigera. (Say, Ac. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 178.) Shell tapering. Whorls about 6, slightly wrinkled :
spire near the apex, eroded ; body-whorl with a revolving series of 5 - 6 distant prominent
tubercles, which become obsolete on the spire, and are concealed by the revolutions of the
succeeding whorls : hence an appearance of a small subsutural series of tubercles on the
body-whorl. Columella with a distinct sinus at the base. Color, brownish horn, with two
or three obsolete revolving reddish brown lines ; apex whitish. Length, l-0. Ohio river.

M. hydei. (Conrad, Fr. Wat. Shells, pi. 8, fig. 1.) Shell conical, rather elevated. Whorls flat-
tened, with spiral acute tuberculated lines : one or two on each whorl of the spire, and about
four on the body-whorl ; the inferior one plain : aperture elliptical. Alabama.

M. catenaria. (Say, Ac. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 379.) Shell conic. Whorls 7-8, slightly undulated
transversely, and with 8-9 revolving elevated lines, the four or five superior ones of which
are almost interrupted between the undulations. Color, blackish. Length, 0-45. South-
Carolina.

M. cancellata. (Say, Des. terr. etc. p. 16.) Shell rather slender, attenuated. Whorls convex,
with about twenty-six reclivate longitudinal elevated lines crossed by about eighteen revolv-
ing ones, the eight or nine towards the base crowded. Length, 0"8. Allied to catenaria,
but more elongated and attenuated. Florida.

M. fusiformis. (Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. Vol. 8, p. 167, pi. 5, fig. 9.) Shell smooth, fusiform,
rather thin, pointed at the apex: spire short ; sutures linear; whorls 6, the last large and
inflated; aperture ovately elongated. Color, yellow; aperture whitish. Length, 0-5; dia-
meter, 0 27. Tennessee.

M. clavaformis. (Id. I.e. pi. 5, fig. 10.) Shell smooth, shining, club-shaped, rather thin: spire
acute; sutures somewhat impressed; whorls eight, convex; aperture elongated. Color,
chesnut brown ; aperture light purple. Length, 0'67; diameter, 0'27. Tennessee.

94 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

M. gracilis. (Id. I.e. pi. 5, fig. 11.) Shell smooth, club-shaped, rather thin. Whorls S, con-
vex: spire acute; sutures impressed; aperture small, ovate. Color, horn; aperture white.
Length, 0- 75; diameter, 0- 32. Tennessee.

M. subsolida. (Id. 1. c. pi. 5, fig. 12.) Shell smooth, subfusiform, somewhat solid; spire acute;
sutures impressed ; whorls subconvex ; aperture subelongated. Color, horn ; aperture purple,
white on the margin. Length, 0-82; diameter, 0'32. Tennessee.

M. ocoeensis. (Id. 1. c. pi. 5, fig. 13.) Shell smooth, conical, somewhat thick ; spire obtuse,
lined towards the apex ; sutures impressed ; whorls somewhat convex ; aperture small, ovate.
Color, dark-horn; aperture bluish. Length, 0- 92; diameter, 0" 32. Ten?iessee.

M. subcylindracea. (Id. 1. c. pi. 5, fig. 14.) Shell smooth, subcylindrical, club-shaped, some-
what thick ; spire obtusely elevated ; sutures impressed ; whorls convex ; aperture small,
one-third of total length, ovate. Color, horn; aperture whitish. Length, 0- 85; diameter,
0 ' 32. Tennessee.

M. sordida. (Id. pi. 5, fig. 15.) Shell smooth, conical, somewhat thick ; sutures impressed ;
whorls somewhat convex ; aperture rather large, somewhat rounded. Color, dark horn ;
aperture bluish. Closely resembling M. ocoeensis. Length, l- 02; diameter, 0- 4. Tennessee.

M. regularis. (Id. pi. 5, fig. 16.) Shell smooth, conical, rather thick ; spire elevated; sutures
somewhat impressed; whorls 10? flat; aperture small, one-quarter of total length. Color,
dark horn. Length, 1" 22; diameter, 0- 4. Tennessee.

M. fuliginosa. (Id. pi. 5, fig. 17.) Shell smooth, fusiform, subinflated, rather thick ; spire ob-
tuse ; sutures impressed ; whorls six, somewhat convex ; aperture large, angular at base and
channelled. Color, dark brown. Length, 0-S5; diameter, 0' 5. Tennessee.

M. alvearc. (Conrad, Fr. Wat. Shells, p. 54, pi. 4, fig. 7.) Shell short, conical, ventricose.
Whorls flattened, with a line of wide compressed tubercles at the base of the penultimate
whorl: body-whorl angulated ; angle armed with prominent tubercles ; base hardly convex,
with about five prominent lines; aperture obliquely elliptical, less than half the length of
the shell. Alabama.

M. annulifera. (Conrad, op. cit. p. 51, pi. S, fig. 2.) Shell subelevated, subconical, with flat-
tened whorls, and elevated distant ribs, alternately smaller ; about five on the body-whorl,
and three on the adjoining one : suture obsolete. Color, usually blackish without and pur-
plish within. Black-warrior river, Alabama.

M. biteniata. (Conrad, op. cit. p. 52, pi. 8, fig. 6.) Shell conic, with convex whorls ; spires
short: one whorl entire, very convex; apex eroded; columella with a callus above, and ano-
ther near the base ; aperture half the length of the shell. Color, olive, with two broad purple
bands on the body-whorl, and one on the contiguous whorl ; within bluish with purplish bands.
Alabama.

M. canaliculata. (Say, Ac. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 175. M. sayi, Conrad, p. 50.) Shell tapering.
Whorls about seven, slightly wrinkled : spire towards the apex, much eroded. Body with
a large groove which is obsolete upon the whorls of the spire, from the revolution of the
suture on its lower margin ; hence the upper margin only of the groove is seen in the form
of an obtuse carina. Lip slightly undulated by the groove, and with a distinct sinus at the
base of the columella. Color, brownish horn ; aperture bluish white, with one or more ob-

FAMILY TURBINIOE MELANIA. 95

solete revolving reddish lines. Length, 1-1; diameter, 0-4. One of the largest of the
genus. Ohio.

M. arnica. (Say, Ac. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 176.) Shell conic, rapidly attenuating to an apex, very
slightly wrinkled: suture not deeply impressed. Whorls 7 - S ; aperture oblique, equalling
the second, third and fourth whorls together. Color, olivaceous, occasionally with one to
three revolving rufous or blackish lines. Length 0'6. An anculolus ? Ohio river.

M. nickliniana. (Lea, Am. Phil. Tr. Vol. 8, p. 171, pi. 5, fig. IS.) Shell smooth, obtusely
conical, solid; sutures impressed; whorls six, slightly convex ; aperture large, somewhat
rounded. Color, very dark, occasionally banded ; aperture purple. Length, 0-45; diameter,
0 • 27. Virginia.

M. viridis. (Id. 1. c. pi. 5, fig. 19.) Shell smooth, subfusifonn, rather thick ; spire short, ob-
tusely conical ; sutures linear ; whorls 5, somewhat convex ; aperture ovate, rather large.
Color, green; aperture white. Length, 0-32; diameter, 0- 27. Ohio.

M. occidentalis. (Id. 1. c. pi. 5, fig. 20.) Shell smooth, subglobose, rather thick ; spire short,
pointed ; sutures linear ; whorls four, rather convex, occasionally with raised revolving stria? ;
aperture large, ovate, nearly three-quarters of the total length. Color, green ; within purple
or white. Closely allied to the M. subglobosa of Say. Length, 0-37 ; diameter, 0-3. Ohio.

M. globula. (Id. 1. c. pi. 5, fig. 22.) Shell very small, smooth, subglobose ; spire short; sutures
impressed; whorls four, rather convex; aperture large, nearly two-thirds of total length,
nearly round. Color, dark brown, with two darker revolving bands ; . aperture bluish.
Length, 0~25; diameter, 0.22. Tennessee.

M. altilis. (Id. 1. c. pi. 5, fig. 23.) Shell smooth, subglobose, thick ; spire short ; sutures small ;
whorls four, obtusely angular above ; aperture large, nearly round. Color, pale horn. Length,
0'32; diameter, 0'27. Maryland, South-Carolina.

M. strigosa. (Id. 1. c. pi. 5, fig. 24.) Shell smooth, acutely turreted, thin, striate above ; spire
drawn out ; sutures impressed; whorls 9, flattened; aperture small, elliptical, angulated at
the base. Color, pale yellow ; bluish within. Length, 0-85; diameter, 0' 27.

M. virgata. (Id. I.e. pi. 5, fig. 25.) Shell smooth, rounded, rather thin, shining; spire short;
sutures linear; whorls convex ; aperture half the total length, elliptical. Color, yellow, with
two broad bands. Length, 0'3; diameter, 0'2. Tennessee.

M. tenebrosa. (Id. 1. c. pi. 5, fig. 26.) Shell smooth, conical, rather thick; spire rather elevated ;
sutures impressed; whorls flattened; aperture rather large, elliptical, angular at the base.
Color, nearly black ; within bluish. Length, 0- 72; diameter, 0- 3. Tennessee.

M. cincinnatensis. (Lea, Am. Jour. Vol. 38, p. 175; Am. Phil. Tr. Vol. 8, p. 190, pi. 6, fig. 58.)
Shell minute, much depressed, compressed beneath, bicarinate, with an acute apex ; whorls
four; aperture subrounded. Color, fuscous, trifasciate. Length, 0-16; diameter, 0-14.
Cincinnati.

M. comma. (Conrad, op. cit. pi. 8, fig. 7.) Shell subulate, much elongated, slender. Whorls
8-9, flattened, indented at the sutures, with longitudinal distant slightly arcuated ribs, dis-
appearing on the lower whorls ; lip thin ; aperture elliptical, produced at the base. Color,
olive, with a dark band above the middle of each whorl. Alabama.

96 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

M. congesta. (Id. Am. Jour. Vol. 25, p. 343.) Shell subulate, with about nine volutions, the
lower ones obscurely angulated, those of the spire acutely carinate towards the apex: suture
well defined ; body-whorl obscurely angulated ; aperture longitudinally elliptical. Alabama.

M. elevata. (Say, Ac. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 176. M. elongata? Lea, Am. Tr. Vol. 4.) Shell gradually
attenuating to the apex, slightly and irregularly wrinkled ; suture not deeply impressed.
Whorls 9 - 10, with several more or less elevated revolving lines, of which one being more
conspicuous, gives the shell a carinated appearance. Aperture oblique, equalling the length
of the 2d, 3d and 4th volutions together. Color, olivaceous. Length, 1*0; breadth, 0-4.
Ohio river.

M. ezcurata. (Conrad, Fr. Wat. p. 49, pi. 4, fig. 6.) Shell subulate, with a spiral band of slightly
oblique subcompressed tubercles on the base of the inferior whorls : above this, a prominent
line with a slight intervening channel. Whorls towards the apex nearly entire : base with 3
prominent lines ; the upper ones largest ; the third hardly prominent, and approximating to
the middle one. Color : epidermis reddish brown or black. Alabama.

M.? integra. (Say, Des. ten. and fl. shells, p. 18.) Subglobose. Whorls 3, rounded, obsoletely
wrinkled ; spire very short, less than half the length of the aperture ; suture rather deeply
impressed; body-whorl large; aperture dilated, ovate, acute above; columella flattened,
polished ; lip regularly rounded ; base rounded, without undulation or sinus ; umbilicus none ;
opercle obviously spiral. Length, 0- 2. Ohio river.

M. teres. (Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. Vol. 8, p. 176. pi. 5, fig. 27.) Shell plicate or folded, acutely
turreted, thin : spire drawn out ; sutures impressed ; whorls 9, convex ; aperture small, ellip-
tical. Color, horn; white within. Length, 0"87; diameter, 0-25. Tennessee.

M. obtusa. (Id. lb. pi. 5, fig. 28.) Shell folded, fusiform, rather thick : spire obtuse ; sutures
impressed; whorls 4, the last semiplicate ; aperture large. Length, 0"55; diameter, 0*27.
Tennessee.

M. lecontiana. (Id. lb. p. 177, pi. 5, fig. 29.) Shell folded, conical, thick : spire obtusely ele-
vated ; sutures small. Whorls 6, flattened ; lower half of body-whorl not folded : aperture
large, nearly one-half of total length, elliptical. Length, 0"8; diameter, 0' 35. Georgia.

M. rugosa. (Id. lb. pi. 5, fig. 30.) Shell folded, conical, rather thin, translucent, transversely
striated: spire rather elevated; sutures much impressed ; whorls seven, convex, cancellated
above; aperture rather large, elliptical, angular below. Color, horn. Length, 0-5; diame-
ter, 0-22. Teiuiessee.

M. monozonalis. (Id. lb. pi. 6, fig. 31.) Shell folded, fusiform, rather thick : spire obtuse ; su-
tures linear; whorls 5, rather convex; aperture large, about one-half the total length, ellip-
tical. Color, light-colored, with a simple broad band on the upper part. Length, 0*42;
diameter, 0*21. Tennessee.

M. terebralis. (Id. lb. p. 178, pi. 6, fig. 32.) Shell folded, acutely turreted, rather thin, shining:
spire much elevated ; sutures much impressed ; whorls 9, convex, carinate above ; aperture
small, about one-fifth of the total length. Color, reddish brown. Length, 0-67; diameter,
0 • 24. Tennessee.

M. columella. (Id. lb. p. 179, pi. 6, fig. 33.) Shell obscurely folded, conoidal, rather thin:
spire rather elevated, striate above ; suture impressed ; whorls six, somewhat compressed ;

FAMILY TURBINID^E MELANIA. 97

aperture about one-third of total length, elliptical, angular at base ; columella with an im-
pressed curve. Color, horn. Length, 0' 63; width, 0' 26. Tennessee.
M. blanda. (Id. lb. pi. 6, fig. 34.) Shell folded, conoidal, rather thin, shining : spire rather
elevated, striate above ; sutures impressed ; whorls 7, rather flattened ; aperture one-third of
total length, elliptical, angular at base. Length, 0- 69; diameter, 0' 26. Tennessee.
M. crebri-costata. (Id. lb. pi. 6, fig. 35.) Shell with numerous slightly curved folds, except on
lower half of body-whorl, conoidal, rather thick : sutures linear ; whorls 7, flattened ; aper-
ture about one-third of the total length, elliptical, angular below. Color, horn; mouth bluish.
Length, 0- 9; diameter, 0- 28. Tennessee.
M. laqueata. (Say, op. cit. p. 17 ; Am. Conch, pi. 47, fig. 1.) Shell oblong-conic : spire longer
than the aperture, elevated, acute at tip. Whorls moderately convex, with about seventeen
regular elevated equal equidistant costa? on the upper half of each whorl, extending from
suture to suture, but little lower on the spire, and obsolete on the body-whorl; suture mode-
rately impressed ; lip and columella a little extended at base; sinus obsolete. Length, 0"S.
Tennessee.
M. lima. (Consad, Fr. Wat. Shells, p. 54, pi. 8, fig. 8.) Shell conic or subfusiform, with ap-
proximate nodulous spiral lines of unequal size: body-whorl angulated, with a series of
prominent tubercles ; base with two lines, the upper one nodulous ; aperture nearly half the
length of the shell, contracted and acutely angular above, and obtusely pointed at the base ;
lip very thin. Color, olive within, with purple bands. Alabama.
M. multilineata. (Say, Ac. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 380 ; Am. Conch, pi. 47, fig. 1.) Shell gradually
tapering ; apex generally much eroded : whorls about seven, a little curved, with numerous
filiform elevated subequal lines which are from 10 - 20 in number. Length, 0-9 ; width, 0-4.
Allied to elevata, but the whorls are convex and the lines more numerous. Pennsylvania,
New-Jersey.
M. nupera. (Say, Des. etc. p. 16; Am. Conch, pi. 8, fig. 1.) Shell oblong, suboval. Whorls
five, slightly rounded : body-whorl with one or more revolving series of subequal equidistant
tubercles on its upper part ; second volution with two series, the others with slightly elevated
longitudinal lines ; aperture longer than the spire, which is often decorticated; suture not
deeply impressed ; sinus of upper angle profound ; lip concave, with a callus near the upper
angle. Length, 0'S. Wabash river.
M. nassula. (Conrad, op. cit. p. 55, pi. 8, fig. 9.) Shell elevated. Whorls convex or subangu-
lated, with longitudinal ribs crossed by numerous spiral elevated lines ; about seven on the
penultimate whorl, and about eleven on the body-whorl : suture impressed ; apex much
eroded. Alabama.
M. curreyana. (Lea, Am. Phil. Trans. Vol. 8, p. 180, pi. 6, fig. 36.) Shell strongly folded,
conoidal, rather thick : spire rather elevated; suture irregularly impressed; whorls seven,
subconvex ; aperture about one-third of the total length, angular below, Color, horn; pur-
plish within. Length, 0- 73; diameter, 0- 27. Kentucky.
M. edgariana. (Id. lb. pi. 6, fig. 37.) Shell folded, conoidal, transversely striate, rather thin :
whorls eight, rather flattened; aperture rather more than one-fourth the total length, ellip-
tical, angular below. Color, yellowish brown; within bluish. Length, 0'77; diameter,
0 ' 29. Te/viessee.
Fauna — Part 6. 13

98 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

M. decora. (Id. lb. p. 181, pi. 6, fig. 38.) Shell folded except on the two lowest whorls, acutely
turreted, rather thin, striate above : spire acute, elevated ; sutures impressed ; whorls nine,
rather flattened; aperture small, elliptical. Color, horn; within whitish. Length 0-82 ;
diameter, 0-26. Tennessee, Kentucky.

M. costulata. (Id. lb. pi. 6, fig. 39.) Shell folded, conoidal, rather thin, carinate above: spire
rather elongated ; sutures impressed ; whorls nine, rather convex ; aperture subovate, one-
third of total length. Allied to M. laqueata, but more slender and less diameter. Color,
yellow; within bluish. Length, 0'82; diameter, Q- 3. Kentucky, Tomessee.

M. nitens. (Id. lb. p. 182, pi. 6, fig. 40.) Shell folded, shining, somewhat thick : spire obtuse ;
sutures impressed ; whorls seven, somewhat convex ; aperture elliptical, angular at base,
one-third of total length. Color, dark brown; reddish within. Length, 0*76; diameter,
0 ' 3. Tennessee.

M. deshayesiana. (Id. lb. pi. 6, fig. 41.) Shell folded, conoidal, thin : spire rather elevated ; sutures
impressed ; whorls eight, rather convex, striate above ; aperture about one-third of total
length, elliptical, somewhat angular at base. Color, dark horn; within whitish. Length,
0"85; diameter, 0' 35. Tennessee.

M. concinna. (Id. lb. p. 183, pi. 6, fig. 42.) Shell folded, transversely striate above, acutely
turreted, thin : spire drawn out ; sutures impressed ; whorls nine, carinate, flattened ; aper-
ture about one-fourth of total length, elliptical, angular at base. Color, brown ; within whitish.
Length, 0-75 ; width, 0-25. Tennessee.

M. labylonica. (Id. lb. pi. 6. fig. 43.) Shell carinate, turreted, rather thick : spire rather ele-
vated, striate at the apex; sutures impressed ; whorls seven, angular above ; aperture rather
large, more than one-third of total length, elliptical. Length, 0'7S; diameter, 0'36. Ohio.

M. arata. (Id. lb. pi. 6. fig. 44.) Shell carinated, conical, rather thick : sutures rather deeply
grooved ; whorls flattened, carinate ; aperture small, angular at the base and channelled.
Color, black ; dark within. Length, 0" 57; diameter, 0'2S. Tennessee.

M. ? obovata. (Say, Desc. terr. etc. p. 18.) Shell subobvate: whorls nearly 5; spire remarkably
rounded, short ; body-whorl with a very obtuse slightly indented band a little above the mid-
dle ; aperture narrow, more than twice the length of the spire ; pillar-lip polished, with a
callus above ; lip not projecting near the base, subrectilinear from the shoulder to the basal
curve, very convex at the shoulder ; base rounded, and without indentation. Color, dark-
brown or blackish. Length, 0-S. Var. indented; band almost obsolete. Resembles A.
proerosus. Kentucky river.

M. olivula. (Conrad, Am. Jour. Vol. 25, p. 342, pi. 1, fig. 13.) Shell oblong or elliptical, smooth,
entire : spire conical ; whorls 5 ; suture impressed ; aperture somewhat elliptical longitudi-
nally. Color, olive-green, about half the length of the shell, with strongly marked brown
revolving bands; about 4 on the body-whorl. Var. a. with apex eroded, whorl flattened, and
spire less conical. Alabama.

M. prasinata. (Conrad, Am. Jour. Vol.25, pi. 1, fig. 14.) Shell subulate, slightly turreted:
whorls 7 - S, flattened ; aperture elliptical, a little oblique, about one-third the length of the
shell; body-whorl subangulated at the base. Color: epidermis olive-green. Var. a. with
broad revolving costoe ; those on the body-whorl crenulated. Alabama.

FAMILY TURBINID.E MELANIA. 99

M. proximo,. (Say, Jour. Ac. Sc. Vol. 5, pi. 126.) Shell conic, rather slender, gradually attenuated
to the truncated apex : suture moderately impressed ; aperture longitudinal ; lip with the
edge not undulated, or but very slightly and obtusely so near the upper termination. Color,
black. Height, 0-6. South-Carolina.

M. pyrenella. (Conrad, Fr. Wat. Sh. p. 52, pi. S, fig. 5.) Shell elevated, with flattened whorls
having an obsolete spiral line on each: suture impressed ; body-whorl angulated, the angle
defined by a prominent line ; base hardly convex ; lip angulated near the centre ; aperture
patulous ; columella obtusely rounded at the base. North- Alabama.

M. potosiensis. (Lea, Am. Phil. Tr. Vol. 8, p. 154, pi. 6, fig. 45.) Shell carinate, conoidal,
rather thin : spire obtusely elevated; sutures much impressed; whorls 8, convex; aperture
large, more than one-third of the total length, ovate. Color, brown ; within purplish.
Length, G"62; diameter, 0"28. Missouri.

M. acuto-carhiata. (Id. lb. pi. 6, fig. 46.) Shell carinate, conoidal, rather thick, shining : spire
obtusely elevated; sutures impressed; whorls six; aperture large, nearly one-half of the
total length, elliptical, angular at the base. Color, dark brown ; within purplish. Length,
0 • 66 ; diameter, 0 " 3. Tennessee.

M. warderiana. (Id. lb. p. 185, pi. 6, fig. 47.) Shell carinate, club-shaped, rather thick: spire
conical ; sutures linear ; whorls 8, convex ; aperture ovate, rather more than one-third the
length of the shell. Color, very dark ; flesh-colored within. Length, 0'76; diameter, 0- 37.
Virg inia.

M. sulcosa. (Id. lb. pi. 6, fig. 48.) Shell transversely sulcate, conoidal, thick : sutures im-
pressed; whorls flattened; aperture small, ovate. Color, yellowish ; within whitish. Length,
— ; diameter, G"32. Tennessee.

M. striatula. (Id. lb. p. 1S6, pi. 6, fig. 49.) Shell striate, conoidal, carinate above, rather thin :
spire somewhat elevated ; sutures impressed ; whorls 8, convex ; aperture small, rather more
than one-third of the total length, elliptical. Color, dark reddish brown ; reddish within.
Length, 0*49 ; diameter, 0'21. Tetmessee.

M. pillula. (Id. lb. pi. 6, fig. 50.) Shell striate, subglobose, thick : sutures somewhat im-
pressed ; whorls 4? convex ; aperture ovate, about half the length of the shell, angular at the
base. Color, dark brown ; within purplish. Length, 0- 43; diameter, 0' 34. Tennessee.

M. circincta. (Id. lb. p. 187, pi. 6, fig. 51.) Shell striate above, turreted, rather thin : spire
drawn out; sutures small ; whorls 9, slightly convex, carinate in the middle ; aperture small,
elliptical, angular at base. Color, pale yellow, with a broad band on the carina ; within white.
Length, 0-9 ; diameter, 0-35. Te?inessee.

M. venusta. (Id. lb. pi. 6, fig. 52.) Shell subtuberculate above, fusiform, somewhat thin : spire
rather obtuse ; sutures roughly impressed ; whorls 6, convex ; aperture elongated at the base,
angulated and channelled, rather more than half the length of the shell. Color, yellowish
above. Length, O'S; diameter, 0- 43. Tennessee.

M. Jlorentiana. (Id. lb. p. 188, fig. 6, fig. 53.) Shell tuberculate, elliptical, ponderous : spire
obtuse ; sutures impressed ; whorls 6, slightly convex ; aperture elongated, more than half
the total length. Resembles M. olivula. Color, pale, occasionally with bands ; within whi-
tish. Length, 0-87; diameter, 0*47, Tennessee, Alabama.

13*

100 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

M. sahbrosa. (Conrad, 1. c. p. 51, pi. 4, fig. 5.) Shell short, suboval, thick, ventricose, with a
series of very elevated nodes on the shoulder of body-whorl, and usually two other smaller
series beneath : spire very short ; aperture contracted, and about half the length of the shell.
Columella with a callus above, and another near the base. Alabama.

M. semicarinala. (Say, Des. terr. etc. p. 16 ; Am. Conch, pi. 47. M. acuta, Lea, Am. Tr.)
Shell small, conic, turrreted, rather slender : spire attenuated, acute, the four apicial whorls
carinate below. Whorls 8, somewhat convex ; suture moderately impressed ; surface, espe-
cially of the body-whorl, slightly wrinkled ; lip a little prominent near the base. Color,
tinged with reddish brown within. Length, 0-5. Common. Kentucky.

M. simplex. (Say, Ac. Sc. Vol. 5, p. 126.) Shell conic, rather rapidly attenuated to an acute
apex : suture not deeply impressed ; whorls about S, but little rounded ; aperture longitudinal ;
lip with the edge not undulated, or but very slightly and obtusely so, near the upper termi-
nation. Color, blackish; within dull reddish. Height, 0-6; diameter, 0"3. Virginia.

M. trilineata. (Say, Des. terr. etc. p. 19.) Shell subglobose, oval: whorls four, rounded; spire
short, rather more than half the length of the aperture, which is much dilated, ovate, acute
above; base slightly angulated, without any sinus or undulation ; lip widely and regularly
rounded. Color, yellowish ; three dark revolving lines on body-whorl, the upper only of
which revolves on the spire ; the middle band widest : occasionally all obsolete. Length, 0'5.
Ohio riven

M. trochiformis. (Conrad, op. cit. p. 56, pi. 8, fig. 11.) Shell short, conical, ventricose, tur-
reted : two spiral prominent lines on each whorl, the intervening spaces concave ; summits
of the whorls flattened, angulated ; body-whorl angulated, with the periphery carinate ; base
flattened; aperture small ; lip angulated in the middle. Alabama.

M. troostiana. (Lea, Am. Phil. Tr. Vol. 6, pi. 23, fig. 86.)

M. duttoniana. (Lea, Am. Phil. Tr. Vol. 8, p. 1S8, pi. 6, fig. 54.) Shell tuberculate, fusiform,
rather thick : spire elevated, pointed at the apex ; sutures irregularly lined ; whorls seven,
depressed above ; aperture elongated, angular and channelled at the base. Color, yellow,
banded. Length, l-09; diameter, 0' 57. Tennessee.

M. holstonia. (Id. lb. p. 189, pi. 6, fig. 55.) Shell granular, conoidal, somewhat thick : spire
somewhat elevated ; sutures impressed ; whorls flattened above, with four series of small
rather sharp elevations round the whorls ; aperture ovate. Color, black ; within purple.
Length, 0-79; diameter, 0- 38. Tennessee.

M. caliginosa. (Id. lb. pi. 6, fig. 56.) Shell cancellate, conoidal, somewhat thick, transversely
striated : spire elevated ; sutures irregularly and largely impressed ; whorls eight, subconvex ;
aperture small, about one-third of the total length, elliptical. Color, very dark brown ;
within purplish. Length, 0*91; diameter, O- 34. Tennessee.

M. nodulosa. (Id. lb. p. 190, pi. 6, fig. 57.) Shell cancellate, conoidal, thick : sutures irregularly
impressed; whorls subconvex; aperture rather large, elliptical, subangular below. Color,
dark brown. Length, 0-82; diameter, 0- 34. Tennessee.

31. boijkiniana. (Id. lb. p. 228, pi. 6, fig. 59.) Shell granulate, elevated, somewhat turreted, at
the carina tuberculate: sutures impressed ; aperture long, ovate, granulate; revolving lines
generally bearing a brown line. Length, 0-94 ; diameter, 0-38. Georgia.

FAMILY TURBLNIOE — ANCULOTUS. 101

M. catenoides. (Id. lb. pi. 6, fig. 60.) Shell granulate, elevated, conoidal ; apex folded ; sutures
small ; aperture ovate ; no tubercles nor carina. Color : adult black ; young green or yellow.
Length, 0' 93; diameter, 0- 43. Georgia.

M. vestita. (Conrad, Fr. Wat. Sh. p. 57, pi. 8, fig. 12.) Shell subulate, subturreted : whorls
nine, each angulated below the middle ; suture deeply impressed ; whorls near the apex
acutely carinated. Color: epidermis smooth, polished, horn-colored, with a dark band re-
volving below the angle of each whorl.

GENUS ANCULOTUS. Say.

Shell suboval, rarely conical. Spire generally depressed. Aperture suborbicular or obovate,
rounded at the base. Base of the columella rounded, or obtusely angulated. Columella
wide, thickened, polished, generally with a callus near its superior junction with the
labrum.

Obs. This genus was first separated by Say from Melania, under the name of Anculosa
(Ac. Sc. 2, 178), which was subsequently changed to Anculotus. It includes those which
have a shorter spire, and the outer lip more rounded anteriorly. I am not aware that the
animals of this genus have been examined.

Anculotus carinatus.

(state collection.)

Description. Shell short, pyramidal, thin, fragile. Whorls with a distinct elevated carina,
rather suddenly attenuated to the apex, which is frequently eroded : the whorls are polished,
with incremental striae ascending to the edge of the carina, where they become multiplied,
especially on its lower aspect. Suture canaliculate, by the elevated carina ; aperture sub-
rhomboidal ; outer lip simple, angular, reflected at the base ; pillar-lip concave, with a broad
callus ; outer lip above contiguous to the carina of the preceding whorl.

Color. Amber, darker towards the lip.

Length, 0'45; of aperture, 0'25. Extreme width, 0'4.

This very remarkable species, which may probably form the type of a new genus, is from
Lake Champlain. My thanks are due to Dr. B. W. Budd, for an opportunity of adding this
to the State Collection. I have since obtained others from Cranesport, Broome county, in
one of the tributaries of the Susquehannah. These are dark olive-green, and many of them
0'5 - 0'6 long. An eminent conchologist pronounces it identical with A. dissimilis, but I
have not found the description of this species.

102 NEW- YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

Anculotus TRIVITTATUS.

PLATE VII. FIG. 137.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Description. Shell elliptical : whorls about five, convex ; suture impressed ; spire short,
often eroded, and about the length of the aperture ; inner lip arcuated, with a callus ; aperture
oval, rounded beneath, acute above.

Color. Dark olive, with three dark purple revolving bands on the carina, the central band
very narrow.

Length, 0*5; of aperture, 0'25.

These species were obtained from Cranesport, in company with the preceding. In some,
the bands are obscure or wanting. It appears to be closely allied to A. melanoides of Conrad,
but is distinguished by the greater number of its volutions.

{EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

A. angnlatus. (Conrad, Fr. Wat. Shells, p. 60, pi. 8, fig. 15.) Shells subglobose : body-whorl
ventricose, contracted above, biangulated; spire very short; volutions carinated at the suture.
Color, olivaceous, with about four series of dark quadrangular spots on the body-whorl. Alabama.

A costatus. (Anthony, Bost. Jour. Vol. 3, p. 278, pi. 3, fig. 1. Pl. 7, fig. 139 of this work.) Shell
thin, subglobose, with a depressed convex spire: body-whorl ventricose, with about five revolving
costas, varying in number, and occasionally obsolete; whorls four; sutures conspicuous. When the
costEe are present, the body-whorl angulated. Color, dark olive in the adult; lighter in the young :
columella deep purple at the base. Length, 0*2. Ohio.

A. dentatus. (Couthouy, Bost. Jour. Vol. 2, p. 185, pl. 4, fig. 7.) Shell rounded or subconical,
irregular: whorls 5-6, the last large ventricose ; spire obtuse, often eroded, with impressed sutures;
aperture rounded, effuse at base. Columella arcuated, with a toothlike process near the base.
Color, olive to blackish green, occasionally with 2-3 dark brown transverse bands : columella
dark brown or purple. Length, 0*25. Allied to monodontoides. Rapids of Potomac, Virginia.

A. melanoides. (Conrad, Fr. Wat. pl. 8, fig. 19.) Shell conical, with three volutions: apex eroded;
whorls flattened, only rounded at the sutures; lines of growth prominent; body-whorl abruptly
rounded; aperture elliptical, about half the length of the shell. Color: epidermis blackish, obscurely
banded. Length, 0-5. An Melania? Alabama.

A. monodontoides. (Id. lb. pl. 8, fig. 16.) Subglobose: body-whorl ventricose, not abruptly rounded
above; apex eroded; columella with a large pyramidal tooth at the base ; aperture effuse. Color,
horn, with obscure bands. Mr. Couthouy (Bost. Jour. Vol. 2, p. 186) states that the tooth resem-
bles a plait, and is on the middle, and not near the base. Virginia.

A. nigrescens. (Id. Id. pl. 8, fig. 17.) Subconical, truncated at tip: upper whorl hardly convex;
body-whorl elongate, contracted above on the labrum; columella flattened, obtusely rounded at the
base; aperture obovate, rather more than half the length of the shell. Color : epidermis blackish;
within dark purple. Maryland.

FAMILY TURBINID.E ANCULOTUS. 103

A. plicatus. (Id. lb. pi. 8, fig. 18.) Suboval with a short spire, of which one whorl only is entire,
rounded : body-whorl slightly ventricose, with oblique plaits, which are crenulated on the margins
of a slight spiral groove near the suture ; aperture elliptical. Color, greenish or blackish, with
spiral bands. Alabama.

A. pictus. (Id. lb. pi. 62. Am. Jour. Vol. 25, p. 342, pi. 1, fig. 15.) Suboval; shoulder obtusely
rounded; aperture obovate, large ; columella callous above. Color, olive, with numerous quadran-
gular small spots disposed in revolving lines, strongly marking the aperture. Length, 0 • 5 ; dia-
meter, 0*35. Alabama River.

A. proerosus. (Say, Ac. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 177. Conrad, 1. c. pi. 8, fig. 13.) Subglobose, oval: whorls
3-4, wrinkled across ; spire very short, much eroded, sometimes scarcely prominent above the
body-whorl, which is large, ventricose, with a very obtuse revolving band ; aperture suboval, above
acute, effuse ; base of the columella elongated and incurved, meeting the exterior lip at an angle.
Color, brownish ; a few revolving purplish dots within, sometimes obsolete. Length, 0 • 8. Ohio.

A. pumilus. (Conrad, Op. cit. p. 62.) Very small, obliquely oval: spire consisting of one entire
convex whorl ; apex eroded ; body-whorl regularly convex ; base with a groove behind the colu-
mella; aperture patulous, suborbicular. Color, blackish. Alabama.

A. subglobosus. (Say, Ac. Sc. Vol.5, 128. Conrad, pi. 8, fig. 14.) Subglobose: spire but little
elevated, not half the length of the aperture ; whorls about four ; aperture rounded, nearly as
broad as long ; pillar-lip somewhat flattened. Color, brownish horn ; aperture more or less tinged
with red. Length, 0-6; diameter, 0# 5. Virginia.

A. tceniatus. (Id. loc. cit. p. 63.) Shell oval or oblong: one whorl of the spire not eroded, often
longitudinally produced. Color, olivaceous, with dark green spiral bands: four on the body-
whorl. Length, 0*7. Alabama.

Genus Io, Lea. Shell fusiform ; base canaliculate ; spire elevated ; columella smooth and concave.

Io fusiformis. (Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Vol. 4, p. 122, pi. 15, fig. 37. a. b. Fusus fiuviatilis,
Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 5, p. 129.) Shell fusiform: spire much elevated, gradually
tapering ; volutions nearly six, wrinkled across, and with a series of elevated undulations on the
middle ; suture merely an impressed line ; aperture somewhat fusiform ; lip within the edge, undu-
lated ; canal rounded at tip ; columella very concave. Color, olive green or brownish, with more
or less dull reddish lines of the same, confluent. Length, 1-8; diameter, 0-9. Salt streams in
the interior of Virginia.

104 NEW- YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

GENUS LITTORINA. Ferussac.

Animal with slender elongated tentacles. Mouth only with a lingual band. Foot oblong,
with a marginal furrow in front. Organs of generation in both sexes on the right side, at
the entrance to the branchial cavity, quite near the vent. Marine. Shell, thick, globular,
conic or subturreted ; no umbilicus. Spire of a few rounded whorls. Aperture rounded,
large, entire ; outer lip sharp, not continuous behind. Opercle horny, spiral.

LlTTORINA RUDIS.

PLATE V. FIG. 103.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Turbo rudis. Montagu, Test. Brit. Matox and Rackett, Lin. Trans. Vol. 8, p. 150, pi. 4, figs. 12, 13.
T. obligates. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 241 Russel, Ess. Jour. Vol. I, p. 72.
JLitlorina rudis. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 257, fig. 165.

Description. Shell very strong and coarse, subovate, ventricose. Whorls five to six, con-
vex, tapering rapidly to a little elevated spire, and covered with revolving elevated lines and
grooves. Body-whorl with 10-12 revolving costas, the intervening spaces finely reticulated ;
lip plaited by the termination of the costae ; about four of these on the next whorl, and obso-
lete above ; base of the lip broadly bevelled ; pillar-margin also broadly flattened. Aperture
regularly oval.

Color. Obscurely brownish : " sometimes orange or olive, occasionally banded with white"
(Gould).

Length, 0'5; of aperture, 0"3.

A very common little shell on the shores of Long island. From the description alone, I
should have considered this as distinct from the rudis, which, according to Maton and Rackett,
have the " anfractus interdum leviter striati ;" whereas all of ours are invariably strongly cos-
late. It agrees, however, entirely with a specimen from the North Sea, in Dr. Jay's Cabinet,
obtained from the collection of M. Bosc, and labelled " T. rudis, Montagu."

FAMILY TURBINID.E LITTORINA. 105

LlTTORINA TENEBROSA.

PLATE VI. FIG 106.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Turbo tenebrosus. Montagu, Test. Brit.

T. vestitus. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Russel, Essex Joum. Vol. 1, p. 72.

Liltorina (enebrosa. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 259, fig. 166.

Description. Shell small, conic, not as stout as the preceding. Spire elevated and pointed,
as long as the aperture. Whorls five to six, rounded, with faint revolving lines. Suture
deeply impressed : lip thin, acute.

Color, variable : according to Mr. Say, usually invested with a soiled greenish white pig-
ment, beneath which it is sometimes reticulated with abbreviate yellow lines on a brown or
dusky ground. Animal with a dark olive head, and an olive stripe on the tentacles from the
eye : sides of the foot lined with the same.

Length, 0-5. Diameter, 0*3.

Scarcely any species varies more in its external markings, and the specimen figured is only
one of numerous varieties. They are brown, immaculate, black, green, sometimes reddish,
with pale revolving lines, and occasionally as represented in the figure. Mr. Sowerby,
after a careful comparison of specimens, believes that vestitus and obligatus are both identical
with the tenebrosa of Montagu. I coincide with Dr. Gould in referring only to this latter
species, the vestitus of Say.

LlTTORINA NERITOIDES.

PLATE VI. FIG. 109. a. B. Youko ; FIG. 110. a. b. Adult. — PLATE VI. FIG. 111. a. b. Adult. T. ntritoida, of Europe.

T. neritoides. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1232.

Littorina palliata, Gould, Invertebrata of Masa. p. 200 (excl. syn.).

Description. Shell small, very thick, smooth in the adult; with minute revolving and vertical
lines in the young. Whorls four ; the spire is flattened, and (except in very young shells)
scarcely rises above the body. Suture moderately distinct in the young, but very faintly
marked in the adult. Aperture nearly circular, or slightly oval ; the lip acute, entire, bevelled
on its inner margin, which is continuous with the curve of the pillar-lip in the adult. Opercle
corneous, smooth, subspiral.

Color, variable, usually uniform sulphur-yellow, as represented in figs. 109 and 110 ; the
young being of a dark amber brown : often whitish, greenish or orange, and occasionally
striped. " Animal : head orange, darker above ; the foot drab or cream-color" (Gould).

Length, 0*4- 0-6. Diameter of adult, 0*7.
Fauna — Part 6. 14

106 NEW- YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

This is very common along the coast, and has usually been referred to the T. neritoides
of Europe, an adult specimen of which is now before me (See fig. 111). The surface is
minutely reticulated ; spire flat ; outer lip broadly bevelled at base, slightly so on the
remaining part ; lip thin, turned forward above, and forming an acute angle with the
body-whorl; (in the American specimens, however, the lip is bevelled throughout;) the
aperture is obliquely oval, instead of being nearly circular as in palliata. The color, in
compared specimens, is identical. A few other slight differences will suggest themselves by
a comparison of the figures.

LlTTORINA IRRORATA.

PLATE VI. FIG. 112. a. b.

Turbo irroralus. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 239.

Description. Shell solid, robust, pyramidal, with numerous elevated obtuse equal lines .
suture not indented ; spire acute ; pillar-lip thickened ; lip stout, bevelled to a moderately
thin edge, which is everted below ; directly straight above ; aperture oval, angulated above.

Color. Pale ash or cinereous, or deep brown ; pillar-lip umber-brown ; lip on its margin
with purple abbreviated lines.

Length, O'8-l'O; of aperture, 0'4-0'5.

Common in salt meadows. I have seen them at Harlem, in great numbers, clinging to the
stems of salt grass. Some exceed the dimensions just given.

LlTTORINA PALLIATA.

PLATE VI. FIG. 105. a. b. c

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Turbo pallialus. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 210.

Description. Shell moderately stout, suboval. Whorls four to five, convex, with transverse
sinuous wrinkles : spire short, convex, obtuse, but little elevated, much shorter than the
aperture ; suture moderately indented ; aperture circular, slightly angulated above, patulous ;
lip acute, with large incremental lines.

Color. Frequently endued with a greenish or reddish brown or blackish pigment, concealing
the reticulated surface ; within dark purplish or dusky brown ; margin of the aperture
whitish.

Length, 0-45; of aperture, 0-3.

Common on our seashores, and quite distinct, as I conceive, from L. littorina : the lip is
not so broadly bevelled, and is more patulous, and the surface is reticulated at all ages.

FAMILY TURBINHXE MARGARITA. 107

GENUS MARGARITA. Leach.

Shell conical, moderately elevated. Whorls few, subinflated ; aperture rounded, imperfect
posteriorly ; lip sharp ; umbilicus deep. Opercle multispiral ; the nucleus central.

Obs. This genus, instituted by Dr. Leach, includes a number of small marine shells
hitherto included under the genus Turbo.

Margarita ornata.

PLATE VI. FIG. 104.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Description. Shell moderately solid, subconical ; its transverse exceeding its vertical
diameter. Whorls four to five, convex ; the body-whorl very large, subinflated. Seven to
nine distant revolving costas on its upper surface, which is separated from the simply striate
surface beneath by an obsolete carina. Spire scarcely much elevated, faintly striated ;
umbilicus large and very profound ; aperture rounded, oblique ; lip thin and simple, entire.

Color. Bright red.

Length, 0-1. Width, 0'15.

I have met with many specimens of this beautiful shell, collected on the shores in the
neighborhood of New-York. It is somewhat allied to M. undulata, but is much larger, and
the costae subequal.

Margarita undulata.

Margarita undulata. Sowerby, Malac. and Conch. Mag. ], p. 26.

Turbo incarnalus. Coothouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. Vol. 2, p. 98, pi. 3, fig. 13.

M. undulata. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 254, fig. 162.

Description. Shell orbicular, small, smooth and shining. Whorls four to five, convex,
impressed with numerous striae alternating with others still finer, undulated near the sutures by
short folds or wrinkles : sutures distinct ; basal striae much finer than those above ; umbilicus
large, extending quite to the apex, and partially covered by the reflected inner lip ; aperture
nearly circular, very oblique. Opercle thin, horny, multispiral.

Color. Uniform red, of various shades.

Length, 0"3. Width, 0"4.

This boreal shell was discovered nearly simultaneously by Messrs. Couthouy and Sowerby,
the latter having the priority of publication. It has been found in the stomachs of fishes,
and along the seacoast of Massachusetts. It will probably be detected on our own coast.

14*

108 new-york fauna mollusca.

Margarita arctica.

plate vi. fig. 107.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Margarita arctica. Leach, Ross's Voyage 1819, appendix.
Turbo inflatus. Totten, Am. Jour. Sc. Vol. 28, p. 36S, fig. 5.
T. id. Russei,, Essex Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 1, p. 73.
M. arctica. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 255, fig. 1C3.

Description. Shell small, thin, translucent, shining and globular. Whorls five, convex,
obsoletely and transversely striate, and with revolving minute lines on the base : spire low,
convex, and shorter than the aperture ; suture impressed ; aperture large, circular and ex-
panded ; lip simple, sharp, and somewhat reflected at the umbilicus, which is large and deep.
Opercle horny, multispiral.

Color. Pale brownish yellow or horn-color, immaculate, of a somewhat pearly lustre, and
feebly iridescent.

Length, 0 2. Width, 0-25.

This has not been observed as yet nearer to our shores than the coast of Massachusetts.

Margarita cinerea.

PLATE VI. FIG. 113.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Turbo cinereus. CocTHOOV, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 2, p. 99, pi. 3, fig. 9.
M. cinerea. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 252.

Description. Shell small, thin, pyramidal. Whorls five to seven, and rendered angular
by four to six revolving elevated ribs, diminishing in number as they approach the apex :
central rib largest ; surface with minute oblique stria?, not interrupted by the ribs, and giving
a somewhat nodulous appearance ; umbilicus broad and deep ; lip sharp ; aperture circular,
slightly angulated at the junction of the outer lip, which is crenulated by the termination of
the striae, and slightly reflected over the umbilicus. Opercle horny, transparent, multispiral.

Color. Uniform ashen, slightly tinged with green.

Length, 0-5. Width, (V 4.

From the stomachs of fishes on the coast of Massachusetts, and on the coast of Maine.

FAMILY TURI3INID.E MARGARITA. 109

Margarita multilineata.

PLATE VI. FIG. 108.
(STATE COLLECTION.)

Description. Shell small, pyramidal. Whorls four, convex, obtusely carinate : suture
impressed ; spire elevated ; whorls with minute revolving striae, and three to four revolving
ribs ; aperture suborbicular ; umbilicus entirely concealed by the reflection of the lip, but its
place marked by a slight depression.

Colo?: Beautifully variegated by alternate yellowish white and brown or reddish brown
revolving lines ; lip with abbreviated red and white lines.

Length, 0"3; of aperture, 0-13.

I am indebted to my excellent friend, Mr. Couthouy, for the specimens here described,
and which he considered to be new. He obtained them from the stomachs of codfishes on
the coast.

(EXTRA-LIMITAL )

M. obscura, Couthouy. (Gould, Op. cit. fig. 161.) Depressed conical, solid : spire obscure, reddish
brown, base ash-colored ; whorls angulated by two or three revolving ridges ; lines of growth
coarse; aperture circular; pearly within. Length, 0-2; diameter, 0-3. Stomachs of fishes.
Massachusetts.

M. argentata. (Gould, Op. cit. p. 256, fig. 164.) Shell very minute, depressed-conical, covered
with microscopic revolving lines ; umbilicus moderately large. Color, pearly white ; iridescent
within. Length, 0-1. Stomachs of fishes. Massachusetts.

110 NEW- YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

GENUS CINGULA. Fleming.

Shell small, thin, elongated, of several whorls. Aperture small, entire ; the lips continuous
posteriorly. Opercle horny, subspiral.

ClNGULA MINUTA.

PLATE IV. FIG. 117.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Turbo minutus. Totten, Am. Jour, of Sci. Vol. 26, p. 369, pi. fig. 6, A. B.
T. id. Russel, Essex Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 1, p. 73.

T. id. Godld, Invertebrata of Mass, p. 265, fig. 171.

Description. Shell minute, conic, thin, polished, elevated to an obtuse apex. Whorls five,
convex, with very fine transverse striae. Suture distinct, with a rounded shoulder on the whorl.
Aperture oval, entire, rounded at the base, very slightly angular above : lip sharp ; lower
portion of the pillar-lip slightly recurved, with a loosely attached enamel, which rises before
an umbilical pit. Opercle horny, subspiral.

Color. Yellowish brown, usually coated with a dark green pigment. Animal dusky brown :
tentacle, and a line on each side of the neck, light drab.

Length, 0-1 -0-15. Width, 0-05.

This minute species was first detected by Col. Totten of the U. S. Engineers, at Rhode-
Island. Along the coast of Massachusetts, it occurs on seaweed and other marine plants.

ClNGULA ACULEUS.

PLATE VI. FIG. 115.
(STATE COLLECTION.)

Cingula aculeus. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 266, fig. 172.

Description. Shell minute, subcylindrical, elongated, fragile. Whorls six, very convex,
with a deep suture. Surface with numerous revolving equidistant microscopic lines, with
traces of vertical folds on the upper whorls. Aperture suboval, oblique, one-fourth the length
of the shell : margin entire, and slightly turned over the umbilicus ; the revolving lines seen
through the interior of the outer lip. Opercle horny.

Color. Epidermis thick, and of a light yellow straw-color ; beneath horn-color.

Length, 0*2; of aperture, 0"05.

This was sent to me several years ago, from the northern coast, by Mr. Couthouy, as an
undescribed Pyramis ? I then referred it to Turbo, under an appropriate subgenus. Since
that period, Dr. Gould has arranged it in its present place. It will probably be found in our
waters.

FAMILY TURBINID.E LACUNA. Ill

ClNGULA LiEVIS.

PLATE VI. FIG. 118.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Description. Shell small, moderately solid, elevated. Whorls five, very convex, and
separated by a deep suture ; the two upper whorls rather rapidly diminishing in size. Sur-
face smooth, but (under the lens) exhibits faint traces of incremental lines ; the two lower
whorls more than half the total length. Body-whorl large ; aperture small, nearly regularly
oval, slightly angulated above ; pillar-lip arcuated, elevated, and partially everted over the
distinct and rather large umbilicus.

Color. Opake white in the adult ; transparent corneous in the young, with occasionally the
upper whorls deep black.

Length, 0-2; of aperture, 0'08.

I received numerous specimens of this shell from the Rev. Mr. Linsley of Stratford
(Conn.), who obtained them from the crop of a wild duck. I then referred it to Odostomia,
and gave a specific name which recalled the form of a Limnea. I was subsequently fur-
nished with specimens by Dr. Charles Stillman, who obtained them at Bushwick inlet, near
the city, where they had been washed upon the shore after a storm. The above dimensions
are given from one of the largest size. In its general form it resembles C. aculeus, with
which indeed it may, perhaps, be identified. It differs from C. minuta by its constantly
greater size, the smallness and more inferior position of the aperture, the wide umbilicus,
and deeper suture.

GENUS LACUNA. Turton.

Shell globose or conical, thin ; covered with a smooth epidermis. Spire short, consisting of
a few rapidly enlarging whorls. Aperture semilunar, rounded at the extremities. Colu-
mella oblique, reflected over part of the umbilicus, which forms a lengthened groove.

Lacuna vincta.

PLATE VI. FIG. 119. a. B. c.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Turbo vinclus. Montagu, Test. Brit. 307, pi. 20, fig. 3.

Lacuna pertusa. Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 6, p. 266, pi. 11, fig. 19.
Lacuna vincta. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 262, fig. 178.

Description. Shell small, thin, ovate-conic : spire pointed ; whorls five, very convex, with
faint incremental lines ; suture deep ; aperture nearly circular ; lip sharp and simple ; pillar-

112 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

lip with a wide and deep groove behind, ending in a profound umbilicus. Opercle horny,
subspiral.

Color. Uniform yellowish horn, under which condition it has been termed L. fusca. Fre-
quently yellowish or soiled white, with four or five dark purplish or reddish bands.

Length, 0'3.

This small shell, which has also been named T. quadrijasciatus, occurs on the shores of
Long island sound. I am indebted to Mr. Linsley of Stratford, for numerous specimens.

(EXTRALIMITAL.)

L. neritoidea. (Gouid, Op. cit. fig-. 170.) Shell globular-ovate, with three and a half whorls, the last
very large, smooth, yellowish gTeen : aperture semilunar, oblique ; umbilicus large and deep.
Length, 0*2. Massachusetts.

GENUS TURRITELLA. Lamarck.

Animal with a proboscis, and a fringe above it like a veil. Tentacles long, filamentous, with
the eyes on the outer base on a tubercle. Shell, turreted, pointed, elongated, slender,
spirally striated : aperture rounded, entire ; lip disjoined above, the outer lip thin. Opercle

horny.

TURRITELLA INTERRUPTA.

PLATE VI. FIG. 123.

Tumttlla intcrrupta. Totten, Am. Jour, of Sci. Vol. 28, p. 352, pi. fig. 7.
T- id. Adams, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 2, p. 275.

T. (Eulima?) id. Gould, Invertebrutaof Mass. p. 268, fig. 173.

Description. Shell small and slender. Whorls about ten, almost flat, on which are from
twenty to thirty transverse obtuse ribs, crossed by about fourteen subequal revolving lines
interrupted by the ribs ; these are arranged in pairs, so closely applied as often to be con-
founded in one : below the middle of the body-whorl, the ribs become obsolete, and the
revolving lines are uninterrupted : a slight shoulder on each whorl, causes the sutures to be
quite distinct. Aperture ovate, sharply angular above ; inner lip slightly everted.

Color. Whitish brown and amber-colored.

Length, 0-2 - 0-3. "Width, 0-08.

This species was discovered and named originally by Col. Totten of the U. S. Engineers,
who dredged it from the coast of Rhode-Island. It was subsequently found on the coast of
Massachusetts. My friend Dr. Budd obtained it by dredging in the East river, in mud,
opposite Newtown creek, and in five fathom water off the Quarantine ground.

FAMILY TUREINID.E

TURRITELLA.

113

TURRITELLA EROSA.

PLATE VI. FIG. 125.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Turrilella erosa. Couthouy, Bost. Jour. Vol. 2, p. 103, pi. 3, fig. 1.
T. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 267.

Description. Shell larger than the preceding, turreted, elongate. Whorls nine to eleven,
rather flat, smooth, sloping towards the suture : from three to five abruptly revolving grooves,
most prominent and numerous on the lower whorls. Striae of growth wrinkling the shell
longitudinally. Apex often eroded : aperture circular ; lip thin, and impressed by the termi-
nation of the costs. Columella with a slight callus and angular base.

Color. Reddish brown ; epidermis sometimes dark lilac.

Length, 0"5 - 0'8 ; of aperture, 0'15.

Found in the stomachs of fishes, on the seacoast of Massachusetts.

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

T. impressa. (Say, Acad. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 244.) Shell with an acute apex: whorls six, with about four
acute impressed revolving lines; lip not thickened, a slight indentation at its base, and a projection
within on the middle. Color, dusky. Length, 0*1. Seacoast.

T. cequalis. (Say, Jour. Ac. Sc. Vol. 5, p. 208.) Shell subulate. Whorls ten, each with about twenty-
two transverse elevated obtuse equal lines, with interstitial grooves of the same diameter: suture
impressed, distinct ; aperture rounded at the base, and destitute of any distinct emargination. Color,
white. Length, 0.2. Seacoast.

T. allcrnata. (Say, Ac. Sc. Vol. 2. p. 243.) Shell acute at apex. Whorls eight, with about eight
unequal revolving slightly elevated lines, maculated with rufous, and decussated by transverse ele-
vated obtuse lines, obsolete below the middle of the body-whorl, and prominent on the spire. Lip
not thickened ; a slight indentation at the base. Color, whitish ash. Animal with long white
tentacles, annulate with brown. Length, 0 • 2. Seacoast.

T. concava. (Say, Ac. Sc. Vol. 5, p. 207.) Shell subulate. Whorls more than ten, concave in the
middle, and sculptured with 2-4 obsolete impressed revolving lines, and with an apicial and basal
band of about fifteen longitudinal undulations on each whorl ; the basal band passes round the
middle of the body whorl. Suture very slightly impressed: canal rather prominent. South-Carolina.

Fauna — Part 6.

15

114 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

GENUS PYRAMIS. Brown.

Shell small, elongated, of numerous whorls. Aperture short, ovate, entire in front ; lip
sharp, disunited above ; pillar without a fold

Pyramis striatula.

PLATE VIII. FIG. 109.

Pyramis striatula. Couthouv, Bost. Journ. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 101, pi. 1, fig. 6.
p. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 269, fig. 174.

Description. Shell small, smooth, subulate, imperforate, usually polished. Whorls seven
to nine, nearly flat, marked by twelve to fifteen minute regular revolving stria?, diminishing
in number to the apex : suture linear, and rather deeply impressed. Aperture ovate-acute,
angular above ; base very slightly effuse : outer lip sharp, smooth, without any sinus or groova
at its junction with the body-whorl ; pillar-lip arched regularly throughout.

Color. Pale bluish white ; within milk-white.

Length, 06. Basal diameter, 0-2.

Stomachs of fishes, off the coast of Massachusetts.

GENUS ODOSTOMIA. Fleming.

Shell conical, elongated ; aperture ovate ; lips disunited above, and sometimes produced
beneath. Pillar with a tooth-like fold. Opercle horny, subspiral.

Odostomia trifida.

PLATE VIII. FIG. 170.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Actceon trifidzts. Tottex, American Journal of Science, Vol. 26, p. 363.
Odostomia trifida. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 274, fig. 179.

Descrip>tion. Shell small, elevated, pointed, smooth and glossy. Whorls eight, fiat, with abom
six impressed revolving lines ; the one above, and the two next below the suture, wider and
more distinct : ten or twelve very minute lines at the base of the body-whorl. Spire gradually
tapering to an acute apex. Aperture elongate, about one-third the length of the shell, acutely
angular above, produced and rounded below. Outer lip sharp and thin, entire ; pillar-lip with
a single sharp oblique fold : opercle horny.
Color. Ivory and soiled white.
Length, 0-2. Width, 0-08.

FAMILY TURBINIDiE — ODOSTOMIA. 115

This small species was originally detected by Col. Totten, in the waters of Rhode-Island.
I have obtained them from Mr. Charles Wheatly, who dredged them from the mud in five
fathom water, opposite Staten island, and subsequently obtained them along the shore. They
are not uncommon on the northern shores of Long island. I have received specimens of an
Odostomia ? from Mr. Couthouy, which differs from the above in having more than one fold
on the columella. It will be described by Mr. Couthouy.

Odostomia seminuda.

PLATE VIII. FIG. 171.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Jaminia seminwla. AnAJts, Bost. Jour. Nat, Hist. Vol. 2, p. 280, pi. 4, fig. 13.
Odostomia seminuda, Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 273, fig. 178.

Description. Shell small, acute, conic. Whorls seven, convex : upper whorls and half of
the body-whorl longitudinally rugose, crossed by three equidistant revolving lines, presenting
a granulated appearance : at the base of the lower whorl are four revolving lines, beginning
on the middle, where the folds abruptly terminate. Suture distinct, divided by an indistinct
spiral ridge. Aperture oval ; the outer lip very thin, and scolloped by the revolving lines ;
the pillar-lip with an inconspicuous fold.

Color. Glossy white, translucent.

Length, 0-15. Width, 0-07.

First observed by Prof. Adams on the coast of Massachusetts, and since dredged by Dr.
Stillman in the East river opposite Newtown creek. These latter specimens are larger than
those described by Messrs. Adams or Gould, having a total length of 0-25, and width of 0" 1.

Odostomia insculpta.

PLATE XXXI. FIG. 297.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Description. Shell elevated, thick, opaque, regularly tapering to the apex. Whorls seven,
flat, with a deeply impre'ssed suture : body-whorl with ten deeply sculptured closely approxi-
mated revolving stria on the lower half, and five distant revolving lines on the upper half ;
about four on the next whorl, and gradually diminishing in number above. Aperture ovate,
acute above, effuse beneath. Lip simple ; fold on the pillar-lip near the middle, distinct under
the lens, and deepening within.

Color. Soiled white ; the sculptured lines rufous.

Length, 0"2; of aperture, 0"08.

15»

116 NEW- YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

This species, apparently belonging to the Monotigma of Gray, was obtained by Dr. C.
Stillman on the shore of the East river, near the city, after a storm. It resembles exceedingly
the Pyramis striatula of Couthouy ; but it differs specifically by its deeply sculptured furrows,
and its tooth-like fold, from the genus.

Odostomia fusca.

PLATE XXXVI. FIG. 342.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Pyramis fusca. Adams, Bost. Journal Nat. Hist. Vol. 2, p. 282, pi. 4, fig. 9.
Jaminia id Id. lb. Vol. 3, p. 337.

Odostomia id. Could, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 270, fig. 176.

Description. Shell small, subelongate, conical. Spire truncate obtuse ; whorls six, convex ;
suture strongly impressed, and with a revolving line below it, causing it to appear double.
Aperture broadly ovate, acutely angular above, dilated in the middle. Fold on the pillar-lip
far within, occasionally double, and in some cases obsolete ; an umbilical indentation about
the middle of the left lip.

Color. Epidermis shining brown.

Length, 0-15- 0" 25.

Specimens of this shell have been presented by Dr. Stillman, who obtained them by dredging
in the East river opposite Newtown creek. They were originally found on the coast of
Massachusetts.

(EXTRALIMITAL.)

O. producta. (Jaminia id. Adams, Bost. Jour. Vol. 3, p. 322, pi. 3, fig. 8. Pl. 31, fig. 296 of this
book.) Shell conic-cylindrical: whorls eight, nearly flat ; columella flexuous. Allied to O. fusca,
but more slender. Color, dusky horn. Length, 0» 25. Coast of Massachusetts.

O? exigua. (Jaminia id. Couthouy, Loc. cit. Vol. 2, p. 92, pl. 2, fig. 7. T. bisuturalis, Say, Ac.
Sc.Wol. 2, p. 244. Pl. 31, fig. 294, 295, var.) Shell minute, ovate, conical, smooth, with a
single revolving line below the suture : aperture oval, subumbilicated. Color, light green; epidermis
brownish. Length, 0*15; width, 0*05. On decaying wood near the shore. Massachusetts.

A variety of this species (fig. 295), with more rounded volutions, and a very faint trace of umbi-
licus, is occasionally found on our coast.

Genus Vermetus. Animal vermiform : head not very distinct, and furnished with a proboscis, pro-
vided at its extremity with many series of hooks ; two conic and slightly flattened tentacles
with the eyes at their external base; foot cylindrical, with two long filaments in front. Shell
conic, tubular, spiral at the apex, irregularly and loosely twisted towards the aperture, which
is sharp and continuous : opercle horny.

FAMILY TURBLNIDJE — SKENEA. 117

V. lumbricalis? Lin. (Pl. 36, fig. 349 of this book.) Tubular: usually many interlaced together,
with numerous raised lines along its length; spire with 8-10 closely connected whorls. Color,
ashen gray. Length, 8-10 inches.

The lumbricalis is reddish brown, and not more than four inches long. Northern Coast.

GENUS SKENEA. Fleming.
Shell minute, discoidal, concavely umbilicated beneath. Whorls three ; mouth expanded.

Skenea serpuloides.
plate xxxii. fig. :03.

Delpkinula serpuloides* Adams, Bost. Jour. Vol. 3, p. 334.

Skenea id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 247, fig. 189.

Description. Shell very minute, diaphanous, smooth, not shining, slightly convex above
and broadly concave beneath, forming a deep umbilicus which exhibits all the whorls. Whorls
three : suture broad and deep. Aperture entire, free, turning downwards, circular, in con-
tact with but not embracing any part of the preceding whorl : lip sharp, and receding so as
to form an acute gape as it joins the preceding whorl. Opercle horny, multispiral ; the apex
central.

Color. Reddish brown or horn-color.

Length, 0-03. Width, 0-07.

One of the smallest of our marine shells, usually attached to stones about low-water mark.
Common on the northern coast, and will probably be found on the shores of this State.

(EXTRALIMITAL.)

SJ laxa. (Delphinula id. Say, Jour. Ac. Sc. Vol. 5, p. 207; Am. Conchology, pl. 7.) Shell
regularly spiral, subovate, nearly smooth. Whorls rounded, perfectly disjoined throughout, rapidly
lessening to the apex : a dilated groove on the line of the umbilicus ; aperture oval, with a sharp
edge. Color, whitish tinged with yellow. South-Carolina.
An var. monst. Naticm vel Valvata ?

118 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

GENUS VALVATA. Muller.

Animal with a distinct head, elongated with a proboscis. Tentacles very long, approximate,
cylindrical, obtuse : eyes sessile, behind their bases. Foot bilobed in front. Gills long,
pectiniform, more or less exsertile. Cavity widely patulous, and furnished on the right of
its lower margin with a long appendix resembling a third tentacle. The male organ retrac-
tile into the breathing cavity. Inhabiting fresh water. Shell discoid or conoid: whorls
cylindrical, loosely cohering ; aperture circular, its margin sharp, entire ; opercle circular,
horny.

Valvata tricarinata.

PLATE VI. FIG. 130. a. b.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Cyclostoma tricarinata. Say, Nich. Ency. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 1, p. 15.
Valvata id. Adams, American Journal of Science, Vol. 40, p. 267.

V. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 225, fig. 156.

Description. Shell small, thin, depressed. Whorls three, flattened at the summit ; the
body-whorl with three revolving keels, the others with but two. Suture deeply impressed ;
aperture circular, oblique, modified by the keels ; umbilicus large, patulous, and exhibiting
all the volutions to the summit.

Color. Brownish white, often pearly, occasionally greenish.

Height, 0-1. Diameter, 0-07.

Found in many streams and ponds throughout the State.

Valvata unicarinata.

PLATE VI. FIG. 120.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Description. Shell small ; apex depressed. Whorls three or four, impressed with minute
incremental stria?, all flattened above, and bounded by a revolving rib or keel, which in the
younger individuals ascends to the summit. Aperture circular, nearly vertical, scarcely mo-
dified by the keel. Opercle corneous, thin, with concentric striae : umbilicus wide, profound,
exhibiting all the volutions.

Color. Milky bluish white ; apex often tinged with rufous.

Height, 0-1. Diameter, 0*15.

These dimensions are from one of the largest size, obtained from Lake Champlain, where
they are very abundant, and from the Erie canal. It is allied to the preceding, and forms

FAMILY TURBINID.E — VALVATA. 119

the passage to sincera. Some eminent conchologists suppose this, and perhaps the following,
to be but mere varieties of tricarinata. It approaches the V. humeralis of Say, from
Mexico ; but it is smaller, not so much depressed, and has a wider umbilicus.

Valvata sincera.

PLATE VI. FIG. 127. a. b. — PLATE VI. FIG. 128. Monstrous variety.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Valvata sincera. Say, Long's Exped. St. Peters, Vol. 2, p. 264, pi. 15, fig. 11.
V. id. Adams, American Journ. Sciences, Vol. 40, p. 267.

Description. Shell small, subglobose, conic. Whorls nearly four, accurately rounded,
finely and regularly wrinkled across. Aperture not interrupted by the penultimate whorl, nor
appressed to it, but merely in contact ; the lip not diminished in thickness at the point of
contact. Umbilicus large, exhibiting all the volutions.

Color. Light, often whitish ; the apex frequently purplish.

Height, 0*1. Diameter, 0 2 nearly.

Var. a. The transverse wrinkles obsolete.

I have received specimens from various parts of the State, and am chiefly indebted to Drs.
Boyd and Emmons, and to Dr. Jay, for specimens. They are abundant in Lakes Champlain,
Chaulauque, Oneida, &c. I have seen a monstrous variety of this species from the collec-
tion of Dr. Newcomb (fig. 128), which presents the following characters :

Shell oblong, subcylindrical. Whorls three or four, rounded, smooth : apex depressed;
first whorl horizontal, the following whorls entirely detached ; aperture oblique, oval, slightly
angular, and effuse at its point of contact with the body-whorl. Umbilicus small, partially
covered by the effuse lip. Color, light waxen. Height, 0' 13; diameter, 1*95.

In this great deviation from the normal form, it is not unlike the monstrous variety of Helix,
described and figured by Ferussac (Hist. Moll. terr. etc. pi. 36, fig. 12). In the cabinet of
Dr. Jay, there is a monstrous variety of Carocolla albolabris, in which the whorls are sepa-
rated and the lip effuse. The specimen under consideration comes from the Mohawk river.

There is frequently found associated with this and the preceding species, an agglutinated
arenaceous mass, resembling them very much in form. This has been described as V. are-
nifera, in the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (Vol. 4, p. 104, pi. 15,
fig. 36. a. b.), and has since been erected by Mr. Swainson into the new genus Thelidomus
(See Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopedia, No. 123, pp. 226, 353). It is believed to be the case
of the larva of some aquatic insect, possibly a Phryanea.

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

V. pupoidea. (Gould, Invert. Mass. p. 226, fig. 155.) Shell minute, elevated ; whorls four or five,
the last nearly disjoined ; apex obtuse. Color, chesnut. Length, (M. Var. of the preceding?
Massachusetts.

120 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

GENUS NATICA. Bruguieres.

Animal : head emarginate in front ; two long and pointed tentacles somewhat flattened at
their base : eyes sessile, at the external base of these tentacles. Mouth with a labial tooth :
no tongue. Foot short, deeply bilobed across in front, exhibiting behind a lobed appendix
supporting the opercle. Shell smooth, subglobose or orbicular, umbilicated ; spire sub-
depressed ; aperture entire, semicircular ; inner lip with a callus which modifies the umbi-
licus, not toothed ; lip sharp, smooth within.

Obs. Some shells have been referred to this genns, without an umbilicus ; these constitute
a subgenus, for which the names Globulus and Globularia have been proposed.

Natica heros.

PLATE VII. FIG. 148. — FIG. 149. Egg-case.

Natica heros. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 5, p. 248.
If. id. Russel, Essex Journal of Nat. Hist. Vol.1, p. 67.

N. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 233, fig, 165.

Description. Shell large, thick, globular-ovate. Whorls five, convex : spire considerably
elevated. Aperture oval ; the callus reflected over a small portion of the large, patulous, and
coarsely wrinkled umbilicus.

Color. Epidermis thin and yellowish ; beneath this, dark reddish mixed with ashen.
Aperture dark reddish brown, occasionally tinged with yellowish.

Length, 2" 5. Diameter, 2'0.

This is the largest species of the genus, and although found every where along our coast,
is less numerous than the following. It is exceedingly voracious, devouring dead fishes, etc.,
and sometimes reaches to a large size. Dr. Gould speaks of one five inches long, with a
breadth of three and three-quarter inches. On the plate 7, fig. 149, is a drawing of a singularly
shaped production, which is intended for the protection of the eggs of this and perhaps the fol-
lowing species. It usually occurs in the form figured above, resembling remotely the glass
shade of an astral lamp, but the circle is never complete. It is composed of an aggregation of
fine particles of sand, connected together by some glutinous substance. It is solid and brittle
when found on the dry shore ; but when immersed in water, it becomes as flexible as leather :
the ova appear to be deposited on the under side. This singular egg-case has long been a
puzzle to naturalists, and its true character was first established by Mr. Hogg, who identified
similar productions by hatching them from the N. glaucina of Europe.

FAMILY TURBINID.E — NATICA. 121

Natica duplicata.

plate vii. fig. 147.
(state collection.)

Natica duplicata. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 247.
N. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 236, fig. 164.

Description. Shell solid, subglobular. Whorls five ; the upper whorls not very convex,
marked by the lines of growth : aperture oval, oblique ; umbilicus irregular, with a deep
furrow, and almost entirely covered by a thick callus.

Color. Ashen, with a dark line or band revolving around the spire above the suture,
becoming gradually obsolete ; within, deep chesnut-brown : callus of the same color.

Length, 1-0 -2*0. Diameter, l-O-2'l.

This is one of the most common species on the coast.

Natica triseriata.

PLATE VU. FIG. 144.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Natica triseriata. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 5, p. 209.
JV. id, Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 233, fig. 165.

Description. Shell longitudinally suboval, nearly globular. Whorls five, convex : spire
somewhat elevated ; suture slightly impressed ; aperture ovate ; lip simple, acute ; pillar-lip
with a thick callus, slightly modifying the umbilicus, which is open, rounded.

Color. Epidermis thin, yellowish : three revolving series of large oblique parallel oblong
dark reddish brown spots, about twelve or fourteen in each series ; the upper series most
usually found on all the whorls : these series are more or less distinctly exhibited within the
aperture.

Length, 0-4-0-6. Width, 0- 3 - 0-5.

This species appears to be very common north of Cape Cod. I have obtained a few
specimens from the east end of Long island.

Fauna — Part 6. 16

122 NEW- YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

Natica IMMACULATA.

PLATE VII. FIG. 146.

Natica immacidata. Totten, American Journ. Science, Vol. 28, p. 351, fig. G. a. b. c.
N. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 234, fig. 168.

N. id. Wheatley, Cat. Shells of U. S. No. 695.

Description. Shell small, solid, longitudinally suboval. Whorls about five, the upper ones
very slightly convex : apex short and pointed ; suture not impressed ; the body-whorl convex,
and elongated beneath. Aperture narrow, regularly and somewhat acutely curved at the
base. Umbilicus rounded and deep, scarcely modified by the callus, which is not very
copious, but forms a deposit under the upper part of the lip, and causes a white spiral line
to appear externally just below the suture. Opercle horny.

Color. Epidermis thin, greenish yellow ; underneath this, milk-white, immaculate.

Length, 0"28. Width, 0"22.

This species was first obtained by Col. Totten, by dredging in deep water near Newport,
Rhode-Island. It has since been obtained from the shores of Massachusetts, and, according
to Mr. Wheatley, it occurs from Maine to New-York. It is one of the smallest species of
the genus, although it has been seen nearly half an inch long.

Natica clausa.

PLATE VII. FIG. 150.

N. clausa. Sowerby, Zool. Journ. Lond Vol. 4, p. 3C0.

JV. consolidate. Couthouy, Bost. Journ Nat. Hist. \ol. 2, p. 89, pi. 3, fig. 14.

N. clausa. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 238, fig. 167.

Description. Shell subglobose. Whorls four or five, subconvex, partially flattened, or even
concave near the sutures : spire very short, obtuse : suture distinct ; aperture oval, widest
above ; lip sharp, thickened and rounded towards the umbilicus ; callus depressed, enlarged
at the upper angle, and in mature specimens quite concealing the umbilicus. Opercle cal-
careous, smooth, with microscopic radiating stria?.

Color. Epidermis thin, greenish brown ; underneath varying from dull white to dark reddish
or brown. Opercle milk-white ; throat white.

Length, 0-3-0"5. Width, 0-4-0-55.

This arctic species has not yet been observed on our shores, although it has been obtained
from the stomachs of fishes along the coast. It was first detected by Mr. Couthouy of Bos-
ton, who named it consolidate, without being aware of the previous labors of Messrs. Bro-
derip and Sowerby on this subject. It will, in all probability, be detected in the stomachs of
fishes along the coast of New-York.

FAMILY TURB1NIDJ3 NATICA. 123

Natica PUSILLA.

PLATE VII. FIG. 145.

Natica pusilla. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol.2, p. 257.
JV. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 237, fig. 1GG.

Description. Shell suboval, smooth, glossy, or with faint incremental and revolving lines.
Whorls four, regularly rounded : spire moderately elevated, obtuse ; suture distinct and deep ;
lip sharp, acute ; callus pressed laterally into the umbilicus, leaving a narrow curved linear
opening ; opercle horny.

Color. Epidermis ash-colored ; underneath bluish white : throat white.

Length, 0"5. Width, 0"8.

I received specimens from several collections, labelled " JV. pusilla, Say," and gathered
many identical with them at Glasshouse point, near the city. I am now convinced that they
were either young of duplicata, or a species of Margarita, allied to, if not identical with
M. injlata. I have therefore adopted from Dr. Gould his figure and description, with the ob-
servation that the true pusilla as yet has only been obtained from the stomachs of fishes along
the coast, inhabiting deep water, and is probably a boreal species.

Natica flava.

N.flara. Godld, Am. Jour. Vol. 38, p. 196 ; Invertebrata of Mass. p. 239, fig. 162.

Description. Shell globular, inflated, thin and light. Whorls four, rounded, slightly com-
pressed above near the suture, with very minute incremental and revolving striae : spire little
elevated. Pillar-lip with a curve in its middle ; the callus contracting and obliterating the
umbilicus, which is deeply indented.

Color. Epidermis light yellowish ; white underneath : callus ivory white.

Length, 0" 1 ; width rather less.

This shell was obtained by Col. Totten from the Bank fishing grounds, and first described
by Dr. Gould. The absence of an umbilicus, which is one of the characters of the genus,
suggests the propriety of modifying it so as to admit this species, or to place it under a new
subgenus. There are three other American species, which figure in the catalogues under
the names of JV. canrena, Lam., alba and lunata, Say. The first is European, or rather
Asiatic. I can find no descriptions of the other two species, which are said to be found along
the Southern coast. For the fossil species, consult the Journal of the Academy of Natural
Sciences, Vols. 4 and 6.

16*

124 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

FAMILY TROCHID&.

Animal with two contractile tentacles : eyes at their external bases, pedunculated. Marine
and fluviatile. Shell very variable in form ; aperture occasionally with its edges dis-
united, but not forming a canal, and but rarely with a sinus in front.

(EXTRALIMITAL.)

Genus Ampullaria, Lamarck. Shell globular, ventricose, umbilicated : aperture oblong, entire;
margins united: no callosity on the pillar-lip. Lip acute, not reflected. Anopercle. Aquatic,
fluviatile.

A. hopelonensis. (Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Vol. 5, pi. 19, fig. 84.) Shell smooth, flattened above, umbi-
licate, banded; sutures impressed; whorls five; aperture subovate. Color, yellowish or dusky
brown; aperture white. Length, 1-7; diameter, 1-4. Georgia.

A. rotundata. (Say, Des. terr. & fluv. shells, p. 22.) Shell very globose ; spire little elevated ; body-
whorl undulated, instead of being wrinkled ; aperture on the margin within, thickened equally all
round, with a slight groove for the opercle; umbilicus small, narrow. Length, 1*8; width, 1 "8.
Florida.

A. paludosa et depressa. (Say, Exped. St. Peter's, Vol. 2, p. 264, pi. 14, fig. 2. A. paludosa, Id.
MSS. penesma et disseminata.) Whorls four, slightly wrinkled; body-whorl more prominent
above, somewhat flattened towards the suture ; spire very much depressed ; aperture oval, exhibit-
ing the bands on the margin ; umbilicus small, nearly closed. Color, pale olivaceous, obsoletely
banded with obscure green, with numerous vertical and transverse greenish and brown lines;
aperture somewhat glaucous. Length, 1-5; of aperture, 1-2. Ilorida.

GENUS JANTHINA. Lamarck.

Animal with a large head and extended snout, with the mouth at its extremity ; the latter with
two vertical cartilaginous lips, armed with long recurved spines. Tentacles two, conic,
pointed, distant, and scarcely contractile. Eyes beneath the extremities of moderately
long peduncles, which arise from the outer base of the tentacles. Foot oval, in two por-
tions : the anterior concave and sucker-shaped ; the posterior flattened, thick and fleshy.
Swimming appendages lateral, broad and fringed, consisting of a congeries of vesicles.
Breathing cavity patulous, with two branchial pectinated series ; orifice of the ovaries in
this cavity : male organ small, on the right side. Shell thin, brittle, globular or conoidal,
ventricose ; spire low ; aperture angular at the junction of the lips beneath ; pillar-lip
twisted; lip with a sinus at the middle : all the species yet known, of a violet color. Opercle
represented by a vesicular appendage attached to the posterior portion of the foot.

FAMILY TROCHIDiE — JANTHINA. 125

Janthina FRAGILIS.

TLATE XXXVI. FIG. 360.

Janlhmafragilis. Brug. Encyclopeil. Melhodique, pi. -156, fig. 1.
J. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 240.

Description. Shell globose-conic, with a short spire. Body-whorl large, angulaled in the
middle : surface shining, with incremental wrinkled lines, and with revolving lines beneath
the angle ; aperture large, semioval ; lip retiring as it passes the angle of the whorl ; pillar-
lip straight.

Color. Deep violet beneath the angle ; lighter above.

Length, 0-8. Width, 1*0.

This shell is never found on our shores, unless driven by heavy storms. In the autumn of
1839, according to Dr. Gould, great numbers were thus thrown upon the shores of Nantucket.

GENUS SCALARIA. Lamarck.

Animal furnished with a proboscis, with two tentacles ending in filaments, and with the eyes
on an external tubercle. Foot short and oval ; the male organ very slender. Marine.
Shell turreted, elongated ; whorls rounded, with longitudinal subacute elevated ribs ; aper-
ture rounded, the margin reflected, continuous. Opercle horny, thin, paucispiral.

Obs. The animal of this genus is yet incompletely known. We are chiefly indebted to
Messrs. Say and Couthouy for our knowledge of the American species.

SCALARIA SUBULATA.

PLATE VI. FIG. 124. a. b.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Scalaria subulata. Couthouy, Bust. Journ. Nat. Hist. Vol. 2, p. 94. pi. 3, fig. 4.
<S. id. Russell, Essex Journ. Nat. Hist. Vol. 1, p. 75.

S. granlandica. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 249, fig. 170.

Description. Shell tapering to a fine point, imperforate. Whorls nine or ten, contiguous,
slightly convex, with eight to fifteen stout compressed oblique ribs, with intervening coarse
rounded vertical ridges, and seven or eight revolving stria? ; the ribs not ending abruptly at
the suture, but flowing along the sutural region to the preceding ones. Aperture nearly cir-
cular, bordered by a rib which is emarginate at the base. Opercle horny, shining.

Color. Dull bluish white to livid brown ; lip and ribs white. Animal yellowish grey, with
whitish spots ; mouth rather large, rounded, corrugated.

Length, TO. Width, 0"35.

126 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

This species was first detected by Mr. Couthouy in the stomachs of fishes off the coast of
Massachusetts, and subsequently along the shores. It is a boreal species, which will proba-
bly be found on our own coast. On the authority of Mr. Sowerby, this species has been
referred to the Turbo clathrus-grcenlandicus of Chemnitz.

SCALARIA LINEATA.

PLATE VI. FIG. 125.

Scalaria lineata. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 242.

6'. id. Id. American Conchoiogy, p. 27.

•S. id. Godld, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 250.

Description. Shell elongated, conical. Whorls seven or eight, rounded ; body-whorl with
an elevated revolving line, which is lost in the sutures above ; from sixteen to eighteen robust
obtuse ribs. Aperture subcircular, with a strong rounded lip, which is more dilated at the
base. No umbilicus.

Color. White or brownish, with one or more revolving bands on the body-whorl.

Length, 0"5. Width, 0'2.

This species, together with the following, have been found from the coast of the Southern
States to Massachusetts. I am not aware that it has yet been observed on our own coast.
The northern specimens appear to be less robust, and with more delicate ribs than those
noticed by Mr. Say.

Scalaria multistriata.

Scalaria multistriata. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 5, p. 208.

5. id. Id. American Conchoiogy, pi. 27.

6. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 251.

Description. Shell solid, tapering to an acute apex. Whorls eight, very convex : suture
distinct; ribs regular, equidistant, varying from fourteen to twenty in number, and obsolete
on the three terminal whorls : the spaces between the ribs with numerous fine revolving lines.
Aperture oval, margined by a rib. Umbilicus none.

Length, 0'5. Width, 0"15.

The northern and southern specimens of this shell exhibit some differences, but scarcely
sufficient to warrant the creation of a new species.

FAMILY TROCHID.E TORNATELLA. 127

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

S. novanglia. (Couthouy, Bost. Joum. Vol. 2, p. 96, pi. 3, fig-. 5. Pl. 6, fig-. 126 of this book.)
Shell with the whorls scarcely in contact. Whorls 10, crossed by about 11 delicate ribs, each
forming- a little spine in the suture above: intervening- spaces with numerous minute revolving
lines. Umbilicus small. Color, glossy white or faint bluish white, with a few rusty blotches.
Length, 0-7; width, 0-25. From the stomach of a fish off Cape Ann. A single specimen only
known.

S. clathrus, Lin. (Say, Jour. Ac. Nat Sc. Vol. 5, p. 20S ; Am. Conch, pl. 27, var. c.) Shell conic,
imperforate: whorls 6-11, touching each other only by the ribs, but with a very narrow interval;
ribs 9, simple, slightly oblique, with a more or less obvious obtuse angle or shoulder above, near the
suture; aperture oval-orbicular, a little angulated at the base; lip distinct. Color, white immacu-
late. Length, 0-6 - 0-9. Southern Coast.

S. turbinata. (Conrad, Jour. Ac. Sc. Vol. 7, p. 263, pl. 20, fig. 26.) Shell with the body-whorl
dilated: ribs lamellar, strong, very prominent, slightly reflected, terminating above in a prominent
angle. Color, white. From deep waters off the coast of North-Carolina.

S. humphreysii, Kiener.

GENUS TORNATELLA. Lamarck.

Shell oval, spirally grooved : whorls few. Aperture long, narrow, rounded beneath,
thin ; pillar-lip twisted spirally to form a fold.

TORNATELLA PUNCTOSTRIATA.
PLATE VII. FIG. 143.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Tornatella punclo-striala. Adams, Rost. Journ. Nat. Hist. Vol. 3, p. 323, pl. 3, fig.
T. id. Godld, Invertebrata of Mass. p 245, fig. 188.

Description. Shell minute, suboval, polished. Whorls four to five : body-whorl large,
smooth above the aperture ; beneath it, with ten to fifteen punctate revolving lines. Spire
short, rapidly diminishing, with a shoulder near the suture : suture deeply impressed.
Aperture two-thirds of the length of the body-whorl, narrow, becoming wider beneath :
pillar-lip with a prominent fold. Umbilicus open in the young, partly covered by the reflected
margin in the adult.

Color. White.

Length, 01 - 0-15.

This species occurs in the mud just below low-water mark in the harbor of New-York,
where it was found by Dr. Budd. It his also been found by Dr. C. H. Stillman, in the East
river, opposite Williamsburgh. It likewise occurs on the coast of Massachusetts.

128 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

(EXTRALIMITAL)

Genus Pirena, Lamarck. Animal with an elongated rostrum: tentacles two, contractile, conic,

annulated, with the eyes on peduncles at their external bases; foot short, oval, angular in

front on each side ; breathing-hole in the furrow, formed by the union of the mouth with the

body. Freshwater. Shell turreted ; aperture longitudinal. Lip acute, with a distinct sinus

at the base, and another at its junction with the body : base of the columella turned towards

the right. Opercle horny, subspiral.

P. scalariformis. (Say, Ac. Sc. Vol. 5, p. 128.) Whorls rounded, with numerous elevated lines, ending

the body-whorl by 5 - 6 revolving grooves : suture well impressed, with one of the grooves so near

as to cause it to appear double ; aperture rounded ; lip thickened, somewhat recurved ; sinus slight

at the base, more obtuse above. No umbilicus. Color, pale, with several revolving reddish lines.

Length, 0-9. Florida Keys.

FAMILY CERITHIDJE.

Animal with an elongated rostrum, without a trunk, but surmounted by a veil. Tentacles
with the eyes about their middle, and externally. Inhabiting salt water. Shell elongated,
with the aperture much shorter than the remainder of its length. Opercle horny.

Obs. This comprises a portion of the family Canalifera of Lamarck.

GENUS CERITHIUM. Adanson.

Animal elongated, spiral, with its rostrum depressed, and covered by a veil which is often
fringed. Tentacles distant, annulated, and bearing the eyes on a protuberance near the
middle. Mouth without teeth, but with a small tongue. Foot short, oval, with a marginal
furrow in front. Mantle forming on the left side a canal, or the rudiment of a syphon.
Branchial cavity with a single gill, which is long and narrow. Shell turreted, elongated,
almost always tuberculated. Aperture short, oval, oblique, with a short recurved often
truncated canal.

Cerithium sayi.

PLATE VIII. FIG. 167.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Pasithca nigra. Totten, Am. Jour. Sc. Vol 26, p. 369, pi. 1, fig. 7. (Young.)

Ccriihiumreticulatum. Id. lb Vol. 28, p. 352, fig. 8.

C. id. Adams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. Vol. 2, p. 273.

C. sayi. Gould, from Menke, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 278, fig. 183.

Description. Shell small, acute, conic, thin. Whorls from six to eight, flat, with a dis-
tinct shoulder, formed by a series of granules. Surface granular, from the crossing of slightly

FAMILY CERITHID;E CERITHIUM. 129

elevated folds with elevated spiral lines : about twenty of these ribs, which disappear on the
lower half of the body-whorl, leaving there only about six slightly elevated revolving lines.
Suture deeply impressed. Aperture about a fourth of the length of the shell, elongate, sub-
ovate, acutely angular above, widely rounded below, slightly effuse. Lip sharp, modified by
the revolving lines ; the canal, if it can be said to exist, is a mere oblique fissure. Opercle
horny, ovate, concave externally, multispiral.

Color. Bluish black to reddish black.

Length, 0-2-0-3. Width, 0-1.

This species was first described by Col. Totten, from immature specimens, and referred
to Pasithea. The subsequent acquisition of full grown shells enabled him to refer it to the
present genus, where, however, it is not likely long to remain. The imperfect development
of the canal may probably induce some writers to refer it to Potamida of Brongniart, or to
construct a new and closely allied genus.

This shell is common on the shores of this State. In some specimens collected by Dr.
Stillman, the upper whorls are blackish, and furnished with distinct vertical elevated lines ;
on the three lower whorls, the revolving lines are very distinct, the color light brown, with
rufous elevated vertical lines.

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

C. ferrugineum. (Say, Am. Conch, pi. 49, fig. 3.) Whorls 7, with longitudinal ribs, rendered no-
dulous by spiral striae. About 20 ribs on the body-whorl, almost interrupted by the interstices of
the striae. Striae 7 on the body-whorl, with intermediate smaller ones ; 3 on the second whorl :
suture not very distinct. Aperture oblique, oval ; lip somewhat thickened on the outer margin.
Color, ferruginous; within whitish. Florida.

C. emersonii. (Adams, Bost. Jour. Vol. 2, p. 284, pi. 4, fig. 10. Gould, fig. 180. Pl. 8, fig. 168 of
this book.) Shell long, conical: whorls 17, flat, each with three rows of granules ; suture very
deeply impressed ; aperture small, subquadrate, about one-sixth the length of the shell ; columella
spirally twisted ; canal less than half the length of the aperture. Color, dark reddish brown.
Length, 0-5; width, 0-12. Nantucket.

C. septemstriatum. (Say, Am. Conchol. pl. 49.) Shell turreted, with ribs made somewhat nodulous
by elevated spiral striae. Ribs about 13 on the body-whorl, bifid towards the base. Spiral striae 7
on the body-whorl, 7 on the second, and 3 on the third : volutions 9. Color, dusky or blackish ;
the interstices of the striae often whitish. Lip whitish, often interrupted by small brown lines.
Florida.

C. nigrocinctum. (Adams, 1. c. Vol. 2, p. 286, pl. 4, fig. 11.) Shell small, conic-cylindrical, with
3 revolving series of granules. Whorls reversed or heterostrophe ; suture broad, carinate ; aper-
ture small, subelliptical, ending in a twisted canal about one-third as long as the aperture. Color,
reddish black ; columella black: a black spiral belt in faded shells. Length, 0-3; width, 0-07.
Massachusetts.
Fauna — Part 6. 17

130 NEW- YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

C. terebrale. (Id. lb. Vol. 3, p. 320, pi. 3, fig. 7. Pl. 8, fig. 172 of this book.) Whorls 10-12,
flattened, with three or four elevated revolving ridges on each, with numerous fine longitudinal
lines between the ridges. Base of the shell abrupt : aperture oval, about one-eighth of the length
of the shell; canal very short. Color, reddish brown. Length, 0-5; width, 0-12. Massachu-
setts.

C. greeni. (Id. lb. Vol. 2, p. 287, pl. 4, fig. 12.) Shell very small, cylindrical; beneath, deeply
rugose, with longitudinal ridges and revolving lines. Canal very deep and very short, slightly
curved. Aperture one-eighth of the shell, nearly circular. Color, reddish brown. Length, 0-2;
width, 0-05. Massachusetts.

C. muscarum. (Say, Am. Conchol. pL 49, fig. 1.) With distant longitudinal prominent ribs, with
spiral striae, which give them a crenate appearance. Stria? 5 on the body-whorl, 4 on the second,
with smaller parallel stria? : ribs 1 1 on the body-whorl. Whorls 9, somewhat convex ; suture in-
dented, distinct ; aperture oblique, oval-orbicular ; pillar-lip concave. Color, white, with reddish
brown longitudinal and spiral spots. Florida.

FAMILY PURPURIDM.

Animal furnished with a trunk, but not with a veil. Tentacles with the eyes on their middle
portion, and external. Marine. Shell very variable in its shape, furnished with a
notch, or more generally with a straight or recurved canal. Opercle horny.

GENUS BUCCINUM. Adanson.

Animal without any labial tooth. Middle portion of the tentacles dilated externally for the
eyes : foot short, rounded in front. Mantle furnished with a long canal in front of the
respiratory cavity, which latter contains two unequal series of gills : oviduct terminating
on the right, at the entrance of the branchial cavity. Male organ long, flattened, and on
the right side of the neck : vent on the right side in front. Shell ovate-conic : aperture
having a notch, without a canal in front ; pillar not flattened, somewhat twisted. Opercle
horny, oval, with concentric elements ; the summit marginal.

BUCCINUM UNDATUM.

PLATE VII. FIG. 161.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Buccmum undatiim, Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1204. Moller, Zool. Danica, p. 12, pi. 50.
B. id. Rcjssel, Essex Journ. of Nat. Hist. Vol.1, p. 69.

B. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, p. 305.

Description. Shell solid, ovate-oblong. Whorls six or seven, regularly convex, rapidly
terminating in an acute apex ; upper whorls with stout vertical broad plaits or folds, becoming

FAMILY PURPURID.E — BUCCINUM. 131

effaced on the body-whorl : these folds are crossed by numerous, elevated, angular, distant,
revolving ribs ; the interstitical spaces reticulate, with revolving and vertical elevated lines.
Aperture oblong-oval, rather more than one-half of the length of the shell ; its base emargi-
nate. Columella arched, furnished with a broad callus, and twisted on its lower portion.
Lip attenuated at the margin, slightly everted, and festooned by the terminations of the
revolving ribs.

Color. Epidermis olivaceous brown, velvety ; beneath light reddish white : aperture yel
lowish or soiled white.

Length, 2-0 -5"0; of aperture, 1-2 -2*6.

This species occurs on both shores of the Northern Atlantic. On this coast it has been
found from New-York to Maine, and farther north. On the coast of this State, it is a rare
shell.

BUCCINUM LUNATUM.

PLATE VII. FIG. 162.*

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Nassa lunata. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 5, p. 213.
Buccinum lunalum. Adams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. Vol. 2, p. 266.
B. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 312, fig. 196.

Description. Shell very small, conic-oval. Whorls six, nearly smooth, slightly convex :
a single revolving line below the suture, and a few around the base ; suture not deeply
impressed. Aperture narrow, slightly angulated above, and with a short channel beneath.
Columella with a callus : lip simple, dentate on its inner margin ; those above most prominent.

Color. Reddish brown or yellowish, with one or more series of sublunate white spots on
the body-whorl ; occasionally uniform reddish brown. "Animal with the trunk more than
half as long as the shell : eyes placed on the base? of the tentacles" (Say).

Length, CC2. Width, 0-1.

This species has been found from Georgia to Cape Cod, adhering to stones and seaweed
below low-water mark. It is subject to great variations of form and coloring, and perhaps
the following maybe considered as identical with this species.

17*

132 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

BUCCINUM WHEATLEYI.

PLATE VII. FIG. 163 Magnified.
(STATE COLLECTION.)

Description. Shell minute, small, ovate-subcylindrical. Whorls six, nearly flat, or at most
very slightly covex, with a small and distinct suture : surface smooth, with no revolving lines.
Aperture narrow, sublinear, with a small notch above and a short canal beneath. Body-whorl,
on its lower portion near the canal, has from eight to ten minute impressed revolving striae,
becoming more distant above. Lip simple, thin, with a ridge of minute teeth within its inner
edge, which are entirely wanting in the young. Callus on the columella elevated, not much
reflected.

Color. Light horn, with numerous undulated vertical reddish dilated lines.

Length, 0-23; of aperture, 0-1.

These shells were dredged by Mr. Charles M. Wheatley, from the harbor of New- York, in
five fathom water, opposite Staten island. It is closely allied to B. lunatum, but appears
to differ by the absence of the subsutural revolving line, and the revolving colored lines : the
revolving lines at the base are more numerous and distinct.

BtJCCINUM TRIVITTATUM.

PLATE VIII. FIG. 165.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Nassa trivitlatai Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 321.

Buccinum id. Kussel, Essex Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 1, p. 68.

B. id. Adams, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. Vol. 2, p. 265.

B. id. Gould, lnvertebrata of Mass. p. 309, fig. 211.

Description. Shell robust, ovate-conic : spire elevated, acute, longer than the body-whorl,
Whorls six or seven, flattened : surface granulated by prominent vertical lines, and about ten
revolving impressed lines. Suture impressed, with a prominent shoulder on the whorl near
it. Aperture oval, with a notch above, and a slightly reflected process or beak beneath, sepa-
rated from the body by a groove which forms a notch beneath : lip sharp, scolloped with the
revolving lines ; pillar-lip with a slight fold beneath. Opercle subtriangular, dentate around
the margin.

Color. Whitish or reddish while and yellowish, with three or more revolving brown or
reddish bands.

Length, 0-5; of aperture, 0'2.

The colored revolving lines, in the specimens on our coast, are not of common occurrence.
They are occasionally larger than the dimensions stated above. I have seen them, in the
collection of Dr. Stillman, 0-8 long. The young have the body-whorl much dilated, and the

FAMILY PURPURID<£ BUCCINUM. 133

xuture very distinct. The aperture of the dead shell is often found filled up with a conical
mound of fine particles of sand, with a large aperture at the summit : in this state, it is evi-
dently the abode of some other marine animal. I have received from Col. Totten similar
specimens, dredged from fifteen to twenty fathoms in Narragansett bay. In these, Col. Tot-
ten noticed the protrusion of a proboscis capable of being extended one inch.

BUCCINUM OBSOLETUM.

PLATE VIII. FIG. 163. a. B. — FIG. 164, Var.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Nassa obsoleta. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 232.
Bucciuum noveboracench. Wood, Index Suppl. pi, 4, fig. 2G.
B. ohvaformis, Kiener, Iconographie, pi. 25, fig. 99.
B. obsoletmn. Adams, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 2, p. 267.
B. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 208, fig. 210.

Description. Shell ovate-conic, subacute. Whorls six, convex : surface reticulated by
vertical and revolving lines, and cancellate by oblique folds ; body- whorl often deeply rugose
vertically ; suture distinct, but not deeply impressed. Aperture oval : lip sharp, simple,
with a few elevated lines not reaching the margin in the adult, and a broad prominence
beneath. Pillar-lip arched, with a broad callus, and a prominence or fold at its base.

Colo?-. Dark olive or reddish brown : lip purple, black. Animal mottled with slate : trunk
half as long as the shell : tentacles above the eyes, suddenly smaller, and thread-like.

Length, 0 • 6 - 1 • 0. Width, 0-2-0-55.

Var. a. (fig. 164), with a light colored or bluish white band on the body-whorl.

This voracious little animal is found along our whole coast, to the shores of Mexico. It
is one of our most common species.

BUCCINUM VIBEX.

Aassa vibex. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 231 ; Am. Conch, pi. 57, fig. 2.
Burrmiim vibex. Adams, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. pi. 2, p. 266.
B. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 310, fig. 212.

Description. Shell solid, ovate, short. Whorls six : body-whorl with from ten to twelve
vertical undulating and prominent costae, which are continued to the apex ; and about the
same number of revolving lines, which are most prominent on the costae : suture moderate.
Aperture oval : lip incrassated without and within, with two to four prominent teeth internally ;
pillar-lip arched with a broad flat callus, which forms a process directed upwards towards the
suture on the upper portion of the body-whorl, and is slightly granulated at the base. Spire
shorl, rapidly attenuated to an acute apex : canal very short.

Color. Ashy white to pale reddish brown, with darker colored revolving bands.

Length, 0-5-0-6. Width, 0-3-0-35.

134 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

This species ranges from Cape Cod to the Gulf of Mexico. It is not very common on our
shores. The first three species in the following list have only been obtained from the sto-
machs of fishes ; and as they may be also detected under the same circumstances along our
coast, I have annexed figures taken from the book of Dr. Gould.

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

B. donovani. (Gould, 1. c. p. 304, fig. 208.) Shell large, ovate-conic, elevated and pointed. Whorls
folded lengthwise, and marked with revolving lines; lowest whorl surrounded by a rounded keel:
aperture rounded; lip spreading. Color, soiled brown ; throat livid. Length, 2-0; width, 1-0.

B. ciliatum. (Id. lb. p. 307, fig. 209.) Shell ovate-conic, ventricose, thin. Whorls six or eight,
sometimes folded at the suture, spirally striated : epidermis hispid. Color, ash or clouded with
brown. Length, 2*0; width, 1-3.

B. rosaceum. (Id. 1. c. fig. 195.) Shell small, acutely conic : whorls six, covered with spiral lines;
aperture ovate, shorter than the spire ; pillar arched and flattened ; lip sharp, and without teeth
within.

B. acutum. (Say, Ac. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 234; Am. Conch, pi. 57, fig. 3.) Conic-acute, cancellate, so as
to appear granulate ; granules prominent, somewhat transverse, inequidistant. Spiral grooves six
in number: spire longer than the body- whorl, slender, acute. Beak distinguished by a depression
from the body-whorl, and slightly reflected ; lip thickened, with elevated lines on the fauces, not
attaining the margin. Color, whitish. Length, 0*5. Southern Coast.

Obs. According to Mr. Couthouy, this is common in the stomachs of fishes captured on the
coast of Massachusetts.

B. unicinctum. (Id. lb. Vol. 5, p. 211 ; Am. Conch, pi. 57, fig. 1. Subovate, conical. Whorls 8.
with 10-12 revolving lines and transverse undulations; apex acute; lip with ten revolving stria?
within; pillar-lip concave in the middle; two obsolete stria? and a deeper one at the base. Color.
yellowish white or ash grey: body-whorl with a brown band. Length, 0-9. South Carolina.

B. ornatum. (Id. lb. Vol. 2, p. 229.) Subturbinatcd, with about two bands of arched scales. Whorls
flattened above the shoulder, which has undulated scales resembling raised concave spines : aperture
effuse ; numerous revolving stria? and grooves. Color, whitish ash, with rufous bands ; throat
varied with pale green and yellowish, the rufous bands being very distant. Length, 4*0; aperture.
2-7. Southern coast.

B. album. (Id. lb. Vol. 5, p. 212.) Ovate, longitudinally ribbed or undulated, and with spiral stria?.
Whorls seven, convex: 10-18 equidistant ribs on the body-whorl, and 17-20 stria? ; suture deeply
indented ; lip with a larger rib than the others on the exterior, and striate within. Aperture sub-
orbicular. Pillar-lip plate distinct, entire, but not expanded, with an indented line near the base, and
a prominent one near the junction with the lip. Length, 0-4. Florida.

FAMILY PURPURID^E — PURPURA. 135

GENUS PURPURA. Adanson.

Animal with a large head. Trunk short or obsolete. Tentacles two, generally in front and
approximated, conical, and with the eyes on an inflated portion near the middle, and
external. Mouth beneath, almost always concealed by the foot. Foot moderately large,
advanced and bilobed in front. Mantle forming a distinct siphon in front. Gills in two
unequal series. Orifice of the oviduct at the entrance of the branchial cavity ; that of the
vas deferens on the right side of the neck, at the end of the male organ, which is generally
voluminous. Vent on the same side. Marine. Shell, ovate, thick, smooth, tubular or
angular : spire short ; aperture dilated, emarginate at the base, having a subcanaliculate
oblique sinus. Columella depressed, ending in a point.

Purpura lapillus.

PLATE VIII. FIG. 175.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Buccinum lapillus. Lin. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1202. Lam. An. sans vert. Ed. prior, Vol. 7, p. 244.
Purpura id. Russel, Ess. Journ. Nat. Hist. Vol. 1, p. 69.
P. id. Adams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. Vol. 2, p. 268.

P. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 301.

Description. Shell ovate, thick and solid : spire short and very acute ; suture impressed.
Whorls five, with deep revolving furrows and intervening ribs, giving frequently a strong
carination to the whorls, which have moreover numerous slight transverse wrinkles. Aperture
ovate : lip arched and subacute, with obscure revolving ridges within the margin. Pillar-lip
produced, concave externally at the base ; canal short. Opercle horny, oval.

Color. Varying from white to lemon and orange yellow ; aperture reddish brown within.

Length, 0-6-0-8.

This shell occurs along our coast, from Cape Cod to Florida. It is usually described as
varying very much in its markings, constituting strongly marked varieties, which have been
considered by others as distinct species. Among these are the two following.

136 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

Purpura imbricata.

PLATE VIII. FIG. 173.

Purpura imbricata. Lam. An. sans vertebres, Ed. prior, Vol. 7, p. 244.
P. lapillus, var. Russel, Op. cit. Vol, 1, p, 70. Goold, Op. cit. p. 302.

Description. Shell resembling the preceding in configuration, but more dilated, and not as
solid : the spire more rapidly attenuated to the apex ; the revolving ribs are more numerous,
and rather more distinct ; the ribs crossed by numerous waved imbricated scales, extending
to the apex. Suture deep : whorls more convex ; columella with a broad callus, and its base
shorter and broader than in the preceding ; lip much rounded, expanded, and crenulated on
the margin.

Color. Greenish or greenish mixed with grey.

Length, O'7-l-O; of aperture, 0-5-0- 7.

Occurs with the preceding. Lamarck observes that it may be only a variety of the pre-
ceding, but that it differs eminently by the imbricated scales, which render it rough to the
touch.

Purpura bizonalis.

PLATE VIII. FIG. 174.

Purpura bizonalis. Lamarck, An. sans vert. Ed. prior, Vol. 7, p. 249.
P. lapillus, var. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 303.

Description. Shell rather smaller than the two preceding, solid : spire short, acute. Whorl?
four to five, with moderate revolving ribs on all except the apicial ones, which are smooth :
body-whorl dilated ; lip not crenate ; base of the columella short, emarginate at its junction
with the lip : canal obsolete.

Color. Chocolate-brown, with two revolving white bands, which are most evident on the
body-whorl ; the upper band broadest.

Length, 0-5-0-6.

Occurs with the preceding, but is more rare. In old specimens, the ribs are strongly
impressed by the incremental lines.

(EXTRA-L1MITAL.)

P.Jloridana. (Conrad, Ac. Sc. Vol.7, p. 265, pi. 20, fig. 21.) Shell fusiform: whorls slightly
concave above ; spiral stria? prominent, unequal. Whorls angular, with a series of tubercles on
the angle ; those of the spire longitudinally plicate ; two terminal whorls smooth : lip thin, furrowed
within on the margin. Color, varied white and brown ; occasionally series of narrow pale stripes
with brown spots. Florida, Alabama.

FAMILY PURPURIDjE

TRICHOTROPIS.

137

GENUS TRICHOTROPIS. Broderip and Sowerby.

Shell turbinate, thin, ventricose, keeled and umbilicate. Aperture longer than the spire,
compressed into a partial canal beneath : outer lip thin, sharp. Epidermis horny, produced
into long hairs at the angles of the shell. Opercle horny, with the nucleus lateral. Animal
undescribed.

Trichotropis borealis.

PLATE VIII. FIG. 178. a b.

Trichotropis borealis. Sowerby, Zool. Jour. Lond Vol.4, p. 373, pi. 9, figs. C, 7.
T. costellatus Couthouy, Bost. Jour. Nat Hist. Vol. 2, p. 108, pi. 3, fig. 2.

T. borealis. Gould, Invenebrata of Mass. p. 300, fig. 207.

Description. Shell ovate, acutely turreted. Whorls six (four according to Dr. Gould),
separated by a deeply channelled suture ; the last whorl larger than all the others, with two
to four prominent revolving ribs with intermediate stria? ; the two largest ribs only continued
on the upper whorls, which are thereby angulated : numerous minute vertical stria?. Aper-
ture oblong-oval, rounded and broad above : lip thin, acute, distinctly indented, and festooned
by the ribs. Columella arcuated with a slight projection near its lower third, and abruptly
compressed near its base, meeting the lip at an acute angle, forming a very short canal.
Umbilicus slight, bounded externally by a revolving imbricated ridge. Epidermis horny,
elongated into bristles along the ribs.

Color. Epidermis whitish yellow ; beneath this, brownish or yellowish white.

Length, 0-75. Width, CC45.

This shell was first obtained from Melville island, and afterwards from the coast of Scot-
land, by Mr. Sowerby. It was subsequently obtained by Mr. Couthouy, from the stomachs
of fishes off the coast of Massachusetts, and, in similar situations, will undoubtedly be found
here. The species described by Mr. Couthouy, he supposes to be distinct from the borealis,
by the greater breadth of the body-whorl of that species, its fewer number of ribs, and the
more conspicuous bristly fringe. Later conchological writers, together with Mr. Sowerby
himself, consider these two as indentical.

Fauna — Part 6.

18

138 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

GENUS CANCELLARIA. Lamarck.

Animal with a large head, and resembling that of Purpura. Shell solid, oval or globular,
cancellated. Spire little elevated, pointed. Aperture semioval, notched or subcanaliculate
at the base. Canal very short, almost none. Columella nearly straight, with prominent
plaits or folds varying in number, usually transverse : lip internally furrowed. Opercle
horny.

Cancellaria couthouyi.

PLATE VII. FIG. 160.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Cancellaria buccinoicles. Couthouy, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 2, p. 105, pi. 3, fig. 3.
C. couthouyi. Jay, Cat. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 283, fig. 190.

Description. Shell ovate-conic, subturreted ; apex acute. Whorls five to seven, convex,
flattened above, reticulated, with transverse furrows, and plaited longitudinally, these plaits
becoming occasionally distinct elevated folds : suture distinct and deep. Body-whorl forming
two-thirds of the total length, and ventricose. Aperture oval, half the total length, effuse at
the base, and subcanaliculate. Lip thin, acute* slightly crenulate on the inner edge ; the internal
stria? indistinct. Columella arched, with three oblique folds ; the central one somewhat
longest. A callus, more or less distinct, on the body-whorl.

Color. Epidermis thin, olivaceous ; under which the shell is opake white.

Length, 0'55; of aperture, 0*35.

Mr. Couthouy, the original describer of this species, was not aware that the same specific
name had been applied by Mr. Sowerby to a Cancellaria from the Pacific ocean. Hence the
present name, which, although implying a merited compliment, is, as Dr. Gould observes, in
conformity with a bad custom. It is an arctic species, and hence it is not probable will be
found along our shores, except under the same circumstances in which it occurs on the coast
of Massachusetts, viz. in the stomachs of fishes. In the specimens to which I have had
access, the strong folds on the whorls are not so distinctly elevated as in the figure and de-
scription of Mr. Couthouy. According to the same writer, the lip has no internal stria? ; but
they were observed by me, although indistinct.

FAMILY PURPURID.E — RANELLA. 139

GENUS RANELLA. Lamarck.

Animal unknown, but supposed to resemble that of Murex. Shell thick, oval-oblong, nodu-
lous, having a series of varices on each side, formed at each half revolution. Aperture
oval above, ending in a notch above and a straight canal beneath : lip thickened. Opercle
unknown.

Ranella caudata.

PLATK vni. FIG. 176. a. b.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Ranella caudata. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 236.

R. id. Id. American Conchology, pi. 48.

R. id. Adams, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 2, p. 269.

R. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 298, fig. 204.

Description. Shell solid. Whorls five, flattened above, cancellate, with eleven stout verti-
cal ribs, of which the one bordering the aperture, and one on the left side of the body-whorl,
are enlarged into stout knobs ; these are crossed by numerous revolving filiform lines, which
form a reticulated surface. Lip thick, bordered within by raised granules. Columella curved,
flattened and smooth : canal narrow, deep and almost closed in front, as long as the spire.

Color. Dark reddish brown ; internal margin' of lip white or bluish white.

Length, 1 ■ 0. Width, 0 • 5.

This animal is common on our shores, and on those of the southern coast. It does not
appear to range north of Cape Cod.

GENUS COLOMBELLA. Lamarck.

Animal offering the family characteristics, but as yet incompletely known. Shell oval : spire
short ; base of the aperture more or less emarginate, and destitute of a canal ; columella
plaited ; lip thickened by an internal prominence, which narrows the aperture. Opercle
horny, elliptical.

COLOMBELLA AVARA.

PLATE VIII. FIG. 179.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Colombella avara. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, pi 230.

C. id. Adams, Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol.2, p. 264.

C. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 313, fig. 197.

Description. Shell thick, small, elongate-ovate ; spire elevated and acute. Whorls six or
seven, very slightly convex, almost flat : suture distinct. Surface with spiral impressed

•18

140 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

lines, and vertical obtuse ribs or folds ; these latter, consisting of about twelve to fourteen in
number on the body-whorl, do not descend beyond the middle of that whorl, leaving only
revolving lines beneath. Columella with a plate of enamel, which is toothed within, and
truncated beneath the margin : lip toothed within.

Color. Whitish, reticulated or spotted with rufous ; often of a yellowish hue.

Length, 0 • 45 - 0 • 65. Width, 0 • 1 - 0 • 25.

This species occurs on the shores of Slaten and Long islands, but is very rare. It abounds
on the shores of the Southern States, and extends north to a short distance beyond Cape Cod.

GENUS PYRULA. Lamarck.

Animal incompletely known. Shell pear-shaped, turbinated or turreted, without varices or
umbilicus : body-whorl broad above, thence tapering downward so as to form a long beak.
Aperture longer than the spire : pillar more or less twisted.

Pyrula CANALICULATA.
PLATE IX. FIG. 190.

Murex ctmaliculalus. Lin. Syst. 12 ed. p. 1222.

Pyrula id. Lam Vol 7, p. 137, Ed. prior.

P canalicidala, Adams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. Vol. 2, p. 269.

P. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 294, fig. 206.

Description. Shell ventricose ; apex not much elevated, pointed. Whorls five or six, cari-
nate, flattened above : indications of obsolete varices on the lowest carination. The upper
whorls consist of two portions : an upper portion, nearly horizontal ; and a lower, vertical.
Suture deeply channelled, with an adjacent carina : numerous impressed revolving lines, par-
ticularly distinct on the body-whorl. Aperture oblong-ovate, ending beneath in a long and
narrow canal : lip simple, arched, angulated above. Columella smooth, slightly concave
above, and indistinctly folded beneath. Opercle oval, small.

Color. Epidermis brown ; beneath which the shell has a faint reddish white color.

Length, 3" 5 - 6-0; of aperture, including the canal, 2' 8 — 4*5.

This is a very common shell on our coast, not extending farther north than Cape Cod :
with its southern limits I am not acquainted, but Dr. Gould is inclined to believe that it does
not range far south. It is well known, with the following species, as the Winkle, and is occa-
sionally eaten. The ovaries are often met with, consisting of a row of broad, circular, parch-
ment-like cases, connected by a ligamentous string often two feet in length. Each case contains
one or more of the young, which, when mature, escape from the case by a small hole opposite to
the side by which they are held together. When recent, the epidermis is thickly bristled with
threads several lines in length, through which, however, the revolving lines may be traced.

FAMILY PURPURID^E PYRULA. 141

Pyrula CARICA.

PLATE IX. FIG. 192. Adult. — FIG. 193. Yocno.

Murex carica. LlN. Gmel. 3545.

Pyrtdaid. Lam. An. sans vert. Vol. 7. p. 138.

P. id. Adams, Bost. Journ. Nut. Hist. Vol. 2, p. 271.

P. id. Godld, Invertcbrata of Mass. p. 206.

Description. Adult shell, large, ponderous : spire moderately elevated, acute. Whorls
six, nearly plane or subconcave above, with numerous minute revolving striae ; the three
lower volutions with a series of distinct triangular tubercles near the suture : those on the
body-whorl nine in number, gradually enlarging to the edge of the outer lip ; on the apicial
whorls, obsolete : incremental lines on the body whorl coarse. Columella concave, with a
polished callus : aperture oval ; lip arched, dilated ; canal rounded, slightly emarginate.

Color : Epidermis soiled brownish, agglutinating ; within dull orange.

Young shell. Spire more elevated : body-whorl furnished rather with spines than tubercles,
which may be traced as far up as the fourth whorl ; revolving stria? more distinct, particularly
on the lower part of the body-whorl, and may be traced on the callus above the fold ; the
fold on the pillar-lip very distinct, subangular beneath ; extremity of the canal rounded ;
aperture irregularly oval, angular above. Color, varied with brownish red and white, the
reddish spots most apparent near the sutures : a broad light greyish revolving band on the
upper portion of the body-whorl ; a similar, but narrower, interrupted and obsolete band
beneath ; within varied with brownish red and grey.

Length of adult, 6"0 - 8'0 ; of aperture and canal, 4-8 - 5 "5.

Length of young, 2-0 - 4'0.

This shell, as is apparent from the description given above, varies very much in different
stages of its growth. It is very common, and the largest of the convoluted shells found on
our coast, extending from the shores of the Southern States to Cape Cod. It is sold in our
markets as an article of food, at the rate of a dollar a hundred ; but is coarse, and of a strong
flavor.

142 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

Pyrula SPIRATA.

PLATE VIII. FIG. 180. Adult. — FIG. 181. Young.

Pyrula spirata. Lam. An. sans vert. Ed. prior, Vol. 7, fig. 142.

Fulgur pyruloides. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 237 ; Am. Conchology, pi. 19.

Description. Adult shell fig-shaped ; the carina on the body-whorl nearly obsolete to-
wards the aperture. Whorls six, angular : slight traces of tubercles may be detected on the
third, fourth and fifth whorls. Suture deeply channelled. Surface with numerous revolving
stria?, which are also very distinct on the inside of the lip : extremity of the canal rounded,
subacute; columella sinuous, with two or more folds. Color, varied with rufous and yellowish
white, with an obsolete yellowish white revolving band on the body-whorl ; chesnut-color
within the aperture, with traces of parallel dusky revolving bands.

Young. Spire less elevated ; the keel distinctly separates the upper from the under portions
of the body-whorl, without any vestige of tubercles. Outer striae equidistant, distinct and
subequal ; none on the inside of the lip : columella with a single indistinct fold. Color, light
yellowish, with vertical sinuous subequidistant rufous lines ; a faint trace of a light revolving
band.

Length, four to four and a half inches.

I have met with this shell in the collections of Dr. Budd and others, but cannot find it
authenticated as a New-York species. It occurs probably farther south along the coast.

(EXTRALIMITAL.)

P. papyratia. (Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 238.) Shell thin, inflated. Whorls with
numerous spiral striae, which are alternately larger, and crossed by smaller striae. Color, white,
with pale rufous spots; within, pale dull purplish red. Length, 4*1; breadth, 2*1. Southern
Coast.

FAMILY PURPURIOE — FUSUS. 143

GENUS FUSUS. Lamarck.

Animal incompletely known, but not differing essentially from that of the Pyrula. Marine.
Shell, stout, elongated, fusiform, tapering to both ends," without varices : spire elevated ;
aperture oval, ending in a straight or slightly curved canal ; columella smooth ; lip acute,
without a notch. Opercle horny, with the nucleus at the smaller end.

FUSUS SCALARIFORMIS.
PLATE VIII. FIG. 182.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

F. tcalariformis ? Godld, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 288, fig. 203.

Description. Shell fusiform, elongate, tapering. Whorls six or seven, moderately rounded :
suture very distinct. The whole upper surface covered with fifteen prominent equidistant
and vertical ribs, which become obsolete on the three upper whorls ; the intervening spaces
smooth. Lip arched, simple, not crenated. Aperture not quite half of the total length, oblong-
oval, and ending in a narrow recurved canal beneath : columella concave.

Color, brownish ; white within.

Length, 1.8; of aperture and canal, 0 • 8.

This shell I had named F. borealis many years since, believing it then to be an undescribed
shell. It was sent to me from the northern coast. Since the appearance of Dr. Gould's
Report on the Shells of Massachusetts, I find that it bears a very close resemblance to the
scalariformis of that author. The following are the chief differences : In my specimen, the
ribs are smooth and solid, without any apperance of being composed of imbricated scales ;
there is no appearance of revolving lines in the intervening spaces ; the beak is not wrinkled,
to any apparent degree, by the transverse terminations of the ribs. It is proper, however, to
add, that my specimen is old, and apparently weathered. I have received since from the
Rev. Mr. Linsley, a specimen 1 • 2 in length, with the ribs not imbricated, taken in Long-
island sound. It is placed, however, under the above name provisionally, until I can have
better opportunities for comparison and description.

144 NEW- YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

FUSUS ISLANDICUS.

PLATE VIII. FIG. 185.

Murex islandicus. Lin. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3555.

Fusus cnrncus. Say, American Conehology, pi. 29.

Fusus islandicus. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 284. Var. pygmeus, fig. 199.

Description. Shell elongated, symmetrically fusiform. Spire regularly attenuated to the
apex : volutions eight, slightly convex. Body-whorl equally inflated, its surface covered
with between forty and fifty small revolving ribs which are conspicuous through the epidermis ;
these become almost effaced towards the outer lip, when the vertical sinuous striae appear in
their places. These ribs or revolving elevated lines are reduced to fifteen on the next whorl
above, diminishing in numbers as we ascend, the intervening furrows becoming more profound,
with very faint traces of vertical lines. Aperture oblong-ovate, half the length of the shell :
canal short, sinuous and wide. Callus on the columella broad : lip sharp, very minutely
impressed by the terminations of the revolving lines.

Color. Epidermis horn-colored or soiled brown : surface beneath, whitish opalescent ;
within pearly white.

Length, 2-9 ; of aperture and canal, 1*6.

Dr. Gould has noticed and figured a variety of this shell, which he calls Var. pygmeeus,
0-8 long, which has six whorls. Mr. Sowerby considers it as a species. Through the kind-
ness of Dr. Jay, I am enabled to describe this shell, which was obtained from the stomachs
of codfishes on our coast Farther north, it is found along the shores. It must be con-
sidered as a northern species, as yet not ascertained to occur on the shores of this State.

FUSUS VENTRICOSUS.
PLATE VIII. FIG. 183.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Fusus ventricosus. Gray, Beechey's Voyage, Zoology, 117.

F. id. Gould, lovertebrata of Mass. p. 285, fig. 200.

Description. Shell subfusiform, ventricose. Whorls five, rounded, rapidly attenuating to a
blunt apex : body-whorl much inflated, composing the greater part of the shell. Surface
covered with a velvety epidermis, under which numerous minute and regular revolving lines,
with a few vertical wrinkles, are apparent. Spire short, not exceeding 0"4 above the body-
whorl : lip simple, smooth ; columella with a broad callus ; canal slightly recurved.

Color. Epidermis chesnut-color ; beneath white.

Length, 1'95; of aperture and canal, 1*45.

I am indebted to Col. Totten for this species, obtained from the stomachs of fishes on the
coast, most probably an inhabitant of deep water. I am not aware that it has been actually
found on the shores of the United States.

FAMILY PURPURHXE — FUSUS. 145

FlJSUS CINEREUS.
PLATE VIII. FIG. 184. A. D.

fSTATE COLLECTION.;

Fvstts cinereiis. Say, Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 236.

F. id. Id. American Conchology, pi. 29,

F. id. Adams, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 2, p. 272.

Buccinum plicosum. Gould, Invertebrala of Mass. p. 303, fig. 213.

Description. Shell coarse, subfusiform, moderately solid. Whorls five or six, moderately
convex, with ten to twelve revolving raised lines, rendered undulating by numerous coarse
rounded vertical ribs : on the body-whorl there are twelve of these revolving lines, and ten
ribs ; on the spire, the revolving lines decrease and disappear, leaving only the coarse verti-
cal ribs. Aperture semiovate, and, with the canal, exceeding the length of the spire : lip
sharp, and festooned by the termination of the revolving lines ; columella smooth, polished,
slightly arched ; canal short, recurved. Opercle horny, with concentric elements.

Color. Epidermis greyish brown ; aperture dark purple. Animal yellowish, punctured
with brownish yellow above.

Length, l-0; of aperture and canal, 0'5.

This is a common shell on our coast, and is known under the name of Drill by our oyster-
men. They are said to be very destructive to oysters, by piercing or drilling small holes
through the shell, and destroying the animal. The means by which this is effected, has not
been explained. I have observed them attached to oysters ; and upon removing them, a white
circular space may be seen at the spot to which they had been attached ; and in the centre
of this space, a small perforation, not exceeding a pin-hole in size, extending a greater or less
-distance into the substance of the shell. It appears to extend from the shores of Massachu-
setts to the coast of the Southern States.

FuSUS DECEMCOSTATUS.
PLATE IX. FIG. 188.

Fusris carmatus ? Lamarck, An. sans vert. Vol. 7, p. 126.

F. decemcostatus. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 5, p. 214.

F id. Rossel, Essex Journ. Nat. History, Vol. 1, p. 70.

F. id. Godld, Invertebrala of Mass. p. 287, fig. 202

Description. Shell large, robust, solid, somewhat ventricose, oval. Whorls six or seven
obliquely flattened above the shoulder, and with stout coarse revolving ribs : there are about
ten of these ribs on the body-whorl, gradually diminishing beneath. On the upper whorls,
the ribs are reduced to two or three large and coarse ones, which give a turreted appearance
to the spire : between these ribs are smaller revolving lines, and the whole surface is coarsely

Fauna — Part 6. 19

146 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

wrinkled by the lines of growth. Aperture ovate : lip festooned by the termination of the
revolving ribs ; pillar-lip arched, and with a broad callus ; beak cancellate externally ; canal
short and curved.

Colo?: Brownish white or ash-colored ; pearly white within : grooves on the lip chesnut-
colored.

Length, 2-5; of aperture and canal, 1*6.

It is often an inch longer than this, but the proportional dimensions are the same. It is
closely allied to F. carinatus of Lamarck ; but that shell is represented with the lip perfectly
smooth, and the reference to Pennant shows a totally differently shell. It occurs in the
stomachs of fishes, and has been found, after violent storms, on the shores of Massachusetts
and farther north.

FUSUS HARPULARIUS.

PLATE IX. FIG. 187.

Fusus harpularius. Couthouv-. Bosl. Journ. Nat. History, Vol. 2, p. 106, pi. 1, fig. 10.
F. id. Gould, Invertebrataof Mass. p. 291, fig. 191.

Description. Shell small, fusiform or ovate-oblong, turreted. Whorls six or eight, convex,
slightly angular, flattened above : suture distinct. Surface with seventeen to nineteen rounded
obliquely vertical folds, crossed by minute revolving lines ; these folds become, on the body-
whorl, obsolete beneath. Aperture elongate-oval, angular above : lip sharp and smooth within ;
columella smooth, arched, with a slight callus beneath ; canal short, and inclined to the left.

Color. Yellowish white, or brown or orange : columella white.

Length, 0'5. Width, CC25.

This species was first obtained and described by Mr. Couthouy, from the stomachs of
fishes on the northern coast, I am not aware that it has yet been found on the shores of this
State.

FUSUS RUFUS.

PL4TE IX. FIG. 180. a. natural size ; b. magnified.

Murex rufus. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 203.

Fusus pleurotomarius. Couthouv, Bost. Journ. Nat. History, Vol. 2, p. 107, pi. 1, fig. S.

F. rufus. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 290, fig. 192.

Description. Shell small, fusiform, elongated, tapering to an acute point : suture distinct.
Whorls seven to nine, compressed or very slightly convex, with from seventeen to twenty
regular oblique undulating folds, alternating with each other at the sutures : body -whorl with
an indistinct shoulder near the suture, and the folds obsolete beneath, their places being occu-
pied by faint revolving lines. Aperture narrow, short : lip thin and smooth within, slightly
compressed about its middle portion. Columella arched above ; beneath convex, and turned
to the left, with a short canal. Color. Dark fawn or reddish. Length, 0"75. Width, 0*2.

This is a very rare shell, occurring on both sides of the Atlantic, and first detected by Mr.
Couthouy in the stomachs of fishes caught off our coast, as yet its only known locality.

FAMILY PURPURID.E FUSUS. 147

FuSUS IMBRICATUS.
PLATE IX. FIG. 188.

Description. Shell elongate, robust. Whorls five ; the apicial one smooth, polished, very
acute ; suture distinct. Whorls with equal equidistant vertical folds, crossed by alternately
larger and smaller revolving lines, which are also distinct in the intervening spaces : these
lines are most prominent and cancellate on the lower part of the body-whorl. Lip curved
inward above, and crenate on the whole margin by the revolving lines ; on the beak, these
revolving lines become obliquely ascending, or nearly vertical. Canal nearly straight, patu-
lous, broadly emarginate at base.

Color. Ashen grey ; columella dark olive ; lip yellowish within.

Length, 0-55; of aperture, 0-3.

Obtained by dredging in the harbor of New-York. It has the general configuration of F.
einereus, with which it is usually associated : it differs mainly in the form of the aperture,
and the development of the revolving lines.

FUSUS PYRULOIDES.
PLATE IX. PIG. 191.

Description. Shell solid, ventricose, turreted. Spire pointed, moderately elevated. Whorls
seven ; the two upper ones smooth : body-whorl with its upper fifth portion vertically
depressed, obliquely flattened. The whole surface covered with alternate large and small
revolving ribs, undulated by their decussation with smaller vertical raised lines. Upper whorls
with a vertical and flattened portion resembling the body-whorl ; along the carinated edge of
the body-whorl, a series of small tubercles. Aperture oblong-oval, narrowed beneath, ending
beneath in a very short canal, and more than two-thirds of the total length. Lip thin, some-
what inflated, rendered waving by about thirty distinct robust revolving ribs within the
aperture, which descend obliquely beneath until they become nearly vertical ; some of these
ribs become duplicated near the outer margin : pillar-lip with an oblique inconspicuous fold.
Opercle horny, irregularly subovate.

Color. Epidermis ashen brown ; upper portion of the columella bluish, beneath wax-yellow ;
interior of the aperture, polished umber-brown ; ribs near the base of the aperture, white.

Length, 0'95; of aperture, 0'7.

This shell was found attached to the bottom of a vessel in the harbor of New- York, believed

to have arrived from a southern port. I have given it a name indicating its resemblance to

the genus to which it may possibly belong ; a name proposed by its zealous discoverer, Dr.

Stillman.

19*

148 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

FUSUS TORNATUS.

Fusus lornatus. Gould, Am. Journ. Science, Vol. 33, p. 197.
F. id. Id. Invertebrata of Mass. p. 286, fig. 201.

Description. Shell large, coarse, turreted. Whorls eight, very convex, rather ventricose,
with distant elevated revolving ribs ; on the upper whorls, two of these, more prominent than
the rest, give them a bicarinated appearance. Suture deep. Incremental stria? distinct, but
otherwise the shell has a smooth and worn appearance. Aperture rather less than half the
length of the shell, broad-oval, and somewhat dilated : lip sharp, and somewhat angulated by
the most prominent revolving bands ; in adults, the inner margin covered with a callus.
Canal short, much recurved.

Color. Soiled white, of faint brownish horn-color ; ribs light chesnut-color.

Length, 2 "5. Width, 1-25.

This large Fusus has hitherto only been obtained from the stomachs of codfishes. Dr.
Gould has little doubt but that it is the M. despectus of Linneus ; but as another shell
is now universally received under that name, he thinks it more judicious to give this a new
name. If the F. anliquus of Pennant is intended by the same shell, no two species can be
more different (See Pennants British Zoology, Vol. 4, p. 282, pi. 81). I am unacquainted
with the F. tornatus of Gould, except through his description and figure, which I have
adopted.

FUSUS BAMFIUS.

PLATE XXXVI. FIG. 339;

Murex bamfius. Montagu, Test. Brit, Supplement, p. 117.
Fusus id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 2S9, fig. 198.

Description. Shell small: whorls six, rounded; spire elevated; suture deeply defined;
from fifteen to twenty sharp vertical folds ; aperture rounded, less than half the length of the
shell, ending in a curved canal half the length of the aperture ; lip sharp, direct or reflected
according to age.

Color, light brownish ; folds whitish or brownish with age ; aperture brown.

Length, 0"5. Width, 0 ■ 22.

Found in the stomachs of fishes, and on both shores of the Atlantic. I only know this
species through the description and figure given by Dr. Gould.

(EXTRALIMITAL.)

F. bicolor. (Say, Jour. Ac. Sc. Vol. 5, p. 215.) Shell small, short, fusiform; beak and spire subequal.
Whorls 5, convex, with abrupt undulations near the suture, almost rising into arched scales. Sur-
face sculptured with small revolving grooves, of which there are 20 - 30 on the body-whorl : suture
deeply impressed ; aperture diminishing to the beak. Color, lower half of body-whorl tinged with
rufous. Length, 0*45; width, 0*25. Florida.

FAMILY PURPRID.E FUSUS. 149

F. muricatus. (Gould, Op. cit. p. 293.) Shell slender. Whorls seven, very convex, with about ten
conspicuous vertical folds, crossed by coarse elevated revolving lines, making- a rough almost tuber-
culated surface: canal straight, equalling half the length of the shell; outer lip jagged by the
revolving lines, sometimes much thickened. Color, yellowish white or orange. Length, 0*7;
width, 0-3. Stomachs of fishes. Northern Coast.

F. turriculus. (Gould, op. cit. 292. Pl. 36, fig. 340 of this work.) Shell small, thin. Whorls
seven or eight, angulated and turreted: surface with 12- 14 prominent folds, and numerous distinct
revolving lines ; beak open, short and nearly straight. Color, white, yellowish or brownish white.
Length, 0-66 ; width, 0-25. Stomachs of fishes.

GENUS PLEUROTOMA. Lamarck.

Animal unknown, but probably not differing from that of Fusus. Shell fusiform or turreted,
generally ribbed : aperture oval, terminating in a canal more or less elongated ; lip simple,
thin, with a notch above. Columella smooth, nearly straight.

Obs. This genus was first identified on our coast by Mr. Couthouy. It contains at present
three species, two of which have only been found in the stomachs of fishes.

Pleurotoma bicarinata.

PLATE VI. FIG. 113.

Pleurotoma bicarinata. Couthouy, Journ. Nat. Hist. Vol. 2, p. 104, pl. 1, fig. 11.
P id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 281, fig. 186.

Description. Shell minnte, tapering at both extremities, turreted. Whorls six, convex,
with numerous revolving ribs, and smaller ones intervening ; about the middle a deep groove,
with two prominent revolving ribs on each side : sutures clearly defined. Aperture narrow,
elliptical, ending in a short canal slightly inclining to the left : lip thin, toothed by the revolving
ribs, with a slight notch above ; pillar-lip arched at its upper third.

Color. Whitish or slate-color, or dusky brown.

Length, 0-3. Width, 0-15.

Stomachs of fishes on the northern coast. Very rare.

150 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

Pleurotoma DECUSSATA.

PLATE XXXVI. FIG. 344.

Pleurotoma decussata. Couthouy, Journ. Nat. Hist. Vol. 2, p. 183, pi. 4, fig. 8.
P. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 281, fig. 186.

Description. Shell minute, fusiform, turreted. Whorls five or six, convex, plicate, longi-
tudinally and obliquely crossed by numerous revolving striae : spire regularly sloping to an
acute apex ; suture distinct, with a shoulder near it on the whorls ; aperture oblong oval,
with a short canal at the base ; lip acute, with a slight notch above ; columella arched, flat-
tened, with its base turned somewhat abruptly to the left. Opercle with concentric elements ;
its apex below.

Color. Epidermis olive-colored ; beneath white, ashen white or flesh-color.

Length, 0-35. Width, 0" 15.

Found in the stomachs of fishes on the northern coast. Resembles Fusus harpularius,
except in the generic distinction. According to Dr. Gould, there is a broad light-colored
band in the freshest specimens.

Pleurotoma plicata.

PLATE VI. FIG. 120.

Pleurotoma plicata. Adams, Bost. Jour. Nat. History, Vol. 3, p. 318, pi. 3, fig. 6.
P. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 282, fig. 187.

Description. Shell minute, thick, fusiform. Whorls six, convex : body-whorl with about
twelve prominent oblique folds, crossed by ten or more revolving threads, rendering the folds
somewhat nodulous ; suture deeply impressed ; whorls above with folds and revolving lines ;
spire pointed, somewhat turreted. Aperture narrow, less than half the length of the shell :
lip arched, thickened by one of the folds ; notch above deep, distinct, and smooth. Canal
short.

Color. Epidermis ashen brown ; beneath this, ashen white : lip browish within.

Length, 0-25. Width, 0-12.

This species was detected by Mr. Adams, in the mud of New-Bedford harbor. I am
indebted to Mr. I. Cozzens for an imperfect specimen of a minute shell from the harbor of
New-York, which I refer to this species.

FAMILY PURPURIC ROSTELLARIA. 151

(EXTRALIMITAL.)

Genus Rostellaria, Lam. Animal imperfectly known, but, according to Cuvier, resembling that

of Murex. Shell turreted : spire long, pointed ; aperture long and narrow, ending in a

straight canal in front, and in a channel running up the spire posteriorly; lip widely dilated,

often with one or more processes.

R. occidentalis. (Guerin, Mag. Zool. 1836, pi. 72. Gould, Op. cit. p. 298. Pl. 8, fig. 177 of

this work.) Whorls 8-9, convex, with numerous waving vertical folds and regular conspicuous

revolving lines : lip expanded, with a blunt process above. Color : epidermis thick and dusky ;

beneath bluish white. Length, 2 • 25 ; width, 1 • 5. Stomachs of fishes, and shores of Maine.

FAMILY CONID&.

Animal not furnished with a veil, but with a trunk ; having the eyes either upon or towards the sum-
mits of the tentacles : opercle horny. Marine. Shell variable in form, but always in the shape
of a cone, more or less elongated.

Genus Conus, Linn. Animal elongated, much compressed and involuted, with a very distinct head,
terminating in a trunk susceptible of great extension : tongue armed with two series of sharp
teeth. Foot oval, somewhat lengthened, larger in front, with an anterior transverse furrow.
Mantle narrow, and forming an elongated siphon in front. Opercle horny, small, subspiral.
Shell thick, solid, conical: aperture long, narrow, linear, entire; lip simple, trenchant; pillar-
lip smooth.

Obs. These are for the most part inhabitants of the equatorial seas ; and of the one hundred
and eighty described by Lamarck, none have been found on the coast of the United States,
except on the Florida Keys.
C. mus. (Lam. An. sans vert. Vol. 7, p. 457.) Shell ovate, turbinate, coronate, with elevated trans-
verse striae ; spire acute. Ash-colored, banded with white, with longitudinal fulvous blotches.
Length, 1-0. Florida Keys.
C. leucostrictus, Gmel.

FAMILY MITRIADjE.

Animal with conical subulate tentacles, with the eyes on the external side, either near the base or on
the middle portion. Marine. Slell oblong, more or less elongated : aperture narrow, and more
or less emarginate. Opercle, in one genus, horny.

Genus Terebra, Brug. Animal: head bordered with a small fringe ; tentacles approximated, cylin-
drical, with the eyes at the outer base; mouth with no trunk ; foot oval, with an anterior
transverse furrow and two lateral processes ; siphon much elongated.

152 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

T. dislocaia. (Cerithium id. Say, Ac.Sc. Vol. 2, p. 235. T. peliiii, Kiener. Pl. 7, fig. 158
of this work.) Shell small, polished, attenuated Whorls with numerous minute impressed re-
volving lines, and 15-18 transverse ribs to each whorl, which are dislocated near the summit of
each whorl by a revolving line as deep as the suture. Color, chocolate-brown ; ribs white : a pale
revolving band on the body-whorl. Length, 0*8 - 1 *3 ; of aperture, 0-2 - 0*25. Maryland
and the Southern coast.

Genus Oliva, Brug. Animal with approximated tentacles, enlarged at base, filiform at their extre-
mities, bearing the eyes on a small enlargement on the middle portion. Foot very large,
oblong, and furrowed across in front. Mantle with a single lateral lobe covering a great part
of the shell, with two processes on the side of the branchial aperture, and forming a very long
siphon in front: a single branchial pecten. Male organ voluminous, on the right side in
front : opercle small, horny. Shell thick, subcylindric, convolute and smooth : spire short,
with canaliculate sutures; aperture longitudinal, emarginate at base; columella obliquely
striated or folded.
O literata, Lam. (O. mutica, Say, Ac. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 228. O. literata, Id. Am. Conch, pl. 3.
Pl. 7, fig. 157 of this work.) Numerous brownish or fulvous zigzag marks on the surface, with
one or more light-colored obsolete revolving bands; often maculated. Length, 2-5. Southern
Coast.

Genus Marginella, Lam. Animal with a small trunk: mouth with a small lingual riband, on
which are numerous sharp denticulations; tentacles conical, with the eyes at the outer base
on small tubercles ; foot elliptical, very large ; mantle with a lobe on each side, which
may be reflected on the back of the shell, and in front a rather long siphon. Shell oblong-
ovate, smooth : spire short ; outer lip with a marginal longitudinal varix ; base slightly
notched; columella plicated ; folds nearly equal.
M. carnea. (Storer, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 1, p. 465, pl. 9, fig. 3, 4. Pl. 7, fig. 159 of this

work.) Right lip thick, indistinctly denticulated within, and continued in mature shells to the

apex, which it partially or entirely covers: aperture narrowed ; columella with four folds. Color.

carneous or flesh-colored, with a transverse whitish band ; right lip white. Length, 0 • 5 ; width,

0-28. Key West, Florida.

FAMILY CRYPTOSTOMIDiE SIGARETUS. 153

FAMILY CRYPTOSTOMID&.

Animal with the eyes at the external base of the tentacles. Marine. Shell either external
or internal, ear-shaped, much depressed, with a very large aperture ; in some genera,
the shell entirely wanting. No opercle.

GENUS SIGARETUS. Lamarck.

Animal oblong, convex above, plane beneath : mantle very large, emarginate in front ; head
wide, with two conic tentacles. Gills composed of two pectens. Vent and generative
organ on the anterior right side, that of the male being very voluminous. Shell internal,
much depressed : aperture large ; spire small, flattened, lateral ; lip thin and trenchant ;
pillar short and spiral. Two lateral muscular impressions.

SlGARETUS PERSPECTIVUS.

PLATE VII. FIG. 156. A. B.

(STATE COLLECTION.;

Sigaretus perspective. Sat, American Conchology, pi. 25. Subsequently Calyptosioma.

Description. Shell moderately large, ovate-elongate, depressed. Surface with numerous
impressed transverse slightly undulated lines, which are crossed by revolving striae which be-
come obsolete beneath. Aperture more than three-fourths of the entire area of the shell.
Whorls three : spire depressed, smooth, exhibiting the whorls almost to the summit ; suture
distinct, but not deeply impressed.

Color. Most usually milk-white, sometimes tinged with brown ; within smooth and polished,
and faintly iridescent.

Length, 0*9-1 "5; of aperture, 0"7-0-9.

This is a southern species, as far as I can learn ; not having been as yet found to the north
of the coast of this State. It is not unfrequent on the seacoast of Long island, near Rock-
away.

(EXTRA-LIM1TAL.)

S- haliotoideus. (Gould, Invert. Mass. p. 244, fig. 158. S. oxinoc, Couthouy.) Shell small, ob-
liquely ovate, pellucid, white, compressed, smooth : aperture very large ; whorls two. Length,
0*5 : width, 0-4. Stomachs of fishes. Coast of Massachusetts and Europe.

S. maculatus. (Say, Am. Conch, pi. 25.) Shell with numerous transverse hardly undulated im-
pressed lines and longitudinal wrinkles: spire hardly proimnent, slightly convex; whorls about
three ; suture a simple impressed line. Color, whitish, with two bands of pale rufous spots, and a
rufous band near the suture : smaller than the preceding. Southern Coast.
Fauna — Part 6. 20

154 NEW- YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

GENUS VELUTINA. Blainville.

Animal scarcely spiral : edge of the manlle simple in front, and double in its circumference ;
the inner lip being thicker and tentacular. Tentacles large, conic, distant, with a frontal
veil between them : eyes sessile at the base. Respiratory cavity large, with no trace of
tube, and with two unequal oblique pectens. Orifice of the ovary at the base of the male
organ, which lies at the origin of the right tentacle. Muscular impression crescent-shaped.
Shell small, thin, subglobose, patelliform, composed of two rapidly enlarging volutions :
aperture subovate ; lip thin, not joined behind. Usually covered with a velvet-like or
powdery epidermis.

Velutina laevigata.

TLATE XXIII. FIG. 251.
Helix Itevigata. LlN.

Velutina capuloidca. Blainville, Malacol. pi. 42, fig. 4.

V. rupicola. Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol 6, p. 2G6, pi. II, fig. 17, 13.
V. id. Rossel, Essex Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 1, p. 66.

Galmciilumlavigatum. Brown, Conch, pi 38, figs. 35. 36.
V. laevigata. Gould, Inverlebrata of Mass. p. 241, fig. 159.

Description. Shell small, oval, very thin and fragile. Whorls three ; the body-whorl with
faint concentric stria; : spire slightly raised, smooth at the apex. Aperture regularly oval.
Epidermis, when not abraded, thick and raised, more conspicuous on the concentric lines.

Color. Epidermis dusky brown, with numerous revolving raised rufous lines ; these are
slightly irregular and raised, amounting to twenty or twenty-two on the body-whorl : within
pearly white. Length, 0'3; of aperture, 0'25.

This is found among seaweed, and in the stomachs of fishes on the northern coast. It
occurs on the shores of Europe.

Velutina zonata.

PLATE XXIII. FIC. 253.

Galericulum ovatum? Coutiiouy, Bost. Jour. Nat. His. Vol. 2, p. 110.
Velutina zonata. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 242, fig. 160.

Description. Shell small, ovate, moderately thin ; spire not raised. Whorls three ; the two
upper faintly distinct: suture deeply impressed. Surface with a calcareous coating, minutely
striated with revolving lines and superficial concentric furrows. Aperture regularly oval :
lip expanded, exceedingly thin and fragile ; pillar-lip flattened, and with a small superficial
fold.

Color. Epidermis whitish or reddish brown, with numerous bands of brown : pillar white.

Length. 0"4. Width, 0-5.

I am not aware that this species, which has been found along the shores of Massachusetts,
and obtained from the stomachs of fishes, has been yet detected on the coast of this State.

FAMILY CALYPTRIAD.E CALYPTREA. 155

SECTION 6. SCUTIBRANCHIA.

Animal with a foot for crawling. Gills arranged either in regular series or detached fila-
ments in a peculiar cavity, which opens in Jront, either on the back or on the left between
the edge of the mantle and the body. Eyes variously placed, sometwies on pedicels. Sexes
united, so that they can fecundate themselves. Heart traversed by the rectum, and receives
the blood from two auricles, as occurs among most of the bivalves. Shell open, shield-
shaped, usually without spire, with a continuous margin.

FAMILY CALYPTRIADJE.

Animal with its eyes on small dilatations, either at or slightly above the external base of the
tentacles. Respiratory organs composed of filaments adhering to the sides of the branchial
cavity. Shell cup-shaped, not symmetrical : summit rarely spiral.

GENUS CALYPTREA. Lamarck.

Animal with a conspicuous wide head, bifurcate in front, with a marginal band on each side
of the neck. Tentacles lateral, distant, very large, triangular, slender at their extremities,
with the eyes on a slight dilatation about the middle of their external or posterior margin.
Mantle very thin, without lateral tentacles. Foot subcircular, moderate. Branchial cavity
very large, oblique from left to right, opening largely in front, and containing a gill formed
of long stiff and exsertile filaments. Vent at the extremity of a small tube, floating in the
branchial cavity. Shell irregular, conoidal : summit vertical, and slightly posterior. Aper-
ture large, circular ; an irregularly rounded projecting rim or partition within towards the
summit.

CALYPTREA STRIATA.
r-LATE VII. FIG. 155. a. B.
Calyptrea striata. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 5, p. 216.

Description. Shell moderately solid, conoidal. Surface with numerous slightly elevated
equidistant radiating lines. Summit smooth, obtusely pointed, subspiral, inclining towards
the left side and the posterior end ; the inner partition cup-shaped, and attached by one side
to the shorter side of the shell, acutely angulated at the anterior line of junction, rounded
behind, and terminating above near the inner apex of the shell : its margin irregular, not
continuous.

Color, greyish; wax-yellow at the summit. Length of base, 0" 8. Height, 0' 5.

This shell is not common, but has been brought to me from this coast ; farther south, it is

more abundant.

20'

156 NEW- YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

GENUS CEMORIA. Leach.

Shell small, cup-shaped. Apex elevated and curved forward, with a fissure just behind the
apex.

Cemoria noachina.

plate ix. fig. 195.

Patella noachina. Lin.

Cemoria ficmingii. Leach, Br. Shells, pi. 10, fig. 5.

Rimula noachina. Couthouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. Vol. 2, p. 87.

C. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 156, fig. 18.

Discription. Shell small, conical. Apex recurved, obliquely perforated ; opening within
by a smaller aperture, which is covered by an arched scale. Surface covered with about
twenty unequal radiating ribs, which feebly crenate the margin of the aperture. Color,
bluish white.

Length, 0'2. Height, 0"1.

This remarkable little shell, which also occurs on the shores of Europe, has been only
obtained from the stomachs of fishes on our coast.

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

C. alternata? (Fissurella id. Say, Ac. Sc. Vol 2, p. 224.) Shell with equally concentric lines
crossed by alternately larger and smaller radii, all of which are not dilated : perforation oblique
oblong ; apex with an indented transverse line at the larger end of the perforation. Color, cinereous
or dusky; within white. Length, 0*8 - 1 -5; diameter, 0'6 - 1 *0. Coast of the U. S,

FAMILY CALYPTRIADiE — CREPIDULA. 157

GENUS CREPIDULA. Lamarck.

Animal with its head convex, bordered in front with a bifid lip. Tentacles nearly cylindrical,
large, obtuse, little contractile, with the eyes at their external base. Foot moderately thick,
Mantle thin, without lateral appendices : branchial cavity verv large, oblique from right to
left, with a large opening ; the gills form a transverse series of long filaments, which are
capable of floating externally. Vent on the right in the same cavity. Shell oval, arched,
cup-shaped, more or less elongated : spire imperfectly formed, and pressed against the
margin. Cavity large, with trenchant margins, and partially divided by a horizontal par-
tition.

Crepidula FORNICATA.

PLATE VII. FIG. 154, addlt ; FIG. 152, touno.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Patella fornkata. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1257.

Crepidula id. Lamarck, An. sans vert. Vol. 6, part 2, p. 42, Ed. prior.

C. id. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 225 ; Am. Conch, pi. 44.

C. id. Gould, lnvertebrata of Mass. p. 158, fig. 17.

Description. Shell varying in convexity, with one side more oblique than the other : apex
turned to one side, not separate from the body of the shell ; surface transversely wrinkled.
Partition or diaphragm smooth, slightly concave, occupying about half the length of the
shell, with the margin uniting with the cavity in a solid manner ; the free edge subacute,
with a waving or sinuous margin.

Color. Epidermis olive-green, tinged with light rufous, and with obsolete longitudinal un-
dulated chesnut-colored lines : within reddish brown, the ends of the rufous lines appearing
along the margin.

Length, 1-0-2-0. Width, 0*7 - 1 "3.

This species is the most common and the largest found on our coast. They are most usu-
ally found adhering to each other, and to other shells ; when adhering to the Pecten, the
margin is observed to have undulations corresponding to the ribs of the Pecten. I have
noticed four or five adhering to each other. It occurs from the mouth of the St. Lawrence,
and probably further north, to the Gulf of Mexico.

158 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

Crepidula PLANA.

PLATE VII. FIG. 153. A. B.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Crepidula plana. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 226 ; Am. Conch, pi. 44.
C. unguiformis ? Lamarck, An. sans vert. Vol. 6, part 2. p. 25, Ed. prior.
C. plana. Adams, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 2, p. 276.
C. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 159, fig. 16.

Description. Shell subovate or obscurely quadrilateral, depressed, very slightly convex,
thin, polished, transversely wrinkled. Apex minute, pointed, forming a terminal angle, which
in old shells is obsolete. Diaphragm convex, contracted in the middle and at one side, nearly
half the length of the shell, rising nearly to a level with the lateral margins of the shell ; its
free edge sinuous, and, according to Dr. Gould, in entire specimens has a deep notch on one
side, and a more superficial one on the other.

Color, white ; diaphragm satin-white.

Length, 1-0- 1-5. Width, 0"7 - 1 '0.

This is found on the seacoast of Long island, although more rare and generally much
smaller than the preceding. It is parasitic on other shells, usually on the inner surface, where
it is sometimes accompanied by the fornicata. Hence it has been regarded by some as a
mere variety of that species, modified by its peculiar position. The young are more orbicu-
lar, and I have seen them strongly ribbed when taken from the pecten, as has been elsewhere
remarked of Anomia. It is possible that a specimen, thus altered by position, may have
given rise to the C. depressa of Say ; but it is proper to add, that I have never seen an au-
thentic specimen of that species. It has a wide but less limited range than the fornicata,
being found from Massachusetts to the Gulf of Mexico.

Crepidula convexa.

PLATE VII. FIG. 131.

Crepidula convexa. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 227.
C. id. Adams, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 2, p. 279.

C. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 160, fig. 15.

Description. Shell small, very ovate, convex, descending almost abruptly on one side,
more gradually sloping on the other. Apex acute, separate from the body of the shell, and
turning down nearly to the plane of the aperture and occasionally beyond it. Aperture oval-
elongate. Diaphragm convex, less than half the length of the shell, deeply placed ; its edge
waved or sinuous. Outer surface obsoletely wrinkled.

FAMILY CALYPTRIAOE — CREPIDULA. 159

Color. Ashen brown, with spots or stripes of a dark reddish brown ; within dark chesnut ;
the diaphragm lighter brown and bluish ; the edge white.

Length, 0-2. Width, 0.1.

This small species is found attached to seaweed or to stones ; it is not so common as the
preceding. It occasionally reaches the length of half an inch, but I have never seen it of
this size on our coast.

Crepidula glauca.

Crtpiduta glauca. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 226.
C. id- Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 161, fig. 14.

Description. Shell moderately small and convex, broadly oval, thin, nearly smooth, with
minute transverse wrinkles. Apex conic, pointed, projecting, somewhat beyond the surface,
and nearly to the plane of the aperture. Diaphragm less than half the length of the shell,
with an irregular surface, partly convex and concave, deeply seated, and with a small cavity
under the apex : edge of the diaphragm curved.

Color. Greenish grey, maculated within dusky ; within uniform chocolate-brown : diaphragm
yellowish white or opake white.

Length, 0-5. Width, 0-28.

This species is said to occur on our coast, but my specimen was from Rhode-Tsland.

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

C. depressa. (Say, Ac. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 225.) Much depressed, nearly equilateral, transversely wrinkled:
apex not curved, forming a simple acute terminal angle upon the margin of the aperture, which is
subovate. Diaphragm convex ; edge contracted in the middle and at one side. Color : epidermis
pale yellowish brown; within white. Length, 0-8. Southern Coast.

C.intorta? (Id. lb. Vol. 2, p. 227.) Convex-ovate, with about 20 elevated somewhat undulated lines
with alternate smaller ones, somewhat confused on the convex side, the larger ones with a few
slightly elevated very thick tubercles: apex curving laterally; tip pointing upwards, and not
elevated from the body of the shclL Southern Coast.

160 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

SECTION 7. CIRROBRANCHIA.

Animal with its foot anterior and terminal, elongated into a conical shape, in order to penetrate
sand. Gills in the form of numerous long filaments, arising from two radical lobes above
the neck, and enveloped by the mantle, which opens in front : afeio tentacular expansions.
Eyes — — . Sexes united. Shell simple, symmetrical, tubular.

FAMILY DENTALID^E.

With the characters of the section. Only one family as yet observed.

GENUS DENTALIUM. Linneus.

Animal with small oval distinct head. Mouth terminal, surrounded by digitated labial pro-
cesses, furnished with a pair of lateral oval jaws bristled with points. The cylindrical
mantle enveloping nearly the anterior half, terminating in front in a sort of collar, through
which is apparent the circular opening of the foot. Foot ending in front in a sort of cup,
in the centre of which is a conical appendix. Gills disposed in long filaments, arranged in
two groups on each side of the upper part of the neck. Vent median, at the posterior ex-
tremity. Generative organs unknown. Shell tubular, elongated, conical, not spiral, very
slightly curved, open at both ends.

Obs. Nearly fifty fossil and recent species of this genus are noticed in the most recent
systematic works, of which one fossil species only is noticed from the United States. In the
most recent edition of Lamarck's Animaux sans vertebres, the animals of this genus are still
arranged among the Annelides. But one recent species has been observed on our coast.

Dentalium DENTALIS.

PLATE X. FIG 197.

Dentalium dentalis. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1263.

D. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 15C, fig. 5. excl. syn.

Description. " Shell slender and tapering, shaped like an elephant's tusk ; the tip cut off,
leaving a very small opening. Surface rather glossy, yellowish white, marked with about
twenty closely arranged unequal rib-like stria?, running the whole length of the shell. Length
about an inch ; diameter at the larger end about one-eighth of an inch."

Two specimens of this shell, according to Dr. Gould, whose description I have copied,
were obtained from the stomachs of codfish on the coast of Massachusetts.

FAMILY PATELLIDjE PATELLA. 161

(EXTRALIMITAL)

■J), attenuatum. (Say, Joum. Acad. Vol. 4, p. 154, pi. 8, fig. 3.) Shell arcuated : surface with from
12 - 16 rounded ribs, the intervening grooves simple; lines of growth numerous, distinct; aper-
ture orbicular. Length- 1*7. Fossil. Maryland.

Note. The size and fewer longitudinal ribs, with its fossil condition, induce me to consider it as
distinct from the preceding.

SECTION 8. CYCLOBRANCHIA.

Animal furnished with a foot for crawling. Gills in the form of lamella,, in a series more
or less complete, in the furrow between the mantle arid body ; or a small gill on the
right side of the head. Sexes united. Shell not spiral, covering the soft parts, and
of one or many pieces.

Note. I have retained the name of this section, although it is not significant in its present
extended meaning.

FAMILY PATELLIDM.

Animal furnished with tentacles, and eyes at their external base. Gills forming a series of
lamellae around the body or on the side of the neck. Shell univalve, cup-shaped.

GENUS PATELLA. Linnaeus.

Animal with a very distinct head, terminated in a thick and short trunk. Vent on the neck,
back of the head. Mouth fleshy with a long prickly tongue, which folds itself in the vis-
ceral cavity. Duct of the ovary near the right tentacle. Gills arranged round the body
in a series of lamella;. Shell conical, cup-shaped, solid : apex nearly central.

Patella Candida.

Patella Candida. Codthody, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 2, p. 86, pi. 3, fig. 17.
P. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 152.

Description. Shell small, conical, with numerous minute revolving ribs, traversed by
equally fine concentric lines, giving the surface under the lens the appearance of net-work.
Summit nearly central : margin slightly scolloped by the termination of the ribs. Color,
white.

Length, 0-35. Height, 0 • 1 .

Stomachs of fishes. Coast of Massachusetts. First noticed by Mr. Couthouy ; but three
specimens found.

auna — Part 6. 21

162 NEW- YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

GENUS PATELLOIDA. Quoy and Gaymard.

Animal with gills composed of subtriangular lamellas, which arise from the bottom of a cavity
on the back of the neck, and project out on the right side of the neck. Shell shaped like
the preceding, but usually smaller, more thin, depressed and diaphanous.

Patelloida testudinalis.

PLATE IX. FIG. 196.

Patella testudinalis. Muller, Zooligia Damca Proil. p. 237.

Patella amama. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 2. p. 223.

Patelloida avusna. Couthouy, Bost. Jonrn. Nat. Hist. Vol. 2, p. 171.

P. testudinalis. Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. Vol. 7, p. 73.

Lottia id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 153, fig. 12.

Description. Shell oblong-oval, frequently with a calcareous deposit, under which we
observe numerous radiating lines, which are crossed by minute concentric wrinkles. Margin
entire, acute : apex behind the middle, and turning towards the short end.

Color. Whitish or greenish white, with brownish radiating stripes crossed by lines of the
same ; occasionally uniform greenish or brownish. Within a large piceous brown spot under
the apex, with an outer concentric line, from which proceed short radiations to the margin.

Length, 0-8- 1'5. Width, 0-5-0-8.

This shell, which is found along our northern coast, is now determined to be identical
with the P. testudinalis of Europe. I follow Couthouy rather than Gould in adopting Patel-
loida, although it is not unobjectionable on the score of its derivation. I can scarcely under-
stand by what right of priority the name of Lottia should be retained, when the very ground-
work of the group was first displayed by Messrs. Quoy and Gaymard, and the characters of
Lottia were by its author confined to the shell alone.

Patelloida alveus.

PLATE IX FIG. 194.

Patella alveus. Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 6, p. 267, pi. 2, fig. 20.
Palelloidea id. Couthouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. Vol. 2, p. 177.

Lottia id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 154, fig. 13.

Description. Shell oblong, sublinear, elevated, thin, pellucid, with fine radiating striae, and
fine concentric lines : sides nearly straight ; apex not central, pointing to the short end.

Color. Whitish, with reddish brown spots and lines, which are visible within : a pitchy
brown central spot within.

Length, 0-3-0-5. Width, 0-2 - 0-3.

FAMILY PATELLID.E PATEI.LOIDA. 163

Mr. Couthouy, to whom we are indebted for our first anatomical acquaintance with this
animal, observes, that " perhaps it would be more correct to consider it as a constant variety
(of P. testudinalis), than as a distinct species ;" and "many species have been received as
valid, upon far narrower distinctions than exist between this and Mr. Say's shell." It occurs
almost universally upon the Eel-grass ( Zostera marina), while the testudinalis is attached to
rocks.

FAMILY CHITONIDJE.

Animal without tentacles or eyes, but furnished with a small veil. The branchial apparatus
formed by a cordon of small pyramidal leaves, around the mantle. Shell multivalve,
shield-shaped.

GENUS CHITON. Linnceus. Lamarck.

Animal elongate, obtuse at both ends, and without a very distinct head. Tentacles replaced
by a small membranous veil, which extends over the mouth ; the latter inferior, without
jaws, and with a small prickly tongue. Fcot elongated, the mantle extending beyond it
more or less completely ; the gills under the edge of the mantle, particularly behind. Vent
at the posterior extremity. Generative organs double ; one on each side, between the
leaves of the gills. Shell oval, composed of eight arched pieces arranged in a series more
or less overlapping each other, their sides imbedded in the skin.

Chiton albus.

PLATE X. FIG. 200.

Chiton albus. Montagu, Test. Brit. 4.

C. sagrinatus. Couthouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. History, Vol. 2, p. 82.

C, albus. Gould, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, p. 150, fig. 21.

Description. Shell small : valves with a small beak, minutely crenulate on their anterior
margin, subcarinate with minute striae ; the surface, under the lens, exhibiting the appearance
of shagreen. An obsolete diagonal ridge sometimes divides each side into triangular areas,
but for the most part without any distinct boundary. Margin membranous, covered with
beaded granules.

Color. Epidermis a blackish powder, underneath which greyish white ; the marginal
membrane ash-colored, with a narrow black line in the middle surrounding it.

Length, 0'4. Width, 0-15.

This species was originally discovered by Mr. Couthouy in the stomachs of fishes off the
coast of Massachusetts, and described by him under the appropriate name of sagrinatus. It
has since been referred to the albus of Montagu, and aselloides of Lowe, by Dr. Gould.

21*

164 NEW- YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

I refer to this species, a Chiton found in the harbor of New-York, attached to the ovaries
of F. canaliculatus, and kindly placed at my disposal by Dr. Budd. It has a conspicuous
series of holes on each side, between each valve, near their lateral margins ; the lateral
membrane appears to have been bordered with white. In. other respects it agrees with the
description given above.

Chiton apiculatus.

PLATE X. FIG. 201 and 2C2.

Chiton apiculatus. Say, American Conchology, No. 8, fide GouM.

C. pectinatus, Gould. C. apiculatus. Id. Invertebrata of Mass. p. 146, fig. 20:

Description. Shell oblong-oval, convex : valves obtusely carinate, the central portion of the
posterior margins becoming slightly beaked with age. Lateral areas triangular, studded with
numerous rounded tubercles, disposed in no regular order, obsolete towards the apices, more
numerous towards the lateral margins, which are rounded with an elevated marginal line.
Medial areas lozenge-shaped, with numerous elevated rounded dots arranged in ten or twelve
series on each side of the carina, parallel with the longitudinal axis of the body. In aged
individuals, the lateral margins of the valves have the tubercles arranged in concentric lines ;
terminal valves with concentric dotted lines ; margin membranaceous, obscurely granulate.

Color, variable; when freshly captured, greyish, inclining to ashen : in cabinets, they often
appear bluish or ferruginous.

Length, 0-5-1-0. Width, 0"3 - 0"6.

I had indicated this species as C. jayi, when Dr. Jay obligingly favored me with specimens
precisely similar, labelled " pectinatus, Gould." I therefore adopted the name, although I
had not met with the description. More recently, the publication of the manuscripts of Mr.
Jay has made us acquainted with the fact that he had described this species under the name
which it bears at present.

It is rather a common species, and is frequently found adhering to oysters. Like their
congeners, they are parasitic, and, when detached, are capable of moving with considerable
rapidity through the water. It has a wide range, having been found from South-Carolina
nearly to Cape Cod in Massachusetts.

{EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

C. marginatus, Pennant. (Gould, Op. cit. 147, fig. 22.) Shell small, ovate, carinate and pointed
behind: surface apparently smooth, but, under the lens, minutely shagreened in diamond-shaped
granules. Color, dull ashen or greenish. Length, 0-5; width, 0-3. Very rare. Seacoast of
Massachusetts.

FAMILY CHITONID.E — CHITON. 165

C. fulminatus. (Couthouy, Bost. Journ. Vol. 2, p. 80, pi. 3, fig. 19. Pl. 10, fig. 199 of this work.)
Shell ovate-oblong, rather flat ; the valves carinate and slightly beaked, covered with microscropic
granulations arranged in quincunx : margin pubescent. Color, brownish or yellowish red, with
white points along the posterior margins of the valves. Length, 0 -7; width, 0-45. Stomachs of
fishes. Mass.

C. ruber, Lowe. (Gould, Op. cit. fig. 24.) Shell small, oval, elevated, carinated: surface smooth
under the lens, except the lines of growth; valves strongly beaked. Color, light brick red or
flesh-color under a blackish pigment ; interior bright rose red. Allied to fulminatus, but distin-
guished by its unpunctured surface. Found in fishes, and attached to stones in deep water.
Massachusetts.

C. emersonii. (Couthouy, Bost. Jour. Vol. 2, p. 83, pl. 3, fig. 10. Pl. 10, fig. 198 of this work.)
Shell ovate-oblong, broadest behind : valves reniform, each with a central heart-shaped area, with
bead-like granules or tubercles in concentric series round the margin, the remainder covered with
a soiled downy membrane ; marginal membrane with series of yellow hairy tufts. Color, whitish.
Length, 0-8; width. 0-5. Allied to C. vestitus, Sowerby. Stomachs of fishes taken in Massa-
chusetts bay.

166 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

ORDER IV. ACEPHALA.

Body fixed or free. No distinct head, but a mouth without teeth, concealed in the bottom or
between the folds of the mantle, often furnished on each side with a pair of appendices-
Eyes none. The gills usually consist of four large lamina,, or leaflets, with a vascular
network. Sexes united in the same individual. Aquatic. The shell external, and mostly
composed of two valves, or wanting, but in that case furnished with a thick mantle.

Obs. The animals of this order are divided by Cuvier into two sections : the first, which
is most numerous, contains all the bivalve and some of the multivalve shells ; the other,
Acephala nuda, comprises those in which the shell is replaced by a cartilaginous membrane.
We shall consider his class Brachiopoda as a section of the Acephala, with which they have
many characters in common ; although the position of the animal in its shell, with its back
against the hinge, differs from other bivalves.

SECTION 1. BRACHIOPODA.

Animal enveloped in a bilobed mantle, which is always open. Mouth anterior, and furnished
with a pair of fleshy arms with curled filaments at their edges, and capable of being ex-
tended externally. The gills applied to the internal surface of the lobes of the mantle.
Vent anterior. Organs of generation unknown. Shell bivalve, united behind either
with or without a hinge, opening in front.

FAMILY TEREBRATVLIDM.

Animal more or less globular or flattened, with the montle open in front and towards the side.
Shell inequivalve, equilateral, with a hinge, and adhering to other bodies either directly
or by means of a tendinous cord.

EXTRA LIMITAL.

Genus Terebratula, Bruguieres. Animal with the gills arranged in a pectinated form on the inner
surface of the mantle ; the long arms rolled into a spiral form when at rest. Shell variable in
its form, often ribbed : one valve prolonged into a recurved beak, and perforated at its tip, for
the passage of a ligament, by which it attaches itself to foreign bodies ; two bony processes
on the interior of the smaller valve.

FAMILY OSTRACISE ANOMIA 167

T. caput-serpentis, Linn, Gould. (T. septentrionalis, Couthouy, Bost. Journ. Vol. 2, p. 65. Pl.
34, fig. 321 of this work.) Shell rather thin, semitransparent, ovate: upper valve truncated hori-
zontally at the apex ; foramen large, one side completed by the apex of the lower valve ; surface
with a downy epidermis, under which minute radiating stnoe. From under each tooth in the lower
valve arises a thin process, curving a little inwards, whose extremities support an oval partially
twisted ring: margin of the shell crenate. Color, whitish. Length, 0*4; Width, 0-2. Coast
of Northern Europe, Maine and Massachusetts.

T. psittacea, Gmel. (Gould, Op. cit. p. 142, fig. 91. Pl. 34, fig. 322 of this work.) Shell thin and
fragile, subtriangular, narrowed above ; the beak produced into a decurved horn : surface striated
concentrically and in radii ; foramen triangular. Color, brownish black or sea-green. Length,
0*35; width, 0*25. Northern Europe, and Seacoast of Massacusetts.

T. thalassina. Gould.

SECTION 2. LAMELLIBRANCHIA.

Animal adherent, enveloped in a bilobed mantle, varying in the number and dimensions of
its apertures. Mouth transverse, medial, concealed at the bottom of the mantle between
two pair of appendices. Gills in the form of semicircular leaves, composed of two pair,
one on each side of the body : vent posterior and medial. Shell composed of two valves
connected by a hinge and ligament, and enclosing the animal.

FAMILY OSTRACIDjE.

Animal with the mantle not adherent, entirely open except on the dorsal part, without tube
or peculiar opening. Foot wanting or rudimentary . The two pair of gills united in a
medial line. Shell inequivalve, inequilateral, irregular, more or less lamellar or foliated :
hinge variable ; ligament internal or partly internal ; muscular impression single, sub-
central.

GENUS ANOMTA. Bruguieres.

Animal with the edges of its mantle thin, and furnished with a series of tentacular filaments.
Foot rudimentary ; the adductor muscle divided into three branches, the largest of which
passes through an aperture in the lower valve, with a corneous opercle to attach itself to
other bodies. Shell thin, often translucent : one valve convex ; the other flattened or con-
cave, and perforated near the beak. Ligament of the hinge short and thick ; muscular
impression tripartite.

168 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

Anomia EPHIPPIUM.

PLATE XII. FIG. 209.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Anomia ephippium. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1150.

A. id. el patellaris. Lamarck, An. sans vert. Ed. Brux. Vol. 3, p. 102.

A. ephippium. Russel, Essex Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 1, p G2.

A. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 138.

Description. Shell orbicular, sometimes transversely elongated and variously distorted,
sometimes with undulated or jagged margins. Surface scaly, lamellar, and easily impressed
by contact with foreign substances. Upper valve very convex, cup-shaped, with a small
beak : lower valve smaller, flat or concave, with a circular hole which is uniled to the margin
by a greater or less fissure.

Color, varying from brilliant yellow to rose-red and white ; muscular impression opake
white.

Length, 0-5- 1-5. Width, 0*8 - 1 "9.

There is a variety which is ribbed or fluted by contact with a Pecten, described as patel-
laris. These flutings are not always longitudinal, but occasionally transverse and even re-
versed, becoming wider towards the beaks, showing the accidental position of the Anomia
upon the Pecten. Very often both valves are thus ribbed. It is a common species on all our
shores, and known under the popular name of Jingle shells. Common to the shores of Eu-
rope and America.

(EXTRA LIMIT AL)

aculeata, Gmel. (Gould, Op. cit. p. 139, fig. 90. Pl. 12, fig. 210 of this work.) Shell small,
rounded, inclining to be straight at the hinge-margin. Beaks obtuse, terminal: upper valve with
fine prickly scales arranged in radiating lines ; lower valve smooth. Color, yellowish white.
Diameter, 0' 5. Europe, and shores of Massachusetts.

Obs. Dr. Gould states that probably two other species (electrica and squamula, Lin.) exist on
the coast of Massachusetts.

FAMILY OSTRACHWE OSTREA. 169

GENUS OSTREA. Linnatus. Lamarck.

Animal with the edges of its mantle thick, not adhering, retractile, with numerous short and
irregularly disposed tentacular appendages. Mouth large, funnel-shaped, furnished wilh
two pair of elongated lanceolate appendices. Gills formed by four nearly equal and semi-
circular leaflets, minutely striated. Vent posterior, with its orifice floating between the
lobes of the mantle. Shell very irregular, more or less coarsely foliated ; left valve gene-
rally larger and more concave, adherent ; the right valve smaller, usually flattened, often
operculiform, moving forwards with age, leaving a groove for the ligament exposed along
the adhering valve. Hinge without teeth.

OSTREA BOREALIS.

PLATE X. FIG. 204, Addlt ; 203, Yobno variety.

Ostrea borealis. Lamarck, Am. sans vert. Ed. Brux. Vol. 3, p. 82.
0. id. Gohld, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 137.

Description. Shell variously shaped, but most frequently suborbicular or oblong-ovate, with
loosely imbricated concentric flakes, becoming obsolete towards the beaks, which are usually
curved, generally short, but occasionally somewhat elongated. Lower valve concave, with
coarse rugose folds on the margin ; but these are often indistinct. The young under two
years often strongly costate, with six to eight convex ribs or folds, which extend into processes
on the margin of the valves, and resembling equestris of Say (See pi. 10, fig. 203). Upper
valve with a transverse ridge in the hinge, abrupt behind, and sloping gradually into the shell;
on the larger valve, this ridge is prolonged backwards.

Color. Dusky brown, intermixed with green; within pearly white: muscular impression
purplish. The young, under a year, are reddish, with dusky radiations.

Length, 5-0 - 12-0. Width, 3"0 - 6"0.

More than eighty species of oysters are mentioned in the most recent systematic catalogues ;
but many of these are so nearly allied, as to render it very doubtful whether mere varieties
have not been described as species. Lamarck attributes three species to the coast of the
United States ; but we must confess our inability to find more than one, and that one, under
certain forms, cannot be distinguished from the O. edulis, or Common Oyster of Europe.
The three American species in Lamarck are thus characterized :

1. O. borealis. Shell oblong-ovate, whitish, with imbricated undulated plates ; upper valve

somewhat convex. Length, nearly three inches. Allied to edulis and virginica, but
distinct from both. New-York.

2. O. virginica. Shell elongate, whitish, narrow, rather straight, thick-lamellar ; upper valve

rather plane. As it advances in age, it becomes very thick, and its lower beak becomes
very long, and with a channel within furrowed transversely : its upper beak tuberous
within. Length, six inches. Virginia.
Fauna— Part 6. 22

170 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

3. O. canadensis. Shell elongated, subcurved, broad above, very thick and lamellar ; upper
valve convex. Although closely allied to the preceding, it appears to be constantly
distinct. It is larger, wider, of excessive thickness, and its lower beak does not ap-
pear to be so much elongated. Length, about eight inches. Sea of Canada, at the
mouth of the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; and also near New-Yoi'k.

Dr. Gould attributes to the virginica (or, as he calls it, virginiana, after Lister) the addi-
tional character of the ligamentary eminence of the upper valve, extending back to the apex;
and thinks that canadensis may be a variety of this, or of borealis.

This, according to Dr. Gould, is the common oyster of the Chesapeake, and also found
on the coast of Massachusetts and at the mouth of the St. Lawrence. The dealers in oysters
know of only two principal varieties, the northern and southern ; or as they distinguish them,
the Chesapeake and York-bay. They distinguish the latter (borealis) by its broader and less
ponderous and massy shell; its lips are more frequently upturned, and always thinner and
more brittle. They pretend to be able also to distinguish them by the smell alone ; the shell
of the northern oyster having quite a strong smell, savoring of the odor of the marine plants.

The period of longevity in the oyster is not ascertained, but most dealers agree that it is
in its best condition from the fourth to the sixth year. It rarely lives beyond its twelfth or
fifteenth year, although they think it probable that a few pass that period. At the end of
six months the young oyster is found attached to stones along the shore, of a reddish tint,
with radiating strias, and about the size of a quarter of a dollar ; and at the end of the year,
as large as a dollar, although this increase depends upon locality. A smooth gravelly bottom,
with about a quarter of an inch depth of fine ooze, is generally preferred : if the deposit is
deeper, they become excessively elongated and slender, with the margins of the valves drawn out
into thin plates, and the oyster has a disagreeable muddy flavor. With age, the strong folds
disappear, and by the fifth or sixth year are only seen on the margin ; at a later period they
are almost entirely effaced, and the species cannot be distinguished from the virginica, more
especially when these latter have been planted for some time in the New- York waters.

The oyster appears to thrive best, and attain its most luscious flavor on our coast, between
the thirty-sixth and forty-second parallels of latitude ; and is supposed, by those who have
had opportunities of comparison, to be the best in the world. The consumption is almost
incredible. Independent of those actually consumed, thousands of tons of the young are
annually exported to the eastern ports for the purpose of planting, and an equal number
introduced from the Chesapeake for the same purpose.

Beside man, the oyster has many enemies ; and were it not for their wronderful fecundity,
they would, ere this, have been extirpated. They are taken with oyster rakes or tongs ; and
where the water is too deep for these instruments, a strong iron dredge or drag is employed.
The Star-fsh ( Uraster rubens, Forbes) is frequently found clasping the valves of the oyster
in such a manner as to prevent their opening, and, as the oystermen assert, the oyster perishes
from suffocation, the valves open, and he is devoured by the starfish. Numerous minute

FAMILY OSTRACID^E — OSTREA. 171

punctures are often seen through the shell, produced by various marine animals ; the most
common and destructive of these, according to the oystermen, is the Drill, or Fusus cinereus.
I have examined several oysters on which were numerous drills ; and upon detaching them,
observed, in the centre of a circular abraded spot, a minute puncture not larger than a pin-
hole, extending into the body of the shell, but not perforating it entirely through ; occasion-
ally these punctures would be very numerous, and apparently communicate with each other,
the whole interior being eroded, and the shell itself rotten and brittle. In such cases, the
oyster itself would be poor and destitute of flavor, and, as might naturally be inferred, pe-
rishes sooner or later. I am informed that when these drills abound in an oyster bed, a great
mortality among the oysters is observed.

(EXTRALIMITAL. )

O. semicylindrica. Say, Ac. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 228.) Shell elongated, semicylindrical : sides parallel;
base and tip rounded, equally obtuse; inferior valve very convex ; upper valve flat. Muscular im-
pression large, white. Color, white, with a fuscous epidermis. Length, 0*35. Attached to
Sponges. Georgia, Florida.

O. equestris. (Id. Am. Conch, pi. 58.) Small, ovate-triangular, with transverse wrinkles, and more
or less deeply and angularly folded longitudinally. Lateral margin near the hinge, with 6 - 12
denticulations of the superior valve, received into corresponding cavities of the lower valve : upper
valve depressed, but slightly folded. Lower valve convex, attached by a portion of its surface, the
margins elevated ; folds unequal, much more profound than those of the upper valve. Hinge very
narrow, and curved laterally and abruptly. South Carolina, Florida.

22"

172 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

TAMIL Y PEC TWIDJE.

Animal with a mantle, not adherent, open almost entirely in its whole circumference ; with-
out tube or peculiar opening ; always with the rudiment of a foot at the abdominal portion
{often canaliculated), which separates the two pair of gills. Shell in general subregular,
compact, with ribs or stria, diverging from the beaks, which are often eared. Hinge
variable, fixed either by a byssus or by one of the valves.

GENUS PECTEN. Bruguieres. Turton.

Animal orbicular, often thick and occasionally much compressed. Mantle margined with
one or two series of very fine filaments, among which are seen small pearly globules. Foot
small, conic, canaliculate, and generally with a byssus. Mouth surrounded by tentacular
appendages, branched and irregular, with a pair of triangular palpi on each side, truncated
at their extremities. Gills moderately large : termination of the intestinal canal somewhat
beneath. Marine. Shell free or fixed, often thin, somewhat orbicular, inequivalve, trans-
versely dilated into auricles : superior margin straight : beaks contiguous. Hinge toothless,
with a triangular internal pit for the cartilage ; a ligamentous membrane along the whole
length of the hinge.

Obs. This genus is remarkable for the beautiful disposition of its colors in many of the
species. More than sixty living, and nearly as many fossil species, are enumerated in the
most recent publications. Several are used as food.

Pecten concentricus.

PLATE XI. FIG. 205.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Pecten ccnceniriats. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 259.

P. id. Conkad, Amer. Marine Conchol. pi. 1, fig. 2.

P. id. Gould, Invertelirata of Mass. p. 134, fig, 88.

P. Un-olaris? Lamakck, An. sans vert. Ed. Brux. Vol.3, p. 52. (Young?)

Description. Shell robust, suborbicular, with eighteen to twenty elevated rounded ribs,
and numerous concentric wrinkles equally on the ribs and interspaces : no longitudinal lines ;
one valve somewhat ventricose, the other convex. Auricles nearly equal, nearly straight on
one end, rounded or irregular on the other ; its surface with obsolete radiating lines. Liga-
mentary pit superficial, small.

Color. Dusky horn-color, with white or yellowish or reddish concentric bands, most nu-
merous towards the beaks. In the young, one valve is pale yellow, banded with reddish,
brown or black ; the other brown or grey brown, occasionally brownish black.

Length, 0-8 - 3-1. Width, 0" 9 - 3-5.

FAMILY PECTINID^E — PECTEN. 173

This is one of the most common shells on the coast of New- York, where it is known under
the popular name of Scollop, or Scallop-shell. It abounds on shallow sandy bottoms, and is
taken in great quantities for food, the broad and stout muscular portion being the only part of the
animal used. This is boiled and put in vinegar, and considered by many as a great delicacy.
The shells, which vary very much in the beauty and delicacy of their coloring, are used for orna-
mental purposes, such as card-racks, pin-cushions, etc. On a clear calm day, these animals
may be seen skipping along to considerable distances on the surface of the water : this move-
ment is accompanied by sharp and quickly repeated sounds, occasioned by the rapid opening
and shutting of the valves. I have never noticed these movements in adults. They are
preyed upon by numerous fishes.

Pecten islandicus.

PLATE XL FIG. 206.

Oslrca islandica. Mulleb, Zool. Dan. prodr. No. 2990.

Pecten pealii. Coxrad, Amer. Marine Conchology, p. 12, pi. 2, fig. 2.

P. islandicus. Say, Amer. Conchology, plate 50, fig. 1.

P. id. Gould, Invertelirata of Massachusetts, p. 133, fig. 89.

Description. Shell occasionally very large, sub-rounded ; the valves nearly equal. Sur-
face covered with numerous scaly radiating lines, alternately smaller. Ears unequal, with
radiating ribs. Five to six minute teeth in the angle beneath the emarginate ear. Margin
jagged by the produced elevated radiating lines ; intervals between these lines reticulated.

Color. Reddish or orange, with darker concentric bands and pale broad radiations. Ears
with dark red concentric lines.

Length, 2*0 -3*0. Width, 1-9 -3*0.

I am not aware that this shell has yet been found on our coast, but it has been obtained
from the stomachs of fishes. The banks of Newfoundland appear to be its proper locality
on the American coast, and it extends very far north. Conrad observed it on the coast of
Maine.

Pecten magellanicus.

PLATE XL FIG. 207. a. b.

Oatrea magellanica. Gmelin, p. 3317.

Pecten id. Cosrad, Amer. Marine Conchology, pi. 1, fig. 1.
P. id. Russel, Essex Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 1, p. 62.
P. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 132.

Description. Shell large, orbicular, moderately solid, much compressed ; the upper valve
more convex, the lower nearly flat. Ears subequal ; on the upper valve equal : valves gaping

174 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

on both sides near the hinge. Surface with numerous imbricated striae radiating from the
beaks, with a few distant concentric striae, which, in old age, become deep sinuous furrows,
the radiating stria? becoming obsolete. Beaks small, distinct, contiguous. Hinge-margin
straight : ligament inserted into a sublinear pit, black, greyish on the sides nearest the base
of the pit; within smooth, polished. Muscular impression distinct.

Color. Convex valve pale reddish (on the beaks reddish brown), with pale radiating lines
and deeper red concentric circles ; lower valve yellowish or tinged with reddish ; within
polished white.

Length, 4 • 0 - 5 ' 0. Width, 4 • 5 - 5 • 5.

The plate represents the upper valve of a moderate sized shell : the old shells are frequently
eroded and pierced by other marine animals. Specimens have been taken by dredging in
deep water off Sandyhook, where it appears to be not uncommon, as many were taken at
the same time. 1 have also obtained them in fifteen fathom water, on the south coast of
Long island : the convex valves were all more or less deeply sculptured and eroded by marine
parasites. They are represented to be palatable as food.

{EXTRA-L1MITAL.)

P. purpuralus, Lam. (P. dislocatus, Say, Ac. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 260 ; Am. Conch, pi. 56, fig. 2. Con-
rad, Am. Mar. Conch, p. 10, pi. 2, fig. 2.) Shell suborbicular, with 20 - 22 elevated rounded
ribs and numerous concentric wrinkles : no longitudinal strias ; ears subequal ; hinge margin
straight in each valve. Color, whitish tinged with yellow or reddish, with a few narrow transverse
interrupted and dislocated reddish undulated lines, and 5-6 obscure spots on the margin at the base
of the ears. Length, 1-5 -2*0; width, l-6-2-2. Southern coast.

P. ornatus, Lam. (Conrad, Mar. Conch, pi. 2, fig. 3.) Shell small, somewhat longer than broad,
subequivalve, compressed : ribs 30 - 36, alternately smaller and subscabrous ; one of the ears very
small. Color, pale yellowish, with red angular spots. Length, 1-5: width, 1-3. Florida.

P. nodosus, Lam. (Conrad, ib. pi. 2, fig. 2.) Shell with nine thick rounded ribs, and strong
radiating striae ; ribs with large hollow vesicles. Color, reddish brown, orange or white.
Length and breadth, 2-0- 5 -0. Florida.

P.varius. (Turton, Conch. Ins. Brit. p. 214.) Shell oblong, nearly equivalve, with from twenty-
five to thirty compressed ribs more or less clothed with concave spines. Color, exceedingly variable,
Length, 2 ■ 0. Found by Mr. Lesueur on the northern coast.

Genus Plicatula, Lam. Animal unknown. Shell inequivalve, without ears, attenuated at the base;

upper margin plaited, rounded ; beaks unequal, and without external facet. Hinge with two

strong striated teeth on each valve; a pit between the two teeth for the ligament, which is

entirely interior.

P. ramosa. (Lam. An. sans vert. Vol. 3, p. 6.) Shell oblong-triangular, very stout and solid, with

numerous large ramified folds. Color, white, spotted with ferruginous marks. Length, 35 - 4.0

millimetres.

FAMILY PECTINID^E PECTEN. 175

Genus Lima, Brug. Animal with numerous tentacular filaments in many series along the edges of its
mantle : foot very small, and carrying a byssus ; mouth surrounded by a very thick and
fringed labial appendage. Shell longitudinal, subequivalve, eared, slightly gaping on one side
between the valves : beaks distant ; internal face inclined outwards. Hinge toothless: pit partly
exterior, receiving the ligament ; muscular impression central and trifid.
L. squamosa, Lam. (Conrad, Mar. Conch, pi. 3, fig. 2.) Shell oblong, with broad and strong scaly
ribs: hinge oblique; margin plicate. Color, whitish or yellowish. Length, 1-0 -2 -5; width,
0-8 -1-2. Florida.
L. glacialis, Lam. (Conrad, lb. pi. 3, fig. 1. Pl. 11, fig. 208 of these pages.) Shell oval, sub-
equilateral, with numerous subscabrous stria? : margin entire. Color, soiled whitish or dull reddish.
Length, 2*5; width, 1-5. Florida.

FAMILY AV1CUL.WM.

Animal with the mantle entirely open except along the back, without tubes or peculiar openings, and
prolonged sometimes behind : foot moderate, with a byssus. Shell often foliated, generally thin,
pearly subequivalve. Hinge without teeth, or only shoiving small rudimentary teeth ; an anterior
notch for the passage of the byssus.

Genus Avictjla, Brug. Shell oval, fragile, rather smooth : base transverse, straight ; extremities pro-
duced. Hinge linear, unidentate between the beaks : area of the ligament marginal, narrow,
channelled.
A. atlantica, Lam. (A. hirundo, Sat, Ac. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 262.) Shell with numerous undulated
wrinkles disposed in rays : wings broad, rounded, scarcely oblique ; valves unequal. Color, red-
dish brown. Width, 0-7. Southern Coast.

176 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

FAMILY ARCADJE.

Animal resembling those of the preceding family, partly adherent, and with afoot always
large. Marine. Shell generally thick, regular, equivalve, inequilateral, with the hinge
furnished on each valve with teeth in a regular series, often lamellar, straight or oblique.
Muscular impressions two on each valve, almost always united by a palleal impression,
very narrow, and parallel with the margin of the shell.

GENUS ARCA. Linnceus.

Animal with the labial appendages very small and slender. Foot pedunculated, compressed,
and divided throughout its length. Shell rather solid : beaks distant, separated by the
area of the ligament. Hinge-margin straight, linear, without ribs at the extremities : teeth
numerous, crowded, alternately inserted into each other ; ligament entirely internal.

Arca pexata.

PLATE XII. FIG. 211.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Area pexata. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 268.
A. id. Goold, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 95, fig. 60.

Description. Shell thick and heavy, transversely ovate, inequilateral. Surface with thirty
two to thirty-six radiating ribs, which are nearer to each other than their own diameters, and
strongly impressed along the margin within. Beaks ventricose and prominent, obliquely di-
rected ; space between them very narrow. Valves closing accurately all round, obtusely an-
gular on the anterior edge near the hinge margin. Epidermis consisting of long and fibrous
threads, which are thickly distributed over the whole surface.

Color of the epidermis dark brownish or black ; polished white within.

Length. 2*0. Transverse diameter, 2*5.

This is a common species along our coast. Its northern limits appear not to extend beyond
Cape Cod. I am not aware how far it ranges to the south. According to Mr. Say, this
species, when violently opened, gives issue to a bloody sanies, whence it has derived its
name of Bloody clam. This remarkably well characterized and very common species has
now been described and known by American naturalists for more than twenty years, and yet
it does not appear in the latest and best lists of species given by foreign writers.

FAMILY ARCADiE ARCA. 177

ARCA TRANSVERSA.

PLATE XII. FIG. 212.

Area transversa. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 269.
A. id, Gotjld, Invertebrata of Mass p. 96.

Description. Shell smaller than the preceding, thick, transversely oblong, subrhomboidal.
Surface with from thirty-two to thirty-five strong radiating ribs, obsolete on the beaks, and
crossed towards the lower margin by two or more concentric furrows of growth : these ribs
are nearly their own diameters apart, and become larger near the margin. Beaks prominent,
incurved, and separated by a long and narrow interval : they are placed at the end of the
anterior third of the length of the hinge-margin. Valves slightly unequal, so that the margin
of one passes slightly beyond the other ; this is most conspicuous on the posterior portions of
the lower margin : a slight curve at each extremity of the hinge-margin. One or more an-
gulated lines on the hinge space, drawn from the beaks to the hinge edge : valves accurately
closing all round.

Color. Dingy white, sometimes tinged with reddish, and particularly adherent about the
lower margin. Epidermis chesnut-brown, foliaceous.

Length, 0 • 5 - 0 • 8. Transverse diameter, 1-0-1.4.

This is also a very common species on our coast. It ranges north nearly to Cape Cod,
and occurs on the coast of New-Jersey.

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

A. ponderosa. (Say, Ac. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 267.) Shell very thick and ponderous, somewhat oblique, with
25 -- 28 ribs, each marked with an impressed line. Beaks distant, and opposite the middle of the
hino-e: lower margin nearly straight, or contracted in the middle. Length, 2; transverse diameter.
2*5. Southern Coast.

A. incon<rrua. (Id. lb. Vol.2, p. 268.) Shell somewhat rhomboidal, with 26 -- 28 ribs, nearer than
their own diameters, and crossed by elevated obtuse equal and equidistant lines, which are altogether
wanting on ten rays of the disk of the left valve. Beaks distant, opposite the middle of the hinge,
with a lanceolate space between : anterior margin cordate, flattened. Allied to A. rhombea, Born.
Length, 2*0; transverse diameter, 2*1. Southern Coast.

Fauna — Part 6. 23

178 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

GENUS NUCULA. Lamarck.

Animal with its mantle open only on its lower margin, denticulated along the back : buccal
appendages anterior, long-pointed, stiff and applied against each other. Gills on each side
and above, narrow and almost as long as the whole animal : foot very large, forming an
oval disk, with its edges digitated. Shell transverse ; no area for the ligament between
the beaks : a straight series of teeth on each side, forming an angle at a spoon-shaped
pit which separates them : ligament partly interior.

Obs. This genus has been chiefly illustrated in its American species by Messrs Couthouy,
Gould and Storer. About ten species have been discovered on the coast of the United States.
Some of them have the power of leaping to a great distance, as we have noticed under the head
of Pecten concentricus.

NUCULA THRACIiEFORMIS.
PLATE XII. FIG. 217. a. b.

Nucula thracwformis. Storer, Host. Journ. Nat. Hist. Vol. 2, p. 122 (woodcut).
N. id. Godld, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 97, fig. 66.

Description. Shell large, solid, oblong-ovate, broadest behind, gaping at both ends. An
oblique prominent fold extends from the beak to the posterior third of the basal margin, form-
ing a distinct impression within ; another fold, but not so distinct, radiates from the beak, and
forms an acute angle with the hinge margin : these folds give a peculiar undulating form to
the posterior surface of the shell. Beaks on the anterior third of the shell, somewhat elevated,
pointed, inclined backwards, and nearly touching each other ; their internal cavities capacious.
Teeth very prominent ; with about fourteen teeth on each side of the large central cavity or
pit : these teeth are angular, regular, equidistant, and highest in the middle of each series,
closely interlocking with those of the other valve.

Color. Brownish olive, varied with fuscous : beaks reddish brown ; within polished white,
tinged with bluish.

Length, 1*3. Transverse diameter, 2.1.

The specimens noticed by Dr. Gould are of larger dimensions than this, which was kindly
loaned to me by Dr. Jay for description, and which he obtained from the stomach of a cod-
fish on our coast. Those described by Dr. Storer and Gould were found in the stomachs of
the P. dentata, or Sand-dab. It is a large and beautifully distinct species.

FAMILY ARCAOE NUCULA. 179

NUCULA RADIATA.
PLATE XII. FIG. 216.

Description. Shell rather solid, very oblique, triangular. Surface polished, with minute
concentric lines, and occasional larger ones ; these concentric lines are rendered waving by a
furrow running from the beak to the base, parallel to and at a short distance from the anterior
side. Beaks anterior, large and eroded. Teeth minute, the two series forming almost a right
angle with each other : four to five in one series, and from nine to ten in the other ; the inner
is deeply crenulated on the margin by numerous striae radiating from the cavity of the beaks,
but not impressed externally.

Color. Epidermis thin, ferruginous ; beneath whitish pellucid ; within bluish iridescent.

Length, 0-18.

Under this name, I venture to indicate a shell which was obtained by Dr. C. H. Stillman,
by dredging in the East river opposite Williamsburgh : some thirty or forty other specimens
were procured at the same time. In the number of its teeth, and the strongly impressed
radiating striae, it is very distinct from its otherwise strongly allied species N. proximo,.

NUCULA PROXIMA.

PLATE XII. FIG. 215.

NucvJa proximo. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 270.
N. id. Conrad, American Mar. Conchology, pi. 6. fig. 2.

N. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 103, fig. 63.

Description. Shell small, solid, subglobose, trigonal, oblique, polished, concentrically
wrinkled with numerous hardly perceptible stria? : beaks somewhat elevated and inclined for-
wards ; pit of the cartilage very small. Teeth very robust for the size of the shell, long,
acute, recurved and equidistant ; twelve in number before, and about twenty behind the
beaks. Margin very minutely crenulated ; the crenae extending some distance from the mar-
gin, but not forming radiated striae as in the preceding.

Color. Epidermis light olive and very thin ; within pearly white.

Legth, 0-45. Transverse diameter, 0*35.

This species, although not yet detected on our coast, will undoubtedly be found, as it
ranges from Massachusetts bay along the southern coast. It is closely allied to, but as we
think very distinct from, the preceding.

23*

180 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

NUCULA GOULDI.
PLATE XIII. FIG. 221. a. b.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Description. Shell thin, ovate, subequilateral ; the valves gape more widely at one extre-
mity, with slightly impressed concentric strise : posterior dorsal margin slightly curved ; ante-
rior dorsal area with a very slight central carination ; anterior margin slightly rostrate, with
three or four imbricated striae on the sides, extending from the beaks to the margin, where the
imbrications are most apparent ; basal margin regularly rounded and entire. Teeth eighteen
in each valve, oblique, triangular, slightly directed upwards. Beaks decorticated, contiguous,
nearly medial. Ligamentary pit profound ; ligament wholly interior, black : muscular im-
pressions distinct, oblong-oval, the posterior most profound.

Color. Epidermis olive-green, with a few paler concentric lines, becoming still lighter
towards the anterior extremity ; within pale bluish white, approaching to iridescence.

Length, 0'4. Transverse diameter, 0-8.

This description was made from a single specimen obtained in Long island sound. It
resembles myalis in its general form, but differs in the number of its teeth, in its size, and
the conformation of its posterior side, which is not subtriangular. I have named it after one
of our most accurate conchologists, Dr. A. A. Gould.

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

N. myalis. (Couthocy, Bost. Jour. Vol. 2, p. 61, pi. 3, fig. 7. Pl. 13, fig. 219 of these pages.)
Shell ovate, thin, smooth, slightly gaping at both extremities : anterior side longest and rounded ;
posterior side subtriangular, acuminated and subrostrated. Teeth about twelve on each side, in-
creasing in size and distance towards the outer extremities : surface with minute radiating striae
Color: epidermis olive ; within glossy white. Length, 1*0; transverse diameter, 1-6. Stomachs
of fishes. Northern Coast.

N. lirnatula. (Say, Am. Conch, pl. 12. Conrad, pl. 6, fig. 1. Pl. 13, fig. 218 of these pages.)
Shell elongate, subovate, smooth-polished. Beaks nearly medial, not prominent, above the curve
of the hinge-margin, rostrated. Teeth nineteen to twenty-two on the anterior, and eighteen on
the rostrated side. Color: epidermis light green. Length, 0-8- 1*0; transverse diameter, 1 • 9 -
2*3. Shores of Maine and Massachusetts.

N. sapotilla. (Gould, Invert. Mass. p. 100, fig. 61. Pl. 13, fig. 220 of this book.) Shell thin,
elongate, inequilateral, subrostrated, tumid at the beaks, with a slight flexure under the posterior
tip. Teeth about sixteen or eighteen on each side. Color, pale yellowish green. Length, 0 • 45 ;
transverse diameter, 0-8. Fishes on the Northern Coast.

N. navicularis. (Couthouy, Bost. Jour. Vol. 2, p. 178, pl. 4, fig. 4.) Shell small, fragile,
crescent-shaped, inequilateral: surface smooth, rounded before, slightly truncated behind; umbones
tumid ; basal margin strongly curved. Teeth eight before and ten behind the pit. Color : epi-
dermis light pea-green. Length, 0-5; transverse diameter, 0-25. Stomachs of fishes.

FAMILY MYTILIDjE MYTILUS. 181

N. tenuis. (Gould, 1. c. p. 105, pi. 54.) Shell small, thin, trapezoidal, smooth, without radiating
lines: beaks prominent, placed anteriorly; margin simple. Teeth long and slender, about eight
behind and four or five before the beaks. Color : epidermis grass-green. Length, 0 *25 ; transverse
diameter, 0 • 3. Stomachs of fishes.

TV. minuta. (Gould, 1. c. p. 101. N. tenuisulcata, Couthouy, Bost. Jour. Vol. 2, p. 64, pi. 3,
fig. 8. Pl. 12, fig. 213 of this book.) Shell ovate, lanceolate, inequilateral, posteriorly much
narrowed and rostrated: surface with numerous concentric ridges. Teeth twelve before and sixteen
behind the beaks. Color: epidermis light greenish yellow. Length, 0*9; transverse diameter,
1 • 0. Stomachs of fishes.

N. acuta. (Conrad, Mar. Conchol. pl. 6, fig. 2.) Shell very small, ovate-elongate, convex, with
numerous concentric stria?. Beaks behind the centre pit, very small. Width, 0*2. This was
found in so very recent a fossil deposit, as to induce Mr. Conrad to suppose that it may still be
found on the coast, but overlooked on account of its size. Virginia.

FAMILY MYTILIDsE.

Animal oval, moderately thick, with its mantle open throughout its lower portion and
adhering towa?-ds its edges ; a separate opening behind for the excrements, forming very
rarely a tube. Foot tongue-shaped, channelled, and with a byssus behind. With a very
few exceptions, marine. Shell usually with an epidermis, equivalve, very inequilateral.
Hinge without teeth; ligament linear, marginal, partly included: posterior muscular
impression very small ; the anterior large.

GENUS MYTILUS. Linnmus.

Animal with the lobes of the mantle fringed about the opening of the vent. Mouth moderately
large, with two pair of soft triangular labial appendages. Foot slender, cylindrical, with
a silky byssus at its base and posteriorly. Shell longitudinal, subtriangular ; apex acute,
pointed at base, and fixed by a byssus. Beaks terminal, pointed, nearly straight. Hinge
lateral, usually without teeth ; ligament marginal, deeply seated, rectilinear, partly internal.
Muscular impressions elongated, club-shaped ; the anterior largest : palleal impression entire.

Obs. The species of this and the following genus are popularly known under the name of
Mussels.

182 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

Mytilus BOREALIS.

PLATE XIII. FIG. 222.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Mytilus borcalis. Lam. An. sans vert. Vol. 3, p. 31, No. 25, Ed. Brux.
M. edulis. Godxd, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 121, rig. 82.

Description. Shell solid, elongate, subtriangular, somewhat ventricose, smooth, shining,
flattish on the posterior and somewhat angulated and keeled on the anterior margin. Beaks
tumid, pointed. Hinge an inch long, with numerous tooth-like elevations and cavities. Basal
margin curved and scooped out, with a small fissure for the passage of the byssus.

Color. Black or greenish black ; within blue-black on the margin ; purplish and bluish
white in the cavity.

Length, one to two and a half inches.

This species is common on the northern seacoast of the United States. On the coast of
Long island it is used to some extent, as well as the M. plicatula, as a manure, for which
eighteen cents per bushel is paid.

We follow Lamarck in considering this as distinct from the common edulis of Europe, with
which, however, it is closely allied. In several specimens, it may admit of doubt whether
the beaks are even terminal. There is a variety.

Mytilus notatus.

PLATE XIII. FIG. 223.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Description. Shell oblong, oblique, with minute concentric strias, smooth, compressed,
angulated on the anterior side, regularly rounded on the basal margin, which is entire ; the
posterior margin slightly plicate. Beaks distinct, contiguous, terminal : a small bifid tooth
under the beak, received into a corresponding depression in the other valve.

Color. Reddish brown, with deep purple zigzag marks ; posterior surface chesnut-brown ;
within bluish purple, iridescent.

Length, 1-7. Width, 0-8.

I am not sure whether the following species, which is regarded by some conchologists as a
variety of borealis, may not be identical with notatus.

FAMILY MYTILID^E MYTILUS. 183

Mytilus PELLUCIDUS.

PLATE XXIV. FIG. 256.

Mytitus pdlucidus. Pennant, Br. Zool. Vol. 4, p. 237, pi. 66, fig. 3.

M. id. Torton, Conchol. Brit. Ins. p. 197, pi. 15, figs. 1 and 2.

M. edulisj var. pellucidus, Gould, Invertebm'a of Mass. p. 122.

Description. Shell oblong, convex, pellucid, smooth, with very minute concentric wrinkles ;
anterior margin in young specimens nearly straight, more curved with age. Beaks small,
approximated, scarcely terminal, occasionally with two or three teeth, but these are more often
wanting : posterior margin produced and more or less angulated.

Color. Light horn-color or yellowish, but more usually dark horn, with vertical blue radia-
tions, most conspicuous when held against the light ; as the animal increases in size, these
radiations become more numerous. Within a rich ultramarine blue, particularly towards the
margins.

Length, 0*4 - 1 "2. Width across the beaks, 0-6 - 2*1.

In very young specimens, the surface of the valves is furnished with scattering hairs, and
the basal margin is lineated. As the genera Mytilus and Modiola now stand, it is doubtful
in many specimens to assign its true position.

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

M. incurvatus, Lam. Shell oval, thick, opake, tumid, much incurved on the anterior side : beaks
divaricate, with two or three teeth only under them. Color, bluish grey. Length, 1-4. An
var. M. borealis ? Northern shores of Europe and America.

M. ungulatus, Linn. Shell oblong, ventricose, roughened with transverse plaits, curved on the anterior
side, and the summits conical and diverging : hinge with from three to five minute teeth. Color:
epidermis blackish or purple ; in the young, the epidermis green, and occasionally with reddish
zigzag lines. Length, 4-0-5'0; width, 2*0 -2*4. Coast of Europe and America.

M. cubitus. (Say, Ac. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 263.) Shell oblong, striated, with elevated subglabrous lines
which are smaller on the anterior side: anterior edge linear or slightly concave; posterior edge
ascending from the base in a right line to a prominent posterior angle, which is rather behind the
middle of the shell, from which it descends by a concave line to the obliquely and very obtusely
rounded tip. Color, yellowish, polished, and somewhat fasciated with green or brownish, disap-
pearing on the anterior margin. Length, 1*2; breadth, 0*5. Seacoast.

M. lateralis. (Id. lb. p. 264.) Shell transversely oval, inflated, subpellucid, with numerous concentric
wrinkles: anterior and posterior margins longitudinally ribbed, and crenating the basal margin;
intermediate area without longitudinal lines : the most prominent part of the shell extending from
the beak to the tip of the anterior margin, and bounded on its posterior side by an indented line.
Color: epidermis pale brown. Length, 0*3; breadth, 0*5. Southern coast.

M. kamalus. (Id. Ac. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 264 ; Am. Conch, pi. 50. M. striatus, Barnes, Am. Jour.
Vol. 6, p. 364.) Shell very much contracted and incurved at the base, which is acute. Valve

184 NEW- YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

striate every where with longitudinal elevated lines, which are bifid and sometimes trifid towards
the tip. Color, dark fuscous with purpurescent, with a whitish margin. Length, 1»2: breadth,
0*8. Southern coast.
M. leucopheatus. (Conrad, Ac. Sc. Vol. 6, p. 263, pi. 11, fig. 13.) Shell incurved, with a very
rugose epidermis; anterior side much depressed. Hinge-margin excavated, with the teeth obsolete;
on the posterior side, under the beaks, is a pointed lamellar tooth, directed inwards. Southern coast.

GENUS MODIOLA. Lamarck.

Animal resembling in every respect those of the preceding genus. Shell oblique, wedge-
shaped. Beaks very near the anterior end, but not terminal.

Obs. If we admit the zoological principle, that animals of the same organization should be
classed in the same genus, it would be difficult to say why this genus should be allowed to
remain. The only constant external character is supposed to lie in the beaks ; and yet we
are assured by high conchological authority, that if a large number of species of Mytilus and
Modiola are examined, we shall find the beaks so gradually passing from subterminal to
terminal, that it is impossible to define the limits between the two genera. As, however, the
division affords some assistance in determining the numerous species, and is adopted by many
eminent conchologists, we shall follow their arrangement.

Modiola plicattjla.

PLATE XXIV. FIG. 258.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Modiola plicatula. Lam. An. sans vert. Vol.3, p. 10. Ed. Brux.

M. semicoslata. Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 7, p. 244, pi. 20, fig. 7.

M. plicalula. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass, p. 125, fig. 81.

Description. Shell oblong, obliquely dilated, somewhat falciform. Surface with approxi-
mated deep furrows, radiating towards the dilated margin, fainter on the basal margin, but
more distinct near the beaks, which are smooth, often eroded : a few distant concentric narrow
impressed lines crossing the radiating stria. Beaks prominent, rounded : hinge-margin
straight, ascending ; basal margin concave, depressed, with a small fissure for the exit of the
byssus.

Color- Epidermis greenish yellow, occasionally reddish brown ; within pearly, with faint
purplish tints.

Length, 0 • 8 - 1 • 5. Width, 2 • 4 - 4 • 5.

This is common every where along the coast, on salt-marshes, and along the margins of
creeks and other tide estuaries. When decorticated, the interior often exhibits a brilliant
nacre.

FAMILY MYTILIDiE — MODIOLA. 185

MoDIOLA MODIOLUS.
PLATE XXIV. FIG. 257.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Mytilus modiolui. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1J58.

Modiola papuana. Lam. An. sans vert. Vol. 3, p. 11, Ed. Brux.

M. id. Say, Am. Conch, pi. 45. Tokton, Conch. Ins. Brit. pi. 15, fig. 3 (Young).

M. modiolus. Goold, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 123.

Description. Shell large, coarse and solid, oblong, obliquely dilated. Beaks tumid, ob-
tusely angulated, placed on one side, and nearly approaching the anterior margin. Basal
margin concave, with a fissure for the byssus. Surface coarsely marked with deep incre-
mental lines ; the groove for the ligament deep and elongated.

Color. Epidermis thick and folded within the margins, dark violaceous approaching to
black, occasionally chesnut brown ; lighter along the ridge from the beaks ; within, pearly.

Longest axis, 4*5 — 6*0 ; shortest, 2' 5 - 3*0.

This species occurs in deep water along the whole coast, and is usually found after heavy
storms. It is subject to many variations in form, which have given rise, according to Dr.
Gould, to several nominal species, such as M. umbilicatus, barbatus, and gibbsii. The true
M. papuana, with which this has been confounded, as its name would seem to imply, is an
East-Indian shell : the animal is dark orange or reddish.

(EXTRALIMITAL.)

M. pectinula. (Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 127, fig. 85.) Shell obovate, ventricose, with about forty
equal radiating ribs ; beaks prominent, projecting as far as the anterior margin; entire margin cre-
nulated by the ribs. Color: epidermis brownish yellow. Longest diameter, 0 • 7 ; shortest, 0-3.
St. George's Bank.

M. neza. (Id. lb. fig. 86.) Shell ovate: beaks prominent, and placed considerably behind the ante-
rior extremity, minutely reticulated with fine corrugated concentric and radiating lines ; front of the
beaks radiated. Color : epidermis rusty brown with shades of olive, glossy. Length, 0 • 7 ; short-
est axis, 0*4. Provincetown, Mass.

M. discrepans, Montagu. (Gould, lb. p. 129, fig. 83.) Shell suboval, broadest behind : beaks nearly
terminal ; hinder extremity somewhat lobed. Surface divided into three compartments, of which
the anterior is marked by about eight, and the posterior by numerous radiating lines. Color : epi-
dermis olive-green. Length, 1-0; breadth, 0*4. Stomachs of fishes. Coast of Massachusetts.

M. discors, Montagu. (Gould, lb. p. 130, fig. 84.) Shell oval, tumid: upper edge somewhat com-
pressed and arching; posterior tip somewhat produced and pointed. Beaks large, nearly terminal:
surface with about sixteen ribs at the anterior third, and very numerous ones at the posterior third;
three or four teeth before the beaks. Color : epidermis greenish yellow, with clouds of olive.
Length, 1*5; height, 0-3. Adhering to seaweed. Coast of Massachusetts.
Fauna — Part 6. 24

186 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

M. carolinensis. (Conrad, Jour. Ac. Sc. Vol. 7, p. 244, pi. 20. fig. 6) Shell dilated in the middle:
disks with very numerous radiating striae ; lower margin rounded, and beautifully crenulate. Colon
greenish yellow ; within yellowish, spotted with purple. Crenella ? Charleston, S. C.

M. amerlcana. (Leach, Zool. Misc. Vol. 2, pi. 72, fig. 1. Say, Ac Sc. Vol. 2, p. 265.) Oblong.
Hinge-margin elevated in a right line from the beak to the alated angle, from which it declines in
a right line nearly to an equal distance; alar projection rounded : anterior margin short and small;
basal margin slightly contracted in the middle. Coloi : Epidermis transversely wrinkled, light
brown ; the raised oblique portion of the shell yellowish-white : cortex with membranous scales
and filaments. Length. 0'6; breadth, 1*2. Southern Coast.

M. castanea. (Say, Ac. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 266 ) Transversely oblong, suboval. Hinge-margin elevated
in a right line from the beak to the alar angle, from which it descends in a slightly arcuated line ;
alar angle rounded : anterior margin rounded at the tip ; posterior margin rather large : base with
a slight contraction before the middle. Color: epidermis chesnut ; within bluish. Length, 0'6;
breadth, 1 • 1 . Southern Coast.

GENUS CRENELLA. Brown.

Oblong-ovate, subequilateral, ventricose. Beaks obtuse, slightly turned to one side. Hinge
without teeth, but with a flattened slightly crenated plate in each valve ; the right valve
with a triangular horizontal projecting reflexed plate, and the left one with an oblique plate,
both of which are slightly crenated.

Crenella decussata.

PLATE XXII. FIG. 248.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Mytilns decussatus. Laskey & Montagu, Mem. Wer. Soc. Vol. 1.
Crenella elliptic^. Brown, Conch. Mus. pi. 31, figs. 12 - 14.
Modiola glandula. Totten, Am. Jour. Vol.26, p. 367. pi. fig. 3.
M. id. Gould, Invertcbrata of Mass. p. 131, fig. 87.

Description. Shell small, thin, oval, turgid, inequilateral, not gaping. Valves concentri-
cally wrinkled and beautifully striated, with numerous small rounded ribs, radiating in all
directions from the apex to the margins ; cavity of the valves profound. Beaks distinct, re-
curved, not in contact, often decorticated : the entire margin minutely crenulated.

Color. Epidermis dull waxen yellow ; within bluish white, somewhat pearly.

Leng, 0-2-0-45. Width, 0- 15 - 0-35.

This little shell was first discovered by Col. Totten at Provincetown harbor, Mass., and,
according to Dr. Gould, is one of the most common shells found in the stomachs of fishes on
that coast. Under the latter circumstance, it will probably be detected on the coast of this
State. The place of the genus is uncertain : it should probably be arranged near Anatina.

FAMILY MYTILIDJE PINNA. 187

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

Genus Pinna, Linneus. Shell longitudinal, wedge-shaped, equivalve, gaping at the base and pointed at
the summit, with the beaks straight and acute : hinge lateral and without teeth ; ligament mar-
ginal, linear, very long and half interior. Animal with its foot tongue-shaped, conic, and
bearing an ample byssus.
P. seminuda. (Lam. An. sans vert. Vol. 3, p. 27.) Shell with the apex very broad, obliquely trun-
cated with longitudinal scaly furrows; posterior side smooth. Color, reddish grey. Southern Coast.
P.muricala. (Id. lb. p. 28.) Shell moderately large, thin, pellucid, subtruncate, with a few muricated
longitudinal furrows. Scales small, erect, subacute. Allied to the preceding. Southern Coast.

FAMILY UNIONID^E.

Animal with the mantle entirely open beneath, with a particular opening for the vent; beneath
this, an incomplete tube for respiration, furnished with tentacular papilla.. Foot very large
and thick ; without a byssus. Inhabiting fresh water. Shell free, with an epidermis,
equivalve, inequilateral, transverse. Hinge variable, sometimes furnished with an irregu-
lar simple or divided cardinal tooth, and a longitudinal one, which extends under the
corslet ; sometimes irregular granular tubercles in the place of teeth : in some species,
entirely wanting. The posterior muscular impression subdivided.

Obs. This family corresponds with the Naiades of Lamarck, and to a portion of the family
Submytilaces of Blainville. It is a well characterized family, which is more than can be said
of the genera into which it has been attempted to be suldivided, or many of the species.
The form and number of the teeth are so variable, and run into each other by such insensible
gradations until they become obsolete, that it has been doubted whether they may not all be
reduced to one genus. North America is particularly rich in species. In the latest edition
of Lamarck, out of one hundred species, fifty-four* are attributed to the United States ; but
this gives but a faint idea of the actual number deseribed by American Conchologists. Say
alone has described fifty-eight ; Conrad has enumerated one hundred and sixteen ; and Lea
has carried the number beyond two hundred and fifty, most of which have been beautifully
figured. There is so much discrepancy of opinion among these writers in relation to the
species, and such a variety of forms requiring careful examination, that for fear of adding to
the confusion, contrary to the plan hitherto pursued, I shall not cite under this family the
extra-limital species.

* Many of these descriptions must have been drawn up from badly characterized specimens ; for, in one instance alone,
according to Mr, Lea. eight of Lamarck's species are purely nominal, and refer to one and the same species.

24*

188 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

GENUS UNIO. Bruguieres.

Animal with its mantle open throughout beneath, with thick edges, often fringed. A short
posterior incomplete tube, furnished with two series of tentacular papillae, subserving the
purposes of respiration : triangular labial appendices. Gills moderately long, unequal, on
the same side. Foot large, thick, rounded or subquadrangular. Shell: hinge with a stout,
irregular, striated, simple or divided cardinal tooth in each valve, and an elongated com-
pressed lateral tooth extending along the margin.

Obs. The shells of this and the other genera are popularly known under the names of
Freshwater clams and mussels.

Unio complanatus.

PLATE XXII. FIG. 246/

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Mya complanata, Solander. Dillwyn, Cat. Vol. 1, p. 51.

Unio purpureas. Say, Nich. Ency. pi. 3, fig. 1.

V. id. Barnes, Am. Jour. Sc. Vol. 6, p. 264.

Margarita (Unio) complanata. Lea, Synopsis, Am. Phil. Tr. Vol. 6, p. 130.

U. complanatus. Rossel, Essex Am. Jour. Vol. 1, p. 59. Adams, Am. Jour. Vol. 40, p. 276.

U. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 117, figs. 68, 69, 70.

Description. Shell varying from fragile to robust, oblong, very inequilateral. Ligament
thick and stout, transversely ovate or more usually subrhomboidal, broadest behind, where
the margin descends nearly in a straight line from the hinge-margin to the posterior extremity,
which is subacutely rounded : lower margin regularly curved, occasionally slightly arched in
the middle ; hinge-margin elevated, compressed and carinate. Beaks usually much decorti-
cated ; anterior extremity regularly rounded. Hinge-teeth in one valve erect and strongly
striated ; in the other, bifid : lateral teeth elongated, slightly curved.

Color. Epidermis dark olive-green, occasionally in the young with faint narrow radiations :
within bluish or silvery white, purple, reddish, greenish, sometimes one uniform color, and
occasionally all intermixed.

Length, 1*5- 2-5. Transverse diameter, 2" 5 -4*5.

This is a common species in almost every part of the State. I am indebted to Dr. Eights
for the observation that this, as well as other fluviatile bivalves, are more perfect and ponder-
ous in the canals and ponds than in quick running streams. Specimens obtained from Little-
falls and Oak-orchard, were of a uniform dull reddish or purplish hue within.

FAMILY UNIONID.E UN 10.

189

Unio boydianus.
(state collection.)

Unio boydianus. Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Society, Vol. 8, p. 216, pi. 16, fig. 32.

Description. Shell obovate, rather inflated, very inequilateral, subangulate before, with
regular rather close and nearly equidistant marks of growth. Substance of the shell rather
thin, thicker before. Beaks rather prominent, with small undulations at the tip : ligament
rather short and thin. Epidermis yellowish brown, striate. Cardinal teeth compressed,
double in both valves ; lateral teeth long and nearly straight. Anterior cicatrices distinct ;
posterior cicatrices confluent ; dorsal cicatrices on the under side of the cardinal tooth. Cavity
of the shell deep and rounded ; cavity of the beaks shallow and subangular. Nacre white
and iridescent. Length, 1*2. Breadth, 1-9. Diameter, 0*8.

Such is the description by Mr. Lea of a species which is found in Oak-orchard creek, Or-
leans county. Dr. Boyd presented me with the same shells from that locality, and T then
considered them as probably a variety of U. ochraceus, Say ; to which, as Mr. Lea remarks,
they are most nearly allied. My specimens were all radiated more or less distinctly behind.

Unio radiatus.

PLATE XVin. FIG. 236.

(STATE COLLECTION.;

Mya radiata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3220.

Unio id. Lam. An. sans vert. Vol. 2, p. 668.

Unio radiants. Barnes, Am. Journ. Sciences, Vol. 6, p. 265. Hildbeth, Id. Vol. 14.

Margai-Ua ( Unio) id. Lea, Am. Phil. Tr. Vol. 3, p. 415 , Vol. 6, p. 127, pi. 15, fig. 48, 49.

U. id. Conead, Monog.pl. 10, fig. 2. Russel. Ess. Jour. Vol. 1, p. 60.

V. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass, p; 110, fig. 73.

Description. Shell varying from fragile to robust, oblong-ovate. Anterior margin narowed,
regularly rounded ; posterior broadest and angulated on its surface, rounded on its margin
Beaks near the front of the shell, slightly elevated. Hinge-margin elevated, sub-compressed.
Cardinal teeth erect, triangular, bifid, crenulate.

Color. Epidermis light green or olive, with numerous darker green concentric zones, and
lighter colored radiations from the beaks to every part of the margin ; within bluish white,
occasionally very iridescent.

Transverse diameter, 1-0 -3*0; vertical ditto, 03-1-6.

This is also a common species, occurring everywhere through the Northern and Middle
States. Those communicated to me from Massachusetts, appear to be more robust and some-
what more elongated than those procured in this State. It may be necessary to state, that
many of the plates of this and the succeeding genera were drawn reversed, an error which
was not discovered until the impressions were all printed off : with a knowledge of this fact,
the reader will not be misled in studying the species.

190 NEW- YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

Unio VENTRICOSUS.

Unio ventricosus. Barnes, Am. Jour. Sc. Vol. 6, p. 2G7, pi. 13, fig. 14.

U. id. Say, Am. Conch, pi. 32.

U. occiilens ? Lea, Trans( Am. Phil. Soc. Vol. 3, p. 435, pi. 10, fig. 16.

Margarita [Unio) id. Id. lb. Vol. 6, p. 126.

U. ventricosus. Adams, Amer. Journ. Science, Vol. 40, p. 276.

Description. Shell moderately robust, subelliptical, ventricose. Beaks undulated, often
decorticated : ligament stout. Cardinal teeth double in both valves. In one valve the exter-
nal tooth is broad, curved and truncated above ; the internal smaller and triangular ; the
lateral tooth simple, broad, and ending abruptly : in the other valve, the oblique cardinal
teeth are placed behind each other, and both are pyramidal ; the lateral tooth deeply cleft.
Posterior impressions confluent ; dorsal ones distinct : cavity of the beaks profound.

Color. Epidermis olive-green, with dark green radiations ; within, pure white, or white
with a faint tinge of blue, and slightly iridescent.

Vertical axis, 2-0; transverse ditto, 3*1.

This species I have received from Lake Champlain, and from other waters in the western
part of the State. It is subject to great variations in form, but its ventricose character is
constant.

I have adopted the synonimes of Say and Conrad, in part, in relation to this species. I
have not, however, examined a specimen from the western waters : the figure of occidens, as
given by Mr. Lea, and his description coincides with that of ventricosus.

Unio luteolus.

PLATE XX. FIG. 241.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Unio luteolus. Lam. An. sans vert.

U. siliquoideus. Barnes, Am. Jour. Vol. 6, p. 269, pi. 13, fig. 15.

U. inflatus. ID. lb. Vol. 6, p. 266.

Margarita (Umo) luteolus. Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Vol. 6, p. 127.

U. inflatus. Conrad, Fr. Wat. Shells, p. 69.
U. luteolus. Id. Monog. pi. 10, fig. 1. ■

U. id. Adams, Am. Jour. Sc. Vol. 40, p. 276.

Description. Shell solid, oblong-ovate, moderately inflated, regularly rounded ; hinge-
margin straight. Beaks contiguous, very slightly elevated, regularly rounded at one extre-
mity, subangulated at the other. Surface with concentric wrinkles, becoming somewhat
squamous at one extremity. Cardinal teeth oblique, elevated, rugose on their sides, crenate
at tip and edges ; lateral teeth long and straight.

Color. Epidermis yellowish olive to dark brown, with a few faint distant radiations ; within,
varying from pearly white to bluish white, iridescent.

Vertical axis, 1*5 - 2" 2; transverse ditto, 30 - 3-5. Diameter, 0*9 - 1-2.

FAMILY UNIONISE UNIO. 191

Lamarck received his specimens from the Susquehannah and Mohawk rivers ; Mr. Barnes,
from Wisconsin river and Lake Erie. My specimens were procured from Sandy creek in
Orleans county, Wolcott creek and Port bay on Lake Ontario, and from the Little falls and
Lake Champlain. It approaches U. tappanianus, but is not as much alated, is a more solid
shell, and is evidently distinguished from that shell by the teeth.

Unio compressus.

PLATE XXI. FIG. 245.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Symphonota compressa. Lea, Trans. Phil. Vol. 3, p. 450, pi. 12, fig. 22.

Margarita (Unio) compressa. Id. lb. Vol. 6, p. 121.

Unio compressus. Conrad, Fr. Wat. Shells, p. 68. Adams, Am. Jour. Vol.40, p. 276.

Description. Shell flattened, moderately thin, compressed, subtriangular ; beaks with
double concentric undulations : ligament concealed within the valves. Hinge-margin nearly
straight, subangular, on the posterior margin. The posterior cardinal tooth in one valve
highest, curved, and passing into the lamellar tooth, which is narrowly channelled throughout ;
the central one often dentate : a single broad cardinal tooth in the other valve ; the lateral
tooth simple, with two rudimentary teeth parallel with it near its termination.

Color. Olive brown or greenish, which increases in intensity towards the beaks, with occa-
sionally faint radiations with bluish white ; salmon-colored towards the cavities of the beaks.

Vertical axis, 1-1 - 1"7 ; transverse ditto, 1*7 - 2' 8.

Through the kindness of the late Dr. Boyd, I have received specimens of this species
from Sandy creek in Jefferson county, and Oak-orchard creek in Orleans county. It occurs
near Middlebury, Vermont.

Unio nasutus.

PLATE XX. FIG. 239.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Unio nasutus. Say, Nich. Ency. Vol. 4, pi. 4, fig. 1.

U. rostratus. Val. Humboldt & Bonpland, Rec. dc Zoologie, Vol. 2, p. 233, pi. 53, fig.

U. nasutus. Barnes, American Jour. Science, Vol. 6, p. 273.

U. id. Conrad, Monog.pl. 18, fig. 1. Russel, Essex Jour. Vol. 1, p. 60.

U. id. Lea, Synopsis, etc., p. 132. Gould, Inrertebrata of Mass. p. 109, fig. 71.

Description. Shell oblong-lanceolate and somewhat produced or rostrated at one extremity,
regularly rounded at the other. Valves thin in running streams, more stout and solid in the
lakes. Beaks small and little elevated, with a few corrugations. An elevated ridge runs
from the beaks to the rostrated extremity, and above this the valves are much depressed, with
a few broad radiating furrows on the surface. Lower margin regularly rounded, until it ap-

192 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

proaches the rostrated extremity, when it becomes perceptibly concave. Ligament long,
elevated and prominent. Cardinal teeth small, oblique, compressed, tripartite, crenate ;
lateral teeth crenate on the edges. Surface smooth, occasionally concentrically squamous.

Color. Epidermis greenish brown and brownish, approaching often to black ; beaks lighter :
within bluish white, iridescent, often salmon-colored.

Vertical axis, 1 "4 ; transverse ditto, 3 "2.

The specimen which furnished the above description was obtained from Wolcott creek,
Lake Ontario. It corresponds in the main with the description of my late friend Mr. Barnes,
but is much larger, more solid, and of a uniform deep salmon-color within. Dr. Newcomb
has, I understand, detected in the Champlain canal a variety ? of this species, with a single
tooth in the left valve.

Unio rosaceus.

PLATE XXXIX. FIGS. 355 (Adult) ; 356 (Young). — PLATE 40. FIG. 357 (Sexual variety).
(STATE COLLECTION.)

Description. Shell moderately solid ; in the adult, rather inflated ; in the less mature
specimens, somewhat compressed ; regularly and shortly rounded at one extremity, broadly
rounded at the other, slightly alated above the hinge-margin, and in the adult this alation
obscurely plaited. Basal margin usually widely rounded : occasionally distinctly compressed
in the middle of the basal margin, by one or more impressed oblique lines, which are said
to be a sexual distinction (See fig. 356) : these lines are not apparent in the adult. Beaks
prominent, incurved, approximate, decorticated. Shell slightly gaping at the shorter extremity.
Surface lustrous, strongly impressed by the lines of growth. Cardinal teeth in one valve,
two ; the anterior small, obliquely directed forward ; the posterior large, triangular, erect, its
summit incurved upward ; lateral tooth distinct and broad : in the other valve, the cardinal
teeth are subequal, crenulated and separated by a deep pit, and are strengthened in both
valves by a strong rib beneath extending across the shell. Anterior muscular impression deep,
with a small oval depression behind it at the base of the rib above mentioned.

Color. Yellowish brown ; in the younger specimens, with a faint greenish tinge at the
anterior extremity : within iridescent, rosaceous ; in the younger specimens, bluish white.

Vertical axis, 1'5; transverse ditto, 2-5. Diameter, 0*8.

Many specimens of this shell have been received from Dr. Sartwell, from Seneca lake (fig.
356 as the female, and 357 as the male shell). I find no description which coincides with the
characters of the above shell. It is undoubtedly allied to iV. cariosus and luteolus ; from the
latter, which it most resembles in form, it is readily distinguished by the cardinal teeth.

FAMILY UNI0NIDJ2 UNIO* 193

Unio OCHRACEUS.

PLATE XIX. FIGS. 237, 238.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Unio ochraceus. Say, Nich. Ency]. Vol. 4, pi. 2, fig. 8.

Symphonola ochracea, and Margarita id. Lea, Am. Phil. Tr. Vol. 3, p. 69 ; Vol. 6, p. 126, pi. 15, fig. 44.

U. ochraceus. Conead, Monog. Unionidas, pi. 17, fig. 2. Gould, Inv. Mass. p. 112, fig. 74.

Description. Shell thin, translucent, subovate, ventricose : valves smooth. Hinge-margin
nearly straight, angulated at each end. Beaks elevated and approximated, directed forwards,
with a few concentric undulations. A rib, strongly impressed within, passes obliquely from
the beaks to the posterior margin, enclosing a depressed area with the margins carinated ;
this rib gives a subangulaled appearance to the posterior margin : the other extremity rounded,
gaping. Cardinal teeth very oblique and much compressed, striated, and nearly parallel with
the hinge-margin ; lateral teeth short.

Color. Epidermis varying from pale reddish to yellow olive and green, with colored radia-
tions and dusky concentric bands ; within bluish tinged with red, occasionally uniform rose-red,
and often of a beautiful scarlet or salmon-color.

Vertical axis, l-0-2"0; transverse ditto, 1*8 •• 2*8.

Fig. 237 is from the Mohawk river. The variety fig. 238, from Second river near Belleville,
is introduced for its brilliant interior, and is more solid than any specimens which have come
under my notice.

Unio cariosus.

PLATE XXI. FIGS. 243, and 244 (Variety).

Unio cariosus. Say, Nich. Ency. Vol. 4, pi. 3, fig. 2. Barnes, Am. Jour. Vol. 6, p. 271/

U. cariosa. Lamarck, An. sans vert. Vol. 3, p. 671, Ed. Brux.

U. ovala. Val. Obs. de Zool. Vol. 2, p. 226, pi. 50, fig. 1.

Margarita (Unio) cariosa. Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Vol. 6, p. 126, pi. 15, fig. 45.

Unio cariosa. Conrad, Unionidaj, p. 40, pi. 19 (crassus, Say). Conrad, Fr. Wat. Sh. p. 69.

U. id. Gould, Inrertebrata of Massachusetts, p. Ill, fig. 72.

Description. Shell ovate, inflated, moderately thin. Beaks somewhat prominent, much
eroded, with a prominent ridge passing from the beaks to the posterior margin. Teeth
oblique : cardinal teeth broad, oblique and compressed. Cavity of the beaks moderate. Sur-
face occasionally verrucose.

Color. Epidermis olive brown or greenish, commonly with a few distant deep green nar-
row radiations, most conspicuous on the posterior portion ; the decorticated beaks wax-yellow
or opake white : within, bluish white, rose-red, and even salmon-color.

Vertical axis, 2" 0-2" 5; transverse ditto, 3"5-4"0.

This fine shell is found of extraordinary size and beauty in the River Passaic, near Belle-
ville. Those from the Hudson are usually smaller and less solid than the Jersey specimens.

Fauna — Part 6. 25

194 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

Unio NOVI-EBORACI.

PLATE XX. FIG. 240.

(CABINET OF DRS. JAY AND BUDD.)

XJnio novi-eboraci. Lka, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Vol. 6, p. 104f pi. 24, fig. 114.

Description. Shell elliptical, somewhat compressed. Substance of the shell rather thick ;
thinner on the posterior portion. Beaks somewhat prominent, and minutely undulated at the
tip. Cardinal teeth large, erect, and deeply cleft in the left valve ; lateral teeth long, straight,
and separated from the cardinal teeth. Anterior cicatrices distinct ; posterior confluent : dor-
sal cicatrices placed in the centre of the cavity of the beaks. Cavity of the shell shallow ; of
the beaks subangular and shallow.

Color. Epidermis yellow, with green rays nearly over the whole disk ; nacre white, and
very iridescent on the posterior portion.

Length, I'l. Width, 2-2. Diameter, 0"7.

This species, according to Mr. Lea, whose description I have copied, is closely allied to
U. iris. It is, however, a thicker shell, more angular behind, and not quite so transverse ;
the epidermis is also more yellow. Mr. Lea's specimens were from Oak-orchard creek,
Orleans county. In its form it much resembles the U. pictorum of Europe, but is more
robust. Its teeth distinguish it sufficiently from U. radiatus. I am indebted to Dr. Budd
for a specimen from another locality, which is one-third larger than that described by Mr
Lea.

Unio tappanianus.

PLATE XX. FIG. 242.

(STATE COLLECTION.)
Unio tappanianus. Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Vol. 6, p. 62, pi. 17, fig. 55. '

Description. Shell rather thin, somewhat compressed, regularly rounded in front, dilated
behind, subalated above. Posterior slope oblique (in some specimens nearly straight) : basal
margin slightly arcuate. Beaks in the anterior third of the shell, slightly prominent, with
double undulations. Cardinal teeth Small, wide ; that of the left valve double, but this is
not constantly very distinct (in the largest specimens it is single) ; lateral teeth small, simple,
linear. Surface with three or more strong concentric folds, which are most robust on the
anterior portion, and appear on the inner surface. Within, the cavity is capacious ; under
the beaks, angular.

Color, varying from dusky brown to olive brown, with faint narrow greenish radiations,
most conspicuous behind.

Length, 0-8 - 1 -2. Transverse diameter, 1 -4 - 2*2.

FAMILY UNIONISE UNIO. 195

This shell was presented to me by Dr. Budd, who obtained it from Dr. Newcomb, by whom
it was detected in the northern canal near Troy. Mr. Lea's specimens were from the Juniata,
and from the Schuylkill near Philadelphia. Its northern geographical limits are consequently
much extended. In the specimens before me, the double cardinal teeth become united into
one in the larger individuals.

Unio alatus.

Unio alatus. Say, Nicli. Encyclopedia, Vol. 4, pi. 4, fig, 2.

U. id. Barnes, American Journ. Science, Vol. 6, p. 260.

U, id. Adams, American Journal of Science, Vol. 10, p. 27G.

Description. Shell large, varying from moderately thick to very thin and fragile, subtrian-
gular, generally gaping at the posterior part of the base, fuscous, wrinkled. Beaks not pro-
minent, placed very much on one side, and decorticated : base nearly straight. Hinge-margin
very oblique, rising near the termination of the cartilage into an alated projection, and form-
ing almost a right angle with the inferior slope, which is nearly equal in length ; often with
numerous tubercles within, which upon the gaping extremities are confluent : cicatrices very
rough. Teeth crenate ; the outer laminated one obsolete, only one in each valve being per-
ceptible.

Color. Epidermis brownish ; within purple red.

Length, 3" 8. Transverse diameter, 5 '5.

This large and well characterized species was observed by Mr. Lesueur in Lake Erie. It
occurs also in Lake Champlain ; and Dr. Newcomb has obtained very fine specimens from
the Northern canal, near Waterford.

Unio rectus.

Unio recta. Lam. An. sans vert. Vol. 3, p. 669.

U. prmlongus. Barnes, Amer. Jour. Sc. Vol. 6, p. 261, pi. 13, fig. 11.

U. rectus. Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. Vol. 5, p. 26. Adams, Am. Journal Sc. Vol. 41, p. 276.

Description. Shell thick, elongated, narrow, tumid, somewhat pointed in front, obtusely
rounded behind. Beaks little elevated : basal margin slightly compressed, and in old speci-
mens arched ; lateral tooth long and thin.

Color. Epidermis blackish brown ; in young specimens, with yellowish radiations.

Vertical axis, 2" 5 - 2'7; transverse ditto, 5*5 - 6*5.

This specie? is found in Lake Champlain.

25*

196 NEW- YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

GENUS ALASMODON. Say.
Animal resembling that of JJnio. Shell with a primary tooth on each side : no lateral tooth.

Alasmodon rugosa.

plate xiv. fig. 226.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Alasmodonta rugosa. Barxes, Am. Jour. Sc. Vol. 0, p. 278, pi. 13, fig. 21.
Margarita {Margaritana) rugosa, Lea. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Synopsis, p. 135.
A. rugosa. Adams, Am. Jour. Sc. Vol. 40, p. 276.

Description. Shell oblong-oval, moderately compressed, rather broader in front. Beaks
slightly elevated, wrinkled, and, when decorticated, exibiting a waxen color beneath. Liga-
ment external, and as high as the beaks. Anterior lunule distinct, with a slightly elevated
ridge extending from the beaks to the anterior basal margin, which is very slightly contracted.
Surface, towards the anterior margin, folded in a pinnate form : folds deeper above, some-
what obsolete below; the ridge curved upward, and extending to the hinge and anterior mar-
gins, indenting the edge and visible within. Teeth large, elevated, serrate, with a fold
behind : cavity small.

Color. Epidermis dark olive and of a silken lustre, frequently with pale narrow radiations ;
within bluish white, salmon-colored towards the cavity of the beaks, faintly iridescent.

Vertical axis, 2-0 - 2' 9 ; transverse ditto, 3" 1 - 3*7.

This very beautiful and distinct species figured above, was obtained from Oswego river.
In others, procured from Oak-orchard creek, Orleans county, the rugosities were not so pro-
minent, giving place to concentric scales ; nor was the silken' lustre of the epidermis so
obvious. In these latter, too, the color within was more uniformly of a bluish purple.

Alasmodon marginata.

PLATE XIV. FIG. 225.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Alasmodonta marginata. Say, Nich. Ency. pi. 3, fig. 4.

Monodonta id. Id. lb. Ed. prior.

A. id. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 1, p. 459.

A. id. Barnes, Am. Joum. Sc. Vol. 6, p. 279.

Margaritana marginata. Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Vol 6, p- 135.

A. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 110, fig. 77.

Description. Shell small and thin, oblong, suboval, widely gaping behind. Beaks ratheT
small, but somewhat elevated, with three or four concentric undulations. Hinge-margin

FAMILY UNIONID.E ALASMODON. 197

elevated, compressed, carinate : posterior hinge-margin abruptly depressed, with numerous
obtuse oblique wrinkles near it ; the ridge from the beaks to the posterior margin distinct.
Teeth (one in each valve) compressed, slightly elevated, and terminating abruptly behind,
sometimes scarcely apparent. Surface with numerous concentric wrinkles behind.

Color. Epidermis olive-green, with numerous darker green interrupted radiations; within,
bluish white, with a tinge of buff in the centre.

Vertical axis, 1*0 ; transverse ditto, 2-0.

This species assumes great variety in shape and coloring, and is supposed by Mr. Lea to
be the same shell from the Western States, described by Mr. Say under the name of A.
truncata. It is found in various parts of this State.

Alasmodon arcuata.

plate xiv. fig. 224.

(state collection.)

Alasmodonla amtata. Barnes, Am. Journ. Sc. Vol. 6, p. 277, pi. 12, figs. 20 and 21.

Margaritana margaritifera. Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Vol. 6, p. 130.

Alasmodon. arcuata. Adams, Am. Journ. Sc. Vol. 40. Gould, Invertebrata, p. Ill, fig. lo.

Description. Shell thick and strong, subcylindrical, bent, or obscurely kidney-shaped.
Hinge-margin elevated, compressed, carinate. Anterior slope declivous, terminating in a
narrow somewhat pointed anterior margin. Beaks slightly elevated, very far on one side,
often much eroded : hinge-margin and basal margin usually parallel ; the latter (in old speci-
mens) much arcuated. Teeth in one valve double, erect, strong, one of them deeply grooved
so as to form a slight denticulation on its edge ; in the other valve, the tooth is single, long,
grooved, and with a pit on each side : a slightly elevated fold in the place of lateral teeth.

Color. Epidermis brownish black, loosely wrinkled towards the margins ; in young speci-
mens, smooth : within bluish white, iridescent ; margin greenish.

Vertical axis, 2"0 -2- 6; transverse ditto, 4-0-5-5.

This is one of the largest and most common of our Unios. Mr. Lea has thought proper
to consider it as identical with the My a margaritifera of Europe ; but as Dr. Gould has
shown, that shell is shorter, the beaks more central and elevated, and the interior minutely
granulated. My specimens were from Rockland county, Champlain, Oneida, and many other
localities.

J 98 NEW- YORK FAUNA MOLLUSC A.

Alasmodon UNDULATA.

PLATE XV. FIG. 227.

Alasmodonta umlulata. Say, Nich. Encyl. Vol. 4, pi. 3, fig. 3.

A. id. Id. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. i, p. 459.

A. J(L Barnes, Amer. Jour. Science, Vol. 6, p. 279.

Margaritana'jd. Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Vol. 6, p. 135.

A. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 115, fig. 76.

Description. Shell moderately thin, much inflated, dilated and then attenuated in front,
regularly rounded behind, widely gaping. Beaks prominent, contiguous, often decorticated,
with four or five large obtuse distant concentric undulations ; these are, however, sometimes
indistinct : basal margin regularly curved. Surface much undulated by the incremental lines.
Hinge supported on a very strong rib. Tooth in the right valve double, crenate ; the anterior
erect, prominent, conical : in the other valve, the tooth is occasionally bifid.

Color. Epidermis green or olivaceous, with numerous dark green radiations of unequal
breadth : within salmon-colored and bluish white ; iridescent on the anterior portion.

Vertical axis, 1" 0 — 1*3; transverse ditto, l"8-2-2.

Found at Norman's kill in Albany county, Champlain, &c.

Alasmodon corrugata.

PLATE XXIV. FIG. 259.

(CAB. LYCEUM NAT. HIST.)

Description. Shell thin, ovate, rather tumid, not gaping. Beaks prominent, often eroded,
with one or two undulations. Ridge from the beaks posteriorly rounded, but prominent, and
forming a distinct area : within this area is another, bounded by two lines forming an ellipsis ;
from the anterior portion of this line, but reaching the ridge as we proceed posteriorly, arise
from fourteen to sixteen rounded elevated ridges, running obliquely upwards and backwards,
and strongly impressed on the inner surface. Tooth in one valve prominent, trifid ; in the
other, but slightly elevated and indistinct. Cavity of the beaks large and capacious.

Color. Epidermis shining olive-green, and produced on the sides beyond the margin, olive-
brown on the beaks ; valves with faint radiating striae of a darker green, more distinct towards
the basal margin : within, violet in the cavity of the beaks, chalky on the margin.

Vertical axis, 1*0; transverse ditto, l-8. Diameter, 0-75.

I am indebted for this beautiful species to Mr. I. Cozzens, who obtained it from the Passaic
and its tributaries originating in the State of New- York. In many particulars it is allied to
A. marginata ; but the closed shell and trifid tooth, together with other obvious differences,
would seem to indicate the propriety of considering it as a new species.

FAMILY UNIONISE ANODON. 199

GENUS ANODON. Bruguieres.

Animal as in the two preceding genera. Shell generally thin ; hinge toothless ; all the other
characters of the two preceding genera.

Anodon unadilla.

PLATE XV. FIG. 228.

(CABINET OF DR. BUDD.)

Description of the adult shell, solid, concentrically rugose, (more particularly on the posterior
portion), transversely subelliptical, kidney-shaped, inflated, inequilateral. Beaks large, elevated,
contiguous, very prominent, anterior to the centre of the shell : greatest diameter near the centre
of the shell. Hinge-margin slightly arched, nearly straight : upper posterior margin sloping
to the regularly rounded posterior margin ; basal margin widely arcuated and compressed
on the side ; anterior margin broadly and regularly rounded. Within, the cavity is capacious ;
in the beaks, deep and wide, with a crescent-shaped deep cicatrix far within : palleal impres-
sion very distinct. Anterior cicatrices confluent ; posterior distinct, the upper very small, and
placed immediately under the end of the hinge-ligament ; dorsal cicatrices five, very conspi-
cuous, small, and arranged in a regular series anterior to the cavity of the beak.

Color. Epidermis dark brown, passing into dark olive green on the basal margin ; beaks
yellowish brown : within, salmon-color, brightest within the limits of the palleal impression ;
margin bluish white.

Vertical axis, 2-0; transverse ditto, 3*5. Diameter, 1"5.

This species is an exception to the old generic character, as it is remarkably stout and solid.
It was obtained by Dr. C. H. Stillman, from Unadilla river, Otsego county, a tributary of the
Susquehannah. In its general outline it resembles A. cylindracea of Lea, but is at once
distinguished by its solidity and greater inflation, and the situation and prominence of its
beaks ; the palleal impression, in our specimens, may be traced through the posterior cica-
trices. In the smaller specimens, the beaks are distinctly undulated ; the epidermis is darker,
and the nacre is of a deeper salmon-color : the palleal impression in all may be traced through
the posterior muscular impressions.

200 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

Anodon SUBCYLINDRACEA.

PLATE XVI. FIG. 229.
Anodon subcylindracea. Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc: Vol, 6, p. 106, pi. 24, fig. 117.

Description. Shell moderately small, elliptical, rounded at both ends, nearly cylindrical,
very inequilateral. Ligaments elevated : substance of the shell usually thin, but occasionally
solid. Beaks somewhat prominent, and minutely undulated at the tip ; basal margin very
slightly contracted. Anterior and posterior cicatrices confluent ; dorsal cicatrices not percep-
tible. Shell deep : cavity of the beaks shallow.

Color. Epidermis deep brown, lighter towards the beaks, and without rays ; within, bluish
iridescent.

Vertical axis, 1*1; transverse ditto, 2-2.

J am indebted to Dr. Boyd for this species, which was obtained by him at Oak-orchard
creek, Orleans county, in 1837. I then had indicated it as probably anew species, but as I
find it published by Mr. Lea, have adopted his name. It occurs also in the Oswego river.

Anodon ferussaciana.

PLATE XVI. FIG. 230.

Anodonta ferussaciana. Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Vol. 5, p. 45, pi. 6, fig. 15.

Margarita (Anodonta) id. ID. lb. Vol. 6, p. 133/

Description. Shell thin, subcylindrical, inequilateral, inflated, pointed at one extremity.
Dorsal margin curved immediately under the point of the beak ; basal margin regularly curved :
ligament rather short and thin. Beaks somewhat prominent, often decorticated, with two or
three small undulations at the tip.

Color. Epidermis olive-green, with concentric shades of light green and obscure rays of
the same : within bluish white, iridescent ; tinged with salmon color under the beaks.

Vertical axis, 1"4; transverse ditto, 2 "35.

This delicate and beautiful shell was also communicated to me by Dr. Boyd, as a supposed
new species. It was obtained by that gentleman from the Erie canal, near Coldspring. It
was first described by Mr. Lea, from the River Ohio. The New-York specimens appear to
be of a lighter hue.

FAMILY UNIONID.E — ANODON. 201

Anodon EDENTULA.

PLATE XVI. FIG. 231.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Alasmodonta edenluta. Say, according to Lea.

Margarita (Anodonta) id. Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Vol. 6, p. 136.

Anodon areolatus. Swainson, Zool. Illustrations, 2d series, pi. 1.

Description. Shell moderately thin, inequilateral, snbcompressed, regularly rounded at one
extremity and subangular at the other : dorsal margin nearly straight. Beaks prominent,
contiguous, often decorticated, strongly rugose. Basal margin not regularly rounded: a
slightly emarginate prominence supplying the place of a tooth in one valve.

Color. Epidermis light brown, with indistinct traces of radiation : within, salmon-color
near the beaks ; bluish white and faintly iridescent towards the margins.

Vertical axis, 1*0; transverse ditto, 17. Diameter, 0"7.

I am scarcely satisfied with the propriety of separating this from Alasmodon, and unfortu-
nately I have but one specimen, obtained from Lake Onondaga. Mr. Say's description I
have not met with.

Anodon plana.

PLATE XVII. FIG. 232.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Anodonta plana. Lea, Trans. Am.' Phil. Soc. Vol. 5, p. 48, pi. 7, fig. 18.

Description. Shell large, solid, inequilateral, inflated, elliptical, produced and attenuated
in front : ligament external, elevated. Beaks large and prominent, otten eroded. Surface
concentrically rugose, almost scaly on the smaller end : cavity within large and deep. Cica-
trices distinct.

Color. Epidermis dark brown, occasionally light green : within bluish white and purple,
iridescent ; often a light salmon-colored tinge in the centre.

Vertical axis, 2.7; transverse ditto, 4 5. Diameter, 1*7.

The specimens which furnished this description came from Port bay, Lake Ontario. Through
the attention of Mr. I. Cozzens, I have examined forty or fifty specimens of this species from
Ohio ; these are generally much larger, more inflated, with thicker valves, and the alation
more conspicuous. I should be disposed to consider our New-York specimens as very strongly
marked varieties of this species.

Fauna — Part 6. 26

202 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

Anodon EXCURVATA.

PLATE XVII. FIG. 233.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Description. Shell thin and fragile, transversely oblong, inflated, cylindrical. Beaks slightly
before the anterior third of the shell, prominent, decorticated (in young shells with two or
three distant undulations), the greatest thickness at the middle of the shell. Hinge-margin
short, straight, forming a descending slope posteriorly, broadly emarginate beyond ; this is
more obvious in the younger shells, in which the hinge-slope is more elevated : the ridge
from the beaks distinct and rounded, including two concentric elevations on each side ; the
posterior end produced, obtusely pointed, upturned : basal margin, in adults, slightly con-
tracted in the middle. Surface deeply corrugated by the lines of growth, and these corruga-
tions are distinctly marked within.

Color. Epidermis varying from light grass-green in the young, to deeper green and oliva-
ceous in the adult, with narrow obscure greenish radiations, often minutely wrinkled : interior
bluish iridescent, with a faint tinge in some of salmon towards the cavity of the beaks. In
adults, the interior is strongly impressed by some of the stages of growth.

Vertical axis, 2.7 ; transverse ditto, 5 '5. Diameter, 2*1.

This superb Anodon was found by Dr. W. Newcomb in Shaker pond, Niskayuna, Albany
county, and by Mr. Cozzens in the Passaic river in the neighborhood of this city. Its size,
almost cylindrical shape, with its peculiar upturned posterior extremity, could not be recon-
ciled to any of the descriptions accessible to me. It seems most allied to the implicata of
Say, but the description and figure do not apply to this. The young are not so much inflated.
In one whose transverse axis was 2 "4, the vertical axis was 1*2, and the diameter only 0"8.
In the collection of Dr. Budd, are specimens from Lake Champlain, which I refer to this
species ; in the greater part of these, the beaks and the ridge to the posterior margin of the
shell are of an orange, or rather of a mahogany color, which is more or less diffused over
the shell.

Anodon implicata.

Anodonta implicata. Say, Des. terr. & fluv. Shells, p. II. Russel, Essex Jour. Vol. 1, p. 60.
A. newtonknsis. Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. Vol. G, p. 70, pt. 21, fig. 66, fide Gould.
A. margina/a (young). Say, Nich. Ency. Vol. 4, pi. 3, fig 5.
At implicata. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 118, fig. 78.

Description. Shell thick, strong and heavy, subcylindrical, suboval. Beaks somewhat
elevated at the anterior two-fifths ; breadth greatest behind the middle : ridge from the beaks
to the posterior margin very distinct and prominent ; the margin itself bluntly rounded, not
upturned : in the space above this, are three or four coarse concentric lines ; basal margin
deeply arched, and contracted in large specimens. Surface roughened by the irregular stages
of growth.

FAMILY UNIONID.E ANODON. 203

Color. Epidermis greenish yellow in the adults ; green in the young, which are also very
faintly rayed : within silvery or salmon-colored ; in some specimens, reddish.

Vertical axis, 2'0; transverse ditto, 4"0. Diameter, 1*0.

This shell appears to be common in various parts of this State and the adjoining States.
If it be, as Dr. Gould suggests, the A. newtoniensis of Lea, it has a wide southern range.
Say remarks, on implicata, that it is more cylindrically convex than any he ever met with.

Anodon fluviatilis.

PLATE XVIII. FIG. 234.

Mylitus fluviatilis. Dillwyn, Catalogue, Vol. I.

Anodonta cataracta. Say, Nich. Ency. Vol. 4, pi. 3, fig. 4. Russel, Essex Jour. Vol. 1, p. 60.

Anodonta fluviatilis. Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Vol. 6, p. 138.

A. cataracta. Adams, Am. Jour. Sciences, Vol. 40, p. 276.

A. fluviatilis. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 117, fig. 80.

Description. Shell thin, fragile, inequilateral, oblong, inflated ; its greatest vertical axis is
from the posterior end of the ligament. Beaks at the anterior third of the shell, prominent,
swelling, often undulated at the tip. Basal margin slightly gaping : an indistinct ridge
or double fold extends from the beaks to the posterior margin. The hinge-margin, at its pos-
terior portion, compressed, and raised into a thin crest. Surface with concentric striae, which
become almost scaly folds behind.

Color. Epidermis light green or olive, with a few short indistinct radiations ; beaks horn-
color : interior bluish white, iridescent.

Vertical axis, 2-5 ; transverse ditto, 4*5. Diameter, 1*5.

This species is common in almost all our mill-ponds and sluggish streams.

Anodon pavonia.

PLATE XL. FIG. 358.
(STATE COLLECTION.)
Anodonta pavonia. Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. Vol. 6, p. 21, fig. 65.

Description. Shell moderately thin, inflated, transversely oblong, regularly rounded in
front, subacutely rounded behind : umbones large. Beak distinct, flattened above, undulated,
incurved, contiguous, with a slight pit in front ; basal margin regularly rounded. Surface
smooth and polished, with slight concentric furrows of growth ; within, with faint radiating

stria?.

Color. Light grass-green, with darker green waving radiating stria? on every part of the
shell ; beaks uniform olive brown : within bluish white, iridescent.

Vertical axis, 1'8 ; transverse ditto, 3 "2. Diameter, 1'2.

The characters of this large and beautiful species, first described and named by Mr. Lea,
appear to apply exactly to specimens derived from Onondaga lake, and for which I am in-
debted to Dr. Sartwell.

26*

204 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

Anodon BENEDICTENSIS.

PLATE XVIII. FIG. 235.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Symphonola benedictensis. Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Vol. 5, p. 104, pi. 16, fig. 48.
Anodonta id. Adams, Am. Jour. Sciences, Vol. 40, p, 276,

Description. Shell thin and fragile, trapezoidal, inequilateral, subcompressed : dorsal
margin nearly straight. Beaks somewhat prominent, and granulate at tip ; in perfect speci-
cimens, with four to five distinct undulations. Cicatrices scarcely perceptible.

Color. Epidermis light brownish horn, verging to greenish ; the incremental lines some-
what darker : within bluish white, slightly iridescent.

Vertical axis, 1 *5 - 2-3 ; transverse ditto, 3*0 - 4*2. Diameter, 1 -0 - 1 '4.

From Lake Champlain, and Onondaga lake. In a general revision of this family, it is
highly probable that_ this will be considered as a variety of the preceding. In all the speci-
mens which I have seen, one end is covered with a loose earthy coating. It may be observed,
too, that they are rather inflated than subcompressed.

FAMILY CARDIDM.

Animal as in the preceding. Inhabiting salt water. Shell heart-shaped. Cardinal teeth
two or three ; lateral teeth one or two. Epidermis often scanty or wanting ; not iridescent
within.

GENUS CARDITA. Bruguieres.

Shell equivalve, thick, inequilateral, suborbicular, ribbed. Hinge with a short strong erect
tooth under the beaks, and an oblique elongated one along the margin. Epidermis distinct.

Cardita borealis.

plate xxii. fig. 247.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Venericardia cnbraria ? Say.

Cardita borealis. Conrad, Am. Mar. Conch, p. 38, pi. 8, fig. 1.

Ct id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 94, fig. 59.

Description. Shell very thick and robust, suborbicular, heart-shaped. Beaks elevated and
recurved : from eighteen to twenty radiating ribs, broader than their distances apart, and
strongly crenating the outer margin : ligament nearly concealed ; lunule deeply impressed.

FAMILY CARDIDJE — CARDITA. 205

A small triangular tooth in the left valve, with a long grooved and oblique one along the
margin ; in the other valve, a long oblique tooth, occupying the pit between the teeth of the
left valve, and a smaller one near or upon the ligament.

Color, white, under a thick blackish brown epidermis.

Vertical axis, 1*0; transverse ditto, 1*1. Diameter, 0'8.

This occurs along all the shores of Long island, and even extends to the Arctic seas.

I suspect that Mr. Say had this species before him when he described his Venericardia
cribraria, which may be found on the cover of No. 5 of his Conchology, with the following
characters : " Longitudinally ovate, orbicular, with twenty slightly elevated ribs, more distant
from each other than their width, decussated by concentric almost equally elevated lines.
Length, 1 ' 2 ; breadth, l'l. New-Jersey."

(EXTRALIMITAL.)

C. incrassata. (Conrad, loc. cit. p. 39, pi. 8, fig, 2.) Shell oblong, oblique: ribs about eighteen,
crenulated anteriorly. Color, light yellow, with fulvous or brown spots. Florida.

C. tridentata. (Say, Am. Conch, pi. 40, fig. 1-5. Venericardia id. Ac. Sc. Vol. 5, p. 216.)
Shell suborbicular, subequilateral, thick and ponderous, with about eighteen convex ribs, cancellate;
obsolete on the umbo and anterior side. Inner margin deeply crenate : hinge with two diverging
teeth in valve, one separated by a large cavity ; on the other, a large prominent recurved tooth
closing into the cavity. Length, 0-25. South-Carolina.

GENUS CARDIUM. Linnceus.

Shell more or less heart-shaped : beaks prominent ; margin generally toothed or folded with-
in ; hinge with two oblique cardinal and two lateral teeth in each valve ; palleal impression
without a sinus.

Cardium pinnatulum.

PLATE XXII. FIG. 249.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Cardium pinnatulum. Conrad, Jour. Ac. Sciences, Vol. 6, p. 260, pi. 11, fig. 8.
C. id. Gould, Invertebrate of Massachusetts, p. 90, fig. 57.

Description. Shell small, thin and fragile, nearly orbicular. Ribs about twenty-six, flat-
tened, but becoming convex towards the base, with a series of equidistant scales almost
assuming behind the appearance of spines : beaks slightly elevated, often decorticated, in-
clining inwards.

Color. Dingy white without ; within dull white.

Length, 0-45. Width, 0-5. Diameter, 03.

A siiihII shell, found, but not common, only along the shores of Long island sound.

206 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

Cardium ISLANDICUM.

PLATE XXIII. FIG. 252. Young.

Cardium islandicum. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1124.

C. pubescens. CoutHouv, Bost. Jour. Vol. 2, p. 60, pi. 3, fig. 6 (young).

C. islandicum* Gould, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, p. 89, fig. 58.

Description. Shell large and rather thin, rounded, inflated, nearly equilateral. Beaks pro-
minent, incurved, contiguous : anterior dorsal area feebly impressed, subcordate. Surface
with thirty-six to thirty-eight sharp ribs, which are covered with a stiff fringe-like epidermis
in the young shells. Margin of the shell crenate internally, and the surface impressed by
the ribs.

Color. Epidermis dull yellowish brown ; within, straw-colored, or brilliant yellow in the
young.

Length, 1-0-2-5. Width, 0-9-2-3. Diameter, 0-9-1-0.

This shell occurs from Cape Cod, near which it is obtained plentifully from the stomachs
of fishes, along the coast of Maine, where it is found on the shores, to the Arctic circle, and
on both sides of the Atlantic.

Cardium grcenlandicum.

PLATE XXIII. FIG. 250.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Cardium gramlandicum. Gmelin, Syst. Nat. p. 3232.

Aphrodita columba. Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Vol. 5, p. 110, pi. 18, fig. 54i

Cardium grcenlandicum. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 92.

Description. Shell large ; the adult very thick and robust, heart-shaped, somewhat com-
pressed. Beaks submedial, prominent, incurved, contiguous. Surface with concentric in-
cremental lines, crossed by numerous almost obsolete elevated radiating lines. Hinge liga-
ment small : margin entire, gaping behind. Cardinal teeth almost obsolete ; lateral teeth
small and distinct.

Color. Epidermis thin, pale olivaceous or drab : the young with occasionally zigzag darker
lines ; beneath this, dingy white. Interior opake white, flesh or salmon-colored.

Length, 1-5-2-3. Width, 1 -6 - 2-7. Diameter, 1 -3.

This shell has not yet been found south of the shores of Maine, except in the stomachs of
fishes. It has much the external configuration of a Mactra, for which it has been mistaken ;
and the occasional absence of the cardinal teeth has led Mr. Lea to arrange it under a new
genus.

FAMILY CARDIDjE CARDIUM. 207

Cardium MORTONI.

PLATE XXIII. FIG 251.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Cardium morloni. CoNRAD, Jour. Acad Nat. Sc. Vol.6, p. 259, pi. 11, figs. 5, 6, 7.
C. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 91.

Description. Shell small, thin, inflated, globular, slightly oblique. Surface smooth and
destitute of ribs or rays : posterior side somewhat obliquely extended ; margin entire, or ob-
soletely serrated ; beaks large, tumid, subcentral, contiguous.

Color. Epidermis scanty, dingy-white ; beneath which it is yellowish, the beaks yellow :
an oblong dark purple spot on the posterior side. Interior with faint radiating striae : the
cavity bright sulphur yellow ; margins white.

Length and breadth, 0 • 5 - 0 • 9. Diameter, 0 • 3 - 0 • 6.

This is a very common shell along the shores of Long island sound. It is closely allied to
the C. IcRvigatum of the Antilles, according to Dr. Gould, but wants the purple blotch on th
posterior margin, and is more smooth and polished on its surface.

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

C.fasciatum. (Montagtt, Suppl. 30, pi. 27, fig. 6.) Shell ovate-rotund, pellucid. Valves with
about 27 longitudinal ribs, and a few distant elevated stria, which are often obsolete towards the
hinge. Color, whitish, with transverse interrupted brown bands, which appear, especially within,
like series of oblong spots. Length, 0-25 ; width, 0-4. Common to both Continents.

C. muricatum. (Lin. p. 1123. Lam. Vol. 3, p. 626.) Shell ovate, heart-shaped. Valves with 36
ribs, of which 12 have their spines directed in an opposite direction to the ofh-rs; marginal ser-
ratures largest on the anterior edge. Color, greyish or yellowish white, edged with orange-yellow
or scarlet on the anterior side, and sometimes stained with red. Length, 1 -5 ; width, 1*4; diame-
ter, 1*0. South Carolina, Florida.

C. ventricosum, Brug. (Lam. Vol. 3, p. 627.) Shell ventrieose, almost heart-shaped. 33 - 34 ribs,
of which seven at the anterior end are flattened and somewhat imbricated, and a few at the posterior
end are without the scaly striae which cross the others ; one edge of the middle ribs is more rounded
than the other, and they all form crenatures on the margin of the shell. Color, rusty spotted, and
irregularly banded transversely with brown. Length, 2-2 -4-5: width, 2-0 - 4-0 ; diameter,
1 '1 - 3 -5. South Carolina.

208 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

FAMILY CHAMWM.

Animal with the mantle opened beneath, merely for the passage of the foot ; the edges adherent and minutely
fringed, united behind by a transverse band, pierced by two orifices, one for breathing and the other for
the excretions. Marine or fresh water. Shell often attached: lateral teeth on the posterior side only ;
cardinal teeth variable.

Genus Chama, Linn. Shell irregular, attached hy the lower valve ; a single lengthened tooth in one

valve, and a corresponding groove in the other.
C. arcinella. (Lam. Vol. 3, p. 683.) Shell suhcordate, with the ribs armed with very long spines;

the spaces between punctated : posterior area large, heart-shaped and verrucose; margin crenulated.

Color, white, occasionally tinged with rose-red; within, yellowish. Length, 1-5; width, 1*8.

Florida.

SECTION 3. CONCHIFERA.

Animal with the mantle closed: one opening beneath and in front, for the passage of the

foot, and in the rear exhibiting two extensible, more or less elongated tubes, united or

distinct ; one beneath for respiration, and the other above for the excrementitious

dejections. Shell subcordiform, equivalve, with radiated sides : hinge of four teeth in

each valve ; ligament very short.

FAMILY TELLmiDM.

Not more than two cardinal teeth on the same valve. Nymphce in general externally promi-
nent, and covered by a ligament.

GENUS TELLINA. Lamarck.

Mantle bordered with tentacular appendages. Gills unequal on each side. Foot much
compressed, trenchant, and pointed in front. Tubes much elongated, distinct, and entering
into a fold of the mantle. Shell transverse, subequivalve, compressed, angular and
somewhat rostrated at the posterior end, where there is an irregular wave-like fold : two
small cardinal teeth, and generally two lateral teeth in each valve.

FAMILY TELLINIDJE TELLINA. 209

Tellina TENERA.

PLATE XXVI. FIG. 271.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Tellina lenera. SiY, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 303.
T. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 68, fig. 44.

Description. Shell very thin and fragile, pellucid, compressed, transversely oblong, suboval.
Surface with delicate concentric wrinkles, caused by the lines of growth. Beaks placed
slightly anteriorly : marginal folds distinct ; basal margin slightly arcuated. The anterior
cardinal tooth in the left valve largest ; the other often indistinct ; the chief tooth in each
valve grooved : lateral tooth on the longest side distinct ; the others very indistinct.

Color. White, iridescent, occasionally with a pinkish or rosaceous hue.

Vertical axis, 0'35; transverse ditto, 0-55. Diameter, 0-l.

This beautiful little shell occurs on our coast, from the shores of New-Jersey northwardly.
On the coast of Massachusetts, it is very common.

Tellina versicolor.
plate xxvi. fig. 172.

T. versicolor. Cozzens, Jay's Catalogue of Shells, Ed. alt. p. 15.

Description. Shell transverse, compressed, inequilateral, equivalve, slightly gaping at its
subacute extremity. Incremental striae evident, but not laminae, and no radiating striae : the
posterior end subangular, with an indistinct fold; anterior extremity dilated and rounded.
Cardinal teeth two in the right valve ; the posterior more robust, simple : in the left valve,
rudimentary or inconspicuous.

Color. Polished, opalescent, white, with a distinct purple and bluish iridescence, often
strongly radiated, enlarging towards the margins.

Vertical axis, 0-4; transverse ditto, 0'65. Diameter, 0"2.

This shell, which is of extreme beauty, and often very brilliant, was first detected by Mr. I.
Cozzens on the shores of the Hudson at Glass-house point, a few miles above the city. In
its comparative proportions, teeth and color, it varies distinctly from T. sordida, with which
it is otherwise allied. It resembles very much the description of T. iris, except in wanting
the oblique stria? ; but I have had no opportunity of making a direct comparison of the shells.

Fauna — Part 6. 27

210 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

Tellina TENTA.

Tellina tenia. Say, American Conchology, pi. G5, fig. 3.

T. id. Adams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. Vol. 3, p. 332.

T. id. Gould, Inverlebrata of Mass. p. 68, fig. 43.

Description. Shell small, thin, oval, deflected by the folds to the right. Valves widely-
gaping, very convex; the left one more so: margin subtruncate behind; beaks prominent.
Surface minutely wrinkled by the lines of growth, with a few fine radiating lines across the
middle. Two diverging cardinal teeth in the right valve, and a single one in the left ; a
posterior lateral tooth on the right valve, and a corresponding groove in the left.

Color, white ; the epidermis soiled white : interior, white tinged with yellow, and with
faint impressed radiating lines, producing a minutely indented margin.

Vertical axis, 0"4; transverse ditto, 0"6. Diameter, 0"2.

Although this shell has been found on the shores of South-Carolina and Massachusetts,
yet I have not been able to obtain it along the seacoast of New-York, where it undoubtedly
exists. Its distinctive character consists in its flexed valves widely gaping behind, and in its
internal radiations.

(EXTRALIMITAL.)

T. lateralis. (Say, Ac. Sc. Vol. 5, p. 218.) Shell transversely subovate ; beak nearly central. Poste-
rior margin regularly rounded ; anterior margin rostrated, the beak turning to the left and slightly
gaping; ligament-slope straight: basal margin regularly arcuated, a little contracted near the beak.
Valves with small concentric wrinkles and slight waves; within, these are slightly impressed.
Lateral teeth none ; cardinal teeth two in one valve, and one with another scarcely elevated filiform
tooth in the other. Color, whitish, often tinged with rusty; within white. Length, 1'5; width
2*1. Seacoast.

T. polita. (Id. lb. Vol 2, p. 276 ; Ess. Jour. Vol. 1, p. 56.) Shell transversely subtriangular, with
minute concentric wrinkles : anterior margin rather shortest ; hinge-slope declining in a very
slightly arcuated line to a subacute termination; basal margin nearly straight from behind the
middle to the anterior end ; a lateral tooth behind the primary one. Color, white, immaculate.
Length, 0 • 4 ; breadth, 0 • 6. Southern Coast.

T. iris. (Id. lb. Vol. 2, p. 302.) Shell very thin and fragile, pellucid, compressed, transversely
oblong, suboval: minute concentric wrinkles, crossed by oblique striae which do not attain the
margin : margin narrowed and subacute ; basal edge straight, opposite the beaks. Color, white,
iridescent, with a rosaceous disk and one or two anterior rays. Length, 0*3; breadth, 0*5.
Southern Coast.

T. flexuosa. Id. lb. Vol. 2, p. 303.) Shell suborbicular : anterior margin longer than the posterior,
and less obtusely rounded ; beaks behind the middle, not prominent ; surface with regular parallel
oblique impressed lines, refracted and infracted 4-5 times alternately on the anterior margin ; no
longitudinal striae ; transverse wrinkles very minute. Color, white. Length, 0*45; breadth, 0*6.
Southern coast.

FAMILY TELL IN ID.E DONAX. 211

T. interstriata. (Id. lb. Vol. 5, p. 218.) Subovate, angulated at the anterior base, transversely
wrinkled and slightly striated within longitudinally : hinge teeth very small ; no lateral teeth.
Color, white, immaculate. Length, 1*6; breadth, 2" 1. East-Florida.

T. alternata. (Id. lb. Vol. 2, p. 275.) Shell compressed, oblong, narrow and angulated before:
numerous impressed concentric lines, alternately obsolete, on the anterior margin. Within, a cal-
lous line passes from behind the hinge to the inner margin of the anterior cicatrix. Anterior hinge-
tooth emarginate; posterior lamellar tooth near the cardinal, so as to appear like a primary tooth;
that of the right valve wanting : anterior lamellar tooth at the extremity of the ligament. Anterior
hinge-slope declining in a concave line to an obliquely truncated tip. Color, white, tinged with
yellow within. Length, 1*25; width, 2 • 2. Georgia and East-Florida.

T. decora. (Id. lb. Vol. 5, p. 219.) Transversely subovate, not much compressed, with numerous
minute concentric wrinkles and regular equidistant lines crossing them : no oblique lines on the
anterior margin. Posterior lateral tooth of the left valve prominent; the others obsolete: apex a
little before the middle. Color, rosaceous or white, with rosaceous radiations. Length, 8-5;
breadth. 0 • 8. East-Florida.

T. mera. (Id. Am. Conch.)

GENUS DONAX. Linnceus.

Animal with large labial appendages : mouth small. Foot compressed, trenchant, angular.
Tubes or siphons elongated, slender and separate, entering into a fold of the mantle.
Shell transverse, equivalve, inequilateral, trigonal : two primary teeth in one or both valves,
and one or two lateral teeth more or less apart. Ligament short, external.

DONAX FOSSOR.

PLATE XXIII. FIG. 555.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Donax fossor. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 306.

Description. Shell subtriangular ; anterior margin short and rounded. Posterior hinge-
slope straight ; the base very slightly prominent beyond a regular curve at the middle.
Surface striated with numerous equal parallel lines, not visible to the naked eye, and obso-
lete on the posterior margin ; the basal margin crenate within.

Color. Pale livid, with two longitudinal rays both within and without.

Length, 0-43; width, 0"5.

This pretty little shell, which is moderately abundant at the south, is not uncommon on our
coast, but does not seem to extend northwardly. It buries itself in the sand, and affords a
supply of food to birds and fishes.

27*

212 NEW- YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

(EXTRALIMITAL.)

D- variabilis. (Say, I. c. Vol. 2, p. 305.) Shell triangular : anterior margin obliquely truncated,
cordate; suture a little convex; posterior hinge-margin nearly straight ; base a little prominent be-
yond a regular curve near the middle. Valves striated longitudinally with scarcely visible parallel
impressed lines; basal edge crenate. Length, 0*5; width 0*9. Georgia and Florida.

D. elevata? (Haldeman, Monog. Lymn ) Shell orbicular: cardinal tooth prominent; lamellar
tooth thick ; beaks elevated. Color, brownish olive. Length, 0-55; height, 0*5. New-Orleans.

Genus Capsa, Brug. Shell transverse, equivalve. Valves approximated and close ; right valve with
three primary teeth ; a small bifid tooth in the left valve, inserted into a cavity in the opposite
one ; no lateral teeth : ligament external.

C. laevigata. (Conrad, Conch, pi. 17. Pl. 25, fig. 260 of this book.) Shell oblong, trigonal, con-
vex, with minute radiating striae : posterior side compressed; lateral margin flattened; beaks pro-
minent. Color : epidermis pale olive ; beaks violaceous : interior bluish white. Transverse axis,
2*2; vertical ditto, 1*5. Florida.

C. deflorata. (Id. 1. c. p. 70, pl. 17, fig. 1.) Shell small, ovate-oblong, convex, with numerous
rugose radiating stria;, strongest on the posterior margin, where they are somewhat tuberculated.
Color, variable, but generally violaceous, with broad yellowish rays. Florida.

GENUS SANGUINOLARIA. Lamarck.

Animal unknown. Shell equivalve, inequilateral, subovate, compressed, rounded anteriorly,
subrostrate posteriorly, slightly gaping at the sides. Hinge-margin with two small cardi-
nal approximated teeth in each valve : palleal impression with a deep sinus.

Sanguinolaria fusca.

PLATE XXXII. FIG. 304.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Psammobia fusca. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol.5, p. 219.
P. id. Russel, Essex Jour. Nat Hist. Vol. 1, p. 54.

Sanguinolaria fusca. Conrad, Am. Mar. Conch, p. 34, pl. 7, fig. 1.
S. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 6G, fig. 42.

Description. Shell thin and fragile, ovate-orbicular ; beaks small almost central. Surface
with concentric wrinkles : anterior margin more narrowed than the posterior, with a slight
and obtuse fold passing over the anterior submargin. Teeth slightly diverging, very slender ;
the largest grooved.

Color. Epidermis dusky ; beneath which, brownish tinged with red.

Vertical axis, 0"8; transverse ditto, 1*0. Diameter, 0"3.

FAMILY TELLINIDiE SANGUINOLARIA. 213

This is a very common shell along our shores, and appears to exist from Maine to Florida.
It affords a plentiful supply of food to the numerous wild fowl which visit the shores of Long
island. There appears to be several varieties in the colors and marking. The young are
very small and thin ; the teeth not developed, polished white ; others are larger, roundish,
and of a delicate pink within and without : there are still others larger and proportionally
wider, tinged with red or brown when decorticated.

Sanguinolaria sordida.

PLATE XXXII. FIG. 305.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Tellina sordida. Couthouy, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 2, p. 59, pi. 3, fig. 11.
S. sordida. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 67.

Description. Shell thin and fragile, inequilateral, obscurely triangular, slightly gaping.
Epidermis thin and brittle ; beneath which the surface is marked with numerous incremental
lines. Beaks very small, and behind them the margin slopes away in nearly a straight line.
Teeth two in each valve ; the largest bifid.

Color. Epidermis dusky brown ; surface iridescent : within polished white, with faint ra-
diating stria;.

Vertical axis, 0'2 ; transverse ditto, 0.3.

They are said to occur nearly an inch in their greatest length ; the largest I have seen did
not exceed 0 5. These latter were procured by Mr. Charles Wheatley, in dredging in the
mud in five fathom water off the Quarantine ground. Those described by Messrs. Couthouy
and Gould, were exclusively from the stomachs of fishes.

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

S. lusoria. (Psammobia? Say, Ac. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 304. Conrad, Mar. Conch, pi. 7, fig.) Shell
oblong, suboval, with minute wrinkles ; posterior side narrowed, and inclining to the right at the
end : an obtuse convex line on the left valve. Color : epidermis pale ; beneath, bluish white.
Vertical axis, 0-6; transverse ditto, 1 "0. New-Jersey to Florida.

S. rugosa. (Lam. Vol. 2, p. 558, Ed. Brux.) Ovate, ventricose, longitudinally rugose. Color, vio-
laceous behind ; nymphas blackish, violaceous: posterior area none. Florida.

214 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

GENUS LUCINA. Bruguieres.

Animal with the edges of its mantle delicately fringed. Tubes short and united, entering into
a fold of the mantle. Foot cylindrical, elongated. Shell rounded ; beaks small. Two
diverging cardinal teeth, one of which is bifid ; occasionally two distinct lateral teeth in
each valve. Palleal impression without a sinus. Ligament posterior and elongate.

L/UCINA DIVARICATA.

PLATE XXVI. FIG. 273.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Tellina divaricate Lin, Syst. Nat. p. 1120.

Strigilla id. Ttjrt. Test. Brit. p. 119.

Lucina id. Lam. Am. sans vert. p. 575. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 70.

Description. Shell thin, orbicular, equilateral : beaks small, prominent, inclined forwards ;
basal margin regularly rounded and crenate. Surface with well marked concentric lines,
crossed by deep oblique lines passing towards both ends, and giving a beautiful reticulated
appearance. Cardinal teeth minute ; one in the right valve very small, and two small di-
verging ones in the left : lateral teeth often wanting.

Color. Dingy white, occasionally with a reddish tinge.

Vertical axis, 1*0; transverse ditto, 0'7. Diameter, 0-5.

This shell occurs throughout the whole seacoast of the United States. It is a remarkable
distinct species, and occurs also on the shores of Europe.

(EXTRA-LIM1TAL.)

L. radula, Montagu. (Couthouy, Bost. Jour. Vol. 2. p. 153. Pl. 26, fig. 274 of this book.) Shell
thick, convex, with concentric lamellated striae; on each side of the hinge, a superficial furrow :
beaks small, distinct, incurved : no lateral teeth : lumule depressed, lanceolate. Color : epidermis
whitish brown ; beneath opake white. Length, 1 -0 — 1-5. Northern Coast.

L. contractu. (Say, Ac. Sc. Vol. 4, p. 145, pL 10, fig. 8. Pl. 27, fig. 275 of this book.) Shell
moderately thin, with concentric striss and intermediate raised lines. Anterior submargin with a
very slightly impressed line. Cardinal teeth, one in the left valve and two in the right, of which
the posterior is sub-bifid, radiate, striate within towards the margin. Color, whitish. Length
and breadth, 1 -0 - 2-0. Col. Totten found this alive on the coast of Rhode-Island.

L. flexuosa, Mont. (Gould, 1. c. fig. 52.) Shell very minute, globose, triangular : a deep fold
along the margin, rendering the base sinuous : a single rudimentary tooth in each valve ; within
with radiating lines. Color, white. Length and width, 0 • 3 ; diameter, 0*1. An juv. prssced. ?
Stomachs of fishes. Northern Coast.

FAMILY VENERID^E — CYPRINA. 215

FAMILY VENERIDM.

Shells with three cardinal teeth at least, on one valve ; the other having as many or fewer :
rarely with lateral teeth; usually solid. Epidermis often scanty or entirely wanting.
Tubes elongated, unequal. Foot ivide, prominent. Marine.

Obs. This family corresponds with the Conques marines of Lamarck, and comprises at
present four genera.

GENUS CYPRINA. Lamarck.

Animal with the edges of the mantle undulated, and furnished with a series of tentacular
cirri ; tubes short, separated. Mouth small ; labial appendices small ; gills wide ; foot
wide ; compressed, trenchant. Shell obliquely heart-shaped, solid ; beaks prominent.
Hinge with three unequal diverging cardinal teeth, and a remote lateral one ; palleal im-
pression simple.

Cyprina islandica.

PLATE XXVI. FIG. 269 (adolt). FIG. 268 (TOima).

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Venus islandka. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1131.

Cyprina id. Russel, Essex Jour. Vol. 1, p. 37.

C. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 82.

Description. Shell large, thick and ponderous, ventricose ; beaks prominent, incurved, con-
tiguous. Ligament stout and prominent : basal margin simple, rounded. Cardinal teeth stout
and diverging : three in each valve, or the largest one bipartite in the right valve ; lateral tooth
inconspicuous : palleal impression distinct. Epidermis coarse and wrinkled.

Color. Epidermis blackish, becoming olivaceous towards the margin ; interior chalky
white ; faint purple on the margin.

Vertical axis, 2-8; transverse ditto, 3-3. Diameter, 1*4.

It rarely attains a greater size than this specimen, which I derived from Mr. Couthouoy,
who obtained it on the northern coast. Although a northern shell, it may possibly be detected
on the shores of this State. The young shell (fig. 268), which I obtained from fishes, has
numerous minute concentric elevated ridges, becoming obsolete on the highly polished beaks ;
an obsolete ridge extends from the beaks to the basal margin. It may however prove to be a
new species of Astarte.

216 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

GENUS CYTHEREA. Lamarck.

Animal as in Venus. Shell inequilateral, rounded. Hinge with four primary teeth in one
valve, one of which is remote from the others ; three in the other valve : no lateral teeth.

Cytherea convexa.

PLATE XXVII. FIG. 279. a. bight valve ; B. left.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Cytheria convexa. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 4, p. 149, pi. 12, fig. 3,
C. id. Conkad, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sc. Vol. 6, p. 261.

C. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 84, fig. 49.

Description. Shell moderately solid, ventricose, subcordate ; beaks elevated, directed for-
wards. Anterior lunule heart-shaped, distinctly marked by a simple line. Surface distinctly
marked by the stages of growth. In the left valve, the two middle teeth contiguous, divergent ;
the one behind these, thin, lamellar ; the anterior, conical, subacute : in the right valve, the
posterior bifid. Basal margin smooth within.

Color. Epidermis dingy white ; beneath which opake white.
* Vertical axis, 1*4; transverse ditto, 1-7. Diameter, l-0.

This shell occurs from New-Jersey to Maine, and perhaps farther north. It is usually
found on muddy bottom, and is popularly known among the fishermen on Long Island as the
Little He-clam. It was first described as a fossil species from the the tertiary of Maryland,
by Mr. Say.

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

C. occulta. (Say, Ac. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 274 ) Suborbicular, thick, with numerous obtuse transverse and
longitudinal elevated lines, nearer to each other than their own diameters : the latter not visible to the
naked eye. Lunule destitute of the longitudinal lines. Color, yellowish white, with a few large
brown spots ; lunule and ligament slope transversely spotted with reddish brown. Length and
breadth, 0-5. Rare. Southern Slates.

C. concent rica. (Lam. Am. sans vert. Vol. 2, p. 601. Ed. Brux. Conrad, Am. Mar. Conch.pl. 12.)
Shell orbicular, convex, depressed, subcquilateral, with numerouc crowded concentric stria?; lunule
heart-shaped, impressed, smooth; hinge with a large oblong fosset under the beaks; muscular im-
pressions very large. Color : epidermis brownish yellow, tinged with rusty. Virginia to Florida.

C. giganiea. (Lam. Am. sans vert. Vol. 2, p. 597.) Shell large, ovate, smooth, slightly angulated
on the anterior side : posterior depression oblong-ovate, a little impressed on its sides and keeled in
the middle. Teeth of the hinge compressed. Color, pale livid, with numerous bluish longitu-
dinal rays, generally interrupted. Length, 3-25; Width, 6-0. Coast of the Southern Slates.

FAMILY VENERIDjE VENUS. 217

GENUS VENUS. Linnczus.

Animal oval, moderately thick, with the edges of the mantle undulated, and furnished with
a row of tentacular cirri. Tubes rarely separated. Mouth small, with the labial appen-
dages small. Foot occasionally semilunar, not furrowed beneath. Shell solid, inequilateral,
subovate ; hinge with three diverging cardinal teeth in each valve ; ligament external ;
cordiform depressions beneath the beaks : palleal impression with a sinus.

Venus mercenaria.

PLATE XXVII. FIG. 276.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Venus mercenaria. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1131. Russel, Ess. Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 1, p. 53.

V. id. Lam. ubi supra, Vol. 2, p. 610. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 85, fig. 67.

Description. Shell large, solid and ponderous, inequilateral, subcordate ; beaks incurved,
and projecting forwards and inwards. Anterior area heart-shaped, and bounded by an
impressed line. Surface, in the old shells, with numerous coarse grooves and ridges ; in the
young, with concentric lamellar ridges. Epidermis very slight, and easily detached : ligament
stout and prominent ; posterior area obsoletely plicate. Basal margin entire, but crenulated
within ; anterior margin rounded ; the posterior more pointed. In the one valve, the anterior
tooth is largest and distant from the other two, which are oblique and contiguous ; in the
other valve, the two anterior teeth are united, forming a simple bifid tooth : this is most
striking in aged individuals. The remainder of the hinge is composed of roughened irregular
points, interlocking with those of the opposite valve. Muscular impressions deep, and united
by the palleal impression, which has an angular sinus near the posterior impression.

Color. Externally varying from brownish white to ash-grey, and, in very old specimens,
with a rufous tinge, frequently deep blackish brown ; but the color appears to vary with the
bottom upon which they live. Within, white, with a deep violet or purple margin.

Vertical axis, 2*0 -3*5; transverse ditto, 30 -45. Diameter, 1-8 -2" 3.

This species is the common Round Clam, much prized as an article of food, and so savory
in some localities as to be equally valued with the Oyster. Its aboriginal name of Qi/ahog
has now fallen into disuse. It sells in the markets at prices varying from thirty-seven and a
half to sixty-two and a half cents the bushel. It abounds in all our bays, a few inches beneath
the bottom, from low-water mark to two or six fathom water. If taken from its bed and placed
on its side, it can, in the course of a single tide, bury itself six inches beneath the surface.

From the internal purple part of the shell, the colored beads of the aborigines were formerly
manufactured, constituting the seawan or wampum, the specie currency of the natives. Long
island was formerly the great mint for the supply of this article, and hence its Mohegan
Fauna— Part 6. 28

218 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

appellation of Seawan hackee, or the Isle of Shells. The natives of this island were com-
pelled to pay an annual tribute in wampum to those living on the mainland.

This species does not appear to extend much farther north than Cape Ann, Massachusetts,
and I am not acquainted with its distribution south of Delaware bay.

Venus notata.

PLATK XXVII. FIG. 278.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Venus notata. Sav, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 271.
V. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 86, fig. 67.

Description. Shell orbicular, heart-shaped, smaller than the preceding, and less coarse and
solid. Surface shining, almost smooth, with the concentric ridges most prominent on the
beaks : posterior margin rounded, not produced. Sinus of the palleal impression not as deep :
the crenulations on the base submargined.

Color. Whitish tinged with brown, with reddish zigzag marks ; anterior one purplish ;
within uniform yellowish white.

Vertical axis, 1*7; transverse ditto, 1*8.

This species is considered by some writers as a mere local variety of the preceding, but to
me its characters appear sufficiently distinctive. It is occasionally found associated with
the V. mercenaria, but it is most abundant on the outer bars beyond the sea-beaches of Long
island, where the mercenaria is seldom found. It is usually smaller than the dimensions
given above.

Venus gemma.

PLATE XXVII. FIG. 277.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Venus gemma. Totte.v, Am. Jour. Sc. Vol. 26, p. 366, pi. — , fig. 2. Russel, Ess. Jour. Vol. 1, p. 58.
V. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 88, fig. 51.

Description. Shell very small, oval, nearly equilateral, glossy, and with numerous minute
concentric furrows. Beaks small, almost central, incurved, separate, generally eroded : no
defined anterior area. Teeth divergent ; the middle one of each valve triangular, robust ; the
anterior tooth of the right, and the posterior tooth of the left valve, thin, and not easily dis-
tinguished. Inner margin crenulated : palleal impression with an acute-angled sinus.

Color. Anterior portion and basal margin, both within and without, white ; the remaining
parts reddish purple or amethystine, darkest at the upper and posterior margins.

Vertical axis, 0-l ; transverse ditto, 0-15. Diameter, 0'08.

FAMILY VENERID^E VENUS.

219

This beautiful little shell, which has been dredged from the East river near Blackwell's
island, was for a long time considered as the young of the common round clam. Col. Totten
first detected its specific identity. It occurs abundantly on all the sandy shores of Massachu-
setts, but its extreme northern and southern limits are not yet known.

Venus pr^eoparca.
(state collection.)

Venus prepared. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 271.
V. notata, var.? Gould, Inverttbrala of Mass. p. 87.

Description. Shell ovate, with numerous elevated subacute parallel concentric lines, which
subside into mere wrinkles near the suture of the ligament-slope ; interstitial spaces plain :
ligament-slope flattened, margined by an acute line. Anterior margin with an obsolete longi-
tudinal very obtuse undulation, which gives the tip of this margin a slightly truncated appear-
ance ; areola cordate, elevated at the suture : lower and posterior margins crenulated, the
crenulae extending along the edge of the areola to the beak. In advance of the anterior ter-
mination of the ligament-groove of the left valve, is another distinct groove, which receives
the edge of the corresponding margin of the other valve.

Color, white, immaculate ; within, white or yellowish white.

Vertical axis, 1 • 0 - 1 *5 ; transverse ditto, 1-5-2-2.

This shell occurs frequently along our beaches, and is usually taken for the young of the
V. mercerania. Dr. Gould states that it seems to be same as V. notata, in which merely the
zigzag lines are wanting. It seems to me more widely transverse than either.

{EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

V. inequalis, Say. Shell subcordate. longitudinally sulcated : lines numerous, obsolete on the anterior
margin ; behind the middle, bifid, and alternating with smaller single ones : concentric distant
lamellar bands but little more elevated than the longitudinal lines. Anterior margin subangulated ;
within, the margin crenate ; crence obsolete on the anterior margin and rear. Hinge on the poste-
rior margin. Length, 1-0; width, 1-2. Coast of New-Jersey and Maryland.

V. elevata. (Id. lb. p. 272.) Shell subcordate, longitudinally sulcate: sulci equal, numerous, dense ;
on the anterior submargin sparse : concentric elevated remote lamellar bands. Anterior margin
subangulated at the tip ; within, margin crenate ; crenas obsolete on the anterior margin, and near
the hinge on the posterior margin. Length, 0-8; breadth, 0-9. Southern coast.

V. mortoni. (Conrad, lb. Vol. 7, p. 251.) Shell very large, cordate, inflated, thick and ponderous,
with prominent recurved concentric laminae, more elevated on the anterior and posterior margins
ligament-margin arcuate. Umbones prominent; lunule large, cordate, defined by a deep groove

28*

220 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

posterior extremity slightly emarginate : cavity of the cartilage profound. Teeth large, prominent,
grooved. Muscular impressions very large ; inner margin regularly crenulated. Length, 5-0-
6*0. Allied to prmparca, and larger than mercenaria. Coast of North and South-Carolina.
V. fluctuosa. (Gould, Inv. Mass. p. 87, fig. 50.) Shell moderately small, transversely ovate, lenti-
cular, rather thin. Surface with 20 - 25 recurved concentric waves, vanishing at the side; areola
none. Middle tooth in each valve cleft. Color: epidermis thin, glossy, yellowish; beneath this,
white. Length, 0-8; height, 0-6; breadth, 0-22.

GENUS ASTARTE. Sowerby.

Animal unknown, but presumed to resemble that of Venus. Shell rounded, subequilateral,
compressed, thick. Hinge with two strong diverging cardinal 166111 on one valve, and two
very unequal ones on the other, or only one large one ; palleal impression simple ; ligament
exterior.

ASTARTE CASTANEA.
PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 280.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Venus casianea. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. V. 4, p. 273.

Astarte id. Id. American Conchology, pi. 1. Totten, Am. Jour. Vol. 28, p. 3-18, fig. 2.

Crassina id. Conrad, Mar. Conch, p. 72, pi. 17, fig. 3. Russel, Essex Jour. Vol. p. 57.

Astarte id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 7C, fig. 45.

Description. Shell thick and heavy, suborbicular or subtrigonal, with prominent and nearly
central beaks, much more elongated than in the following species. Surface with minute
concentric wrinkles and larger waves, with faint traces of radiating lines. Area in front of
the beaks very deeply excavated, short, broad and smooth : posterior slope almost straight,
with a long narrow lanceolate depression. Hinge solid ; the margin very broad, with one
stout tooth with a pit on each side in one valve, and two somewhat diverging teeth in the
other, with a cavity between them to receive the opposite tooth. Palleal impression without
a sinus : basal margin crenulated within.

Color. Epidermis chesnut-brown, occasionally deep mahogany with darker and paler zones ;
posterior margin blackish : foot of the animal vermilion.

Vertical axis, 1*0 — 1*2; transverse ditto, 1"0-1'2. Diameter, 0*5.

Var. a. picea. With a few wrinkles without waves, large and solid; epidermis dark tar-
colored (Gould).
Var. b. procera. Lighter colored ; vertical axis longest (Totten).

This species occurs along the coast of Long island, on the outer bars generally, although
it has been dredged within the harbors.

FAMILY VENERID^E ASTARTE. 221

ASTARTE SULCATA.

PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 291.

Venus sulcata. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 131.

Crastina id. Turt. Conch. Ins. Brit. p. 131, pi. 1 1, fig. 1 and 2.

Astarle damnommsis. ToTTEN, Am. Journ. Sc. Vol. 2H, p. 349, fig. 3, A. B.

A. sulcata. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 439. Gould, Invertebrataof Mass. p. 18, fig. 4G.

Description. Shell solid, suborbicular, transverse, subinequilateral and perfectly closed.
Surface undulated, with fifteen to eighteen or twenty distinct obtuse concentric equidistant
ridges ; the spaces between, wider than the ridges, widest at the middle, contracting, and
with the ridges disappearing at the two ends. Beaks prominent, pointed and in contact.
Anterior area deep, smooth and lanceolate ; posterior slope slightly rounded, including a long
narrow and deeply excavated corslet. Margins crenulated in adults ; smooth in the young.
Epidermis very adherent.

Color. Deep chesnut brown or greenish yellow ; the ridges occasionally denuded, and
exhibiting a white chalky appearance beneath.

Vertical axis, 1 -2 ; transverse ditto, 1 -0 ; diameter, 0-4.

The appearance of this shell, in its different stages of growth, has given rise to much
confusion in its synonimes. It is occasionally found along the gravelly bottoms on the coast
of Long island, but is more rare than the preceding.

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

A. lactea. (Brod. &. Sow. Zool. Jour. Vol. 4, p. 365. Gould, 1. c. p. 80, fig-. 47.) Shell subor-
bicular, much compressed, concentrically wrinkled ; an obsolete marginal tooth in each valve :
ridges most conspicuous on the posterior slope. Color: epidermis yellowish brown. Vertical axis,
1-0; transverse ditto, 1 ■ 1. Grand Banks.

A. ? quadi ans. (Gould, lb. p. 81, fig. 48.) Shell triangular, small, slightly oblique; anterior side
longest. Surface smooth; beaks pointed, not inclined to either side; hinge with a small lateral
tooth on the anterior margin of the left valve. Color: epidermis yellowish olive. Length, 0*45.
Stomachs of fishes. Coast of Massachusetts.

222 NEW- YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

FAMILY CYCLADJE.

Shells covered with an epidermis, and having on the hinge lateral teeth. Inhabiting pools,
lakes and freshwater streams.

Obs. This corresponds with the division Conques fluviatiles of Lamarck. The last named
species forms a natural transition to this family. It comprises at present four genera, three
of which are found in the United States.

GENUS CYCLAS. Lamarck.

Animal with its mantle with simple edges, and furnished with short and united tubes. Foot
wide, compressed at its base, and terminated by a sort of appendix. Shell, small, thin,
oval, inflated, transverse, equivalve. Beaks prominent. Hinge with two very minute
cardinal teeth ; each valve sometimes almost entirely wanting : lateral teeth compressed,
transversely elongated, lamelliform. Ligament external.

Cyclas similis.

PLATE XXV. FIG. 264, 265 (Vak).

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Cyclas similis. Say, Nich. Ency. Ed. Am. p. 4, pi. 1, fi?. 9.

C sarratogea et sulcata. Lam. An» sans vert. Ed. Brux. Vol. 2, p. 383.

C. similis. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 72, fig. 53.

Description. Shell suboval, very convex in the adult, nearly equilateral. Outline varying
with age ; in the young shell, the anterior margin more broadly rounded ; in the adult, both
margins nearly but not quite equally rounded. Basal margin nearly straight. Beaks nearly
central, slightly elevated and obtuse. Surface with nearly equidistant raised concentric lines,
giving a sulcate or furrowed appearance to the valves, and generally a more conspicuous ele-
vated darker wave marking a former stage of growth ; these grooves are continued over the
beaks, which are usually eroded. Hinge with minute very oblique teeth : the lateral ones
very distinct, elongated, on one side terminating in an elevated triangular point ; on the other,
bifid, with an intermediate longitudinal slit in one valve, and an oval pit in the other.

Color. Epidermis varying from waxen to reddish brown ; within bluish or bluish white.

Vertical axis, 0'2 — 0'5; transverse ditto, 0-25— 0-6.

This is found occasionally of somewhat larger dimensions. It occurs in ponds and streams
in various parts of the State. Under the name of C. solida (fig. 265), I had described and
figured in my notes a shell, which more mature consideration induces me now to refer to the
C. similis. It is very solid, subelliptical, convex, with concentric wrinkles ; beaks nearly

FAMILY CYCLALLE CYCLAS. 223

central ; a lamelliform plate in the place of cardinal teeth ; lateral teeth scarcely rising above
the margin of the shell ; cavity chalky within, with faint radiating furrows. Color, dark
olive brown. Vertical axis, 0-5 ; transverse ditto, 0'6. It was obtained from Sandy creek,
Orleans county, and I had but a single specimen.

Cyclas dubia.

PLATE XXV. FIG. 261.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Cyclas dubia. Say, Nich. Ency. Ed. Am. Vol. 4, pi. 1, fig. 10.
C. striatina. Lam. An. sans vert. Ed. Brux. Vol. 2, p. 388.
C. dubia. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p 75, fig. 56.

Description. Shell small, moderately solid, subtriangular, oblique, subovate, convex ; the
beaks not very prominent, placed much nearer one end. Surface with minute concentric
ridges, which become more distinct towards the basal margin. Primary teeth very distinct,
placed between two pits in one valve, and two divaricating ones in the other ; the exterior
lamellar tooth very small, with the fossae acutely elliptical.

Color. Epidermis olive-green tinged with reddish, with occasionally darker bands marking
the stages of growth.

Vertical axis, 0-25 - 0" 3 ; transverse ditto, 0"3 - 0'35.

I have obtained specimens of this shell from Herkimer county, and Dr. Newcomb has no-
ticed them at Palmyra, Wayne county ; they are doubtless to be found in ponds and ditches
in every part of the State. The description of C. striatina by Lamarck, which he procured
from Lake George, applies in every particular to this species.

Cyclas partumeia.

PLATE XXV. FIG. 262.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Cyclas partumeia. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 380.
Cyclas cornea, var. 2, 3. Lamarck, An. sans vert. Ed. Brux. Vol. 2, p. 388.
C. partumeia. Adams, Am. Jour. Sciences, Vol. 40, p. 279.
C. id. Gould, Invertebrata of" Mass. p. 73, fig. 54.

Description. Shell thin, fragile, pellucid, inflated, rounded oval. Beaks nearly central and
moderately prominent. Posterior margin more broadly rounded than in front ; basal margin
regularly curved. Surface glossy, with minute regular concentric wrinkles and larger undu-
lations which are impressed within ; under the lens, faint radiating lines may be detected.
Hinge teeth prominent and diverging ; lateral teeth strong and prominent.

224 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

Color. Young, light waxen, passing into greenish horn in the adult, with bluish white or
yellowish white on the margin. Animal, light pink.

Vertical axis, 0-3 - 0-45 ; transverse ditto, 0"45 - 0 6.

This species is common in swamps and sluggish streams in every part of the State. Its
hitherto ascertained geographical range is from Masssachusetts to Ohio. I agree in opinion
with Dr. Gould, that the varieties 2 and 3 of the Cycla de cornee accord perfectly with our
species.

Cyclas RHOMBOIDEA.

PLATE XXV. FIG. 263.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Cyclas rhomboidea. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 380.
C. id. Adams, Am. Jour. Sciences, Vol. 40, p. 277.

Description. Shell solid, transversely elongated, subequilateral, rhombiform ; the basal
margin regularly curved, approaching a straight line. Beaks not greatly elevated, contiguous,
often decorticated. Anterior margin subtruncated ; the posterior margin obtusely rounded.
Two cardinal teeth in each valve, oblique with an intermediate pit ; the anterior smallest :
the lateral teeth distinct, bipartite at each extremity. Surface polished, with minute concen-
tric striae : cavity with faint impressed incremental stria?.

Color. Epidermis olive-green to light chesnut ; within opake white.

Vertical axis, 0"45 ; transverse ditto, 0-7.

I refer to this species specimens procured from Rockland county by Dr. Budd, and from
Lake Champlain. They are remarkable for their polished surface and rhomboidal outline.
The dimensions given above are larger than those of Mr. Say.

Cyclas elegans.

Cyclas ehgans. Adams, Am. Jour. Vol. 40, p. 277. Id. Bost. Jour. Vol. 3, p. 330, pi. 3, fig. 11.
C. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 74, fig. 55.

Description. Shell rhombic-orbicular, compressed in the young, much inflated in the adult ;
the extremities subtruncated, so as to appear rhomboidal. Beaks nearly central, not promi-
nent. Surface with fine concentric strias ; the valves not regularly convex, but somewhat
flattened down the middle, so as to produce a slight elevation from the beaks to the anterior
and posterior portions of the basal margins. Cardinal teeth rudimentary, very thin ; lateral
teeth strongly developed. Basal margin nearly straight.

Color. Epidermis olive-green, with a straw-colored marginal zone, and narrow zones at
the different stages of growth ; within bluish white.

Vertical axis, 0*35; transverse ditto, 0 • 5.

FAMILY CYCLADjE CYCLAS. 225

This species occurs along the borders of Lake Champlain, where it was first noticed by
Mr. Adams. It appears to be closely allied to what I consider to be the C. rhomboidea of
Say, but differs chiefly in the cardinal teeth, which in this species are very slightly developed.

Cyclas edentula.

Cyclas edentula. Say, Desc. fluv. and terr. shells, p. 10.

Description. Shell transversely oval, inequilateral, with somewhat elevated and regular
transverse lines. Beaks not elevated above the general surface. Cardinal tooth very small,
lineolar, oblique, and not elevated higher than the edge of the hinge-margin : umbones de-
corticated. Color, brown.

Length, 0-35; breadth, 0-4.

This species, which I only know through the very brief notice of Mr. Say, was observed
by him in the Canandaigua lake in this State. It is distinguishable, according to Say, by the
diminutive teeth, which are not visible in a profile view of the hinge. The only species I
could find in that lake was the C. similis, with the young of which this may possibly have
been confounded. ,,

(EXTRALIMITAL.)

C. transversa. (Say, Op. sup. cit.) Transversely oblong, subovate, subinequilateral: anterior margin
decidedly more widely rounded than the posterior margin ; beak obviously elevated above the gene-
ral curvature ; cardinal teeth double, distinct. Length, 0-25; breadth, 0-45. Kentucky.

C. staminea. (Conrad, Am. Jour. Vol. 25, p. 342.) Shell oval, regularly convex, inequilateral:
anterior and posterior ends similarly rounded ; umbo inflated; beaks slightly prominent; apex
obtusely rounded ; lateral teeth rather prominent ; cavity rather capacious. Color : epidermis yel-
lowish, with darker stains; within bluish white.

C. elevata. (Hald. Proceed. Ac. Sc. 1841.) Shell orbicular: cardinal tooth prominent; lamellar
tooth thick; beaks elevated. Color, brownish olive. Length, 0-55; height, 0-5. Neiv-Orleans.

Genus Pisidium, Pfeiffer. Shell equivalve, transverse; sides unequal, completely closing. In the
right valve one, in left valve two, opposite very small primary teeth : behind and before, two
thin lamellar side-teeth ; those of the latter cleft in the right valve, in order to receive the op-
posite ones. Animal with a narrow fleshy projection next the forepart of the shell, instead
of a tubular trachea : fool long and thin.

Obs. This genus was separated from Cyclas by Mr. Pfeiffer ; but conchologists have not
agreed as to the propriety of its creation. Deshayes observes, that the author " s'apercut, en
etudiant les animaux des cyclades, qu'il y en avait une dont les siphons posterieurs sont beaucoup
plus courts que dans les autres especes, et depassent a peine les bords de la coquille. II crut
ce caractere suffisant pour justifier la creation d'un genre sous le nom de Pisidium. Nous ne
croyons pas qu'il soit utile d'adopter ce genre, ses caracteres ayant trop peu de valeur."
Fatjna — Part 6. 29

226 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

P. abruptum. (Haldeman, Proc. Ac. Sc. 1841.) Shell ovate: beaks nearly terminal, whence the
outline slopes rather abruptly towards the ventral margin. Color, olivaceous or chesnut. Elk
river, Maryland.

P. abditum. (Id. lb.) Shell small, ovate, rather elevated, ventricose: beaks in contact. Color, light
ochraceous. Springs, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.

Genus Cyrena, Lam. Animal with the lobes of the mantle united at their posterior third, and pro-
longed there by two siphons separated to their base. Shell solid, subtrigonal or suborbicular,
turgid and ventricose. Hinge with three teeth in each valve. Lateral teeth two, one of which
is near the primary ones. Ligament exterior, a great part of which is inserted.
C. caroliniensis, Bosc. (Say, Nich. Ency. Pl. 25, fig. 266 of this book.) Shell cordate, turgid :
surface with numerous membranaceous wrinkles ; umbo much eroded ; beaks distant ; two of the
primary teeth canaliculate at tip; lateral anterior tooth most elevated ; cavity profound. Color:
epidermis olive brown ; within salmon-colored ; purplish on the margins. Length, 1-2; breadth,
1*3; diameter, 1*1. Carolina.

FAMILY SAXICAVIDM.

Shell burrowing, without accessory valves, and more or less gaping at the anterior extremi-
ties : ligament external. Marine.

Obs. This corresponds with the Lithophages of Lamarck ; a family remarkable for their
general propensity to imbed themselves in calcareous rocks, or in hardened clay beds, in
such a manner that their anterior extremities always project outwardly. The manner in which
this is effected is not yet ascertained. As it is exclusively in rocks of a chalky nature that
they have been found, it has been concluded that an entrance must have been made by an
acid secretion which would dissolve the rock. This reasoning would not apply to the cases
where they are found, as in this country, in an indurated clay or peat bed. In this country,
two genera have been observed.

GENUS SAXICAVA. Fl. de Bellevue.

Animal with the mantle closed all round, prolonged behind into a long tube which is double
within, slightly divided at its summit, and pierced in front with a rounded aperture for the
passage of a small slender lengthened and pointed foot. Mouth moderate ; labial appen-
dages small. Branchial plates free for the most part, and very unequal on the same side.
Shell transverse, inequilateral ; the anterior upper margin gaping. Hinge nearly without
teeth ; ligament external.

family saxicavid.e saxicava. 227

Saxicava distorta.

PLATE XXXIII. FIG. 309. A. B.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Saxicava distorta. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 318.
S. id, Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 61, fig. 40.

Description. Shell thick, coarse, transversely ovate-oblong, inequivalve, irregular in shape
and often distorted, generally rounded in front and more or less truncated behind, often with
a prominent rounded ridge passing from the beaks to the lower angle, and which is some-
times roughened with scales. Beaks rather prominent, and on the anterior third. Surface
roughened and undulated by the different stages of growth. Basal margin irregular, usually
contracted in the middle, with a silken appendage issuing from it. In young specimens, a
slight rudimentary tooth in one valve is received into a cavity in the other, but both disappear
with age.

Color. Epidermis light ashen grey : foot bright orange.

Vertical axis, 0-4 -0-6 ; transverse ditto, 0-7 - 1*0.

This shell is found along the whole coast, adhering to marine bodies, and is so irregular
that scarcely two specimens can be found alike. It is often found imbedded in Sponges and
among Ascidece. The -S. rugosa of Turton (Conch. Lis. Brit. p. 20, pi. 2, fig. 10), with
which this has sometimes been confounded, is more transversely elongated, the beaks more
central, the elongated side more abruptly truncate, and the dorsal margin more sloping ; the
surface furrows are subquadrate following the truncation of the elongated side.

GENUS PETRICOLA. Lamarck.

Mantle with its borders simple, slightly dilated in front, where there is a small opening for
the passage of a feeble tongue-shaped foot. Tubes small, conic, truncate at their sum-
mits, separated for two-thirds of their length, and minutely radiated at their orifice. Gills
small. Shell transverse, inequilateral, rounded before, narrowed posteriorly : hinge almost
toothless ; ligament exterior.

29#

228 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

Petricola PHOLADIFORMIS.

PLATE XXVIII FIG. 262.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Petricola pholadiformis. Lam. An. sans vert. Vol. 5, p. 505. Ed. prior.

P. fornicala. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol 2, p. 319.

P. pholadiformis. Id. Am. Conchology, pi. 60, fig. I. Rdssel, Ess, Jour. Vol. 1, p. 55.

P. id. Conrad, Amer. Marine Conchology, p. 37, pi. 7.

P. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. G3.

Description. Shell very much elongated transversely, with the beaks near the anterior end,
inflated, cylindrical, equivalve. Anterior margin acutely rounded ; the posterior margin
obtusely rounded and slightly gaping. Hinge and basal margins nearly straight, almost
parallel. Beaks elevated, with an ovate area in front, which is well defined. Surface coarsely
marked with elevated lines, more or less conspicuous, radiating from the umbones, and most
prominent on the anterior part of the shell ; the surface is also coarsely marked by the lines
of growth, which, on the radiating ribs, assume the form of tooth-like scales or spines. Teeth
two in each valve, appearing to rise out of the cavity of the beaks, and curving upwards : in
one valve, the anterior tooth distinct and grooved ; the other in front, short. In the other valve
is a large tooth, so deeply divided as to appear like two, and behind it a smaller, thin and
divergent tooth. Interior surface impressed by the external radiating ridges.

Color, greyish brown ; the dead shells chalky white.

Vertical axis, 0'6; transverse ditto, 1*7.

This species occurs along the coast of Long island, imbedded in ooze and the sedgy banks
of creeks. The dead shells are frequently found along the coast. On account of the exces-
sive delicacy of the teeth, it is rare to obtain perfect specimens.

Petricola dactylus.

a
PLATE 28. FIG. 283. A B.

Petricola dactylus. Sowerby, Genera, pi. 3.

P. id. Say, American Conchology, pi. 60, fig. 2.

P. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 65, fig. 41.

Description. Shell transversely oblong-oval, inflated. Basal margin curved ; edges of the
anterior margin everted : no distinct area before the beaks, which are prominent. Surface
with numerous radiating raised ridges, which are not scaly as in the preceding; about 15 -
18 of these on the anterior portion are large and distinct, the remainder are filiform : the
stages of growth marked by undulated lines. Two teeth in the right valve, and two in the
other, of which one is bifid.

Color. Soiled brownish white.

Vertical axis, 0-7; transverse ditto, 1-5 -2"0.

FAMILY SAXICAVID.E PETRICOLA. 229

This species has been found at Glasshouse point above the city, and is a more robust shell
than the preceding, from which it differs chiefly in the want of a definite area before the
beaks. It appears to range from Massachusetts to Carolina, but is more rare than the pre-
ceding.

FAMILY MACTRIDJE.

Shell equivalve, frequently gaping at the sides. Hinge with an internal ligament, and
sometimes an external ligament beside. Animal with a small foot, but well adapted for
motion.

GENUS MACTRA. Lamarck.

Animal with the edges of the mantle thickened and simple, furnished behind with two united
moderately long tubes. Mouth small ; labial appendages narrow and pointed. Branchial
plates small, and nearly equal. Foot oval, trenchant, very long and angular. Shell
transverse, slightly gaping at the sides : beaks prominent. Hinge a prostrate concave
tooth to contain the cartilage, having at one margin a delicate erect tooth, like the letter v :
two lateral teeth near the central ones.

Mactra solidissima.

PLATE XXIX FIG 286.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Mactra solidissima. Chemnitz, Conch. Vol. 10, p. 365, pi. 170, fig. 1656.

M. id. Conrad, Am. Mar Conchology, 64, pi. 14, fig, 7. Id Ac. Sc. Vol. 6, p. 257.

M. gigantea. Lamarck, An. sans vert. Ed. Brux. Vol. 2, p. 535.

Hipissula. Gray, Loud. Mtg. Nat. Hist. New series, Vol. 1, p. 373.

M. solidissima. Gould, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, p. 51.

Description. Shell large and solid, subtriangular, nearly equilateral, smooth or very slightly
wrinkled by the lines of growth. Beaks large and protuberant, directed slightly forwards ;
nearly central, and behind them a broad somewhat flattened space bounded by a rounded
elevation from the beaks. Hinge very strong ; the spoon-shaped cavity large ; the v tooth
very delicate, and adhering by a very small base, so that it is usually broken off in the car-
tilage ; lateral teeth long and thin, and regularly striated on the side next the recipient cavity.

Color. Epidermis thin and olive-brown or light yellowish ; beneath this, chalky white.

Vertical axis, 1*5 — 4*5; transverse ditto, 2'0-6*0. Diameter, l'0-2-5.

230 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

This is the largest of our bivalve shells, and is familiarly known on the shores of Long
island as the Beach Clam and Dipper Clam. They are esteemed as an article of food. They
occur buried in the sand, and the largest I have seen had a transverse length of nearly seven
inches.

Mactra lateralis.

plate xxix. fig. 287.
(state collection.)

Mactra lateralis. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 309.

M. id. Conrad, Aimer. Marine Conehology, p. 62, pi. 14, figs. 4,5.

Mulinia. Gray, Loudon Mag. Nat. Hist. New series, Vol. 1, p. 376.

M. lateralis. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 54, figs. 34, 35.

Description. Shell small, triangular, very convex, polished, smooth or at least with very
minute wrinkles, nearly equilateral. Beaks tumid, nearly central, contiguous, directed for-
wards : areas before and behind the beaks broad, flattened, sometimes concave, heart-shaped,
and bounded by slightly elevated ridges. A stout prominent v tooth, and a strong lateral tooth
on each side of it, in the left valve.

Color. Epidermis thin, rusty brown ; beneath which, bluish white ; within polished white.

Vertical axis, 0*3 -0' 7; transverse ditto, 0- 7 - 0- 9.

This is not a very common species, although it is occasionally found on the shores of Long
island. It has been found at Glass-house point a few miles above the city, and also by
dredging near Rye, Westchester county.

(EXTRALIMITAL.)

M. ovalis. (Gould, Op. cit. p. 53, fig. 32.) Shell large, thick, coarse, covered with a tough corru-
gated epidermis : beaks but little elevated ; v tooth strong ; lateral teeth short and slender, not
striated. Color: epidermis dusky brown. Vertical axis, 2*5; transverse ditto, 3*5. Stomachs
of fishes on the Northern Coast.

M. similis. (Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 309.) Shell almost as large as solidissima, trian-
gular, smooth or very slightly wrinkled : beaks nearly central ; lateral teeth strongly and regularly
crenated on the side next the recipient cavity. Vertical axis, 1*15; transverse ditto, 1.4. Rhode-
Island, and frobably this Slate. Conrad supposes it to be the young and half grown of solidis-
sima.

M.fragilis. (Chemnitz, pi. 24. M. oblonga, Say, lb. Vol.3, p. 310. Conrad, pi. 14.) Shell
oblong-oval, transverse, very slightly wrinkled except upon the margins; umbo hardly prominent:
two strong distant lines or folds drawn from the apex to the anterior extremity of the shell. Color,
dull whitish, hardly polished ; umbo slightly tinged with ferruginous; within white, high polished.
Vertical axis, 0'45; transverse ditto, 1*9. Coast of Georgia.

FAMILY MACTRID.E

MACTRA.

231

M. nucleus. (Conrad, Ac. Sc. Vol. 6, p. 258, pi. 1 1 ; Am. Conch, pi. 14.) Small, triangular, thick,
with an obsolete concentric ridge or angle: umbones flattened and rectilinear; apices nearly central
and very acute ; posterior slope depressed ; lateral teeth strong. Color, pale brown. New-Jersey,
and undoubtedly on our own coast, although not yet observed.

GENUS MESODESMA. Deshayes.

Animal with the mantle united on the posterior two-thirds of its length, and provided on its
posterior extremity with two short tubes, prolonged within by a very delicate membrane.
Foot much flattened, quadrangular, partly coneealed by the gills ; these latter short, truncated
and connected together, the external pair smallest and subauriculated. Shell solid, sub-
trigonal, compressed and generally closed : hinge with a spoon-shaped cavity in each valve
for the cartilage, and a simple and oblong tooth on each side.

Mesodesma arctata.

PLATE XXIX. FIG. 288. a. b.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Mactra arctata. Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 6, p. 257, pi. 11, fig. 1.
M. deaurata. Id. Am. Mar. Conchology, p. 59, pi. 14, fig. 1.
Mesodesma arctata. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 57, fig. 39.

Description. Shell solid, subtriangular, very inequilateral ; the anterior margin short, trun-
cated. Beaks little elevated, quite in front, with a prominent ridge to the lower angle ; pos-
terior end produced, with the margin rounded. Surface with concentric ridges, caused by
the different stages of growth : cartilage-pit very deep and triangular. Lateral teeth elon-
gated, and crossed by regular elevated stria;. Interior smooth ; the sinus of the palleal im-
pression orbicular, and somewhat larger than its contiguous posterior muscular impression.

Color- Epidermis olive-yellow, with a metallic lustre ; within whitish.

Vertical axis, 1*0; transverse ditto, 1*4. Diameter, 0*5.

This is not a very common species on our shores, but appears to be more abundant on the
shores of Massachusetts.

{EXTRALIMITAL.)

M. jauresii. (Guerin, Mag. de Zool. 1834. Gould, loc. cit. fig. 38.) Shell ovate, triangular, thick,
and very rough externally wilh coarse concentric ridges ; beaks little elevated; lateral teeth very
strono-, curved and very faintly striated. Color: epidermis dusky brown. Vertical axis, l»lj
transverse ditto, 1 *75. Grand Banks.

232 NEW-YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

Genus Lutraria, Lam. Shell equivalve, inequilateral, transversely oblong or rounded, gaping at
the ends. Hin^e with one tooth, which is somewhat complicated; or two teeth, of which
one is simple, with an adjoining deltoid hollow, which is oblique and prominent within: no
lateral teeth ; ligament internal, attached in a pit.

L. canaliculata. (Say, Ac. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 311. Conrad, Mar. Conch, pi. 10, fig. 1. Pl. 31, fig.
298 of this work.) Transversely oval-orbicular, very thin and fragile, inflated : valves with equal
concentric grooves ; posterior margin short, subreniform, compressed ; a marginal longitudinal
irregular subimpressed line, bttween which and the edges the grooves become mere wrinkles;
posterior slope nearly straight ; gape considerable : anterior margin regularly curved ; within
grooved. Color, reddish white. Length, 2-1; breadth, 2*5. Seacoast, Maryland to Florida.

L. lineata. (Say, Ac. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 310; Conch, pl. 9. L. papyralia, Conrad, Conch, pl. 10,
fig. 2.) Transversely suboval, thin: posterior gape patulous; anterior linear, and commencing
beyond the hinge slope ; valves unequally wrinkled, undulated within: anterior margin glabrous,
and with an indented submarginal line corresponding with the exterior carinated one. Color,
tinged with ferruginous. Length, 1*9; breadth, 2*7. Georgia and Florida.

Genus Montacuta, Turton. Shell ovate or oblong, equivalve, inequilateral, nearly closed : hinge
with two teeth in each valve, and a cavity between them ; lateral teeth none ; ligament internal.

M. bidentata. (Montagu, Test. Brit. pl. 26, fig. 5. Gould, 1. c. p. 59.) Shell minute, ovate tri-
angular: surface roughened by the lines of growth; beaks pointed, and near the broader end;
tooth on the shorter side oblique and spoon-shaped, for the reception of the ligament. Within
faintly marked by radiating lines. Vertical axis, 0- 16 ; transverse ditto, 0-22. Occurs in sand.
New-Bedford harbor. Rare.

Genus Kellea, Turton. Shell somewhat globular, equivalve, closed: hinge with two approximate
teeth and a remote lateral tooth in one valve, and a concave tooth and remote lateral tooth in
the other ; ligament internal.
K. rubra. (Turton, Conch.Ins.Brit.pl. 11, fig. 7 and 8. Gould, fig. 33.) Shell minute, sub-
oval, very inequilateral : beaks prominent, with a smooth elongated and deep area before them ;
palleal impression distinct, without a sinus. Color: epidermis purplish or soiled brown. Vertical
axis, 0*13; transverse ditto, 0-18. Among the roots of seaweed. New-Bedford Harbor.

FAMILY MACTRID.E CUMINGIA. 233

GENUS CUMINGIA. Broderip and Sowerby.

Shell ovate, inequilateral, equivalve. A shallow spoon-shaped cardinal tooth, and a single
small tooth by its side, in each valve ; and a strong lateral tooth on both sides in one valve
only. Palleal impression with a large sinus.

CUMINGIA TELLINOIDES.

Maclra lellinoides. Conrad, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sc. Vol. 6, p. 258, pi. 11, figs. 2, 3. Id. Mar. Conch, pi. 14, fig. 2.

M. id. Russel, Essex Journ. Nat. Hist. Vol. 1 , p. 53.

Cumingia id. Conkad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 7, p. 234.

C. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 56, fig. 36.

Description. Shell small, thin, fragile, ovate-triangular, nearly equilateral, inflated, broad in
front, compressed behind, warped, ending in a rounded point. Beaks raised, with a small well
defined area in front. Surface with concentric incremented lines, which are sharp and ele-
vated, and crossed by microscopic radiations. In front of the cartilage pit in each valve is a
linear tooth, forming part of its wall, and at its side a pit for the reception of the corresponding
tooth : lateral teeth distinct in the right valve, but wanting in the left ; the anterior one longest.
Palleal impression far within the shell, with a broad deep sinus.

Color, bluish white ; within bluish white.

Vertical axis, 0'45; transverse ditto, 0-6.

I am indebted to Dr. Gould for the description of this species, which I have not seen, but
which is very probably to be found on the coast of this State.

( EXTRALIMITAL. )

Genus Gnathodon, Gray. Shell thick, nearly oval, equivalve, inequilateral, covered with an oliva-
ceous epidermis ; umbones distant. An acuminated cardinal tooth and two lateral teeth, the
posterior elongated, the anterior uncinate in one valve ; in the other, two acuminate and two
lateral ones, the posterior of which is elongated, and the anterior wedge-shaped. Palleal
impression with a small sinus : ligament internal, in a deep pit.
G. cuneatum, Sowerby. (Gray, Loud. Mag. Vol. 1, p. 376, fig. 34. Rangia, Desm. Lin. Soc. Bord.
Vol. 4, p. 58. Conrad, Mar. Conch, p. 57, pi. 13. Pl. 25, fig. 267 of this work ) Shell very
solid, inequilateral, subcordate, oblique : beaks prominent, incurved, often eroded ; posterior margin
subacute, anterior rounded; lunule heart-shaped, circumscribed by an obsolete raised line; left valve
with two teeth on one side of the deep ligament pit, the anterior smallest, the outer with a broad
lamellar tooth parallel with the posterior slope. Color, light olive brown. Vertical axis, 1 • 4 ;
transverse, 1-7; diameter, 1*1. Mobile.
G. flexuosum. (Conrad, Am. Jour. Sc. Vol. 38, p. 92.)

Fauna — Part 6. 30

234 NEW- YORK FAUNA MOLLUSCA.

FAMILY ANATINIDJE.

Shell transverse, inequivalve, inequilateral , fragile, somewhat pearly, slightly gaping at
one end. Hinge with a thickening or spoon-shaped process, to which the ligament is
attached, usually supported within by an ossiculum.

Obs. This family is formed from a part of the family Myaires of Lamarck, and is intended
to correspond with the Osteodesmaces of Deshayes, as it has been revised and extended by
Mr. Couthouy.

GENUS OSTEODESMA. Deshayes.

Shell oblong, transverse, trigonal, thin, fragile, pearly, inequivalve, slightly gaping at its
ends. Hinge linear, having on each valve a narrow ledge to which the ligament is attached,
and against which adheres, by its upper surface, a four-sided ossiculum. Muscular im-
pressions small, the anterior elongated, the posterior rounded. Palleal impression with
an excavation behind.

OSTEODESMA HYALINA.

PLATE XXXIII. FIG. 311. i. B

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Mya hyahna. Conkad, Joum. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 6, p. 261. pi. 11, fig. 12-
Lyonsia id. Id. Amer. Mar. Conch, p. 51, p], 11, fig. 2.
Amphidesma corbuloides. Mass. Cat. p. 25,

Osleodcsma hyalma. CouTHOuy, Bost. Joum. Nat. Hist. Vol. 2, p. 160.

O. id. GoULD, Inyertebrata of Mass. p. 46, fig. 31.

Description. Shell thin, fragile, pellucid, transversely elongated ; anterior side short and
rounded ; posterior side longest, produced, narrowed, compressed, slightly truncated and re-
flected at the end. Beaks prominent, inclined forwards, polished within. Surface with a
thin membranaceous epidermis, which is concentrically wrinkled and corrugated by radiations
most evident on the posterior portions. Umbones smooth and polished. Hinge with a deli-
cate edge extending from the beak obliquely downward and backward, serving for the attach-
ment of a ligament, which is also attached to the edge of the wedge-shaped ossiculum -lying
against that part. Color, pearly white.

Vertical axis, 0"35 ; transverse ditto, 0'6.

This exceedingly delicate little shell occurs along the sandy beaches of Long island. It
has also been dredged from deep water at the Quarantine ground.

FAMILY ANATINID.E — ANATINA. 235

GENUS ANATINA. Lamarck.

Animal having the mantle closed by a wide membranous plate, with a small rounded
aperture on the antero-inferior portion, for the passage of a tongue-shaped foot. Two
elongated tubes separated for some considerable distance from their extremities ; the infe-
rior slightly longest. Branchiae narrow, free, and pointed behind. Shell usually thin,
sometimes translucent, fragile, ovate, rounded, nearly equivalve, inequilateral, gaping
slightly at one or both extremities. Hinge with a prostrate spoon-shaped tooth in each
valve, to receive the cartilage ; and a small ossiculum resting in front of the teeth, usually
removed with the animal.

Anatina papyracea.

PLATE XXXI. FIG. 300.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Anatina papyracea. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol.2, p. 314.
A. id. fragilis 7 Totten, Amer. Jour. Sc. Vol.28, p. 347, pi. 1.
A. papyracea. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 47, fig. 28.

Description. Shell thin and fragile, ovate-rounded ; one valve more convex, and at the basal
margin projecting a little beyond the other. Beaks not prominent, in the posterior third of
the length of the shell : from the beaks to the posterior portion runs an elevated angular
ridge ; shorter end narrowed and subtruncated, slightly gaping. Surface of the valves mi-
nutely wrinkled. Tooth long, narrow and oblique, with an accessory process at the base.
Ossiculum like two crescents fitting in front of the teeth. Color, white and pearly.

Vertical axis, 0'5; transverse ditto, 0'6.

This delicate shell, which is rare, occurs along our whole coast. It has been obtained by
dredging at Newport, Rhode-Island, and from the stomachs of fishes on the coast of Massa-
chusetts.

30*

236 NEW- YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

GENUS COCHLODESMA. Couthouy.

Animal with a thin mantle, closed by a membrane in front, except at the antero-inferior
extremity, where it gives passage to a broad compressed foot extending along the whole
inferior surface of the abdominal mass. Edges of the pallium thickened, and a little rugose.
Siphons long, narrow and divided in their whole extent, and opening separately into the
branchial cavity. Shell thin, fragile, inequivalve, inequilateral ; right valve most convex.
Beaks moderately prominent, cloven ; ligament double. Hinge a spoon-shaped process in
each valve, supported by one or more oblique ribs. Palleal impression deeply indented
behind.

COCHLODESMA LEANA.
PLATE XXXI. FIGS. 299, 301. a. b.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Ajtatina leana. Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 6, p. 2G3, pi. 11, fig. 11.
A. id. Kussel, Essex Jour. Nat. Hist, Vol. 1, p. 52.

Cochlodesma leana. Couthouy, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 2, p. 170.
C. id. Gould, Invertebataof Mass. p. 49, figs. 27, 30.

Description. Shell very thin and fragile, ovate, subcompressed ; the left valve almost flat,
rounded at both ends ; the right valve convex, and subtruncate at the shorter end, slightly
gaping at both ends. Beaks small, slightly cleft at one side : from the beaks proceeds a ridge,
more or less obvious to the posterior end. Surface wrinkled, with a yellowish shining epi-
dermis extending sowewhat beyond the margins ; the spoon-shaped process in the hinge nearly
horizontal, and resting on an oblique rib directed backwards : no ossiculum.

Color, white beneath the epidermis.

Vertical axis, 0*9; transverse ditto, 1*3.

This is found occasionally along our coast, and is said to be very abundant about Cape
Cod. The flattened valve is frequently eroded in the centre.

GENUS THRACIA. Leach.

Animal resembling Anatina. Shell usually thin, transversely oval, inequivalve ; right valve
most convex, slightly gaping at both ends. Beaks well marked, and inclined a little back-
wards. Tooth represented on each valve by a more or less prominent spoon-shaped process.
Occasionally a cylindrical and semicircular ossiculum is attached to the posterior extremity
of the internal ligament. Palleal impression deeply excavated behind.

Obs. This genus was first established by Leach, and has been subsequently more amply
developed by Deshayes, and also by Mr. Couthouy in his elaborate monograph of the Family
Osteodesmacea already cited above.

FAMILY ANATINID.E — THEACIA. 237

Thracia CONRADI.

PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 384.

Thracia declivis. Conrad, Am. Marine Conch, p. 44, pi. 9, fig. 2 (exc. syn.).

T. conradi. Couthouy, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 2, p. 153, pi. 4, fig. 2.

T. id. Rossel, Essex Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 1, p. 75.

T. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 50.

Description. Shell thin, fragile, ventricose, rounded in front, narrowed and subtruncate
behind. Beaks prominent, with one or more obtuse carinations extending to the angle of the
basal and posterior margins ; the beak of the right valve perforated to receive the points of
the other. Right valve more convex, and extending somewhat beyond the left : valves slightly
gaping. Hinge toothless, but represented by strong rounded eminences. Surface with a
thin epidermis, and with concentric undulated stria?. Palleal impression with an acute angu-
lar sinus : no ossiculum.

Color. Epidermis light brown ; within white.

Vertical axis, 2*2; transverse ditto, 2'7. Diameter, 1*4.

This is one of the largest species of the genus, and is found along the coasts of Rhode-
Island, Massachusetts and Maine. Mr. I. Cozzens assures me that he has obtained it in
Long island sound, along the shores of Connecticut, so that in all probability it exists on the
shores of this State,

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

Genus Amphidesma, Lamarck. Shell inequilateral, transverse, suboval or somewhat rounded : sides
slightly gaping. Hinge with one or two cardinal teeth, and a narrow groove for the internal
ligament; external one short; internal one fixed in the internal grooves.

A. flexuosa. (Lam. Vol. 2, p. 344. Tellina id. Montagu, Test. p. 72.) Shell suborbicular,
thin, convex, pellucid, fragile, with minute irregular concentric striae. A remarkable furrow
extends from the apex parallel to the cartilage-slope, and forms a deep curve in the margin fit its
termination. Hinge with an obsolete tooth. Color, white. Length, 0-6. On the authority of
Mr. Redfield, this has been found on the coast of Massachusetts.

A. transversa. (Say, Conch, pi. 28.) Shell transversely short, oval, nearly equilateral, compressed,
a little gaping. Hinge nearly central: margins subequally rounded behind and in front; the
former somewhat more obtusely so. Basal margin regularly rounded without any undulation in
front: apex obtuse, but little prominent. Cardinal teeth two; fosset dilated, fusiform, abruptly
very narrow at the beaks : lateral teeth none. Posterior muscular impression very slender and
elono-ated. Color, tinged with yellowish. Width, 1-5. Long Island Sound? Southern Coast.

A. ? punctata. (Sat, Ac. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 308.) Orbicular, with numerous minute concentric wrinkles
and very numerous minute punctures. No lateral teeth ; two primary teeth in each valve, of which
one has a deep groove: within, a small rim or projecting line runs near the edge from the hinge
to the basal margin. Color, white. Length, 0-3; width, 0-3. Southern Coast.

A. orbiculata. (Id. lb. Vol.2, p. 317.) Shell orbicular, somewhat compressed: beaks nearly central,
and a little prominent ; valves slightly wrinkled transversely. Hinge with two lamellar teeth ;

238 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

the posterior placed near to the primary tooth, and shorter than the anterior one. Color, solid
white. Length, 1-1; breadth, 1-1. Allied to the succeeding species. Georgia.

A. radiata. (Say, lb. Vol. 5, p. 220.) Transversely oval-orbicular, a little compressed. Apex
nearly central, a little prominent; posterior slope a little concave. Primary teeth two in each
valve; lateral teeth very distinct. Color, with rosaceous radii, sometimes obsolete ; within tinged
with yellow, and the rosaceous radii very distinct. Length, 0*9; breadth, 1-1. East-Florida.

A. lepida. (Id. lb. Vol.5, p. 221.) Shell very much compressed, subtriangular, very thin, pellucid,
equilateral, with concentric wrinkles and longitudinal strife, which curve on the anterior margin
towards the anterior edge, and behind towards the posterior slope. Cardinal teeth obsolete; lateral
teeth prominent. Color, pellucid, iridescent. Length, 0"2; width, 0.2. South-Carolina.

A. aqualis. (Id. lb. Vol. 2, p. 307; Am. Conch, pi. 28.) Shell orbicular, slightly oblique, polished,
with numerous concentric wrinkles near the margin, obsolete on the disk and umbo. Primary
teeth two in the left valve and one in the other, which has no lateral tooth. Color, white. Length,
0*4. Not uncommon on the Southern Coast.

FAMILY MY ADM.

Shell often inequivalve, inequilateral, gaping at both extremities or at one only. Hinge
with an irregularly shaped tooth or teeth in one valve, received into an excavation in
the other, with an intermediate ligament.

Obs. This group is ^formed of part of the Family Pylorides of Blainville, and embraces
portions of the two families Myaires and Corbulees of Lamarck. It is represented on our
coast under three generic forms.

GENUS PANDORA. Bruguieres.

Animal with the mantle in the form of a sheath, and terminating behind in two tubes united
only at their bases, rather short, open in front for the passage of a large triangular foot,
which is thick and dilated at its end. Gills large, free behind ; or the two pair are united,
and terminate in a point in the tube. Labial appendices rather large, triangular, not
striated. Shell thin, pearly within, transversely oblong, inequivalve, inequilateral : right
valve flattened ; left valve more convex. Hinge with two diverging teeth in the flat valve,
and corresponding grooves in the other.

family myad.e — pandora. 239

Pandora trilineata.

TLATE XXXIII. FIG. 310. A. B.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Pandora trilineata. Sat, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 2, p 261. Id. Conchology, pi. 2.

P. id. Conrad, Am. Mar. Conch p. 49, pi. 11, fig. 1. Rdssel, Ess. Jour. Vol. I, p. 54.

P. id. Gould, Invertcbrata of Mass., p. 44.

P. nasuta. Soweeby, fig. 18 - 19.

Description. Shell irregularly wedge-shaped, rounded before, with a recurved subtruncated
beak behind. Hinge-margin with a concave curve ; the surface above flattened, and bounded
on its edges by two elevated lines from the beaks to the rostrated tips ; anterior portion of the
basal margin strongly curved. Surface with fine undulated incremental stria? and faint ra-
diating lines ; rostrated portion coarsely wrinkled and gaping. Three or more distinct lines
radiate from the beaks. The flat valve with two teeth, of which one is shorter and more
robust than the other ; the cavities in the other valve, to receive these teeth, exhibit between
them the appearance of three teeth or teeth-like elevations.

Color. Pearly white ; within, bluish iridescent.

Vertical axis, 0-45 - 0-6 ; transverse ditto, 0-9 - 12. Diameter, 0-2.

This delicate and singular species occurs on our coast from Maine to Florida. It is found
along the shores of Long island and Staten island. On the coast of the latter island it is very
commonly washed ashore, attached to seaweed. Here its locality is limited to a small spot
at the foot of Coverly's lane, on the south side. In the more perfect and larger specimens,
a fourth oblique line may be traced between the two approximated hinge-marginal lines and
the third oblique one. In many specimens, a byssus associated with sertularice is attached
to the beaks.

GENUS MYA. Linnams.

Animal with a moderately thin mantle, adhering by its edges, closed by a membranous plate,
and forming behind around its tubes a loose membranous envelope into which it is retracted.
Tubes united, slightly separated at their summits, and radiated at the orifices. Foot very
small, coming out from the mantle by a small slit at the anteroinferior portion in the me-
dian line. Gills moderate, unequal, on the same side. Mouth small, with triangular
striated appendices. Shell moderately thin, transverse, gaping at both ends, with an epi-
dermis. Left valve with a single broad compressed upright tooth, received into a pit of
the opposite valve.

240 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

Mya ARENARIA.

PLATE XXX. FIG. 230.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Mya armaria. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1112. Lam. An. sans vert. Ed. Brux. VoL 2, p. 527.
M. mercenaria. Say, Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 313.
M. arenaria. Conrad, Amer. Mar. Conchology, p. 42, pi. 9. fig. 1.
M. id. Gould, Invcrtebrata of Mass. p. 40.

Description. Shell transversely ovate, subequilateral, convex (but slightly more so in one
valve), gaping at both ends, but more so at the posterior ends, which are slightly curved
outwardly. Surface roughened, and antiquated by the different stages of growth. Beaks
small. Tooth in the left valve erect, spoon-shaped, with a grooved ridge on the back, pro-
jecting beyond the margin like another tooth ; between this and its corresponding cavity in
the other valve is a strong ligament. Palleal impression deeply notched behind.

Color, chalky white or ferruginous ; epidermis dull brown.

Vertical axis, 1 ■ 5 - 2 • 0 ; transverse ditto, 3 ' 0 - 5 • 0.

This is one of our most abundant and useful species on the coast of New-York. It is
found every where, burrowed a few inches under the sand, between high and low-water
mark ; and is readily detected by a small aperture in the sand, through which it ejects a
stream of water upon treading hard on the sand in its neighborhood. It is known under the
various appellations of Long Clam and Piss Clam, to distinguish it from the common Round
Clam ( V. mercenaria). In some districts it still retains its ancient aboriginal appellation of
Maninose. It forms a very nutritious article of food ; and when properly cooked, is by many
equally prized with the oyster. On many parts of Long island, the hogs are accustomed to
root for this species, and follow the change of tides with unerring sagacity. There is a strongly
marked and constant variety found in our waters, which has the anterior longer than the pos-
terior margin ; the upper extremity is compressed, gaping and very much contorted, and
more gibbous than the typical form of the species. This variation has been attributed to ita
locality among coarse gravel.

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

M. acuta. (Say, 1. cit. Vol. 2, p. 3 1 3.) Shell oblong-ovate, narrowed behind, rather strongly wrinkled :
posterior hinge and basal margins subequally arcuated ; tip of posterior margin equidistant from
the apex and middle of the base. Tooth moderate, with a small not prominent tooth on its pos-
terior side. Length, 1*5; width, 2*8. Considered by some writers as a variety of the preceding>
Southern Coast.

M. truncala. (Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1112. Gould, 1. c. p. 42. Pl. 29, fig. 289 of this book.) Shell
oblong-ovate, or subquadrate and truncated behind, where it gapes widely : basal margin irregu-
larly sinuous ; epidermis tough and corrugated ; tooth broader than long, with a slightly thickened

FAMILY MYAD.E — COEBULA. 241

lobe on the edge : valves ridged by the stages of growth, convex ; beaks moderately prominent.
Color : epidermis yellowish ; beneath white. Length, 1 • 5 - 2 • 5 ; width, 2 • 5 - 3 • 5. Common
on the Grand Banks : a few valves occasionally found on the shores of Massachusetts.

GENUS CORBULA. Bruguieres.

Animal unknown. Shell moderately solid, subtrigonal, inequivalve, inequilateral, slightly
gaping. Hinge with a small conic erect recurved tooth in each valve, one received into a
pit by the side of the other : cartilage between the teeth. Palleal impression feebly exca-
vated.

CORBULA CONTRACTA. *

PLATE XXVm. FIG. 285.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Corbula contractu. SAY, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 312.
C, id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 43, fig. 37.

Description. Shell small, solid, convex ; valves subequal, shortest and rounded in front,
long and pointed behind. Beaks rather prominent, nearly touching each other at their points :
basal margin contracted and concave in the middle. Surface with regular equidistant con-
centric impressed lines and intervening ridges. A prominent ridge runs from the beaks on
each side to the posterior basal margin, including a broad space between them : left valve
shutting within the other along the basal margin. Epidermis thin. In one valve the tooth is
simple, hooked and turned towards the beak ; in the other, it is broader than high, project-
ing at right angles to the valve, with a deep cavity on the posterior side of the base for the
reception of the hooked tooth.

Color. Epidermis dull brown ; beneath dead white.

Vertical axis, 0-25 ; transverse ditto, 0*4. Diameter, 0'2.

This little shell is not uncommon along our coast, from Florida to Cape Cod. I hare
found it on the shores of Long island, and Mr. Linsley of Stratford has sent it to me from
the shores of Connecticut. The epidermis is occasionally ferruginous.

Fauna — Part 6. 31

242 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

s

FAMILY SOLENIDM.

Shell generally thin, elongated transversely, without accessory pieces, and gaping only
at the lateral extremities ; ligament exterior.

GENUS SOLEN. Linnaeus.

Animal with its mantle closed in its whole length, adhering by its edges, and attached to the
lower edge of the shell by a double membrane which is reflected upon itself to form the
epidermis ; presenting below a tube, double within, conic, annulated, and capable of great
elongation, with two simple orifices ; that of the siphon larger than that of the vent. Foot
quite in front, large, conic, swollen in the middle. Branchias long, narrow, pointed behind,
adhering on two lines in front on each side of the body, then uniting at a certain distance
behind into one line. Labial appendices elongated, triangular. Mouth small. Vent at the
end of a very small tube floating in the cavity. Shell moderately thin, translucent, much
elongated transversely, equivalve ; sides nearly parallel. Beaks very small, terminal. Car-
dinal teeth small, rounded, variable.

SoLEN ENSIS.
PLATE XXXIII. FIG. 313.

Solen etuis. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1114.

S. id. Conrad, Am. Mar. Conch, p. 27, pi. 5, fig. 1.

S. id. Rdssel, Essex Joun Nat. Hist. Vol. 1, p. 51. GotJLD, Invertebrate of Mass. p. 29.

Description. Shell cylindrical, elongated transversely, slightly curved, the sides parallel ;
ends truncate, more or less convexly rounded. Surface with glossy epidermis, and a long
triangular space marked by the concentric lines of growth ; remaining part of the shell with
lines parallel to the basal margin. Hinge at one end, with a single tooth, and a sharp lateral
plate of one valve entering between two teeth and a double plate of the other ; the termina-
tions of the two plates, when not broken off, rise up in a curved manner, and cross each
other like teeth.

Color, greenish olive ; the long triangular space faded purple.

Vertical axis, 0'5 - 1*0 ; transverse ditto, 50 - 6-0.

This is the common Razor-shell of our shores, and occurs on both sides of the Atlantic.
It lives in the sand near and below low-water mark, and is esteemed in many parts of the
world as a good article of food.

FAMILY SOLENID.E SOLECURTUS. 243

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

S. viridis. (Say, Ac. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 316. Conrad, Mar. Conch, pi. 5, fig. 2. Plate 33, fig. 312
of this book.) Shell transversely oblong-, compressed. Hinge-margin nearly straight : basal
margin rounded ; posterior end obliquely truncated, a little reflected and rounded near the base ;
anterior end rounded. Surface smooth, with very slight concentric lines, marking the various
stages of growth : hinge terminal. A single tooth in each valve, having a flattened vertical surface ■
which turns upon that of the opposite tooth. Color : epidermis pale green, becoming olivaceous
with age. Vertical axis, 0-4; transverse, 2*0. Southern coast.

Genus Lepton, Turton. Shell flat, nearly orbicular, equivalve, inequilateral, a little open at the

sides. Hinge of one valve with a single tooth, and a transverse linear lateral one, each side ;

the other valve with a cavity in the centre, and a transverse deeply cloven lateral tooth each

side, the segments of which divaricate from the beak : ligament internal.

L. fabagella. (Conrad, Mar. Conch, p. 51, pi. 11, fig. 3. Plate 32, fig. 307, a. b. of this book.)

Shell very small, suboval, convex, with minute crowded concentric lines ; beaks central, rather

prominent. Epidermis thin and wrinkled : teeth similar in each valve ; the posterior tooth longest,

and angulated under the beak. Color : epidermis yellowish. Vertical axis, 0 • 3 ; transverse, 0 • 4.

Rhode-Island.

GENUS SOLECURTUS. Blainville.

Animal too large for its shell. Lobes of the mantle thick in front, united and elongated in
its posterior half into two large unequal siphons, which are united very near the summit.
Foot tongue-shaped, large, very thick. Labial appendices very long and narrow. Branchiae
narrow, very long, extending through the whole length of the branchial siphon. Shell
transverse, elongated, equivalve ; the beaks small, subcentral. Margins nearly parallel ;
ends abruptly rounded. Hinge with two or three cardinal teeth in each valve : ligament
prominent, seated on thick callosities. Palleal impression with a very deep sinus.

SOLECURTUS CARIBOUS.
PLATE XXXII. FIG. 302.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Solen carib<cus. Lam. An. sans vert. Vol. 2, p. 522. Ed. Brux.

Solecurtus caribants. Conrad, Ana. Marine Conchology, p. 22, pi. 4, fig. 2.

S. (Cullellus.) id. Godld, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 30.

Description. Shell thick and solid, transversely elongated, resembling in shape some species
of Unio, rounded at both ends ; the upper and basal margins nearly parallel, the latter
compressed and slightly arcuated. Beaks obtuse and little elevated, and placed towards the

31*

244 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLTJSCA.

posterior end. Surface with a thick epidermis, and coarsely wrinkled concentrically. Hinge
with two curved cardinal teeth, with a thickened callus behind, to which the ligament is
attached ; two teeth, or rather a bifid tooth, in the other.

Color. Epidermis straw-colored ; darker at the extremities.

Vertical axis, 0*8 - 1*5 ; transverse ditto, 2'6 — 4'0.

This species occurs along the southern coast, and extends northwardly nearly to Cape
Cod. It has been observed near Rye, Westchester county, by Dr. J. C. Jay.

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

S.fragilis, Montagu. (S. centralis, Say. Ac. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 316. S.fragilis, Conrad, Conch, pi.
4, fig. 1. Gould, p. 31.) Shell small and delicate, transversely oblong-ovate, compressed,
arcuated, equilateral. Hinge with two large ascending teeth in each valve ; in the left valve, one
is broad and emarginate at the tip. Color : epidermis yellowish. A reddish purple band passes
from the beaks across the shell. Vertical axis, 0 -5 ; transverse ditto, 1 *5 - 2 -0. Massachusetts,
Southern coast.

GENUS MACHiERA. Gould.

Animal not much larger than the shell. Edges of the mantle pectinated from near the siphon
to the hinge, except where they pass over the foot : similar appearances along their inner
submargin near the siphon. Labial appendages long, extending quite across the foot,
pointed. Branchiae extending to the opening of the siphon, and embracing about half the
breadth of the foot. Foot hatchet-shaped, dilating towards its extremity, which is obliquely
truncated. Siphons united at their tips, which have scattered hairs. Shell transversely
oblong-oval, compressed, inequilateral, moderately gaping : beaks minute. Hinge with
three diverging cardinal teeth in the left valve ; the middle one bifid ; the third compressed,
delicate, taking the direction of the margin, or obsolete : on the right valve, two entering
between those of the opposite valve. Within, usually crossed by a strong longitudinal
rib. Muscular impressions joined by a deeply sinuous palleal line : ligament prominent.

Macilera costata.

PLATE XXXII. FIG. 301. A. B.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Solen costatut. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2. p. 315.

Solecurtus id. Id. Am. Corichology, pi. 18.

S. id. Conkad, Am. Mar. Conch, p. 21.pl. 4, fig. 2. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass-, p. 34.

Description. Shell thin and fragile, oval-oblong, much compressed; ends unequally rounded;
basal margin regularly and widely curved. Beaks very minute, and at the anterior fourth of

FAMILY SOLENIDJE — SOLEMYA. 245

the shell. Teeth three in the left valve ; the posterior upright ; the others directed forwards.
A strong broad rib passes from the beaks towards the margin, where it becomes obsolete.
Surface smooth and diaphanous, with minute wrinkles about the posterior end, and faint traces
of radiations. Epidermis smooth and shining.

Color. Pale violaceous, passing into olive towards the margins, disposed in a radiated
manner ; within, bluish white, faintly iridescent ; the transverse rib white.

Vertical axis, 0"8; transverse ditto, 1-5 -2-0.

This is a northern species, occurring as far south as New-Jersey. On the coast of Massachu-
setts it is very abundant, but is more rare on our coast.

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

M. nitida. (Gould, Am. Jour. Vol. 38, p. 196; Invertebrata of Mass. p. 33, fig. 25, 26.) Shell
thick, slightly recurved, ovate-oblong, undulated by the lines of growth. In the left valve, three
teeth ; in the right, two. Color : epidermis greenish yellow, shining, corrugated at the posterior
end. Vertical axis, 1*25; transverse', 2*8. Massachusetts.

GENUS SOLEMYA. Lamarck.

Animal with the lobes of its mantle reunited in their posterior half, and terminated by two
short and unequal siphons. Foot proboscis-like, truncated in front by a sort of disk or
sucker, the edges of which are fringed. A single branchia on one side in the shape of a
plumule, the barbs of which are divided to the base. Vent terminal, not floating. Shell
equivalve, transverse, inequilateral. Epidermis thick and shining, projecting far beyond the
margin. Beaks inconspicuous. Hinge-margin widened and excavated to form a receptacle
for a cartilage, usually resting on a rib-like support.

SOLEMYA VELUM.
PLATE XXX. FIG. 292.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Solemya velum. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 2, p. 317.

S. id. Conrad, Am. Mar. Conchology, p. 66, pi. 16.

S. id. Russel, Ess. Nat. Hist. Vol. 1, p. 53. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 35.

S. id. Wheatley, Catalogue of the Shells of the U. S. p. 5.

Description. Shell very thin and fragile, transversely oblong-elliptical ; beaks not elevated ;
umbones scarcely apparent ; the basal and hinge-margins parallel, ends rounded. Hinge
toothless, placed near the anterior end, with a slightly prominent cartilage resting on an
arched bony support, which is itself supported beneath by pillars which are directed across

246 NEW- YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

the shell. Surface covered withe stout glossy epidermis, which extends beyond the basal
and lateral margins, and at the hinge margin connecting the valves together for nearly their
whole length. On the margin where it projects, it is cleft at the ends of the radiating lines,
so as to produce a series of rounded lobes.

Color. Epidermis reddish brown or chesnut-color, with light yellow radiations, which are
nearly equidistant, with the exception of a free space directly opposite the hinge ; within
bluish white : against the light, the external radiations are visible.

Vertical axis, 0" 35-0" 5; transverse ditto, 0"8-l"0.

This shell occurs on the shores of Massachusetts, and, according to Mr. Wheatley, on the
shores of Long island ; and should it prove identical, as several conchologists have suspected,
with the following from Rhode-Island, we may expect to find the latter variety in the waters
of our own State.

( EXTRA-LIMITA L. )

S. borealis. (Totten, Am. Jour. Vol. 26, p. 366. Couthouy, Bost. Jour. Vol. 2, p. 155. Gould,
1. c. p. 36. Pl. 30, fig. 291 of this work.) Shell fragile, oblong, but larger and more solid than
the preceding. Radiations with a larger free space ; the edges of the epidermis not rounded by the
slits, but preserving a square form, and are everted ; the cartilage support not arched or vaulted, but
forked, with the hinder branch directed obliquely forwards. Color, dark blackish brown. Verti-
cal axis, 0 • 8 ; transverse, 2 • 5. Mr. Couthouy noticed one with a transverse axis 4 • 5 long.
Rhode-Island, Massachusetts.

Genus Panopea, Men. de la Groye. Shell equivalve, transverse, unequally gaping at the sides and at
the base : a small conical tooth on each valve, and a rounded callosity at each side, to which
the ligament is affixed.
P. arctica. (Lam. 1. c. Vol. 2, p. 526. Gould, 1. c. fig. 27.) Shell oblong, subcylindrical, strong,
widely gaping at both ends, rounded in front, truncated behind, traversed by two radiating wave-
like ridges which divide the surface into three nearly equal portions. Vertical axis, 1-5; trans-
verse, 2*5; diameter, 1 • 3. When viewed from behind, it resembles somewhat the outline of Pholas
crispata. Grand Banks.

Genus Glycimeris, Lam. Shell transverse, inequilateral, greatly gaping above and below: hinge-
margin callous, without a tooth ; ligament external ; epidermis thick, extending beyond the
margin of the shell.

G. siliqua. (Lam. I.e. Vol. 2, p. 526. Russel, Ess. Jour. Vol. 1, p. 51. Gould, I.e. p. 39. Pl.
33, fig. 308 of this work.) Shell transversely oblong, compressed, heavy and solid: epidermis
thick and shining, and obliquely wrinkled ; beaks not prominent, eroded ; ligament large and pro-
minent on the shorter end. Interior with a very thick callus in the course of the palleal impression ;
callus of the hinge broad and prominent. Color: epidermis shining black; within ashy white.
Vertical axis, 1 -0 - 1*5; transverse axis, 2*5— 3*5. Grand Banks. A few dredged on the coast
of Massachusetts. Common to both sides of the Northern Atlantic.

FAMILY PHOLID.E — PHOLAS. 247

FAMILY PHOLIDM.

Shell without a tubular sheath. Hinge either with one or more accessory bony pieces, or
gaping widely in front. Penetrate by boring into wood, stones, or indurated clay.

GENUS PHOLAS. Linnaus.

Animal with its mantle reflected on the dorsal portion, connecting together the valves and
accessory pieces ; anterior opening moderately small. Foot short, oblong and flattened.
Tubes often elongated and united into one, which is very extensible. Mouth small, with
very small labial appendices. Gills long, narrow, and a little unequal on each side, united
in the same line for almost their entire length, and prolonged into the siphon. Shell trans-
verse, gaping at both sides ; hinge-margin rolled outwards, and toothless : a rib-like curved
tooth arises from the cavity of the beaks, and is directed across the shell.

Pholas crispata.

PLATE XXXII. FIG. 306. l. B.

Pholas crispata. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 11.1]. Lam. 1. c. Vol. 2, p. 518, Ed. Brux.
P. id. Rcssel, Essex Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 1, p. 50.

P. id. Gocld, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 27.

Description. Shell large, thick and strong, oval-oblong, rounded behind; subangular or
beaked in front ; both extremities widely gaping, the valves touching only at two points the
hinge and middle of the basal margin. Surface divided into two portions by a broad furrow,
running almost vertically from the beaks to the base ; the anterior portion coarsely marked
with lamellar concentric plates. Within smooth, but showing the outer broad vertical furrow.

Color, soiled greyish white, occasionally rust-colored.

Vertical axis, 1-5 - 2"0 ; transverse ditto, 2*5 - 3*0.

This species is common to Europe and America- On the coast of the United States, it
appears to range from Massachusetts to Carolina. Large single valves are occasionally found
on the shores of Long-island. It is more abundant on the seacoast south of New- York.

248 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

Pholas TRUNCATA.

PLATE XXXIV. FIG. 223. a. b.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Photos truncata. Say, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sciences. Vol. 2, p 321.

P. id. Wheatley, Catalogue of Shells United States, p. 4.

Description. Shell subpentangular ; anterior obtusely rostrated, wedge-shaped in the middle;
posterior margin broadly truncated at the tip. Valves transversely wrinkled, crossed by
striai, muricated (particularly on the anterior side) with small erect scales which are not
arched beneath ; posterior margin without stria?, and mutic> Hinge-callus without cells : a
small tooth on the inner margin, projecting backwards ; the dentiform process curved, promi-
nent, flat, slender.

Vertical axis, 0'7; transverse ditto, 1*7.

This appears to be a common shell on the southern coast, but is rare with us. It has been
found imbedded in peat bogs at Sachem's head (Connecticut), at Throg's neck (Westchester
county), at Glasshouse point above the city, and at Staten island, (Richmond county).

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

P. costata, Lin. (Deshayes, Conch, pi. 3, fig. 10. Gould, 1. c. p. 27.) Shell very large, thin,
inflated, with strong crenulate radiating ribs about half an inch apart on the basal margin, becom-
ing abruptly closer, armed with small vaulted scales formed by transverse strife passing over them.
Color, white. Vertical axis, 2-0; transverse, 7*0. Common on the shores of the Southern
States. An extensive bed of dead shells has been found at New-Bedford, Mass.

P. cuneiformis. (Say, Ac. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 322.) Wedge-shaped; anterior margin nearly closed,
transversely truncated from the hinge ; posterior margin with a rounded lip ; a deep furrow from
the beak to the middle of the basal margin, impressed within. Surface with transverse undulating
striae, with elevated minutely crenate lines. Hinge-callus forming a cavity before, and without
cells; dentiform process filiform, incurved; hinge-plate ovate-triangular, with a short projecting
angle on the anterior middle, and subacute behind. Color, white. Vertical axis, 0 -45 ; transverse,
0*8. Occurring frequently in old wood. Southern Coast.

P. oblongata. (Say, lb. Vol. 2, p. 320.) Shell thin, transversely much elongated : basal and hinge
margins nearly parallel ; ends rounded. Valves transversely and longitudinally striated ; the striae
muricate, and elevated into costae on the anterior side, which are more prominently and densely
muricated. Hinge-callus minutely striated transversely and longitudinally, and with about twelve
cells, anterior to which is a recurved margin of the shell, forming a cavity; dentiform process
dilated, incurved, spoon-shaped, emarginate behind, and irregularly truncate at the tip. Vertical
axis, 1-2; transverse, 4*4. Carolina, Georgia, and East-Florida.

FAMILY TEREDINIDjE — TEREDO. 249

FAMILY TEREDINIDJE.

Shell either inclosed in a calcareous tube distinct from its valves, or encrusted either par-
tially or wholly in it, or projecting beyond it. Marine.

Obs. This group corresponds with Les Tubicolees of Lamarck, and the Teredinites of
Latreille. It comprises at present six genera ; the living representative of one only has yet
been observed on the coast of the United States.

GENUS TEREDO. Linnceus.

Animal much elongated, vermiform, with the mantle very slender, opened in front and at its
lower portion for the passage of the foot. Tubes separate, very short. Mouth small ; la-
bial appendices short. Vent at the end of a small tube floating in the cavity of the mantle.
Gills ribbon-shaped, united in their whole length in a single line slightly extended into the
siphon. A muscular ring at the point of junction of the mantle and tubes, in which is
implanted a pair of corneo-calcareous pediculated appendices, acting laterally against each
other. Shell bivalve, orbicular, hemispherical, equivalve, terminating behind in a long
cylindrical tube. Hinge with a long curved tooth in each valve, inserted under the margin :
no lateral teeth nor ligament. Tube cylindrical, straight or flexuous, closed with age at
the buccal extremity.

Teredo navalis.

PLATE XXXIV. FIG. 32S. i.. I. c.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Teredo navalis. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1267. Russel, Essex Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 1, p. 49.
T. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 26.

Description. Shell with valves, ear-shaped behind, triangular, forming a circular ring touch-
ing each other only at two points (the surface elegantly striated in various directions), each
with a triangular projection in front, bending a little inwards ; one of them with a curved
denticle on the margin above the teeth : the edges of the ear-shaped processes behind are
not detached around the whole of the circumference. Tube more or less flexuous, semicon-
camerated behind (See fig. a.). Length of valves, 0-5 - 0-7; of tube, 5-0 - 6-0.

This is the well known Ship-worm, which scarcely extends north of the waters of this
State. The supplemental valves within the tube, and near the small extremity, are spoon-
shaped, convex on the outside and concave within, terminating in a linear elongation (See
fig. c). I am indebted to Turton for the figures. Its greatest ravages in our waters, take
place in August and September. The long galleries which it excavates are lined with a
second kind of tubular shell.

Fauna — Part 6. 32

250 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

ORDER V. CIRRHOPODA.

Animal enveloped with a mantle in the form of a sac, which is open only behind, enlarged
at the inferior portion, terminated above by a certain number of pairs of cirri, which are
long, corneous, articulated, ciliated and curving at the summit. Head not distinct, with-
out eyes or tentacles ; mouth with lateral corneous dentated and articulated jaws. Gills
in pairs on each side at the base of the first cirri ; anus central at the base of this tube.
Shell very variable in form, and composed (except in one genus) of many valves, ad-
herent either directly or indirectly by means af a fleshy tube. Marine.

FAMILY BALANID&.

Animal resembling those of the Lepadae, but without peduncle, and with its branchice in the
form of two fringed wings attached to the internal surface of the mantle. Marine. Shell
solid, conical or cylindrical, formed of one or more pieces united laterally, open at the base,
or closed by a membranous or calcareous partition by which it adheres ; always open above,
but furnished there with a pyramidal opercle consisting of two or four valves.

Obs. About ten generic groups have been described.

GENUS CORONULA. Lamarck.

Animal with the characteristics of the family. Shell depressed, formed of six triangular
pieces, conoid, truncated at its extremity ; walls very thick, with radiating cells. Opercle
of four small triangular valves, joined to the opening of the tube by a membrane.

CORONULA DIADEMA,

Lepas diadema, Lin. C. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 12.

Description. Shell globose-conical, truncated at the tip. Surface with twelve triangular
compartments : six with the tips downwards, plain and transversely striated ; six with the
tips upwards, and with four rounded ribs marked across with beaded folds. Orifice mostly
closed by a membrane, through a fissure in which, closed by two valves, the arms are pro-
truded.

Height, 1-0. Diameter, 1-5-2-0.

FAMILY BALANIDjE — BALANUS. 251

Occurs imbedded in the skin of whales. Several years since, I observed them attached
to a whale caught off Sandyhook and exhibited in this city. Among them I noticed what I
conceived to be C. balcenaris.

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

C. denticulata. (Say, Ac. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 325. Astrolepas, Gray.) Shell depressed-conic; base
oval : height equal to about one-third of the base. Valves and interstices smooth ; the anterior
valve largest, posterior smallest. Opercle transversely striate. Posterior pair of valves with a
submarginal impressed line, from which to the edge are drawn three or four other impressed lines.
Attached to Limulus polyphemus.

GENUS BALANUS. Bruguieres.

Shell conical, occasionally elongated, composed of six valves. Opercle pyramidal, slightly
oblique, of four triangular valves, of which the two smallest are spoon-shaped.

Balanus miser.

PLATE XXXIV. FIG. 318.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Balanus miser. Lam. An. sans vert. Vol. 2, p. 491.

B. id. RossEL, Essex Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. 1, p. 48.

Description. Shell gregarious, much broader than high, conic-truncate, oblique on one
side, more vertical and slightly beaked on the other side. In the young shells, they are
slightly festooned at the base ; in the full grown specimens, as exhibited in the plate, the
sides towards the base are coarsely rugose : opercular valves transversely striated ; the in-
ferior valves most projecting.

Color, soiled greenish or whitish.

Height, 0-05 - 0-25. Diameter of base, 0'15 - 0*5.

The young are brownish or whitish. It is the most common species on our shores, attached
to stones and logs between high and low water. If not identical with the common ovularis
of Gould, it is a very closely allied species.

32*

252 NEW- YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

Balanus INTERRUPTUS.
(STATE COLLECTION.)

Description. Shell conic-truncate, somewhat broader than high, more oblique on one side,
gregarious. Aperture oval; the superior valves semi-concentrically striate. Side with very
prominent rounded ribs, often bifid at the base ; each rib divided into 4-6 segments, which
are subimbricate : about midway, in many specimens, the segments are short and crowded.

Color, ashen gray.

Height, 0 3. Largest diameter of base, 0*5.

This species is found adhering to rocks in Long-island sound. It appears to be allied to
B. geniculatus of Conrad, but its ribs are destitute of the two angular elevations.

Balanus eburneus.

PLATE XXXIV. FIG. 320.

(STATE COLLECTION.)
B. eburneus. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 15, fis. 6.

Description. Shell isolated, conical, robust, smooth and polished, with angular elevations
and minute horizontal and vertical rugae, oblique on one side and more vertical on the other.
Aperture jagged, beaked on one side. Base oval or rounded, either partially or entirely
closed, concentrically striate ; the inner side of the base vertically striate, the pieces united by
horizontally pectinated edges. The two upper opercular valves largest, triangular, concen-
trically striated and reticulated ; the lower emarginate.

Color. Ashen white ; lip often with a pinkish hue ; valves greenish.

Height, 0-4-0-7. Diameter of base, 0-6-0-9.

This species is not uncommon on floating timber on the northern shores of Long island. I
have received specimens from the northern coast, under the name of B. ovularis, from which,
however, it appears widely to differ. It is the largest species I have met with on the coast
of New- York. It is never gregarious. In my notes I had named it B. democraticus, but it
appears to be identical with the species described by Dr. Gould under the name cited above.

FAMILY BALANIDiE BALANUS. 253

Balanus FISTULOSUS.

PLATE XXXIV. FIG. 319.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Balanus fistulosus. Brog. Encyclop. Method, p. 166, pi. 164, figs. 7, 8.
B. id. Lam. An. sans vert. Vol. 2, p. 496. Ed. Brux.

B. elongatus. Gould, Inrertebrata of Mass. p. 18, fig. 8.

Description. Shells gregarious, crowded, elongated, tubular, with irregular rings often
strangulated, larger at the summit than at the base, vertically striated for more than half the
length, vertically rugose towards the summit. Valves with concentric elevated costae towards
their bases, dehiscent above. Aperture ample.

Colo?: Soiled greenish above ; white or pinkish white on the tubular body.

Height, 0-5 - 1"0. Diameter of aperture, 0'2; of base, 0"15.

This is a common species on our coast, attached generally to docks, wharves, and other
submerged timber exposed to the flow and recess of the tides. They are so strongly grega-
rious, that it is not uncommon to see a single specimen with clusters of others attached to the
circumference of its aperture. They are often much shorter and broader than the dimensions
given above. Some conchologists are inclined to believe it to be a variety of B. miser or
ovularis, but with this opinion I cannot coincide. Its constant and regular occurrence in
places where it had ample room for development, forbids the supposition of its being an
accidental variety.

(EXTRALIMITAL.)

B. lintinnabulum, Lin. (Gould, I. c. p. 13.) Shell conical; the six triangles with irregular unequal
longitudinal ribs marked across by distant incremental stria?, and the smooth intervening spaces by
deeply sculptured lines. Two anterior opercular valves deeply grooved or plaited ; the two others
rising above them like a beak. Color, purplish. Height, 1-5; diameter of base, 1-0. Acci-
dental visiter.

B. geniculates. (Conrad, Ac. Sc. Vol. 6, p. 265, pi. 11, fig. 16. Gould, 1. c. fig. 9.) Prominent,
flexuous, longitudinal. Ribs alternately larger and smaller, with two angular elevations on each,
between which the valves are crossed by a carinate line. Opercular valves coarsely striated;
aperture large. Color, greenish white. Height. 0*6; diameter of base, 1*0. Attached to P.
magellanicus. Maine, Massachusetts.

B. rugosus, Montagu. (Gould, 1. c. p. 16.) Subcylindrical. Valves raised into angular points,
coarsely and irregularly ribbed : aperture large, rhomboidal ; opercle nearly smooth, with acute
curved slightly diverging points. Color, white. Diameter of base, 0-75. Massachusetts.

254 NEW- YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

B. clongatus. (Conopea id. Say, Ac. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 324.) Elongated into compressed processes,
acutely edged above and beneath, and usually as long as the body of the shell. Posterior opercular
valves larger, more prominent, truncated or widely emarginate at the tip. Color, soiled brown
epidermis; under this, white, clouded and lineated with brown. On Gorgoniavirgulata. Southern
coast.

B. punctatus. (Montagu, Test. p. 8, pi. 1, fig. 5. Penn. Br. Zool. Vol. 4, p. 147, pi. 40, fig. 3.)
Shell conical-truncate, rugged, with the valves and opercle punctured ; edges of the superior and
inferior of the opercular valves indented and locked into each other. Color, dull brown. Height,
0-25. Northern coast?

B. ovularis, Lam. (Gould, 1. c. fig. 7.) Shell small, variable in shape, more or less furrowed
externally; aperture rhomboidal. Opercular valves obsoletely striated ; the anterior ones shortest
and acute; the posterior ones deeply notched near the obtuse summit. Color, white. Common.
Northern coast.

FAMILY LEPADJE.

Animal with its mantle extended beneath into a contractile and fleshy pedicel, by which it is
attached to submarine bodies. Shell composed of five principal valves.

GENUS ANATIFA. Lamarck.

Animal compressed, with a very thin mantle, and supported by a tendinous and tubular pe-
duncle. Cirri curved, and issuing from the side towards the summit of the body. Shell
subtriangular, compressed, formed of five very distinct valves enveloping completely the
animal.

Anatifa anserifera.

PLATE XXXIV. FIG. 315.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Lepas anserifera. Lin. Syst. Nati p. 1109.

Lepas striata ? Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 20.

Description. Shell compressed, subtriangular. Valves five, polished ; the angular incre-
mental lines are distinct, and crossed by slightly grooved lines. The azygous valve long,
curved, carinate and deeply furrowed longitudinally, and curved under the base; its attenuated
upper extremity concealed between the two smaller valves. Peduncle corrugated.

Color. Shell pearly white ; margins brownish ; peduncle reddish.

Height, 0-6; width at base, 0-4; length of peduncle. 0-5.

Found on ship's bottoms in the harbor of New-York.

FAMILY LEPAD-E — ANATIFA. 255

Anatifa VITREA.

PLATE XXXIV. FIG. 316.

Anatifa vitrea. Lam. An. sans vert. Vol. 2, p. 500.

A. id. Wheatley, Catalogue of Shells of the United States, p, 4.

Description. Shell exceedingly thin and fragile, translucent, papyraceous, short triangular ;
the dorsal valve forming a distinct angle behind, dilated and enlarged towards the base. Sur-
face of the valves with faint incremental lines. Peduncle short.

Height, 0' 8. Width of base, 0-5.

This was one of the largest of several hundred specimens attached to each other, and to a
mass of seaweed floating near the Quarantine ground in the harbor of New- York, in the
month of July. It was observed by Mr. Charles Wheatley. The smallest did not exceed
0-3 in height.

Anatifa dentata.

PLATE XXXIV. FIG. 317.

CSTATE COLLECTION.;

Anatifa dentata. Beug. No. 3. Lam. An. sans vert. Vol. 2, p. 500.

A. id. Dillwyn, Cat. 32i Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 21, fig. 11.

Description. Shell with the valves more robust than the preceding ; the lateral valves with
an elevated ridge from the base to the summit, over which are angulated parallel striae. Apex
obliquely truncated. Dorsal valve sharp, compressed, with ten to twelve distinct serrated
dentations.

Color, opake white.

Height, 1-1. Width of base, 0*4.

This species I have obtained from the bottoms of vessels in the harbor of New-York.

Anatifa l^evis.

Anatifa taxis. Brug. Ency. Math. p. 166, fig. 1.

Lepas anatifera. LlN. Syst. Nat. p. 1109.

Anatifa taxis. Goold, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 19; woodcut, p. 11.

Description. Shell with the lower valves triangular, rather obtuse at the summit, slightly
wrinkled by the lines of growth, crossed by very faint radiating lines : upper valves triangu-
lar, narrow, pointing downward ; tip blunted, and leaving quite a large space occupied only
by a membrane. Very near the apex is a distinct angle at the back : apex rounded ; back
valve rather broad, not much compressed, sometimes grooved lengthwise.

256 NEW-YORK FAUNA. — MOLLUSCA.

Color. Shell bluish white ; cartilages and stalk at the base of the shell orange.
Length of shell, TO; of stalk, 1-0-6-0.

Found on the bottoms of vessels and driftwood. I have adopted Dr. Gould's description
of this species.

GENUS CINERAS. Leach.

Animal with the mantle almost entirely naked, thick and subcartilaginous. Peduncle long
and thick. With the general form of the preceding. Shell rudimentary, composed of
five oblong small, very distant valves, two of which are on the side of the gap, and the
other dorsal.

ClNERAS VITTATA.
(STATE COLLECTION.)

Lepas vittata, Sounder. Cineras id. Lam. An. sans vert. Vol 5, p. 407, Ed. prior.
Cineras id. Jay, Catalogue Shells, p. 7. Godld, Invertebrata of Mass, p. 22.

Description. Body a membranous sac, scarcely distinct from the peduncle, terminating in
two points, deeply channelled between. Mouth surrounded by twelve long slender curved
subtriangular cirri, deeply cleft, with long ciliae on the internal edges and short stiff seta?
externally. Valves exceedingly minute.

Color. Whitish, membranaceous, with numerous longitudinal stripes of a dark chocolate-
brown with irregular margins, appearing through the cuticular coverings : abdominal cirri
whitish ; on the sides punctate, and margined with, dusky.

Total length, 1'8; of body, 0"7.

Occurring on ship's bottoms in the harbor of New-York. Found also on the larger sluggish
fishes.

FAMILY LEPAD.E — OTION. 257

GENUS OTION. Leach.

Animal with two corneous ear-shaped tubes directed backwards, truncated, open at their
points, and placed in the edge of the mantle, having a lateral opening, with many ciliated
and articulated arms. Shell consisting of two small testaceous semilunar valves only, near
the lateral opening.

Otion blainvillii.
("state collection.)

Otion blainvillii. Lam. An. sans. vert. Vol. 2, p. 503. Ed. Brux.
Aurifire. Blainville, Diet, des So. Nat. Vol. 3, p. 135, supplement.

Description. Body swollen and pointed ; aperture sub elliptical. The two ear-shaped tubes
are irregularly cylindrical, nearly as long as the body, with openings at their extremities.
Cirri disposed round a common centre. I did not notice the lower aperture in the right tube,
observed by Blainville. Peduncle twice the length of the body, and attached by a wide
coriaceous disk.

Color. The markings similar to those of C. vittata ; the body is, however, more of a dark
purple : peduncle and body with dark fulvous stripes ; ears white and spotted ; cirri dark
brown.

Total length, 2'0; of body, 0-8; of ears, 0-5.

Associated with the preceding on ships' bottoms in the harbor of New- York, and, like all
the family, may be considered as introduced species.

{EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

O. cuvieri, Leach. (Gould, 1. c. p. 23.) Body a smooth leathery membrane, with a small crescent-
shaped valve on each side of the aperture. Color, leaden brown, unspotted. Length, 2 •0-4-0.
Vessels' bottoms. Massachusetts.

Fauna— Part 6. 33

258 NEW-YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

ORDER VI. TUNICATA.

Marine animals, of a gelatinous substance, varying in form, furnished with membranous
tunics (often of a leathery consistence) instead of a calcareous covering ; with two aper-
tures. Sometimes isolated ; often many are united together into a common mass. No
distinct head. Mouth, vent and gills tuithin ; the latter of various forms, but never
divided into four leaflets.

Obs. The animals of this order, according to Cuvier, form a group under the name of
Acephala nuda, arranged immediately after the testaceous Acephala. By Lamarck they are
treated as a distinct class, and arranged between the Radiata and Worms. We follow Cuvier
in considering them as belonging to the class Mollusca, but place them at the end of that
class. They are not numerous in species, or perhaps it would be more proper to say that
they have not as yet been very extensively examined. They are sessile or free. Some of
them live isolated, without any organic connexion with each other ; others are united in a
common mass, but only in the adult state.

GENUS ASCIDEA. Linnceus. Lamarck.

Animal ovoid, more or less elongated, sometimes cylindrical, very variable in shape, with its
covering more or less dense ; enlarged or pedunculated at its base, and terminated above
by two short unequal tubes, with the orifices radiated by tentacular papillae.

Obs. This genus is rich in species, and, contrary to the usual law governing the habitat of
other mollusca, appears to be more abundant and the species larger in northern latitudes.
They are usually found grouped together, and sometimes growing upon each other. They
appear to have no means of defence, unless by ejecting water from their two orifices. They
furnish nutriment to marine animals, and man feeds on some species. The two orifices cor-
respond to the two tubes of several bivalves, one serving to admit water, and the other to
give passage to the fasces. One of the most common in our waters is a species closely allied
to the A. rustica of Linneus. Many of those of the American coast have been described by-
Mr. Lesueur in the third volume of the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences.

ORDER TUNICATA. — ASCIDEA. 259

ASCIDEA MANHATTENSTS.

Description. Oblong-oval, globular ; orifices distant, elevated and surrounded by ten to
thirteen verrucose processes ; externally corrugated, often covered with marine sordes, con-
cealing the natural color. When held against the light, the intestinal canal may be indis-
tinctly traced. The shape varies according as they are crowded together or isolated ; in the
latter case, they are oval-orbicular.

Color. Uniform ashen-grey or brown.

Diameter, 0"3 - l'O.

In the young, the orifices are both terminal. The aperturae incamatas attributed by Lin-
neus to the rustica, are wanting in this species, and the references to Miiller indicate a very
different animal. The ovalis of Lesueur, another allied species, has the tubes plaited. Our
species is commonly found in the months of September and October, adhering to stones,
dock-logs, and other submerged bodies. I refer to it a small Ascidea, about 0*3 in diameter,
adhering to salt grasses.

(EXTRALIMITAL.)

A. rustica. (Lam. Vol. 1, p. 584. Gould, Invert. Mass. p. 319.) Rough; varying in size from
a pea to that of a musket ball. Color, ferruginous ; the orifices flesh-colored. Northern Coast.

A. plicata. (Lesueur, Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 3, p. 5, pi. 3, fig. b.) Body ovate, sessile: surface sub-
glabrous, but with many large inflated folds on the side of the inferior aperture, crossed by smaller
folds, and giving the appearance of small imbricated dilatations. Apertures approximate, unequal,
terminal. Color, white. Length, 2-0. Ships' bottoms. Philadelphia.

A. ovalis. (Id. lb. p. 6, pi. 3, fig. a.) Sessile; somewhat smaller than the preceding, and without
the inflated folds. Apertures large, distant, placed at the extremity of two short plaited tubes : skin
round the aperture thin, and apparently divided into many small obsolete angles. Color, white.
Same locality with the preceding.

A. lobifera. (Id. lb. p. 7.) Body sessile, wrinkled, subglobular. Apertures approximate, unequal,
concealed among many irregular fleshy lobes. Color, dull black. Length, 1*5. Florida.

A. proboscidea. (Id. lb. p. 6, pi. 1, fig. 4, 5.) Smooth ; with an elongated proboscis containing the
two tubes. Apertures placed on the summit of the proboscis, and contiguous. Color, white. An
Ascidea ? Coast of Georgia.

The A. intestinalis and microcosmus have also been stated to occur on the Northern Coast.

260 NEW- YORK FAUNA — MOLLUSCA.

GENUS BOLTENIA. Savigny.

Envelope coriaceous : body dilated, and attached by a long footstalk. Branchial and intesti-
nal orifices each quadrifid : branchial sac plaited longitudinally, surmounted by a circle of
compound tentacular threads ; the meshes of the respiratory tissue without papilla?. Ab-
domen lateral ; liver none.

BoLTENIA RENIFORMra.
PLATE XXXIV. FIG. 324.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Ascidia clavata ? Muller, Prod. Zool. Danica, 2740.

A. globifera. Sabine, App. Parry's Voyage, No. 10.

Bohenia reniformis. Macleay, Lin. Tr. Lond. Vol. 14, p. 536, pi. IS.

Description. Sac oblong-oval, 2" 5 in length and about 1*5 in diameter, tapering gradually
into a cylindrical tube ; it is of a leathery texture, corrugated longitudinally, and covered (as
well as the tube) with Tubularia, Flustra, and other polypes. The tube is about the size of a
large goosequill, five or six inches in length, and transversely corrugated. The specimen was
too much injured to enable me to observe the branchial and intestinal orifices.

Color, of the tube, yellowish ; of the sac, reddish externally ; the membrane lining the
interior, of a shining salmon-color.

This species was obtained by Mr. George Gibbes, by dredging in the harbor of New-York,
and presented to the State Collection. It was firmly attached to a valve of the Mpdiola
papuana.

LIST

PLATES OF THE MOLLUSC!

PLATE 1.

Flo.

Fio

25

Helb

: ccllaria.

1

Loligo punctata.

2G

indentata.

2

Clio borealis.

27

hirsuta.

3

Ovaries of loligo.

28

auriculata.

4

Limax agrestis.

29

intertexta.

5

— flavus.

30

—

rufa.

PLATE 2.

31

—

labyrinthica.

6

Helix exoleta.

32

—

ligera.

7

— tridentata.

33

—

rainuta.

8

— thyroidus.

34

—

multilineata.

9

— alternata.

35

—

pennsylvanica.

10

— arborea.

36

—

palliata.

11

— appressa.

37

—

perspectiva.

12

— albolabris.

38

—

profunda.

13

— clausa.

39

—

subglobosa, vai

14

— subglobosa.

40

—

striatella.

15

— concava.

41

—

solitaria.

16

— palliata, var.

42

Vitrina pellucida.

17

— denrifera.

43

Bulimus lubricus.

18

— diodonta.

PLATE 4.

PLATE 3.

44

Pupa

milium.

19

Helix monodon.

45

—

badia.

20

— elevata.

46

—

exigua.

21

— monodon, var.

47

—

contracta.

22

— fuliginosa.

48

—

pentodon.

23

— fallax.

49

—

corticaria.

24

— suppressa.

50

—

ovata.

[Fauna — Part 6.]

34

Flo.

51 Succinea ovalis.

52 — id.

53 — obliqua.

54 — campestris.

55 — avara.

56 Achatina vexillum,

57 Planorbis obliquus.

58 — parvus.

59 — trivolvis.

60 — megastoma.

61 — id.

62 — exacutus.

63 — bicarinatus.

64 — armigerus.

65 Limnea expansa, var.

66 — caperata, var.

67 — pallida.

68 — fragilis.

69 — eaperata.

70 — megasoma.

71 — humilis.

72 — reflexa.

73 — fragilis. .

74 — linsleyi.

75 — columella,

76 — umbrosa.

77 — emarginata.

262

LIST OF PLATES.

Flo.

PLATE 5.

Flo.

117

Cingula minuta.

Fio.

159

Marginella carnea.

78

Limnea desidiosa.

118

— lasvis.

160

Cancellaria couthouyi.

79

— caperata, young.

119

Lacuna vincta.

161

Buccinum undatum.

80

— catascopium.

120

Pleurotoma plicata.

162

— wheatleyi.

80*

Planorbis lentus.

121

— bicarinata.

162*

— limatum.

81

Limnea jugularis.

122

Turritella erosa.

PLATE 8.

82

Physa heterostropha.

123

— interrupta.

163

Buccinum obsoletum.

83

— planorbula.

124

Scalaria subulata.

164

— id. var.

84

— cylindrica.

125

— lineata.

165

— trivittatum.

85

— plicata.

126

— novanglia?.

166

— trilineatum.

86

— obesa.

127

Valvata sincera.

167

Cerithium sayi.

87

— gyrina.

128

— id. var.

168

— • emersonii.

88

— glabra.

129

— unicarinata.

169

Pyramis striatula.

89

— aurea.

130

— tricarinata.

170

Odostomia trifida.

90

— ancillaria.

131

Paludina disscisa.

171

— seminuda.

91

Auricula denticulata.

PLATE 7.

172

Cerithium terebrale.

92

— bidentata.

132

Paludina integra.

173

Purpura imbricata.
— bizonalis.

93

— denticulata,var.

133

— isogona.

174

94

Tritonia reynoldsi.

134

— disscisa, young.

175

— lapillus.

95

Eolidia gymnota.

135

Melania depygis.

176

Ranella caudata.

96

— bostoniensis.

136

Anculotus carinatus.

177

Rostellaria occidentalis

97

— diversa.

137

— trivittatus.

178

Trichotropis borealis.

98

Ancylus rivularis.

138

Melania subularis.

179

Columbella avara.

99

— calcarius.

139

Anculotus costatus.

180

Pyrula spicata.

99*

Planorbis campanulatus.

140

Melania bizonalis.

181

— id. young.

100

Bulla insculpta.

141

— virginica.

182

Fusus scalariformis.

101

— gouldi.

142

— gemma.

183

— ventricosus.

102

— obstricta.

143

Tornatella puncto-striata.

184

— cinereus.

103

Littorina rudis.

144

Natica triseriata.

185

— islandicus.

PLATE G.

145

— pusilla.

185*

Planorbis corpulentus.

104

Margarita ornata.

146

— immaculata.

105

Littorina palliata.

147

— duplicata.

PLATE 9.

186

Fusus decemcostatus.

106

— tenebrosa.

148

— heros.

107

Margarita arctica.

149

Egg- case of Natica.

187

— harpularius.

108

— multilineata.

150

Natica clausa.

188

■ — imbricatus.

109
110
111

Littorina neritoides.

— neritoides.

— neritoides.

151
152
153

Crepidula convexa.

— fornicata, young.

— plana.

189
190
191

— rufus.
Pyrula canaliculata.
— pyruloides.

112

— irrorata.

154

— fornicata, adult.

192
193
194

— carica.

— id. young.
Patelloida alveus.

113

Margarita cinerea.

155

Caiyptrea striata.

114
115

Helix spinosa.
Cingula aculeus.

156
157

Sigaretus perspectivus.
Oliva literata.

195

Cemoria noachina.

116

Cavolina salmonacea.

158

Terebra dislocata.

196

Patelloida testudinalis.

LIST OF PLATES.

203

PLATE 10.

197 Dentalium dentali.*.

198 Chiton emersonii.

199 — fulminatus.

200 — albus.

201 — apiculatus.

202 — id.

203 Ostrca borealis, var.

204 — id.

PLATE 11.

205 Pecten concentricus.

206 — islandicus.

207 — magellauicus.

208 Lima glacial is.

PLATE 12.

209 Anomia ephippium.

210 — aculeata.

211 Area pexata.

212 — transversa.

213 Nucula minuta.

214 — sapotilla, var.

215 — proxima.

216 — radiata.

217 — thraciajfbrmis.

PLATE 13.

218 Nucula limatula.

219 — myalis.

220 — sapotilla.

221 — gouldi.

222 Mytilus borealis.

223 — notatus.

PLATE 14.

224

Alasmodon arcuata.

225

— marginata

226

— rugosa.

PLATE 15.

227

Alasmndon undulata.

228

Anodon unadilla.

PLATE 16.

229 Anodon subcylindracea.

230 — ferussaciana.

231 — edentula.

PLATE 17.

232 Anodoii plana.

233 — excurvata.

PLATE 18.

234 Anodon fluviatilis.

235 — benedictensis.

236 Unio radiatus.

PLATE 19.

237 Unio ochraceus.

238 — id.

PLATE 20.

239 Unio nasutus.

240 — novi-eboraci.

241 — luteolus.

242 — tappanianus.

PLATE 21.

243 Unio cariosus.

244 — id. var.

245 — compressus.

PLATE 22.

246 Unio complanatus.

247 Cardita borealis.

248 Crenella decussata.

249 Cardium pinnatulum.

PLATE 23.

250 Cardium grcenlandicum.

251 — mortoni.

252 — islandicum.

253 Velutina zonata.

254 — laevigata.

PLATE 24.

255 Donax fossor.

256 Mytilus pellucidus.

257 Modioia modiolus.

258 — plicatula.

259 Alasmodon corrugata.

PLATE 25.

260 Capsa laevigata.

261 Cyclas dubia.

262 — partumeia.

263 — rhomboidea.

Fib.

264 Cyclas similis.

265 — id.

266 Cyrena carolinensis.

267 Gnathodon cuneatum.

PLATE 26.

268 Cyprina islandica, young.

269 — id. adult.

270 Sanguinolaria sordida.

271 Tellina tenera.

272 — versicolor.

273 Lucina divaricata.

274 — radii la.

PLATE 27.

275 Lucina contracta.

276 Venus mercenaria.

277 — gemma.

278 — notata.

279 Cytherea convexa.

PLATE 28.

280 Astarte castanea.

281 — sulcata.

282 Petrieola pholadiformis.

283 — dactylus.

284 Thracia conradi.

285 Corbula contracta.

PLATE 29.

2S6 Mactra solidissima.

287 — lateralis.

288 Mesodesma arctata.

289 Mya truncata.

PLATE 30.

290 Mya arenaria.

29 1 Solemya borealis.

292 — velum.

PLATE 31.

293 Odostomia fusca.

294 — exigua.

295 — id.

296 — producta.

297 — insculpta.

298 Lutraria canaliculata.

2C4

LIST OF PLATES.

Fio.

299 Cochlodesma leana.

300 Anatina papyracea.

301 Cochlodesma leana, var.

PLATE 32.

301 Machaera costata

302 Solecurtus caribasus.

303 Skenea scrpuloides.

304 Sanguinolaria fusca.

305 — sordida,

306 Pholas crispata .

307 Lepton fabagella.

PLATE 33.

308 Glycimeris siliqua.

309 Saxicava distorta.

310 Pandora trilineata.

311 Osteodesma hyalina.

312 Solen viridis.

313 — ensis.

PLATE 34,

315 Anati fa anserifera .

316 — vitrea.

317 — dentata.

318 Balanus miser.

3 L9 — fistulosus.

Flo.

320 Balanus eburneus.

321 Terebratula caput serpentis.

322 — psittacea.

323 Pholas truncata.

324 Boltenia reniformis.

325 Teredo navalis.

PLATE 35.

326 Bulla triticea.

327 — oryza.

328 — canaliculate.

329 — debilis.

330 Buccinum ciliatum.

331 Pupafallax.

332 Spirula peronii.

333 Amnicola porata.

334 Bulla lineolata.

335 — hicmalis.

336 Buccinum donovani.

337 Pupa pentodon.

338 Helix chersina.

PLATE 3G.

339 Fusus bamfius.

340 — turriculus.

341 Buccinum vibex.

Fio.

342 Odostomia fusca.

343 Buccinum rosaceunr.

344 Pleurotorna decussata.

345 Fusus tornatus.

346 Physa elongata.

347 Pupa simplex.

348 Limnea expansa.

349 Vermetus lumbricalis.

350 Janthina fragilis.

PLATE 37.

351 Loligo brevipinna.

352 — bartramii.

(a) Beak, (b) Magnified smface.

PLATE 38.

353 Loligo pavo.
— pealii.

354

PLATE 39.

356 — id.

female.

PLATE 40.

357 Unio rosaceus, male,

358 Anodon pavonia.

INDEL

Page.

ACEPHALA, 166

ACERID*, 14

Achatina flammigera, ... 56

— solida, 56

striata, 56

— vexillum, 56

— virginea, 56

Alasmodon arcuata, 197

— corrugata, . . . 198

— marginata, . . 196

— undulata, . . . . 198

— rugosa, 196

Amphidesma asqualis, . . . 238

— flexuosa, . . . 237

— lepida, .... 238

— orbiculata, . 237

— punctata, . . 237

— radiata, .... 238

— transversa, . 237
Amnicola cincinnatensis,. 88

— grana, 88

— limosa, 88

— lustrica, 87

— nickliana, .... 88

— porata, 88

Ampullaria depressus, . . . 124

— hopetonensis, 124
[Fauna — Part 6.]

Page.

Ampullaria paludosa, . . . 124

Anatina papyracea, 235

Anatinidjs, 234

Anatifa anserifera, 254

— dentata, 255

— laevis, 255

— vitrea, 255

Anculotus angulatus, . 102

— carinatus, .... 101

— costatus, 102

— dentatus, 102

— melanoides, .. 102

— monodontoides, 102

— nigrescens, ... 102

— pictus, 103

— proerosus, . . , . 103

— plicatus, 103

— pumilus, 103

— subglobosus, . . 103

— taeniatus, 103

— trivittatus, .... 102
Ancylus calcarius, 13

— diaphanus, .... 13

— filosus, 13

— fuscus, 13

— nuttallii, 13

— parallelus, 13

35

Page.
Ancylus rivularis, 12

— tardus, 12

Anodon benedictensis, . . . 204

— edentula, 201

— excurvata, 202

— ferussaciana, . . . 200

— fluviatilis, 203

— implicata, 202

— pavonia, 203

— plana, 201

— subcylindracea, . 200

— unadilla, 199

Anomia aculeata 168

— ephippium, 168

Arcade, 176

Area incongrua, 177

— pexata, 1 76

— ponderosa, 177

— transversa, 177

Arion hortensis, 23

Ascidea manhattensis, . . . 259

— lobifera, 259

— ovalis, 259

— plicata, 259

— proboscidea, . . . 259

— rustica, 259

Astarte castanea, , 220

266

Page.

Astarte lactea, 221

— quadrans, 221

— sulcata, 221

Auriculid^:, 57

Auricula bidentata, . 57

— denticulata, .... 58

— obliqua, 58

AviculidjE, 175

Avicula atlantica, 11

Balanid^;, 250

Balanus eburneus, 252

— elongatus, 254

— fistulosus, 253

— geniculatus, .... 253

— interruptus, 252

— miser, 25 1

— ovularis, 254

— punctatus, 254

— rugosus, ....... 253

— tintinnabulum, . . 253

Boltenia reniformis, 260

Buccinum acutum, 134

— album, 134

— ciliatum, 134

— donovani, . . . . 134

— lunatum, .... 131

— obsoletum, ... 133

— ornatum, 134

— rosaceum, . . . . 134

— trivittatum, . . . 132

— undatum, .... 130

— unicinctum, .. 134

— vibex, 133

— wheatleyi, ... 132
Bulimus lubricus, 55

— multilineatus, . . 56

— mutilatus, 56

Bulla canalieulata, 19

— debilis, 17

— gouldi, 15

— hiemalis, 18

— insculpta, 14

INDEX.

Page.

Bulla lineolata, 16

— obstricta, 15

— oryza, 18

— solitaria, 19

— triticea, 17

CALYPTRIDiE, 155

Calyptrea striata, 155

Cancellaria couthouyi, .. 138

Capsa laevigata, 212

— deflorata, 212

Cardidjj, 204

Cardita borealis, 204

— incrassata, 205

— tridentata, 205

Cardium fasciatum, 207

— groenlandicum, . 206

— islandicum, .... 206

— mortoni, 207

— muricatum, .... 207

— pinnatulum, . . . 205

— ventricosum, . . . 207
Cavolina salmonacea, ... 11
Cemoria alternata, 156

— noachina, . ... 156
CEPHALOPODA, .... 2

CERITHID.E, 128

Cerithium emersonii, .... 129

— ferruginium, . . 129

— greeni, 130

— muscarum, . . . 130

— nigrocinctum, . 129

— sayi, 128

— septumstriatum, 129

— terebrale, .... 136

Chamidje, 208

Chama arcinella, 208

CmTONiDiE, 163

Chiton albus, 1 63

— apiculatus, 164

— fulminatus, 164

— emersonii, 164

— marginatus, 164

Page.

Chiton ruber, 164

Cineras vittata, 256

Cingula aculeus, 110

— lasvis, Ill

— minuta, 110

CIRRHOPODA, 250

Clionid^;, 6

Clio borealis, 6

Cochlodesma leana, 236

Columbella avara, 139

CoNIDiE, 151

Conus leucostrictus, 151

— mus, 151

Corbula contracta, 24 1

Coronula diadema, 250

— denticulata, .... 25 1

Crenella decussata, 186

Crepidula convexa, 158

— depressa, 159

— fornicata, . ... 157

— glauca, 1 59

— intorta, 1 59

— plana, 158

CryptostomidjE, 153

Cumingiat ellinoides, .... 233

CyclaDjE, 222

Cyclas dubia, 223

— edentula, 225

— elevata, 225

— elegans, 224

— partumeia, 223

— rhomboidea, 224

— similis, 222

— staminea, 225

— transversa, 225

Cyclostomid^;, 82

Cyclostoma cincinnatense, 82

— dentata, 82

Cyprina islandica, 215

Cyrena carolinensis, ....

Cytherea convexa, 216

— concentrica, . . . 216

Page.

Cytherea gigantea, 216

— occulta, 216

Dentalid^;, 160

Dentalium dentalis, 160

— atlenuatum, . . 161
Donax fossor, 212

— variabilis, 212

— elevata, 212

Dorid.e, 7

Doris illuminata, 8

Eolidia bostonicnsis, .... 9

— di versa, 10

— gymnota, 10

Filurus dubius, 11

Fusus bamfius, 148

— bicolor, 148

— cinereus, 1 45

— decemcostatus, . . . . 145

— harpularius, 146

— islandicus, 144

— imbricatus, 149

— muricatus, 149

— pyruloides, 147

— rufus, 146

— ventricosus, 144

— scalariformis. 143

— turrieulus, 149

— tornatus, 148

GASTEROPODA,.... 7

Glycimeris siliqua, 246

Gnathodon cuneatum, . . . 233

— flexuosum, . . . 233

Glandina truncata, 56

Glaucid-e, 9

Helicid^e, 25

Helix albolabris, 26

— alternata, 29

— appressa, 27

— arborea. 30

— aspersa, 47

— avara, 46

— arriculata, 49

INDEX.

Page.

Helix californiensis, 46

— cellaria, 37

— chersina, 44

— clausa, 31

— concava, 33

— Columbiana, 46

— corpuloides, 45

— cumberlandiana, . . 47

— dealbata, 46

— dentifera, 34

— diodonta, 34

— egena, 45

— electrina, 30

— elevata, 36

— exoleta, 27

— fallax, 28

— fuliginosa, 37

— gularis, 46

— hirsuta, 36

— inflecta, 45

— interna, 46

— inornata, 39

— intertexta, 38

— indentata, 31

— irrorata, 45

— jejuna, 46

— labyrinthica, 39

— lasmadon, 47

— ligera, 40

— lineata, 44

— major, 45

— monodon, 35

— minuta, 40

— mitcrielliana, 45

— multilineata, 41

— nuttalliana, 46

— oregonensis, 46

— palliata, 33

— porcina, 45

— profunda, 42

— perspective, 42

— pennsylvanica, .... 41

267

Page.
Helix rufa, 44

— sayi, 47

— . septemvolva, 47

— solitaria, 43

— spinosa, 47

— striatella, 43

— subglobosa, 32

— suppressa, 38

— tridentata, 28

— tliyroides, 29

— townsendiana, .... 46

— vancouvrensis, ... 45

— wardiana, 46

Helicinidje, 82

Helicina fastigiata, 82

— occulta, 82

— orbiculata, 82

— plicata, 82

Janthina fragilis, 125

Io fusiformis, 103

Kellia rubra, 232

Lacuna vincta, Ill

— neritoidea, 112

Lepad.e, 254

Lepton fabagella, 243

LlMACID.E, 20

Limax agrestis, 20

— campestris, 22

— dorsalis, 22

— flavus, 21

— gracilis, 22

Lima glacialis, 175

— squamosa, ........ 1 75

LlMNIAD^E, 59

Limnea appressa, 74

— apicina, 75

— attenuata, 75

— bulimoides, 75

— caperata, 69

— catascopium, .... 67

— columella 72

— desidiosa, 73

268

Page.

Limnea emarginata, .... 73

— expansa, 75

— fragilis, 68

— ferruginea, 75

— gracilis, 70

— humilis, 71

— jugularis, 74

— linsleyi, 72

— megasoma, 70

— obrussa, 75

— pallida, 69

— reflexa, 71

— rugosa, 75

— solida, ......... 75

— umbrosa, 68

— virens, 75

Littorina irrorata, , 106

— neritoides, 108

— palliata, 106

— • rudis, 104

— tenebrosa, 105

Loligo bartramii, 4

— bartlingii, 4

— brevipinna, 4

— illecebrosa, 4

— pavo, 4

— pealii, 4

— punctata, 3

Lucina contracta, 214

— divaricata, 214

— flexuosa, 214

— radula, 214

Lutraria caniculata, 232

— lineata, 232

Machsera costata, 244

— nitida, 245

Mactra fragilis, 230

— lateralis, 230

— nucleus, 231

— ovalis, 230

— similis, 230

— solidissima, 229

INDEX.

Page.

Mactridjj, 229

Margarita arctica, 108

— argentata, ... 109

— cinerea, 108

— multilineata, . . 109

— obscura, 109

— ornata, 107

— undulata, .... 107

Marginella carnea, 152

Melania acutocarinata, . . 99

— altilis, 95

— alveare, 94

— annulifera, 94

— arata, 98

— armigera, 93

— babylonica, .... 98

— blanda, 97

— bizonalis, 91

— bitaeniata, 94

— boykiniana, .... 100

— canaliculata, .... 94

— caliginosa, 100

— catenoides, 100

— catenaria, 93

— cancellata, 93

■ — castanea, 92

— cincinnatensis, . . 95

— circincta, 99

— clavseformis, ... 93

— comma, 95

— columella, 96

— congesta, 96

— conica, 95

— concinna, 98

— costulata, 98

— crebricostata, ... 97

— curreyana, 97

— depygis, 89

— decora, 98

— deshaysiana, .... 98

— dubiosa, 93

— duttoniana, 100

Pack.

Melania ebenum, 93

— edgariana, 97

— elevata, 69

— excurata, 96

— florentiana, 99

— fuliginosa, 94

— fusiformis, 93

— gemma, 91

— globula, 95

— gracilis, 94

— hildrethiana, ... 92

— holstonia, 100

— hydei, 93

— integra, 96

— kirtlandiana, ... 92

— laevis, 92

— lecontiana, 96

— laqueata, 97

■ — monozonalis, ... 96

— multilineata,.... 97

— nassula, 97

— nickliniana, .... 95

— nitens, .. ....... 98

— niagarensis, .... 90

— nodulosa, . , . . . . 100

— nupera, 97

— obovata, 98

— obtusa, 96

— ocoeensis, 94

— occidentalis, .... 95

— olivula, 98

— pillula, 99

— prasinata, 98

— proxima, 99

— potosiensis, .... 99

— pyrenella, 99

— regularis, 94

— rufescens, 93

— rugosa, 96

— salebrosa, 100

— semicarinata, ... 100

— simplex, 100

INDEX.

209

Page.

Melania sordida, 94

— striatula, 99

— strigosa, 95

— subcylindracea, . 94

— subularis, 92

— subsolida, 94

— sulcosa, 99

— taitiana, 92

— tenebrosa, 95

— terebralis, 95

— teres, 96

— trochiformis, ... 100

— troostiana, 100

— trilineata, 100

— tuberculata, .... 93

— undulata, 92

— venusta, 99

— vestila, 100

— virgata, 95

— virginica, 90

— viridis, 95

— warderiana, .... 99
Mesodesma arctata, .... 231

— jauresii, 231

MlTRIADiE,' 151

Modiola amiricana, 186

— carolinensis, .... 1 86

— castanea, 186

— discors, 185

— di^crepans, 185

— modiolus, 185

— nexa, 185

— pectinula, 185

— plicatula, 184

Montacuta bidentata, .... 232

Myadje, 238

Mya acuta, 240

— arenaria, 240

— truncata, 240

Mytilid^e, 181

Mytilus borealis, 182

— cubitus, 183

[Fauna — Part 6.]

Page.

Mytilus hamatus, 183

— incurvatus 183

— lateralis, 183

— leucopheatus, . . . 184

— notatus, 182

— pc.lucidus, 183

— ungulatus, 183

Natica clausa, 122

— duplicata, 121

— flava, 123

— heros, 120

— immaculata, 122

— pusilla, 123

— triseriata, 121

Nucula acuta, 181

— gouldi, 180

— limatula, 180

— minuta, 181

— myalis, 180

— navicularis, 180

— proxima, 179

— radiata, 179

— sapotilla, 180

— tenuis, 181

— thraciffiformis, . . . 178
Odostomia exigua, 116

— fusca, 116

— insculpta, .... 115

— producta, .... 116

— seminuda, . . . . 115

— trifida, 114

Oliva literata, 152

Osteodesma hyalina, .... 234

OsTRACIDJE, 167

Ostrea borealis, 169

— canadensis, 170

— equestris, 171

— semicylindrica, . . . 171

— virginica, 169

Olion blainvilli, 257

— cuvieri, 257

Paludina bimonilifera, ... 87

36

Page.

Paludina disscisa, 84

— dissimilis, 86

— genicula, 86

— georgiana, .... 86

— integra, 84

— intertexta, 85

— isogona, 85

1 — lapidaria, 86

— magnifica, .... 86

— ponderora, .... 86

— subcarinata, ... 87

— subglobosa, .... 86

— subpurpurea, . . 86

— transversa, .... 85

— vivipara, 86

Pandora trilineata, 239

Panopea arctica, 246

Patella Candida, 161

Patellid^;, 161

Patelloida alveus, 162

— testudinalis, . . . 162
Pecten concentricus, .... 172

— islandicus, 173

— magellanicus, .... 173

— nodosus, 174

— ornatus, 174

— purpuratus, 174

— varius, 1 72

Pectinidje, 172

Petricola dactylus, 228

— pholadiformis, . 228
Pholas costata, 248

— crispata, 249

— cuneiformis, 248

— oblongata, 248

— truncata, 248

Pholid.5:, 247

Physa ancillaria, 79

— aurea, 80

— concolor, 81

— cylindrica, 77

— elliptica, 77

270

Page.

Physa elongata, 81

— glabra, 80

— globosa, 81

— gyrina, 79

— heterostropha, .... 76

— integra, ......... 81

— obesa, 78

— planorbula, , 76

— plicata, 78

— pomilia, 81

— sayi, 81

Pinna muricata, 187

— seminuda, 187

Pirena scalariformis, . . . . 128

Pisidium abditum, 226

— abruptum, .... 226
Planorbis antrorsus, . 66

— armigerus, ... 62

— bicarinatus, ... 60

— campanulatus, . 6 1

— corpulentus, . . 64

— deflectus, .... 65

— dilatatus, 66

— elevatus, 65

— exacutus, 63

— glabratus, .... 66

— hirsutus, 64

— lentus, 60

— mega&toma, ... 61

— obliquus, 62

— parvus, 63

— trivolvis, 59

— • virens, 66

Pleu rotoma bicarinata, ... 1 49

— decussata, . . . 150

— plicata, 150

Plicatula ramosa, 174

PTEROPODA, 6

Pupa armifera, 52

— badia, 49

— contracta, 49

— corticaria 50

INDEX.

Page.

Pupa exigua, 49

— fallax, 51

— milium, 48

— ovata, 50

— pentodon, 50

— rupicola, 52

— simplex, 52

Purpura bizonalis, 136

— floridana, 136

— imbricata, 136

— lapillus, 135

Purpurid^:, 130

Pyramis striatula, 114

Pyrula canaliculata, 140

— carica, ,.. 141

— papyratia, 142

— spirata, 142

Ranella caudata, 139

Rostellaria occidentalis, . . 151

Sanguinolaria fusca, 212

— lusoria, ... 213

— rugosa, ... 213

— sordida, ... 213

Saxicava distorta, 257

Saxicavid^e, 226

Scalaria clathrus, 127

— humphreysi, .... 127

— lineata, 1 26

— multistriata, .... 1 26

— novanglia? 127

— subulata, 125

— turbinate, 127

SEPIAD.E, 2

Skenea laxa, 117

— serpuloides, 117

Sigaretus haliotoideus, . . . 153

— maculatus, . . . . 153

— perspectivus, . . 153

Siphonidje, 5

Solecurtus caribeus, 243

— fragilis, 244

Solemya borealis 246

Page.

Solemya velum, 245

Solen ensis, 242

— viridis, 243

Solenid.e, 243

Succinea avara, 54

— campestris, .... 54

— obliquus, 53

— ovalis, 53

— retusa, 55

Spirula peronii, 5

Tebennophorus caroli-

nensis, 24

Tellina alternata, 211

— decora, 211

— flexuosa, 210

— interstriata, 211

— iris, 210

— lateralis, 210

— mera, 211

— polita, 210

— tenera, 209

— tenta, 210

— versicolor, 209

Tellinidjs, 208

Terebra dislocata, 152

Terebratulacaput-serpentis, 167

— psittacea, .... 167

— thalassina, . . . 167

Terebratulid^e, 166

Teredo navalis, 249

Teredinid.3:, 249

Thracia conradi, 237

Tornatella punctostriata, . 127

Trichotropis borealis, ... 137

Tritonia reynoldsi, 8

TritonidjE, . . 8

Trochidje, 124

TUNICATA, 258

TURBINID.E, 83

Turritella a?qualis, 113

— alternata, 113

— concava 113

Page.

Turritella erosa, . 113

— impressa, 113

— interrupta, .... 112

Unionii>.e, 187

Unio alatus, 195

— boydianus, 189

— cariosus, 193

— complanatus, 1 88

— compressus, 191

— luteolus, 190

— nasutus, 191

■ — novi-eboraci, 194

INDEX.

Page.

Unio ochraceus, 193

— radiatus, 189

— rectus, 195

— rosaceus, 192

— tappanianus, 194

— ventricosus, 190

Valvata sincera, 119

— tricarinata, 118

— unicarinata, ... 118

— pupoidea, 119

Velutina laevigata, 154

— zonata, 154

271

Page.

Venerid.e, 215

Venus elevata, 2 19

— fluctuosa, 220

— gemma, 218

— inequalis, 219

— mercenaria, 217

— mortoni, 219

— notata, 218

— preoparca, 219

Vermetus lumbricalis, ... 116

Vitrina pellucida, 25

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