d

J I

R«

D.,i->:.LETON &

BLEY 1 PUTNAI

BOSfOHs
۩tJLD, BCENDALL & LINCOLN.

CARROLL&COOK PRINTERS TO THE ASSEMBLY.

ZOOLOGY

OF

NEW-YORK,

OR THE

NEW-YORK FAUNA;

COMPRISING DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE ANIMALS HITHERTO OBSERVED WITHIN THE

STATE OF NEW-YORK, WITH BRIEF NOTICES OF THOSE OCCASIONALLY FOUND NEAR

ITS BORDERS, AND ACCOMPANIED BY APPROPRIATE ILLUSTRATIONS.

BY JAMES E. DE KAY.

PART VI. CRUSTACEA.

ALBANY :

PRINTED BY CARROLL AND COOK, PRINTERS TO THE ASSEMBLY.

1844."

• «

TO

WILLIAM C. BOUCK,

GOVERNOR OF THE STATE OP NEW-YORK.

I submit a continuation of a Report on the Zoology of the State.

And have the honor to be,

With great respect,

Your obedient servant,

JAMES E. DE KAY.

LIST

WORKS RELATIVE TO THE CRUSTACEA, REFERRED TO IN THE FOLLOWING PAGES.

Bigsey, J. G. Notice of a Trilobite found near Montreal (Cryplollthus). Annals of the Lye. Nat. Hist. Vol. 1.

Bosc, L. A. G. Histoire Naturelle des Crustaces, &c. 2 vols. l&mo. Paris, An x. Ed. Deterville.

Dana, J. D. & E. C. Herrick. Description of the Argulus caloslomi, a r\9w parasitic crustaceous animal. American

Journal of Science, Vol. 31.
De Kat, J. E. Observations on the structure of Trilobites, and Description of an apparently new genus (Isolclvs).
Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New-York, Vol. 1.
" Observations on a fossil crustaceous animal from Westmoreland (Euripterus). Lye. Nat. Hist. Vol. 1.

DesMAREst, A. G. Considerations Generates sur la Classe des Crustaces, et description des especes de ces animaux

qui vivent dans la mer, sur les cotes, ou dans Ies eaux douces de la France. Paris, 1825.
Edwards-Milne. Histoire Naturelle des Crustaces ; comprenant l'anatomie, la physiologie et la classification de ces

animaux. 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1831 et seq.
Edwards et Audouin. Description des Crustaces nouveaux ou peu connus. Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle

de Paris. 4to. 1841.
Eights, J. Description of Brongniarta trilobitoides (Scrolls). Transactions of the Albany Institute, Vol. 2. 1833.
Godman, J. D. Observations on the manners and habits of Crabs. Rambles of a Naturalist. 12mo. Philad. 1833.
Gould, A. A. List of the Crustacea of Massachusetts. Hitchcock's Catalogue. Amherst, 1835.

" Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts. 8vo. Cambridge, 1841.

Green, J. Monograph of the Trilobites of N. America, with colored models of the species. 12mo. pp. 93. Philad. 1832.
Haldeman, S. S. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, 1811.
Harlan, R. Descriptions of three species of the Genus Astacus, inhabiting the United States. Medical and Physical

Researches. 8vo. pp. C52. Philad. 1835.
Jurine. Histoire des Monocles qui se trouvent aux environs de Geneve.

" Memoire sur L'Argule foliace. Annales du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Vol. 7, p. 431.

Lamarck. Histoire Naturelle des animaux sans vertebres. The best edition is that revised and enlarged by Deshaves
and Milne-Edwards. I cite chiefly from the Brussels edition, which is a reprint of this last edition.
Latreille, P. A. Histoire Naturelle des Crustaces et des Insecte?. 14 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1802 et seq.
" Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum. 4 vols. 8vo. Paris, 180S et seq.

Class Crustacea in the Regne Animal of Cuvier. I cite chiefly from the English translation, pu-
blished in 16 vols. 8vo. Lond. 18'27 - 1835 ; also from the American translation by M'Murtrie,
in 4 vols. Philad.
Leach, W. E. General Arrangement of the Crustacea, &c. Trans. Lin. Soc. Lond. Vol. 11. 1814.
" Zoological Miscellany, 3 vols. 8vo. London, 1814.

[Fauna — Part 6.] b

LIST OF BOOKS.

Montagu. Descriptions of several new or rare marine animals. Trans. Lin. Soc. Lond. Vols. 9 & 11.

Muller, O. F. Zoologia Danica. folio.

Parra, A. Descripcion de difercntcs piezas de historia natural las mas del ramo-ruaritimo, &c. 4to. en la Havana, 1787.

Pickering, C. & J. D. Dana. Description of a species of Caligus (C. americanus). 3 plates. Am. Jour. Sc. Vol. 35.

Randal, J. W. Catalogue of the Crustacea brought from the west coast of North America, &c, with descriptions of

such as are apparently new. 5 plates. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 8, 1839.
Rensselaer, J. Notice of fossil Crustacea from New-Jersey. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New- York, Vol. 1.
Risso, A. Histoire Naturelle des Crustaces des environs de Nice. 8vo. pp.175. Paris, 1816.
Sat, T. An Account of the Fossil Crustacea of the United States, with an appendix to the same. Journ. Acad. Nat.

Sciences, Philad. Vol. 1.
Straus. Memoire sur les Cypris. Mem. du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Vol. 7.

SYNOPSIS

GENERA OF NORTH AMERICAN CRUSTACEA HITHERTO OBSERVED.

I. DECAPODA.

Libinia, Leptopodia, Hyas, Mithrax, Xantho, Panopeus, Platycarcinus, Pilumnus, Carcinus, Platy-
onichus, Lupa, Pinnotheres, Ocypoda, Gelasimus, Sesarma, Nautilograpsus, Plagusia, Ilia,
Hepatus, Lithodes, Hippa, Pagurus, Porcellana, Monolepis, Callianassa, Astacus, Homarus,
Crangon, Alpheus, Hippolyte, Pandalus, Palemon, Peneus, Mulcion.

II. STOMAPODA.

Mysis, Diastylb, Squilla, Gonodactylus.

III. AMPHIPODA.

Orchestia, Talitrus, Gammarus, Amphithoe, Cerapus, Lepidactylis, Unciola, Hyperia, Podocerus.

IV. LCEMIPODA.

Cyamus, Caprella.

V. ISOPODA.

Idotea, Stenosoma, Anthura, Sphferoma, No3sa, Cymothoa, Limnoria, Asellus, Ligia, Philoscia.
Oniscus, Porcellio, Armadillo, Fluvicola.

VI. PCECILOPODA.

Polyphemus, Argulus, Caligus, Anthosoma, Pandarus, Cecrops, Lernea, Penella.

VII. PHYLLOPODA.

Apus.

VIII. LOPHYROPA.

Cyclops, Scopiphora.

IX. BRANCHIOPODA.

Branchipus.

X OSTRAPODA.

Cypris, Cytherina, Daphnia.

THE NEW-YORK FAUNA.

CLASS VII. CRUSTACEA.

OVIPAROUS ARTICULATED ANIMALS, WITH THE BODY DIVIDED INTO MOVABLE RINGS MORE OR
LESS DISTINCT J OUTER COVERING CALCAREOUS OR MEMBRANOUS, MORE OR LESS SOLID.
MOST COMMONLY A HEART AND BLOODVESSELS, WITHOUT ANY INTERNAL SKELETON PROPER-
LY SO NAMED. A DOUBLE SERIES OF MEMBERS, SUCH AS ANTENNAE, JAWS, FEET, etc. AL-
MOST ALWAYS DISTINCTLY ARTICULATED. EYES VARIABLE IN NUMBER, EITHER SESSILE OR
SUPPORTED ON LONG PEDICELS. SEXES DISTINCT. FEET GENERALLY FROM FIVE TO SEVEN.
RESPIRATION GENERALLY AQUATIC BY THE GILLS, OR REPLACED BY THE SKIN. INHABIT
LAND, OR FRESH AND SALT WATER.

ORDER I. DECAPODA.

Branchice lamellar, of a pyramidal form, beneath the body and attached to the sides of the
thorax, enclosed in special respiratory cavities. Eyes two, pedunculated and movable.
Almost always five pair of ambulatory or prehensile thoracic feet.

Obs. This order is usually divided into two groups, namely, the Brachyura and Macroura,
of which the common Crab and the Lobster stand as the respective types. Recent writers
have introduced a third group Anomoura, which is intermediate between the two, and forms
a passage from one to the other.

GENUS LIBINIA. Leach. Edwards.

Shield vaulted, orbicular or pyriform ; rostrum notched at its extremity. Eyes scarcely
thicker than their peduncles. Exterior antennas as long as the rostrum ; first joint longer
than the second. Anterior feet thicker than the others ; the pincers closing completely.
Fauna — Part 6*. 1

NEW-YORK FAUNA CRUSTACEA.

LlBINIA CANALICULATA.

PLATE IV. FIGURE.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Libmia emarginala' Leach, Zoological Miscellany, Vol.2, p. 130, pi. 108.

L. canahculala. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 1, p. 77, pi. 4, fig. 1.

L. cmarginata. Desmarest, Consid. generates, p. 162.

L. canndie, L. caniculata. Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crust. Vol. 1, p. 300;

L. douleuse, L dubia. Id. lb. pi. 14, fig. 2.

L. emarginala. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 328.

Description. Shield globular-pyriform, densely hairy, and usually coated with a thick
greenish brown sordes. Rostrum produced, deeply notched at the tip, convex above, con-
cave beneath. Orbits rounded, with a stout spine on the antero-superior border and a smaller
one beneath, with an intermediate fissure above and beneath. The shield is impressed above
by two deep parallel curvilinear furrows, approaching each other about the middle, then
diverging, forming an intermediate oval area, and ultimately approaching each other on the
posterior portion of the shield ; in front, these furrows curve behind the orbital processes,
and terminate at the base of the rostrum. A transverse series of four to six small spinous
tubercles across the anterior part of the shield ; several others irregularly distributed over the
upper surface. Feet long, covered with short dense hair, the second and third pair rather
longest, the others successively shorter. Hands sub-cylindrical, sub-compressed, linear.
Fingers half as long as the hand, with from twelve to fifteen irregular obtuse teeth, and an
impressed lateral line becoming effaced towards the tips. Nails acute, polished, with an im-
pressed line on each side.

Color, soiled greenish or brownish. Hands and fingers reddish white at the tips.

Length of shield, 3*0. Transverse diameter, 2*4.

Length of anterior pair of feet, 5*1 ; of the succeeding pair, 5 '5.

These dimensions are taken from a specimen of the average adult size. Younger indivi-
duals 1 ' 4 in length are more pyrifom in shape, are entirely covered with a dense downy hair,
and the spine not so prominent as in the adult. In this state I suppose it to be the L. dubia
of Edwards, which he characterises by " the second pair of feet one and a fourth of the
length of the shield, but much longer than the first pair ;" while to the L. canaliculata he as-
signs the character of " the second pair one and a half the length of the shield, and slightly
longer than the first pair of the male." The emarginata of Leach, referred to above, is pro-
bably identical with the canaliculata ; and the name, on the score of priority, should have
been retained, had the description been sufficiently detailed.

The Sea-spider, or Spider Crab, is very common on the coast of this State, and it has
been observed from the Chesapeake northwardly, but its precise geographical limits are not
known. It is not used as food, but I am assured that it is well flavored, particularly the fe-
male. Occasionally they are taken with the seine in such quantities as to be used as manure.
Their usual places of resort are on oyster beds, where they are thought to commit great
ravages by destroying the young spawn of the oyster.

ORDER DECAPODA HYAS.

(EXTRALIMITAL.)

Genus Leptopodia, Leach. Exterior antenna; short. Rostrum slender and much elongated, not

emarginate. The second pair of feet much longer than all the others; pincers slender.

linear. Eyes not retractile, and on a short peduncle.

L. calcarata. (Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 1, p. 455. Edwards, 1. c. Vol. 1, p. 276.) Third joint

of the last four pair three-spined at their tips ; the middle spine obtuse, and half as long as the next

joint. Ocular peduncles slightly projecting before the eyes in an obtuse spine. Length, 1-0;

transverse diameter, 0*25. Charleston, S. C.

GENUS HYAS. Leach.

Shield very tubercular, subtriangular, rounded behind, with the rostrum advanced and emar-
ginate. First joint of the exterior antennae larger than the second, and compressed and
dilated externally. Pincers larger but shorter than the other feet. Eyes on short pedun-
cles ; orbits with a fissure above and behind. Feet all terminated with a long conic and
somewhat arched nail.

Hyas coarctata.

PLATE VII. FIG. 14.

Hyas coarctata. Leach, Malacostr. Podopth. Brit. pi. 21, E.

H. id. Desmaeest, Consid. generates, p. 148.

Lismfissiroslra. Say, Jour. Aead. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 1, p. 79.

H. coarctata. Milne-Edwaeds, Hist. Nat. des Crust. Vol. 1, p. 312.

H. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 326.

Description. Shield wide in front, tapering from behind to the orbits, verrucose, and co-
vered with short hooked hairs. External angles of the orbits with a large triangular spine.
Rostrum depressed, broad at the base, and deeply cleft. Hands equal, linear, not much
larger than the feet, but shorter. The shield strongly coarctate on the sides behind the external
orbital angles.

Color, greenish brown ; but on the removal of the incrustation, brownish tinged with
reddish.

Length, 2*0. Greatest transverse diameter, 1*5.

This Crab, which was first described by Leach, occurs along the coast of Long island, and
is found in deep water along the northern coast, where it affords an abundant supply of food
to the Cod-fish. It is probably a boreal species, not extending south of the seacoast of
New-York.

1*

NEW-YORK FAUNA CRUSTACEA.

GENUS MITHRAX. Leach.

Shield moderately convex above, longer than broad, and more or less narrowed behind, usually
armed with spines. Rostrum short, bifid, and separated by an interval from the internal
canthus. Orbits usually armed with spines above and beneath. External antenna? not
concealed by the rostrum. Pincers enlarged towards the end, rounded and spoon-shaped.

Obs. We have no type of this numerous genus on our coast, except the following, which
is cited by Mr. Say from Delaware bay, and which we think will be found on the coast of
this State.

MlTHRAX HISPIDUS.

Cancer hispidus. Herbst, pi. 18, fig. 100.

Maia spinicincta. Lamarck, An. sans vert. Vol. 2, p. 415, Ed. Brux.

Mithrax spinicinctus. Desm. Consid. sur les Crust, p. 150, pi. 23, fig. 1.

Main id. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 1, p. 458.

Mithrax hispidus. Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crust. Vol. 1, p. 322.

Description. Shield short, convex, with its surface and margin spinous. Rostrum not ex-
tending beyond the basal joint of the external antennae, which are furnished with but two
spines ; the third joint of these antennae considerably longer than the second. Upper border
of the hands smooth. Pincers with about twenty indentations on the margin, but with no tuft
of hairs in the cavity. A series of small points under the tarsus of the four posterior pairs of
feet.

This species, of which a specimen exists in the Cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences
at Philadelphia, from Delaware bay, extends through the Caribbean sea to the coast of Brazil.
Its northernmost geographical range is not yet ascertained.

(EXTRA LIMITAL.)

Genus Xantho, Leach. Exterior antennae very short, inserted at the internal canthus of the eyes.
Hands trenchant or rounded. A hiatus below the external orbital angle. Shield wider than
long, arcuated in front, truncated behind.
X. mercenaria. (L. id. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 1, p. 448. Edwards, 1. c. p. 399.) The
anterior lateral borders of the shield with four obtuse teeth ; front with a slightly sinuous fissure.
Feet hairy. Color, maculated; fingers black at tip. Length, 3*25; diameter, 4-5. Charles-
ton, S. C.

ORDER DECAP0DA — PANOPEUS.

GENUS PANOPEUS. Milne-Edwards.

Many of the characters of the preceding genus. The anterior lateral borders of the shield
short. A hiatus on the lower border of the orbits, below the external angle.

Panopeus herbsti.

PLATE IX. FIG. 26.

Cancer panope. Herbst, Versuch einer, etc. pi. 54, fig. 5.

C. id. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 1, p. 58, pi. 4, fig. 3.

Panopeus herbsti. Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crust. Vol. 1, p. 403.

Description. Shield transversely oval, granulated on the sides ; its surface irregularly fur-
rowed, with a subquadrate elevation in the centre, and another posterior to it. Three or four
serrate and apparently truncate teeth on the antero-lateral margins : a small tooth at the ex-
ternal angle of the orbit, above the notch or hiatus. Anterior feet with minute granulations
which disappear with age, large, ventricose, subcompressed, unequal : a small pointed tuber-
cle on the inner bordej of the carpus or wrist. Second segment of the abdomen of the male
as long as the two adjacent ones. Feet small and smooth.

Color, blackish brown. Hands yellowish, separated by a denned line from the black
finger and thumb.

Length, 0 8. Transverse diameter, 1-1.

This species is commonly known on our shores by the names of Mud Crab and Oyster Crab.
It is frequently taken while dredging for oysters, and is almost invariably found on oyster
beds. It is also supposed to be injurious to the Oyster, by feeding on the young spawn. It
has not yet been observed, as far as I am aware, north of Cape Cod. On the coast of New-
York, New-Jersey and Virginia, it is very common.

Panopeus limosus.

Cancer limosus. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 1, p. 446.
Panopeus id. Milne-Edwards, Hist- Nat. Crust. Vol. 1, p. 404.

Description. Rather smaller than the preceding, which it greatly resembles. Shield granu-
lated ; the antero-lateral margin with three serrate teeth, granulated on their edges, and a
fourth anterior and scarcely distinct from the canthus of the orbits. A conic tooth below the
anterior tooth of the edge of the shield. Anterior feet equal ; carpus with a prominent
obtuse spine on the internal surface, but with no angle beneath. Second segment of the
abdomen in the male much shorter than the two adjacent ones.

Color, blackish brown ; feet olive-green ; fingers yellowish white.

Length, 1-0. Transverse diameter, 1"5,

This species is also known as the Mud Crab, and appears to have the same geographic
range with the preceding.

6 NEW-YORK FAUNA CRUSTACEA.

GENUS PLATYCARCINUS. Latreille.

Shield wider than long, rounded in front, truncate behind. First joint of the exterior antennae
small ; the second received like the first into a furrow, and scarcely reaching the front.

Platycarcinus irroratus.

PLATE II. FIG. 2.

Cancer irroratus. Sav, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 1, p. 59.

C. id. Bell, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 1, p. 340, pi. 46.

Plaiycarcinus id. Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crust. Vol. 1, p. 414.

Cancer irroratus. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 322.

Description. Shield convex, transversely oval, with elevated granulations, and with nine
crenate teeth on the antero-lateral margin. (In the female, these are rather indistinct ; and
the rostrum, if we take the internal canthi into account, is apparently five-toothed.) The
lateral teeth often assume the appearance of blunt lobes, which are denticulated on the edges.
Rostrum or front three-toothed ; the middle one longest, but occasionally obscure. The sur-
face of the shield with distinct granulations, and impressed with irregular furrows, some of
which form an appearance resembling the letter H on the posterior portion. Legs shorter
than in the following species ; " the thighs of the second and third pair not attaining the mar-
gin " {Gould). Carpus with a robust spine on its inner anterior angle, which is hairy on its
edges. Hands compressed, carinate above with serratures ; four granulated lines, on the
outer side of which two are continued on the fingers ; occasionally two others, one above and
the other below. Thumb and finger with eight to ten teeth ; the finger much curved ; the
thumb somewhat shortest. Thighs compressed to an acute edge above, where they are
hairy, with an elevated band round their tips. Extremities of the claws acute, with deeply
impressed furrows. Abdomen, particularly in the female, very hairy.

Color. Above dark horn, with numerous red points which give the prevailing hue. This
color extends over the superior part of all the feet ; the upper internal parts of the thighs,
and the carpus, deep red. Tips of the thumb and finger deep purplish black. Abdomen
and inferior portions of the feet white. Furrows on the back dull yellowish.

Length, 3"0. Transverse diameter, 4"0.

This and the succeeding species are both designated by our fishermen as the Spotted Crab
and Sand Crab, and are frequently seen in the months of July and August on the sandy
shores of Long island in shallow waters. I have noticed them most abundantly in the mar-
kets of New-York about the beginning of April. They are considered inferior as an article
of food to the Lupa dicantha, or common New- York Crab hereafter described. In indivi-
duals from Rhode-Island, larger than the specimen described above, the shell is of a bright
indian red, with the finger and thumb deep jet black. They form an excellent bait for the
large Black-fish ( Tautoga americana). Dr. Gould, in the Report above referred to, has

ORDER DECAPODA — PLATYCARCINUS.

separated from this a closely allied species, which he thinks has been confounded by Say
himself with the preceding, supposing one to be the male and the other the female. It ap-
pears to have a wide geographical range, for Mr. Randall (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 8)
has noticed it on the northwest coast of North America.

Platycarcinus sayi.

Cancer irroratus. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. partly, Vol. 1, p. 60, pi. i, fig. 2.
C. sayi. Gould, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, p. 322.

Description. Shield smooth, less convex and more angular at the sides than in the preceding.
The teeth on the antero-lateral margins nine, pointed, smooth, not denticulated. Legs longer
in proportion than the preceding ; the thighs of the second and third pair greatly exceeding
the margin of the shield. Lines on the external part of the hand not conspicuously granu-
lated. Abdominal segment of the male broader than in the preceding species.

Color, yellow, dotted with dark purplish brown. Finger and thumb scarcely dark colored ;
bend of the wrist and inner face of the hand bright rose-red.

Length, 2-75. Transverse diameter, 4-0.

This species was first separated from the preceding by Drs. Gould and Binney, and has
been observed on this coast. According to Dr. Gould, it is common on rocky bottoms, and
is brought in considerable numbers to market.

GENUS PILUMNUS. Leach.

Shield arched in front. Feet of the first pair unequal. The second joint of the external an-
tennas lodging in the internal canthus of the orbit, and the antennae extending beyond the
margin of the shield. In other respects, resembling Xanthus.

PlLUMNUS HARRISI.
PLATE VII. FIG. 15.
Pilumnus harrisi. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 326.

Description. Shield quadrilateral, narrowed backwards, rounded before, rectilinear behind
and at the sides. Three triangular teeth at the sides ; eyes distant ; orbits oval, with a fissure
over the centre ; front divided by a fissure into two lobes. Surface very minutely granulated,
and hispid with very short hairs, which entangle the dirt : there are three or four broken
series of curved transverse lines or ridges rising into little crests. Limbs slender, cylindrical.
Carpus with a projecting angle in front. Hands robust, smooth, and with a double line along

8 NEW-YORK FAUNA — CRUSTACEA.

the upper edge : finger deflexed and furrowed ; thumb also furrowed and deflexed. Hands
generally unequal ; the smaller one sometimes with elevated lines on its outer face.

Color. Hands white within and without.

Length, 0-4. Transverse diameter, 0*5.

I have specimens of this species from the coast of Connecticut, but somewhat larger than
the one above described. I have little doubt but that it will be found on our coast. In con-
sequence of having mislaid my notes, I have cited in detail the description given by Dr.
Gould, who states it to occur on the Cambridge marshes near Boston, and not unfrequently
clinging to floating seaweed in Charles river.

(EXTRALIMITAL.)

aculeatus. (Cancer id. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 1, p. 449. Guerin, Icon, de Cuv. Crust,
pi. 3, fig. 92. Laporte, Vol. 2, p. 78. Milne-Edwards, Vol. 1, p. 420.) Hirsute. Shield
with about six blackish spines on each side, of which four are on the antero-latcral margin. Front
emarginate, and four or six-spined. Orbits three-spined. Arms and feet above with numerous
fissures. Shield varied with pale ferruginous. Length, 0-9 ; transverse diameter, 1 «1. Coast of
Georgia and Florida.

GENUS CARCINUS. Leach.

Shield nearly quadrilateral ; front advanced. Five teeth on the latero-anterior margin. Ocu-
lar peduncles short. Tarsi of the posterior pair narrow, flattened, lanceolate.

Carcinus MCENAS.

PLATE V. FIGS. 5 & 6.

Cancer mccnas. I.IN. p. 1043.

Carcinus id. Leach, Mai. Podopth. pi. 5.

Cancer granulatus. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 1, p. Gl.

Carcinus mccnas. Milne-Edwards, Crustac. Vol. 1, p. 434, pi. 17, fig. 15, 16. Godld, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 321.

Description. Body and feet granulate ; the surface of the shield with a few scattering hairs
in front, irregularly impressed as exhibited in the figure, and margined laterally and poste-
riorly by moniliform lines. Front with three obtuse teeth ; the central one slightly advanced.
A rounded blunt process under the internal canthus beneath. Sides beneath with long yel-
lowish silky hairs. Carpus with a white acute spine on the inner tip. Posterior pair of feet
shortest ; all the joints flattened, ciliate on the edges : terminal joint of the last pair falcate-
lanceolate, with marginal hairs, and with two deeply impressed lines on the upper and under
surfaces.

ORDER DECAPODA — PLATYONICHUS. 9

Color, deep bottle-green behind, where it is spotted with brown ; sea-green in front. Be-
neath, in young individuals, light sea-green ; in the adult, tinged with indian red. Body and
feet with distant minute spots, arranged on the feet in more or less distinct series.

Length, rO-1'5. Transverse diameter, 1*3- 1*8.

This Crab is so insignificant in its economical uses, that it has received no popular name.
It occurs abundantly along the rocky shores of Long island sound, among seaweed. At
Newport, it is of a larger size, and it appears to become larger northwardly. The C.
granulatus of Say is passed over in silence in the latest and best treatise on these animals
by Edwards, but we have no doubt that it is identical with the C. mcenas or common edible
crab of Europe.

GENUS PLATYONICHUS. Latreille.

Shield nearly orbicular. Front narrow and toothed. The. external antennae of three joints,
the first of which is not firmly united to the front, but movable. Second pair of tarsi
somewhat flattened, lanceolate ; the others acute ; the posterior pair oval, and adapted for
swimming.

PLATYONICHUS ocellatus.

PLATE I. FIG. 1 ; AND PLATE V. FIG. 7.

Cancer ocellatus. Herbst, Versuch u. s. w. pi. 49, fig. 4.

Plalyonichus id. Latreille, Encyclopedic, Vol. 16, p. 152.

PortuKus pictus. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. I, p. 02, pi. 4, fig. 4.

Platyomchus ocellatus. Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crustaces, Vol. 1, p. 437.

P. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, p. 324.

Description. Shield and anterior pair of feet minutely granulate. Front and antero-lateral
border with stout spines ; five on each side of the shield, including the orbital spines, and one
on the front beside the two formed by the inner angle of the orbits. A narrow fissure in the
orbits above, and a long oblique spine beneath and internally. Third joint of the external
pedipalpi deeply emarginate on its inner side, and elongate and rounded at the tip. Terminal
joint of the abdomen very small, pentagonal. Second pair of feet not as long as the first, but
longer than the others ; the penultimate joint of the third and fourth with two impressed lines
on the posterior, and one on the anterior surface. The tarsus of the second more compressed
and broader than the first and third ; the posterior tarsi oval. Hands large, subequal ; the
arm extending greatly beyond the margin of the shield, and three-spined on its inner edge.
Carpus trigonal, with two spines, of which the internal is longest and most acute. Hand
with the outer margin strongly carinate and tubercular ; the inner ciliate, and with an acute
spine at the inner tip. Thumb trigonal, depressed, with prominent edges, hooked at the tip
with from ten to fifteen unequal tubercular prominences : finger straight, somewhat exceeding
the thumb, and hooked at the tip. Series of long hairs on the shell, beneath the antero4ateral

Fauna — Part 6*. 2

10 NEW-YORK FAUNA — CRUSTACEA.

margins, on the pedipalpi, anterior and posterior edges of the swimming feet, anterior edge
of the carpus, and interior margin of the hand, finger and thumb.

Color. Shell light horn, with numerous reddish irregularly rounded spots having clear
spaces in the centre. Hands and feet whitish tinged with reddish, and spotted with dull red.
Hands silvery white beneath, bright red on the margins, and with large red spots. Tarsi
bluish horn, tipped with reddish : finger and thumb with their tubercles dark red. Beneath,
silvery white.

Length, 2 '3. Transverse diameter, 2 '8.

This beautiful species, of which the specimen described above is one of the largest size, is
common along our sea-beaches. Although occasionally eaten, it is not much esteemed as an
article of food. By the shore-dwellers, it is often designated as the Lady Crab, from the
beauty of its colors.

GENUS LUPA. Leach.

Transverse diameter of the shield usually more than double its length. Each latero-anterior
margin with nine prominent spines, of which the posterior is generally largest, and directed
externally and laterally. The external antennae inserted on the edge of the basillary joint,
which moves in a wide cavity under the internal canthus. Abdomen of the male with its
two last joints narrow ; of the female, wide, with its last joint very small, triangular. Tarsi
of the last pair oval, and adapted for swimming.

LUPA DICANTHA.
PLATE III. FIG. 3.

Porlunus hastahis. Fabricius, Supp]. Entom. Syst. p. 367.

P. pelasgicus. Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Crustaces, Vol. 1, p 219, pi. 5, fig. 3.

P. dicanthus. Latreille, Hist. Nat. des Crust, etc. Vol. 10, p. 190.

Lupa hastata. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 1, p. 65.

Jjupea dkaniha. Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crust. Vol. 1, p. 451,

Itupa id. GorlLD, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 324.

Description. Surface of the shield with distant granulations, becoming obsolete behind
others arranged in four transverse series ; two parallel with each other on the anterior part of the
shell, and one on each side running to the lips of the long posterior spines. Front with three
spines ; two on the plane of the shield, and one beneath it. From the base of this last, arise
the two internal antenna;, cleft at their tips. External antennae long, filiform, reaching the
fourth lateral spine. Anterior feet large, subequal, with three oblique spines on the anterior
edge of the arm, another at the outer tip, and two others near it, obsolete. Hands swollen,
sublinear, with five elevated granulated lines and a stout spine at the base, and three others
which are often obsolete near the fingers. Fingers incurved, with 12- 14 unequal tooth-like
tubercles in each. Second and third pair of feet subequal ; fourth shorter : all the joints of

ORDER DECAPODA — LUPA. 11

the posterior or swimming pair ciliated. Outline of the abdominal segments of the male wide
at base, but at the fourth joint suddenly narrowed and linear ; of the unimpregnated female,
pyramidal ; of the old female, approaching to spherical.

Color. Back and upper surface of the hands dark green ; beneath white. Feet blue,
increasing in intensity to the tips. Spines on the shield, callosities and spines on the feet
and the tips of the fingers, red. "

Length, 2' 5. Transverse diameter, 6*0.

This is the Common Edible Crab of the United States, being found from Florida to Cape
Cod in Massachusetts, beyond which it is rarely seen. It abounds on the muddy shores of
our bays, creeks and harbors, and furnishes a cheap and savory food. The process of slough-
ing or casting their shell occurs annually, and is of short duration, scarcely ever exceeding
the period of forty-eight hours from the time of casting its old shell until the new one is firmly
consolidated. During this interval, they are known under the name of Soft-shell Crabs, or
Shedders, and are sought after with great avidity. They are considered a great luxury when
fried, and are often sold at the rate of two dollars the dozen. In many places, this crab is
caught in great abundance to feed hogs. This species frequently ascends streams to brackish
water, and Mr. Say mentions having seen them in St. John's river in Florida, one hundred
miles from the sea, where the water is potable. Mr. Godman, in his Rambles of a Natu-
ralist, has given many curious and instructive details respecting this species, to which we
refer the reader.

( EXTRA-LIM1 TAL.)

pelagica. Linn. (Say, 1. c. Vol. 1, p. 97, 443. Pi. 6, fig. 8 of this work.) Small; front with
four small spines ; third joint of the anterior feet four-spined; carpus two-spined; hands ciliated on
the upper anterior edge. Color, greenish varied with brown. Length, 0*8; diameter, 1-2.
Southern Coast.

. maculaia. (Say, 1. c. Vol. 1, p. 445.) Front with fours pines ; third joint of the anterior fore feet
three-spined before ; hands with a strong spine at the base, and five elevated granulated lines, one of
which terminates in a short spine at the base of the thumb ; second abdominal segment with a spine on
each side. Color, chocolate-brown, with crowded suborbicular white spots. Length, 2*5; trans-
verse diameter, excluding the lateral spines, 4-0. Coast of Georgia and Florida.

12 NEW-YORK FAUNA CRUSTACEA.

GENUS PINNOTHERES. Latreille.

Form suborbicular, with the shield soft. Front broad, and covering entirely the internal an-
tennas. Contour of the mouth semilunar : internal antennas transverse ; external antenna;
short, and placed at tlie internal angles of the orbits.

Obs. This genus, with four others, is included by the most recent writers in a group com-
prising nine or ten species. They are all small, and remarkable for their singular habit of
living within certain marine bivalve shells, chiefly of Ostrca, Mytilus, Mactra, &c. It is also
remarkable for the singular transformations it undergoes with age. According to the obser-
vations of Mr. Thompson {Entomological Magazine, No. 11), it appears that in the P.pisum
of Europe, when young, the abdomen is much elongated, and ends in a fin ; the shell has
three large spines ; the eyes are much enlarged ; the feet dilated for swimming ; in short,
resembling very much the genus Zoe.

Pinnotheres ostreum.

PLATE VII. FIG. 16.

Pinnotheres ostreum. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 1, p. 67, pi. 4, fig. 5 (female).
P. depressum. Id. lb. Vol. 1, p. 68 (male ? ). Young?

P. ostreum. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 328.

Description. Female. Shell rounded, convex, its transverse slightly exceeding its longitu-
dinal diameter, smooth, polished, slightly dilated behind ; its texture exceedingly membrana-
ceous. Front not exceeding the line of the shell above. Orbits rounded or subovate ; eyes
moderate. Hands equal, smooth, with a few short hairs towards the tips, abruptly dilated
above the origin of the thumb (see figure). Fingers with a few obsolete tubercles, and slightly
curved at the tips. All the articulations of the feet cylindrical ; the last joints acute, with an
impressed longitudinal line on each. Male or Young. Smaller; shell with a raised marginal
line of short dense hair. Front prominent and advanced. Eyes large and prominent ; the
last abdominal joint smaller than the preceding, and rounded : penultimate joint of all the feet
dilated for swimming. Color, in both, reddish brown above ; whitish beneath, with a dull
yellowish transverse band.

Length of female, 0-4 ; transverse diameter, 0'5.

Length of male or young, 0- 1 ; transverse diameter, 0' 13.

We think it extremely probable that the P. depressum of Say, is, as he himself suggests,
the male, or as we suppose the young, of the Common Oyster Crab, as this species is com
monly called. Mr. Say never saw but one individual, which he obtained on the coast of
New-Jersey ; and his notes are silent as to what shell it inhabited, or whether it was in any
shell. Some recent writers have hesitated to admit P. ostreum as a distinct species. We
have, however, made a direct comparison with the P. pisum of Europe, the species to which

ORDER DECAPODA — PINNOTHERES. 13

it is supposed to be most closely allied. The shell of our species is more thin and membra-
naceous ; the abdomen of the female is almost on a line with the front, has a greater trans-
verse diameter, is reddish or yellowish, and the animal is larger. The P. pisum, on the con-
rary, is of a more solid structure, orbicular, very convex, abdomen of the female much shorter,
and is of a uniform dull brown or stone-color ; the terminal joints of the feet are long and
incurved, whilst in the Oyster Crab they are short and nearly straight.

This species, or at least the female, is usually found in the common oyster ; the male is
more rare, and among thousands it is difficult to find one of that sex. They are eaten raw,
and considered a great delicacy by epicures.

{EXTRA-LIM1TAL)

P. maculatum. (Say, op. cit. Vol. 1, p. 450.) Body covered with very short deciduous dense hair ;
clypeus obtusely angulated, indented above the tip ; two whitish spots. Color, black above, beneath
yellowish; female dull brownish immaculate. Male, 0*7; female, 0-4. Hab. Pinna muricata.
Southern Coast.

P. byssomice. (Id. lb. p. 451.) Female. Thorax somewhat transversely oval ; clypeus hardly advanced,
rounded, entire ; hand not gibbous, near base of the thumb ; tarsi unarmed. Male unarmed. Hab.
{Byssomia) Saxicava distorta of the Southern coast.

P. cylindricum. (Id. lb. p. 452.) Body transversely subcylindrical ; anterior feet didactyle, equal;
second and third pairs nearly equal, and with punctured tarsi ; fourth pair very robust, larger and
longer than the anterior ones ; posterior pairs very small. Eyes approximated. Male 0-3 long,
0-65 broad. Female 0*35 long, 0*75 broad. With the following, types of a new genus. Georgia.

P. monodactylum. (Id. lb. p. 454.) Thorax transversely subelliptical. Hands monodactyle ; palm
concave and ciliated in the middle; a spiniform angle instead of a finger, with a tooth at its base,
and another at the base of the thumb, larger. Male, length 0-3, breadth 0-5. Hab. unknown,
but presumed from the coast of America.

Genus Ocypoda, Fabricius. Shield subquadrate or rhomboidal; the eyes very large, oblong oval,

occupying at least half of the length of the peduncles, and commencing near the base. Feet

adapted for walking.

O. arenaria. (Say, op. cit. Vol. 1, p. 69. Edwards, Vol. 2, p. 44, pi. 19, fig. 13. O. albicans, Bosc,

pi. 4, fig. 1.) Shield very minutely granulated ; the edges minutely serrate. Hands unequal, the

largest serrate and dentate with spines : the third joint of the second and third pairs of feet without

spines; tarsi of the second, third and fourth pair flattened, and enlarged at their extremities. Feet

very hairy. Transverse diameter, 1 • 4. South-Carolina, Florida.

14 NEW-YORK FAUNA CRUSTACEA.

GENUS GELASIMUS. Latreille.

With the general form of the preceding, but broader transversely, and more narrowed behind.
Eyes small, rounded, and occupying only the extremities of the peduncles.

Gelasimus VOCANS.

PLATE VI FIG. 9 & 10.

Cancer means. LlNNEUS, Syst. Nat.

Ocypode vocans et pugilator. Bosc, Vol. 1, p. 197 and 198.

Ocypoda pugilator. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 1, p. 71.

Gelasimus vocans. Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crustaces, Vol. 2, p. 54.

G. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 325.

Description. Body broader than long, and broadest in front ; lateral margins rounded, but
defined by a slightly elevated line which forms with the anterior margin nearly a right angle.
The cornea occupies an oblique space nearly at the tip of the peduncle, which is 0"2 long,
with scattering solitary hairs ; the fossa or furrow for its reception is narrow, nearly straight,
and serrated and rounded on its under margin. The antenna? are hairy at their bases. Cheeks
densely hirsute ; abdominal segments polished, long, sublinear. The enlarged hand occurs
indifferently on the right or left, but I think most frequently on the left side, and is often more
than twice the length of the transverse diameter of the body. The movable finger is curved,
and extends beyond the tip of the other, which is almost straight ; from this results a figure
somewhat resembling the bow of a violin, and has probably suggested its popular name of
Fidler Crab. The inner margin of the movable finger has a double series of equal tubercles ;
the hand is minutely tubercular ; the small hand has its fingers equal, and hollowed inwards
as if bent : all the feet with rigid hairs.

Color, soiled brown above, with a bluish green mark on the anterior part of the shell ; after
death, the upper shell becomes polished black, with horn color towards its margins. Eyes
black ; peduncles light yellowish ; hands and feet horn-color.

Length, 0*5. Transverse diameter, 0-6.

Var. a. Smaller and darker colored ; the shell is not as ventricose, the anterior border more
sinuous, and the posterior margin more narrowed behind (fig. 10); the lateral angles are
much more acute, but in other respects I find no important difference.

This species, occupying oblique holes in marshes near the sea, occurs along our whole
Atlantic coast as far as Cape Cod. In its movements, which are very rapid, it carries its
enlarged hand raised from the ground, and, upon the slightest alarm, elevates it, and extends
the fingers in a menacing attitude. This bold demeanor has doubtless given rise to the name
of Soldier Crab. At the approach of winter, these holes are closed, and the animals remain
torpid until the following spring. They appear to be equally at home on land or in water,
but seem to spend most of their time on land. They are of little economical use, except as
bait for fish, more particularly the Black-fish, or Tautog.

ORDER DECAPODA SESARMA. 15

GENUS SESARMA. Say.

Shield quadrilateral, elevated in front, where it is broad and curved downwards, reticulated
or granulated on the sides. Orbits deeply notched below their outer angle. Third joint
of the outer jaw-feet longer than the second, much longer than wide, ovate, slightly sub-
truncate in front, and having an oblique crest on its outer surface. Tarsi styliform, hairy,
and generally wanting spines.

Sesarma cinerea.

Cancer cinercus. Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Crustaces, Vol. 1, p. 204, pi. 6, fig. I.
Ocypode ( Sesarma) reticidatus. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 1, p. 73, pi. 4, fig. 6.
Sesarma cinerea. JIilne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crust. Vol. 2, p. 75.

Description. Shell somewhat longer in its transverse diameter, with numerous minute irre-
gular punctures, and with oblique scarcely elevated rugae on each side behind. Cheeks and
sides of the body with numerous parallel longitudinal lines of granules, surmounted at regu-
lar distances by perpendicular equal hairs ; beneath the lateral edge of the shield are about
six short ciliate curves, disposed in a longitudinal series. Front deeply hollowed in the mid-
dle. Thighs mucronate above near the tip, with minute aculea? behind, which are wanting on
the posterior ones. Tarsi striate with six ciliate lines. Hands subequal, scabrous, with a
moniliform edge above.

Inhabits holes in salt-marshes, in the same manner with the preceding. It is found along
the shores of the Southern States and among the Antilles, but I am not aware of its having
been yet detected on the coast of this State.

GENUS NAUTILOGRAPSUS. Milne-Edwards.

The shield shortest in its transverse diameter, convex. Tarsi large and spinous. Third joint
of the external jaw-feet not crested. Front lamellar, advanced, not bent over, but simply
inclined downward : lateral edges of the shield thin. Legs short ; the four posterior pair
acute at their tips.

Nautilograpsus minutus.

Cancer minulus. LlN. Herbst, pi. 2, fij. 32.

Grapsus minutus. Latreille, Hist. Nat. des Crust, et des Ins. Vol. 6, p. 68.
G. cinereus. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 1, p. 99.

Nautilograpsus minutus. Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crust. Vol. 2, p. 90.

Description. Body small, subquadrate, depressed ; the anterior angles acute, with a sinus
behind them on the edge. A small spine, more or less distinct, behind the external canthus.

16 NEW-YORK FAUNA — CRUSTACEA.

Front entire : third joint of the anterior pair serrate on the inner edge, and four-toothed at the
tip. Hands large, granulate beneath. Carpus with an obtuse spine. Tarsi short and spi-
nous beneath.

Color, variable, but most usually brownish, mottled with ash. Eyes reddish brown.

Length, 0-3. Transverse diameter, 0-2.

This little species is usually found upon seaweed, or the larger marine animals in the
ocean. It has been noticed on seaweed off the harbor of New-York. But a single species
is yet known.

GENUS PLAGUSIA. Latreille.

General form of the preceding, but the internal antennae are short, vertical, and moving in
deep cavities which are open above, and formed in the substance of the shield. Mouth
nearly closed in front.

Plagusia sayi.

Plagusia deprcssus. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 1, p. 100.

Description. Shield with numerous distant punctures, having the appearance of being
covered with scales, each of which is bounded before by a line of impressed points furnish-
ing hairs. Sides of the shield with three serrate teeth ; the posterior canthus of the eye
elevated into a tooth, with a small tubercle within its base. Carpus with a depressed spine
within, which is emarginate at tip. Hands granulate above, with small tubercles and two
impressed lines. Tarsi with a double line of movable spines beneath ; tip of the preceding
joint about five-spined beneath.

Color, variegated ; tibia darker, spotted ; beneath white, immaculate.

Mr. Say received this species from the Gulf stream, and considered it as synonimous with
the P. depressa from the Indian ocean and coast of China. From this it is distinguished by
the hairy tubercles on its shield. I agree with M. Milne-Edwards in considering it more
allied to P. squamosa from the Red sea and Indian ocean. This latter, however, is charac-
terized by its shield bristling with elevated tubercles, each of which is furnished with a series
of stiff hairs directed forward, and resembling scales. It may provisionally, until a direct
comparison is made, be considered as a new species, taking of course the name of its learned
and indefatigable discoverer

ORDER DECAPODA — LITHODES. 17

{EXTRALIMITAL )

Genus Ilia, Leach. Shield oval or circular. An'erior feet very long-, slender, and terminating in long

filiform fingers.
I. punctata. (Edw. Vol. 2, p. 125. Leucosia id. Say, loc. cit. p. 457.) Shield with three long

conical teeth behind, directed backwards. Surface granular, terminated by a granulated margin.

Coast of Georgia and Florida.

Genus Hefatus, Lalreille. Shield broad, arched in front, narrowed and truncated behind. External
antennae short ; the four posterior pair of feet terminated by a small pointed tarsus.

H- fasciatus. (Desmarest, Consid. pi. 9, fig. 2. Say, loc. cit. p. 457.) The antero-lateral mar-
gin of the shield divided into 12 - 13 more or less rectangular teeth, which are dentated on their
edges. Color, variable, yellowish; in the young, banded; in the adult, maculate with reddish
spots. Coast of Georgia and Florida.

GENUS LITHODES. Latreille.

Shield cordiform, tubercular ; the rostrum elongated. Eyes approximated, with the four
short antennae between them. The first four pair of feet successively longer ; the fifth pair
very short and rudimentary.

Obs. This genus is one of a group which forms the transition between the Decapoda bra-
chyura and the D. macroura. It constitutes the section Decapodes anomoures of Milne-
Edwards. Of the genus Lithodes, we have as yet but one representative on our coast.

LlTHODES ARCTICA.

PLATE VI. FIG. 11.

Cancer maia. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1046.

Lithodei arctica. Latreille, Genera, Vol. 1, p, 40.

i. maja. Leach, Zool. Miscell. Vol. 1, p. 40. Lam. Vol. 2, p. 414. Ed. Brux.

L. arctica. Lat. in Griffith's Cuvier, Vol. 13, p. 172, pi. 1, fig. 1.

L. id. Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. Vol. 2, p. 186. Godld, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 327.

Description. Shield heart-shaped, covered with conical tubercles, and a series of large
pointed spines along its lateral margins ; the rostrum elongated, slender, bifid, or with two
slightly diverging points at the end, two pair of lateral teeth, and one above, and the other
larger one beneath the rostrum. Second joint of the external antenna? with a tooth on its
outer surface. Pincers with tufts of hairs. All the feet, except the last pair, with series of
stout spines.

Length, 4-0. Transverse diameter, 3*5.

This is a boreal species, very common on the coast of Norway. On our coast it is very
rare. Dr. Gould obtained, through Dr. Prescott of Lynn, a specimen from the stomach of a
codfish on the coast of Massachusetts ; and, under similar circumstances, it may present
itself to the naturalists of this State.

Fauna — Part 6*. 3

1 8 NEW-YORK FAUNA — CRUSTACEA.

GENUS HIPPA. Fabricius.

Body oblong-oval, convex, truncated in front, with a small triangular rostrum. Tail short,
with a lamellar appendix on each side of its base. Hands without pincers, compressed,
oval. External antennas usually rolled up, but, when extended, long and filiform, with a
double series of long hairs. Tarsus of the second and third pairs of feet lunated ; of the
fourth, triangular.

HlPPA TALPOIDA.

PLATE VII. FIG. 17.

Hippa talpoida. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. I, p. 160.

H. emerita ? Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crujt, Vol. 2, p. 209. Gould, loc. cit. p. 328.

Description. Shield with interrupted rugous lines in front, smooth behind. Tail more than
half the length of the shield, sublanceolate, with reflected lateral margins ; the external
spine of the large basal articulation of the external antennas extends somewhat beyond the
globular part of the fourth articulation. Body convex-oval when the tail is inflected upon it,
concave above, on the sides, in front, and very convex behind. Immediately behind the ros-
trum is a deep transversal furrow 0*25 in length, its end turned slightly backwards ; a similar
furrow, but curved with its concavity forwards, and with a smooth elevated margin, is placed
somewhat in advance of the central portion of the thorax. Rostrum small, triangular, with
a deep emargination on each side, terminated by a small tooth exceeding somewhat the ros-
trum. External antennas longer than the shield, but frequently folded up, and almost entirely
concealed between the mouth and the external jaw-feet. Eyes very small, on filiform pedi-
cels. Internal antennae short. Tail pointed with a double series of hairs. Terminal articu-
lation of the anterior feet oval.

Color, light reddish brown ; the shield purple.

Total length, excluding the antennas, 2 •(). Transverse diameter, 0*6. Tail, 0'6.

The original describer of this species, Mr. Say, stated that it was very closely allied to the
H. emerita of authors ; but was of opinion that the great length of the antennas, and the shape
of the tail, indicated a distinct species. Milne-Edwards has, however, in the work cited above,
referred it with doubt to the H. emerita, and in this he is followed by our distinguished crus-
taceologist Dr. Gould. In his description of the H. emerita from Brazil, M. Edwards says,
" L'epine externe du grand article basilaire des antennes externes, depassent de beaucoup
" la portion globuleuse formee par le quatrieme article pedonculaire de ces organes." An in-
spection of the magnified figure on the plate, will show that the foregoing phrase does not
apply to this species.

This species is known under the popular name of Sand-bug, and burrows in the sand be-
tween high and low-water mark. The ease and rapidity with which they burrow, has given
rise to its trivial name. They are occasionally used as bait. It occurs along the coast of the
United States, from near Cape Cod southwardly.

ORDER DECAPOD A — PAGURUS. 19

GENUS PAGURUS. Fabricius.

Anterior part of the body crustaceous ; the lower long and cylindrical, soft, and rolled upon
itself. Interior antenna? short, bifid at the tip, and scarcely reaching beyond the peduncle
of the external antennae. Extremity of the tail with an unequal pair of appendices.

Obs. This genus, which is at present subdivided into four others, now comprises nearly
fifty species distributed throughout the world. They are all in the habit of occupying the
dead shell of a univalve, which is exchanged for a larger one as they increase in size. This
singular habit has suggested the popular name of Hermit Crab. Some species live on land,
occupying of course univalve terrestrial shells.

Pagurus pollicaris.

plate viii. fig. 21.
(state collection.)

Pagurus pollicaris. Sat, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 1, p. 163.

P. id. Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crustacea, Vol. 2, p. 237.

P. id. GorjLD, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 329.

Description. Anterior segment of the thorax subcordate ; truncate behind. Eyes on pedi-
cels 0'3 long, with a small pointed scale at the inner base. Interior antennae shortest ; the
penultimate joint extending beyond the ocular pedicels. External antennae 1 ■ 2 long ; the last
joint composed of about sixty articulations, with a long spinous appendix at its base, nearly
as long as the ocular pedicels. Hands unequal, opposed ; the right one nearly twice as long
as the left, much compressed, crested ; the upper ridge convex, dentate ; the finger longer
than the thumb, with a series of tubercles becoming double towards the angle. Thumb with
a stout projection or knob beneath, giving a rectangular appearance to the lower part of this
member, and with about eight tubercular teeth. Left hand similar to the right, but wanting
the tubercular knob beneath. Both hands, together with the carpus and succeeding joints,
strongly tubercular, not hairy. Thighs of the second and third pair smooth below, tubercular
above. Carpus of the right not as long as the hand, above rounded ; of the left, angular.
Terminal joints of the second and third pair slender, nearly equal in length to the two pre-
ceding joints, compressed, ciliate on the two edges, with a double series of punctures and a
medial impressed line.

Color, red when recent ; pearly grey in cabinet specimens.

Length of the thorax, 0"5 ; of the right hand, 0-8. Width of the same, 0*6.

This is the largest American species that I have seen. It is frequently found in the shell
of the Fulgur carica. It is rare to meet with a perfect specimen, as they are frequently
found deprived of their antennae, and of one or both their eyes. This is attributed by iisher-

3*

20 NEW-YORK FAUNA — CRUSTACEA.

men to the common Black-fish (Tautoga americana). I am indebted to my friend Mr. I.
Cozzens for an opportunity of examining many individuals of this species. It is sometimes
distinguished as the Warty Hermit Crab..

Pagurus LONGICARPUS.

PLATE VIII. FIG. 22.

Pagurus longicarpus. Say, Joum. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 1, p. 163.

P. id. Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crustaces, Vol. 2, p. 237.

P. id. Godld, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 330.

Description. Thorax for the most part concealed in the shell ; its first segment rounded,
narrowed and truncate behind ; second segment emarginate behind for the reception of the
abdomen. External antennae longer than the left hand, filiform, with an accessory filament
on the basal joint ; internal antennas setigerous at the tips. The ocular pedicels equal the
first segment of the thorax in length ; at the base of the pedicel, on the upper surface, is a
small scale, concave above, dilated behind, and pointed in front with a few setae. Second
and third pairs of feet subequal ; the two last joints, and more especially the penultimate
joint, punctured, with a series of seta? above : the last joint with a lateral impressed line.
Hand linear, granulate, with a slightly serrated edge beneath, extending nearly to the tips of
the fingers, which are smooth and polished ; internally the hand is somewhat ventricose.
Carpus equal in length to the hand, long, linear, with a raised moniliform edge on its upper
surface, with elevated dots and rigid seta?.

Color. Body dark reddish brown ; fingers grey or whitish.

Length of the whole animal, 1*5.

This description is taken from an unusually large specimen ; they are, in general, much
smaller. It is the most common species on our coast, and may be seen running about our
shores with their attached shells. It is known as the Little Hermit Crab.

( EXTRALIMITAL.)

P. bernhardus. (Desmarest, Ioc. cit. p. 173, pi. 30, fig. 2. Gould, loc. cit. p. 329.) Shell with an
elevated medial line. Anterior feet with spinous tubercles. Second and third pair spinous and
tubercular above ; the last joint very thick, compressed, twisted upon itself, enlarging itself slightly
towards the extremity, which suddenly narrows to a point. Carpus as long as the palm of the hand,
rough and hairy. Color, bright cherry-red. Length, 5 *0 - 6 *0.

This Pagurus of Northern Europe has been observed by Dr. Gould on the coast of Massachu-
setts.

P. vittalus. (Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Crustaces, Vol. 2, p. 78, pi. 12, fig. 1.) Pincers nearly equal, tubercular
and hairy ; the second and third pair robust, with white longitudinal stripes. Thorax short, flat-
tened, slightly dentated in front, and furnished with long hairs. Common on the shores of South-
Carolina.

ORDER DECAPODA — PORCELLANA. 21

Genus Porcellana, Lamarck. Body suborbicular or subquadrate. External antenna? very long,
setaceous, placed behind the eyes ; the internal concealed in cavities. Anterior feet very large ;
the carpus very long, with a lamellar prolongation. Posterior pair small and slender, folded
over the base of the others, and ending in a small didactyle pincer. Tail fan-shaped, bilamel-
late on each side.

P. pilosa. (Milne-Edwards, loc. cit. Vol. 2, p. 255.) Shield elongated: front divided into three lobes,
of which the central one is triangular and prominent, the others small and rounded ; extremities
very hairy. Carpus middle sized, and armed towards the base of its anterior edge with a denticu-
lated lobe ; a few spines before this lobe. Hands short and wide ; the following members almost
cylindrical. Color, brownish. Length, 0*5. Charleston, S. C.

P. sociata. (Say, loc. cit. Vol. 1, p. 456.) Carpus and hand tuberculate before : tubercles very obtuse,
each composed of from four to nine granules. Anterior part of the thorax deeply crenale ; crena;
inflected : in the two lateral ones are placed the eyes and antenna? ; feet hairy. Length of thorax,
0*2. Probably the same with the preceding. Coast of Georgia.

P. galathina. (Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Crust. Vol. 1, p. 233, pi. 6, fig. 2. Say, Ac. Sc. Vol. 1, p. 458.)
Shield flattened, striated longitudinally ; pincers compressed ; thighs dentate. This is all the infor-
mation we have respecting this species. From an inspection of the figure, it appears to have the
carpus strongly serrated, and the body and limbs punctate or tubercular; the length 0-4. Bosc
states its habitat to be unknown, and Mr. Say merely cites the name, and states it to be common on
the coast of Georgia and Florida. Edwards does not cite it, but it may possibly be his P. -pilosa*

Genus Monolepis, Say. Shield convex, oblong, with a small rostrum. Eyes very large and distant.
Intermediate antenna; stout, bifid at the end, and concealed under the rostrum. First pair of
feet didactyle ; the three following monodactyle ; the fifth very small, folded over the posterior
part of the shield, and terminating in long seta;. Tail ending in three plates. A double series
of false swimming feet beneath the abdomen.

Obs. This genus is composed of minute species. M. Milne-Edwards suspects that this and
its allied genus Megalops may possibly include merely the young of some other crustacean.
They form the passage from the Decapoda anomoura to the D. macroura.
M. inermis. (Say, Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 1, p. 157.) Front unequal, extended into a short rostrum, with
a tooth on each side near the eyes. A large truncate tubercle behind each eye. Tarsi simple.
Hind feet very small, terminated by three seta;. Color, olive green. Length of thorax, 0-25.
Eastern shore of Maryland.
M. spinitarsus. (Say, loc. cit. Vol. 1, p. 58.) Tubercle behind the eyes obsolete. Tarsi armed beneath
with about seven rigid spines, of which the fifth is largest and the sixth smallest ; the tip incurved
acute. Length of thorax, 0'3. Coast of South-Carolina.

* Dr. Leach (Nouv. Diet, des Sc. Vol. 18, p. 54) has arranged this and a few others under a subdivision of Porcellana
which he calls Pisidia, but which has not been adopted by many subsequent writers. He calls it Pisidia sayana, and
describes "the shield and pincers marked with short and transverse lines; front trifid, with the elongated medial one itself
tridentate and finely granular." The P. galathina of Bosc, is supposed by Dr. Leach to be different, and more closely
allied to the sociata, and he adds the following characters: Shield striate ; front smooth and undivided ; pincers large, equal
chagrined above, with three very sharp spines on the inside ; hands nearly triangular ; fingers short, without any denta
tions within.

22 NEW-YORK FAUNA — CRUSTACEA.

Genus Callianassa, Leach. Abdomen elongated, membranous. Terminal filaments of the internal

antenna? much longer than the peduncle. No respiratory appendices under the abdomen.

Lateral plates of the caudal fin foliaceous and very broad. First and second pair of feet di-

dactyle; third pair enlarged towards their extremities.

C. major. (Say, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Vol. 1, p. 235.) Hands unequal: carpus granulated, trilateral,

not concave. Hand much elongated, sublinear, compressed, glabrous. Abdomen membranaceous,

of six segments ; lateral lamellae simple, larger than the tail. Length, 4-5. Burrows in sand.

Florida.

Genus Gebia, Leach. Characters of the preceding, but the first and second pair of feet with a movable

finger, and projecting angle for a thumb. Rostrum elongated and broad, concealing the eyes.

G. affinis. (Say, loc. cit. Vol. 1, p. 241.) Thorax glabrous, covered in front with tufts of hair arising

from tubercles. Rostrum short, canaliculate, hairy. Hands not broader than the carpus, linear,

nearly equal to the third joint. Length, 2*25. Coast of Georgia.

GENUS ASTACUS. Fabricius.

Rostrum depressed, wide at base, and with not more than one lateral spine. Lamellar
appendix of the external antennae large ; the fifth thoracic ringis articulated with the
preceding, and not soldered to them. Six anterior feet didactyle. Exclusively fluviatile.

ASTACUS BARTONII.

PLATE VHI. FIG. 25.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Astacus bartonii. Fab. Entom. Systematica, Suppl. p. 407.

A. id. Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Crust. Vol. 2, p. 62, pi. 11, fig. 1.

A. id. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 1, p. 167.

A. id. Haklan, Med. and Phys. Researches, p. 230, pi. fig. 2. GoDLD, loc. cit. p. 330.

A. affinis. Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crustaces, Vol. 2, p. 332.

Description. Body with scattered punctures. Rostrum mucronate, concave, elongated,
suddenly attenuated, but with lateral angles rather than spines at the point of attenuation.
No spines on the thorax. An acute triangular spine, rather exceeding the rostrum in length,
articulated to the outer side of the base of the external antennae ; below the base of the spine,
on each side, an oculiform tubercle. Movable finger slightly shorter than its opposite, and
a number of foveolae or pits in such a regular series on both as to produce the appearance of
one or more elevated lines. Carpus with a deep furrow on its upper surface, and one or
more spines on its inner angle. Shield with a transversal lunate furrow. The first segment
of the middle caudal lamella with one or two short spines on each side.

Color of the body and claws, greenish brown ; tips of the rostrum, of the hands and feet
(and sexual appendices of the male), reddish. Lighter beneath.

Total length, 2-0-3-0.

ORDER DECAPODA — HOMARUS. 23

This little Craw-fish, or Fresh-water Lobster, is exceedingly common in most of the
mountain streams of this and the adjoining States. It has been noticed by Bosc in Carolina,
and by Dr. Gould in Massachusetts. I am not aware of its extreme northern geographic
range. Their habits are nocturnal, concealing themselves during the day under stones. They
are rarely eaten, except by children in sport, although they are undoubtedly as palatable as
their European congener. The following species I have not seen, although it is said to be
found in the Delaware. I have searched for it without success in the tributaries of that
stream within the limits of this State. Milne-Edwards has made a singular transposition of
the names of these two species.

(EXTRA-LIMITAL )

A. affinis. (Say, loc. cit. p. 168 and 443. Harlan, op. cit. p. 230, pi. fig. 3?) Rostrum mucronate,
subcanaliculate, two-spined ; a spine behind each eye, and a larger geminate one on each side of
the thorax; hand and thumb, on the inner edge, scabrous. Length, 3*3. River Delaware and
its tributaries.

A. blandingii. (Harlan, loc. cit. p. 229, pi. fig. 1.) Rostrum mucronate, canaliculate, slightly
notched at the extremity ; a spine behind each eye. Arms tuberculated, elongated ; fingers slender,
unequal ; penultimate and antepenultimate legs of the male with an obtuse process at base of the
second joint. Length, 3 '8. Marshes and Rivulets of the Southern States.

A. oreganus. (Randall, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 8, p. 138, pi. 7.) Body granulated; beak a long
slender spine, with a short spine on each side. Color, fuscous, with a large reddish spot on each
side posteriorly. Length. 4*0. Oregon Territory.

GENUS HOMARUS. Edwards.

Form of the preceding. Rostrum slender, narrow, and armed with many teeth on both sides.
Eyes spherical. Last ring of the thorax firmly united to the preceding. Hands exces-
sively developed. Medial caudal plate with lateral spines. Exclusively marine.

HOMARUS AMERICANUS.
PLATE XII. FIGS. 52, 53.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Astacus marinus ameriamus. Seba, Thesaurus, Vol. 3, pi. 17, fig. 3.

A. marinus. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 1, p. 165.

A. id. Milne-Edwakds, Hist. Nat. des Crustaces, Vol. 2, p. 334.

A, id. Goold, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, p. 330.

Description. Rostrum narrow, acute, turned up at the tip, with two short spines at its base
and posterior to the eyes ; two or three spines on each side of the rostrum, followed by a
series of minute ones in large individuals ; one or two spines on the under side, near the tip ;

24 NEW-YORK FAUNA — CRUSTACEA.

a small spine on the anterior edge of the thorax. The rostrum is slightly furrowed on its
dorsal surface, and a linear furrow extends from it along the medial line to the first abdominal
segment. The accessory plates to the peduncle of the external antennae spinous ; the supe-
rior with a ciliate lamella. The last abdominal segment with a pencil of hairs on its external
angle, and occasionally another on each side of its posterior margin ; a single central spine
on the under side of the second, third, fourth and fifth abdominal rings. The caudal plates
all distinctly pencilled behind ; the first segment of the external one denticulate ; the central
plate rounded behind, with a spine on each side, which disappears in older individuals.
Hands compressed, for the most part unequal, owing to their having been casually detached
and renewed at different periods ; they have from five to nine spines on the inner edge, a
rounded tubercle on the upper or inner surface near the joints of the pincers, and a small
blunt spine on the superior and posterior surface of the hand. Carpus as in the European
lobster, with five spinous tubercles above and another beneath.

Color, olivaceous green above, and in very old individuals verging to deep blackish green ;
darker spots and blotches over the body, hands and feet, spines and tubercles ; sides of the
thorax and of the abdominal segments, under side of the hands and the caudal hairs brick red.

Length of the body, 12-0-24-0. Weight, 2- 10 lbs.

The Common Lobster is well known, although it has not until recently been well distin-
guished from the Lobster of Europe. Ours, however, attains a greater size, and is perhaps
the largest species yet known among the Crustacea. The average weight may be stated at
about four pounds, but I have frequently seen them of the weight of fifteen to twenty pounds.
The largest I have heard of, was sold in the Fulton market, and weighed, as I am credibly
informed, thirty-five pounds. They are common in our markets during the whole year, but
more especially during the summer, when they are most highly relished, selling at from four
to eight cents per pound. The smaller ones are derived from the rocky shores of the East
river and Long-island sound. The larger individuals are brought to us alive from Fisher-
island sound and the rocky coasts north of Cape Cod. Fishermen suppose the small lobster
to be a different species, but without any foundation.

There is a variety of the Lobster, termed Bluebacks, on account of their dark bluish color.
They are derived from the coast about Cape Cod, have comparatively thin shells, and are
highly prized by epicures ; they are seen chiefly at the commencement of the lobster season
in the early part of May. In June, 1840, I saw in the Fulton market a lobster which was'
of two colors, distinctly separated by a medial line from the tip of the rostrum to the middle
extremity of the plate of the tail. On one side the body and all the members were of a light
sky blue, and the other of the usual olivaceous green. It was doubtless occasioned by some
morbid change in the condition of the animal. The change of color which takes place when
this and several other Crustacea (but not all) are placed in boiling water, is owing to a peculiar
pigment* in the shell, which is usually brownish or greenish, but which changes to red at the
temperature of about 190° Fahrenheit, and also by the action of acids and alcohol.

* Lassaigne, Journal de Phurmaci*, Vol. 6, p. 174.

ORDER DECAPODA — CRANGON. 25

The apparent disappearance and reappearance of lobsters in the neighborhood of New- York,
and in other localities, which has given rise to many popular fallacies, may be explained by
considering the following facts. They naturally diminish rapidly when taken in such vast
numbers as we have known them to be, especially when near to a large market. When the
fishing ground is apparently exhausted, they are declared to have disappeared. In the mean
time they arc undisturbed, and allowed to increase, recourse being had to other fishing grounds ;
and many females, with the impregnated ova, are brought to market, and kept in cars for a
longer or shorter period: the young are excluded, and in this way various broods are produced.
Many of these are caught at the docks in the vicinity of the markets, but the greater number
go on increasing until the word is given that lobsters are again to be found in our waters.

The geographical range of the Lobster does not extend much farther south than the coast
of New-York, and ascends to the extremest north. It is taken in comparatively small quan-
tities on the coast of New-Jersey ; but I learn from my valued and learned friend Dr. Pick-
ering, that two years after building the Breakwater in Delaware bay, lobsters made their ap-
pearance there in great quantities. I know of no other instance where their range has been
extended, except by Gen. Pinckney, now deceased, who, about thirty years since, caused a car
full of lobsters to be emptied into the harbor of Charleston, S. C. A few of the survivors,
or their descendants, were captured about ten years since, but, as I am informed, they were
the last.

GENUS CRANGON. Fabricius.

.a

Anterior feet monodactyle, and furnished with a spurious finger ; second and third pairs very
slender, simple ; fourth and fifth more robust. Antenna? inserted in nearly the same hori-
zontal line ; exterior ones long, setaceous, with a large scale at the base ; intermediate ones
short, bifid. Gills seven in number on each side of the thorax.

Obs. This genus, established by Fabricius, comprises about six species chiefly from the
polar seas. The C. vulgaris is the true Shrimp of Europe, with which our species is closely
allied, and by some writers considered identical.

Crangon septemspinosus.

PLATE VIII. FIG. 24.

Crangon septemspinosus. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 1, p. 246.

C. id.? Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crustaces, Vol. 2. p. 342.

C. vulgaris. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 331.

Description. Body with seven spines ; one on the thorax, and one on each side in the same
line ; one at the external canthus of each eye, and one beneath on each side. Rostrum not
extending to the eyes, obtuse, with elevated margins which form a furrow on each side ex-

Fauna — Part 6*. 4

26 NEW-YORK FAUNA CRUSTACEA.

tending nearly to the posterior margin of the thorax. Eyes sessile, and resting upon the con-
cave surface of the peduncle of the interior antenna;. Outer antenna? nearly equalling the
total length, and furnished with an oblong tapering plate, truncate at the tip, nearly as long
as the internal antennae, with a raised external border, and ciliate on the internal margin with
long hairs. Anterior feet with a slender curved claw, opposable to a sharp prominent spine.
Second and third pair of feet exceedingly slender ; the remainder more robust, and all with
simple acute tips. Middle caudal plate simple, conic, concave beneath ; outer plates oblong-
oval, margined with hairs.

Color, very pale greenish, frequently translucent ; the basal plates of the external antennas,
and the caudal plates, punctate with brown.

Length, 1 -5-1 -75.

This is a lively little animal, and known under the popular name of Bait Shrimp, being used
exclusively for bait. M. Edwards observes that this differs very little from the C. vulgaris, or
Common Shrimp of Europe, but admits that it may probably be a new species. In his edition
of Lamarck's Animaux sans vertebres, published subsequently to his work on the Crustacea,
he passes it over in silence. Dr. Gould considers the two species as identical ; there appears,
however, to be a notable difference in the shape of the basillary plates of the external antennae.

In many parts of Europe, the Shrimp is eaten in great quantities. Our species has a wide
geographical range, being found from Florida to the Arctic ocean.

(BXTRA-LIMITAL.)

■

C. boreas. (Phipps, Voyage, p. 194. Muller, Zoo!. Dan. Vol. 4, pi. 132, fig. 1.) Shell rough, armed
along the medial line with a trifid crest. The plate of the external antennas short and very wide.
Second and third pair of feet filiform ; feet of the two last pair very large. Medial plate of the tail
with seven spines. Color, variegated with reddish. Length, 5-0 - 7*0. Stomachs of Cod-fish.

Coast of Massachusetts.

Genus Alpheus, Fabricius. Antennas arranged in two series, the internal above the external. First
and second pair of feet didactyle. Hands of the first pair large and unequal ; the three last
pair monodactyle. Shield advanced above the eyes. Inhabiting the seas of warm climates.

A. heterochelis. (Say, loc. cit. Vol. 1, p. 243.) Rostrum simple, spiniform, acute, carinate in the middle.
Shield smooth, without spines. Larger hand deformed, compressed, abruptly constricted mar the
fingers on each edge. Color, green, with small brownish spots ; hand beneath white. Length,
1-5. Florida, South-Carolina.

A. minus. (Id. loc. cit.) Rostrum and shield over the eye, forming three spines in front. Larger
hand not compressed, inflated. External jaw-feet obtuse at point, and crowned with spines. Color:
Large hand white, the tip red, banded near the bases of the fingers with white in the female; white
tipped with green in the male. Length, 0*8. South-Carolina and Florida.

ORDER DECAPODA — HIPPOLYTE. 27

GENUS HIPPOLYTE. Leach.

Antenna; arranged in two series. Rostrum large, immovable, lamellar, compressed and den-
tated. Feet all slender ; the two first pair didactyle. Internal antennae ending in two long
threads. Inhabiting all seas, and occasionally found in fresh water.

HlTPOLYTE SOWERBYI.

(CABINET OF THE LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.)

Cancer spinus. Sowerby, British Miscell. pi. 21.

Hypolde souerbyi. Leach, Mai. Podoplh. Biitt. pi. 39.

H. id. Desmarest, Consid. sur les Crustaces, p. 222, pi. 39, fig. 1.

H. id. Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crustaces, Vol. 2, p. 380.

Description. Rostrum short and wide in front, truncated at the end, risng from the poste-
rior part of the shield, with four or five teeth on the part attached to the shield, and with
seven or eight small ones on the upper side of the detached portion. The under side of the
detached portion with two teeth, of which one almost extends to the tip. Lamellar appen-
dix of the external antennae large, ovate, and extending beyond the rostrum. The spine-like
plate of the peduncle of the internal antenna? very long ; the terminal threads of these organs
very short. Outer jaw-feet moderate. Anterior feet scarcely exceeding the peduncle of the
outer antennas. The carpus of the second pair divided into seven or eight very distinct articu-
lations. Third abdominal segment with a sharp medial process, advanced over the next
segment. Medial caudal plate with six to ten teeth on each side.

Color, light greenish horn.

Length, 1-5-2-0.

A specimen of this species is now in the Cabinet of the Lyceum, obtained by Mr. Zabris-
kie from the stomach of a Cod-fish on the coast of this State.

HlPPOLYTE ACULEATUS.

PLATE IX. FIG. 31.

Cancer aculeatus. Fabricics, Faun. Grcenlandica, p. 239.

Alpheus id. Sabine, Appendix to Parry's Voyage, pi. 2, fig. 9.

Hippolyte aculeatus. Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crustaces, Vol.2, p. 380.

H. id. Gould, Invcrtebrata of Massachusetts, p. 332.

Description. Shield arched above. Rostrum slender, scarcely exceeding the penduncle of
the upper antennas, and continuing posteriorly until near the posterior margin of the shield.
Four or five large teeth on the attached part of the rostrum ; three or four very small teeth
on the upper edge of its anterior portion, and three on its lower edge. Jaw-feet long, ex-

4*

28 NEW-YORK FAUNA — CRUSTACEA.

ceeding the lamellar appendix of the external antennae, and very wide and truncate at the
end. Anterior feet large, and of moderate length. Five pair of spines on the medial caudal
plate. Abdominal segments on each side acute.

Length, l'O - T5.

This species has been obtained by Dr. Gould, rather abundantly, from the stomachs of
fishes on the coast of Massachusetts. It is properly a boreal species, and abundant in the
polar seas.

GENUS PANDALUS. Leach,

General form of the preceding. The first pair shortest, and ending in a slender point ; second
pair very slender, and didactyle. Twelve branchiae on each side. Upper antennae longer
than the body, ending in two filaments.

Pandalus annulicornis.

PLATE VII. FIG. 18.

Pandalus annvliformis. Leach, Mai. Podoplh. pi. 40: and Lin. Trans. Vol.11, p 346.

P. id. Desmarest, Consid. sur les Crustaces, p: 220, pi. 38, fig. 2.

P. id. Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crustaces, Vol. 2, p. 384.

P. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, p. 332.

Description. Rostrum as long as the shield, with eight to ten teeth above ; lower side of
the rostrum with a few teeth near the tip, separated by a smooth interval from others near the
base. Feet slender ; those of the first pair scarcely exceeding the lamellar appendix of the
external antennae ; the three last pair armed with spines.

Color. The antennae marked with eight or ten reddish rings, as broad as the intervening
white spaces.

Length, 3-0-4-0.

Found in the stomachs of fishes on the coast of Massachusetts.

ORDER DECAPODA PALEMON. 29

GENUS PALEMON. Fabricius.

General form of the preceding. The internal antennas arise above the external ones, and ter-
minate in three filaments. The first two pair of feet didactyle ; the second longer and
more robust than the first ; the remaining feet monodactyle.

Palemon vulgaris.

PLATE IX. FIG. 30.

Palemon vulgaris. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 1, p. 248.

P. id. Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crustaces, Vol. 2, p. 396.

P. squilla? Gould, Invertcbrata of Massachusetts, p. 332.

Description. Rostrum acute, cultrate, dilated, and deepest under the middle, extending
somewhat beyond the lamellar appendices of the external antennas, with eight or nine teeth
on the upper edge, and three or four beneath with setas between them. Shield with two minute
spines on the antero-lateral border at the bases of the external and internal antennas ; between
the two spines, an obsolete furrow directed backwards. Peduncle of the lamellar appendix
with a spine at the exterior tip. Two spines on the first joint of the interior antennas. The
fingers of the first pair scarcely reaching middle of the palm of the second ; its carpus with
a spine, and longer than that of the second ; its fingers hirsute, minute, and nearly equalling
the palm. The second pair with its fingers shorter than the palm ; carpus shorter than the fol-
lowing joint ; hands elongate ; finger somewhat deflexed ; thumb straight. Medial caudal
plate with two movable prostrate spines placed on each side ; tip with three or four movable
spines. External antennas two inches long.

Color, light transparent sea-green mottled with brown ; ocular peduncles spotted with
yellow.

Total length from the extremity of the rostrum, 1 -5.

This species is closely allied to the P. serratus, or Prawn of England, which is there con-
sidered as a great delicacy. Our species is usually termed Slwimp, or Big Shrimp, to dis-
tinguish it from the C. septemspinosus before described. It is distinguished from the English
Prawn by the rostrum, which in this latter is bifid at the tip, and greatly exceeds the lamel-
lar appendix of the external antennas ; it is also smooth near the front above, and the animal
is from three to five inches in length. It is closely allied to P. squilla of Europe (La Cre-
velte of the French), which is somewhat larger, witli the rostrum straight, and not exceeding
the lamellar appendix of the external antennas. The relative lengths of the fingers of the
second pair in the two species disagree ; but without a direct comparison of specimens, it is
impossible to determine in what particulars they may differ.

30 NEW-YORK FAUNA — CRUSTACEA.

The American Prawn is common on the shores of this State, and is particularly abundant
in creeks and grassy bays in the river Hudson. It has been noticed by Say as far south as
Florida, and by Dr. Gould along the coast of Massachusetts. It probably ranges still farther
north.

(EXTRALIMITAL.)

P. tenuicornis, (Say, loc. cit. Vol. 1, p. 249.) Rostrum with about eleven or twelve teeth above,
and six or seven beneath. Carpus of the first pair of feet unarmed. Fingers of the larger feet
as long or rather longer than the palm of the band. Length, 1 -2. Northern Coast.

Genus Penceus, Fabricius. General form of the preceding. The three first pair of feet didactyle ;

the false abdominal feet terminating in two ciliate plates. Medial caudal plate triangular.
P. setiferus. (P. Jluvialilis, Say, loc. cit. Vol. 1, p. 236. Edwards, Vol. 2, p. 414.) Rostrum

serrate above, with about nine teeth above and two beneath. Last abdominal segment and tail cari-

nate. Color, white tinged with reddish ; abdominal segments greenish yellow spotted with brown ;

caudal plates tipped with green, the cilics red. Length, 7-0- 8-0. Abundant on the shores of

the Carolinas and Florida.

Genus Mulcion, Latreille. Body soft; thorax ovoid. Eyes concealed. Internal antenna? conic,
inarticulated and very short ; lateral ones composed of a peduncle and a filament, without dis-
tinct articulations, and without a prominent scale at the base. Feet thread-like, and usually
with an appendix at their base ; the fourth pair widest.

31. lesueuri. (Latreille, Griffith's Cuvier, Vol. 13, p. 195, but without any details, except that is
was collected by M. Bosc in the seas of North America. ^

ORDER STOMAPODA — MYSIS. 31

ORDER II. STOMAPODA,

Shield divided into two parts, the anterior supporting the pedunculated eyes and the antenna.
Gills not lodged in thoracic cavities, but exposed and adhering to Jive pair of appendages,
sometimes rudimentary or obsolete. The jaw-feet, and most of the feet, which are more
than ten in number, approximating to the mouth on two lines converging behind, and
giving rise to the name of the order.

Obs. This order comprises few species, but which differ widely in form. Only a few of
these species have been yet observed on our coast.

GENUS MYSIS. Latreille.

Body compressed laterally. Six to eight pair of thoracic feet, and furnished with greatly
developed palpi, which make them appear double. Mouth placed near the base of the
antennas. No thoracic branchiae ; the false abdominal feet very small, and without branchial
appendages.

Obs. The animals of this genus occur in immense multitudes, especially in the northern
polar seas. According to Fabricius, they form the principal food of the Whale.

Mysis spinulosus.

PLATE VII. FIG. 20.

Mysis spinulosus. M. Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crustaces, VoL 2, p. 457.
M. id. Godld, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 333.

Description. Rostrum depressed, triangular, and about one-third of the length of the ocu-
lar peduncles. Peduncle of the internal antennas thick and very short ; the lamellar appendix
of the outer antennas narrow, and ciliated only within and at the end. Medial caudal plate
with spines on its sides, and deeply notched at the end ; the internal plates of the lateral ap-
pendices become gradually narrowed towards the end ; the external plates very obtuse (See
Desmarest, pi. 40, fig. 6, a.).

Color, brownish ; each abdominal ring marked above by a black star.

32 NEW-YORK FAUNA CRUSTACEA.

This is abundant in winter on our coast. It is called Opossum Shrimp in England, from
the circumstance that it carries a sac under the thorax, in which the eggs are hatched, and
where they are carried for some time. It is supposed by more recent writers to be the males
only which carry the young in pouches after exclusion, similar to what has been observed in
the family Syngnathidce among the fishes. It is also stated to migrate regularly into fresh
water, but I have had no opportunity of verifying the fact. It occurs on both sides of the
Atlantic.

(EXTRALIMITAL.)

Genus Diastylis, Say. Thorax smooth, six-jointed ; the anterior larger than all the others, com-
pressed and rostrated ; the four antenna? placed on the same plane. Five pairs of bifid feet ;
the anterior truncated. Abdomen five-jointed ; the first and second with natatory feet. Tail
with a single bifid style on each side of the first segment.

Obs. I place this genus where it was supposed by its author to belong. He did not observe
the eyes, which he says were probably retractile. All the species of this order, hitherto ob-
served, have pedunculated eyes. It may possibly be the young of some other crustacean.
D. arcnarius. (Say, loc. cit. p. 314.) Thorax minutely crenate on the anterior portion of the sides.
Lateral caudal styles divaricated, longer than the tail; terminal style less than half the length of
the lateral ones. Length, 0-2. Pools on the coast of Georgia and Florida. See Montagu,
Linnean Transactions, Vol. 7, pi. 6, for C. scorpoides, which Mr. Say thinks a congeneric
species.

GENUS SQUILLA. Fabricius.

Shield divided into three lobes. Lateral appendix of the three last pair of thoracic feet slen-
der and pointed. External antennae terminating in a broad oval ciliated plate. Second pair
of jaw-feet expanded into large lamellar hand-claws, stoutly toothed on the edges.

Squilla empusa.

PLATE XIII. FIG. 54.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Squilla empusa. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 1, p. 250.

S. id. Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. cles Crustaces, Vol. 2, p. 525.

Description. Thorax narrowed in front, dilated behind, and deeply concave on the posterior
margin. Surface with a medial longitudinal ridge, and two on each lateral lobe ; the interior
short, the exterior terminating abruptly before it reaches the posterior rounded termination : an
obtuse angle on the side of this lobe, which is not very obvious in the desiccated specimen.
Anterior margin with slightly prominent spines. Last joint of the hand-claw slender, with

ORDER STOMAPODA — SQUILLA. 33

five long sharp spines along its anterior edge, and ending in an acute spine ; this is received into
a corresponding cavity in the edge of the hand, which is pectinated, and has three movable
inflected spines near its base. Abdomen with six series of elevated lines arranged in pairs
longitudinally ; one pair medial, and the two others lateral ; all becoming more elevated, and
ending in small points on each segment as they approach the tail. Last abdominal segment,
or tail, longer than broad, with a stout bony medial ridge terminating, before reaching the
posterior margin, in a spine ; sides with eight prostrate robust spines directed backwards ;
the space on the margin between the third and fourth spines on each side, with six or seven
denticulations ; the posterior pair of spines serrated on their edges.

Color, brownish horn ; abdominal segments irregularly blotched with dusky ; caudal la-
mellae yellow bordered with blackish ; eyes green.

Length, 4*0 -6'0.

This species is frequently taken in our waters, but is not common enough to have received
a popular name. It occurs along the whole southern coast to East Florida, and is but rarely
found beyond the shores of this State. It was observed by Lesueur on the coast of Rhode-
Island, but has not, as far as I know, been observed farther north. M. Milne-Edwards, who
does not appear to have had an opportunity of examining our species, thinks that it approaches
the S. raphidea by the lateral angle of the shield, but resembles in other respects the S.
mantis. "With that humble deference to foreign authority which characterizes so many of
our naturalists,, we shall of course not be surprised to find this very distinct species treated
as identical with that of Europe. In those countries where species of the Squill abound,
they are highly esteemed as food.

Fauna — Part 6*.

34 NEW-YORK FAUNA CRUSTACEA.

GENUS GONODACTYLUS. Latreille.
General shape of the preceding genus, but the enlarged jaw-feet not toothed along their edges.

GONODACTYLUS SETIMANUS.

PLATE VIII. FIG. 23.

(CABINET OF THE LYCEUM.)

Description. Shield oblong, with its side much elongated ; a transverse lunate suture on its
lower portion in front, with two spinous projecting teeth covering the ophthalmic ring. Inter-
nal antenna long, smooth, and furnished w ith plumose sets ; external shorter, bifid at their
extremities, which are articulated. The penultimate segment of the jaw-foot is flattened,
carinate on its upper margin, dilated and furnished with long plumose setae ; beyond this are
three segments gradually diminishing in size to the last, which is oblong-oval, plumose on
both margins. First two pair of feet didactyle ; the two following with the terminal joints
flat and rounded, the edges ciliated. The penultimate abdominal segment slightly arcuated,
without spines, and with three rounded unarmed fins on each side, of which the inferior is
largest.

Color, greyish ; tips of the claws of the anterior pair, cilia? on the extremities of the others,
and the fins, black.

Total length, 3" 2; of the anterior pair of feet, 1*5.

This species was obtained from the stomach of a Cod-fish in the market. I have to regret
that it was too much mutilated to enable me to present its characters more in detail. It is
only provisionally placed here, for in many particulars it is much more nearly allied to the
family ErichthidcB.

ORDER AMPHIPODA — ORCHESTIA. 35

ORDER III. AMPHIPODA.

Head separated from the segment which supports the second jaw-feet. Eyes sessile and im-
movable. Post-abdomen with narrow elongated swimming appendages below, which are
striated transversely, and furnished with cilia or hairs, and not with scales. Mandibles
furnished with a palpus. Body usually compressed, and curved underneath posteriorly.
Thorax usually divided into seven segments. Inhabits fresh and salt water.

GENUS ORCHESTIA. Leach.

The four anterior feet ending in a compressed claw ; that of the second pair being much
larger, its terminal joint long, arched, and applied to the sharp edge of the hand : this edge,
in the female, has a single tooth.

Orchestia longicornis.

PLATE rx. FIG. 28 & 28 a. Female.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Talitrus (Orchcslia) longicornis. Say, Jour. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 1, p. 384.
Orchestia id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 334.

Description. Eyes oval. Lower antennae longer than the body ; the third joint, under the
lens, armed with series of short spines ; the fourth joint with about thirty articulations,
minutely spinous beneath. Second pair of feet with the hands dilated, oval, smooth, with
two obtuse spines on the anterior margin ; one at the lower angle, and the other more elevated
in the middle : the thumb much curved, acute at its tip, which rests on the interval between
the two tubercles (see fig. 28, a.). The two posterior pairs of feet longest. Upper pair of
antennae short, not extending beyond the second joint of the lower pair.

Length, O'5-l'O.

These small crustaceans are well known under the name of Sand-flea, or Beach-flea,
occurring along the shores of Long island, digging holes in the sand in which they conceal
themselves, and living upon dead animal substances. They furnish an abundant supply of
food to the numerous birds found along that coast.

5#

36 NEW-YORK FAUNA CRUSTACEA.

Orchestia GRYLLUS.

PLATE VII. FIG. 19.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Talitrus gryllus, Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Crustaces, Vol. 2, p. 152, pi. 15, fig. 2.
T. (Orchestia) id. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 1, p. 386.
Orchestia id. GonLD, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 334.

Description. Lower antennae much shorter than the body, slightly hairy, but not rugose
upon the third peduncular joint ; last article with about twenty-five articulations. Anterior
pair of feet with a prominent obtuse tubercle on the antepenultimate joint ; penultimate joint
dilated into an obtuse tubercle at the inner tip to receive the thumb. Palm convex so as to
receive the thumb without an interval, as long as the lower edge of the hand.

Length, 0-5-0-6.

Habit of the preceding, and abundant along the sandy beaches above the influence of the
tide.

GENUS TALITRUS. Latreille.

Body composed of thirteen segments, exclusive of the head. Third articulation of the lower
antennas longer than the preceding two united. Upper antennas scarcely longer, or not as
long as the peduncle of the lower antennas. No feet in the form of a claw ; the second
pair not larger than the first.

Talitrus quadrifidus.

PLATE IX. FIG. 27.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Description. Head compressed ; eyes obliquely oval. Lower antennae shorter than the
body, and only reaching as far back as the fourth segment, slightly hairy and somewhat rugose
on the third joint. Upper antennas very short, scarcely exceeding the second joint of the
lower ones. Body compressed. Tail with three appendices terminating in four spines, each
furnished with a series of rigid setae. All the feet armed with a slender acute claw.

Color, dark horn ; eyes blackish brown.

Length, 0-3-0-5.

This species also passes under the name of Beach-flea, and is frequently found concealed
under stones and seaweed.

ORDER AMPHIPODA — GAMMARUS. 37

GENUS GAMMARUS. Fabricius.

Antennae with the last joint composed of numerous minute ones ; upper antennae as long or
longer than the lower, with four articulations, the last ending in a bristle ; lower antennae
with five articulations. Feet fourteen ; the two anterior pair monodactyle, subequal ; the
two following pair terminate in a simple curved nail. Tail with small fasciculate spines
above, and bifid ones at the tip.

Gammarus MINUS.

PLATE IX. FIG. 29.
Gammar its minus. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 1, p. 376.

Description. Body incurved, subcompressed. Upper antennae longest, with the setae short,
attaining the tip of the second articulation of the terminal joint, which has about twelve arti-
culations. Eyes reniform.

Color. Body whitish, with a few pale fulvous spots on the sides. In dried specimens, the
color becomes reddish, and the lateral spots, more particularly towards the tail, are bright
red.

Length, 0-15-0-3.

This species is common in most of our fresh-water streams, and may often be detected
under stones and pieces of wood. It is extremely active, and is popularly known under the
name of Fresh-water Shrimp.

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

G. mucronatus. (Say, loc. cit. p. 376.) Antenna? subequal. Eighth, ninth and tenth segments of the
body mucronate above, more distinctly on the female. Length, 0*4. This and the succeeding
will in all probability be found in this State. Inhabits the coast from New-Jersey to Florida.

G.fasciatus. (Id. lb. p. 374.) Eyes at the outer base of the antennae, reniform; terminal joint of the
upper antennae with about thirty articulations. Color, whitish, fasciate with faint green which
becomes reddish after death. Length, 0-4. Freshwater. Pennsylvania.

G. locusta. (Montagu, Lin. Tr. Vol. 9, p. 359, pi. 4, fig. 1. Gould, loc. cit.) Eyes linear, almost
lunulated ; antennae covered with hairs ; threads of the caudal appendices subequal. Allied to the
preceding. Massachusetts.

G. appendiculatus. (Say, 1. c. p. 377.) Caudal segments, and three terminal segments of the body,
dentated on their posterior edges. Feet in one sex with the second pair didactyle. Length, 0-3.
Georgia.

38 NEW-YOKK FAUNA — CRUSTACEA.

Genus Amphithoe, Leach. General characters of the preceding;. No setaceous appendix to the third
joint of the upper antenna;. Tail without fasciculated spines, armed with bifid spines at the
tip. Hands of the two anterior pair oval. Inhabiting fresh and salt water.
A. serrata. (Say, 1. c. p. 383.) Antenna? equal, short, stout; eyes large, approximated, suboval;

eighth, ninth and tenth segments of the body serrated ; three spines on the lower edge of the palm.

Length, 0*4. Egg harbor, New-Jersey.
A. dentata. (Id. lb) Posterior edge of the dilated thighs strongly serrated; eyes distant abore;

clypeus obtuse; hand truncate at tip, destitute of prominent teeth, but with a few rigid hairs.

Length, 0'3. Fresh water marshes. South-Carolina.
A. punctata. (Id. lb.) Lower antennae nearly as long as the body; hands oval, not dentated nor

larger than the carpus. Body and antenna? sprinkled with black poit.ts. Length, 0-35. Egg

harbor, New-Jersey.

Genus Cerapus, Say. Antenna; very large and robust, nearly equal; the upper of four joints, the
lower or lateral ones of five. Anterior pair of feet small, monodactyle; the second pair with
a broad palm and a two-jointed thumb. Head distinct, ending in a small rostrum.
C. tubularis. (Id. p. 49. C. abditus, Templeton, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. Vol. 1, pi. 20, fig. 5. See
Pl. 10, fig. 43 o~ this work.) Head with a mucronate carina before; hand and first joint of the
thumb with one or two obtuse teeth ; eyes oval, black. Color. Body above blackish, with irregu-
lar paler spots; antenna; and feet white; joints tipped with blackish: two hind pair of feet and tail
white. Inhabiting a membranous tube open at both ends. Length, 0-25. Sea-beach, Egg
harbor, New-Jersey.

Genus LEPrDACTYLis, Say. Upper antenna? with a setaceous appendix at the tip of the third joint

Head produced into a point. Body compressed, oval. Feet fourteen. Two anterior pair of

feet simple, equal ; third and fourth subequal, didactyle, fingers lamelliform ; the remaining

pairs spinous, without nails.

L. dytiscus. (Say, I.e. p. 380.) Eyes orbicular; setaceous appendix reaching the tip of the fourth

segment of the terminal joint; anterior pairs of feet hairy. Color: Body, when recent, white,

with a ferruginous short stripe within. Length, 0 • 15 - 0 -25. Coast of Georgia.

Genus Uxciola, Say. Upper antennae robust, subpediform, with an articulated seta at the base of the
fourth join*. Feet fourteen, of which the first pair are monodactyle, the second with adactyle
compressed hands with two minute hooks at the tip ; coxa; simple, not dilated. Allied to
Podocerus.
U. irrora'a. (Id. lb. p. 389.) Eyes conspicuous, rounded. Hands of the anterior feet with a longi-
tudinal palm and prominent tocth ; those of the second pair compressed, ciliated, with a subtriangu-
lar hand. Color, when recent, pale with numerous red points. Length, 0'3. Hab. seaweed on
the coast of New-Jersey.

ORDER AMPHIPODA — HYPERIA. 39

Genus Hyperia, Latreille. Body subconical, short. Head moderately large, round nnd pointed in
front. Antennae short and setaceous. Feet simple, terminating- in a slender point, and sub-
equal. Three first rings of the abdomen very large ; the four following very small, and
forming a sort of caudal fin furnished laterally with three pair of long and slender appendices,
each terminating in two very minute lanceolated plates. Parasitic.
H. latrcilli. (Edw. An. Sc. Nat. Vol. 20, p. 388. Say, Lanceola pelagica, Ac. Sc. Vol. 1, p. 318.
Gould? loc. cit. p. 335.) Anterior pair of feet shortest ; third, fourth and seventh equal; fifth
longer ; sixth longer than the thorax. This species is probably the same noticed by Dr. Gould

under the name of H. galba, Mont, as occurring in the pouches of the Medusa , on the coast

of Massachusetts. Mr. Say's specimen was obtained from the Gulf stream.

Genus Podocerus, Leach. Antenna? pediform ; the lower longest and much more robust, with the

terminal joint inarticulate or obscurely jointed. The two anterior pairs of feet monodactyle;

hands dilated; those of the second pair largest, the palms unarmed. Allied to Corophium.

P. cylindricus. (Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 1, p. 387 ) Hands of the second pair not larger than

the carpus, somewhat cylindrical; third, fourth and fifth pairs of feet short, much compressed.

Eyes small, not prominent. Length, 0*15. Hab. seaweed. Egg harbor, New- Jersey.

40 NEW- YORK FAUNA — CRUSTACEA.

ORDER IV. LCEMIPODA.

Head united to the first segment of the thorax. Eyes sessile. Branchial apparatus, or what
is presumed to be such, vesicular, and from four to twelve in number. Abdomen rudimen-
tary, having the form of a small tubercle, tvithout distinct appendices. Marine.

GENUS CYAMUS. Latreille.

Body broad, depressed. Head short, truncate. Antennas four, approximated at their bases ;
the two upper setaceous, longest. Feet twelve, of which eight are perfect, and the others
in the form of slender jointed appendices under the second and third segments of the body.
Two compound sessile eyes on the anterior and lateral portions of the head, and two others,
smooth, on the vertex. Parasitic.

Cyamus ceti.

PLATE VI. FIG. 14.

Oniscus ceti. Lin. Syst. Nat. 3011.

Cyamus id. Latreille, Gen. Crustac. Vol. 1, p. 60.

C. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 335.

Description. Head small, conical. Body depressed, oval-orbicular, composed of six seg-
ments somewhat distant from each other ; the last with a small terminal appendix. Antennae
of four articulations, the last of which is small and conic ; the upper as long as the head and
first segment. Mouth with the lower lip formed by two jointed unguiculated palpi. First
pair of feet short, of six articulations terminating in a hand with movable curved claw.
Second and third pairs replaced by slender appendices, at the bases of which are the
branchial vesicles. Fourth, fifth and sixth pairs complete ; the fourth largest, the others suc-
cessively smaller, all robust ; the first joint large and rounded, the penultimate oval, the last
pointed and forming with the preceding a monodactyle claw. Color, yellowish white.

Length, 0-5-0-8.

This species, which is known under the name of Whale Louse, is usually found attached
to the bodies of whales along our coast, and occasionally on tunnies and other large marine
animals. It varies much in form according to its degree of development, and this has given
rise to several nominal species, which have not yet been sufficiently examined.

{EXTRALIMITAL.)

C. abbreviates. (Say, Jour. Ac. Vol. 1, p. 393.) Hands of the second pair with the palm two-toothed
and much larger than the others; one tooth near the base, and the other near the tip. Branchial
vesicles half as long as the feet. Length, 0-1. Hab. Bal.

ORDER LCEMIPODA — CAPRELLA. 41

GENUS CAPRELLA. Lamarck.

Body linear or filiform, composed of unequal segments. The upper antennae with the last
segment many-jointed, and as long as the three others. Two sessile compound eyes.
Feet ten, elongated, arranged by pairs in an interrupted series, unguiculated ; the second
and third segments furnished with branchial vesicles. Marine.

Caprella GEOMETRICA.

C. geometrica. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 1, p. 390.

Description. Body smooth above. Head obtuse, with a short spine in front ; three last
segments of the body shorter, convex above ; terminal one smallest, and truncate at the
tip. Second pair of feet with dilated oval compressed hands armed with teeth; one of
which is near the base, linear, and almost parallel with the palm ; the other large, obtuse,
little elevated, placed near the base of the claw : thumb curved, attenuated at the tip, where
it closes on the posterior tooth. Branchial vesicles short, oval. Terminal pair of feet
longest.

Color. Body with a few scattering reddish brown spots ; eyes red ; antennae and feet
annulate with reddish brown.

Length, 0*3.

This species is found among sponges and seaweed along the coast, on which it walks after
the manner of some caterpillars called Measuring worms. It swims by alternate curvatures
of the body. Dr. Gould has indicated two species on the coast of Massachusetts, which are
very probably distinct from any hitherto described.

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

C. . (Gould, Mass. Rep. p. 335.) Delicate, without any spines on any part. Color, thickly

dotted on the back with dark green. Length, 0*5. Massachusetts.

C. sanguinea. (Id. lb. p. 335.) Head blunt. Lower antennae ciliated, and extending to the second
segment, and the upper ones to the third segment : a spine on the middle of the first segment. Two
last segments short and heart-shaped. Color, bright crimson. Length, 1*0. Coast of Massa-
chusetts.

C. equilibra. (Say, 1. c. Vol. 1, p. 391.) First and second segments of the body equal to one half of
the whole length. Second pair of feet placed in the middle of the body. Hand toothless : nail
closing without an interval. Second pair very large; the hand oblong-oval; palm rectilinear,
bidentate. Length, 1-0. South-Carolina.

Fauna — Part 6*. 6

42 NEW- YORK FAUNA CRUSTACEA.

ORDER V. ISOPODA.

Body more or less depressed, divided into segments varying in number from three to seven.
Head distinct from the first segment of the body. Mandibles without palpi. Mouth
with three pair of jaws. Feet ten to fourteen. Tail of one or more segments, supporting
the branchiae. Eyes sessile.

GENUS IDOTEA. Fabricius.

Body oblong-ovate. External antennas moderately long, setaceous ; the peduncle with four
joints, and the extremity many-jointed : internal antennae placed slightly above the outer,
small, filiform. Head subquadrate. Two sessile eyes. Tail large, of three segments, the
last without any terminal appendices, and covering the branchice and the two laminae which
protect them. Feet subequal.

IDOTEA CiECA.

Idoieacmca. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 1, p. 424.
/. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 337.

Description. Body oblong-oval, broadest at the third or fourth segment, attenuated behind.
Head quadrate, depressed, with a deep fissure on the sides. Antenna? approximated at the
base. First segment of the tail short ; second somewhat trilobate ; last segment nearly or
quite half the length of the body, attenuated to an acute conic point, subcarinate above.
Three anterior pairs of feet robust, monodactyle ; the remainder simple, unarmed, and with
rigid hairs. Nails of the hind pairs rectilinear. Eyes inconspicuous.

Color, whitish varied with brown dots, occasionally confluent into bands ; eyes milk white :
head with a transverse black band.

Length, (V3-0-5.

This little species occurs on all sandy shores from Massachusetts to Florida, where it forms
the little serpentine tracks noticed in the sand. The figure of the /. tricuspis of Europe
(PI. 9, fig. 35), is introduced to illustrate the genus, as no opportunity has presented itself of
figuring the American species.

ORDER ISOPODA — STENOSOMA. 43

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

I. triloba. (Say, 1. c. Vol. 1, p. 425.) Body oval, somewhat oblong; its segments with the lateral
processes very convex, located. Eyes very prominent. Middle lobe of the tail the largest ; the last
longer than all the others together, subtriangular. Feet armed with very strong acute incurved
nails. Length, 0-25. Egg harbor.

GENUS STENOSOMA. Leach.

With the general characters of the preceding. Body sublinear. External antennae nearly as
long as the body, not comprising the tail ; internal antennae very short. Feet robust.

Obs. This genus has been united by recent authors with the preceding.

Stenosoma irrorata.

PLATE X. FIG. 42.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Stenosoma irrorata, Sav, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 1, p. 423.
S. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 338.

Description. Body oblong, somewhat tapering at each extremity, and composed of seven
segments ; those in the midde of the body largest ; no appearance of articulation on the sides
of the second or following segments. Eyes prominent, brilliant, black and lateral. Tail of
four segments ; the three first small, subequal ; the third obsolete above. The fourth or ter-
minal segment is nearly as long as four of the body segments, obsoletely carinate on the
dorsal surface ; tip with an elongated central point, and an obtuse tooth on each side. Lateral
appendices oblong, rounded, with a transverse articulation near the posterior tip. Feet multi-
articulate, hispid at the joints with acute incurved claws. External antennae scarcely exceed-
ing in length the ultimate segment of the tail, with a minute spine on the inner side of the
tip of the first joint ; but this is not observable except in the largest specimens. Internal
antennae very short, scarcely reaching the tip of the third joint of the outer antennae. The
last joint of the exterior antennae is composed of more than twenty articulations.

Color, varies from deep purple to sea-green and even reddish. Some are of a uniform
color, whilst others are varied with light sea-green and cinereous brown. The specimen
figured in the plate, represents one with two longitudinal sea-green bands. Scarcely any two
individuals are alike in their markings.

Length, 0 • 2 - 1 • 0. Width, 0 • 03 - 0 • 05.

44 NEW-YORK FAUNA — CRUSTACEA.

This beautiful and active species is seen swimming with a rapid vibrating motion in clear
salt water, in recesses among the rocks. It appears to be most abundant in August and Sep-
tember. As far as we know at present of its geographical distribution, it is found from
Boston harbor to Cape May, but it probably extends along our whole coast.

(EXTRALIMITAL.)

S. filiformis. (Say, I.e. p. 424.) Body very much elongated, linear; segments distant, emarginatc
each side. Eyes very prominent. Antennas robust; outer more than half the length of the body ;
the last joint enlarged. Length, 0 • 4. Egg harbor.

GENUS ANTHURA. Leach.

Body oblong-linear, vermiform. Tail furnished with foliaceous laminae on each side ; penul-
timate segment very short, the last much longer. Antennae short ; the intermediate oneg
rather shortest. Anterior feet with a movable nail.

ANTHURA GRACILIS.

PLATE IX. FIG. 34.

Oniscus gracilis. Montagu, Tr. Lin. Soc. Vol.9, p. 366.

Anthura id. Leach, Desm. Consid. Crustac6s, p. 291, pi. 46, fig. 13.

A. id. Gould, Iuvertebrata of Mass. p. 338.

Description. Body elongated. Feet subequal ; the second pair smallest ; the first pair
largest, robust, terminating in a small subcheliform hand. Two pair of foliaceous elongated
lamina? on each side of the last caudal segment, which is subtruncate behind.

Length, 0"25.

{EXTRALIMITAL.)

Genus Sphjeroma, Latreille. Body oblong, convex, with subimbricated transverse segments, and

contractile into a sphere. Antennas four, small ; the external slightly longest. Tail of two

segments ; the last with a fin on each side, formed of two scales. Marine.

S. quadridentata. (Say, I.e. p. 400.) Body oval, punctured. Tail with its last segment semioval ;

the internal lateral lamella acute, entire ; the external one serrate on the outer edge with four teeth.

Color, brownish ferruginous, often varied with white or rosaceous. Length, 0-45. Coast of

Georgia and Florida.

ORDER ISOPODA — N.ESA. 45

GENUS NiESA. Leach.

Body ovate-oblong, with many of the characters of the preceding. Last segment of the tail
largest, and furnished on each side with a simple pedunculated appendix ; penultimate joint
of the thorax larger than the last. Nails bifid.

N^esa ovalis.

Nasa ovalis. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 1, p. 484.

Description. Body oval, depressed. Caudal segments three ; the last half as long as the
body, triangular, obtusely rounded at the tip, with three longitudinal raised lines at the base,
of which the middle one is most conspicuous. Lateral processes dilated, depressed, recti-
linear within, and rounded on the external margin. Head somewhat unequal. Eyes con-
spicuous, hemispherical. Antennae equal. Labrum triangular, advanced, very conspicuous,
and forming with the base of the superior antennae a rounded termination. Feet all armed
with bifid nails, none of which close on the preceding joint.

Length, 0-15.

According to Mr. Say, this species, which I have not seen, is common in the bays and
inlets of the United States, creeping on seaweed and other marine plants. It occurs as far
south as Florida.

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

N. caudata. (Id. lb. p. 482.) Body oblong-oval, semicylindrical. Last segment of the tail tubercu-
lated, as long as the four preceding ones united, with a deep sinus at the tip, within which are two
to four teeth, and a larger vertical one above its base. First caudal segment conspicuous. Color,
fuscous. Length, 0-25. Egg harbor, N.J.

N. dcpressa. (Id. lb. p. 483.) Body broad, depressed, punctured, linear. Hands of the anterior
feet dilated, ovate, monodactyle ; thumb as long as the palm. Second pair with cylh dric hands,
with an incurved thumb; the others ciliated. First caudal segment concealed. Length, 0>5;
breadth, 0*2. Hab. with the preceding.

46 NEW-YORK FAUNA — CRUSTACEA.

GENUS CYMOTHOA. Fabricius. Lamarck.

Body oval, oblong, subconvex, of six transverse segments. Tail of six segments, narrower
than those of the body ; the last segment largest, and having on each side a fin composed
of two compressed scales. Feet fourteen, with stout nails ; the coxae large, and resembling
an accessory lateral articulation of the thoracic segments. Two sessile eyes. Antennas
four, setaceous, rather short ; the external slightly longest.

Obs. This large genus has been erected by recent writers into a family composed of ten
genera. We retain at present the original genus Cymothoa. The species are all parasitic,
being attached to the mouths and gills of fishes.

Cymothoa triloba.

PLATE X. FIG. 40.
(STATE COLLECTION.)

Description. Body elongate, elliptic ; the transverse more than half the longitudinal dia-
meter of the body. First segment as broad on the medial dorsal line as the two following
segments united ; it is emarginate on its anterior edge, to correspond with the trilobed divi-
sion of the head : its accessory lateral plate united so closely as to form a continuity with the
segment ; last segment lunate. Surface of all the segments smooth, with irregular opaque
marks ; the posterior margins opaque, polished. Head ovate in front, where it is slightly
reflected downward, trilobed behind ; the middle lobe largest. Eyes inconspicuous. Anterior
pair of antennae shortest. Segments of the tail gradually decreasing in breadth, with an obso-
lete elevation on the medial line ; terminal segment equal in length to the five preceding,
subquadrate, narrowed and rounded behind, with a membranous tip, and a faint elevated
transverse line on the upper surface. Lateral appendices about equal in length to the terminal
segment ; the external lamella longest.

Length, 1*0. Extreme breadth, 0-6.

This species has many characters in common with the C. impressa of Say ; but (indepen-
dent of marked differences) his doubts whether it might not be synonimous with C. ichthyola,
Latr., induces me to believe that he had in view a species entirely distinct from that described
above. It differs from C. oculata, Say, by the conspicuous eyes and the size of the middle
lobe of the head in the latter species. I am unacquainted with the C. trigonocephala of
Leach, except by a brief notice in the Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles.

This species is very common on various fishes. The specimen here described was detached
from the surface of the Common American Codfish.

ORDER ISOPODA — CYMOTHOA. 47

CYMOTHOA PRjEGUSTATOR.

Oniscus pr&gustator. Latbobe, Am. Phil. Trans. Vol. 5, p. 77, PI. 1.
Cymothoa (j£ga) '<*• Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 1, p. 395.

Description. Body ovate, elongated, gradually tapering before from the sixth segment ; the
first four segments nearly equal in length ; the three following shorter. Head not tapering,
elongated, much longer than broad, transversely impressed near the tip, which is not narrowed.
Eyes conspicuous, oval, composed of punctures instead of granules. Antenna? subequal,
hardly attaining the middle of the eyes. Last segment of the tail as long as the seven pre-
ceding ones united, gradually narrowed towards a point at the tip, with a perceptible longitu-
dinal line on the middle. Lateral styles membranaceous, almost filiform, longer than the
peduncles, and much shorter than the segment to which they are attached. Feet gradually
longer to the seventh pair, which are much longer than the others.

Length, 2-0.

This species is very abundant in the mouth of the American Aleivife (Alosa tyrannus of
the New-York Report).

Cymothoa olivacea,

PLATE X. FIG. 41, 41 A. Magnified.

Description. Body oblong-oval, attenuated in front, smooth ; the transverse equal to half
the longitudinal diameter. Head pyramidal, rounded anteriorly ; first segment with three
emarginations, of which the central is most superficial. Bases of the antenna? contiguous, of
eight articulations each, the anterior slightly longest. Eyes black, reticulated, conspicuous.
First segment broader than the following, and without an accessory lateral plate ; third and
fourth subequal } fifth, sixth and seventh broader, the last lunate. Segments of the tail
smooth, with no elevated medial line. Terminal segments subacutely ovate ; lateral appen-
dices longer than the terminal segment. Three last pairs of feet longest.

Color. The three anterior segments olive-green ; all the others sparsely punctate with white,
and of a polished white on their posterior margins. Segments of the tail black. Abdomen
tumid, and of a rich olive-green or yellowish.

Length, 0-75.

I found numerous specimens of this species in the month of August in the harbor of New-
York, adhering to the gills and inside of the mouth of the Rhombus triacanthus, or Short-
finned Harvest-fish of this Report.

48 NEW-YORK FAUNA — CRUSTACEA.

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

C. ovalis. (Say, I.e. Vol. 1, p. 394.) Body oval; eyes concealed ; head attenuated and rounded be-
fore. Terminal segment rounded at tip, as long as the four preceding ones united. Length, 1-0;
breadth, 0*5. Hab. mouth of Tautoga americana and Labrax rufus of this report.

C. impressa. (Id. lb. p. 397.) Body oblong; head attenuated, terminating acutely between the bases
of the antenna?. Tail widely emarginate at tip, depressed in the middle so as to appear almost bi-
lobate, as long as the seven preceding. Length, 1 • 0. Hab. . Cape May, N. J.

C. lanceolata. (Id. lb.) Body ol long-oval ; head broader than long. Last caudal segment dilated,
lanceolate, longitudinally carinate above, as long as the six preceding. Length, 0*7. Cumber-
land island, Ga.

C. (jEga) oculata. (Id. lb.) Body elongate-oval. Head trilobate behind ; middle lobe smallest. Ab-
dominal segments not shorter than the terminal thoracic ones. Eyes large : facets regularly hexa-
gonal. Last segment of the tail rounded, ciliate, shorter than the four preceding. Length, 0*5.
Hab. Sargus ovis of this report. Florida.

C. immersa. (Id. lb. p. 399.) Head subquadrate ; first segment of the thorax profoundly emarginate
for the head ; last segment of the tail large, membranaceous towards the tip ; lateral appendices
very short; large joint of the fourth pair of feet extended behind into a spine. Length, 1-75.
Southern States.

C. astrum. (Leach, Diet. Sc. Nat. Vol 12. Desmarest, pi. 47, ficr 6, 7.). Oblonn- sublinear.
Carinae of the eight last coxa? acuminate at their base. Head subquadrate, transverse; last seg-
ment of the tail subquadrate, truncate behind, broadly emarginate. According to Dr. Gould,
found on the coast of Massachusetts.

GENUS LIMNORIA. Leach.

Body oblong-linear, convex. Head nearly as large as the first segment, with the eyes on the
upper surface distant, distinct, granular. Antennas subequal. Tail of six distinct rings.
Caudal appendices composed of two lamella? on each side of the tail. Marine.

LlMNORIA TEREBRANS.

PLATE IX. FIG. 33.

Limnoria terebraiis. Leach, Lin. Trans. Lond. Vol. 11, p. 370. Sup. Encycl. Ed. Vol.7, p. 433.

X. id. Desm. Consid. Crustacea, p. 312.

L. id. Coldstream, Ed. Phil. Jour. 1834, pi. 6, fig. 1-18.

L. id. Thompson, lb. 1835.

L. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 338 and 354, cum fig.

Description. Body oblong-linear, with both extremities rounded, composed of seven seg-
ments, each bearing a pair of short feet ; the following segments small, except the penultimate
and the last which are broad. Female larger than the male, and recognized by the pouch in
which she carries her eggs and young. Capable of rolling themselves up in a ball.

Color, ashen grey. Eyes of a blackish brown. Length, 0- 15. Breadth, 0-06.

ORDER ISOPODA — ASELLUS. 49

This apparently insignificant and minute animal is capable of great injury to wood exposed
to salt water. It attacks in countless numbers the piers of bridges, wooden wharves, and all
submerged timber, piercing it in every direction, and soon rendering it useless. It has been
computed that a stick of timber exposed to these animals, where they are abundant, will lose
an inch of its diameter annually. They act chiefly below low-water mark. The best mode
of protection yet discovered is a coat of verdigris, or of metallic copper. The same purpose
is effected by covering the whole surface with broad-headed copper nails. This animal
attacks in preference pine and other soft woods, although none, except perhaps live oak, is
exempted from its ravages. Its injuries are very partially counterbalanced by its benefits in
destroying sunken timber, or vessels, which might obstruct channels or tideways.

GENUS ASELLUS. Geoffroy.

Body oblong, depressed. Head distinct. Segments transverse, crustaceous. Tail of a single
segment, with two bifid appendices. Feet fourteen. Four apparent antenna?, setaceous,
unequal ; the two superior much shorter, four-jointed ; the two lower much longer, of five
joints. Several pairs of jaws. Eyes two, simple, sessile.

ASELLUS COMMUNIS.

Ascllus communis. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 1, p. 427.

Description. Segments transverse, subequal, indistinctly emarginate on the lateral edges,
furnished with short rigid hairs. Head narrower than the first segment, and not longer. Eyes
obovate, oblique, black, prominent. Inferior antennae equal to the peduncle of the superior
ones, which latter extend to the base of the tail. Tail as broad as the segments of the body,
and equal to the two preceding ones united. Appendices as long as the tail ; laciniae sub-
equal, peduncle dilated. Anterior feet monodactyle, unarmed ; thumb as long as the hand.
Hand oval ; carpus triangular, remaining gradually longer to the hind pair.

Length, 0.25. Breadth, 0-09.

This is a very common species in our freshwater streams, and usually found under stones
and bits of wood. The female is distinguished by a valvular follicle beneath, covering the
young.

Fauna — Part 6*. 7

50 NEW-YORK FAUNA — CRUSTACEA.

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

A. lineatus. (Id. lb. p. 428.) Body oblong, Dot distinctly attenuated in front. The two lower antenna?

shorter than the peduncle of the upper antennas, which latter are as long or longer than the body.

Peduncle of the caudal appendices cylindrical. Color, pale brown, with a double dorsal brown

line united at the tip of the tail, and with a brown line or two on each side of the tail. Length,

0*25. Swamps in the forests of South-Carolina. An Janira ?
A. vulgaris? Lam. (Gould, op. cit. p. 337. Pl. 9, fig. 32 of this work.) Larger than the preceding,

according to Dr. Gould. Massachusetts.

Genus Ligia, Tabricius. Body oval-oblong, with transverse segments. Two short bifid appendices at

the extremity of the tail. Feet fourteen. The two outer antennae very conspicuous, with

the terminal article many-jointed ; the inner antennae not distinct. Two sessile eyes.

L. oceanica, Fab. (Desm. Consid. Pl. 6, fig. 13 of this work.) It is doubtful whether this species has

been observed on our coast. Dr. Gould has noticed a species of this genus about the timbers of a

decaying wharf, but which, he states, seems to be smaller than L. oceanica.

Genus Philoscia, Latreille. Body oval, with transverse crustaceous segments, narrowed towards the
tail. Caudal styles four, subequal ; the lateral ones biarticulate. Eyes sessile. Two outer
antennas very distinct, of eight joints, naked at their base ; the inner antennae not distinct.
Terrestrial.
P. vittata. (Say, loc cit. p. 429.) Head transversely oval ; eyes longitudinally oval ; antennae with
minute distant hairs ; first segment of the body rather longer than the others. Color : Head, body
and tail, with the margin and two broad vittae, cinereous. Length, 0-2. Under stones and wood
in damp places.
P. spinosa. (Id. lb.) Body elongate-oval, armed with numerous spine-like tubercles above ; sixth and
seventh segments produced on each side behind, acute. Feet beneath, armed with short distant
setae. Color, brown. Length, 0*2. Under stones, etc. in damp places. Savannah, Georgia^

ORDER ISOPODA — ONISCUS. 51

GENUS ONISCUS. Linneus.

Body oval, with transverse crustaceous subimbricated segments, susceptible of being rolled
into a ball. The two outer antennae very conspicuous, setaceous, bent, of eight joints ;
the inner antenna? obsolete. Two sessile eyes. Two prominent caudal appendices. Ter-
restrial.

Oniscus asellus.

PLATE VI. FIG. 12.

Oniscus asellus. Lin., Fab., Lat., Desh. Consid. Gen. p. 320, pi. 49, fig. 5.
O. afflnis. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 1, p 430.

O. asellus. Gould, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, p. 366.

Description. Body oval, and roughened on its anterior portion. Segments of the body
rounded in front on the lateral edges, and pointed behind. Tail smooth, of six segments
(overlooked by the lithographer in the figure) ; the third, fourth and fifth with lateral prolonga-
tions ; the sixth or last segment pointed with four styles, longer than the last segment. Feet
fourteen, gradually increasing in size from before.

Color, dusky brown, with many irregular ashen points and marks ; beneath greyish
white:

Length, 0'5. Breadth, 0-3.

This is the common Sow-bug of cellars and gardens, and found also under stones and de-
caying wood. The female carries its eggs in an oval sac beneath the body, where they are
hatched. The Sow-bug was formerly employed in medicine as a diuretic, but is now very
properly abandoned. It feeds on decomposed vegetables, and is in no wise injurious to
man. I coincide with Dr. Gould in considering the affinis of Say to be identical with that of
Europe.

GENUS PORCELLIO. Latreille.

Body resembling that of the preceding genus, with the same characters, except that the outer
antennas are composed of but seven articulations.

Obs. This genus has been united by most recent writers with the preceding.

PORCELLIO SPINICORNIS.

Porcdlio spinicornis. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 1, p. 431.

Description. Body elongate-oval, roughened with numerous granules. Third joint of the
antennae elevated above, and armed with an acute spine. Terminal joint of the tail canali-
culate, hardly surpassing the first joint of the outer styles.

7*

52 NEW-YORK FAUNA — CRUSTACEA.

Color, blackish brown ; cinereous on the edges. Three dorsal lines of alternate yellowish
subquadrate spots. Tail with two or three small yellowish spots on each side at the base.

Length, 0"4.

This is also known under the name of Sow-bug, and is found in similar situations with the
preceding.

(EXTRA-LIM1TAL.)

P. nigra, Say. (O. granulatus, Lam.? Vol. 2, p. 354. Ed. Brux.) Very rough with elevated
granules. Last caudal segment margined behind with abbreviated lines. Color, black, immacu-
late. Length, 0 • 3. This is found in Pennsylvania, and, according to Dr. Gould, in Massachu-
setts.

P.ltzvis? Latr. (Gould, I.e. p. 337.) Body smooth; caudal appendices larger than in the preceding.
Color, dark ash, varied with soiled yellowish.

GENUS ARMADILLO. Latreille.

Habit and many of the characters of the preceding. Outer antennae of seven joints ; inner
obsolete. Feet fourteen. Caudal appendices not prominent. Roll themselves up into a
complete ball. Terrestrial.

Armadillo hllularis.

Armadillo pillularis. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. I, p. 432.

A. id. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 336.

A. puslulatus? Desm. Consid. Gen. pi, 49, figs. 6 and 7.

Description. Body minutely punctured. Caudal segments slightly smaller than those of
the body.

Color. Dull lead-color, with three lines of large yellowish spots above. Posterior margin
of the segments light colored.

Length, 0*5.

This is known under the name of Pill-bug, from its form, in a contracted state, completely
resembling a pill, and by this alone it is at once distinguished from the preceding genera. It
, casts its shell once a year at least, and these are frequently found under stones and boards in
fields which have been their habitual resort. It appears in its markings to be closely allied
to the European A. pustulatus of Dumeril, or variegatus of Lamarck ; but I have had no
opportunity of making a direct comparison.

It is here, at the end of this order, that we arrange the Brongniarta trilobitoides of Dr.
Eights {Serolis id. of Audouin and Edwards, Arch. Mus. 1841, p. 29), found off the coast
of Patagonia, and which appears, with the three other known species, to form a passage to the

ORDER ISOPODA FLUVICOLA. 53

exclusively fossil genera known under the name of Trilobites. It is here also that I venture
to place a curious crustacean, which I find no where described. In my original notes I find
it arranged under the order Pcecilopoda, but I prefer placing it provisionally at the end of this
order.

GENUS FLUVICOLA.

Body elliptical or oval, slightly narrowed behind. Antennae four, all concealed beneath the
buckler ; the outer curved and longest, of three articulations ; the two posterior straight,
and scarcely half the length of the others. Segments of the body trilobate. Feet three
pair. Fluviatile.

Fluvicola herricki.

PLATE X FIG. 37. FIG. 38 & 39, Magnified.
(STATE COLLECTION.)

Description, Body ovate-elliptical, membranous and flexible, consisting of twelve segments
vaulted in the center, and becoming thin and translucent on the edges ; its whole disk mar-
gined with subequal closely approximated hairs. The head or anterior segment with faint
sutures, dividing it into three pieces ; near its junction with the first segment of the body is a
dark colored spot, which, under the lens, presents a tubercular appearance. The two follow-
ing segments are broader than the eight succeeding ones, and all, except the last, are divided
by two longitudinal fissures into three series of lobes, giving to the animal a striking resem-
blance to trilobites. The edges of the central plates, where they touch each other, are consi-
derably elevated ; the lateral plates free, and admit of motion over each other. The whole
upper surface is irregularly marked with serpentine lines and small round spots. Beneath,
the mouth appears under the junction of the anterior segment with the following, resembling
a short sac or lube with a transverse opening ; and on each side, two dark processes, appa-
rently the rudiments of jaws. Antennae four; the two anterior longest, curved, not reaching
the outer margin of the buckler ; the two inferior straight. Immediately posterior to the
mouth arise three pair of unguiculated feet, of which the posterior pair is shortest ; they are
furnished with scattering rigid hairs, and with a single black hook at the tip. Posterior to
these feet are five pair of branchiopodal processes, resembling bunches of white tendinous
filaments. Under a powerful lens, a dorsal vessel may be traced on each side, communi-
cating with each tuft of filaments. Each tuft appears divisible into two, and these again are
composed of seven or eight single filaments. Color, greyish brown.

Length, 0-2-0-3.

54 NEW-YORK FAUNA — CRUSTACEA.

This singular crustaceous animal is found adhering to rocks in and near the water of West-
Canada creek. It is detached with considerable difficulty, and when so detached, partially
rolls itself up. It was thought a singular coincidence, that animals bearing so strong an ex-
ternal resemblance to trilobites should be found at the most remarkable locality in the United
States for these extinct animals. It is not supposed that they properly belong to this order,
to which, they are, however, allied by external form ; but the form of the mouth compels us
to arrange it among the Branchiopodal Crustacea, or Crustaces suceurs of more recent writers.
I feel much indebted to Mr. I. Cozzens for another species from Rye, Westchester county.

Fluvicola tuberculata.
(state collection.)

Description. Body ovate-oblong, sublinear, arched along the medial line. Anterior seg-
ment rounded in front, terminating in produced points on each side behind ; second and third
segments larger than the following, which become successively smaller ; the lateral segments
oblong, quadrangular : the whole disk margined with closely beset hairs as in the preceding.
On each side of the dorsal ridge, and closely contiguous to it, is a longitudinal series of abbre-
viated oblong elevations, which, on the three anterior segments, become more elongated, and
form a depression between them instead of a ridge. Near this series, and parallel to it on
each side, is a similar series of somewhat oblique tubercles, and a third series more distant,
and apparently defining the boundaries of the lateral lobes. In desiccated specimens, these
series of tubercles, crossing the raised edges of the segments, divide the surface into a series
of quadrangular compartments. In other respects resembling the preceding. Color, reddish
brown.

Length, 0-2-0- 5.

Attached to stones in brooks at Rye, Westchester county.

ORDER P(ECILOPODA — POLYPHEMUS. 55

ORDER VI. PCECILOPODA.

Head confounded with the trunk ; the anterior part of the body in the form of a shield.
Mouth beak-shaped, or composed of appendices occupying the place of jaws. Antenna
short and simple or obsolete, usually sessile and distinct. Anterior feet terminated by one
or more hooks or pincers adapted for walking or prehension ; the posterior for swimming,
and composed of, or attached to, branchial plates or processes.

GENUS POLYPHEMUS. Lamarck.

No antennas. Shield very large, subcoriaceous, rounded in front, convex above, separated
into two parts by a transverse articulation, the posterior part smallest, spinous on the sides,
deeply notched behind. Tail long, trigonal, robust and pointed. Eyes two, sessile, dis-
tant, compound, semilunar. Haunches of the first six pair of feet spinous, and act as jaws.
Feet twenty-two. Marine.

Obs. This genus is arranged by Lamarck under a section which he terms Branchiopodes
geants, in allusion to the gigantic stature of some of the species. M. Edwards, however, has
shown that it is not a natural group, and should not be adopted. Latreille has placed it under
a family of this order, which he designates under the name of Xyphosures, and this has
been erected into an order by M. Edwards under the same name. According to Straus-
Durckheim, they are more allied in their organization to Spiders than to Crustaceans.

Polyphemus occidentals.

PLATE XI. FIG. 50. Pincer of the male, 51.

(STATE COLLECTION.)

Limulus cyclops. Fabricius, Syst. Vol.2, p. 488.

L. polyphemus. Latreille, Genera, Vol. I, p. 11.

L. id. Bosc, Crust, Vol. 2, pi. 16, fig. 6. L. albus, Id. Shell of the young.

Polyphemus occidentalis. Lam. An, sans vert. Ed. prior, Vol 5, p. 147; Ed. Brui. Vol. 2, p. 339.

Limulus americanus. Leach, Diet. So. Nat. Vol. 14, p. 537.

L. sowerbei. Id. Zool. Mis. Vol. 2, p. 72, pi. 34, young.

Arana cam/echo. Parra, Descripcion, pi. 56.

Limulus polyphemus. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 1, p. 435.

L. id. Dekay, Annals of Lyceum Nat. Hist. Vol. 1, p. 181.

Description. Body large, particularly of the females. The anterior portion of the shield
largest, rounded in front, with a narrow elevated rim ; reflected beneath, and there forming

56 NEW-YORK FAUNA CRUSTACEA.

a large triangular cavity in front. It is by a separation of this rim or border, that the animal
is enabled to leave its old shell. The upper surface of this anterior portion is marked by
three longitudinal carinae, more or less elevated, and separated in the adult by a deep fissure
nearest the central carina, and continuous with the series of branchial openings to be noticed
on the posterior portion. On the central carina, the first spinous tubercle is equidistant
between the central one and the anterior rounded margin. Central tubercle often effaced.
Eyes oblong-lunate, reticulated, scarcely elevated above the shield, and placed exterior to the
anterior part of the lateral carina. Posterior portion of the shield produced at the sides into
spinous tips, which are minutely serrate, and thickly beset with long hairs. The posterior
or abdominal portion trapezoidal, deeply notched behind for the reception of the tail, where it
has upturned acute spines on each side. The lateral edges, including these last, have seven
ciliated serrated triangular spines ; between these are six flat acute elongated slightly curved
movable spines, ciliated on both edges, and gradually diminishing in length from before : the
largest of these exceed an inch in length. At the junction of the two large portions of the
shield is an irregularly shaped tuberculous spine with a broad basis, denticulate on its edge,
ending in an acute point, and suddenly descending behind to the plane of the shell. Six
apertures arranged in two longitudinal converging series ; and between them, on the medial
line, two minute spinous tubercles, one of which is near the anterior margin, the other just
behind the line of the two posterior apertures ; the under side of both portions with scattering
hairs. In front of the mouth a pair of feet, with small didactylous claws, which are considered
by some authors as antennae ; then follow ten feet, their haunches with a lobed projection
covered with long spines over the mouth, and performing the functions of jaws : there are also
distant spines on the succeeding joints. In the female, all these terminate in didactylous or
multidactylous claws. In the male the anterior pair is of a different configuration (see fig.
51.) : the penultimate joint ventricose, with a small tubercle at the apex ; the last joint single,
and shaped not unlike the toe of a bird with its claw. The last pair terminates in four mova-
ble foliaceous convex joints, which are rounded at tip, and a fifth cylindrical joint which itself
ends in two movable claws. Posterior to these pairs is a large foliaceous multiarticulate
structure, having at its posterior base the sexual organs. Posterior to this are ten fin-feet,
united at their base in pairs, and supporting the gills on their posterior faces. Tail rigid,
partially flexible in the living animal, nearly as long as the shield, triangular, rounded and
smooth beneath, carinate and spinous above, ending in a sharp point.

Color, of a uniform dark brown ; eyes somewhat lighter ; the abandoned shells of the
young white.

Total length of female, 19-0-22-0; of tail, 9-0-10-0.
Extreme width, 9-5. Height, 3'0-4-0.

This common species on our shores is known here under the popular name of Horse-foot,
on account of its shape, and still retains in some districts the name given to it by the early
English colonists, of King Crab, in allusion to its size. The males may be distinguished at

ORDER PCECILOPODA ARGULUS. 57

once by their inferior size. It is also sometimes called the Sauce-pan, in allusion to the
shape of its shield, which is frequently used as a bale for boats. They come up on the shore
at high water in May, when the sexes are frequently found attached. They are speared at
that time in great numbers, and eaten with great avidity by hogs and poultry ; but care must
be taken to give them other food for some time previous to being killed, or their flesh will
have a rank disagreeable taste. It is even said that this flavor will be communicated to the
eggs of fowls which have fed on these animals. When, however, the flesh of this crab is
carefully separated from the other parts, and boiled, it becomes a delicious savory food.
They crawl slowly along the bottom, and I have never seen them swimming near the surface.
When thrown upon their backs, they inflect the anterior portion of the shield upon the poste-
rior, and likewise turn it so far back, that with the aid of their tail as a lever, they succeed,
after many awkward attempts, in recovering their natural position. They are frequently caught
so abundantly as to be used as a manure.

The geographical distribution of this species on our coast is not yet determined. It occurs
from Massachusetts to Virginia, and probably farther south to the Gulf of Mexico, if the fol-
lowing, which is supposed by Mr. Say to be probably distinct, should prove to be a mere
variety.

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

P. australis. (Say, Jour. Ac. Vol. 1, p. 436.) Disk five-spined; three in a longitudinal line, and a
smaller one on each side in a transverse line with the anterior spine, and nearer to the elevated lateral
angles. Carolina and Florida.

Genus Argtjlus, Mutter. Body oblong, covered by a rounded oval membranous shield, somewhat
flattened, emarginated behind. Feet twelve, of three kinds: the two anterior tubular, sub-
hemispherical, adapted for prehension ; those of the second pair biunguiculate; the remainder
natatory, having at their tips two lobes ciliated on their edges. Antennas four, very minute.
Two distant eyes. Mouth externally a sucker of a conical shape, directed downwards, Pa-
rasitic.
A. catostomi. (Dana & Herrick, Am. Jour. Sc. Vol. 31, p. 297.) Shell nearly circular, transpa-
rent, slightly convex. Eyes compound. Antennae before the eyes ; posterior pair with four joints,
one-third longer than the anterior pair, which has but two. Color, light sea-green. Attached to
the inside of the gill-cover of a species of Caloslomus. Connecticut.
A. alosa. (Gould, Invert. Mass. p, 340 and figure. See Pl. 10, fig. 45 of this book.) Shield obcor-
date, covering only the first two pairs of legs. Abdomen narrow and half as long as the shield,
bearing the next three pairs; these, as well as the preceding, have long fringed tips. Inferior
caudal plates two, and covered by two others which are long and broad. Length, 0*5. Gills of
the Alewife, A. vulgaris. Massachusetts

Fauna — Part 6*. 8

58 NEW-YORK FAUNA CRUSTACEA.

Genus Calious, Muller. Body elongated, depressed, and apparently divided into two parts : the an-
terior covered by a shield in a single piece ; the posterior oval or oblong, often with terminal
lamellar appendages, and in the female with two long filiform appendages. Feet ten to four-
teen, of two kinds: the anterior pairs unguiculate; the posterior lamellar, natatory and pecti-
nated. Antenna? two, very small, setaceous. Eyes two, distant, and placed under the anterior
rim of the shield. Mouth forming a sucker externally as in the preceding, bent downwards,
pectoral. Parasitic.
C. americanvs. (Pickering & Dana, Am. Jour. Sc. Vol. 34, pi. 3, 4 and 5. Pl. 10, fig. 46
(male) and fig. 47 (female) of this work.) Oval-oblong. Length, 0 -5 - 0*6. Found attached to
the outer surface of the M. americana, or common Cod-fish of our coast.
C. piscinus. Latreille. (Sav, Ac. Sc. Vol. 1, p. 437. Gould, I.e. p. 340.) Disk small and
rounded, with two flattened jointed appendages behind, sometimes an inch long. Occurs on the
cod and other marine fishes. Length, 0-2. Northern Coast.
C. cristatus. (Gould, 1. c. p. 340.) Two little elevated crests within each posterior angle of the shield,
at right angles to each other. Abdominal and caudal plates very long and broad. Margin of shield
behind the antennae, thin, and minutely fringed. Total length, with the caudal appendages, 1 -5.
Dr. Gould suggests that it may prove to be Pterygopoda latrcilli. Attached to Lamna punctata.

GENUS ANTHOSOMA. Leach.

Shield suborbicular. Antennae two, six-jointed. Feet twelve. Abdomen much narrower than
the shield, with two foliaceous plates on the back, and six others beneath ; first pair of feet
unguiculated, the tip opposed to a small tooth on the preceding joint ; second pair with a
compressed nail ; third pair with its last joint very thick, dentate in front. Beak a siphon.
Two long caudal filaments. Parasitic.

Anthosoma smithii.

Anthotoma smithii. Leach, Diet. Sc. Naturelles, Vol. 14, p. 533.

A. id Griffith's Clavier's Regne Animal, Vol. 13, p. 374, pli 21, fig. 3.

Description. Whitish tinged with reddish ; the filaments of the tail slender, cylindrical,
much elongated : the three posterior pairs form a case enveloping the post-abdomen.

Length, 1 ' 0.

This small crustacean appears to be a parasite peculiar to the Shark family. It was first
noticed by Leach on the Lamna cornubica ; then by Risso {Ichthyol. p. 38), on the Squalus
ferox ( Scyllium) ; and subsequently by Storer, on the Lamna punctata of our coast.

ORDER PCECILOPODA — PANDARUS. 59

(EXTRALIMITAL.)

Genus Pandarus, Leach. Body ovate, occasionally elongate, ending in two long filaments. Shield
rounded in front, truncate behind. Antenna? two. Feet fourteen ; the six anterior unguiculated,
the others bifid. Body covered with transverse scales, dentate on their posterior edges. Para-
sitic.
P. sinuatus. (Say, 1. c. p. 436.) Body oblong, quadrate, dilated. Scales six : four sutequal, in a trans-
verse line at the base of the abdomen, rounded at tip ; two larger, arising beneath the preceding,
slightly dentate at the tip, and not concealing half the abdomen, which is sinuate behind. Length,
0-2. Hab. body of Mustelus canis, or American Hound-fish.

Genus Cecrops, Leach. Body oval, obtuse at the extremities, covered with four unequal scales which
are emarginate. No posterior filament. Feet fourteen : the six anterior unguiculate ; fourth
or fifth bifid ; sixth and seventh with dilated coxa?; the others membranous, dilated, natatory.
Antennae two, very small. Parasitic.
C. latreilli, Leach. (Desm. pi. 50, fig. 2. Storer, Rep. Fishes, p. 172. Pjl. 10, fig. 44 of this work.)
Shield coriaceous, bipartite : the anterior portion obcordate, deeply emarginate behind ; the poste-
rior consists of three, overlapping each other, and becoming gradually larger from before. An-
tennas of two joints, terminated by a single hair. Hab. Orthagoriscus mola. Northern Coast.

GENUS LERNEA. Cuvier.

Body long, cylindrical, more or less filiform ; enveloping membrane sub-coriaceous. Head
enlarged, with processes varying in number and size. Caudal extremities variously ter-
minated. Parasitic.

Obs. The animals of this and the following genus were originally arranged under the Intes-
tinal worms. They have, however, notwithstanding their anomalous vermiform appearance,
too many characters in common with the crustaceans, to leave them where they were originally
placed. Some late writers have proposed to erect them into a distinct class between Insects
and Worms.

Lernea CRUCIATA.

La-neocera cruaata. Lesoeur, Ac. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 3, p. 286, pi. 11, fig. 4.

Description. Body slender before, dilated behind, transparent ; mouth central, surrounded by
five robust processes. On the caudal extremity are five rounded tubercular processes.
Found attached to the Cichla cenea, or Rock Bass of Lake Erie.

8*

60 NEW-YORK FAUNA — CRUSTACEA.

Lernea RADIATA.

Leech. Latrobe, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Vol. 5, p. 80, pi. 1.

Lerneocera radiata. Lescecr, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 3, p. 288, pi. 11, fig. 1.

Description. Body filiform in front ; somewhat enlarged behind. Head with five flexible
processes. Caudal extremity with a short central lobe, and a long filiform process behind
on each side. Found on the Alewife.

GENUS PENELLA. Oken.

Head enlarged, and furnished at the nape with two small horns ; the neck corneous. Body
long, wrinkled transversely, and furnished behind with small filaments disposed like the
barbs of feathers. Two very long filaments originate at the commencement of this pin=
nated portion.

Penella plumosa.

Description. Body susceptible of great contraction and dilatation. Head enlarged, with
numerous foramina at its extremity. The rudiment of a third elongated process on the nape.
Caudal extremity with a series of processes on each side, eighteen to twenty in number,
which, under the lens, appear bulbous.

Color. All the free portion of a dark red or purple.

Length, 2-0-3-0.

Found on the bodies of Rhombus ferrugineus and Diodon plumosus of this report.

(EXTRA-L1MITAL.)

P.filosa. (Cuv. Griff. Vol. 12, p. 466. Ellis, Tr. Phil. Vol. 63, p. 15, 20. Gould, op. cit. p. 341.)
Seven or eight inches long. Found attached and deeply buried in the body of the Orthagoriscus
mola.

ORDER PHYLLOPODA — APUS. 61

ORDER VII. PHYLLOPODA.

Shield delicate, of a single piece, free behind. Two corneous mandibles, semicylindrical,
without palpi ; the tip compressed, straight and dentate. First pair of feet oar-shaped,
and terminating in articulated setae ; the others branchial, and composed of more than
sixty pairs.

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

Genus Aptis, Scopoli. Head confounded with the shield, which is soft, subcrustaceous, rounded, oval,

emarginate behind. Tail short, jointed, ending in two long threads. Antenna? two, short,

simple. Three sessile, unequal eyes.

A. caudatus. (Binoculus id. Say, 1. c. Vol. 1, p. 437.) Body subovate. Antenna? more than half

as long as the body. Tail of three segments, half as long as the body ; second segment transversely

quadrate, narrower than the first in the female, elongated and attenuated in the male. Length,

0*01. Florida.

Obs. I place this species here with some hesitation. It is probable also that near this will be
placed that singular crustaceous fossil described in the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History
of New- York, Vol. 1, p. 375, pi. 29, under the name of Eurypterus remipes. Milne-Edwards
appears disposed to think that it forms a passage between the Isopoda and Branchiopoda.

62 NEW-YORK FAUNA CRUSTACEA.

ORDER VIII. LOPHYROPA.

Head confounded with the anterior portion of the body. Eye or eyes sessile and compound.
Shield variable in form and size. Mandibles without palpi. No branchice near the
mouth. Feet variable in number, natatory, sometimes simple or branched, occasionally
lamellar and furnished with hairs.

(EXTRALIMITAL)

Genus Cyclops, Muller. Body elongated, narrowed behind, divided into transverse segments,, of which
the first is largest. Tail ending in two setaceous points. Antenna? two to four, simple. A
single eye on the back of the first segment. Feet six to twelve, hairy.
C. navicularis. (Say, op. cit. Vol. 1, p. 441.) Body oval, truncate behind. Tail as long as the thorax ;
terminal joint bifid, with four setae, and two small equal spines at the base of each pair of seta. An-
terior antennae two-thirds the length of the body. Color, sanguineous ; tail and feet white. Stag-
nant fresh water. Southern States.

Obs. Closely allied to this is a minute crustacean, found abundantly in deep water in Lake On-
tario. I am indebted to my friend Dr. Charles Pickering for the following notes on this animal.

Genus Scopiphora, Pickering. Body small. Eye single, near the anterior margin of the shield.

Antennae large, and as long as in the preceding genus, and has the same motions in the water.

Abdomen terminating in two styles, each with three setae ; a brush under the last or last three

joints. Ovaries none. Legs spiny.
S. vagans. (Pickering, MSS.)

ORDER BRANCHIOPODA — BRANCHIPUS 63

ORDER IX. BRANCHIOPODA.

Body often minute, ivith a subcrustaceous covering. Two pedunculated eyes. Feet solely
adapted for swimming, and supporting the branchial apparatus.

GENUS BRANCHIPUS. Latreille.

Body elongated, soft, transparent, divided into eleven segments. Tail of six to nine seg-
ments, long, subcylindrical, gradually diminishing and terminating in two ciliated fins.
Feet lamellar, of twelve pairs. Antennas two or four, setaceous. Two compound pedun-
culated eyes. Two movable horns on the front, forked at the tips. Mouth presenting a
beak-shaped papilla, and four small lateral pieces. Stagnant pools of fresh water.

Branohipus stagnalis.

PLATE IX. FIG. 36.

Cancer stagnalis, LlN. Gammarus id. Fab. Systi Vol. 2, p. 518.
Branchipus stagnalis. Desm. Considerations, &c. p. 389, pi. 56, figs. 2-5.
Branohipus stagnalis. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass. p. 339.

Description. Horns of the male horizontal ; terminal caudal fins broad. Antennas four.
Length one inch.

According to Dr. Gould, this species is common in most of our stagnant pools. I have not
studied it carefully, and have introduced a foreign figure to illustrate the species.

64 NEW-YORK FAUNA

CRUSTACEA

ORDER X. OSTRAPODA.

Body small, enclosed between two lateral valves. No distinct head. A single compound
sessile eye. Feet formed for walking. Mandibles bearing palpi. Antenna long, seta-
ceous, and terminated by a fasciculus of hairs.

GENUS CYPRIS. Muller. Straus.

Shield opening and closing like the valves of a bivalve mollusk. Tail soft, reflected on itself,
and with two filaments at its extremity. Feet three pair. Eye large and spherical.

Obs. This genus appears to be very numerous, upwards of twenty species having been
more or less well characterized. It has also been noticed in a fossil state.

Cypris HISPIDA.

PLATE X. FIG. 48, 49 (Magnified).
(STATE COLLECTION.)

Description. Valves, when viewed together, resemble a minute Modiola. Epidermis
uniform jet black, and covered with numerous whitish rigid hairs.

Length, O'09-O-l.

I have never had an opportunity of examining this species alive. It appears to be allied to
the Monoculus puber of Jurine (Hist, des Monocles, p. 171), in its hirsute appearance ; but
it has neither the color, nor the two parallel oblique bands attributed to that species. My
specimens were obligingly communicated by Dr. Budd, from the neighborhood of Lake Cham-
plain. I have seen others from Hoboken, New- Jersey.

ORDER BRANCHIOPODA — CYTHERINA. 65

(EXTRA-LIMITAL.)

0. ngilis. (Haldeman, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. 1841.) Height rather more than half the length. Base
subrcctilinear. Color, light ochraceous. Ditches. Lancaster county, Pennsylvania.

C. simplex. (Id. lb.) Elongated, nearly straight; both ends alike. The same locality with the
preceding.

Genus Cytherina, Lamarck. Form of the preceding ; antennae two, hairy throughout their length ;
head concealed. Feet eight, chiefly marine.

C. bifasciata. (Say, 1. c. p. 439.) Valves clothed with minute dense hairs. Antenna? as long as the

valves. Color, greenish testaceous tipped with black ; two black bands ; feet white. Length, 0-05.
Pools of fresh water. Georgia and Florida.

Genus Daphnia, Muller. Shield subunivalve, opening longitudinally on one side. Two branched
antenna?, or anterior feet, arising from the sides of the neck. Eight to twelve feet Fresh-
water pools.

D. angulata. (Say, 1. c. p. 440.) Sides striate with numerous parallel minute oblique lines j hind

edge of the body with a prominent angle in the middle. Antennas with four filaments on the upper
and five on the lower branch. Color, white or red. Length, 0-1. Stagnant water in the forests
of the Southern States.
D. rotundata. (Id. 1. c.) Body rounded behind. Upper antenna? three-branched: a small spine
above at the joints; lower, five-branched. Color, white. Length, 0-05. Same locality with the
preceding.

Fauna — Part 6*.

LIST

PLATES OF THE CRUSTACEA,

PLATE 1.

Fio.

1 Platyonichus ocellatus.

PLATE 2.

2 Platycarcinus irroratus.

PLATE 3.

3 Lupa dicantha.

PLATE 4.

4 Libinia canaliculata.

PLATE 5.

5 Carcinus mcenas.

6 — —

7 Platyonichus ocellatus.

PLATE 6.

8 Lupa pelagica.

9 Gelasimus vocans.

10 — —

1 1 Lithodes arctica.

12 Oniscus asellus.

13 Ligia oceanica.

1 4 Cyamus ceti.

PLATE 7.
Fio.

14 Hyas coarctata.

15 Pilumnus harrisi.

16 Pinnotheres ostreum.

17 Hippa talpoida.

18 Pandalus annuliformis.

19 Orchestia gryllus.

20 Mysis spinulosus.

PLATE 8.

21 Pagurus pollicaris.

22 — longicarpus.

23 Gonodactylus setimanus.

24 Crangon septemspinosus.

25 Astacus bartoni.

PLATE 9.

26 Panopeus herbsti.

27 Talitrus quadrifidus.

28 Orchestia longicornis.

29 Gammarus minus.

30 Palemon vulgaris.

31 Hypolite aculeatus.

32 Asellus vulgaris.

33 Limnoria terebrans.

Fig.

34 Anthura gracilis.

35 Idotea tricuspis;

36 Branchipus stagnalis.

PLATE 10.

37 Fluvicola herricki.

38 (Underside magnified.)

39 (Upperside ditto.)

40 Cymothoa triloba.

4 1 — olivacea.

42 Stenosoma irrorata.

43 Cerapus tubularis.

44 Cecrops latreillii.

45 Argulus alosae.

46 Caligus americanus(male)

47 — — female.

48 Cypris hispida.

49 ( Valves of the same. )

PLATE 11.

50 Polyphemus occidentals.

PLATE 12.

51 Homarus americanus.

52 (Lateral view of the beak.)

INDEX.

Page.

Alpheus heterochelis, 26

— minus, 26

AMPHIPODA,.__ 35

Amphithoe serrata, 38

— punctata, 38

— dentata, 38

Anthosoma smithii, 58

Anthura gracilis, 44

Apus caudatus, 61

Argulus catostomi, 57

— alosae, 57

Armadillo pillularis, 52

Asellus communis, 49

— lineatus, 50

— vulgaris, 50

Astacus affinis, 23

— bartoni. 22

— blandingii, 23

— oreganus, 23

BRANCHIOPODA, 63

Branchipus stagnalis, 63

Caligus americanus, 58

— cristatus, 58

— piscinus, 58

Callianassa major, 22

Caprella equilibra, 41

— geometrica, 41

— sanguinea, 41

Page

Carcinus moenas, 8

Cecrops latreilli, 59

Cerapus tubularis, 38

Crangon boreas, 26

— septemspinosus,. _ 25
Cyamus abbreviatus, i — 40

— ceti, 40

Cyclops navicularis, 62

Cymothoa immersa, 48

— impressa, 48

— lanceolata, 48

— oculata, 48

— oestrum, 48

— olivacea, 47

— ovalis, 48

— prasgustator, 47

— triloba, 46

Cypris agilis, 65

— hispida, 64

— simplex, - 65

Cytberina bifasciata, 65

Daphnia angulata, 65

— rotundata, 65

DECAPODA,-- 1

Diastylis arenarius, 32

Fluvicola herricki, 53

— tuberculata, 54

Gammarus appendiculatus, 37

Page.

Gammarus locusta, 37

— fasciatus, 37

— minus, 37

— mucronatus, . _ 37

Gebia affinis, 22

Gelasimus vocans, 14

Gonodactylus sctimanus,.. 34

Hepatus fasciatus, 17

Hippa talpoida, 18

Hippolyte aculeatus, 27

— sowerbyi, 27

Homarus americanus, 23

Hyas coarctata, 3

Hy peria latreilli, 39

Idotea ca3ca, 42

— triloba, 43

— tricuspis, 42

Ilia punctata, 17

ISOPODA, 42

Lepidactylis dytiscus, 38

Leptopodia calcarata, 3

Lernea cruciata, 59

— radiata, 60

Libinia canaliculata, 2

Ligia oceanica, 50

Limnoria terebrans, 48

Litbodes arctica, 17

LCEMIPODA, 40

Fauna — Part 6*.

10

A1 ^g^

70

INDEX.

Page.

LOPHYROPA, 62

Lupa dicantha, 10

— maculata, 11

— pelagica, 11

Mithrax hispidus, 4

Monolepis inermis, 21

— spinitarsus, 21

Mulcion lesueuri, 30

Mysis spinulosus, 31

Nassa caudata, 45

— depressa, 45

— ovalis, 45

Nautilograpsus minutus, . . 15

Ocypoda arenarius, 13

Oniscus asellus, 51

Orchestia gryllus, 36

. — longicornis, 35

OSTRAPODA, 64

Pagurus bernhardus, 20

— longicarpus, 20

— pollicaris, 19

— vittatus, 20

Page.

Palemon tenuicornis, 30

— vulgaris, 29

Panda! us annulicornis, 28

Pandarus sinuatus, 59

Panopeus herbsti, 5

— limosus, 5

Penella filosa, 60

— plumosa, 60

Peneus setiferus, 30

Philoscia spinosa, 50

— vittata, 50

PHYLLOPODA, 61

Pilumrms harrisi, 7

— aculeatus, 8

Pinnotheres byssomiae, 13

— cylindricum,. . 13

— maculatum, .. 13

— monodactylum, 1 3

— ostreum, 12

Plagusia sayi, 16

Platycarcinus irroratus, 6

— sayi, 7

Page.

Platyonichus ocellatus, 9

Podocerus cylindricus, 39

PCECILOPODA, 55

Polyphemus occidentalis, . 55

— australis, 57

Porcellio la?vis, 52

— nigra, 52

— spinicornis, 51

Porcellana galathina, 21

— pilosa, 21

— sociata, 21

Sesarma cinerea, 15

Scopiphora vagans, 62

Sphaeroma quadridentata, . 44

Squilla empusa, 32

Stenosoma filiformis, 44

— irrorata, 43

STOMAPODA,. 31

Talitrus quadrifidus, 36

Unciola irrorala, 38

Xantho mercenaria, 4

CORRECTION.

In Mollusca, page 124, line 17, for "pcncsma et disseminata," read "penes mc, and Disseminator."

PLATES

OF THE

CRUSTACEA.

Plate 1.

Irlttt

I' I a I e 2

LiA of Endicotl Jr V

I'lale 3

/.'/// o/' tindta>U-iar 4/or/c

Plate 4

litk of EuJisoit. U»

Plate 0

'

Tig.6

.-./ •' Eru/itoU ■ li:>i Pbr/c

Flale 6

9

Fig./2

/••/if /3

Fig <*

Luh oj /■'>, /,.„// . /,,, :'/,// .;

rll r /

fig //

i

Fig v

I ... « ISork.

ale « »

H a I p 9

27

Sta. -

,'ii/- o, ' KiuUcott *■'» Vork.

3#

Plate 10

99.

37

4-0

4/ ,

4f.

42

4-ff.

s <<

A7.

4't

l.lth ofFnitirott. #»v l/nrk

l'I «! c 11

Zith 0/ EndLcott VZir&ork.

V\a\r L2

lilk oJ - ■■'■■ ■■ ■' ' " ■

Plate 13.

l.itJi of Kridicctt . fen tfaik