ZOOPATHOLOGICA

SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE
NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
ON THE DISEASES OF ANIMALS

VOLUME I

AUGUST, 1916— SEPTEMBER 30, 1927
Numbers 1-8

VOLUME II

APRIL 30, 1928 fP'^ _^

Number 1 ^ ^

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY
THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK, NEW YORK

i^etu porfe Zoological ^ocictp

General Office: 101 Park Avenue, New York City

(Officers

President, Madison Grant

Vice-Presidents, W. Redmond Cross and Kermit Roosevelt

Chairman, Executive Committee, Madison Grant

Treasurer, Cornelius R. Agnew

"^ Secretary, Henry Fairfield Osborn, Jr.

Scientific Staff

* / ^ , ' ' ' Zoologital ^arfe

W. Reid Blair, Director

William T. Hornaday, Director Emeritus

Raymond L. Ditmars, Curator of Mammals and Reptiles

Lee S. Crandall, Curator of Birds

Charles V. Noback, Veterinaria7i

Claude W. Leister, Ass't to the Director and Curator, Educational Activities

H. C. Raven, Prosector

Edward R. Osterndorff, Photographer

William Bridges, Editor and Curator of Publications

Aquarium

Charles H. Townsend, Director

C. M. Breder, Jr., Assistant Director

department of Cropical iResearcl)

William Beebe, Director and Honorary Curator of Birds

John Tee-Van, General Associate

Gloria Hollister, Research Associate

Cbitorial Committee

Madison Grant, Chairman
W. Reid Blair Charles H. Townsend

William Beebe George Bird Grinnell

William Bridges

TITLES OF PAPERS

VOLUME I

PAGE

1. Some New Species of Pai'asitic Trematodes of Marine Fishes.

G.A.MacCallum 1

2. Some Xew Forms of Parasitic Worms G. A. MacCallum 41

3. Notes on the Genus Tclorchis and Other Trematodes.

G.A.MacCallum 77

4. Studies on the Polystomidae G. A. MacCallum 101

5. Notes on the Genus Cumallanus and Other Nematodes from Various

Hosts G. A. MacCallum 121

6. Studies in Helminthology. Part 1 — Trematodes. Part 2 — Cestodes.

Part 3 — Nematodes G.A. MacCalhim 135

7. A Bot-fly Parasitic in Monkeys R. C. Shannon & C. T. Greene 285

8. A New Ectoparasitic Trematode, Epibdella melleni .G. A. MacCallum 291

VOLUME II

PAGE

1. The Treatment of Fish Diseases Ida Mellen 1

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

SOME NEW SPECIES OF PARASITIC TREMATODES
OF MARINE FISHES

PAGE

Fig. 1. Synbothrium Imtoni facing 6

Fig. 1-A. Ripe Proglottis, S. lintoni facing 6

Fig. 2. Monocotyle dasybatis facing 7

Fig. 2-A. Sideview of M. dasybatis facing 7

Fig. 2-B. Egg of M. dasybatis facing 7

Fig. 3. Monocotyle dasybatis minimus facing 9

Fig. 4. Merizocotyle dasybatis facing 9

Fig. 4-A. Genital scheme of M. dasybatis facing 9

Fig. 5. Trionchus dasybatis facing 16

Fig. 6. Monocotyle selachii facing 16

Fig. 6-A. Ventral view of M. selachii facing 16

Fig. 7. Diplectamwi plurovitellum facing 20

Fig. 8. Acanthodisciis remorae facing 20

Fig. 8-A. Cirrus and Prostate of A. remorae facing 20

Fig. 9. Acanthocotyle raiae facing 23

Fig. 9- A. Lateral view facing 23

Fig. 9-B. Nasal gland facing 23

Fig. 10. Anthocotyle merlucii americaniLS facing 25

Fig. 10-A. Genital scheme of A. merlucii americanus facing 25

Fig. 11. Amphibdella torpedinis facing 27

Fig. 12. Amphibdella flavolineatus facing 27

Fig. 12-A. Genital scheme of A. flavolineatus facing 27

Fig. 13. Paraiyiphistomum papillostomum facing 31

Fig. 14. Distomum macrorhinis facing 31

Fig. 15. Monostomum pomacanthi facing 35

Fig. 16. Microcotyle angelichthys townsevdi facing 35

SOME NEW FORMS OF PARASITIC WORMS

Fig. 17. Diclidophora merlangi facing 46

Fig. 18. Diclidophora prionoti facing 47

Fig. 19. Diclidophora cynoscioni facing 48

Fig. 19-A. Sucker enlarged facing 48

Fig. 20. Diclidophora neotmtenis facing 49

Fig. 20-A. Sucker enlarged facing 49

Fig. 20-B. One of the hooks surrounding the cirrus facing 49

Fig. 21. Encotyllabc pagroso-mi facing 50

Fig. 22. Tetrarhynchus narinari facing

r,*?

Fig. 23. Tenia narinari facing 53

V

vi Illustratio7is

Fig. 24. Loimos salpinggoides facing 54

Fig. 24-A. Head under pressure: enlarged facing 54

Fig. 24-B. Egg facing 54

Fig. 24-C. Hook on the disc facing 54

Fig. 25. Diplectanum tylosuri facing 55

Fig. 26. ParampJiistomum aspidonectes facing 59

Fig. 27. Acanthocotyle bothi facing 60

Fig. 27-A. Cirrus and cirrus sack facing 60

Fig. 28. Anthobothriutn lillifonnis facing 61

Fig. 28-A. Ripe proglottid facing 61

Fig. 29. Alcicornis carangis facing 62

Fig. 30. Microcotyle incomparahilis facing 63

Fig. 30- A. Disc sucker, enlarged facing 63

Fig. 31. Catoptroides inagnum facing 65

Fig. 32. Stephanochasmns robustus facing 67

Fig. 33. Microcotyle polynemi facing 69

Fig. 33-A. Genital scheme facing 69

Fig. 34. Cithara priacanthi facing 70

Fig. 35. Atalostrophion epinephcli facing 71

Fig. 36. Rhynchobothrium inicrobothriuni facing 74

NOTES ON THE GENUS TELORCHIS AND OTHER TREMATODES

Fig. 37. Telorchis insculpti facing 81

Fig. 38. Telorchis pallidus facing 82

Fig. 39. Telorchis chelopi facing 83

Fig. 40. Telorchis guttati facing 83

Fig. 41. Distomum auritus facing 84

Fig. 42. Distomum spiculiferum facing 85

Fig. 42-A. Metraterm and ductus ejaculatorius facing 85

Fig. 42-B. Genital scheme facing 85

Fig. 43. Eurevia keksooni facing 86

Fig. 44. Paraniphistomufn chelydrae facing SS

Fig. 45. Echinostomn'm herodiue facing 89

Fig. 46. Axine carangis facing 90

Fig. 47. Heviistonmm haxistrum facing 91

Fig. 48. Spirorchis facing 92

Fig. 49. Acanthodiscus mirabile facing 93

Fig. 49- A. Coronet facing 93

Fig. 49-B. Egg facing 93

Fig. 50. Microcotyle spinicirrus facing 94

Fig. 51. Distomum tropidonoti facing 95

STUDIES ON THE POLYSTOMIDAE

Fig. 52. Polystoma troosti facing 108

Fig. 53. Polysto7na inerme facing 109

Fig. 54. Polystoma albieollis facing 110

Fig,
Fig,
Fig
Fig
Fig
Fig
Fig
Fig

Illustrations vii

55. Poly stoma elegans facing 112

56. Polystoma spinulosum facing 113

57. Polystoma chelodimic facing 114

58. Polystom<t (Ugitatum facing 115

58-A. Detail of hooks on disc facing 115

58-B. Coronet of cirrus facing 115

59. Polystomu aspidonectis facing 117

60. Polystoma rugosa facing 118

NOTES ON THE GENUS CAMALLANUS AND OTHER NEMATODES
FROM VARIOUS HOSTS

Fig. 61. Cumallanus scabrae facing 128

Fig. 62. Cavwllanus fioridiairxie facing 128

Fig. 63. Camallanus ptychozoovdis facing 129

Fig. 64. Camallanus cyathocephuliis facing 130

Fig. 65. Camallanus bungari facing 130

Fig. 66. Strongylu.s simiae facing 131

Fig. 67. Ascaris ogcocephali facing 131

Fig. 68. Echinorhynchus gaboes facing 132

STUDIES IN HELMINTHOLOGY

Trematodes

Diplostomum brevis 140

Diplostomum minimum 142

Diplostomum cinosteryii ; 144

Renifer uncistrodontis 146

Allocreadium priacanthi 148

Rhytidodcs chelydrae 150

Acanthocotyle squatinae 152

Renifer septicus 155

Zoogonoides boae 157

Styphlodora lachesidis 158

Eurostomum microptcri 160

Anisocoelium hippoglossi 162

Telorchis angusta 162

Dicrocoelium lanceatum 164

Dicrocoelium pancreaticuni 167

Cyclocoelum halcyonis (section) 169

Plagiorchis anacondae 171

Paragonimus trachysauri 172

Renifer ophiboli 174

Cephalogovimus trachysauri 177

Holostomum variabile 179

Eustomos chelydrae 180

Lccithastcr anisotremi 182

Microcotylc attstraliensis 184

Fig.

69.

Fig.

70.

Fig.

71.

Fig.

72.

Fig.

73.

Fig.

74.

Fig.

75.

Fig.

76.

Fig.

77.

Fig.

78.

Fig.

79.

Fig.

80.

Fig.

81.

Fig.

82.

Fig.

83.

Fig.

84.

Fig.

85.

Fig.

86.

Fig.

87.

Fig.

88.

Fig.

89.

Fig.

90.

Fig.

91.

Fig.

92.

viii Illustrations

Fig. 93. Glohoporinn tnoronis 186

Fig. 94. Dactylocotyle trachmoti 186

Fig. 95. Nitzschia suj^erba 188

Fig. 96. Heroninius geomydae 192

Fig. 97. Heronirmis maternuni 192

Fig. 98. Cotylogaster chaetodipteri 195

Fig. 99. Spirorchis emydis 196

Fig. 100. Renifer natricis 200

Fig. 101. Monostoma sphargidis 202

Cestodes

Fig. 102. Dibothriorhynchus sj^eciosum 206

Fig. 103. Dihothriorhynchus xiphiae 206

Fig. 104. Dibothriorhynchus balistidae 208

Fig. 105. Tetrarhynchiis bisulcatum 209

Fig. 106. Synbothrium hemuloni 211

Fig, 107. Tetrarhynchus brevibothria 211

Fig. 108. Rhynchobothrius aetobati 214

Fig, 109. Rhynchobothrius chironemi 214

Fig. 110. Dibothrium tangalongi 216

Fig. 111. Tylocephalum pingue 219

Fig. 112. Taenia faranciae 219

Fig. 113. Taenia chelodinae 221

Fig. 114. Dibothrium microcephalum, 225

Fig. 115. Dibothriocephalus molae 225

Fig. 116. Taenia dysbiotis 227

Fig. 117, Taenia incognita 229

Fig. 118. Taenia trachysauri 230

Fig. 119. Taenia quadribothria 232

Fig. 120. Taenia rosaeformis 233

Fig. 121. Duthiersia elegans 235

Fig, 122. Monorygma galeocerdonis 236

Fig. 123. Taenia acanthobothria 2S9

Fig. 124, Anoplocephala globocephula 239

Fig. 125. Tetrabothrius boae 241

Fig. 126. Dibothriorhynchus maccalhani 243

Fig. 127. Tetrabothrius lachesidis 245

Fig. 128. Tetrabothrius brevis 246

Fig. 129. Mesocestoides bassarisci 247

Fig. 130. Scyphocephalus bisulcatus 249

Fig. 131. Taenia patini 251

Fig. 132. Rhynchobothrius carangis 253

Fig. 133. Rhynchobothrius tangoli 253

Nematodes

Fig. 134, Ascaris cebi 255

Fig. 135. Oxyuris simiae 256

Fig. 136. Ankylostomum caninian 258

lUiist rations

IX

Fig. 137. D is p Intra y us egrettac 259

Fig. 138. Lcca)iocc]>luili(s annulatus 260

Fig. 139. Stronyylus patiyii 262

Fig. 140. Dacnitis carangis 264

Fig. 141. Dctcuitis spliaerocepfmlus 266

Fig. 142. Echinocephalus aetobati 268

Fig. 143. Strongylus boac 270

Fig. 144. Agamoyienia scorpaeruie cirrhoftae 271

Fig. 145. Oxyuris ptychozooni 272

Fig. 146. Oxyuris iguanae 272

Fig. 147. Ascaris tiara 274

Fig. 148. Sclcrostommn tribulbocapitis 276

Fig. 149. Sclerostomum lopholatihis 278

Fig. 150. Catnullauus testudinis 279

Fig. 151. Sclerostom<i eustreptos 281

A BOT-FLY PARASITIC IN MONKEYS

Fig. 152. A Red Howler monkey infested with bots 286

Fig. 153. Cuterebra bacri Shannon and Greene, sp. nov 289

Plate A. British Guiana Tropical Research Station of the New York

Zoological Society 2S7

Plate B. Area devoted to research at Kartabo 288

A NEW ECTOPARASITIC TREMATODE, EPIBDELLA MELLENI
Fig. 154. Epibdella melleni, sp. nov 292

ZOOPATHOLOGICA

SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE
NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
ON THE DISEASES OF ANIMALS

VOLUME I, NUMBER 1

SOME NEW SPECIES OF PARASITIC
TREMATODES OF MARINE FISHES

By G. a. MacCallum, M. D.

Department of Pathology

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, NEW YORK

Pathologist

NEW YORK AQUARIUM

PUBLISHED BY THE

THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK,

August, 1916

SOCIETY
NEW YORK

Each author is responpible for the scientific accuracy
and the proof reading of his contribution.

FIGURES

PAGE

Fig. I . Synhothriu))} lintoni face 6

Fig. 2. Monocotylc dasybatis " 7

Fig. 3. Monocotylc dasybatis minimus " 9

Fig. 4. Merizocotylc dasybatis " 9

ERRATA

pliiroz'ittcllum should read plnrovitcllum wherever it occurs
Merlucius should read Mcrluccius wherever it occurs.
mcrlucii should read mcrhiccii wherever it occurs.
Iicniatobiiim should read licmatobia wherever it occurs.
( )n page 2H the width of Chitinous Cirrus should read .015.

^

Fig. II

Fig. 12

Fig. 14

Fior. 16

. impliihdclla torpcdinis

.Impliibdclla flavolincatus

Paramphistomum papillostomiim

Distomum macrorJiinis

Monostomum pumacantlii

Microcotylc an(/cliclithys towtiscndi . . .

27
27

3f
35
35

FIGURES

PAGE

Fig. I. Sy)ibothn'itm lintoni face 6

Fig. 2. Monocotylc dasybatis " 7

Fig. 3. Monocotylc dasybatis Diliiinins " 9

Fig. 4. Merlzocotylc dasybatis " 9

Fig. 5. Trionchus dasybatis " 16

Fig. 6. Monocotylc sclachii " 16

Fig. 7. Diplcctanum phirovitclhim " 20

Fig. 8. AcantJwdisciis rctnorac " 20

Fig. 9. Acanthocotylc raiac " 23

Fig. 10. Anthocotylc mcrlucii amcricanus " 25

Fig. I r. Amphibdclla torpcdinis " 27

Fig. 12. Amphibdclla flavolincatns " 27

Fig. 13. Paramphistomiim papillostomum " 31

Fig. 14. PistoDutni macrorhinis " 31

Fig. 15. Monostomion pomacanthi " 35

Fig. 16. Microcotylc anijcliclithys townscndi . . . " 35

ABBREVIATIONS

Abljreviations in explanation of plates :

b.s. — buccal sucker

c.s. — caudal sucker

c.p. — cirrus pouch

cl. — cloaca

c. — cirrus

b.ej. — bulbus ejaculatorius

(l.ej. — ductus ejaculatorius

e. — eye

ex. p. — execretory pore

ex.v. — execretory vessels

g.p. — genital pore

g.a. — g'enital atrium

h. — hook.

i. — intestine

m. — mouth

m.b. — muscular liands

m.g. — mucus glands

met. — metraterm

o.s. — oral sucker

ov. — ovary

cot. — ootype

oe. — oesophagus

ov.d. — oviduct

ph. — pharynx

p.p. — pars prostatica

pr. — prostate

r.p. — reservoir prostatica

p.s. — penis shell

s.g. — shell gland

s.v. — seminal vesicle

s.r. — sciuinal reservoir

s.p. — sensory papillae

t. — ^testis

t.a. — tactile area

u. — uterus

u.g. — unicellular glands

v.d. — vas deferens

va. — vagina

vit. — vitcllaria

v.s. — ventral sucker

v.r. — vitelline reservoir

•w.v.s. — water vascular system

y.d. — yolk duct

y.r. — yolk reservoir

SOME NEW SPECIES OF PARASITIC
TREMATODES OF MARINE FISHES

Bv G. A. MacCallum, M. I).

Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York.

Pathologist to the Nezv York Aquarium.

Introduction

In presenting the following papers, it is desired to say that the
forms from marine biological life which are herein described were
studied in material from the New York Aquarium and the United
States Fish Commission Laboratory at Wood's Hole. However im-
perfect the descriptions may be, the plates that are used are from
sketches made by the author from life and from mounted specimens
in our collections, and we believe them to be as true to nature as it is
possible to make them. Other than the outlines of the form of the
worm, the studies are of the reproductive organs, inasmuch as there is
little else to show in the bodies of these hermaphroditic creatures,
whose whole object in life seems to be the reproduction of their kind.

From the material above described, the able artist, Mr. Feinberg,
has showm in a very realistic way all that is necessary to give the reader
a good idea of the anatomy of the specimen. We desire to say also
that, with the exception of possibly two, all of the worms as far as we
know are new to science.

It may perhaps be interesting to some to describe briefly the proc-
ess of preparing these specimens for study. The following technique
is generally followed : The worms are first washed in sea water, as
fresh water is rapidly absorbed by the body, which becomes swollen
and stifT. After the washing they are put under slight pressure and
killed in a hot solution of bichloride of mercury, then washed again,
after which they are stained with acid carmine, and next passed
through several alcohols, and cleared in cedar oil or creosote and xylol,
and mounted in balsam. This process for trematodes is one of the
most satisfactory plans to bring into view the various anatomical
structures, and ditterentiate them so that they may be seen easily.

It must be borne in mind that all these forms are jxirasitic, and
many of them seriously endanger the welfare of their host, hence in
many cases it would be of economic value to study their habits of life
and life history. This, however, has generally proved almost impossible,
and only in a few cases has it been satisfactorily done, and these have
had to serve for the numerous cases by analogy for those in which the
life history has had to be guessed at. We know that they arc produced
from the ^gg\ but how. in the open sea, these microscopical eggs find

6 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society ' [I;l

their way into the unusual habitats of the host, is largely speculative.
It is known, of course, that the egg under favorable circumstances may
develop into a free swimming miracidium or ciliated larva which by
chance may meet with a lish or other host, when a lodgement may be
made, and when it may by developed, for it cannot by developed in any
host. The chances are millions against such a thing occurring, so that
nature provides such creatures with myriads of eggs on the chance
that a few at least will find a favorable host. Of course all this does
not apply to those parasites whose eggs are laid and fastened directly
on the tissues of the host, where they are hatched.

As is so well known, bacteria and bacilli are the principal para-
sites in the human diseases which have of late years received much
attention from scientists with such good results. These same micro-
scopic parasites attack fish in various ways, and in the future will
probably receive the attention they deserve.

I wish here to thank Dr. Townsend, Director of the Aquarium
of New York, for his unselfish kindness in forwarding our work in
every way. Also the same is due the officials of the Fish Commission
at Wood's Hole for their unremitting: kindness in furnishing: material.

Dasybatns pastiiiacus (Walbaum, 1793).
Sting Ray or Stingaree.

It is highly probable that this fish is infested with more parasites
than any other known fish. Twenty-seven different forms, not includ-
ing copepods, are already credited to it arid almost any examination
of new material develops some new worm.

At Wood's Hole of late seasons, several specimens have been
taken of large size from ten to twelve feet in length, including the tail,
which is nearly twice the length of the body. These were generally
brought to the Laboratory of the United States Fish Commission and
examined for parasites, etc. During the last two or three sea-
sons ectoparasites or external parasites have occupied our attention
chiefly and it is proposed in the following paper to describe a few
of the hitherto undescribed forms which have been met with in ex-
amining tlie sting ray.

Synhothrinm liiitoiii, nov. sp.
(Figs. I and lA)

There does not seem to have been much written upon this cestode,
and very few species described.

Diesing seems to have been the first in 1850 to record a worm
which he found in a Brazilian fish t. h. Pristis perottetii which he
called Syudesmohothrium in 1854 but which he afterwards renamed
Synbothrium fragile as the type 1850a. There have been a few au-

#'^-

^jt

A

^/}J^ili-'

M ..— o^

FiR. 1

Fig. 1-A

FIG. 1. Sy\li()IHHII U I.IXIOSI. IKi. 1-,A. l-fll'l-: PR(K. LOTUS. S. UNIOS'l.

/.nifitthohgicit l''ol. I, No. 1. F.iiV />.Wi' '>

f**"..

)-.^.,

ph

^ .^Y'S

1

r

(f.rf.

Fis. 2-A

Fij. 2

//'^^

4

I-ig. 2-B

FIG. 2. MONOCOnUi DASYBAIIS. Fl(,. 2-A. SIDIA IFW OF .V/. DA^YBATIS.
FIG. 2-R. F(iG OF .\/. DASYBAIIS.

Znopathologicci Vol. I. No. 1. Fiwe p<igc 7

1916J MacCallum : Parasitic Trematodcs 7

thors since, as Jlunn. Goldb. Lint. Rail, Scudder, Zsch., etc.. who liave
described its occurrence in a few species of fish, but it does not appear
to be a very common parasite, consecjuently there have been very few
species of it named; in fact, S. fragile, Diessing 1850 and 5. filicolle
Lint. i88y seem to be tlie only ones.

Linton appears to have found S. filicolle in a number of fishes,
but S. fragile in only one instance in 1901. In 1905, however, he came
across Syiibotliria sp. in four different species of fish, and these he did
not name.

These worms have, I believe, almost always been found in a larval
state, encysted in the viscera or peritoneum of the host, so that one
cannot always be certain of the species. All of the Synbothrium worms
which I have found thus far, except S. lintoni, have been encysted in
the abdomen of the following fishes: lipincphclus mono, Oxyuriis
chrysurus, and Pogonias cromis, and were of two species, one 5". fili-
colle and the other not as yet named. In these cases they were en-
closed in an outer cyst which was colored blackish, and within this the
true white blastocyst in which the young worm may be seen coiled, so
transparent indeed that the hooks might be seen. These cysts are
never plentiful as far as my experience goes, at least I have never
found more than three or four in the same host, and often only one.

However, on August i, 191 4, while working at the United States
Fish Commission Laboratory at Wood's Hole a large sting ray Dasy-
batus pa^ti)iacus fell to my share, and, while examining the contents
of the spiral valve, I found among the denizens of that interesting
structure, four cestodes whicli were unknown to me. They proved
to be adult, and clung to the mucous membrane with their proboscidae.
They were with little difficulty freed from their attachment, and proved
to be Synbothria of a new species. They were quite large, varying in
length from 25 mm. to 65 mm. and 2 mm. in width, and some showed
ripe proglottides containing eggs. They also showed that other seg-
ments had been thrown off, so that really one could not say what the
original length of the worm may have been. The head as a whole is
quite different in shape from any other Synbothrium I have seen, being
in the gross much the shape of the head of a Scotch thistle in bloom,
set upon a narrow neck, which is followed by a strobila of gradually
maturing proglottides.

The bothria are much of the same form as those of other mem-
bers of the genus. The four bothria occupying the four separate
angles and from each of which forming a pedicel as it were a proboscis
protrudes form the extreme point. The bothrium in each case lies
beside the opening of the proboscis sheath. These prominent portions
of the head are exceedingly mobile, being capable apparently of moving
in any direction. The proboscides are long and strong, being covered
with booklets which are arranged more or less diagonally around the
base or core in several rows, probably ten or twelve. The hooks

8 Zoopatlwlogica: N. Y. Zoological Societ\ [I; 1

appear to be of different shapes and character — each variety is placed
in a row by itself which holds throughout the length of the proboscis.
One row situated along the inner or concave surface of the proboscis
is composed of short strong and much curved hooks and attached to
a smooth surface, while the other rows are composed of long slender
slightly bent hooks, with the points all directed backwards towards the
head and fixed on a surface which is thickly covered with small hook-
lets or bristles, which give the impression that some of them are young
or undeveloped hooks. Under a higher lens power, one can count five
rov/s of the larger hooks to the field, so that there are about ten or
twelve rows around the core ; they are all composed of semitransparent
chitinous material. The bothria and indeed the whole anterior end
of the worm under the cuticle is seen to be composed of numerous
delicate muscular fibres interlacing in all directions transversely,
obliquely and longitudinally, thus giving the head its power of motility.
The tubular proboscis sheaths or canals terminate posteriorly in four
contractile muscular bulbs which control the protrusion or withdrawal
of the proboscidae. The striations in the strobila do not appear at
once in the neck, but they show indistinctly to very near the head.
The water vascular system is very evident in the form of a canal
along each side of the worm throughout its length.

The ripe proglottides are about 2 mm. long and 1.50 mm. wide,
and the cloaca, a deep notch with prominent lips, appears on the edge
of each segment at the junction of the posterior third with the anterior
two-thirds. The cirrus is often seen protuding outside of the anterior
edge of the cloaca and it is there so large and bulbous that it seems
to block up the outlet of the uterus. The cloaca may appear on the
same side of the worm for three or four segments in succession. They
are not regularly placed. The eggs are yellow, oval or rounded, not
very numerous, and those measured were .040 mm. long by .020 mm.
wide.

The segments are largely filled with testes which appear as more
or less straight tubes, extending nearly from one end to the other, and
parallel to one another. The vas deferens arises from these and ter-
minates in the cirrus. The vitellarium cannot be made out in the mate-
rial at hand.

Measurements of Synbothriinii liiitoiii, nov. sp.

Length 65.00 mm.

Width 2.00 mm.

Head — length 3.40 mm.

Head — width i .80 mm.

Neck or first segment .60 mm.

Proglottid — length 2.00 mm.

Proglottid — width 1.50 mm.

Eggs — length .04 mm.

Eggs — width .02 mm.

'-1ri^^>^

o

^,.^j£n

' /

'^.^ .jkjfc..

1916] MacCalliini : Parasitic 'J'rcniatodcs 9

Moiiocotylr das\hatis. nov. sp.

(Figs. 2 and 2 A and B)

Order Trcmatoda (Rud.).
Sub-order Ilctcrocotylca (Mont.).
I'aniily Monocoiylidac (Tasch.).

( )n July I/, 1915, ii\e of the abo\e worms were found in tlie gills
of a large female sting ray which measured seven feet nine inches
in length by three feet three inches in width. The worms measured
se\en to eight mm. in length by 1.80 mm. in width and were found in
the profuse thick mucus which makes an examination of the gills of
this hsh diliicult. It is true that the worm found in the gills of
Myliohatis oijuila Dumeril, one of the eagle rays in European waters
and named by Taschenberg Monocotylc myliohatis in 1878, is some-
what like the form found in the gills of Dasybatiis pasfinacus, common
sting ray, for which I propose the name Monocotylc dasybatis, yet
as far as can be made out by the description and the rather imperfect
portrayal of the anatomy there are fundamental differences which
make it necessary to claim for Monocotylc dasybatis the right to be
called a new species. Tliis latter is nearly twice as large and the
mouth, sucker disc and cirrus are different. Monocotvlc ijimac is
also dift"erent since it has three testes and a very different cirrus.
The head of M. dasybatis is i mm. in diameter and is composed of
one large terminal sucker, trumpet shaped and facing ventrally. Near
where it terminates in the pharynx there are three lobulated portions,
one on each side, larger than the median one ; however, they all con-
centrate in the pharynx and the whole structure is smooth and
unarmed except that along the external margin is a narrow row or
rim of muscular cells and minute tubes which may assist in the
power of suction or in maintaining its position when fuctionating.
The whole head is cordate in shape with the extreme anterior end
cut more or less square. The whole structure shows many muscular
fibres running through its walls in many directions and these no
doubt control the functions and movements of this ample mouth.

The pharynx is large and receives directly the small end of the
bell-shaped anterior sucker. It is oval in shape with a median ridge
or line running longitudinally from before backward and on each
side are eight or nine transverse ridges, giving it the appearance of
muscular strength. The postpharyngeal oeso]>hagus is short and di-
vides as usual into two ceca which pass along the sides of the worm
posteriorly as far almost as the anterior margin of the sucker disc.

The genital pore is placed near the division of the ceca in the
angle formed thereby. It is large and oval and has a patch of spicules
on its anterior and posterior edge.

The testis is large, roughly triangular and somewhat loljulated
with its base directed anteriorly from near the centre of which the
vas deferens arises and proceeds in a winding course toward the gen-

10 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 1

ital pore where it terminates in an armed cirrus which overhangs the
genital pore. At about two-thirds of the length of the vas from its
origin it widens into a large vesicula seminalis. It then narrows again
until near the genital pore where it passes into and through an oblong
bulbus ejaculatorius terminating in an armed penis, which organ is
comparatively large and thick. It is cur\ed and has a cluster of
spicules at its tip.

The ovary is a more or less horseshoe-shaped tubular structure
with the concavity directed forwards and is placed immediately in
front of or anterior to the testis. In the concavity formed by the
curvature there is situated the genital junction which is about at the
middle of the worm. The opening of the vagina is seen about oppo-
site the genital pore in the left vitellarium, and the vagina itself plain-
ly showing its circular muscular fibres, runs in a crooked course to
terminate in the base of the seminal reservoir which is a large muscu-
lar sac. Its tube joins the oviduct prior to the junction of the vitel-
line duct. The shell gland is distinct and consists of a number of
somewhat large masses connected with tubes of varying length to
the ootype. The portion of the uterus following the ootype is wide
and its walls are composed of long muscular cells giving through its
outer coat a spiny appearance.

The uterus is not long but is relatively wide and terminates near
the genital pore in a vase-shaped structure, and the mouth is armed
with spicules.

The worm as a whole is elongated and appears to be of a very
delicate structure and even when alive is more or less transparent,
so much so that the principal organs may be seen and traced pretty
plainly. Fig. 2a gives a lateral view of the body form.

The sucker disc is a saucer-shaped structure, concavity ventral.
It is i.8o mm. in diameter and is attached to the body on its dorsal
surface at about its center with little or no pedicle. It has two fairly
large hooks on its anterior surface, one on each side which extend out
to and a little beyond its margin almost transversely. There are eight
rough ridges and eight locuH shown on its dorsal surface, two of the
latter are much larger than the others, the ridges being chitinous and
irregularly striated transversely. The two hooks are each laid in close
connection with one of these ridges so as to give them firmness of
attachment. The dorsal surface of the disc betweeen the ridges is
thickly covered with small irregularly-shaped plaques, somewhat like
squamous epithelium. The disc as a whole has a definite margin, but
extending beyond this is a delicate narrow rim of mucous membrane,
and in or on this membrane are delicate, cone-shaped bodies or tubes
which arc placed regularly side by side around the whole structure,
but not extending quite to the extreme outer margin. These cone-
shaped portions are crossed by numerous delicate transverse mark-
ings or striae. Again immediately within the bases of these cones is

1916] MacCallum: Parasitic Trcmatodcs 11

another rim of what appears to be a narrow band (jf muscular tissue
about half the width of the band of cones and the fibres of wiiich are
directed regularly in parallel lines toward the bases of the cones, and
they doubtless control the movement of the cones as a whole or in
part. Other than the transverse ridges on their surface the cones
appear to contain a fine granular matter. A somewhat similar struc-
ture surrounds the mouth or anterior trumpet-shaped end, although
the divisions are not so pointed, and they rather give the impression
that they function as sensory areas, although each is composed of
three or four deeply stained cells wdiich have fine ducts or lines run-
ning towards the centre of the structure or throat, possibly for the
secretion of mucus.

The vitellarium is profuse and very beautifully arranged in gold-
en colored masses. A bluntly triangular, shrunken, yellow^ Qgg is seen,
and in connection wdth one angle a chitinous filament attached to it does
not seem long. The tgg is situated at the genital opening.

For the purposes of classification it may be said to be elongate,
head cordate in shape with a large trumpet-shaped unarmed mouth,
with narrow margin or rim of cells, no large sensory areas, sucker
disc wnth eight ridges, tw'O large hooks, eight loculi. and ornamented
with a rim or margin of muscular tubules. Found on the gills of
Dasybatus pastinacus.

Measurements of Monocotylc dasybatis.

Length 7 to 8.oo mm.

Width i./O mm.

Width of head i to 1.20 mm.

Diameter of sucker disc 1.65 to 1.80 mm.

Length of testis 80 mm.

Width of testis 20 mm.

Egg length 06 mm.

Egg width 05 mm.

Monocotylc dasybatis mitii))iits, nov. sp.
(Fig. 3)

Order Trematoda (Rud.).
Sub-order Hctcrocotylca (Mont.).
Family Monocotylidac (Tasch.).

On July 17th, 191 5. there were found twenty or twenty-five speci-
mens of a small worm on the gills of a large sting ray which it is
thought has not hitherto been described. It measures 1.60 mm. in
length by 0.37 mm. in width and in situ is invisible to the naked eye.

12 Zoopathoiogica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 1

It is elongated and somewhat triangular in shape, being much wider
posteriorly than at the mouth. It is very convex dorsally and corre-
spondingly concave ventrally, although in life quite capable of exten-
sion so that the above mentioned shape does not hold except in quie-
tude. It is provided posteriorly with a relatively large sucker disc which
is circular and quite as wide in diameter as the widest part of the body.
The disc is divided into eight irregularly rounded loculi by eight rough
ridges. The posterior end of the body of the worm is implanted on
the dorsal surface of the disc at its middle without any pedicle. There
are two fairly large much curved hooks on the anterior or ventral
surface of the disc. It is also supplied with a number of minute
hooks, eight on its margin, which appears to be reinforced by a nar-
row muscular rim to which the small hooks are attached. The whole
skeletal part of the disc appears to be rough and of a chitinous char-
acter. The two larger hooks are attached each to one of the strong
rough ridges which gives greater power of support. The whole disc
is connected to the body of the worm by rather long muscular bands
through which it is completely under control, holding the body firmly
in place during the performance of its life functions. Its dorsal sur-
face is quite ornamental.

The mouth is subterminal, circular and surrounded by thickened
lips, one portion too appears to be more protrusible than the rest. It
is very like that in a distom and no doubt acts as a sucker when re-
quired to do so. The prepharyngeal oesophagus is short and muscu-
lar, terminating in a relatively large and muscular pharynx which is
distinctly marked by transverse ridges on each side of its surface. The
postpharyngeal oesophagus is also short and, as usual, divides into
two ceca which run backwards along the sides almost to the sucker
disc. Anteriorly in the angle formed by the division is the genital
pore which is generally overhung by the male genital apparatus, the
ejaculatory duct, cirrus, etc. Nearby is generally seen a collapsed
egg^ which then appears to be triangular (Fig. 3), and is provided
with a filament attached to the posterior pole. It is yellow and chiti-
nous and always single.

The single testis is situated just behind the o\ary i^i the centre
of the l)ody — a relatively large vas deferens runs in rui irregular course
anteriorly, winding around the bulbus ejaculatorius, finally entering
the posterior end of that organ and passing through it, terminates in
a long curved chitinous cirrus which expands into a trumpet-shaped
point at its end. The ovary is a tubular shaped organ placed far back
across the body and just in front of the testis. Its concavity looks for-
ward or anteriorly and in the space one of the most conspicuous organs
is seen, a large seminal reservoir, very muscular, and supplied from a
vagina whose inlet is situated on a small papilla on the right side
nearly opposite the mouth of the uterus and terminates in the seminal
reservoir with which it is connected at its base. The vitellaria are very

I'JlO] MacCallum : Parasitic Trcmatodes 13

plentiful and extend to the extreme end of the body on both sides
from opposite the pharynx anteriorly.

The i^fiiital jiuu-tidU is situated at about tlic middle of the worm
and is quite distinct ; the \ itelline ducts arising at about the junction
of the anterior third with the posterior two-thirds of the body pro-
ceed backward and internally until they meet the oviduct directly in
front of the seminal reservoir which sends its tube to the oviduct at
this point and almost directly after this the ootype appears surrounded
by the shell gland. The uterus is rather short and terminates in the
genital pore on its right side when the worm is viewed dorsally.

Measurements of Monocotyle dasybatis mininius.

Length i .60 mm.

W idth 40 mm.

Diameter of disc 40 mm.

Egg 0.06 mm. + 0.05

For classification it may be said to be elongate, w-idc at the base or
disc and narrow at the apex or mouth. !Mouth surrounded by a thick
roll or lip, one side of which is prolonged to a point. Disc composed
of eight loculi and eight ridges — tw^o large and eight small hooks, and
the wdiole dorsal surface of disc ornamented with roughened striae
of chitin.

Mcrizocotyle dasybatis, nov. sp.

(Figs. 4 and 4A)

Order Trcmatoda (Rud.).
Sub-order Hctcrocotylea (Mont.).
Family Monocotylidae (Tasch.).
(lenus Merizocotyle (Cerf. ).

< )n August I, 1914, while examining a very large sting ray Dasy-
batis pasti)tacus, at the United States Fish Commission's Laboratory
at Wood's Hole, Mass., I found in the nasal mucus glands a number
of odd forms. They were embedded in the profuse thick mucus which
is always present in or near these glands. Many were found dcei) in
between the laminae of the gland and in some cases were rather dif-
ficult to detach.

It has been customary for former w riters to state that these trcm-
atodes as well as many of the acanthocotylidae have their habitat on
the skin and gills of tlieir hosts, but I am sure from the numbers of
them that I have seen in the nasal glands of rays, skates, etc., that
their natural and permanent habitat is there and that the other loca-
tions are merelv accidental.

14 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 1

This form has been placed in the family Monocotylidae, Tasch.,
and the genus Merizocotyle (Cerf.). Of the few who have observed
this worm Cerfontaine has written the best description which is avail-
able to me. His description of M. diaphanum and M. minus seems
quite complete and enables me to know that the species herein de-
scribed is not either of these, as will be seen from the following de-
scription :

The worm for which I propose the name M. dasybatis is 2.40
mm. in length by .60 mm. in width. It possesses a large almost circular
cancavo convex sucker disc as wide or nearly as wide as any part
of the body. The body is elongated, concave from end to end and
from side to side ventrally and convex dorsally, and is somewhat con-
stricted anterior to the sucker and at the neck. The head is triangu-
lar in shape and divided by a deep notch which extends posteriorly
from the tip nearly to the pharynx. On each side of the notch on the
ventral surface are three quite large tactile areas or papillae and run-
ning backwards from each of these is seen a wide duct disappearing
under the vitellaria.

The mouth is a peculiar protrusible tube at the anterior opening
of the pharynx and forming when quiescent merely a thickened rim
of circular folds. It conveys the impression of being capable of con-
siderable extension and of suctorial power. The pharynx is goblet-
shaped and large ; it is surrounded by a large number of unicellular
glands in masses distributed posteriorly almost as far as the genital
pore. On the dorsal surface over the pharynx are four ocular spots.

The intestines seem wide and are given off behind the pharynx
without any great prolongation of oesophagus and at their bifurcation
the genital opening appears surmounted by the chitinous cirrus.

The male genital apparatus. — ^The testis is single, pear-shaped
and large, but not so disproportionately large as in M. diaphanus and
minus. It is situated at the junction of the posterior third with the
anterior two-thirds of the body encroaching upon each division. The
vas deferens passes anteriorly along the left side until nearly opposite
the middle of the short uterus and then expands into a large vesicula
seminalis ; from this it passes forward to the base of and through the
bulbus ejaculatorius a round muscular organ at the base of the cirrus
which surrounds the vas deferens in this portion of its course.

The cirrus is a curved hollow chitinous tube slightly turned up
at the tip. In the bulbus ejaculatorius beside the vas deferens passing
through it may be seen at its base and on each side a small gland which
sends a tube forward toward the base of the penis.

The female genitalia consists of a twisted horn or flask-shaped
organ (the ovary) with a long neck, which, after coiling upon itself
once, proceeds forward to the genital junction about the middle of
the worm, after which the oviduct widens into a wide ootype, and
this in turn merges into the uterus.

1916J MacCalliim: Parasitic Trctnatodcs 15

Tlie ootype is an unusually wide, thick portion of the genital canal
and is lined with a layer of large, elongated, deeply-staining cells. In
this instance it contains an almost completely developed egg which
seems relatively large; it is yellow, oval and with a moderately long
filament at each pole.

The uterus is short and muscular and terminates in a thick-lipped
daring mouth at the edge of the genital opening, situated centrally
near the cirrus and bulbus cjaculatorius.

There are two vaginae opening ventrally, one on each side near
the margin of the body. They join in the middle of the body in the
form of a hammock, the central portion being the seminal reservoir.
Towards the outlet of each vagina its walls contain circular muscular
fibres which act as a constrictor. This whole structure is slung across
the body at the posterior end of the ootype and very near the genital
junction.

The shell glands are large and with long necks, but not excessively
numerous.

The vitellaria are plentiful and extend from the base of the pha-
rynx almost to the disc posteriorly. It covers the intestinal ceca from
view until near the disc.

The disc, or sucker, is large and powerful and is composed of
several suckers and hooks.

It is nearly circular and concavo convex structure, the ventral
surface presenting five central loculi, one small deep one in the centre
and four larger ones surrounding it. On the margin there are twelve
suckers beside the large triangular space at the extreme posterior,
formed by the divergence of the very large pair of hooks situated here.
This space appears to have four small suckers near its margin, and
there are also here four small hooks, one for each sucker. There are
two long straight spicules here which run to the two middle small
hooks. Each sucker around the rest of the margin of the disc is sup-
l)lied with a small hook.

Measurements of Mcrizocotylc dasybatis.

Length 2.40 mm.

Width 60 mm.

Disc, diameter 30 miu.

Hooks on disc, length 17 mm.

Testis II X .08 mm.

Ovary to beginning of genital connection .^^ mm.

Egg 04 X .03 mm.

Cirrus, length 05 mm.

Pharynx 07 x .05 mm.

16 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I;l

Trionchns dasybatis, nov. gen. et nov. sp.
(Fig. 5)

^ Order Trematoda (Rud.).

Sub-ordevH eterocotylea ( Mont. ) .
Genera Monocotyle (Tasch.).

This worm was found on the gills of a very large sting ray Dasy-
batiis pastinacus, on August i, 1914, at Wood's Hole, Mass., and was
studied at the Laboratory of the United States Fish Commission there.

Only two specimens were found, as the gills were very large and
thickly covered with mucus, so that the worms on account of their
small size (i mm. x .60 mm.) were easily overlooked. Besides,
their attachment is exceedingly firm, so that few were brushed off.
When first seen they were very active, alternately shutting up their
discs toward their heads and again relaxing them. When closed they
reminded one of a trilobite. The body is plump, very concave in all
directions ventrally and very convex dorsally.

For the purpose of classification the following characters may be
given : The mouth large and subterminal, much like an ordinary suck-
er ; genital pore central ; cirrus chitinous ; single testicle posterior to
ovary ; a relatively large sucker disc with one large loculus in the cen-
tre and three small marginal ones. There are also on the disc three
hooks, one large one terminating in two points and also two smaller
ones.

The mouth is large and circular occupying almost the whole width
of the anterior end. The lips are thick and could act in the capacity
of a sucker when necessary.

The pharynx is very near the mouth, a muscular barrel-shaped
structure divided into two halves on the surface by a central antero
posterior line or groove, and each half shows transverse lines which
apparently divide it into seven bands of muscular tissue.

The vitellaria reach on each side to about the middle of the
pharynx and extends posteriorly along each side of the disc for a
short distance.

Immediately posterior to the pharynx and surrounding to a
great extent the short post pharyngeal oesophagus and its l)ifurca-
tion into the intestinal ceca, is a mass of unicellular glands which
.supply these structures with mucus. The intestinal ceca extend to
near the junction of the middle with the posterior third of the body.

The male genitalia are quite distinct. The testis is situated
in the posterior portion of the body just behind the ovary; it is
fairly large and somewhat pyriform in shape and from the small
anterior end there arises the vas deferens; this empties into the
flask-shaped vesicula scminalis. The vas deferens continues as a
narrow tube for sonic distance, when it widens again into a fus'-
form cnlnrgcment the ductus cjaculatorius and from the anterior

c ?

vie;-

v.

11^1C)| MacL'allitDi : Parasitic I rojialojcs 17

end of this it extends to the base of and throug^h the bulbus ejacula-
torius to terminate in the cirrus. The bulbus ejaculatorius is a
more or less round muscular ball or sac, the name of which indicates
its function.

The cirrus is a slij^hlly cur\c(l. rclalixcly long, yellow chitinous
tube, the base of which is applied to the bulbus ejaculatorius by
means of three spreading arms or branches of chitinous material
covered in with muscular tissue, etc. The tip end terminates in two
or three spiny processes.

'I'he ovary is large and somewhat semilunar in shape with the
concavity looking anteriorly and one end is prolonged into an ovi-
duct. C)nly the mouth and terminal portion of the uterus is appar-
ent in these crushed specimens. The mouth is funnel shaped. The
widened mouth in this case contains a fully formed egg, and is situ-
ated near the margin of a genital atrium placed well within the
angle formed by the l)i furcation of the intestinal ceca and is there-
fore central.

The egg is irregularly oval, yellow, and has a filament attached
to its anterior pole. This filament is rather less in length than the
egg itself, which measures .045 mm.

l"he sucker disc on its ventral surface is concave and oval in
contour. It is seen to be divided into one large deep sucker occupy-
ing most of the disc and three small marginal ones. In the centre
of the margin the largest of these smaller suckers supports through
its centre the largest of the three hooks, and extending out from
it is a tongue-like process of skin which also helps to support the
central large hook. These are the only hooks on the disc. The
large one is three times as large as the lateral ones, which are more
curved than the large one. The large hook is .07 mm. long and
terminates in two sharp booklets. The marginal skin is extended
outward opposite each of the other loculi, but not to the same extent
as in the case of the central one.

In life the sucker disc is frequently clasped to the front end of
the body and by this movement the progression of the worm is
in some way facilitated ; it may In- much as a crab or lobster flaps
its tail.

In the narrow ])ortion between the body and the disc many
muscular fibres are seen extending up into the body. F.xecretory
canals can also be seen, but no outlet could be made out.

Measurements of Trioiiclnts dasylnitis.

1 .engih T.oo mm.

Width 60 mm.

Sucker disc, width 25 mm.

Sucker disc, length 14 mm.

18 Zoopathologica: N. V. Zoological Society [I; 1

Long hook on disc, length 070 mm.

Short hooks on disc, length 025 mm.

Cirrus, length 040 mm.

Egg, length 045 mm.

Egg, width 035 mm.

Monocotyle selachii, nov. sp.

(Figs. 6 and 6A)

Order Trcmatoda ( Rud. ) .
Sub-order Heterocotylca (Grout.).
Family Monocotylidac (Tasch.).

On July 19, 1915, at the Laboratory of the LInited States Fish
Commission, Wood's Hole, while examining the nasal glands of a
large Ccstracion zygaeiia there was found within them a Monocot\le
which is regarded as a new species.

It is elongated in form and almost of equal width throughout
including the head and disc. The head is of an irregular square
shape with four prominent enlargements, two on each side of a
concavity at the anterior margin which does not, however, denote
the location of the mouth. The enlargements are evidently sensory
areas and probably are capable of some extension when the worm
is feeling its way about. However, there does not appear to be
any suctorial arrangement by which the worm is enabled to main-
tain its position, if we leave out the mouth at the anterior portion
of the pharynx. Almost in the centre of the portion called the head
is seen a more or less square shaped structure which represents
the pharynx with the mouth in front. The mouth and perhaps part
of the pharynx is protrusible as needed. This is shown by the thick-
ened and movable lips. The mass also includes the origin of the
ceca which start from the posterior lower part of the pharynx and
pass almost at once behind the vitellaria, which hide their course
backwards. A very short distance further posteriorly a coil of the
vas deferens appears before it makes its way to enter the rounded
end of the bulbus ejaculatorius which in this instance is directed
toward the pharynx and is oblong and large relatively. From its
other end projects the cirrus which is rather short and wrinkled
and somewhat triangular, point blunt and quite rounded. It is
covered with an outer shell, and is i)rol)ably nrotrusible. The whole
structure in this instance lies anterior to and over the genital pore.

The vas deferens passes anteriorly along the right side, and
shows it to be full of spermatozoa.

The testis is either enclosed in a sac and lobnlatcd, or it con-
sists of several small masses or testes. The posterior end of the
worm is so filled with vitellaria that a clear view of this organ
is im])0ssible — an examination of further and better material may
clear up this point.

1916] MacCallion : Farasitic Tyonatodcs 19

1"he ovary is situated near the middle of the body, and is some-
what S-shaped. One end, however, is thick and massive, while the
anterior portion is prolonged into a long narrow coiling neck, which
in one instance at least, reached nearly to the genital pore. This,
however, seemed to be exceptional, since the oviduct arises gener-
ally from the anterior portion of the organ and almost at once
receives the vitelline ducts. No seminal reservoir could be made
out in the material examined, nor could a vagina be traced, although
an opening could be seen on the right side of the genital pore, very
near the vitellarium, which seemed to be the mouth of a vagina.
The vitellaria are plentiful and extend from the pharynx to the
caudal disc, being unusually profuse posteriorly.

The sucker disc is a large structure of unusual formation. It
is armed with two short strong and much curved hooks on the
anterior surface, and in the worms from the Carcharias obscunis there
are also a number of very small hooks on the extreme margin, but
so far no small hooks could be seen on the edge of the disc in the
case of those found on Cestracion zygaena, although otherwise the
worms seemed alike. The ventral surface of the disc has scattered
over it a great number of small circular loculi or suckers of different
sizes, and which probably have different or separate innervation
which may enable the worm to have greater power, or to release
its hold partially at will ; be that as it may, the fact is that this
disc has only two large hooks besides, along the margin, several
small ones placed at regular intervals. There are no ridges, and
the worm must depend on its large sucker for support in its place
of attachment, assisted by the powerful pharynx and mouth, where
there appears much muscular tissue. It is probable though that as
the nasal gland is its local habitat enclosed from outside influences
and fixed in profuse sticky mucus, it does not need any greater
means of adhesion. Some writers have described the findings of
worms of this class on the skin and in the mouth of their host, but
it must be that they are only accidentally in these situations, their
proper home is in the much protected nasal gland.

For the purpose of recognition and classification it may be said
to be oblong, even in width throughout, sucker disc with two hooks,
several very small ones on the margin and no ridges, the ventral sur-
face covered with numbers of small suckers of different sizes, body
very delicate and fragile. Found in the nasal gland of Cestracion zy-
gacna and other sharks and no where else so far; genital pore central.
The skin is unarmed and the body is sparsely covered throughout
with small cells, muscular tissue thinly distributed except at the
junction of the disc and the body, w^ater vascular system quite evi-
dent, on each side of the pharynx are to be seen small ducts which
develop into quite large canals which show as an open line on each
side in the dense vitellaria. They terminate near the disc, hut no
definite outlet is seen. Since the same worm is also found in the

20 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 1

nasal passages of Carcharias obscurus as well as Cestracion cygaena,
and, as I have no doubt it may be also found in similar locations in
other sharks, I would therefore propose the name Monocotyle selachii.

Measurements of Monocotyle selachii.

Length . 5.40 mm.

Width 1. 00 mm.

Width of head 1.20 mm.

Width of disc i.oo mm.

Length of disc hooks 0.03 mm.

Diplectanum plurovitclliim. nov. sp.
(Fig. 7)

Sub-family Gyrodactylidac v. Ben. et Hesse
Genus Tetraonchus v. Ben. et Hesse
Sub-genus Diplectanum v. Ben. et Hesse

A new form of Diplectanum was found on the gills of Teuthis
hepatus on November 27, 191 5, which seems to have escaped observa-
tion hitherto. It has also since been found on the gills of Aniso-
tremiis virginicus.

Like all the other members of the family it is small, being only
1.60 mm. in length by .20 mm. in width. Its head is more or less
conical in shape, much more so than any of the other known mem-
bers of the family, but the most striking feature of its anatomy is
the peculiar arrangement of the vitellaria which is distinctively
blocked, cut into two rows, one on each side of irregular more or
less triangular blocks distinctly separated from one another, except
that along the internal margin of each row, where they are connect-
ed by an antero-posterior column of vitellarium. There are gener-
ally sixteen or se\entcen of these portions on each side, and they
extend from nearly as far forward as the pharynx and to near the
disc posteriorly. The mouth is not definite but the pharynx is large
and prominent and probably serves as the mouth. On each side
of this extending from about its middle on each side is a row of
tactile areas which seem to serve as sensory areas. They extend
nearly to the extreme anterior end of the worm. There are four
ocular spots, two just within the edge of the pharynx and two more
anteriorly. The bifurcation of the oesophagus takes place back of
the pharynx, and is not very distinct, although it can be made out
to a certain extent in the usual situation and a short distance poste-
rior to this division may be seen the genital pore, where the uterus
terminates.

The uterus is short and evidently only contains one egg, at a
time for in each specimen under observation the uterus contains
an ovoid, yellow Qgg which is relatively large; it is without the

n

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-.£>

lfr^~ .y. ^-

o

1

\

3 - •

- cV\v/

•^^..^,^..

1916] MacCallion : Parasitic Trcmatodes 21

ii-ual filanu'iU. Over tlu- i^vnital pore the cirrus presents itself and
is peculiar in form being- in this quite as diai;nostic as those of the
other species. It is long and curved and has a bulbus ejaculatorius
at its posterior end which is more or less pear-shaped, the larger
end being jjosterior. The ovary is roundish or rather ovoid and is
centrally situated at the junction of the anterior quarter with the
posterior three-quarters of the worm, and immediately behind it is
the large single roundish testis. The genital junction is directly
in front of the ovary. The vas deferens passes on the left side of
the ovary towards the posterior end of the bulbus ejaculatorius.

The intestines or ceca seem to join into a single tube posterior
to the testis which passes down the middle to nearly the posterior
end of the worm.

The disc is directly terminal after the bod\- has narrowed some-
what. It is armed with two large and strong hooks which point
laterally and at least also with eight spicules or small hooks on the
posterior edge of the end of the disc. The skin is smooth and
unarmed.

( )n the gills of the same host were a number of Diplcctanum
t cut his.

Measurements of Diplcctaiuiui plurovittcllum.

Length 1.60 mm.

Width 0.20 mm.

Egg 05+.02 mm.

Acanthodiscus rcmorae, nov. sp.

(Figs. 8 and 8 A)

Order Trematoda (Rud.).
Sub-order Hctcrocotylca (Mont.j.
Family Gyrodactylidae v. Ben. et Hesse.

On May 16, 1915, while examining some material from New
York A(|uarium I found on the gills of an Eclicncis itaiicratcs a small
worm as well as a lot of specimens of Dionchus (Cioto). Again on
May 19, more attention was paid to the gills of a larger fish, which
in order to secure more specimens of the new worm, the gills were
rubbed under water between the fingers and thumb, and the result
proved to be the dislodgement of a number of the worms sought
although a good many had left their discs adhering to the gills.
Several, however, were perfect and answered the following descrip-
tion: It is small, not more than 1.80 mm. long and .30. mm. wide.
It is elongated and presents as its chief characteristic a relatively
large posterior clinging disc on which are two large much curved
hooks. These seem to be attached to a loose marginal fold around
the edge of the disc. The disc is concave and presents on its sur-

22 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 1

face a series of irregular depressions, but no ridges may be seen.
It merely looks like one large sucker with near its center two large
hooks, one on each side, much curved and with the points looking
toward the center of the disc. The skin is thick and unarmed, al-
though it is serrated. The head of the worm is in shape that of an
obtuse triangle with the small mouth terminal ; a short distance
from the mouth is seen the pharynx and between the two are four
ocular spots. Around the ocular spots and also enclosing part of
the pharynx is a circle of deeply stained mucus cells three or four
deep. The head is somewhat marked off from the body by a notch
on each side conveying the impression of the presence of a neck
and it is surrounded by a margin of elongated mucus unicellular
glands so closely set together, and staining more deeply than the
neighboring tissue that it gives the appearance of a narrow band
extending as far as the neck a little back from the edge of the worm.
Inside of this band of cells is a narrow, clear space, where the water
vascular ducts are plainly seen also surrounding the head.

The pharynx is roundish, and it is surrounded by a circle of
mucus cells which apparently supply it with mucus. On the left side
of the neck the genital atrium is placed, a short distance from the edge.
It is sparingly armed with a cluster of spicules. This opening is al-
most directly opposite the pharynx, and shows the cirrus and uterus
there. There are two testes, one l^efore the other in the center of
the body, and either one is twice as long as the ovary, which is situ-
ated in front of them. They are oblong and rounded and give forth a
relatively very large vas deferens which is much coiled and makes its
way anteriorly, first emptying into a large vesicula seminalis then into
a large cirrus sac. The cirrus itself is apparently armed at the end,
and is more or less globular at this point with a large prostate behind.
The ovary is small and round and situated about the middle of the
worm. The oviduct is fairly long, and is met by a duct from the sem-
inal reservoir situated on the left side and in front of the ovary ; but if
there is a vagina it must be back from the margin of the worm among
the vitellaria, for it cannot be made out distinctly. The ootype is
surrounded by a voluminous shell gland, and the uterus near its
termination is provided with a metraterm well developed. The
intestines are not easily followed in their course under the profuse
vitellaria which extends from the neck on each side to near the disc
posteriorly. No fully de\eloped eggs were seen.

Measurements of AcantJiodisciis ronorae.

Length 1.80 mm.

Width 30 mm.

Diameter of disc 40 mm.

Width of neck at eyes 20 mm.

Diameter of ovary 10 mm.

Diameter of testis 20 mm.

K

Fig. 9-A

. C^^<.^^

Fig. 0 FiK. <)-B

FIG. 9. AC-INTHOCOIYLH R.U.lli. FIG. 0-A. I.ATFRAL \1I-W. IIG. <)-H NASAL GLAND.

y.DiilHitbnhk'ica Vol. I. No. I. Fa.\- page 2?

19161 MacCallttDi: Parasitic 'J'rcmatodes 23

AcanthocotyJc raiac. no\-. sp.

( Figs. 9 and (jA and W)

Sub-order I Ictcrocotylca (Mont.).
l-"aniily (i yrodactylidar v. Hen. el Jlesse.

On July 4. 19 14, while examining a large summer skate, Raja
crinacca at the Laboratory of the United States b'ish Commission at
Wood's Hole, there were found in the nasal mucus sacs or gland?
a number of small forms for which I propose the above name.

The nasal gland of fishes seems to have received scant attention
an-d the fact that it is a very favorite home for certain species of
Heterocotyleans and even some crustaceans as Copepods. Krga-
sillae, etc., seems to have been entirely overlooked. The wide open
nostrils of course are always noticed, but behind these are the large
mucus glands whose function seems to be to secrete large (luanii-
ties of mucus, perhaps to assist the numerous skin .glands in the
anterior portions of the fish to lubricate the front and thus facilitate
speed, lessen friction, etc. In Raia crinacca the gland is a little over
two inches long by a little over an inch wide and is more or less cylin-
drical. It is open at one side and closed by a broad, band-like
structure on the opposite side which runs from end to end. Kach
side is composed of many thin lamellae placed closely side by side
across the length of the structure which allows it to be opened like
a book although the lea\es run in an opposite direction. It is
generally filled with thick mucus and in this the worms live. (Fig. 9b.)

To show that the location where found is the natural habitat,
I may say that in this instance as many as twenty-five worms were
found in the two glands. They were also found in the same location
in other skates of this s])ecies, as well as in Raja occllata. It has been
customary with parasitologists to credit this family of small worms
as skin parasites, and indeed they may sometimes be found on the
skin, but I am confident that their position there is merely acci-
dental, for as may be seen by the description of its anatomy it could
not derive any nourishment on the outer skin of these large and
rough fishes, nor could it even retain its hold there for anv prolonged
time; while embedded always in the plentiful mucus of the nasal
glands, they not only find plenty of nourishment, but are protected
from outside exposure.

The present member of the grouj) is only 1.60 mm. in length
by 0.(>0 mm. in width. It is elongated in form, delicate in structure
and of nearly equal width throughout. It is concave ventrally and
very convex dorsally. (Fig. 9a.) Its most prominent feature
is a large roundish sucker rlisc at its posterior e.xtremitv. Its head
or anterior end is but little curved from side to side, and in the
.^entre is a shallow notch, on each side of which are three sensory
papillae. .\ short distance posterior to the notch in the anterior

24 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 1

border is a prominent pharynx, the anterior end of which has thick-
ened lips which constitute the mouth of the worm.

The oesophagus, is short and divides into two wide intestinal
ceca which extend well back towards the disc. The disc is round
and concavo-convex having on its ventral surface fourteen suckers
of medium size around the margin and five larger ones in the center.
These are separated by prominent rough ridges, indeed every locu-
lus is surrounded by a very rough margin. At or near the outer
edge of the space between each pair of marginal suckers is a very
small hook. The disc is almost as wide as any part of the body
being 0.39 mm. in diameter.

The male genitalia consist of two relatively large oblong testes
which lie side by side in the middle of the body and immediately
behind the ovary. The vasa deferentia unite and run coiling for-
ward to form a prolonged widened portion or sac, — the vesicula
seminalis. This sac shortly narrows to a small tube which again
widens into a fusiform structure, the ductus ejaculatorius, Avhich
in turn narrows and enters the base of the bulbus ejaculatorius;
passing through this organ it terminates in the cirrus a long curved
organ which flares somewhat at its extremity. It is chitinous in
structure and somewhat yellow in color, it overhangs the genital
pore and is apparently always directed backwards.

The female genitalia consists of an irregularly curved flask-
shaped body, the ovary with a long neck. Its base rests between
the anterior ends of the testes and the neck extends forward toward
the genital pore coiling somewhat on its way. The genital pore
is situated centrally in the angle formed by the beginning of the
ceca. The neck of the ovary ends in the oviduct which shortly
receives the vitelline ducts projecting from the vitellaria on the
sides. The seminal reservoir lies across the worm a short distance
posterior to the uterus. It is in the shape of a hammock having a
vagina connected with it on each side. It communicates here with
the oviduct which passes on to pass through a large shell gland
and then merges into a peculiarly shaped uterus which is somewhat
fusiform or pear-shaped, the widest portion being anterior ^nd dis-
playing there its mouth with very thick lips. The uterus seems to
be constructed of large muscular cells which stain deeply. It seems
only constructed to hold one Qg^ at a time and in one specimen an
egg was seen to occupy the mouth. This was oval, somewhat col-
lapsed, yellow and with a short chitinous filament attached to one
pole. The egg measures 0.02 mm. (Fig. 9.) The vitellaria are very
plentiful, extending along to the sides from opposite the pharynx to
near the disc.

For the purpose of classification the worm may be said to be
elongated, to three times its width, although this varies much in
life, disc without large hooks, but with fourteen marginal loculi,

'V

/:(

K

^-v.

m\\)

) vi.iaio-

'ia. 10-A

?\

%:'M^

Fig. 10
It.. 10. ANIHOCOTYLE MERLUCIl .IMHRICANUS.

Zoopatkologica y,,!. I. N,,. 1. f.ir.- f>Jgc 2^

1 IG. lO-.A. (iKMTAL SCHEME OE
.-/. MliRl.Uai AMERICANUS
b-One of the large suckers or claspers. d-Hooks
at tip of disc.

1916] MacCalhim : Parasitic Trcmatodcs 25

five internal ones, and several small hooks. Occurs in the nasal
glands of several species of skates.

Measurements of .Icanthocotylc raiae.

Leng-th i /)0 mm.

Width 50 mm.

Diameter of disc 30 mm.

Egg 02 mm.

Anthocotylc mcrliicii amcricamis, nov. sp.

(Figs. 10 and loA)

Family Octocotylidac v. Beneden et Hesse.

At Wood's Hole, Mass., at the Laboratory of the United States
Fish Commission on August 1, 19 13, I found on the gills of Merluc-
ius bilinearis a worm which in general appearance resembles the An-
thocotyle mcrlus, or mcrlucii. first described by Van Beneden and
shown by a plate given in his paper and also by Dr. M. Braun.
This plate, however, shows no anatomy of the worm except in the
most general outline. On studying the present form more closely
I found that while of the same genus it was not by any means the
same worm or the same species. In the first place this is larger
and the first two large suckers w'hich are such a prominent feature
in the form are not at all like those of A. merlucii of the European
hake either in their shape or structure. Again, while A. merlucii has
only the eight suckers usual with the Octocotylinae the new worm
has beside these a small scjuarc shaped extension of skin between
the posterior pair of suckers on which are placed four small hooks
and which form the extreme posterior limit of the worm. These
differences have induced me to ask a place for the American form
as a new species.

The worm is found in sparse numbers only as far as I know
on the gills of a common well known fish on the New England
coast. — the New England hake, or whiting, Mcrlucins bilinearis.
This fish is common in American waters from the Bahamas north-
ward to the Straits of Belle Isle.

.hithocotxle is a worm of a very delicate, thin structure and
vet with very jxjwcrful means of holding to its place of attach-
ment, and this is probably the reason for its described rarity. Van
Beneden claims only to have seeYi two specimens. However, if
care is taken they may be found. It is extremely filmy except in
the neighborhood of its large suckers, where there is considerable
muscular tissue, as well as the large chitinous framework of the
suckers.

26 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 1

It belongs to the family Octocotylidae and the pecuharity of
its armature is that while it has eight suckers, the two anterior
ones are out of all proportion with the others of the set, the anterior
ones being very large while the other six are very small. The ante-
rior ones also are not of the same size, the right one being much
larger than the other, and this is constantly so in all the specimens.
(Fig. lo.)

The worm is about 9 mm. in length by 1.20 mm. in width at
its widest point ; one specimen, however, measured when mounted
12 mm. by 2 mm. The large suckers measure in diameter 1.20 mm.,
while the smaller ones measure .053. The head is very small, being
surmounted on each side by a rather large sensory papilla. The
mouth is large and semilunar in shape, the concavity being toward
the anterior extremity. Somewhat posterior to the lower lip on
each side is a small sucker, and still more posterior and between
these is the pyriform pharynx. The oesophagus bifurcates almost
immediately into ceca and in the angle thus formed is as usual the
genital opening, or uterine atrium ; protruding from this is a very
prominent cirrus at the end of the vas deferens. The end of the
cirrus is enlarged and also armed with rather long chitinous spines
or spicules arranged in somewhat irregular rows. The vas deferens
is large and more or less occupies the central space between the
profuse vitellaria, which occupies the greater part of the body on
each "side. The testes not very numerous, are small and are almost
entirely covered under the vitellaria. However, in one large speci-
men twenty could be counted.

The female genital apparatus consists of the usual organs ; the
ovary is club-shaped and situated at about the middle of the body,
the oviduct being a continuation of the smaller end which is at first
directed posteriorly, but after receiving the duct from the seminal
reservoir and the vitelline ducts it proceeds across the body from
left to right, to pass into the ootype. The shell gland is small and
compact and very distinct. The ootype is fairly large, as is also
the uterus. In one of the specimens being described a fully formed
Qcrg is seen. It is long and narrow and provided with a filament
at each end which are several times the length of the egg as shown
in figure 2. At the point where the worm suddenly enlarges at
the neck, forming a sort of shoulder, is the opening on each side
of a vagina, both of which can be traced posteriorly as far as the
beginning of the vitelline ducts.

One of the main points of difference between this form and
that of A. mcrlucii is first that tlie chitinous structure in the suckers
is very dififerent, as may be seen by the plate, and second that between
the last pair of small suckers a prolongation of skin, square across the
terminal and is armed with four dififerent hooks. (Fig. loa-b.)
These are entirely absent in A. mcrlucii. Fhe size of A. mcrlucii.

J .> '-' -'? "

O-

■c»

^I^

1916] MacCallum : Parasitic Trcmatodcs 27

4 mm., as given hy \'an Beneden is not more than half the length of
the American form, wliich in some cases measured 12 mm.

Measurements of .inthocotylc ))icrliicii amcricanns.

Lengtli 9 mm. to 12 mm.

W'idtli 1 .20 mm. to 2 mm.

Diameter of large suckers 1.20 mm.

Diameter of smaller suckers 50 mm.

Egg 05 nmi.

Amphibdclla torpcdinis.
(Fig. II)

Family Gyrodactylidae v. Ben. et Hesse.
Genus AmpliibdcUa (Chatin).

In 1874 Chatin discovered and described this worm with the above
family history. He found it on the gills of Tctranarcc occidcntalis
and named it Amphibdclla torpcdinis. I am only writing a short de-
scription of it in order to compare it with another species of the same
family which I found on the same fish and under the same conditions
as A. torpcdinis, a description of which I am giving in a separate paper.

They are totally different, although found in the same habitat in
about equal numbers (see plate). As the description of this worm
in any book to which I have access is rather meagre and no plate
showing its anatomy is given, I am tempted to try and give a little
more perfect description as I found it, also in order that it may be
compared with Amphibdclla flavolincata as given in this paper.

The form is quite graceful and about 4 mm. in length by i mm. in
width. The anterior end is concave, in the center of which is the
mouth. ( )n each side of the head are seen three large sensory papillae,
and between the posterior two is a mass of unicellular glands, which
in the stained specimen is highly colored. There is also a mass of
these on each side of the ]:)haryn.\. The pharyn.x is relativelv large,
and the j)ostpharyngeal oesophagus bifurcates into the intestinal ceca
close to the i)harynx. The genital oj)ening is placed in the angle
formed by the branching ceca and here prominently is seen the large
peculiar chitinous cirrus, composed apparently of two tubes ending
in three brownish hooks at the distal end of the cirrus; at its base, or
at least connected with it is seen the bulbus ejaculatorius. through the
center of which the seminal tube passes ; immediately behind this is
the ductus ejaculatorius, which is quite muscular and is somewhat
sausage-shaped, although becoming c|uite small at each end; this re-
ceives the seminal duct from another somewhat semilunar enlargement,
which may be called the posterior prostatic reservoir: this also is con-

28 Zoopathologica : A^. Y . Zoological Society | I ; 1

nected posteriorly with the vesicula seminahs, which is the main reser-
voir of spermatozoa and it is directly in connection with the testis by
means of the vas deferens. There is also a fine tube, brown in color,
which extends from the junction of the posterior prostatic reservoir
and the ductus ejaculatorious; this is seen to enter the cirrus at about
the middle of its length. The testis is situated beside the ovary on
the left side of the worm when looking at the ventral surface, it is
single and the vas deferens crosses over the dorsal surface of the ovary
to join the vesicula seminalis.

The ovary is flask-shaped with a long neck, which is in part the
oviduct. The genital connection takes place a little anterior to the
ovary and the uterus, which is quite short, ends at the edge of the
genital pore in the center of the anterior part of the worm. Its mouth
is somewhat funnel-shaped and appears muscular and circular.

The vitellaria are plentiful and extend from opposite the anterior
part of the ovary to the disc posteriorly.

No vagina is visible. The excretory system may be distinctly
seen terminating in two or three good-sized canals which extend to
the sucker disc. One small canal is seen to empty on the side of the
body.

The intestines seem to end in one large coecum which passes down
the middle of the body cavity and ends at the junction of the middle
with the posterior third of the body.

The disc is wide and muscular and connected with the body by a
neck almost as wide as the body. The muscular fibres which control
it are plainly visible. The disc is more or less circular on its distal
face and is armed with four large yellow hooks besides several very
small hooks situated at the edge of the disc.

Measurements of AmphihdcUa torpcdinis.

Tength 4.00 mm.

Width 1. 00 mm.

I'harynx, diameter 09 mm.

Pharynx, from anterior end of worm 20 mm.

Ovary, length 35 mm.

Ovary, width 04 mm.

Testis, length 20 mm.

Testis, width 07 mm.

Sucker disc, width 25 mm.

Sucker disc, depth 13 mm.

Hooks on disc, length 10 mm.

Chitinous Cirrus, length 05 mm.

Chitinous Cirrus, width 15 mm.

1916] MacCalliDii : Parasitic Trcmatodes 29

.luif'hibdcUa flaz'olineatus, nov. sp.

( Figs. 12 and 12A)

I''amily C, \rodactyIidac \. r>en. et Hesse,
(ienus Amphibdclla (Chatin).

In 1874. Chatin discovered and described a small worm belonging
to this family, which he found on the gills of Tctranarcc occidentalis
and which he named Amphibdclla torpcdinis.

( )n July 6. 1914. at the United State Fish Commission Laboratory
at Wood's Hole, Mass.. there was found on the gills of a large torpedo-
Tctranarcc occidentalis a great many . /. Ti)rpcdinls and also an almost
equal number of another Amphibdclla which as far as the writer is
aware has not hitherto been described. It is quite different from A.
torpcdinis and for purposes of identification the following characters
mav be given : Two prominent rows of light yellow colored, lobu-
lated vitellaria, one along each side ; a large armed sucker disc connect-
ed to the body by a much constricted neck ; disc divided into two large
lobes, and these again subdivided into several smaller lobules. On
each of the lobes are tw^o fairly large hooks, but as far as can be seen
there are no other smaller hooks. The disc is joined to the body by
a narrow pedicel or neck, but strong muscular bands may be seen ex-
tending from the hooks and disc well up into the body.

The worm is from 4.50 to 6 mm. in length by i mm. in width.
The genital organs are situated chiefly in the anterior quarter of the
body. The head is small and surmounted on each side of the mouth
by three sensory papillae or areas. These connect with small tubes
which are numerous as far as the pharynx. The pharynx is round,
large and surrounded by many vascular unicellular mucus or salivary
glands, which by means of long ducts open into the oesophagus and
pharynx. They stain deeply and are hence prominently in sight.

The post-pharvngeal oesophagus dixides almost immediately into
two intestinal coeca which are long and extending down the center of
the bodv throughout most of their course, almost to the base of the
sucker disc.

The female genital apparatus occupies the triangular space be-
tween the bifurcation of the oesophagus into the intestines and between
the anterior ends of the vitellarian tubes. These latter are the most
prominent markings of the worm in life, giving it the ajipearance of
having two wide light vellow lol)ulated stripes throughout nearly its
whole length. When magnified these stripes show each to be enclosed
in a sac or membrane and to be made U]) of large rounded lobules of
vitellaria. At the anterior end the two columns come together by two
slender vitelline or yolk ducts where thev enter the oviduct.

The ovarv is large, graceful and flask-shaped with a long neck
and this terminates in the oviduct which is short and joined by the
ducts from the seminal reservoir and vitellaria. The shell gland is
also to be seen very distinctly near this point.

30 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 1

The uterus is quite short and ends near the edge of the genital
atrium in the centre of the body and well into the angle at the bifur-
cation of the intestinal coeca. Its end or mouth is at the end of a tri-
angular or funnel-shaped widening of the tube. In the specimen
described herein an egg is observed which is oval, yellow, and in this
case has a wrinkled chitinous shell. It measures .03 in length and
apparently only one egg is developed at a time, for in this case no
other can be seen to be in process of formation. No vagina can be
seen.

The male genital apparatus also occupies the anterior portion of
the worm and is a rather complex structure.

The testis, a large single one, is situated dorsally of the anterior
end of the right vitellarium. The vas deferens is consequently short
and leaving the testis it widens somewhat, then enters the base of the
anterior prostatic reservoir or vesicula seminalis, which is large and
flask-shaped, and this after coming to a quite narrow neck widens into
the ductus ejaculatorius which is somewhat sausage-shaped and mus-
cular, this terminates in a fine duct or tube which enters at its base
a ball-shaped muscular structure the bulbus ejaculatorius, and through
the centre of which it passes to end in the base of the chitinous cirrus,
which is .05 mm. in length by .020 in width, hollow and terminating
at the tip in two short hooks.

The genital connection takes place where the two columns of vitel-
laria connect anterior!)- ; this scheme or connection is shown in
Fig. 12a.

As will be seen from the above description, this worm dilTers very
materially from torpcdinis, although found together and under the
same circumstances ; therefore, it would appear to be a nov. sp., for
which I propose the name of Amphihdella flavoUncatus.

Measurements of Amphihdella flaz'olineatns.

Length 4.50 to 6.00 mm.

Width 1 .00 mm.

Sucker disc, width 34 mm.

Sucker disc, length 20 mm.

Ovary, length 25 mm.

Ovary, width 08 mm.

Hooks on sucker disc, length 10 mm.

Pharynx, diameter 10 mm.

Cirrus, length 05 mm.

Cirrus, width 02 mm.

Testis, length 13 mm.

Testis, width 09 mm.

Egg, length 03 mm.

•'/

'It

i?' ^

■-;m 'i4^5J

0p "^^

'd

i^^'

191f)| MacCalltiin : Parasitic Trcniatodcs 31

l\iraiiipliistoiiiitiii f^apilU'stoiiiitni. now sp.

Family Paramphistomidac (I'isch.).
Sub- family Paramphistominac (I'^isch.).

Before the above nomenclature was finally settled the name of this
genus had caused a considerable discussion. In 1788 a worm was dis-
covered by Schrank which from its description seems to have been an
amphistomum. He named it Fcstucaria strigis, having found it in an
owl. Then in ]ji)0 Abildgaard found a similar w^orm and called it
Stri(jca. In 1801 Rudolplii arl)itrarily ignored any previous names
given to the genus and named it .ImpJiistomum macroccphalum, and
he also applied this name as the synonym of a great number of species
reported by other observers. This apparently held until 1901 when
F"ischoeder, in an attempt to clear up the wiiole matter of name, called
the genus Paramphistomuni, family Paramphistomidae, subfamily
Paramphistominae. He intended, it is presumed, that this name should
include all of the former genera and species of the so-called Amphis-
tomidae. Looss does not think that there was any necessity for such
a sweeping change and would adhere to the name Amphistomum, and
in this no doubt a great number of investigators will agree, although
a considerable number, including many of those wdio think Ampliis-
tomnm proper on account of long use would rather see the original
name Strigca adhered to. In all up to 1889 von Linstow records
twenty-eight species as being found by six investigators of whom
Diesing described thirteen species and Cobbold six. These were gen-
erally found in the herbivora as the elephant, rhinoceros, horse, buf-
falo, deer, etc. Since then many forms have been found in birds,
especially in the hawk and owl families. Only one Cephalopod. the
squid, has been credited with being the host of an Amphistomum,
namely .•/. loligiuis. Only two species of turtles so far as known have
harbored this worm, viz. Chclonia mydas, the green turtle, and Che-
lonia imbricata. the hawksbill turtle. The former is credited with two
species thus far — ./. sclcroporu}ii, Creplin an<l . /. spinulosum, Looss.
Creplin found it lirst in 1844, IJraun mentions it in 1893 and 1899,
also again in 1901. Looss in 1901 describes C. mydas as being the
host of .-/. spi)iulosum. It was found in the colon of a green turtle on
the Egyptian coast near Alexandria. In 1902 he mentions it again
as being found in (". ))iydas. .Sjiiplcy descril)e(l it in 1905 as found
in C. mydas.

On January 31, 1914. while making an autopsy on a very large
C. mydas at the \ew York Aquarium an Amphistomum was found
in the intestines. It was a solitarv specimen, vellowish in color, thick
and firiu in structure and measured when fresh 10 mm. in length by
5 mm. in width. As this species of worm is not so frequently found
in amphibians as in animals and birds, I therefore record its occur-
rence and describe it very briefly. (Fig. 13.)

32 Zoopathologica : N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 1

The worm is oval and thick with skin smooth and unarmed, there-
fore I conclude that it is not A. spinulosnm ; in this it is very different
except that it possibly might be that Looss each time had a young
worm to describe, so also Shipley, while mine may have been a very
old specimen which had lost its spines as is not unusual with some
of these worms. As to its identity with Creplin's A. sclera poruni, I do
not find that it resembles it at all, although evidently belonging to the
same family. The most striking features of P. papillostomum are its
mouith and posterior sucker. The opening of the mouth is terminal
and somewhat oval, and measures 0.60 mm. from side to side. The
lips or margin present a number of slight or short papillae or rod-
shaped projections which, parallel to one another, entirely surround
the opening. They measure in length 0.02 mm. Internally the mouth
opens at once into a large globular bowl-shaped structure, occupying
the whole anterior end of the worm, and in this dift'ering from many
worms of the genus which have long lateral suckers or ceca. At the
lower edge of this and partly within it is the pharynx. The whole giv-
ing the impression that the sucking apparatus is very powerful. The
pharynx is somewhat round. There is no pre-pharyngeal oesophagus,
iDUt the post-pharyngeal oesophagus is relatively long, being i mm. in
length before it divides into the cecal rami. These latter proceed pos-
teriorly almost to the caudal sucker, and although much lobulated, do
not give off any branches. In the middle of the angle where the ceca
separate is seen the genital pore at which the mouth or anterior end
of the uterus and cirrus appear, coming in different directions from
behind the large testes. On account of the testes covering in the vas
deferens and cirrus to so great an extent — that is, when viewing the
worm from the ventral aspect — the exact structure of the cirrus can-
not be made out, nor does the metraterm appear. The testes, which
are two, large more or less square blocks, occupying fully half the
width of the body and filling the whole space between the ceca in that
region, are placed almost immediately behind the genital pore and
almost in contact with one another.

The ovary is roundish, fairly large and situated on the left side
somewhat, and at the junction of the anterior two-thirds of the body
with the posterior third, and here, too, is the genital junction where
the vitelline ducts join the oviduct and near which the shell gland is
situated. The uterus coils several times from side to side across the
middle of the body and is well filled with eggs which are round and
yellowish in color and measure 0.02 mm. in diameter. No seminal
reservoir is seen. In the centre of the body towards its caudal sucker
is a large opening, the excretory pore, but the water vascular system
is not much in evidence although, of course, present. The vitellaria
occur in large rounded masses and they occupy, in a scattered way,
both sides of the body throughout its posterior half. A very striking
feattire is the caudal sucker which is sub-terminal. It is pyriform in
shape, base anteriorly, large and exceedingly muscular. 'i1ie opening

1916] MacCalhim : Parasitic Trcmatodes Z}>

in it is also ([uilc |»\rik)rm in shape, the small end beinj^'' posterior.
This is apparently the sole means of adhesion to its host.

As far as I can make out P. papillostoiiinin does not quite fit into
the descrii)tion given of either .1. s/'inulosut)! (I.ooss) or A. sclcro-
ponim (Lreplin). The size of A. spimilosum is given as 5 to 5.6
mm. in length, about half the length of P. fyapillostomuin. The con-
formation of the internal organs does not correspond nor is the skin
at all like it since there is not a spine to be found on it, neither are
the circular rugae or papillae seen described as the base of these spines,
nor arc there any spines about the mouth. In the present worm the
skin is perfectly smooth, although somewhat wrinkled, but there are
no signs of papillae. If it be said that young worms often show spic-
ules on the skin which later they lose, that probably would not apply
to the circular rugae or the papillae which support the spicules. The
skin is traversed from end to end by fine striae, which give it the
appearance of having been sectioned by a knife with a very imperfect
or finely notched edge. This is evidently owing to the muscular fibres
in the skin and anteriorly cross fibres show. The mouth is very differ-
ent, being surrounded by a row of very regular small papillae placed
side by side, forming the lips, and no doubt they answer the purpose of
feelers as well as assisting in the process of sucking. The same objec-
tions would be called up in considering the resemblance to A. sclero-
pornm. The general appearance, the subterminal mouth, the round
caudal sucker and narrow slit-like oj)cning, not to speak of the internal
conformation of the organs. As there have been so many species
described. I feel very reluctant to add to their number, and yet there
does not seem to be any proper form hitherto described in which as
a species it could associate or be classed.

Measurements of Payampliistouuim papiUostomn^n, nov. sp.

Length 10.00 mm.

Width 5.00 mm.

Length of caudal sucker 2.20 mm.

\\"i(lth of caudal sucker 2.00 mm.

Length of opening in caudal sucker .... 1.40 mm.

Width at base of caudal sucker 1.20 mm.

Mouth from side to side 0.60 mm.

Length of papillae of lips at niDUtli .... 0.02 mm.

Testes length 2.00 mm.

Testes width i .00 mm.

Eggs, diameter 0.02 mm.

Length of oesophagus i.oo mm.

34 Zoopathuloyica: N. V. Zoological Society [I; 1

Distomum macrorhinis, nov. sp.
(Fig. 14)

During the examination of an elephant seal, Macrorhinus angus-
tirostris, on February 29, 1912, at the New York Aquarium, there
were found a large number of little distomes in the intestine. They
were not restricted for room for the intestine was twenty-three and
a half metres in length and the only other inhabitants of this tract
were a few ascarides. These were from 35 to 50 mm. in length.

The little distomes are 1.40 x 0.40 mm. and the anatomy is ex-
ceedingly simple. The anterior sucker is subterminal and occupies
almost the entire anterior end. Leading from this is a short pre-
pharyngeal oesophagus. The pharynx is not large nor is there any-
thing peculiar about its structure, it ends in a postpharyngeal oeso-
phagus which is very long, being at least eight times as long as the
portion in front of the pharynx. At about a fifth of the length of
the worm it divides into the ceca which extend to near the middle of
the worm before they become hidden by the vitellaria, after which
they cannot be followed but probably extend to nearly the posterior
end. There is plainly visible beginning at each side of the anterior
sucker a water vascular tube which extends also along the sides of
the body to be lost under the vitellaria, but to terminate in the large
excretory pore.

The genital organs are situated mainly towards the extreme pos-
terior region. The female genitalia consist, as usual, of an ovary
which in this case is an irregularly elongated structure which gives
off the oviduct at about the middle of the body in the posterior third
and this almost at once receives the duct from the seminal reservoir
and the vitelline duct, and these, with the shell gland, form the genital
junction. I'he uterus from near here winds in tubular folds loaded
"with eggs across from side to side several times, and finally terminates
in the genital pore situated at the anterior edge of the acetabulum.
Eggs measure 0.015. The vitellaria are very plentiful and extend
from a short distance in front of the acetabulum and fills in most of
the posterior two-thirds of the worm.

The male genitalia consist of two triangular-shaped testes situated
very near the posterior end of the body cavity. They are relatively
large and each gives off a vas which join to form the vas deferens
which almost at once widens into a fairly large vesicula seminalis.
From this the vas deferens ends in the cirrus at the genital pore.

The skin of the worm is not smooth, being thrown into wrinkles,
but it is unarmed. The acetabulum is very large compared with the
mouth sucker, being probably four times as large. It is situated a
little posterior to the middle of the worm. Other than the oesophagus
and the water vascular tubes which are somewhat branched almost
the whole anterior half of the body is imoccupied with any important
structures, except part of the alimentary canal and the water vascular
system.

:*%f>i

^tfel

-C S'

?^ I

r;

0

,'4<3W.S':^ <.i«-?j^:

& '*5;

"""■ -..-..y I ',->-'_^V~^''>v

1916] MacCalliiin : rarasitic Trcmatodcs 35

Moiii'sti'Ditiiii f<(>iiiaca)itlii, nov. sp.

(I'iS- '5)

On May 29, 1915, while c\aniinin<^ a large I'rench angel fish —
Poniacaiithits pant, from the New York Aquarium —there was found
a numl)er of Monostoma in the intestines. They are about 4 mm.
long by 1.02 wide, are elongated, quite pointed at the head and
rounded at the posterior end. The most prominent feature of the
body, even as seen with the naked eye, is the peculiar clasping
muscular flap on each side anteriorly, apparently intended by nature
to assist the worm in keeping itself in position, or possibly in
conjugation, as in the case of BilJiarzia hcmatobium. The muscular
fibers are very distinct, and interlace in all directions, concen-
trating at the point of the flap. The mouth is large and apparently
strong. The oesophagus is indistinctly defined and extends one-eighth
the length of the worm before it divides into the ceca. No pharynx
is seen. The muscular flaps start on each side well forward in the
neck, and almost at once widen so as nearly to meet in the centre of
the body, then they gradually slope away, disappearing at each side
at a point nearly one-half the length of the worm. In this enclosed
space the oesophagus and ceca lay, and in its posterior area is the
genital pore, where the uterus and cirrus terminate. The uterus is
voluminous, and filled with oval eggs which each have a long chitinous
filament attached to either pole. The uterus is provided with a strong
metraterm near the genital pore. The vas deferens after passing be-
hind the folds of the uterus appears anteriorly to them in a relatively
large cirrus sac, this coils towards the genital pore, which is near the
side of the worm. The pars prostatica is well developed, and the whole
sac is well supplied with muscular tissue.

The testes are two in number situated almost at the extreme pos-
terior end of the body, one on each side. They are much larger than
the ovary, which lies in front of and between them, and here also is
the genital junction. The vitellaria is distributed in the form of two
large lobulated masses at the sides in front of the testes, although in
some specimens masses may be seen along the sides of the body else-
where, but generally the vitellaria are as described in front of the
testes. The water vascular svstem drains the body from the head and
terminates in a large oblong opening very near the posterior end of
the body. The nervous system is not very evident. A lateral view
of the worm .shows it with rounded shoulders, and the flaps extending
m front, almost like two short arms.

Measurements of Monnstomiim pomacanthi. nov. sp.

Length '^•OO mm

Width 2.00 mm.

Mouth 025 mm.

P.odv across claspcrs 104 mm.

36 Zoopatliologica : N. Y. Zoological Society [Ijl

Microcotylc angclichthys tozvnsoidi, nov. sp.

(Fig. i6)

This worm, like the rest of the genus, inhabits the gills of its host
which in this case was the yellow-tailed angel fish, Angclichthys tozvn-
scndi. It is small, being only 3.05 mm. long and 0.20 mm. wide. It
has a short almost straight sucker disc, coming to a sharp point which
to the naked eye gives the worm the appearance of being sharp at both
ends and the whole body but slightly bent still fairly thick. Only
about twenty specimens were washed from the gills in the case exam-
ined. The fish was small, being only six inches by three inches, yet
the worms were hardly in sufficient numbers to cause death. The head
is roughly triangular, at least the most anterior portion is prolonged
to almost a point, and this is provided with three tactile areas. The
mouth suckers are round cuplike and appear very muscular. They
are somewhat peculiar and quite different from those of most mem-
bers of this genus. The two suckers are placed obliquely in the throat,
and slanting from before downwards and backwards, each sucker
seems to be divided in two by a slight band, and they are otherwise
marked by striae, probably muscular, which run from the centre to
the edge of the cuplike sucker. Anterior to these suckers in the centre
of the mouth the edge is prolonged into a sort of proboscis and used
probably to hold firmly the gill filament upon which it is feeding. On
each side of this proboscis is another small sucker which probably has
the same function as the proboscis. Behind these the pharynx is very
near and is also round. More posteriorly still is the genital pore or
atrium which dififers distinctly from that of any of the other members
of the genus and is the peculiarity of this species. The atrium is di-
vided into two openings, the posterior one being that for the cirrus
which is generally seen protruding a short distance over the edge. It
is surrounded by hair-like spicules, and this opening is separated from
the uterine opening superficially by a narrow band of spicules, while
it can also be seen that the openings are separated by a membrane.

The uterine opening is profusely surrounded by long hair-like
spicules especially in front or anterior to the pore ; here the armature
is in a wide dense mass. The whole genital outlet occupies almost the
whole width of the worm, indeed the body is distinctly widened at
this part to accommodate these structures.

The uterus and vas deferens proceed anteriorly side by side along
the middle of the worm until they reach near to the atrium, the uterus
generally lying along the left side of the vas throughout its course,
but here it becomes more superficial ventrally and curls over the cirrus
pouch to the right to make its way to the uterine outlet.

The vagina opens dorsally and centrally at a point nearly one-
third the length of the worm from the head. It is relatively large and
soon divides into two ducts to join the vitelline ducts or reservoir.

1916] MacCalliim : Parasitic Ircmatodcs 37

The ovary is i)laced posterior to the middle of tlie body and is
loosely distributed in the shape of a horse-shoe. The looseness of the
structure is not due to postmortem pressure, as great care was taken
to prevent that. Generally as the worm lies on its back the end of the
ovary on the right side gives off the oviduct which in a winding way
proceeds posteriorly and over to the left side, enclosing in its folds
the seminal reservoir and proceeding to the shell gland which is always
in this worm particularly prominent and highly stained. On passing
to the shell gland it receives the duct from the seminal reservoir and
also the yolk ducts. On passing through the shell gland it curves an-
teriorly and proceeds along the middle of the worm to the atrium.

The vitellaria are unusually ])rofuse extending along each side
from almost opposite to the mouth to the disc posteriorly.

The testes, about twenty-six in number, are fairly large and of
a roundish shape and extend from near the disc nearly up to the ovary.

On each side of the body and between the vitellaria and the inter-
nal organs along the middle of the body are two lines distinctly free
of vitellaria, making a stripe along almost the whole length of the body.
These lines are plainly traceable into the .sucker disc and are no doubt
the site of the water vascular system, although no vessels could be
seen. The disc is distinctly foot-like in an extended position, but is
very often held in a perfectly straight position. It is short and sup-
ports about fifty-six clasps or suckers. These are slightly different in
shape from those in other species, being wider in their grasp and not
so deep, although their chitinous structure is much the same.

Measurements of MIcrocotylc angcllchthys townscndi.

Length 3.05 mm.

Width 15 mm.

Disc length 20 mm.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Paramphistomum papillostomum

Braun, M.

Trematodes in Bronns Klassen und Ordnungen, 1893, des Thier.-Reichs.
Parasiten des Menschen, 3 Auft, 1903.

Van Beneden, P. J.

Et C E. Hasse siir les Bdellodes et les Trematodes Marins, 1862.

Creplin, F. C,

1844 A Edo Zoologische Beitrage Amphistomum Scleroporum n. sp. Arch,
f. Naturg. Berl. 10 J. V. L., pp. 112-113.

1836 d. Diesing Karl Moritz Monograpli. der Gattungen Amphistomum
xmd diplodiscus (Ann. d. Wein Mus. d. Naturg. V. 1. (2), pp. 235-260.

Diesing.

1839a Neue Gattungen von Binnenwurmen nehst. einen Nachtrage zur
Monographie der Amphistomen (Ann. de Wein Mus. d. Naturg. V. 2.
pp. 219-242.

A. Loess.

1901 Ueber Trematoden aus Seeschildkroten der Egyptischen Kusten
(Centralblt. f. Bakteriol., Parasitenk, etc. Jena. Abt. V. 30, (15), Oct.
pp. 555-569.

H. S. Pratt.

1900a Synopses of North American Invertebrates. Am. Naturalist, Bos-
ton, Aug., pp. 645-662 and

H. S. Pratt.

1902a Synopses of Nortli American Invertebrates. Aspidocotylea and the
Malacotylea.

1899 Seitaro Goto. Notes on some Exotic Species of Ectoparasitic Trema-
todes. Imp. Univ. of Japan, Tokyo, pp. 263-295.

W. G. MacCallum.

1905 On two New Amphistome Parasites of Sumatran Fishes. X. Zool.
Jahrbuch Abt. fur. Systematik Geograph. und Biolog. der tiere.

^

?

ZOOPATHOLOGICA

SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE
NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
ON THE DISEASES OF ANIMALS

VOLUME I, NUMBER 1

SOME NEW FORMS OF PARASITIC
WORMS

By G. a. MacCallum, M. D.

Department of Pathology

COLUMBFA UNIVERSITY, NEW YORK

Pathologist

NEW YORK AQUARIUM

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY

THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK, NEW YORK

June, 1917

Each author is responsible for the scientific accuracy
and the proof reading of his contribution.

a

FIGURES

Fig. n.
Fig. 18.
Fig-. 1!).
Fig. •.'().
Fig. 21.
Fig. •2-2.
Fig. 23.
Fig. 24.
Fig. 2.-,.
Fig. 2(;.
I-ig. 27.
I-"ig. 2S.
I-ig. 2:1.
I-'ig. :'.(•.
Fig. :n.
I'ig. :'.2.
Fig. X).
Fig. :M.

v\g. ;;<;.

PAGF.

Diclidophora iiuviaiiij;i face 46

DicUdophora prioioti " K

Diclidophora cyiioscioiii " 48

DididopJwra iicoiiiacnis " 49

Eiiocfyllabc pagrosoiiii " •'>'*

Tctrarliynchus narinari "■ •'•2

Tenia narinari " -")■)

Loiinos saJpinfji!;oidcs " •")4

Diplcctannni tylosuri "' •'>•">

Parainphistoinuin aspidonccics ...... " -')!'

Acanthocotylc botlii " <•"

.hitliohothriiiDi lilliiforniis " fil

. Ilcicornis carair^is " i>2

Microcotylc inconiparahilis " i)3

Catopfroidcs nm<^nitni '' 05

Stcphanochasinus rohustiis " (>7

Microcotylc polyncini " <>!'

Cithara priacanthi " 70

. Italostropliioji cpincplicli "' ^1

Rhyncliohothriuni inicrohotliriiiin ... " "i \

ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviations in explanation of plates :

b.c. — buccal sucker

c.s. — ^caudal sucker

c.p. — cirris pouch

cl. — cloaca or genital pore

c. — cirrus

b.cj. — bulbus ejaculatorius p.s. — penis shell

d.ej. — ductus ejaculatorius s.g. — shell gland

ov.d. — oviduct

ph. — pharynx

p.p. — pars prostatica

l)r. — prostate

r.p. — reservoir prostatica

e. — eye •

ex.p. — execetory pore

ex. v. — execretory vessels

g.p. — genital pore

g.a. — genital atrium

h. — hook

i. — intestine

m. — mouth

m.b. — muscular bands

m.g. — mucus glands

met. — metraterm

o.s. — oral sucker

ov. — ovary

oot. — ootype

oe. — oesophagus

s.v. — seminal vesicle or vesicula seminalis

s.r. — seminal reservoir

s.p. — sensory papillae

t. — testis

t.a. — tactile area

u. — uterus

u.g. — unicellular glands

v.d. — vas deferens

va. — vagina

vit. — vitellaria

v.s. — ventral sucker or acetabulum

v.r. — vitelline reservoir

w.v.s. — water vascular system

y.d. — yolk duct

y.r. — yolk reservoir

SOME NEW FORMS OF PARASITIC
WORMS'

liv G. A. AIacCallum, Al.D.,

Dc/'artDU'iil of Pathology, Columbia University, Xc-u' York.

Pathologist to the Nczv York Aqiiariuin.

Order — Trciiiatoda.

Sub-family — Octocotyliiiac. \'an I'dicdcii cl Hesse.

Genus — Diclidophora.

The name Diclidophora was created by Diesing for a worm with
eight cHnging discs at its posterior end, and found on the gills of many
ditTerent fishes. It was in 1850 that he found two forms of this worm
which he named D. longicollis and D. palmata. Kuhn, in 1829, how-
ever, reported finding one of these worms on the Mcrlangus vulgaris,
and called it Octosfoiiia mcrlangi. This, in 1859, he renamed Octoplcc-
taiiuni, and this name in 18G8a-18()la Beneden called a syn. of Octo-
bothriuiu mcrlangi. Cerfontaino. in 1S95, named one which he found
on the gills of Labrax lupus, Diclidophora labracis. Leuckart, in 1830,
found one which he called Octobothrium palmatum, and Rathke named
one he found on a Lota molva, Octobothrium digitum. From this it may
be seen that a number of eminent writers have, as they fancied, given
it a name, which to them, seemed to suit its charactristics best, although
each new name but complicated the subject, and left the student in
the absence of good plates of the worm, at a loss to know which form
each writer was describing. Almost all of these writers too, had found
the forms they described in foreign waters, in fish not found in Ameri-
can waters, and it is quite possible that on account of this habitat of
the worm it may vary in form from those found on this side of the
yVtlantic Ocean. \\ ith what authority it is unknown, but recently
biologists seem to have presumed to try and make general the estab-
lishment of the name given to a form by the original discoverer. They
contend that this priority is the only way to make permanent a name
given to a genus or species. There mav be reason in this, but in many
cases the name which has become popular, and has been adopted for
a great number of \ears. has become familiar to students, so that it
seems often to grate harshly on the ears, not to say on the memory,
to be forced to use an old-fasliioned name in place of a fanu'liar one.

*Tlic material for tlic foll<nvinfjr work was derived cliiefly from tlie New
York .'\(iiiarium and tlic United States Fisli Commission Lal)oratory at Woods
Hole, and my hearty thanks are due to Dr. Townsend of the Aquarium and
the oftkers of the United States Fish Commission for all the courtesies ex-
tended to me.

46 ZoopotlwJogica: AL Y. Zoological Society [I; 2

In this case Diclidoplwra seems so much more euphonious thian any
of the many other names given that akhough it has not priority in its
favor, yet if possibly it could be established as the name for the genus,
it would half clear up difficulties in its study.

This trematode belongs to the sub-family Ocfocofyliiiac, V. Bene-
den et Hesse, and to the genus Diclidoplwra. It is not found in any
great numbers anywhere, in fact is almost always found singly, and
consequently cannot be said to be a menace to the welfare of its host
in any case. It is an ectoparasite, always being found in the gills of a
nunlber of different marine fishes, and in almost every case the col-
lector has named it after the particular host upon which it was found.

I propose, in briefly describing the four different worms which
I have found, to use the name Diclidoplwra and its origin according
to its host. I may inadvertently describe a worm which has been de-
scribed before, but, if so, my excuse must be the paucity of the litera-
ture, and more, the absence of good plates by which the subject may
be best recognized. At its worst the name given may be classed as
another synonym.

Under the name Diclidophora mcrlangi, Kuhn, in 1829 described
a worm found in Cliipca alosae in European waters. His paper is not
available here, but presuming that eight worms found at Woods Hole,
Mass., on twelve Urophycis chitss on Aug'ust 20, 191 T), to be the same
worm, I here append a short 'description, and a pretty accurate plate
of the same. Although not found on the same fish as that of Kuhn,
and thousands of miles from the locality, yet, in order to avoid multi-
plving species, I have named it D. mcrlangi. assuming it to be the same.

Diclidophora }}icrla)igi
(Fig. 17)

Host — Alcrhicciiis biliiicaris, t h.

Habitat— Gills.

Locality — Woods Hole, Mass., U. S. A.

At rest it is a short, thick worm, very pointed at the head, oval
body and with a relatively very large disc, consisting of a block from
which spring eight digits which are rather long, and which each ter-
minate distally in a circular sucker, reinforced with a chitinous struc-
ture or framework (Fig. 17), which stiffens it and makes it more
powerful. They are situated four on each side of the body of the
disc, and the jwsterior pair are very much larger and more curved
than the corresponding anterior pairs which grow less, as they near
the body. Other than the extra curve and size of the. posterior pair
they are all of nearly the same form (Fig. 17). The mouth is small,
yet has a conspicuous sucker on each side, and the entrance to the
pharynx is well outlined. Almost immediately behind these appears

A.>

''^-■/•.-'■'m

■'■ ■ ; '.' ■^'.%' ".

-vd

U'

Vita ixii^H^t^i,:;^
'•■■':■•'■'.■ w^" v^!^i:'' ■ ' ■ :

-OV.

\

FIC.. 17. DICUDOPHOR.I MHRl.AKGI.

Znoiinllioloijira Vol. I. \o. 2. Face page IS

ph.

gp. ^„.,.j, ^ X ^

_vd.

} '--1-

,f/'.,' .>^'-^''

t. -

ltd

^::S-

g^<)vvvA

o

^

Q)

^;

^"b.

'^Jt^'

/

Fki. 18. nici.inoi'HOR.i priomoti.

Z(/Oli<ltlli)li)(/inl ]'f,l. I. \o. ,.'. J'llrt- jiaiic /,?

1917] MacCalhini : Pcirasitic Worms — Xcw Foniis 47

the cirrus in the angle of division of the ceca, which takes place from
the back of the i)harynx, and without any intervening oesojjhagus.
The cirrus is armed at its end with a coronet of thirteen to fifteen
double curved hooks (Fig. 17). The vas deferens is large and much
coiled, and plainly visible leading anteriorly from the testes, which
number one hundred or more. The vagina is not certainly seen. The
ovary is centrally situated, and is coiled upon itself, the oviduct being
given off from the anterior end. and this turning backwards receives
the duct from the seminal reservoir, and that of the vitellaria, on its
way to develop into the ootype. This latter is surrounded by the shell
gland as usual and continues anteriorly to end at the genital pore,
wdiere also is seen very prominently the end of the armed cirrus. The
egsi; is long and narrow, and is provided with a short filament at its
posterior pole. The vitellaria are very profuse, covering almost the
whole body, and arc interspersed throughout with dark colored pig-
ment spots.

Measurements of Diclidopliora mcrlaii^^i

Whole length of bodv. including disc . . 7.00 mm.

Width ' .\ 2.40 mm.

Length and width of disc 2.00 mm.

Length of posterior digits 1.00 mm.

Width of posterior digits 60 mm.

Since writing the above I desire to say that on December 17, 191G.
I found on the gills of Lota maculosa a rather dilapidated specimen
of what seems to answer to the description given of D. palmata. As
far as I can judge from a study of the worm, I do not think it corre-
sponds with any of the four worms I have described.

Dididophora prionoti, sp. nov.

(Fig. 18)

Host — Prionotiis caroliiiits.
Habitat — Gills of marine fishes.
Locality — Woods Hole, Mass., U. S. A.

On -Vugust ."5. 11»1.). there were found on the gills of a sea robin
two Dididophora. They were rather small, measuring only 4 mm.
from mouth to end of disc x .(iO wide. The longest pedicle measures
.()0 alth< nigh they are nearly of equal length, thus differing from D.
mcrlani^^i. The head is com])aratively large, with the mouth somewhat
subterminal and with a large sucker on each side. The pharynx is
very close to the mouth indeed appears to open into it. The oesophagus
is distinct, and very soon divides into the ceca. which disappears at
once beneath the very profuse vitellaria which are almost always pres-

48

Zoopatlwlogica: N. Y. Zoological Society

[l;3

ent in these worms from the phar}-nx to the end of the disc and often
extending into the pedicles. The cirrus is as usual placed in or very
near the genital pore, and is armed with a circle of double hooks. The
uterus opens at this pore. The ovary is a coiled structure in the center
of the body, and the genital junction is plainly visible. The testes are
relatively large, and about twenty-five in number. Each digit in the
disc is provided with a sucker at its distal end, which is fortified by
the usual chitinous framework of hook-like structures. The digits are
slender and nearly equal in size. They arise from a more or less quad-
rilateral block showing numerous muscular bands running up into the
body and which control the function of the digits with their suckers.

Measurements of DiclidopJwra prionoti

Length over all 4.00

Width 60

Length of pedicle in digit 60

Number of hooks in coronet of cirrus 13

mm.
mm.
mm.

DiclidopJwra cynoscioni, sp. nov.
(Figs. 19 and 19a)

Habitat — Gills of marine fishes.

Host — Cynoscion regalis, Squeteague or Weak fish, t. h.

Locality — Woods Hole, Mass., U. S. A.

On August 36, 1914, at Woods Hole, the above worm was found
on the gills of a Cynoscion regalis, squeteague. It was alone, and
proved to be a very slender attenuated form, quite different in general
form from other members of the family. It is about 9 mm. long, in-
cluding the disc and digits, and in width it is only .10 mm. The disc
is 1.15 mm. long, and each digit is about 1 mm. in length, and in all
these digits, as in all of the other three forms described here, the sucker
at the end of the digit is about one-half wider than the body of the
digit. The mouth is dififerent from that of the other three forms pre-
sented in this paper, in being a comparatively wide, flaring, terminal
opening, and just within its margin on each side is a sucker. A short
distance posterior to the mouth is the pharynx, and behind this a rather
long oesophagus which divides, as usual, into two ceca. and in the
angle of this division is seen the cloaca. The hooks at the end of the
cirrus are disposed as in the other forms, but in the specimen at hand
it is almost impossible to count them. The ovary is a somewhat horse-
shoe-shaped structure, with the convex portion of the curve directed
anteriorly. It is situated in the middle of the body at the junction of
the anterior quarter of the body with the posterior three-quarters. The
oviduct passes backwards at first until it receives the ducts of the sem-

KK.. la DICUDOPHORA CYNOSCIONI. FIG. lO-A. SLCKHR FNIAPOFD.

y.itoii'ilholof/ira Vol. I. .\ ■>. .'. h'l'C ixnjv

Fid

20. IVCUnol'HORA NliOMAHNIS. FlCi. 2()-A. SUCKTiR HNLARCiKD.

-i(i. 2II-I!. ()m: or iiii: hooks srRi^oi'NDiNci thi- cirrl'S.

y.ooiiiillioln'jicii \ijI. I. \ii :. I'liii iiiiiji I,'.,

l!>17] MacCalhnii : Parasitic /('<>;■>;/.<• — Xcw Forms J9

iiial reservoir and vitellaria. It thoti jiasses anteriorly in tlie form
of the uterus to the cloaca. Xo e.q:g is seen. The testes are numerous,
many more than shown in the plate, being covered in by the vitellaria
they are almost imj)ossiblc to count, but there are probably fifty. The
vitellaria, as is usual in these worms, are very profuse. The disc is
a very delicate structure, and the suckers are very beautiful, owing to
the peculiar shape of the chitinous framework and the regular muscu-
lar fibrils running from one part to the other. The usual muscular
bands can be seen extending up into the body by which the motion
of the digits is controlled.

Measurements of DicUdophora cynoscioni

Length of body over all 99 mm.

Width 10 mm.

Length of disc 1.15 mm.

Length of the longest digit 1.00 mm.

DicUdophora ncouiacnis, sp. nov.
(Figs. 20, 20a and 20b)

Host — Xcomacnis anal is, t. h.
Habitat — Gills of marine fishes.
Locality — Key West, Florida.

On May 4, 1915, the above worms were found on the gills of a
mutton fish — Neoniacnis a)ialis. It is of a very beautiful shape, and
differs in several particulars from other members of the family.

The mouth is very small, the anterior end of the worm being very
attenuated. In 'other particulars, however, the mouth is of the same
structure as in other worms of the family. The pharynx is situated
very near the mouth, and the oesophagus is rather long l^efore it di-
vides into the ceca, which very soon disappears behind the profuse
vitellaria which in these worms are so generously bestowed.

At the angle of the ceca is situated the genital pore, partially
covered by the protruding head of the cirrus with its coronet of twelve
pairs of double hooks. These hooks, while in pairs, are peculiarly
united at their points into one point, presumably to give greater
strength. The mouth of the uterus appears at the posterior edge of
the genital pore — no eggs were seen. The ovary is a coiled mass situ-
ated a little behind the junction of the anterior third with the posterior
two-thirds of the body and the genital junction is anterior to this.
The oviduct passes through an unusually large ootype and shell gland.
No vagina can certainly be located. The testes are much covered by
the vitellaria so that it is with difficulty they are counted, but there
are probably about twenty-five of them.

50 Zoopafliologico: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 3

The body becomes very attenuated posteriorly at its junction with
the disc, being indeed only .20 mm. in width at this point. The disc
is in many particulars peculiar. It appears quite hand shaped, the junc-
tion with the body being' distinctly marked off from the more or less
square shaped palm of the disc by a ridge across at this point. There
are, of course, eight digits, the first three on each side being much
larger and longer than the two posterior ones, which are relatively
quite small, about one-half as long and wide as the others. The longest
digit is about 1.20 mm. long x .40 wide, and the shortest is .60 long x
.20 wide. The suckers or bothria are nearly twice as wide as the digit,
and each is a most beautiful structure, the chitinous costae being ar-
ranged in a very complicated and ornamental way, and especially so
as to add to the strength of the sucker. It is barely possible that this
worm may be the D. palmatum described so meagrely by Diesing, but,
if so, the description does not indicate it. The vitellaria extend into
the disc even up into the digits.

Measurements of Diclidophora ncomaenis, sp nov.

Body and disc together 9.00 mm.

Width, widest part 1.00 mm.

Width, next the disc 20 mm.

Longest digit length 1.20 mm.

Shortest digit length 60 mm.

Widest digit length 20 mm.

Narrowest digit length 10 mm.

EncofyUabe pngrosouii, sp. nov.
(Fig. 21)

Sub-family — Encotyllahinae.

Genus — Encotyllahc. Diesing, 1850.

Host — Pagrosoniits aurafiis, t. h.
Habitat — Mouth and throat.
Locality — Australian waters.

As I have four good specimens of this worm mounted, which
were found on a snapper Pagrosomiis anratns taken in Australian
waters, collected by Dr. \V. d. MacCallum, and as I do not find a pic-
ture of this strange form which is at all like it, I give a sketch of it here.
It is generally found in the mouth of its host, and is said to be very
active in its movements. Its large clinging sucker or disc fortified
with two large hooks would certainly enable it to retain its position
wherever it chose to locate. In no sketch of the worm have I seen
any portrayal of its anatomy, and the fact that some mistakes appear
to have been made renders it necessary to try and correct them. While

c^

TY\5.

Vitd

PIG. 21. HS'COn l.l..llili PAOKOSOMI.

/.ooiKillKilo'/ira VnL I. .V<,. J. Face page m

1917] MacCoUuni: Panisilic Woniis — A'tti' Foniis 51

on this part of the (k^ciipiiou 1 too ha\o to apologize for my ilhistra-
tions because of two mounted worms from which the artist was work-
ing— one a ventral and the other a dorsal view. He, through some in-
attention, sketched the genital organs from the dorsal side, the worms
having been rendered transparent. Tlu' rest of the worm was sketched
from the ventral aspect. Of course this makes little difference except
with the cirrus and genital pore, which are made to appear on the right
side of the worm, when really the}- should be shown on the left side.
With this exception, he has made a very realistic pictm'e.

Beginning at the head, one is at once interested in the two pecu-
liar fan-shapetl structures, which partly surround the two powerful
suckers at their bases, their function unknown. These suckers are not
stalked in this species, as Diesing says, but are very protrusible and
may be withdrawn quite below the surface, indeed they are then quite
cupped.

The pharynx is large and is also a very powerful sucking struc-
ture, taking the place of the mouth. It also is probably protrusible,
and is indeed surrounded by a membranous margin or fold which aids
in excluding air or water wdiile the pharynx is in action. Immediately
anterior to the pharynx are seen four ocular s|)ots or eyes. Almost
immediately behind the pharynx are the genital organs which, with
the vitellaria obscure the ceca from sight almost entirely. On account
of the profuseness of the vitellaria throughout the whole body one
cannot follow the intestines. There are two large oval testes situated
side by side in the centre of the body at about the junction of the an-
terior quarter wath the posterior three-quarters of its length and imme-
diately in front of and between them is the round ovary, much less in
size, still ver)^ prominent. The oviduct is short, but is surrounded
by a profuse shell gland and merges into the uterus which terminates
at the cloaca on the left side of the neck and just posterior to the left
sucker. No egg is seen. The vitelline ducts are very large indeed,
in all of the specimens a relatively large block of vitellarium is seen
right beside the ovary as if it were a reservoir. No seminal reservoir
or vagina is seen.

It has been said that in this family /Iiicotyllabiiiac the genital pore
is always central, such is not the case in the specimens being described,
but, as I have explained, is evidently in some species lateral. The
cirrus is enclosed in a large pyriform sac, with the base posteriorly
and the vas deferens, which coils widely in front of the ovary before
entering the base of the sac terminates in a cirrus with a well marked
prostatic portion at the cloaca.

Of course the forms described by Diesing and others as found on
Pagcllus ccntrodonotus in the Mediterranean Sea may not be quite the
same form as those found on another host ten or twelve thousand miles
awav.

52 Zoopatliologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I ; 2

Another important point is that in these specimens there are no
hooks at the genital pore, as described by Beneden and shown in Braun's
Trematoden copied from V. Beneden. All these points of difference
would indicate that the present worm is of a difterent species from E.
pagelli.

The disc or posterior sucker is large and connected to the body
by a long and strong muscular pedicel or stalk. The sucker itself is
more or less round, is hollow, and has projecting from its posterior
margin a fairly wide band or membranous extension. Inside the mus-
cular portion of the sucker are two large powerful hooks pointing
toward each other. They show at their attachment a strong 'mass of
muscular tissue which seems to extend up into the stalk and become
incorporated into its muscular structure, so that the hooks and sucker
may be under the control of the worm.

The host of this worm, the Snapper, Pagrosoiiius anratus is a very
different fish from the Red snapper of the West Indies. It is a large
rough looking fish, but is considered one of the best food fishes of the
east. It sometimes reaches a weight of thirty pounds'.

For the purpose of classification this worm may be said to be elon-
gate. Surrounded almost throughout its wdiole length on the dorsal
and part of the ventral surface by a sort of soft carapace or mantle
which extends from the neck to the posterior end of the disc stalk,
large terminal disc with tw'O large hooks.

Measurements of Eiicotyllabc pagrosouii

Length 5.40 mm.

Width 1.60 mm.

Width of head 1.00 mm.

Diameter of pharynx 30 mm.

Diameter of disc 80 mm.

Length of stalk .60 mm.

Width of stalk 40 mm.

Tetrarhynchus narinari, sp. nov.
(Fig. 22)

Host — Aetohatis narinari, t. h.
Habitat — Spiral valve.

On July 20, 1916, there were found in the spiral valve of a large
Aetohatis narinari, Euphrasen, spotted sting ray several small cestodes,
and among them the subject of the following short sketch. This is a
S(mall tctrarhynch of most unusual form. The head is composed of
four bothria, through the center of which pass four tubes containing
the proboscidae, which arise posteriorly from four oval or oblong mus-

ont.b.

Fid. 22. TETRARHYNCHVS NARIS.-iRI.

Zoninithnlnii'trn Vol. I. No. 2. Face page

rnv-Z-

FIG. 23. TfiNL-l N.-IRINARL

y.Oiipiltlltihiniid \ (il. I. Xi). ,.'. I'dcr liiKJC OS

inn] MacCalhiin : Parasitic U^vttis — Xczv Forms 53

cular retractile bulbs. They are not only retractile, however, for they
also have the power of forcinj^ the proboscidae forward and outside of
the head and of borinsj into any mucous or other tissue which the worm
chooses to fasten upon, and from which they hang in the intestinal
fluid from which by osmosis they derive their nourishment. It is a
remarkable provision of nature that when the worm wishes to change
its point of attachment it has the power of withdrawing the proboscidae.
They are armed thickly with sharp hooks whose points are all directed
backwards, so that they slide back into the four tubes with the greatest
facility. This, of course, is nothing new, for it is true of all the
tetrarhynchs.

In this case the bothria along their margins are all armed with
fine spines closely set together, giving the margin a serrated or file-like
appearance, and these fine spicules are all directed backwards to assist
in preventing the worm from losing its point of attachment. The mus-
cular bulbs at the posterior end Of the tubes of the proboscidae are also
on part of their surface covered with rows of these fine spicules. The
bulbs are mounted on a widened solid 'portion of the strobila, and
almost immediately posterior to this mass the regular striations of the
strobila begin, very narrow at first, but gradually become wider apart
so that at a distance of 5 mm. from the commencement of the strobila
the segments are .40 mm. wide. Another very strange provision in the
anatomy of this head is that of a curtain or circular cape which hangs
from al)out the middle of the bothria above, down to the beginning of
the strobila posteriorly. What the object of this is it is hard to decide.
No ripe proglottids were seen.

Measurements of TctrarJiyncJuts narinari

Length of head 1.00 mm.

Width of head 40 mm.

Length of strobila recovered 10.00 mm.

Tenia narinari, sp. nov.
(Fig. 23)

Host — .Ictobatis narinari, spotted sting ray, t. h.
Habitat — Spiral valve.

On examining an .Ictobatis narinari in May. 191 G. there were
found in the spiral valve a small cestode — a tenia, which from its
peculiar formation of head deserves recording. Protruding from the
extreme anterior portion is first a myzorhynchus, which is undoubtedly
protrusible. It is comparatively large. The rest of the anterior sur-
face of the head is smoothly convex, and the head is helmet shaped
with a delicate circular transparent veil which banes down before the

^■i Zoopafhologica: X. Y. Zoological Socii >■ fl;2

helmet-shaped portion, and is apparently loose at the bottom. Next
comes an oblong portion, which has four circular unarmed suckers.
This portion is then followed by the strobila which is laciniated, that is,
it consists of segments which are very narrow at first, but shortly widen
and overhang on their edges the following segment or proglottid. No
proglottids were on these specimens sufficiently developed to enable
me to recognize the anatomical arrangement of the structure.
Only seven mm. of this worm were recovered.

Measurements of Actobatis nan'nari

Width 20 mm.

Length of head 1.20 mm.

Width of head 60 mm. .

Length of proglottids 30 mm.

Width of proglottids GO mm.

Loiiiios sa'pinggoidcs. gen. ct. sp. nov.
(Figs. 24 and 21a)

Order — Trematoda, (Rud.)
Sub-order — Hetcrocotylea, (Mont.)

Host — Carcliarhimis ohsciinis. Dusky shark, t. h.

Habitat— Gills.

Locality — Woods Hole, Mass.

On August 7, 191(i, while examining a large seven-foot Carchar-
liinus ob scums, dusky shark, at the L^nited States Fish Commission,
Woods Hole, Massachusetts, there were found on its gills a great num-
ber of small worms which appear to have been imdescribed hitherto.
There must have been thousands on the gills, for probably a hundred
or more were rubbed ofif in the washing. As they are very fragile, a
great many must have been destroyed in this process. It is a small
filmiy worm with a relatively large trumpet-shaped sucker, on the outer
and posterior edges of which are two large hooks, while around the
margin are a number of very small booklets. It is generally a little
curved or bent from end to end. The mouth is terminal, and between
it and the pharynx is a moderately long oesojibagus. The mouth is
provided with two circular and strong suckers just inside the lips, one
on each side, and these are joined by a band. Under slight pressure
these are plainly seen (Fig. 21a). The pharynx is fairly large and is
divided bv ridges on the surface. The post pharyngeal oesophagus is
short and divides into the ceca, which extend to near the posterior
end. The genital pore is situated to the right of the anterior end of
the pharynx, viewing the worm ventrally. There arc two testes, the

24 -A

FIG. 24. LOIMOS SALPINGCOIDES. FIG. 24-A. HEAD UNDER PRESSIRE: ENLAR(iED.
FIG. 24-B. EGG. FIG. 24-C. HOOK ON THE DISC.

y.iiijiiiitholoi/icd Vol. I. .\n. .'. I'lirc page r,!t

lisc

>UV v^

FIG. 25. DIPLECTANVM TYLOSURI

Zo()i)iilliiilit!/ira Vol. I. -Vo. „'. I'licc jiikjc 55

ini^] MacCalhi))! : Parasitic Worms — Xciv Forms 55

vasa eflfereiitia, of which unite and proceed to the vesicula seminaHs,
a flask-shaped structure situated a short (hstance posterior to the divi-
sion of the ceca. From tliis the vas deferens passes dorsally and ante-
riorly to the pharynx, terminating in the cirrus at the genital pore.
The ovary is about half the size of each testis, and is situated anterior
to them. From the anterior side of the ovary the oviduct arises and is
shortly after its origin surrounded by the shell gland after receiving
the duct from the vitellaria. It then terminates in the flask-shaped
uterus, which, by its long neck, terminates in the genital pore. There
was no vagina or seminal reservoir seen. The vitellaria are rather
sparse, but extend from near the pharynx on each side to near the
disc, posteriorly. The sucker at the posterior end is comparatively
large and funnel or trumpet shaped, and is controlled by numerous
luuscular longitudinal bands which extend well up into the body. Its
margin or rim is muscular and appears somewhat in folds or rolls, while
the extreme margin of the structure extending a short distance bevond
the muscular rim is apparently a mucous membrane. The two large
hooks seen here have their basal attaclimcnt to the nmscular rim as
do the small intervening booklets.

A short distance anterior to the disc is seen the excretorv pore
or outlet of the water vascular system with the various small vessels
leading to it. The egg, which appears to be single, is generallv present
in the uterus, and is yellow, of an oblong shape, rounded somewhat at
the ends, and is provided with a short hooked filament at its posterior
end, sometimes at both ends.

Measurements of Loimos salpi)ii:^i:^oidcs

Body length 4 to 4.50 mm.

Body width 40 mm.

Disc width /)0 mm.

Egg length OGO mm.

Egg width 020 mm.

Width of head 20 mm.

Length of large hooks 010 mm.

\\''idth of large hooks 005 mm.

Diplcctan\i))i tyJosuri, sp. nov.
(Fig. 25)

Order — Trcmatoda.

Genus — Diplcctaniim.

Faiuily — Gyrodactylidac \' . Ben., et Hasse.

On May I. lint'., while examining a silver gar. (7\'l(>sitnis mari-
niis), its gills were found to be very extensively infested with diplec-
tana, which indeed were so numerous that they undoubtedly caused

56

Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society

[I; 2.

the death of their host. These parasites which are always ectopara-
sitic are very small, being- generally not more than 0.50 mm. to 1.60
mm. long- by 0.10 mm. to 0.20 mm. wide. Still, on account of their
numbers, they are able to drain the fish of sufficient blood to cause its
death. This they do by attaching themselves always to the delicate
membrane covering the gills, through which, of course, the whole blood
of the fish must pass to be aerated.

The worm, like other members of the family, is rather coni-cal in
form, being quite small at the anterior or head end, and gradually be-
coming wider until towards the posterior end, where it becomes nar-
rower again, to terminate in the tubular clinging disc. This portion of
the worm's anatomy is like that of the other members of the family,
more or less hollow, although stiffened by chitinous blocks which help

AUTHOR

LENGTH
OF

WIDTH
OF

WIDTH
OF

CAUDAL DISC

NAME

LENGTH

NUMBER

LENGTH

BODY

BODY

HEAD

AND
DIAA\ETER

OF
HOOKS

OF
CIRRUS

D. aCijUiiin

\'on Wagener

1-4 mm.

.13 mm.

4 hooks

0.20 mm.

In 1857

long

.15 mm.

.06 long

D. pedatiim

\-iin Wagener

wide

1857

D. echciicii

\'on Wagener

J 2-1 mm.

1857

D. actileatum

Par & Perugia

1 mm.

1889

D. setae na

Ben & Hesse

0.5 mm.

1863

D. tcuthh
1914

G. A. MacC.

.75 mm.

.10 mm.

.02 mm.

.08 mm.

4 hooks
.010 long

.04 mm.

D. lactophrys
1914

G. A. MacC.

1 mm.

.10 mm.

.02 mm.

.15 mm.

4 hooks
.020 long

.10 mm.

D. baliitcs
1914

G. A. MacC.

.55 mm.

.09 mm.

.02 mm.

.035 mm.

4 hooks
.015 long
and spines

.04 mm.

D. loiigiph alius
1914

G. A. MacC.

,95 mm.

.15 mm.

.05 mm.

.08 mm.

4 hooks
.020

.25 mm.

D. plurovitcllum

G. A. MacC.

1.60 mm.

.20 mm.

.05 mm.

.025 mm.

4 hooks
.020 long

.02 mm.

D. tylosuri

G. A. MacC.

.60 mm.

.10 mm.

.05 mm.

.07 mm.

4 hooks and
a number of
spines
.020

.03 mm.

191'

MacCalhiDi : Parasitic ll'oiijis — Xczi' Foruts

57

to give support to the various hooks which in this region are attached
and whicli serve for the support of the worm in its connection with the
gills. There are usually four large hooks here, two in front and two
behind which extend slightly beyond the posterior margin of the disc,
but there are also a number of small hooks and spines arranged in some
cases possibly, in rows in the inner margin of the disc, which also seem
to assist in retaining the worm in position. Their position, however,
is under the control of the worm and can be directed to act on the
ventral or dorsal side as needed. The large hooks are about 0.05 mm.
or O.Oi; mm. in length. D. acquans is provided with a structure above
or part of the disc which other members of the family, so far as I have
observed, have not. That is a more or less conical structure covered
with rows of prickles which assist in the worm's adherence in place.

Single

0.12 mm. bv

0.10 mm. "

Single o\.il
post o\ary

Single ovnl
post ovary

Single oval
post ovary

Single oval
post ovary

Single oval
Single n\al

VAGINAL APERTLRE

CLOACAL APERTLRE

Left side

Aledian \entral

left side at junction

of anterior and

middle 'v

.02 .03

HOST

Librax Itiftiis liilis sp.
Chrysophrvi aiirjta
Sargus Tondcletii
Corvina nigra
Sctaeva aquila
Tcuthii hcpatus
iMClot'hry!, tricortiis
Balistes Caroline iisis

CI.\uUtJit'tci in fahcr

Anisotrcmui virginicm
Tyhsiiriif marinus

58 Zoopafhologica: .V. Y. Zoological Society [I; 3

The head is rather pointed and has on either side three or four
sensory papillae or areas from which apparently small ducts lead to-
wards the oesophagus. This latter organ is long, extending from the
terminal mouth to the pharynx, and probably the small ducts spoken
of may carry as their secretion mucus for lubrication. The pharynx
is apparently a strong structure, probably used in the function of suck-
ing. The intestinal ceca start almost at once from its posterior end,
and some are hidden in the very abundant vitellaria which fill up the
greater part of the body. In front of the pharynx are the usual four
eye spots arranged in a square. Also on each side of the pharynx are
four more unicellular mucous glands, each sending a duct towards the
pharynx. Almost immediately behind the pharynx, in the angle of
the dividing ceca, is the genital cloaca with the external opening of
the uterus, and overhanging it a peculiarly shaped chitinous cirrus.
The cirrus is quite different in form from that of any other mi'ember
of the family thus far observed, and will serve on this account as a
certain point in the diagnosis of the species.

There is but one testis, which is situated posterior to the ovary
and the vas deferens soon after its origin widens into a ductus ejacula-
torius, this again narrows before passing into the round bulbus ejacu-
latorius, from whence it terminates in the posterior end of the cirrus.
The cirrus is not long, but terminates in an enlarged end, which is
divided intO' four hook-like branches which are incurved.

The ovary is rather loosely constructed, situated about the middle
of the worm. It gives ofif the oviduct from its anterior surface, and
the genital junction with it and other seminal and vitellarian ducts is
immediately anterior to it, and here too tiie shell gland surrounds the
ootype, but no egg is seen in this case. The vagina appears here, as
the worm is lying on its back, on the left side of the ventral surface.
It is probably always situated on the left side, and any other position
given is owing to whether viewed with the worm in the dorsal or ventral
position, which is at times difficult to determine. The seminal reservoir
is on the same side as the vagina, anterior to the ovary.

Measurements of DiplcctaiiiDn fxlosiiri

Length of body O.GO mm.

Width of body 0.10 mm.

Width of head 0.05 mm.

Length of caudal disc 0.040 mm.

Width of caudal disc 0.065 mm.

Diameter of testis 0.02 mm.

Length of cirrus 0.03 mm.

FlCi. 26. PARAMPHISTOMUM ASPIDONHCTHS.
Zooputhologicd 7ol. 1. 'No. >. Fare ixiye r,'j

li'K I MacCalliDii : Parasitic ll'ornis — Xcw Foniis ."iO

Paramphistomiiui aspicioncctcs, sp. nov.
(Fig. 20)

Family — ParainpJustomidae (Fisch.).
Sul)faniily — Paraiiiphisfoiniiiac.
("iciuis — ParaiiipliistoiniiiJi.

Host — 7'r/o;;y.r aspidoncctcs fcrox, t. h.

Habitat — Oviduct.

Locality — Xcw York Aquarium aud l)rought froui the south.

Paraiuphistoma are very coniuiou in many of the Herbirora, also
in birds, but not quite so common in reptiles, yet they are known in
some turtles. On May 10, lOlG, there were found in the oviduct of
Trionyx aspidoncctcs fcrox four small worms whose habitat was rather
curious. The host was a female soft-shelled turtle with an immense
number of eggs in all stages of development. The oviducts were very
long and very much coiled, and high up in these tubes were found the
worms which proved to be Parainpliisfoiiiidae, and which presented so
many peculiarities that it is necessary to put them on record as a new
species.

The anatomy is unusual as will be seen by the description of the
organs and their location. The mouth is subterminal and followed
bv the oesophagus without a pharynx. The oesojihagus is fairly long
and divides at the base of the neck into the ceca, these are, however,
dorsal to the two testes which are thus seen to be very near the anterior
portion of the worm ; they are relatively large and irregularly round.
The vas deferens passes posteriorly in a tortuous course to the base
of the cirrus sac, which is large and encloses a large cirrus ; this latter
organ is directed towards the genital cloaca, which in this case, unlike
others of the family is situated near the posterior end of the body, and
almost between the posterior ends of the intestines.

The uterus, which is voluminous and filled with eggs, opens also
into this cloaca. The eggs are yellow, oval, and provided with a long
cilium at either pole. The ovary is globular and almost as large as
either testis ; it is situated almost immediately posterior to the testes,
leaving a space in which is seen the genital junction. The vitelline
ducts are plainly visible, but no seminal reservoir or vagina is seen.
The vitellaria are arranged in peculiar roundish masses in a single row
along each side of the worm throughont the greater part of its length.
The water vascular system is seen to terminate or open apparenty in
the po.sterior sucker disc. This structure is large, circular in shaiic with
a pyriform opening, apex anterior. The whole worm appears of a very
delicate almost translucent character: the skin very delicate although
covered with very small spines which are more apparent in some speci-
mens than in others. For the purposes of classification it mav be .said
to have two testes situated anteriorly, genital cloaca posterior, ovary

60 Zoopatlwlogica: A\ Y. Zoological Society [I; 2

anterior, skin spiny and vitellaria in a single line of rounded masses
along each side.

Measurements of Param[>Jiistoui\iui aspidonectes

Length of body 3.00 mm.

Width of body .80 mm.

Acantlwcotylc bofhi, sp. nov.
(Fig. 27)

Host — BotJms niaciilatiis.

Habitat— Gills.

Locality — Woods Hole, Mass.

During a further study of more and better material of this obscure
form obtained at Woods Hols, iNIass., L^nited States Fish Laboratory,
1915, I am able to add to and correct some points in its description
which appeared during 1913 in the Centralblatt fur Bacteriologie u.
Parasitenkunde, Berlin.

•Owing to the fact that the body cavity is so completely filled with
vitellaria from the disc to the pharynx and from the great number of
testes, it was with the material then at mv disposal almost impossible
to define the various internal organs.

I regret to find that some mistakes were made which are so im-
portant that they must be corrected.

The genital pore instead of being on the right side of the neck
is certainly median, a short distance posterior to the pharynx and be-
tween the branches of the ceca. It is about midway between the ovary
and the pharynx. Overhanging the genital pore is a peculiarly shaped
chitinous structure from which the real cirrus (Fig. 27) coils, emerg-
ing from near its spiny point. The base of the chitinous case re-
ceives the vas deferens and possibly acts as a bulbus ejaculatorius and
a short distance posterior to this is a fusiform seminal vesicle. The
vagina is seen at the right side opposite the ovary and after dilating
into a widened ])ortion the seminal reservoir joins the oviduct shortly
after its origin. The vitelline ducts emerge from the vitellaria on each
side a short distance in front of the ovary and proceed backward in a
\''-shaped form to join the oviduct before it enters the ootype. The
pharynx is a peculiar bowl-shaped structure which, on a lateral view,
shows around the middle of its whole circumference a line which runs
in a regular scalloped direction. The margin or mouth is also evenly
scalloped. This constitutes the li])s of the mouth, and they are very
protrusible. The head or portion anterior to the pharynx is capable of
curving itself from the margins so as to hold firmly anything it may be
attached to or for the purpose of concentrating the functional eflForts
of the pharynx.

FKi. 27. .tCANTHOCOryLH KOIHI. l-ICi. 27-A. CIRRUS AND CIRRI S SACK.

y.oopathologica Vol. 1. \o. 2. Fair pngc i;o

I'Ki. 28. ANTHOBOIHRIVM IJU.III-ORMIS. lit.. 2.S-A. Ril'l: PROGI.OniD.
y.oiii)iilhi>l()i/iiii \'(il. 1, .Yo. i. Fiicv ixii/c i;i

1^1'J'] MacCallum: Panisilic JI'oDns — Xczv Forms Gl

On looking- intt) the pliarxnx anteriorly which in certain posi-
tions is quite possible, the niucuus lininj^ is seen to be arranged in
long-itudinal folds correspondingly to the curves on the lips. There arc
four eyes, two of which a|)pear to be always placed just within the
niart^ins of the pharynx. Tliey are close together ; the other two are
further apart and are more anterior.

MacCallum, G. A.

1013 — An abstract from Centralblatt fur Hakteriologie Parasiten-
kunde. on Acanthocotxlc botlii, n. sp. t. h. Botlius iiiaculatiis, pp.
}o;-ll(». figs. 3, 70 Band.

Aiithobothriiiiii liUiiformis, sp. nov.
(Fig. 28 and 28a)

Habitat — Spiral valve.
Host — Dasybatns pastinaciis.
Locality — Woods Hole, Mass.

While workin^e: at the Lalwratory of the United States Fish Com-
mission at Woods Hole, on July 8, lOlG, there were found in the con-
tents of the spiral valve of a large sting ray {Dasybatns pasti)iaciis),
two specimens of a very small, but beautiful cestode. The head is in
the form of a cluster of lilies on a small stem, almost exactly as would
be the appearance of four flowers of a lily. They are deeply cup or
trumpet shaped with the margins delicately crenulated. The bothria
are exceedingly delicate, showing in structure many delicate muscular
fibres radiating to the margins from the point of attachment to the
stem. As will be seen from the measurements appended the whole
head in small.

\'an Beneden has described the finding of a somewhat similar
fiirm in .some unidentified s])ecies of Ray and again later in Calais
ca)iis. anrl named it .Inthobothrium cornucopia. His illustration of the
form, as given in Braun's Cestoden, apparently has four bothria of a
delicate wineglass shape, but it gives the impression that they are firm
and rather thick, while the edges too are smooth and comparatively
thick — no segmentation of the strobila is shown, while in the present
form, of which only 20 mm. were recovered, the segments begin very
near the head. The bothria in the present worm are very delicate, and
the margins are not thick or smooth, but exceedingly filmy and irregu-
larly wavy. As Beneden's specimens were found in Furope. and in
different fish and with variations and diflferences in its structure it
w^ould seem that .-/. liliifonnis should be described as a varietv, if not
a new species. If \'. Beneden's illustration of the worms he desires to
portray were more adequate in depicting the anatomy of the animals

G3 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 2

he sketches one could be more certain what his pictures were meant
to show.

The host of Anthohothrium lilliifoniiis is different from that of
V. Beneden's worm, and the locaHty where found thousands of miles
apart, which may account for the variations in form, etc.

Several ripe proglottids were found which are as sketched:

Measurements of Anthohothrium Ulliiformis

Diameter across the head 2.00 mm.

Diameter across strobila at neck 20 mm.

Leng-th of ripe proglottid 2.20 mm.

Width of ripe proglottid 40 mm.

Alcicornis carangis, gen. et sp. nov.

(Fig. 29)

Host — Caranx ruber, t. h.

Habitat — Intestines.

Locality — Aquarium of New York, brought from Key West, Florida.

In the intestine of a Caranx ruber there were found on May 4,
1916, in moderate numbers, a small worm whose characteristics are
so unusual that a new genus must be established for its reception. The
head is a most remarkable structure, since it is surrounded generally
by from three to seven antler-like projections or tentacles, each tipped
with a cilium. These tentacles are branched like the antlers of a deer,
and their function can only be guessed at as no live specimens were
seen, but perhaps they are used as sensory organs or feelers. No par-
ticular anatomical structure in them indicates their use. The mouth is
presumably at the anterior end, at the base of and between the antlers,
but it is not very distinct. It is followed by a wide oesophagus which is
triangular in shape, gradually narrowing as it proceeds posteriorly to
terminate in a single rather large intestine, which extends towards the
posterior end of the worm. Thus it is seen that the alimentary tract
is of the simplest. The neck is almost half the length of the worm, and
in some specimens it is armed thickly with small spines almost as far
back as the beginning of the body. This latter is about twice the width
of the neck, and it also is covered sparsely with spines.

The genital arrangement is not easily made out — there are two
comparatively large testes situated on one side of the body, and im-
mediately in front of these is the irregularly shaped ovary, which is
almost half the size of each testis. The vitellaria are very prominent,
in the form of ten or twelve roundish lobules situated across the body
in front of the ovary. The greater part of the body is occupied with
coils of the uterus, filled with rather large yellowish eggs, and these
with the vitellaria so cover in the structures in the abdomen that no

-ex.p
FIG. 29. ALCICORNIS C.IK.ISOIS.

y.oDlxilliiiliii/iiii Vdl. 1. .Vo. .'. Fare pngc r,2

FlC. 30. MICROCOni.li INCOMF.-IK.IIilUS. VH',. 30-A. DISC SLCKHR, HNl.ARCiKD.

ZOOIKlthollKjicd Vol. 1. XO. i. I'lltT IXKJV C.i

iniT] MiiiCalliDir. Parasitic ]]'or)ns — Xczv Forms 63

ventral sucker, vagina or seminal reservoir may be seen, indeed, on
this account, the genital junction cannot be wholly luade out. The
testes are situated on the right side of the worm, and their efferent
tubes unite to form the vas deferens which passes over to the left side
and there, about the middle of the body, enters the cirrus sac which
extends along the left side nearly to the posterior end, where is situated
the genital pore. Here also the uterus finds its outlet. The excretory
pore opens at the extreme end of the worm.

The host belongs to the same family as the pompano and although
the parasites are numerous they are so small that it is unlikely that
they were of nuich detriment to the fish.

For the pur])ose of classification this remarkable worm is char-
acterized by the peculiar formation of its head, which is provided with
relatively large branched tentacles, which are of the shape of deer's
horns, each of said horns provided with a fairly long cilium. Neck
forms one third of the length of the body. No pharynx, vagina or
seminal reservoir seen.

Measurements of Alcicorjiis carangis

Length 2.50 mm.

\\' idth 20 mm.

Length of tentacles on head 10 mm.

Wiclth of tentacles on head 02 mm.

Length of oesophagus GO mm.

Microcotylc iiicomparabilis, s}). nov.
(Fig. ;^o)

Host — Caranx ruber, t. h.

Habitat— Gills.

Locality — New York .\quariuiii, from Key West Florida.

While examining a Caraii.v ruber on May 4, 191(), five worms
were found on the gills, which were so elegant in form and .so unlike
the ordinary Microcotylc that at first it was thought that a new axine
had been found. However, not being sure that an axine is ever sym-
metrical in shajie of body, the present worm must be classed witii the
Microcotylidac.

The worm is rather short, yet is of a graceful, long oval form,
the head being very i)ointed, the two mouth suckers very near the tip.
They are round in outline, the opejiing in each being an oblique slit,
with the margins armed with small regularly placed spines ; at the
bottom of the suckers also are a few spines. Between the suckers is
the pharynx, this is almost perfectly round and it is so near the tip,
it must be the mouth as is so often the case in many trematodes. The
oesophagus is rather short and soon divides into the ceca which extend

G4 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 8

backwards on each side, under the vitellaria, an unknown distance. As
usual well up in the angle of the ceca is the genital pore. A short
distance posteriorly, about twice the length of the oesophagus, is seen
the vaginal opening which, evidently is on the dorsal surface. It is
surrounded by about twenty very small spines. The vitellaria are
exceedingly plentiful and extend from about the division of the ceca
throughout the body well into the caudal disc. The vitelline ducts
are very large and distinct, and they leave the mass on each side nearly
opposite the vaginal opening, but come together a few millimeters
below, and there join the center and receive the vagina, they then
separate again and proceeding backwards join again to form an irregu-
lar circle and the V-shaped reservoir which at its point empties into
the oviduct. The ovary is somewhat like a horseshoe in shape extend-
ing across the body at about the junction of the middle two-thirds with
the anterior third of the worm. The oviduct is given off on the left
side, and is at first directed backwards ; near its origin it receives the
duct of the seminal reservoir, it then passes through the ootype and
shell gland and merges into the uterus. No eggs were seen.

The testes are numerous, probably about seventy-five. They are
much covered in by the vitellaria. The vas deferens is very tortuous
in its course to the genital pore.

The clinging disc is the ornamental as well as useful organ of
the worm. In most of the specimens two pairs of suckers lie side by
side all the way round the edge of the disc, but in others apparently
only one pair of suckers are placed at the edge. They are delicately
as well as firmly attached to the disc by muscular strands which are
all of an even size and placed at an equable distance from each other
which adds to the beauty of the disc. The chitinous framework of
the suckers is different in shape from those of most MicrocotyJe. They
vary in number from 8G to 89 pairs. For shape of chitinous structure
see Fig. 14.

Measurements of MicrocotyJe incomparahilis

Width of body l.SO mni.

Length of body 5.00 mm.

Catoptroidcs magnum, sp nov.
(Fig. 31)

Family — Gorgodcridac, Lss.
Genus — Phyllodistomum, Ben.

Host — Balistcs carolincnsis.

Habitat — Urinary bladder of marine fishes.

Locality — Aquarium at New York, from Key West. Florida.

Linton while working at the Dry Tortugas found a worm in a
Lactophrys triqiictcr, trunk fish, which he described as having a spiny

m.5.

ov.

FIG. 31. CATOnTROIDliS MAGSUM.

Zoopathologita Vol. 1. No. 2. Face page 65

I'.'K I MacCallnin : rarasilic U'orins — Xciv Forms (JT)

skin and s[)incs in the suckers. He states also tiiat the surface of the
abdominal skin is ridged with transverse striae giving it the appearance
of a rasp, and upon these characteristics he established a new genus
Xystrctnon with the species papillosum. He also described finding in
a fish at llermuila antJllier single worm, which belonged, as he thought,
to this genus, but inasmuch as the vitellaria were of a more compact
character he regarded it as a dilTerent species and named it X. solidum.
It had the same transverse striae on the abdominal surface and s])ines
throughout. I too have met with this genus on one or two occasions.
On May ;U, 1915, there were found in the urinary bladder of Balistes
carolinctisis, trigger fish, one of these worms; and on April 13, lOKi,
in the urinary bladder of another B. caroliiioisis fourteen similar worms
which do not answer the description of Linton's Xysfrctntiii papillosiiin
since they are larger, and have an entirely smooth thick spineless skin
throughout.

The anterior sucker is subterminal and the mouth is near the
centre of this. The pharynx, if present, is not apparent. The oeso-
phagus is rather short and divides into the ceca almost at once. These
are large and pass in a continuous circle about the posterior end of
the worm. The genital pore is placed well up in the angle of the di-
vided ceca, and here the cirrus may often he seen protruded and about
.GO mm. in length. The ventral sucker is large, being about twice the
size of the oral sucker. Almost immediately posterior to the ventral
sucker are the vitellaria. small and irregularly finger shaped and clus-
tered in two masses, flehind these are the two testes, and between
the latter and the two masses of vitellaria is the genital junction, and
also between the vitelline masses is the ootype. the eggs after passing
through this jiass posteriorly through the coils of the uterus and finallv
uiuler the left ed^e of the ventral sucker on its way to the genital pore,
which is central and anterior to the acetabulum. The ovary is small
and situated anterior to the right testis. The testes are much larger
than the ovary, and each sends its efferent duct forward on each side
of the ventral sucker to join anterior to it before proceeding to the
genital pore, and before terminating in the vas deferens and the cirrus.
The uterus fills the posterior part of the bodv, and the eggs are rela-
tively small, but inmierous. On account of its relatively large size I
would suggest the name Catroptoidcs >iiai^)iiiiii. For the pm-pose of
classification it may be said to be of the shape of a flattened Flemish
flask or tennis racquet, almost circular bodv and an elongated neck.
The ventral sucker, which is large, and situated at the junction of the
neck with the body, forms a prominent feature, skin thick and smooth.
X(^ spines anywhere, ceca continuous.

Measurements of Caffptroidcs inai:[intm.

Whole length of worm 5.00 mm.

Width of body 3. 10 mm.

Length of body alone 3.40 mm.

GG • ZoopatJiologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 2

Length of neck l.GO mm.

Width of neck at base 1.00 mm.

Width of mouth or oral sucker 40 mm.

Diameter of ventral sucker 1.00 mm.

Length of protruded cirrus 60 mm.

On referring to Prof. T. Odhner's Report of the Swedish Zoo-
logical Expedition to Egypt and the White Nile in 1901, I find that
there were found a number of worms in the urinary bladder of fishes
for instance Bagnis bayad and B. docinac and also in Malapternrus
elcctricus (Omdurman), which were considered new and have been
recorded under the genus name Catoptroidcs. Odhii. These worms un-
doubtedly belong to the same genus as those which Dr. Linton has
called Xystrctrmn. They are undoubtedly of a different species, but
the genus is the same. One, Odhner names Catoptroidcs spatula and
another C. Spatulaeforinis, and claims for them that they form a new
genus.

As Linton's paper is dated 1910, and Odhner's 1902 by the rule
of priority the genus should be Catoptroidcs instead of Xystrctrum.

Catoptroidcs ahttcrae, sp. nov.

Host — Alntcra schocpfii, t. h.

Habitat — Urinary bladder.

Locality — New York Aquarium, from Key West, Fla.

On May 4, 1915, there were found in the urinary bladder of an
Alutera schoepfii (Orange Filefish), forty-six small worms, which evi-
dently belong to the genus Catoptroidcs, Odhn. They were very
active when first liberated, but soon lost their vitality when placed in
sea water. This worm is much snialler and more delicate in structure
than C. magnum, and, like it, its skin is free from spines as well as the
transverse striae which Linton credits Xystrctrum papillosum with.
When a number are mounted on a slide together it can be easily seen
that the intestine is continuous around the posterior end of the body.
It is also not an unusual thing to see the thin edge of the body folded
under in some specimens, but this is not at all constant. On the whole,
from these differences, it cannot be said to be the same as C. magnum
or Xystrctrum papillosum, and consequently will have to be called a
new species.

Measurements of Catoptroidcs ahitcrac

Length 3.40 mm.

Width 2. GO mm.

Length of neck L20 mm.

W^idth of neck at base 80 mm.

Width of mouth sucker 20 mm.

Length of protruded cirrus 40 mm.

1

v.s.

FIG. 32. STHPHANOCHASMUS ROBUSTUS
Znoixilhotwiim Vol. 1. So. 2. Fare i)(i!l<- C7

I!n7| MacCalhiDi : Parasitic Woims — Nezv Fonus G7

StepluDiochasmns robust us, sp. nov.
(Fig. 32)

Sub-family — lichinostoiuinac.
Genus — Stcf^hanochasmus,

Host — Leptoccphalus conger.

Habitat — Intestines.

Locality — New York Aciuariuni.

With thirteen of these worms mounted from the intestine of a
Leptoccphalus conger, which was confined and died in the New York
Aquarium, October 30, 1915. it is possible to choose from many good
specimens. None of them are so large apparently as 5". cesticillus,
Mol.. as shown in any plate presently accessible, yet they are much
larger than the members of the following group, viz : —

6". valdeninfhtus, Stoss — length . . 2.00-3.00 mm.

6". tenuis — Linton 3.00 mm.

S. tenuissimus — Linton 3.15-4.5 mm.

5". sobrinus — Lev 4.5 mm.

S. dentatus — L 1.14-1.85 mm.

5. casus— [. 3.24-6.37 mm

5". sentus—\. 3.64-3.78 nim'.

.y. cesticillus uncertain at present

but suspect 12.00 mm.

S. robustus — Dr. G. A. MacCalluni 7.50 mm.

As there are other peculiarities, one is forced to conclude that this
is another species to be added to the above known list.

Many of the species are spiny throughout, others have but few
spines, although generally two rows about the mouth. Even those about
the mouth are very irregular in these specimens, also on the neck.
There are on the neck of many of them a peculiar lot of little round
pediculated papules filled with fluid and arranged in more or less regu-
lar transverse rows of four or five different sizes (Fig. 32), and beside
these are the spines and numerous stumps of spines.

The neck is long and composes about one-third of the length of
the worm. It is cylindrical and extends from the mouth to beyond the
division of the ceca. The mouth is terminal, or nearly so, and is sur-
rounded on the lips by very prominent spines in broken up rows.

Immediately below the mouth on each side is a prominence or
shoulder, which is present in almost every case, following a sort of
neck. The oesophagus extends to the rather square-shaped pharynx
which is placed two-thirds of the way down the neck, and is followed
by a rather short post pharyngeal oesophagus, which divides into the
ceca just before the neck reaches the body. Almost at the middle and
situated on the left side of the body is the large acetabulum, and im-
mediately in front of it is the genital cloaca, \\niere the uterus and

G8 Zoopatliologica: N. Y. Zooh^i:^ical Society [I; 3

cirrus terminate. The cirrus is long, show.'ng well the unusually mus-
cular prostatic portion. The whole is enclosed in a large cirrus sac.
The testes, two in number, are relatively Aery large — the posterior one
usually the larger, and the vasa efiferentia join in front of the anterior
testis to form the vas deferens. This is an unusual structure and the
cirrus appears to have spines at its end. The ovary is not more than
one-fifth or sixth the size of each testis. These latter are situated one
before the other, near the posterior end of the body, and the ovarv is
immediately in front of these, and gives off its oviduct anteriorly where
the genital junction may be seen of the \'itelline ducts, the shell gland
and the duct form the seminal reservoir.

The uterus is not very large nor are the eggs many, but they are
relatively large. The vitellaria are not very profuse. The water vas-
cular system can be followed in places, and is seen to terminate at the
extreme end of the body.

Measurements of Sfcpliaiiochasniits robiisfiis.

Length 7.50 mm.

Width 80 mm.

Testes 80 x .40 mm

Microcotylc polyiienii, sp. nov.
(Figs. Iio and '-V.^a)

Host — Polyiiciiiiis (lurafiis, t. h.
Habitat— Gills.
Locality— Batavia, Java.

On May 23, 191(). there were found on the gills of Polyiioiiits
atirafns several Microcotylc of peculiar formation. The fish was ob-
tained in the market at Batavia, Java, and is one of the common food
fishes there. Apparently the fish was not as badly infested with the
parasites as is the case often with other fishes, yet several good speci-
mens were found by Dr. W. G. MacCallum, who collected them.

The worm is of elongated fonn although about half of its length
is composed of its sucker disc, which is peculiar in shape being com-
posed of two rows of claspers or suckers, set very closely together
which make the disc narrow. There are on the two sides about one
hundred and seventy-five clasps, which are in shape very much like
those of other members of this family.

The head is wide and has on either side a rather large sucker which
is placed obli(|Ucly towards the mouth, and along the edges of their
openings arc minute s])ines or small hooks. The mouth is almost ter-
minal and on a small lij) or protuberance in the center is a cluster of
small hooks or spines, also at each side of the head is a similar cluster.

FK;. av MICROCOTYU- POI.YNKMI. fig. 33-A GHSll.-IL SCHHMU.

/,')'ii,fi/lin/f,<iir(i \-,,l. I. No. 2. Face page an

rJlT] MacCallum: Parasitic jroniis — Xczv Forms 69

The suckers have not only a row of spines along the edges of their
opening, but inside of the inner side of the opening the spines are in
three or four rows and spines are also seen in the bottom of each
sucker. The head is marked off from the body by a decided neck.

Between the suckers and close to them is the pharynx, which prob-
ably answers the place of an auxiliary mouth. The oesophagus is not
long and divides into the ceca as usual, and up in the angle of division
is placed the peculiar cloaca occupying a relatively large area, and has
lying longitudinally in it a large and very spinous cirrus.

The genital pore itself is armed or ornamented with a great num-
ber of spines of varying length arranged in a very artistic manner for
a considerable distance around, and making its tortuous way to the
opening may be seen the convoluted vas deferens, terminating here
with a peculiar cirrus. The prostatic portion is an unusually muscular
structure. The vaginal opening appears about one-quarter the length
of the body from the head, and this, too. is much armed with spines
different from that of other members of this family. The edges of
its opening display a number of carunculae around its Q(\gQ, it at once
widens into a relatively large muscular sac with circular fibres in its
walls. Tt narrows to a point where it evidently has a strong sphincter,
then it widens again into a considerable sac which at its posterior end
empties into the junction of the vitelline ducts and at this point is a
cluster of spines. Xo seminal reservoir is seen elsewhere so that one
is forced to consider the possibility of this sac at the end of the vagina
as the seminal reservoir, however unusual the location may appear to
be. The vitellaria are exceedingly jirofuse and the ducts which go
to form the reservoir form a sort of parallellogram before concentrating
to join the oviduct. The ovary is a large coiling structure placed across
the worm about its middle, giving off the oviduct at its anterior end.
The ootype is wide and the shell gland is large, it is generally very dis-
tinctlv seen and nearly always filled with yolk material, in one case this
material is moulded into egg shape, and is partly covered with chitinous
material in process of completion before being forced on into the uterus.

An Qor^ appears in the uterus of one specimen. It is oval, yellow
and provided with a filament at either pole, that attached to the pos-
terior pole is provided with double hook like an anchor. There are
about forty testes.

Measurements of Microcotylc polynoni

Length 10.00 mm.

Width 1.00 mm.

Width of head 40 mm.

Width of disc 40 mm.

70 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 2

Cithara priacaiifhi, gen. et. sp. nov.
(Fig. 34)

Hosts — Priacanthus cnicntafus, Sclciic z'oiiicr, Caraiix ruber.

Habitat — Intestines.

Locality — Key West, Florida and New York Aquarium.

On May 31, 1915, two large Priacanthus crnentatiis, or glasseye
snappers were examined, and in the intestines of one an unusual worm
was found. It was solitary, and afterwards, on May 4, 1916, another
solitary specimen was found in the intestine of Caranx ruber which was
exactly like the former one.

The body is long and narrow, rather pointed posteriorly where the
excretory pore is to be seen. In the centre of the body is a relatively
very large ventral sucker. It is situated to the left side, and more than
half fills up the width of the body cavity.

The head and neck, are, however, the most conspicuous features
of the worm. The head is almost of an exact oval shape, and around
its middle is a circle of relatively large tentacles about twenty in num-
ber. These point backwards, and are striated across. The head in
front of these tentacles is marked on its surface with linear striae, which
make it appear almost as if covered with hair. These lines, however,
which extend principally downwards, outwards and backwards are
merely on the surface. The mouth is terminal, and from it a large
prepharyngeal oesophagus extends to the pharynx behind. This is un-
usually large, nearly as long as the head. and. as usual, is marked with
muscular striae, which meet in the middle longitudinal line. The phar-
ynx is followed by a long oesophagus, which divides near the end of
the neck and in the angle of the intestines is situated the genital cloaca
in front and to the left side of the ventral sucker. One peculiar feature
about the neck is the presence on the ventral surface of the anterior
half of six short straps on each side which extend from the oesophagus
to a little external to the margin of the neck. They are of an equal size
and are placed equidistant from each other.

The two testes are one before the other near the posterior end of
the body. The cirrus in the cirrus sac is large and long, and proceeds
to the genital pore to the right of the acetabulum. The uterus is volu-
minous and accompanies the cirrus in the last portion of its course to
the cloaca.

The ovary is as large as either testis, and is situated in advance
of the testes and at the junction of the posterior third with the anterior
two-thirds of the body and on the left side. The vitellaria are not very
plentiful, being composed of a few nodules about the middle of the
sides of the worm. The intestines extend to almost the extreme pos-
terior end of the body. The eggs are fairly large and are plentiful.

''i^

. oes

a

-V.5.

'1'J

FIG. 34. CITHARA PKI.-IC.-IS'THl.

Zi)(ti>(ithi)lof/iva Vol. 1. So. 2. Face page 70

FICi. 3S. ATALOSTROPh/ON fiP/NEPHELI.
Zodjtdtliiilii'iiiii Vdl. I. Xo. 2. I'lirc itayc 71

11*1 T] MacCalUim: Parasitic Worms — Xczv Forms 71

The uterus fills most of the body cavity. Genital junction not made
out owing to being obscured by the folds of the uterus.

Measurements of Citliara priacaiitJii, gen. et. sp. nov.

Length o.OO mm.

Width (widest part) GO mm.

Diameter of acetabulum 40 mm.

Width of head 20 mm.

Length of head 25 mm.

Length of tentacles 060 mm.

AtalostropJiioii cpi^icphcli, sp. nov.
(Fig. 35)

Host — EfyinepJiclus striates, t. h.

Habitat — Branchial cavity and neighborhood.

Locality — Xew York Aquarium, originally from Bermuda.

Another member of this odd genus which must be recorded was
found under the mucous membrane in the branchial cavity of an Epine-
phcUts striatus, Nassau grouper on March 20, 1!»1(;. The host was
kindly sent me by Dr. Townsend. the Director of the Xew York Aqua-
rium. The first member of this genus to attract attention was found
in the gill cavity of a Sarda sarda at Woods Hole. Mass., and after a
great deal of trouble and weeks of work a whole worm was secured.
Although hundreds could be seen matted together under the mucous
membrane and in the tissues especially of the isthmus, it was so delicate
and so fragile that almost invariably the piece secured was found to
be broken at both ends. An account of it was published in Zoologica
by the New York Zoological Society in Vol. I, Number 20. "Some
New Species of Ectoparasitic Trematodes," June, 1915. Another spe-
cies of the same genus was found at the New York Aquarium in the
gill cavity of a Promicrops guffafus. The present worm, however,
differs in some important particulars from the above members of the
family, so much so in fact, that it must be called a new species. Like
the other members of this family it is very much elongated, always
found in. or near the gill cavity, and its natural habitat under the
mucous membrane of that region.

It has a habit of partiallv leaving its place of abode and allowing
itself to sway about in the water, in which way it becomes entangled
in the gill filaments. Portions of the worm were frequently found
clinging to the gills, where it was first observed and no doubt the por-
tions of the body containing the uterus filled with eggs are often set
free in the water and ingested bv another unknown host.

72 7.oof>atIioIogica : X. Y. Zoological Society [I; 2

The present worm, when examined closely after being stained, is
found to be very much elongated with all of the principal organs tubu-
lar. Its length, when fully adult, is unknown, like the other members
of the family, but one specimen was separated from the others which
proved to be perfect, although young, still its uterus was partially filled
with eggs which were oblong, yellow and without a filament. One
of the important differences between this and A. sardac and A. prouii-
cvops is that it possesses an acetabulum like the distomes, which the
others do not. This is situated posterior to the division of the intes-
tines, a short distance from the head, and a considerable distance, prob-
ably one-third the length of the worm, in front of the genital junction.
The other main feature of difference is that the oesophagus has a fairly
large cecum on each side which curls backwards, but with what func-
tion these are endowed is unknown. The genital pore opens dorsal to
the mouth, which is subterminal. The head is quite triangular or coni-
cal. No pharynx is seen, but the oesophagus is of considerable length
before its division into the intestinal ceca, and it is midway of its length
that the lateral ceca are given oft'. The ovary is long and much coiled
which tends to give it a knobby appearance. It extends throughout a
little more than one-third the length of the body and it gives off the
oviduct at a point about the junction of its anterior third with its pos-
terior two-thirds, and at this point it receives the duct from the seminal
reservoir, and also that from the vitellaria. The testis is also tubular
and extends about one-third the length of the worm. It is not shown
in the plate. From here, too, the oviduct passes through the shell gland
and merges into the uterus which proceeds to the extreme posterior
end of the body, where it turns, doubling upon itself to make its way
to the mouth behind, which it opens. The vitellaria, also tubular, ex-
tends fro mthe oviduct almost to the posterior end of the worm. The
intestines extend to very near the end of the body.

The specimen from which this description is given is only about
30 mm. long and .00 mm. wide, still fragments of other specimens nrore
developed were found 60 mm. long, so that it is difficult to say really
what length may be attained by an adult. They appear always to be of
the same width.

There seems to be a good deal of confusion as to the classification
of the members of this family, and there are those who regret that some
definite understanding is not arrived at bv parasitologists as to the
close relation, which undoubtedlv exists among the members of the
species or families, and to unite upon some name, which will be accep-
table to all. To show the diversity of ideas with reference to this group
of worms. Looss classes Kollikcria in the family Schistosninidac, Monti-
celli gives a family Didymozoonidne with genera Didyuiozoon and
Ncmatohothrinm. Taschcnberg speaks of a Didymozoon and Pratt in
his classification gives it under the family Didyrnozoonidac. while Cob-
bold discusses it under the name Kollikcria and Odhncr under the name
Wcdlia. The determination of the systematic position of the two worms

r.'lij MacCalhiin : /'arasitii H'oiius^Xczv forms 7.")

which we have named Atalostropliion involves the same difficukies as
were met with in the case of these which make up the family Didymo-
zoidoc. A discussion of those forms was published some time ag-o in
the Zooloi^isclic Jahrhiichcr, and there the conclusion was reached that
since the names Kollihcria and W'cdlia _e;'iven by Colibold for worms
obviously corresponding- with those later named by Taschenberg, Didy-
iiiocoofi. antedated by many years the latter name, one of them should
l)e adopted. We adopted Kollikcria since it was the first in Cobbold's
paper. Since that time, Odhner's paper, dated 1907, has come to our
attention, unfortunately so late that it was impossible to do more than
add a note recos^nizing' his work and his priority of discussion. He
apparently felt the same difficulties of nomenclature and adopts the
gfeneric term W'edlia for the form previously known as monostomum
bifiartitiiin retaining: the name Didvmozoon for D. scombri, in which
the dissociation of the sexes is scarcely apparent, the worm living in
varying numbers in cysts.

Cobbold's (lescrij)tions are so incomplete that either Kollikcria or
W'edlia might represent the forms later described as Didymozoon.
While recognizing Odhner's choice of JVcdlia to describe one form, it
seems that the ultimate clarity of the conception would be best served
by retaining one of these names to designate all those forms in which
there is a small elongate male and a larger lobulated female with nar-
row anterior extremity living together in a cyst.

Of Cobbold's descriptions Ko'likcria fits that idea precisely, while
Jl^cdlia does not correspond so exactly inasmuch as h cfails to describe
the small male form, which by Odhner's own description, undoubtedly
exists. Fiirther Odhner retains the name Didyiiiocooii to designate a
form in which the two worms have similar elongate forms and show
the organs of both sexes well developed. We therefore, prefer to adhere
to our previous suggestion that Kollikcria be the name applied to those
w(^rms of diflferent form living together in a cyst, with predominant
female characters in one and male characters in the other. The pres-
ent genus Atalostrophion differs, inasmuch as it is an elongated ribbon-
like worm perfectly hermaphrodite with or without acetabulum and
living in masses loose in the tissiies and not encysted.

We therefore suggest the following classification :

Family Didymozoidae.

I. Cenus Kollikcria (Cobbold. ISCO).

Digenetic trematnrlcs living in pairs in cysts. Hermaphrodite but
sexuallv distinguishable by the outer form and by the predominance in
each of the genital organs of one sex with obsolescence of the others.
-Anterior part of body narrow, posterior part cylindrical or swollen
into kidney shape: sometimes two individuals are grown together.
Suckers rudimentary or feebly developed. Roth may be present or one
or bnth mav be absent. Pharvnx and intestine mav be rudimentarv or

74 Zoopathologico: N. Y. 7.ooloi^ical Society [1:2

absent. Genital opening near the mouth. Ovary and yolk gland long
convoluted tubes, meeting in a shell gland at beginning of long tubular
uterus. Eggs yellow and rounded. Testes saccular or tubular with
long convoluted vas deferens. No muscular cirrus. Many forms are
supplied with a nutritive vascular film for the host.

2. Genus Ncmatobothrinm (Van Beneden. 1858).

Trematodes of greatly elongated form living in the mature state
in pairs in cysts in the gills or flesh of fishes. Digestive tract in various
degrees of retrogression. Hermaphrodite, but tending to the retrogres-
sion of one sex in each. Genital opening directly behind the mouth at
the cephalic extremity. Ovary and vitellaria in the form of long coiled
cords. Shell gland and seminal reservoirs well developed, uterus form-
ing extremely long coiled tube. Single testis, and vas deferens, rudi-
mentary penis.

3. Genus Atalostrophion (G. A. MacCallum, 1916).

Extremely elongate delicate band-like worms, living in tangled
masses under the mucous membrane of the branchial cavities of fishes.
Digestive tract well developed and bifurcated. Acetabulum sometimes
present. Hermaphrodite both sets of organs being well developed.
Genital pore near the mouth. Ovary and testes tubular. Shell gland
and seminal reservoir well developed. Mtellaria long and tubular.

Rhyiichobotliriuin microboflirittm. sp. nov.

(Fig. 3(i)

Hosts — Xeoinaenis auolis and Ncomaenis aya, t. h.

Habitat — Thyroid gland.

Locality — New York Aquarium, (Key West).

On June 22, lOK!, there were found encysted on the thyroid gland
of a large Neouiacnis analis, mutton fish, three Rhynchobothria, which
hitherto do not seem to have been recognized or recorded. The cysts
are large in proportion to the size of the interned worm, which is al-
ways surrounded by a mass of yellow cheesy material outside of its
blastocyst. The cysts seem quite common for this location in this host,
although in each fish there are not usually not more than three or four
cysts, generally only one. The worm is in general structure like those
of the genus, but with some difiference sufficient to at least warrant
its being recorded.

On first looking at the worms one is at once struck with the un-
usual bothria, which form onlv a narrow rim about the head, instead
of the long bothria usual : this rim flows outward and upward at its

iM

ret h

FIG. 36. RHYSCHOHOTHRIVM MICROIiOIHRIUM.

Zooixilhitloi/ica Vol. I. Xo. ,'. Face page 74

1917] MacCallimi : Parasitic ll'onns — Xav Forms 75

posterior mars^in, but when closed looks like a shallow cap. There are
only two bothria, one on each side, but each is partially divided by a
groove, and from these, since they surround the outlet of the probo-
scides, these latter seem to spring. The proboscides are only moderately
long and are covered with strong hooks of which there appear to be
four rows, with smaller and straighter hooks scattered thickly over the
inter spaces, those on the inside of the core are much the largest and
strongest. The hooks in the four chief rows seem to be much more
curved or hooked than those in the intervening spaces, which, after the
bend, are apparently quite straight. In all the mounts which I have,
the proboscides are flattened instead of round as usual and the central
row of hooks are attached to a more highly stained base than those on
the sides. This may be a fault in the technique which does not occur
in my other mounts of Rhynchohothria. The proboscides are not half
the length of the receiving tubes, which start from large muscular re-
tracting bulbs.

It is understood, of course, that this form is only a larva or one
stage in its existence. The next step in its development involves neces-
sarily that it. and its present host must be eaten by its final host, some
large fish. Then its cyst walls are digested and it is let free, when by
means of its proboscidae it fastens itself in the mucous membrane of
some part of the intestine from which it is suspended until the rest of
its body, the strobila, is developed into a structure resembling the stro-
bila of a tenia, the segments or proglottids of which are. when fully
developed, thrown ofif to be taken in as food, probably by some small
fish, which is in turn eaten by a Nco>iiaciiis analis or Aya and the cycle
begins again.

^Feasurements of RJiynchohothrium microhothrimn

Length of body 8.20 mm.

Width of posterior end of body 1.80 mm.

Width of head across bothria fiO mm.

Length of unstretched tube -'i.OO mm.

Length of withdrawn proboscis ."^.OO mm.

^

ZOOPATHOLOGICA

SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE
NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
ON THE DISEASES OF ANIMALS

VOLUME i, NUMBER 3

NOTES ON THE GENUS TELORCHIS
AND OTHER TREMATODES

By G. a. MacCallum, M. D.

Department of Pathology
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY. NEW YORK

Pathologist
NEW YORK AQUARIUM

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY

THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK, NEW YORK

July, 19 is

Each author is responsible for the scientific accuracy
and the proof reading of his contribution.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The material for thi, work wai received chiefly from the New York Aquarium and the Zoological
Park of New York. My sincere thanks are therefore due to Dr. Townsei.d and Dr. Ho naday, Di-
rectors of these institutions, for all the privileges and courtesies shown me. Mr. Ciandall, too, has been
very kind and has assisted much in furnishing me with material from the Park.

Thanks are also due to Dr. W. G. MacCallum for several unique and new forms collected by him
during his trip to the Orient.

• Mr. A. Feinberg, artist, is also deserving of my sincere thanks for bis patience and skill Iti pre-
paring the plates.

1

FIGURES

PAGE

Fig. o7. Tclorchis iiisculpti face 81

Fig.

;)8

Fig.

39

Fig.

40

Fig.

41

Fig.

42

i-\c:.

in

Fig.

4 1

Fig-

45

Fig.

4(5

Fig.

47

I-ig.

IS

Fig.

in

Fig.

:)U

Fit--, ol,

Tclorcliis pallid IIS

Tclorchis chclopi

Tclorchis guttati

Distominn aiiritiis

Disfoiinnu spiculifcniui . . .

liurcina kcksooiii

Tarampliisiommu chclydrac
EcJiinostoinnui Jicrodiac . .

Axinc carangis

Ilcmistoiunui haiistnim . . .

Spirorchis

.Icaiithodisciis niirahilc . . .
Microcofylc spiiiicirnts ....
DistoniiDii Iropidonoti ....

82
83
83
84
85
8G
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95

ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviations in explanation of plates:

a. — anus o.s. — oral sucker

b.c. — buccal sucker ov. — ovary

b. — bursa oot. — ootype

b.e.j. — bulbus ejaculatorius oc. — oesophagus

c.s. — caudal sucker ov.d. — oviduct

c.s. — cirrus sac oes.g. — oesophageal gland

c.p. — cirrus pouch ph. — pharynx

cl. — cloaca or genital pore p.p. — pars prostatica

ce. — coeca.

cor. — coronet

c. — cirrus

c.gl. — cement glands

d.ej. — Ductus ejaculatorius

e. — eye

ex.p. — excretory pore

ex.v. — excretorv vessels

pr. — prostate

p. — papillae post and preanal

res. — reservoir

s.g. — shell gland

s.v. — seminal vesicle or vesicula seminalis

s.r. — seminal reservoir

s]). — spicule

t. — testis

g.i.c. — genito intestinal canal tr. — tridents

g.p.^genital pore

h. — hook.

i. — intestine

li. — ligament

le. — lemnisci

I.e. — Laurcrs canal

m. — mouth

m.b. — muscular bands

m.g. — mucus glands

met. — metraterm

u. — uterus

u.g. — unicellular glands

v.d. — vas deferens

va. — vagina

vit. — vitellaria

vit.d. — vitelline duct

v.s. — ventral sucker or acetabulum

w.v.s. — water vascular system

y.d. — yolk duct

v.r. — volk reservoir

FIG. il. TELORCHIS INSCUI.PTI.
Zo<)i>'itliol<if/ic(i Vol. 1, No. .?. Fare page 81

<?'

NOTES ON THE GENUS TELORCHIS
AND OTHER TREMATODES

TclorcJiis iiisciil/^ti, sp. nov.
(Fig. 37)

Host — Cliiiof'iis iiisculptiis.

Habitat — 1 ntestines.

Locality — Zooloc^ical Park, New York. Eastern U. S.

Stiinkard in ilie juurnal of Parasitology, Urbana, 111., December
I'), \'ol. 2, pp. .jT-CK; in his paper on the Trematode genus Tclorchis,
has very ably described the origin of the name by Luehe, 1889 (1899
Stiles and Hassall), and has given a fairly good general description
of the anatomical structure of the genus with the variations noted in
the various species. Perhaps in excessive detail, but nevertheless, such
may be necessary on occasion. T. inscnlpti was found with others in
the intestine of a wood turtle, CJiclopiis inscidptiis on January 4. 1918.
It is a remarkably delicate formation, far more so than the plate shows.
It is from 4 mm. to •") mm. in length by .80 mm. in width

It is witler at the head than at the jiosterior end, and for the ante-
rior third of its length the skin is si)iny, very much so at the head. In
fact, the mouth is covered with spines both inside and without. The
mouth sucker is 'l-i\i wide and \'i[i long. The mouth proper has its
lips nearly touching and is only \'i\i from side to side, while the ante-
rior and posterior lips are only 7|i apart, and spines may be seen far
back in the mouth. At the junction of the mouth sucker with the
pharynx is a square portion which intervenes between these two struc-
tures. This is unusual and prevents the presence of a prepharyngeal
oesophagus. It is ou from liefore backwards and is 1<>|,( from side to
side, is wider than the pharynx and shows at each end an apparent
coecum or recess. The piiarynx is lOii wide aiul Sii deep with the
mouth lobulated. '["he oesophagus is ITju l«ng before bifurcation. l-"roni
the bifurcation of the cocca to genital poro is T")|.(. The pore is very
spiny about its margin. The intestines are very narrow throughout.
The acetabulum is l.")|.i in diameter. The cirrus sac is long, being \'i()\\.
and loji wide. There is on each side of the ovary a comparatively
large water vascular reservoir, oval in shaj)e, one (inu long and I'lU
wide, and the other HMi and .'tiu. .\t the posterior end, behind the
testis, is another reservoir which is l-">|i and 'i-"i|i. The ovary is round,
situated about the middle of the worm at the end of the cirrus sac.
It is '2.")U in diameter. The testes are -•"iu in diameter, more or less

83 Zoopatlwlogica: N . Y. Zoological Society [I; 3

circular in shape. The viteharia extend from the genital pore on each
side to within 40li of the anterior marj^in of the anterior testis. It is
arranged in delicate chimps in somewhat the shape of an expanded
hand, but not properly shown in the i^late. The uterus is in two col-
umns, quite apart throughout, but they sometimes overlap the coeca.
These latter extend almost to the posterior end. Eggs, '.\[i wide and r>[i
long. On each side of the pharynx is a cluster of unicellular glands.

Tclorchis p<allidiis, sp. nov.
(Fig. 38)

Host — C ltd opus i use II I plus.

Habitat — Intestine.

Locality— New York Aquarium.

This worm was found on January 4, 1917, in a wood turtle along
with some others of the same family, two good specimens being re-
covered. It is, however, so ditterent from the others in structure^ that
it must be recorded as a new species. It is comparatively long, un-
armed with spines on its skin, and very slender, being 7 mm. long- and
55|i, in width, and it is almost diaphanous, so delicate is it in structure.
Its anatomy is somewhat different also. The mouth sucker is subter-
minal and rather oblong, being 20[j, long and 15^ wide. The pharynx,
10^ long and lO^i wide, prepharyngeal oesophagus lOfx long, genital
pore from division of coeca is 100|a,. Length of cirrus and cirrus sac
135^ long, very narrow and extends almost to the ovary, which is
situated about the middle of the body, both as regards the length
and width. The ovary is round, and the genital junction is very dis-
tinct, a short distance posterior and to the left. This structure is not
any different from usual, the oviduct is given off about the middle of
the left side and proceeds backwards, and receives a delicate vitelline
duct from each side. The ootype and shell gland are comparatively
large. The seminal reservoir is situated on the right side of the genital
junction. The uterus, full of eggs, extends from here posteriorly
ncarlv to the anterior testis, and is bounded on each side by the intes-
tines. These latter terminate very near the posterior end of the worm
in quite widened coeca, and enclose or overlay a fairly large reservoir
of the water vascular system. The testes are very small, being but a
little larger than the ovary. The posterior one is GO|.i from the end
of the worm and the anterior one is 20|i. in advance of its mate. The
vitellaria are exceedingly sparse, being just a few small glands on each
side, chiefly between a point opposite the ovary and 100[.i further pos-
teriorly. The glands are small and much scattered. There are two
oval reservoirs, one on each side opposite the middle of the cirrus sac,
the one the right being about twice the size of the left one.

M

<sf

FIG. .«. lELORCHtS PMLUDUS.

Zoopathologica Vol. 1, No. :>'. Face page S2

FIG. 3'). THLORCHIS CHEI.Ori.

MC. tu. IHI.ORCmS GUTTATI.

Zoopatholofnra Vol. 1, No. 3. Fare page 8:1

1J>1S| MacCalliiiii : 7\'lorchis aiu/ other rrcmatodcs 83

Tclorcliis cliclopi, sp. nov.
(Fig. 39)

1 lost — Chclo/'iis i)isciilptiis.

Habitat — Intestines.

Locality — Xew ^'ork Aquarium.

'I'his worm was fouiul with a innnber of others in the intestine
of a wood turtle, Chclopns insculptiis on January 4, 1918. It is a large
coarse looking worm compared with some others of the same genus.
The mouth sucker is 45|.i across and M)\i deep. The anterior edge of
the sucker is cut oft' square or deeply notched, and the posterior mar-
gin is separated from the pharynx by an oblong structure 2b\i from
side to side and about •'■>!.i from before backwards. The outer ends of
this structure seems to have a coecum at each end, and outside on each
side is a mass of deeply staining unicellular glands. There is conse-
quently no prepharyngeal oesophagus. The pharyn.x is roundish ex-
cept in front, where it is lobulated. It measures 20|x in diameter. It
is 50|.i from the pharynx to the genital pore, that is from the division
of the coeca. The oesophagus is very short, not more than 10j.i, and
the coeca are large and lobulated and on each side the angle returns
towards the hea(l, nearly to the pharynx, after that they proceed on
each side in wide lobulated curves to the extreme end of the worm.
Cirrus sac, 180[.i long and 35[.i wide. Ovary round, 25[.i across. The
amount of vitellaria is little compared with other forms. The glands
extend lGO|.i on each side. Testes, ."JOu in diameter. The intestines
are quite clubbed at the posterior end. The cirrus is large and gener-
ally exerted.

Tclorcliis j^iitlati, sj). nov.
(Fig. 40)

Host — Chclopns i:_nttaius.

Habitat — Intestine.

Locality — Zoological Park, Xew ^'l)rk.

This worm is a mature female full of eggs and is S nim. long and
1 mm. wide. It was found on Jamary 1. 1918, in the intestine of a
spotted turtle, Chclopns i^nttatiis. and is a Hne specimen of a Telorchis.
It is pointed at both ends. .\t the anterior end, the mouth sucker is
somewhat conical in shape, being narrower i:)osteriorly than in front.
It is 15|i long and at its widest part also lo^i, with the mouth proper
in the centre. It has a very short prepharyngeal oesophagus this being
about -m long. The pharynx is Su long and KHi wide, lobulated en-
trance. Oesophagus, narrow and •'•"mi to the division, and !i(iu froni

84 Zoopatholof/ica: X. Y. Zoolooical Society [I; 3

there to the genital pore. Anterior third of the body, spiny. Cirrus
sac 200[.i long. Acetabulum about the same size as the pharynx. The
metraterm lUlu and studded on its outside by numerous unicellular
glands. Ovary, 2r)[.i in diameter and situated at the end of the cirrus
sac. Vitelline ducts plainly visible, Laurer's canal and the seminal
reservoir not seen. Eggs o[.i long and ;.)U wide. X'itellaria delicate
and extending from ovary in front to near testis behind. Uterus fills
up the body cavity betv.cen the intestines and in places overlaps them.
To the left of the cirrus sac is a water vascular reservoir 30|.i long
and 10[j. wide. It is situated dorsal to the cirrus sac. The testes are
two, very near the posterior end and situated between the ends of the
intestines, where these latter are much lobulated. The vitellaria are very
plentiful, they extend from a point some distance in front of the ovary
to near the anterior testis posteriorly, and the glands arc in clusters.
The posterior reservoir is lOOji long and dorsal to the testes. This
worm is much like Xo. 2 as shown in Stunkard's worms, only it is
larger. In fact, it is difficult to compare these worms for some writers
must measure immature forms. An average size of the mature speci-
mens would render the diagnosis much easier.

Distomum aiirifiis. sp. nov.
(Fig. 41)

Host — Aplodinotus gninnicns.

Habitat — Small intestine.

Locality — New York Aquarium. Nearby fresh-waters.

During the examination of a fresh-water drum, Aplodinotus griin-
niens Rafinesque, 1818, June 26, 1916, kindly sent me from the
New York Aquarium, there were found in the intestine a lot of dis-
tomes. The fish had died of a severe attack of myxosporidia, and as
usual, when a fish is in a weakened condition, that state seems to en-
courage the infestation of its parasites. The same rule holds good in
the animal, as well as in the vegetable kingdoms. In this case the gills
were found to harbor Microcotylc and the intestines had in them a
number of very lively distomes, which I have ventured to name accord-
ing to a very prominent external feature. The skin about the head
is redundant, arid the ear-like appendages are merely rolls of this which
keep in the forms of ears. Although the host had been dead for a
few hours, the worms were still very much alive, extending themselves
and herding and clinging together. The mouth sucker is large, sub-
terminal, and circular, and immediately posterior to it is a fairly large
pharynx, followed by a curving oesophagus. This organ is long and
divides at the junction of the anterior fifth with the posterior four-

cs.

i ,'

^■'■- r:.x^.

FKi. »1. DISIOMUM AVRIIVS.

Zoopalhotuyica Vi>l . I. .V«. .;. J-'ace page Si

FI(;.42. DlSrOMUM SI'/CL'I.lFl-liU.U. lIC. 42-A. MlilR.ilHRM AND nuCTUS HJACVLATORIU:^.
I'K;. 42-H. GKNITAI. SCHHAIH.

Zviipatholoyica Vol. I, No. ■'!. Face page Si

1918J MacCallitiii : TclorcJi'is o)id other Trcmatodcs 85

fifths of the body length. Tlie coeca are relatively large and extend to
nearly the posterior end of the body. The aeetabuliun is situated one-
third of the length from the head, and a short distance anterior to
this is the genital pore. Almost immediately behind it on the right
side is the ovary, the oviduct from which first proceeds backward to join
the vitelline ducts, and the duct from the seminal reservoir. The ootype
and shell gland are also here in the centre of the body, but Laurer's
canal and the ductus genito-intestinalis were not seen. The testes are
two, one rather cubical in form and the posterior one conical. The
vas deferens enters into a good-sized cirrus sac. Eggs, large but not
numerous. The vitellaria, very profuse. Skin, smooth.

For the purposes of classification, this, wdiich averages in length
3 mm. and .40 mm. in width, probably belongs to the family AUocrca-
dium Lss, with A. isoponim as the type; although the description does
not quite corrcs]:)ond, nor does it correspond with llic description of
IsoporiDH arjiiatiim of W. G. AlacCallum.

DisfoiiiiDii spiciilifcnnn, sp. nov.
(Figs. 42, 42a, 43b)

Host — Acipcnscr stitrio.

Habitat — Intestines, spiral valve.

Locality — Xew ^'ork Aquarium.

This peculiar worm was found in the s])iral vahe of an Acipcnscr
stitrio. There were twelve or fifteen of them. The host died at the
Xew York Aquarium and was a very old and large specimen, weigh-
ing probably about eighty ])oiuids.

The worm is quite largo and has a spear or arrow-head-shaped
head, and this on the surface shows numerous canals, probably part of
the water vascular system, and since they are stained with carmine they
look exactly like the caj^illary circulation in an iullamed ])art of an
animal. The head is 17n[.i across and "^OOu long, and c|uito snake-like
in aj)])carance. The mouth is terminal and has a buccal sucker on each
side. It is lo^ in diameter. The prepharyngeal oesophagus is short,
about li>[i long. The pharynx is 2()\.i long by lOu wide, and the post-
pharyngeal oesojihagus is 30|.i long before it divides into the coeca, and
the genital pore is aliout lOOji posterior and just anterior to the ventral
sucker or acetabulum, which is relatively small, being 2.")U in diameter.
The worms average "-■' mm. in length by lT..")(>ii in width at the widest
part. The most jieculiar feature is the character of a portion of the
interior of the vesicula seminalis and also a portion of the interior of
the uterus, as these organs ap])roach the end of their course. The vesi-
cula seminalis is large at the posterior end and very long, terminating

8G Zoopatlwlogica: A\ Y. Zoological Society [I; 3

in the cirrus, and the canal is studded throughout its lumen with
rather large spicules which are thick at the base and from 5[x to 8|-i
long. They extend throughout a distance of ISOji, after whjch the
prostatic muscular portion of the cirrus is as usual. The uterus also
presents this peculiarity throughout a distance of 210|j., and here the
organ is twice as wide as elsewhere. It is fusiform in this locality.
The spicules are about the same size as those in the vesicula seminalis,
but seem more plentiful, are apparently tangled up some, and some of
them are loose. Many eggs are seen in the uterus at this part at the
same time. The eggs are 4|.i long by 2.^()[i wide, are yellow and oval.
The uterus fills the greater part of the body and is full of eggs.

The ovary is situated at about the junction of the posterior and
middle thirds of the body, where is also plainly seen the genital junc-
tion, the seminal reservoir, and the shell gland. The ovary is 40|x
long and 30|j, wide. The testes are two oblong bodies very near the
posterior end. They send two separate vasa efferentia forward
throughout half the length of the worm to join the vesicula seminalis.
The testes are 230|.i long by TO^i wide. The intestines extend quite to
the posterior end and there between them is the excretory pore. The
vitellaria are situated on each side as far as the body of the uterus
extends.

Eurcuia kcksooiii. gen. et. sp. nov.
(Fig. 43)

Host— Small Rav.
Habitat— Gills.
Locality — Singapore.

On July 20, 1!)1(;, there was found on the gills of a small unspotted
ray a small worm which is unusual. It was found at Singapore by
Lee Kek Soon, who was assisting Dr. W. G. MacCallum. He said it
was from the gills, but as a matter of fact, it was found at the bottom
of the dish after washing the gills and may have come from the gullet
or mouth. He was confident, however, that it came from the gills.
The spiral valve of the host yielded several cestodes of different species.

The anatomy of this worm is so imusual that it could not escape
being classed as a new genus and s])ecies. 'i'he mouth is an unusually
wide, loose, o])en structure with, apparently, the pharynx opening at
once between the lips, or immediately behind them at the middle of
the wide mouth. The head is much wider than the neck, and the lips
extend the entire width of the head. The neck is short and the body
begins to enlarge at once. At the shoulders, as it were, or near the
widest part of the body is seen on each side a distinct prominence,
like that in some of the Polystoina. On close inspection, these two

'c^

H(i. AX EURHStA KHKSOOM.

Zoopathologica Vol. 1. N<>. S. Fare page 86

1918] MacCalhmi : Tclorchis and other Trcmatodcs 87

proved to be the entrances, for there are many, to the vagina. This
feature in itself is pecuhar, for the worm has not any of the other
features of a polystome. Between these two structures and sHghtly
posterior to them, yet in the middle of the body, is the acetabulum,
of good size. The vaginae both lead backward and inwardly, one to
join the large and widely-spreading right hand main duct of the vitel-
line reservoir, which proceeds superficially over and ventrally to the
large ovary, to a point considerably posterior to that organ, where it
helps to form the genital junction, partly under massive folds of the
egg-filled uterus. The other passes through a seminal reservoir and
on to join the left branch of the vitelline reservoir. The pharynx is an
unusually large structure for so small a worm, and it is exceedingly
muscular. There is no prepharyngeal oesophagus, but the oesophagus
posterior to the pharynx is large and fairly long before it divides into
the ceca. These are voluminous and extend nearly to the end of the
body. The ceca enclose the genital pore in front of the acetabulum.
This is overhung by a relatively large muscular cirrus, which is partly
enclosed in a wide cirrus sac, the posterior end of which is covered
with a number of round, cell-shaped pedicles or papillae. The ovary
is a large lobulated structure situated in the centre of the body, and
posterior to the acetabulum. Anterior to it and to the left is seen the
seminal reservoir, with the vagina, on that side, entering its base. The
vagina on the other side may, and probably does, enter the right arm
of the vitelline reservoir. The uterus is large and its folds fill the
posterior part of the body and as far forward as the acetabulum. The
water vascular system is plainly visible on each side of the neck, in the
form of three branching tubules. At the posterior end of the worm,
at its centre is the excretory pore, with .small tubes concentrating to it
from the fairly wide posterior end. Tlic skin is smooth, thick, and
unarmed. The eggs are oval and yellow.

Mcasiirciiiciits of Rnrcma kcksooni

Length •>-'^'* mm.

Width I.'^'O mm.

Head width I<^ nim.

Pharynx width 15^i

Pharynx length -Hl^i

Eggs length 2[a

88 ZoopatJwIogica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 3

Parampliistoniiiui chclydrac, sp. nov.

Family — P arani phist a niidae Fisch.
Genus — Paraniphistomum Fisch.

(Fig. 44)

Host — Chclydra serpentina.

Habitat — Rectum.

Locality — 'New York Aquarium.

The worms which form the basis of this short paper were found
on March 17, 191-3. There were three of them in the rectum, all ma-
ture, containing eggs, were all of the same size, and I believe adult
specimens. They were 5.50 mm. long and l.OO mm. wide. General
outline of the body oblong, narrow at the mouth, Ijccoming wider until
about the middle, where it reaches its greatest width. Then this grad-
ually lessens until nearly opposite the middle of the disc, when it
suddenly ceases and ends in the middle of the side of the disc, thus
forming an angle, which, as far as I know, has been unusual in this
genus. The disc, thus is shown to extend half of its length past the
end of the body.

The plate given here is as accurate as a toto mount could be
made. No oral evaginations or C(-)eca can Ix' seen in tlie mouth sucker
of two of the worms, but in the third they can be seen, and it is to
be presumed that they are also present in the others, for this is very
common in the Parainphistomidac. The mouth sucker is terminal and
bowl-sha])ed, SO[.i long and <)U[.i wide. Opening of the mouth, which
is terminal and corrugated longitudinally is 2~)n from side to side.
Oesophagus, including the oesophageal bulb or ])har\nx. SOj^i long.
The bidb or [)harynx is situated just anterior to th.e division of the
intestinal coeca. and is •*.■)[( long and 'i5i(, wide. The intestines are
very irregular in shape and extend to w itbin a short distance of the
posterior sucker. The genital pore is central and placed in the angle
of the coeca. The ovary is perfectly round or globular, and is 'SO[i in
diameter. It is situated a considerable distance posterior to the testes.
The genital junction can be fairl\- well defined jiosterior to the ovary.
The uterus is a comparative!}' short tube, and generally contains three
eggs which are 20u long and I'.'u wide, oval and \ellow. Testes are
placed well towards the anterior i)art of the body cavity. They are
irregular in shape, iiideecl (|uite branched or clubbed, one l.")[i long and
25j.i wide, and the other 5(i[^i long and I Oil wide, one in advance of the
other, and in all three specimens, the internal organs are ver\- much
alike. \'itellaria plentiful, extending from near the genital ]:)ore on
each side to near the end of the intestines posteriorly, and all across
the body in large masses. The disc is rounded or rather oval, the
central opening being cordate in shajje, with the small end ])ostcrior.
The two angular portions of the body are situated ()])posite the middle
of the maririn of the di'-e, and extend in a line across the middle of

i '

FIG. 44. F-ARAMPHISrOMUM CHELYDRAE

Zuopalhologica \'o[. 1, A'o. S. I-'ace page Si

l(i. 45. l-CH!\'OSlOML'.\I HHRODIAE.

Zoopalholoyica Vol. 1, No. 3. Face page Si)

1918] MacCalhtm : I'clorchis ami other Trcmatodcs 89

the disc dorsally, so that the posterior half of the (hsc projects heyond
the body of the worm. It is KSOii anteroposterior and lir)|.i across,
and internaljy T.j^i and 45|.i. The excretory pore is hirge and situated
just anterior to tlie disc in tlie middle of the body.

An odd thing about these particular worms is that they were all
infested with great numbers of small yellow cysts, which may or may
not have been calcified before death, however, they now appear through-
out the parenchyma and over the surface of the organs as small round
bodies.

■Eclniwstoimini hcrodiac, sp. nov.
(Fig. 45)

Host — Hcrodias timoricnsis.

Habitat — Gall bladder and ducts of aquatic birds.

Locality — Java.

This worm was found by Dr. \\'. G. MacCallum in the gall blad-
der of Hcrodias tUnoricnsis in Singaradja Bali. Several were found
and from its exceedingly spiny skin, it must have been a source of
great irritation to its host. It is spear-shaped and the head shows the
mouth terminal and surrounded by several long papillae. The ante-
rior portion of the head is unarmed, but the skin throughout over the
body is covered thickly with prominent chitinous spines arranged in
transverse rows across the body so thickly indeed that they overlap
somewhat. The pharynx is very close to the mouth and is \^^\i long
by lUu wide. The oesophagus is long and tortuous, is divided at the
junction of the anterior and second-fifth of the length of the body.
The coeca spread widely and enclose a large genital jjore, from which
the cirrus is generally seen exserted. This is large and club-shaped,
and measures lUU|i in length. The genital pore is at the anterior mar-
gin of the acetabulum, and this latter organ is IOO1.1 in diameter. The
ovary is irregular in shape, is about oO^i in diameter, and is situated
almost directly behind the acetabulum. Wide vitelline ducts meet the
oviduct here from each side, as does also the duct from the seminal
reservoir. This sac is to the left of the ovary. Laurer's canal can
not be made out with certainty on account of the presence of numerous
large eggs, which are 7|.i long by -l|.i wide. The testes of which there
are two. are large and are of different size and shape. The anterior
one is irregularly square, filling largely the abdominal cavity from side
to side. It measures 1.40 mm. across, and 80 nun. from before back-
ward. The other is more or less conical to fit the jiosterior part of
the l)ody cavity, and is about 1 mm. long by .(iO mm. wide. The in-
testines extend to the posterior end of the body and are there club-
shaped. A large excretor)- pore opens at the posterior end ami one

90 V^oopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 3

can see a system of ducts coming from the body. This worm looks
somewhat like that described by Ramsay Wright as having been found
in Botaurus minor North America, and named by him E. asperum.

Mcasurciiiciits of E. hcrodiac

Length 8 mm.

Width ;5 mm.

Acetabulum 10()\i in diameter

Head across 4r)[x

Axine carangis, sp. nov.
(Fig. 4G)

Host — Caran.v hippos.

Habitat— Gills.

Locality — Mew York Aquarium. Common on East coast.

The name Axinc was first given to this genus by Abilgaard in
179 J, but this particular species appears to be new.

This worm was found in great numbers on the gills of a Caranx
liippos after they had caused the death of their host. It is a very
graceful creature, perhaps the most delicately shaped of all the Micro-
cotylc. The head begins with a small protuberance, presumably the
mouth or lip and on each side of this and immediately behind it, is the
mouth proper with a buccal sucker on each side. A short distance
posterior to this is the genital pore, which is divided into two portions
of a circle, each being surrounded with a row of spines or hooks, and
a very short distance posterior to this appears the armed head of the
cirrus, and still further posterior in the middle of a more or less clear
circular space is the opening of the vagina which is also armed with
very fine spicules. This opens on the dorsal surface, as in other mem-
bers of the microcotyle family.

The uterus is usually filled with a column of fusiform eggs mak-
ing their way to the genital pore where they are ejected or laid. At
either i)ole of the egg is a long filiform filament which, when the egg
is laid, becomes attached to the filaments of the gills, where it is re-
tained until hatched. The ovary which is an irregularly-shaped mass
of germ cells enclosed in a roughly horseshoe-shaped sac, lies about
the middle of the worm. The vitelline reservoir, which receives the
spermatozoa from the vagina, lies in a somewhat V-shaped structure
and adds its share to the oviduct in the formation of the egg. The
seminal reservoir is always plainly to be seen in this locality, and be-
hind this genital junction are situated the testes, about forty or fifty
in number. The vitellaria are very profuse and extend from near the

hIG. 40. .IX/Sli C.IKMSOIS.

Zoopathologica \'ul. I. X,i. .:. lUr, paqc

I IG. 47. UliMISTOMUM H.IUSIKL.M.

Zoopatholor/ica Vul. 1, Nv. S. Face paye HI

1918] MacCallum: Tclorchis and other Trcmatodcs 91

head on both sides of the worm into the disc at the posterior end.
This latter structure is very g^raceful. It has a sins^le row of claspers
alonc^ the mar,G:in. They seem to be of about the same shape as those
of the Microcofylc, l)ut are more deHcate. The disc is the widest por-
tion of the worm, beinj^ about 1 mm. in widtli and shows about 90
suckers along its margin. The body of the worm at its widest is only
about .80 mm., and it is only 7 mm. long.

They seem to be very productive, for like the Microcofylc. they
often cause the death of the fish they infest from sheer loss of blood
probably plus the poison which all of these worms are said to impart
to their host.

The fish was kindly sent for examination by the Director of the
Aquarium.

Heinislonuim hanstrum. sp. nov.
(Fig. 47)

l-'amily — Holostomidac.
Genus — Heniistoutuui, Diesing.

Host — Ahitcra scJwcpfii.

Habitat — Intestines.

Locality — Southeast coast of the United States.

On May 4, 1915, a large, but very thin Alnicra schoepHi was kindly
sent me from the New York Aquarium. On examination, it was easy
to see why this host was emaciated. On the gills was a good-sized
Branchiobdella about lyi inches in length. In the urinary bladder
were a lot (40) of Catoptroidcs alittcrac. On the gills there were a
great many small copepods. and in the intestine a number of small
distoms of two or three species, also a lot of Hcniistominac, which I
am about to describe. There were forty or fifty of this species recov-
ered, which are so very unusual in form. It is roughly somewhat the
shape of a scoop, such as is used by grocers, the tip being the head
where ai)pcars the subterminal mouth sucker followed without interval
by the pharynx. The oesophagus is long and divides into the cocca
about the middle of the dilated portion of the anterior half of the
worm. In the somewhat triangular space enclosed is the acetabulum,
and just anterior to this the genital pore. At this ])oint too may be
seen the adhesive disc which covers in largely the acetabulum. The
intestines appear to extend nearly to the posterior end of the worm ftn
the dorsal surface of what might be called the handle of the scoop.
The eggs in the uterus are also nearer the dorsal than the ventral
surface. There are two good-sized rounded testes and in front of
them to their right is the ovary, which is about half the size of a testis.
The oviduct is given off from the left side and posterior to this tube is

92 Zoopatliologica: iV. Y. Zoological Society [I; 3

the seminal reservoir, and here too is situated the genital junction of
the vitelline tubes, oviduct, and ducts from the seminal reservoir, all
near the ootype and shell gland. The other ducts supposed to be seen
here, Laurer's canal and the ductus genito-intestinalis, so seldom seen
liy me without sectioning, are not to be seen here in a toto mount, even
if they are there. The vitellaria are very plentiful throughout the
posterior half of the body, and in fact, all of the organs seem confined
to this portion except the outlet of the uterus and the cirrus with its
sac. The vasa efferentia join to the form the vas deferens, which, as
usual, ends in the cirrus sac.

Mcasiircnicuts of H . haiisfntm

Length '2.25 mm.

Width 1.00 mm.

Width of posterior part of body 60 mm.

Egg oval 05 mm.

Mouth sucker 20 mm.

Pharynx length 150mm.

Ovary 40 mm.

Testis 60 mm.

SpirorcJiis. gen. et. sp. nov.-
(Fig. 48)

Host — Chelopus iiiscitlpfiis.

Habitat — Intestine.

Locality — New York Aquarium.

These three very unusual worms were on Januar\- 1, 1017, found
in the intestine of a wood turtle. As will be seen by the color of the
contents of its intestines, it is a haemato])hagic trematode. It is 4 mm.
long by .SO mm. wide, with a smooth skin throughout. Its body tapers
toward each end, being widest about its middle. The anterior end dis-
plays a mouth sucker, wliich is almost entirely external to the head,
being joined thereto by a prepharyngeal oesophagus, 'M)[i in length.
The postpharyngeal oesophagus being 25|.i. The coeca begin at about
60[.i from the mouth. The pharynx is not more than 5|.i in diameter.
Almost at once in the angle of the coeca, the testes begin by a conical
mass, which is followed bv nine other irregularly-sha])ed masses, all
joined together in a rough sj^iral column filling almost the whole abdom-
inal cavity between the intestinal coeca. They finally end in close touch
with a large, more or less conical-shaped seminal reservoir, which in
itself, is larger than any one of the testes. Its base is anterior, and
it gradually tapers into what probablv is the cirrus, although, on ac-

Vit. _i

c.p
FIG. 48. ^I'lKOIiCHlS

Zoopathologiia Vol. 1, No. .,'. Face page 92

FIG. 49. AC.'INJHODISCUS MIKAlilLH. FIG. 49-A. CXIRONKT. IKJ. 49-H. tGG.

Zocpafholofiica Vol. 1, A'o. .'A Face page 93

liUS| MacCaUiim: Tclorcliis and other Trcmatodcs 93

count of the black intestines fillings the posterior end of the worm, it
is not possible with the material at hand to trace the i^enital scheme.
The vitellaria are very profuse, and the ordinary "\'-shaped reservoir
can be plainly seen. The ovary 20u in diameter with a long oviduct
directed posteriorly is seen near the end of the seminal reservoir, but
no ootype or shell gland or other seminal reservoir can be seen, nor
indeed, can the uterus be made out. One large, oval egg, 10^. long
and o(.i wide, is seen posterior to the ovary in each specimen. The
shell of this seems thick and cleavage is well advanced. The genital
pore is a little posterior to the tips of the coeca and between them.
Tt is more or less circular, but its connection with the oviduct or uterus
cannot be seen, indeed, in one case the black coeca have coalesced and
formed a large black mass over this interesting region. No acetabu-
Irm or other adhering organ seems to l)e present. The usual excre-
tory pore is to be seen at the posterior ti]) of the body. On ac-
count of the unusual spiral mass of testes, filling the abdominal cavitv
to the exclusion of everything else, I have taken the liberty of naming
the worm Spirorchis as a gen. et. sp. nov.

AcantJiodiscits inirahile, gen. et. sp. nov.
(Fig. 49)

Host — Caranx hippos.

Habitat— Gills.

Locality — New York Aquarium.

The host is common on both the east and west coasts of the United
States.

This very strange ectoparasite was found on April IS, li)lT, in
consi(lera1)le numbers on the gills of a crevalle. and I have no doubt
that at times the species mav be a serious menace to the life of tlu
f^sh.

One can hardly say how many were on the gills, for as the worm
is so small and filmy, hundreds or more might easily be overlooked.
It is evidently a heterocot)lean trematode, but does not seem to fit
into any known genus. For the purpose of classification, it may be
described as elongated, flat, two-mouth suckers, many testes, peculiarly
armed cirrus, body towards posterior disc tranversely striated and
spiny along dorsal surface with four claspers on opposite side, and
with a fairly large terminal disc without suckers, but armed with two
large hooks and several small ones. I would like therefore to suggest
a new genus of the family Gyrodactylidac v. Ben et. Hesse.

The anterior end shows a mouth with two buccal suckers, much
like those of a Microcotyle. Dehind and between these is a small
pharynx followed by a rather long gullet, but which is in no case

94 Zoopatlwlogica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 3

visibly divided into coeca, although a number of specimens were exam-
ined. The location of the genital pore is indicated by a flat plaque of
amber colored chitin, and near it is seen a most peculiar head of the
cirrus with a coronet of about twenty spines. (Fig. 49a.) This orna-
mental structure is at the end of a long tortuous vas deferens arising
from a cluster of forty or more testes, which resemble those of the mi-
crocotylidae. The ovary is of a relatively fair size, situated a little
anterior to the middle of the worm. It is, however, in the material at
hand impossible to make out the whole female genital apparatus, al-
though plenty of specimens, well stained, were under observation. The
vitellaria were very plentiful and ofl^ered some obstruction to making
out the anatomy. These glands extend from the genital pore on both
sides throughout two-thirds of the worm's length. Along the dorsal
surface for about one third of its length, the body of the worm showed
its skin armed with sharp spines, looking chiefly towards the posterior
and chiefly dorsal. On some portions also of the posterior part of the
body, spines may be seen on the abdomen, and in this region of the
spines, the body is seen to be crossed with transverse striae. An odd
feature, too, is the presence on the abdomen just anterior to the disc
of four relatively large claspers or chitinous suckers. These are oblong
and of a different structure to those in the axine or microcotylidae.
Still, they are of the same character. Three of these, the posterior
ones, are placed near to and in advance of each other, while the ante-
rior one is placed some distance anterior to the others, and it too seems
to have at its base a flap of thin, semitransparent skin, which extends
past the margin of the body.

The disc is a relatively large, saucer-like structure with two fairly
large hooks attached to the under margin, and also along the edge of
the disc are seen from the one side four other small hooks. If distrib-
uted evenly around the margin of the disc there would probably be in
all eight of these small hooks. Only two large ones are seen, however.
The egg seen in the uterus, is also odd. (Fig. 49b.) It is relatively
very large with an anterior spike and a posterior filament. It is some-
what wrinkled.

Mcasurciiioits of A. tiiirabile

Width 20^1

Disc diameter IV^n

Disc depth 1 5|.i

.Shield near genital ]k)re Sji long x .-)|.i wide

Egg length IT^^i

Egg width 7|.i

Length of spike 2|i

Filament at posterior end . . . 15|.i long

Across cirrus coronet 5^i

vtt .r.

— m

m a

^ r

4

#^

a-

p-

-o

cor.

-<> Ni^v li^.

FIG. 50. SUCROCOTYLE SPIS/CIRRLS.

Zoopalhologira Vol. 1, \'o. .1 /"ar^ pape Si

0.0.

FIG. 51. DLSrOMLM TROPIDOSOll.
Zoopathologica \'ol. 1, A'o. S. Face page 95

lins] MacCallinn : 'Fclorchis and other Trcmatodcs 9o

Microcotylc s(>inicirrns, sp. nov.
(Fig. 50)

Habitat — Gills of the fresh-water Drum. I'ound in
lakes and rivers in North America.

On January 31. 1!)1T, a fresh-water drum. Aplodinotiis gninnicns
was sent me from the Aquarium at Xew York. It was a large tish
and yet its gills were found so infested with microcotyle that they un-
doubtedly caused its death. The gills were of a cream color, although
the fish had recently died. The worms had jjractically exhausted most
of the blood.

This Microcotylc is not large and is rather gracefully formed. Its
sucker disc is triangular in shape and as many as eighty or ninety suck-
ers or daspers may l)c counted on it. The head is rather square at
the anterior end with the mouth in the centre, and on each side of this
is a buccal sucker. Iktween and posterior to these is the pharynx
followed by a rather long oesophagus, which divides as usual into two
coeca, and between these branches of the intestine the genital pore is
seen surrounded by a large ring of hooks, counted in two or three
instances there were fifty- four. (Fig. 50.) At one point tow^ard the
posterior they are absent for a short distance in the ring. The ring is
?0|.i across and the longest hooks are 5[.i long. Immediately behind the
open space in the ring is the anterior end of the cirrus, which is a pecu-
liar structure as shown in Fig. 50. The vas deferens leading to it is
very tortuous and wide. .\ short distance still further posterior, is a
clear circular space, in the centre of which can be seen the vaginal
opening, also surrounded by a cluster of hooks or spines which arc
small. The opening is dorsal and the vagina empties into the vitelline
tubes which go to make the Y-shaped vitelline reservoir, from which
a small tube joins the oviduct before the latter merges into the ootype
as usual, though the duct from the seminal reservoir joins the oviduct
first. The ovary itself is a horseshoe-shaped tube placed across the
middle of the worm with the convex portion looking anteriorly. The
testes are in the posterior end of the body, and are forty or fifty in
number. The vitellaria are distributed along the sides of the body from
near the genital opening almost to the tij) of the sucker disc.

Mcasurcmoits of Microcotylc spinicirrus

Length varies very much. .\n average would be 5 mm.

Width 1 mm.

The disc about one-third the lensrth of the worm.

1)() Zoopatholo(/ica : N. Y. ZooJo^^ical Society [I; 3

Distoinitin tropidoiiofi, sp. nov.
(Fig. 51)

Host — Tropidonotns triaiigitligcnis.
Habitat— Gall bladder.
Locality — Bnitenzorg. Java.

On ]\Iay 2-'), 1 !)!(;, Dr. W. G. MacCallum found at Buitenzorg,
Java, in the gall bladder of a Tropidonotns triaiii^itligenis, a brownish-
green snake, a solitary distome. Its mouth is sub-terminal, unarmed
and is large, and it terminates in a short gullet or prepharyngeal oeso-
phagus. The phar\nx is roundish and is followed by the oesophagus,
which is comparatively long. This, as usual, divides into the intestinal
coeca, and in their angle is the genital pore, the cirrus and the uterus
presenting here. In the centre of the body, nearly at the anterior quar-
ter of its length is the acetabulum, the genital pore being in front of
this. The ovary situated in the middle of the body, is not so large as
either of tlie two testes, which are placed one behind it and one in front,
and both on the opposite side, one in advance of the other. The vasa
effcrentia meet each other at right angles, at or near the base of the
cirrus sac, one is short and the other very long. The vitellaria are
peculiar, being placed along each side in open hand, shaped clusters
and giving out numerous vitelline ducts, several of which concentrate
at a small vitelline reservoir between the ovary and the anterior testis.
The ducts sent toward the genital junction are very distinct, as are also
the ducts connecting the lobulated masses. In this position may be
plainly seen the genital junction. The seminal reservoir is placed beside
the posterior surface of the ovary, and sends its duct to join the oviduct
just in advance of the duct from the vitelline reservoir. The ootype is
seen surrounded by the shell-gland. The oviduct is continuous with
the uterus, which coiling near the posterior end of the body, passes
anteriorlv to the end at the genital pore. The seminal reservoir is very
distinct and lies against the posterior side of the anterior testis. It is
situated c;n the right side of the centre of the worm, but by means of
a rather long duct, it empties into the oviduct. Laurer's canal is given
off the oviduct very near the ootype, and proceeds a short distance
anteriorlv before passing through to the back. The genito-intestinal
canal is given O'ff from near the ootype, and proceeds to the right coe-
cum, where it enters. The ootype is large and is surroimded by a pro-
fuse shell-gland. The eggs are numerous, small, and yellow. The
vagina can not be made out certainly. The skin is thick, unarmed, and
somewhat corrugated, especially at the posterior end. The excretory
pore is large and situated at the extreme posterior end of the body.
The worm is only •'> mm. in length by 1.IH) lum. in width.

Measurements of Distouunn tropidoiioti

Length •■") mm.

Width 2 mm.

1918] MacCalhini: Tclorchis and other Trcmatodes 97

Across mouth 20[i

Pharynx width 10^

Pharynx lengtli 10[X

Oesophaijus length 30i.i

Acetabuhim oO|.i

Ovary oOu x ."iO^

Testis G.41 X 30j.i

Cirrus sac Icngtli "iOi.i

Egg 5^1 X 2.50 ^i

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Braux. M.

1892-1893 Platelmintlies 1. Trematodes Bronns Klassen unci Ordnungen
der Thicr-Tcichen Bd. IV.. pp. 30G-924 Taf. I-XXXIX.

Goto, S.

1894 Studies on the Ectoparasitic Trematodes of Japan. Jour. Sci. Coll.
Imp. Univ. Vol. VIII. Pt. 1. pp. 1-273 Pis. I-XXVII

Goto.

1899 Notes on some Exotic Species of Ectoparasitic Trematodes Jour.
Sci.. Coll. Imp. Univ., Vol. XII., Pt. IV., pp. 263-295. Pis. XX-
XXI.

Vax Benedex, p. J., ET Hesse, C. E.

1864 Recherclies sur les Bdellodes et Ics Trematodes Marins Arch. Roy.
Belgique 34 : l-l.'iO. 15 pi.

Brumpt, E.

1910 Precis de Parasitologic witli preface l)y R. Blanchard XX\'l — 915
pp., 68.'? figs.. 4 pis.. 4 pis. Duodecimo, Paris.

CoBBOLD, Thomas Spencer.

1864 Entozoa: An introduction to the Study of Hclminthology, XXVI.

480 pp.. 82 figs., 21 pis. Octavo. London.
1876 Notes on Entozoa. Part 4. Proc. Zool. Soc. London. (19) pp. 294-

198, pi. 21, figs. 1-20.
1879 Parasites ; a treatise on the Entozoa of man and animals including

some account of Ectozoa, XI — 508 pp., 85 figs. Octavo. London.

Diesing, Karl Moritz.

1851 — Systema hclmintlunn. \'ol. 2, \^I — 588 pp.. 21. VindnI)onac.

Hall. Maurice C.

1916 Nematode parasites of Mammals of tiic orders Rodcnlia. Lagomorpha
and Hyracoidea, Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. 50. Pages 1-258,
pi. 1.

Leidy, Joseph.

1904 Researches in hclminthology and parasitology 281 pp., figs. Octovo,
Smithson, Misc. Collect, Wash. (1477). Vol. 46.

\'oN Lin STOW, O.

1878 Compendium der Helminthologie.

Looss, Arthur.

1907a The Sclerostomidae of horses and donkevs in Egvpt. Govt. School
Med. Cairo, pp. 25-139; pis.. 1-13; figs., 1-172.

98 Zoopatlwlogica: A\ y\ Zoological Society [I; 3

Linton, Edwin.

1899 Parasites of Fishes of the Wood's Hole Region. Bull. U. S. Fish.

Com. XX.
1898 Fish Parasites Collected at Wood's Hole in 1898, Bull. U. S. Fish
Com. XIX, 1899; pp. 267-304.

1897 Notes on Trematodes Parasites of Fishes Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.

XX, 1897.

Looss, Arthur.

1902 Trematoden aus Seeschildkroten &c. Zool., Jahrb. Syst., XVI.

1902 Odhner T. Mitteilungen zur Kenntniss der Distomen Centralb. Bakt.

XXXI. 1902, p. 55.
1911 Nordoostafrikanische Trematoden, "Results of the Swedish Expedi-
tion to Egypt and the White Nile Uppsala, 1911.

1898 Stiles and Hassall, "An Inventory of the Genera and Sub-genera of

the Trematode Family Fasciolidae." Arch, parasit 1, 1898, p. 97.

Linton, Edwin.

1890 — Notes on the Entozoa of Marine Fishes of New England, Part II.
1902 Odhner T. Trematoden aus Reptilien nebstallgemeiner systematischen

Bemerkungen, K. Svcn Velenskakad Forh, 59 : 19-45.
1895 Stossich. 1 distomi dei rettili Boll. Soc. Adriatt Sci. Nat. 16: 213-

293.

Stunkard, Horace.

1915 Notes on the Trematode genus Telorchis with descriptions of New

Species. Rep. from the Journal of Parasitology, Dec, 1915.

Ward, H. B., and Magath, Thos B.

1916 Notes on some Nematodes from fresh water fishes. Jour. Parasi-

tology, Dec, 1916. Vol. III.

Pratt, H. S.

1900 Synopsis of North American Invertebrates XII. The Trematodes.

Part 1. The Heterocotylea or Monogenetic Forms, Amer. Nat.
34: 645-662, 50 figs.

Stunkard, Horace W.

1917 Studies on North American Polystomidae. Aspidogastridae and Pa-

ramphistomidae, pi. 11, Univ. of Illinois.

ZOOPATHOLOGICA

SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE
NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
ON THE DISEASES OF ANIMALS

VOLUME I, NUMBER +

STUDIES ON THE POLYSTOMIDAE

By G. a. MacCallum, M. D.
Department of Pathology

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, NEW YORK

Pathologist
NEW YORK AQUARIUA\

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY

THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK, NEW YORK

Jllv, iMis

Each author is responsible for the scientific accuracy
and the proof reading of his contribution.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The material for this work was received chiefly from the New York Aquarium and the Zoological
Park of New York. My sincere thanks are therefore due to Dr. Townsend and Dr. Hornaday, Di-
rectors of these institutions, for all the privileges and courtesies shown me. Mr. Crandall, too, has been
very kind and has assisted much in furnishing me with material from the Park.

Thanks are also due to Dr. W. G. MacCallum for several ui.ique and new forms collected by him
during his trip to the Orient.

Mr. A. Feinberg, artist, is also deserving of my sincere thanks for his patierce and skill in pre-
paring the plates.

FIGURES

PAGE

Fig. 52. Polysfoiiia iroosti face 108

Fig. 53. Polysfoma incrme ....

Fig. 54. Polysfoma albicollis . .

Fig. 55. Polysfoma clcgans . . . .

Fig. 5fi. Polysfoma spinulosiDu

Fig. 57. Polysfoma chclodinac .

Fig. 58. Polysfoma digifatum . .

Fig. 59. Polysfoma aspidonccfis

Fig. 60. Polysfoma rugosa ....

109
110
112
113
114
115
117
118

ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviations in explanation of plates :

a. — anus o.s. — oral sucker

b.c. — buccal sucker ov. — ovary

b. — bursa oot. — ootype

b.e.j. — bulbus ejaculatorius oe. — oesophagus

ov.d. — oviduct
oes.g. — oesophageal gland

c.s. — caudal sucker

c.s. — cirrus sac

c.p. — cirrus pouch

cl. — cloaca or genital pore

ce. — coeca.

cor. — coronet

c. — cirrus

c.gl. — cement glands

ph. — pharynx

p.p. — pars prostatica

pr. — prostate

p. — papillae post and preanal

res. — reservoir

s.g. — shell gland

d.ej. — Ductus ejaculatorius s.v. — seminal vesicle or vesicula seminalis
e. — eye s.r. — seminal reservoir

ex.p. — excretory pore sp. — spicule

ex.v. — excretory vessels t. — testis

g.i.c. — genito intestinal canal tr. — tridents

g.p. — genital pore

h. — hook.

i. — intestine

li. — ligament

le. — lemnisci

I.e. — Laurers canal

m. — mouth

m.b. — muscular bands

m.g. — mucus glands

met. — metraterm

u. — uterus

u.g. — unicellular glands

v.d. — vas deferens

va. — vagina

vit. — vitellaria

vit.d. — vitelline duct

v.s. — ventral sucker or acetabulum

w.v.s. — ^water vascular system

y.d. — yolk duct

y.r. — yolk reservoir

STUDIES ON THE POLYSTOMIDAE

Order — Trciuatoda.
Sub-order — Hctcrocotylca.
Family — Polystouiidac.
Genus — Polystoina.

In 1S(»S. when the order Trcuiatoda was estal)lished by kudolphi.
it was made to include with other genera that of Polystoma (Zeder).
In 1802. Monticelli proposed a new system, dividing the trematodes
into three groups or sub-orders, the Hcterocotylea, Aspidocotxlca, and
Mnlacocflfylca. the first of whicli exactly coincides with the Moiiogcnca
of \'an Beneden, and this arrangement has been gencrallv adopted by
recent authors (Pratt).

Thus. Polystoma (Zeder). according to this plan, will fall into
the Sub-order Hctcrocotylca, Family Polysfomidac Taschb. and Sub-
family Polystoiuinac, V. Beneden. These worms are usually found
on the gills and in the urinarv bladder of amphibians, and in the mouth,
nose and urinary bladder of turtles. The posterior end has usually a
disc, on which are situated six or more suckers. These suckers of
polystomes consist of small, cup-shaped, circular discs, composed of
muscular fibres in the wall, and arranged in various directions between
the chitinous framework. These fibres are limited on the surface by a
distinct membrane. The muscular fibres are so attached to the various
parts of the chitinous framework that by their contraction, the cup-like
cavity can be raised and narrowed so as to accomplish its sucking func-
tion. Other muscle fibres extend from the disc up into the body, so
that the whole disc is under the control of the worm. The genus Poly-
stoma is not always ectoparasitic since it is often found living in the
urinary bladder of fish, amphibia or reptiles. It may also be some-
times found in the lungs and intestines. Polystoma have no mctamor-
l>hosis. ('Ray Lankcster.)

The posterior adhesive appartus presents a variety in Hctcroco-
tylca. N^o doubt, the single sucker at the hinder end of the body repre-
sents the primitive arrangement. This sucker, which is always simple
and never armed in the Malacotylca is usually multi-loculate in the
.\sfidocot\lca. This posterior adhesive organ is usually formed of six.
seldom of eight, suckers on a strong disc, and it is usually armed in
the fJctcrocofylca. The anterior buccal suckers comnuuiicating with
the oral cavity are usually present. The vagina, single or double, but
someimes multiple as in the P. intcs^crrlmiim. Common genital pore,
median. The copulation of Polystoma has been observed (Zeller). It
is probable that in the case of many of the Hctcrocotylca which live
isolated on the gills of fishes, and where eggs are laid by them, they
are able to self-fertilize themselves. This is borne out bv observation

10() Zoopatlwlo'^ica: N. Y. 7.oologicaI Society [I; 4

in Disfomunt species by Looss., who finds spermatozoa within the uterus
before the external pore is formed. They could, therefore, only have
been derived from the ripe male organs, and further, in some species
there is no penis, so that copulation could not have taken place. If self-
fertilization may occur in a Distoiiuini. there is every reason to expect
its occurrence in Hctcrocotylea (Ray Lankester). "The eggs are laid
in water, and when hatched the larvae swim freely in water by means
of five incomplete girdles of cilia, of which the three anterior are in-
complete dorsally and the two posterior, incomplete ventrally (Zeller)."
"The young Polystonia makes its way from the mouth into the pharynx,
and wanders along the alimentary tract to the rectum. On the forma-
tion of a cloacal bladder, the young Polystonia enters it. It is not till
the third year that the parasite becomes sexually mature. The gill Poly-
stonia parasites diiTer in several points from the cloacal form, notably
in the absence of a vagina, and consequently in the impossibility of
copulation." (Ray Lankester.)

"In Polysfoina, each vagina opens through 20 or 30 small pores
situated on the lateral swelling, and at its internal end, the vagina com-
municates with the transverse vitelline ducts, and in its course is some-
times dilated to form a spermatheca." (Ray Lankester). This latter
statement does not seem to be cjuite correct, for many Polystonia are
found with a single freely open vagina on each side, and without any
lateral swelling whatever. "In the Hctcrocotylea, too. there is sure to
be a narrow duct passing from the oviduct opposite the entrance of the
vitelloduct to the right limb of the intestine. This genito-intestinal
canal, whose true relations were discovered by Ijima, and since con-
firmed by Goto and all who have examined the matter, was originally
called the internal vas deferens by von .Siebold. and believed to be con-
nected with the testis, close to which it passes. It was then looked
upon as a means for direct internal fertilization. It appears to serve
for the convevance of su])crfluiius yolk to the intestines which will serve
as food." (Ray Lankester.)

I wish here to record in connection with these worms an observa-
tion made in the case of Clirysrinys scabra and also in Trionyx ferox.
During the examination of these turtles. I noticed that in each case
there was a consolidation oi the posterior fotu'th of one lung in the
former, and one-third in the latter. In each case the diseased portion
was removed and frozen sections made. The diseased tissue appeared
to be a hardened mass of small rotmd cysts, some containing cheesv
matter, but the greater portion of them were cysts, which to the naked
eye looked trans])arcnt. Even in the case where the e^g with the
brownish shall had been sectioned, 1 did not observe any segmenting
or development. I was somewhat surprised to find that beside the
inflammatory exudation and consolidation of the diseased hmg, through-
out the whole section were to be seen sections of brownish yellow, oval
eggs, which resembled the eggs of Polystoma. In many cases merely
tlie oval holes were left, where the sectioned eggs had dropped out.

1!MS| MacCa'liiiii: Studies on Polyslomidac 107

I, at once, compared ilic nicasiirciiKMils and fi)und that Polystoiiia eggs
measure in P. dij^itatiini 'M[i and l.')^i. •-i.")jiand 12[i and 25\i and 15|.i,
in P. orbicidarc 0.21 and 0.24 mm. in diameter. In P. aspidoncctes
20(x and 10|.i, 15|.i and 10(.i. These were the two polystomes found in-
festing the turtles (Hseased. In the sections of diseased lung, the eggs
measured oOf.! and 2U[.i, 15[.i and lO^i, none were larger and some smaller,
as a rule those in the sections were smaller than the eggs measured in
the mounted worms. However, the measurements are so close and the
appearance of the eggs corresponds so closely with those in the worms,
that one is forced to the conclusion that the condition of the lung in
each case was owing to the deposit of great numbers of polystoma eggs.
In one case a live P. dit^ifafiini was found in a bronchus very near the
diseased mass. I also think that the .<^'?ctions showed in one or two
instances the cross sections of the larval worm itelf. If this deduction
is true, and I am sure it is, then the life history of Polystoma must be
changed, at least in some instances. In each of the turtles examined,
there were polystomes in the urinary bladder and also in the nasal cavi-
ties. In the one instance, that of Trionyx fcrox. there were fifty or
sixty worms in each location. This subject will bear further study,
although I believe that what I have stated above will be found correct.

Polystoma troosfi, sp. nov.
(Fig. 52)

Host — CJiryscmys troosti.

Habitat — Urinarv bladder.

Locality — New York Aquarium. Southern States.

On May 2.J. IDIG, there were found in the urinary bladder of a
Troost's terrapin, CJiryscmys troosti, an odd Polystoma, which is unlike
any other polystoma as far as I know, which has been hitherto de-
scribed. There were only two specimens recovered, but as thev aie
fairly perfect, they will serve for dcscri])tion. The general shape is a>
usual with these worms, an oblong, narrow at the mouth, wider at or
about the middle of the body, and again nirrowing before the clinging
disc is reached. The mouth is distinctly tern iral with thick lips, which
are colored dark about the margins, in fact, this is the case throughoir
the whole l)ody. The skin seems very dark from the presence of pig-
ment. The pharynx, which is c'osc up to the mouth, is bowl-shajied.
and the external muscrlar fil res are directed aro- nd it, giving a rather
ragged a])pearauce. It is large and rather slriMnw. and is followed
clo.sely by the coeca or the intestines. Tbc^e are wide and are soon lost
in the vitellaria. whirh arc very plentiful througlw-t I'e s'-rfacc of the
bodv, posteriorly ciuite to near the disc. A short distance p ;steriorlv
and between the cocca is seen the genital jiore with a rcmarkal)ly armed

108 Zoopatholo'^ica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I ; 4

cirrus and anterior to the opening^. There seem to be three layers of
hooks or spines, fourteen in the first layer, on the end of the cirrus,
piled one on top of the other from a central point. The spines are long,
and each is divided at its outer extremity or root into three or four
filaments, all pointing posteriorly, or. towards the body of the penis
forming an unusually-sliaped coronet. The vas deferens winds forward
to form a seminal vesicle before reaching the genital pore. In the uterus
near the genital pore, a relatively large round yellow egg occupies the
distended organ. The surface of the egg is wrinkled from contraction.
The 'ovary is small and elongated to about .-10 mm. long by .10 mm.
wide, and it is coiled upon itself on its way anteriorly. The egg is
roundish and about .30 mm. in diameter. The testis is large, being .80
mm. in diameter. On the anterior surface of the ovary, a small semi-
nal reservoir, or widening of the two vaginae at their junction, is seen,
and from this point a tube leads to the oviduct. The shell gland can
not be made out, nor is the uterus well defined, being distended out
of all shape by the immense egg. The mouths of the vaginae may be
seen among the vitellaria on each side opposite the genital pore. The
vitellaria are unusually abundant throughout the body, rendering it
difificult to trace the various organs. The vitelline ducts are plainly
visible joining the oviduct. The clinging disc is rather irregularly
shaped and supports six suckers. These are not cjuite like any others.
They are surrounded on their margin by a flat, thick ring on which
it is difificult to see the chitinous spines, they are so small. This whole
ring seems to be lifted up from the structure below, making the sucker
more deeply cupped. In the interior of the sucker, and surrounding
its inner surface, there are a great number of small narrow finger-like
processes, rods, or folds placed closely side by side and attached by
their bases to the inner margin of the marginal flat ring, or else they
may be attached to another ring just inside of the outer one. They are
all directed towards the centre and are of about equal length, leaving
the usual round hole in the centre or base of the sucker. They tend
to keep the sucker in its concave shape and seem to terminate at an-
other thickened ring which surrounds at a little distance the thin basal
circular portion, and here is another marginal fringe of short free ends
of folds which are somewhat like those in the central or concave por-
tion of the sucker, only their inner or basal ends are free, and no doubt,
their function is to close up the circular space and thus render the vac-
uum more perfect, for of course, it is in this way the suckers function-
ate under the influence of muscular fibres attached to the bottom of the
sucker causing a vacuum. There is in the bottom of some of the
suckers of this worm a small hook which is the only hook on the coty-
lophore. The flat marginal semi-elastic chitinous ring with its chitinous
spines fixed on broad convex bases is without doubt, the foundation of
these suckers in all polystomcs. It keeps in shape the appliance ready
at a moment's notice for attachment at the will of the worm.

HG. 52. POl.YSrOMA TROOST!.

/Cuopalholoaica Vol. 1. \n. !,. Far, paiif m.i

HIG. 5J. POD'S I OM. -I IM-K.UH.

Zuopathulofiica Vol. I. No. !,. Face page 109

1918] MacCalltnii: Studies on Polystomidae 109

The water vascular system terminates in two pores one on each
side a little anterior to the genital pore.

Measurements of P. troosti

Length 4.00 mm.

Width 1.00 mm.

Diameter of disc HO mm.

Diameter of each sucker 20 mm.

Polystonia incrme, sp. nov.
(Fig. 53)

Host — Chryseniys elegans.
Habitat — Urinary bladder.
Locality — New York Aquarium.

From the host, Cumberland turtle, Chryseniys elegans, I am able
to describe what appear to be three new forms of polystomes ; viz. : P.
elegans, P. albicollis, and P. inerme. At first I thought this must be
a record, but I find that Stunkard had also been able to describe three
forms from a host Chrysemys marginata; viz.: P. orbiculare, P. mcga-
cotyle, and P. inicroeotylc. The third and last worm found in the uri-
nary bladder of Chryseniys elegans, is not large, but quite interesting.
It is quite pointed at the head, and presents at the posterior end a disc
which is as wide as the widest part of the body. It is wider from side
to side than it is deep, and presents on its surface six suckers, which
are placed three at each side. The first two being a little farthe.- apart
than the two posterior ones. N^o hooks whatever, are seen, and the
disc itself is separated from the body by a distinct line which gives
the impression that the disc is raised above the posterior end of the
body, but this may be only muscular, for all of the specimens do not
show this. The mouth is circular and subterniinal, as usual, and is a
short distance from the pharynx which seems to be connected by a
short oesophagus. The pharynx is a circular muscular bowl closelv
connected with the intestine, which divides intu two long coeca reaching
quite to the disc. The cirrus and uterus present at the genital pore.
The coronet in the three specimens before me is diflferently supjjlied
with hooks, there being I'i. 1]. and 1-"). This would go to show that
the number of hooks on the con)net cannot be taken as a point of diag-
nosis for thev often vary in number. The cirnis sac is large relatively
and the uterus is a good-sized fusiform sac. both presenting at the
genital pore. The ovary is situated on the right side in all these speci-
mens, and here I may say that it has been my experience to find these
internal organs uniform, in the same positions in the body, as one wo'dd
expect. The ovary is not large, it is club-shaped, the large end near

110 T.ool'afl'.oloi.'^ica : X. Y. Zoological Society [I; 4

the side of the body cavity, and the small end the oviduct. This is short
in its connection with the uterus. There are two vaginae very plainly
seen, and although the eminences on the sides are not high, yet they
are there and a number of entrances can be made out. Where these
vaginae meet near the oviduct, they enter a small sac, from which a
tube enters the oviduct. Here too, may be seen the canalis genito
intestinalis emptying into the intestine. Laurer's canal can not be
unmistakably made out as rsual. The vas deferens arises in this case
by two distinct branches, which shortly unite. The ootvpe is plainly
visible, as is also the shell gland. The testis is a single, large, roughly
rounded organ situated in the middle of the body. The vitellaria
are very profuse, and extend from the pharynx to half way across
the disc. In fact, these glands so cover the body, that only the two
outlets of the excretory systems may be seen. These are. large, one on
each side anterior to- the genital pore.

Measurements of P. incrme

Length 4.00-5.40 mm.

Widdi 1.50-3.00 mm.

Disc, wide : 2.00 mm.

Disc, deep 1.20 mm.

Head .60 mm.

Each sucker .40 mm.

Testis 1.00 mm.

Polystoma albicolHs, sp. nov.
(Fig. 54)

In the urinary bladder of a Cumberland turtle, CJiryscmys clegans,
there were found on January 20, 1917, three polystomes, which I de-
scribe below in the belief that they are new ; if not, then it is the fault
of my reference, and it does not matter.

They are as usual in the genus, elongated with a powerful adher-
ing disc, fortified, in this case, with long hooks thereon ; two long ones
and two shorter ones between the two middle posterior suckers.

The mouth is somewhat sub-terminal, large and communicates with
the pharynx by a short oesophagus. In front of the pharynx, the head
is marked by a light colored band, forming a sort of neck. This is
caused by the absence, in that particular zone, of the unicellular bodies
and other cells. The pharynx is almost globular, the muscular fibres
of which run in a more or less circular direction, giving it great strength.
Just behind, on each side of this body is a large opening, the excretory
pore. The intestinal coeca divide at the posterior lower border of the
pharynx, and proceed backward under or among the profuse vitellaria,

ov J4

VO

!(,. >t. I'OI.YSTOM.I .ll.lilCOI.US.

Zoopathotogica Vol. 1. Xu. .i. Face page 110

l!»l!S] MacCallioir. Studies on PolystoDiidae 111

which extend from iinmediately posterior to the pharynx to the disc
at the posterior end. The genital pore is a short distance behind the
pharynx, and the very prominent iiead of the cirrus indicates its locahty.
This latter organ is profusely armed with thirty-four hooks or spines.
These are long, clubbed at the inner end and forked at the external
or marginal extremity or root. The cirrus sac is not so wide as in some
instances. The number of hooks seems to vary in different specimens.
One of the three specimens I have mounted has thirty-three, another
thirty-four, and still another seventeen. Other than this, the worms
seem identical. Tht uterus, back of and to the left of the genital pore,
is a pear-shaped organ, base forward, and the posterior end receiving
the oviduct. It can hold onl)' one mature egg at a time. The ovary
is somewhat bent upon itself, not large and lies behind and to the left
of the uterus. It gives off the oviduct near its posterior end, and is
there joined by a duct from the seminal reservoir, which in this case
is present and is supplied from two vaginae, one from each side, the
mouths of which are situated on an eminence on a level, a little in front
of the anterior margin of the testis, and here, too at this same level, is
seen the genital junction, where the vitelline ducts join the oviduct,
just before it enters the ootype. This latter organ is surrounded by the
shell gland. The testis is single, large, and round, giving off the vas
deferens from its front margin. The vitellaria are very profuse cover-
ing almost the whole body.

The clinging disc is different from any described in this group.
There are six suckers placed close together and not raised much above
the surface of the body of the disc. The suckers are, however, deeply
cupped and surrounded by the usual flat marginal ring, upon which
are planted about forty spines. Internal to this end in the inner margin
of the ring, or edge of the cup, it is scalloped by a narrow row of chi-
tinous projections, completely encircling the margin, and beyond this
towards the bottom of the cup, a membranous curtain, also largely
scalloped, surrounds the cavity, and quite at the bottom is the usual
circular opening, also surrounded by a second ring. In this case, too.
between the terminal pair of suckers are four hooks, two of them quite
long and strong, the other two straighter and more delicate. The larger
ones extend just past the margin of the disc.

Measurement of P. albicollis

Length .t.00-.").40 mm.

Width l.SO mm.

Disc 2.00 mm.

Anterior end .40 mm.

Testis .40 mm.

Length of hooks .80ii

Diameter of suckers 40 - .4.5 mm.

112 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I;-t

Polystoma elegans, sp. nov.
(Fig. 55)

Host — Chrysemys elegans.
Habitat — Urinary bladder.
Locality — New York Aquarium.

On January 20, 1917, there was found in the urinary bladder of a
Cumberland turtle, Chrysonys elegans, a polystome which appears to
be a new species. It is somewhat larger than those usually found in
the urinary bladder of turtles, measuring nine mm. in length by two
mm. in width at its widest part which is across the portion of the body
where the genital junction is situated. The diameter of the clinging
disc is two and one-half mm. Across the mouth it is 60^. The
mouth is sub-terminal and large, and presents apparently a small suck-
er on each side just within its margin. A short distance behind the
mouth is the pharynx, which is fairly large. The intestinal ceca divide
at once behind the pharynx, and in the angle formed is a mass of deeply-
stained unicellular glands and a few masses of vitellaria.

Still further posteriorly is seen the coronet or armed end of the
cirrus which is large and very prominent. The armature consists of a
circle of hooks or spines, seventeen in number, which, at their outer
extremity, are divided each into two or three small branches, in fact,
in some there are six or eight branches, making each spine look like
a miniature brush. These are the roots for muscular attachment. Each
spine is 20|i long and encloses a circular space. The whole end of the
cirrus measures 75[x in diameter. A very short distance posterior to
this is the vesicula seminalis, which is pear-shaped or fusiform. The
small end being directed posteriorly in the form of the vas deferens
which is seen coming from the anterior end of the testis. Behind and
to tile left of the cirrus head is a relatively immense egg, which is yel-
low, roundish, and somewhat wrinkled ; longest diameter, 120[i. It
seems to occupy the whole uterus, which in these worms is only capable
of holding one egg at a time. Behind the uterus and to the left, is
seen the ovary which is oblong, .60 mm. x .20 mm. and three times
as long as it is wide. It is placed somewhat obliquely across the body
and to its left, on the side of the worm, is seen the single prominence
which indicates the presence of the many openings into the single va-
gina. The other vagina may be present but cannot be made out. The
testis is an oval large body, l.GO mm. long by .80 mm. wide. The
vitellaria are exceedingly abundant, and present a general tube, almost
surrounding the central portion of the body. Some of the vitelline
masses extend into the sucker disc. The genital junction is situated
lietween the ovary and the uterus, but no seminal reservoir or shell
gland can be seen.

The sucker disc, 2.20 mm. in diameter, has on its surface six suck-
ers which are different from those of other polystomes. They are cir-

IIG. .S5. HOLYSIOMA hl.HG.-ISS.

Zoopalhologica Vol. I. Xo. i. face page 112

d

l=I(i. Mk I'ODSTOM.I spisulosum.

Zoopallioluuicd \'i,l. 1. No. .',. Face pa;.e I.S

1918] MacCallum : Studies on Polystomidae 113

cular and deeply ciipi)ed, and are surrounded l)y the usual flat chitinous
ring, on which, at equal distances from each other, are forty-eight little
spines attached to the ring by a circular base, which is convex and much
wider than the spine. In the centre of the bottom of the cup is a cir-
cular opening only covered by a membrane, and surrounding it is an-
other thickened ring. Extending from the inner margin of the large
outer chitinous ring is a membrane which extends toward the bottom,
having its central margin irregularly torn as it were, not appearing in
the forms of regular processes, as in some polystomes. The sucker
disc is an irregular-shaped block, and the six suckers are placed well
back from its margin. The suckers measure .40 mm. in diameter.
There are no hooks whatever on the disc nor is there one in the bottom
of the sucker.

Polystoiiia sfyimtlosum, sp. nov.
(Fig. 56)

Host — Chryscuiys picta.
Habitat — Urinary bladder.
Locality — New York Aquarium.

The above trematode was found in the urinary bladder of a painted
turtle, Chryseuiys picta, on December LS, 191"-^. As far as could be
observed it was solitary. It has some peculiarities which others of this
genus have riot, so that it is thought proper to put it on record as a new
species. The mouth is large and situated at the bottom of a terminal
cup-shaped depression, the lips of which are rather thick. The oeso-
phagus is not long and terminates in the usual bowl-shaped pharynx,
which, in almost all of these worms, is the powerful suctorial apparatus.
In front of the pharynx and surrounding the head of the worm is a
ring, which is whiter than the rest of the region, giving it the appear-
ance of having a sort of collar, which is conspicuous. The intestines
start from the lower and back part of the pharynx and extend almost
to the disc posteriorly. In the angle of the division of the coeca. the
conspicuous head of the cirrus is seen, armed as usual with irregularly-
sliai)ed spines, or hooks, which are somewhat clubbed and split at their
outer extremities or roots for muscular attachment. liehind this and
almost in contact with it, is the pear-shaped uterus with the base toward
the genital pore which is at the cirrus head. Toward the other side of
the body, or the left side, is the ovary which is elongated and curved,
and behind this is the single testis which is very large, perhaps four
times as large as the ovary. From the anterior end of the testis is
seen the vas deferens, which coils dorsal to the ovary and ends in a
cirrus sac. which encloses the cirrus. From the left, lower side of the
ovary, the oviduct arises and coils upward and forward to terminate in
the uterus. In this case, the genital junction occurs dorsal to the pos-

114 7.oopatlwlogica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 4

terior end of the ovary, and the ootype and shell gland are plainly
visible. There are two vaginae, which are situated one on each side,
opposite the lower or posterior end of the ovary. They are both only
large uneven openings and the vaginae meet from each side to connect
with the oviduct. The vitelline ducts can not be made out, but they
must also terminate near the same location. The vitellaria are very
l^rofuse and cover the most of the body from the pharynx to the disc.
The disc is an unusual structure. There are six suckers, each hav-
ing on the surrounding, flat, chitinous ring about forty chitinous spines
attached to a circular placque, while between each pair, there are one
or two hair-like bristles or spines, which would tend to give greater
adhesive properties to the sucker. There is the usual small sucker disc
at the bottom of each of the main suckers. There are many muscular
bands which run from the disc up into the body of the worm, by which
it may be controlled.

Measurements of P. spinulosiim

Length 5. GO mm.

Width 1.80 mm.

Disc 2.00 mm.

Testis 1.00 mm.

Head 40 mm.

Ovary 40 mm.

Polystoiiia chelodinac, sp. nov.
(Fig. 57)

Host — Chelodina longicollis.

Habitat — Urinary bladder.

Locality — New York Zoological Park (from Australia).

This small trematode was found in the urinary bladder of a small
long-necked turtle, Chelodina longicollis, Australia, and obtained from
the New York Zoological Park.

There is nothing unusual about its conformation. The mouth is
subterminal and the lip is unusally thick. The orifice in life was sur-
rounded by numerous papillae, probably folds of the lip, which have
disappeared under pressure. The pharynx is very large relatively, and
the coeca divide at its back. These latter are large and extend almost
to the posterior disc. The genital pore is situated some distance pos-
terior to the division of the coeca, and is overhung by the cirrus head,
which has a coronet of 1") hooks. The uterus is an oblong bag, pre-
senting its mouth at the genital pore. The ovary is situated at the
junction of the anterior and middle thirds of the body on the right
side, and its oviduct first runs posteriorly until it meets the duct from

rifi. 57. I'ODSIOM.I (Jthl.tll)IS.II:

Zocpatholo(.ica \'ol. 1, No. 3. Face page Hi

wQ)

-Ki. 58. I'Ol.rsrOM.-i DlGlT.irUM. fH\. S«-A. DlilAll. Ol- HOOKS ON DISC
Hl(.. 58-H. COROM-.T OH CIRRUS

Zocpatholoyica Vul. 1, A'u. i. Face page 115

1918] MacCalhim: Studies on Polysfoiiiidar ' 115

the vagina, which opens ahout the middle of the left side on an emi-
nence. No seminal reservoir is seen.

The testis is larc^e and round. The vitcUaria very plentiful. The
clinginof disc is short, hut wide and extends heyond both sides of the
body. It is not more than two-thirds as deep as it is wide, and the
suckers are placed in two parallel lines across the diameter of the body.
The suckers are large and apjiarcntly of the usual construction. There
are no hooks whatever on its surface.

Measurements of P. chelodinae

Length ;>.'><» mm.

Width 1.00 mm.

Disc 1.75 mm.

Head across GOj.i

Testis 101.1

Ovary 20|.i

ATouth across :^0|,i

Pharynx 35^i

Suckers '^^\i

Egg around lOii

Coronet 15 hooks

Polystoma dii^itatiini, sp. nov.
(Fig. 58, 58a and 58b.)

Host — Aspidonectes spinifcr.
Habitat — Nasal cavities.
Tocality — New York Aquarium.

In the nasal cavities of a soft-shelled tiu-tle. .Ispidoueetes spinifer
(Le Sueur), there were found on February 5. 1913. three trematodes
which, as far as I know, are of a new species.

The worm is not large, quite pointed at the head, but the most
cons|)icuous feature is the relatively large posterioi clinging sucker
disc, which, as is very common with the Polysfoniidae bears six suckers.
These latter are also peculiar, inasmuch as they diflfer from other spe-
cies in being situated each at the end of a digit, while in others the
sucker is placed directlv on the surface of the disc block, each being
deeply cupped.* In this species, the disc is something like that of the
Dielidophora. The suckers themselves are quite dift'erent. for each is
surrounded by the usual flat chitinous ring in which are placed a great

♦This species has since also been fdiind in a Southern soft-shelled turtle,
Trionyx ferox ; as many as fifty were found in the nostrils of one turtle. The
specimens were larger.

116 • Zoopafliologica: A'. V. Zoological Society [I; 4

number of chitinous spines equidistant from each other, and with a
smaU hook in the base of each. ]\Iuscular strands, which control the
suckers, can be seen extending up into the body. The enclosed cup-like
cavity has a circular-covered opening at the bottom, but attached to
the inner margin of the flat ring is a membrane which almost encloses
the cavity, only a semi-circular opening being left at one side. The
disc, itself, is marked off from the body by a ridge indicating the at-
tachment, the body extending dorsally to the disc. The anterior end
or mouth is cup-shaped with thick lips capable of extension. The
mouth proper appearing at the bottom of the depressed portion. A
gullet or oesophagus may be seen extending to the pharynx which is a
bowl-shaped muscular structure, situated just posterior to what is a
neck marked out by a narrow band or ring, which is almost devoid of
the usual cells in the parenchyma which stain. The intestinal coeca are
not very evident, being enclosed by the vitellaria and highly-colored
stained tissues of the body. In the center of the body, within the angle
of the ceca and a short distance posterior to the pharynx, is seen the
prominent head of the cirrus surrounded by its armature of 31-35
spines. There are sometimes thirty-six of these spines, and thev are
of peculiar shape, being long and very slender at their base, but toward
the outer extremity or root being much thickened by the divisions,
which lie close to the center or stem and give attachment to muscular
fi])res. They, too, are directed outward and backward. The vas defer-
ens which rises from the anterior end or side of the roundish single
testis, winds up along the right side of the worm, just inside of the
vitellaria to terminate in a cirrus sac, in which the cirrus is enclosed
up to the edge of the genital opening. The uterus, a more or less pear-
shaped, hollow structure with the mouth at the base directed forward
toward the genital pore, is not large and receives the coiling oviduct
from the ovary. This is not long, but is seen to receive the vagina
and also the vitelline ducts. No shell gland can be made out, nor is
there a seminal reservoir to be seen in the course of either of the
vaginae. The genital junction is plainly seen between the anterior end
of the testis and the ovary a short distance in front of it. The testis
is round and about three times as large as the ovary. The vaginae open
on each side of the body, a little in advance of the level of the anterior
edge of the testis. The vaginal orifice is a large corrugated single open-
ing without any prominence on the surface of the skin. The vaginae
can be seen making their way to join the oviduct. This is perhaps
unusual, but is certainly present.

For classification, worm is elongated, skin thick and corrugated.
The vaginae not arising on eminence on each side, large clinging disc
with each sucker placed on a digit.

Measurements of Polystoiiia digifatum

Length 4.00 mm.

Width 80 mm.

IK,. S') POI.YSrOMA ASPIDONECriS.
/(,(,liiith,>li'iiira Vol. I, No. .1. Face page 117

1918] MacCaJlum : Studies on Polystomidae 117

Disc 1.40 mm.

Testis 60 mm.

•Ovary 30 mm.

Pharynx 20 mm.

Length of digit (including sucker) 40 mm.

Diameter of sucker 30 mm.

Polystoma aspidonectis, sp. nov.
(Fig. 59)

Host — Trionyx ferox.

Habitat — Nasal cavities, lung and intestines.

Locality — New York Aquarium.

On May 10. 1916. these trematodes. of wiiich there were collected
five from the same host ; four were from the intestine and one from
the lung. From the same host, soft-shcUed turtle, Trionyx fcrox, there
were also collected from the nasal cavities four larger forms which I
have ventured to name P. rugosa for the reason given in its descrip-
tion. It seems rather odd that while these worms are usually found
in the nasal cavities or urinary bladder, they were in the case of P.
aspidonectis found in the intestine and hmg and not in the nostrils,
although they might easily have wandered away from the natural
habitat, if they were not driven away by P. rugosa.

P. aspidonectis, as will be seen by the measurements, is small,
probably one of the smallest polystomes yet observed. To prove that
they are adults, one has only to notice the relatively immense (^ii;s:;
which distends the uterus, apparently to its fullest capacity. The mouth
is rather large and more or less terminal, and roimd in shape. The
pharynx is hut a short distance posterior to the mouth, and is bowl
shaped, almost round, and the intestinal ceca seem to be given off at
once. Their course, however, can not be seen or followed on account
of the vitellaria and dense cellular structure in this region. In the
centre of the bodv. and a short distance posterior is seen the very promi-
nent armed head of the cirrus. It has seventeen rather long spines,
which concentrate fn)m outward and backward. Each spine is branched
at its outer extremity, and the whole numl)er are piled on one another
and are somewhat tangled together. The vas deferens, which leads
from the anterior surface of the large oval single testis, passes dorsal
to the uterus containing the Qf:;^. The uterus which is situated imme-
diately behind the cirrus head, where presumably the genital pore is.
cannot well be made out, for it can only contain one egg at a time
and is distended to such a thin sac that it can not be seen, although
the oviduct may be seen leading up to it from the ovary.

ILS Zoopat!wloij;ica: X. V. Zoological Society [I; 4

The ovary is rather small, situated in front of and to the left of
the testis and ahout one-quarter or one-third of its size. On each side
of the worm and almost on a level with the anterior edge of the ovary,
may he seen the raised openings of the vaginae. These lead backward
and inward to join the oviduct, but no dilatation indicating a seminal
reservoir can be seen. The vitelaria are plentiful along the sides of
the worm, and the vitelline ducts can be seen proceeding to join the
oviduct between the testis and the ovary, where is situated the genital
junction. The disc is the most prominent feature of the body, situated
at the posterior end, it is a more or less quadrangular block, on which
are placed six suckers of peculiar formation. They are cup-shaped as
usual, surrounded on their margins by a flat chitinous ring, upon which
may be seen thirty-two spines, placed at equal distances from each other
around the whole circumference, and between each pair of spines,
there appears in some cases quite plainly a Y-shaped hook. This may
not be certain, on account of the material at hand, but the appearance
is strongly suggested. Inside the sucker at its bottom, is a circular-
covered hole as usual, which is surrounded by a membrane in folds, the
outer margin of which is attached to the marginal chitinous ring. No
large hooks are seen on the disc as in the P. iiitcgcrriinuiii. but there
is a small one at the base of each sucker.

For the purpose of classification, the body may be said to be long,
narrow and straight ; cirrus with an armature of seventeeti' books, two
vaginae, egg almost oval, large, and yellow. '

Measurements of P. aspidonectis

Length 2.60 mm.

Width !'..... .40 mm.

Disc • 80 mm.

Egg . .30 mm.

Testis .V. .60 mm.

Ovary .20 mm. '^'^'■

Polystoma rngosa, sp. nov.
(Fig. 60)

Host — Trionyx ferox.

Habitat — Nostrils.

Locality— New York A(|uarium.

Obtained from the nostrils of a Southern soft-shelled turtle, Tri-
on\x ferox, on May 10, 1916. This Polystoma is small, short, and
rather broad, anterior end wide in proportion to length, however, the
four specimens under observation have all a peculiar corrugated skin.
In fact, the skin appears thick and is thrown into more or less trans-
verse folds which extend from the neck to the sucker disc, giving the

^i- p

1-lG. 60. POI.YSIOMM RUCOSA.

Zoopathologica Vol. I. Xo. 3. Face page Its

liMs| Maci'alliDii: Studies on rolystoiiiidae 119

impression that the whole body may be capable of great extension.
They were found in the nostrils of their host.

The mouth is large and terminal with the bowl-shaped circular
pharynx close to it, in fact, immediately posterior to the mouth and
apparently, but a continuation of the same. The dorsal edge of the
mouth or lip is very prominent. There is but the shortest possible
neck. The pharynx is almost as wide as the mouth and posteriorly it
omjitics immediately into the intestine, there being no oesophagus. The
intestine branches almost immediately behind the pharynx, which in-
deed may be said to enter the intestine. This latter structure is very
wide and extends in a wide arch to each side, and proceeds posteriorly
to the anterior margin of the sucker disc on each side, but does not
seem to be continuous, although the cecal ends come closely together.
Between these ends, and a little anterior to them may be seen a large
opening, the excretory pore, the posterior edge of which seems to be
connected with the disc by a rather wide band. This band-like struc-
ture may be a wide tube, which plainly appears to connect with the
base of each of the first suckers. The edges of this tube are also cor-
rugated. The disc is a more or less quadrangular body with six cup-
shaped suckers, so placed that there are two side-by-side next to the
body, and four others, situated around the edges of the distal margin.
They are of an equal size and are circular. Around the margin of
each, which is in the form of a flat chitinous ring, there are about
thirty-two small spines, each set on a small chitinous placque on the
margin <'>f the ring. Inside of this is another ring, to which is attached,
what apears to be a membrane with fibrous striae radiating rfom its
Kuter margin, forming an opening in the center, and in the center of
this and of the sucker is a round-covered opening which is again sur-
rounded with a thickened margin. The whole disc is seen to be sur-
rounded by a narrow membranous edge. Within the arch of the in-
testines is the genital aperture, where the mouth of the uterus is seen,
and in one case there is present a large, yellow, fusiform egg without
any polar filaments. Behind the genital pore is the large, single, more
or less oval testis, placed directly across the body. The ovary is small
and oblong, and is situated in front of and to the right of the testis,
lengthwise of the body. The uterus is a more or less conical sac, capable
of holding one egg at a time. Cirrus has no coronet, at least it is not
seen in any of the specimens.

On each side, a little posterior to the level of the genital pore may
be seen the vaginal orifice, a rather large, round, open pore, and in front
of these on each side an excretory pore. The vitellaria are quite plen-
tiful, extending in golden-colored masses throughout most of the sur-
face of the body. No hooks are seen between the two central posterior
suckers or elsewhere in many specimens of this worm examined.

On further study of these worms, I would say that until more ma-
terial can be obtained s(^ that the bodv mav be sectioned, there are some

1§0 /.oopatJioloi^ica : X. }'. 7.oolo:^icaI Society [^',^

points which ca not be cleared up. For instance, no cirrus or coronet
can be seen in any of the four worms, one worm being spoiled and an-
other so thickly studded with escaped vitelline material that the internal
organs cannot be studied. In the remaining two worms, which are
perfect specimens, the uterus is occupied with a very large oblong egg
obscuring the genital pore in one case, and the very large testis in
each almost covers the entire field in this important region. Then it
must be said that the corrugated skin extends across the body, in coarse
ridges and at the junction of the disc with the body, a deep groove
seems to almost separate it from the body, although the mentioned
wide band or duct from what appears to be a large excretory pore is
not affected, but plainly retains its position.

Measiironoits of P. ntgosa

Length 4.00 mm.

Width 2.00 mm.

Width of disc 1.40 mm.

Width of mouth end 40 mm.

Egg length 40 mm.

Egg width 20 mm.

Testis length HO mm.

Testis width :^>0 mm.

Ovary length 20 mm.

Ovary width 15 mm.

Diameter of suckers on disc 40[i

Width of mouth 30(.i

Width of pharynx 45^

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Van Beneden, P. J., et Hesse. C. E.

186.S Recharches sur les Bdellodcs ot Ics Trcmatodes irarins. Arch. roy.

Belgique, 34: 1-150, 15 pi.
IS.'SS Memoirs sur les vers intestitnaux. Coiiii)t. rend. Acad. Sci., Paris.

Suppl. 2: 1-:]7(;, 27 pi.

Br.'VUN, M.

1879-9.'! Vermes A. Trematodes Bronns Klass und (^rdminij. A Thier-

Reiclis, Bd. 4. Abt. 1.
1901 Die Trematodes der Cluloiiier, Mitt. Zool. Mus., Berlin, 2: i:i-20.
1 pi.

Leidy, J.

1851 Helminthological CoiUriljutions, 11. Pros. Acad. Nat. Sci., Pliila., 5:
224-227.

Stunkard, Horace Wesley.

1917 Studies on North American Polystomidae, Aspidogastridae and Pa-
ramphistomidae. Univ. of Illinois, Urbana.

ZOOPATHOLOGICA

SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE
NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
ON THE DISEASES OF ANIMALS

VOLUME 1, NUMBER 5

NOTES ON THE GENUS CAMALLANUS

AND OTHER NEMATODES FROM

VARIOUS HOSTS

BY G. A. MacCallum, M. D.
Department of Pathology

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, NEW YORK

Pathologist
NEW YORK AQUARIUM

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY

THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK, NEW YORK

July, 1918

Each author is re8pon«ible for the scientific accuracy
and the proof reading of his contribution.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The material for this work was received chiefly from the New York Aquarium and the Zoological
Park of New York. My sincere thanks are therefore due to Dr. Townsend and Dr. Hornaday. Di-
rectors of these institutions, for all the privileges and courtesies shown me. Mr. Crandall, too. has been
very kind and has assisted much in furnishing me with material from the Park.

Thanks are also due to Dr. W. G. MacCallum for several unique and new forms collected by hitn
during his trip to the Orient.

Mr. A. Feinberg, artist, l« also deserving of my sincere thanks for his patiecc* «nd skill in pre-
paring the plates.

FIGURES

i'Ae;iL

'iir. (11. Caniallamis scabrac face TiS

V'li:;. (■)".'. Caniallamis florid iaiiac . . .

I'ig. ()."?. Caviallaiiits Ptychozoondis

Fie;-. (M. Cainallaiuis cyaflwccf'hahis

I'ifX. <»•"». Cainallaiuis biiiii^ari

I-'ig. (if). Stroiii^yliis siniiac

rifi^. iu. .Iscaris ogcoccphali

I'i;^. ()8. Lchinoryiicluis gabocs . . . .

128

130
130
131
131
132

ABBREVIATIONS

/

Abbreviations in explanation of plates:

a. — anus o.s. — oral sucker

b.c. — buccal sucker ov. — ovary

b. — bursa oot. — ootype

b.c.j. — bulbus cjaculatorius oc. — oesopbagus

ov.d. — oviduct
oes.g". — oesopbageal clanc

c.s. — caudal sucker

c.s. — cirrus sac

c.p. — cirrus pouch

cl. — cloaca or genital pore

ce. — coeca.

cor. — coronet

c. — cirrus

c.gl. — cement glands

pb. — pharynx

p.p. — pars prostatica

pr. — prostate

p. — papillae post and preanal

res. — reservoir

s.g. — shell gland

d.ej. — Ductus cjaculatorius s.v. — seminal vesicle or vesicula seminalis
e. — eye s.r. — seminal reservoir

ex. p. — excretory pore sp. — spicule

ex.v. — excretory vessels t. — testis

g.i.c. — genito intestinal canal tr. — tridents

g.p. — genital pore

h. — hook.

i. — intestine

li. — ligament

Ic. — lemnisci

I.e. — Laurers canal

m. — mouth

m.b. — muscular bands

m.g. — mucus glands

met. — metraterm

u. — uterus

u.s:;. — unicellular glands

v.d. — vas deferens

va. — vagina

vit. — vitellaria

vit.d. — vitelline duct

v.s. — ventral sucker or acetabulum

w.v.s. — water vascular system

y.d. — yolk duct

y.r. — yolk reservoir

NOTES ON THE GENUS CAMALLANUS

AND OTHER NEMATODES FROM

VARIOUS HOSTS

I'arasiiic nenuilodcs arc !)}■ tar aiiioii<^- the most inipurtaiu para-
sites affecting human welfare and disease. When we consider their
prevalence in domestic animals, and fish which constitute the most
important article of human food, not to speak of their parasitism in
vegetable food stuffs, we are easily led to see their importance in the
economy and welfare of mankind. It is consequently remarkable how
little they and their influence have been studied, even from an economic
point of view. The field is so large and so comparatively unworked,
that it is difficult to decide where to continue the stu(l\ . Within a short
time the writer has met with a form of nematode, which has been but
little noticed on this continent, in fact the only reference known is one
made by Prof. H. B. Ward in a contribution from the Zool. Lab. of
the University of 111.. No. 78, 191G, in which he describes very gener-
ally the occurrence of two new species of Caiinillamts under the names
C. oxyccplialiis and C. ancylodinis. Railliet and Henry in IDl") took
up the study of these parasites in Europe and established for them a
new genus. Hitherto, while they had been observed, no definite eft'ort
other than as given above had been made to give them a standing in
the biological world. Dr. Ward claims that his two species, one finmd
in a German Car]) and the other two in a white bass and a l)lac]<
Crappie. all hosts from Iowa, are the first described in America, and
from the general tenor of his paper one would infer that the worm
was rare. I am glad to give my ex])erience with this parasite, whicli
I think will indicate that it is anything but rare, and this I do in as
few short notes as possible. I may ])remise by saying that for the last
seven or eight years the Director of the New York Aquarium has
kindly placed a large amount of material at my disposal, which was
collected from distant j^oints in America. ( )ther sources also have
been made available.

The genus Catnollauiis is a haematophagic nematode whose habits
appear to be those of the Stroiii^ylidac, in fact it would appear that it
should belong to a sub-family of that genus, instead of being estab-
lished as a sej^arate genus. They live in the same organs, have identical
habits and attach themselves to the mucous membranes in the .same
manner as is done by the Stroii_i:^yIidar. They have a muscular pharynx
or upper part of the oesophagus which enables them to suck the blood
from the nuicous lucmbrane after it has been wounded b\- the peculiar

12G Zoopatholo^^ica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 5

structure of their mouths, which is a hollow surface with long sharp
ribs or knives, which can be brought together much as the hookworm
does with its sucking appartus, not excepting the buccal sacs which may
be slightly different in shape, but identical in function. Beside this,
they are probably more fertile than hookworms, since the whole body
of the female is a distended sac of living larvae and eggs, and the fe-
males are about fifteen or twenty times as plentiful as the males.

The adult worm is red and varies in length from 15 mm. to 25 mm.,
and in width about .25 to .30|i. The body is very delicately formed,
gradually tapering to the posterior end where the tip is generally trifid.
The female is much larger than the male, and as a rule the shoulders
of the female are much more angular or square than in the case of
the male. However this may not hold in all cases, but it seems to be
the rule. The vulva is situated on the ventral surface very near the
middle of the worm. It is usually very prominent and swollen into
two lips as shown in Fig. . The head, however, is the most promi-
nent feature, and unlike that of the hookworm, is a very ornamental
structure. It is chiefly composed of chitin and is shell-like in shape,
being quite concave with six main ribs on each side of the central line,
which converge toward the throat. There are also a few short ribs
which help to give this part of the mouth at its back a hollow fan-
shaped appearance. On each side of this formation is a very decided
concave portion, which answers to the buccal capsule of the hookworm.
In action the mouth seems capable of closing from each side, while
the sharp-pointed rods make a wound in the mucous membrane, or one
side crosses behind the other as in a pair of hair clippers. The power-
ful muscular pharyn^i or oesophagus, exactly like that of the strongy-
lidae, then performs its sucking action. The whole head of the worm
is often found buried in the mucous membrane, but it may be easily
detached. The whole head, including when present the two or three
lateral pendants, called by Ward "tridents" is composed of amber-col-
ored chitin and across the throat is a straight band of the same mate-
rial. The neck is straight There is also on each side on the dorsal sur-
face of the ribs or knives a bar of chitin across the anterior ends of the
median four of each half, for the purpose, possibly of stiffening them.
Usually, there are five or six long ribs which reach from the anterior
tip and converge in the throat, and between them at their anterior ends
are two short ribs on each side of the median line. The two central
ones are short and very like sharp teeth. The extreme margin of
the head is bounded by transparent material with three considerable
nodules, one on each side and a small one in the middle. The anterior
end of the oesophagus exten(ls quite to the throat. The length of the
muscular portion of the oesophagus is usually about 55[.i, width at the
widest part 20[.i. It is bottle shaped. The second part of the oesopha-
gus is 90|i long and generally the outside is ragged. The protruded
flaps of the vulva of the gravid worm measure 35|i x 15^. The mouth
of the vagina is 5ji wide. Across the head 20|.i, across the shoulders

1918] MacCalliiin : Cainallaiitis aiui other Xoiiatodcs Ti?

lO^i, across the mouth, which is always patent l.^i, and lent^th of tlie
■"tridents" lOu. Across the gravid uterus lOfi. Amis is within 40u
of the tip usually. Xo douht these worms vary in size in ditTerent
hosts, but tile above measurements are those of a full-sized gravid fe-
male. The uterus usually contains both larvae and eggs, but the form-
er are in thousands. They measure 20[,i long x 2|i wide. The male is
a small worm beside the female, where the females are 20 or 2.5 mm.
long the males average 10 to lo mm., and about half the width of the
female. The posterior end of the male is usually coiled, and two white
cirri may be seen protruding or within the body. They arc about -"iOii
long and equal in length. There are three pairs of post anal papillae,
and one pair of preanal. These are not easily seen for the tail is so
closely coiled. Near the anus, probably on each side of it, is a semi-
circular flap, which acts like a bursa in the bursated nematodes. In
all these worms there are to be seen the head glands as described by
Looss in his paper in li)01. "The Sclerostomidae of Horses and Don-
keys in Egypt" (l^ec. Ciovt. Med. School, Cairo). The skin is finely
striated.

Ccvitallaiius oxyccphaliis. Ward.
Locality — New York Aquarium.

On November 4, 191T. in the stomach of a Mississippi alligator,
there was found an adult female specimen of this species Camalkuuts
oxycephahts (Ward).* The general description given will answer in
this case, except that near the anus there is a constriction in the bowel,
opposite which on the outside of the gut on each side there is a tag
like process both pointing toward the tail.

Caniallanus scabrac, sp. nov.
(Fig. 61)

On December 11, IDIT. there were found in the intestine of a
Chryscmys scabra and six collected, two males and four females, of
these worms. More could have been recovered if necessary. Thev
possess no peculiarity beyond the general descrii)tit)n, except that jier-
haps they were somewhat smaller.

Locality — New ^'ork Zoological I\'irk.

On December 21. 11)17, there were found in the intestines and
.stomach of a Chryscmys scabra a great number, in fact there were hun-
dreds of the worms, many of them still clinging fast to the mucous
membranes. Proportion of males about two to ten females. Females
about 20 mm. long. ]\Iales about 15 mm. long. They have a peculiar

*"The Journal of Parasitology," \'ol. III. Xo. 2. Dec. 1010.

128 Zoopatlwloi^ica: N. Y. Zoological Society [1^5

bursa. Two post anal papillae and six preanal papillae. They have
two prominent spicules.

Locality — New York Zoological Park.

also

On June 35. 191(), there was found in a Chrysoiiys picta an adult,

gravid female Cauiallanus scabra. This one also shows the anal valve.

Head glands, very distinct. No peculiarity. Size about 20 mm. long.

Localitv — Woods Hole, Mass.

CajiiallaiiHs t roost i, nov. sp.

On May 2~^, 191(i, there were found in the intestines of a Troost's
terrapin, Chryscmys troosti, a lot of large Caniallanus worms, six fe-
males and one male were collected and mounted. The male presented
about 20[x in advance of the anus a bottle-shaped cyst 10|i x 8|i, on the
outside, and from it a tube extended into the body, evidently a part
of the bursal sac. The cirri presented at the anal opening. Three pairs
post anal and one pair pre-anal papillae seen. From the above-men-
tioned cyst or bursa the skin is raised 5[,i, all the way to the tip of the
worm. No other peculiarity, and this may be only the usual male
sexual end, such as I never saw before.

Locality — X^ew York Aquarium.

Cainallaiiiis chclydrac

On March 17, 1915, there were collected eighteen Cauiallanus
worms from the intestine of a Chclydra serpentina. There is no appre-
ciable difference between these and the general description. They were
all females and the intestine is filled with black material, partially di-
gested blood.

Locality — New ^'ork Aquarium.

Cauiallanus florid ianar, nov. sp.
(Fig. (i2)

On June 20, 1910, on examining a Florida diamond-backed terrapin,
Chryscmys floridiana, there were found in the stomach a number of
Camallani, which, because of some difference between them and the
other members of the genus, I propose the name Cauiallanus floridianae.
There were collected and mounted three females and two males. The
mouth has a different arrangement of the rods or knives. In most
of these worms these rods are placed on two levels, one set of four
being in front and the other set of four placed behind, and diagonally
across the first. Whether this condition is only an exemplification of

Fl(.. 01 CAMALLANUS SCAHRAH.

FIG. 02. CAMALLASUS llORIOIASAE.

Zoopathologica Vol. 1, No. 3. Face Daae 128

1 IG. 03. CAMALLANVS rTYCHO/.OONDI<..
Zouimthokxjica Vol. 1, No. S. Face page 129

ims] MacCaUmn: Cauialhuius and other Nematodes 129

the way in which they act normally by a sawing motion, I do not know
but, this would look reasonable. They may act like a pair of hair clip-
pers and were caught in this position when death took place. The
mouth is, if an\-thing, more concave than usual and there appear to be
only two shoulder straps of chitin on each side of the neck instead
of three, and in that case they would cease to be "tridents." They are
not teeth anyway, l-'ig. (it?. The males are uncoiled so that a sketch of
that portion of the body was j)ossible and revealed the fact that there
are three post anal and six pre-anal papillae. They were all very long,
especially the pre-anal ones, which are Tfx long and each with a knob
at the end. The cirri were white and seen protruding a short distance.
See bursa also Fig. 62. The larvae were not so plentiful, but seemed
large, measuring '^Ou long and '?u wide. Seemed larger than in other
worms.

Female — 1-") mm. long.

Male — 7 mm. long.

Locality — Xew York Aquarium. IHorida.

Camallaiius clci^ans, sp. nov.

These worms were found in and collected from the stomach of
Cumberland turtle. Chrysemys clega}is. They w'ere a lot of small red
worms and several were mounted, 3 females and 3 males on one slide,
and 4 females and 2 males on another. They measure about 15 mm.
and 7 mm. respectively and the only difference to be seen from the gen-
eral description is that the males which in two instances are uncoiled
show a formidable looking single cirrus, which is thick and sharp, and
the whole length is !)0^i with about Tu protruding in one case and 30^i
in the other. The papillae are the same in number, but of a different
shape from those described for C. floridiaiiac. In this worm they are
lower and thicker. This is the only cirrus I have seen protruded and
while I thought that I could see the points of the two at the outlet in
others, still I may have been mistaken, although I think not for they
could be seen in the body. The bursal arrangement in this worm is
quite different from any other. There is a sac not so divided and the
whole affair is not so complete and pretentious as in C. floridianae.
The host was kindly sent from the Xew York Aquarium and came
originally from Florida. I propose the name C. cle^^ans for it.

Camallanus ptychozooyxdis, sp. nov.
(Fig. f.3)

On May 24, 191G, there Ave.re found in the rectum of a Ptychozoon
hcmalocephahim a leaf-like lizard taken near Buitenzorg, Java, a few
Oxyuridae, and one small Camallanus. A description of the latter

130 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 5

follows. It is provided with a head and mouth, in shape somewhat
like the concave side of a scallop shell. This part of it is yellow or
brownish chitinous material concentrating posteriorly into a throat
which is the beginning of the pharynx. This latter organ is flask-like
in shape, so common in this genus, and is quite muscular. The intes-
tine follows and finds its outlet on the left side of the worm near the
end of the tail which is pointed and chitinous.

The vagina has not been seen, but appears to be very near the mouth
on the left side and from this extends to the uterus, which is tubular
and contains numerous round eggs. The worm is only about 5 mm.
long and .20 mm. wide.

Caniallanus cyathocephalus, sp. nov.
(Fig. f.4)

Host — Chrysemys scabra.

Habitat — Stomach.

Locality — Zoological Park, New York.

While examining a slider terrapin, Chrysemys scabra, among some
other Camallanits worms, I found one quite different from the others,
as will be seen by a reference to the plate.

It is an immature female, that is, it has no eggs in its uterus, yet
otherwise it is perfect. The head is the peculiar feature, since it is
different from the ordinary Camallanns, having no "tridents" or adorn-
ments on the outside of the head. The whole structure gives the im-
pression of a likeness to a wine-glass or goblet. The mouth is like
that of the genus as far as shape and incising rods are concerned, yet
it is vastly more delicate and proves a difficult task for an artist to
portray and do it justice. It is composed of the usual amber-colored
chitin. The worm is only 5 mm. long. The tail is trifid.

Camallanns bungari, sp. nov.
(Fig. 65)

On May 2(!, lOlG, there were found in a Krait, Dungarus can-
didus, at Buitenzorg. Java, a small Caniallanus. which probably hitherto
has not been recorded. It has a wide open mouth as usual in the genus,
which is sub-terminal, the real mouth, however, seems to be a circular
opening near the center of the anterior margin of the round, amber-
colored, chitinous structure, which lies open at the anterior end of the
worm. From the small circular mouth, a tube, the oesophagus, leads
into the pharynx. The open circular chitinous structure has within
its outer margin two circular rings, which concentrate at the opening
of the pharynx. The outer one of these is armed with very small spi-

191S] MacCiilhim : Caiiiallaiius and other Xcinatodcs 131

cules or teeth, and the more or less circular antericjr margin of the
l)harynx is also armed with small teeth. The pharynx is as usual
tlask-shaped and (juite muscular. It terminates in the intestine and this
latter has its outlet, in this case, near the posterior spiked tail. It is
next to impossible to follow the windings of the genital apparatus in
the body of this female worm, but it is almost certain that the genital
i>pening is at the junction of middle and posterior thirds of the body.
Xo other opening is seen. There is a tube which can be traced nearly
to the anterior end of the worm, but it is undecided whether a vagina
may be there. Tail trifid. while only three rods can be made out in
this s})ecies. there is also a membrane which encircles the mouth being
attached to its margin all around.

Sfrongylus simiae
(Fig. 06)

Host — Sitnia satynis.
Habitat — Colon.
Locality — Singapore.

On July 21, 191(1, while examining one of these animals, Dr. W.
G. MacCallum came across several small nematodes in the colon, and
saved them. They consist chiefly of Oxyurides. probably O.vyiiris ver-
micnlaris hrcmscr [Ascaris irrmicidaris Lin.). Diesing Syst. Helm. 11,
p. 144-145. These worms are quite small. 6 or ? mm. long by .40 wide
and very sharp or pointed at each end. body filled with small eggs.
Among these, however, I discovered three or four other worms which
are strongyles and may be Strongylus longivayimitus, Diesing Syst.
Helm. 11. p. ST7-STS ventric. The only other strongyle known for this
animal, according to Von Linstow, is Strongylus diiodcnalis Dubini,
Uncinaria dnodcnalis Railliet, 1885, the same as in man. Of course,
these are well known, but 6^. longivaginatus, I am not familiar with.

These strongyles. a figure of which is given, are small, all four
females and filled with eggs. They measure 20 mm. long by .90 mm.
wide. The body is prolonged into a very sharp tail and the skin is
striated transversely throughout, although the striations are very deli-
cate and hardly perceptible. The skin is also armed with fine denticles
throughout, all pointing backwards. The head is 10|x across, but im-
mediately behind the mouth the skin on each side spreads out so that
it measures across this part 20ii. The mouth is armed with six small
hooks. These with the enlargement behind the head enables the worms
to retain its hold, when the head is buried beneath the mucous mem-
brane of its host. The mouth is followed by a relatively long oesopha-
gus, which is very muscular and is the sucking apparatus. On each
side of the oesophagus, there is an oesophageal gland, or tube, which
is said to convey poisonous matter into the tissues of the host. The

138 Zoopaflwloinco: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 5

anus is situated about •2in)[i from the tip of the tail. The vulva is at
the junction of the anterior and middle thirds of the length of the
worm. Eggs 5[i long and 2[k wide. No males seen.

Ascaris ogcoccphali. sp. nov.
( Figs. ()T and (iTa )

On examining a bat-fish, Diabolo, Ogcoccphalus radiatns (]^lit-
chill, 1818), on April 18, 1*117, from Key West, Florida, there were
found a large number of ascarides in the small intestine and stomach.

The female worm is much larger than the male, and it is yellowish
in color, while the male is quite small and whitish. They both are
quite pointed at the extremities, especial]}- the jxisterior. and the tail of
the male is incurved. At the anus, which is very near the tip, may be
seen three pairs of papillae post-anal and two pairs pre-anal. The cirri
were not seen protruding, but could be seen internally. Along the dor-
sal portion of the abdominal cavity, there were a number of conical
masses, which extend in two rows from a point near the middle of
the worm to the posterior end.* The intestine, filled with dark-colored
matter, extends from the oesophagus along the middle of the body
to the anus. The oesophagus is long and muscular, and at its junc-
tion with the intestines mav be seen two long coeca, one pointing
posteriorly and the other recurved anteriorly. The head end is un-
like that of any of the other ascarids. \\'hile there are the usual three
lips or jaws, they are of a difi^crent shape and are furnished with
lobulations of the skin, but unarmed. The neck is smooth for a short
distance, then the skin becomes deeply striated transversely. The tail
end of the female is straight and shar]), and a short distance from the
tip on the one side is the anus, and on the other a little anterior is the
genital ])orc. The uterus is much coiled and the eggs are numerous.

M casiirciiicjits

r\'male length 32.00 mm.

Female width .GO nun.

Male length 20.00 mm.

, Male width .35 mm.

EcJiiiiorhyiiclnis gabocs, sp. nov.

(Fig. (18)
t'
The Echiiiorhyiichiis belongs to the family of Acanthoccphala, a
branch of Xemathelminthes, or round worms, and are characterized by
the possession at the head end of an armed jiroboscis, which they have

' *!These rows proved to be the walls of tiie intestine.

J

FICi. OS. i:CHI\OHHyxCHLS G.IROES.

Zoopathologica Vol. 1, Xo. S. Face page 132

191S| MacCalliim : Caiiictlldiius and ofhrr Xcmatodcs 133

the power of protnuliiit; or rctractinj^ at will They arc not ])rovi(lcd
with a mouth or digestive system, their novirishment takinp;- place
throii.c^h a process of osmosis. There is also a system of canals beneath
the skin, which contain a lyni])h-like fluid, which is absorbed from
their fluid surroundings, and there is also a pair of elongated tubes
or organs near the head called the lenuiisci which are credited with
being the chief excretory organs. They are unusual in E. i:;abocs, since
they are in a considerable coil posterior to the end of the proboscis sac.
The skin is usually wrinkled and coarsely striated, and sometimes cov-
ered with strong spines, although this last feature is not common with
the echino-rhynchi. There is one strong ligament running longitudi-
nally, which seems to influence the main movements of the body. There
is a very simple nervous system, which consists of a single ganglion
situated at the base of the receiving sac of the proboscis, and froiu this
nervous filaments radiate to different parts of the body.

They are of separate sexes, the male being smaller than the female
The male is provided with two testes, several cement glands, a ductus
ejaculatorius, and a cirrus which protrudes into a bursal sac. situated
at the posterior end of the body, which in conjugation becomes everted.
These are all the organs of generation in the male mentioned by au-
thors, but in the case of E. gabocs there is interposed betw^een the testes
and the cement glands a large receptaculum seminis, which communi-
cates with the ductus ejaculatorius by means of a duct. Ing. (iS. Tin-
female is provided with an ovary and there appear to be a short va-
gina and a uterus ordinarily. The ova are develoj^ed in the ovary,
which Claus and Sedgcwick say sulKlivides into numerous masses of
eggs. These, as they become ripe, burst and escape into the body
cavity, and pass from this into the uterus, from which they are forced
externally. The eggs are fusiform in shape, and generallv in immense
numbers.

Echinorhynchs are usually jiarasites of fishes or birds, chiefly the
former. Only one is known as a ])arasite of man, H. i:^i,S[Os (Goeze,
17S2). The present form. E. gabocs, was collected by Dr. W. G. Mac-
Callum in Ijorneo from the intestine of a river fish named "Ikan ga-
boes," and. as will be seen from the figure, is an unusually armed form.
The host of this Fxhinorhynch was obtained at Randjermasin Rorneo.
and was a large fish, black above and spotted on whitish ground be-
low. It was thought to be a sort of .Sihiroid fish, although it had large
scales. I am unable to describe the internal structure of the female
from the fact that from the neck to the {posterior end of the body cavity
is filled with immense numbers of large fusiform eggs, which cover
over everything and are apparently loose in the cavitv. Thev are 10|i
long by 5^1 wide and are in different stages of segmentation. The vulva
is situated about l.'iOii from the j^osterior end. The male is 7 mm.
long and the female 11 mm. and '^(^[i wide. The proboscis is 4.5|.t long
bv 25|^i wide, being wider at the etid than in the middle. Some of the
larger hooks on the proboscis are "in l<ing and very strong.

134 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 5

On account of the peculiarities mentioned, I am calling this a new
species. The internal structure of the male is unusual in the presence
of a large seminal receptacle situated between the testes and the cement
glands. The bursa is relatively large. The usual large ligament in
this case is not in one single mass, extending from the base of the pro-
boscis sheath to the bulbus ejaculatorius below, but is an open mass
of filaments extending from the back of the proboscis sheath and pro-
ceeding posteriorly is spread out throughout the body as far back as
the anterior testes, some of the filaments going even to the outer layer
of the thick skin in some places. The skin is tranversely striated into
coarse divisions and is strongly armed with large spines from the head
to two-thirds the length of the body. They are all pointed backwards.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1915a Sur les Nematodes du geure Camallanus Rail, et Henry, 1915 (Cucul-
lanus Auet non Mueller, 1777), Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 8: 446-452.

A. Railliet, Alport, Paris.

1916 La famille des Thelaziidae, Jour. Parasitol, 2: 99-105,

Ward, Henry B., and Magath, Thos B.

1916 Notes on some Nematodes from fresh water fishes. Jour. Parasitol,
111: 57-63.

ZOOPATHOLOGICA "''

SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE
NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
ON THE DISEASES OF ANIMALS

VOLUME I, NUMBER 6

STUDIES IN HELMINTHOLOGY

Part 7— TREMATODES
Part 2— CESTODES
Part J— NEMATODES

B^' G. A. MacCallum, M.D.

Department of Pathology

Columbia University, New York

Pathologist
New York Zoological Society

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY

THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK, NEW YORK

AUGUST. 1921

ERRATA

Zoopathologica, Vol. 1, Number 5 of 1918: In notes on the Genus
Camallanus, pg. 128, read "Comallanus chelydrac, sp. nov.," and at pg.
131, Strongylus simiac should read Sclerostoina siiniac, sp. nov."

At pg. 92, Vol. 1, No. 3, Zoopathologica 1918: "Spirorchis gen,
et sp. nov.," should read "Spirorchis eustreptos gen. et sp. nov."

At pg. 93, Vol. 1, No. 3, Zoopathologica 1918: "Acanthodis'-
mirahilc gen. et sp. nov.," should read "Acanthodisciis mi'
sp. nov."

Each author is responsible for the scientific accuracy
and the proof reading of his contribution.

Fi>.

69.

Fi?-

70.

FiR.

71.

b\^.

72.

Fig.

73.

Fi-

74.

Fio^.

75.

Fig.

76.

Fig.

77.

Fig.

78.

Fig.

79.

Fig.

80.

Fig.

81.

Fig.

82.

Fig.

83.

Fig.

84.

Fig.

85.

Fig.

86.

Fig.

87.

fig.

88.

Fig.

89.

Fig.

90.

Fig.

91.

Fig.

92.

Fig.

93.

Fig.

94.

Fig.

95.

Fig.

96.

Fig.

97.

Fig.

98.

Fig.

99.

1-ig.

100.

Fig.

101.

Fig.

102.

Fig.

103.

I'ig.

104.

Fig.

105.

Fig.

106.

Fig.

107.

Fig.

108.

Fig.

109.

FIGURES

TREMATODES

Diplostomnm hrczns 140

Diplostomum niinimiDu 142

Diplostomnm- cinostcrni 144

Rcnifcr ancistrodontis 146

AUocrcadium priacanthi 148

Rhytidodes chclydrac 150

Acanthocotylc squatinac 1 52

Rcnifer scpticus 155

Zoogonoidcs boac 157

Styphlodora lachesidi's 1 58

Eurosio}}:um microptcri 160

Anisococlinm hippoglossi 162

Tclorchis Augusta 162

DicrococUum lanccatiim 164

Dicrococliiim pancreaticuni 167

Cyclococlum halcyonis 169

Plagiorchis anacondac 171

Paragonimus trachysanri 172

Rcnifcr opliiboli 174

Ccphalogonimns trachysanri 177

Holostomnm variahilc 179

Enstomos chclydrac 180

Lccithastcr anisotrcmi 182

Microcotylc anstralicusis 184

Globopornm moronis 186

Dactylocotyle trachinoti 186

Nitsschia supcrba 1 88

Hcrouimus gcomydac 192

Hcroiiimns matcrnnm 192

Cotylogastcr chactodiptcri 195

Spirorchis cmydis 196

Rcnifcr natricis 200

Monostoma sphargidis 202

CESTODE.S

DibothriorJiynchns spcciosnm 206

Dibothriorhxnchns xiphiac 206

Dihothriorhynchus bolistidac 208

Tctrarhxnchns bisnlcatnm 209

Synbothrinm hcmnloni 211

Tctrarhynchns brcz'ibotl;ria 21 1

RJiynchobothrins acfobati 214

Rh\nchobot1iri]ts chiroi:c:iii 214

I 137 I

Fis:

. 110.

Fi^,

. 111.

Fiff

. 112.

Fiof,

. 113.

Fi^.

, 114.

Fio^.

115.

Fi^.

116.

Fig^.

117.

Fis:-

118.

Fi^.

119.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

120.
121.
122.
123.

Fig-
Fig.
Fig.

124.
125.
126.

Fig.

127.

Fig.

128.

Fig.
Fig.

129.
130.

Fig.
Fig.

131.
132.

Fig.

133.

Fig.

134.

Fig.
Fig.

135.
136).

Fig-
Fig.
Fig.

137.
138.
139.

Fig.

140.

Fig.

141.

Fig.

142.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

143.
144.
145.
146.
147.

Fig.

148.

Fig.

149.

Fig.
Fig.

150.
151.

FIGURES— Continued

Dibotliriiiin taiignloiuji 216

Tyloccplioliun pingitc 219

Taenia faranciac 219

Taenia chclodinae 22 i

Dihothrinm niicrocepJialmn 225

Dihothriocephalns niolae 225

Taenia dysbiotos 227

Taenia incognita 229

Taenia trachysauri 230

Taenia qiiadribothria 232

Taenia rosaeformis 233

Duthiersia elcgans 235

Monorygma galeocerdonis 236

Taenia acantliobothria 239

Anoplocephala globoccpJiala 239

Tefrabotlirius boae 241

DibothriorJiynchus niaccalluini 243

Tetrabotliriiis lachesidis 245

Tefrabotlirius brevis 24()

Mesocestcides bassarisci 247

Scyphocephalns bisiilcatiis 249

Taenia patini 251

RJiyneliobothriits carangis 253

RliynchobotJirins tangoli 253

NEMATODES

Ascaris cebi 255

Oxynris simiac 256

Ankylostomum caniniiin 258

Dispharagus egrettae 259

Lecanocephalns annulatiis 260

Strongylns patini 262

Dacnitis carangis 264

Daenitis spliaerocepliahis 266

Iicliinoceplialiis aetobaii 268

Strongylns boae 270

Agamonema scorpaenae cirrliosae 271

O.vyuris ptychozooni 272

Oxynris ignanae 272

Ascaris tiara 274

Sclerostontuin tribulbocapitis 276

Sclcrosto)nu>n lopholafiliis 278

Camallanus testudinis 279

Sclerostoina eiistreptos 281

I" 138 I

ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviations in explanation

a. — anus

acet. — acetabulum

b.c. — buccal sucker

b. — bursa

b.e.j. — bulbus ejaculatorius

bo. — bothria

c.b. — calcareous bodies

c.s. — caudal sucker

c.s. — cirrus sac

c.p. — cirrus pouch

cl. — cloaca or genital pore

ce. — coeca

cor. — coronet

c. — cirrus

c.gl. — cement glands

d.ej. — ductus ejaculatorius

e. — eye

ex.p. — excretory pore

ex.v. — excretory vessels

g.i.c. — genito intestinal canal

g.p. — genital pore

h. — hook

h.o. — haft organ

i. — intestine

la. — larvae

H. — ligament

le. — lemnisci

I.e. — laurers canal

m. — mouth

m.b. — muscular bands

m.g. — mucus glands

met. — metraterm

mir. — miracidae

of plates :

o.s. — oral sucker

ov — ovary

not. — ootype

oe. — oesophagus

ov.d. — oviduct

oes g. — oesophageal gland

ph. — pharynx

p.p. — pars prostatica

pro. — proboscidae

pr. — prostate

p — papillae post and preanal

r.b. — retractile bulbs

res. — reservoir

s.g. — shell gland

s. — sucker

str. — strobila

s.v. — seminal vesicle or vesiculc

seminalis
s.r. — seminal reservoir
sp. — spicule
t. — testis
tr. — tridents
u — uterus

n.g. — unicellular glands
v.d. — vas deferens
va. — vagina
vit. — vitellaria
vit.d. — vitelline duct
w.v.s — water vascular system
y.d. — yolk duct
y.r. — yolk reservoir
v.s. — ventral sucker or acetabulum

139

140

Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 6

FIG. 69. DIPLOSrOMUM BREVIS

STUDIES IN HELMINTHOLOGY

Bv G. A. MacCallum, M.D.

Department of Pathology, Columbia University, Neia York.

Pathologist to the Nezv York Zoological Society

INTRODUCTION.

The parasites described in the following papers were found chiefly
in or on animals that had died in the Zoological Park of New York City
or on hshes from the New York Aquarium. However, some specimens
were received from friends who sent them for identification or study,
and for these I desire to thank the donors sincerely. Those described
as found in the East Indies were collected by Dr. W. G. MacCallum.

Studies published under the authority of the Zoological Society of
New York, which holds so high a place in the scientific world, should
maintain a very high standard of accuracy and completeness, and it may
be thought that in describing each of these forms a more detailed and
minute account of their structure, development and life history should
be given. The nature of the material has set a limit, however, to what
is possible in this direction, for most of these worms are from exotic
animals and frequently only one mature specimen or a larval form has
been found. Their life history must remain, therefore, for others to
work out as the opportunity occurs, but it has been thought proper to
give descriptions and illustrations of their structure, together with a
name, so that attention mav be called to their existence.

TREMATODES

Diplostomuni brevis, sp. no v.
(Fig. 69)

Host — Cinosternum scorprides.

Habitat — Stomach and intestines.

Locality — Island of Trinidad; Zoological Park, New York.

On January 23, 1918, these worms were found in the same turtle
as Diplostomuni cinosterni. This reptile must have been very aged,
for its plastron was very much decayed and crumbling, so also was
the carapace very imperfect. There were a number of these Diplo-
stoma found in the intestines, all about the same size, except the one

f 141 1

142

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vlt.

u

acet.

-/-/o.

FIG. 70. DIPI.OSTOMUM MINIMUM

1921] MacCalliim: Sludics in IlchniutJiology 143

large one. All were mature. They were of the same general struc-
ture as the largt^ one, which was between 5 and 6 mm. in length, while
these are 3 mm. X 1 mm.

Measurements of D. hrevis

Length 3.00 mm.

Width 1.00 mm.

Mouth 10 mm.

Haft organ 40 mm.

Ovary 30 mm.

Testis 65 mm.

Cloaca 30 mm.

Egg 09 X .07 mm.

Diplostomtmt minimum, sp. nov.
(Fig. 70)

Host — Ardca herodias.

Habitat — Intestines.

Locality — Zoological Park, New York.

During the examination of a great blue heron from the Park, a
lot of small forms were found in the bottom of a glass dish in the
washings of the intestines. They were so small that they might easily
have been overlooked. When, however, they were placed under the
microscope, they were seen to be Diplostoma. At first they were
thought to be Holostoma, but that view was discarded on further ex-
amination.

This little parasite is only about 1 mm. long X -60 mm. wide.
The mouth, slightly subterminal, is somewhat round and muscular.
The anterior end of the worm which is rather transparent, is sprin-
kled with a number of spines. The pharynx is situated directly pos-
terior to the mouth and is followed by the oesophagus. There is no
prepharynx. The coeca divide a short distance from the piiarynx
and are lost under the profuse vitellaria which till half the body.
A small ventral sucker is seen about the middle of the body and
behind it is an organ called by the Germans a "haft organ," or hold-
ing organ. The ovary is situated immediately behind this. It is
not more than one-sixth the size of either testis, and although the
oviduct can be made out for a short distance, the genital junction is
not well shown. The testes are two, placed tandem, and behind the
posterior one is seen the genital pore or cloaca. This is large and
opening into it may be seen the uterus and cirrus. The water vascular
system appears at the head as two large tubes, which separate and
pass down each side of the wonii to empty at the posterior end of the
worm.

144

Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 6

ho

vita

acet.

FIG. 71. DIPLOSrOMUM CINOSTERNI

1921] MacCalluiii: Studies in Hclminthologx 145

Nordmann in 1832 was the founder of the genus with Diplostomiim
volvens as the type. A good many species have been described, but
this D. minimum, is probably the least of them, although all are very
similar in structure.

Diplostomiim cinostcrni, sp. nov.
(Fig. 71)

Host — Cinostcrniim scorprides.

Habitat — Intestines.

Locality — Trinidad Island ; Zoological Park, New York.

A fairly large number of Diplostoma have been described since
Xordmann first described the genus Diplostomum volvens as the type
in 1832. One species came under my notice on January 23, 1918, in
the intestine of a turtle, that had been brought from the Island of
Trinidad to the Zoological Park. The host seemed to be a very aged
reptile, for its plastron was much decayed and the carapace was also
very friable and imperfect. I cannot find that a Diplostomum has
hitherto been ascribed to this host and since it is different in its
anatomy from any forms to which I have access, I venture to name it
a new species. The head is very narrow, and the body gradually
enlarges as far as its middle, when it suddenly narrows and retains
the same width to the posterior end. At the head, the mouth is small,
being semi-lunar in shape. The pharynx is composed of two muscular
lobes, and the oesophagus is relatively long and is divided into two
coeca which are narrow and extend almost to the end of the body.
Just before the body narrows into the posterior half, an organ is seen
which is peculiar to the Diplostoma — that is a holding organ,
called by the Germans a "haft organ." This is a large sucker, dif-
ferent from the usual acetabulum. It has an opening in the centre
and the rest of the surface is covered witli papillae. It is as large in
diameter as the ovary, and its function is to retain the worm in its
place. Between this organ and the division of the coeca is a small
acetabulum. In the posterior half of the body are located the genital
organs. The ovary is relatively small, and is placed anterior to the
two testes. These are each abour twice the size of the ovary. The
genital junction is in the space between the ovary and the first testis,
the oviduct being given ofJF from the posterior surface of the ovary
and joined almost at once by the vitelline ducts. The shell gland is
indistinct and no seminal reservoir is seen. The vasa deferentia pass
backward and form a large tube, which serves as a cirrus sac. No
enlarged prostate is seen as shown in P. lonr/a by l^)raun. The cloaca
is a large opening very near to the posterior end, and is in all respects
the genital pore. The uterus terminates in tliis cloaca, as does
the cirrus. Very near the edge of the cloaca is said to be an accessory
acetabulum. — a sort of accessory clinging organ, but it is not to be

146

Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society

[I; 6

uce6.

FIG. 72. REMI-'ER ANCISTRODOKTIS

1921] MacCallum: Studies in Ilclminthology 147

seen in this species. The water vascular system is quite evident
terminatinjn^ at the posterior edge of the genital cloaca. The vitellaria
are very plentiful, and extend from the division of the coeca anteriorly
to the anterior testis, posteriorly, and between the holding organ and
the ovary. The space is filled all around the body with vitellaria.
The uterus is small and does not contain many eggs. These latter
are large, yellow and oval. These worms are never found in numbers
in their hosts, so that it is not at all likely that they are very injurious.

Measurements of Diplostomum cinosterni

Length 5.00 mm.

Width 1.00 mm.

Width of posterior half of body. .80 mm.

Across mouth 20 mm.

Testes 60 mm.

Ovary 20 mm.

Holding organ 20 mm.

Egg 020 X .010 mm.

Rcnifer ancistrodontis, sp. nov.
(Fig. 72)

Subfamily — Brachycoeliinae, Lss.

Genus — Brachycoelium, Duj.

Host — Ancistrodon contortrix.

Habitat— Mouth.

Locality — Zoological Park, New York.

On July 17, 1918, there was found at the angle of the jaws in the
mouth of a copperhead snake. Ancistrodon contortrix, a solitary dis-
tome, which is unusual not only in the choice of its habitat, but also
in its anatomy.

It is elongated, body larger anteriorly than posteriorly. The
mouth is subterminal and large with pharynx also large. Between
the mouth and the pharynx, and at the beginning of the oesophagus
is a square structure which forms a small coecum on each side, which
extends laterally beyond the transverse diameter of the pharynx. The
oesophagus is long and wide. It divides some distance in front of
the acetabulum, and the coeca which are wide terminate in front of
the testes and a short distance posterior to the acetabulum. The
acetabulum is very large, occupying fully half the width of the body
of the worm. The testes are two, situated sonic distancL- posicrioi-
to the ends of the intestinal coeca. and behind the middle of the \vorm,
one on each side. The vasa deferentia are distinct and remain separate
until just before entering the cirrus sac, which lies partly behind or
dorsal to the acetabulum. It is large and the cirrus extends to the
genital pore, which, in this case, is not situated in the angle of the

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Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society

[I; 6

FIG. 73. ALLOCREADIUM PRIACAXTHI

1921] MacCallnm: Studies in Ilclminthology 149

coeca, but anterior to the division, and to the right side. The female
genitaHa are very distinct. The ovary is situated at the lower edge of
and partly dorsal to the acetabulum. It is roundish and about the
same size as the testes. The vitellaria are foliated and limited in
quantity, extending along the sides from a short distance in front of
the acetabulum and terminating at the ends of the short coeca. The
vitelline ducts are large and branched on their way to the oviduct.
The shell-gland is distinct, but no seminal reservoir or Laurer's Canal
is seen, owing to the voluminous uterus full of ova. The water
vascular system is much branched and terminates at the excretory
pore, posteriorly, being covered by the folds of the uterus almost
throughout.

Measurements of R. ancistrodontis

Length 7.00 mm.

Width 2.00 mm.

Across mouth 70 mm.

Across acetabulum 1.00 mm.

Across pharyn.x 30 mm.

Ovary 40 mm.

Testes 40 mm.

Ova 04 X .02 mm.

Length of oesophagus 60 mm.

Allocreadium priacanthi, sp. nov.
(Fig. 73)

Host — Priocanthtis arenatus.

Habitat — Intestines.

Locality — Key West; New York Aquarium.

On June 20, 1918, there were found a few worms in the intestines
of a red fish, Priacanthus arenatus, which are very unusual and, as far
as I can find, are not recorded. I therefore propose the name
Allocreadium P. priacanthi.

In shape it is peculiar, and the mounted specimen does not do
it justice. In life it varies in length from 5 mm. to 12 mm., and the
portion behind the testes widens to 2 mm. and is flapped about in an
odd manner. It then shows too, more plainly its division into three
parts, made by the two intestines passing near the sides to the extreme
end and a very prominent water vascular canal down the centre and
terminating in a large excretory pore. The intervening space is pro-
fusely filled with rich, bronze colored vitellaria. The two testes are
situated at the junction of the posterior with the two anterior thirds
of the body with the ovary directly in front of them. The testes
are roundish, as is also the ovary, but the latter organ is much smaller
tlian the testes. The vasa deferentia arise from the anterior l)orders
of the testes and pass dorsal to the ovary and terminate in a fairly

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FIG. 74. RHVTIDOD/IS CHELYDRAE

1921) MacCalliim: Stticlics in Hilinintliology 151

large cirrus sac whicli is situated ou tlie right side and a little posterior
to the acetabulum. It is nuich curved and ends in the cirrus which
is seen at the genital pore on the left side of the neck at a point nearly-
opposite the posterior edge of the pharynx. The ovary is round and
gives otY the oviduct from its anterior edge, and it is near this point
that the genital junction takes place. The vitelline ducts proceed
backwards from each side to join the oviduct and the seminal reser-
voir is situated in front of the ovary. Its duct also joins the oviduct
near the ovary. The shell gland is quite large and in one or two of
the cases is towards the left side. The uterus is well tilled with
fairly large, yellow, oval eggs, which may be seen anteriorly in a
single line making towards the genital outlet. The vitellaria are
very profuse and extend more or less over the whole body from the
posterior end, nearly or quite to the posterior end of the cirrus sac.

The anterior end of the worm is unusual. The mouth is a rather
large subterminal space surrounded by a large thick roll or lip, but
the mouth proper is a rather small circular opening near the anterior
margin. The pharynx is a fairly large muscular structure. The neck,
or that portion between the mouth and the actetabulum is deeply con-
cave from side to side, and indeed much of the time the body of the
worm, when alive, was also concave from side to side. The acetabulum
is a beautiful filmy structure located on a quite long pedicel, which is
placed at right angles to the neck. The pedicel is fully as long as
the depth of the acetabulum.

Measurements of A. priacanthi.

Length 5.00 mm. to 11. 00 mm.

Width 1.00 mm. to 1.50 mm.

Acetabulum 7 to .8 mm.

Mouth sucker 3 mm.

Mouth proper 1 mm. across

Pharynx 15 mm. long X -12 mm. wide

Testes 5 mm. in diameter

Ovary 3 mm. in diameter

Ova 05 X .03 mm.

Rhytidodcs chelydrae, StaflFord, 1900
(Fig. 74)

Host — Chelydra serpentina.

Habitat — Intestines.

Locality — Zoological Park, New York.

Distomes are not very common in the turtles and when five good
specimens were found in this host, it was thought worth while to
record the find, although StalFord in 1900 recorded probably the same

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.d.

FIG. 75. ACANIHOCOTYLE SQUATINAE

1921] MacCalliini: Studies in Hcliiiinthology 153

worm under the name Distomum cJicJydrac. I have not the advantage
of seeing StatYord's paper, so that I merely presume that this is the same
worm. It is small, and the head is provided with lateral sac-like ap-
pendages on each side of the mouth, which is subterminal and relatively
large. This is followed by a well-defined pharynx which opens at
once into the coeca. These are large and extend to the posterior end
of the worm, where between the two coecal terminations is the excre-
tor}- pore. The intestines seem to be stuffed with small particles of
apparently undigested food, looking like small bits of chitinous ma-
terial or vegetable matter, thus indicating that the worm does not
exist on the blood of its host, but on what is ingested by the host.
Close up to the division of the coeca is the genital pore with the
uterus and cirrus opening here. The cirrus is enclosed in a relatively
large cirrus sac and the terminal end of the cirrus is divided into
three parts. The acetabulum is not quite as large as the mouth.
The ovary is small and round and gives ofif the oviduct from its
posterior side, where the genital junction can be plainly seen. The
uterus is not large and the eggs not very plentiful. They are yellow
and oval. The two testes are roundish, one before the other, some
distance posterior to the ovary. The vitellaria are very plentiful,
extending from opposite the ovary to the posterior end, filling up the
whole posterior two-thirds of the body.

Measurements of R. chelydra

Length 3.00 mm.

Width 60 mm.

Testes 20 mm.

Ovary 10 mm.

Head across 40 mm.

Eggs 05 mm. long and .03 mm. wide

Acanthocotylc squatinac, sp. nov.
(Fig. 75)

Host — Squatina sqtiatina.
Habitat— Gills.
Locality — Singapore.

On July 16, 1916, there were found at Singapore on the gills
of a monk fish, Squatina squatina, a lot of Trematodes, which appear
to be new to science.

It is unique in appearance and presents several new features.
The head is a somewhat lobulatcd structure appearing almost like
bothria, two of which show on the ventral aspect, and probably there
are two on the opposite side also. These structures are more in the

154 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 6

shape of flaps. There does not seem to be any armature about the
head. Leading through the centre of what appears to be the neck
is a wide triangular structure, the base of which is anterior, and the
apex terminating in the pharynx, or in a short prepharyngeal oeso-
phagus first. No mouth is distinctly outlined with definite lips, and
it may be that the very efficient looking pharynx serves the function
of mouth, etc. In front of the pharynx are four fairly large eyes.
The two anterior ones are circular in shape, while the posterior pair
are semilunar, although the outline of the rest of the circle can be
seen outlining a transparent portion. The posterior ones are wider
apart than the anterior ones. The pharynx is a remarkable looking
lobulated organ, quite different from the ordinary pharynx in other
trematodes. It seems to be enclosed in a loose membranous sac or
sheath. From its posterior and lower part, the coeca are seen to
separate and pass under the vitellaria. These cannot be followed
throughout their course on account of the dense supply of vitellaria,
but it is evident that they do not extend further posteriorly than the
anterior margin of the testes. The testes are two large globular
organs situated at about the junction of the posterior and middle
thirds of the worm. The vasa deferentia pass forward widely sepa-
rated in the centre of the worm, but join together a short distance
posterior to the angle of division of the coeca. They terminate in the
cirrus, which proceeds past the side of the pharynx to the cloaca
or genital pore on the left side of the neck of the worm.

The ovary is small and globular and is situated anterior to the
testes and resting upon both. The oviduct proceeds from its anterior
aspect, but the genital junction cannot be seen on account of a large
mass of the vitellaria, the reservoir lying directly over the region and
obscuring it from view. The oviduct, however, continues its course
anteriorly to join the sac-like uterus. This latter organ is intended
to contain only one egg at a time. The vagina opens at the common
genital pore and joins the uterus. In one specimen, an odd-shaped
tgg may be seen making its way to the outlet. The tgg is supplied
with the posterior chitinous filament, which enables it to become en-
tangled among the filaments of the gills to be retained there until
hatched.

At the beginning of the oviduct, the vitelline ducts, one from
each side and through the reservoir, communicate with the oviduct,
after that structure receives the duct from the seminal reservoir.
This latter sac, in this instance, is relatively quite large. The vitel-
laria are unusually profuse, filling up almost the whole of the body.
The sucker or posterior clinging organ is a very delicately formed
structure. It is circular, not quite as wide as the widest part of the
body, and its concave surface is divided into seven divisions or small
suckers in addition to the central circular sucker. On each side of
the most posterior division are two large hooks and near the posterior
margin two smaller hooks. These hooks do not appear as hooks

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acet

FIG. 76. RF.XIFLR SEPTICUS

156 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 6

except the smaller ones. The large ones are more like powerful
spines. In addition to these, about the margin at equal distances
are very tiny hooks. The circumference of the disc has a very delicate
filmy membrane, which is beautifully scalloped, but this does not
extend to the most posterior portion. The pointed end of the body
is attached to the dorsal centre of the sucker disc and with numerous
muscular bands running up into the body, the worm has efficient con-
trol of this clinging organ.

Measurements of Acanthocotyle squatinae

Length 4.50 mm.

Width 1.60 mm.

Diameter of disc 1.00 mm.

Diameter of head 900 mm.

Pharynx 800 mm.

Egg 140 mm.

Testis 1.12 mm.

Ovary 480 mm.

Length of large hooks on disc 140 mm.

Rcnifer septicus, sp. nov.
(Fig. 76)

Subfamily — Rcniferinac, Lss. 1899.
Genus — Rcnifer, Pratt.
Host — Ophiholns getiilns.
Habitat— Under the scale of the skin.
Location — Zoological Park, New York.

On November 1, 1918, my attention was drawn to certain sores
on the skin of two black snakes. OpJiibolus gctulus, I had to examine,
and the keeper told me that this was the cause of a good deal of
trouble with some of their snakes. A lump would form and the
scales would raise and loosen, and a slight discharge would stick
the loosened scales together ; that the condition made the reptile ill
and refuse food, and he said it finally caused death. When closely
examined, the swelling underneath the loosened scales was inflamed
and bloody, and in each of three or four of these places I found a
distome, which may or may not have caused the lesion. I give a
figure of the worm which, as will be seen, is unarmed and does not
look as if able to do so much harm. I shall look at such tumors as
they occur in the future and see if it may be laid to the credit of the
distomes.

The intestines are very short and this condition constitutes the
diagnosis of the genus. The uterus is of unusual shape, being merely

1921

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157

vtt.

FIG. 77. ZOOGONOIDES BOAE

a double tube filled with eggs reaching almost to the posterior end of
the worm and passing toward the genital pore ventral to the acetabulum
and posterior to the cirrus sac and cirrus, both of which terminate at
the genital pore, situated at the left side near the neck. The pharynx
consists of two lobes which seem to be wider apart than usual. The
testes are placed opposite each other a little posterior to the middle
of the worm, and the ovary is in the middle of the body anterior to
the testes and partly dorsal to the acetabulum. No shell gland is
seen, neither is Laurer's Canal nor the genito-intestinal duct seen.
The excretory pore is at the outlet of a sac, and indeed, the posterior
half of the body on each side of the uterus is made up of small sac-
culated spaces which may be in communication with the water vas-
cular system. The vitellaria extend for a short distance along each
side of the middle of the body.

Measurements of R. scpticus

Length 3.25 mm.

Width 50 mm.

Mouth 3 mm. across

Testes 4 mm. long and .3 mm. wide

Ovary 2 mm. in diameter

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FIG. "S. STYPHLODORA LACHESIDIS

1921] MacCoIlion: Studies in HcUuiuthnlogy 159

Zoogonoidcs hoae, sp. nov.
(Fig. 77)

Host — Boa constrictor.

Habitat — Oesophagus.

Locality — Brazil ; Zoological Park, New York.

This solitary little distonie was found in the capacious gullet of
a boa. It is almost circular in shape and presents the usual distoma
organs. The mouth sucker is relatively large, being about the same
size as the acetabulum. Oesophagus short as is the neck. The testes
are large and placed one on each side of the acetabulum. The ovary
is about half of their size and is placed posterior to the acetabulum.
The genital pore is on the ventral surface of the coeca at their point
of division. The vitellaria are immediately behind the testes and
are in the shape of five or six oblong masses pointing from each side
to the centre. The genital junction is posterior to the ovary and the
folds of the uterus are very ample and filled with eggs which are
yellow.

Measurements of Z. hoae.

Length 2.00 mm.

Width L40 mm.

Head across 10 mm.

Length of head and neck 20 mm.

Eggs 02 mm.

Styphlodora laehesidis
(Fig. 78)

Host — Lachesis lanceolatus.

Habitat — Intestine.

Locality — Island of Trinidad.

On March 2, 1919, this worm was found in the intestine of a
fer-de-lance, one of the most venomous snakes in the world.

The mouth is circular and subterminal. There is a short pre-
pharynx and a post-pharyngeal oesophagus about five times as long.
The intestines do not reach quite to the end of the worm. The genital
pore is immediately in front of the acetabulum, which latter organ
is about twice the size of the mouth sucker. There are two irregularly
oval testes, one in advance of the other and placed on opposite sides
of the worm. The vasa deferentia join and terminate anteriorly in
the posterior end of a fairly large ductus ejacuiatorius, which ter-
minates in the large cirrus which is often found everted. The ovary
is placed a little posterior to the acetabulum and is small. There is
a small seminal reservoir. No Laurer's canal can surelv be made out.

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FIG. •/9. EUROSTOMUM MICROPTERI

1921] MacCallum: Studies in Ilchninthology 161

The vitellaria are only a few small glands situated on the sides of the
worm opposite the ovary and genital junction, from these on each
side the vitelline ducts may be seen joining the oviduct. There ap-
pears to be an extensive water vascular system which empties at the
excretory pore. The skin is smooth throughout.

Measurements of S. lachcsidis.

Length 5.00 mm.

Width 1.00 mm.

Length of cirrus 360 mm.

Testes 280 mm.

Ovary 160 mm.

Across head 240 mm.

Eggs 040 X .020 mm.

Eurostomum micropteri, sp. nov.
(Fig. 79)

Host — Micropterus salmoides.

Habitat — Intestine.

Locality — New York Aquarium,

This worm was a solitary specimen in the intestine of a large-
mouthed black bass. It was obtained on April 6, 1915, and as it is a
parasite of a game food fish, it should be recorded.

The mouth is usully large, much larger than the acetabulum, and
this prominent feature has determined the name. The pharynx is rela-
tively large and is somewhat urn-shaped — no prepharynx and a rather
short post-pharynegeal oesophagus which empties into wide coeca.
These latter recurve irregularly for some distance before extending to
near the posterior end of the body. The genital pore is large and is
situated just anterior to the acetabulum. The cirrus can be seen over-
laying the pore, but no cirrus sac or even vasa deferentia can be traced.
The ovary is a coiled tubular structure and is situated in front of the
testes, which are one in front of the other and all three organs are
situated toward the posterior end of the worm. The uterus is not very
voluminous but is filled with eggs. The vitellaria extend over the
middle half of the body. The skin is smooth and unarmed.

Measurements of E. micropteri

Length 4.00 mm.

Width 80 mm.

Diameter of mouth 480 mm.

Diameter of acetabulum 280 mm.

Egg 040 X 024 mm.

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ac«t.

?■ «p.

FIG. 80. AXISOCOELIUM HIPPOGLOSSl FIG. 81. TELORCHIS ANGUSTA

1921] MacCalliDu: Studies in Hchninthology 163

Anisocoelium hippoglossi, sp. nov.
(Fig. 80)

Host — Hippoglossus hippoglossus.

Habitat— Gullet.

Locality — Gloucester, Massachusetts.

These little trematodes were found in numl)er.s in the throat of a
halibut. They have no outstanding features to distinguish them from
many others of this genus and yet they are sufficiently important to
demand description, even if only because they are parasites of one of
the most important food fishes of the sea.

The mouth is relatively large with thick irregular lips, which are
generally seen to be deficient for a small space. There is no prepharyn-
geal oesophagus, since the pharynx opens directly into the coeca, which
extend nearly to the posterior end of the worm. The genital pore is
situated near the pharynx in the angle formed by the coeca. Here the
uterus and cirrus make their exit. The immense number of large eggs
of a rich brown color in all of the specimens at hand rather obscure
the organs, yet they can be plainly traced. The ovary is situated a con-
siderable distance in front of the acetabulum and the two testes which
are a trifle larger than the ovary, are situated side by side well toward
the posterior end of the worm.

The acetabulum is very large and is situated about the middle of
the worm. It is twice the size of the large mouth sucker and it appears
very muscular. The skin is smooth throughout.

Measurements of A. hippoglossi

Length 2.40 mm.

Width 640 mm.

Diameter of mouth 240 mm.

" " acetabulum 360 mm.

Eggs length 056 X -028 mm.

Telorchis angusta, StaflFord.
(Fig. 81)

Host — Chrysemys picta.

Habitat — Intestines.

Locality — Zoological Park, Xew York.

On February 25, 1919 there were found in the intestine of a
Chrysemys picta a number of small Telorchis forms. This worm, or
one under the above name, was reported by Dr. StafTord from this
host, but whether it is the same, one cannot say.

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7-rv-

itC

FIG. 82. DICROCOELIUM LASCEATUM

1921] MacCallum: Studies in Hcluiiuihology 165

I have examined very closely three which I have on a slide, and
the measurements are given herein. As will be seen, they differ some-
what from those of 7". angiista. but i)robably not euous^h to proliibit
their being called the same worm. The vitellaria extend from near the
posterior end of the penis sac to within .800 mm. of the anterior testis.
This is the chief ditTerence between these and T. angnsta. where the
vitellaria is said to extend from the genital pore to the anterior testis.
There are two water vascular reservoirs, one on each side opposite the
cirrus sac, also a fairly large reservoir at the posterior end. Those
were not described for T. angusta, but may have been present. Cirrus,
ventral to the coeca in these worms.

Measurements of T. angusta.

Length 4.00 mm.

Width 560 mm.

Anterior sucker 120 mm.

Acetabulum 120 mm.

Pharynx 80 mm.

Cirrus 200 mm.

Ovary 160 mm.

Testis 200 mm.

Oesophagus 160 mm.

DicrococUum lanccatiim, Stiles & Ilassall, 1896c
(Fig. 82)

Family — Fasciolidae, Rail. 1895.

Genus — DicrococUum, Stiles and Hassall.

Host — A buffalo.

Habitat — Intestines.

Locality — Hong Kong, China.

This member of the great family of Fasciolidae has been as u.^ual
named and renamed by many writers, often merely to suit their indi-
vidual taste. Its synonomy — Petite Doure. Fasciola lanccolata, Ru-
dolphi 1803; Dicrococliuvi, Dujardin 1843; Distomum lanceolatum,
Mehlis 1825, etc., etc.

Why it should have been called lanccatum, one can hardly realize
for from a number of good specimens before me, they do not bear the
least resemblance to a lance.

The body is oval with the poles in some cases rather pointed. The
mouth too is very often subterminal and is comparatively large. The
acetabulum is but a short distance posterior to the mouth, pharynx
small, and but a short distance anterior to the division of the coeca;
close up in the angle of this division, is the genital pore. The cirrus

166 Zoopatlwlogica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 6

sac containing a much coiled vas deferens reaches nearly to the acet-
abulum. The testes are more or less round and somewhat lobulated.
They are anterior to the ovary and nearly on a level with the acetabu-
lum. The ovary is small and rather club-shaped. No seminal reservoir
is seen. The vitellaria are dendritic in shape, scanty, and stain a bright
red, the usual color being brown. The uterus fills largely the posterior
half of the body, and its coils are arranged in a dendritic form. The
eggs are small, plentiful, and flattened on one side. The uterus reaches
nearly to the posterior end where the outlet of the water vascular sys-
tem terminates after a series of small canals which inter-communicate.
The skin is studded throughout thickly with fine spines. At the edges
of the body the skin is in redundant folds, overlapping as if too large
to cover the body.

The description of this worm will suffice generally with that of
D. pancrcatiim with a few exceptions which will be given in a short
description of its anatomy. It rarely is found in man, and not often
in mammals in North America, although it has occurred in several
animals, as sheep, deer, etc. It is chiefly an Eastern form.

Measurements of D. lanceattim.

Length 6.50 — 7 mm.

Width 3.50— 4 mm.

Mouth 1.00 mm.

Pharynx 240 mm.

Acetabulum 1.20 mm.

Testes 360 — 4 mm.

Ovary 480 mm.

Eggs 040 X .024 mm.

Dicrocoeliunt pancreaticum, Railliet, 1890
(Fig. 83)

Host— Buffalo.

Habitat — Intestine.

Locality — Veterinary School, Java.

This form diflPers slightly from the D. lanceatnm in a few respects.
It is of about the same size and shape, being an oval with anterior and
posterior ends pointed. It is possibly more delicately formed, thinner,
and more transparent than D. lanceatnm. Testes larger and more
lobulated, ovary of a different shape being distinctly lobulated, or leaf-
shaped, three lobes, with the oviduct forming the stem and arising from
the base. No seminal reservoir can be seen although the genital junc-
tion is usually distinct. The vitellaria are disposed dendritically and
are dark brown in color, but not very plentiful. The skin, as in D.

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167

r^

<^

2x^

FIG. 83. DICROCOELIUM PA\CREATICUM

168 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 6

lanceatum, is covered with small spines and is even more redundant,
the edges being much folded.

Measurements of D. pancreatricum.

Length 7.00 mm.

Width 4.80 to 5.20 mm.

Mouth circular 1.00 mm.

Pharynx 200 mm.

Acetc/Hulum 1.00 mm.

Testes 1.12 — .720 mm.

Ovary 400 — .280 mm.

Uterus and eggs as in D. lanceatum.

Cyclococlum halcyonis
(Fig. 84)

Host — King-fisher, Halcyonis coromando.
Habitat — The body cavity.
Locality — Luzon, Phillipine Island.

This worm seems to have been first described by Zeder in 1800
under the name of Monostomum. mutahile ; Creplin afterward called it
M. microstomum. Stossich, Cephalogonimus ovatus, and many other
authors gave it synomyms, until Brand in 1892 renamed it Cyclocoehim.
Six or eight species have been described and Stossich seems to have
been the recorder of most of them. These, he found almost all in
waders, which live by the water such as Ardea cincrea, Scolopax
flaviceps, Totanus ochropus, Fitlica atra, etc., etc. G. A. MacCallum
found it in the Congo collection as the intestinal parasite of a Guinea
fowl, Guttcra plumifera schuhotzi, and called it Cyclococlum phasidi,
(1913). This is the first record for a gallinaceous bird.

During a trip to the Orient by Dr. W. G. MacCallum, he was
given several of the above worms which had been collected from a
king-fisher by Dr. MacGregor of Manila.

The worm is gray or slate colored, elongated and somewhat oval,
concave ventrally and convex dorsally. The skin is transversely
striated as will be seen (Fig. 84) in a section through the middle of the
worm. The peculiarity of this genus is that the intestine and vitellaria
arc continuous around the whole body and this unusual condition serves
to give the worm its name. Another peculiarity is that the genital pore
is at the pharynx, consequently the eggs are discharged from near the
mouth, lliis relates it to Cephalogonimus, named by Poirier in 1886.
The ovary is situated near the posterior end of the body between the
two testes, one in front and the other posterior. It is rather small and
near it is seen a fairly large shell gland anterior to which may be seen

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169

- "v"f^-

FIG. 84. CYCLOCOELUM HAI.CYOKIS. (Section)

170 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 6

a section of Laurer's canal, and immediately posterior to it is seen a
transverse section of the vitelline duct on its way to join the oviduct.
The testes are two and each at least three times as large as the ovary.
The uterus is very voluminous and full of eggs. It, with the intestines,
fills the greater part of the anterior two-thirds of the body.

The vitellaria consists of a narrow line of glands which, like the
intestine, surround the margin of the body, except a small portion at
the anterior end. The mouth is small and subterminal. The pharynx
is also small. The eggs are very large and much developed.

Measurements of C. halcyonis.

Length 12.00 mm.

Width 3.00 mm.

Testes 720 mm. X -560 mm.

Ovary 280 mm. X -160 mm.

Eggs 120 mm. X -80 mm.

Plagiorchis anacondae, sp. nov.

(Fig. 85)
Host — Anaconda.
Habitat — Intestine.
Locality — South America, Zoological Park, New York.

This worm was a solitary specimen in the small intestine, and
when discovered was very actively stretching out its anterior end very
much. This portion of the body was whiter than the rest and appeared
quite triangular when at rest, the constriction being about llie level of
the acetabulum. The mouth is large and subterminal and is followed by
a very large, somewhat triangular pharynx. This latter organ is sur-
rounded by a quantity of unicellular glands. There is no oesophagus,
the pharynx entering directly into the coeca which are much enlarged
at their anterior end and recurve up on either side of the pharynx for
about half of its length. They then suddenly contract to form on each
side a narrow coecum which extends to the posterior end of the worm,
where they terminate each in a widened sac, and there they enclose
closely the two relatively large round testes.

The acetabulum is situated about one-quarter the length of the
worm from the anterior end and the genital pore is just anterior to it.
This pore is relatively large and it gives exit to the uterus at its
anterior margin, while the cirrus protrudes from its posterior edge.

The ovary is placed in the middle of the body and is about half
the size of the testes which are much posterior to 't.

The water vascular system is much in evidence starting by a good
sized tube on each side of the mouth and terminating in a distinct
reservoir at the posterior end.

1921

MacCalliiii! : Sfndirs in IIclDiintliologx

171

acet.

FIG. 85. PLAGlORCHiS ASACONDAE

172:

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FIG. 86. PARAGONIMUS TKACHYSAURI

1921] MocCalliiiii: Studies in Hiiniintholof/y 173

The skin is smooth and thin, being unarmed throughout. Eggs are
small, oval, yellow and very plentiful.

Mcasurctnoits of P. anacondac.

Length 6.00 mm.

Width 1.40 mm.

Mouth across 560 mm.

Pharynx across 320 mm.

Pharynx length 540 mm.

Acetabulum diameter 560 mm.

Ovary 400 mm.

Testes 600 mm.

Eggs 080 X .040 mm.

Paragonimus trachysauri, sp. nov.
(Fig. 86)

Host — Trachysaurus rugosus.

Habitat — Gall bladder.

Locality — Zoological Park, New York.

On August 30, 1918, there were found in the gall bladder of a
stump-tailed lizard, Trachysaurus rugosus, from Australia about
twenty distomes. These worms are quite unusual in many ])articulars.
There were three different sizes among them, which with the decided
differences in form would almost make it necessary to divide them into
three species, but as they are in many particulars alike, and for brevity's
sake, we shall describe them as one species. A figure of one of the
largest ones is given. The mouth is large and the lips wide, and in
some specimens a portion of the lip next to the neck appears to lay
flat, while the narrow portion is divided from this by a line passing
around the mouth, although the muscular tibrillae all run in the same
direction. The margins of the lips are irregular or corrugated. The
pharynx is not very large and seems to extend into the mouth for
half the width of the lip. The oesophagus is about the same length
as the pharynx. This terminates in the very voluminous lobulated
coeca, which extend to nearly the end of the worm, and in these intes-
tines are great numbers of four sided crystals of varying length. This
is very unusual and one is at a loss to account for their presence and
origin. The artist has shown these too large proportionately.

The male genitalia consists of two small testes, situated anterior to
the ovary, opposite to the acetabulum and partly dorsal to the coeca.
The vasa deferentia do not unite until just before their entrance into the
cirrus sac, which is quite small.

174

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FIG. 87. RENIFER OPHIBOLI

1921] MacCalliiin: Studies in HcJminiliology 175

The female genitalia, the ovary is a roundish mass situated in the
centre of the body some distance behind the acetabulum. The genital
junction is formed posterior to the ovary by the oviduct being joined
by the vitelline ducts and their passing through a distinct seminal
reservoir. The uterus is widely coiled throughout the body ventral
to the coeca, and indeed the genital pore is on the ventral surface of
the wide coeca instead of being in the angle as usual. The vitellaria
are not extensive and on each side opposite the ovary the masses are
joined together. The acetabulum is as large as the mouth and is at
the junction of the anterior and middle thirds of the length of the
worm. The water vascular system is extensive and terminates at the
excretory pore by the junction of several branches. The coeca are
more or less filled with crystals which I am unable to name.

Measurements of P. trachysaxiri.

Length 5.00 mm.

Width 2.00 mm.

Testes 15 mm.

Ovary 2 mm.

Mouth 2 mm.

Ova 05 X .02 mm.

Crystals all sizes from a mere point up to .02 mm. long and
.01 nun. wide.

Renifer ophihoU, sp. nov.
(Fig. 87)

Host — OphihoU getuhis.

Habitat — Found in washings of intestine.

Locality — Southwest United States.

This was a solitary worm in the intestine of a king snake, but its
exact habitat cannot be given.

It evidently belongs to that rather small subfamily of the genus
Renifer which was established by Pratt in 1902, the type form being
R. ellipticHS and collected from the mouth of Heterodon plotyrhinus.
It seems to be a parasite of reptiles alone. This specimen is a delicately
formed worm, as will be seen, and presents some peculiarities of form.
The mouth is large and subterminal, the pharynx fairly large and the
oesophagus is long, extending to the division of the coeca, which takes
place at about the junction of the anterior fifth with the posterior four-
fifths of the length of the body. They extend posteriorly almost ex-
actly half the length of the worm, terminating at a point midway be-
tween the ovary and the testes. The ovary is small, about half the size
of each testis and is placed very near to the posterior edge of the acet-
abulum. The oviduct is directed backwards, the genital junction, shell

176 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 6

gland which extends from near the posterior end of the worm to the
genital pore, passing dorsally across the middle of the acetabulum. It
contains but a limited number of eggs which are small, oval, and yellow
in color.

The testes, two in number, are situated a little posterior to the
middle of the worm, are irregularly nodulated, and are on opposite
sides of the body. The vasa deferentia do not join until very near
the end of the ductus ejaculatorius, and this contracts very much before
terminating in the cirrus sac. The genital pore is situated in advance
of the division of the coeca and on the left edge of side of the body.
Behind the testes, the body is much given up to lacunae, connected with
the water vascular system. These are all connected, and empty at the
excretory pore. The skin is thin, smooth, and unarmed. It is about
.080 mm. thick and composed of two layers, an outer one composed,
besides the epithelium, of oblique muscular striae and an inner layer
of about equal thickness composed of circular cells or corpuscles. The
vitellaria are scanty, being confined to a short distance along the mar-
gins of the middle of the worm. As will be seen, it is larger than any
of the other species described, being longer than R. ellipticus, the type
specimen.

Measurements of R. ophiholi

Length 5.00 mm.

Width 1.40 mm.

Testes 400 mm.

Ovary 200 mm.

Acetabulum 600 mm.

Mouth sucker 440 mm.

Eggs 040 X -024 mm.

Cephalog animus trachysauri, sp. nov.
(Fig. 88)

Host — Trachysaurus riigostts.

Habitat— Gall bladder.

Locality — Australia ; Zoological Park, New York.

While examining the above named lizard, I found in the gall
bladder two different trematode worms. One I have named Paragonimus
trachysauri and the other is evidently a Ccphalogonimus. Poirier in
1885 discovered {M. Iciwiri) and named it Ccphalogonimus, ranked
later as a genus, Lss. This latter organ is sometimes at the very an-
terior end of the worm, even extending past it, as Braun says, like a
chimney. The skin is smooth and devoid of armature. I regret that
the three specimens found were so filled with eggs and otherwise unfit
for sectioning that some portions of its anatomy are left unshown in

1921] MacCallum: Studies in Ilchninthology

177

aceC

'"•-hic^fj'-s]

Ov.

FIG. 88. CEPHALOGOMMUS TRACHYSAURI

178 ZoopatJwlogica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 6

the plate given. However, I am sure that the identification is correct,
for although the important termination of the uterus and cirrus cannot
be seen, yet the uterus and vasa efferentia both disappear behind the
pharynx and mouth to terminate on the dorsal surface of the anterior
end.

The mouth is quite as large as. the acetabulum, which latter struc-
ture is situated at the junction of the anterior third with the posterior
two-thirds of the length of the body. The testes are small and placed
one on each side of the acetabulum. The pharynx is followed by a
fairly long crooked oesophagus which empties into the coeca. These
latter organs are relatively very large and extend to near the posterior
end of the worm. A peculiar point with reference to the contents of
the coeca is that, as in P. tracJiysonri, there are large numbers of what
seem to be four-sided crystals contained therein. I am unable to iden-
tify these. Their ends, when seen, are exactly square, but they are
shown too large, relatively.

The ovary is placed posterior to the acetabulum and far behind the
testes. It is a little larger than either testis, and it gives oflf the oviduct
from the posterior side. Laurer's Canal cannot be seen partly owing
to the profuse number of eggs and also to the large vitelline ducts.
The vitellaria are large glandular masses on each side of the middle
of the worm for a limited distance. No shell gland or ootype could be
made out, nor was a seminal reservoir present which is said to be the
rule.

Measurements of C. trachysauri.

Length 3.00 mm.

Wiith 70 mm.

Ovary 280 mm.

Testes 200 mm.

Mouth i-dzKev 320 mm.

Acetabulum 328 mm.

Eggs 040 mm. X .020

Holostomum variabile, Nitzsch. 1819.
(Fig. 89)

Host — Lams atricilla.

Habitat — Intestine.

Locality — Zoological Park, New York.

This worm, which he found in an owl and given as the type of the
species, was first described by Dr. Christian Nitzsch. It is found,
however, in many other birds, but apparently more often in the preda-
tory species. As stated these were found in the intestine of a laughing
gull on January 13, 1919, and I do not find it given before as a para-

1921

MacCalliiin: Studies in IlchnintJiology

179

FIG. 89. HOLOSTOMUM r.lRIABILE

180

Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 6

hl(}. 90. EUSTOMOS CHELYDRAE

1921] MacCalluDi: Studies in HcluiintJwlogy 181

site of this host, at least not in this country. L. ridibundxis, Linn, in
Europe is said to be the laughing gull of that continent, and is given as
a host.

However, there were only four of these worms found in this in-
stance. They are small and of a peculiar form, as may be seen by the
plate. (Fig. 89.) Tlic head and mouth arc a funnel shaped structure
with very irregular margins. On one of the lobules is a small sucker
and some short distance posterior to it is another larger one. These are
apparently the only holding organs the worm has. The body is gener-
ally bent, and at or near the posterior end may be seen two large lobu-
lated testes, and almost directly in front of them, and very near them
in the middle line, is seen the round ovary. This organ is compara-
tively small. It gives ofif the oviduct from the posterior lateral portion,
and almost at once it passes through the shell gland and receives the
vitelline ducts, then terminates in the uterus and passes forward for a
coil, recurves upon itself, and extends to the posterior cloaca, where
is the genital pore, contained also in an opening whose margins are
much lobulated. The vas deferens also makes it way to this opening,
where it probably ends in a cirrus. The eggs are few in number al-
though relatively large. The vitellaria are very plentiful and extend
almost throughout the whole length of the worm. No alimentary canal
could be traced, nor could any vagina be found, unless just posterior
to the large sucker, where a doubtful opening may be seen, should be
given as it. This was attributed to the outlet of the water vascular
system, but this is uncertain. The testes are very large, irregular in
shape and fill the posterior third of the body cavity.

Measurements of H. variable

Length 4.00 mm.

Width 1.00 mm.

Sucker 240 mm.

Across head 1.00 mm.

Small sucker 200 mm.

Across posterior end 320 mm.

Eggs 120 mm. X -064 mm.

Eustomos chelydrae, sp. nov.
(Fig. 90)

Host — Chelydra serpentina.

Habitat — Intestine.

Localit>' — New York Aquarium.

These distomcs. found in a snapping turtle, were filled with
large, yellow, oval eggs, so as almost to obscure the other organs from
sight. The head is almost entirely occupied with a large horseshoe

182

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<lcet

ov.

FIG. 91. LECITHASTER AXISOTREMI

1921] MacCalluni: Studies in Ilclmintholo(iy 183

shaped sucker, very muscular and strong and leading into a gullet or
pre-pharyngeal oesophagus, and this extends into a trilobed pharynx
and the post-pharyngeal oesophagus is about of an equal length with
the prepharyngeal one. The coeca extend to the posterior end. There
are two testes situated a little behind the middle of the worm and the
ovary is in advance of these and about the middle of the length of the
worm. The vitcllaria are only a few glands on each side of the middle
and the vitelline ducts extend completely across meeting the oviduct in
front of the ovary. The shell gland is large and in front of the ovary.
The seminal reservoir is relatively large and is behind the ovary. The
genital pore is anterior to and to the left of the shell gland and between
the coeca. The cirrus sac is long. The posterior half of the worm is
filled with eggs. The posterior end is cut off squarely and curiously
decorated with a fringe of small cysts.

Measurements of E. chelydrae

Length 2.00 mm.

Width 50 mm.

Testes 096 mm.

Ovary 080 mm.

Width of mouth sucker 200 mm.

Egg 040 X .020 mm.

Lccitliastcr anisotrenti, sp. nov.
(Fig. 91)

Host — Pork Fish, Anisotremits virginicus.

Habitat — Intestine.

Locality — New York Aquarium, from Key West.

This small trematode, of which there were only two, was the only
distome found in scores of autopsies of this host. Consequently, in-
stead of being an injurious parasite, it is merely somewhat of a curi-
osity. The host does not usually harbor many parasites, especially in
the alimentary tract, except Scoliccs polymorphiis or an occasional
Echinorhynchus. On the gills, however, there are almost always a
number of microcotyle which may sometimes menace the life of their
host. These distomes were found on May 20, 1916, and as thev present
some unusual features, it is thought worth while to record the find.
The worm is small, very prettily shaped, and strikes the observer at
once as presenting at least two very prominent organs, the acetabulum
which is immensely large and the vitellaria, very odd, since they are
in the shape of large dark lobules so placed as to all point by their
pointed ends to one centre rosette form, and when examined closely it
is found that small ducts arise from all of these points and join, evi-

184

Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 6

FIG. 92. MICROCOTVLE AUSTRALIENSIS

1921] MacCallmn: Studies in Hclminthology 185

dently the oviduct. This is very unusual. The ovary is situated near
the posterior end of the worm and gives off the oviduct from its pos-
terior side. The testes are much anterior to the ovary and placed one
on each side of the worm.

The mouth sucker is relatively large, and so is the pharynx. There
is no oesophagus and the pharynx opens at once into a much lobulated
intestine which divides into two coeca. and these extend almost to the
posterior end of the worm. The genital pore is situated in the angle
at the division of the coeca. and the cirrus with a large cirrus sac,
which is preceded by a fairly large ductus ejaculatorius, lies partly
over the genital pore. The acetabulum is very large and muscular ex-
tending almost the whole width of the worm. The ovary is about the
same size as the testes. The eggs are numerous and of good size.
Their number tends to obscure the genital junction so that a more de-
finite description of it cannot be made.

Measurements of L. anisotremi.

Length 2.40 mm.

Width 80 mm.

Diameter of acetabulum 640 mm.

Diameter of ovary 200 mm.

Diameter of testes 176 mm.

Eggs 04 X .024 mm.

Ovary 280 mm.

Mouth sucker 280 mm.

Microcotyle australiensis, sp. nov.
(Fig. 92)

Host — Pomatomus saltatrix — The Tailer.

Habitat — Gills.

Locality — Sydney, Australia.

These worms were taken from a fish at Sydney, where it is called
a yellow tail, and belongs to the Caranx family, quite a different fish
from the Pomatomus saltatrix or blue fish of the Atlantic Coast.

The anatomy of this Microcotyle is about the same as that of the
family in general. About the genital pore there is as usual a large num-
ber of hooks or spines, and the same is the case about the entrance of
the vagina. The ovary is situated to the right side, and is rather
small. The vitelline reservoir is in a Y-shape and joins the oviduct
near the ovary. There are about twenty-five testes and the vitellaria
are plentiful. The clinging organ is of a slightly different shape from
ordinary.

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acet.

Nit

4-vit.a.

FIG. 93. GLOnOPORUM MORONIS FIG. 94. DACTYI.OCOTYLE TRACHINGTI

v.td

1921] MacCalliDu: Studies in Ilclniinthology 187:

Measurements of M. australiensis.

Length 4.00 mm.

Width 60 mm.

Across head or mouth 120 mm.

Width of body at genital pore 360 mm.

Length of tail or clinging organ 1.40 mm.

Globoporum moronis.
(Fig. 93)

Host — Sea Perch, Morone amcricana.
Habitat — Intestines.
Locality — New York market.

This little worm was found in limited numbers. It is very small,
and there is nothing very peculiar about it except that the anterior part
of the body, chiefly, is thickly studded with relatively long spines. If
it were longer and more numerous, it would probably be very irritating
to its host. One odd thing, unusual in distonies, is the fact that its
vitellaria extend from its middle along both sides and across the poster-
ior end, and is quite profuse. The intestines extend almost to the
posterior end. The specimens were found January 20, 1915.

Measurements of G. moronis.

Length 4.20 mm.

Width 1.40 mm.

Across head 896 mm.

Across mouth sucker 560 mm.

Across ventral sucker. . . .560 mm.

Across ovary 520 mm.

Across testes 560 mm. X -640 mm.

Dactylocotyle trachinoti, sp. nov.
(Fig. 94)

Subfamily Octocotylinae, V. Beneden et Hesse, 1863.

Genus Dactylocotyle.

Host — Trachinotus carolinensis.

Habitat— Gills.

Locality — New York Aquarium.

On February 27, 1917 there were found on the gills of a pompano
a number of the above worms and in fact they have been observed on
the gills of this fish often. They have not been recorded by anyone

188

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[I; 6

Piiiffllil;^^-

FIG. 95. NITZSCHIA SUPERBA

1921] MacCalhim: Studies in Hdminthology 189

else, I, therefore, think it proper to report the hnd. Also they have
been often seen on Roccus lincatus, but whether it is exactly the same
species I cannot say at the present moment.

This species is small and very delicately formed, and the ornamen-
tations about the genital openings are very unique. The head is some-
what expanded by the presence of a sort of compound sucker on each
side of the mouth proper, which appears at the extreme anterior por-
tion, and the pharynx is immediately behind the two suckers. The
oesophagus follows and the genital pore is central and is surrounded
by a lot of delicately formed hooks and spicules, and posterior to this
a short distance may be seen the cirrus which is also ornamented and
surrounded by both hooks and spicules. At about the junction of the
anterior fourth with the posterior three-fourths is the vagina, also the
site of a number of spines and hooks about it. The ovary, situated at
the junction of the posterior and middle thirds, of the body, is a rather
long mass giving otT to the left the usual oviduct, which is almost at
once joined by the duct from the vitelline reservoir, and then proceeds
anteriorly as the uterus. No seminal reservoir is seen. A number of
eggs are generally seen engaged in the uterus. They are fairly large,
oval and yellow, and with a long filament attached to the posterior end.
There are twenty-five or thirty roundish testes near the posterior end.
The vitellaria are very abundant throughout the body. The posterior
clinging structure, and that which gives the worm its name from
Dactylos finger or toe, is a double process sustaining on each
half four claspers at the posterior end. The general shape of the
body is elongated and graceful with distinct shoulders separated
from the head by a short neck.

Measurements of D. tracliynoti.

Length 4.00 mm.

Width 52 mm.

Length of each finger-like processes 48 mm.

Width of head 24 mm.

Across body at genital pore 36 mm.

Nitaschia superba, sp. no v.
(Fig. 95)

Piost — Acipenser brevirostrnni.

Habitat — Gills.

Locality — The Aquarium, New York, from Atlantic Coast.

On September 22, 1915, two short nosed sturgeons, a male and a
female, were examined and no entozoa were found in their blackened
internal organs, but on the gills were found three Nitzschias, which
proved to be very interesting.

190 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 6

These worms while in general outline are much the same as
Nitzschias generally are, yet the anatomy presented many points of
difference. Beginning at the anterior end, the two long side suckers
are most peculiar. They stand quite out from the head, two deep
grooves and must be very powerful. The principal thing, however,
which strikes the observer, is the immense quantity of vitellaria which
covers the body almost throughout. It is also very different from that
of other members of this genus, inasmuch as instead of being a mass
of more or less circular glands, they are here in the form of tubes with
only at short distances a circular gland here and there. These tubes
cover the body from the anterior notch to the anterior margin of the
posterior sucker, covering all of the internal organs more or less com-
pletely. They are a series or network of tubules, which intercommuni-
cate and finally empty into two large ducts or tubes, which extend on
each side nearly the whole length of the body. The pharynx which also
serves the purpose of a mouth is large and is situated between the
posterior ends of the large anterior suckers. Immediately behind this
is a large genital pore, in or over which lays the cirrus with its sac.
The vas deferens, a large and much coiled structure, is plainly seen
entering the base of the cirrus sac. Behind the genital opening and
In contact with it may be seen the uterus containing a large yellow,
somewhat triangular egg. The ovary is uniform in shape and gives off
the oviduct from the anterior side, and this is at once joined by the
duct from the seminal reservoir and also by two large vitelline ducts,
one from each side. A shell gland cannot be seen, nor a Laurer's
Canal. There are from twenty-seven to thirty testes, which are large
and somewhat rounded. The posterior sucker is large, very muscular
and presents four small yellow hooks near its posterior margin. They
are in pairs and each pair is attached to the center of the disc or
posterior tip of the body by a muscular strand. The skin throughout
is smooth and the bodies are not so large as N. clcgans of A. stiirio.
Many strong muscular fibres can be seen extending from the disc up
into the body.

Measurements of N. snperha.

Length

7.00

mm.

to 11.00

mm.

Width

2.20
2.20

mm.
mm.

to 3.40
to 3.20

mm.

Across the head.

mm.

Across pharynx.

1.00

mm.

Across ovary . .

1.00

mm.

Across disc ....

2.00

mm.

to 2.20

mm.

Egg triangular. .

.120

mm.

long X

.144

Length of each anterior sucker — 2 mm.

1921] MacCallum: Studies in Hdminthulugy 191

Heronimus geomydae, sp. nov.
(Fig. 96)

Genus — Ilcroniiniis, Mac C. Oct.. 1902.
Host — A turtle, Geomyda punctularia.
Habitat — The lung.
Locality — Trinidad Island.

On February 25, 1919, a turtle was sent to me from the New
York Zoological Park labelled Aromochclys, sp. n. with the statement
that it came from the Island of Trinidad. Apparently, at the Park the
officials were in doubt as to the particular species of this turtle, and I
am also in doubt, owing to the meagre data accompanying it, altho
it was labelled Aromochclys. I am told, however, by good authority
that there are two species existing in Trinidad Island to which this
reptile might belong, and as Geomyda punctularia, Daudin is apparently
the more common, it probably was a specimen of that form.

In the autopsy there were found three worms in the lungs which
were monostoma and tentatively I have named them as above. They
are quite large and of somewhat peculiar formation. The mouth is
terminal and tlie pharynx which is large, extends quite into the mouth
cavity anteriorly and into the coeca with its posterior end. The coeca
are wide at their origin, but almost at once become suddenly very
narrow for a short distance, when they become wide and extend to
nearly the posterior end. The genital apparatus is situated quite close
to the anterior end of the worm, and is composed of two seminal sacs,
one of which is the seminal reservoir, no testes seen, the ovary oval in
shape and situated anterior to the seminal vessels and just in front of
the shell gland and situated anterior to them. The oviduct is longer
than usual and extends backward to terminate in the uterus. Tlie vasa
deferentia extend backward and terminate in an unusually large coiling
seminal reservoir, which extends forward to end in the cirrus, which
also coils and is situated a little in advance of the genital pore in or
near the right side of the mouth. Hence it is a cephalogonimus. The
uterus is very extensive and is filled with eggs and partially developed
eggs, for in the terminating coils of the uterus are seen large numbers
of miracidiae, showing eye spots and clumps of rediae posteriorly. In
this part of the uterus there is much pigment matter. The vitellaria
are in two columns, lying internal to the coeca and sending two ducts
across to the oviduct near its origin.

The worm is thick, and the uterus crowded with eggs from almost
one end to the other.

Measurements of H. geomydae.

Length 16.00 mm.

Width 3.00 mm.

Ovarv 700 mm.

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[I; 6

«»>p

FIG. 96. HERONIMUS GEOMYDAE

FIG. 97. HERONIMUS MATERNUM

1921] MacCalluiii: Siudics in Ilcliniutholo(/y 193

Testes 800 mm,

Eggs 07 mm.

Miracidia 012 mm.

Hcron'nnns matcrnum, sp. nov.
( Fig. 97)

Host — Blanding's tortoise, Emys hlandingi.

Habitat — Lung.

Locality — \\'ood's Hole, from Ohio.

During the examination of about seventeen Blanding's tortoises
from Ohio, I found in the lungs two of the above parasites.
The worm is about 12 mm. long and 2 mm. wide, and is generally
seen in a semilunar shape. The mouth is ventral and oval in outline
with a triangular opening. Lnmcdiately behind the mouth is the arch
of the coeca into which the mouth opens directly without the interven-
tion of a pharynx or oesophagus. The intestine extends along each
side to near the posterior end. It is wide and filled generally with a
yellowish matter. The ovary is round and situated toward the right
side of the body and but a short distance posterior to the mouth. The
oviduct is given off from the posterior side and coils almost at once
anteriorly for some distance before it widens into the uterus. This
latter, after coiling toward the head end, proceeds backward. No
ootype or shell gland can be made out in the meagre material at hand.
The coils of the uterus along the left side of the worm to the posterior
end contain mainly eggs and slightly developed eggs or larvae. On
the right side, however, the development seems greater and the mira-
cidia begin to appear until they reach the final parts of the uterus. The
walls of the uterus appear to be very thin, so much so that they are
hardly visible through much of its length. In the metraterm may be
seen chiefly miracidia entirely formed and with rcdia within. This
part of the uterus, as has been said, is much pigmented. The genital
pore is on the right side of the neck or mouth and very near the anterior
or licad end. hence the worm belongs to the genus Ccf^lialoj/oniiints

There are two testes somewhat pyriform in shape, small end
anterior. They are situated directly behind the ovary, the vasa defer-
entia being given oflf at the anterior ends and very near the oviduct
at its origin. The vasa dcferentia are seen in coils in the angle of the
coeca. The excretory system ends at the posterior end.

It is a viviparous trcmatnde and more than that the larvae are in
the miracidium stage within the uterus. Here the miracidia show
within them the masses of rcdia and also nucleated cells. The mira-
cidia are .200 mm. in length and .096 mm., in width, and in some cases
they are quite prolonged into a tailcovered with cilia. They vary in
shape somewhat, but are generally pyriform. Each has two eyes, or

194 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I ; 6

pigment spots, at or near the anterior, wider, or head end and behind
these the redia may be seen. The difference in shape is probably owing
to different degrees of contraction. There is a good deal of pigment
in the walls of the uterus where the miracidia are, but not so much
elsewhere. The eye spots are about 0.016 mm. in diameter and they
are not always round. The eggs are roundish and .032 mm. in diameter.
The vitellaria are not very evident and are scattered along the edge
of the body throughout much of its length. The skin is unarmed and
smooth.

Measurements of H. maternum.

Length 12.00 mm.

Width 2.00 mm.

Testes .560 mm.

Ovary .400 mm.

Mouth 40 X .20 mm.

Eggs .032 mm.

Eye spots .016 mm.

Miracidia 200 mm. X -096 mm.

Cotylogaster cJiactodipteri, sp. nov.
(Fig. 98)

Family — Aspidohothridae.

Genus — Cotylogaster.

Host — Chactodiptcrus faher.

Habitat — Intestine.

Locality — New York Aquarium.

Three of these parasites were found in the intestine of a spade or
angelfish, Chactodiptcrus fabcr on May 8, 1919. The host being
among a consignment of fish from Florida.

The worms are not large and do not seem to be of the same species
as Cotylogaster micJiaeli found in the intestine of a fish at Trieste by
Mont, in 1892, which shows various differences, for instance it has a
row of sucking discs around the whole margin of the body and long
transverse median depressions across the ventral surface. It also has
small round suckers around the whole inner edge of the body. Length
4.00 mm. to 5.00 mm. vitellaria separated masses. The head is square
with a round mouth in the center. It has one testis and this is given as
the type species.

Nickerson describes one in 1899 found in Aplodinotiis griinniens
and which he named C. occidcntalis. This does not seem to be of the
same species either. First it is large, 8 mm. long with 144 depressions
on the sucking disk and at the dorsal end of conical elevation. The
mouth seems to be the same with five large flowing lips.

1921] MacCallum: Studies in Hclminthology

195

vtt.

^^A

FIG. 98. COTYLOGASTER CHAEJODIPTERl

196

Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 6

vit.

FIG. 99. SPIRORCHIS EMYDIS

1921] MacCallnm: Studies in Hclmintliology 197

C. chactodiptcri is much smaller than the foregoing and different
in its anatomy. The head is provided with five large flowing lips
about the mouth. The neck is smooth and well formed and about its
middle it shows a pharynx which is large and presents a slit down its
center. The body is somewhat pyriform, the base being anterior
where the neck joins it in its middle. The posterior end is quite
pointed. Along the margin of each side of the body there may be
counted sixteen rather large sucking disks. They extend from the
root of the neck to nearly the end of the body. There are no transverse
depressions to be seen on the ventral surface as in C. michaeli.

There is only one large globular testis which is situated quite
near the ovary at the right side of the body. The ovary is pyriform in
shape, large and quite long. On the inner side of the ovary the vitel-
laria appear in the shape of long lobulated masses and these extend
from near the root of the neck for two thirds the length of the body.
The abdomen is so literally filled with eggs that the ducts from any of
the above organs cannot be seen. The oviduct however can be seen ex-
pelling eggs through the genital pore at the junction of the neck with
the body on the left side.

Measurements of C. chaetodiptcri.

Length 2.50-3.00 mm.

Width 1.50-2.00 mm.

Across mouth or lips 80 mm.

Across neck 50 mm.

Length of head and neck 90 mm.

Width of sucker on side 15 mm.

Across shoulders 2.00 mm.

Length of ovary 65 mm.

Diameter of testis 30 mm.

Eggs 010 mm. X 05 mm.

Spirorchis etiiydis. gen. et sp. ncv.,
(Fig. 99)

Family — Spirorchiidac.

Sub- family — Spirorchiinae.

Host — E))iys blandingii. Blanding's turtle.

Habitat — Lung.

I^)cality — Ohio, U. S. A. .

In a paper on Tclorchis and other trematodes ( Zoopathologica)
(New York Zool. Soc, 1918, I, 81) I described a worm from the in-
testine of Chclopus insculptns, giving in the generic name Spirorchis.
The same worm had been found by me previously (in 1912) in the

198 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I ; 6

lung of Chrysemys picta. Unfortunately, through an error the specific
name eiistrcptos, which was intended, was omitted. Ward in his
paper of March 1921 (Journal of Parasitology), without consulting me,
and without studying the form, suggests the specific name innominata.
But this name is not acceptable and I maintain the name Spirorcliis
custrcptos.

In the lung of Blanding's turtle, after dissecting seventeen speci-
mens, I found one example of another worm which evidently belongs
in this genus and which I name Spirorcliis cmydis. It is quite possible
that this worm may have been lying in the blood vessels of the lungs,
since Ward has clearly shown that his entirely similar Proparorchis is
to be found in the blood stream.

Spirorcliis emydis conforms generally to the shape and size of
Spirorcliis custrcptos, being very pointed at the head end, in fact, the
small mouth, circular, subterminal and unarmed, is the anterior ter-
minus, and from here the body widens to a point in front of the branch-
ing of the caeca. The body tapers at both ends and is widest at about
the junction of the middle and posterior thirds of its length. The
worm is of a very delicate structure which accounts for the condition
of this specimen. The skin is smooth and unarmed. Immediately sur-
rounding the mouth is a narrow circle or ring of white tissue before the
cellular structuce begins. The oesophagus extends posteriorly to join the
caeca, in a quite crooked, torturous course, sharply bent before passing
through the most striking structure of the body. There does not ap-
pear to be any pharynx proper and this structure which at first sight
would undoubtedly be called a pharynx, is shown to be a large oval
mass of tubules radiately arranged about the oesophagus and evidently
emptying into it. Externally the tubules do not seem to be definitely
limited but many of them fade away by being prolonged towards the
surface on each side and disappear. They ail, however, thus form an
oval mass of cells through which the oesophagus passes. The whole
tube may be said to be much bent and curved, especially before enter-
ing this mass, which is composed of about sixteen or seventeen of the
tubules on each side. It seems quite conceivable that the function of
this gland-like, radiate, structure may be to secrete a material analogous
to that produced by leeches and serve to keep fluid the blood which
the worm absorbs.

Posteriorly, and still surrounded by this glandular mass, the
oesophagus empties directly into the coeca which pass in an irregular
course to the posterior end of the worm. There, in this specimen, they
appear to join but it is not possible to be quite sure. They are filled with
black matter, probably partially digested blood. The testes are crushed
but enough of them is present to show that they pursued a spiral
course between the intestines from about tb-^ junction of the anterior
and middle thirds of the length of the worm, to the ovary, only the
seminal reservoir intervening. Only a portion of the seminal receptacle
is left a little anterior to the ovary. All of the genital organs other

1921] MacCallioii: Studies i)i Hchninthology 199

than the testes are situated near the posterior end of the body. The
ovary is a lobulated organ composed, in this instance, of five principal
lobes and one or two smaller ones. The oviduct is shown and also a
part of the ductus seminalis but the genital pore cannot be made out,
neither can Laurer's Canal. The excretory pore is present at the extreme
posterior end of the body. The vitellaria are very abundant and extend
on each side from the middle of the perioesophageal mass completely
around the posterior end. Neither the cirrus nor the metraterm can be
satisfactorily made out. The water vascular system may be seen in the
form of small lacunae extending from the anterior to the posterior end
terminating in a tube there. The margins of the worm are very delicate
and this would lead one to think that in life the body is boat shaped as
in the Schistosomidac. In my collection I have several specimens of a
worm found in Sphargis coriacca which I have called Pyclosomum
spliargidis, which in many particulars resembles Spirorchis. It is boat
shaped and the arrangement of the anterior end about the oesophagus
is very similar to Spirorchis cmydis. It is a monostome and the genital
organs except the uterus are situated very near the posterior end.
Looss describes a worm from sea turtles which resembles the Schisto-
somidae in many particulars but he does not seem to mention those
found in Sphargis coriucca. I have several of these and feel confident
from the decided resemblance that they should be included in the above
family.

In the case of Spirorchis eustrepfos I am now satisfied that the worm
should not be credited with a pharynx although in one of the three
specimens the outline of a pharynx may be indistinctly seen in the
position given it in the plate by the artist. None of these blood flukes
apparently are possessed of the usual pharynx. I regret that I do not
feel warranted in an endeavor to sketch the probable shape and position
of the missing organs in this worm, such a proceeding would not be
honest no matter how much my readers and I would be glad to have
the worm complete.

Measurements of Spirorchis emydis:

Length 4.1 mm.

Width of widest part 1 mm.

Width opposite pharynx 4 mm.

Middle of body 3 mm.

Diameter of mouth 056 mm.

Length of pharyngeal mass. . .40 mm.

Width of pharyngeal mass. . . .32 mm.

Tubuli in pharyngeal mass. .120 mm. long X -004 mm. wide

Diameter of ovary 35 mm. X -32 mm.

,200

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<3cet,

FIG. 100. RENIFER NATRICIS

1921] MacCallnm: Studies in Hclminthology 201

Renifcr natricis
(Fig. 100)

Host — Pilot Water Snake, Matrix taxispilota.

Habitat — Mouth.

Locality — Georgia ; Zoological Park, New York.

Five of these small worms were found fastened to the mucous
membrane in the mouth of the above snake and were with difftculty
removed. It was first described by Rudolphi in 1803 under the name
of Fasciola ovata. It was taken from a crow {Corvus frugilegus).
Luehe 1899 described it under the name Prosthogonimus and seems
always hitherto to have been found in a bird as host except on one
occasion when it was found in a hen's egg in 1901 by Braun at Yeddo,
Japan, and named P. japonicns.

The body is somewhat triangular in shape at least, it is wider at
the anterior end than posteriorly. The subterminal mouth sucker is
comparatively large and very strong, followed by a fairly large muscu-
lar pharynx, and around the external surface of which there are a
number of glandular cells. The oesophagus is fairly long, and the
coeca are short reaching only as far as the posterior edge of the aceta-
bulum. The genital system is remarkably distinct and well developed.
The testes are circular and placed opposite each other on either side
of the body, posterior to the ovary which lies in the center of the body
and very near the acetabulum. It is large and shows Laurer's Canal
given off to the left side while the oviduct, given off from the posterior
side, receives the duct from the seminal reservoir, and then the duct
from the vitellaria before entering the shell gland. It then proceeds
backward to form the coils of the uterus which fill the posterior part
of the body. The water vascular system can be seen collecting from
the anterior part of the body to escape at the posterior extremity
through the excretory pore. The vitellaria with their ducts are very
distinct. The seminal reservoir is situated between the right testis and
the ovary. The uterus passes sometimes over the edge of the ace-
tabulum on its way to the genital pore on the right side of the mouth
sucker. The cirrus also after receiving the vasa deferentia separately
at the base of its sac proceeds also to the pore.

Measurements of R. natricis.

Length 3.00 mm.

Width 1.20 mm.

Acetabulum 520 mm.

Ovary 20 mm.

Testes •. . . . .35 mm.

Mouth 40 mm.

Eggs 05 X .02 mm.

202

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[I; 6

FIG. 101. MONOSTOMA SPHARGIDIS

1921] MacCallttm: Studies In Hclminthology 203

Monostoma sphargidis
(Fig. 101)

Family MonostoDiidac, Mouticclli

Host — Sphargis coriacea, Leathery turtle.

Habitat — Intestine.

Locality — OlT Gay Head, Massachusetts.

On July 18, 1919, a fine specimen of a Leathery turtle, Sphargis
coriacea, Gray, was taken off Gay Head off the coast of Massachusetts.
It had become entangled in the line of a lobster pot, thus rendering
its capture easy. A mate was also taken in the same way a few days
before and near the same place.

In the intestine were found nine of the above worms. They were
all very near together, and some of them were still alive, but none
were attached to the mucous membrane. Leidy found in 1856, 43 a
worm in the above host naming it the t. h. Sphargis coriacea, and
this worm Monostomum renecapite but he did not give a drawing of
it. In 1858e, 327. Diesing found probably the same worm which
he renamed Ncphrocephaliim sphargis coriacea. 1904a, 86 Brand
in 1892b, found it in Dermatochcl\s coriacea. Braun 1893a, 915,
1899, 627-629, 1899b, 715, 721, 722,^ 1901b, 38, 52-53. Fig. 25 Mon-
ticelli 1892 685, 711, 714, 715. These are all the references I can
find and as will be seen it is presumed that all are referring to the
same worm, and yet in the absence of the literature and a good
drawing of it, I am presuming to describe those found as I see them
and to give a description and figure of one of them. They are nearly
always seen in a curved position, that is with the tail pointing toward
the head and lying on their side. The abdomen, too, is concave from
end to end and also from side to side and they are flesh colored. The
head is more or less of a graceful triangular shape with the mouth
slightly subterminal. It is a good size and the sucker or bowl is
cup-shaped and from its posterior part the oesophagus extends some-
i'.-hat past the point where the coeca begin, forming a conical pro-
jection which is surrounded by small glandular cells shown in Fig. 2.
The coeca are narrow and run in a very irregular course to terminate
very near the posterior end of the body. In their course they pre-
sent many short diverticula, especially on the outer aspect. They pass
dorsal to the uterus, testes and much of the vitellaria. The vitellaria
extend along each side for about the middle half of the length of each
worm and terminate posteriorly opposite the ovary. The vitelline tubes
extend from the end of each column to connect with the oviduct. The
testes are two irregularly, deeply lobulated structures placed side by
side and extending completely across the worm. The vasa deferentia
arise apparently from the posterior surface of each testis and shortly
connect to form the common vas deferens, which passes as a much coiled
tube to the genital pore to terminate in the cirrus. It lays dorsal to the

204 Zoopafholofjico: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 6

uterus throughout most of its tortuous course. No seminal reservoir
is seen, unless the small sac seen at the base of the cirrus is the reser-
voir, since it contains a quantity of spermatophores. The ovary is
much lobulated, like the testes, but is small in comparison. It is situated
anteriorly to the testes and toward the left side. It gives off the
oviduct toward the left side, where it meets the vitelline ducts and then
becomes the ootype surrounded by the shell gland. No Laurer's Canal
can be certainly made out. The uterus, filled with small eggs con-
tained in transverse coils, fills the major part of the body. The genital
pore is situated anteriorly and to the left side of the body. There the
cirrus may be seen presenting. The head is lobulated and appears to be
armed with small spicules. The uterus lies to the outer side of the
cirrus, emptying its egg contents at the genital pore. This worm,
although three times as large P\closouinui coriacca. will be readily
recognized as belonging to the same genera but of a different species.
There are many little peculiarities beside the difference in size, structure
of head and clubbed end of the cirrus, etc., yet if not viewed critically
the description of the one would answer for the other. It must be
remembered, too, that they are both perfectly mature. The skin is
thick, and although it is smooth throughout, it is composed of various
muscular striae with small distinct cells placed at regular intervals, as
seen in the side study. The body is thick and the skin is smooth
throughout.

Measurements of M. sphargidis.

Length 18.00 mm.

Width, widest part 4.00 mm.

Testes, across 8.00 mm.

Ovary, across 5.00 mm.

Mouth, across 3.00 mm.

Eggs 05 mm.

CESTODES

Dibothriorhynchns speciosum, sp. nov.
(Fig. 102)

Family — DiboiJiriorJiyuchidac. Ariola 1899d.
Subfamily — Dibofliriorhyiicliiiiac, Mont. 1892v.
Genus — Dibothriorhynchns, Blainv. 1824a.
Host — Myctcroperca vcnenosa.
Habitat — Encysted on the intestines.
Locality — New York Aquarium.

This worm was taken July 10, 1916, from a cyst found under the
peritoneum covering the intestine and there were a large number of
these cysts so that twenty of these worms were taken from one fish.
They are quite large, being from 20 to 22 mm. long X 2 mm. wide.
The head is a very beautiful structure, being composed of two large
bothria from between which four proboscidae emerge. These are very
large and covered densely with good sized hooks which are .040 mm.
long, and the proboscidae may protrude as much as 2 mm. The bothria
measure across .720 mm. and about the same length. The muscular
bulbs are short and wide.

These immature worms are found in a great number of other
fish such as the Spanish mackerel, blue fish, striped bass, weak fish,
etc. Among the Bermuda fishes they are very common.

Dibothriorhynchus xiphiae, sp. nov.
(Fig. 103)

Host — Xiphias gladius.

Habitat — Encysted on the intestines.

Locality — Wood's Hole, Mass.

This very unusual specimen was found while examining a sword
fish at Wood's Hole in August, 1917. It was found encysted in the
peritoneum covering the intestine, in a large mass. The head is com-
posed of two large and wide bothria and from between them protrude
at the convenience of the worm four long proboscidae which are
armed with an immense number of hooks. These proboscidae, as in
all other members of this genus, can be retracted within the irregularly
curved canals by means of four large muscular bulbs at the posterior
end of the anterior portion of the worm. The one peculiar thing
about this worm is the presence of numbers of calcareous globules
in the whole anterior portion of the worm, filling all that portion where
the canals are situated. The only notice that I can find of this worm

[205]

206

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[I; 6

— #

FIG. 102.
DIBOTHRTORHYNCHUS
SPECIOSUM

FIG. 103.
DIBOTHRIORHYNCHUS XIPHIAE

1921] MacCaUiim: Studies in Hclminthology 207

in the above host is, Rud. in 1819-R. attenuatum, and by Linton in
1897a and 1900a-248 and in 1901b 412, 448. Stiles and Hassall do not
credit these guests with D. .xipJiiac as host, I think.

The worm is much larger than usual, but with no other peculiarity.

As the food of the sword fish is largely squid and some other
small fish, as menhaden, but principally squid, the life history of the
present form might yet be found there if looked for. This is the first
of this species which I have ever seen.

Measurements of Dibothriorhynchiis xiphiae

Length 1 inch

Width at neck 1 .4 mm.

Width across bulbs 2.0 mm.

Width of head 2.4 mm.

Length of larger hooks 040 mm.

Dibothriorhynchiis balistidae, sp. nov.
(Fig. 104)

Host — Balistcs carolincnsis.
Habitat — Encysted on intestine.
Location — New York Aquarium.

This unusual specimen was found while examining a trigger fish
on April 28, 1916. Dibothriorhynchiis was named by Blainville in an
appendix to Bremser in 1824a, 519, under the name Dibothriorhynque,
and several species have since been described by different authors.
These worms are usually found encysted in the body of their host,
where in a blastocyst they assume the shape as given in the Fig. 104,
and where they remain until they are eaten with their host by another
fish, the next host. In this Fig. 104 the artist has shown a partially
organized cyst attached to the posterior end of the specimen. This, in
the first place, is wrong in being shown as partly developed, and filled^
as he thought, with eggs. The supposed eggs are probably merely
calcareous bodies, and the cyst attached is very unusual and should
be merely a plain sac.

Measurevicnts of D. balistidae.

Length 6.00 mm.

Width 60 mm.

Length of bothria 1.00 mm.

Width of bothria 1.00 mm.

Length of sac 3.20 min.

Width of sac 1.40 mm.

Large hooks on proboscidae, of which

there are six rows 40 mm.

208

Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 6

FIG. 104. DIBOTHRIORHYNCHUS BALISTIDAE

1921] MacCalhim: Studies in Hchuinthology

209

■Ja K -x? If oro.

str.

ej^aiiiiS^iiSuiiiatui.;

FIG. 105. TETRARHYNCHUS BISULCATUM

210 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I ; 6

Tetrarhynchus bisulcatum, Linton, 1889.
(Fig. 105)

Family — T etrarhynchidae , Cobbold, 1864b.

Subfamily — Tetrarhynchinae, Loennb, 1899a.

Genus — Tetrarhynchus.

Host — Cestracion sygaena.

Habitat — Stomach.

Locality — Wood's Hole, Massachusetts.

On July 30, 1915, during the examination of a large hammer-
head shark, a lot of the above worms were found with heads embedded
in the mucous membrane of the stomach. It may be said that the
tissues surrounding the parts attacked were much irritated and swol-
len. The worms were not as large as those found on some occasions
by Linton, who describes one which was 150 mm. long. The largest
of these was 25 mm. long X 2 mm. wide. Many were broken, how-
ever, and they may have been parts of much larger worms. The
remarkable feature about this worm is the head, which is more or
less quadrangular, containing four muscular bulbs which control the
proboscidae which are attached to them. These are four in number,
but are not long and the hooks are quite small. Posterior to the
head, however, and attached to it is a skirt-like structure which is
scalloped about the free edge in a very fanciful manner. It extends
from the base of the four muscular bulbs to a point nearly as far
from the bulbs as the base of the bulbs is from the anterior end of
the head. At the posterior edge it flows out somewhat from the
strobila which it encloses. It is thin and semi-transparent and what
its use, is not known.

The strobila is composed at first of short segments, but they
gradually increase in length, until they are half as long as wide. It
begins by a square margin at the base of the retractile muscular bulbs.
The lateral margins are imbricated and the genital pore is seen about
the middle of the margin or a little anterior thereto. It is situated
on either side. Near the anterior margin of the segment and about
the middle may generally be seen a cluster of oblong yellow eggs
which are very near to what appears to be an opening of the uterus
as in the Dibothriocephalidae. The testes are large and numerous,
and the cirru.« «^c is large and often presents the cirrus protruding.
The ovary is a solid rounded mass near the middle of the posterior
edge of the segment. It is composed of two lateral masses joined
by a narrower portion. The vitellaria and shell gland cannot be
easily seen, so as to separate them from the ovarian mass. This is
probably a perfect worm of a large genus, provided with armed pro-
boscidae. It is an adult worm.

1921] MacCallmn: Studies in Hclminthology

211

retl»_'

^"^^P

FIG. 106. SYXBOTHRIUM HEMULOM

FIG. 107. TETRARHYNCHUS
BREVIBOTHKIA

212 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 6

Measurements of T. bisiilcatum.

Length from 25 mm. to 150 mm.

Width from 2 mm. to 3 mm.

Width of head anteriorily. . .560 mm.
Width of head posteriorly. . .640 mm.

Length of head 800 mm.

Length of sheath or shirt. . .520 mm.
Width of sheath or skirt at

bottom L16 mm.

Eggs 040 mm. X .030 mm.

Length of ripe proglottids. . . .500 mm.

Synbothrium hemuloni, sp. nov.

(Fig. 106)

Host — Hemulon plumieri.

Habitat— Gullet.

Locality — New York Aquarium.

Found in a cyst in the thyroid gland of a Hemulon plumieri,
white grunt, from the Aquarium, New York, on March 9, 1917.

The cyst also contained a quantity of yellow cheesy matter,
beside the usual blastocyst which, in this case, was sacculated and
very long, being 30 mm., while the worm or larva itself was only
4.50 mm. in length and .40 mm. wide. The proboscidae are very
different from any observed, being covered with at least five rows
of comparatively very long, thread-like spines, which are slightly
crooked and pointed. There are no hooks whatever, but, as usual,
there are at the base of the long spines numerous short spines. Three
of the proboscidae are not protruded and the spines are seen neatly
packed along the core within the tube. In order to become the per-
fect adult worm, the host must be eaten by a proper future host and
the cyst, etc., digested so as to release the larva. The future host is
unknown.

Tetrarhynchus hrevihothria, sp. nov.
(Fig. 107)

Host — Red Snapper, Neomaenis aya.
Habitat — Thyroid gland.
Locality — New York Aquarium.

On May 5, 1916, there were found encysted in the thyroid gland
of p^ red snapper several Tetrarhynchs, in fact these have been found
in the same location and nowhere else on several occasions. The

1921] MacCalhim: Studies in Helminthology 213

worms may therefore be considered probably peculiar to that fish and
to the odd location.

The life history of this cestode is not known. The egg has not
been seen nor has the strobila, indicating the adult form, been yet
observed. It is odd among the numerous Tetrarhynchs in that the
head or anterior end is so small in comparison with any other known.
The bothria too are very different, as there is on each side a cup-like
bothrium or sucker, while on the anterior and posterior sides that
which stands for a bothrium is not a sucker at all but merely a semi-
circular flap-like process both of which are covered thickly with
minute spines. The backs of the cupped bothria are also covered
with these small spines.

The proboscidae are covered thickly with very numerous hooks,
some very large and powerful, while the greater number are merely
long, crooked spines. The proboscidae are comparatively short and
thick, while the tubes to which they belong are long and terminate
in relatively large muscular retractile bulbs. The large hooks located
chiefly along the inside of the bend of the proboscis and the spines
and other smaller hooks along the outside. At the base of each pro-
boscis, the spines are so profuse that they look like coarse hair.

Measurements of T. brevibothria

Length 8.00 mm.

Width at base 1.60 mm.

Width of head 65 mm.

Length of hooks from point to bend. . . .056 mm.

Length of hooks from bend to base. . . ,040 mm.

The spines vary in length.

Rhynchobothrius aetobati, sp. nov.
(Fig. 108)

Genus — Rhynchobothrius, Baird 1583a.
Host — Aetobatis narinari.
Habitat — Spiral valve.
Locality — Singapore.

In July, 1916, this interesting worm was found in a large spotted
ray in limited numbers and several studied. The largest body found
is about forty-five millimeters. Some were found loose, but most of
them were attached with their proboscidae sunken through the mucosa
and followed by the head. The proboscidae seemed to spread out
under the mucosa, but could not certainly be said to have pierced the
submucosa. Also, many were broken in trying to extricate them.
One peculiarity is that there were many ripe proglottids, which were

214

Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society

[I; 6

m..c.

FIG. 108. /^0^

RHYNCHOBOTHRIUS AETOBATI r'^'

FIG. 109.
RHYNCHOBOTHRIUS CHIRONEMI

1921] MacCallum: Studies in Hclmintlwlogy 215

credited to this worm, for no other worm as large was found in the
spiral valve at this time. A description of these is given later.

The adult worm has a comparatively large head, much wider
than any other part of the body. It is composed of four large, deep
bothria, and between each pair of them is a more or less conical mass,
for which no particular function can be conceived. Each pair of
bothria seem to have their own pair of proboscidae, which are not
very long, although they are much coiled while still in their con-
taining tubes. The muscular contractile bulbs are extra long and
powerful looking. The hooks on the proboscidae seem to be arranged
in four rows of large hooks with several rows of smaller ones inter-
vening. The large hooks are very much curved and fixed to a wide
strong base, and from the posterior margin of this base to the centre
of the bend of the hook is 0.160 mm. and from that to the point 0.080
mm. The bend is a semi-circle. The root or base of the hook is
0.080 mm. wide, and the width of the protruding proboscidae, including
the hooks of course, is 0.240 mm. The strobila at once begins at the
muscular bulbs, to be striated. The segments are very short at first,
but at the end of the broken worms I have, they are 2.08 mm. long.
After being thrown oflf, they measure 6 mm. long X 1 rnm. wide.
While showing the cloaca and organs at one end, the main structure is
a long sac literally filled with eggs, which are 0.032 mm. in diameter.

Measurements of R. aetobati.

Length 90.00 mm.

Width 1.44 mm.

Head 1.40 mm. X 1 mm. long,

Width of neck 1.36 mm.

Length of head and neck, includ-
ing muscular bulbs 3.00 mm.

Eggs, round diameter 024 mm.

Ovary, from side to side 1.92 mm.

Ovary, anterio-posterior diameter 1.28 mm.

Shell gland, diameter 560 mm.

Length of segments 7.00 mm. X 2.40 mm.

Rhynchohothrius chironemi, sp. nov.
(Fig. 109)

Host — Chironemus moadetta.

Habitat — Encysted on liver, stomach, etc.

Locality — Singapore.

On July 19, 1916, a large number of these parasites were found
encysted under the peritoneum over the liver and stomach of the fish
Chironemus moadetta. They are almost exactly of the same structure

216

Zoopatliologica: N. Y. Zoological Sockty [I; 6

FIG. 110. DIBOTHRIUM TANGALONGI

1921] MacCalliim: Studies in Hdminthology 217

as other Rhynchohothridae except that on the edge of the bothria
throughout, they are bordered with fine spicules, in fact almost like
hair of a more or less equal length, and it has only two bothria. The
muscular retractile bulbs are short, but the tubes for the proboscidae
are long.

Measurements of D. chironemi

Length ' 8.00 mm.

Width 68 mm.

Longest hook on proboscidae 034 mm.

Across head 896 mm.

Dibothrium tangalongi, sp. nov.
(Fig. 110)

Host — Tangalong, Civet Cat.
Habitat — Stomach and intestines.
Locality — Moerateweh, Borneo.

This interesting worm was found in the intestines of a Tangalong,
a sort of civet or musk cat, at Moerateweh, Borneo on June 25, 1916.
There were a large number of these worms, and as they present an
unusual form, especially of the head, a record is made. A typical
adult is about 5 inches long with a maximum width of 5 mm. Across
the tip of the head it is .1 mm. and a short distance posterior to this
it is X .25 mm. wide. The whole length of the bothria is .70 mm., the
posterior end of the groove gradually becoming very shallow, until it
disappears. For the anterior 4 cm. of the neck, it is very narrow, and
half of this length is devoid of transverse striae. Then it becomes im-
bricated and shows a number of water vascular ducts, but no sign of
genitalia until about the beginning of the posterior half of the length of
the worm. Then the usual two central apertures appear. The anterior
one near the margin of the segment for the cirrus, and the one in the
middle of the segment, the genital pore or the uterine pore. The eggs
are clumped together in a more or less condensed mass in the middle
of the segment and quite within the lines of the two large aquiferous
ducts. The testes are very numerous and fill up much of the rest of the
segment. The vitellaria are in the form of a small mass posterior to
the cluster of eggs and ovary. The segments are rather bell-shaped
with smooth lateral margins but strongly imbricated. They are, when
mature, bell-shaped and overlap one another. They measure 1
mm. long X 3 mm. in width. Eggs measure .02 mm. X -04 mm.

There were also a great many Ankylostoma in the host's intestines
and they were often attached to this worm.

213 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 6

Tylocephalum pingue, Linton

(Fig. Ill)

Host — Aetobatis narinari.
Habitat — Spiral valve.
Locality — Singapore.

On July 20, 1916, there were found in the spiral valve of a large
spotted ray, Aetobatis narinari, a single worm fixed by the head in the
mucous membrane. Luckily, when removed, the worm came away
whole and it is here shown. No others were seen. Linton in 1890
described a single specimen, which in a general way seems to have
been a worm very like this. He found it in the spiral valve of a cow-
nosed ray, Rhinopterus quadriloba. Although from a different host
and, geographically, very far away, it still may be of the same genus
and species. This worm is a perfect adult and there can be no question
about the form which has been very carefully drawn. The head is a
little different from T. pingue, since it is not adorned with a collar or
two straps on the front of the head between the suckers. Linton also
describes a Tylocephalum niarsupium' from a sting ray', but this has
less resemblance to the present worm than T. pingue. As this worm is
an adult and perfect, I shall try to describe it and that with the plate
should clear up matters. Like T. pingue, it is 20 mm. long X -60 mm.
wide at its widest point. The head, as may be seen, is composed of two
parts, the head proper and a large semi-globular myzorhynchus, which
protrudes from the terminal portion of the head. The whole head is
.50 mm. in diameter at its widest part, but including the myzorhynchus
its antero-posterior diameter is a little less, and as has been said, there
is no roll or collar between the head proper and the myzorhynchus.
Depth of myzorhynchus is .20 mm. On each side of the head proper
is seen a sucker which is comparatively quite large .09 mm., and beside,
each seems to have a few small spines around it, so also has the myzor-
hynchus small spines at its periphery, and possibly all over its surface.
As the head is quite transparent, the myzorhynchus is seen to be not
round, as shown in T. pingue, it is not more than hemispherical. The
neck is large and the striations of beginning segments are seen very
near the head. The worm, without staining, is of a buff color, and the
strobila begins to display developing internal organs at about one-third
of its length from the head and is imbricated throughout. The ripe
proglottids are about .70 mm. to 1.25 mm. long and .40-. 50 mm. wide.
At the posterior end, the ovary is located and the genital pore is irregu-
larly alternately lateral and opens near the junction of the anterior
and middle quarters of the segment. The cirrus sac is large, and the
cirrus is sometimes seen slightly protruding. The segment, when quite
mature, is nearly filled witli comparatively large testes. The vitel-
laria are plentifully placed along each margin.

1 Notes on Entozoa of Marine Fishes of New England with Descriptions of Several New
Species. Part II.

2 Notes on Two Cestoilcs from the Simttod Sting Ray. Jour. I'arasitol. Sept. 1916.

1921

MacCallum: Studies in HcUuinthology

219

FIG. 111. TYLOCEPHALUM PINGUE

NJCt

FIG. II J. TAENIA FARANCIAE

220 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I ; 6

Taenia faranciae, sp. nov.
(Fig. 112)

Host — Farancia abaciira, Mud Snake.
Habitat — Stomach and intestines.
Locality — Zoological Park, New York.

On August 23, 1918, during the examination of a specimen of the
above reptile, I found in the stomach and intestines great numbers of a
peculiar Taenia. It is about 100-120 mm. long and 1 mm. wide. The
body is exceedingly thin and difficult to handle without breaking, and
for the first third of the length of the worm there are no signs of a
genital apparatus, and even towards the posterior end of the strobila
the organs are difficult to make out. An ovary, uterus, and vagina
are fairly well defined, but the cirrus and vas deferens cannot be seen.
The genital cloaca occurs irregularly on either side of the strobila at
intervals of about 20 mm., but no division of the strobila into segments
can be made out. The head is capable of being withdrawn within the
anterior end of the strobila. (Fig. 112.) When it is protruded as far
as possible, the head is almost perfectly round and presents four un-
armed suckers, and on the extreme anterior portion of the head is a
slight eminence. There is a very decided neck, and while the margins
of the strobila are somewhat irregular, no division into segments are
to be seen although some lines across are shown. (Fig. 112.) The
water vascular system is pretty plain, to be sure. It may be said that
the specimen is not an immature worm for a number of the largest
were examined and all found alike. The head is .60 mm. across and
the suckers .20 mm.

Taenia chelodinae, sp. nov.
(Fig. 113)

Family — Hynemolepididae, Railliet & Henry, 1909.
Genus — Hymenolepis, Weinland, 1858.
Host — Chelodina longicollis.
Habitat — Intestine.
Locality — Australia.

On September 6, 1918, in the intestine of a very old turtle, Chelo-
dina longicollis, from Australia, there was found a very interesting
small Taenia. It was still alive when found and its movements were
quite interesting. The head, which in general outline is a long oval,
is square across its anterior end, which contains an opening, and
immediately behind this the rostellum is armed with a peculiarly ar-
ranged cluster of hooks. They are fixed in the hollow base of a pear-
shaped body, the point of which extends backward behind the four
suckers. The hooks appear to be about twelve or fifteen in number,

1921] MacCallnm: Studies in I Llntiiitliology

221

FIG. 113. TAENIA CHELODIXAE

222 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 6

are very strong with strong clubbed bases and are much curved and all
pointing outward. On each side of the pear-shaped body is a good
sized sucker, four in all, and they appear to be joined by a muscular
band which winds from side to side just beyond the apex of the pyri-
form body. Behind the suckers, the neck and body for a short dis-
tance are devoid of any particular structure except a water vascular
duct on each side which extends forward almost to the suckers. A
short distance posterior to the head, however, the body becomes striated.
The striations are from the beginning rather long and measure .1 mm.
the edges overhang each of the following sections, and as the segments
become wider and more developed they bcome quite cup-shaped, but do
not show the genital organs until well towards the end of the strobila,
where they show the ripe segments to be deeply cup-shaped and fitting
deeply into each other. The testes are relatively large but not numer-
ous, the ovary being situated near the middle of the segment and the
vagina passing in an arched direction outwardly to near the anterior
portion of the margin. The cirrus also makes its way to the genital
outlet at this point in front of the vagina, and this cloaca is apparently
always on the same side.

Measurements of T. chelodinae

Length 4 inches or 100 mm.

Width 1.00 mm.

Length of head 1.30 mm.

Width of suckers 20 mm.

Length of pyriform basis of hooks .35 mm.
Width of pyriform basis of hooks .30 mm.
Length of central and longest

hooks 25 mm.

Length of segment near head 01 mm.

Length of ripe segment 70 mm.

Dibothriiim microcephalum, Rud, 1819a.

(Fig. 114)

Host — Mola mola.

Habitat — Intestine.

Locality — New York Aquarium.

On June 5, 1918, a sunfish, Mola mola, Linnaeus was brought to
the New York Aquarium for sale. The fish was still alive, and Direc-
tor Townsend, always keen to furnish specimens to create wonder for
the numerous visitors to the Aquarium, bought it but was disgusted
when it soon died. The fish weighed about 200 pounds although speci-
mens have been taken weighing as much as 1000 or 1200 pounds.

1921] MacCallum: Studies in Hclminthology 223

On examination the skin as usual had a number of ectoparasites
attached to it. There were several Tristoma molac and some Copepods.

In the stomach there were a lot of Taenia tangled together form-
ing a mass as large as one's fist. These were separated and proved to
be clearlv two different species of Dibothria. Rudolphi, who named
and described one of these worms, called it Dihothriiim microcephalum,
(Diesing Svst. Helm. 1592), while Leuckart named it Bothrioccphalus
sagittat'us, (Zool. Bruchst. 39, PI. 1, 15). Both apparently describing
ch.;racteristics belonging to two worms as the chief features of D.
microccphalujii. Linton gave a very full description of the worm in
"Notes on Entozoa of Marine Fishes of New England." Indeed I
would refer to his careful measurements of both of his varieties. I
have no doubt they are right, although the size of the worms which he
examined were much larger evidently than those described here. It
may be that many of the specimens in my possession are young ones,
for' many are seen without developed genitalia. The peculiar thing
about the descriptions of these worms is that while all of the writers
noticed that certain individuals were different from others, they still
adopted the name D. microcephalum, Rud. as the name by which the
worms were to be known, although they are as dift'erent in almost every
respect as it is possible to be. It is true that Leuckart gave it the name
D. sagittatus but does not seem to have distinguished which form he
referred to. Linton had very grave doubts about both worms being of
one species and satisfied himself by calling one "Var. A" and the other
"Var. B" of D. microcephalum- and he says, "I have experienced much
difficulty in reconciling differences between my specimens and previous
descriptions. While I have little doubt but that the specimens in ques-
tion are specifically identical with those figured by Wagener and Leuck-
art, there remains much to be desired in the way of a detailed descrip-
tion of the animal," and again he says, "One might indeed be justified
in separating them yet further and calling them distinct species, if
the same sharp distinction is observed as in other collections."

Under ordinary circumstances, on seeing and comparing the large
number of individuals found in the Mola in question, one would not
have the least doubt about the fact that there were two species of
Dibothria among them. To more strongly emphasize the truth of this,
I have made accurate sketches of both worms found in the Mola of
June 5, 1918, and these again have been reproduced by a competent
artist, using good specimens of both in alcohol and also mounted,
stained with acid carmine. The one, as will be observed, has a head
with two long narrow bothria and with a small button-shaped apex or
rostellum. As this is the smaller head, I take it that Rudolphi called it
D. microcephalum. The strobila of this worm is also very different
from that of the other which I propose to call Dibothriocephalus molae.
The segments are long and flare out at the posterior end like a trumpet,
to enclose the following segment. This narrow portion of the strobila
is about half the length of the worm and the segments are very irregu-

224 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 6

lar in shape and show no organs. The worm by measurement of a num-
ber of specimens was found to be about 4 inches in length X 1-20 mm.
wide.

In the posterior wider portion the segments are short and the
lateral margins very irregular. The genital pore is irregularly bilateral
and generally opens near the middle of the margin. The cirrus is often
seen exerted. The uterus opens ventrally.

Measurements of D. microcephahim.

Length of worm 4 inches

Width of widest part of strobila 1.3 mm.

Length of head 90 mm.

Width of head 35 mm.

Length of rostellum 15 mm.

Width of rostellum 25 mm.

Length of bothrium 50 mm.

Length of first segment 50 mm.

Width of segment next head 12 mm.

Width of base of same segment 30 mm.

strobila same shape, but some of them as

much as, in length 1.00 mm.

Narrow portion of the strobila length 290.00 mm.

Length of wide portion of strobila 135.00 mm.

Eggs 05 X 07 mm.

Testes 7 y, .6 mm.

Width of ripe segment 1.00 mm.

Dibothriocepkalus molae, sp. nov.
(Fig. 115)

Family — Dibothriocephalidae, Luehe, 1902n.

Host — Mola mola.

Habitat — Intestine.

Locality — New York Aquarium.

Several specimens of this worm were found in the stomach of a
Mola on June 5, 1918, associated with a lot of specimens of Dibothrium
microcephahim, Rud.

This worm is a much larger worm in every way than D. micro-
cephahim. It measures 20 to 24 inches in length by 5-6 mm. in width.
About .50 mm. of the anterior end is cylindrical, stiff and generally of a
brownish color, and it is closely imbricated. The head which surmounts
this portion is more or less square, although it is wider across the
posterior portion of the bothria than in front. The rostellum is rather
square shaped, much larger than that of D. microcephahim. The

i

1921

MacCaUum: Studies in Hclminthology

22:

FIG. 114. DJBOTHRIUM MICROCEPHALUM

C</%>

FIG. 115. DIBOTHRIOCEPHALUS MOLAE

226 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I ; 6

bothria are short and rather cup-shaped cavities with the edges crenu-
lated or crumpled, and in no instance were they found elongated and
smooth, so commonly seen in other dibothria. There is not in any
specimen to be seen any neck, the imbricated segments which are about
one-fifth to one-tenth as long as wide, extend quite up to the bothria,
and the strobila does not show any formation of gentalia until toward
the end of the strobila. The water vascular system is distinct through-
out, beginning at the head. The genital pores are irregularly bilateral
and the cirrus is often seen external. The cirrus pouch is flask shaped
and fairly large and sometimes showing the vas deferens and cirrus
coiled within it, as well as outside. The lateral margins of the seg-
ments are deeply and irregularly notched and the genital pore opens
on the lateral margin about the middle of the segment. It will be
noticed that the lateral margins of the segments are quite different
from those of D. microccphalum, in which they are smooth and sharply
imbricated, while in Dibothriocephalus moloe the margins are very
irregular and deeply indented. The uterine opening is ventral. The
vagina can be made out in many segments posterior to the cirrus pouch
and cirrus. The testes are fairly numerous, but are chiefly confined
within the boundaries of the water vascular ducts, and they are com-
paratively large. The mass of roundish eggs in the uterus seems con-
fined to the centre of the segment and the ovary lays along the posterior
margin of the segment.

Measurements of Dibothriocephalus niolae.

Length 20 to 24 inches

Width 5 to 6 mm.

Width of head across bothria 20 mm.

Length of bothria 20 mm.

Across head just back of rostellum 20 mm.

Width of first segment of strobila 21 mm.

Length of each segment near head 201 mm.

Eggs 05 X -07 mm.

Testes 9 X -12 mm.

Taenia dysbiotos, sp. nov.
(Fig. 116)

Host — Actobatis narinari.
Habitat — Spiral valve.
Locality — Batavia, Java.

On May 25, 1918, this worm with others was found in the large
spotted ray, Actobatis narinari, at Batavia in ihc Island of Java. As
the name indicates, the life of this fish must be made miserable by the
numerous and various parasites of its spiral valve.

1921]

MacCallmn: Studies in Helminthology

227

TAENIA DYSBIOTOS

228 Zoopatlwlogica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 6

The present worm is about six inches long. It is exceedingly
slender from its head to about the middle of the strobila, when it
gradually becomes wider, reaching a width of 1.25 mm. The head is
rather cubical in shape with a vertical row of suckers on each side
which diminish in size from before backward, the anterior one being
several times larger than the posterior one. Each side is also sur-
mounted by a cluster of four, large, strong hooks in pairs. These
overhang the suckers and must assist materially in retaining the worm's
hold. They are therefore the crown as it were, of the head. The
head is nearly a millimeter across at its widest part. It is also nearly
as deep in its antero-posterior diameter. The hooks are 0.160 mm. in
length and 0.080 mm. in width at the base. The largest of the three
side suckers is 0.480 mm, in length, the second 0.240 mm., and the
third is 0.192 mm. The neck appears to come out almost abruptly from
the centre of the posterior surface of the cube, and it there measures
0.80 mm. across, and seems to be a mass of tubes or muscular striae
probably both. There are no segments for fully half the length of the
worm. A ripe proglottis measures 0.80 mm. in length — 1.25 mm. in
width. The ovary is large proportionally and is situated at the poster-
ior margin of the segment and from its centre the uterus proceeds an-
teriorly, nearly to the anterior margin. At about its middle, it receives
the vagina, which begins at the cloaca at about the middle of the lateral
margin. The cirrus sac is large and pyriform, and is situated posterior
to the vagina. The vitellaria are seen along each side of the segment.
The cloaca opens irregularly on the lateral margin, sometimes several
segments show it on the same side. Then for several consecutive seg-
ments it will be seen opening on the other side. The testes are very
numerous throughout.

Taenia incognita, sp. nov.
(Fig. 117)

On August 18, 1917, there were found in the spiral valve of a
sting ray, Dasybatiis pastinacus, two small and very unusual taenioid
forms.

As will be seen by the plate, the head is irregularly square in form
showing four pairs of finely formed hooks with remarkably shaped
bases which are golden in color and wrought in a delicate filigree style.
Each pair of double hooks overhangs a good sized elongated sucker
set longtiudinally in the head. To each of these suckers with their
hooks is attached a strong pair of muscular bands by which they are
functioned. Only two of these worms were found and they are quite
small, being only 23 mm. long X -20 mm. wide. The head measures
.75 mm. wide X -80 mm. long. A slight protuberance presents in front.

1921]

MacCallum: Studies in Helminthology

229

FIG. 117. TAENIA INCOGNITA

The strobila does not show any segmentation nor do any organs appear.
Two tubes of the water vascular system can be plainly traced through-
out. They are probably young specimens of an unknown worm.

Taenia trachysauri, sp. nov.
(Fig. 118)

Host — Trachysaurtis rugosus, Stump-tailed Lizard.

Habitat — Intestines.

Locality — Australia — Zoological Park, New York.

On August 12, 1918, the host of this parasite came for examina-
tion. It is a strange looking reptile, being about 13 inches long X 2^
inches thick. Head triangular, 60 mm. long X 50 mm. wide; large
mouth, full of teeth. Back is black and covered with very rough
scales something like a pine cone ; belly is black markings on a gray
background. Tail only about one inch long, stubby, and thick, much
resembling the head. Front legs appear to come out of sides of neck.

230

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[I; 6

FIG. 118. TAENIA TRACHYSAURI

1921 I MarCallitm: Studies In liclminthology 231

In the intestines there were numerous taenia, which afford the fol-
lowing description : A full sized worm is probably two inches long
and quite pointed at the head, indeed, has quite a proboscis which is
triangular in shape, and is .20 mm. long and as wide at the base. It is
protrusible. Posterior to this portion of the head are four unarmed
suckers which are relatively large. They stand out from the head,
but cannot be said to be pedicelled. There is, behind the suckers, a
neck which in turn is followed by a quadrangular shaped mass, before
the strobila shows transverse markings dividing the segments. The
genitalia begin to show in the short segments very near the head, and
towards the end of the strobila their structure is very distinct, and
the segments, which were, at first, very short now become somewhat
longer than they are wide. The water vascular system is ample and
continuous from the head throughout the strobila. The ovary is situ-
ated about the middle of the segment with the vitelline glands posteri-
orly, and still further toward the base are a number of large testes
situated between the lines of the water vascular system. The vas de-
ferens is long and coiling and enters a long oval cirrus sac, as the cir-
rus which in turn opens into the cloaca. This structure is situated
near the anterior margin of the segment, being alternately on one side
or the other. The vagina opens also in this cloaca or genital pore.

Measurements of T. trachysaiiri

Length about 50.00 mm.

Width 1.00 mm.

Length of proboscis 20 mm.

Width of proboscis at base 20 mm.

Length of head 40 mm.

Diameter of suckers 15 mm.

Taenia quadrihothria, sp. nov.
(Fig. 119)

Host — Sting Ray, Dasybatiis pastinacus.

Habitat — Spiral valve.

Locality — Wood's Hole, Massachusetts.

In the spiral valve of a Sting ray, Dasybatus pastinacus, there was
found at Wood's Hole on July 8, 1916, a very small but remarkable
Taenia. There were only 12.50 mm. of its length recovered, including
the head and loose ripe proglottids. The head measures .1 mm. across

232

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[I; 6

FIG. 119. TAENIA QUADRIBOTHRIA

the bothria, of which there are four, and it is these which constitute the
pecuHar anatomy of the worm. The head presents a fimbriated or
digitate appearance, that is it is divided into four»pedicelled suckers,
which are each from .25 mm. to .30 mm. long and .30 mm. wide across
the sucker portion. From the sucker to their attachment is a short
neck or pedicel, which is narrower than the outer end, including
about the cleft is the sucker proper, which latter does not extend en-
tirely to the extreme margin of the cleft. They give the impression of
being relatively powerful. The head formed by the junction of the
pedicels terminates in a short neck unstriated for about .25 mm. or .30
mm. Then the strobila is transversely striated as usual in taenia, but
not imbricated, and the segments rapidly become longer than at first
where they are not more than .2 mm. or .3 mm. in length, at .130 mm.
from the head they are .20 mm. long and a ripe segment, which has
been thrown off, is .130 mm. long and .45 mm. wide, although they
seem to vary much in size. The ovary appears very near the posterior
end of the segment with the cirrus and vagina presenting on the left
side at the margin slightly in advance of the anterior margin of the
ovary, and a vitelline mass can be made out posterior to the ovary. The
rest of the body of the proglottis is filled with nl)long testes, placed in
transverse rows. The vas deferens is a much coiled structure. Out-
side of the testes and just within the outer skin throughout the whole
length on both sides is a mass of what appears to be vitellaria. Nothing
is known of the life history of the worm.

1921

MacCalliDJi : Studies in Hclminthnlngy

233

./^v-

FIG. l-'O. TAENIA ROSAEFORMIS

Taenia rosaefonnis, sp. nov.
(Fig. 120)

Host — Sting Ray, Dasyhatus pastinacus.

Habitat — Spiral valve.

Loc-ality — Wood's Hole, Massachusetts.

From that wonderfully fertile region for taenioid parasites, the
spiral valve of the sting ray, Dasybatus pastinacus, there was found on
July 8, 1916, a small Taenia which probably has not heretofore been
recorded. There were only 5 mm. found including head and strobila.
The head is a flat disc composed of four circular bothria and their
connective tissue. The two anterior ones being close together and
the posterior ones wider apart, in fact they look something like four
little roses or daisies. Their margins are corrugated and almost fimbri-
ated, and the surface appears to be quite shallow. They are all con-
nected by muscular striae or bands running in various directions. The
head is .13 mm. in diameter and the suckers are each about .4 mm. in
diameter. The neck without striations is short, not more than .2 mm.
The striations at first are close together, hut at the end of the 5 mm. of
strobila the segments are .4 mm. long and about .4 mm. wide. The ovary
in each segment is placed at the posterior end and the body of the seg-
ment is filled with two transverse rows of oblong testes, and outside of
tlicse along the sides is what appears to be a thick layer of vitellaria.
The genital pore is unilateral, opening near the posterior end on the
right side. The excretory canals run throughout from the head on
both sides near the skin. The segments are not imbricated. Xo life his-
tory is known.

234 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 6

Duthiersia elegans, Perr. 1873b.
(Fig. 121)

Family — Bothriocephalidac, Cobb.
Subfamily — Dibothrioccphalinae , Liihe.
Genus — Duthiersia, Perroncito 1873b.
Host — Varanus salvator.
Habitat — Stomach and intestines.
Locality — Buitenzorg, Java.

On May 27, 1916, Dr. W. G. MacCallum found in a monitor a
number of these worms which should be recorded if only to note the
distribution and host. The first was found by Perroncito in V. niloticiis
in Senegal and named by him D. elegans; since that time it has been
found and described by several authors, and two other species named
as D. expansa and D. fimbriata. However, now I believe it has been
agreed that D. fimbriata should be the name and the others only
synonyms.

It seems to be settled also that it is a form closely allied to
Solenophoriis. It has a more ornate head than any other member of
the family. On close inspection the head will be found to be composed
of two distinct suckers, the anterior edges of which are much fimbriated
on their margins by numerous gracefully formed small suckers, and
subsidiary to the two main suckers. There does not seem to be at the
base of the main suckers any accessory sucker or opening such as is
seen in some forms of Solenophoriis, and here perhaps I may be al-
lowed to express my opinion that the so-called accessory suckers at the
base of the head in the above forms, are not "merely blind sacs," but
are openings connected with the main suckers and functioned by the
worm to enable it to release its hold of the firm attachment to the
mucous membrane. In D. fimbriata the numerous small suckers on the
margins of the main suckers can be partially relaxed and thus allow
relaxation of the whole.

These worms exist in the stomach and intestines in various sizes
and as they are easily broken, the strobila is generally found in pieces.
The longest pieces found in two or three specimens of varanus were
about 12 cm. X 5 mm. and 15 cm. X 5 mm. and 1.50 mm. thick. One
about 10 cm. X 2 mm. wide was whole but young. Another whole one
was 20 cm. X 3 mm. wide with ruffled posterior segments. The neck
of the worm is free of segment marking for a short distance, and is
gracefully narrow. This, however, is followed by a strobila which
rapidly increases in width.

It is unnecessary to describe the genitalia, etc. for it is that of the
Bothriocephalidac. However, a figure of a ripe proglottid is herein
shown.

1921

MocCallimi: Studies in HcJiniuthology

235

ov.

FIG. 121. DUTHIERSIA ELEGAXS

236

Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I ; 6

FIG. 122. MOXORYGMA CALEOCERDONIS

1921] MacCalluui: Studies in Hdminthology 2M

Measurements of D. elegans.

Length 20.00 mm.

Width 3X5 mm.

Thick 1-50 mm.

Head, varies in size.

Monorygma galeocerdonis, sp. nov.
(Fig. 122)

Host — Galeocerdo tigrinus.

Habitat — Spiral valve.

Locality — Wood's Hole, Massachusetts.

This worm was found on August 14, 1915, in the spiral valve of a
tiger shark, Galeocerdo tigrinus, and a number collected.

Diesing in 1863 first called attention to this form naming it
M. pcrfectum, although Beneden claims to have found it in 1853 in
Lacmargus borcalis at Ostende, and since it has been found in several
other fish. There seem to be several species, at least five or six. Linton
found one in a Galeocerdo tigrinus at Wood's Hole and also the same
form in a Carcharinus at Gay Head, but he did not name the species.
Consequently this one under consideration may be the same form, but
of this I have no knowledge, and in order to give it a place I have given
the species the above name. The one described shortly by Linton seems
to have been a much smaller form, measuring in length only Z.77 mm.,
length of head 0.035 mm., diameter of neck 0.15 mm., and distance to
first segment 1.6 mm., and ripe segment 0.65 mm. long X 0.17 mm.
wide, a much smaller worm than this.

I have never seen any other species, but this is a remarkable form.
Its head is represented by apparently four large suckers on long foot
stalks and at the base of each of these is a smaller, very muscular
sucker placed within the larger one. This is very peculiar, and yet the
expansion at the end of each pedicel presents the appearance and struc-
ture of a sucker being deeply concave with a rim around its margin and
muscular fibres, running towards the centre or rather towards the
smaller sucker. Beside these there appears to be a certain amount of
granular matter in the outer and larger portion of each sucker. These
suckers on their stem flare out in dift'erent directions resembling a
flower. They measure 0.360 mm. across and the small sucker measures
0.160 mm. across. The pedicel measures across near the head 0.120
mm. The neck is free of striations for the first 0.80 mm., although the
margins are delicately notched, and the water vascular system is plainly
shown. The striations, as usual, are at first very close together, but
ihey gradually widen as the segments grow longer until the end where
are the ripe segments, which measure in length from 0.80 mm. to 1.04
mm., and from 0.40 mm. to 0.48 mm. in width. The ripe segment is

^38- ZoopatJiologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 6

a beautiful structure which stains unusually well, showing all of the
organs plainly. The cirrus is usually exserted and is 0.40 mm. long
with a circular bulb outside of the cloaca 0.080 mm. in diameter. As
will be observed, Linton's worm is much smaller in every way, and
thus could not be the same species. The length of M. galeoccrdonis is
10 mm. X 0.480 mm. wide. Diameter of head 0.960 mm. The skin
throughout is thick and delicately striated.

Taenia acanthobothria, sp. nov.
(Fig. 123)

Family — Davaineidae, Fuhrmann, 1907.
Host — Aetobatis narinari.
Habitat — Spiral valve.
Locality — Batavia, Java.

These worms, of which there were several, were found in the
spiral valve of an Aetobatis narinari at Batavia, Java, on August 25,
1916, by Dr. W. G. MacCallum.

The head is cup-shaped and through the almost transparent tissue
of the head may be seen a large rostellum which is evidently protrusible.
Its margin can barely be seen to have any armature, although small
marginal hooks can be easily seen even in specimens in which the
rostellum is not protruded. The four suckers are each surrounded by a
single row of small spines. The suckers are not relatively large and
they are located near the anterior margin of the head. The neck is
comparatively thick and striated very near the head. These striations
gradually enlarge as the proglottids develop. The ripe proglottis is
considerably wider than long and is rounded on its lateral margins.
The genital pore appears on either side, near the anterior corner of the
segment in the shape of a notch at which both cirrus and vagina are
present. The cirrus sac is a fusiform sac. The uterus is filled with
eggs and appears in the form of long sacs. The ovary is at the posterior
margin and few or no testes are seen in these ripe proglottids.

Measurements of Taenia acanthobothria.

Length 20.00 mm.

Width 60 mm.

Suckers 096 mm.

Across head 896 mm.

Across neck 280 mm. to .400 mm.

Rostellum 560 mm.

Depth of head 560 mm.

Width of proglottis 320 mm.

Eggs, round and yellow 016 mm.

1921] MacCalluJii: Stiidics in IlclntintJioIogy

239

cs.

I u.

FIG. 123. TAENIA ACANTHOBOTHRIA

.^-^

u

J

C 5

FIG. 124. AXOPLOCEPHALA GLOBOCEPHALA

240 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 6

Anoplocephala glohoccphala, sp. nov.
(Fig. 124)

Host — A small ray.
Habitat — Spiral valve.
Locality — Singapore.

This small tapeworm was found in the spiral valve of a small ray,
species not identified, at Singapore. On account of the almost globular
head, it has been given the above name. When found, the head was
buried in the mucous membrane of the intestine and was with difficulty
withdrawn, and many others were broken in the attempt. It is very
small, but presents many interesting characters. As will be observed
(Fig., ) only two bothria are visible, but undoubtedly there must be
two others on the opposite side. These bothria stand out prominently
past the surface of the head. There is an opening at the extreme an-
terior margin of the head filled with a myzorhynchus, which is prob-
ably protrusible. The neck is about half the width of the head and
presents transverse striae almost up to the head. The segments soon
become longer and are decidedly imbricated. The ripe segments are
peculiar, inasmuch as the ovary is situated at the extreme posterior end
lying beside a large cirrus sac, which at once narrows into a coiling vas
deferens which proceeds to a genital pore near the anterior end of
the segment, where the anterior end of the segment is quite pointed, the
posterior end being imbricated. Six or seven relatively large testes fill
up the middle of the segment, and the rest of the space is filled with
a uterine sac of eggs. The ripe proglottids appear like a string of
fusiform shaped beads.

Measurements of A. globocephala.

Length 25.00 mm.

Width 35 mm.

Head .45 mm.

Length of ripe proglottis 1.00 mm.

Width of ripe proglottis .40 mm.

. Eggs 016 mm.

Ovary .20 mm.

Testes 10 mm.

Family — Tctrabolhriddc, Fuhrmann, 19C8.
Subfamily — Tctrabotlirinac, Fuhrmann, 1907.
Genus — Tctrabothrius, Rudolphi, 1819a.

This genus was formerly described as only inhabiting mammals
and birds in the adult form, but of late years it has also been found to
be recorded for reptiles, and the following is a case in point. The
diagnosis — It is a taenoid with the scolex unarmed. There are four
suckers, each of which is incomplete on its outer margin, where there

1921

MacCallum: Siitdics in Hclminthology

241

FIG. 125. TETRABOTHRIUS BOAE

is a triangular notch. There is no rostelluni, neck is well developed
but no markings of segments are seen for a considerable distance, six
or eight mm., then the proglottids outlined are very short but becom-
ing much longer towards the end of the strobila. The bothria are
large, prominent and cupshaped, almost as if set on pedicels. They are
joined together by muscular striae at their bases. The whole head is
unarmed.

* Tetrabothrius hoae, sp. nov.

(Fig. 125)

Host — Boa constrictor.

Habitat — Stomach and intestines.

Locality — Brazil; Zoological Park, New York.

In the stomach and upper part of the intestines there were found
in the Boa constrictor from Brazil a large number of these worms.

242 ZoopatJiologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 6

Some of them were as much as twenty feet or more long. The opening
of the uterus is in the anterior middle of the ripe segments. The ovary
is large and the vitelline gland is situated in front of the ovary which
is unusual. In this case, too, there seems to be on each side of the
proglottid a row of vitellaria, but the main mass is in front of the
ovary. A wide split or opening extends from the front of the ovary to
the anterior end of the segment and in this the uterus and vas deferens
make their way towards the genital cloaca. The rest of this middle
opening is occupied with vasa deferentia which are in connection with
the numerous large testes on either side. These all concentrate in the
large vas deferens which enters the cirrus pouch or sac near the
genital pore. This sac is oval and the cirrus may be seen through its
transparent walls. The cirrus is a relatively large organ and is fre-
quently seen protruded. It is quite enlarged near its base. Posterior
to this and beginning at the cloaca is the vagina which is situated
posterior to the cirrus sac. The genital pore is irregular and alter-
nately unilateral. The vitelline gland in front of the ovary is circular
and measures .400 mm. in diameter. Baird described a worm of this
species from this host under the name of T. gerradu in 1860. This may
be the same worm, but am not certain. See segment, Fig. 125.

Measurements of T. boae

Length 20 to 30 feet

Width 2.60 mm.

Width of head .... 2.00 mm.

Length of head. ... 1.50 mm.
Diameter of bothria .80 mm.

Ovary 1.040 mm.

Cirrus 96 mm.

Ripe segment 4.40 mm. long X L60 mm. wide

Dihothriorhyttchiis maccallumi, sp. nov.
(Fig. 126)

Host — Sphryna tiburo.
Habitat — Spiral valve.
Locality — C3ff Port Darwin, Australia.

On April 30, 1916, Dr. W. G. MacCallum, during an autopsy on
a bonnet-head shark, found numbers of these worms in the spiral valve.
There were also large numbers of ripe segments or proglottids in this
location, which were quite large, being 7 mm. long X 2.40 mm. wide.

Linton, in his work at Beaufort, North Carolina, described a some-
what similar worm from this host, but apparently not the same. This
mature worm had a head with two bothria, very delicately formed, with
the anterior edges of the bothria carrying many small spines, and be-

1921

MacCallum: Studies in Hclminthology

243

FIG. 126. DIBOTHRIORHYNCHUS MACCALLUM/

side these on the lateral margins there was a much larger single hook,
also on the lateral margin ot each bothrium. In the figure given, the
proboscidae are not shown protruded, but they can be plainly seen
through the semitransparent tissue. The neck is thick and the mus-
cular bulbs are short, as also are the containing tubes, which show the
armed proboscidae as being short and thick. The tube measures .240
mm. near the outlet. The spines are large and recurve toward the
apex as they lay in the tube to be reversed on extension.

The whole head is much wider than it is deep, and is joined by an
unusually thick neck. The strobila shows striations immediately back
of the bulbs, but they are not so deep as in that of some other of these
forms. They are at first about 1.36 mm. wide and .192 mm. long. At
about the middle of the segments are 1.44 mm. X 1-10 mm. long. The
divisions here, too, are more deeply marked, but still the strobila is
not imbricated. The segments are rather square with the genital
organs near the posterior end. The ovary is divided into two parts
with the shell gland behind and between the two halves. The genital
pore appears on the left side one-third from the posterior end, and
there the somewhat triangular shaped armed cirrus presents. The

244 Zoopathologica: A^ Y. Zoological Society [I; 6

body of the segment is filled with testes and ova. The vitellaria are
on both sides of the segment near the margin and a wide water vascular
canal is also on each side.

Measurements of D. maccallnmi.

Length of mature worm 3 inches

Width of mature worm 1.00 mm.

Across head 1.70 mm.

Depth of head 1.00 mm.

Width of ripe segment 1.10 mm.

Length of ripe segment 1.20 mm.

TetrabotJiriiis lachesidis — sp. nov.
(Fig. 127)

Host — Fer de Lance, Lachcsis lanceolatus.

Habitat — Intestines.

Locality — Island of Trinidad, South America.

The type specimen of this worm was found in a Boa constrictor,
Brazil, March 12, 1919, a large snake seven feet, six inches long.

This form was taken from the intestine of its host and it corre-
sponds with the type, although much smaller. The head has four
deep suckers which are unarmed, no rostellum. The suckers have
each a notch on one side, and the substance of the head is seen to be
striated with muscular fibres in all directions. The head is unarmed.
The neck is free of striations for the first 1.120 mm. The strobila
recovered was not more than about 75 mm. in length, and no ripe
proglottids were seen. These, when seen, are open longitudinally to
contain the gravid uterus, hence Rudolphi described it as a subgenus
of BotJirioceplialus.

The ovary is relatively large and the uterus extends from the
ovary almost to the anterior end of the proglottis. The genital pore
is situated irregularly alternately about the middle of the lateral mar-
gin of the segment, and the vagina curves toward the centre to join
the uterus. The testes are numerous and large, and the cirrus sac
containing the cirrus is large and opens anteriorly to the vagina in a
common cloaca. There does not appear any vitelline gland anterior
to the ovary in this instance, but only a portion of the strobila is seen
— no ripe proglottids. In the proglottids of T. boae in Boa imperator,
another host, the vagina is seen to be anterior to the cirrus in the
cloaca. Otherwise the worms are like that above described. In ripe
segment the ovary is at the posterior margin, uterus starting at the
shell gland in the middle and proceeds to the right side of segment near
the anterior quarter, cirrus anterior to the uterus. Rest of square seg-
ment filled with testes and vitellaria.

1921

MacCallum: Studies in Hclniinthology

245

FK;. 127.

TETRABOTHRIUS LACHESIDIS

Mcasnrcuicnts of T. laces id is

Length unknown

Width 1-20 mm.

Diameter of head 960 mm.

Diameter of bothria 560 mm.

Width of ovary 720 mm.

Length of proglottids 1-44 mm.

Width of proglottids 1.120 mm.

Tctrabothrius brcvis, sp. nov.
(Fig. 128)

Host — Boo impcrator.

Habitat — Stomach and intestines.

Locality — Mexico.

During the examination of this snake which was 60 inches long
and 2y2 inches in diameter, a lot of worms were found in the first part
of the intestine, and one large one was found alone in the stomach.
They were quite lively and coiled and tangled themselves very much.
These are about 10 to 15 inches long, possibly longer, for some of
those with the widest strobila were evidently broken, in fact few could

246

Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society

[I; 6

FIG. 128. TETRABOTHRIUS BREVIS

be found which one could be sure were entire. As will be seen, they
are quite a different species from those found in B. constrictor from
South America. The anatomy of the ripe proglottids is quite different
as will be seen by a comparison of them. They are both Tctrahothridac,
but of dift'erent species, which may be found throughout Mexico and
Central America. These worms found have a head almost exactly
similar to that of T. boae, the same raised cup-shaped suckers with
the usual triangular notch in the external margin. They are quite un-
armed, but from their muscular structure and that of the head proper,
they give the impression of great power. The neck rapidly narrows
from the head and shows ample water vascular tubes. The transverse
markings on the strobila are, at first, very close together, but towards
the posterior end of the strobila, the ripe proglottids are even longer
than wide. Their structure showing the genital apparatus is as follows.
Near the posterior end, the two large lobes of the ovary are distinctly
seen joined together, and from the centre of this junction arises the
uterus which extends almost to the anterior end although receiving the
vagina about its middle. The vagina curves to one or other lateral
margin at about its middle, but crossing the vas deferens, opens in
front of the cirrus at the cloaca. The cirrus, after passing through
an oval shaped cirrus sac near the cloaca, appears behind the vagina,
and its outlet is surrounded by a mass of short hair like structures.

On each side of the uterus the segment is filled with testes and
some eggs. The vas deferens is a much coiled structure, connected
with the testes and terminating in the cirrus sac, but the whole anatomv

1921] MacCalliim: Studies in Ui'lniintlwlogv 247

FIG. 129. MESOCESTOIDES BASSARISCI

248 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I ; 6

of the ripe segment is entirely different from that of T. hoae, as may
be seen by a reference to the plate of that worm. Neither worm has
any rostellum. The developed segment is somewhat longer than wide.

Measurements of T. hrevis.

Length about to 15 inches

Width of widest segments. . 2.00 mm.

Width of head 2.00 mm.

Width of sack sucker 80 mm.

Mesocestoides bassarisci, sp. nov.

(Fig. 129)

Family — Mesocestoididae, Fuhrmann. 1907.
Subfamily — Mcsoccstoidinac, Liihe, 1894a.
Host — Bassaricus astuta, Rhoads, 1894.
Habitat — Intestines.
Locality — Zoological Park, from Mexico.

These worms were found on April 1, 1919, in the first part of the
small intestine, posterior to the stomach. There were great numbers of
them. They are very small and present some peculiarities in their
morphology. Although much smaller than the type species, Mesoces-
toides ambigitus, Vaillant, 1863, yet in most other characters it would
seem to belong to this family.

The head and neck present a triangular form. The head itself has
no rostellum, in fact distally between the suckers it is flat or depressed.
It is entirely unarmed as are also the suckers which are circular. The
suckers are relatively large. The neck is smooth and devoid of
striations for about one-quarter of the length of the worm. The seg-
ments then begin to be formed and from the first there is seen in each
a dark spot showing the location of the genitalia. The ripe segments
are not sharply marked oft' from each other, the lateral outline of the
strobila only showing a slight depression between each pair. The
genital pore is median and situated well towards the anterior margin of
the proglottis, and the uterine tube extends back between the two
lateral masses of the ovary and behind those is to be seen the vitellaria.
The testes are comparatively large and not numerous. All the genitalia
are included between the longitudinal excretory canals. The host is a
small coyote with a ringed black and white bushy tail. It is found in
Mexico and southern North America.

Measurements of M. bassarisci.

Length 4.00 mm.

Width 70 mm.

Across head 320 mm.

Suckers 120 mm.

Eggs 040 mm. X -024 mm.

1021

MacCallmu: Studies in Ilcliiiiiitliology

249

u oy.

FIG. 130. SCYPHOCEPHALUS BISULCATUS

Scyphocephalus bistdcatus, Riggenbach, 1898b. *

(Fig. 130)

Family — Bothriocephalidae, Cobbold.
Subfamily — ScyplwccpJialinac, Ariola, 1899d.
Host — Varamis salvator.
Habitat — Intestine.
Locality — Buitenzorg, Java.

On May 27, 1916, Dr. W. G. MacCallum, while autopsying a
monitor, came across two of these worms in the reptile's intestine. One
was loose while the other had a firm hold on the wall of the intestine.
It was so firmly attached that a piece of the intestine had to be cut
about the mouth, and even then it was impossible to separate the sucker
from its hold without tearing it. In many ways this worm seems
closely related to Duthicrsia and Solcnophorus. It is found in the
same host, in the same habitat, their only chief difference being the

•Vorlaufige, Mittheilungc, Zool. An. 2. Lcipz. 2. (572) V. 21. Vol. 7, pp. 465-566.

250 ZoopatJwloglca: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 6

anatomy of the head, for the strobila is similar. The head is different,
for instead of consisting of two pipe-shaped suckers as in the Solcno-
plioriis and the very ornate head of the Duthicrsia, which also is
divided into two main suckers more or less triangular in shape, this
worm has only one single goblet shaped sucker which is exceedingly
muscular and powerful. It has also two sulci somewhat like those of
the other members of the family. These are situated on opposite sides
of the base of the head and are comparatively short. They are deep
at the posterior end, but become shallow as they extend anteriorly.
Thus, it will be seen, that the worm reallv belongs to the order
Tribothria. Ariola 1899 and Likke 1899 p. 542. and Braun 1900 a p.
1676, 1682. The head is whiter in color than the rest of the worm,
and the v/hole anterior end is an open sucker mouth and its margin is
divided into closely set teeth-like processes or coarse serrations appar-
ently only of the mucous membrane. The walls of the head are thick
and striated or thrown into very narrow folds, w^hich may only be
muscular striations. The cavity of the sucker occupies almost the
whole head and terminates Just posterior to a slit-like opening which
looks like a long genital pore, which however, is the sulcus appearing
on either side. In Scyphocephalus, the strobila does not begin with
the neck, but the striations are to be seen at once after the head. It
soon widens, but does not become very wide. It is thick and the seg-
ments are narrow even when ripe. The ovary is quite distinct and the
uterus has only a few coils from which the yellow oval eggs are given
off at the more or less circular pore near the middle of the anterior
margin of the segment as is usual in the Bothrioccphalidae. The viter-
laria are plentiful but ^^° '^estes are not abundant.

Mcasiircinciits of S. bisiilcabiis

Length — This cannot be given as only three or four pieces
were found, less than six inches in all.

Width 4.00 mm. and 1.00 mm. thick

Head, length 3.40 mm.

Head, width 2.40 mm. — 6.00 mm.

Length of sulci 2.20 mm.

Width of each sulcus 1.00 mm.

Length of ripe proglottids. . .80 mm, — 1.00 mm.
Width of ripe proglottids. . 6.00 mm.

Riggenbach, who first described this worm, claims that it is a new
genus and new soecies, for while it has the strobila of the Bothrioceph^
alidae, it cannot on account of the character of its head be classed in
that family, whose chief characteristic is the fact that the head has
only two sulci or bothria, while Scyphocephahis has three bothria, a
central main bothria and two lateral ones. He is of the opinion that
the central main sucker must have been formed secondarily and that
the lateral sulci or suckers are in a state of partial retrogression

1

]^'2\]

MacCalliim: Studies in Hchninihology

251

-^^-xT"

FIG. 131. TAESIA PATIXI

and that from lack of use may disappear finally. In every other re-
spect than in the matter of suckers the worm follows the morphology
of the Bothrioccphalidac. I have, therefore, tentatively at least, left
it in the family Bothrioccphalidae.

Taenia patini, sp. nov.
(Fig. 131)

Host — Ikan patin.

Habitat — Intestine.

Locality — Bandjermassin, Borneo.

This interesting cestode was collected at Bandjermassin, Borneo,
by Dr. W. G. MacCallum from a large siluroid fish, locally known by
the name Ikan patin.' The host was taken in the river at that point and
appeared to be of the catfish family, and was decorated with four
fairly long barbels. The only parasites found were a number of the
above taenia and some strongyles, all found in the intestine. It is
claimed as a new genus on account of the peculiar structure of the
head.

The Taenia is a worm about twenty inches in length, and is but
little narrower at the neck than at the widest portion of the strobila,
and it is thick and fleshy. The head is of peculiar formation. It en-
larges suddenly from the neck and is fluted into four main masses and
these again are superficially divided by lines which run to the anterior
margin. The extreme anterior aspect is somewhat hollowed out and
divided into four bothria with large thick marginal lips which are
somewhat puckered about their central opening. In the centre is a
round, prominent myzorhynchus, wliich may be protrusible, but which
in quietude is below the level of the marginal lips of the bothriae, and

252 Zoopatlwlogica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 6

seems to be of a different structure and color from the rest of the
head, being yellow and dense. On looking at the head as pressed and
mounted on a slide, it appears to be a double row of finger^like processes,
longest on the outer margins, all pointing anteriorly and relatively deep
among them are the four bothriae. The neck is thick and is crossed
from side to side by irregular transverse divisions. These divisions or
segments are narrow throughout the strobila with irregular margins,
but as the segments get more fully developed the margins are not so
irregular and the genital cloaca is seen to be near the junction of the
anterior one-quarter with the posterior three-quarters. This is seen
alternately on one side or the other. The cirrus sac is a long oval, and
the cirrus presents anterior to the vagina at the cloaca. From the
posterior end of the same is seen the much coiled vas deferens coming
from different parts of the segment after communicating with the
testes. The vagina has a funnel shaped inlet, and at a short distance
from its entrance may be seen a more or less rounded muscular con-
strictor. This is very conspicuous and quite unusual. It is more than
twice the diameter of the vagina.

The ovary is very near the middle of the posterior margin, and
while it is composed of two masses, it is divided by a narrow portion,
where apparently the uterus begins, and this, after coiling through the
shell gland situated near the posterior margin of the segment, makes its
way anteriorly through the centre of the segment, receiving the vagina
shortly after its origin. The testes are large and numerous. Vitellaria,
marginal.

Measurements of Taenia patini.

Length 20 inches

Width 3.00 to 4.00 mm.

Width of neck 1.50 mm.

Width of head 2.00 mm.

Width of ripe proglottids 3.00 mm.

Eggs 120 mm X -040 mm.

Rhynchobolhriiis carangis, sp. nov.
(Fig. 132)
Host — Caranx hippos.
Habitat — Cyst in intestine.
Locality — New York Aquarium, Eastern Coast, U. S.

This worm was found in a cyst on the rectum of a Caranax hippos,
common crevalle. On account of its rarity and unusual bothriae it is
thought necessary to put it on record. It has only two bothriae which
are placed flatly face to face, and resemble very much two flowers, and
between these the proboscidae make their exit. The worm is 11.50 mm.
long by 1 mm. wide. The proboscidae are protruded about 1.40 mm.,
and the bothria are 1.40 mm. wide. It is of course a cestode larva and

1921] MacCaUitm: Studies in Hdminthnlogy

253

prot

JMl

K ' •'!<

Mtt

\

FIG. 132.
RHY.XCHOBOTHRirS CARAXGIS

FIG. !.!.!.
RIIVXCHOBOTHRIUS TASGOl.I

254 Zoopatliologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 6

was not found in its final host where it could be developed into an
adult. The host came from the New York Aquarium, ]\Iarch 17, 1914.

Rhynclwbothrins tangoli, sp. nov.
( Fig. 133)

Host — Ikan tangol.

Habitat — Peritoneum.

Locality — Bandjermassin, Borneo.

On July 1, 1916, this worm or larva was found by Dr. W. G.
MacCallum, while dissecting a fish called by the natives Ikan tangol.
It belongs to the mackerel family and is much thought of as a food fish.
The worm is peculiar in its structure. The head, or anterior end, is a
more or less rounded sac enclosing the clinging apparatus which may
be protruded entirely from the sac through a sharply defined circular
opening. It consists of a head portion which is divided into four
bothria, separated by a central tube through which four proboscidae
proceed anteriorly after crossing each other diagonally several times,
until they reach the bothria where they separate one to each bothrium.
Posteriorly, as in common with these worms or larvae, they are attached
each to an elongated muscular bulb which has the power to force the
proboscidae externally or to withdraw them at will. These proboscidae,
as in this case, are armed throughout their whole length with powerful
hooks arranged in lines. They can be plunged into any tissue and,
what is strange, can be withdrawn quite as easily. This is a peculiarity
of this class of worms of which there are many species, and the arrange-
ment is perfect in holding the worm in position while its structure
absorbs its nourishment from the fluids of its host. They do not live
on the blood of the host for they have no sucking apparatus. They
live rather like the Taenia, which they resemble in some particulars,
especially the way in which they are reproduced. In the adult form,
they have a body which develops segments, each one containing all
of the genital apparatus for reproducing its kind and which when ripe
are cast off to be taken in by its host, some fish or other aquatic form.
In this case, beside the head and sac there is a prolonged body which
shows striations, but they are not very regular divisions, nor do they
contain visible rudiments of genital organs. The whole worm measures
from an inch to an inch and a half in length, and the head sac is dis-
tinctly separated from the body by a decided neck or constriction.

Measurements of R. tangoli.

Length 25.00 mm. — 35.00 mm.

Width 2.00 mm.

Head 3.00 X 2.5 mm.

Proboscidae and muscular bulbs

about 4.00 mm.

Across bothria 1.00 mm.

NEMATODES

FIG. 134. ASCARIS CEBI

Ascaris cchi, sp. nov.
(Fig. 134)

Host — Ccbus capucinns.

Habitat — Stomach and oesophagus.

Locality — Africa ; Zoological Park, New York.

This little monkey, Ccbus capucinus, was obtained from the New
York Zoological Park, and was much emaciated and, as usual with
animals or fishes or even plants when much below par, they become
infested with other organisms than those which produced their anaemia
and emaciation. In other words, in lowered condition, the animal
offers a much lessened resistance to parasites. In the case of fishes,
one seldom sees in nature a sick fish simply because, when ill they
are more sluggish and less able to take care of themselves, conse-
quently fall an easy prey to those larger fish which live upon them.
Yet many fish suffer from ectoparasites or external enemies as ]\Iicro-
cotyle on the gills, etc., which in numbers so exhaust the blood supply
of the host as to cause death. This rule also holds good with refer-
ence to mammals, birds, etc., and it is almost the rule that one of
these being out of health is a favorite breeding ground for lice and
other parasites on the skin. A plant in lowered condition is almost
sure to become infested with aphides and other parasites.

So this monkey with many dift'erent intestinal parasites beside
the inordinate infestation of ascarids, became very thin and harbored
great numbers of lice on its skin.

The ascarids, however, were the immediate cause of its death,
for beside about a hundred tangled in a ball in its stomach, the

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\ s

FIG. 135. OXVURIS SniIAE

oesophagus was found stuffed with these and even some were found
in the larynx. One was found actually coiled about the epiglottis
so that the respiration was interferred with, and in patches the lungs
were found collapsed and in some areas emphysematous.

The Ascaris was named A. cebi and this is perhaps only another
synonym for A. elongaia, Cobb. The female worms were stiff and
much coiled and about 45 mm. long, and the males much slighter in
form and 30 mm. in length.

The genital pore is about one-third the length of the worm from
the tail. The eggs were very numerous. The anatomy is pretty well
shown in the figures. The mouth end is the same in both sexes,
but the posterior end is very different. The male shows several
papillae both before and behind the anus and there are two short
curved spicules.

1921] MacCalliDu: Studies in Hcbninthology 257

Oxyxiris simiae, sp. nov.
(Fig. 135)

Host — Simia satyrus.
Habitat — Colon.
Locality — Singapore.

In the intestine of a Simia satyrtis at Singapore, there were found
in the colon a lot of small Oxyuridac. They were very small and of
a very delicate shape, nearly white in color. They are almost trans-
parent. The mouth is terminal and surrounded by small papillae,
not at all armed ; it communicates with the pharynx by means of a
long oesophagus, which terminates in a globular portion or valve.
The wide intestine joins this directly by the intervention of a ring
like structure. The vagina is at about the beginning of the posterior
third of the worm. Eggs are small, yellow, and oval, tail very pointed,
and the anus opens some distance from the tip, in a slit-like opening.

Measurements of O. simiae

Length 6.00 mm.

Width 30 mm.

Both sexes are much alike in appearance.

Ankylostomum caninum
(Fig. 136)

Host — Kampong dog.
Habitat — Intestines.
Locality — Bali.

At Bali, on June 2, 1916, there were found in a kampong dog's
intestines a lot of Ankylostoma. They evidently are A. canimim.
A sketch of iheni. male and female, is shown in Fig. 136. They show
the three characteristic teeth in the upper jaw, one small ; the female
being 11 mm. long by .40 mm. wide and the bursa is .60 mm. in
longest diameter, and it is so constructed that it may open to receive
the female in its clasp, having five rays on each wall. The spicule
is single and rather long. As will be seen by the plate, the pharynx
is a long and verv muscular structure. The intestines are long and
much curled, and 'in the female much intertwined with the uterus.

258 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 6

FIG. 136. AXKYLOSTOMUM CANINUM

1921

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259

FIG. 137. DISPHARAGUS EGRETTAE

Dispharagus egrcttac, Rud. 1819.
(Fig. 137)

Host — Egretta candidissituo.

Habitat — Intestine just posterior to the gizzard.

Locality — Zoological Park, New York.

These little worms were found in numbers on January 14, 1919,
in that portion of the intestine just posterior to the gizzard. Some
of them had their heads buried in the mucous membrane so far that
they were removed with difficulty. There w^ere no males found and
it may be that, if they were very small, they were overlooked. As
will be seen by the plate, the head is beautifully ornamented by four
long, double, wing-like structures which to the worm are both useful
as well as ornamental, for when buried in the mucous membrane,
they would add much to its cHnging power. These extend from
the mouth towards the posterior .440 mm. expanding as they go until
at the return bend they are .120 mm. wide. Their edges too are
sharply notched, if they are not minutely spined. Across the base
of what may be called the head, it measures .200 mm

The oesophagus extends in a serpentine way
posteriorly and the mouth appears to be unarmed,
head is acutely conical and the sides of the head are margined by
the ornamental structures which are wavy along the edge.

The posterior end of the female shows an odd cloaca containing
both the genital pore and the anus in a cup-shaped structure, open

from the mouth
The tip of the

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"=-^_

y

•FIG. 138. I.r.CAXOCEPHALUS AKKULATUS

1921] MacCalluui: Studies in Ilchiiintliolof/y 261

posteriorly. The other organs cannot possibly be made out in this
material, for the body is literally filled with eggs. These are oval and
colorless, .024 mm. long + .015 mm. wide. The body is from 10 — 11
mm. long and .440 mm. wide, and it is striated transversely through-
out.

Lccanoccphalus auniilatns, Molin.
(Fig. 138)

Host — Roccus lincatus.

Habitat — Stomach.

Locality — Fish market, New York.

This worm, although small, undoubtedly is a serious pest to the
fish it inhabits. Its mode of living is calculated to interfere very
materially with the function of the stomach, inasmuch as it burrows
under the mucous membrane, in fact excavating in some cases quite
a space where several worms cohabit. The inlet to this habitation
may not be large, yet as many as five or six worms have been seen
with their heads protruding at the same time. This is probably done
for the purpose of feeding on the chyme or contents of the stomach,
for an examination of the contents of their intestines does not in-
dicate that they live on the blood of their host. There are often
several of these nests in the stomach, each nc^t may be 30 mm. to
40 mm. across, and as they cause a good deal of swelling and irri-
tation, they may and do in some cases so restrict the cavity of the
host's stomach that its food cannot be taken in any quantity sufficient
to keep it alive. Thus the worms are a very serious menace to the
fish. They are also quite cosmopolitan in their choice of a home, for
they are found also in Ccntropristes striatus, sea bass, margate fish,
Hanulon album, Epinephelns striatus, hake, alewife and manv others
(See Fig. 00.)

There appear to be three species of Lecanocephalus, L. anniilatus.
Molin ; L. spiniilostis, Dies. ; and L. kollari, Molin. The present form
seems to be the common one found in fishes of this continent. It is
not large, the body is cylindrical tapering somewhat at each end and
is covered with regular transverse rows of sharp spines, which ali
point backward.

The head is peculiar, having on each side of the mouth an over-
hanging plate oi cl.itin with a sharp hook at the mouth end, apparently
not for offensive purposes, but- to retain the mouth or lips in contact
with the mucous membrane. The mouth has three lips. The pharynx
is a long, very muscular organ. The vulva is near the head. The
sexes are separate and the female has a sharp pointed tail, spinv to
the end, and the genital pore is a short distance anterior to the tip.
The uterus is voluminous and it almost fills the abdominal cavity
with transverse folds filled with eggs. The male posterior end is
wide and has projecting from it two spicules which are not very

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I ru

FIG. 139. STROWGVLUS PATINI

1021] MacCallum: Studies in Jlclmiuthology 263

long. On its dorsal side is seen a short spine which is much larger
than the usual spines covering the body. Other than this, the small
spines in rows extend to the tip. Anal aperture in front of spicules
oval in shape and marginal with very small, sharp spines. As usual with
the nematodes, the females are much more numerous than the males,
the latter being slightly smaller.

Measurements of L. annidatus.

Females Length 6.00 mm. to 7.60 mm.

Width 1.00 mm.

Males Length 5.00 mm. to 6.00 mm.

Spicules 2.00 mm.

S. exerted 400 mm.

Terminal spine, end of male

tail 040 mm.

Strongylus patini, sp. nov.
(Fig. 139)

Host — Ikan patin.

Habitat — Intestines.

Locality — Bandjermassin, Borneo.

This worm was found on July 1, 1916, at Bandjermassin, Borneo,
in the intestine of a large fish called locally Ikan patin. There
seems to have been only one found, although the notes say that there
were three. This one is a female, containing a large number of
eggs in the uterus. The mouth is armed in an unusual manner, as
it is surrounded by a circle of prominent spines and the mouth is
circular, emptying into a funnel-shaped gullet, and the whole termi-
nating in a muscular pharynx such as is common in the Strongylidae.
This terminates in a large intestine which is continued to near the
posterior tip of the body. At a point nearly half the length of the
body is the opening of the uterus or vulva from which the eggs are
extruded, and near the head on the same side is an opening, the
genital pore. The skin is a good deal corrugated, especially near the
head, but it is unarmed. The uterus is voluminous and in this case
is filled with oval yellow eggs.

The male has not been seen, but probably it is bursated.

Measurements of S. patini

Length 13.00 mm.

Width 1.00 mm.

Width of mouth, surrounded by spines .240 mm.

Eggs 040 mm.

Width of mouth proper 040 mm.

Across head 320 mm.

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(-a.

FIG. 140. DACNITIS CARANGIS

1921] MacCalliim: Studies in Hclminthology 265

Dacnitis carangis, sp. nov.
(Fig. 140)

Host — Caranx hippos.

Habitat — Intestine.

Locality — New York Aquarium.

On May 29, 1917, there was found in the intestine of a Caranx
hippos, crevalle, a small form which proved to be a Dacnitis. It is
different in form of head to any hitherto seen and a sketch is given.
The head is rather round, and when rendered transparent is seen to
be composed of two armed jaws, which are capable of enclosing the
upper part of the oesophagus. This latter also during its passage
through the head portion is armed. The mouth proper is small and
round, and is placed at the anterior end of the head. On each side,
too, of the gullet is a semilunar space which is thickly studded with
minute spines. The pharynx is a long, bag-like, muscular structure,
down the centre of which runs the ossophagus which terminates in
the intestine. This latter runs to the end of the tail almost.

The whole worm is small, being only about 10 mm. long and
very delicately formed. It is striated transversely throughout the
whole length from the end of the pharynx to the tip of the tail.

Dacnitis sphaerocephalus, Dujardin.
(Fig. 141)

Host — Acipenser sturio.

Habitat — Stomach.

Locality — New York Aquarium.

There were only two of these worms found in the sturgeon
harboring them, and unfortunately they are both males. However,
as they are rare, it is thought worth while to record the find. The
female, as usual in the nematodes, is larger than the male, but the
construction of the head is exactly the same, as is the rest of the
anatomy, except of course the genitalia.

These worms are of separate sexes and are usually viviparous.

The mouth is an unusually muscular structure, but it cannot
be said to be provided with lips. It is apparently the large end of a
funnel-shaped gullet which ends in a very powerful pharynx. It,
the gullet, is strengthened on each side by at least two strong longi-
tudinal muscular rolls and on one side of the neck very near the
head, there is a delicate structure which might be called a gland —
a head gland with a long tube running posteriorly by the side of the
pharynx. The skin is slightly and regularly striated throughout.

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FIG. 141. DACSITIS SPHAEROCEPHALUS

The posterior end of the worm is usually coiled somewhat, and pre-
sents within .400 mm. of the tip, the anus and the protruding cirri,
the anus in front. The cirri appear of an equal length, and form
a triangular pointed organ which looks almost as if single. The
spicules are not long and the papillae are so exceedingly small that
they are seen with difficulty. In one case there are two pairs of
preanal papillae of fair size, but if there are more, they are almost
invisible. The post-anal ones also are very small, but there seems
to be eight or ten pairs. The tip of the tail is surmounted by a short
spike and just anterior to this are two pairs of what seem to be spicules
a long way separated from the others.

Measurements of D. sphaerocephalus

Width 280 mm.

Length of pharynx 1.60 mm.

Across base of pharynx .040 mm.

Across head .400 mm.

Across neck .360 mm.

Across mouth proper .120 mm.

1921] MacCallum: Studies in Hcliiiiiitliology 267

Echinocephalus aetobati, sp. nov.
(Fig. 142)

Host — Aetobatis narinari.
Habitat — Spiral valve.
Locality — Batavia, Java.

This remarkable little nematode was taken from the spiral valve
of an Aetobatis narinari at Batavia, Java, by W. G. MacCallum, on
May 25, 1916.

Only one was found, and it seems to be a young and undeveloped
female. I have a faint recollection that Monticelli described such a
worm under the name Echinocephalus striatus, but I can find no liter-
ature on the subject, so think it best to put the find on record. As
will be seen (Fig. 142), the head is the peculiar feature, being almost
globular and surrounded by six transverse rows of spines. The
jnouth apparently is studded with .spines. The anterior semi-circular
lip has spines on its inner surface, and the lower triangular shaped
lip also has spines on it. The mouth enters at once into a long
oesophagus which is nearly half the length of the alimentary canal.
On each side of the oesophagus, and within the globular-shaped head
is a large rounded gland which may be called a head gland. These
communicate by a narrow tube with two wide tubes or reservoirs,
which extend nearly one-fifth of the length of the worm. The head
was not sectioned so that it cannot be said certainly that there is
any connection with the mouth, but the inference is that there is.
In that case, the secretion probably has the same properties as that
of many other nematodes — the Strongylidae, Uncinaria, etc., having
a poisonous effect upon the host. The skin is closely striated trans-
versely, but unarmed. Tail terminates in a spike and the anus is
situated .320 mm. from the tip.

Measurements of E. aetobati.

Length 7.00 mm.

Width 360 mm.

Neck 280 mm.

Across mouth 080 mm.

Longest spines on the head 032 mm.

Across head 360 mm.

Length of head 240 mm.

Length of narrow tube leading to reservoir .200 mm.
Length of reservoir L120 mm.

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oes.

FIG. 142. ECHINOCEPHALUS AETOBATI

1921] MacCallum: Studies in Hcbninthology 269

Strongylus boae, sp. nov.
(Fig. 143)

Host — Boa constrictor.
Habitat — Stomach.
Locality — Brazil.

These worms were found first in the stomach of a Boa constrictor
from Brazil, and afterwards similar worms were found in the gullet
of Zamenis contortrix, and in the stomach of a Boa mexicana, also
in the stomach of a hog-nosed snake. They are all certainly alike,
being more or less black throughout the greater part of the body,
but the head and neck are white as is also a portion of the posterior
end. The female is about 8 mm. long and the male 6 mm. The
latter is provided with a copulating bursa which shows nine rays on
a side and two spicules of about equal length emerging from the
posterior part between the rays. The mouth is an unusual structure,
being terminal, but immediately behind and connected with it are
three short, longitudinal, chitinous pillars with apparent spaces between
them, and the opening of the pharynx is at the base of these. The
pharynx is muscular and is followed by a long stomach and intestinal
tract, all of which are generally full of black material, probably
partially digested blood. The anus is near the tip of the tail and the
genital pore is about one-quarter of the length of the worm from
the tip of the tail. The uterus is generally filled with numerous
eggs of good size relatively. A large species of this same genus
was found in the stomach of a Python sebae from the Congo. It was,
however, yellow in color and was 15 mm. long for the female and
12 mm. for the male. Other than these diflferences the worms are
very similar.

Stossich describes a strongyle female, no male, seen from an
East Indian python. It only measures 7 mm. This he named S.
ersiliae.

Agamoncma scorpaenae cirrhosae, Dies.
(Fig. 144)

Host — S cor poena cirrhosa (Cuv.)

During January, 1917, there were found in a Scorpaena cirrhosa
two very small and delicately formed strongyles, male and female
only about 10 mm. long by .20 wide.

Both sexes have the anterior end much curved. The moutb
does not seem to be armed, but is terminal and circular or rather
slit shaped. It opens into a long straight pharynx, which in propor-
tion to its size, is quite muscular. The skin near the head is expanded

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5'P-

FIG. 143. STRONGYLUS BOAE

1921

MacCalliDu: Studies in Hclniinthnlnr/x

271

FIG. 144. AGAMOXEMA SCORPAENAE CIRRHOSAE

from the head proper, apparently for the purpose of enabling the
worm to retain its hold on the mucous membrane. At its junction
with the intestine in both sexes there is a short, dark mass in each
side of the intestine.

The genital pore or vagina is situated about one-third of the
length of the worm from the tail. This locality is certainly peculiar.
The vagina goes across the worm almost to the opposite side, entering
a pecuhar, large, lobulated mass which seems to be composed of
numerous tubules, forming a beautiful structure which all finally
terminates in the uterus. This organ is tubular and some of the coils
extend quite towards the end of the tail. The anus is very near the
lip of the tail, which ends in a very sharp spicule. The male has
a delicately formed, small bursa containing about twelve rays. There
are two spicules of a bright yellow color and comparatively thick. The
two points of peculiarity in the anatomy of this worm are the struc-
ture of the mouth and the mass about the genital pore. The mass
near the genital pore is .80 mm. across and 1.60 mm. in length. The
cloaca is a relatively deep notch with swollen lips and the vagina
extends into the mass to almost the whole width of the structure,
and nearly the whole width of the worm, which is at this point 1.25
mm. It is unlike any structure observed in any known worm. No
eggs can certainly be seen in this specimen. The worm may be a
worm called Agamoncma scorpacna cirrhosae, (Dies).

Measurements of A. scorpaena cirrhosae.

Length of female 10.00 mm.

Width of female 1 .20 mm.

Length of male 8.00 mm.

Width of male 1.00 mm.

Length of spicules L20 mm.

272 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 6

pK.

^m

FIG. 145. OXYURIS PTYCHOZOONI

FIG. 146. OXYVRIS IGUANAE

1921] MacCallum: Studies in HcUninthology 273

Oxyuris ptychosooni, sp. nov.
(Fig. 145)

Host — Ptychozooni hemalocephalum.
Habitat — Rectum.
Locality — Buitenzorg, Java.

On May 24. 1916. at Buitenzorg, Java, there were found a lot
of small Oxyuridae in the rectum of a Ptychosooni Jicmalocephalmn,
a small leaf-like lizard. They are five or six millimeters long and
only .20 mm. wide. There were no males among those examined.
The females were filled with relatively large eggs, they being .6(X)
mm. long X -120 mm. wide. The worms are almost white and
were rendered quite transparent. The mouth is terminal and sur-
rounded by small papillae. The oesphagus is long and narrow, ter-
minating in a round ball-like portion of the pharynx. This is fol-
lowed by a narrow portion before emptying into the intestine. The
anus is situated a short distance from the posterior end of the body.
The genital opening is seen almost opposite the ball-like pharynx.
At the end of the vagina there is seen a structure which is probably
the ovary. The uterus fills almost the whole of the rest of the body
cavit}'. The genital pore is posterior to the anus a short distance.
At the posterior end of the body is a fairly long spicule, much like
that in the Oxyuris of Blattae orientalis.

Oxyuris iguanae, sp. nov.
(Fig. 146)

Host — Iguana tnhercxdata.

Habitat — Intestines.

Locality — Zoological Park, New York.

This small worm was found in great numbers in the rectum
chiefly, of all the iguanas examined. It differs considerably from the
Oxyuridae from other reptiles or animals from South America.

The most notable feature is the alimentary tract beginning with
a small mouth which has many fine sharp denticles on the lips and
also within the mouth. The pharynx which follows is exceedingly
long relatively and widens at intervals. It is transversely striated
like the pharynx of the strongyles. and on each side is to be seen
a tube leading up to the head. It extends nearly one-third of the
length of the worm and empties into a wide fusiform portion which
probably serves as a stomach and this organ gradually narrows into
an intestine which extends to nearly the posterior end of the worm,
where it opens externally within a short distance of the sharp pointed
tip. The genital pore is situated at about the junction of the posterior

274

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[l;6

FIG. 147. ASCARIS TIARA

quarter and anterior three-quarters of the length of the worm. The
eggs are oval, large and few, and seem to need a metraterm to expel
them from the uterus. The skin is smooth and finely striated through-
out. The ducts seen on each side of the pharynx are probably anal-
ogous to the head and oesophageal glands seen in the strongyles, and
probably have the same function. No males recognized.

Measurements of O. iguanae

Length 7.00 mm.

Width, maximum 80 mm.

Eggs 120 X .080 mm.

Ascaris tiara, v. Linstow, 1879.
(Fig. 147)

Host — Monitor, Varanus salvator.
Habitat — Intestine and Stomach.
Locality — Buitenzorg, Java.

On May 27, 1916, a lot of these worms were found in a large
monitor and although this worm was first discovered and described
by V. Linstow, having found it in a Varanus ornatus, Daud. in Natal,
Africa, it has been thought worth while to record this one. The
fact that it was found in another species of Varanus and in Java,
geographically, so far distant from those found in Natal, makes it
necessary to report it. Beside the above reasons, it is not very easy
to find a good figure of the worm, and as it will be seen at once,
it is very different morphologically from any other Ascaris. I may

1921] MacCaUmn: Studies in Hclminthology 275

say that I have no literature on the subject so am not sure that it
is an Ascaris at all.

The head is a very odd structure which once sunken into the
mucous membrane of the intestine would be a very efficient attach-
ment in addition to its ornamentation.

The worm is whitish in color and as usual the female is larger
than the male. There is a considerable difference in the size of the
worm from V. ornatus, and this species from V. salvator, those as
given by Von Linstow from V. ornatus being female 28 mm., male
20 mm., while the worms from V. salvator are female 37.50 mm.,
male 30 mm.

The cloaca is on the ventral side near the posterior end. In
the female the end of the body terminates in a short strong spine.
The male has a number of papillae near the posterior end four of
which are larger than tlic rest, and three are preaiial and four of
varying size post-anal, while along each side are three more. These
latter are small. There is also a sort of membranous trough or bursa
between the anus and the tip of the body. The cirri are as Linstow
says, sabre-form. The skin is deeply striated and the bulbous lips
at the head are striated. The skin is thick. The eggs are numerous
and fairly large, and rather round.

Measurements of A. tiara.

Length 37.50 mm.

Male 30.00 mm.

Width L50 mm.

Across head 480 mm.

Across each lip 240 mm.

Sclerostomum trihidho capitis, sp. nov.
(Fig. 148)

Host — Blanding's turtle.
Habitat — Stomach.
Locality — Ohio.

These worms were found at Wood's Hole on August 5, 1919,
in the stomach of a Blanding's turtle and in one case had formed
a cavity or nest under the mucous membrane, and in every case
where they were attached to the membrane, they had sunk their
triangular lobulated heads quite deeply beneath the mucous lining.

It is not a very large worm, nor was it found in great numbers,
one or two pairs at most in each host. In size, it is male 24 mm.
long, female 25 mm. and quite slender. The head is triangular in
shape, in fact seems to be composed of the three globular masses

276

Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society

[I; 6

FIG. 148. SCLEROSTOMUM TRIBULBOCAPITIS

1921] MacCallum: Studies in Helminthology 277

joined together, and separated from the body by a very decided neck.
The mouth part, opens apparently by the upper jaw, raising per-
pendicularly and the two globular masses at the sides being the
angles. A long oesophagus follows the mouth and on each side of
this is a tube, called the head gland in these worms and which in
some cases gets the credit of carrying a noxious or poisonous fluid
to the parts incised by the jaws.

In the case of the female the genital opening appears to be
situated near the centre of the length of the worm. The anus is at
the posterior, very near the end. No eggs are seen but the uterus
is filled with larvae.

The male is nearly as long as the female and is supplied with
a complicated bursa and two long spicules. The tail of the worm
extends curved, and a membrane which is double, surrounds the tip
and extends anteriorly, widening as it proceeds, and directly at the
end it narrows and becomes attached to the body, a shell-like trans-
parent structure intervening. Near the tip of the body itself are
shown several prominent spikes standing out on the surface, three
on the outer curve, and five within the curve, one being anterior to
the outlet of the spicules. The spicules arise from among them near
the end and at their interior end the testes may be seen attached to
the spicules, the whole end forming a complicated and beautiful
structure.

Measurements of S. tribulbocapitis.

Length 24.00 mm. X 27.00 mm.

Width 1.00 mm.

Across head 12 mm.

Immediately behind head... .20 mm.

Sderostomum lopholatihis, sp. nov.
(Fig. 149)

Host — Lopholatihis chameleonticeps.

Habitat — Intestine.

Locality — New York Aquarium, New York.

These odd little worms were found on October 26, 1915, in the in-
testine of a tile fish. They were found firmly adherent to the mucous
membrane.

The mouth is surrounded at the lips by a circle of evenly placed
spines which enables the worms to retain their hold while deriving their
nourishment. The oesophagus is very muscular and seems to extend to
the mouth without the interposition of a pharynx. The oesophagus
however widens near the mouth and contains three tubular structures
which may be suckers. These are unusual organs.

278

Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Sod

cf\<

[I; 6

feV

v^

FIG. 149. SCLEROSTOMUM LOPHOLATILVS

1921

MacCallum: Studies in Hchninthology

279

The uterus filled with large round eggs extends from its outlet,
the genital pore, to near the anus and occupies the greater part of the
abdominal cavity. The genital pore is situated near the posterior end
of the oesophagus.

The skin is thick and is striated with deep transverse lines. The
anus is very near the posterior end of the body which terminates in a
sharp point.

The male is much smaller that the female, being only about half its
size. It has a coiled tail and on the ventral side of the posterior end
are five pairs of pointed papillae and one on the dorsal side near the tip.
Near the tip also two spicules make their exit. They are proportionally

FIG. 150. CAMALLANUS TESTUDIXIS

long but there is no bursa. Between the two first pairs of papillae
there are a number of transverse muscular striae, used for holding
purposes during coition.

Measurements of S. lopholatilus.

Length of female 10.00 mm.

Width of female 5 mm.

Length of male 6 mm.

Width of male 250 mm.

Across head back of mouth 5 mm.

Width of mouth 250 mm.

Eggs 06 X .04 nmi.

280 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 6

Camallanus testudinis, sp. nov.

(Fig. 150)

Host — Blanding's tortoise.
Habitat — Stomach.
Locality — Ohio.

This little Camallanus was found in varying numbers in almost
every specimen of seventeen Blanding's turtles which were examined,
but never in very great numbers as Camallani are sometimes seen in
other hosts. They were chiefly located at the entrance of the stomach
and end of the oesophagus.

They were generally found with the head firmly embedded in the
mucous membrane. They were reddish in color when first collected
but the pink tint soon faded after exposure to the air. They did not
seem to have withdrawn blood, for the contents of the intestines were
not black. The mouth is of much the same structure as usual except
that it was in these often found closed from side to side, — that is, the
chitinous teeth came together in a line from the mouth to the throat,
thus showing the way in which the mucous membrane is broken or
bitten. As a reference to the plate will show, an old u-shaped structure,
not seen in any other plate, is also plainly to be seen, perhaps, only
brought anteriorly to view, when the mouth is closed. Its function
may be to facilitate the sucking process. The rest of the anatomy of
the body seems similar to most of those Camallani described in Zoo-
pathologica, Vol. 1 No. 5, July 1918. The uterus, in almost every
case, was filled with larvae of different degrees of development. They
varied in length from .02 mm. to .03 mm. long and .002 mm. wide.
The head always shows a little wider than the body. The vaginal
opening is situated about the middle of the length of the body of the
adult female, and presents swollen lips.

The female is generally about 14 mm. long and the male about 7
mm. long. The female is nearly twice as wide as the male.

Sclerostoma eustreptos, sp. nov.
(Fig. 151)

Host — Ophiholus getuliis.

Habitat — Lung.

Locality — Zoological Park, New York.

This little worm of which there were a number found in the lung
of a king snake, Ophiholus gctulus, on July 25, 1919, from the Zoo-
logical Park, N. Y., is of such remarkable conformation that it be-
comes necessary to describe it. This is not very easy on account of its
shape, however, the mouth is more or less circular and is armed on the

1921

MacCalliDu: Studies in HcUninihology

281

/a-^

-va.

■ i'-'%0

\

v^'o

■//

FIG. 151. SCLEROSTOMA EUSTREPTOS

282 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 6

inner margin of the thick Hps with a row of small teeth. The oesopha-
gus or pharynx is flask-shaped and anteriorly it extends to the lips, the
posterior portion is widened and the length of this cross striated mus-
cular portion is .40 mm. X -10 mm. wide. It terminates in the intestine
without any great enlargement on the part of the intestine, this latter is
filled with granular matter and it widens somewhat as it proceeds pos-
teriorly. It preserves its light color for a certain distance but then be-
comes pigmented and remains so almost to the end of the body, showing
a distinct line of demarcation between it and the generally over-distended
uterus. It is not so much pigmented, however, that the eggs may not
be seen through it, while it overlays that portion of the uterus which is
filled with larvae. It terminates at the anus, which is very near the tip.
Near the anterior end may be seen what appear to be the ovary
and testis, both in the form of tubes filled with granular matter. They
extend to within a short distance of the posterior, or flask-shaped end,
of the oesophagus, and pass behind the uterus towards the posterior
end. A very narrow tube may be seen to pass on each side of the
oesophagus quite to the margin of the lips. They seem to be filled with
fine granular matter which may be projected into the wound made by
the bite of the worm, possibly with toxic efifect. There is no pharynx.
The worm is viviparous and the uterus crowded with larvae fills the
greater part of the body. These latter have a distinct shaped head and
a sharp tail and exist in myriads. There are also eggs in all stages of
development, from the freshly formed to the fully developed larvae.
The genital pore is situated about the middle of the worm on the uterine
side. The peculiarity in the anatomy of the worm is that about one-
fifth of its length posteriorly is in the shape of a cork screw, and
besides the margins of this section are membranous and transparent.
The tip terminates in a sharp spine. No separate male was seen.

Measurements of S. eustreptos.

Length 7.00 to 8.00 mm.

Width 1.00 mm.

Width, across head 50 mm.

Length of muscular oesophagus. . .40 mm.
Length of partly developed larvae .20 mm.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Braun, M.

1879-1893. Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen dcs Thierreichs ; Trematoden.
Bd. IV, Abth. 1.

1901 Die Trematoden der Chelonier. Mitth. a. d. Zool. Mus. in Berlin,
Bd. 2.

Brumpt, E.

1910 Precis de Parasitologie, Paris.

CoBBOLD, Thos. Spencer

1864 Entozoa. London.

1876 Notes on Entozoa. Proc. Zool. Soc, London.

1879 Parasites. London.

Creplin, F. C.

1844 Arch. f. Naturg. Berlin, I, 112.

DiESING, K. M.

1836 Ann. Wien. Mus. d. Naturg., I, 235.

1839 Ibid, II, 219.

1851 Systema helminthum.

Goto, S.

1894 Ectoparasitic Trematodes. Jour. Coll. Sc, Imperial Univ., Tokyo,
VIII, 1.

1899 Exotic Ectoparasitic Trematodes. Ibid, XII, 263.

Hall, Maurice

1916 Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum. L, 1.

Leidy, Joseph

1850 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., V, 224.

1904 Researches in Helminthology and Parasitology, Washington.

Linton, E.

1889 Entozoa of Marine Fishes. Rep. Comm. Fish and Fisheries.

1900 Fish Parasites Collected at Woods Hole. Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm..
XIX, 267.

1899 Parasites of Fishes of the Woods Hole Region. Ibid, 405.

Looss, A.

1901 Ctbl. f. Bakt. u. Paras., 1 Abth., XXX, 555.

1902 Zool. Jahrb., Abth f. Syst., XVI. 411.

1901 Sclerostomidae of horses, etc. Rec. Egypt Govt. School Med.. Cairo.

MacCallum, W. G.

1905 Zool. Jahrb. Abth f. Syst., XXII, 667.

Odhner, T.

1902 Ctbl. f. Bakt. u. Paras. Abth I, XXXI, 58.

1902 Svenska Vetensk Akad. Forh., Stockholm, LIX, 19.

1911 Swedish Expedition to Egypt and White Nile, Upsala.

283

284 Zoopathologica: N . Y. Zoological Society [I ; 6

Pratt, H. S.

1900 Synopsis of Trematodes. Am. Naturalist, XXXIV, 645.
Ibid, XXXVI, 887.

Railliet, a.

1916 Journ. of Parasitology, II, 99.
1915 Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., VIII, 446.

Stiles and Hassall

1898 Archives de Parasitologic, I, p. 97.

Stossich, M.

1895 Bull. Soc. Adriat. Sci. Nat., XVI, 213.

Stunkard, H. W.

1915 Journ. of Parasitology, II, 57.

1917 Biological Monographs, University of Illinois.

Van Beneden, P. J.

1861 C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, II, Suppl. 1.

Van Beneden, P. J., and Hesse, C. E.

1864 Mem. Acad. roy. de Sc. de Belg., XXXIV, 1.

1865 Ibid, XXXV, 1.

VoN Linstow, O.

1878-1889 Compendium d. Helminthologie.

Ward, H. B., and Magath, Thos. B.

1916 Journal of Parasitology, III, 57. , _.

Zcopalholugha \'ulumc I, \u. 7

A BOT-FLY PARASITIC IX MOXKFYS*
Bv R. C". Shannon and C. T. (iREKNi-:

Bureau of Entomology, U . S. Department of Agriculture

(Figs. 152-153)-

Two great rarities haxe recentK* been receixed by the l'. S.
National Museum, which, coml)ined, add some ^•ery \aluable in-
formation to our knowledge of the (\1terel3rine bot-flies.

The Cuterebrinae apparentK- are peculiar to America. Fi\e
genera, Dermatobia, Pseudogametes, Rogenhofera, Ciiterebra, and
Bogeria are included in the group. Dermatobia has a wide ^•ariety of
hosts, parasitizing man, monkeys, dogs, cattle and birds, but the
others (except for the unknown habits of Rogenhofera) seemingly are
addicted to the use of rodents and opossums for their hosts. Oc-
casionally, individuals of the Cuterebrini will be found parasitizing
other hosts, as cats, dogs and hogs, but these cases are regarded as
accidental.

The material now at hand shows that certain Primates may ser\e
as natural hosts for at least one species of Ciiterebra. This exception-
ally valuable material consists of tv\-o lots, the first being the neck
portion of the hide of a howling monkey {Alouatla palliata inconsonans
Goldman) which is so heavily infested with the bots that the hide has
the appearance of a collection of cells in a bumble-bee's nest. This
specimen was collected by the late Mr. J. L. Baer of the "Marsh
Darien Expedition," in Darien, Panama.

The second lot of material was collected at Kartabo, British
Guiana, by Professor Alfred Kmerson of the Pittsburg l'ni\ersit\'. It
consists of two reared adults and a number of lar\ae taken from the
howling monkey of British Guiana.

Apparently the howling monkeys are heavil\- parasitized b\-
these bots. Emerson reports that they are numerous in the monkeys,
usually in the region of the throat; and Goldman states in his "Mam-
mals of Panama" (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 69, 1920,
229) "All of the specimens of {Aloiiatta palliata l)ico)isoua>is Goldman)
obtained, carried numerous large larvae of flies. mainK' in the skin on
the throat, which added materialh- to their repugnant appearance.
These larvae were not found on the spider monkexs taken in the sanie
\icinity. Perhaps the greater acti\it\' of the latter may prexent the
deposition of eggs."

The fact that the bots are usually found in the region of the throat
may afl^ord a clue as to the method in which the monkeys become
parasitized. \'ery little is known of the egg laying habits of the
Cuterebrae but from what is knf)wn it appears that the female lays
the eggs about the haiuits of the hosts, perhaps on the leaves of plants.
The eggs may then be eaten along with the leaxes by the host animal
and the lar\ae immediateK' upon being taken in the mouth prob-
abl\' emerge and bjgin to penetrate the tissues of the mouth, then

* ContribiitiiJii, Dcpartiiient Tropical Rcscarcli No. 195.

[285]

286

Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society

i; 7

FIG. 152. A RED HOWLKR MONKEY INFESTED WITH BOTS

Photograph from a specimen collected by Alfred Emerson at Kartaho, Bartica
District, British Guiana.

working their way through the flesh, they come to the skin of the host
through wiiich a breathing and exit hole is made. There they stay,
in a pocket just beneath the skin, until full-grown. Upon emergence
they fall to the ground where they pupate.

The material recorded proves to be a new species, and is here
described under the name of Cuterehra baeri Shannon and Greene.
The adult specimens have been selected as the types.

Cuterehra Ixieri, Shannon & ("ireenc, sj). nov.

Fis- 153

Larva. — Typical form of Culerebra (a) black, very rugose subshining, slightly
Hatlencd and sliglitly pointed towar<ls the cephalic end. Nine visible segments be-
sides the small head segment which is generally retracted. The chitinous dermal
api)endages completely cov-er the surface of the larva. These ajipendages are
l)roadly rounded, flattened and fitted in shingle fashion (b). On the anterior two-
thirds of each segment these tlorsal api)endages are directed backward; the edges
of these appendages are yellow and smooth; here and there is an appendage having
fine irregular teeth along the edge; then there is a single row of underlying ap-
]:)cndages and from this row backward, covering the basal third of each segment,
these dermal ai)pen(lages are directed forward and all have fine, irregular teeth along
the edge. Head segment and area around it luteous. From in front the head seg-
ment ai)pears like two small, rounded lobes with the surface scale-like; each lobe has
two microscopic tubercles, one above the other, on the anterior surface. Beneath
each of these two cephalic lobes is a large, well-develoiied mouth hook. Anterior
spiracles are of an orange color, large, elliptical and made up of closely set hairs re-
sembling a broad flat l)rush. Posterior end (c) depressed into a shallow cavity
around the edge of which the dermal appendages are not so broad but the teeth are
more prominent. Spiracular plates (d) arc about twice as long as wide and sepa-
rated by a fine lyrugose, raised area; surface of each plate with a faint, indefinite

SOUTH

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Drawing by John Tee- Van

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289

FIG. 153. CfTEREBK.I li.lERI, SHANNON AND GREENK, SP. NOV
From a Pen Drawing by C. T. CireiMic.

290 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [i; 7

depression in the central area; the slits are quite indistinctly broken and of the ser-
pentine type; no button; area around the spiracular plates shining with numerous
rugosities and the surface with scattered, sharp pointed spines. Below each spi-
racular plate is a large rounded, raised surface with the surface having a scale-like
appearance.

Length 22-27 nim., width 15 mm.

This type of larva is easily separated from other Ctiterebra larvae by the dermal
appendages being scale-like while in the other Cuterehra species the dermal appen-
dages are cone-like and sharp-pointed at the apex and not so closely set together.

"Larvae emerged from red howling monkey on 12. VH; 1924. Probably
pupated 12. Vn, 1924."

Pupa.- — Aljout the same as the lar\a cxcc]it the segmentation is slightly more
l^ronounced.

Adult. — Cuterehra baeri, new species. Female: The species appears to be
intermediate between Cuterehra Clark and Bogeria Austen as defined by Town-
send. The peristomalia distinctly converged as in Cute, ehra but the antennal pit
is circumscribed below as in Bogeria. In general coloration it is nearly entirely
dark, and without grayish pollinosity, thus appearing closest to Cuterehra tene-
brosa Coquillett, a western United States species which is usually found around
the nests and burrows of pack-rats {Neotoma). Apparently no Neotropical species
has this type of coloration.

Head entirely black; frontal triangle subtriangular, the apex not unusually
produced; third antennal joint about two and one-half times longer than broad;
arista fairly long; thoracic pile entirely black, very short on disc of mesonotum; legs
black with black pile and strong hairs; abdomen black with basal dark brownish
liands on second and third tergitcs; wings yellowish-brown basally and on basal
three-fourths of anterior margin; ti]) of wing smoky and remainder of wing hyaline.

Length, about 18 mm.; wing, about 15 mm.

Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana, July 22, 1924.

Type.—Ciit. No. 28163, U. S. N. M.

Female type, female paratype, both reared specimens, and a number of larvae,
obtained from the red howler, Alouatta species (collected by Alfred Emerson). Also
a large number of lar\ae, probably the same species, in the hide of the Panama
howler, Darien, Panama, 1924 (collected by J. L. Baer).

Only one other species of Cuterehra, maculosa Knab, has been recorded from
Panama. It differs by its much larger size and the presence of maculated pollinosity
on the third tergite. The dark color of Cuterehra baeri will serve to separate it from
all other Neotropical species.

Named for the late Mr. J. I-. Baer of the Smithsonian Institution, who col-
lected the specimen recorded above shortly before his untimely death.

I

Zoopathologica \'ol. i. No. 8

A NEW ECTOPARASITIC TRKMAIODF

Epibdella melleiii, sp. n()\ .
Bv G. A. MacCai.h M. M.D.

(Im.U. 154)

A consiunnuMU of spacU' and angel fishes, was receued from tin-
Florida coast waters at the New \ork Aquarium in the earh' summer
of the >ear 1926, and in a short time it was observed that the eyes of
many were diseased. Miss Ida Mellen, who studied these fishes, dis-
covered that there were parasitic worms which attacked and destroyed
the cornea. It appeared that the parasites were introduced into the
tanks by a Pacific puffer (Spheroides anniilatiis) which came from
southern California, but other fishes such as the spade fish {Chaeto-
diptenis faber), and various species of angel fishes {Angelichthys and
Pomucanthus) became infected. The lodgement of the worms is
perhaps favored by the fact that the Pacific puft'ers have eyelids
which can be closed over the eyes so that the worms can adhere within
the conjunctival sac formed in this way. Several may thus be lodged
on each eye of the puffer but not so many on the angel and spade
fishes.

They are small, white, smooth trematodes. concave on the under
surface and able to adhere strongly by their suckers. The cornea is
pierced or eaten through in some way and in about three weeks the
eye thus laid open to the exterior is destroyed.

It was found upon study of the worm that it corresponds in a
general wa\' with those described under the name Epibdella and since
it was found b\- Miss Mellen. the name Epibdella mellen i is suggested
in her honor.

The worms \-ary greatly in size, some measuring not more than
\l/2 nini. in length while the largest one found measures 5 X •> mm.
The\ are rounded or elliptical in form with a thin flowing margin,
the l)od\' being arched, convex above and concave below, so that it
might seem that the whole bod\- could be employed as a sort of sucker
to maintain its hold upon the cornea. Indeed, it seems that this
actualK- takes place although the worm is further supplied with very
effective organs of attachment. PosteriorK' there is a large flattened
sucker attached ventrally, and anteriorly there are two smaller suckers
on short stalks arising from the margin of the body, one on each side
of the mouth sucker. This mouth sucker lies a short distance behind
the anterior margin of the body and is directed ventralK'. The genital
pore lies on the \entral surface at one side of the mouth sucker a little
forward of its center and between it and the stalk of one of the an-
terior suckers. There are two large testes in the middle of the bod\'
and a median ovary. The intestinal coeca ramif\' into all the marginal
part of the l)od\- and between them lie the lobules of the \itellarium.
So much is made out easil\- by a survey of the whole worm when

291

292

Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society

[I;8

Ocelli in anter-.T Csiglion;'. mo

Sagittal- sections

Fig. 154 F.PII-U>r.LL.\ MF.LLEXI SP. XO\-.

All the anatomical details are indicatefj by the legends on the drawing. The small figures
are intended to show: the structure of the anterior suckers and ot the mouth sucker: a longi-
tudinal section of the whole body in the median hne and finally the concavo-convex form of the body.
In one of the last the dorsal excretory pores are shown in exaggerated form.

1927] MacCaUnm: A Neic Ecioparasitic Trematode 293

cleared ami niouiited. but the exact relatiDiis of the iiUernal organs
were studied in detail in several complete series of sections, cross,
horizontal, and sagittal.

The skin is thin, smooth and unarmed. The anterior suckers
which project on short stalk-hke prolongations of the marginal body
wall are rather funnel-shaped with radiating muscle fibres. Little can
be seen of any circular fibres and these suckers seem not \'er\- powerful.
The portion of the body margin between them is marked ofT by a
slight indentation from that on each side, so that this anterior marginal
tissue with the two suckers seems to form a forward projection.

The large posterior sucker is round, shallow and flat and is con-
nected in its centre with the middle of the posterior and ventral part
of the l:)ody — a great bundle of muscle fibres radiates into the body
from the centre of the sucker. Its margins are very thin and can
apparently complete the air-tight closure of the sucker on the surface
adhered to. In sagittal section one sees cross-sections of arcuate fibres
directly under the inside and outside surfaces of the sucker while the
bulk of its wall is made up of fibres which stretch from one surface to
the other. There are scattered among the muscle fibres a few very
large nucleated cells which have a granular protoplasm and are very
conspicuous against the pale muscle fibres. There are also ramifying
excretory channels more distincth' visible here than anywhere else.
The lining of the sucker is cjuite smooth and there are no papillae.
Great chitinous hooks are rooted in the muscular substance near
the middle and project into the cavity of the sucker. The form
of these as well as that of the spines and booklets can be seen in
the drawing. Two ridges arise about the middle of the sucker and
from these there project forward and obliquely outward two short
spines which are not recurved — their roots are bifurcated or notched.

The large hooks take root at almost the same places and run nearly
straight back — covered with the musculature of the sucker and its
lining until nearly the edge of the sucker when they suddenly emerge
and turn forward as sharp hooks. From near the points where they
bend and turn, there arise two other very small chitinous structures
which nni still further back quite to the filmy edge of the sucker and
end in extremely fine hooks.

It is seen that the spines as well as the points of both sets of hooks
are turned forward, so that they must be designed to resist, when
embedded in the tissues of the fish, a forward pull by the anterior
suckers and probably also by the sucker action of the whole anterior
part of the body.

The mouth sucker is large and strong — its inner lining being
thrown up into folds. Interspersed among the muscle fibers are
many very large deeply stained cells with granular cell body of in-
definite outline. The sucker does not open directly upon the ventral
surface of the body but lies in a pouch with thin lips, the cuticle being
reflected inward and upward on the sucker itself. Even back of this

294 Zoopdthologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 8

there are wide spaces in the loose tissue about the rest of the sucker.
Its cavity opens directly into the oesophagus which is very short.
There is no muscular phar>'nx. From the short oesophagus there
spring the two main lateral intestinal trunks which, however, are so
abundantly provided with branching coeca extending into all the
marginal parts of the body that the main trunks become almost in-
distinguishable as such. It appears that they anastomose across the
body behind the testes but since they are scarcely visible, except in
sections, and there is such a bewildering profusion of branches, it is
difficult to be quite sure of this. However, since v. Linstow, van
Beneden, and others find this anastomosis in other forms in which the
intestine is simpler, it seems justifiable to believe that the continuity
traced in serial sections is really true. The intestinal trunks and
branches are everywhere lined by rather low, flattened epithelium
which is, however, high enough to distinguish these channels in
sections from the adjacent excretory channels.

The excretory system consists of widely ramifying channels
uniting in longitudinal main trunks. It is extremely difficult to
make out the precise course of these channels in sections and they are
scarcely to be seen in the cleared specimens of the whole worm except
where they form large vesicles on each side anteriorly in front of the
level of the ovary. There appear to be two main trunks running back
from these just outside the margins of the testes and two running
forward to pass in front of the mouth sucker. Posteriorly, between
the two main trunks, two others appear and all four run backward to
give off abundant ramifications in the large sucker. I can find no
median vesicle in this position such as is described by von Linstow
in Phylline hendorffii. The two large lateral vesicles in front of the
ovary open by narrow channels far toward the margin of the body on
the dorsal surface where they produce minute projecting masses which
represent the orifices of the thick-walled tubes.

The nervous system consists of a large crescentic mass in front
of the mouth sucker with another ganglionic mass clasped about the
short oesophagus. Four black eyelets, or ocellae, are embedded in
the anterior mass, the two larger outer ones lying somewhat posteriorly
and directed forward and inward, the two anterior ones King between
these and directed backward and outward. They consist of cup-
shaped masses of black pigment in the concavity of which is a re-
fractive globule but as they lie embedded in the ganglionic mass far
below the skin they must be al)le at most to perceixe differences in
intensity of light. The>-, as well as the general distribution of the
nerve trunks, ha\e been minutely described by von Linstow and
appear to correspond in this form.

The male genital apparatus is of especial interest in that its
structure seems difterent in some respects from what has been de-
scribed in other members of the genus. There arc two rather large
rounded testes King side by side at about the middle of the body.
These gi\e off channels which unite to form a large and rather con-

1*'27| MdcCdllnDi: A Nezc Ectopurasitic Trrniatotle 295

spicuous vas deferens which is iiiodL-ratcK loriuous and runs forw.ircl
to enter the ejaculatory apparatus without an\' di\erticulum or
seminal vesicle. The ejaculatory apparatus consists of a thick-
walled, pear-shaped sac which tapers anteriorly to open in a cloacal
ijenital opening on the left side ventrally at about the level of the
middle of the mouth sucker and therefore near the stalk of the left
anterior sucker. The vas deferens enters it at a point quite distant
from its bulbous larger end and indeed quite near the level at which
it begins to narrow rapidly to proceed tow^ard the genital opening.
But other ducts also enter it, one together with the vas deferens, the
other at the large end of the pear-shaped sac. These are the ducts
of a peculiar gland which we have not seen before and which is not
mentioned by von IJnstow', van Beneden and Hesse and others. It
is a branching or racemose gland w^ith long, narrow, acinous masses,
which lies on each side of the central space in the body which is free
of the vitellarium and extends back to about the level of the testes.
These elongated lobules are finely granular and take a dull brick red
stain in sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin. The ducts
are rather thick-walled and are rendered conspicuous by being filled
with the brick red stained material. The function of these glands
can only l)e surmised and since it seems onl\- confusing to assume that
they are analogous with the human prostate, it would perhaps be
better to speak of them as "accessory glands" which w^ill not prejudice
any further study of their nature. The ducts are not tortuous but
run forward to make an abrupt entry into the ejaculatory sac. This
sac has a thick fibrous wall and within it there are two perfectly dis-
tinct structures, first the long pear-shaped saccule which is filled with
spermatozoa and receives the \as deferens near its neck after which
it is prolonged into the thick-walled penis which is apparently pro-
trusible, and second, another sac folded upon itself and receiving ai
the two ends of its first part the ducts of the accessory glands while the
second part is prolonged into a tube which accompanies the penis to
the genital opening but is separate from it almost to its tip. This
second sac is filled with a homogeneous hyaline or gelatinous looking
material which stains deep pink with eosin and only at the immediate
entrance of the ducts of the accessory glands shows an\- of the reddish
granules that the>- contain. All this complex relation which is \er>-
difficult to unravel may be understood inciter from the drawing.
Horizontal sections show that the thin-walled cloaca which is empty
as it opens on the ventral surface, is divided a little higher into two
parts by a septum — in one is found the penis which at its very tip
shows two canals, one containing spermatozoa, the other the hyaline
material which comes from the other sac. When the worm is cleared
and mounted in toto the two tubes can be clearly seen side by side
in the penis to its tip. This is unarmed and tapers to a slightly
notched j^oint and in section is seen to have a rather thick homogeneous
wall.

llu' tcmale gener.iii\e apparatus consists of the round o\ary

296 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 8

which is situated in the midline just in front of the testes. It is
smaller than either of them. It gives off a short oviduct which
arches dorsally to unite with the wide transverse channel from the
lateral vitellaria and then passes into the short uterus which runs
forward to open in the cloaca side by side with the penis. The uterus
in the earlier part of its course is modified by thickening of its wall
which is there surrounded by an extensive radiating shell gland. It
sometimes contains one egg but in most of the specimens it is found
empty. There is no vagina or Laurer's canal, and no receptaculum
seminis could be found.

The vilellarium fills up most of the lateral parts of the body from
the level of the anterior suckers to that of the beginning of the pos-
terior one. It leaves a narrow margin of the body free and a con-
siderable space in front of the ovary but wide yolk ducts surround the
ovary and send branches back round and between the testes.

The eggs are very peculiar in that they are tetrahedral with thick
shining bronze colored shell. One of the four angles is rounded and
bears no filament, two opposite angles are prolonged into short, clear,
chitinous filaments which end in a fine hook or curled termination.
The fourth angle is provided with a very long filament as stout as or
stouter than the others at first, but tapering to a long thread of ex-
treme thinness which ends without any curve or hook. It is note-
worthy that this long filament is perforated throughout much of its
length with holes which are variable in size and form; some are nar-
row, long slits, others round and sometimes so large as to make the
margins of the filament project — as the eye of some needles produces
a widening of the needle. Sometimes these appear as semicircular
bays in the side of the filament but then one can usually see a fine
line which arches over them as though they were bubbles in the sub-
stance of the filament. The eggs measure 0.12 mm. along each edge
of the tetrahedron.

There is a good deal of literature on the subject of various forms
closely related to that just described, and some confusion as to the
nomenclature. It seems quite clear that the generic names which
must be considered are at present Epibdella, Phylline, and Phyllonella,
although other names have been used for the same worms, and these
names too have been rather indiscriminately applied. In the earl>'
days, Ilirudo, Caryophyllaeus, Nitzschia, Capsala, Phylline, Tristomum
and other generic names were more or less confused. Phylline (Abild-
gaard, 1790), generally referred to Oken (1815), is the generic name
still most often confused in its use with Epibdella, because it was
quickly recognized that the other names such as Ilirudo, Nitzschia,
etc., were wrongly applied. Epibdella was given by Blainville in
1828. Phyllonella is a much more recent suggestion originating with
van Beneden and Hesse in 1863 to distinguish thf)se worms which are
like Epibdella except in that they have a fan-shaped membranous
structure in place of the anterior suckers. \'an Beneden refuses to
recognise the generic name Benedenia proposed in his honor b\'

1927] M(icC(illi(ni: A Neic Ectoparasitic Tremiitode 297

Diesinji in place of hlpibdelUi, and accepts Epibdella of Blaiinille in
place of Phylliiic of Oken which antedated it, because he thought
Blainville knew the worms better than Oken. It is probal)le, thoui^h,
that a better reason for accepting Epibdelhi in j)Iace of Phylline lies
in Oken's own description and figures which nia\- be ciuoted, since
the book is rather inaccessible.

"dattung Phylline: Leib glatt, flach. gallerlartig, kurz, fast o\-al.
Schwanzscheibe sehr gross. Schmarotzer.

1 Art; Ph. diodontis.

2 Art; Ph. hippoolossi. IMinid nicht zweilippig. Leib langlich,

flach, weisslich; in der mitte zwei weisse Flecken. Auf
der Haut von Pleuronectes. Hieher Ilirndo sturionis in
Kiemen des Stors.

3 Art; Ilinido grossa. Mund zweilippig, 1" lang, 3^" breit; vor

der Scheibe, der Afterdarm macht mehrere \\'indungen.
Bauch enthalt einige tausende Eier. Ein Geschlechts-
loch zur rechten des Bauches. Saugt Muscheln an.
Ph. diodontis. Form des Uhrglases, hinten umgerandet.
Kurzer Russel, daneben unten am Leib zwei kleine
Napfe. Hinten am Ausschnitt, ein grosser. Saugt sich
mittels der Napfe auf den Fische an und saugt durch den
Russel ihnen Blut aus. Leib knorpelartig, durchsichtig,
gelblich, mit vielen ovalen Flecken. Gegen ein Zoll
in alien durchmessern. Hinteren Napf hat sieben
Strahlen. Im Leib mehrere Darmwindungen sichtbar,
stossen an einem kleinen beinahe viereckigen Be-
halter. Will es untersinken, so rollt es sich wie eine
Hippe auf. Auf einem Diodon der haufig ist von Nootka
bis Californien."
I-'rom this it is evident that Oken has no definite plan of distin-
guishing precisely those worms which have since been described as
Epibdella, and the form to which he directed closest attention under
the name Phylline diodontis, and which it is perhaps justifiable to
regard as his type of Phylline, has above all things, seven rays in the
posterior sucker. These are shown plainly in his drawing. This is a
quite different genus, then, from Epibdelld, and it seems that Epibdella,
as applied by Blainxille and later more precisely stated by van Beneden
and others, should stand.

Of course there are earlier notices of these worms, such as that of
O. F. Miiller (1776) who describes Ilirudo hippoglossi as "dilatata,
albida, medio corporis ocello didymo, candido," and of Abildgaard
who probably used the term Phylline as a synonym of Caryophyllaeus,
but the first clear indications are those given above.

The generic name Phyllonella introduced by van Beneden and
Hesse (1863) is intended to emphasize the difference in the form of the
anterior suckers in different types, for while in Epibdella the anterior
suckers are rounded and muscular, with true sucker action, they are
represented in Phyllonella by a membrane-like prolongation of the

298 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 8

body margin with areas or discs differentiated somewhat for adhering.
These are not clearly described by anyone, and the species recorded
under Phyllonella {hippoglossi, sciaenae) are those already known as
EpibdeUa. Nevertheless this distinction should be made, and Monti-
celli has attempted to separate the forms of EpibdeUa on this basis
into two groups;

PhyUine, (two "pseudoventose" anteriorh-) \ni:\ud'\ng hi ppoglossi,

bumpusii, soleae, diadema, squamula.
Benedenia, (two suckers anteriorly) \x\c\\id'\ng sciaenae, hendorffii,
ovata, ishikawae, monticelli.
In principle this has much justification, but it seems that a further
study of the whole group is necessary before a decision is reached.
Perhaps the distinction suggested by van Beneden and Hesse between
EpibdeUa and PhyUoneUa would solve this difficulty and these generic
names are more correct historically than PhyUine and Benedenia which
Monticelli offers.

The forms described which must be reviewed in order to determine
the position of the one now presented, are as follows if we group them
under EpibdeUa and PhyUoneUa.

EpibdeUa sciaenae, monticeUi, ishikaicae. ovata, macrocolpa, hen-
dor ffii.
PhyUoneUa hippoglossi, soleae [producta of \-on Linstow], diadema,

bumpusii, squamula, steingrbverii.
EpibdeUa, Blainville,

E. sciaenae, xan Beneden, 1856, on Sciaena aqiiila. Round
suckers anteriorly; 18-20 X 10-12 mm. Posterior sucker
with papillae and peculiar short spine-like hooks. Cirrus
sac not double but thin walled and simple. A special
gland with orifice near genital pore, recognised later by
Goto as vagina. Eggs oval with one long filament.
E. monticelli, Parona and Perugia, 1895, St. Remy, 1898, on
gills of Mugil auratus, 6 X 2.5 mm., large deep anterior
suckers, posterior sucker without papillae, two pairs of
hooks, no eyes described, no vagina or eggs mentioned,
triangular oesophageal bulb.
E. ishikawae. Goto, 1894, on Lethrinus, 4 mm. in length.
Round anterior suckers, vagina present. Prostate forms
sac attached to cirrus. Hooks in posterior sucker ver\'
stout and irregular in outline; no egg described.
E. ovata. Goto, 1894, on Anthias schlegelii, 2 mm. long;
notches in posterior sucker, 3 pairs of hooks, the posterior
ones relatively large and stout, vagina wide and short.
F^rostatic sac attached to cirrus; no egg described.
E. macrocolpa, Luhe, 1906, on Rhinoptera javanica, 9-10 X
5-7 mm. Two definite anterior suckers; posterior sucker
with 3 pairs of hooks. \'agina from left margin of genital
pore runs back behind testes and then forward to yolk
reservoir; vas deferens convoluted; peculiar sacculation of

]')27] MiicCiiUuiii: A New Ectopanisitic Trcnuitode 299

mouth sucker; no ciiti (icscriht'd. Named trom lontj course
of vagina.

E. hcndorffii, nou l.iusiow, IcSS';. on Coryphnom liippiirus,
8.7 X ^.2 mm. \\ eak suckers anteriorK-; posterior sucker
with 3 pairs of hooks. No \-agina. Prostatic sac at-
tached to cirru>; rtceptaculum seminis at oriiiin of uterus.
Kgg triangular with one hkiment.
Phyllonella: van Beneden and Hesse.

P. hippoglossi, Miiller. 1776, Oken, 1815, van Beneden,
1858. etc. on Pleuronectes hippoglossiis, Ilippoglossiis viil-
garns. etc.. 24 X 10-13 mm. Posterior sucker lined
with pa[)illae; prostatic sac attached to cirrus; \agina
present.

P. soleae, \an Beneden and Hesse, 186vS {F,. prodiicta, Non
Linstow) on Solea vulgaris, 6-7 mm. long with anterior
membrane of fan shape; body covered with papillae. Pos-
terior sucker separate from body on stalk, 4 curved hooks.
Eggs oval, truncated with one nodose filament, von
Linstow also figures two more minute hooks in the pos-
terior sucker.

P. diadema, Monticelli, 1902, on Trygon violacea, 7 X 2.5
mm. X'agina opens separateh", eggs not described. An-
terior suckers represented by elongated sessile, adhering
patches (pseudoventose).

P. bumpusii, Linton, 1900, on Dasyatis centnira, 12.5 X 8.3
mm. Anterior suckers are false suckers, flattened and
sessile. Cirrus, uterus and vagina open together. Eggs
tetrahedral with one long slender filament. Vagina dilated
anteriorly to form receptaculum seminis. I^^our hooks in
posterior sucker.

P. squamulii, Heath, 1902, on Paralichthys calijoruicns and
Sebastodes, 3.5 X 1.5-18 X 10 mm., size proportional to
size of host. There is a prostatic sac attached to the
cirrus with ducts running to cells in the vicinit\' of tlie
testes. Eyes move rapidh-. X'agina tortuous, seminal
reservoir at origin of uterus. Eggs blunth' triangular with
one long filament .

P. steingrover.i, Cohn, 1916, host unknown (south-west
African hsh?), 9 X 5.3 mm. papillae in posterior sucker,
adhering discs anteriorK" instead of suckers, 3 pairs ot
hooks in posterior sucker. X'agina present opening near
that of uterus and cirrus,
riie i)resent form, KpibdclUi melloii differs from all tlicjse described
in important respects, especially in regard to the structure of the
generative apparatus and the form of the egg. Most careful examin-
ation of several complete series of sections in all directions has failed
to reveal a \agina in E. tuelleni, although the rest of the female genital
tract can be traced in exactlv the .same course in each individual.

300 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [I; 8

It is therefore proposed to describe Epibdella tuelleni as a new
species with the following summary of its characters;

Family TRISTOMIDAE, Taschenberg,

Subfamily, Tristomixae, Monticelli,

Genus Epibdella, Blainville.

Epibdella melleni, sp. nov.

Ectoparasitic trematode on the eyes of Spheroides annnlatus,
Chaetodipterus faher, Angelichthys isabelita, Pomacanthiis arcuatus, etc.

Body oval, measuring 2-5 X 1.5-3 mm., with definite anterior
suckers; skin smooth, posterior sucker with two pairs of hooks and two
spines, no papillae. Digestive tract abundantly branched. Ejaculatory
apparatus with two saccules within the outer capsule, one receiving the
vas deferens, the other the ducts of branched accessory glands and
opening together through the penis. No vagina. No receptaculum
seminis. Eggs tetrahedral, with two short hooked prolongations and
one long thread-like filament.

The literature on all these forms is sufficiently recorded in the
Index Catalogue of Medical and Veterinary Zoology, vStiles and Hassall.
The only new work, found through the kindness of Dr. Hassall and
other members of the staff of the Bureau of Animal Industries in
Washington, who put their card catalogues at our disposal, was

Luhe; Report on Trematode Parasites of Marine Fishes; Report
by the Royal Society, 1906, to the Government of Ceylon on
Pearl Fisheries.

Cohn; Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. 1916, CXV. 460.

Mr. Max Brodel was kind enough to make the drawings and my
son, Dr. W. G. MacCallum helped me with the paper.

ZOOPATHOLOGICA

SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE
NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
ON THE DISEASES OF ANIMALS

13 192^

VOLUjME II, NUMBER 1

THE TREATMENT OF FISH DISEASES

BY IDA MELLEN
NEW YORK AQUARIUM

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY
THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK, NEW YORK

APRIL 30. 1928

Nrui fork 2uolugUal ^ortety

General Office: 101 Park Avenue, New York City

©ffuTfra

President, Madison Grant;

Honorary President, Henry Fairfield Osborn;

Vice-Presidents, Frank K. Sturgis; and Henry D. Whiton;

Chairman, Executive Committee, Madison Grant;

Treasurer, Cornelius R. Agnbw.

Secretary, William White Niles

iiJnarb of ^auagrrB
Clagg of 1929
Henry Fairfield Osborn, George F. Baker, Robert S. Brewster, Ed-
ward S. Harkness, William B. Osgood Field, Edwin Thorne,
John E. Berwind, Irving K. Taylor, Harry Payne
Bingham, Landon K. Thorne, J. Watson
Webb, Oliver D. Filley

€laii ot 1930

Madison Grant, Wm. White Niles, Frank K. Sturgis, Ogden Mills,

Lewis R. Morris, Archer M. Huntington, George D. Pratt,

T. Coleman du Pont, Henry D. Whiton, Cornelius R.

Agnew, Harrison Williams, Marshall Field

Claiss of 1931
Percy R. Pynb, George Bird Grinnell, Anthony R. Kuser, Mortimer L.
ScHiFF, Frederic C. Walcott, George C. Clark, Jr., W. Red-
mond Cross, George Gordon Battle, Henry Fair-
field Osborn, Jr., Bayard Dominick, Anson
W. Hard, Robert Gordon McKay

^rtputifir ^taff

W. Reid Blair, Director of the Zoological Park;

Charles H. Townsend, Director of the Aquarium;

Raymond L. Ditmars, Curator of Mammals and Reptiles;

William Beebe, Honorary Curator of Birds and Director of Departmenl of

Tropical Research;
Lee S. Crandall, Curator of Birds;

H. C. Raven, Prosector;

Charles V. Noback, Veterinarian;

Elwin R. Sanborn, Editor.

lEHtturial (Uummittrr

Madison Grant, Chairman;
W. Reid Blair Charles H. Townsend

William Bbbbb George Bird Grinnell

Elwin R. Sanborn, Secretary.

y.,>,,p,ilhnl,,n,ni \ ol. II. \". 1

I'HK rRKAlMKNI' OK MSH DISKASKS

B^ Ida Mkllkx

SUi(f of the New York Aquarium

l'ift\-seven institutions and individuals were circularized durinj^
1927. in an effort to gather data for the present paper from everyone
in the world who had experimented with the diseases of fishes. The
thirty-nine otlier public aquariums were among these. Eight aqua-
riums replied th.ii cither no work had been done, or no records had
been kept, or there were no results to report. ()nl\- seven rei)lied
with records of experiments.

Mr. V. A. Potter, Director of the Honolulu Acjuarium, reported,
"When the\' get to looking 'seedy,' we cast them out and get healthy
specimens." Mr. M. R. Johnston, Director of the Blackpool Aqua-
rium, Blackpool, England, says: "In the treatment of diseases of
fresh-water fishes we use a sohition of permanganate of potassium.
I in 60, one day immersion; but the great factor with our fish life
is the daily direct suppK' of sea water from the sea. We have been
cntireK' free from an>- disease in our salt water fishes."

P'rom the aquarium at Monaco w^e have the following general
remarks of interest, in addition to specific records: "New specimens,
both vertebrate and invertebrate, are segregated for a few weeks in
reserve tanks with good aeration and continuous circulation. Fifty
per cent, are lost of some species, such as Maean vulgaris. Once
acclimatized, they live for from two to sixteen years in public tanks.
In specimens thus acclimatized, sickness is rare."

Besides si)ecial data, Don Carlos Moreira, Director of the two
aciuariimis in Rio de Janeiro, says: "The fishes in the fr\- time suffer
and die b>- the impossibility to spawn, but this is not common. The
salt water fishes are not much subject to disease. The\' suffer and
sometimes die of the fry time troubles and skin diseases produced
b\- alimentar\ cause and consecutive intestinal infection for which
has been found no successful curative means when the infection is
not slight. "

The following persons supplied reports of definite ex[ierinu'nts:

Mr. Wallace Adams, .Steinliart Aquarium, San Francisco, Calif.;

Dr. R. \'. Bangham, Biology Department, Wooster College, Wooster, Ohio;

Mr. E. K. Bruce, Bruce Goldfish I-'isiieries, Tliornburg, Iowa;

Dr. H. S. Davis, Pathologist, H. S. Bureau of l-'isheries, Washington, D. C;

Dr. G. C. Embody, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.;

Mr. Fred J. Foster, Westovcr I'isheries Co., Steelville, Mo.;

Dr. John \i.. Guberlet, University of Wasliiiigton, Seattle, Wash.;

Mr. Chas. O. IIa>ford, Supt., State Fish Hatchery, Hackettstown, N. J.;

Dr. Emmeline Moore, Investigator in Fish Culture, State Conservation
Department, Albany, N. Y.;

Mr. Harry P. Peters, (Breeder of Fancy Goldfishes) Philadelphia, Pa.;

Mr. Herbert F. Prvtherch, Biologist, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington,
D. C:

Dr. Chas. Wardell Stiles, U. S. Public Health .Service, Washington. D. C.

2 Zoopatlwlogica: N. Y. Zoological Society [II; i

The following public aquarium heads sent data:

Air. William J. O'lirien, Director, Boston Aquarium, liostou, Mass.;

Mr. Walter H. Chute, Associate Director, Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, 111.;

Mr. Alvin Seale, Manager, Steinhart Aquarium, San Francisco, Calif.;

Don Carlos Moreira, Director of the two Aquariums at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;

Mr. E. G. Boulenger, Director, London Aquarium, London, England;

Dr. R. Dida, Director, Nice Aquarium, Nice, France;

Dr. M. Oxner, Assistant Director, Monaco Aquarium, Monaco.

Mr. L.G. Harron, Supt. Aquarium, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C

Incorporated herein also are the experiments made by the
author at the New York Aquarium, by Dr. Bruno Hofer as they
appear in the limited translations of his works,* and by others which
are quoted from their printed papers. These are as follows:

Mr. V. V. Ciillis, Amateur Aquarist antl Reptilian Review, London, W'inter
number 1926;

Mr. William T. Innes, (ioldfish Varieties and Tropical Aquarium Fishes, 1927;
Mr. William E. Meehan, Fish Culture in Ponds and Other Inland Waters, 1913;
Mr. Albert E. Parr, New York Zool. Socy. Bulletin, May-June, 1927;
Mark Samuel, The Amateur Aquarist, 1894;

Herman T. Wolf, (ioldfish Breeds and Other Aquarium Fishes, 1908;
Dr. W'ilhelm Roth, Diseases of Aquarium Fish, 1922.

Dr. Roth's book is in Cierman, and Dr. David L. Belding of the
Boston University School of Medicine very kindly supplied a trans-
lation of Section IV., Medical Treatment of Fish Diseases.

Mr. E. L. Wickliff, Assistant Chief, State Division of Fish and
Game, Columbus, Ohio, has been very helpful in supplying names
of persons working with fish diseases. He worked with Dr. liangham
on some of the experiments herein recorded.

There are tabulated herein 166 experiments, made by 30 persons,
with 47 successful chemicals and other remedies. The paper is the
first of its kind and we hoi)e il will ser\'e as a foundation for much
future work with sick fishes.

Dr. Henry W'insor, of Haverford, Pennsylvania, who has studied
the diseases of fishes, says: "Nine times of ten I do not know what
killed the fish, e\en after doing a post mortem."

He found it possible to transfer fish tuljerculosis {B. tubercle
piscinni) from salt to fresh-water species, though not to transfer
human tuberculosis to fishes. Some other experimenter succeeded
in infecting guinea pigs with bacilli from tuberculous carp. It is
said that onh- one tish parasite is transmissible to human beings, a
tapew(jrm, Diphyllobothrinni hituni, which would, ot course, be killed
by proper cooking.

Dr. W'insor f)tJ"ered the following valuable suggestion: "I am
beginning to i)elic\i' thai those bacteria which cause decomposition
after death nia\- be the very ones which are beginning to cause decom-
position in parts of the body or even most of the bod\- before death

* See Dr. I^mmeiine Moore's translation, \ 2X\\ .\niiual Report, N. Y. State
Forest, I'isii and Ciame Commission.

I92<S] Mclloi: The Trcafniriil of Fish /h'srascs 3

lakes place. In hiIut words, tlu- saprogenic l)acleiia, I lie ^erms of
cleca\ formed afier death in most bodies, might become pathogenic,
causing fatal disease in li\ing bodies. Some sort of vaciiimi cleaner
should be iinented for use on the bottom of tanks and acpiaria, so
that the sediment could be remo\ed without stirring it through the
water. This would pre\"ent the accimiulal ion nt ilic saprogenic or
deca\' bacteria, which poison the water."

As a matter of fact, such a vacuum cleaner was devised several
years ago l)y Mr. Otto Gneiding, l)reeder of fancy gold and tropical
fishes at Ridgefield Park, N. J., at whose hatchery the author saw it
in use. The suction base was about four inches in width and the
cleaner worked satisfactorih-. Mr. (lueiding reports that he is
still using this \acuum cleaner, and says " I have also bought a regular
one, with bristles on each side, and find it works tine." At public
a(iuariimis a hose is used, but a large vacuum cleaner would doubtless
be more efficacious for the removal of uneaten food, slime, excreta
and sediment.

In 1926, Mr. Robert J. Lanier then of the Steinhart Aquarium,
c()n\eyed single-handed from New \'ork to San Francisco, a shipment
of ()\er one hundred fresh- and salt water fishes, and arrixed with all
ali\e but eight. He attributed his success to constant filtering of the
water through hea\\- white felt. The bottom of the containers was
wholly free from slime and dirt and the water in them crystal clear at
the end of the journey. The fishes did so well that man\- of them
still are living. Some of the salt water kinds had traveled by boat
from Florida to New York before journexing 1)\- rail from New York
to San Francisco.

Too much cannot be said about the need for cleanliness as a
pre\entive measure against disease. There is much room for improve-
ment in methods of handling li\e fishes, not only in the matter of
cleanliness, but with respect to wounds and bruises which often
might be avoided.

Fveryone who has worked with sick fishes knows that the first
necessary steps in all medical work with fishes are the segregation of
sick specimens, since most of their diseases are communicable, the
complete disinfection of nets, tanks and [X)r)ls, and the careful destruc-
tion of incurable and dead specimens.

In m\' own experiments, I have reached the following general
conclusions:

If a fish is well, it cannot endure strong medicine.

If a fish is in a d\-ing (Y)ndition, strong medicines will instantK'
kill it.

If a I'lsli is \er\- sick but not d\ing, it c-an stand ])()\verlul doses
and will show improvement after the first treatment it the medicine
is correct.

When C()ii\ alescence has begun in a lisli exlreinely weak from
recent illness and refusal of food, handling is dangerous and ma\-
result in hemorrhage of the gills and immediate death. A clean.

4 Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [II; i

quiet, shaded tank and live food to coax the lost appetite, may save a
very weak specimen where handling and treating are fatal.

In destroying trematodes and argulids, it will be found that a
solution which kills them quickly under the microscope will not kill
as quickly when they are attached to the fish. If a solution kills
the free parasite in fifteen seconds, it is well to immerse the fish in
it for from three to five minutes, according to its resistance.

In handling fishes, it is important to remember that their eyes
have no lids and are liable to injury and infection from the pressure
of the net or the touch of a hand. The meshes of the nets should be
smaller than the eye of the fish, and when treating fishes for injured
eyes, only nets of soft cloth are suitable. Moreo\-er, the sides of the
tank should be lined loosely with burlap or other cloth to prevent
temporarily blinded eyes from coming into contact with concrete
or metal and so becoming permanently blind. The type of net at
present manufactured, with numerous hard knots, is well suited to
rip off the scales, tear the fins, and injure the eyes of fishes, and not
suited to handling specimens which it is desired to maintain in a
state of health. The ideal net probably would be one made of
strong but soft, unknotted netting, similar to that used for window
draperies.

A point eas\- to miss is individual need. Fishes differ in resistance
and response not only specifically but individually, as people do.

Mud baths, so efficacious for man>- species of fresh-water fishes,
are not suitable for salmonidae, which do best where there is a sandy
or gravelly bottom, though old hard-packed mud bottoms ha\e in some
cases proved advantageous.

If fishes are bruised, it goes far harder with them than if the\'
are cut. Rought treatment that would break the bones of a mammal,
will break no bones in a fish, but it will send bruises so deep into the
tissues and muscles that there is no chance for recovery. We have
had an opportunity to observe this at the New \'ork Aquarium in
the case of fishes of large size brought from the middle west to be
sold alive in eastern markets. The majorit\- of such specimens
secured from live fish dealers for our exhibition tanks were bruised
beyond repair.

Our pure salt water at the New York Aquarium is maintained
in a closed system and we have about as much sickness among salt
water fishes as among fresh. There is a general supposition that
inasmuch as fresh-water fishes are put into salt water to revive them
and kill their parasites, fresh water, used for salt water fishes, should
serve the same purpose. Personally, I ha\e had no success in the
use of fresh water for ocean fishes. I'ntil recent years, no remedies
were known for salt water fishes, and salt and permanganate of
potassium were the only medicines used for fresh-water kinds. The
present paper, recording 47 successful remedies, shows the progress
that experimenters are making. Many persons, however, have
studied the diseases of fishes with respect to their causes, but hav

1928] Mellcn: The Trcntnieut of Fish Diseases 5

not entered upon experiments with relation to cures. In the course
of time their findings will he immensely viduable in diagnosing; and
working out remedies for lish diseases. In public aquariums prompt
action is necessary, and a certain terse expression of Gina Lombroso's
makes a good motto: "To help li\ing life it is better to guess cjuickly
than to carr>- out minute investigations." On the other hand, five
minutes with the microscope often eliminates the need for guessing.

Bloating is a common occurrence among sick fishes. There
appear to be fi\e troubles which cause a fish to bloat: gas, dropsy,
egg-binding, bacterial infection in the alimentary canal, and tumor (or,
rarely, cancer). If the fish when tapped for dropsy, exudes no water,
and does not respond to treatments for gas, egg-binding and bacterial
infection, the case may be tumor. I have diagnosed but not treated
one such case. The specimen was a beautiful white fantail goldfish.
It li\-ed for about two years after bloating began (a much longer time
than it could ha\e survived with any of the other bloat diseases),
ate well, and enjoyed long periods free from pain. At one time it
appeared to suffer, and its owner, a clergyman, threw it out into the
snow to help end its misery. Four hours later he chanced to look
out and was astonished to see the fish still flopping. He decided to
give it another chance and returned it to the aquarium where it
lived for more than a year, not suffering again until a few weeks before
death. Autopsy revealed the presence of two tumors.

We ha\e records of cancer in the salmonidae, it has been known
to occur also in toy tropical fishes, and Dr. M. Xishibe of Tokyo,
Japan, informs me that cancer has been found in goldfishes.

Chemicals recommended for sterilization of tanks and ponds
after infectious diseases are as follows:

Permanganate of potassium, strong solution.

Salt, strong solution.

Bichloride of mercur\'.

Copper sulphate.

L'nslacked lime.

Formalin.

It may not be out of place here to add a few words relatixe to
medical work with aquatic animals other than fishes.

The Aquarium at Monaco expects to publish a voluminous
paper covering its successful experiments with a malad\' affecting
the majorit\' of its in\-ertebrates and which it attributes to "putrefac-
tion microbes."

The author, in working with amphibians and reptiles at the
New York Acjuarium, has found these animals easily treated for
bruises and fungus. Kerosene oil, swabbed onto a bruised and
fungused alligator or salamander will work w^onders. In the case of
skin diseases, a two percent, solution of mercurochrome applied with
a soft brush several times at intervals of a few days, will generally
effect a cure. Salamanders should be gi\en a mud bath after treat-
ment, until full\- recovered.

6 Zoopatlwlogica: N. Y. Zoologicdl Society [II; i

Turtles are commonly afflicted with tumors, which are of two
kinds: hard, embedded in the dermis, and soft, growing in the tissues.
Hard tumors can be cut out with a sharply pointed scissors and the
wound dusted with xeroform* immediately after the operation and
on one or two successive da\'s. Soft tumors should l)e treated by
bathing with hot water, drying and ajiplying iodine. This should
be done daily for three days, with a rest for three days, then resump-
tion for three days, and so on. The tumors will soften, diminish,
and finally drop ofif.

P\)r eye trouble in turtles, nothing is better than boracic acid
slightly heated and used as for the human e\e. In case of swelling
of eyelids, collyrium may be used instead.

To build up sick reptiles and amphibians and keep them in
health in captivity, live fish or whole fresh fish should be fed, to
provide gland secretions and lime. Fish ground with the bone in it
can be substituted if necessary. My paper on "The Natural and
Artificial Foods of Fishes," American Fisheries Society Transactions
for 1927, covers the question of the pro]ier feeding of captive fishes.

DISEASKS AS ARRANCFJ) IN THK F( )LL( )\\1XC; TABLES

Achlya. See Fungus.
Anthropopliobia
Asphyxia
Bacterial Diseases:

Bacillus columnar is

B. tubercle piscitim

Bacterial, causing Fin Disease, Xi])i)e<l lin, lail Rot

Bacterium cyprinicida, causing Pond Disease, Red Plague

B. satmouicida, causing I-'urunculosis, Ulcer Disease

B. truttae
Bruises. (See also Wounds.)
Colds

Constipation. See Indigestion.
Crustacean Parasites:

I'Anilocre

-Argulids
Cuts. .See Woinuls.
Dropsy
Kgg-binding
Kye troubles:

Kxoplitlialmir goitre

Injured e\es

Pop eye
I""in Disease or Nijipcd Fin. See Bacterial, I-lukes.
Flukes:

A vcvroceplialus

Epihdella

Ciyrodactylus

Microcotyle
I'ungus Disease:

Aclilya

Saprotegnia

For iilack I'ungus see Protozoan Parasites.

* Xeroforni is Tribroinphenol-bisnuith "Ileyden," nianutactured b}- Tlie
Heyden Clicinical Works, (iarfield, N. J.

1928] Mellen: The Trctitnicut of Fish Diseases 7

l""uruiu-iilosis. See Bactiriinn Sulmoiiicidn.

Gas

(ias-bubble Disease. (See also Kye troubles — Pop eye.)

(iill Diseases. See Bacterial Diseases, Flukes, Colds, Pnjt(jzoan Parasites —

Octomitus.
Iiidijjestioii
Leeches

\er\ous Shock. .Sec .■\iithr()i)ophobia.
Pond Disease. .See Hactcrium Cypriniciila.
Protozoan Parasites:

Black 1-ungus

Cliilodon

Cost id

Cychchaeta

IchthyophtJiirius

M\xosporidia*

Octomitus

Sjiorozoan
Red Plague. See Bacterium cypriuicida.
Roe binding. See Kgg-binding.
Saprolegnia. See Fungus.
Skin Diseases
Swim Bladder Trouble
Tail Rot. See Bacterial Diseases.
Trematodes. See Flukes.
Ulcers. -See Bacterium salmonicida.

Whirling Sickness. See Protozoan Parasites —C>c/(»»//(o'.
Wounds and Cuts.

* To identify Myxosporidia, see "On the Classification of the Myxosporidia,
a Group of I'rotozoan Parasites Infecting Fishes," by R. R. Gurley, Bull. IJ. S.
Fish Commission, 1891.

Zoopdthologica: N. Y. Zoological Society

[II; I

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Complete rest in dark-
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Put fish in well aerated
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Give salt bath, using
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Inject gills with salt
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Beneficial.

2 specimens were
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3 days a week. Rinse
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sour milk, junket,
chicken liver, boiled
oatmeal, egg-yolk and
spinach. Live foods
whenever possible.

Dip fish in solution
1-2,000 for I min.
Remove quickly to
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Apply mercurochrome 2
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of 3 days until spots
clear. Then dry and
paint once or twice
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every day as long a
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1928]

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td

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(Cleanliness
the only pre-
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large speci-
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Mcllcii: The Tredtiiienl of Fish Pisenses

13

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Fish throws off
dead epidermis
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cutis, the fish
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3

Cured in a few
days.

Fish at once lost
milky patches,
became lively,
ate well. Liv-
ing yet. some
months later.

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Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society

[II; I

Pi

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Fish came out
dyed red and
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fins. Color re-
stored over
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Mellrti: The Trnihiioi/ of Fish Discuses

15

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Cured and sur-
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2J

Killed parasites
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ter effect on
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Melleti: The Treat men I of Fish Diseases

19

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Mcllni: The Tredtmeul of Fish Diseases

21

73
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y appearance in-

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Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society

[II; I

in
H
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Mcllcn: llw Trentnioit of Fish Diseases

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Zoopathologica: N. Y. Zoological Society

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AbilKaard, 31. 90, 296, 297
Aran t hoc ephala, 132
Acanthocotylc bothi. sp. nov.. 60-61

(Figs. 27 and 27A), facing 60
raiae, nov. sp.. 23-25

(Figs. 9, 9A, 9B). facing 23
measurements. 25
squatinae. sp. nov.. 153-156
(Fig. 75). 152
measurements, 25
Acanthodiscits mirabile, gen. et sp. nov.,
93-94

(Figs. 49. 49A. 49B). facing 93
correction. 136
mirablc, sp. nov.. 136
remorae, nov. sp., 21-22

(Figs. 8 and 8Al, facing 20
measurements, 22
Achlya, II. 6. 19
Acipenser brevirostrum, 189
ntbicundus, II. 30
sturio. 85. 190. 265
Adams. Wallace. II. 1. 24
Aetobatis narinari. 52. 53, 213, 218, 226,

238, 267
Afjamanema scorpaenae cirrhosac. Dies.,
269-271

(Fig. 144), 271
measurements, 271
Alcicomis rarangis, gen. et sp. nov., 62-63
(Fig. 29). facing 62
measurements. 63
Alligator, fungused. II. 5
Mississippi, 127
AUocreadium Lss, 85
isoporum, 85

priacanthi, sp. nov., 149-151
(Fig. 73), 148
measurements. 151
Alewife. 261

Alouatta palliata inconsonana Goldman, 285
Atutera schoepfii, 66, 91
Ameiurus, II. 16
albidus. II, 27
nebulosus, II. 9
AmphibdeUa (Chatin). 27. 29
flavolineata. 27. 29-30

(Figs. 12 and 12A). facing 27
measurements. 30
tOTpcdinis, 27-28. 29. 30
(Fig. 11 ). facing 27
measurements. 28
Amphibians, medical work with. II, 5, 6
Amphistomidae. 31
AmphiatOTnum, 31
loliginis, 31
macrocephalum, 31
scleroporum, 31, 32, 33
Hpinnlosum, 31, 32, 33
Anaconda. 170
Ancistrodon concortrix. 147
Ancyroccphalus. II, 6. 16
Angel fishes. 194. 291 : II. 16. 19
black. II. 16. 19
blue. II. 10. 19
French. 35
fresh-water. II, 30
yellow-tailed. 36
Angelichthys. 291 : II, 19
isabelita. 300; II. 10
totrnacndi, 36
TAnilocre, II. 6. 14

Anisocotlium hippoylosai, sp. nov., 163

(Fig. SO), 162
Aniaotremua virginicus, 20, 183 ; II, 16
Ankylostoma. 217
caninum, 257

(Fig. 136), 258
Anoplocephala plobocei}hala, sp. nov., 240

(Fig. 124), 239
Anlhobothrium cornucopia, 61
lilliformia, sp. nov., 61-62

(Figs. 28 and 28A), facing 61
measurements, 62
Anthocotyle merlucii americanua, nov. sp.,
25-27

(Figs. 10 and lOA), facing 25
measurements, 27
mcrlus {merlucii \, 25, 26
Anthropophobia (nervous shock), II, 6, 8
Aplodinotus grunniena Rafinesque, 84, 95,

194
Aquarium fishes, II, 23
Aquariums, public, II, 1, 2, 3
Ardea cinerea, 168

herodiaa, 143
Argulids, II, 4, 6, 14
Ariola, 250

Aromockelya, sp. nov., 191
Aacaria cebi, sp. nov., 255-256
(Fig. 134), 255
elongatata, Cobb, 256
ogcocejthali, sp. nov., 132

(Figs. 67 and 67A), facing 131
tiara, v. Linstow, 274-275
(Fig. 147), 274
measurements, 275
Asphyxia of fishes, II, 6, 8
Aapidobothridae, 194
Aapidocotylea, 105

Aapidotwctea apinifer (Le Sueur), 115
Ataloatrophion. 73, 74

cpinepheli, sp. nov., 71-74

(Fig. 35), facing 71
promicropa, 72
aardae, 72
Axine, 63

Axinc carangia, sp. nov., 90-91
(Fig. 46), facing 90

Bacillus columnaris, Davis, II, 6, 9

tubercle piacium, II, 2, 6, 10
Bacteria, pathogenic. II, 3

saprogenic, II, 3
Bacterial diseases of fishes. II. 5. 6. 7, 9-12
Bacterium cyprinicida. II. 6, 7, 12

aalmonicida, II, 6. 7, 12

truttae. II. 6. 12
Baer, J. L.. 285. 290
Bagrua bayad. 66

docmar, 66
Baliatea carolinensia, 64, 65. 207
Bangham. Dr. R. V., II. 1, 2, 16, 24
Barbel. II. 8. 24
Barbus aemifaaciolatua, II, 8
Bass. II. 1. 9. 16. 22. 25, 26

black. 161 : II. 19

black, small-mouthed. II. 20

large mouth. II. 23. 24

sea. 261

small mouth. II. 24

striped. 205

white. 124 ; II, 25, 26

Zoojmthologica

[Volumes I & II

Bassaricus astuta, Rhoads, 248

Batavia, Java, 68

Bat-fish, 132

fielding. Dr. David L., II, 2, 12 (footnote)

Beneden, see Van Beneden, P. J.

Benedenia, 296, 298

Bermuda fishes, 205

Bilharzia heniatobium, 35

Bitterling, II, 18

Black fungus of fishes, II, 6, 7, 22

Blackfish, II, 9

Blackpool Aquarium, Blackpool, England,

11, 1
Blainville, H. M. D. de 207, 296, 297
Blennidae, II, 15

Bloating of sick fishes, II. 5, 10, 14
Blue fish, 185, 205
Boa constrictor, 159, 241. 244, 246, 269

imperator, 244, 245

mexicana. 269
Boyeria, 285, 290

Borneo, Bandjermasin, 133, 251, 254, 263
Bot-flies. Cuterebrine. 285
A Bot-fly Parasitic in Monkeys, by R. C.

Shannon and C. T. Greene, 285-290

(Figs. 152 and 153, Plates A and B)
Bothriocephalidae, Cobb, 234. 249, 250, 251
Bothriocephalus, 244

sagittatus, 223
Bothus maculatus, 60
Boulenger, E. G., II, 2, 24
Bowfin, II, 26
Brachycoeliinae, Lss, 147
Brachycoelium, Duj., 147
Branchiobdella, 91
Brand, 203

Braun, M., 25. 31, 145, 201, 203, 250, 283
Braun's Ccstoden, 61
Braun's Trematoden, 52
Bream, II, 26
Bremser, J. G., 207
British Guiana Tropical Research Station,

New York Zoological Society, maps, 287
Brodel, Max, 300
Bruce, E. K., II, 1, 11
Bruises of fishes, II, 4, 6, 12
Buffalo, 165. 166
Buffalofish. II. 9. 20, 26
Buitzenzorg. Java, 129, 130, 273, 274
Bullheads, II, 9
Bungarus candidus, 130

Camallavi, 280

Camallamis, Notes on the Genus, and other
Nematodes from Various Hosts, by G. A.
MacCallum, 123-134

(Figs. Gl-68 incl.)

bibliography, 134
Camallanus, 123-131
ancylodirus, 124
hungari, sp. nov., 130-131

(Fig. 65 », facing 130
chclydrae. 128

chelydrae, sp. nov., 128, 136
cyathocephalus, sp. nov., 130

(Fig. 64 1, facing 130
elegans, sp. nov., 129
floridianae, nov. sp.. 128-129

(Fig. 62). facing 128
oxycephalus. Ward, 124. 127
ptychozoondis, sp. nov., 129-130

(Fig. 63), facing 129
scabrae, sp. nov., 127-128

(Fig. 61). facing 128
teatudinis, sp. nov.

(Fig. 150). 279
troosti, nov. sp.. 128
Cancer of fishes. II, 5

Cantharus griseus, II. 15
Capsala, 296
Caranx, 185

hippos, 90, 93, 252. 265
ruber, 62. 63, 70
Carassius auratua, II, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,

15, 16, IS. 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 29
Carcharias obscurus. 19-20
Carcharinus, 237
obscurus, 54
Carp, II, 12, 13, 20, 22, 23, 24, 26, 29

German, 124
Caryophyllaeus, 296. 297
Cat. civet. 217

Catfish, 251 : II, 16, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27
Catoptroides, Odhn., 66

aluterae, sp. nov., 66, 91
magnum, sp. nov., 64-66
(Fig. 31), facing 65
measurements. 65-66
spatula, 66
Spatulaeformis, 66
Catostomus, II. 22. 23
Cebus capucinus, 255
Centralblatt fur Bacteriologie u. Parasiten-

kunde. Berlin. 60. 61
Centrine, II. 29
Centropristes striatus, 261
Cephalopod. 31

Cephatogonimus, 168. 176. 191. 193
avatus, 168

trachysauri, sp. nov.. 176-178
(Fig. 88). 177
measurements. 178
Cerfontaine, 14. 45
Cestoden, Braun's. 61
Cestodes, 6. 7. 61, 205-254

(Figs. 102-133)
Cestracion zygaena, 18-20, 210
Chaetodipterus faber, 194, 291, 300; II, 16
Characinidae, II, 25
Chatin, Joannes. 29
Ckelodina longicoUis, 114, 220
Chelonia imbricata, 31

my das, 31
Chelopus guttatus, 83

insculptus, 81, 82, 83, 92, 197
Chelydra serpentina, 88, 128, 151. 181
Chilodon, II. 7

cyprini, II, 22
truttae. II, 22
Chilodoniasis, II, 22
Chirovemus moadetta, 215
Chrysemys elegans, 109, 110. 112. 129
floridiana, 128
maruinata, 109
picta. 113. 128, 163. 198
srabra, 106. 127. 130
troosti, 107. 128
Chubb. II. 24

Chute. Walter H.. II. 2. 16, 30
Chylorharta domerguei, II, 23
Chylochaetiasis, II, 23
Cinosternum scorprides, 141, 145
Cithara priaranthi, gen. et sp. nov., 70-71
(Fig. 34), facing 70
measurements, 71
Civet cat, 217

Claus, K. F. W. and Adam Sedgwick. 133
Clupca alosae, 46
Cobbold. T. S.. 31. 72. 73
Col)itis fossilis, II. 18
Codfish. II. 31
Colds of fishes. II, 6. 13
Conger i-utgaris, II, 15
Constipation of fishes. IK 6, 21
Copepods. 6. 23. 91. 223
Corvus frugilegus, 201

Numbers 1-8; 1

Index

Costia, II, 7

nccatrix. II, 23
Costiasis. II, 23
Cotyloyastcr, 194

chaetodiptcri, sp. nov., 194-197
(FiK. 98), 195

michaeli, 194. 197

occidentalis, 194
Crappie, II. 22. 23. 25. 26

black. 124
Creplin. F. C. 31. 168, 283
Crevalle. 93. 252. 265
Crow. 201
Cutercbra. 285. 290

bacri. Shannon & Greene, sp. nov., 286-
290
(FJK. 153), 289

macutoKa Knab, 290

tiiirhrosa CoquilK-tt. 290
Cutorebrinae, 285
Cyclochaita. II, 7
Cyctoroclum halcyonis, 168-170
I FiK. 84). 169
measurements. 170

l>hasidi, 168
Cynosrion regalis, 48
Cyprinidae. II. 23
Cyiirinus. II. 22, 23, 24

carpio, II, 13

Dacnitis carangis, 265

(Fig. 140). 264
sphaeroccjihalus, Dujardin. 265-266
(Fig. 141), 266
measurements. 266
Dactylocotyle, 187

trachinoti, sp. nov., 187-189
(Fig. 94). 186
measurements, 189
Darien. Panama. 285, 290
Dasybatus pastinacua (Walbaum). 6. 7, 9.

11, 13. 16. 61. 228, 231, 233
Daraincidae. Fuhrmann, 238
Davis. Dr. H. S.. II, 1, 9, 10, 29
Dermatobia. 285
Dcrmatochtlys coriacea. 203
Dibothriocephalidae. Luehe. 210, 224
Dibothrioccphalitiaf, Liihe, 234
Dibothriocephalus motac, sp. nov., 223, 224-
226

(Fig. 115). 225
measurements. 226
Dibothriorhynrhidac, Ariola. 205
Dibothriorhynchinae, Mont., 205
Dibothriorhynchus balistidae, sp. nov.. 207
(Fig. 104). 208
maccaUumi, sp. nov., 242-244
(Fig. 126). 243
measurements. 244
specioaum, sp. nov., 205

(Fig. 102). 206
xiphiae, sp. nov.. 205-207
(Fig. 103). 206
measurements. 207
Dibothriorhyn<iui\ 207

Dibothrium microcephalum, Rud.. 222-224,
224-226

(Fig. 114). 225
measurements. 224
tatiiiaUnifii. sp. nov.. 217
(Fig. 110). 216
Diclidophora, 45. 46. 115

cynoscioni, sp. nov.. 48-49

(Figs. 19 and 19A). facing 48
measurements, 49
labracis, 45
tongicollia, 45

mcrlayifii, 46-47

( Fig. 17 ), facing 46
measurements, 47
neomainis, sp. nov.. 49-50

(Figs. 20, 20A and 20B), facing 49
measurements, 50
palmata, 45, 47, 60
prionoti, sp. nov., 47-48
(Fig. 18). facing 47
measurements. 48
Dicrocoelium, Dujardin, 165
Dicrocoelium, Stiles and Hassall, 165

lanceatum. Stiles and Hassall, 165-166,
168

(Fig. 82). 164
measurements, 166
pancTcaticum, Railliet, 166-168
(Fig. 83), 167
measurements, 168
pancrcatum, 166
Dida. Dr. R., II, 2, 8, 14, 19, 29, 30
Didymozoidae, 73
Didymozoon. 72, 73
Didymozoonidae, 72
Diesing. K. M.. 7. 31. 45, 50, 51, 203, 237,

283
Dionchus (Goto), 21
Diphyllobothrium latum. II, 2
Diplectanum v. Ben. et Hesse. 20, 55
table of species, 56-57
aequans, 57

pluTOviteUum, nov. sp., 20-21
(Fig. 7). facing 20
measurements. 21
tylosuri. sp. nov., 55-58
(Fig. 25), facing 55
measurements, 58
Diplostomum brevis, sp. nov., 141-143
(Fig. 69), 140
measurements. 143
• cinosterni, sp. nov., 141, 145-147
(Fig. 71), 144
measurements, 147
longa, 145
minimum, sp. nov., 143-145

(Fig. 70), 142
volvens, 145
Diseases of fishes, II, 2. 8, 9
table of. 6

tabulation of experiments in treat-
ment of, 8-31
Dispharacjus egrcttar. 259-261

(Fig. 137). 259
Distoms, 91, 96, 181, 183
Oistomum sp.. 106

auritus, sp. nov., 84-85

(Fig. 41 ). facing 84
chelydrac, 153
lanceolatum, Mehlis. 165
macrorhinug, nov. sp., 34

(Fig. 14 ». facing 31
spiculiferum. sp. nov.. 85-86

(Figs. 42. 42A. 42B. ). facing 85
tropidonoti, sp. nov.. 96-'.)7
( Fig. 51 ). facing 95
Dog, kampong. 257
l)OT~mitator maculatus, II, 8
Dropsy of fishes. II, 5. 6, 14
Drum, fresh-water, 84, 95
Drv Tortugas. 64

Duthirrnia. Permnicito. 234. 249. 250
tlroang. Perr.. 234-237
(Fig. 121 I. 235
measurements, 237
expansa, 234
fimbriata. 234

Zoopathologica

[Volumes I & II

Echeneis naucrates, 21
Echivorhynchus, 183

gaboes, sp. nov., 132-133

(Fig. 68), facing 132
gigas (Goezel, 133
Echinostominae, 67
Echinostomum herodiae, sp. nov., 89-90

(Fig. 45), facing 89
Echinocephalus aetobati, sp. nov., 267
(Fig. 142), 268
striatus, 267
Ectoparasites, 6, 46, 56, 71, 223
Ectoparasitic Trematode, A New, by G.
A. MacCallum, 291-300
(Fig. 154), 292
Eels, II, 23

Egg-binding of fishes, II, 5, 6, 14
Egretta candidissima, 259
Embody, Dr. G. C, II, 1, 16, 17
Emerson, Prof. Alfred, 285
Emys blandingi, 193, 197
Encotyllabe, 50

pagrosomi, sp. nov., 50-52
(Fig. 21), facing 50
measurements. 52
Encotyllabinae, 50, 51

Epibdella. Blainville, 285, 296, 298-299, 300 :
II, 6

melleni, MacCallum, II, 16
melleni, sp. nov., 291-300
(Fig. 154), 292
summary of characters, 300
Epinephelus morio, 7

striatus, 71, 261
Ergasillae, 23
Esox reticulatus, II, 20

Eurema keksooni, gen. et sp. nov., 86-87
(Fig. 43), facing 86
measurements, 87
Eurostomum micropteri, sp. nov., 161

(Fig. 79), 160
Eustomos chelydrae, sp. nov., 181-183
(Fig. 90), 180
measurements, 183
Eye trouble of fishes, II, 6, 7, 15

Farancia abacura, 220

Fasciola lanceolata, Rudolphi, 165

ovata, 201
FascioHdae, Rail., 165
Feinberg, Mr., 5
Fer-de-lance, 159, 244
Festucaria strigis, 31
Filefish, orange, 66
Fin disease of fishes, II, 6, 11
Fingerlings, II, 22
Fischoeder, 31
Fish Diseases, The Treatment of, by Ida

Mellen, II, 1-31

list of diseases, II, 6-7
tabulation of experiments, II, 2,
8-31
Fish tuberculosis, II, 2
Flukes of fishes, II. 6, 16-19
Foster. Fred J., II, 1, 17
Fresh-water fishes II, 4, 8, 13, 14, 15, 20,

21, 24, 26, 29, 31
Fulica alra, 168
Fungus diseases of fishes, II, 6, 19-20

black. II, 6, 7, 22
Furunculosis, II, 6, 7, 12

Gadus callarias, II, 31
Galeocerdo tigrinus, 237
Galeus canis, 61
Gar, giant, II, 20

long-nosed, II, 14

silver, 55

Gas (fish disease), II, 5, 7, 21
Gas-bubble disease of fishes, II, 7, 21
Geomyda punctularia, 191
Geophagus hrasiliensis, II, 20
Gill diseases of fishes, II, 7, 13, 28
Gillis, F. v., II, 2, 30
Globoporum moronis. 187

(Fig. 93), 186
Gneiding, Otto, II, 3
Gobiidae, II, 15

Goitre, exophthalmic, of fishes, II, 6, 15
Goldfishes, II, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18,

et seq.

calico, II, 26

Chinese, II, 29, 30

fancy, II, 3, 8. 13, 14, 29

large comet, II, 28

telescope, II, 15

white fantail, II, 5
Goldman, E. A., "Mammals of Panama," 285
Gorgoderidae, Lss., 64
Goto, S., 106, 283
Greene, C. T. and R. C. Shannon

see Shannon, R. C. and C. T. Greene
Grunt, white, 212

Guberlet, Dr. John E., II, 1, 17, 22, 23
Guinea fowl, 168
Gull, laughing, 178, 181
Gurley, R. R., II, 7 (footnote)
Guttera plumifera schubotzi, 168
Gyrodactyliasis, II, 16-18
Gyrodactylidae V. Ben. et Hesse, 20, 21, 23,

27, 29, 55, 93
Gyrodactylus, II, 6, 16-19, 22

elegans, II, 18-19

"Haft organ" of diplostoma, 143, 145
Hake, 261

European, 25

New England, 25
Halcyonis coromando, 168
Handling fishes, II, 3-4
Harron, L. S., II, 2
Hassall, Dr., 300
Hayford, Chas. O., II, 1, 12, 17, 22, 23,

25, 28
Helminthology, Studies in, by G. A. Mac-
Callum. 137-284

(Figs. 69-151 incl.)

for paged outline, see Studies in Helm-
inthology
Hemistomivae, 91
Hemistomum, Diesing, 91

haustrum, sp. nov., 91-92
(Fig. 47), facing 91
measurements, 92
Hemxdon album, 261

plumieri, 212
Herodias timoriensis, 89
Heron, great blue, 143
Heronimus MacC, 191

geomydae, sp. nov., 191-193
(Fig. 96), 192

maternum, sp. nov., 193-194
(Fig. 97). 192
measurements, 194
Hesse, C. E., 295
Heterocotyica (Mont.), 9; II, 13, 16, 18. 21

23, 54, 105, 106
Heterodon platyrhinus, 175
Hirudo, 296, 297

grossi, 297

hippoolossi. 297
Hofer, Dr. Bruno, II, 2. 12. 13, 17, 19,

22, 23, 25
Holostoma, 143
Holostomidae, 91

I

Numbers 1-8; 1

Index

Uolostomum variabile, Nitzsch., 178-181

(Fig. 891, 179

measurements. 181
Homarus vutgarig, II, 15
Honolulu Aquarium, II, 1
Hymenolepididac, Railliet & Henry, 220
HymenoUpis, Weinland, 220

Ichthyoiihthiriasis, II, 24
Ichthyophthirius. II, 7

multifiliis, II, 2-1
Ictiohus, II, 9
Iguana tuberculata, 273
Ijima, 106
"Ikan gaboes," 133
Ikan patin, 251, 163
Ikan tangol, 254
Indigestion of fishes. II, 7, 21
Innes, William T., II, 2, 10, 13, 14, 15. 18,

21, 22, 25. 30
Isoporum arviatum, 85
Itch disease of fishes, II, 24

Jewfish, II, 12, 31
Johnston, M. R., II, 1

Kartabo, British Guiana, 285, 290

area devoted to research at, drawing,
(Plate B), 288
Killies, II. 26
King-fisher, 168
KoUikcria (Cobbold), 72, 73
Krait, 130
Kuhn, 45, 46

I.abrax lupus, 45
Labridae, II, 15, 29
Lachtsis lanceotatus, 159, 244
Lactoprys tTiqucter, 64
Laemaryus horeatis, 237
Lanier, Robert J., II, 13
Lankester, Ray, 105, 106
Larus atricUla, 178

ridibundun, Linn.. 181
Lecanocephatu.1 annulatux, Molin, 261-263
(Fig. 138), 260
measurements, 263

kollari, Molin, 261

spinulosus. Dies., 261
Lecithaster anisotremi, sp. nov., 183-185
(Fig. 91), 182
measurements, 185
Lee Kek Soon, 86
Leeches, II, 7, 21
Leidy, Joseph, 203, 283
Lepidosiren paradoxa. II, 13
Lepidosteus osseus, II, 14
Lepomis pallidus, II, 16
LeptorephatuK Conner, 67
Leuckart. Rudolf. 45. 223
Linton. Edwin, 7, 64. 65, 66, 207, 218, 223,

237. 242, 283
Linton. Edwin, "Notes on Entozoa of

Marine Fishes of New England," 223
Lizard. 176

leaf-like. 129, 273

stump-taikd. 229
Loimos sal piny ijoides, gen. et sp. nov., 54-55
I Figs. 24 and 24A), facing 54
measurements, 55
Lombroso, Gina. II, 5
Looss, Arthur. 31, 32. 72, 106, 109, 283
Lonss. Arthur. "The Sclerostomidae of

Hor.ses and Donkeys in Egypt" 127
LopholatUuH rhamtUontic(j>ii, 277
Lota ntaculona, 47

molva, 45
Lucius lucius, II, 28

Liicke, 250
Luehe, 81, 201
Lungfish. II. 13

MacCallum, G. A., 168

MacCallum, G. A.. A New Ectoparasitic
Trematode, 291-300
(Fig. 154), 292
Notes on the Genus Camallanus and
Other Nematodes from Various
Hosts. 122-134
(Figs. 61-68 incl.)
Notes on the Genus Telorchis and Other
Trematodes. 79-98
(Figs. 37-51 incl.)
bibliography. 97-98
Some New Forms of Parasitic Worms,
43-75

(Figs. 17-36 incl.)
Some New Species of Parasitic Trema-
todes of Marine Fishes, 1-38
(Figs. 1-16 incl.)
Studies in Helminthology, 137-284
(Figs. 69-151 incl.)
for paged outline, see Studies in
Helminthology
Studies on the Polystomidae, 103-120
(Figs. 52-60 incl.)
MacCallum, Dr. W. G., 50, 68, 85, 86, 89, 96,
131, 133, 141, 168, 234, 238, 242, 249,
251, 254, 267, 300
MacGregor, Dr., 168
Mackerel, 254

Spanish, 205
Macropodus opercularia viridi-auratuit, II,

20
Macrorhinus angustirostris, 34
Maean vulyaris, II, 1
Malacocotylea, 105

Malapterurus electricus (Omdurman), 66
Margate fish, 261
Marsh Darien Expedition, 285
Medicine for fishes, II, 3
Meehan, William E., II, 2, 8, 11, 19, 30, 31
Mellon, Ida, 291 ; II, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,

15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 28, 29, 31
Mellen, Ida, "The Natural and Artificial
Foods of Fishes," II, 6
The Treatment of Fish Diseases, II, 1-31
Mcrizocotyle (Cerf. ). 13, 14
dasybatis, nov. sp., 13-15

(Figs. 4 and 4A), facing 9
measurements, 15
diaphanum, 14
minus, 14
Mertanyus vulgaris, 46
Merluccius bilinearis, 46
Merlucius bilinearis, 25
Mcsocestoidcs ambiyuus, Vaillant, 248
bassarisri, sp. nov., 248
(Fig. 129). 247
Mesocestoididav. Fuhrmann, 248
Mcsocestoidinae, Liihe. 248
Microptcrus, II, 9. 19
dolomieu, II. 20
aalmoidcs. 161 ; II, 23
Microcotylc, 84. 90. 91, 93, 95, 183, 185; II, 6
anyrlichihys, II, 19

anyilichthys townscndi nov. sp. 36-37
(Fig. 16). facing 35
measurement.^. 37
australicnsis. sp. nov., 185-187
(Fig. 92), 184
measurements, 187
inrom]>aral>itis. sp. nov.. 63-64

(Figs. 30 and 30A), facing 63
measurements, 64

Zoopathologica

[Volumes I & II

polynemi, sp. nov., 68, 69

(Figs. 33 and 33Al, facing 69
measurements, 69
spinicirrus, sp. nov., 95
(Fig. 50), facing 94
Microcotylidae , 63
Mola mola, Linnaeus, 222, 224
Monaco Aquarium, II, 1, 5
Monitor, 249, 274
Monk fish, 153

Monkey, emaciated, host to parasites, 255-
256

howling, as parasite host, 285-290
(Fig. 152), 286
Monocotyle dasybatis, nov. sp., 9-11
(Figs. 2, 2 A. 2B), facing 7
measurements, 11
dasybatis minimus, nov. sp., 11-13
(Fig. 3), facing 9
measurements, 13
ijimae, 9
myliobates, 9
selachii, nov. sp., 18-20

(Figs. 6 and 6A ) , facing 16
measurements, 20
Monocotylidae (Tasch.), 9, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18
Monogenea, 105

Monorygma galeocerdonis, sp. nov. 237-238
(Fig. 122), 236
perfectum, 237
Monostoma, 35, 191, 199
Monostoma sphargidis, 203-204
(Fig. 101), 202
measurements, 204
Monostomidae, Monticelli, 203
Monostomun bipartitum, 73
microstovium, 168
mutabile, 168
pomacanthi, nov. sp., 35
(Fig. 15), facing 35
renerapite, 203
Monticelli, 72, 105, 203, 267
Moore, Dr. Emmeline, II, 1, 2 (footnote),

11, 13, 17, 19, 22, 23
Moreira, Don Carlos, II, 1, 2, 20, 21, 25, 26
Morone americana, 187
Mourmes, II, 14

Mud baths for fishes, II, 4, 5, 8, 10, 22
Muail ccphalus, II, 19
Miiiler, O. F., 297
Mullet. II, 19
Mullus barbatus, II, 15
Mutton fish, 49, 74
Mycteroperca venenosa, 205
Myliobatus aquila Dumeril, 9
Myxidium, II, 22, 28
Myxosporidia, 84 ; II, 7, 28

Natrix taxispilota, 201

"The Natural and Artificial Foods of

Fishes," by Ida Mellen, II, 6
Nemathelminthes, 132
Nematobothrium (Van Beneden), 72, 74
Nematodes, 122-134, 255-282

(Figs. 134-151 inch), 255-281
haematophagic, 124
Ncom.aenis analis. 49, 74, 75

aya. 74, 75, 212
Nephrocephalum sphargis roriacea, 203
A New Ectoparasitic Trcmatode, by G. A.
MacCallum, 291-300
(Fig. 154), 292
New York Aquarium, amphibians and rep-
tiles in, II, 5

studies in, 5 et seq.
water in. 4
Nishibe, Dr. M., II, 5

Nitzsch, Dr. Christian, 178
Nitzschia, 296
elegans, 190

superba. sp. nov., 189-190
(Fig. 95), 188
measurements, 188
Nordmann. 145

Notes on the Genus Cam.allanus and Other
Nematodes from Various Hosts, by G.
A. MacCallum, 123-134
(Figs. 61-68 incl.)
bibliography, 134
Notes on the Genus Telorchis and Other
Trematodes, by G. A. MacCallum, 79-98
(Figs. 37-51 incl.)
bibliography, 97-98

O'Brien, William J., I!, 2, 12, 17, 20, 26, 30,

31
Octobothrium digitum 45

palmatum, 45
Octocotylidae v. Beneden et Hesse, 25, 26
Octocotylinae Van Beneden et Hesse, 25,

45. 46, 187
Octomitiasis, II, 28
Octomitus, II, 7

salmonis, II, 28
OctostoTna merlangi, 45
Odhner, Prof. T., 72, 73
Odhner, Prof. T., Report of the Swedish

Zoological Expedition to Egypt, 1901, 66
Ogcocephalus radiatus (Mitchilll, 132
Oken, 296, 297

Oncorhynchus tschawytscha, II, 15
Ophibolus getulus, 156, 175, 280
Orthodon m,icrolepidotus, II, 9
Owl, 31. 178

Oxner, Dr. M., II, 2, 15, 29
Oxyuridae, 129, 131, 257, 273
Oxyuri.i

iguanae, sp. nov., 273-274
(Fig. 1461, 272
measurements, 274

ptychozooni, sp. nov., 273
(Fig. 145), 272

simiae, sp. nov., 257
(Fig. 135), 256

verynicularis bremser, 131
Oxyurus chrysurus, 7

Pagel mormyrus. II, 14
Pagellus. II, 15

centrodonottis, 51
Pagrosomus auratus, 50
Paradise fish, II, 20

Paragoyiimua trachysauri, sp. nov., 173-175,
176, 178

(Fig. 86), 172
measurements, 175
Paramphistomidae (Fisch.), 31, 59, 88
Paraimphistominac (Fisch.), 31, 59
Paramiihistomum Fisch., 31, 59, 88
asi>ido)irct('s, sp. nov., 59-60
(Fig. 261, facing 59
measurements, 60
chelydrae, sp. nov., 88-89
(Fig. 44 I, facing 88
2>apillostomtt7n, nov. sp., 31-33
(Fig. 131, facing 31
bibliography, 38
measurements, 33
Parasites of fishes, II, 4
crustacean, II, 6, 14
intestinal, II, 28
protozoan, II. 6. 7, 22-28
See also MacCallum. G. A., monographs
by

Numbers 1-8; 1]

Index

Parasitic Tromatodes of Marine Fishes,
Some New Forms of, by G. A. Mac-
Callum. 1-38

( FiKs. 1-16 incl. )
Parasitic Worms, Some New Forms of,
by G. A. MacCallum, 43-75
• FiKs. 17-30 incl.)
Parr, Albert E.. II. 2. 30
Ferca flavtsrtiin. II, 22. 29
Perch. II, 24
pike. II. 26
sea. 1S7

yellow, II, 22, 29
Perroncito, 234

Peters, Harry P., II. 1, 11, 20
Phoximus siiitamosus, II, 18
Phylline, 296, 297, 298
diodontis, 297
hendorffii, 294
hippoplossi. 297, 298. 299
Phyllodistomum. Ben., 64
PhylloncUa. 296, 297, 298, 299
Pickerel, II, 17. 20, 26
Pikes, II, 26, 28

wall-eyed, II, 26, 28
Plagiorchis anacondae, sp. nov., 170-173
(Fig. S5l. 171
measurements, 173
Pouonias cromis, 7
Poirier. 16S. 176
Polyacanthua dayi, II, 26
Polyncmus auratus, 68
Pohjxtoma. 86, 105
Poty.itoma (Zedert, 105
allncollis. 109. 110-111

1 Fip. 54 I. facing 110
aspidoncctis. sj). nov., 117-118

I Fig. 59i. facing 117
che'.oditiac, sp. nov.. 114-115

I Fig. 57 I. facing 114
di(jitatum. 107, 115-117

(Figs. 58. 58 A. and 58B), facing 115
eltyatis. 109. 112-113

(Fig. 55 (, facing 112
incrmc. sp. nov., 109-110
( Fig. 53 I, facing 109
integerrimum, 105, 118
megacotylc, 109
microrotylc. 109
orbicidare, 107
rugosa, sp. nov., 117, 118-120

(Fig. 60), facing 118
.ipinulosum, sp. nov., 113-114

(Fig. 56 I. facing 113
troosti. sp. nov.. 107-109
( Fig. 521, facing 108
Polynlomidac, Studies on the, by G. A. Mac-
Callum. 103-120
(Figs. 52-60)
bibliography, 120
Potystominae, 105
Pomaratithus, 291 ; II, 16, 19
arciiatiis. 300; II. 16
paru, 35
Pomatomus saltatrix, 185
Pomoxix antnilaris, II, 22, 23
Pompano. 63, 187
Pond disease of fishes. II, 6. 7, 12
Pop eve of fishes, II, 6, 7, 15. 21
Porkfish, 183 : II. 16
Potter. F. A.. II, 1
Pratt. H. C. 72. 105
Priacanthus arcnatus, 149

crucntatun, 70
Primates as parasite hosts, 285
Prionotus rarolinus, 47
Pristis perottetii, 6
Promicrops guttatus, 71 ; II, 12, 31

I'rosthogonimua. 201

japot>icua, 201
Prytherch, Herbert F., II. 1. 2(i. 21
Pseiid<jgamete8, 285
I'terophyllum scalare, II, 30
Ptyrhozoon hcmalocepltatum, 129, 273
Puffer. Pacific, 291
"Putrefaction microbes," II, 5
Pyelosomum coriacea, 204

siihargidis, 199
Python, East Indian, 269
Python sthae, 269

Railliet, A., and Henry, 124
Raja erinacea, 23

ocellata. 23
Rathke. 45
Ray, 86, 240

cow-nosed, 218

eagle, 9

spotted, 213, 218, 226

sting, 6, 7, 9. 11, 13. 16, 61, 218, 228,

231. 233
sting, spotted, 52, 53
Red fish, 149

Red Plague of fishes, II, 7, 12
Remedies for fish diseases, II, 2, 4, 8-31
Renifer. Pratt. 156, 175

ancistrodontis, sp. nov., 147-149
(Fig. 721, 146
measurements, 149
elUpticus, 175, 176
natricis, 201

(Fig. 100), 200
ophiboli, sp. nov., 175-176
(Fig. 87), 174
measurements, 176
septirus. sp. nov., 156-157
(Fig. 76), 155
measurements, 157
Reniferinae, Lss., 156
Reptiles. II, 5. 6
Rhiiioptrru8 quadriloba, 218
Rhodf^u.i amarus, II, 18
Rhyiirhohothria, 75
Rhynchohothridae, 217

Rhynchobothrium microbothrium, sp. nov.,
74-75

(Fig. 36), facing 74
measurements, 75
Rhynchohothrius, Baird, 213
aetobat), sp. nov.. 213-215
(Fig. 108), 214
measurements. 215
carangis, sp. nov., 252-254

(Fig. 132). 253
chironemi, sp. nov., 215-217
(Fig. 109). 214
measurements, 217
tangoli, sp. nov., 254
(Fig. 133), 253
Rhytidodin chclydrae. Stafford, 151-153
(Fig. 74). 150
measurements, 153
Rio do .Janeiro aquariums, II, 1
Roach, II, 20
RocruH chryHopH, II, 25

linratuii. 189, 261
Ro'ii'nhofira. 285

Roth, Dr. Wilhelm. II. 2, 18. 23. 27
Round worms, 132
Rudd. II, 24
Rudolphi. 31. 105, 201, 207. 223, 244

Salamanders, medical work with, II, 5
Salmo clarki, II, 16

fario. II, 12. 17, 18

gairdncri, II, 25

Zoopathologica

[Volumes I & II

irideus, II, 17, 18, 23, 25
irideus agua-bonita, II, 12
levenensis, II, 12, 17
roosevelti, II, 28
Salmon, Chinook, II, 15
Salmonidae, II, 4, 5, 23
Salmoperca, II, 13
Salt baths for fishes, II, 4, 8, 10, 13, 19, 21,

22, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31
Salt-water fishes, II, 4, 14, 15, 16, 30
Salvelinus fontinalis, II, 12, 16, 17, 19, 22, 23
Samuel, Mark, II, 2, 14
Saprolegnia, II, 6, 7, 9, 13, 19, 20

ferax, II, 19
Sarda sarda, 71

Scardineus erythropthalmus, II, 24
Schistosomidae, 72, 73, 199
Schrank, 31

Sclerostoma custreptos, sp. nov., 280-282
(Fig. 151), 281
measurements, 282
simiae, sp. nov., 136
"The Sclerostomidae of Horses and Don-
keys in Egypt," by Arthur Looss, 127
Sclerostomum lopholatihis, sp. nov., 277-279
(Fig. 149), 278
measurements, 279
tribulbocapitis, sp. nov., 275-277
(Fig. 148), 276
measurements, 277
Scolices polymorphus, 183
Scolopax flaviceps, 168
Scori>aeyudae, II, 15
Scyi'hoccphalinae, Ariola, 249
Scyphocciihahis, 250

bisulcatus Riggenbach, 249-251
(Fig. 130), 249
measurements, 251
Sea robin, 47

Sea water in aquariums, II, 1, 4
Seal, elephant, 34

Seale, Alvin, II, 2, 9, 12, 13, 18, 19, 20, 27, 28
Sielenc isomer, 70
Serranus cabrilla, II, 15

scriba, II, 15
Shannon, R. C. and C. T. Greene, A Bot-fly
Parasitic in Monkeys, 285-290

(Figs. 152-153, Plates A and B)
Shark, 20

bonnet-head, 242
dusky, 54
hammer-head, 210
tiger, 237
Shipley, 31, 32
Siluridae, II. 25
Siluroid fish, 133, 251
Simia satyrus, 131, 257
Skate (fish), 13, 25

summer, 23
Skin and scale disease of fishes, II, 29
Skin disease of fishes, II, 1, 5, 7, 29
Sleeper, II, 8
Snake, black, 156
copperhead, 147
king, 280
mud, 220
pilot water, 201
Snapper, 50, 52
glasseve, 70
red, .52, 212
Sotenophorus. 234, 249, 250
Some New Forms of Parasitic Worms, by
G. A. MacCallum, 43-75
(Figs. 17-36 incl.)
Some New Species of Parasitic Trematodes
of Marine Fishes, by G. A. MacCal-
lum. 1-38

(Figs. 1-16 incl.)

bibliography, 38

technique of preparing specimens for
study, 5
Spade fish, 194, 291 ; II, 16
Sphargis coriacea. Gray, 199, 203
Spheroides annulatus, 291, 300
S])hryna tibvro, 242
Si/irorrhiidae, 197
Sjiirort-hiinac, 197

Spirorchis, gen. et sp. nov., 92-93,197
(Fig. 48), facing 92
correction, 136
emydis, gen. et sp. nov., 197-199
(Fig. 99), 196 .
measurements, 199
eustreptos gen. et sp. nov., 136, 198
innominata, 198
Sporozoon parasites of fishes, II, 7, 28
Squatina sqtiatina, 153
Squeteague, 48
Stafford, Dr., 151, 163
Stephanochasmus sp., 67

robustus, sp. nov., 67-68
(Fig. 32), facing 67
measurements, 68
Sterilization of fish tanks and ponds, II, 5
Sticklebacks, II, 18, 25
Stiles, Dr. Chas. Waddell, II, 1, 27
Stiles, Dr. C. W. and A. Hassall, 207
Stingaree, 6

Stizostedion vitreum, II, 26, 28
Stossich, M., 168, 269, 283
Strigea, 31

Strongylidae, 124, 263, 267
Strongylus boae, sp. nov., 269
(Fig. 143), 270
duodenalis, 131
longivaginatus, 131
patini. sp. nov., 263

(Fig. 139). 263
simiae. 131-132

(Fig. 66), facing 131
correction, 136
Studies in Helminthology, by G. A. Mac-
Callum, 137, 284

(Figs. 69-151 incl.)
Part I : Trematodes, 141-204 ; Part 2 :
Cestodes, 205-254 ; Part 3 : Nema-
todes. 255-282
bibliography, 283-284
errata, 136
Studies on the Polystomidac, by G. A. Mac-
Callum, 103-120

(Figs. 52-60)
bibliography, 120
Stunkard, Horace Wesley, 81, 109, 120
Sturgeon, 265
lake, II, 30
short nosed, 189
Styphlodora tachesidis, 159-161
(Fig. 78), 158
measurements, 161
Suckers, II, 22, 23
Sunfish, 222 : II, 16, 20, 22, 26

bluegill, II, 16
Swim bladder trouble of fishes, II, 7, 29, 30
Sword fish, 205

Symptoms of fish diseases, II, 8-31
Synbothrium sp., 7
filicolle. 7
fra(i>U\ 6, 7
lumiitoni, sp. nov., 212

(Fig. 106), 211
lintoni, nov. sp., 6-8

(Figs. 1 and lA), facing 6
measurements, 8
Syndesmohothrium, 6

Numbers 1-8; 1

Index

Taenia acanthohothria sp. nov., 238

(FiB. 123 (. 239

chelodinac. sp. nov., 220-222

(Fig. 113). 221

measurements, 222

dysbiotoa. sp. nov.. 226-228

(Fig. 1161, 227
faranciac, sp. nov., 220

(FiK. 1121, 219
incojjtiita, sp. nov., 228-229

"(FiK. llTl, 229
naritiari, sec Tenia narinari
patini, sp. nov., 251-252
(Fig. 1311. 251
measurements. 252
iiuadriliothria, sp. nov.. 231-232

(FiK. 119), 232
rosaeformis, sp. nov.. 233

(Fig. 1201. 233
trachysauri, sp. nov., 229-231
(Fig. llSl. 230
measurements. 231
Tail rot of fishes. II. 6, 7, 11
Tangalong. 217
Tapeworm. 240

of fishes, transmissible. II, 2
Taschenberg. 72

Tee-Van. John. Drawings of British Gui-
ana Tropical Research Station location,

(Plate At, 287
Drawing of Area devoted to Research
at Kartabo

(Plate B), 288
Telorchis, 81-84

angusta, Stafford, 163-165
(Fig. 811, 162
measurements, 165
chelovi. sp. nov., 83

(Fig. 391, facing 83
(juttati, sp. nov., 83-84

(Fig. 40 (. facing 83
inscutitti, sp. nov., 81-82
(Fig. 37 1, facing 81
pallidtis, sp. nov. 82

(Fig. 38 I. facing 82
Tench, II, 12. 13, 22, 24
Tenia narinari, sp. nov., 53-54
(Fig. 23), facing 53
measurements, 54
See also Taenia
Terrapin, diamond-backed. 128
Florida diamond-backed, 128
slider. 130
Troosfs. 107. 128
Tetrabothridac, Fuhrmann. 240-241, 246
Tetrabothrinae, Fuhrmann, 240-241
Tetrabothrius, Rudolphi. 240-241

boae. sp. nov., 241-242, 244, 246
(Fig. 125), 241
measurements, 242
breri's, sp. nov., 245-248
(Fig. 128), 246
measurements, 248
gerradu, 242

lachesidis. sp. nov., 244-245
(Fig. 127), 245
measurements. 245
Tetranarce occidentatis, 27. 29
Tetrarhynchidae, Cobbold, 210
Tctrarhynchinac, Loennb., 210
Tvtrarhynchus, 210

bisulcatum, Linton. 210-212
(Fig. 105). 209
measurements. 212
hrevibothria, sp. nov., 212-213
(Fig. 107). 212
measurements, 213
narinari, sp. nov., 52-53

( Fig. 22 ), facing 52
mea-suremcnts. 53
TetraonrhiiH v. Ben. et Hesse, 20
Teuthis hi'i>atus, 20
Tile fish, 277

Tinea. II, 12, 13. 22, 23, 24
Top minnow, II, 13

Tortoise. Blanding's. xee Turtle. Blanding's
Totanus ochropus, 1G8
Townsend. Dr. C. H.. 6. 71, 222
Trachinotua carolinensis, 187
Trachysauru.1 rufjosus, 173, 176, 229
The Treatment of Fish Diseases, bv Ida

Mellon, II. 1-31
Trematoda (Rud.), 9-38, 45, 54, 55, 105
Trematode. A New Ectoparasitic, by G. A.
MacCallum. 291-300
(Fig. 154), 292
Trematodes. 103-120, 137-204 ; II, 4, 7

(Figs. 52-60), 108-118; (Figs. 69-
101), 140-202
Trematodes, Notes on the Genus Telorchis
and Other, by G. A. MacCallum, 79-98
(Figs. 37-51 incl. >
"Trematodes. Some New Species of Ecto-
parasitic." Zoologica, June, 1915, 71
Trematodes of Marine Fishes, Some New
Species of Parasitic, by G. A. MacCal-
lum, 1-38

(Figs. 1-16 incl.)
Tribothria, 250

Trionchus dasybatis, nov. gen. et nov. sp.,
16-18

(Fig. 5), facing 16
measurements, 17-18
Trionyx aspidonectcs ferox, 59

ferox, 106, 107, 115, 117, 118
Tristoma molae, 223
Tristomidac, Taschenberg. 300
Tristomiime, Monticelli, 300
Tristomum. 296
Tropical fishes, II, 3
Tropidonotus trianijuligerus, 96
Trout, II. 10, 16, 22, 26, 27, 28
American brook, II, 12, 18
brook, II. 12, 16, 17, 19, 22, 23
brown. II. 17. 18
Eastern brook, II, 17
golden. II. 12
Lochleven. II, 12, 17
rainbow. II. 17, 18, 23. 25
steelhead. II. 25
young. II. 28
Trunk fish. 64
Tuberculous carp. II. 2
Tumors in fishes. II. 5. 6. 12 (footnote)
Turtle. 106. 107. 141. 145. 191, 220

Blanding's. 193. 197. 198. 275. 280
Cumberland. 109, 110, 112, 129
green, 31
hawksbill. 31
leathery. 203
long-neoked, 114
sea. 199
snapping. 181
soft-shelled. 59. 115, 117
spotted. 83
wood, 81. 82. 83. 92
Turtles, medical work with. II. 6
Tylocvi>halum marsupium, 218
pingur, Linton, 218
(Fig. Ill ), 219
TylosuruH marinus. 55

Ulcers of fishes. II. 7. 12. 19
Uncinaria, 267

duodenalis Railliet, 131
Vrophycia chuas, 46

Zoopathologica

[Volumes I & II

Vacuum cleaner for fish tanks, II, 3

Van Beneden, P. J., 25, 45, 52, 61, 62, 105,

120, 237, 294, 295
Van Beneden, P. J. and C. E. Hesse, 296,

298
Varanus niloticus, 234

ornatus, Daud., 274, 275

salvator, 234, 249, 274, 275
Viviparous fishes, II, 16
von Linstow, 31, 274, 275, 294, 295
von Siebold, 106

Wagener and Leuckart, 223

Ward, Prof. H. B., 124, 126, 198

Water in aquariums, care of, II, 1, 3, 5

Weak fish, 48. 205

Weatherfish, II, 18

Wedlia, 72, 73

Whirling sickness of fishes, II, 7, 28

White fish, II, 26

White spot disease of fishes, II, 24

Whiting, 25

Wickliff, E. L., II, 2

Winsor, Dr. Henry, II, 2

Wolf, Herman T., II. 2, 8, 11, 14, 15, 19, 20,
21, 22, 28, 30, 31

Wood's Hole, U. S. Fish Commission Lab-
oratory, studies in, 5 et seq.

Wounds and cuts of fishes, II, 6, 7, 28, 30, 31

Xeroform, II, 2
Xiphias gladius, 205
Xystretrum, 65, 66

papillosum, 65, 66

solidum, 65

Yellow tail, 185

Zamenis contortrix, 269

Zeder, 168

Zeller, 106

Zoogonoides boae, sp. nov., 159

(Fig. 77), 157
Zygonectes dispar, II, 13

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