PLANT COMMUNITIES OF NORTHEASTERN MONTANA:
A FIRST APPROXIMATION
Robert L. DeVelice
U.S. Forest Service
Chugach National Forest
201 East 9th Avenue
Anchorage, Alaska 99501
Stephen V. Cooper & J. Tim McGarvey
Montana Natural Heritage Program
1515 East 6th Avenue, Helena, MT 59620
Juanita Lichthardt
Moscow, Idaho 83843
Patrick S. Bourgeron
The Nature Conservancy
Boulder, CO 80302
© 1995 Montana Natural Heritage Program
submitted to
U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management
State Office
Billings, Montana
in partial fulfillment of
Assistance Agreement No. 1422-E950-A1-006
Task Orders 12, 23, 26
This document should be cited as follows:
DeVelice, R.L., S.V. Cooper, J. T. McGarvey, J. Lichthardt and P.S. Bourgeron. 1995. Plant communities of
northeastern Montana: A first approximation. Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena. MT. 116 pp.
1
MISSION STATEMENT
This study is a working component of the Montana Natural Heritage Program's (MTNHP)
grasslands/shrublands ecological classification project (GSCP) and The Nature Conservancy's ecology
program in the western United States. The Nature Conservancy program provides key information on plant
communities to be used for conservation planning, management, research, and moni-toring. Although
grasslands and shrublands cover over 75% of the Montana landscape, an exhaustive review of existing
information (MTNHP 1990) revealed them to be the least documented vegetation types of the state. Therefore,
the GSCP is designed as a first approximation classification over the full range of ecological conditions. This
document will serve as a baseline for regional correlations of existing classifications. The information provided
by the project will be the basis for programs to model the effects of management, global changes, and other
variables on the vegetation types and diversity patterns, and their implications for further management and
conservation planning. The project will continue to focus on strong collaborative work with the various state
and federal agencies (BLM, USFS, BIA, DOD) and other institutions (e.g. Montana universities) in order to
contribute to the development of a tightly integrated state-wide classification system.
ABSTRACT i '
Interrelationships between vegetation composition and envHfonment were studied using 125 vegetation plots
sampled in a 12.5 million acre (50,000 km^) area of predominantly mixed-grass prairie in northcentral to
northeastern Montana. Using a combination of two-way indicator species analysis, detrended correspondence
analysis, and detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA), 24 community types were identified. The
patterns in community composition were strongly correlated with soil disturbance and moisture gradients and
these relationships are discussed. Keys are provided for each community type sampled (and 54 additional
types docu-mented in the literature).
2
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION . 4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 4
PREVIOUS RESEARCH . 4
STUDY AREA . 6
Physiography . 6
Climate . 7
METHODS . 7
Data Collection . 7
Data Analysis . 9
Taxonomic Considerations . 12
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . I3
Vegetation Community Type Classification . 13
Vegetation-Environment Relationships . 14
Conclusions . 18
Key to Plant Associations/Community Types of Northeastern Montana Study Area . 19
Forests and Woodlands: Scienticfic followed by Common Name:
Juniperus scopulorum/Agropyron spicatum (Rocky Mountain juniper/bluebunch wheatgrass) . 34
Juniperus scopulorum/Oryzopsis micrantha (Rocky Mountain juniper/littleseed ricegrass) . 34
Pinus fponderosa/Agropyron spicatum (ponderosa pine/bluebunch wheatgrass) . 35
P. ponderosa/Carex pensylvanica (ponderosa pine/Pennsylvania sedge) . 35
P. ponderosa/Festuca idahoensis (ponderosa pine/Idaho fescue) . 36
P. ponderosa/Juniperus horizontalis (ponderosa pine/creeping juniper) . 37
P. ponderosa/Juniperus scopulorum (ponderosa pine/Rocky Mountain juniper . 37
Pseudostusga menziesii/Symphoricarpos occidentalis (Douglas-fir-western snowberry) . 38
Shrubland Community Types
Artemisia cana/Agropyron smithii (silver sagebrush/western wheatgrass) . 39
A. cana/Stipa comata (silver sagebrush/needle-and-thread) . . 39
Artemisia tridentata/Agropyron smithii (big sagebrush/western wheatgrass) . 40
A. tridentata/Agropyron spicatum (big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass) . 41
A. tridentata-Atriplex confertifolia {b\g sagebrush/shadscale) . 41
Atriplex nuttallii/perer\nn\a\ grass (Nuttall saltbush/perennial grass) . 42
A. nuttailii/Eriogonum paucifiorum (Nuttall saltbush/few-flowered buchwheat; . 43
Ceratoides ianata/Stipa comata (winterfat/needle-and-thread) . 43
Juniperus horizontalis/Agropyron dasystachyum (creeping juniper/thick-spiked wheatgrass) . 44
Juniperus horizontalis/Andropogon scoparius (creeping juniper/little bluestem) . 44
J. horizontalis/Calamovilfa longifoiia (creeping juniper/prairie sandgrass) . . 45
J. horizontaiis/Juncus baiticus (creeping juniper/Baltic rush) . 46
Rhus trilobata/Agropyron spicatum (skunk-bush sumac/bluebunch wheatgrass) . 46
Sarcobatus vermiculatus/Agropyron smithii (black greasewood/western wheatgrass) . 46
Sarcobatus vermiculatus-Atriplex nuttallii (black greasewood-Nuttall saltbush) . 47
3
Shepherdia argentea/X (silver buffaloberry/ X)
Forb-dominated Community Types
48
Agropyron smithii/Bouteloua gracilis (western wheatgrass/blue grama) . 49
A. smithii/Stipa viridula (western wheatgrass/green needlegrass) . 49
Agropyron spicatum-Bouteloua gracilis (bluebunch wheatgrass-blue grama) . 50
A. spicatum-Poa secunda (bluebunch wheatgrass-Sandberg bluegrass) . 51
Andropogon scoparium-Carex filifolia (little bluestem/thread-leaved sedge) . 52
Artemisia longifolia/Oryzopsis hymenoides (longleaved sagewort) . 53
Calamovilfa longifolia-Carex pensylvanica (prairie sandgrass-Pennsylvania sedge) . 53
Stipa comata-Bouteloua gracilis (needle-and-thread (-) blue grama) . 54
Stipa comata-Carex filifolia (needle-and-thread (-) thread-leaved sedge) . . 55
Stipa curtiseta-Stipa viridula (needlegrass-green needlegrass) . 56
LITERATURE CITED
APPENDIX A. List of Vascular Plant Species Identified in Sample Plots . . 64
APPENDIX B. Constancy, Average Coverage and Range of Cover Values for Vasular Plant Specie with
Greater Than 3% Canopy Cover in any Given Plot . 70
APPENDIX C. Assignment of Plots (Site Numbers in ECADS) to Community Types . 107
APPENDIX D. Plant Associations and Community Types Occurring in BLM Havre, Phillips, Valley
and Big Dry Resource Areas . 112
4
INTRODUCTION
This study provides a classification of plant communities (primarily grasslands and shrublands) throughout
northeastern Montana (Figure 1). The study emphasized locating and describing rare or previously
undescribed communities and common communities in good to excellent ecological condition. Such a
classification will be useful in identifying sensitive communities and natural areas where management activities
may need to be adjusted to maintain habitat values. Additionally, the classification provides a reference system
for baseline monitoring of environmental impacts and vegetation recovery and provides an ecological basis for
categorizing environmental variation.
This study represents a step towards developing a comprehensive classification of Montana plant communities
that will provide land managers and scientists a state-wide perspective of community variation (nation-wide
when correlated with other state classifications). Such a perspective is invaluable towards making sound
management prescriptions and predictions, designing and interpreting experiments, and identifying areas of
critical importance for conservation.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All financial and personnel support for this study were provided by the Montana Natural Heritage Program and
the Montana State Library and USDI Bureau of Land Management. Many resource managers, particularly
USDI Bureau of Land Management, USDA Soil Conservation Service, and USDI Bureau of Indian Affairs
personnel, provided assistance in locating appropriate sampling sites.
The authors would particularly like to thank Peter Achuff, Lisa Schassberger, David Genter, Margaret Beer, and
Cedron Jones for their reviews and feedback during the development of this classification. Lisa Roe
contributed much valuable field data as did Robert Ament through his conscientious assistance. Appreciation
is also extended to Dorinda Monson and Brooke Wineteer who helped prepare and clean the immense amount
of data generated by this study. Especially crucial to the final phase of data analysis and report generation
were the programming errorts of Larry Gangi, Michael Quinn and John Caratti whose “beta version” of analysis
programs embedded within ECADS proved to be an indespensible tool.
PREVIOUS RESEARCH
Grasslands and shrublands cover over 75 percent of the Montana landscape, yet are the most poorly
described vegetation types of the state. Figure 1 highlights both the vast expanse of Montana grasslands and
the sparseness of available detailed community characterizations (particularly in northeastern Montana). To
date, studies characterizing grassland and shrubland communities of Montana have been of limited
geographical and ecological scope. The most extensive existing studies include Mueggler and Stewart's
(1980) in western Montana, Jorgensen's (1979) and Harvey's (1982) studies in east-central Montana, and
Hansen and Hoffman's (1985) work in southeastern Montana. A recent dissertation (Harvey 1990) describing
the major component species of grassland/shrubland communities of south-central Montana in relation to water
availability gradients has bearing on community distribution on regional landscapes.
Grassland and shrubland studies available for the northeastern Montana study area, that at least in part are
classifications, include Branson et al. (1970), Mackie (1970), and Dusek (1971); but, all of these studies cover
relatively small geographic areas and have no associated formal taxonomies (keys to community types or plant
associations).
Relevant grassland/shrubland classifications from adjacent states and provinces include: Whitman and
Hanson (1939), Coupland (1950; 1961), Hansen et al. (1984), Hansen (1985), Girard et al. (1989), and Jones
(1992).
5
In contrast to grasslands and shrublands, the classification of forest types of Montana is largely complete, at
least for late serai (mature) to climax associations. The upland forest classification of Pfister et al, (1977),
based largely on sampling National Forest and immediately adjacent lands, has been refined and
complemented by the work of Cooperand Pfister (1981; 1985) and Roberts et al. (1979) on Montana Indian
reservations and Roberts (1980), Hoffman and Hansen (1981), and Hansen and Hoffman (1985) for other
publicly held lands. A Montana-wide habitat/community type classification of riparian/wetland sites (including
forest-, shrub-, and herb-dominated plant associations and communities) has recently been completed
(Hansen et al. 1995).
Prior to initiating field sampling, literature review and data from previous research was used to develop a
preliminary classification of northeastern Montana's plant communities. Forested communities in the study
area have been largely described by Roberts (1980) and Roberts et al. (1979) while riparian community types
have been defined by Hansen et al. (1995). Grasslands and shrublands were found to be the least
documented plant communities of the area and were thus the focus of data collection in this study.
6
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STUDY AREA
The study area (Figure 1) includes all lands north of the Missouri River in Blaine, Phillips, Valley, Daniels,
Roosevelt, and Sheridan counties^ Hill County east of the Milk River; and Hill and Choteau Counties east of the
Northeastern Montana Glaciated Plains Ecoregion (as defined by Omernik and Gallant [1987]).
Physiography
The study area encompasses approximately 12.5 million acres and ranges in elevation from about 1 ,900 feet
on the Missouri River at the North Dakota border to 6,900 feet at the summit of Mount Baldy in the Bear's Paw
Mountains. Except for the Bear's Paw and Little Rocky Mountains, the area lies entirely within the Glaciated
Missouri Plateau section of the Great Plains Physio-graphic Province (see Fig. 6 in Montagne et al. 1982). The
southern boundary of this section is defined by the southern limit of continental glaciation during the last ice
age (Pleistocene Epoch). For the most part, these plains consist of relatively flat to gently rolling sedimentary
(particularly shale) and glacial till surfaces modified by stream erosion and past glaciation (Veseth and
Montagne 1980). Some areas of moderately to sharply dissected badlands topography do occur, particularly
along the Missouri River and Frenchman Creek drainages.
The Bear's Paw and Little Rocky Mountains occur as isolated "island" uplifts within the study area. A wide
range of parent materials occur within these mountain ranges although the central portions of both ranges are
predominantly intrusive igneous (Veseth and Montagne 1980).
Climate
Most of the study area experiences the extreme summer heat and winter cold of a continental climate and lies
directly in the path of many arctic air masses from the north (Montagne et al. 1982). Average annual
precipitation varies from over 30 inches at the crest of the Bear's Paw Mountains to between 1 0 and 12 inches
throughout the bulk of the study area (see sheet 2 in Ross and Hunter 1 976). The average length of the
freeze-free season varies from less than 70 days at the crest of the Bear's Paw Mountains to greater than 130
days along portions of the Milk River (see Fig. 13 in Montagne et al. 1982),
METHODS
Data Collection
To maximize the efficiency in sampling the range of vegetation and environmental variation, sample sites were
selected using a modification of the "gradsect" (gradient transect) method described and evaluated by Gillison
and Brewer (1985) and applied successfully by Austin and Heyligers (1989). The method, as applied in the
present study, involved selecting a set of USGS 7.5' (1 :24,000) topographic quadrangle maps containing the
maximum perceived range of shrubland/grassland environmental variation in the overall study area. Emphasis
was placed on representing the range of moisture, temperature, radiation, and soil nutrient regimes since these
factors are presumed (and well documented elsewhere) to have a primary influence on species occurrence
and growth.
The following site attribute information was overlaid onto a USGS quadrangle index map of the study area to
select quadrangles for sampling among the approximately 470 potentially available:
a) land use (from Fig. 23 of Montagne et al, 1982) - quadrangles falling predominately
(i.e., over 50%) in agricultural land uses were excluded from further consideration.
8
b) average annual precipitation (from Sheet 2 of Ross and Hunter 1 976) - three
classes were subjectively defined, i.e., <12 inches, 12 - 16 inches, >16 inches. This
attribute was regarded as an indicator of moisture regime,
c) average length of freeze-free season (from Fig. 1 3 of Montagne et al. 1 982) - three
classes were subjectively defined, i.e., <100 days, 100 - 120 days, and >120 days.
This attribute was regarded as a indicator of temperature regime.
d) surficial geology (from Figs. 9, 13, 17, 21, 23, 25, and 32 of Veseth and Montagne
1980) - the six classes represented by the Veseth and Montagne figures were used
(Figs. 21 and 23 were subjectively merged). This attribute was regarded as a
surrogate for nutrient regime.
e) Radiation regime was considered and rejected in the process of defining gradsect
units since it varies greatly at relatively fine geographic scales for different slopes and
aspects, particularly in complex, finely dissected terrain. However plot selection in the
field attempted to include a wide range of slope/aspect combinations in each sampling
area as a means to capture vegetation response to radiation differences.
A total of 175 plots were targeted for sampling based on the time available for this study (note: only 125 plots
were ultimately sampled via the gradsect approach). A total of 5 plots/seiected quadrangle were chosen as a
reasonable average to represent local-scale patterns in community composition. Thus, 35 quadrangle maps
were selected for sampling (i.e., 5 x 35 = 175).
After eliminating agriculturally dominated quadrangles from the pool (this reduced the number of quadrangles
from about 470 to 221), a matrix of precipitation/freeze-free classes was constructed and the number of
quadrangles in each class was recorded. The percentage in each class relative to the total number of
quadrangles (221) was used to determine the number of quadrangles (by class) to be included in the pool to be
sampled (e.g., 25% in class Z x 35 sample quadrangles = 9 plots of class Z in the sample pool).
An attempt was made to maximize surficial geology variation within the sample pool by including as many
geologic classes as possible within each of the above sample classes. Also, sample quadrangle selection was
biased towards quadrangles that included the greatest number of geologic classes within a precipitation/
freeze-free class. Additionally, an attempt was made to maximize the geographic dispersion of quadrangles
selected while maintaining the primary objective of maximizing environmental variation.
Finally, in cases of an equal choice between selecting a quadrangle encompassing primarily private land
versus one encompassing primarily public land, the public land quadrangle was selected. This was done to
enhance the ease of land access.
To minimize the confounding nature of heavy disturbance on vegetation composition areas intensively grazed
(overgrazed), herbicide treated, mechanically disturbed, artificially seeded, or irrigated were not sampled. Plots
were established within portions of stands that appeared to be relatively uniform in topography and vegetation
structure and compostion. Within an area, one to five plots were chosen to reflect the different topographic
positions, aspect/slope combinations and where judgement indicated a marked change in vegetation
composition.
Plot selection focused on contemporary stands of vegetation without reference to successional relationships
among stands. No attempt was made to solely locate and sample remnants of presettlement vegetation.
The data were recorded on a Natural Heritage Program Community Survey Form for each plot. These forms
9
basically contain the same information as the general plot data and ocular plant species data forms used by the
USDA Forest Service within their ECODATA sampling regime (USDA 1987). Complete lists and canopy
cover estimates of vascular plant species were recorded within each 375 m^ circular study plot. Site
information such as altitude, slope, aspect, parent material, landform, and erosion type were also recorded for
each plot (Table 1). Soil taxon was recorded when a survey report was available for the site.
Two additional partial field seasons were spent collecting community data following the initial data collection
and analysis. In 1992 R. DeVelice and L. Roe inventoried additional sites in the Big Dry Resource Area. In
1993 S. Cooper sampled two specific areas that have potential as ACEC's, Saddle Butte just south of the Little
Rockies and Bitter and Frenchman Creek drainages, a vast area of badlands-like topography northwest of
Glasgow, MT. Data sets from Big Dry R. A., Saddle Butte and Bitter Creek areas were compared with the
preliminary classification (DeVelice et al. 1991) and were found to fit, with only minor modifications to the
vegetation key arid reallocation of plots to community types. Several community types new to the state were
discovered with both the extensive sampling in the Big Dry R.A. and with intensive sampling of the Bitter Creek
area .
Data Analysis
Analysis focused on using a combination of classification, to determine community types, and ordination
(gradient analyses), to describe general patterns of communities in relation to environmental factors. All
information regarding site variables and plant composition was converted to an ECODATA database format
and analyzed with programs based in ECADS ( Ecosystem Classification and Description System, USDA
Forest Service R-1). Classification was accomplished using two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN;
Hill 1979a) in the ECODATA analysis package. Ordination was achieved using the detrended correspondence
analysis (DCA) and detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA) algorithms in the CANOCO
computer package (Ter Braak 1988). The input data were species cover values recorded in each plot and. in
the case of DCCA, the 18 environmental variables recorded (Table 1; note - radiation index was used in these
analyses rather than aspect). Both TWINSPAN and DCA are based on the same mathematical strategy (i.e.,
reciprocal averaging; Hill 1979a,b) and thus offer direct comparisons between the results of ordination and
classification.
All default options in the TWINSPAN algorithm were used except that pseudospecies cut levels were set at 0,
2, 5, 20, and 50 percent cover. Also, all default options were used in running the ordinations except that rare
species were downweighted. First, the entire data matrix of 170 stands and 230 species was analyzed. To
reduce the amount of variation being considered, which is substantial in the whole matrix, the data set was also
subdivided into forest, shrubland, and grassland groups which were analyzed separately.
In some instances, a particular TWINSPAN class included a plot or plots that, based on field experience and
ordination patterns, appeared to be better placed in a different existing TWINSPAN class. These plots were
repositioned in the classification as appropriate.
In addition to helping refine the classification, the ordinations assisted in describing and interpreting general
patterns of vegetation communities and environment. For example, DCA extracts the dominant compositional
gradients from the species data matrix, irrespective of site variables, whereas DCCA extracts the dominant
gradients given the constraint that they must be orthogonal linear combinations of the supplied environmental
variables (Ter Braak 1988).
10
Table 1. -Environmental variables measured at each sample plot.
ABBREVIATION VARIABLE VARIABLE TYPE
elev
elevation (ft)
quantitative
aspect
aspect (°)
quantitative
slope
slope (%)
quantitative
rad
radiation index
quantitative
soil
soil cover (%)
quantitative
gravel
gravel cover (%)
quantitative
rock
rock cover (%)
quantitative
litter
litter cover (%)
quantitative
wood
wood cover (%)
quantitative
moss
moss cover (%)
quantitative
basal
basal veg. cov. (%)
quantitative
parent material
categorical
alluv
alluvium
eolian
eolian
till
glacial till
sedm
sedimentary
igne
igneous
landform
categorical
mtn
mountains
rolling
rolling uplands
break
breaklands
plat
plateaus
kame
kames and kettles
flood
alluvial forms
plot position
categorical
vail
valley bottom
draw
draw
short
short slope
lower
lower slope
mid
mid slope
ridge
ridge
slope shape
categorical
even
even
convex
convex
concave
concave
undulate
undulating
11
Table 1. -(continued)
ABBREVIATION
VARIABLE
VARIABLE TYPE
soil surface status
categorical
stable
stable
stable-
stable (erosion trend)
unstable
unstable
unstable+
unstable (stable trend)
erosion type
categorical
noeros
none
sheet
sheet
rill
rill
shril
sheet and rill
shgul
sheet and gully
gully
sheet, rill, and gully
wind
wind
ground cov. disturbance
categorical
undistur
undisturbed
low
low
mod
moderate
high
high
12
Taxonomic Considerations
Nomenclature follows Kartesz and Kartesz (1985) with the exception of graminoids. With the current flux in
graminoid taxonomy (e.g. such a common rangeland dominant as bluebunch wheatgrass having scientific
epithets Agropyron spicatum, Elymus spicatus, Elytrigia spicata and Pseudoroegneria spicata) we opted to
follow the conservative approach of the U S. Forest Service ECODATA manual, appendix K, 1992). In an
preliminary version of this document (DeVelice et al. 1991) we did not discriminate between Stipa spartea var.
curtiseta and S. comata in respect to ecological information conveyed by their respective occurrences (only two
for S. spartea v. curtiseta). Further sampling in northernmost MT and comparison with ecological
classifications of Canandian Provinces (Coupland 1961) and exhaustive taxonomic descriptions by Barkworth
(1978) lead to the conclusion that S. comata and S. curtiseta (ne. S. spartea v. curtiseta) are valid taxonomic
entities with rather distinct ecologies. Scientific names of all species in this study, their code names, and their
synonyms (from GPFA 1 986) are listed in Appendix A.
RESULTS
Vegetation/Community Type Classification
Classification of the original 125 plots resulted in the definition of 24 community types, in addition to the 24
types sampled an additional 54 community types were documented thru a literature and database query and
these 78 types constituted the vegetation types of the preliminary analysis. With extension of sampling to the
Big Dry R.A.., the intensive sampling at Birch-Frenchman Creek drainages and Saddle Butte vicinity and a
more extensive database and report query, particularly of the Montana Riparian Association reports of
vegetation analyses of specific drainages, an additional 35 community types were added to make the regional
total 113.
Dichotomous keys to community/habitat types were abstracted from existing classifications and modified to suit
any peceived changes in defining parameters for these types. Robert's (1980) keys for forest types of the
Little Rockies and Bears Paw Mountains and Missouri River Breaks were only slightly modified to incorporate
some forest types with bunchgrass or xeric site rhizomatous grass dominated undergrowth; these drier forest
types largely represent range extensions of common types previously described by Pfister et al. (1977) and
Hansen and Hoffman (1988). The above noted authors have adequately described the various types and no
description is provided herein for types previously described, especially since our n-number is low.
Montana's wetland/riparian vegetation has been classified and described by the Montana Riparian Association
(Hansen et al. 1995) and we have followed their Northern Great Plains keys in constructing our study area
specific keys. We have modified some of their type defining coverage values to better reflect conditions as we
perceived them in study area. Based on an informal agreement to partition sampling between MRA
(riparian/wetlands) and MTNHP (uplands) we did not collect wetlands data except in the instance of some
badlands areas that had received little sampling by MRA.
The eastern Montana grasslands have been incorporated into a key-accessible classfications only in the work
of Hansen and Hoffman (1988) for some districts of the Custer National Forest and Jorgensen (1979) for the
Yellow Water Triangle. Mueggler and Stewart's (1980) habitat type classification for western Montana
describes many community types that extend with some slight floristic modification (and more signifianct
change in landscape position or other defining parameters) to eastern Montana). We have attempted to
synthesize these classifications with our interpretations of environment-vegetation relationships to derive
workable keys.
13
Regardless of physiognomic type, in constructing vegetation keys our defining precept has been to identify
types in order according to their occurrence on a hypothetical moisture gradient, from wet to dry. Community
types with extroidinary defining physical site attributes, such as those of saline playas or erosive shale
substrates are also given priority in the keys.
Those community/habitat types with written descriptions in this manuscript have been highlighted in the keys
and in the community type listing (Appendix C), that also records their S and G ranks. Appendix D is a listing
of plot placement by community type. The constancy/cover tables (Appendix C) can be used to check the
cover values listed in the written descriptions of the various types. Constancy is the percentage of plots in
which a given species occurs, whereas species cover is the average value for canopy cover computed only for
those plots in which the species occurs. Consulting constancy/cover tables gives a more complete picture of
community type composition. In order to streamline the constancy/cover tables only species occurring with at
least 3% cover are listed; in most cases this has not removed from the tables those species used to
characterize certain of the types, however some species never occur with appreciable cover values and thus
they may not be listed, though their constancy is high (they will be named in the community type narrative).
Vegetation-Environment Relationships
Plots within a community type/plant association of the DCA and DCCA ordinations (see Figure 3 and Appendix
H respectively, see DeVelice et al. 1991) cluster together indicating that they occupy similar compositional and
environmental multidimensional space. The primary environmental factors affecting community composition
gradients appear to be effective moisture and soil disturbance. Temperature gradients are relatively truncated
within the study area (excepting the few mountainous environments with appreciable relief) and inferred to be
of minor importance. All of the plots sampled were selected within similar thermal environments characterized
by extreme summer heat and winter cold.
DCA ordinations of the initial 125 plot data set revealed that 116 plots cluster near the origin of axes 1 and 2
and that the outliers were composed of the “badlands" types such as Artemisia longifolialOryzopsis
hymenoides and Sarcobatus vermiculatus-Atriplex gardnerii (Figure 2a). When axes 1 and 3 are plotted
(Figure 2b) another outlier community type, Juniperus horizontalis/Andropogon scoparius, typical of eroded
14
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Figure 2c. DCA (Detrended Correspondence Analysis) ordinations. Initial 16 forested plots of the original 125 plot sample, plotted on first (horizontal)
and second (vertical) axes. Community types encapsulated and named by six letter species acronyms (see appendix A for listing).
“blowout” sites is revealed. Stratification of the dataset by dominant lifeform revealed more detail about
environment-vegetation relations by allowing the variability in environmental factors to be displayed, rather than
compressed toward the origin as occurs with a highly heterogeneous dataset representing all lifeforms.
Similarity indices computed between plots the initial dataset and those of subsequent sampling indicated that
the subsequent plots were, with but two exceptions {Juniperus horizon talis- and Populus tremuloides-
dominated sites), highly similar to those composing the original dataset and thus further ordinations were
deemed superfluous.
CONCLUSIONS
One function of the MTNHP is the development of a statewide database of plant community occurrences. A
major limitation is the current lack of a comprehensive grassland/shrubland community classification. This
study represents a step towards achieving such a comprehensive classification.
Another function of the MTNHP is to provide information regarding communities and sites for conservation. A
classification such as this is necessary to define and identify key elements and sites in northeastern Montana
for potential long-term preservation. Similarly, government agencies could use the classification for the
identification and design of natural areas.
This classification can be usefully applied in stratifying vegetation/environmental variation to assess
management options and results. The classification can also assist in minimizing impacts from intensive
management by identifying sensitive plant communities (e.g., PSEMEN/SCHSCO). The classification also
provides a tool for baseline monitoring and predicting long-term vegetation responses to management
activities. This capability would also assist agencies in meeting regulatory mandates (e.g., requirements of
FLPMA).
Even following this study, existing classifications and data inadequately describe the grassland and shrubland
communities of Montana. Major additional field sampling is necessary before a comprehensive
grassland/shrubland community classification can be developed. This study in eastern Montana will continue
over the next two years. This effort will provide additional knowledge regarding community patterns,
processes, and physical environment relations. Such knowledge will be invaluable towards developing full
capability to inventory eastern Montana communities and to increase predictive capability (e.g., build vegetation
and biodiversity models).
18
Table 2. Key to plant associations/community types of northeastern Montana study area (Bureau of
Land Management Havre, Valley, Phillips and Big Dry Resource Areas).
The following canopy coverage and reproductive success terms are applied when referring to species
in the keys.
Present: species on site and not confined to microsite
Absent: species lacking on site or confined to obvious microsite that does not represent overall plot
environment
Common:with 1% or more canopy cover, versus
Scarce: having less 1% canopy cover.
Well represented: having 5% or more canopy cover, versus
Poorly represented: having less than 5% canopy cover
Abundant: having 25% or greater canopy cover
Not abundant: having less than 25% canopy cover
Reproducing successfully: Generally at least 10 seedlings/
saplings per acre and not confined to microsites
Caveats when using keys: 1) In applying the key to actual field conditions the definitions below
may need to be adjusted to the next lower coverage class, e.g. "well represent" becomes "common."
This may be necessary when closed canopy stage of forest succession obtains, or when grazing
pressure (intense) has altered community composition. 2)ln the case of early successional stages,
particularly with regard to potentially forested sites, the current stand composition may not "key out"
to a described c.t. or h.t.; this is because the keys are intended for use with relatively mature
vegetation. See Keane and Arno (1987) or Steele (1988) for an approach dealing with classification
and description of serai vegetation (forest).
KEY TO LIFEFORM CATEGORIES
(Note that within each lifeform category there are separate keys for upland sites (listed first), those with better drainage
and thought not to meet all three criteria for jurisdictional wetlands (i.e. hydric soils, hydrophytic plants, and wetland
hydrology) and wetland and riparian sites; some community types are encompassed in both wetland and upland keys
because site conditions may span the range between jurisdictional and functional wetlands (wherein only one of the above
listed criteria may be met).
1 . Trees (coniferous or deciduous, regardless of size-age class) having at least 25% canopy cover
. Forests and Woodlands
1. Trees with less than 25% canopy cover . 2
2. Shrub species (from prostrate forms to tall extremes of woody growth at 25 ft.), singly or considering their combined
cover, having at least 10% canopy cover (or in young stands accepting that fututre development will
19
Shrub Communities
. 3
eventuate in at least !0% canopy cover) .
2. Shrub species or their combined cover having less than 10% canopy cover or not as above
3. Herbaceous species (forbs and graminoids [grass-like plants, such as rushes and sedges] having at least 5% canopy
. Herbaceous Communities
3. Herbaceous species having less than 5% canopy cover (due either to natural habitat factors or processes or human-
induced impacts . . Depauperate sites
KEY TO UPLAND FORESTS AND WOODLANDS
! (largely based on Roberts [1989] and Roberts et al. [1979] as being most regionally appropriate classifications, though
certain types are also described by Pfister et al.[1 977] and Hansen and Hoffman [1 988])
Series Key
1. Abies lasiocarpa (subalpine fir) present and reproducing successfully . Abies lasiocarpa Series
! 1. /A. /as/ocarpa absent or not reproducing successfully . 2
2. Picea (spruce) spp. (including P. engeimannii [Engelmann spruce] and/or P. glauca [white spruce] or their hybrids)
present and reproducing successfully . Picea spp Series
2. Picea spp. (including hyrids) absent or not reproducing successfully . 3
3. Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir) present and reproducing successfully . Pseudotsuga menziesii Series
3. P. menziesii absent or not reproducing successfully . 4
4. Pinus flexilis (limber pine) present and reproducing successfully (although episodically at times) . . Pinus flexilis Series
4. P. flexilis absent or not successfully reproducing . 5
5. Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine) in virtually pure stands, not necessarily reproducing, lacking evidence as to climax
potential . Pinus contorta Series
5. P. contorta absent or not reproducing, Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine) and/or Juniperus scopulorum (Rocky
Mountain juniper) present and not accidental . 6
6. Pinus ponderosa present, not accidental or confined to microsites . Pinus ponderosa Series
6. P. ponderosa absent or accidental, Juniperus scopulorum the indicated site dominant
. . . Juniperus scopulorum Series
Key to Abies lasiocarpa (subalpine fir) plant associations/community types
Abies lasiocarpa/Linnaea borealis p.a
. 2
2. Juniperus communis (common juniper) or Festuca idahoensis (Idaho fescue) dominate the undergrowth
. Abies lasiocarpa/Juniperus communis p.a.
2. Not as above . Undefined Type, but first consult
Roberts ( 1 980) or Pfister et al. ( 1 977)
1. Linnaea borealis (twinflower) common
1 . L borealis scarce .
20
Key to Picea (spruce) spp. plant associations/community types
1. Equisetum spp. (horsetails, principally E. arvense) abundant . Picea sppJEquisetum arvense p.a.
1 . Equisetum spp. not abundant . 2
2. Comus sto/on/fera (C. sencea, red osier dogwood) present . Picea sppJCornus stolonifera p.a.
2. C. stolonifera absent . 3
I 3. Linnaea borealis (twinflower) common . Picea spp.lLinnaea borealis p.a,
I 3. L borealis scarce . 4
I 4. Juniperus communis dominates undergrovjth . Picea spp. I Juniperus communis p.a.
j 4. J. communis not undergrowth dominant - - . Undefined type, but first consult Roberts (1980) or Pfister et al. (1977)
Key to Pseudotsuga menziesii (Dougias-fir) plant associations/ community types
1. Cornus canadens/s (bunchberry) common . Pseudotsuga menziesii/Cornus canadensis p.a.
1 . C. canadensis scarce . 2
2. Linnaea borealis (twinflower) common . Pseudotsuga menziesii/Linnaea borealis p.a.
2. L borealis scarce . 3
3. Two of the following three species present and not confined to microsites; Viola canadensis, Thalictrum occidentalis,
Osmorhiza spp. (mostly O. chilensis, respectively Canada violet, western meadworue, mountain
sweet-root) . Pseudotsuga menziesilA/iola canadensis p.a.
3. Not as above . 4
4. Amelanchier alnifolia (western serviceberry) or Spiraea betulifolia (shiny-leaf spiraea) well represented .
. Pseudotsuga menziesii/Amelanchier alnifolia p.a,
4. A. alnifolia and S. betulifolia poorly represented . 5
5. Berberis repens (creeping barberry) common . Pseudotsuga menziesii/Berberis repens p.a,
5. 6. repens scarce . 0
6. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (kinnikinnick) well represented . Pseudotsuga menziesii/Arctostaphylos uva-ursi p.a.
j 6. A. uva-ursi poorly represented . . . 7
I 7. Symphoricarpos occidentalis (western snowberry or S. albus, common snowberry) well represented . ; .
. Pseudotsuga menziesii/Symphoricarpos occidentalis p.a,
7. S. occidentalis (or S. albus) poorly represented . 8
j 8. Muhlenbergia cuspidate (plains muhly) well represented . Pseudotsuga menziesii/Muhlenbergia cuspidata p.a.
8. M. cuspidata poorly represented . g
9. Juniperus scopulorum (Rocky Mountain juniper) well represented . . Pseudotsuga menziesii/Juniperus scopulorum p.a.
9. J. scopulorum poorly represented . 10
10. Agropyron spicatum (Pseudoroegneria spicata, bluebunch wheatgrass) well represented or undergrowth dominant
. Pseudotsuga menziesii/Agropyron spicatum p.a.
10. A. spicatum poorly represented or not the undergrowth dominant . 11
21
11. Andropogon scoparius (little bluestem) undergrowth dominant . . . Pseudotsuga menziesii/Andropogon scoparius p.a.
} 11. Not as above, A. scoparws not dominating undergrowth . Undefined type, but first consult Roberts (1980)
I Pfisteretal. (1977)
Key to Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine) plant associations/community types
1. Linnaea borealis (twinflower) common . Pinus contorta! Linnaea borealis p.a.
1 . L. borealis scarce . 2
I
' 2. Juniperus communis (common juniper) or Arctostaphyios uva-ursi (kinnikinnick) the dominant undergrowth
. Pinus contorta/Juniperus communis p.a.
2. J. communis and/or A. uva-ursi not undergrowth dominants . . Undefined type but first
consult Roberts (1980) or Pfister et al. (1977)
Key to Pinus flexilis (limber pine) plant associations/community types
1. Agropyron spicatum {Pseudoroegneria spicata, bluebunch wheatgrass) well represented or the undergrowth dominant
. Pinus ftexilis/Agropyron spicatum p.a.
I.A. spicatum poorly represented, not the undergrowth dominant . . . Undefined/unreported type, see Pfister el al (1977)
Key to Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine) plant associations/community types
1. Amelanchier alnifolia (western serviceberry) well represented (be sure to consider browsing intensity when assigning
cover values . Pinus ponderosa/ Amelanchier ainifioiia p.a.
1 . A. alnifolia poorly represented . ' 2
2. Arctostaphyios uva-ursi (kinnikinnick) well represented . Pinus ponderosa/Arctostaphylos uva-ursi p.a.
2. A. uva-ursi poorly represented . . . 3
3. Berberis (Mahonia) repens (creeping barberry) well represented . Pinus ponderosa/Berberis repens p.a.
3. B. repens poorly represented . 4
4. Symphoricarpos occidentalis (western snowberry) well represented .
■ . Pinus ponderosa/Symphoricarpos occidentalis p.a.
4. S. occidentalis poorly represented . 5
5. Juniperus horizontalis (creeping juniper) or Rhus trilobate {R. aromatica, skunk-bush sumac) common .
. Pinus ponderosa/Juniperus horizontalis p.a.
5. J. horizontalis and R. trilobata scarce . . 6
6. Juniperus scopulorum (Rocky Mountain juniper) well represented . Pinus ponderosa-Juniperus scopulorum p a
6. J. scopulorum poorly represented . 7
7. Carex pensylvanica (C. inops, C. heliophila, long stolon or sun sedge) and/or Andropogon scoparius [Schizachyrium
scoparium, little bluestem) dominate the undergrowth . 8
7. Neither C. pensylvanica nor >4. scoparius dominate undergrowth . . 9
8. A. scopar/us well represented or dominates the undergrowth . Pinus ponderosa/Andropogon scoparius c.t.
8. Carex pensylvanica dominates the undergrowth, usually well represented . Pinus ponderosa/Carex heliophila p.a.
22
9. Festuca idahoensis (Idaho fescue) or F. scabrella (F. campestris, rough fescue) common
9. F. idahoensis and F. scabrella scarce
Pinus ponderosa/Festucal idahoensis p.a.
. . 10
10. Agropyron spicatum (bluebunch wheatgrass) well represented or the undergrowth dominant
. Pinus ponderosa! Agropyron spicatum p.a.
10. Not as above. ..Undefined type, see Hansen and Hoffman (1988)
or Pfister et al. (1977)
Key to Juniperus scopulorum (Rocky Mountain juniper)
plant associations/community types
1 . Oryzopsis micrantha (littleseed ricegrass) common . Juniperus scopulorum/Oryzopsis micrantha p.a.
'\. 0. micrantha scarce, not undergrowth dominant . . 2
2. Agropyron spicatum well represented or undergrowth dominant . Juniperus scopulorum/Agropyron spicatum p.a.
2. A spicatum poorly represented, not dominant . Undefined type, see Pfister et al.(1977)
Key to Upland Shrub Plant Associations/Community Types
1 . Combined cover of all species in tall shrub (^ 4.5 ft.) layer at least well represented . 2
1. Tall shrub species combined cover poorly represented . 5
2. Crataegus succulenta (succulent hawthorn) or C. doug/as/7 (black hawthorn) well represented or the dominant shrubs
. Crataegus succulenta c.t.
2. C. succulenta and C. douglasii poorly represented . 3
3. Shepherdia argentea (silver or thorny buffaloberry) well represented or dominant species of tall shrub layer
. Shepherdia argentea c.t.
3 S. argentea poorly represented and not the dominant of the tall shrub layer . 4
4. Eleagnus commutata with at least 15% canopy cover . Eleagnus commutata c.t.
4. E. commutata with less than 15% canopy cover . 5
5. Prunes virginiana well represented and dominant species of tail shrub stratum . Prunes virginiana c.t.
5. P. virginiana poorly represented and not the dominant tall shrub . Undefined/unrecorded tall shrub p.a./c.t.
6. Sarcobatus vermiculatus (black greasewood), Atriplex nuttallii (/\. gardnerii, Gardner's saltsage) or Atriplex confertifolig
(shadscale) , singly or in aggregate, well represented or dominants of shrub layer . 7
6. S. vermiculatus, A. nuttallii and A. confertifolia, singly or in aggregate, poorly represented, not shrub layer dominants .
. . 18
7. A confertifolia (shadscale) well represented or the layer dominant/co-dominant . . . 8
7. A. confertifolia poorly represented, not layer dominant . g
8. Artemisia spp. poorly represented and not layer dominant/co-dominant . Atriplex confertifolia c.t.
8. Artemisia tridentata (big sagebrush) well represented or layer do-dominant with A. confertifolia
. Artemisia tridentata-Atriplex confertifolia p.a.
23
9. Atriplex nuttallii (Gardner’s saltsage) well represented or layer dominant/co-dominant . 1 0
9. A. nuttallii poorly represented, not layer dominant . . 16
10. Shrubs in addition to A. nuttallii (Gardner’s saltsage) well represented or layer dominant/co-dominant . 1 1
10. Excepting A. nuttlallii, shrubs poorly represented and not shrub layer dominants/co-dominants . 13
1 1 . Sarcobatus vermiculatus (black greasewood) well represented or at least co-dominant with A. nuttallii
. Sarcobatus vermiculatus-Atriplex nuttallii cA.
1 1 . S. vermiculatus poorly represented, not approaching Atriplex nuttallii in degree of dominance . 12
12. Artemisia tridentata (big sagebrush) well represented or layer codominat .... Artemisia tridentata-Atriplex nuttallii c.t.
, 12. A. tridentata poorly represented and not the layer dominant/co-dominant . Undefined/unrecorded shrub type
13. Eriogonum pauciflorum (few-flowered buckwheat) common or dominant of forb-grass layer .
. Atriplex nuttallii/Eriogonum paucllforum c.t.
j 1 3. £ pauciflorum scarce or not forb-grass layer dominant . . 14
14. Sporobolus airoides (alkali sacaton) well represented or dominant of forb-grass layer .
j . Atriplex nuttallii/Sporobolus airoides cA.
j 14. S. airoides poorly represented & not grass-forb layer dominant . 15
, 15. Agropyron (Pascopyrum) smithii (western wheatgrass) or >4. dasystachyum (thickspike wheatgrass) well-represented
or layer dominants, singly or combined . Atriplex nuttlallii/Agropyron smithii c.t.
15. A. smithii & A. dasystachyum poorly represented, not layer dominants, singly or combined .
. . Undefined/unrecorded Atriflex nuttallii Series c.ts.
16. Sarcobatus vermiculatus (black greasewood) well represented or layer dominant/co-dominant . 17
16. S. vermiculatus poorly represented, not layer dominant/co-dominant .
17. Agropyron smithii (western wheatgrass) well represented or layer dominant .
. Sarcobatus vermiculatus/Agropyron smithii c A.
17. A. smithii poorly represented & not layer dominant . Undefined Sarcobatus vermiculatus Series c.ts.
18. Artemisia cana (silver sagebrush) well represented; if other spp. of Artemisia present, coverage of A. cana not more
than one cover class less . 19
18. A. cana poorly represented or having significantly less coverage than other shrubby Artemisia spp . . 23
19. Agropyron smithii (western wheatgrass) or A. dasystachyum (thickspike wheatgrass) well represented (only common
if grazing moderate to intensive) . Artemisia cana/Agropyron smithii c.t.
19. A. smithii and A. dasystachyum poorly represented (or scarce under intensive grazing) . 21
20. Stipa comata (needle-and-thread) or Bouteloua gracilis (blue grama) well represented or dominate the
herbaceous layer . Artemisia cana/Stipa comata c.t.
20. S. comata and 6. gracilis poorly represented, not dominant herbs . . Undefined/unrecorded Artemisia cana Series c.t.
21. Ceratoides (Eurotia, Krascheninnikovia) lanata (winterfat) well represented . 18
21. C. /anafa poorly represented . 19
22. Stipa comata (needle-and-thread) well represented . Ceratoides lanata/Stipa comata c.t.
22. S. comata poorly represented . Undefined/unrecorded Ceratoides lanata Series c.t.
23. Juniperus horizontalls (creeping juniper) well represented or the dominant shrub . 24
24
23. J. horizontalis poorly represented or not dominant shrub
30
24. Juncus balticus (baltic rush) or Juncus (rush) spp. common . Juniperus horizontalis/Juncus balticus c.t.
24. J. balticus or Juncus spp. scarce . 25
25. Andropogon scoparius (Schizachyrium scoparium, little bluestem) well represented .
. Juniperus horizontalis/Andropogon scoparius c.t.
25. A. scoparius poorly represented . . 26
26. Agropyron dasystachyum (thickspike wheatgrass), Stipa viridula (green needlegrass) or Stipa curtiseta (porcupine
needlegrass) well represented, singly or combined cover, or common under grazing pressure .
. Juniperus horizontalis/Agropyron dasystachyum c.t.
26. A. dasystachyum, S. viridula, and S. curtiseta, singly or combined, poorly represented . . . 27
27. Carex pensylvanica (C. inops, C. heliophila, long-stonon or sun sedge) well represented .
. Juniperus horizontalis/Carex pensylvanica p.a.
27. C. pensylvanica poorly represented . . 28
J 28. Calamovilfa longifolia (prairie sandgrass) or Calamagrostis montanensis (plains reedgrass) weil represented or
’ dominating the herbaceous layer . Juniperus horizontalis/Calamovilfa longifolia
28. C. longifolia and C. montanensis poorly represented, or not the layer dominants .
c.t.
29
29. Agropyron spicatum {Pseudoroegneria spicata, bluebunch wheatgrass) well represented (common if under grazing
pressure) . Juniperus horizontaiis/Agropyron spicatum cX.
29. A sp/cafum poorly represented . Undefined Jun/perus honzonfa/z's Series c.t.
i 30. Artemisia tridentata (big sagebrush) well represented (adjust cover upwards if burned shrub skeletons on site or try to
estimate pre-burn shrub cover) . 31
30. A. tridentata poorly represented . 36
31. Festuca scabrella (F. campestris, rough fescue) well represented (common, if grazing pressure, including wildlife,
> moderate) . Artemisia tridentata/Festuca scabrella h.t.
31 . F. scabrella poorly represented . . 32
32. Festuca idahoensis (Idaho fescue) well represented (common, if grazing pressure, including wildlife, > moderate)
. Artemisia tridentata/Festuca idahoensis p a
32. F. idahoensis poorly represented . 33
33. Agropyron spicatum {Pseudoroegneria spicata. bluebunch wheatgrass) well represented (reduce to only common with
grazing) . Artemisia tridentata/Agropyron spicatum p.a.
33. A. spicatum poorly represented . 34
34. Agropyron (Pascopyrum) smithii (western wheatgrass) the dominant grass or if well represented (only common if
grazing pressure intensive) . Artemisia tridentata/Agropyron smithii cX.
34. A. smithii not the dominant grass and poorly represented . . 35
35. Stipa comata (needle-and-thread) and/or Bouteloua gracilis (blue grama) the dominant grasses .
. . Artemisia tridentata/Stipa comata p.a.
35. S. comata and B. gracilis not the dominant grasses . Undefined/unrrecorded Artemisia tridentata Series c.t./h t.
36. Rhus trilobata (R aromatica, skunk-bushweli sumac) well represented or dominant shrub . 37
36. R trilobata poorly represented, not dominant shrub . 39
25
37. Agropyron spicatum (Pseudoroegneria spicata, bluebunch wheatgrass) well represented (common, if grazing
moderate to intensive) . Rhus trilobata/Agropyron spicatum p.a.
37. A. spicatum poorly represented . 38
38. Calamovilfa longifolia (prairie sandgrass) well represented . Rhus trilobata/Calamovilfa longifolia p.a.
38. C. longifolia poorly represented . Undescribed/unreported Rhus trilobata Series p.a./c.t.
39. Yucca glauca (soapwell) well represented . 40
39. Y. glauca poorly represented . Shurb-dominated c.t./p.a. undescribed/unreported for study area
40. Calamovilfa longifolia (prairie sandgrass) well represented . Yucca glauca/Calamovilfa longifolia c.t.
40. C. longifolia poorly represented . Undefined/unreported Yucca glauca Series c.t./p.a. for study area
KEY TO UPLAND GRASSLANDS AND FORB-DOMINATED
PLANT ASSOCIATIONS/COMMUNITY TYPES
1. Herbaceous vegetation (graminoids & forbs) dominant; shrubs, if present, widely scattered with coverage less than 5%
or is half-shrubs such as Artemisia frigida (fringed sage) or Gutierrezia sarothrae (broom snakeweed); if desire to
establish nature of potential natural vegetation determine site's fire and grazing history . 2
1. Woody plants well represented or the site indicating potential to support at least 10% shrub coverage .
. see heading "Upland Shrub Key”
2. Deschampsia cespitosa (tufted hairgrass) or various moist-site Carex spp. dominant (sites supporting Carex spp. such
as C.rostrata.C.aquatiHs, C. athrostachya, C. nebrascensis tend to wetland conditions and sho uid be tracked through,
wetland key) . Deschampsia cespitosa-Carex spp, c.t.
2. Not as above . 3
3. Juncus balticus (baltic rush) common, not restricted to microsites . Juncus balticus c.t.
3. J. balticus scarce, or confined to microsites . 3
4. Poa pratensis (Kentucky bluegrass) abundant or the dominant graminoid (may be wetland site, soils and hydrology
need examination; see wetland key of Hansen et al. (1995) . Poa pratensis c.t
4 P. pratensis not abundant and not the graminoid dominant . 5
5. Artemisia longifolia (longleaved sagewort) common or the dominant/co-dominant species on sites with depauperate
canopy cover (usually <10% total cover) a high percentage of exposed substrate, usually clays typical of badlands
topograpy . Artemisia longifolia c.t.
5. Not as above, A. longifolia not dominant/co-dominant . 6
6. Andropogon scoparius (Schizachyrium scoparium, little bluegstem) or 4. gerardii (big bluestem) well represented 7
6. Andropogon spp. poorly represented . 10
7. A. gerardii (big bluestem) well represented, Calamovilfa longifolia (prairie sandgrass) common
. Andropogon gerardii-Catamovilfa longifolia c.t.
7. A. gerardii poorly represented . . 8
8. Muhlenbergia cuspidata (plains muhly) well represented . Andropogon scoparius-Muhlenbergia cuspidata c t.
8. M. cuspidata poorly represented . 9
26
9. Carex filifolia (thread-leaved sedge) common
9. C. filifolia scarce .
. . . Andropogon scoparius-Carex filifolia c.t.
Undefined/unrecorded Andropogon spp. c.t.
10. Festuca scabrella {F . campestris, rough fescue) well represented (or only common if grazing pressure appears
moderate to intensive .
1 0. F. scabrella poorly represented .
11. F. iahoensis (Idaho fescue) well represented
a minor component, if present .
1 1 . Not as above .
or co-dominant with F. scabrella (rough fescue), Agropyron spicatum
. Festuca scabrella-Festuca idahoensis h.t.
. Undocumented study area Festuca scabrella Series c.t.
12. Festuca idahoensis (Idaho fescue) well represented (only common with intensive grazing) 13
12. F. idahoensis poorly represented . ^4
13. Carex heliophila (C. Inops, C. pensylvanica, sun or long-stolon sedge) well represented or co-dominant or second in
cover to F. idahoensis . Festuca idahoensis-Carex heliophila c.l.
13. C. heliophila poorly represented, not co-dominant or second in cover to F. idahoensis
. . Undescribed study area Festuca idahoensis Series c.t.
14. Stipa curtiseta (porcupine needlegrass) well represented (only common if grazing pressure appreciable) . 15
14. S. curf/sefa poorly represented (or scarce if grazed) . 16
1 5. Stipa viridula (green needlegrass) well represented . stipa curtisetarStipa viridula .c. t.
15. S. viridula poorly represented . Undescribed/unrecorded study, area Stipa. curtiseta Series.c.t.
16. Agropyron spicatum {Pseudoroegneria spicata, bluebunch wheatgrass) well represented (only common, if grazing
pressure moderate to intensive .
16. A. spicatum poorly represented (or scarce if grazed) .
17. Agropyron smithii (western wheatgrass) well
1 7. A. smithii poorly represented
represented (only common, if grazed .
. Agropyron spicatum-Agropyron smithii p.a.
. 18
18. Muhlenbergia cuspidata (plains muhly) well represented . Agropyron spicatum-Muhlenbergia cuspidata c t.
18. M. cusp/dafa poorly represented . 19
19. Carex filifolia (thread-leaved sedge) well represented and the dominant/co-dominant of low grass layer .
. Agropyron spicatum-Carex filifolia c.t.
19. C. filifolia poorly represented and not dominant/co-dominant of short grasses . 20
20. Bouteloua gracilis (blue grama grass) well represented . . Agropyron spicatum-Bouteloua gracilis c.t.
20. S. grac/7/s poorly represented . 21
21 . Rhizomatous wheatgrasses (Agropron spp.) absent; Poa secunda (Sandberg's bluegrass) usually,
but not always, present . Agropyron spicatum-Poa secunda c.t.
21 . Not as above . Undescribed/unrecorded Agropyron spicatum Series c.t.
22. Agropyron smithii (western wheatgrass) well represented
22. A. smithii poorly represented .
27
23. Stipa viridula (green needlegrass) well represented
23. S. viridula poorly represented .
Agropyron smithli-Stipa viridula c,t
. 24
24. Carex filifolia (thread-leaved sedge) and C. stenophylla (C. eieocharis, narrow-leaved sedge) singly or combined, well
represented and dominant of short grass layer . Agropyron smithil-Carex filifolia c t
24. C. filifolia and C. stenophylla poorly represented . 25
25. Bouteloua gracilis (blue grama) well represented . Agropyron smithii-Boutleloua gracilis c.t,
25. B. gracilis poorly represented . Undescribed/unrecorded Agropyron smithii Series c.t.
26. Calamovilfa longifolia (prairie sandweed) well represented . 27
26. C. longifolia poorly represented . 28
27. Carex pensyivanica (C. heliophila, C. inops, long-stolon or sun sedge) well represented .
. . Caiamovilfa iongifolia-Carex pensyivanica c.t.
27. C. pensyivanica poorly represented . Undescribed/unreported Calomovilfa longifolia Series c.t.
28. Stipa comata (needle-and-thread) or Boutelous gracilis (blue grama) well represented or dominant/co-dominant
grasses . 29
28. Not as above . Unrecorded/undescribed study area forb-dominated c.t.
29. Calamovilfa longifolia (prairie sandreed) well represented or the dominant graminoid .
. Stipa comata-Calamovilfa longifolia c.t.
29. C. longifolia poorly represented, not the dominant grass . 30
30. Bouteloua gracilis (blue grama) dominant or co-dominant with S. comata . Stipa comata-Bouteloua gracilis c..t.
30. Not as above . Undefined/unrecorded Stipa comata Series c.t., see North Dakota classifications
KEY TO RIPARIAN VEGETATION
(based on/modified from Hansen et al. 1995)
Key to Lifeform Groups
1. Coniferous trees present and reproducing successfully, not restricted to microsites .... Coniferous Tree Communities
1. Coniferous trees absent or, if present, not as successfully reproducing as deciduous tree spp., not microsite restricted 2
2. Fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash), Acernegundo (box elder) or Populus tremuloides (quaking aspen), singly or
combined with at least 5% canopy cover or deciduous tree species, other than three named above, with single or
combined coverages of at least 25% (abundant) . Deciduous Tree Communities
2. Not as above . 3
3. Shrub species, singly or their combined cover, at least 10% . Shrub Communities
3. Shrub species, singly or combined cover, less than 10% . Herbaceous Communities
Key to Coniferous Wetland Communities
1 . Picea (spruce) spp. present and reproducing successfully . 2
1 . Picea spp. absent or not successfully reproducing . 3
28
2. Equisetum arvense (field horsetail) or Equisetum (scouring ruch) spp. abundant . PICEA/EQUARV h t
2. Equisetum spp. not abundant . Undefined PICEA SERIES c.t.
3. Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir) present and successfully reproducing . 4
3. P. menz/es// absent or not reproducing successfully . 5
4. Populus (cottonwood) spp. well represented or following species, single or combined cover 1%, Cornus stolonifera
(red osier dogwood), Salix (willow) spp., Actaea rubra (baneberry), E. arvense . PSEMEN/CORSTO h.t.
4. Not as above . Undefined PSEMEN SERIES c.t.
5. Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine) present and reproducing successfully . 6
I 5. P. ponderosa absent or not successfully reproducing . 3
!
' 6. Popu/us (cottonwood) spp. well represented or Cornus sfo/on/fera common . PINPON/CORSTO h.t.
6. Populus spp. poorly represented and C. stolonifera scarce . 7
I 7. Prunus virginiana (common chokecherry) or Amelanchier alnifolia (western serviceberry) well represented, singly or
combined cover . PINPON/PRUVIR h.t.
7. P. virginiana or A. alnifolia, singly or combined cover, poorly represented . Undescribed PINPON wetland c.t.
8. Juniperus scopulorum (Rocky Mountain juniper) present and reproducing and Populus tremuloides (quaking aspen) and
Fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash) poorly represented . g
8. P. tremuloides or P. pennsylvanica or their combined greater than 5% . GO TO DECIDUOUS KEY
9. Populus (cottonwood) spp. well represented or C. stolonifera, Poa pratensis, Agrostis stolonifera, singly '
or combined cover, greater than 1 % . JUNSCO/CORSTO h.t.
9. Populus spp. poorly represented and C. stolonifera, P. pratensis, A. stolonifera, singly or combined
with less than 1% cover . Unclassified riparian-wetland site
Key to Broad-leaved, Cold-deciduous, Wetland Forests
I 1. Prax/huspennsy/van/ca (green ash) common (canopy cover >5%) . FRAPEN/PRUVIR h.t
1 . F. pennsylvanica scarce . 2
2. Acernegundo (box elder) common . ACENEG/PRUVIR h.t
2. A. negundo scarce3
3. Populus trichocarpa (black cottonwood) with greater canopy cover than other Populus or Salix (willow) spp . 4
3. P. trichocarpa with less canopy cover than other Populus spp . 6
4. Seedling or sapling classes of Populus trichocarpa (black cottonwood) dominate the site; site a recently deposited
alluvial bar . POPTRI/RECENT ALLUVIAL BAR c.t.
4. Pole or larger size classes of P. trichocarpa dominate the site (not aTecent gravel bar deposition) . 5
j 5. Shrub species abundant (>25% c.c.) . POPTRI/CORSTO c.t.
5. Shrub species not abundant . . POPTRI SERIES c.t. not documented for study area
6. Populus deltoides (Great Plains cottonwood) with greater canopy cover than other tree species . 7
6. P. deltoides with less canopy cover than other tree spp . g
29
7. Seedling and sapling (<5.0 in) size classes dominate the site; site is recently deposited alluvial bar
. . . POPDEL/RECENT ALLUVIAL BAR c.t.
7. Pole and larger (>5.0 in) size classes dominate the site . . 8
POPDEL/CORSTO c.t.
POPDEL/POAPRAc.t.
8. Shrub species abundant . . .
8. Shrub species not abundant
9. Salix amygdaloides (peach-leaf willow) with greater canopy cover than other tree species . SALAMY c t
9. S. amydaloides canopy cover less than that of other tree species . DECIDUOUS TREE SERIES not documented
for study area
Key to Wetland Shrub Communities
1. Salix (willow) spp. with at least 10% canopy cover . 2
1. Sa//x spp. having less than 10% canopy cover . 5
2. Salix lutea (yellow willow) having at least 10% canopy cover . 3
2. S. lutea with less than 10% canopy cover . 4
3. Calamagrostis canadensis (bluejoint reedgrass), C. stricta (slimstem reedgrass) or Deschampsia cespitosa (tufted hair-
grass) , individual or combined canopy cover, at least %5 . SALLUT/CALCAN h.t.
3. C. canadensis, C. stricta and D. cespitosa, individually or combined, with less than 5% coverage; undergrowth
dominated by one or a combination of following disturbance species; Agrostis stolonifera, Juncus balticus, Phleum
^ pretense, Poa paiustris ox Poa pratensis . SALLUT/POAPRA c.t,
4. Saiix exigua (sandbar willow) having greater canopy coverage than any other Salix (willow) spp. (excepting
S, bebbiana) . . SALEXI c.t
I 4. Other Salix spp. with greater canopy coverage than S, exigua . Unclassified riparian-wetland site
5. Sarcobatus vermiculatus (black greasewood) well represented . 6
5. S. vermiculatus poorly represented . 7
6. Agropyro/? sm/fM (western wheatgrass) the dominant graminoid . SARVER/AGRSMI h.t.
6. A. sm/fM not the dominant graminoid . Undefined SARVER SERIES c.t
7. Crataegus succulents (succulent hawthorn) or C, douglasii (black hawthorn), individually or combined cover, well
represented . CRASUC c.t.
7, C. succulents and C. douglasii, singly or combined coverages, poorly represented . 8
8. Prunus Virginians (common chokecherry) with at least 10% canopy cover and having greatest canopy cover
amongst the tallest statum . PRUVIR c.t.
8. Not as above . 9
9. Shepherdia argentea (silver buffaloberry) having at least 15% canopy cover and with the greatest canopy cover in the
tallest layer . . SHEARG c.t.
9. S. argentea having less than 1 5% canopy cover and not having greatest canopy cover of tallest layer species .
. 10
1 0. Artemisia cans (silver sagebrush) well represented
10. A. cana poorly represented .
30
1 1
12
1 1 . Agropyron smithii (western wheatgrass) the dominant graminoid
1 1 . A. smithii not the dominant graminoid .
. ARTCAN/AGRSMI h.t.
Undescribed wetland site ARTCAN SERIES c.t.
12. Symphoricarpos occidentalis (western snowberry) or S. albus (common snowberry) singly or their
combined coverages at least 15% . SYMOCC c.t.
12. S. albus or S. occidentalis, combined or singly, with less than 15% coverage and lacking most cover
of species in tallest layer . . 13
13. Rosa woodsii (woods rose) or R. acicuiaris (prickly rose), individually or their combined cover, having
at least 15% coverage and with the greatest coverage in the tallest layer . ROSWOO c.t.
1 3. R. woodsii and R. acicuiaris or any combination of the two having less than 15% coverage
and without greatest coverage of the tallest layer . Unclassified riparian-wetland site
Key to Wetland Herbaceous Communities
1 . Carex (sedge) spp. with a combined canopy cover of at least 25% or dominant taxa of herbaceous component . 2
1. Carex spp. less than 25% coverage and not the dominant herbceous taxa . 5
2. Carex rostrata (beaked sedge), C. versicaria (inflated sedge), or C. atherodes (slough sedge), singly
or combined coverages, well represented . CARROS h t
2. C. rostrata, C. vesicaria or C. atherodes, individually or combined coverages, poorly represented . 3
3. Carex aquatilis (water sedge) or C. lenticularis (lentil-fruit sedge), coverages considered separately or
combined, well represented . CARAQU h.t.
3, C. aquatilis or C. lenticularis poorly represented, separate or combined coverages . 4
4, Carex nebrascensis (Nebraska sedge) having a greater coverage than any other individual Carex spp. . CARNEB c.t.
4. C. nebrascensis not having the greatest coverage of any individual Carex spp .
. . Unclassified wetland c.t. or possibly not wetland site
5. Typha latifolia (common cattail) or T. angustifolia (lesser cattail), individually or combined, having at least
25% coverage . TYPLAT h.t.
5. T. latifolia and T. angustifolia, singly or combined, having less than 25% coverage . 6
6. Scirpus (bulrush) spp. well represented . 7
6. Scirpus spp. poorly represented . 10
7. Scirpus acutus (hardstem bulruch) or S. validus (softstem bulrush), individually or combined cover,
well represented . SC I AC U h.t.
7. S. acutus and S. validus, considered singly or combined, poorly represented . 8
8. Scirpus maritimus (alkali bulrush) well represented . SC I MAR h.t.
8. S. maritimus poorly represented . 9
9. Scirpus pungens (bulruch) well represented . SCIPUN h.t.
9. S. pungens poorly represented . Unclassified Scirpus SERIES c.t.
10. Phragmites australis (plume reed) well represented . PHRAUS h.t.
10. P. australis poorly represented . 11
31
11. Phalaris arundinacea (reed canarygrass) well represented . PHAARU h.t.
IIP. arundinacea poorly represented . 12
12. Spartina pectinata (prairie cordgrass) or S. gracilis (alkali cordgrass), individually or their combined
coverage, well represented . SPAPEC h t
12. S. pectinata and S. graciiis, singly or combined coverage, poorly represented . 13
13. Eleocharis palustris (common spikesedge) or E. acicularis (needle spikesedge), individually or combined.
well represented . ELEPAL h.t
13. E. palustris and E. acicularis, singly or combined coverage, poorly represented . 14
14. Deschampsia cespitosa (tufted hairgrass) well represented (only common in presence of grazing pressurd^ESCES h t.
14. D. cespitosa poorly represented . 15
15. Distichlis spicata (inland or alkali saitgrass) well represented . DISSPI h.t.
15. D. spicata poorly represented . 16
16. Agropyron smithii (western wheatgrass) well represented . AGRSMI h.t.
16. A. sm/fM poorly represented . . READ THE FOLLOWING KEY
Key to herbaceous communities representing putative serai or anthropogenic conditions
[Before using key do the following: 1 ) Examine the stand and determine if any shrub species are present. If so, go back
through shrub key and reduce all canopy coverages to present class; 2) Lacking shrubs, retrace herbaceous key with
coverage classes reduced by one class; 3) If stands still does not fit key, then use the following key to serai or disturbance
induced types or unclassified wetland types.]
1 . Polygonum amphibium with greater cover than any other herbaceous species . . . POLAMP c.t.
1. Other herbaceous species having greater coverage than P. amphibium . 2
2. Salicornia rubra with a greater canopy cover than any other herbaceous species . SALRUB c.t.
2. S. rubra with less cover than any single herbaceous species . 3
3. Glycyrrhiza lepidota with greater coverage than any single herbaceous species . GLYLEP c.t.
3. G. lepidota having less cover than any single herbaceous species . 4
4. Juncus balticus well represented or with greater canopy coverage than any other herbaceous species
. JUNBALc.t.
4. J. balticus poorly represented and not having greater coverge than any other herbaceous species . 5
5. Agrostis stolonifera well represented having a greater coverage than any single herbaceous species .
. AGRSTOc.t.
5. A. stolonifera poorly represented and other single herbaceous species with greater cover than A. stolonifera . 6
6. Hordeum jubatum with greater cover than any other single herbaceous species . HORJUB c.t.
6. Other herbaceous species with greater cover than H. jubatum . 7
7. Poa pratensis well represented or having greater cover than any other single herbaceous species . POAPRA c.t.
7. P. pratensis poorly represented and other single herbaceous species having greater cover
Unclassified wetland site; see "Riparian Dominance Types of Montana" by Hansen et al. (1991) for possible description of
stand. Dominance types are named by species with greatest canopy cover the uppermost layer; however, dominant
species must have at least 25% cover.
32
TREE-DOMINATED PLANT ASSOCIATIONS/COMMUNITY TYPES:
Juniperus scopulorum/Agropyron spicatum p.a.
(JUNSCO/AGRSPI; rocky mountain juniper/bluebunch wheatgrass; 3 plots
WHTF designation JUHSCOI Pseudoroegneha spicata)
Environment: This community type was found in low to moderate relief rolling uplands as well as in badland
arroyos/drawss, often occurring adjacent to JUNSCO/ORYMIC h.t., but on warmer exposures (not strictly north¬
facing) with the same moderate to steep slopes. JUNSCO/AGRSPI also has more exposed soil and rock, often
exceeding 50%. Three of the four sampled stands were on calcareous substates, though this h.t. is not confined
to these substrates.
Vegetation: As a result of past cutting for fencing stands of JUNSCO/AGRSPI were rather open, with coverage
of 8 to 12 ft tall Juniperus scopulorum not exceeding 50%; we speculate tree coverage does not much exceed this
figure due to limitations of site factors. The higher coverage of shrubs (up to 20 % for Artemisia tridentata and A.
frigida) reported here than in southeastern Montana (Hansen and Hoffman 1988) is also attributable to serai
conditions. The undergrowth is dominated by graminoids, chief among which and diagnostic of the type is
Agropyron spicatum, always well represented (40% ave. cover). Carex filifolia and Koeleria cristata have high
constancy and Bouteioua curtipendula is consistently present in the easternmost occurrences of this type. Forb
diversity is moderately high, but coverages are generally low, not exceeding 10% except in the most open stands.
Other Studies: In a study centered on southeastern Montana Hansen and Hoffman (1988) have best
documented this type and Brown (1971) has also described it for badland drainages of the Ashland District, Custer
National Forest. This h.t. has been described as relatively common in North Dakota and Wyoming and extends as
far south as South Dakota and Colorado.
Juniperus scopulorum/Oryzopsis micrantha p.a.
(JUNSCO/ORYMIC; Rocky Mountain juniper/little-seed ricegrass; 6 plots)
Environment: JUNSCO/ORYMIC is a minor type within the study area. It is usually associated with unique
substates, sandstones or other well-drained surfaces, and predominantly moderate to steep north-facing slopes. In
badland topography JUNSCO/ORYMIC it is associated with draws, especially cove-like positions that are
protected from winds or that moisture collecting. Adjacent more exposed and warmer positions are often
characterized by high erosion rates and early serai commuity types with no characteristic vegetation.
Vegetation: Although Juniperus scopulorum now usually forms a nearly closed canopy 9 to 14 ft tall, all sampled
stands had been heavily cut in the past for fenceposts. An occasional Acer negundo was found in moist
microsites, usually near ravine toeslopes. The undergrowth is invariably dominated by Oryzoposis micrantha with
coverages ranging from 10 to 70%; this species is not found outside these sites. Though grass-dominated, these
stands support a rich diversity of forbs, including those associated with relatively mesic sites e.g. Smilacina
stellata, Galium boreale, Geum triflorum and Campanula rotundifolia.
Other Studies: This plant association has been described by Hansen and Hoffman (1988) for southeastern
Montana and Hansen et al. (1984) for Theodore Roosevelt National Park (North Dakota), Our stands are much
more similar to those of southwestern Montana, having much less undergrowth combined canopy cover than
those of North Dakota; the presenceand occasionally well represented bunchgrasses indicate these sites are
either drier or in earlier serai stages than those described by Hansen and Hoffman (1988).
33
Pinus ponderosa/Agropyron spicatum p.a.
(PINPON/AGRSPI; ponderosa pine/bluebunch wheatgrass; 9 plots
WHTF designation P\NPON/ Pseudoroegneria spicata)
Environment: In areal extent PINPON/AGRSPI is not a major study area h.t. but it is one of the most broadly
distributed across MT, occurring on diverse substrates and within quite different climatic zones (due to factor
compensation). In the study area this type is found predominantly on non-glaciated, well-drained sedimentary
substrates (sandstone, calcareous and non, shale, calcareous and non) but was also sampled on igneous
substrates. Over most of the study area in non-mountainous settings PINPON/AGRSPI is found in low to
moderate relief landscapes on cooler exposures (northwest thru north to east-facing slopes) and all degrees of
slope inclination; it also noted to form a ribbon along slope shoulders. Where the type is found at higher elevations
in mountain foothills its position may shift to warmer exposures, including steep south-facing slopes.
Ail the above-cited environments are fire-prone and several of the sample stands had been recently burned. A
lack of trees with fire scars probably reflects low fuel levels but could also reflect effective fire suppression. The
amount of exposed substrate and litter varied widely, depending on fire history and vegetation cover, particularly
that of the tree layer.
Vegetation: Our sampling included all but early serai stages (lacking trees or with very low density) and old-
growth stages. This type most often approximates a woodland structure with P. ponderosa canopy cover ranging
between 20 and 70%. Juniperus scopulorum may occur as scattered individuals. In a plains environment
PINPON/AGRSPI grades to various grassland types (generally Agropyron spicatum dominated) on drier
exposures or occasionally to PINPON-JUNSCO. In foothills/mountain settings PINPON/AGRSPI usually
represents the driest forested sites.
Shrub cover, even in early serai conditions, generally does not exceed 10% and regularly includes Artemisia
tridentata, A. frigida, Rhus triiobata, Rosa arkansana, and Ribes spp. High coverages of Juniperus horizontalis
found occasionally in easternmost MT represent a departure from the norm but factors producing this condition
were not identified; we have provisionally identified a PINPON/JUNHOR c.t. to represent this condition.
Undergrowth is dominated by graminoids with the highest coverages found in early to mid-seral stands: even in
this woodland type it appears that higher tree canopy cover tends to depress undergrowth cover. This type is
recognized by AGRSPI being at least well represeted, usually it is abundant. Other graminoids with 50% or higher
constancy are Carex fiiifoiia, C. rossii, Stipa comata, and Muhlenbergia cuspidata\ their coverages seldom exceed
10%. There are no forbs that distinguish this type and species richness varies widely (as few as 4 forbs, as many
as 44). Combined forb cover does not exceed 5%, except in the case of introduced species (e g. Melilotus
officinalis).
Other Studies: This h.t. spans a broad geographic range, from just east of the Cascade Crest to Nebraska and
south to Colorado, but its greatest areal extent (judged by S-rank) is in Montana. Pfister et al. (1977) first
documented its extent in Montana, especially the western portion. Hansen and Hoffman (1988) and Cooper and
Pfister (1984) have characterized it for southeastern MT and Roberts (1980) documented it for the Bears Paw
Mtns and our study has extended its known range to the Little Rocky Mountains and the study area at large. The
study area representation of the type fits, with minor floristic differecnces such as the prevalence of Muhlenbergia
cuspidate, the type description for southeastern MT.
Pinus ponderosa/Carex pensylvanica p.a.
(PINPON/CARPEN; ponderosa pine/long-stolon sedge; 5 plots
WHTF designation PINPON/Carex inops)
Environment: Sampled at only five locations all within (Garfield Co.) PINPON/CARPEN (syn, C. heliophyla of
Hansen and Hoffman 1988 and C. inops) is probably only an incidental type within the study area. It occurrs on
34
both lower slopes and ridge shoulders with sandstone (calcareous and non) substrates. Ground surface has a
nearly continuous litter layer, as opposed to more open, woodland-like PINPON stands that have a high
percentage of exposed substrate. Adjacent vegetation was Artemisia cana/Agropyron spicatum or ARTCAN/
Stipa comata on flats below and PINPON/AGRSPI on warmer-drier upland sites, denoting this type as relatively
more mesic than others in upland landscape mosaics.
Vegetation: PINPON/CARHEL within the study area generally fits the type description outlined by Hansen and
Hoffman (1988) for southeastern MT; the overstory is dominated by Pinus ponderosa but is not closed and also
includes Juniperus scopulorum well represented. Study area stands were mature so their lack of overstory
closure may reflect relatively drier environments than those occupied by this type in southeastern MT (Hansen and
Hoffman 1988) or past disturbance (underburning).
Shrub dominance shifted among the four {Artemisia tridentata, Rhus tniobata and Symphoricarpos occidentalis,
Juniperus horizontalis) commonly present and combined coverages did not exceed 10%. Undergrowth was
graminoid dominated, with Carex pensylvanica usually abundant and Stipa comata and S. spartea important
components. Because stands are (still) relatively open, coverages of shade-intolerant Andropogon scoparius
remain high. Forbs were recorded in only trace amounts. It is possible in such a fire prone enviroment that some
stands of ANDSCO-CARPEN h.t. represent early serai stages of PINPON/CARPEN.
Other Studies: Hansen and Hoffman (1988) have provided the most complete description of this h.t in MT and
study area examples of the type generally fit the type profile in terms of environment and species composition.
Hansen and Hoffman (1988) present an argument that a very similar type, PINPON/ANDSCO described by Pfister
et al. (1977), though a valid community type, is simply an earlier serai stage of PINPON/CARHEL.
PINPON/CARHEL, or equivalents, have also been described from Colorado (Hoffman and Alexander 1983),
Wyoming, North and South Dakota (Hoffman and Alexander 1987) and possibly Oregon (Bourgeron and
Engelking 1994).
Pinus ponderosa/Festuca idahoensis p.a.
(PINPON/FESIDA; ponderosa pine/Idaho fescue; 1 plot)
Environment: We sampled only one stand of PINPON/FES (Saddle Butte vicinity) but noted numerous
occurrences in this area south of the main mass of the Little Rocky Mountains; this sampled stand and others
observed document the northeasternmost known range of this type (was not described by Roberts [1980] for the
Little Rocky Mountains immediately to the north). The sampled stand, typical for the vicinity, was on a moderate,
west-facing slope with igneous parent material weathered to a well-drained sandy loam. Other stands noted
generally have west- or east-facing aspects. Ground cover is dominated by litter in excess of 80% coverage.
Warmer exposures supported PINPON/AGRSPI or Festuca idahoensis-Agropyron spicatum dominated
grasslands and on cooler exposures PINPON/FESIDA grades to PmPOWArctostaphylos uva-ursi or
PlNPOWAmelanchier alnifolia (also undocumented for the Little Rocky Mountains vicinity).
Vegetation/Other Studies: Little Rocky Mountains occurrences of PINPON/FEIDA qualify as the FESIDA phase,
as they lack Festuca scabrella ( syn. F. campestrisy, immediately to the west (Bears Paw Mtns.) Roberts (1980)
found only the FESCSA phase. The Little Rocky Mountains do support scattered populations of F. scabrella, but
this mountain range and immediate vicinity would appear to be the northeasternmost extent of this important
range grass. This area is also at the distributional limits of F. idahoensis. Thus this h.t. is found east of the
Cascade Crest extending to eastern MT and south to Colorado and Utah; it has not been cited for the Midwest
Regional Classification 1993)
Study area stands have an open, woodland aspect with widely spaced older Pinus ponderosa. The undergrowth
is dominated by graminoids, the diagnostic F. idahoensis being well represented unless intensively grazed.
Agropyron spicatum and Carex heliophila are also well represented. Forb species present indicating sites more
mesic than PINPON/AGRSPI include Galium boreale, Geum triflorum and Campanula rotundifolia. In
undergrowth composition study area stands appear closer to the type as described for southeastern MT by
35
Hanson and Hoffman (1988) and Cooper and Pfister (1984).
Pinus ponderosa/Juniperus horizontalis p.a.
(PINPON/JUNHOR; ponderosa pine/creeping juniper; 3 plots)
Environment: The three sampled stand represents a considerable range extension for PINPON/JUNHOR which
was previously known only from the calcareous sandstones of the Little Rocky Mountain's foothills (Roberts 1980).
These stands were all found on calcareous substrate (shale). They occurred in rolling terrain near the crests of
gentle slopes.
Vegetation: These stands conform to the type description of Roberts (1980) wherein Juniperus horizontalis and
Rhus thiobata are the dominant species in what is otherwise a relatively depauperate undergrowth; in more open
stands J, horizontalis_superficiallv appears to form a sward at 50% and greater coverage. These stands also
shared 3/4 of the herbaceous species listed for the type by Roberts (1980).
Other Studies: Only Roberts (1980) has described this type (Little Rocky Mountains foothills). Miller (1978) has
described a type from the Rocky Mountain Front, Pinus/JUNHOR/Fesfuca idahoensis, that apppears to represent
an intergrade between PINPON/JUNHOR and Pinus flexilis/ JUmOR. Structurally PINFLE/JUNHOR is very
similar to Pinus flexilis/Juniperus communis, also found almost exclusively on calcareous substrates (Pfister et al
1977).
Pinus ponderosa-Juniperus scopulorum p.a.
(PINPON-JUNSCO; ponderosa pine-Rocky Mountain juniper; 14 plots)
Environment: PINPON-JUNSCO was found exclusively on sedimentary parent materials, mostly shales and
sandstones, both calcareous and not. It is found predominantly on gentle to steep northerly aspects of rolling
terrain from Blain County eastward; however in the far eastern portion Montana it is more associated with
badlands topography, the coulee slopes thereof. This type is also associated with the tops and shoulders of
ridges and draws. Because we sampled relatively young to mature stands substrate conditions varied
appropriately, from 70% exposed soil in young stands to 70-90% litter in older stands. Soil textures were mostly
loams and sandy loams.
Vegetation: The variety of serai stages contributes to the broad spectrum of tree coverages from very open (20%
canopy cover) to nearly closed with Pinus ponderosa dominating the overstory. Juniperus scopulorum being at
least well represented is diagnostic for the type and usually, especially in mid-aged stands it is abundant; in what
are ostensibly the oldest stands its cover may drop relative to that of P. ponderosa. Many stands appear to be
./hybrids between PINPON/ Carex heliophila of southeastern MT, P\NPOWAgropyron spicatum of western and
central MT, and/or JUNSCO/AGRSPI.
The undergrowth is dominated by varying combinations of Carex heliophila, Agropyron spicatum and Oryzopsis
micrantha. Muhlenbergia cuspidata and Carex filifolia have high constancy but low coverage, usually not
/exceeding 10%.’ Calamovilfa longifolia was dominant in several young stands developed on sandstone. Forb
^ cover seldom exeeded 5% and forb composition was highly variable in composition; Solidago missouriesis and
Psoralea argophylla were the forbs even approaching 50% constancy.
Other Studies: Roberts (1980) has described PINPON-JUNSCO from the Missouri River Breaks as
characterizing the very driest forested slopes (and benches) whereas in badlands of southeastern MT (Ashland
District, Custer National Forest) Brown (1971) cited it as occurring on relatively moist, protected exposures. This
type is common in North and South Dakota and Wyoming (see Hoffman and Alexander 1987) and extends south
to Colorado and New Mexico (Bourgeron and Engelking 1994).
36
Pseudostuga menziesii/Symphoricarpos occidentalis p.a.
PSEMEN/SYMOCC; Douglas-fir/western snowberry; 3 plots)
Environment: According to Roberts (1980), PSEMEN/SYMOCC is the driest plant association within the
Pseudotsuga menziesii series of north-central MT and the fact that all our sampled stands occurred on southerly
exposures with convex surfaces with at least 20% exposed substrate tends to confirm this observation. Our
sampled stands occurred just south of the Little Rocky Mountains on syenitic parent materials whereas just north
in the Little Rocky Mountains Robests (1980) reported this as a minor type on calcareous parent materials.
PSEMEN/SYMCCC occurs in a fine-scale mosaic with PSEMEW Amelanchier alnifolia and PSEMEN/Berberis
repens, which occupy more moist/sheltered positions, and PSEMEN/ Viola canadensis, which occurs in yet more
moist sites, generally downslope in collecting positions. PSEMEN/SYMOCC grades to Pinus ponderosa/Festuca
idahoensis and bunchgrass-dominated steppe of yet drier exposures.
Vegetation: Because our samples of this type were of relatively early serai stages (< 50 years since stand-
replacing wildfire) their membership in this plant association is somewhat speculative. Pseudotsuga menziesii is
just beginning to establishon these sites that apparently were intensively burned. Pinus ponderosa is the serai
dominant and counter to the observations of Roberts (1980) Populus tremuloides and Pinus contorta are capable
of fuctioning as serai species as well; serai success of P. contorta and P. tremuloides may owe to the fact that our
stands occupied acidic igneous, rather than calcareous, substrates.
Sample stands may have been subject to underburns since stand-replacing fire because tree cover is low and
bunchgrasses (Schizachyrium scoparium, Agropyron spicatum, Koeleria cristata, Stipa comata) are still an
important component, their combined coverages generally exceeding 30%. Shrub cover is low in stature owing to
heavy ungulate browsing on potentially tall shrubs {Prunus virginana, Amelanchier alnifolia, Shepherdia
canadensis) and site severity; Rosa woodsii/acicularis and Symphoricarpos occidentalis dominate the shrub layer
but their combined coverage seldom exceeds 10%. Artemisia frigida is constant pointing up the early to mid-seral
nuture of these stands. Solidago missouriensis, Achillea millifolium and Thermopsis montana are 100% constant
but hardly diagnostic for the type.
Other Studies: PSEMEN/SYMOCC was first described by Roberts (1980) for the core of the Little Rockies and
Bears Paw Mountains and its range has now been confirmed for the surrounding high terrain by this study;
PSEMEN/SYMOCC is apparently unique to these mountain masses rising in the midst of Montana's Great Plains.
SHRUB-DOMINATED PLANT ASSCIATIONS/COMMUNITY TYPES:
Artemisia cana/Agropyron smithii p.a.
(ARTCAN/AGRSMI; silver sagebrush/western wheatgrass; 6 plots
WHTF designation ARTCAN/Pascopyrum smithii)
Environment: The ARTCAN/AGRSMI h.t! is found on level to gently sloping, narrow to extremely broad alluvial
(floodplain) terraces and coalescing alluvial fans and upslope may occur in swales and gentle depressions. These
sites are moister than contiguous upslope vegetation and in some cases may constitute wetland sites (none of our
sampled stands were, this can only be determined by hydrological monitoring or examination of soil
characteristics). Substrates are generally moderately fine to fine textured, being derived from sediments
deposited in low energy environments (or in the case of basins and swales from slopewash), have a high water
holding capacity and are well- to imperfectly drained. As speculated in other studies (Jorgenson 1979, Hansen et
al 1991) perched or high water tables may Influence the rooting zone for a portion of the year. A variety of
community types were found to occur adjacent on upland sites, most commonly Stipa comata-Bouteioua gracilis
and Agropyron smithii-Stipa comata, whereas moister positions were frequently dominated by the Symphoricarpos
occidentalis, Rosa woodsii c.ts. or Sarcobatus vermiculatus-dominated types in highly erosive to badlands
topography.
Vegetation: Artemisia cana having at least 5% canopy cover is diagostic of this type, but its cover usually
exceeded 30%. None of the sites supported the robust 4-5 ft tali specimens cited by Hansen and Hoffman (1988)
or Mueggler and Stewart (1980) for favorable site conditions. Artemisia frigida was consistently present in low
amounts (greater than 10% where cattle grazing intensive) and other shrub species were only sporadic.
Graminoids dominate the herbaceous layer with Agropryon smithii usually dominant, but in our samples Stipa
viridula, S. comata and Bouteloua gracilis were all dominant or co-dominant in at least one stand (also had greater
than 75% constancy). This variability is speculated to reflect differing grazing pressure as stands were not chosen
for pristine condition (stand with B. gracilis dominant had A. smithii and S. viridula confined to canopies of A.
cana). The forb component is insignificant; none had even 50% constancy.
Other Studies: This, or closely related, types have been documented in other areas of MT; southeastern
(Hansen and Hoffman 1988), southwestern (Mueggler and Stewart 1980) and central (Jorgensen 1979). The
most comprehensive sampling (43 stands) of this type is that performed by the Montana Riparian Association
(Hansen et al. 1995) for the entire state. This type has been described only for Montana, North and South Dakota
(Hansen etal. 1984).
Artemisia cana/Stipa comata c.t.
(ARTCAN/STICOM; silver sagebrush/needle-and-thread; 9 plots)
Environment: ARTCAN/STICOM is a newly described minor c.t. distributed sporadically across northern MT
from Blaine to Garfield Counties. It is found on benches to gently inclined slopes (extreme of 30% inclination)
often in the vicinity of breaklands. It was sampled on well-drained alluvium, sandstone and igneous parent
materials but most often encountered on mixed-origin glacial till. The ground cover was highly variable with some
plots having a sward of Selaginella densa and lichens and other sites had 70% litter and trace amounts of S.
densa] only one plot had as much as 10% exposed soil, gravel or rock (combined cover). ARTCAN/STICOM
apparently is the driest environment capable of supporting Artemisia cana: this c.t. grades to a variety of
graminoid-dominated, upland range sites, most often STICOM- Bouteloua gracilis or STICOM- Carex flllfolia.
Adjacent moister sites often support ARTCAN/AGRSMI or SARVER/AGRSMI.
Vegetation: All of the sites were sampled following three years of lower than normal precipitation and were in the
midst of range that had been intensively grazed for years. Because only one protected site could be found (and
this due to extraordinary topographic features) this species assemblage is noted as a community type. Sites are
38
recognized by Artemisia cana being at least well represented; its cover averages 27% and usually does not
exceed 40%, relatively low values for a shrub type. Artemisia frigida is the only other shrub exceeding 50%
constancy and its cover does not exceed 3%.
Graminoids are definitely the dominant component with an average cover of 42%. Stipa comata with well
represented coverage is diagnostic for the type but its average coveris 38% and on favorable sites is as great as
70%; other grasses had as high or higher cover values in several stands. Stipa comata is primarily associated
with sandy substrates as are two other grasses consistently present within this community type, Calamovilfa
longifolia and Andropogon scoparius (very reduced in cover due to high palatabiiity). The grass composition and
cover is quite variable, possibly reflecting past grazing practices. In stands judged to be intensively grazed
Bouteloua gracilis had higher cover and Selaginella densa formed a nearly continuous carpet. Forbs are an
insignificant component, present in only trace amounts; only Sphaeralcea coccinea, Psoralea argophylla and
Gaura coccinea were at least 50% constant.
Other Studies: This c.t. has not been described in the literature and we fail to see what other recognized type of
which ARTCAN/STICOM could possibly be a degraded representative. ARTCAN/STICOM occupies unique
landscape positions (drier) relative to those of other A. cana-dominated types. Some stands have trace amounts
of palatable species but also have significant coverages of other palatable species arguing that disturbance has
not totally altered this type’s expression.
Artemisia tridentata/Agropyron smithii h.t.
(ARTTRI/AGRSMI; big sagebrush/western wheatgrass; 13 plots
WHTF designation ARTTR l/Pascopyrum smithii)
Environment: ARTTRI/AGRSMI is an extensive h.t. in the western portion of the study area but its coverage
drops dramatically to the east and in Valley County only widely scattered, generally less than 5 acre stands are
present. This h.t. is typically found on gently rolling (slope inclination < 10%), tiii-mantled surfaces; it is also found
in breaklands and on well-drained alluvial terraces. Others (Hansen and Hoffman 1988, Hansen et al. 1984,
Tisdale and Hironaka 1981, Jorgensen 1979, Mackie 1970) have described this type as an edaphic or
topoedaphic climax, associated with heavy soils in southeastern MT or shallow, gravelly, or claypan surface soils
in north-central MT; lacking adequate soils information we can only speculate based on landscape positionthat
most of our sites represent edaphically controlled conditions. The amount of exposed substrate is generally
considerably higher (ave. 50%, ranging to 80%) than for adjacent communities.
Vegetation: This type is recognized (in part) by Artemisia tridentata being well represented in the shrub layer,
usually its cover does not exceed 50%, averaging 32%. Therer are no other shrubs with high constancy but
Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Artemisia frigida and Gutierrezia sarothrae are regularly present with low coverages.
Well represented Agropyron smithii \s diagnostic for the herbaceous layer, though intensively grazed areas may
have lower coverages (ave. cover 19%). Ease of livestock access makes these sites prone to overgrazing; none
of the sampled sites were even close to pristine. Even in livestock exsiosures weedy or invader species (e.g.
Melilotus officinalis, Taraxacum officinalis, Bromus tectorum) are agressively expanding (having gained a foothold
prior to exclosure creation). Somewhat inexplicably Selaginella densa does not seem to increase on these sites
tha way it does on say ARTCAN/STICOM or other grassland sites, but it can occur with high cover values.
Graminoids with moderate to high constancy are Stipa viridula, Koeleria cristata, Poa secunda, and Carex filifolia
(or C. stenophylla); of these, only S. viridula was noted to be an occasional layer dominant, as was Agropyron
spicatum. Stipa comata was well represented on sandier sites (sandy loams). Forbs are a minor component;
those with greater than 50% constancy are Sphaeralcea coccinea and Vida americana.
Other Studies: ARTTRI/AGRSMI is distributed from central MT (Jorgensen 1979, Mackie 1971) east to
southeastern MT and contiguous portins of North and South Dakota (Hansen and Hoffman 1988, Hansen et al.
1984) and south to Wyoming, Utah and Colorado; it is absent from far northeastern MT and not reported for the
Canadian prairies.
39
Artemisia tridentata/Agropyron spicatum h.t.
(ARTTRI/AGRSPl; big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass; 5 plots
WHTF designation ARTTRUPseudoroegneria spicata)
Environment: ARTTRI/AGRSPl is a major shrubland type throughout non-forested regions of MT, except for the
extreme norhteastern corner. Within the study area it is associated with gently rolling upland of low to moderate
relief of the till-mantled glaciated plains and is also found in breaklands and on well-drained alluvial terraces. No
difinitive environmental breaks could be identified to separate ARTTRI/AGRSPl from ARTTRI/AGRSMI sites but
the explanation likely resides in the soil/substrate component. Jorgensen (1979) has noted both ARTTRI/AGRSPl
and ARTTRI/ Agropyron dasystachyum-Agropyron spicatum phase (our ARTTRI/AGRSMI h.t.) on the certain
members of the Colorado shale formation in the same restricted geographic area and speculated the difference is
the degree of soil development. The young soils lack horizonation and are vertically active, features favoring A.
smithii and Stipa viridula over A. spicatum because of differences in their rooting response to vertical mixing. From
our cursory data it would appear ARTTRI/AGRSPl is developed on coarser textured substrates than is
ART/AGRSMI.
Vegetation: Well represented Artemisia tridentata and Agropyron spicatum are diagnostic for this type Shrubs
with high constancy include Gutierrezia sarothrae, Artemisia frigida and Opuntia potyacantha, all recognized
increaser species with overgrazing. Rhizomatous wheatgrasses A. dasystachyum and A. smithii are poorly
represented, if present. High constancy graminoids are Stipa viridula, Carex filifolia, Poa secunda and Bouteloua
gracilis, the last three being recognized increasers in this type. On sandstone substrates Muhlenbergia cuspidata.
Stipa comata and Calamovilfa longifolia were present, frequently well represented. Though we attempted to
sample at least good condition sites the accessibility ARTTRI/AGRSPl to livestocks coupled with the potential to
support highly palatable grasses and fire susceptibility of the shrub component has resulted in wholesale alteration
of the vegetation. Burned sites require years for A. tridentata to reestablish; in interval they support the AGRSPI-
Bouteloua gracilis or AGRSPI-Carex filifolia or Stipa comafa-BOUGRA community types.
The combined forb coverage is generally less than 5% with only Sphaeralcea coccinea and Vida americana
having high constancy. Despite intensive grazing pressure these sites have only trace amounts of Selaginella
densa] a similar condition was observed by Jorgensen (1979) for this type in central MT.
Other Studies: This is a broadly distributed habitat type, from Washington State where it constitutes the climatic
climax of vast acreages east of the Cascade Crest (Daubenmire 1 970) east to extreme southeastern MT where it
is a topographic climax (Hansen and Hoffman 1988, Brown 1971). In central MT ARTTRI/AGRSPl is considered
primarily a climatic climax type, at least in areas where the prevailing substrates are Colorado Shales; in western
MT it constitutes a climatic climax type under much of a 12-18 precipitation zone. Study area representations of
the type conform to the type desciption given for western (Mueggler and Stewart 1980) and central MT (Jorgensen
1971) in regard to flora, landscape positions occupied and the fact that it is found on diverse parent materials.
Atriplex confertifolia-Artemisia tridentata c.t.
(ATRCON-ARTTRI; shadscale-big sagebrush; 5 plots)
Environment: Within the study area ARTCON-ARTTRI is found exclusively on badlands/breaklands. The
possibly unique physical/chemical nature of these sites seem to be the major factor exerting control on the
distribution of this and allied communities; this borne out by fact that the community was found on contrasting
aspects and positions, from low-gradient toeslopes and benches to steep slopes. Substrates were not
characterized as to geological formation, but they were noted to be fine-textured (clay loams and silty clays), high
in shrink-swell clays (noted by surface fissures) and highly erosive, to both water (rill and gully features, pedicelling
of larger forbs and grasses) and wind (blowout depressions). The sparse vegetation contributes little litter and
typically sites have 80% plus exposed substrate. Some sites have in excess of 60% exposed gravel; it could
originate from surface deflation or as slopewash from upslope postions. This type often graded to
ARTTRI/Agropyron spicatum or Stipa comata-Bouteloua gracilis on more conventional substrates and to Atriplex
nuttallii/Sporolobus airoides on other badland surfaces.
40
Vegetation: Low (<10%) to moderate (<40%) combined coverages of Artemisia tridentata and Atriplex
confertifolia characterize this type; in all but one plot/\. tridentata cover exceeded that of A. confertifolia. Other
shrubs are poorly represented and only Atriplex nuttallli had greater than 50% constancy. Graminoid coverage is
highly variable, highest on benchlands and less than 10% on moderate to steep, south-facing slopes. Grasses
having higher cover and constancy here as opposed to adjacent communities on more normal soils include
Sporolobus airoides, Aristida longiseta, and Oryzopsis hymenoides. Agropyron spicatum may be abundant,
relating these sites to ARTTRI/AGRSPI. Forbs and bryophytes are present in only trace amounts; Oenothera
cespitosa and Eriogonum pauciflorum are forbs more associated with badlands than zonal sites
Other Studies: Study area examples of ATRCON-ARTTRI appear to be very similar in vegetation and
environment to a c.t. of same name described by Brown (1971) for southeastern MT badlands; our conception of
ATRCON-ARTTRI includes a additional Brown-defined type (ATRCON-ARTTRI/Agropyron spicatum) described
as being the most extensive of southeastern badland types. In southcentral MT the Pryor Mountains vicinity and
Bighorn Canyon NRA support a compositionally similar type termed ARTTRI-ATRCON by DeVelice and Lesica
(1993) and sagebrush desert shrubland by Knight et al. (1987). ARTTRI-ATRCON occurs on very different
habitat, terraces and alluvial fans derived from calcareous sandstone and having a silty texture,
Atriplex nuttallii/perennial grass c.t.
(ATRNUT/GRASSP; saltsage/perennial grass; 4 plots)
Environment: ATRNUT/GRASSP is a minor type restricted to badland sites with highly erodable substrates
derived from dark shales and mudstone. Please note that that in the vegetation key and various appendices, such
as constancy/cover, that ARTNUT/GRASSP is split into three tentative types, ATRNUT/Agropyron smithii,
ATRNUT/Sporobo/us airoides, and ATRNUT/Agropyror? spicatum. Insufficient plot data did not permit unequivocal
recognition of these tentative community types, thus they have been lumped under ATRNUT/GRASSP until such
time that they can be individually substantiated by plot data and their ecological conditions described,
ATRNUT/GRASSP was sampled on moderate to steep slopes of various aspects. Combinations of the above
conditions result in nearly continuous sheet, rill and gully erosion and more than 80% exposed soil and gravel
preclude significant soil development. Though the fine soil fraction is dominated by clay and silt at least 40% of
the soil consists of sand- and gravel-sized shale shards resulting in relatively well-drained substrates. This type
usually exists in a matrix of other badland types, Sarcobatus vermiculatus-AJRN\JT , ATRNUT/ERiPAU, Artemisia
tridentata-Atriplex confertifolia and Juniperus horizontalis/Andropogon scoparius (on more mesic sites).
Vegetation: Sites are depauperate with combined canopy cover not exceeding 50%, the shrub and grass
components sharing dominance. These sites differ from other badland sites by having at least 5% cover of
perennial grasses, of which the following have dominated at least one site, Agropron dasystachyum, A. spicatum,
Sporobolus airoides and Oryzopsis hymenoides. Only S, airoides is associated with adverse soil conditions of
high alkali content suggesting these sites span a catena of soil chemistry and water balance. Either Atriplex
nuttallii or Sarcobatus vermiculatus is always well represented. Artemisia tridentata and Gutierrhiza sarothrae are
consistently present but generally poorly represented. The forb component is negligible with no species even
moderately constant.
Other Studies: For central MT Harvey (1982) has described (from one plot) a ATRNUT/Agropyron smithii c.t. on
shale derived alluvium; site conditions are not those of a badland and high vegetative cover reflects the less
adverse site conditions relative to ATRNUT/GRASSP. In the Pryor Mountains vicinity DeVelice and Lesica (1993)
describe compositionally similar types, ARTTRI-ATRNUT and ATRNUT/ Monolepsis nuttalliana, that possibly
because of livestock grazing have a very sparse grass cover; badland conditions also obtain at these sites with
erosive bentonitic soils and conspicuous rill and gully erosion.
41
Atriplex nuttallii/Eriogonum pauciflorum c.t.
ATRNUT/ERIPAU; saltsage/few-flowered wild buckwheat; 4 plots)
Environment: This c.t. has been documented from only Rosebud County where it is a minor type restricted to
benches or fiats with heavy-textured, shrink-swell-cracked, poorly drained soils derived from shale (formation
unidentified). With vegetation sparse the amount of exposed soil and gravel usually exceeds 90% and sheet and
rill erosion is ubiquitous; though relief is slight these would be considered “badland" sites.
Vegetation: These site are depauperate in cover (combined cover usually less than 40%) and diversity (average
8 species per plot). The shrub layer dominant Atriplex nuttallii is well represented but seldom abundant.
Chrysothamnus nauseosus is 100% constant, its cover not exceeding 10%. Artemisia tridentata dominated one
stand on an area transitional to ARTTRI/AGRSPI, the most commonly noted bordering community. Agropyron
dasystachyum and Oryzopsis hymenoides are grasses with the highest cover (not exceeding 5%) and constancy
(>50%). Eriogonum pauciflorum is the dominant forb (cover to 30%) and often the only forb noted over broad
expanses.
Other Studies: There are a number of community types recognized for MT with Atriplex nuttallii dominant/co¬
dominant but only ARTNUT/ Monolepsis nuttallii \n the Pryor Mountains vicinity (DeVelice and Lesica 1993) and
ATRNUT/ Oryzopsis hymenoides of southwestern MT (DeVelice 1992) occur in similar habitats, sedimentary
(mostly shale) badlands with poorly-drained substrates. ATRNUT/ERIPAU sites occur in the same types of
landscapes with ostensibly similar substrates (shales, bentonite) as the Artemisia longifolia-Eriogonum pauciflorum
c.t. and share the same forb dominant. ATRNUT/ERIPAU may simply represent a local variation of types common
to shale-derived badland environments throughout the Intermountain West (Bourgeron and Engelking 1991).
Ceratoides lanata/Stipa comata c.t.
(CERLAN/STICOM; winterfat/needle-and-thread; 5 plots
WHTF designation Krascheninnikovia lanata/Stipa comata)
Environment: This type is tentatively referred to as CERLAN/ Stipa comata c.t.; with the input of plots from the
Big Dry R.A. and reanalysis it appears this is a type potentially dominated by Agropyron spicatum. We speculate
Stipa comata is currently dominant due only to intensive cattle grazing and thus this type represents a serai stage
of a putative CERLAN/ Agrpyron spicatum plant association (it should be noted that there is no CERLAN/
Agropyron spicatum p.a. recognized in the western U.S.). CERLAN/STICOM is a minor c.t. scattered across the
complete extent of study area, on the periphery of badlands or breaklands, usually on flats and footslopes of
gentle terrain. CERLAN/AGRSPI frequently forms sharp ecotones with sites dominated by AGRSPI-Carex filifolia
or STICOM-CARFIL. Various investigators (Daubenmire 1970, Gates et al. 1956) have tried without success to
establish what soil variables lead to the frequently noted sharp discontinuites between Cerafo/des-dominated
stands and adjacent vegetation; neither excessive CaCOj nor defieciency of N,P,K or S seem to controlling.
Vegetation: All but two of the sampled stands had been highly impacted by grazing: both Ceratoides lanata and
Agropyron spicatum the potential dominants of shrub and herb layer, respectively are highly preferred
browse/forage and have been severely impacted, leading to the increase of S. comata Carex filifolia and
Bouteloua gracilis. Both stands lightly to ungrazed (far from water) had double to triple the cover of C. lanata and
A. spicatum of grazed stands. Stipa viridula also had higher cover under reduced grazing. Artemisia frigida and
A. tridentata were the only shrubs exceeding 50% constancy and only A. frigida was well represented: apparently
A. frigida does not expand on CERLAN/AGRSPI as it does on other rangeland sites. Forbs are a minor
component, only Sphaeralcea coccinia and Plantago patagonica (a weed) were at least 50% constant. This type
is notable for not supporting Selaginella densa as a major increaser species.
Other Studies: The only other documented example of Ceratoides (Eurotia) lanata /Stipa comata c.t., that of
Washington State, is noted to be quite rare (SI); its composition and site characteristics are not currently
published (Bourgeron and Engelking 1991).
42
Juniperus horizontaUs/Agropyron dasystachyum c.t.
(JUNHOR/AGRDAS; creeping juniper/thick-spike wheatgrass; 7 plots
WHTF designation Juniperus horizontalis/EIymus lanceolatus)
Environment: JUNHOR/AGRDAS was found only as small patches {« 1 acre) In erosion prone landscapes
associated with or in vicinity of badlands in Phillips and Valley Counties; it can be expected in other localities
where similar substrates exist. Usually patches of JUNHOR/AGRDAS are embedded in a matrix of eroded bare
spots, JUNHOR/ANDSCO, JUNHOR/JUNBAL and grades to AGRSMI-STIVIR and STICUR-STIVIR.
JUNHOR/AGRDAS sites are generally characterized by weathered shales, including bentonite deposits and
alluvium, and bedded shales with a thin layer of glacial drift. All sites evidenced some degree of sheet erosion,
most were both rilled and gullied and still others are sinks for erosional processes. Soils were high in clays and
two sites had weak mottling and gleying. Several sites had soils with a textural fraction dominated by shales
decomposed to sand-sized or larger particles and supported Calamovilfa longifolia and Calamagrostis
montanensis, grasses associated with sandy soils. Positions ranged alluvial terraces to all variety of slope
features from toeslopes to slope shoulders, but never on warmer aspects. Ground cover characteristics varied
widely, the most typical situation being a high percentage (>60%) of exposed soil (due to erosion) or low gradient
slopes and flats having a nearly continuous litter layer. Only one stand had abundant Selaginella densa so typical
of adjacent upland sites.
Vegetation: Juniperus horizontalis well represented is diagnostic; it's cover ranged from 10 to 60%, averaging
42%. It apparently spreads relatively rapidly, colonizing areas recently denuded. Shrubs associated with moister
environments, Symphoricarpos occidentalism Rosa spp., and Artemisia cana are more than 50% constant, but their
coverages do not exceed 5%. Grass cover ranges widely depending in part on degree of active erosion and
probably length of time since colonization. Agropyron dasystachyum is 100% constant, usually dominant and
diagnostic at the well represented level, but in some areas shares dominance with A. smithii. On moister positions
Stipa curtiseta and Stipa viridula are present with as much as 30% canopy cover. Carex pensylvanica (C. inops)
is an important graminoid on more than half the plots. Vida americana is the only forb exceeding 50% constancy.
The presence of Eriogonum pauciflorum and Artemisia longifolia reflect the badland setting of these sites.
Other Studies: Jorgensen (1979) describes for the Yellow Water Triangle a very similar type, JUNHOR/Carex
parryana (lacking only A. dasystachyum), developed on "sandy" shales; he hypothesizes JUNHOR/CARPAR to be
serai to ARTTRI/AGRDAS. In central and southcentral Montana Miller (1978) sampled several plots that would
key to JUNHOR/AGRDAS (by virtue of A. sm/f/?// cover). In southeastern Montana a number of plots within what
Hansen and Hoffman (1988) consider a topoedaphic climax, JUNHOR/ Carex heliophila h t. (syn C
pensylvanica), appear closely similar in vegetation to JUNHOR/AGRDAS but occur only on sandy substrates
This community type or homologues confined to sandy soils extend into western North Dakota (Redmann 1975,
Hansen etal. 1984, Hanson and Whitman 1938),
Juniperus horizontalis/Andropogon scoparius c.t.
(JUNHOR/ANDSCO; creeping juniper/little bluestem; 11 plots;
WHTF designation JUNHOR/ Schizachyrium scoparium)
Environment: This newly defined type occurs as small patches (<1 acre), often part of a J. horizontalis-
dominated complex, in the midst of badlands or breaklands or on adjacent gently roiling terrain. It develops mostly
on benches (alluvial terraces) but positions included toe orfootsiopes and backslopes (to the crest). Substrates
are sedimentary, mostly shales decomposed to gravelly sands (fines outwashed?) or glacial drift. These sites are
highly erosive and and where J. horizontalis cover is low there is extensive sheet, rill, and gully eroion. Even
where sites are stabilized by appreciable vegetation (>70%) erosion encroaches from all sides due to alluvial
processes from below and above and wind generated blowouts from above. JUNHOR/ANDSCO is found in a
complex with JUNHOR/JUNBAL (moister positions), JUNHOR/AGRDAS (unknown relationship),
JUNHOR/CALLON (coarser-textured substrates) and grades to ARTTRI/AGRSPI, AGRSPI-BOUGRA, AGRSPI-
CARFIL and STICOM-CARFIL on the uplands.
43
Vegetation: Juniperus horizontalis dominates the shrub layer, occurring in widely varying (20-80+%) coverages.
Rosa arkansana is the only other shrub with constancy exceeding 50%, but occurs with low cover values.
Scattered Symphoricarpos occidentalism Shepherdia argentea and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi occur on sites
presumed to be more moist. Weil represented (common where grazing impact significant) Andropogon scoparius
and/or Agropyron spicatum are diagnostic for this type. The preliminary classification recognized two types
(JUNJOR/ANDSCO & JUNHOR/AGRSPI) but subsequent analysis could find no difference in their site
parameters and continuous variation in cover of diagnostic species; these observations resulted in a merging of
the types. Both grasses are highly palatable and relative grazing impacts cannot be addressed without exclosure
studies. Graminoids with high constancy include Carex filifolia and Koeleria cristata. Calamovilfa longifolia was
well represented on sites well drained and sandy. Though poorly represented, the mere presence of Juncus
balticus and Agropyron dasystachyum denotes transitions to moister sites. The forb component has slightly
greater coverages than in other non-wetland shrub types; Thermopsis rhombifolia was well represented in about
30% of the plots.
Other Studies: The study area examples of JUNHOR/ANDSCO are compositionally intermediate between
JUNHOR/Carex heliophila (syn. C. pensylvanica, C. inops) h.t. of southeastern MT and contiguous portions of
North and South Dakota (Hansen and Hoffman 1988) and JUNHOR/ANDSCO described for western North Dakota
(Hansen et al. 1984). Both JUNHOR/CARHEL and JUNHOR/ANDSCO (ND) occur as a topoedaphic climaxes on
steep, north-facing slopes with sandy substrates. In Custer County Culwell and Scow (1982) describe a
JUNHOR/sidehill type (A. scoparius dominant) for sandy, north-facing slopes; this type is a homologue of both
JUNHOR/ANDSCO and JUNHOR/CARFIL. Jorgensen ^979) describes a JUNHOR/ Carex parryana (G
pensylvanica ?) h.t. for central Montana that occurs on sites very similar (sandy shales) to those of study area and
which he considers successional to ARTTRI/AGRSPI. Miller's (1978) extensive J. horizontalis study included plots
identified as JUNHOR/AGRSPI and JUNHOR/ANDSCO-FESIDA that would be placed in our JUNHOR/ANDSCO
c.t. J. horizontalis-dom\r\ale6 vegetation has been descibed for Alberta (Coupland 1961) but not south of MT
Juniperus horizontalis/Calamovilfa longifolia c.t.
(JUNHOR/CALLON; creeping juniper/prairie sandreed; 4 plots)
Environment: JUNHOR/CALLON is a minor type associated with the badland topography northwest of Glasgow,
MT and probably can be expected in similar highly erosive, shale-dominated environments. Whether found on
butte tops or slopes, toeslopes or alluvial bottoms erosion was a dominant process (mostly sheet and rill) with up
to 90% exposed substrate. Soils are single-grained and, even though derived from shales or siltstones, are
dominated by sand and larger-sized particles. We posit that this type is a relatively early serai stage of other J.
horizontalis-domlnated (e.g. JUNHOR/ANDSCO) or possibly grassland types. It occurred both on wetland sites
(gleyed and mottled soils) and well-drained sandy uplands with the only compositional differences between the two
situations being cover of species represented.
Vegetation: J. horizontalis is well represented but coverages are not, on the average, so high as in other J.
horizontalis -dominated types. Calamagrostis montanensis and Calamovilfa longifolia are well represented on all
sites; Andropogon scoparius is also 100% constant but occurrs in only trace amounts. Forb composition is much
like that of JUNHOR/JUNBAL, depauperte with Thermopsis rhombifolia and Solidago nemoralis 100% constant.
Other Studies: Miller (1978) named a JUNHOR/CALLON type but compositionally it bears little resemblance to
the type named identically and described herein, though Miller does characterize the sites as having much bare
ground and evidence of erosion. No other examples of this type have been descibed.
Juniperus horizontalis/Juncus balticus c.t.
(JUNHOR/JUNBAL; creeping juniper/Baltic rush; 4 plots)
44
Environment: JUNHOR/JUNBAL is a minor c.t. described only from the badlands northwest of Glasgow, MT.
This type occurs as small patches on narrow alluvial benches intercalated between drainages and upslope
postions; it extends to toeslope postions of north-facing slopes. Substrates are alluvium (stream and slope-wash
depostitions) derived from shales, including bentonite. All plots had weakly mottled and gleyed soil (at 8 in depth)
which points to their quite probably being wetland sites. These sites are subject to erosion through overland flow
but due to cladding effect of high J. horizontalis coverages the erosion amounts are minimal, less than 5% of the
surface area. Adjacent sites are often part of a J. 7)onzonfa//s-dominated complex, including JUNHOR/ANDSCO
and JUNHOR/CALLON.
Vegetation: J. horizontalis coverage generally exceeds 30% and was noted to completely blanket some sites
(unsampled). Rosa spp. are 100% constant. Juncus balticus is at least well represented, often abundant
Calamagrostis montanensis, Calamovilfa longifolia and Andropogon scoparius were 100% constant, occasionally
more abundant than J. balticus. The combined cover of graminoids appears to be inversely related to J.
horizontalis cover. Thermopsis rhombifolia, Achillea millifolium and Antennaria neglecta were characteristic of a
depauperate forb layer; only T. rhombifolia was well represented.
Other Studies: JUNHOR/JUNBAL has not been previously described, nor has J. horizontalis been previously
identified as a wetland dominant. Juncus balticus is associated with anthropogenically modified wetlands (Hansen
et al. 1994) but not even trace amounts of possibly displaced previous true wetland species (graminoids) could be
found on sampled sites.
Rhus trUobata/Agropyron spicatum h.t.
(RHUTRI/AGRSPI; skunk-bush sumac/bluebunch wheatgrass; 3 plots;
WHTF designation Rhus aromaticalPseudoroegneria spicata)
Environment: RHUTRI/AGRSPI is a minor type in the study area, occurring as small patches on gently to steeply
sloping breaklands, mostly on slope shoulders but capable of extending to footslopes. Exposures are generally
the warmest in a local mosaic. Substrates included calcareous sandstones and shales and a lone instance on an
extrusive volcanic; all soils were shallow and coarse-textured. Surface coverage varied between high coverages
of soil/gravel (>50 %) and swards of Selaginellla densa (on overgrazed land). Adjacent c.ts, are often of the
Artemisia tridentata series or Stipa commata-Boutloua gracilis (on uplands).
Vegetation: Well represented Rhus aromatica is diagnostic for the type; coverage ranges to 20%. Other shrubs
include Artemisia frigida, Gutierrezia sarothrae and Yucca glauca. Agropyron spicatum is well represented, but
due to site severity (and grazing), does not exist in high coverages. Stipa comata and Muhlenbergia cuspidata
have 100% constancy and S. comata tends to have relatively higher coverage on accessible sites with grazing
pressure. Phlox hoodii and Liatris punctata were present in all plots.
Other studies: Brown (1971) first described this c.t. for slope shoulders In southeastern MT badlands
(porcellanite substrates). Hansen and Hoffman (1988) described virtually the same type over a greater extent in
southeastern MT. Mueggler and Stewart (1980) extended the known occurrences to breaklands of the Missouri
River’s major tributaries, especially in the vicinity of the Yellowstone River drainage; though floristic composition
differs slightly their type is essentially the same in landscape position and environmental variables as described
herein.
Sarcobatus vermiculatus/Agropyron smithii c.t.
SARVER/AGRSMI; black greasewood/western wheatgrass; 3 plots;
WHTF designation SARVERI Pascopyrum smithii)
Environment: Based on our small sample size SARVER/AGRSMI would appear to be a minor c.t., but Hansen et
al. (1991), having extensively sampled characteristic habitats of this c.t., state it to be a major type of central and
eastern MT. Our sampled stands were associated with older alluvial terrace deposits derived from shale (or at
45
least fine-grained sedimentary material). Sites were in a matrix of badland washes and no doubt received
considerable input from overland flow. We speculate for at least for a portion of the year soils, due to the water
perching potential of the heavy-textured soils, are saturated at a depth tapped by S. vermiculatus. None of our
sites possessed hydric soils and hydrologic regime necessary to confirm a jurisdictional wetland, as found for a
portion of this c.t. by Hansen etal. (1995).
Vegetation: As noted elsewhere (Mueggler and Stewart 1980) this type has a shrubland aspect, despite S
vermiculatus cover often not exceeding 10%, due to the robust stature of S. vermiculatus compared to that of the
herbaceous layer. As noted by Branson et al. (1970), Johnson and Nichols (1982) and Brown (1971) S.
vermiculatus has high alkali (especially sodium) tolerance, but other factors must be invoked to explain its
floodplain presence. Other shrubs present include Artemisia frigida, A. cana and A. tridentata (occasionally noted
to be well represented). Agropyron sm/fh// dominated the herbaceous layer despite being heavily grazed; no other
herbs were consistently present.
Other Studies: In Montana Mackie (1970) first described this c.t. (as SARVER/ Agrpyron spp. h.t.) for the
Missouri River Breaks. Mueggler and Stewart (1980) noted its presence on floodplains of arid portions of western
MT and playas and lakeshores of north-central MT. Hansen et al. (1995) are the source of the most
encompassing vegetation description. Jorgensen's (1978) SARVER/Agropyran dasystachyum h.t., described from
the Yellow Water Triangle, is an ecological analogue both in flora and environmental variables. Branson et al.
(1970) describe how communities very similar to this c.t. relate to several Valley County badland soil catenas and
driving variables of vegetation composition.
Sarcobatus vermiculatus-Atriplex nuttallii c.t.
(SARVER-ATRNUT; black greasewood-Gardner's saltsage; 10 plots;
WHTF designation SARVER- Atriplex gardnen)
Environment: This is a common type restricted to "badlands" characterized by acid shale, bentonite or some
other highly erodable heavy-textured substrate, Rill, gully and sheet erosion is natural to and omnipresent on
these moderately to steeply sloping sites. The strength of substrate as controlling factor is reflected in fact that
SARVER-ATRNUT occurs on steep slopes of all aspects. The principal factors controlling plant distribution are
low infiltration rates, low available water holding capacity and high total soluble cations (alkaline) and sodium
(saline) Branson et al. (1970), All stands had at least 80% exposed soil and gravels; only trace amounts of rock
were exposed. With few exceptions litter cover is less than 5%. Adjacent c.ts, on non-badlands substrates were
usually Stipa comata-Bouteioua gracilis, STICOM-Carex filifolia and Artemisia fr/denfafa-dominated community
types or SARVER/Agropyron smithii on water receiving positions.
Vegetation: Shrubs are the dominant lifeform on these sites but their combined cover seldom exceeds 40%.
Well represented Sarcobatus vermiculatus or Atriplex nuttallii are diagnostic for the c.t. but on especially eroded or
otherwise inimical substrates (small patches) they may be poorly represented. Atriplex confertifolia is consistently
present in the easternmost examples of this type whereas A. nuttallii is more likely to occurr in the northcentral
counties. Artemisia tridentata is present in increasing amounts where SARVER-ATRNUT grades to
ARTTRI/AGRSMI. Graminoids are notably low in cover, not exceeding 5% in the aggregate. Forb coverage is
highly variable in cover and composition. The annual, Atriplex dioica, was abundant on several sites; only Iva
axillaris, Suaeda moquinii and Machaeranthera canescens had constancies approaching 50%
Other Studies: DeVelice and Lesica (1993) have described a SARVER/Afnp/ex nuttallii c.t. from bentonite
substrates in the Pryor Mtns. of MT; in the same vicinity SARVER-ATRNUT is subsumed within the saltbush
desert shrubland of Knight et al. (1987), Brown (1971) also described a SARVER type and documented
associated soil properties; his SARVER type had notably higher sodium concentrations and pH values than the
next most alkaline c.t., Atriplex confertifoUa-Artemisia tridentata. The SARVER c.t. described here includes all of
the above-cited types. This c.t. extends into Wyoming (Bourgeron and Engelking 1992) on substrates comparable
to those of MT. Branson et al. (1970) describe the assciation between chemical/physical properties of Bearpaw
shales of northeastern MT and alluvium derived therefrom to plant communities, including several dominated by A.
46
nuttallii and S. vermiculatus and a combination of the two species. Other S. vermiculatus-domlnated types with an
appreciable grass component probably differ in site factors.
Shepherdia argentea c.t.
(SHEARG; thorny buffaloberry; 3 plots)
Environment: SHEARG is a minor study area c.t., documented only from Valley and Phillips Counties where it
occurs as small stands (mostly < 1/5 acre) on the most mesic positions in a rolling uplands or badlands landscape
mosaic. (In our sampling scheme we have not found SHEARG to be associated with alluvial bottoms, with the
exception of drainage headlands; this constrasts with observations of Hansen et al. [1991] who targeted riparian
areas specifically and found the type along the Sun, Milk, Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers.) Stands are not only
small, but show much internal heterogeniety in both microtopography and vegetation, with clumpy distribution of S.
argentea (and other shrubs). The smallest stands, not much more than individual clumps or stringers of S.
argentea, occur on lee-slope positions, freqeuently on northwest- to east-facing slope brows and in swales; these
are moisture-collecting positions, either as snow or runoff.
Soils were developed from glacial drift or shales. One sampled stand at drainage headlands qualified as
jurisdictional wetland with gleying and mottling within 6 in of surface. Being productive sites, the ground cover is
primarily litter, though much bare soil is exposed where animal trails are concentrated.
Due to position and structure these sites are heavily used by wild ungulates for cover; domestic stock also use
these sites preferentially. Either/both of these groups are probably implicated in the introduction of Euphorbia
esula (leafy spurge) to these moist habitats that are so favorable to its propogation.
Vegetation: Shepherdia argentea, mostly 4 to 7 ft tall, is usually abundant, forming a patchily distributed
dominant shrub stratum, though Symphoricarpos occidentalis or Juniperus horizontaUs may have greater cover,
but in a low shrub layer. Ribes setosum is consistently present as a mid to tall shrub. The forb layers form two
sampled stands were very different, apparently reflecting differences in soil moisture. The wet-site stand herb
layer was dominated by Poa palustris whereas the drier stands were dominated by Agropyron smithii.
Other Studies: For Montana, SHEARG was first described in the southeast by Hansen and Hoffman (1988) and
subsequently documented to range from southwestern, through central, to eastern sections by Hansen et al.
(1995). Other northern Great Plains occurrences are described from North Dakota (Nelson 1961 and Boldt et al.
1978) and cited from South Dakota (Faber-Langendoen 1993).
47
GRASS- AND FORB-DOMINATED PLANT ASSOCIATIONS/COMMUNITY TYPES
Agropyron smithii-Bouteloua gracilis c.t.
(AGRSMI-BOUGRA; western wheatgrass-blue gramma; 24 plots
WHTF designation Pascopyrum smithii-BOUGR/K)
Environment: The largest expanses of AGRSMI-BOUGRA, an important grassland type, occur on alluvial flats
and basins and upper level stream terraces where fines (silts and clays) have accumulated in low energy
environments. It is also found extensively on rolling upland sites where glacial drift is shallow or nonexistent and
the underlying fine-textured soils are derived from shales and siltstone or even sandstone (with higher coverages
of Stipa comata and Calamovilfa longifolia). Small stands are associated with swales or other collecting positions
(toeslopes). Soils range from sandy loams to clay loams. Ground cover is characterized by high coverages
(>60%) of either Selaginella densa (presumed result of overgrazing) or exposed soil; litter cover seldom exceeds
10%. AGRSMI-BOUGRA often grades to STICOM-BOUGRA and STICOM-CARFIL h.ts., which are found on
better drained positions with coaser-textured soils, or the STICOM-BOUGRA c.t . which represents a grazing
impacted area.
Vegetation: The accessibility of this type and palatability of the putative dominant (and diagnostic) species,
Agropyron smithii and A. dasystachyum, has resulted in marked alteration of composition. Severe overgrazing
alters this c.t. to STICOM-BOUGRA, BOUGRA (appearance of short-grass prairie) or weed-dominated pastures;
we have documented fenceline contrasts with 90% A. smithii on the protected side and virtual extirpation on
impacted side. The relative proportions A. smithii/dasystachyum versus B. gracilis and Carex filifoiia appear
inversely related to grazing intensity; a similar response has been documented for this type on Canadian prairies
(Coupland et al 1960). Koeleria cristata and Carex filifoiia exhibit high constancy and coverages occasionally
exceeding 20%. Muhlenbergia cuspidate and Andropogon scoparius colonize areas where disturbance has
resulted in localized erosion. We speculate that the high coverages of Stipa comata found in some stands (and
not on sandsstone derived soils) result from grazing-reduced competition from rhizomatous grasses. Hansen and
Hoffman (1988) note S. comata cover does not exceed 5% in undisturbed stands of Agropyron smithii-Carex
filifoiia, a very similar type of southeastern Montana and southwestern North Dakota.
Artemisia frigida is the only shrub of note (nearly 100% constant) but its cover seldom exceeds 5%, even with
overgrazing. Aggregate cover of forbs does not exceed trace amounts except under intensive grazing where
increaser species (Plantago patagonica, Opuntia polyacantha, Phlox hoodii, etc.) proliferate; P. hoodii, O.
polyacantha and Sphaeralcea coccinea are the only forbs with greater than 50% constancy.
Other Studies: Under various designations, this c.t. is well documented to occur on gentle terrain with fine-
textured soils (having a greater than normal proportion of clay/silt); from the brown soil zone of southern Canada
as Bouteloua-Agropyron faciation (Coupland 1961), western ND as Agropyron smithii-Bouteloua gracilis-Carex
spp. (Hanson and Whitman 1938, Quinnald and Crosby 1958) and AGRSMI-CARFIL (Hansen et al. 1984 and
Hansen and Hoffman 1988), southeastern MT as AGRSMI-CARFIL (Hansen and Hoffman 1988), central and
eastern MT as BOUGRA-AGRSMI (Anderson 1973), Custer County as ACRSMI-BOUGRA-St/cWoe dactyloldes
(Culwell and Scow 1982) and Bull Mountains as BOUGRA-AGRSMI (Culwell 1977c). We have conservatively
employed the designation AGRSMI-BOUGRA c.t. because it reflects the indicator significance of A. smithii
regarding soil conditions and the generally greater constancy and coverage of S, gracilis (versus C. filifoiia).
Agropyron smithii-Stipa viridula c.t.
(AGRSMI-STIVIR; western wheatgrass-green needlegrass; 23 plots
WHTF designation Pascopyrum smithli-Nasella viridula)
Environment: AGRSMI-STIVIR was probably a major community type throughout the study area (Coupland
1961) but has been put to the plow because of its favoribility for agriculture. Its occurrence is also much reduced
and degraded because the gentle terrain affords ready access to cattle. AGRSMI-STIVIR is found on a broad
variety of topographic positions, from rolling upland of low to moderate relief to swales of breaklands and
moderate to steep, cooler aspects of coulees. It occurs on protected exposures, moister or water receiving
48
positions in the landscape that possess fine-textured soils, though frequently a thin mantle of glacial drift may
cover the sedimentary substrates which provide the majority of rooting medium. This type often grades to
STICOM-BOUGRA, STICOM-CARFIL or AGRSMI-BOUGRA on adjacent uplands and Artemisia cana -dominated
or Symphoricarpos occidentalis communities on lowland positions. Intensive grazing of AGRSMI-STIVIR has
resulted in much conversion to STICOM-BOUGRA and ASRSMI-BOUGRA c.ts. or weed-dominated c.ts. with a
high percentage of introduced annual grasses {Bromus japonicus, B. tectorum, Festuca octoflora, etc.).
Vegetation: Agropyron smithii and/or A. dasystachyum andStipa viridula well represented are diagnostic for this
type, however fenceline contrasts indicate that A. smithii can be reduced to trace amounts and even extirpated by
intensive grazing. On lightly grazed rolling terrain A. smithii cover approached 95%. Ascertain intensity of grazing
before relaxing cover criteria for type identification. Stipa viridula was chosen as an indicator of "favorable
habitats" being associated with "heavy soil, by protection from wind, or by extra moisture from runoff.", Coupland
1961. Bouteloua gracilis and Carex filifolia (S. comata on sites with better drainage) are capable of dramatic
increase with grazing and prolonged drought (Coupland 1961). Various mixes of Carex spp. (C stenophylla. C
filifolia, C. heliophyla) and Koeleria cristata are highly constant and range widely in cover values.
Selaginella densa cover is high (> 70%) on severely overgrazed lands; other overgrazed sites support only trace
amounts. High constancy forbs include Phlox hoodii, Sphaeralcea coccinea, Antennaria parviflora and Psoralea
argophylla. Artemisia frigida is the only shrub with greater than 50% constancy; on overgrazed pastures its cover
approaches 20%.
Other Studies: Moore and Culwell (1981) described a community type, identically named, from the Bull
Mountains of Musselshell County, MT. Culwell and Scow (1982) sampled two c.ts. (AGRSMI-BOUGRA-BUCDAC
and STICOM-AGRSMI) for Custer County that contained plots that would key to AGRSMI-STIVIR. Hansen and
Hoffman (1988) describe a AGRSMI-CARFIL h.t. for southeastern MT and western North and South Dakota
containing stands with S. viridula prominent; these stands are comparable to AGRSMI-STIVR in site variables and
composition. In general the Agropyron smithii -dominated c.ts. described for western North Dakota (Hanson and
Whitman 1938, Hansen et al. 1984, Quinnald and Crosby 1958) reflect more xeric conditions than those of
AGRSMI-STIVIR. However, data presented by Quinnald and Crosby (1958) for ungrazed North Dakota mesas
shows S. viridula to be an important component of A. smithii- and A. dasytachyum -dominated stands and
Whitman (1976) documents a AGRSMI-STIVIR-BOUGRA c.t from southwestern ND occurring on silty clays, clay
loams, and clays. For the prairies of Alberta the community closest in composition is Agropyron (mostly
dasystachyum)-Koeleria (cristata) faciation (Coupland 1961) and is described as occurring only on rolling terrain
with lacustrine clay soils.
Agropyron spicatum-Bouteloua gracilis c.t.
(AGRSPI-BOUGRA; bluebunch wheatgrass-blue grama; 4 plots;
WHTF designation Pseudoroegneria spicata-BOUGRA)
Environment: AGRSPI-BOUGRA is a common type in western MT, east of the Continental Divide, declining in
prominence to the east. Within the study area it most common in foothills to Little Rockies and Bears Paw
Mountains, generally associated with warmer exposures and well-drained soils, and becomes very sporadic in the
easternmost counties (where associated with protected positions). It is Study area soils were derived only from
sandstone (calcareous and non-calcareous) or glacial drift but this type was noted to develop on other substrates.
It was most often observed to grade to STICOM-BOUGRA and AGRSPI-POASEC on drier exposures and
ARTTRI/AGRSPI, AGRSMI-BOUGRA on gently rolling topography. Several fenceline contrasts reveal that
Agropyron spicatum can be virtually extirpated by grazing. This type was sampled only on range minimally
impacted by grazing. Given the accessibiity of this type and its vulnerbility to grazing, it is quite probable its
potentially occupied acreage is much greater than that currently occupied.
Vegetation: Sites are dominated by Agropyron spicatum (20-70% cover); other highly constant graminoids
include Bouteloua gracilis, Stipa comata, Carex filifolia and Muhlenbergia cuspidata. The first three named
graminoids increase storngly with grazing. Combined cover shrub layer may exceed 5%, but individual species
cover does not, with the exception of Yucca glauca (one site). Artemisia frigida, Gutierrhizia sarothrae, and Yucca
49
glauca are the only high constancy (>75%) shrubs. Although forb diversity is relative high (> 15 species per plot),
only Phlox hoodii and Opuntia polyacantha are highly constant.
Other Studies: Mueggler and Stewart (1980) have documented this as an important type for western Montana; it
is very similar in composition and landscape position to AGRSPI-POASEC. In southeastern MT Hansen and
Hoffman (1988) descibe two types, AGRSPI-Carex filifolia and AGRSPI-Soufe/oua curtipendula, similar to
AGRSPI-BOUGRA, but both types lack the importance of B. gracilis. Ross et al. (1973) list several near pristine
occurrences of AGRSPI-BOUGRA on the sedimentary plains of eastern MT. This type ranges south into
Wyoming and Colorado as a very extensive cover type (Bourgeron et al. 1994).
Agropyron spicatum-Poa secunda h.t.
(AGRSPI-POASEC; bluebunch wheatgrass-Sandberg's bluegrass; 7 plots;
WHTF designation Pseudoroegneria sp/cafa-POASEC)
Environment: This bunchgrass-dominated type is common in western MT (Mueggler and Stewart 1980),
progressively declining in importance to the east; it is sporadically distributed within the western portion (Blaine
and Phillips Counties) of the study area, extends as far as Rosebud Co. and not documented from the counties
bordering ND. it was found on glacial drift and various igneous materials weathered to loams and sandy loams. It
is found on southerly aspects of higher terrain such as foothills of and within the Little Rockies and Bears Paw
Mountains, as well as on cooler exposures within rolling uplands. Ground cover is highly variable with high
coverages of Selaginella densa on overgrazed sites, high moss cover on sheltered sites and exposed soil and
gravel exceeding 70% on others. In Little Rocky Mtns vicinity this type is noted to be a serai community on
PINPON/AGRSPi following fire. AGRSPI-POASEC was noted to grade to PINPON/AGRSPI or FESIDA-
dominated c.ts. on moister positions and to Stipa comata-Bouteloua gracilis of drier positions.
Vegetation: Agropyron spicatum well represented is diagnostic for the type but its coverages may range from
trace to 80% plus. Because A. spicatum is highly preferred forage for cattle and AGRSPI-POASEC sites are quite
accessible resulting in severe grazing impacts to this type. We lowered criteria (A. spicatum well represented,
>5% canopy cover) for inclusion in this type where grazing intensive had been severe. Several fenceline contrasts
suggested more than 80% reduction in current season A. spicatum cover; Mueggler and Stewart (1980) and
Daubenmire (1970) document the longterm reduction in palatable forage (virtual extirpation of A. spicatum) due to
excessive grazing. Bromus tectorum and B. japonicus are strong increasers with disturbance. Poa secunda and
Koeleria cristate are 100% constant though their coverages don't exceed 20%. P. secunda need not be present
for type identification; Mueggler and Stewart (1980) and this study treat AGRSPI-POASEC as a default type within
the AGRSPI series. About half our stands have conspicuous amounts of Stipa comata, denoting the STICOM
phase of Mueggler and Stewart (1980).
The subshrub Artemisia frigida is omnipresent but only exceeds trace amounts with intensive grazing. Contrary to
the relatively high (30% average) cover cited by Mueggler & Stewart (1980), total forb cover in our samples
generally does not exceed 10% except in the case of heavy grazing, where Cerastium arvense, Phlox hoodll,
Comandra umbellate and other increaser forbs totaled as much as 40% cover. Gaillardia arlstata, Llatris punctata,
Thermopsis rhombifolia and Chrysopsis vlllosa are the only forbs with greater than 50% constancy.
Other Studies: The center of importance of AGRSPI-POASEC lies west of the Cascade Crest in Washington
(Daubenmire 1970), Oregon (Johnson and Simon 1987, Hall 1973), and British Columbia (Samilkameen Valley,
McLean 1970) however, the type extends with various floristic and environmental permutations to Idaho,
Wyoming, Utah and Montana. AGRSPI-POASEC is scattered throughout western MT (Mueggler and Stewart
1980) but decreases in importance to the east (northeast especially) where both diagnostic grasses approach their
distributional limits (western ND and SD). Hansen and Hoffman (1988) describe a AGRSPI- Carex filifolia h.t. of
very limited extent for southeastern MT which is virtually identical to the STICOM phase of AGRSPI-POASEC,
especially when the ecological similarity (and taxonomic intergradation) of P. secunda and P. canbyi are
considered.
Andropogon scoparius-Carex filifolia c.t.
50
(ANDSCO-CARFIL; little bluestem (-) thread-leaved sedge; 9 plots;
WHTF designation Schizachyrium scoparium -Carex filifolia)
Environment: This is a minor type that apparently increases in abundance in the study area from west to east; it
was found mainly as small (<.1 acre) patches. Landscape position varied from slope brow to backslope to
toeslope and alluvial flat. Slope exposure included steep southwest (slope shoulders) to protected northeast
aspects (backslopes). Soils are mostly sandy loams and loamy sands derived from sandstone (calcareous and
not), shale and alluvium (including fluvio-glacial material). Active rill and sheet erosion was nearly ubiquitous and
some sites had developed gullies. Southerly aspects had been more eroded, with more exposed soils and gravel
(to 80%), and considerably lower herbaceous cover.
Vegetation: Cover of the diagnostic (well represented) Andropogon scoparius varies widely; 10% on south-facing
slopes to 80% on steep north-facing slopes, toeslopes and subirrigated terraces. Carex filifolia is 100% constant
and second in coverage (average 28%) to A. scoparius. High constancy graminoids generally associated with
sandy substrates include Calamovilfa longifolia, Stipa comata, and Muhlenbergia cuspidata] other psammophytes
sporadically present include Oryzopsis hymenoides, Aristida longiseta and Sporobolus cryptandrus. Grazing
pressure appreared less here than adjacent types, though occasionally more than 80% of A. scoparius annual
production was consumed.
Only two shrubs, Rhus trilobata and Yucca glauca, exceed 50% constancy; their cover was always less than 5%.
Combined forb cover seldom exceeds 1 %; those exceeding 50% constancy are Liatris puctata, Psoralea
argophylla, and Lygodesmia juncea. Echinacea angustifolia is present with greater frequency in this type than all
other c.ts.
Other studies: For western North Dakota Hanson and Whitman (1938) descibe an Andropogon scoparius c.t.
from steep north-facing slopes and areas of snow accumulation; they speculate A. scoparius is established during
erosional episodes, acts to protect slopes from excessive erosion, and thus may be merely a serai stage (albeit
longlived). None of following cited studies indicate a successional status for this, or closely allied types. Redmann
(1975) also describes an A. scopar/i/s-dominated type from western North Dakota occurring on steep south-facing
slopes that receive above average moisture due to slope runoff and winter snowdrifts. Redmann (1975) also
notes A. scopar/'t/s-dominated vegetation occurs on uplands having sandy soils, a common association noted for
the whole of the tail-grass prairie.
Hansen and Hoffman (1988) report a habitat type with the name used here, ANDSCO-CARFIL, that is ubiquitous
across southeastern MT, northwestern SD and southwestern ND and note its similarity to ANDSCO-CARFIL
(Hansen et al. 1984) of west-central ND. These authors and Morris and Lovegrove (1975) treat ANDSCO-CARFIL
as a topoedaphic climax associated with coarse-textured soils and slope shoulders and cooler, northwest- through
northeast-facing slopes. These sites are both more mesic than other upland sites due to moisture redistribution
and reduced insolation; their coarse texture favors deep percolation of moisture and the following rootsystems of
A. scoparius and Calamovilfa longifolia. Dense layers of litter and duff (relatively undisturbed stands) and the
importance of Bouteloua curtipendula are features distinguishing our type from the samples of Hansen and
Hoffman (1988), Morris and Lovegrove (1975) from southeastern MT, Culwell and Scow (1982) from Custer Co
and Quinnild et al. (1978) from Richland Co.
51
Artemisia longifolia/Oryzopsis hymenoides c.t.
(ARTLON/ORYHYM; long-leaved sagewort/indian ricegrass; 4 plots)
Environment: This is a minor community type associated with highly distinctive sites, eroded acid-shale
badlands. The sampled stands occurred on steep (>40%) slopes with south- to west-facing aspects, but the type
was noted to occupy other less stressful, less eroded positions. These sites are so unfavorable for vegetation that
plant cover seldom exceeds 20%, often not reaching even 10%. Given the active erosion and that litter production
is virtually nill and it follows that exposed soil approaches 100% cover. Soils evidence no horizonation. Though
derived from shales, these soils may be reacted to by vegetation as sands because though the fine, weathered
fraction is clay-dominated more than 50% of the volumn is occupied by coarse shale shards. Without soil
chemistry profiled, factors distinguishing this type from adjacent badland types, SARVER-ATRNUT most
characteristically, cannot be identified.
Vegetation: Shrubs rarely establish on these sites. The taprooted forb Artemisia longifolia generally has the
greatest cover but may share this status with Eriogonum pauciflorum, another forb characteristic of badlands.
Calamovilfa longifolia and Orzopsis hymenoides (spp. generally associated with sandy soils) are also regularly
present in trace amounts.
Other Studies: This type or a close homologue has been described from dark shales (Colorado, Clagget, and
Bearpaw) in Musselshell and Petroleum Counties by Harvey (1982). Most notably Harvey characterized the soils
as acid (pH <5) with low conductivity. He notes this to be a pioneer community of shale barrens but it may also be
the long-term stable community due to the predominance of ongoing erosion.
Calamovilfa longifolia-Carex pensylvanica c.t.
(CALLON-CARPEN; prairie sandreed (-) long-stolon sedge; 9 plots)
Environment: CALLON-CARPEN is a minor c.t. occurring as small stands (<1/2 acre) restricted to upland sites
with sandy soils (derived from sandstone) or on toeslopes and badland benches mantled with coarse-textured
colluvium and slopewash derived from various sedimentary parent materials, including shales and bentonite.
Generally narrow ecotones, indicating a steep soil (moisture?) gradient, exist between CALLON-CARPEN and
adjacent c.ts. (most often STICOM-CARFIL, STICOM-BOUGRA, and ARTCAN/STICOM). Erosion (sheet, rill, and
gully) is a consistent process on these sites, even on low gradient examples, but is more prominent on moderate
to steep slopes. Given the ubiquity of erosion the percentage of exposed soil and gravel is generally high (>50%)
Vegetation: Cover of the diagnostic species, Calamovilfa longifolia and Carex pensylvanica (syn. C, mops. C
heliophila), is highly variable. Graminoid cover generally is higher (to 80%) on the upland sites with sandy soil and
gentle slopes, the same habitat described for this type in southeastern MT (Hansen and Hoffman 1988),
Andropogon scoparius is sometimes well represented on collecting positions whereas Calamagrostis montanensis
and Stipa comata are more apt to have high coverages (may even be dominant) on upland sites. Forb cover and
richness is low,- averaging only trace amounts and 10 species, respectively. Thermopsis rhombifolia is the only
forb exceeding 50% constancy. Rosa spp. are consistenty present in the toe-slope and lower terrace stands
whereas Yucca glauca, Rhus aromatica and Artemisia spp, occur in trace amounts on upland sites.
Other Studies: Hansen and Whitman (1938) describe a Calamovilfa longifolia type for sandy ridges and hills of
western North Dakota. They speculate the GALLON type is serai to STICOM-BOUGRA-CAREX type, but in the
described state it is very similar to our CALLON-CARPEN c.t. Whitman (1976) records a type for southwestern
North Dakota, CALLON-STICOM-CAREX, that is similar to ours in composition and especially in range of
togographic positions occupied. We have retained the name CALLON-CARPEN applied by Hansen and Hoffman
(1988) to similar communities/habitats of southeastern MT, but used c.t. because some of our stands are clearly
serai. In brown soil zone of Canada, Coupland (1961) recognizes a successional community of sandy sites
dominated by a suite of tall "sand" grasses {Sporobolus cryptandrus, Oryzopsis hymenoides, Elymus canadensis,
Calamagrostis montanensis) foremost of which is C. longifolia. Coupland (1961) envisions autogenic processes
driving these sites to the Stipa {comata)-Bouteloua (gracilis)-Agropyron {dasystachyum) faciation (broad c.t.) but
we agree with Hanson and Hoffman that this type is an edaphic climax. Under current conditions (grazing,
climate) autogenic soil forming processes can't keep pace with the ubiquitous erosional processes.
52
Stipa comata-Bouteloua gracilis p.a.
(STICOM-BOUGRA; needle-and-thread (-) blue gramma; 13 plots)
Environment: STICOM-BOUGRA is a major plant association throughout the study area on upland sites with well
drained substrates, mostly derived from materials associated with glacical processes. It was also found on
residual sandstone. Soils are predominantly sandy loams, loamy sands and loams; numerous others
(Daubenmire 1970, Coupland 1961, Dix 1960, Hansen et al. 1984) have noted the association between the high
sand content of soils and the dominance of Stipa comata. STICOM-BOUGRA also occurs on gentle to steep
slopes with west- through south-facing aspects. STICOM-BOUGRA also represents a serai condition (usually
grazing, occasionally fire induced) for more productive sites that would support long-term stable dominance of
Agropyron smithii, A. dasystachyum and/or Agropyron spicatum.
This c.t. is most frequently noted to grade to STICOM-Carex filifolia or Agropyron smithii -BOUGRA c.ts. (on
moister sites or with finer textured soils).
Vegetation: The easy accessibility of this type has led to its being intensively grazed across its range. No
exclosures were sampled so a description of unimpacted sites is not possible but based on several fenceline
contrasts observed we hypothesize much compositional alteration has occurred. In the less impacted examples
S. comata is a strongly dominant mid-grass (coverages to 70%) with Boutoloua gracilis usually dominating the
short-grass layer. Intensively grazed sites may have only trace amounts of S. comata and B. gracilis whereas
Salaginalla densa has increased to create a green sward (early season aspect). Koeleria cristata may dominate
portions of degraded sites. Other graminoids with greater than 50% constancy are Poa secunda, Carex filifolia, C.
stenophylla, and Agropyron smithii (or its near ecological equivalent, A. dasystachyum). On especially sandy or
eroded sites Calamagrostis montanensis and/or Calamovilfa longifolia may be well represented,
Artemisia frigida is a ubiquitous shrub in this type and increases notably with Increased grazing. No forbs, with the
exception of S. densa. occur with greater than 5% coverage; those with greater than 50% constancy include
Sphaeralcea coccinea, Opuntia polyacantha, Phlox hoodii and Chrysopsis villosa. All the above forbs apparently
increase with increased grazing. Observed, but unsampled, examples of badly degraded range of this community
type were dominated by Plantago patagonica, Hedeoma hispidula, Alyssum alyssoides and various other "weedy"
species.
Other studies. Our results are difficult to relate to published results because other studies have concentrated on
sampling "relatively undisturbed" vegetation. For the northern prairies Coupland (1950) originally described a
Stipa {comata & curtiseta7)-Bouteloua {gracilis) faciation (later proposed as STICOM-BOUGRA-CAREX spp.
faciation [Coupland 1961]) and a Bouteloua-Stipa faciation (later changed [Coupland 1961] to Bouteloua-Stipa
facies to denote a syntaxonomic unit of serai conditions). Both syntaxa are characteristic of undifferentiated
glacial till deposits on rolling topography in the drier part of the brown soil zone (which would Include eastern MT).
Faciations are generally more inclusive than community or habitat types. Coupland provides insufficient
quantitative criteria for discriminating between his two named syntaxa, but most of BOUGRA-STICOM and the
drier portions of STICOM-BOUGRA correspond in composition to what we have described here as STICOM-
BOUGRA c.t. Because we have not been able to separate grazing effects from vegetation composition
conditioned by intrinsic site variables our type spans a greater environmental range.
, For Montana, Mueggler and Stewart (1980) describe a STICOM-BOUGRA h.t. from Intermountain valleys east of
the Continental Divide; of the two phases AGRSMI is quite similar floristically and in topographic setting to the type
described here. Given the palatability of A. smithii and A. dasystachyum we feel that where these species occur
with 5% or greater coverage, especially in areas with appreciable grazing pressure, that they are indicative of
different site conditions (more mesic) than would be indicated by their absence. Hansen et al. (1984) and Hansen
and Hoffman (1988) have described for western North Dakota and southeastern Montana, respectively, a
STICOM-Carex filifolia h.t., that in composition and environment, is very similar to STICOM-BOUGRA; we have
discriminated these types based only on the abolute amounts of C. filifolia and B. gracilis present (which may be
quite artificial given that both are increasers under grazing and respond dramatically to short-term climatic
fluctuations). Coupland (1961) has remarked that C. filifolia increases in abundance southward from Canadian
prairies, thus northeastern MT may be a transition zone with mixed representation of STICOM-BOUGRA and
53
STICOM-CARFIL as the dominant climatic climax types.
Stipa comata-Carex filifolia c.t.
(STICOM-CARFIL; needle-and-thread {-) thread-leaved sedge; 14 plots)
Environment: Within the study area the habitat of STICOM-CARFIL virtually matches that of STICOM-BOUGRA'
rolling uplands of low to moderate relief, usually mantled with glacial drift or with soils derived from coarser
textured sedimentaries. It also occurs on gentle to moderate slopes with southerly exposures.
Soils are well drained, ranging from loams to loamy sands. Ground cover characteristics are related to history of
use with intensively grazed stands having either a high cover of Selaginella densa or much (>60%) exposed soil
and gravel (recent grazing intensive). Litter cover exceeded 40% only on those few stands judged lightly grazed
STICOM-CARFIL grades to STICOM-BOUGRA (site differences unknown) and AGRSMI-BOUGRA on finer
textured substrates or collecting positions.
Vegetation: Stipa comata and Carex filifolia well represented are diagnostic for this type, but on heavily grazed
areas S. comata coverage may be less than 5%. The only notable compositional difference in graminoids
between STICOM-CARFIL and STICOM-BOUGRA is the relative amount of B. gracilis and C. filifolia. Reasoning
that because B. gracilis increases more strongly with (over)grazing than does C. filifolia we would recognize a
significant coverage of C. filifolia a better register of site differences and hence gave STICOM-CARFIL priority in
the key. Graminoids with constancy greater than 70% are Koeleria cristata, B. gracilis, Poa secunda, and
Agropyron smithii/dasystachyum. Stands or microsites with sandier soils (derived from sandstone) or actively
being eroded support Muhlenbergia cuspidata, Sporobolus cryptandrus and Andropogon scoparius. The low
coverages (< 5%) of A. smithii/dasystachyum in study area examples of STICOM-CARFIL relative to those
reported for a c.t. of same name in southeastern Montana (Hansen and Hoffman 1988) reflect our interpretation. of
the significance of these species' presence as indicators of more mesic conditions (different plant associations);
their absence or highly reduced cover is potentially indicative of overgrazing.
Artemisia frigida is present and generally well represented in more than 90% of the plots; Gutierrhizia sarothrae
and Ceratoides lanata are the only other shrub with more than 50% constancy. If these sites have been
intensively sheep-grazed then C. lanata coverages, which are currently 5% or less, may be much reduced from
potential (and indicative of CERLAN/STICOM c.t.). Aggregate forb cover (excepting Selaginella densa) seldom
exceeds 5%; those with 50% or greater constancy are Phlox hoodii, Antennaria parvifolia, Gaura coccinia,
Sphaeralcea coccinea, Chrysopsis villosa and Liatris punctata. Stand to stand cover of viability of Selaginella
densa (0 to 90%) is notable. If S. densa is the increaser it is reputed to be, then 70% of the plots have been
heavily impacted, at least in the past. Some currently intensively grazed pastures were noted to have no S. densa
but a prolific weed population.
Other Studies: This c.t. was first described by Hanson and Whitman (1938) under the name Bouteloua-Stipa-
Carex. STICOM-CARFIL c.t. has been further documented (as h.t. of same name) from near pristine and lightly
impacted sites in western North Dakota (Hansen etal. 1984) and southeastern Montana (Hansen and Hoffman
1988); these examples of the type have slight vegetation differences as noted above (vegetation section). The
Agropyron smithii phase of STICOM-BOUGRA described by Mueggler and Stewart (1980) for western MT is very
similar in habitat to our STICOM-CARFIL c.t. and has only minor floristic and vegetation differences (higher B.
gracilis and A. smithii cover). The Stipa-Bouteloua (Carex spp. ?) faciation described for brown soils of southern
Canadian prairies (Coupland 1961) is very similar to STICOM-CARFIL, occurring in more xeric positions than the
faciation that dominates most of the landscape, Stipa-Agropyron (dasystachyum). Coupland (1961) describes
how the relative proportions of A. dasystachyum and B. gracilis shift with extended periods of drought and above
average moisture; cover changes are sufficient to shift stands between c.ts. (faciations).
54
Stipa curtiseta-Stipa viridula p.a.
(STICUR-STIVIR; porcupine needlegrass-green needlegrass; 9 stands)
Environment: This c.t. has not previously been described from Montana; it was sampled only in the northern
portion of Phillips and Valley Counties and is subsumed within what Coupland (1950) termed the Stipa {curtiseta}-
Agropyron (dasystachyum) Faciation. We speculate that STICUR-STIVIR possibly constituted a significant
fraction of the landscape put to the plow in this vicinity. Remnants of this c.t. are found on sheltered (e.g. north-
and east-facing draw slopes, swales) and collecting positions (toesiopes and swales and lee slopes of ridges).
Most of the stands were developed on glacial drift over sedimentary substrates (mostly shales). Substrate
surfaces were highly variable from 80% cover of litter to 80% cover of Selaginella densa, mosses and lichens; in
general exposed soil does not exceed 40%.
The sampled expressions of STICUR-STIVIR were mostly beyond the distribution limits of Festuca scabrella, F.
idahoensis and Agropyron spicatum, or at least where these species constitute community dominants. STICUR-
STIVIR most often grades to STICOM-CARFIL and STICOM-BOUGRA on uplands and adjacent drier exposures.
Vegetation: Artemisia frigida and Ceratoides lanata are the only shrubs with 50% or greater constancy, their
cover not exceeding 5%. Stipa curtiseta or S. viridula, considered singly or combined having at least 5% cover,
are considered diagnostic for the type. In several stands Agropyron dasystachyum was the dominant grass
creating an aspect virtually identical to the condition described for relatively undisturbed stands of STIPA-
AGROPYRON faciation (Coupland 1961) on Canadian mixed-grass prairies The relatively large stature of the
above grasses when contrasted with the low coverage of short grasses gives ungrazed examples of this type a
more luxuriant aspect than those types of the surrounding grassland matrix. Several stands with an abundance of
Calamovilfa longifolia and/or Stipa comata had loamy-sand soils. Appreciable coverages of Muhlenbergia
cuspidata appear to be associated with sandy or eroded substrates. Andropogon scoparius was present in about
50% of the plots but coverages were less than 5%. Psoralea argophylla was the only forb with greater than 50%
constancy. With the exception of Selaginella densa, found in high coverages on grazing impacted sites, forb cover
seldom exceeds 5%, even in the aggregate.
Other studies: This type has not been previously described from Montana or the western US, quite possibly
because S. curtiseta has not been long recognized at the species level (Barkworth 1978). S. curtiseta has
previously been recognized as S. spartea var. curtiseta in the northwestern U.S. and Canada; often researchers
did not track it as a separate taxon at the variety level. Coupland's monographs (1950, 196?) regarding northern
Great Plains grassland classification describe a Stipa-Agropyron faciation which subsumes our STICUR-STIVIR
c.t. Coupland notes that Stipa comata and S. curtiseta are coextensive dominants throughtout the Canadian
Prairie Provinces on brown and dark brown soil zones but that S. curtiseta is confined, at least as a dominant, to
north of 49 N. Where coextensive, S. curtiseta occurrs in much higher coverages on north slopes and protected
positions whereas S. comata is more abundant on south-facing exposures. For western North Dakota Redmann
0975) has reported a mesic S. spartea v. curtiseta c.t. occupying north-facing slopes, well below the slope break;
it is also floristically similar to STICUR-STIVIR. At this time it would appear that the Montana occurrences define
the southern limit of this type and that it (or a floristically quite similar type) extends as far north as the boreal forest
zone where, owing to factor compensation, it occurs on better drained, south-facing slopes (Redmann and
Schwarz 1986).
55
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61
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APPENDIX B. CONSTANCY, AVERAGE COVER AND RANGE OF COVER VALUES FOR VASCULAR
PLANT SPECIES WITH GREATER THAN 3% CANOPY COVER IN ANY GIVEN PLOT.
Constancy is expressed as the percentage (to nearest whole number) o:) u . u u
(sites) within a given community type or plant association in which a given
species occurrs. Average canopy cover is computed by summing the midpoints
values of the cover classes for a given species and community type and
dividing this value by the number of plots in which the species occurs .
The range of canopy cover is expressed as the minimal value and maximal
canopy cover value for a given species within a given community type. The
community types/plant associations are ordered by decreasing size of
dominant lifeform (forests, shrublands, herb-dominated) and aphabetically
within lifeform category.
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Appendix B-2 (cont.)
Shrub Community Types Cover Constancy Table: Constancy (Average Abund)
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CD
r-
b
CO
CD
CO
CO
iH
CM
m
d"
m
MD
b
CO
cn
10
t — i
CM
APPENDIX C (cont.) Herbaceous Community Types and Their Assigned Site Numbers (Cont
13. SPAPEC-SPAGRA
88. NHMT310593SC0025 39. NHMT3 1 01 93SC0050 90. NHMT310593SC0032
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rH
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cn
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tn
cn
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to
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109
APPENDIX D: Plant associations and community types occurring in Bureau of Land Management
Havre, Phillips, Valley and Big Dry Resource Areas; listed by decreasing size of dominant lifeform
and alphabetically within lifeform (includes their accompanying G- and S-ranks [S-rank for whole
state, not merely study area]).
CONIFER-DOMINATED FOREST & WOODLANDS;
G-rank S-rank
Abies lasiocarpa Series
/Juniperus communis
/Linnaea borealis
5 3
5 5
Picea species Series
fCornus stolonifera (C. sericea)
/Equisetum arvense
/Juniperus communis
/Linnaea borealis
3
4
2
4
3
4
2
4
Juniperus scopulorum Woodland Series
/Agropyron spicatum (Pseudoroegneria spicata) 4
/Oryzopsis micrantha 3
Pinus contorta Series
/Juniperus communis 5
/Linnaea borealis 5
Pinus flexilis Woodland Series
/Agropyron spicatum {Pseudoroegneria spicata) 4
Pinus ponderosa Forest Series
/Amelanchier alnifolia 2
/Andropogon scoparius (Schizachyrium scoparium) 2
/Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 5
/Berberis repens 3
ICarex heliophila 3
/Festuca idahoensis 5
/Juniperus scopulorum 4
/Prunus Virginians 4
/Symphoricarpos occidentalis 3
Pinus ponderosa Woodland Series
/Agropyron spicatum (Pseudoroegneria spicata) 4
/Andropogon spp. 2
/Juniperus horizontalis 3
4
3
3
5
4
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
3
4
2
3
110
APPENDIX D (cont.)
Pseudotsuga menziesii Forest Series G-rank S-rank
/Amelanchier alnifolia 2 2
/Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 4 4
/Berberis repens (Mahonia repens) 5 3
/Cornus canadensis 3 3
/Linnaea borealis 4 4
/Symphoricarpos occidentalis 3 3
A/iola canadensis 3 3
Pseudotsuga menz/es// Woodland Series
/Agropyron spicatum (Pseudoroegneria spicata) . 5 4
/Andropogon scoparius (Schizachyrium scoparium) 1 1
/Juniperus scopulorum 3 3
/Muhlenbergia cuspidata 2 2
BROAD-LEAVED, MAINLY COLD-DECIDUOUS FORESTS:
Fraxinus pennsylvanIca/Prunus virginiana 3 3
Salix amygdaloides 3 3
Acer negundo/Prunus virginiana 3 3
Fraxinus pennsylvanica-Ulmus americana/Prunus virginiana 1 1
Popuius deltoides/Cornus stolonifera (C. sericea) 4 4
Populus deltoides/ Herbaceous c.t. 5? 4?
Popy/t/s de/fo/c/es/ Recent Alluvial Bar 5? 5?
Popuius trichocarpa/Cornus stolonifera (C. sericea) 4 4
SHRUBLANDS AND THICKETS:
Artemisia cana/Agropyron (Pascopyrum) smithii 4 4
A. cana/Stipa comata 3 3
Artemisia tridentata/Agropyron (Pascopyrum) smithii 5 5
A. tridentata/Agropyron spicatum (Pseudoroegneria spicata) 5 5
A. tridentata-Atriplex confertifolia 4 4
A. tridentata-Atriplex nuttallii (A. gardneri) 3 3
A. tridentata/Festuca idahoensis 4 4
A. tridentata/Festuca scabrella 3 3
A. tridentata/Stipa comata 5 4
Atriplex confertifolia 5 3
111
APPENDIX D (cont.)
SHRUBLANDS AND THICKETS CONTINUED G-rank S-rank
Atriplex nuttalHi (A.gardneri)/Agropyron (Pascopyrum) smithii 3 3
A. nuttallii (A. gardneri)/Sporobolus airoides ? ?
A. nuttallii (A. gardneri)/Eriogonum pauciflorum 7 7
Ceratoides (Krascheninnikovia) lanata/Stipa comata 3 3
Crataegus succulenta 2 2
Eleagnus angustifolia SR SR
Eleagnus commutata 2 2
Eleagnus commutata/Agropyron smithii 2 2
Juniperus horizontalis/Andropogon scoparius 4 4
J. horizontalis/Agropyron dasystachyum (Elymus lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus)
3? 3?
J. horizontalis/Agropyron spicatum {Pseudoroegneria spicata)
3? 3?
J. horizontalis/Calamovilfa longifolia 3? 3?
J. horizontalis/Carex pensylvanica (C. inops) 4 4
J. horizontalis/Juncus balticus 47 47
Prunus virginiana
4 4
Rhus trilobata (R. aromatica)/Agropyron spicatum (Pseudoroegneria spicata)
4 4
R. trilobata (R. aromatica)/Calamovllfa longifolia 5 4
Rosa woodsii 4 4
Shepherdia argentea 4 4
Symphoricarpos occidentalis 4 4
Salix exigua 5 5
Salix lutea/Poa pratensis 4 4
Sarcobatus vermiculatus/Agropyron (Pascopyrum) smithii 4 4
S. vermiculatus-Atriplex nuttallii (A. gardneri) 4 3
Yucca glauca/Calamovilfa longifolia 4 4
112
APPENDIX D (cont.)
GRASSLANDS and FORB-DOMINATED COMMUNITIES G-rank
Agropyron (Pascopyrum) smithii 4
A. smithii-Bouteloua gracilis 5
A. smithii-Carex filifolia 4
A. smithii-Stipa viridula 4
Agropyron spicatum-A. smithii 5
A. spicatum-Bouteloua gracilis 5
A. spicatum-Calamovilfa longifolia ?
A. spicatum-Carex filifolia 4
A. spicatum-Muhlenbergia cuspid ata 4 3
A. spicatum-Poa sandbergii 4
Agrostis stolonifera 5
Andropogon gerardii/Calamavilfa longifolia 3
Andropogon scoparius-Carex filifolia 4
A. scoparius-Muhlenbergia cuspidata 2
Artemisia longifolia 3
A. longIfolia/Oryzopsis hymenoides 1 ?
Calamovilfa longifolia/Carex heliophila 3
Carex aquatilis 5
Carex nebrascensis 4
Deschampsia cespitosa 4
Distichlis spicata 4
Eleocharis palustris 4
Festuca scabrella-Festuca idahoensis 5
Festuca idahoensis-Carex pensylvanica 3
Glycyrrhiza lepidota ?
Hordeum jubatum 4
113
S-rank
4
4
4
4
4
4
?
4
4
5
2
3
2
3
1?
2
4
4
4
4
4
5
3
?
4
APPENDIX D (coni)
GRASSLANDS and FORB-DOMINATED COMMUNITIES (CONT.) G-rank S-rank
Juncus balticus 5 5
Phragmites australis 3 2
Poa pratensis 5 5
Scirpus acutus 5 5
Scirpus maritimus 4 4
Scirpus pungens 4 3
Spartina pectinata 3 3
Stipa comata-Bouteloua gracilis 5 5
Stipa comata-Calamovilfa longifolia 2? 2?
Stipa curtiseta-Stipa viridula ? ?
Typha latifolia 5 5
114
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