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Years  of  unparaheled  Thrif^etech         ,^ 
1/58-1908 


PITTSBURGH 


■PVJBLISHEID    BY    EDWARD   WHITE      1607    CO««IN|0  NVVEALTff'^tlirDl'RfE';  PTftS^URGH.    AUL   RIGHTS    RESERVE.O    ON    COV/ER    DESIftH 


Old  Phipps  Power  Building. 

JoHcph  Home  &  Co.  (Roof  visible). 

McElvccn  Building  (Furniture). 

T.  C.  Jenkins   (Wholesale  Grocer.     Roof  visi- 

iblc). 
New  Phipps  Power  Building. 
Sixth  Street  Bridge. 
Bessemer  Building. 
Kerr  &  Snodgrass. 
l^'ulton  Binlding. 
Sixth  Street. 
ColoninI  Hotel. 
Hotel  Annex. 
Penn  Avenue. 
Bijou  Bi'ilding. 
Duquesne  Theatre  (Top). 
Anderson  Hctel. 
H.  J.  Heinz  Company  (In  distance). 


Century  Building. 

Lutz  &  Schramm  Co.  (Pickles,  etc.). 

Sixteenth  Street  Bridge. 

Pennsylvania  Railroad   Bridge  over  Allegheny 

River. 
Laird  &  Taylor  (Shoes).    . 
P.  Duff  &  Sons  (Molasses). 
Allegheny  River. 
McNally  Building. 

Stewart  Bros.  &  Co.   (Wholesale  Shoes). 
Heeren  Building. 

Pittsburgh  Dry  Goods  Company   Building. 
Spear  &  Co.  (House  Furnish.ngs). 
Penn  Building. 

Young  Men's  Christian  Association  Building, 
Columbia  Phonograph  Company. 
Pittsburgh  Life  Building   (Insurance). 
Westinghouse   Building    (Corner  visible). 


DOWh 


R.  G.  Dun  &  Company. 

Keenan   Building  and   Chamber  of   Commerce 

(Headquarters  Postal  Telegraph  Co.). 
Doubleday-Hill  Electric  Co. 
Pickerings  (House  Furnishings). 
Second  National  Bank  (Corner  visible). 
J.  C.  Lindsay  Hardware  Company. 
James    B.    Haines    &    Sons    (Wholesale    Dry 

Goods). 
Penn  Inclined  Plane. 


Grant  Boiilev 
Liberty  Aven 
Union  Statior 
Monongahela 
Cosmopolitan 
High  School. 
Public  Play  I 
Weisser-Low 
A.  Rosenbaui 


I.J   DtWiU  U.  1,11 


JTOWN    BUSINESS    SECTION    OF    PITTSBU 

READING    FROM     LEFT    TO     RIGHT    AND    FROM    TOP    TO     BOTTOM.    THE     FOLLOWING     MAY     BE     PLAINLY     SEEN 


1  (Pennsylvania  R.   R.). 
National  Unnk. 
National  Bank. 

jroiind. 

Co.  (Department  Store). 
II. Co.  (Department  Store). 


German     National     Bank     (Top     of     building 

visible). 
McCreery's  Department  Store. 
S.  Hamilton  Co.  (Pianos). 
First  Presbyterian   Church   (Rear  visible). 
Trinity  Episcopal  Church  (Rear  visible). 
Nixon  Theatre. 

Campbell's  Department  Stcre. 
Kleber's  Music  Store. 


Farmers  Deposit  National  Bank  Buildin 

(United   States  Weather   Bureau). 
First  National  Bank  Building. 
Western  Union  Telegraph  Co. 
Reymer  &  Brothers  (Confectionery). 
Hotel  Antler. 
Park  Building. 
Hotel  Henry. 
Fifth  Avenue. 


Pittsburgh  Coal  Company. 

Carnegie  Building. 

Frick  Building. 

Frick  Annex. 

Kaufmanns'    Department    Store    (Top 

showing). 
Pittsburgh  College. 
Curry  Building. 
Solomon's  Department  Store. 


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Gocttmann's  Restaurant. 
J.  R.  Weldin  &  Co.  (Stationery). 
Berger  Building. 
Grand  Opera  House. 

Colonial  Trust  Company   (Diamond  street  en- 
trance). 
Robinson  Bros.  (Brokers). 
Corner  of  Wood  and  Diamond  Streets. 
Bailey-Farrell  Building  (Plumbing  supplies). 
St.  Nicholas  Building. 


Jones  &  Laughlin  (New  building,  just  the  cor- 
ner visible). 

Fidelity  Title  &  Trust  Company  Building. 

Pittsburgh  Bank  for  Savings. 

Post  Office  Building,  (Tower  plainly  visible). 

Pittsburgh  Trust    Co.    (Vandergrift    Building). 

Germania  Savings  Bank. 

The  Mercantile  Trust  Co.  (Top). 

Peoples  Savings  Bank. 

Commonwealth     Building     (Upper     left     hand 
corner  shown). 

People's    National    Bank    (Tcp    and    rear    cf 
building). 

Arrott  Building  (Safe  Deposit  &  Trust  Co). 

Panorama   frcm    Diamond 


Union  National  Bank  Building. 
Columbia  National  Bank  Building. 
Pittsburgh  Terminal  Warehouses  (In  the  di»- 

tance). 
Guardian  Trust  Co.  (Rear). 
Pittsburgh  Stock  Exchange  Building  (Rear). 
Hosteller  Building  (Rear). 
House  Building  (A  ccrncr  visible). 
Machesncy  Building. 
Bank     of     Pittsburgh,     National     Association 

(Rear  corner  visible). 
Joseph  Wocdvell  Co.  (Hardware). 
Top  of  SmithField  Street  Bridge  (Above). 
Hartje  Building. 
National   Bank   Building. 


GKEATER  PITTSBURGH  DAY.  October  1.  1908 


PROGRAMME  i^^  FORMATION  M| 
GREATER  PITTSBURGH       ^^"^ 
PAKADE 


PITTSBURGH  MOUNTED  POLICE 


S.  B.  M.  YOUNG. 
Lieut.  General  U.  S.  A..       -      -      -      -      Chief  Marshal. 

COL.  JOHN  P.  PENNEY. 
Ad)t.  General  and  Staff. 


ESCORT — Fourteenth  and  Eighteenth  Regiments,  N.  G.  P. 
Guests  of  the  City. 


GREATER  PITTSBURGH  LEGISLATION  '  DIVISION. 


CITY  OF  PITTSBURGH  DIVISION. 

Float  representing  the  City  of  Pittsburgh  and  the  various  city  departments,  detach- 
ments from  the  Bureau  of  Fire.  Bureau  of  Health,  and  Public  Works  Department,  with 
old  and  new  apparatus  from  each  department. 


HISTORICAL  DIVISION. 

Floats  representing  scenes  in  the  early  history  of  the  city  and  nation. 


Floats  representing  the  Army  and  Navy.  18611865. 

Veterans'  organizations,  including  representatives  from  the  Sons  of  Veterans: 
Military  Order  Loyal  Legion:  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic:  Allegheny  County  Grand 
Army  Association:   Union  Veteran  Legion:   Society  of  Ex-Pnsoners  of  War. 


DIVISION  OF  SEMI-MILITARY  AND   UNIFORMED  SOCIETIES. 


EDUCATIONAL  INTERESTS  DIVISION. 

Floats  representing  the  growth  of  education  in  Pittsburgh,  from  the  day  of  the  log 
school,  at  Fort  Pitt,  to  the  new  University  of  Pittsburgh.  Marching  divisions  from  Elementary. 
Intermediate  and  High  Schools  :   Carnegie  Technical  Schools  and  University. 


LABOR  INTERESTS  DIVISION. 

Marching    divisions   and    floats   representing   various   industrial    interests  of  Greater 
Pittsburgh.  

MANUFACTURING  INTERESTS  DIVISION. 
Floats  representing  various  manufacturing  industries  of  Greater  Pinsburgh. 


COMMERCIAL  AND  TRANSPORTATION  INTERESTS  DIVISION. 
Floats  representing  transportation  and  mercantile  interests  in  Greater  Pittsburgh. 


WII, 1,1AM    I'ITT  frjm  •s  OR>r.iM*L  Painunc  in  the  ro»al  AcAoeM».  losoon 

Prime  Ministtr  of  Kiiyland  in  175S.  when  Fort  Pitt  and  Pittslnirgh  were  named  in  I-.i>  honor. 


BY 
THE    PITTSBURG   PMOTO   ENGRAvmG   CO. 


PHNTEO 
MURDOCH,    KERA   4   CO   ,    INC. 


150 


I        YEAKS  OF  i;m>aralli-:i.ki)  thrift        I 


Pittsburgh 
Sesqui-Centennial 


CIIKONICLING   A    1U;\  KLOl'.MKNT 
rR03I    A    FKONTIER    CAMP    TO 


A  MIGHTY  CITY 


Otlicial  History  and   Programme 


By   EDW  AKD    WHITE 

Official   Editor  and  I'liblisher  for  the  Executive  Coiiiiiiittee 
I)i:  WITT  B.  I^UCAv^,  Associate  Editor 


TysMied  under  Authority  of  the 
EXECl  TIVE   COMMITTEE   OF    THE   .SESOUI-CENTENNIAl, 


C  O  P  V  K  I  O  H  T ,     1  !)  O  y  ,    li\    E  I)  \V  AKD    \V  H  I  T  E 


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PITTSBURGH    IN    HISTORY 


ONE  HUNDRED  AND  FIFTY  YEARS  OF    RE.MARK.'VBLE 
GROWTH  AND  THRH"r 


ROM  a  government  outpost  in  1758  to  a 
leading  American  city  in  1908  is  a  rec- 
ord of  material  advancement  which 
bears  an  inetTable  charm  to  every  stu- 
dent and  every  reader  of  modern  history.  It  un- 
folds a  story  of  intrepid  pioneering,  keen  discern- 
ment, commercial  capacity  and  true  aestheticism 
that  is  virtually  without  a  parallel.  From  a 
frontier  camp  to  a  city  of  over  half  a  million  in- 
habitants— known  throughout  the  universe  as  the 
greatest  of  all  industrial  centers,  as  the  third  city 
in  the  world  in  banking  capital  and  surplus,  and 
as  a  city  of  beautiful  homes,  magnificent  parks, 
boulevards,  churches,  schools  and  benevolent  in- 
stitutions— is  a  transition  of  glory  and  of  wonder. 
And  yet  through  it  all  there  is  ever  in  evidence 
that  sturdiness  of  character,  that  equipoise  of 
mind  and  purpose,  which  characterized  the  little 
band  of  English,  Scotch  and  Irish  settlers  who 
laid  the  foundation  of  such  a  city  in  the  middle 
of  the  eighteenth  century.  Their  breadth  of 
vision  enabled  them  to  see  that  at  this  meeting 
of  the  waters — this  entrepot  to  the  great  fertile 
West — would  virtually  command  the  situation  in 
the  settlement  and  development  of  that  vast  ter- 
ritorj',  and  result  in  the  upbuilding  of  a  great  city 
at  the  forks  of  the  Ohio. 

The  most  difficult  problem  which  confronted 
the  settlers  at  the  foot  of  the  Western  slope  of 
the  Allegheny  Mountains  was  the  Indian  ques- 
tion. The  reduction  of  the  wilderness,  as  diffi- 
cult as  it  was  in  those  days  of  crude  development 
in  the  mechanical  arts,  was  indeed  an  easy  task 
compared  to  the  settlement  of  the  Indian  ques- 
tion. The  Indians  would  lend  no  assistance  to 
the  settlers  in  the  work  of  developing  the  coun- 
try and  making  use  of  its  resources,  and  they 
would  not  recede  peaceably  from  the  lands  which 
could  be  made  to  yield  so  much  under  the  touch 
of  the  white  man.  The  white  men  soon  learned, 
therefore,  that  they  must  fi.ght  if  they  wou'd  win 
in  the  struggle  for  civilization,  and  from  tlie  time 
of  Braddock's  defeat,  a  few  miles  east  of  Pitts- 
burgh, I7S5,  until  the  erection  of  Fort  Fayette, 
where  is  now  Ninth  street  and  Penn  avenue,  in 
1702,  there  was  an  almost  ceaseless  conflict  and 
numerous  bloody  battles  between  the  whites  and 
the  Indians. 

The  colonists  of  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia 
felt  the  effect  of  Braddock's  defeat  by  the  allied 
forces  of  French  and  Indians  very  keenly.  They 
realized    that    life    was    no    longer    secure    in    any 


portion  of  the  territory  west  of  the  Susquehanna 
river,  and  that  relief  of  no  kind  was  apparent.. 

The  following  year  (1756)  the  British  govern- 
ment formally  declared  war  against  France,  but 
lack  of  thorough  military  training  and  skill  on  the 
part  of  the  British  troops  first  sent  out  led  to 
almost  sole  dependence  for  protection  upon  the 
Colonial  militia.  For  the  next  two  years  the 
French  and  Indians  were  successful  at  nc;irly 
every  turn,  and  the  settlers  were  in  a  constant 
reign  of  terror. 


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riU-ihurghs  First  Post  Office,  17S9 

GENERAL   FORBES    BRINGS    RELIEF 

In  the  spring  of  1758  General  John  Forbes  was 
placed  in  command  of  the  army  operating  west 
of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  and  from  that  time 
the  settlers  saw  their  first  real  relief.  With  a 
force  of  about  6.200  experienced  soldiers,  and  ac- 
companied by  George  Washington,  General 
Forbes  marched  from  the  Susquehanna  river  to 
the  Beaver  river,  stopping  at  a  point  near  where 
New  Castle  now  stands.  At  Bedford  he  was 
joined  by  Colonel  Bouquet,  with  a  force  of 
Colonial  militia.  Bouquet  was  sent  forward  to 
Fort  Ligonier,  with  a  force  of  2,000  men,  while 
General   Forbes   followed   with   tlie   main   body  of 


PITTSB URGH  SESQUI-CENTENNIAL. 


the  army.  Tlicse  movements  were  striking  ter- 
ror to  French  and  tlieir  Indian  allies,  and  the 
fall  of  Fort  Duquesne  was  drawing  nearer.  Gen- 
eral Montcalm  writing  at  this  time  to  Chevalier 
de  Bourlamque,  gives  the  following  description 
of  conditions  existing  in  the  fort: 

"Mutiny  among  the  Canadians,  who  want  to  go 
home;  the  officers  busy  making  money,  and  steal- 
ing like  mandarins.  Their  commander  sets  the 
example,  and  will  come  back  with  three  or  four 
hundred  thousand  francs.  The  pettiest  ensign, 
who  does  not  gamble,  will  have  ten,  twelve  or 
fifteen  hundred  francs.  The  Indians  do  not  like 
Ligneris,  who  is  drunk  every  day." 


thirty,  were  burned.  The  French,  who  num.bered 
about  four  hundred,  besides  several  hundred 
Indian  allies,  withdrew,  most  of  the  French 
going  down  the  Ohio  river  on  rafts  and  barges. 

NAME  CHANGED  FORT  PITT  AND 
PITTSBURGH 

What  remained  of  the  fort  was  occupied  by 
the  English  soldiers  on  the  26th  of  November, 
and  Washington  pointed  to  the  meeting  of  the 
waters  and  predicted  the  building  of  an  import- 
ant city  on  the  site.  After  the  raising  of  the 
British  flag  over  the  fort,  it  was  named  Fort  Pitt, 


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Penns>ivania  Canal — Site  of  Union  Station 


FALL  OF  FORT  DUQUESNE 

An  occasional  success  in  a  slight  conflict  would 
embolden  the  French  and  serve  to  keep  their 
spirits  up.  but  the  policy  of  their  government 
was  wrong,  and  the  time  was  near  at  hand  when 
they  must  abandon  it.  Early  in  September, 
Major  Grant,  who  had  been  sent  to  within  a  few 
miles  of  Fort  Duquesne,  was  defeated,  but  the 
defeat  was  of  no  importance.  A  little  loter  an 
attack  was  made  upon  Fort  Ligonier  by  the 
French  and  Indians,  but  no  permanent  advantage 
was  gained.  The  fall  of  Fort  Frontcnac.  at  the 
outlet  of  Lake  Ontario,  in  August,  had  practical- 
ly sealed  the  doom  of  Fort  Duquesne,  and  on  the 
24th  of  November,  when  the  English  were  within 
a  few  miles  of  the  fort,  it  was  blown  up  and  the 
surrounding   buildings,    to    the    number    of   about 


in  honor  of  the  Prime  Minister  of  England,  Wil- 
liam Pitt.  At  the  suggestion  of  General  Forbes 
the  place  was  named  Pittsburgh.  The  first  re- 
corded use  of  the  name  is  in  a  letter  from  Gen- 
eral Forbes  to  Governor  Denn3%  dated  the  day 
after  taking  possession,  from  "Fort  Duquesne, 
now  Pittsburgh,  the  26th  November,  1758."  The 
next  recorded  evidence  is  from  the  minutes  of 
the  conference  held  by  Colonel  Bouquet  with  the 
chiefs  of  the  Delaware  Indians,  at  "Pitts-Bourgh, 
4th  December.  1758." 

CO^I.MF.RCIAL  HISTORY 

When  commerce  reached  the  forks  of  the 
Ohio,  it  found  little  in  the  way  of  human  habita- 
tion save  the  tepees  of  the  Indians  and  Fort  Du- 
quesne,  occupied   by   French   soldiers.     The  mili- 


PITTSBURG  11  SESQUI-CRXTT.XXLIL. 


tary  rule  of  the  Frcncli  stimulated  traclini^  lie- 
tween  the  white  frontiersmen  and  tlic  Iiulian-.  f^r 
the  time,  but  when  the  English  occupied  the 
"forks"  and  built  Fort  Pitt,  it  was  found  that 
Frencli  hostility  had  so  embittered  the  Indians 
against  the  newcomers  that  commercial  relations 
with  them  were  well  nigh  suspended.  It  was  not 
until  the  close  of  the  Revolution  that  mercantile 
trading  was  resumed  to  a  noteworthy  cxteiu,  and 
then  was  born  the  commerce  of  Pittsburgh.  In 
1784  more  than  sixty  wagon  loads  of  goods 
reached  Pittsburgh  from  tlie  East,  and  by  i;S6 
traffic  on  the  Ohio  river  iiad  become  a  feature 
of  \\  estern  trading. 

In  17S6  a  healthy  expansion  of  business  is 
shown,  .\miing  the  lirms  were  Craig,  Bayard  & 
Co.,  Daniel  Britt  &  Co.,  Samuel  Calhoun,  Wilson 
&  Wallace,  John  McDonald,  William  Haw  ting, 
William  Fulton  &  Co.,  and  Colonel  John  Gibson. 
Most  of  the  stores  advertised  that  their  goods 
were  exchangeable  for  cash,  flour,  wliiskey,  beef, 
pork,  bacon,  wheat,  r3-e,  oats,  corn,  candle-wick, 
tallow,  etc. 

NEW  STORES  COMING  IN 

The  year  1787  found  several  new  concerns  add- 
ed to  the  list  of  the  j-ear  previous,  among  them 
being  general  stores  by  John  Wilkins  &  Co., 
David  Kennedy,  and  John  and  William  Irwin. 
The  Gazette  advertised  that  it  kept  for  sale  State 
laws,  history  of  the  Revolution,  the  New  Testa- 
ment, Dilwortli's  Spelling  Book,  sealing  wax, 
wafers,  etc. 

In  the  year  1787  tliere  was  someihing  of  a  de- 
pression in  the  business  circles  of  Pittsburgh, 
lack  of  ready  cash  being  especially  noticeable,  but 
in  the  year  17SS  a  complete  revival  was  experi- 
enced, and  all  classes  of  business   prospered. 

URGING   STATE   CO-OPER.\TION 

The  following  item  from  an  issue  of  the  Ga- 
zette of  1787  rellects  the  spirit  which  had  posses- 
sion of  the  people  at  tliat  early  date: 

"It  ought  to  be  a  great  object  with  the  State 
of  Pennsylvania  to  encourage  and  cultivate  the 
town  of  Pittsburgh.  It  will  be  a  means  which 
will  bind  the  two  extremes  of  the  State  together. 
A  town  of  note  at  the  confluence  of  these  rivers 
must  for  ages  secure  the  trade  of  tlie  \\  estern 
countr\'  to  Pennsxdvania." 

F.\R^IING  DID  NOT  P.\Y 

Agriculture  was  unprofitable  west  of  the  Alle- 
ghenies  prior  to  the  last  decade  of  the  eighteenth 
century.  The  cost  of  transportation  across  the 
mountains  and  competition  with  planters  using 
slave  labor  in  Virginia  and  the  Carolinas,  made  it 
next  to  folly  for  the  farmers  of  the  Pittsburgh 
district  to  raise  more  produce  than  was  necessary 


lor  home  consumption.  I'l.uir  rearhed  tl'e  Iovy 
Iirioe  of  $1  per  hundredweight,  and  beef  seldom 
brinighi  more  than  Jj  in  cash  per  hundredweight. 
Commerce  at  the  time  meant  simply  barter,  and 
very  little  money  was  used  even  in  the  settlement 
of  b.alanccs. 

Ilomc-made  goods  of  all  kinds  were  used  as 
leg.al  tender,  and  if  llie  f.irnier  got  enough  fur  his 
produce  with  which  to  pay  his  taxes,  he  was  in- 
ileed  fortun.itc.  The  New  Orleans  market  was 
not  available  because  of  the  distance  and  the  time 
consumed  in  getting  goods  there. 

MISFORTUNE  TURNED  TO   FORTUNE 

It  was  such  drawbacks  to  commerce  as  these 
that  caused  a  turn  in  the  afl'airs  of  Pittsburgh, 
shaped  the  destiny  of  the  future  great  city  and 
made  it  the  center  of  tlie  greatest  industrial  em- 
pire on  the  globe.  It  having  become  settled  be- 
yond peradventure  that  Pittsburgh  and  Western 
Pennsylvania  must  turn  their  attention  from  agri- 
culture to  manufacture  if  they  would  reach  promi- 
nence in  the  business  world,  it  became  an  easy 
step  to  a  substantial  start  in  the  right  direction. 
Ohio  and  Kentucky  were  just  be.ginning  their 
development,  and  the  demand  for  building  ni;i- 
terials  and  implements  of  all  kinds  from  those 
sections   became  the 

OPPORTUNITY  OF  THE  PITTSBURGH 
DISTRICT. 

Mills  and  forges  and  factories  were  started 
like  hives  along  the  banks  of  the  Allegheny  and 
the  Monongahela  rivers,  while  the  transportation 
problem  was  readily  and  easily  solved  by  the 
Ohio,  and  Pittsburgh  itself  began  to  grasp  the 
great  opportunity  soon  after  the  ball  had  been 
started. 

Prosperity  came  in  great  waves  with  the  dawn 
of  this  change.  Tlie  demand  for  implements  in- 
creased to  a  demand  for  flour,  cotton  goods,  .glass, 
iron  and  coal,  and  Pitt-linrghcrs  sprang  to  tlie 
work  of  supplying  these  demands.  The  time  h;id 
come  for  the  "town  beyond  the  mountains"  to 
take  its  place  in  the  commercial  world,  and  the 
manner  of  its  assumption  was  indeed  creditable. 

PITTSBURGH'S  BEGINNING  AS  AN 
INDUSTRIAL  CENTER. 

The  glass  industry  in  Pittsburgh  had  its  be- 
ginning in  1797  in  a  factory  started  by  General 
James  OTIara  in  a  stone  buildin.g  on  the  south 
side  of  the  Monongahela  river,  nearly  opposite 
the  Point,  William  Eichbaum  having  been 
brought  from  the  East  to  superintend  the  work. 
In  a  note  found  among  General  O'Hara's  papers 
after  his  death,  he  said:  "To-day  we  made  the 
first  bottle  at  a  cost  of  $,^0,000."  The  enterprise 
proved   successful   and   was    really   the   beginning 


8 


PITTSBURGH  SESOUI-CENTENNIAL. 


of  Pittsburgh's  greatness  in  the  manufacturing 
line.  It  was  the  first  venture  on  anything  like  an 
extensive  scale,  and  marked  a  new  era  for  the 
commerce   of  the   city.     Associated  with   General 


In  iSoi  the  list  of  business  men  contained  the 
names  of  Tarascon  Brothers,  Berthoud,  Steele, 
McLaughlin,  Davis,  Christy,  Willock,  Barker, 
Hamsher,  Gregg  and  others.  The  year  1802  the 
well-known  names  of  Hanna,  Denny,  Woods  and 
INIcIlhenny  were  in  the  list. 

VOLUME  OF  TRADE  IN  1803 

Iilanuf  actures    $266,000 

Produce   brought   to   market 92,000 

Exports    180,000 

Imports    250,000 

The  excess  of  imports  over  exports  caused 
some  of  the  cautious  citizens  to  warn  the  people 
to  import  less  and  manufacture  more.  New 
Orleans  continued  to  be  the  principal  market  for 
the  products  of  Western  Pennsylvania,  and  the 
opinion  prevailed  that  the  southern  metropolis 
was  destined  to  be  the  greatest  city  in  the  world. 
It  was  before  the  days  of  canals  and  railways,  and 
when  the  chief  dependence  of  commerce  was  upon 
the  waterways.  Pittsburgh's  only  access  to  the 
great  markets  of  the  world  was  by  water  via  New 
Orleans,  and  its  importance  was  therefore  appar- 
ent to  every  discerning  business  man. 


Judge  William  Wilbins,  first  President  of  the  Bank  of 

Pittsburg:h,  United  States  Senator,  Secretary 

of  War  and  Minister  to  Russia. 

(Deceased) 

O'Hara  in  the  enterprise  was  Isaac  Craig,  a 
sturdy  pioneer  business  man  of  Pittsburgh,  and 
the  institution  was  known  as  the  Pittsburgh  Glass 
Works. 

OTHER  MANUFACTURING  ENTERPRISES 

Hats  were  manufactured  by  Samuel  Magee  in 
1798  at  Front  street  and  Chancery  Lane.  In  the 
same  year  there  were  also  in  the  city  institutions 
manufacturing  tobacco,  wagons  and  chairs,  and 
in  1799  a  shoe  factory  was  started.  In  1800  an- 
other shoe  factory  was  started  by  Hammond  & 
Wells. 

INIERCAXTILE   PURSUITS 

The  principal  articles  of  commerce  in  1800  were 
pork,  beef,  flour,  whiskey,  bar  iron,  castings,  Irish 
and  country  linens.  At  that  time  the  borough 
supported  a  large  number  of  prosperous  stores, 
conducted  by  men  with  such  familiar  names  as 
Ormsby,  Mahon,  Sharp,  Jones,  Dunlap,  Scott, 
Stevenson  and  Hogg.  Traffic  on  the  Ohio  river 
was  heavy,  the  commandant  of  Fort  Massac,  near 
the  mouth  of  the  river,  reporting  that  276  boats 
laden  with  produce  and  manufactured  articles 
passed  that  place  from  the  ist  of  March  to  the 
31st  of  May. 


BRANCH   BANK  IN   1803 

Tlie  year  1S03  found  the  city  sufficiently  ad- 
vanced in  a  commercial  sense  to  require  the  aid 
of  a  bank.  Scarcity  of  money  had  previously  pre- 
vented tlie  establishment  of  such  an  institution, 
and  exchanges  were  effected  by  local  merchants, 
aided  by  two  or  three  brokers.  Early  in  the  year 
the  directors  of  the  Bank  of  Pennsylvania,  in 
Philadelphia,  made  a  formal  proposition  to  the 
business  men  of  Pittsburgh  looking  to  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  branch  in  the  latter  city,  and  soon 
afterward  the  following  call  for  a  meeting  of  the 
citizens  appeared  in  the  Gazette: 

"The  freeholders  and  other  inhabitants,  house- 
holders, are  hereby  requested  to  attend  a  meet- 
ing of  tlie  Corporation  at  the  Court  House,  on 
Saturday,  the  26th  of  March,  at  10  o'clock  P.M., 
in  order  to  take  into  consideration  a  proposition 
of  the  Directors  of  the  Bank  of  Pennsylvania  for 
establishing  a  branch  within  the  borough,  pro- 
viding it  is  approved  by  the  Corporation.  W\\- 
liam  Christ}',  Town  Clerk." 

PITTSBURGH'S  FIRST  BANK 

While  the  branch  of  the  Philadelphia  bank  met 
tlie  wants  of  the  community  for  the  time  being, 
the  development  of  the  city  made  necessary  the 
establishment  of  a  home  institution,  and  in  l8iO 
a  movement  took  definite  form  in  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  Bank  of  Pittsburgh.  About  a  month 
later,  however,  the  legislature  passed  an  act 
amending  the  restrictive  act  of  1808  in  such  man- 
ner as  to  make  it  virtually  prohibitive  to  new  in- 


I'lTTSBURGlI  SESQUI-CENTEXM.U. 


stitutions,  forbiddin;^.  under  heavy  penalties,  the 
incorporated  banks  organized  under  the  act  of 
1808,  to  lend  money,  to  receive  deposits,  or  tc  do 
anything  which  the  chartered  banks  might  law- 
fully do.  The  Bank  of  Pittsburgh  immediately 
closed  its  operations,  in  compliance  with  the  pro- 
visions of  the  act,  and  in  everything  subinitleil  to 
the  letter  and  spirit  of  the  law. 

Later  in  the  year  1810  the  president  and  direc- 
tors memorialized  the  legislature  to  grant  them 
a  charter,  couching  their  petition  in  such  forcible 
terms  as  to  make  it  one  of  the  most  noted  docu- 
ments of  record  in  the  early  history  of  the  com- 
monwealth. It  was  tlie  death  knell  to  such  sum- 
mary legislation  as  had  for  the  time  kept  the 
Bank  of  Pittsburgh  out  of  the  commercial  field, 
and  opened  the  eyes  of  the  people  of  the  state  to 
the  commanding  position  which  the  new  city  at 
the  head  of  the  Ohio  occupied.  Even  at  that 
early  date  the  city  had  a  population  of  S.ooo  in- 
habitants, and  was  engaged  to  a  greater  extent  in 
useful  manufactures,  according  to  population,  than 
any  town  in  tlie  United  States.  The  petition 
plainly  showed  the  urgent  necessity  for  the  legis- 
lature's fostering  care  for  those  industries. 

VOLUME  OF  TRADE  INCRE.\SIXG 

The  volume  of  trade  passing  through  Pitts- 
burgh in  i8lo  was  estimated  at  $1,000,000,  and  tlie 
sale  of  Pittsburgh  manufactures  reached  a  sum 
slightly  in  excess  of  $1,000,000,  making  the  total 
for  the  year  $2,000,000.  Shipments  by  river  par- 
tially enumerated  were  furniture,  saddlery,  boots 
and  shoes,  paper,  glass  and  cabinet  work,  and  the 
receipts  included  tobacco,  sugar,  cotton,  furs, 
hemp,  lead,  etc.  Pittsburgh  had  by  this  time  be- 
come an  excellent  market,  and  its  fame  as  an  in- 
dustrial center  was  spreading  over  the  land, 
bringing  skilled  workmen  and  shrewd  business 
men  to  the  new  metropolis  by  scores. 

In  1812  an  express  post  was  established  by  the 
government  from  Washington,  D.  C,  to  Detroit, 
via  Pittsburgh,  a  distance  of  550  miles.  Pitts- 
burgh was  reached  in  three  and  a  half  days,  and 
Detroit  in  five  days. 

One  authority  estimated  the  number  of  frame 
and  brick  houses  built  in  1812  at  300,  and  the 
same  authority  stated  that  7,000,000  feet  of  lum- 
ber passed  inspection  at  Pittsburgh  during  that 
year,  the  product  coming  from  the  pine  and  hem- 
lock swamps  up  the  Allegheny  river. 

Among  the  leading  establishments  in  the  city 
in  1812-13  were  those  of  H.  J.  Lewis  &  Co.,  David 
Logan  &  Co.,  G.  &  C.  Anshutz,  Isaac  Harris,  John 
Wilkins,  N.  Richardson,  William  McCandless, 
William  Mason,  John  M.  Snowden,  Speer  &  Eich- 
baum,  James  Wiley,  Jr.,  and  R.  Brown  &  Co. 
The  war  with  England  appeared  to  make  prosper- 
ous conditions  for  Pittsburgh  merchants,  so  great 


was  the  .•id\ance  in  jirices.     Purchases  were  maile 
fnmi  e.i>tern  and  foreign  m;irkels  twice  a  year. 

Decemlier  31,    1813,   the   direct   ta.x  of  the  gov- 
ernment   took    elTect.    re(iuiring    the    stamping    of 


BEXJ.\MIV   FR.^NKLIN  JONES, 

Founder  Jo.its  &  Laughlin  Steel  Company. 

( Deceased  1 

notes,   bills,   bonds   and   commercial  paper   before 
using. 

EXPAXSIOX  DURIXG  THE  WAR  OF  1812 
The  growth  of  Pittsburgh's  population  during 
the  war  was  considerable,  and  its  commerce  grew 
in  proportion.  Steam  had  become  the  motive 
power  on  the  Ohio  river,  and  had  completely 
revolutionized  transportation.  The  X'ational  In- 
telligencer, a  paper  published  at  Washington, 
D.  C,  contained  a  letter  from  a  Pittsburgher  on 
April  22,  1814,  which  contained  the  following 
paragraph : 

"It  is  difficult  to  repress  the  expression  of  feel- 
ings which  arise  toward  the  person  to  whom  we 
owe  it  that  this  mode  of  navigation,  so  often  be- 
fore attempted  and  laid  aside  in  despair,  has  be- 
come practical,  but  it  is  unnecessary  to  give  them 
vent.  The  obligation  which  the  nation — I  had 
almost  said  the  world — owes  to  him  will  be  freely 
acknowledged  by  history." 

COMMERCE  OF  1813 
The   following  boatloads  and  wagonloads  were 
received  at  Pittsburgh  in   1813:   350  boats  loaded 
with   3, 750   tons   of   saltpetre,    salt,   lead,   belting. 


lO 


PITTSBURGH  SESQUI-CENTENNIAL. 


sugar,  cotton,  etc.;  1,250  tons  of  hemp,  3,750  tons 
of  hempen  yarn,  4,000  wagonloads  of  dry  goods, 
groceries,  etc.,  and  1,000  wagonloads  of  iron. 

Pittsburgh's    exports    were    also    large   in    1813, 
its  manufacturing  institutions  running  more  than 


JOHN   HARPER, 

President  Bank  of  Pittsburgh,   N.  A., 

186.5  to  IS'.ll. 

(Deceased) 

full  time  to  fill  orders.  About  this  time  the  city 
became  known  as  the  "Birmingham  of  America," 
and  the  prediction  was  made  by  the  Niles  Reg- 
ister that   it   would   eventually  become   the 

GREATEST  ]\IANUFACTURING  CENTER 
IN  THE  WORLD. 

In  1814  the  ironmongery  manufactured  in 
Pittsburgh  amounted  in  value  to  $300,000,  and 
the  whole  value  of  iron  products  was  in  excess 
of  $500,000.  This  was  nearly  double  the  value  of 
the  output  of  1812.  The  boatbuilding  industry, 
which  was  started  in  1811,  had  grown  to  good 
proportions  by  the  year  1814,  and  manufacturing 
in  other  lines  was  greatly  stimulated  by  its  suc- 
cess. There  were  two  steam  engine  manufac- 
tories, a  rolling  mill,  puddling  furnaces  and  a 
wire  factory,  besides  smaller  concerns,  making 
locks,  hinges,  stoves,  carding  machines,  shovels, 
tongs,  cutting  knives,  etc. 

COAL  MINING  BEGINS 
Coal  mining  in  quantity  began  during  the  war 
of    1812-14,    although    at   that    early   date   nothing 
was   thought  of  tlie   important   figure  which   that 


product  would  eventually  cut  in  the  industrial 
history  of  the  city.  It  was  then  unforseen  that 
coal  would  yet  be  king  of  the  great  Pittsburgh 
empire,  and  it  was  not  without  value  even  at  that 
period.  The  first  mines  were  opened  on  the 
south  side  of  the  Monongahela  river  and  was 
ferried  to  the  city  until  the  completion  of  the  first 
bridge  in  1816.  Although  the  production  was 
small,  there  was  yet  enough  mined  and  used  to 
demonstrate  its  value  as  a  fuel,  especially  in  iron 
manufacture,  and  by  the  year  1818,  when  the  de- 
mand for  coal  came  from  Cincinnati,  St.  Louis, 
Louisville  and  New  Orleans,  it  had  become  quite 
an  important  factor  as  a  Pittsburgh  industry.  In 
Cincinnati  it  was  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
glass  and  was  sold  there  at  twenty  cents  a  bushel, 
delivered. 

The  construction  of  the  first  bridge  across  the 
Allegheny  was  not  begun  until  July,  1818,  the  de- 
mand for  the  bridge  across  that  stream  not  be- 
ing deemed  as  important  as  one  across  the  Mo- 
nongahela. 

RIVER  DIFFICULTIES  IN  1818 

The  effects  of  low  water  were  sometimes  seri- 
ously experienced  in  early  times.  At  one  time  in 
1818  thre  were  thirty  vessels,  including  keel  boats 
and  flat-bottoms,  lying  at  the  Monongahela 
wharves,  loaded  with  $3,000,000  worth  of  mer- 
chandise destined  for  Ohio  and  Mississippi  river 
points.  A  local  paper  summed  up  the  situation 
as  follows: 

"The  embargo  on  our  vessels  is  at  length  hap- 
pily raised,  and  $3,000,000  worth  of  merchandise 
has  at  length  floated  ofT  on  the  rapidly  swelling 
bosom  of  the  Ohio.  It  may  appear  somewhat 
paradoxical,  but  Pittsburgh  is  delighted  to  have 
her  shores  deserted.  The  large  fleet  of  boats 
which  has  for  some  months  been  lying  before 
our  city  might  serve  to  give  strangers  a  just  con- 
ception of  the  immense  importance  of  our  situa- 
tion, yet  its  protracted  detention  gave  a  melan- 
choly feature  to  this  proof  of  our  greatness.  We 
fear  the  effect  of  it  will  be  severely  felt  in  the 
cities  of  the  West.  However,  in  all  cases  of 
gloom  where  our  country  is  concerned  our 
motto  is  Spcratc.  The  beautiful  steamboat 
James  Ross  has  weighed  anchor  for  New  Or- 
leans. She  will  take  in  freight  at  several  places 
between  this  point  and  Louisville.  May  success 
attend  this  gallant  vessel  in  her  voyage  across 
our  immense  continent." 

A  DEPRESSION  COMES 

During  the  spring  and  summer  of  iSiS  twenty- 
two  steamboats  were  engaged  in  the  Oliio  river 
traffic,  and  seven  boats  were  in  process  of  con- 
struction at  Pittsburgh.  Manufacturing  in  Pitts- 
burgh had  received  a  stetback  from  which  it  ap- 
parently could  not  recover,  and  conditions  would 


PITTSBURGH  SESQUI-CENTENNI.IL. 


II 


indeed  have  been  alarmiiig  had  it  not  been  for  the 
river  trade  which  the  city  enjoyed.  The  cliicf 
trouble  was  that  there  was  little  or  nothing 
manufactured  for  export  trade,  and  tlie  money 
stringency  which  was  spreading  over  the  land 
made    domestic    trade    of    little    vakie. 

The  depression  tlnis  begun  reached  its  height 
in  1821,  when  prices  of  commodities  reached  the 
bottom.  The  gloom  continued  until  1S23,  and  by 
the  middle  of  1824  the  city  was  again  in  a  tlour- 
isliing  condition. 

THE    PITTSBURGFI    MANUFACTURING 
ASSOCIATION 

Organized  effort  for  the  bcttermsnt  of  trade 
conditions  was  one  of  the  results  of  the  hard 
times  from  1818  to  1823.  The  Pittsburgh  Manu- 
facturing Association,  which  was  organized  for 
commercial  purposes  in  1819,  answered  the  ex- 
pectations of  its  founders  in  affording  facilities 
for  its  interchange  of  commodities — supplying 
raw  materials  to  the  mechanic  and  manufactured 
articles  to  the  farmer  and  country  merchant  in 
exchange  for  produce.  The  Legislature  of  iSio- 
20  chartered  the  association,  which  greatly  in- 
creased its  facilities  for-  benefiting  the  com- 
munity. 

The  year  1826  proved  a  record  breaker  for  the 
new  city.  ^lerchandise  to  the  amount  of  9,300 
tons  and  valued  at  $2,219,000  was  received  from 
tlie  East.  The  exports  for  the  same  year 
amounted  to  $2,881,276,  showing  a  balance  of 
trade  in  favor  of  Pittsburgh  of  $2,219,276.  The 
exports  were  as  follows: 

Iron     $  398,000 

Nails    2!0,ooo 

Glass    105.000 

Paper     55.000 

Porter    18,000 

Flour    10,500 

Castings    S8,ooo 

Wire   work    8,000 

White    lead    17,000 

Steam   engines    100,000 

Tobacco   and    cigars 25,800 

Bacon,   860,000   pounds 51,820 

Cotton  yarn  and  cloths 160,324 

Axes,  scythes,  shovels,  etc 49,000 

Whiskey    29,832 

Dry    goods    480.000 

Groceries   and   foreign   liquors 625,000 

Saddlery  and  leather  products 236,000 

Miscellaneous    214,000 

Total     52,881,276 


INCREASED  PROSPERITY  OF  1828-29 
The  Niles  Register  of  February  23,  1828,  says: 
"About  2,600  persons  and  $2,000,000  capital  are 
emploj'ed    in    the    I'actnrios    of    Pittsburgh.      The 


1-Ei.ix  K.  imrNOT, 

Proiiiintriit  IlMsiiiess  Mau  and  Philanthropist. 
[  Deceased) 

Senate  of  Pennsylvania  lias  passed  a  bill  ])ermit- 
ting  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  railroad  to  enter  that 
State  providing  a  branch  shall  be  made  to  Pitts- 
burgh, and  it  is  important  to  Baltimore  as  well 
as  Pittsburgh  that  these  cities  should  be  joined 
together,  and  we  hope  and  trust  that  such  an  act 
passed  by  the  Pennsylvania  Legislature  will  be 
cheerfully  accepted  by  the  managers  of  this  com- 
pany. Pittsburgh  is,  and  must  more  and  more 
become,  the  center  of  a  vast  and  valuable  busi- 
ness— tlie  place  of  deposit  for  mighty  quantities 
of  produce  of  the  soil  and  industry  of  Western 
Pennsylvania  and  of  the  ricli  southeastern  sec- 
tion of  Ohio,  and  enjoys  many  other  natural  ad- 
vantages. Pittsburgh  is  even  now  supplying  iron 
for  the  navy  of  the  United  States.  We  wish 
every  success  to  the  industry  of  her  enterprising 
people,  and  desire  an  extension  of  domestic  com- 
petition.'' 

With  the  renewed  impetus  to  business  there 
came  a  rise  in  prices  which  greatly  cheered  the 
merchant  and  manufacturer.  The  construction  of 
the    Pennsylvania   canal   caused   an   extraordinary 


PITTSBURGH  SESQUI-CENTENNIAL. 


growth  in  population  and  commerce,  and  upon 
the  completion  of  the  project  in  1829  business 
took  an  upward  movement  which  showed  that 
Pittsburgh  was  on  the  map  to  stay. 


CHARLES  I^OCKHAKT, 

Oil  Merchant  and  Capitalist. 

( Deceased) 

ANOTHER  PERIOD  OF  DEPRESSION 
Loss  of  trade  and  general  depression  again 
came  upon  Pittsburgh  in  1830-31.  There  were 
no  such  disastrous  failures  as  accompanied  the 
former  period,  and  the  injurious  effects  were  not 
so  widespread.  Business  seemed  to  drift  along 
without  either  advancement  or  retrogression,  as 
if  a  feeling  of  lethargy  had  taken  possession  of 
the  people.  The  President's  war  on  the  banking 
system  of  the  country  undoubtedly  had  much  to 
do  with  the  condition,  capital  being  slow  of  in- 
vestment for  fear  of  repudiation  and  bad  faith. 

IMPROVED  TRANSPORTATION 
FACILITIES 
Tlie  year  1831  witnessed  a  great  improvement 
in  Pittsburgh's  transportation  facilities  to  the 
East.  The  Pennsj'lvania  turnpike  passed  into  the 
hands  of  a  stage  company  which  improved  it  in 
many  ways  and  placed  on  it  three  lines  of  stages 
to  Philadelphia — two  running  dailj'  and  one  every 
other  day.  One  of  the  daily  lines  made  the  trip 
in  two  and  a  half  days  and  the  otlicr  in  four 
days.  In  addition  to  these  lines  there  was  the 
northern  line,  by  way  of  Blairsville,  Huntingdon 
and   Lewiston,   which   made   the   trip   in   less  than 


four  days.  A  line  was  also  established  this  year 
(1831)  between  Pittsburgh  and  Wheeling,  an- 
other between  Pittsburgh  and  Steubenville,  while 
the  time  of  the  stages  between  Pittsburgh  and 
Cleveland  and  Pittsburgh  and  Erie  was  decreased 
The  travel  on  all  these  lines  was  very  heavy. 

A  TURNPIKE  CONVENTION 
Freight  transportation  was  such  an  important 
question  in  the  early  thirties  that  the  business  in- 
terests were  kept  constantly  alert  for  new 
schemes  for  its  improvement.  In  1833  a  turn- 
pike convention  was  held  in  the  city  to  take  into 
consideration  the  improvement  of  the  roads,  the 
question  of  uniformity  of  tolls  and  other  matters 
of  common  interest.  The  companies  represented 
were:  Washington  &  Williamsport,  Somerset  & 
Bedford,  Summit  &  Mt.  Pleasant,  Robbstown  & 
Mt.  Pleasant,  Huntingdon,  Cambria  &  Indiana, 
New  Alexandria  &  Conemaugh,  Pittsburgh  & 
Greensburg,  Bedford  &  Stoystown,  Mt.  Pleasant 
&  Pittsburgh,  Pittsburg  &  Butler,  and  Chambers- 
burg  and  Bedford.  The  convention  elicited  con- 
siderable interest  on  the  part  of  the  public  and 
resulted  in  good  to  all  concerned. 

MANUFACTURING  IN   1833 

In  1833  J.  &  E.  Greer,  at  the  TarrifT  Foundry,  man- 
ufactured stoves,  grates,  gudgeons,  sawmill  irons, 
windmill  irons,  wagon  boxes,  sadirons,  bake  kettles, 
plow  irons,  hollowware,  etc.  The  following  year  they 
were  forced  to  assign. 

Bemis,  Kingsland,  Lightner  &  Cuddy  bought  the 
interest  of  Lewis  and  Peter  Peterson  in  their  ma- 
chine shop  and  steam-engine  factory,  conducted  by 
F.  A.  Bemis  &  Co.,  in  February,  1834.  F.  A.  Bemis 
&  Co.,  the  company  being  Lewis  and  Peter  Peterson, 
had  made  steam  engines  and  cotton  and  woolen  ma- 
chinery here  for  some  time. 

On  November  i,  1833,  there  were  in  operation  in 
and  near  Pittsburgh  89  engines,  with  2,111  hands 
employed  therewith,  and  154,250  bushels  of  coal  con- 
sumed monthly. 

In  the  month  of  November,  1833.  2,337,580  pounds 
of  iron  were  brought  to  Pittsburgh  over  the  canal, 
as  follows:  Blooms,  1,658,326  pounds;  pig-metal, 
112,560  pounds;  castings,  75,167  pounds;  iron,  492- 
527  pounds.  There  were  shipped  eastward  over  the 
canal  during  the  same  time  127,484  pounds  of  cast- 
ings. 

There  were  in  the  city  of  Pittsburgh  sixteen  foun- 
dries and  engine  factories  of  the  largest  denomina- 
tion, besides  numerous  other  establishments  of  less 
magnitude.  There  were  nine  rolling  mills,  cutting 
two  tons  of  nails  and  rolling  eight  tons  of  iron  per 
day  on  an  average,  and  employing  from  seventy  to 
ninety  hands  each. 

1834-1836. 

.Mthough  there  was  a  financial  depression  in 
Pittsburgh  during  the  first  two  months  of  1834, 
the  volume  of  business  for  the  year  reached  a 
total   of   $10,000,000   for   the   wholesale   and   retail 


riTTSBL'h'GI!  SESOUI-CEXTIi.WJ.U.. 


13 


trade  and  $0,500,000  lor  tlie  niaiuilacturcs,  mak- 
ing- a  grand  total  of  $10,500,000.  The  total  canal 
tolls  collected  at  Pittsburgh  lor  the  year  were 
$16,704.99,  showing  a  good  trade  in  that  direc- 
tion. The  commercial  transactions  are  thu<; 
itemized  for  the  year: 

Books    and    papers S  450,000 

Drugs,  medicines,  paints,  etc 175,000 

Hardware   400.000 

White   lead    150,000 

Beer   anil    porter 80,000 

Lumber     350,000 

Pork    300,000 

Glass    250,000 

Sales  of   foundries,   etc 1,690,000 

Cotton     360,000 

Copper  and   tin    75,000 

Brushes     20,000 

Groceries   and   liijuors 2,000.000 

2,Soo,ooo 

100,000 

250,000 

250,000 

300,000 


truth  to  say  that  the  whole  of  the  goods  manu- 
factured or  imported  and  sold  in  our  city,  or 
passing  through,  amounts  to  the  enormous  sum 
nf  $100,000,000." 


Dry  goods    

Plows,   wagons,    etc  . .  .  . 

Coal    

Furniture    and    leather. 
Miscellaneous    


Total    $10,000,000 

From  March,  1S34,  to  June,  1835,  ,30,234.065 
pounds  of  freight  were  received  from  the  East 
by  the  canal,  and  16,653,429  pounds  were  sent 
from  Pittsburgh  by  the  same  means.  It  may  be 
said  here  that  Philadelphia  and  Pennsylvania 
both  lost  by  not  making  the  Pennsylvania  canal 
the  leading  transportation  scheme  between  the 
East  and  the  West.  The  building  of  the  Erie  and 
the  Ohio  and  Erie  canals  resulted  in  New  York 
securing  the  larger  portion  of  the  trade  of  the 
great  West,  which  should  have  gone  by  way  of 
Pittsburgh.  Pittsburgh  merchants  and  manufac- 
turers foresaw  this,  and  urged  the  Legislature  to 
take  necessary  action,  but  Philadelphians  failed 
to  support  them,  and  the  trade  went  to  Xew  York 
by  way  of  Buffalo. 

Business  in  Pittsburgh  in  1S36  was  in  good 
condition,  every  institution  being  operated  at  its 
full  capacity.  A  communication  appearing  in  the 
Gazette  November  10,  1836,  and  signed  "Old 
Merchant,"  thus  referred  to  the  volume  of  busi- 
ness for  the  year: 

"The  manufactures  and  mechanical  products 
and  sales  of  all  kinds  of  goods,  foreign  and  do- 
mestic, by  all  our  manufactories,  wholesale  and 
retail,  and  commission  merchants,  may  be  esti- 
mated at  from  $20,000,000  to  $25,000,000.  The 
value  of  every  description  of  foreign  and  domes- 
tic goods  received  in  transit  from  the  Eastern 
cities  and  passing  through  the  hands  of  our  com- 
mission merchants  for  all  parts  of  the  West  and 
South,  may  be  estimated  at  from  $60,000,000  to 
$70,000,000,    and    perhaps    it    will    not    exceed    the 


CAPT.4IN  J.\COI!  JAY   VA.NDERGRIFT. 

Oil  Mercliaiil   and  Capitali.st. 

(Decea.sedj 

THE  PANIC  OF  1837 
Business  in  Pittsburgh  suffered  a  serious  col- 
lapse from  the  effects  of  the  panic  of  1837.  Goods 
in  large  quantities  had  been  sold  in  the  West  and 
South  on  a  liberal  credit,  and  when  the  de- 
pression came  barely  a  dollar  cold  be  collected. 
As  early  as  February  it  was  calculated  that  Pitts- 
burgh's outstanding  accounts  amounted  to  $10,- 
000.000,  and  March  found  conditions  worse  and 
collections  at  a  standstill.  Pittsburgh  manufac- 
tories began  to  shut  down,  and  the  merchants 
were  forced  to  compromise  with  their  Eastern 
creditors.  All  the  banks  in  the  citj-,  with  one 
exception — the  Bank  of  Pittsburgh — suspended 
specie  payment,  and  money  became  so  scarce  that 
prices  of  all  commodities  doubled  and  trebled  in 
value.  No  influence  could  be  exerted  to  give  re- 
lief, and  the  people  settled  down  to  await  the 
time  when  the  panic  should   spend  Its  force. 

REVIVAL  OF  TRADE 

Relief  did  not  appear  until  late  in  the  fall  of 
1837,  when  there  was  a  slight  revival  cf  trade 
and   money  became  easier. 

In  183S,  the  Pittsburgh  Board  of  Trade,  which 
had   become   a    most   useful   and   influential   body, 


14 


PITTSjJURGH  SuSQUI-CENTENNIAL. 


took  a  hand  in  business  affairs  which  did  much 
toward  a  trade  revival.  It  opened  headquarters 
in  the  Merchants'  Exchange,  brought  the  busi- 
ness  men   together   at   regular   meetings,   and   se- 


JOSp;PH  HOKNE, 

For  a  I,ong  Period  Pittslmrgh's  Leading  Merchant. 

(Deceased; 


goes.  The  whole  of  our  broad  levee,  from  the 
bridge  to  Ferry  street,  is  closely  dotted  with 
drays  and  wagons,  hurrying  to  the  margin  of  the 
river  from  every  point  of  access,  burdened  with 
the  valuable  products  of  our  factories  or  with 
Eastern  goods.  Some  half  a  dozen  of  the  steam- 
ers are  puffing  away  ready  to  start.  The  margin 
of  the  wharf  is  absolutely  covered  to  the  height 
of  a  man  with  freight  in  all  its  varieties,  while 
higher  up  on  the  footwalks  and  streets  the  fronts 
of  the  great  forwarding  houses  are  blocked  by 
piles  of  boxes,  bales  and  barrels  in  beautiful  dis- 
order. Shippers,  porters,  draymen  and  steamboat 
clerks  blend  their  hurried  vocies  at  once — one  is 
actually  deafened  with  their  cheerful  din  and 
rush  of  business.  Some  idea  may  be  formed  of 
the  magnitude  of  our  manufactures  from  the  fact 
that  the  larger  iron  houses  have  800,  some  i.ooo, 
and  some  as  high  as  1.200  tons  each  of  iron  and 
nails  ready  for  shipment  to  the  West." 

Fifty-five  steamboats  were  laid  up  at  Pitts- 
burgh during  the  winter  of  1838-39,  all  of  which 
cleared  before  the  1st  of  March  of  the  latter  year. 
April  2,  1839,  the  steamboat  Maine  arrived  from 
the  Illinois  river  with  170  casks  of  bacon  for  ship- 
ment over  the  canal.  This  was  the  first  cargo  of 
Illinois  river  produce  which  was  diverted  from 
the  New  Orleans  route.  The  costs  of  transporta- 
tion from  Beardstown,  Illinois,  to  Pittsburgh  was 
50  cents  per  hundred  pounds.  The  cost  from 
Pittsburgh  to  Philadelphia  was  87  cents  per  hun- 
dred pounds.  June  22,  1839,  there  were  in  port 
at  Pittsburgh  fifty-si.x  steamboats,  the  largest 
number  ever  before  seen  here  at  one  time. 


cured  for  them  information  which  enabled  them 
to  meet  trade  conditions  and  protect  credits. 
There  was  nothing  of  a  crude  nature,  and  there 
was  enough  of  the  element  of  co-operation  in  it 
to  make   it   successful. 

The  freight  shipped  East  over  the  canal  in  1S37 
was  50,068,010  pounds,  an  enormous  amount  for  a 
panic  year.  The  tolls  for  the  same  year  amounted 
to  $48,807.97.  An  express  line  of  boats  was  put 
on  the  canal  in  1838,  which  made  the  trip  to 
Philadelphia  in  three  and  one-half  days.  The 
Pittsburgh  and  Beaver  canal  was  surveyed  in 
1838  and  was  finished  in   1840. 

EXPANSION  OF  RIVER  COMMERCE 

The  river  trade  in  1838  was  impeded  to  some 
extent  by  a  shortage  of  water,  but  after  the  rise 
in  the  fall  there  was  unusual  activity,  and  a  great 
business  was  inaugurated.  The  Advocate  thus 
describes  the  scene  on  the  river  front: 

"The  wharves  present  one  of  the  most  ani- 
mated scenes  we  have  witnessed  in  a  long  time. 
Twenty  steamboats  lie  at  the  landing  takmg  in 
cargo  for  Louisville.  St.  Louis.  Nashville.  New 
Orleans   and    'intermediate    luirls,'    as    the    phrase 


PROSPERITY  AGAIN  REIGXS 

The  year  1840  witnessed  a  revival  of  trade  in 
every  line  and  the  volume  of  business  became  un- 
usually large.  The  following  figures  show  the  in- 
crease in  river  traffic  over  the  year  1839: 

1839  1S40 

Steamboats  arriving    652         1,393 

Steamboats    departing    662         1,413 

Total     1,312         2.?o6 

In  October,  1S40,  three  Pittsburgh  banks  re- 
ported deposits  as  follows: 

Bank  of  Pittsburgh $350,849.26 

Exchange    Bank    136,624.09 

lilerchants   &   Alanufacturers   Bank 197,145.82 

THE  COAL  TRADE  TAKES  ON  A  BOOM 

Tlie  bituminous  coal  mines  of  Pennsylvania 
yielded  about  500.000  tons  in  1841,  and  shipments 
to  distant  parts  of  the  country  began  to  be  heavy. 
The  Intelligencer  of  January  5.   1842,  said: 

"The  coal  trade  of  Pittsburgh  and  the  imme- 
didate  vicinity   is  very  large  and   amounts  in  the 


PITTSBURGH  SESQUI-CENTENXI.IL 


course  of  a  year  to  abcat  $1,000,000.  In  18,37,  'ic- 
cording  to  Harris"  directory,  the  trade  was  esti- 
m.Tted  at  11.304.000  bushels,  which  would  be 
worth  $565,200.  A  few  days  ago  we  went  on  the 
Minersville  turnpike  and  were  astonished  to  sec 
the  large  number  of  carts  and  two,  three  and 
four-horse  teams  constantly  going  and  coming 
on  that  road  alone:  and  this  is  only  one  of  the 
many  roads  leading  to  the  coal  fields,  to  say  noth- 
ing  of   the   river   traffic." 

TRADE  FROM  THE  FAR  WEST 

A  noteworthy  feature  of  the  business  of  1S42 
was  the  large  number  of  trailers  from  Santa  Fe 
and  other  points  in  the  West  buying  Pittsburgh 
goods.  One  buyer  spent  $5,000  in  gold.  The 
goods  were  shipped  by  steamboat  to  Fort  Inde- 
pendence and  thence  across  the  unbroken  prairie 
by    prairie    schooners    to    their    destination. 

The  tonnage  of  dry  goods,  groceries,  drugs, 
oiU.  foreign  liquors,  furs  window  glass  and 
whisky  on   tlie  canal  in   1841   amounted   to   15.005. 

The  City  of  Alleslieny  was  incorporated  in 
1840,  and  soon  began  development  in  city  fashion, 
altliough  its  manufacturing  interests  did  not  grow 
materially  until   many  years   later. 

A  RAILROAD  COMIXG 

In  1843  tlie  city  of  Pittsburgh  subscribed  for 
10,000  shares  of  the  Pittsburgh  &  Connellsville 
(B.  &  O.)  railroad,  and  immediately  afterward 
business  started  on  another  great  improvement. 
Buildings  were  erected  at  a  rapid  rate,  manufac- 
turing enterprises  came  to  this  city  to  locate,  and 
mercantile  affairs  took  a  long  forward  stride.  In 
March,  1843.  the  Cleveland  Herald  printed  the 
following  item  under  the  heading,  "Pittsburgh 
and  Cumberland": 

"The  whistle  of  locomotives  among  the  moun- 
tains within  100  miles  of  Pittsburgh  makes  the 
wealthy  burghers  prick  up  their  ears,  and  al- 
ready the  subject  of  a  railroad  from  Pittsburgh  to 
Cumberland  is  exciting  no  little  interest.  Build 
the  road.  Mr.  Pittsburgher,  and  then  we  will  see 
what  can  be  done  between  Cleveland  and  tlie 
Iron  City." 

To  which  the  Pittsburgli  .Kmcrican  responded 
as  follows:  "We  are  going  to  build  it,  Mr.  Her- 
ald, and  that  quick,  too;  and  trust,  if  our  life  is 
spared  but  a  few  years,  to  take  a  locomotive  trip 
to  Cleveland  on  our  way  to  Niagraga  Falls.  Green 
Bay,  or  some  other  summer  resort  on  tlie  great 
lakes. 

"We  will  give  you  a  call  then,  Mr.  Herald." 

Of  the  new  railroads  thus  projected  Pittsburgh  had 
fully  half  a  dozen  under  way.  Railroads  were  being 
projected  and  built  in  every  direction.  Pittsburgh 
was  becoming  known  as  a  city  of  opportunity.  In- 
dustrial enterprises  were  being  launched  and  the  won- 


derful possibilities  of  the  city  at  the  head  of  the  Ohio 
were  claiming  the  attention  of  the  general  public  as 
well  as  absorbing  llie  local  mind.  The  trains  were 
carrying  passengers  to  riii1:i(Ulpliia  in  less  tlKin  a  cal- 


WILI.IAM  ANIJICKSOX  Hi'.RRON, 

I,e.iding  Business  Man  and  Banker. 

I  Deceased ) 

endar  day.  the  Like  at  Cleveland  could  be  reached 
in  seventeen  htnirs.  and  men  witli  keen  discernmcii; 
could  easilj'  see  the  rise  of  an  industrial  empire. 

DISASTROUS    FIRE    IN    1845 

.\pril  10,  1S45,  a  large  portion  of  the  business  sec- 
tion of  Pittsburgh  was  destroyed  by  fire,  fully  1,100 
buildings  being  wiped  out  of  existence.  Tlie  confla- 
gration started  about  noon  at  the  corner  of  Ferry 
and  Second  streets,  and  in  a  few  hours  the  district 
I>ounded  by  Ferry  street,  Diamond  alley,  Ross  street 
and  the  Monongahela  river  was  in  ruins.  The  build- 
ings were  made  ready  food  for  the  flames  by  a 
drought  which  had  existed  for  several  weeks,  and 
a  high  wind  which  prevailed  at  the  time  made  the 
destruction  quick  and  complete.  The  wind  was  blow- 
ing so  furiously  that  burning  timbers  were  carried 
in  some  instances  two  and  three  blocks,  causing  new 
tires  to  be  started  and  handicapping  the  firemen  in 
their  efforts  to  check  tlie  original  rolling  walls  of 
flame.  The  entire  fire  equipment  of  both  Pittsburgh 
and  Allegheny  was  brought  into  action,  but  it  was 
nearly  powerless  to  impede  even  the  progress  of  the 
fire.  The  heroic  efforts  of  the  firemen  were  re- 
warded at  one  point,  however,  by  changing  the 
course   of   the    fire    after    it    had    reached    Diamond 


i6 


PITTSBURGH  SESOUI-CENTENNIAL. 


alley,  and  causing  it  to  finish  its  sweep  in  the  direc- 
tion of  the  river.  But  for  that  circumstance  there 
would  have  been  little  left  of  the  business  district 
for  the  resumption  of  commerce.  As  it  was,  the 
section   covered   embraced   the  best  buildings  in  the 


GENERAI.  JAMES  KENNEDY  MOORHEAD, 

Statesman  and  Business  Man  of  the  Highest  Type. 

(Deceased) 

city,  and  the  annihilation  was  complete  enough  to 
warrant  the  event  being  called  "the  destruction  of 
Pittsburgh." 

LOSS  NINE  MILLION  DOLLARS 

The  burned  district  embraced  warehouses,  stores, 
dwellings,  churches,  schools,  hotels  and  public  build- 
ings, and  the  loss  was  estimated  at  $9,000,000.  Two 
lives  were  lost,  and  great  hardships  were  endured 
by  many  citizens,  a  large  number  of  business  men 
suffering  complete  loss.  In  some  respects,  however, 
the  disaster  was  a  blessing  in  disguise,  causing  an 
influx  of  new  capital,  stimulating  the  people  to  re- 
newed energy,  and  the  rebuilding  of  the  city  on  a 
much  more  substantial  scale  than  had  previously 
existed. 

THE   WORK  OF  RELIEF 

Fifty  thousand  dollars  was  appropriated  by  the 
State  Legislature  for  the  relief  of  the  sufferers,  and 
nearly  $150,000  more  came  from  other  sources,  some 
even  from  Europe.  The  Legislature  also  passed  an 
act  exempting  from  taxation  certain  buildings 
erected  within  the  fire  limits,  thus  affording  relief 
to  all  classes. 


An  act  was  passed  by  the  Legislature  providing 
that  "the  whole  amount  of  state  and  county  tax, 
previously  assessed  and  unpaid,  upon  persional  prop- 
erty, and  real  estate  upon  which  buildings  had  been 
destroyed,  in  the  First  and  Second  wards  and  in 
Kensington,  should  be  returned  to  persons  liable  for 
the  same,  and  upon  such  property  no  tax  for  state 
and  county  purposes  should  be  levied  for  years  1846, 
1847  and  1848.  Persons  whose  merchandise  had  been 
destroyed  were  released  from  payment  of  licenses  for 
the  year  1845. 

J\LA.RVELOUS  WORK  OF  REBUILDING 

The  recovery  of  Pittsburgh  from  the  great  fire  of 
184s  was  one  of  the  marvels  of  the  time.  The  erec- 
tion of  new  buildings  was  begun  early  in  the  year 
1846,  and  most  of  them  were  superior  in  design  and 
construction  to  the  ones  which  had  been  destroyed. 
Before  the  close  of  the  year  it  was  estimated  that 
2,500  buildings  were  either  completed  or  were  in  pro- 
cess of  construction.  November  4,  1846,  the  Com- 
mercial Journal  came  out  with  these  headlines  in 
large  type : 


"Two  Thousand  Five  Hundred  Houses  in  Nine 
Months." 


"Can    Any   Western    City   Beat   This?" 


The  building  fever  which  had  taken  possession 
of  the  city  did  not  stop  with  the  year  1846.  In  Oc- 
tober, 1S47,  the  Chronicle  estimated  that  2,000  new 
buildings  had  thus  far  been  erected  in  the  city  that 
year.  More  than  600  of  that  number  were  in  the 
burned  district  alone.  Property  at  this  time  was 
rising  rapidly  in  price,  lots  on  Market  street  selling 
at  from  $3,000  to  $4,000  each. 

The  Sniithfield  street  bridge,  which  was  destroyed 
by  the  fire,  was  rebuilt  and  opened  to  the  public  in 
1846.  A  movement  was  begun  at  this  time  to  span 
the  two  rivers  at  their  junction  with  a  "tripartite" 
bridge.  A  subscription  was  started  but  the  enterprise 
failed  to  materialize. 

CUTTING  DOWN   THE  KNOB 

For  many  years  the  question  of  cutting  away  the 
top  of  Grant's  Hill,  known  now  as  "the  knob,"  had 
been  a  vexed  one  with  Pittsburghers.  It  had  been 
discussed  and  threshed  over  by  the  city  councils, 
besides  being  the  object  of  many  public  meetings 
and  business  gatherings.  In  November,  1S47,  it  was 
definitely  settled  to  take  several  feet  from  the  top 
of  the  hill  and  add  two  feet  to  the  low  ground  along 
Sniithfield  street.  It  is  an  easy  matter  for  the  people 
of  today  to  see  wherein  their  forefathers  would  have 
conferred  upon  them  an  everlasting  blessing  if  they 
had  made  the  cut  twenty-seven  feet  instead  of 
seven   feet. 

ANOTHER  LOW  WATER  DEPRESSION 

Low  w-ater  in  the  Ohio  river  again  caused  a  de- 
pression of  business  in  1849.     The  story  is  well  told 


PnTSBVRGIl  SnSQUI-CENTENXIAL. 


17 


by   the   Commercial   Journal   of  November  2   oi   that 
year,  as  follows: 

"The  past  year  has  been  the  most  trying  and  severe 
upon  all  classes  of  our  business  men  that  has  ever 
been  known.  The  panic  of  1832-33  and  the  commer- 
cial revulsions  of  1S36-37  and  1S41-42,  although  more 
fruitful  of  disaster  in  the  crushing  of  business  estab- 
lishments and  business  men,  were  infmitcly  less  in- 
jurious to  our  mercantile  and  manufacturing  interests 
than  the  quieter  but  searching  and  exhausting  diffi- 
culties of  the  period  embracing  the  past  spring,  sum- 
mer and  the  first  month  of  autumn.  The  wonder  is 
that  there  has  been  so  little  breaking  up  of  large 
houses — indeed  there  has  been  none — and  that  cir- 
cumstance is  highly  honorable  to  the  punctuality  and 
integrity  of  our  business  men,  as  it  is  creditable  to 
their  reputation  as  substantial,  stable  and  responsible 
dealers.  First,  while  our  rivers  were  in  fine  naviga- 
ble condition — our  large  packet  boats  plying  and  our 
transient  steamers  running  everyw-here — they  were 
overtaken  by  the  cholera  panic,  the  pestilence  then 
raging  along  Ohio  and  Mississippi  river  points  with 
fearful  violence.  The  alarm  flew,  and,  almost  as  if 
by  magic,  travel  was  banished  from  the  rivers,  and 
our  boats,  from  absolute  want  of  employment,  one 
by  one  dropped  in  home  and  w-ere  laid  up.  The  river 
trade  was  then  suspended  out  of  season,  and  the 
great  source  of  demand  for  our  manufactures  was 
shut  off.  Then,  designing  demagogues  having  ex- 
cited false  fears  about  our  city  and  county  scrip, 
uhich  was  our  chief  circulating  medium,  filling  the 
channels  of  business,  and  having  denounced  it  as 
worthless,  illegal  and  likely  to  be  repudiated,  down 
it  went.  The  sudden  discredit  which  overtook  it 
left  our  business  men  minus  the  great  part  of  their 
active  cash  capital,  and  commerce  received  another 
stunning  blow  in  the  want  of  circulating  medium. 
This  was  distress  upon  distress.  There  seemed  to 
lie  no  money  at  all.  But  the  mischief  did  not  stop 
there,  for  the  cry  then  arose  that  cholera  w-as  in  our 
midst,  and  it  soon  appeared  that  we  had  sporadic 
cases  of  the  pestilence,  yet  enough  to  create  a  panic. 
If  business  were  at  a  standstill  as  before,  this  inade 
the  prostration  complete.  So  wore  on  the  summer. 
When  the  cholera  disappeared  and  men  were  dis- 
posed to  engage  in  active  pursuits  and  push  their 
business  enterprises  to  returns  of  profit,  we  found 
ourselves  shut  in — cut  off  from  the  market.  The 
Ohio  river,  lower  than  it  had  been  for  twenty  years, 
was  shut  up — cutting  us  off  from  the  West.  The 
Pennsylvania  canal,  too  low  for  freight  boats,  cut 
us  off  from  the  East.  Produce  that  should  have  paid 
our  merchants'  and  our  manufacturers'  debts  already 
due  was  excluded  from  our  market.  Manufactures 
and  stocks  of  goods  on  hand  here,  representing  heavy 
investments  of  cash,  were  locked  up  without  buyers. 
So  passed  July,  August  and  September,  and  a  part 
of  October.  Such  a  state  of  things — such  a  combina- 
tion of  disasters — never  happened,  we  dare  say,  to 
any  community  in  so  brief  a  space  of  time.  The  loss 
has  been  monstrous.  Millions  would  be  required  to 
replace  the  aggregate  losses  to  the  various  business 


and  indu>trial  interests  of  this  city.  Vet,  to  the 
honor  of  our  business  men,  we  repeat,  not  an  im- 
I'ortant  failure  occurred.  .\nd  now  they  breathe 
free.  The  rivers  are  up,  all  the  avenues  of  trade  are 
open   and   pouring    in    their   tribute    to   the   common 


THOM.\s  M.   HOWK, 

Kiuinent  Business  Man. 

(Deceased) 

prosperity.  We  have  learned,  and,  as  the  case  may 
be,  how  disastrously  dependent  we  are  on  the  Ohio 
river  and  the  Pennsylvania  canal  for  our  importance 
and  prosperity  in  manufactures  and  trade.  We  have 
learned  that  we  may  lose  more  money  in  a  single 
season  than  would  complete  our  Pennsylvania  rail- 
road to  Beaver,  securing  us  'Iron  Rivers'  East  and 
West,  open  and  navigable  at  all  seasons.  The  mil- 
lions of  dollars  the  people  of  Pittsburgh  lost  this 
year  by  low  water  and  the  prostration  of  business 
would  build  the  railroad  to  Beaver  and  pay  all  the 
subscriptions  to  the  Central  Railroad  asked  for  by 
that   company." 

RESTORATION  IN  1851 
Although  business  began  to  improve  early  in  1S50, 
a  normal  condition  was  not  reached  until  1S51.  The 
volume  of  business  transacted  by  the  canal  indicates 
this  fact.  The  tonnage  from  the  opening  to  June 
I  of  each  year  is  shown  in  the  following  tabic : 

1S47 75.555.386 

1S4S 63.661,278 

1849 68,429,521 

1850 69,094,143 

1857 92,303,833 

Lumber  which  came  down  the  .A.llegheny  river  in 
1851  sold  for  $9,  common,  and  $iS,  clear,  the  highest 


i8 


PITTSBURGH  SESQUI-CENTENNIAL. 


prices   which   had   ever   prevailed   in   the    Pittsburgh 
market. 

VOLUME  OF  CANAL  BUSINESS  IN 
1850  AND  1851 

The  following  statement  of  leading  articles  re- 
ceived at  and  shipped  from  Pittsburgh  by  the  canal 
for  the  years  1850  and  1851  was  published  in  the 
Commercial  Journal,  November  6,  1851  : 

IMPORTS 

Articles.                                1850.  1851. 

Agricultural  products,  pounds..      737,250  44i.ii7 

Leather 120,564  52-1.500 

Chinaware 2,444,093  2,121,200 

Coffee 9.382,595  11,374.315 

Drugs  and  medicines 865,300  1,436,600 

Dry  goods 27,270,543  32,918,351 

Groceries 9,162,336  11,830,621 

Hardware    and    cutlery 13,506,835  11,935.335 

Liquors,  foreign,  gallons 30.525  2,701 

Paints,  pounds 3S7.964  293,703 

Hats  and  shoes 3.948,850  4.693.363 

Iron  in  pigs 21,136,768  14,960,212 

Iron  castings 154,600  865,163 

Bar  and   sheet   iron 1,147,176  1,693,000 

Nails   and  spikes 1,126,747  137.600 

Steel 85,600  626.700 

Tin 708,600  884,800 

Fish,  barrels 17,362  21,302 

Slate  for  roofing,  pounds 625,600  833.000 

Tobacco,   manufactured 2,439,289  1.609,600 

Tobacco,  leaf 129,800  257,900 

Blooms,  etc 12,463,300  12,403.535 

Marble 641,300  1,026,060 

Oils,  gallons 18,940  386,578 

Tar  and   rosin,   pounds 1,014,900  2,342,700 

EXPORTS 

Articles.                                1850.  1S51. 

Hemp 7.755.728  1,357,644 

Tobacco,  not  manufactured.  .   ..15.204,194  18.191,932 

Feathers 481.831  424.745 

Wool 4,108,432  3.268,088 

Hogs'  hair 634,400  607,792 

Seeds,  bushels 874  904 

Chinaware,  pounds 11,800  1.750 

Earthenware 278,232  355-280 

Glassware 1. 193.908  1,068,611 

Groceries 2,411,617  1,478.628 

Whisky,   gallons 384.887  446.275 

Coal,  tons 15.604  7.6ii 

Iron  castings,  pounds 574.992  806,914 

Bar   and   sheet   iron 4,031,450  4.437.9I3 

Nails  and  spikes 2,269,000  1,853.412 

Bacon 38,495,265  32,520,000 

Beef  and  pork 5.600  6,949 

Butter 619,659  378,898 

Cheese 1,501.185  156.383 

Flour,  barrels 72.072  200.538 

Lard,   pounds 4.641.362  6.506,831 

Cotton 1.084,600  703.080 

Dressed  hides 98.1.^0  201.282 

Leather 440.587  715.9,^8 

Furs  and  feathers 183,137  274.289 

German   clay 87.406  416,000 

Dry  Goods 265,839  5,^2,158 

Rags 628.307  677,066 

No.  of  boats  cleared 3.643  4.384 

Tolls $    102.308  $    112,528 

A  RAILROAD  BOOM 
The  first  train  on  the  Chartiers  coal  railroad  was 
run    in    September,    1851,   an    excursion   being  given 
to  McKccs  Rocks. 


The  same  year  the  Pittsburgh  &  Steubenville  rail- 
road was  projected  and  leading  citizens  agreed  to 
promote  the  enterprise. 

The  first  ground  was  broken  for  the  Ohio  &  Penn- 
sylvania railroad  July  i,  1850,  it  having  been  incor- 
porated by  act  of  April  11,  1848.  In  June.  1851,  hand 
cars  ran  west  from  Allegheny  as  far  as  Rochester. 

The  Allegheny  Valley  Railroad  Company  placed  its 
shares  on  the  market  in  1851. 

The  first  locomotive,  the  "Indiana,"  arrived  at  the 
outer  station  at  Pittsburgh  November  22.  1851.  On 
December  11,  1851,  "an  express  train  was  scheduled 
to  leave  Liberty  street  depot  every  morning  at  6:30, 
bound  eastward,  run  twelve  miles  to  Turtle  Creek, 
there  to  connect  with  stages ;  thence  to  Beatty's  Sta- 
tion, twenty-eight  miles  away;  thence  by  rail  to  Phil- 
adelphia;  all   for  $11." 

Regular  express  trains  began  to  leave  Allegheny 
for  Enon  Valley,  44  miles,  November  24,  1851.  From 
Enon  Valley  passengers  were  conveyed  by  stage  to 
Salem,  and  thence  to  Cleveland  by  rail. 

In  April,  1853,  the  Dispatch  said: 

''At  the  last  session  of  the  Legislature  thirty-one 
new  railroad  companies  were  chartered  and  seventy- 
eight  new  supplements  to  other  railroad  companies 
and  ninety  more  for  incorporating  plank  roads  were 
passed." 

MANUFACTLTIING  IN  1856 

The  year  1856  was  a  notable  one  in  the  manufac- 
turing history  of  Pittsburgh,  it  being  the  date  of  the 
introduction  of  the  Bessemer  process  of  making  mal- 
leable iron  w^ithout  fuel.  Although  the  importance 
of  the  discovery  was  at  once  conceded,  there  were 
many  who  were  skeptical  of  its  genuineness,  and  it 
simply  had  to  "prove"  its  way  into  public  confidence. 

The  manufacturers  of  Pittsburgh  in  1856  may  be 
enumerated  and  classified  as  follows : 

Anvils,  Axes  and  Shovels — Forster,  Garbutt  &  Co., 
Holmes  &  Co.,  Lippincott  &  Co..  Postley.  Nelson  & 
Co.,  William  Day,  Newmeyer  &  Graff,  and  Stuart, 
Sauer  &  Co.   (New  Brighton). 

Boi7«-M— William  Barnhill  &  Co.,  J.  Blair  &  Co.. 
Joseph  Douglass,  Thomas  Douglass,  Douglass  &  Eng- 
lish,  and   Robert   Walker. 

Brass  ind  Bell  Founders — Andrew  Fulton.  A.  &  S. 
McKenna.  Phillips  &  Co..  and  James  Weldon. 

Coppersmiths — Fitzsimmons  &  Morrow.  Howard  & 
Rogers,  Vean  &  Veller,  James  T.  Kincaid,  W.  B. 
Scaife,  and  J.  B.  Sheriff. 

Cultivator  Teeth— T).  B.  Rogers  &  Co. 

Engines— \N.  W.  Wallace.  F.  &  W.  M.  Faber, 
Haigh.  Hartupee  &  Co.,  Irwin  &  Co.,  Cyprian  Pres- 
ton, Cridge,  Wadsworth  &  Co,,  and  J.  B.  Marden  & 
Son 

Fotindcrs—]o\m  Anderson  &  Co.,  Bollman  &  Gar- 
rison, Alexander  Bradley,  S.  S.  Fowler  &  Co.,  Graff, 
Reisinger  &  Graff,  Knapp  &  Wade,  Livingston,  Cope- 
land  &  Co.,  Daniel  McCurdy,  Marshall,  McGeary  & 
Co.,  Mitchell,  Herron  &  Co.,  J.  C.  Parry,  Paine,  Lee 
&   Co.,   Pennock   &   Hart,   William   Price.   Robinson, 


PITTSBURGH  SESOUI-CENTENNIAL. 


19 


Minis  &  Miller.  Smith  &  Co..  and  Warwick.  At- 
tenbury  &  Co. 

Xails,  SIsti-t  and  Bar  Iron — Bailey,  Brown  & 
Co.,  Bro-n-n,  Floyd  &  Co.,  Coleman,  Hailnian  & 
Co.,  Everson,  Preston  &  Co.,  Graff,  Bennett  & 
Co.,  Jones  &  Lauth,  Lewis.  DalzcU  &  Co., 
Lorenz,  Stewart  &  Co.,  Lyon.  Scliorb  &  Co., 
Lloyd  &  Black,  McKnight  &  Brother,  Schocn- 
bcrger,  Spang  &  Co.,  James  Woods  &  Co., 
Woods,  Moorhead  &  Co.,  and  Zug  &  Painter. 

Nuts  and   Washers — Knapp  &  Carter. 

Railroad  Sj^ikcs — Porter.   Rolte  &  Swctt. 

Revolvers — Josiah   Ellis. 

Rivets — W.  P.  Townsend  &  Co. 

Scales — Livingston,  Copeland  &  Co.,  Joseph 
Dilworth  &  Co.,  Isaac  Jones,  and  Singer,  Hart- 
man  &.  Co, 

Safes — Burke  &  Barnes,  Lippincott  &  Barr, 
and   W.  T.  McClurg. 

Sheet  Copper — C.  G.   Hussey  &  Co. 

Spikes — L.   Severance. 

Tacks — Chess,  Wilson  &  Co. 

Wire  Manufacturers  and  Jl'orkers — Francis  Clu- 
ley,  J.  R.  Taylor  &  Co.,  and  R.  Townsend  &  Co. 

IVrought  Xails  and  Gas  Pipes — John  Fitzsim- 
nions  and  William  Pick. 

LARGE  OUTPUT  FOR   1857 

The  output  of  Pittsburgh  manufacturing  insti- 
tutions in  the  year  1857  amounted  in  the-aggre- 
gate  to  $39,022,435,  the  principal  concerns  and 
their  products  being  as  follows: 

Value 

Industries.  of  products. 

25  Rolling   mills    $10,730,562 

26  Foundries     1,248,300 

1  Common    foundry     40,000 

16  Machine    shops    836.300 

7  Boiler    yards     305.000 

4  Shovel    and    axe    factories 823,742 

2  Forges     224.500 

7  Chain    factories    261,000 

1  Railroad    spike    factory 250,000 

3  Safe    factories     1 16,000 

3  Cutlery  factories   30,000 

2  Smut    machine    factories 40.000 

r   File    factory    12,000 

I   Boiler    rivet    factory 40.000 

I  Sickle   factory    30.000 

6  Saddlery    hardware    factories 40,000 

1  Rivet   mill    20,000 

2  Gun   barrel   factories 28,875 

I   Gun  and   rifle  factory 40,000 

1  Repeating   pistol    factory 15,000 

2  Domestic    hardware    factories 450,000 

3  Plow    factories     102,000 

I   Copper    rolling    mill 200,000 

28  Copper    and    tinsmiths 192,000 

ID  Brass    foundries     75,000 

3  Key   factories    166,000 


3  .Xgricultural    implement    factories...  80.000 

I   Wire    cloth    factory 10.000 

Miscellaneous     22.982.156 

Total     $39,022,435 

In  addition  to  those  enumerated  above  there 
were  in  the  city  in  1857  29  wagon  factories,  13 
tanneries,  27  breweries,  6  cracker  factories,  6 
marble  works,  16  cabinet  factories,  8  candle  fac- 
tories, 7  sawmills,  17  lumber  yards,  8  sash  and 
door   factories   and   9   planing  mills. 

THE  PANIC  OF  1857 

Notwithstanding  the  apparent  prosperity  of 
its  manufacturing  institutions  in  1857,  Pitts- 
burgh suffered  greatly  from  the  effects  of  the 
"Great  Western  Blizzard"  panic  of  tlie  latter 
part  of  that  year.  The  failure  of  the  Ohio  Life 
and  Trust  Co.,  of  Cincinnati,  resulted  in  many 
banks  and  business  houses  in  other  parts  of  the 
country  going  down  with  it.  This  was  in  Au- 
gust, and  by  the  middle  of  September  the  situa- 
tion was  indeed  alarming.  Hundreds  of  banks 
and  commercial  institutions  in  different  parts  of 
the  country  were  crumbling  like  so  many  toy 
blocks,  and  specie  payments  were  virtually  sus- 
pended throughout  the  country.  One  Pittsburgh 
institution,  however,  stood  valiantly  by  its  guns 
and  its  honor,  and  kept  on  meeting  its  obliga- 
tions with  coin.  That  was  the  Bank  of  Pitts- 
burgh, which  earned  the  reputation  of  being  the 
only  bank  in  any  of  the  large  cities  in  the  United 
States  which  never  for  one  hour  suspended 
specie  payments.  On  the  26th  of  September, 
1857,  the  board  of  directors  of  the  Bank  of  Pitts- 
burgh unanimously  resolved  to  meet  all  the 
bank's  liabilities  in  coin,  and  the  resolution  was 
faithfully  adhered  to,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that 
other  banks  in  the  city  met  in  convention  and 
resolved  to  suspend  specie  payments  for  the 
time  being. 

"On  November  3,  1857,  the  banks  of  I'itts- 
burgh  held  tlieir  annual  meetings.  All  of  the 
suspended  banks  accepted  the  provisions  of  the 
relief  law  passed  by  the  Pennsylvania  Legisla- 
ture. The  Bank  of  Pittsburgh  and  the  Exchange 
Bank  each  declared  a  dividend  for  the  last  six 
months  of  three  per  cent.  The  new  law  pro- 
hibited the  latter  bank  from  declaring  more." — 
Wilson's  History  of  Pittsburgh. 

The  establishment  of  a  clearing  house  for 
Pittsburgh  was  urged  in  1857.  So  far  Philadel- 
phia had  not  had  one,  but  the  necessities  of  the 
hour  became  so  apparent  in  Pittsburgh  that  con- 
certed action  and  general  protection  was  de- 
manded. 

Early  in  January,  1858,  the  banks  of  Pitts- 
burgh had  all  resumed  specie  payments,  although 
confidence  was  not  yet  restored.  Money  became 
more  plentiful  but  the  holders  of  it  became  very 


20 


PITTSBURGH  SESOUI-CENTENNIAL. 


careful.  The  statements  of  the  Pittsburgh  banks 
proved  tliem  to  be  in  a  more  healthy  condition 
than  those  of  other  cities.  They  took  the  lead 
in  resumption,  and  they  did  it  without  flourish 
or  ostentation.  No  city  in  the  country  came  out 
of  the  panic  with  as  much  to  its  credit  and  with 
as  little  noise  as  Pittsburgh.  It  resumption  oc- 
curred three  months  before  the  requirements 
provided  by  the  State  law.  Not  a  bank  in  Pitts- 
burgh suspended  during  the  entire  panic,  and 
the  year  following  the  close  of  the  depression 
found  every  institution  in  the  city  with  its  stock 
quoted  above  par. 

THE  IRON  INDUSTRY  IN  i860 

The  manufacture  of  iron  and  steel  had  become 
an  important  factor  in  Pittsburgh  in  i860,  and 
the  place  was  already  known  as  the  "Iron  City." 
Tliere  were  26  steel  rolling  mills  in  operation, 
employing  about  3,000  hands,  and  connected  with 
them  were  80  puddling  furnaces.  The  number  of 
heating  furnaces  was  130  and  there  were  also 
260  mill  machines.  Eighteen  foundries  employed 
1,800  men.  The  total  amount  of  iron  consumed 
exceeded   110,000  tons. 

THE  FIRST  STREET  RAILROAD 

In  ]\Iarch,  1859,  the  Citizens  Passenger  Rail- 
way Company,  of  Pittsburgh,  was  incorporated 
by  an  act  of  the  Legislature.  It  was  authorized 
to  start  from  the  intersection  of  Market  and 
Fifth  streets,  thence  passing  to  Liberty,  thence 
across  Liberty  to  Cecil  alley,  thence  to  Penn 
avenue,  thence  to  the  Greensburg  and  Pittsburgh 
turnpike  road  and  thence  to  the  suburbs.  The 
company  was  incorporated  with  2,000  shares  of 
$50  each,  and  among  the  incorporators  were 
James  Verner,  Alexander  Speer,  Richard  Hays, 
William  Darlington,  Joshua  Rliodes  and  Nath- 
aniel Holmes.  The  road  was  built,  and  became 
an  important   feature  of  the   city's  industrial   life. 

RAILROAD   BOND  TROUBLES 

The  financial  depression  of  1857  had  the  effect 
of  causing  the  collapse  of  several  railroad  enter- 
prises in  which  the  community  was  interested. 
In  i860  the  railway  indebtedness  of  Pittsburgh 
was  $1,800,000;  Allegheny,  $400,000:  Allegheny 
county,  $2,300,000;  total,  $4,500,000.  At  that  date 
the  total  assessed  valuation  of  the  county  out- 
side of  the  city  was  $12,500,000;  Pittsburgh,  $[0,- 
500,000;  Allegheny,  $3,000,000;  total,  $26,000,000. 
It  will  thus  be  seen  that  the  railroad  indebted- 
ness was  17  per  cent,  of  the  total  assessed  valua- 
tion of  the  county.  In  June,  1S50.  a  mass  meet- 
ing of  the  citizens  was  held  and  resolutions  were 
adopted  instructing  the  commissioners  not  to 
levy  a  tax  for  the  paj-ment  of  interest  on  the  rail- 
road bonds.     The  commissioners  did  as   request- 


ed. In  March,  i860,  another  mass  meeting  was 
held,  which  severely  strictured  the  supreme  court 
for  deciding  against  the  county  certain  suits  on 
the  bonds.  The  course  taken  by  the  commis- 
sioners was  approved,  and  the  meeting  even 
went  so  far  as  to  openly  encourage  resistance  to 
the  mandates   of  the  court. 

PITTSBURGH  IN  THE  WAR  OF  THE 
REBELLION 

Upon  the  election  of  Abraham  Lincoln  to  the 
Presidency  tlie  patriotic  citizens  of  Pittsburgh 
took  on  a  feeling  of  security  over  the  threatened 
disruption  of  the  Union  which  had  been  flaunted 
in  their  faces  for  several  months.  On  the  22d 
of  December,  i860,  a  convention  held  in  Charles- 
ton, South  Carolina,  declared  for  secession  by 
adopting  a  "declaration  of  independence."  This 
act  renewed  former  apprehensions  and  taught 
loyalists  that  something  must  be  done.  The 
United  States  government  was  even  then  remov- 
ing muskets  and  other  munitions  of  war  from 
the  Alleglieny  arsenal  to  the  southern  points,  un- 
der the   implied  approval  of  President  Buchanan. 

The  excitement  over  the  removal  of  the  guns 
from  the  arsenal  was  intense,  but,  witn  the  ex- 
ception of  five  guns  which  were  surreptitiously 
loaded  on  a  southbound  train,  the  arsenal  was 
permitted  to  hold  its  cannon.  Early  in  Januar}', 
1S61,  Secretary  of  War  Floyd  countermanded 
the  order,  which  created  a  feeling  of  great  satis- 
faction throughout  the  city. 

LINCOLN  IN  PITTSBURGH 

In  February  President-elect  Lincoln  passed 
through  the  city  enroute  to  Washington.  He 
was  greeted  by  a  large  crowd  of  people  and 
delivered  a  speech  from  the  balcony  of  the 
IMonongahela  House  at  8  o'clock  in  the  morning. 

THE   FIRST  TROOPS 

Within  a  few  Iiours  after  the  receipt  of  the 
news  of  the  firing  on  Fort  Sumter  the  Pittsburgli 
Zouaves  voted  unanimously  to  tender  their  serv- 
ices to  the  Governor  of  Pennsylvania.  Two 
other  companies,  however,  preceded  it,  they  hav- 
ing offered  their  services  at  the  time  of  the  at- 
tempted removal  of  the  cannon  to  the  South. 
These  were  the  Jackson  Independent  Blues  and 
the  Pennsylvania  Zouaves.  Other  companies 
followed,  and  fully  2,000  volunteers  were  either 
under  arms  or  in  readiness  for  entering  the  serv- 
ice at  the  end  of  two  weeks. 

PATRIOTIC  OUTPOURING 

On  the  night  of  April  15,  nearly  5,000  people 
met  in  the  City  Hall,  and  stirred  the  feeling  of 
patriotism   to   the   highest   pitch.     Judge   Wilkins 


PITTSBURGH  SESQUI-CENTENNIAL. 


presided,  and  Thomas  M.  Marshall  delivered  an 
impassioned  address,  which  was  followed  by  the 
hand  playing  "The  Star  Spangled  Banner"  with 
thrilling  effect.  The  following  committee  on 
pnhlic  safety  was  annoimced  on   the  17th: 


William   Wilkins, 

Chairman. 
Wm.  J.  Morrison, 
James   P.   Barr, 
Wm.  F.  Johnson, 
Dr.    Geo.   McCook, 
John   Marshall, 
T.   J.    Bigham, 
Joseph    Dilworth, 
Charles   Barnes, 
David    Fitzsimmons, 
C.    L.   Magee, 
John  Harper, 
Andrew   Miller, 
James   Park,  Jr., 
C.   H.  Paulson, 
J.    H.    Foster, 
Charles    McKnight, 
William   Neeb, 
John   D.   Bailey. 
John  W.   Riddell, 
Jas.  A.  Sewell. 
William  M.  Lj-on, 
Thomas  Bakewell, 
W.  J.  Howard, 
Sol.   Schoyer,   Jr., 
J.    P.   Pears, 
R.  Miller,  Jr., 
H.  L.   Ringwalt, 
Geo.  W.  Wilson, 
James  Reese, 
J.  W.   Barker, 
Wm.   Caldwell, 
Ed.    Simpson, 
Dr.  Jas.   King, 
John  J.   Dravo, 
Jos.   R.   Hunter, 
W.  M.  Hersh, 

C.  B.   Bostwick, 
Nat.  Holmes,  Jr., 
Samuel   Riddle, 
Francis   Sellers, 

D.  S.  Stewart, 


R.  H.  Hartley, 
J.   R.  Murphy, 
Geo.  W.   Irwin, 
E.  P.  Jones, 
P.  C.  Shannon, 
E.  D.   Gazzam, 
Geo.   P.   Hamilton, 
Thos.   M.   Marshall, 
J.  R.  T.  Xobb, 
Henry   McCnllougli, 
Jas.   A.   Hutchinson, 
Joshua   Rhodes, 
James  Verner, 
Jno.   N.  Tiernan, 
Thos.  S.  Blair, 
Samuel  McKelvy. 
Jno.   N.   McClowry, 
G.  L.   B.   Fetterman, 
Max  K.   Moorhead. 
.'Me.xander  Nimick, 
X.   P.   Fetterman, 
John  D.  Scully, 
Dr.  Geo.  S.   Hays, 
Benjamin  Coursin, 
John   Mackin, 
A.   G.   Lloyd,' 
Jolin  J.  Muse, 
W.  Bagaley, 
T.   M.   Howe, 
C.  W.  Ricketson, 
Joseph  Kaye, 
J.  B.  Poor, 
T.   S.  Rowley. 
James  Herdinan, 
Andrew    Scott, 
S.  H.  Keller, 
David   E.   Bayard, 
J.   R.    McClintock, 
James  Kelly, 
James  Saulsbury, 
William   Martin, 
Wm.  Robinson,  Jr., 
W'illiam    Bishop, 


H.  A.  Weaver, 
Wm.  H.  Magee, 
T.  J.   Gallagher, 
Thomas  Steel, 
Russell   Frrett, 
R.   H.   Patterson, 
W.   K.   Nimick, 
George  Gallup, 
A.   Nicholson, 
Davi<l   F.   Magce, 
William   Phillips. 
William  M.   Edgar, 
Dr.   L.   Oldshuc, 
Dr.  Geo.  I.  McCook, 
Robert  McElhern, 
Frederick   Collier, 
Thos.   B.    Hamilton, 
.Archibald    McBride, 
.Andrew   Fulton, 
William   Simpson, 
.Alexander   Hilands, 
George   A.    Berry, 
W'm.   Carr, 
Jas.  Benny,  Jr., 
J.  B.  Canfield, 
H.  L.  Bollman. 
Wm.   B.   Holmes, 
D.  D.  Bruce, 
Will  A.   Lare, 
Robt.   Finney, 
Alex.   L.  Russell, 
N.  P.  Sawyer, 
W^   S.   Lavely, 
John   M.   Irwin, 
Wm.   C.   Barr, 
Jas.   Floyd. 
Alex.  Moore, 
Samuel  Rod.gers, 
Alfred  Slack, 
Christian  Zug. 
John  Birmingham, 
John  W'right, 
John   McDonald. 
Wm.   Barnhill.  Jr.. 
Wm.  Owens, 

The  names  of  many 
are  recognized  in  the 
city's  "best"  of  nearly 


Harry  Wainwright, 
J.  M.  Brush, 
Robt.   Morrow, 
J.   M.   Killcn, 
C.  Magee, 
Col.  Leopold  Sahl. 
Dr.  Wm.  M.  Simcox, 
.Alexander  Speer, 
Henry  Hays, 
Adam  Getty, 
Edward   Gregg, 
John   Dunlap, 
Jolm  C.  Dunn, 
John  Brown, 
John   E.   Parke, 
B.    F.  Jones, 
George  W.   Cass. 
Walter  H.  Lowrie, 
Dr.   S.   Dilworth, 
David   Irwin, 
And.   Burke. 
J.is.   R.   Hartley. 
W.   G.  McCartney, 
John  Atwell, 
M.   I.  Stewart, 
Robt.  B.  Guthrie. 
Hugh   McAfee, 
Hugh  Kane, 
Samuel    Cameron, 
R.  J.  Grace, 
Joseph  Woodwell, 
Jno.  McDovitt. 
James   B.   Murray, 
Jas.   McAuley, 
John   Graham, 
Wm.   Holmes, 
Daniel    Xegley, 
Wm.   \\'oods. 
Geo.  H.  Thurston. 
Edw.    Campbell.  Jr., 
Wm.   H.   Smith. 
.A.  W.   Loomis, 
Wni.  Wade, 
J.  P.  Penny. 

well-known   business  men 
above    list.      It    was    the 
half  a  century  ago. 


Latter  day  development  of  Pittshurjih    may  he  found  in  tlie  display  pajies 

which  follow  this  history. 


PHOTO    BY    DeWITT    B.    LUCAS  COPYRIGHT,   1B08,   BY  EDWARD  WHITE 

Moderu  Pittsburgh— View  of  Liberty  Avenue  from  the  Roof  of  tlie  Diamond  National  Bank  Building. 


PHOTO     Bi    OEWITT    8.    LUCAS 


Modern  Pittsburgh — Night  View  of  liberty  Avenue 


VIKW   OF    PITTSBURGH  FROM 
(riiotoeraph  taken  7  A.  RI.  Suiid 


BY    EDWARD    /<HITE 


WpMAMMl^t«MI«aMAMM«M(kMMglAMMM«^MMM«^MMHMl^^lMWW^^ 


Pittsburghs  Payroll 

is  Larger  than  the  Combined  Payrolls  of  the  States  of 

IOWA  MINNL50TA 

NEBRASKA        NORTH  DAKOTA 
MICHIGAN  KAN5A5 

MI550UR1  WISCONSIN 

SOUTH  DAKOTA 

500  Manufacturing  Lstablishments 


Average  Annual  Wage  Per  Man 

$660.00 

Average  Annual  Wage  Per  Man  in  United  States 

(All  Industries) 

$475.00 

Average  Daily  Payroll  in  Pittsburgh 

$1,250,000.00 

Aggregate  Yearly  Payroll  in  Pittsburgh 

$400,000,000.00 

Aggregate  Yearly  Payroll  in  State  of  Massachusetts 

$250,000,000.00 

Deposits  in  Pittsburgh  Savings  Banks 

$170,000,000.00 


0; 


3»E 


s 


The  Wage  Earners  of 
the  City  of  Pittsburgh 


Men  Employed  in  Mills  and  Fadories  .  .     85,000 
Average  Annual  Wages  Per  Man  ....  $660.00 
Average  Annual  Wages  Per  Man'  in  the 
United  States,  all  industries 475.00 


Deposits  in  Pittsburgh  Savings  Banks  &- 
Trust  Companies $170,000,000 

(Chiefly  Savings  of  Wage  Earners) 


Pittsburgh  Workers  Among  the  Most 
tj     Prosperous  of  Any  in  the  World 


i- 


^ 


't^ 


<p: 


BY    DEWITT    B.    LUCAS  COPVftlGMT,     1008.    BV    EDWARD   WHITE 

Lights  and  Shadows  on   Fifth  Avenue  from  the  Roof  of  the  Diamond  National  Hauk  Buildine 


^>7?VV-95^P?:^^^^^ 


m 


PHOTO    Br    DEWITT    B.     LUCAS 


Day  aud  Night  Views  from  a  Window  in  the  Commonwealth  Building. 


•T' 


171 


Pittsburgh  District 

The  National  Industrial  Center 

i 


Manufacturing  Establishments  5,000 

Employes 350,000 

Value  of  Product $  750,000,000 

Capital  Invested 1,000,000,000 

Pay  Rolls  (annual) 500,000,000 

Leads  [the  World  in  the 
Manufacture  of 

Iron  and  Steel  Steel  Cars 

Glass  Tin  Plate 

Electrical  Machinery  Air  Brakes 
Cork  Fire  Brick 

Pickles  White  Lead 


^ 


I"  ^     ^(1 

I  ftttBhurgli  JtBlrtrt  i 

I  ^.s  i 

^  TheWorld'sGreatest  ^ 

^  Wealth-Producing  Region  S 

»  ^  ffi 

ifi  POPULATION   OF  THE  PITTSBURGH  !fi 

*  DISTRICT— 2,250,000— TWO  AND  * 

S  ,  A  QUARTER  MILLIONS  ^ 

!ii  K 

ffi  Annual  Tonnage  of  Pittsburgh  iDistrid  * 

!ii  1 40,000,000,  or  Ten  Per  Cent,  of  the  Tonnage  S 

S  of  the  Entire  Country,   Including  all  Freight  S 

y^  Carried   Annually    by  Rail,  River  and  Lake  IC 

ic                                                                             If- 

«  Banking  in  Pittsburgh   District  * 

^  Capital  and   surplus,  $210,000,000,  which  is  thirty-  S 

U:  one   million  dollars   more   than  the  capital  and  sur-  IE 

If^  plus  of  all  the  banks  in  the  States  of  Illinois  and  u: 

Jfl  Indiana,  including  Chicago,  with  a  total  population  ^ 

ill  of  over  8,000,000  or  nearly  four  times  greater  than  Jfl 

Hi  the  population  of  the  Pittsburgh  District.     $     $     $                                  ■     tfl 

IC  Capital  and  Surplus  of  the  Pittsburgh   District,  one-  u; 

IC  fifteenth  of  the  total  capital  and   surplus  of  all   the  IC 

Jfl  banks  in  the  United  States,  and   one  twenty-fourth  U^ 

Ifi  of    the    capital    and    surplus    of    all   the    organized  Jfl 

ffi  banks  in  the  world.        $$$$$$$  ^ 

IC  IC 

IC  Capitalized  strength  of  Pittsburgh  Banks  five  million  dollars  more  £ 

Sfi  than  the  combined  capital  of  the  Bank  of  England,  all  the  organized  tfi 

g  banks  of  Scotland  and  Ireland,  the  Imperial  Bank  of  Germany  and  ^ 

lU  the  Imperial  Bank  of  Russia.  5 


PHOTO    BV    DEWITT    B.    LUCAS 


Wood  Street,  from  Second  Avenue 


PITTSBURGH  SESOUI-CEX'TEXXIAL 


33 


Manufacturing:  I>i-.trict  Alonv:  the  Allegheny. 


PHOTCS   BY   DEWITT   B     lUCAS 


The  MoiioiiK'ahfla  Wattr  I-'ront. 


Strength  of  Pittsburgh  Market 


NUMBER  OF  ESTABLISHMENTS 
IN  THE  DIFFERENT  LINES  ARE 


Aluminum   and  Wares 5 

Arc  Lamps  and   Lights 2 

Architectural   Iron   Work 6 

Art  Goods  (exclusive) 16 

Asbestos  Material    13 

Automobiles   (dealers   &  m'f't'rs.) ....  45 

Automobile    Supplies    4 

Awnings,   Tents   and    Flags 8 

Bakers'  Supplies   10 

Barbers'  Supplies  5 

Belting   14 

Blank   Books    9 

Boiler  Makers  and  Dealers 33 

Bolts  and   Nuts 12 

Brass   Signs    14 

Brewers   8 

Brewers'  Supplies   5 

Brick  Manufacturers  49 

Brooms    10 

Builders'  Supplies  and  Material 28 

Butchers'  Supplies  and  Tools 3 

Butter    10 

Carpets     4 

Clothing    3 

Confectioners 22 

Distillers    12 

Druggists   4 

Dry  Goods   8 

Electrical  Supplies  2 


Feed    2 

Flour   33 

Fruit  II 

Furniture  2 

Glass  (dealers)    14 

Grocers   40 

Hardware    6 

Hats  and  Caps 6 

Jewelers 25 

Lumber 27 

Men's  Furnishings   12 

Millinery    6 

Paper    12 

Piano  and  Musical  Instruments 28 

Pickles  and   Preserves 6 

Plumbers'  Supplies 20 

Roofing   Materials    17 

Rubber  Goods  16 

Rubber  Hose   8 

Sand  and  Gravel 21 

Sewer  Pipe  28 

Shoes    16 

Steel  (manufacturers)   37 

Stoves    13 

Structural  Steel  13 

Teas  and  Coffees 8 

Tinware    5 

Tobacco  and  Cigars 14 

Wall  Paper  3 


Volume  of  Wholesale  Business 


One  Billion  Dollars  Annually 


PHOTO  BV  OtWITT  B    LUCAS 


View  of  Wholesale  District— reun  Avenue 


Capitalized  Strength 

of  Banks   in  tne   PittsDurgn   District 
CAPITAL  AND  SURPLUS 

$210,000,000.00 

Wnicn   IS 

Thirty-One   Milhon   Dollars   More 

Than  the  Capital  and  Surplus  of  all  the  Banks  in  the  States  oi 

Indiana   and   Illinois 

Incluaing  Chicago,    with  a   Total  Population    ot   over 
8,000,000,    or  Nearly  Four  Times  Greater  than 
the  Population  ot  the   Pittsburgh  District. 


Capital   and   Surplus  of  the   Pittsburgh  District 

One   Fiiteentn 

Of   the    total    Capital   and    Surplus   of   all    the    Banks   in 
the    United    States,    and 

One  Twenty-Fourtk 

Or   the   Capital    and    Surplus   of   all    the    Organized 
Banks    in   the   World. 

(Comptroller    of    the    Currency    of   the    United    States) 

Or 

Five   Million   Dollars   More 

Than  the  Combined    Capital   of   the 

Bank  oi  England       Imperial  Bank  of  Germany 
Imperial  Bank  of  Russia 

And   all   the   Organized    Banks   of 
Scotland   and    Ireland. 

Copyt.llil    1903   by   EJwa,J   While 


ri I  ISBVKGU  SESOLl-LESTl-Wl.ll. 


37 


Making  CniL-ihle  Steel  in  a   PiltNlnireli   SIlxI   Plant 


PHOTOS  BY   DEWITT  B.   LUCAS 


Manufacliu  inc  I>istric"t — South  Siile 


IKI  <^ 


Bank  Deposits  Per  Capita 

Pittsburgh's  Position 

Second  among  the  large 
cities  of  the  United  States 


Deposits  Per  Capita 

Boston $907 

Greater  Pittsburgh  (including  Allegheny)  .     .     704 

Cleveland 511 

Greater  New  York 500 

♦       Baltimore 381 

Philadelphia 371 

St.  Louis 358 

Chicago 325 

Detroit 318 

(Compiled  from  official  statements  of  deposits 
for  1907,  and  from  census  of  States  for  1905) 


Individual  Deposits,  Per  Capita 
United  States,  $  1 5  2 


COPYRIGHT  1908,  BY  EDWARD  WHITE 


!♦" 


rn'TSlWRGlI  SESOri-CF.XTIiSMAL. 


Where  the  \\'aters  MLx-t— ConliiiL-nce  of  the  Motion  ffalu- la  and  Alk-^ht-ny  kivi.  rs.  lorinitii^  the  Ohio. 


PHOTOS  BY  DeWlTT  B.  LUCAS 


City  Hall  Park.  North  Side 


Bird's-eye  View  of  Schenley  Park.  Carnegie  Institute.  Carnegie  Tie 


PHOTOS    BY    DeWITT    B.     LUCAS 


nical  Schools.  lioultvard.   I'hipps  Coiiser\-atory.  and  ScheiiUy  Oval. 


•Is  and  Phipps  Consen-atory.  Schtnley  Park. 


SttBtttuttnua 

pttaburflli  aiib  AllrBliritu  130? 


I 


(Cliambpr  of  (Enmm^rrr  ISr^inrt 

Number  of  Churches  and  Synagogues 397 

Value  of  Property  (estimated) $17,000,000 

Contriburions,  1906  (estimated) 3,500,000 

Number  of.  Hospitals 22 

Capacity  (beds  estimated) 3,000 

Number  of  Asylums  and  Infirmaries 62 

Number  of  Beneficiaries '(estimated) 5,000 

S*       &       Si 

(itlirr  QPrgam^atTDtis 

For  the  Relief  of   Poor  and  Distressed 26 

Carnegie  Hero  Fund  Endowment $  5,000,000 

Carnegie  Relief  Fund  Endowment 4,000,000 

Value  of  Real  Estate  and  Endowments  of  Charitable 

Institutions  in  the  Two  Cities  (estimated) 22,000,000 

Expended  by  Foregoing  Benevolent  Organizations,  1 906 

(not  including  churches) 3,000,000 


PHOTO  BY  DEWITT  B.  LUCAS 


Allegheny  Obsen-atorj-  in  River\-ie\v  Park 


i 


PHOTO  av  OEWITT  B.   LUCAS 


In  Ili^'hland   Park 


PHOTO,    1908,    BY    DeWITT    B.    LUCAS 


Ijfihts  and  Shadows  in  Highland  Park 


COPYRIGHT,    1908,    BY    EDWARD   WHITE 


^--ri^r^'^i^^ 


PHOTO  B¥   DeWITT   8.    LUCAS 


Rustic  Steps  ill  Koniaiitic  tileii.  Schcniey  Park  copvright,   leoa,  by  eoward  white 


Educational  In^itutions 
of  Greater  Pittsburgh 


CHAMBER  OF  COMMERCE  REPORT 

One  University 

Faculty,  154  Students,  964  Alumni,  2,570 

Plans  under  way  for  40  buildings  on  a  site  comprising  43  acres,  which  will  place  it  in  the  front  rank  of 
educational  institutions  of  the  United  States. 

DENOMINATIONAL         j|  PRIVATE 

Colleges 2  Schools 13 

In^ructors     -     -     -     -  33  Instrudtors        -     -     -  275 

Students 419  Students        -     -     -     -      3,982 

THEOLOGICAL  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS 

Seminaries       -     -     -     -  3  Buildings    -     -     -     -  ||  9 

lnstru(5tors     -     -     -     -  20  Instrucftors     -     -     -  1 ,690 

Students 157  Students     -     -     -     -      73,734 

High  Schools 

Buildings,  4         Instructors,  I  00        Students,  2,950 

Carnegie  Technical  Schools 

Built  and   Endowed  by  Andrew  Carnegie  (partially  completed) 

The  City  of  Pittsburgh  donated  a  site  of  32  acres.  Schools 
planned  to  accommodate  4,000  students.  Four  separate  schools: 
School  of  Applied  Science,  School  of  Apprentices  and  Journey- 
men, Technical  School  for  Women,  School  of  Applied  Design. 
Special  Building,  Machinery  Hall.  Day  and  Night  Courses 
in  all  Schools. 


PITTSBURGH  SESOUI-CENTENM.-IL. 


49 


The  I'nion"  Station 


PHOTOS  Br  DEWITT  B.   LUCAS 


Coal  Fleet  oti  the  Monongahela  River 


PHOTO  BY  DeWITT  B.  LUCAS 


Path  I^eading  to  the  Bear  Pit.  Riverview  Park 


Chamber  of  Commerce 
of  Pittsburgh 

CHARTF.RKD    jUl.Y    8,     1876 


fITTSBURGH'S  principal  development   has  been  within 
the  life  of  the  Chamber,  and  it  has   been   instrumental 
in  placing  the  city  in  its  proper  position  in  the  world  ot 
achievement.     It  has  aggressively  led  in  all  movements  which 
have  advanced  the  citv  and  its   interests  and  has  maintained 

An    Unparalleled    Record    of    Usefulness 


Prfsiiirnls  uf  tbr  (Eltambpr  nf  (Hommrrrp 


Thomas  M.  Howe — l  874-1  S77 
James  K.  Moorhead — 1878-1883 
John  F.  Dravo— 1884-1886 
William  E.  Schmertz — 1887-1891 
George  A.  Kelly  — 1892-1894 
lohn   B.   [ackson — 1895 


lohn  Bindley — 1S96-1901 
Albert  J.  Logan — 1902-1903 
lohn  Eaton — 1904-190^ 
H.  D.  W.  English — 1906-1907 
Lee   S.    Smith — 1908 


Prrarnt  ©fftrrra 


LEE  S.  SMITH 

President 


F.   R.   BABCOCK 

First  Vice  President 

W.  H. STEVENSON 

Second  Vice  President 

D.   P.   BLACK, 

Third  Vice  President 


H.  M.  LANDIS 

Treasurer 

LOGAN  McKEE 
Secretary 

IRA  S.   BASSETT 

Traffic  Manager 

P.  C.  WILLIAMS 

Assistant  Secretary 


m 


i 

i 


i 


PHOTO  BY  DeWITT  B.   LUCAS 


Nature's   Refreslinient  Stand,  Hijirhland   Park 


COPYRIGHT      1903,    BY    EDWARD   WHITE 


THE   CARNEGIE   TECHNICAL 

SCHOOLS 


F  UNIQUE  and  iimisiuil  iiitcrest  to 
Pittsburgh's  Sesqui-Centcnnial  guests 
will  be  the  Carnegie  Technical  Schools. 
These  modern  educational  buildings, 
designed  to  ultimately  cover  thirty-two  acres  of 
ground,  and  the  adjacent  massive  Carnegie  Insti- 
tute, with  its  six  acres  of  science  and  art  treas- 
ures, tell  the  story  of  Andrew  Carnegie's  splendid 
gifts  to   the  city  of   Pittsburgh. 

During  the  week   from  September  27th  to  Oc- 
tober 3rd,  the  schools  will  make  special  arrange- 


a  small  frame  house  Vv-ill  be  iiiuKt  process  of 
electric-wiring,  plinubiiig  and  drainage  installa- 
tion; in  a  third,  a  group  of  girls  will  be  studying 
tlie  nutritive  values  of  different  foods;  and  so  on. 

AN   IDEAL   ENVIRONMENT 

The  Technical  Schools,  which  Mr.  Carnegie  has 
endowed  to  date  with  four  million  dollars,  and 
in  which  he  is  especially  interested,  enjoy  one  of 
the   finest   locations   in   all   Pittsburgh.     They  are 


PHOTO  BY  R.  W.  JOHNSTON 

The  Cameyie  Technical  Schools.     Showing  the  School  for  .-Viiprcntices  aiul  Jonrne.\ni.'iii 
and  the  .School  of  Applied  De-sij^ii. 


ments  for  visitors,  throwing  open  for  inspection, 
with  guides,  the  many  interesting  departments  of 
the  institution.  Opportunities  will  be  given  to 
witness  in  operation  everything  pertaining  to  a 
model  technical  university.  The  two  thousand 
students  can  be  seen  at  work  in  clnss-room, 
laboratorj',  shop,  forge  and  foundry,  and  the 
nature  of  their  tasks  will  vary  from  the  young 
man  making  some  delicate  electrical  test  to  the 
young  woman  being  trained  in  the  household 
arts.  In  one  room  a  class  will  be  engaged  in  the 
clay  modeling  of  architectural  details;  in  another 


situated  on  high  land  in  Schenley  Park,  a  beauti- 
ful and  diversified  stretch  of  420  acres,  compar- 
able to  Central  Park,  in  New  York,  and  Fair- 
mount  Park,  in  Philadelphia.  Being  geogTaphic- 
ally  central,  thej'  are  readily  accessible  from  both 
the  residential  and  the  business  section.s.  With 
a  world-wide  reputation  as  the  greatest  of  indus- 
trial centers,  Pittsburgh  furnislics  an  ideal  en- 
vironment for  such  an  institution.  Her  people 
and  activities  are  in  accord  with  its  aims,  her 
commercial  prestige  appeals  to  the  imagination 
of  those  seeking  an  industrial  education,  and  her 


54 


PITTSBURGH  SESQUI-CENTENNIAL. 


colossal  steel,  iron  electric  and  other  manufac- 
turing plants,  to  which  frequent  inspection  visits 
are  made,  provide  unrivalled  opportunities  for 
acquainting  the  student  with  the  ^ctual  working 
conditions  of  the  vocation  he  is  in  training  to 
enter. 

DESCRIPTION    OF    THE    BUILDINGS 

The  buildings  so  far  erected  and  in  use  are  the 
School  for  Apprentices  and  Journeymen  and  the 
Margaret  Morrison  Carnegie  School  for  Women. 
Two  large  structures  in  the  group  for  the  School 
of  Applied  Science  are  practically  completed  and 


"Commons,"  the  social  hail,  athletic  quarters  and 
other  collegiate  structures. 

THE  FOUR  SCHOOLS 

The  Carnegie  Technical  Schools  consist  cf  four 
separate  schools,  the  School  of  Applied  Science, 
the  School  for  Apprentices  and  Journeymen,  the 
School  of  Applied  Design  and  the  Margaret  Mor- 
rison School,  in  all  of  which  both  day  and  night 
courses  are  given.  A  student  enters  whichever 
school  offers  instruction  for  the  particular  pro- 
fession he  has  chosen.  Detailed  information  in 
regard  to  this  instruction  in  the  different  schools, 


The  Carnegie  Technical  Schools.      The  Margaret  Morrison  Carnegie  Technical  School  for  Women. 

Photograph  by  R.  W.  Johnston 


will  be  ready  for  occupancy  in  October  of  this 
year.  In  the  near  future  the  School  of  Applied 
Design,  which  is  temporarily  quartered  in  the 
School  for  Apprentices  and  Journeymen,  as  well 
as  many  other  buildings,  will  be  erected.  The 
total  floor  space  now  available  is  about  360,000 
square  feet,  the  style  of  architecture  is  simple, 
dignified  and  essentially  serviceable,  while  the 
construction  throughout  is  absolutely  fireproof 
and  in  accordance  with  the  most  modern  practice. 
The  schools  to  date  have  cost  approximately  $2,- 
500,000,  and  at  the  present  stage  of  their  growth 
are  about  one-sixth  of  their  eventual  size;  on 
completion  an  imposing  educational  institution 
will  be  the  result,  with  a  terraced  campus  in  the 
center,  surrounded  by  the  different  schools, 
dormitories,     the     administration     building,     the 


and  also  in  regard  to  tuition  fees  and  living  ex- 
penses, is  given  in  the  catalogue,  a  copy  of  which 
may  be  secured  by  writing  to  the  Secretary. 

The  School  of  Applied  Science,  which,  with  en- 
larged equipment  and  increased  corps  of  instruc- 
tors will  be  established  in  its  new  buildings  this 
fall,  is  for  the  training  of  students  who  wish  to 
become  chemists,  civil,  electrical,  mechanical, 
metallurgical  or  mining  engineers. 

The  School  for  Apprentices  and  Journeymen 
furnishes  an  industrial  or  trade  education;  its  in- 
struction is  designed  to  prepare  mechanics  for 
more  advanced  positions  in  their  chosen  lines. 
The  courses  in  this  school  are  grouped  under 
four  main  heads — mechanical  drafting,  station- 
ary engineering,  machinery  trades  and  building 
trades.     The    advantage    of   being   a   skilled   me- 


PITTSBURGH  SESQUI-CENTENNIAL. 


55 


chanic  over  an  unskilled  one  is  convincingly 
shown  by  some  recent  statistics  compiled  by  the 
United  States  Bureau  of  Commerce  and  Labor. 
They  bring  out  the  fact  that  in  the  building 
trades  unskilled  labor  earns  on  an  average  of 
$10.45  per  week,  while  skilled  labor  earns  $22.37. 
In   the   machinery  trades   it   is  the   difference   be- 


The  Carnegie  Technical    .Schools.      Two  new  buildings 

in  the  group  for  the  School  of  .Applied  Science. 

To  be  ready  in  October. 

Photograph  b.v  S.  I.  Haa.s. 


tween  $9.69  a  week  and  $17.70.  It  will  thus  be 
seen  that  to  be  a  skilled  artisan  in  these  days  of 
industrial  opportunities,  is  to  receive  consider- 
ably higher  wages  than  those  paid  to  clerks, 
bookkeepers,  stenograpliers,  etc. 

In  the  School  of  Applied  Design  the  two 
courses  offered  at  the  present  time  are  those  in 
architecture  and  interior  decoration.  In  tlie  last 
national  competition  of  the  Beaux  Arts  Society 
of  New  York  49  out  of  the  55  drawings  submitted 
by  Carnegie  Tech  students  received  honorable 
mention,  two  receiving  first  mentions.  Students 
in  these  courses  are  exceptionally  fortunate  in 
having  access  to  the  fine  collection  of  books, 
architectural  models,  and  paintings  in  the  Car- 
negie Institute.  The  international  exhibitions  of 
paintings  and  architectural  drawings  held  at  the 
Institute  offer  the  student  the  further  unusual  ad- 
vantage of  becoming  familiar  with  the  best  cur- 
rent achievements  in  his  line  of  work. 

A  short  distance  from  the  School  of  Applied 
Science  and  the  School  for  Apprentices  and 
Journeymen,  but  located  so  as  to  become  one  of 
the  units  in  the  future  quadrangular  arrangement 
of  the  buildings,  is  the  ^Margaret  Morrison  School 
for  Women,  named  after  Mr.  Carnegie's  mother. 
It  is  the  first  of  a  proposed  group  to  be  devoted 
to  the  education  and  training  of  women  for  the 
home,  wifehood  and  motherhood,  as  well  as  along 
technical  and  industrial  lines. 


The  attention  of  visitors  is  especially  directed 
to  the  words  on  the  cornice  of  the  entrance  court, 
which  read  as  follows: 

"To  make  and  inspire  the  home; 

To   lessen  suffering  and  increase  happiness; 

To  aid  mankind  in  its  upward  struggles; 

To     ennoble     and     adorn     life's     work,     however 

humble — 
These  are   woman's   high   prerogatives." 

This  motto  finely  expresses  the  ideals  and  the 
purpose  of  the  Margaret  Morrison  School.  To 
develop  character,  and  to  train  young  women  to 
earn  a  livelihood  in  tlie  best  lines  of  work  whicli 
are  open  to  them  to-day,  are  the  two  primary 
aims  of  the  many  courses  of  instruction   offered. 

The  school  is  completely  and  attractively  pro- 
vided not  only  with  the  usual  class,  lecture  and 
laboratory  rooms,  but  with  a  gymnasium,  studio, 
rest  and  lunch  rooms,  and  a  library.  The  sub- 
jects taught  are  grouped  under  the  four  main 
heads  of  household  arts,  dressmaking,  costume 
design  and  secretarial  work.  Forming  sub-di- 
visions of  these  general  departments  are  many 
courses  for  day  and  night  students,  among  the 
most  interesting  of  which  are  milliner\',  interior 
decoration,  sketching,  banking  and  bookkeeping, 
card  indexing,  social  ethics,  Englisli,  history  anil 
hygiene. 

The  students  in  tliese  four  schools  are  placed 
under   the   immediate   training  of  an   able   faculty 


r' 

"1  '■ 

'  ' 

1 

"  j|'''^^£ 

.-  'i 

i^: 

io 

tiM..i^Q 

^^^ 

ipv  ^''*"  .^M 

r 

8P*^ 

1 

One  of  the  Da>-  Classes  in  the  .School  of  .\pi;licd  Science. 
Photograph  b.v  E.  H.  W.  McKee. 


of  IIS  professors,  assistant  professors  and  in- 
structors, men  and  women  who  have  had  not 
only  an  academic  and  scientific  education,  but 
also  practical  experience  in  the  industrial  world, 
that  has  made  them  conversant  with  the  actual 
methods  that  prevail  in  the  modern  practice  of 
their    professions. 


^1^ 


THE   1:NI\  ERSITY  OF   PITTSBURGH 


HE  UNIVERSITY   OF  PITTSBURGH  ly   wvrc   nK-n   of    Iiigli    ::l)i:i;y   ;uicl     IiskIlt-     in    the 
is    the    legal    descendant    of    the    Pitts-  iiiunier     work    of    esta]ilishins   fdr.oation     in     Pitts- 
burgh   Academy,   incorporated   in    178".  Inir;^li.      Dr.    Ilhick  was  a  miiii-trr   in   tlu-   Rcfornied 
In     1819     the     Academy     was     reincor-  rrc.-Ii\  li.rian      Church.       h'ailkr      Magnirc      was      a 
porated    and    the   name   cliangod    to   the    Western  Rimian    Catholic    and     the     fomnK-r     of     St.     Paul's 


The  Acadeiii.v 


THE  UNIVERSITY   IN   'Sir.- 
The  Presidents  Hou.se  The  l"iiiversit>- 


Tilt  l'ni\(.r>il:.  Itiiildinij.  1.S54-1SS2 

University  of  Pennsylvania.  In  the  spring  of  Catlicdral.  Dr.  lirucc  was  nicinhcr  of  ilic  As 
1822  the  first  faculty  was  inaugurated  in  the  First  sociate  Reformed  Church.  ;ind  Dr.  Swift  and  Dr 
Presbyterian  church.     The  members  of  this  facul-       McElroy  wrrc   Presliytcrians. 


58 


PITTSBURGH  SESQUI-CENTENNIAL. 


The  first   Board  of  Trustees   included    such    men  way,   which   also   was   destroyed   by   fire   in    1849. 

as    Robert    Bruce.    William    Wilkins,    United    States  In    1854    the    University    property    on    Duquesne 

Minister   to   Russia,  Walter   Forward,   at    one    time  way  was  sold  and  a  lot  purchased  at  the  corner 

Secretary  of   the  Treasury   of    the    United    States;  of    Ross    and    Diamond    streets,    and    a    building 


The  Present  Buildings  of  the  I'niversity 
Science  Hall  The  Main  Building 


John     Scull,   Ebenezer    Denny,   Rev.   Joseph     Stock-  erected   which   continued   to   be   the   home   of   the 

ton  and  James  Allison.  University  until  1882,  when  the  Allegheny  County 

The   first   building  of  the  University  was   located  Court    House    was    burned    and    the    county   pur- 

at   the   corner   of   Third   avenue   and    Cherry    alley,  chased  the  University  building  to  be  used  as  the 


The  Alle^^henj-  Observatorj-,  Rivcrview  I'ark,  North  Side 


and   was   erected    with   $12,000     received     from     the  Court  House  during  the  erection  of  the  new  edi- 

Statc.      The   cut   of   this   building   is   shown    in    this  fice. 

program.     The   building   was   burned     in     1845.   and  In  1890  the  present  buildings,  consisting  of  the 

the    second    building    was     erected     on      Duquesne  main   University  building  and   Science  Hall,  were 


PITTSBURGH  SESQUI-CENTENNL-IL. 


59 


erected  on  Perrysville  avenue  on  the  grounds  of 
the  Allegheny  Observatory,  which  was  a  part  of 
the  University.     These  buildings  are  shown. 

In    1S92    the    Medical    Department    was    added, 
and   in   1S95   the   Law   School  and   the   College   of 


the  campus  a  magnificent  view  can  be  obtained 
of  Schenley  Park  and  also  the  splendid  East  End 
district. 

In  July  work  was  begun   on  the  first  building 
to   be   erected   on   the  new   campus,   the   building 


School  of  Mines  Buildincr 
(First  hiiikiint;  to  be  erected  on  tlie  new  site) 


Pharmacy'.  In  1S96  the  Dental  College  was  es- 
tablished. Thus  the  institution  became  a  real 
university  with  seven  distinct  departments.  For 
a  number  of  years  the  question  of  a  new  location 
for  the  University  was  considered,  and  finally  in 
December,    1907,   a  site   was   selected,   comprising 


for  the  School  of  Mines,  the  cornerstone  of  which 
will  be  laid  on  Friday  of  the  Sesqui-Centennial 
week.  It  is  hoped  that  work  in  the  new  location 
can  begin  in  the  fall  of  1909. 

During   the   past   year   the    total   enrollment   in 
all  departments  of  the  University  was  1,158  with 


The  Proposed  Group  of  Buildings  lor  the  New  l'niversit.v 


forty-three  acres,  located  in  Oakland,  the  larger 
part  being  a  portion  of  the  historic  Schenley 
Farms.  This  location  is  in  the  midst  of  the  edu- 
cational and  institutional  center  of  Pittsburgh, 
and  from  the  crest  of  the  hill  forming  a  part  of 


a  faculty  numbering  over  150.  The  University 
with  its  College  and  Engineering  School  and 
professional  schools  offers  unexcelled  opportuni- 
ties to  the  thousands  of  young  people  in  Pitts- 
burgh and  vicinity  who  wish  higher  education. 


Ip ^ 

Programme   Pittsburgh 

Sesqui-Centennial 


SEPTEMBER  27  TO 
OCTOBER  3 


?  1908 


Official  Programme:   Certified  to  by  the  Executive 
Committee  of  the  Pittsburgh  Sesqui-Centennial 

COPYRIGHT,     1908,     BY     EDWARD     WHITE         ■       ALL     RIGHTS     RESERVED 

i  f 


Official  Programme 


Pittsburgh  Sesqui-Centennial 

...1908... 

SUNDAY  MORNING,  SEPTEMBER  27:  Special  services 
in  all  Churches.  SUNDAY  AFTERNOON:  Union  religious 
meeting  in  Nixon  Theater.  SUNDAY  EVENING:  Union 
neighborhood  services  in  many  churches. 


MONDAY.  SEPTEMBER  28,  3  P.  M. :  Unveiling  Tablet,  by 
Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution  at  Old  Block  House. 
EVENING:  Official  reception  by  the  Mayor  and  Councils 
at  Duquesne  Garden. 


TUESDAY,  SEPTEMBER  29:  Sesqui^Centennial  Day  at  the 
Western  Pennsylvania  Exposition,  the  musical  programme 
including  works  of  Pittsburgh  composers. 


WEDNESDAY,     SEPTEMBER      30:         Marine     historical 
pageant  and  parade  on  rivers. 


PROGPsAMME  CONTINUED  ON  FOLLOWING  PAGE 


.  .  .  OFFICIAL  PROGRAMME  .  .  . 
Certified  to   by  the   Executive  Committee  of  the   Pittsburgh   Sesqui-Centennial 

Copyright.   1908.  by  Edward  White.  All  Rights  Reserved 


Official  Programme 


G^r-tS^s 

Pittsburgh  Sesqui-Centennial 

...1908... 

THURSDAY,  OCTOBER  1:  Greater  Pittsburgh  Day.  His^ 
torical  pageant  and  commercial,  manufaduring  and  mili- 
tary parade. 


FRIDAY,  OCTOBEK  2  :     Laying  of  cornerstones  of  Soldiers' 
Memorial  Hall  and  University  of  Pittsburgh  building. 


SATURDAY,  OCTOBER  3:     Pvaces  at  Schenley  Oval,  and 
music,  etc.,  at  the  parks. 


ALL  WEEK :     Exhibits  of  Colonial  and  Revolutionary  paint- 
ings, books  and  relics  at  Carnegie  Institute. 


WEDNESDAY,  NOVEMBER  25— Anniversary  Day:  Meet- 
ing and  concert  in  Exposition  building,  on  sites  of  Forts 
Duquesne  and  Pitt. 


The  Independence  Day  Celebration  in  the  Parks  on  July  Fourth  was  also  under 
the  auspices  of  the  Sesqui-Centennial  Committee. 


.  .  .  OFFICIAL  PROGRAMME  .  .  . 
Certified  to  by  the  Executive  Committee   of  the   Pittsburgh   Sesqui-Centennial 

Copyright,   1908,  by  Edward  White.  All   Rights  Reserved 


Pittsburgh  Sesqui-Centennial 


(Bcncral  Committee 


Mayor  George  W.  Guthrie.  Chairman 
James  W.  Brown.  First  lice  Chairman 
H.  J.  Heinz.  Second  Vice  Chairman 


Mrs.  S.  A.  Ammon.  Third  I'ice  Chairman 
John  B.  Jackson.  Treasurer 
Burd  S.  Patterson.  Secretary 


Allenon.  O.  H. 

Dimling.  John 

Jones.  B.  F.  Ir. 

Price.  C.  B. 

Armstrong.  Richard 

English,  H.  D.  W. 

Kambach.  Geo.  J. 

Rees,  Thos,  M. 

Babcock.  F.  R. 

Ferguson.  Hugh 

Keenan.  Thos.  J. 

Reizenstein.  Isadore 

Barr,  Albert  J. 

Flinn,  Wm. 

Kelly.  A.  J,.  Jr. 

Fkipley.  D,  C. 

Barbour,  John  B..  Jr. 

Frew.  W.  N. 

Kennedy.  M.  W. 

Rook.  C.  A 

Baum.  George  W. 

Garwood.  C.  H. 

Kohne.  Chas'  C. 

Scaife.  W.  L. 

Bigelow.  E  M. 

Graham.  Chas.  J. 

Lambing,  Rev.  A.  A. 

Shepherd.  A.  B. 

Black.  D.  P. 

Guffey.  J.  M. 

Lang  E.  1. 

Shiras,  W.  K. 

Blanchard.  C.  A. 

Gulland.  Chas. 

Lewin.  Dr.  Adolph 

Smith,  A.  Y. 

Boggs.  R.  H. 

Guthrie.  R.  W. 

Lloyd.  D.  McK. 

Smith,  Charles  O. 

Bonneville.  E.  E. 

Hamilton.  Wm.  M. 

Logan.  Geo.  B. 

SofFel.  Jacob.  )r. 

Bope  Col.  H.  P. 

Hamilton.  W.  T. 

Long.  S.  C. 

Stevenson.  W.  H. 

Brand.  Wm. 

Hamerschlag.  Dr.  A.  A. 

Manion.  P.  A, 

Tilley  J.  Frank 

Brashear.  John  A. 

Harding.  Miss  Julia  M. 

McCormick.  Rev.   S.  B. 

Torrance  F.  J. 

Buchanan.  )ames  1. 

Hawkins.  T.  J. 

McCook,  Willis  F. 

Walters.  Dr.  E.  R. 

Burchfield.  A.  P. 

Hershman,  Oliver  S. 

McElroy.  Samuel 

Ward,  R.  B. 

Cochrane.  R.  K. 

Ireland.  A.  E. 

Moore.  A.  P. 

Wasson,  J.  C. 

Connelly.  W.  C.  Jr. 

lamison.  S.  C. 

Oliver.  Geo.  T. 

Weil    A.  Leo 

Davis,  W.  H. 

Jones.  W.  L. 

Penney,  John  P. 

Wilson,  Adam 

lEyecutive  Committee 

W.  H.  Stevenson.  Chairman  Hon.  James  W.   Brown 

A.  J.  Kelly.  Jr..  Vice  Chairman  H.  J.   Heinz 

Burd  S.  Patterson.  Secretary  Mrs.  S.  A.  Ammon 

Hon.  Geo.  W.  Guthrie  John  B.  Jackson 

Cbatvmcn  of  Sub=Committccs 


Gol.  J.  M.  GufFey.  Finance 

S.  C.  Long.  Railroad  and  Transportation 

W.  K.  Shiras.  Invitation 

Dr.  S.  B.  McCormick,  Clergy 

T.  J.  Fitzpatrick.  Exposition 

).  W.  Beatty.  Art  Exhibit 

).  P.  McCollum,  Music 

Major  W.  H.  Davis.  Military  and  Parade 

Capt.  ]as.  A.  Henderson,  Marine  Displa]) 

T.  ).  Hawkins,  Decorations 

H.  D.  W.  English,  Greater  Pittsburgh  Day 

A.  J.  Kelly,  Jr.,  Anniversarv  Day 


Miss  Julia  M.  Harding,  Women's  Auxiliary 
E.  M.  Bigelow.  Electrical  Display^ 
Wm.  N.  Frew,  Carnegie  Institute 
John  A.  Brashear.  Tleception 
E.  E.  Bonneville.  Hotel 
A.  B.  Shepherd,  Independence  Day 
H.  W.  Neely,  Merchants'  Jluxiliary 
W.  H.  Stevenson.  Councils 
Col.  H.  P.  Bope,  Boys'  Brigade 
C.  B.  Price,  Soldiers'  Memorial  Hall 
Dr.  S.  B.  McCormick.  University  of  Pgh. 
George  W.  Baum,  Matinee  Races 


Official  Programme 
Certified  to  by  Executive  Committee  of  the  Pittsburgh  Sesqui-Centennial 


^:iJ:4-^:ie:^-->ll^.---^>ii^^;^---^^-^^  ^'  ^— C^■^l^^J;;^;]^^^:'■  nH-'^r-'  -Vi  ,H^:'^0;^:^l:^'^'--eNJx"'-A... 


PHOTO  BV  DeWITT  B.   LUCAS 


COPYRIGHT.    1908,    BY  EDWARD  WHITE 


The  Financial  Canon  of  Pittsburgh— Fourth  Avenue 


Compliments  of