Biological integrity of Hughes Creek in the Bitterroot River TMDL planning area based on the structure and composition of the Benthic algae community

MONTANA STATE LIBRARY

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3 0864 1002 2565 8

BIOLOGICAL INTEGRITY OF HUGHES CREEK

IN THE

BITTERROOT RIVER TMDL PLANNING AREA

BASED ON THE STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF

THE BENTHIC ALGAE COMMUNITY

Prepared for:

State of Montana

Department of Environmental Quality

P.O. Box 200901

Helena, Montana 59620-0901

Project Officer: Andy Welch
DEQ Contract No. 200012-10

Prepared by:

Loren L. Bahls, Ph.D.

Hannaea

1032 Twelfth Avenue

Helena, Montana 59601

January 31, 2004

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HELENA. MONTANA 59620

Printed on Paper Made from 100% Recycled Post-Consumer Fiber

Summary

On the Fourth of July, 2003, periphyton samples were collected from 2 sites on Hughes
Creek in the Bitterroot River TMDL planning area in southwestern Montana for the purpose of
assessing whether this stream is water-quality limited and in need of TMDLs. The samples were
collected following MDEQ standard operating procedures, processed and analyzed using
standard methods for periphyton, and evaluated following modified USEPA rapid bioassessment
protocols for wadeable streams.

Diatom metrics at both sites on Hughes Creek indicated excellent biological
integrity, no impairment, and full support of aquatic life uses. However, values for the
pollution index at both sites approached the threshold for minor impairment and indicate
elevated organic loading. This organic loading may be natural in origin.

A large amount of fine sand was noted in the sample from the lower site on Hughes
Creek. However, values for the sedimentation index were well below the threshold for minor
impairment in a mountain stream. Nevertheless, both sites did support large numbers of
Planothidium lanceolatum, a diatom that is adapted to living on grains of sand.

The diatom and non-diatom algal floras of Hughes Creek indicate moderate gradients and
current velocities with little disturbance, and cold, alkaline, and highly oxygenated waters with
somewhat elevated levels of organic and inorganic nutrients. Nitrogen is probably the limiting
nutrient in this stream. The two sites supported very similar floras, which indicates very similar
ecological conditions. Diatom species richness, diversity, and equitability were excellent. No
abnormal diatom cells were observed, which indicates the probable absence of toxic chemicals.

Introduction

This report evaluates the biological integrity', support of aquatic life uses, and probable
causes of stress or impairment to aquatic communities in Hughes Creek in the Bitterroot River
TMDL planning area in southwestern Montana. The purpose of this report is to provide

information that will help the State of Montana determine whether Hughes Creek is water-
quality limited and in need of TMDLs.

The federal Clean Water Act directs states to develop water pollution control plans (Total
Maximum Daily Loads or TMDLs) that set limits on pollution loading to water-quality limited
waters. Water-quality limited waters are lakes and stream segments that do not meet water-
quality standards, that is, that do not fUlly support their beneficial uses. The Clean Water Act

and USEPA regulations require each state to (1) identify waters that are water-quality limited,
(2) prioritize and target waters for TMDLs, and (3) develop TMDL plans to attain and maintain
water-quality standards for all water-quality limited waters.

Evaluation of aquatic life use support in this report is based on the species composition
and structure of periphyton (benthic algae, phytobenthos) communities at two sites on Hughes
Creek that were sampled on July 4, 2003. Periphyton is a diverse assortment of simple
photosynthetic organisms called algae that live attached to or in close proximity of the stream
bottom. Some algae form long filaments or large colonies and are conspicuous to the unaided
eye. But most algae, including the ubiquitous diatoms, can be seen and identified only with the
aid of a microscope. The periphyton community is a basic biological component of all aquatic
ecosystems. Periph\1on accounts for much of the primary production and biological diversity in
Montana streams (Bahls et al. 1992). Plafkin et al. (1989) and Barbour et al. (1999) list several
advantages of using periphyton in biological assessments.

' Biological integrity is defined as "the ability of an aquatic ecosystem to support and maintain a balanced,
integrated, adaptive community of organisms having a species composition, diversity, and functional organization
comparable to that of namral habitats within a region" (Karr and Dudley 1981).

Project Area and Sampling Sites

The project area is located within the Montana extension of the Idaho BathoHth
Ecoregion in RavalH County, Montana. This ecoregion is mountainous, deeply dissected,
partially glaciated, and characteristically underlain by granitic rocks. Soils derived from
granitics are droughty and have limited fertility, and therefore provide only limited amounts of
nutrients to aquatic systems (McGrath et al. 2001). Vegetation in the project area is mixed
conifer forest at higher elevations and ponderosa pine, shrubs and grasses at lower elevations
(USDA 1976, Woods et al. 1999). The main land uses are logging, grazing, recreation, mining,
and wildlife production. Streams in this ecoregion are likely to suffer from increased loads of
fine sediments after disturbance by humans, hi the Idaho portion of this ecoregion, logging has
caused slope instability (especially in granitic areas) and stream sedimentation. Placer gold
mining has heavily affected rivers in this ecoregion in the state of Idaho (McGrath et al. 2001).

Periphyton samples were collected at two sites on Hughes Creek (Table 1). Elevation at
the sampling sites is about 5,700 feet. Hughes Creek is an east-side tributary of the West Fork of
the Bitterroot River upstream from Painted Rocks Reservoir. Hughes Creek and the West Fork
of the Bitterroot River are headwater tributaries of the Bitterroot River in USGS hydrologic unit
17010205. The Bitterroot River is a tributary of the Clark Fork River. Hughes Creek is
classified B-1 in the Montana Surface Water Quality Standards.

Methods

Periphyton samples were collected following standard operating procedures of the
MDEQ Planning, Prevention, and Assistance Division. Using appropriate tools, microalgae
were scraped, brushed, or sucked from natural substrates in proportion to the importance of those
substrates at each study site. Macroalgae were picked by hand in proportion to their abundance
at the site. All collections of microalgae and macroalgae were pooled into a common container
and preserved with Lugol's (IKI) solution.

The samples were examined to estimate the relative abundance and rank by biovolume of
diatoms and genera of soft (non-diatom) algae according to the method described in Bahls
(1993). Soft algae were identified using Smith (1950), Prescott (1962, 1978), John et al. (2002),
and Wehr and Sheath (2003). These books also served as references on the ecology of the soft
algae, along with Palmer (1969, 1977).

After the identification of soft algae, the raw periphyton samples were cleaned of organic
matter using sulfuric acid, potassium dichromate, and hydrogen peroxide. Then permanent
diatom slides were prepared using Naphrax, a high refractive index mounting medium, following
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA 1 998). At least 300
diatom cells (600 valves) were counted at random and identified to species. The following were
the main taxonomic references for the diatoms: Krammer and Lange-Bertalot 1986, 1988,
1991a, 1991b; Lange-Bertalot 1993, 2001; Krammer 1997a, 1997b, 2002; Reichardt 1997, 1999.
Diatom naming conventions followed those adopted by the Academy of Natural Sciences for
USGS NAWQA samples (Morales and Potapova 2000) as updated in 2003 (Dr. Eduardo
Morales, Academy of Natural Sciences, digital communication). Van Dam et al. (1994) was the
main ecological reference for the diatoms.

The diatom proportional counts were used to generate an array of diatom association
metrics. A metric is a characteristic of the biota that changes in some predictable way with
increased human influence (Barbour et al. 1999). Diatoms are particularly usefial in generating
metrics because there is a wealth of information available in the literature regarding the pollution
tolerances and water quality preferences of common diatom species (e.g., Lowe 1974, Beaver
1981, Lange-Bertalot 1996, Van Dam et al. 1994).

Values for selected metrics were compared to biocriteria (numeric thresholds) developed
for streams in the Rocky Mountain ecoregions of Montana (Table 2). These criteria are based on
metric values measured in least-impaired reference streams (Bahls et al. 1992) and metric values
measured in streams that are known to be impaired by various sources and causes of pollution
(Bahls 1993). The biocriteria in Table 2 are valid only for samples collected during the summer
field season (June 21 -September 21).

The criteria in Table 2 distinguish among four levels of stress or impairment and three
levels of aquatic life use support: (1) no impairment or only minor impairment (full support),
(2) moderate impairment (partial support), and (3) severe impairment (nonsupport). These
impairment levels correspond to excellent, good, fair, and poor biological integrity, respectively.
In cold, high-gradient mountain streams, natural stressors will often mimic the effects of man-
caused impairment on some metric values.

Quality Assurance

Several steps were taken to assure that the study results are accurate and reproducible.
Upon receipt of the samples, station and sample attribute data were recorded in the Montana
Diatom Database and the samples were assigned a unique number, e.g., 2953-01 . The first part
of this number (2953) designates the sampling site (Hughes Creek above Thunder Mountain
Road) and the second part (01) designates the number of periphyton samples that that have been
collected at this site for which data have been entered into the Montana Diatom Database.

Sample observations and analyses of soft (non-diatom) algae were recorded in a lab
notebook along with information on the sample label. A portion of the raw sample was used to
make duplicate diatom slides. The slide used for the diatom proportional count will be
deposited in the Montana Diatom Collection at the University of Montana Herbarium in
Missoula. The duplicate slide will be retained by Hannaea in Helena. Diatom proportional
counts have been entered into the Montana Diatom Database.

Results and Discussion

Results are presented in Tables 3, 4 and 5, which are located near the end of this report
following the references section. Appendix A contains a series of diatom reports, one for each
sample. Each diatom report contains an alphabetical list of diatom species in that sample and
their percent abundances, and values for 65 different diatom metrics and ecological attributes.

Sample Notes

Hughes Creek below first FS gate. Clean sample, little sediment is present.

Hughes Creek above Thunder Mountain Road. Sediment (-10 micron diameter fine
sand) is extremely heavy.

Non-Diatom Algae (Table 3)

The two sites on Hughes Creek supported very similar algal floras consisting of green
algae, cyanobacteria, diatoms, and a chrysophyte. The lower site supported three more genera of
non-diatom algae than the upper site. A downstream increase in the number of non-diatom algal
genera and diatom species is the normal pattern in mountain streams.

The sample collected at the upper site on Hughes Creek (below first gate on FS parcel)
was dominated by a filamentous green alga (Ulothrix) and a branched cyanobacterium with
heterocysts {Tolypothn.x)(Ta.b\e 3). These cold-water algae are common in mountain streams.
Tolypothrix is capable of fixing atmospheric (molecular) nitrogen, which is an advantage in
waters that are poor in nitrogen. Diatoms were abundant at this site and ranked 3^'' in biovolume.
The chrysophyte Hydrurus foetidus ranked 4"^ and was rare.

The sample collected at the lower site on Hughes Creek was also dominated by
Ulothrix. The cyanobacterium Nostoc ranked 2"*^ in biovolume here and was a co-dominant with
Ulothrix. Like Tolypothrix, Nostoc has heterocysts, is a nitrogen fixer, and prefers cold waters.
Diatoms were abundant and ranked 3"^ in biovolume at the lower site. Cells of the chrysophyte
Hydrurus foetidus, which forms slimy mucilaginous masses, were frequent and this genus ranked
4' in biovolume at this site. Wehr and Sheath (2003) describe Hydrurus foetidus as follows:

One of the most dramatic examples of a cold-water stenotherm is the mountain-stream
dwelling chrysophyte Hydrurus foetidus. This macroscopic, brown, gelatinous,
unpleasant-smelling alga is relatively abundant in both the eastern and western mountain

streams of North America. The gelatinous envelope in which the cells are embedded is
exceedingly tough and the plant frequently covers the entire surface of submerged rocks
and has caused more than one hiker to lose his or her footing when crossing a stream. It
normally begins to disappear when water temperatures rise much above 1 0°C . . . Other
requirements for this species apparently include low pH and bright sunlight.

The nitrogen-fixing cyanophyte Tolypothrix was frequent at the lower site and ranked 5"^,
followed by the branched filamentous green alga Stigeoclonium, which was also frequent.
Stigeoclonium is tolerant of organic pollution and its presence may indicate an increase in
organic loading at this site.

Diatoms (Table 4)

All of the major diatom species from Hughes Creek are included in pollution tolerance
classes 3 or 2, and are either sensitive to organic pollution or only somewhat tolerant of organic
pollution (Table 4).

Diatom metrics for both sites on Hughes Creek indicate excellent biological
integrity, no impairment, and full support of aquatic life uses (Table 4). However, pollution
index values at both sites (2.53 and 2.54) approached the threshold for minor impairment in a
mountain stream (2.50). This slight organic loading may be natural in origin and due to an
accumulation of terrestrial plant debris and/or algae. Several of the major diatom species (e.g.,
Diatoma mesodon, Fragilaria spp., Hannaea arcus, Staurosira construens, Synedra spp.) are
free-living and indicate a history of stable flows at these sites and the absence of recent bottom-
scouring events. These diatoms also indicate cold waters.

Although sedimentation index values did not exceed the threshold for minor impairment
at either site, a large amount of fine sand was noted in the sample collected at the lower site (see
sample notes, above). This site also had the larger sedimentation index value of the two sites
based on the percentage of mofile diatoms that were counted. In addition to motile diatoms,
these sites supported large numbers o{ Planothidium lanceolatum, a diatom species that is
adapted to living attached to grains of sand. If the percentage of Planothidium lanceolatum at

•

these sites is added to the percentage of motile diatoms, sedimentation index values would
approach but still not exceed the threshold for minor impairment (Table 4).

Both sites on Hughes Creek supported diatom assemblages with excellent species
richness, diversity, and equitability for a mountain stream. The relatively small percentage of
Achnanthidium minutissimum at both sites indicates a stream with moderate gradient and current
velocity and little physical disturbance. The absence of teratological (abnormal) cells indicates
that toxicity from heavy metals is not likely to be a problem here.

As with the non-diatom algae, the two sites on Hughes Creek supported very similar
diatom assemblages. The percent community similarity between the two sites was 60.35, which
indicates very similar floras and ecological conditions. Adjacent sites on the same stream
without intervening tributaries or point source discharges typically share 60 percent or more of
their diatom assemblages (Bahls 1993).

Modal Categories of Ecological Attributes (Table 5)

Several ecological attributes assigned by Stevenson and Van Dam et al. (1994) were
selected from the diatom reports in the appendix and modal categories of these attributes were
extracted to characterize water quality tendencies in Hughes Creek (Table 5). Most of the
diatoms that inhabit Hughes Creek may be characterized as non-motile, alkaliphilous, and
autotrophic, while tolerating high levels of organic nitrogen and a moderate amount of organic
loading. They prefer meso-eutrophic to eutrophic, fresh waters, and exert a continuously high
demand for dissolved oxygen. These categories are defined by Van Dam et al. (1994).

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