BENTON HARBOR POWER PLANT LIMNOLOGICAL STUDIES
PART IX. THE BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF 10 JULY 1970
John C. Ayers
William L, Yocum
H. K. Soo
Thomas W. Bottrell
Samuel C. Mozley
Luis C, Garcia
Under Contract with:
American Electric Power Service Corporation
Indiana and Michigan Electric Company
Special Report No. 44
of the
Great Lakes Research Division
The University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan
March 1972
INTRODUCTION
In Part VII (March 1971) of our report series relative to the Donald C.
Cook Nuclear Station, we established the following report format:
A. COOK PLANT PREOPERATIONAL STUDIES
A.l Recording of Local Water Temperatures
A. 2 Study of Floating Algae and Bacteria
A. 3 Development of a Monitor for Phytoplankton
A. 4 Study of Attached Algae
A. 5 Study of Zooplankton
A. 6 Study of Aquatic Macrophytes
A. 7 Study of Benthic Organisms
A. 8 Study of the Local Fishes
A, 9 Support of Aerial Scanning
B. SURVEYS OF EXISTING WARM WATER PLUMES
C. THE ICE BARRIER AT THE COOK PLANT SITE
D. EFFECTS OF EXISTING THERMAL DISCHARGES ON LOCAL
ICE BARRIERS
E. EFFECTS OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT
E.l Gamma Scan of Bottom Sediments
E.2 The Most Sensitive Organism for Concentration of Radwastes
E.3 Study of Lake Michigan's Present Radioactivity Content
(FINISHED)
This report covers only items A, 2, A. 5, and A. 7 of the above format. These
studies constitute our initial survey of the large-scale set of biology stations
related to the Donald C. Cook Plant and were carried out on 10 July 1970.
The layout of sampling stations, with indication of how the stations are
numbered is given in Figure 1. The sampling stations, their positions relative
to the Cook Plant, tl;eir distances offshore, and the water depths encountered
are given in Table 1.
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TABLE 1. The Sampling Stations, Their Positions Relative to the Cook Plant,
Their Distances Offshore, and the Water Depths Encountered on 10 July 1970.
station
Position Relative
to
the Cook Plant
Water Depth
(ft)
DC-1
Directly
off the plant,
1/4 ml offshore
19
DC- 2
It It It
3/4 ••
It
40.5
DC-3
It It tt
1
1/4 "
It
56.5
DC-4
It It It
2
1/4 "
tt
65.5
DC-5
It It It
4
It
79.5
DC- 6
It It It
7
It
130.5
NDC-.25-1
1/4
ml
north of the
plant, 3/4
mi offshore
38
NDC-.5-1
1/2
"
II It II
It
1/4
It
It
20.5
NDC-.5-2
II
II
It It It
II
1/2
II
It
26.5
NDC-.5-3
II
II
It It It
"
1 1/4
II
It
56.5
NDC-1-1
1
II
It It It
It
1/4
It
It
18.5
NDC-1-2
It
II
It It It
It
3/4
It
It
33.5
NDC-1-3
II
"
It It It
It
2 1/4
It
It
57.5
NDC-2-1
2
II
It It It
It
1/4
"
It
18.5
NDC-2-2
11
II
It It It
II
1/2
It
II
21.5
NDC-2-3
II
II
It It It
It
1 1/4
It
It
51
NDC-2-4
II
It
It It It
It
4
It
It
74.5
NDC-4-1
4
It
It It It
It
1/4
It
It
17.5
NDC-4-2
II
II
It It II
It
1/2
It
It
29
NDC-4-3
II
It
It It It
It
2 1/4
It
It
55.5
NDC-4-4
It
II
It It It
It
7
It
It
134.5
NDC-7-1
7
It
It It It
"
1/4
II
It
22
NDC-7-2
II
It
tt It It
II
1/2
It
It
27.5
TABLE 1 continued
Station
Position Relative to the Cook Plant
Water Depth
(ft)
NDC-7~3
NDC-7-4
NDC-7-5
SDC-.25-1
SDC~.5-1
SDC-.5-2
SDC-.5-3
SDC-1-1
SDC-1-2
SDC-1-3
SDC-2-1
SDC-2-2
SDC-2-3
SDC-2-4
SDC-4-1
SDC-4-2
SDC-4-3
SDC-4-4
SDC-7-1
SDC-7-2
SDC-7-3
SDC-7-4
SDC-7-5
7 mi north of plant, 1 1/4 mi offshore
If 11 If n I! 2 1/4 " "
II It II It
1/4 " south " "
-j /o It 11 It It
It It It It It
It It II It It
It II It It
It It It It
II It It It
It It It II
It It It II
It It It II
It It II It
It It It It
It It It It
It It It It
It It It It
It It It II
M It It It
It It
3/4 "
1/4 "
1/2 "
1 1/4 "
1/4 "
3/4 "
2 1/4 "
1/4 "
1/2 "
1 1/4 "
4
1/4 "
1/2 "
2 1/4 "
7
1/4 "
1/2 "
1 1/4 "
2 1/4 "
4
It II
It It
48
52,5
71.5
49.5
19.5
28.5
54.5
13.5
40
61.5
18
27.5
51.5
72.5
14
37.5
59.5
102.5
14
26.5
51.5
53.5
70.5
TABLE 1 continued. Additional Stations for Phytoplankton Only. (All in
4 Ft of Water)
station
Position Relative to the Cook Plant
NDC-.5-0
1/2
mi north of the plant, just off the beach
NDC-1-0
1
II II II II II II II II II
NDC-2-0
2
II II II II II II 11 II II
NDC-4-0
4
II II 11 11 11 11 II 11 11
SDC-.5-0
1/2
" south " " " " " " "
SDC-1-0
1
II 11 11 11 II 11 11 11 II
SDC-2-0
2
II 11 11 11 II 11 11 11 11
SDC-4-0
4
II II 11 II II II 11 II 11
Phytoplankton samples were taken at all the stations of Table 1. At all
stations with serial numbers greater than zero, zooplankton, benthos, and
physical measurements were collected as well. Total collections were: 53
phytoplankton samples and 46 each of zooplankton, benthos, and the physical
measurements. The physical measurements consisted of surface water tempera-
ture, water depth, bottom types, Secchi disc water transparency, and water
color as seen above the white 30-cm Secchi disc. Weather conditions and wind
and wave characteristics were taken and meteorological data taken on 10 July
1970 apply to all the sections of this report; these data are presented in
Appendix A.
A. COOK PLMT PREOPERA.TIONAL STUDIES
A. 2 Study of Floating Algae and Bacteria
Techniques for bacteria had not been mastered at the time of this survey.
Phytoplankton Techniques
Phytoplankton samples were collected by Hansen bottle at a depth of 1 m,
with the exception of the nearshore stations. Nearshore collection (serial
number zero stations) were made by submerging an open 1-liter bottle 4 in. below
the water surface. All samples were 1-liter whole samples. Each sample was
fixed with Utermohl's iodine fixative immediately after collection and stored
in an opaque container.
In the laboratory, each sample was concentrated to 100 ml by settling in a
1000-ml graduate cylinder and siphoning off 900 ml of fluid. The concentrated
sample was stored in a 100-ml opaque bottle.
Samples were prepared for counting by placing an aliquot of the concen-
trated sample in a tubular combination settling and counting chamber and allow-
ing the aliquot to settle overnight. The counting chamber containing the
settled cells was then separated from the settling chamber, covered, and placed
on the microscope. The samples were counted on an inverted binocular microscope
at lOOOx magnification.
Solitary species, green and blue-green algae colonies, and the filaments
of filamentous forms were each counted as one cell. Each colonial diatom cell
was counted except when the size of the filaments or colonies prohibited counting
the individual cells; in this case, the number of individual cells was estimated.
Phytoplankton Summary
The phytoplankton summary which follows (Table 2) is based on the one used
by the Michigan Water Resources Commission in reporting their phytoplankton
collections. Our summaries differ only in that we have counted or estimated
the cells in filamentous and colonial diatoms, while the Commission counts a
filament or colony as a single organism. The station-by-station phytoplankton
records constitute Appendix B.
Dominant and Codominant Phytoplankters
In each phytoplankton sample, one species or group typically was present
in substantially greater numbers. We have called these species or groups
"dominant." In six of the stations, however, a second species or group chal-
lenged the numerical superiority of the dominant species. When the challenging
species or group closely approached the cell numbers of the dominant species,
the second most abundant species or group was recorded as a "codominant," and
both are listed in the dominant species column of Table 2. In Table 3, those
species or groups which were numerically dominant in the samples of the 10 July
1970 Cook Plant survey are presented.
In the 53 phytoplankton samples of the survey, there were 59 dominant or
codominant species or groups, of which 49 were diatoms. On the basis of the
dominants and codominants of this survey. Lake Michigan in the region of the
Donald C. Cook Plant was definitely a "diatom lake" in early July 1970*
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11
TABLE 3. Dominants and Codominants in the Samples of the Survey
Species or Group
Dominant or Codominant
Occurrences
Tabellaria fenestrata (diatom)
Cyclotella sp. (diatom)
Melosira spp. (diatoms)
Fragilaria crotonensis (diatom)
Unidentified green algae
Unidentified blue- green algae
Dinobrvon diver^ens (flagellate)
Aphanothece sp. (blue-green)
Hypnodinium (?) sp. (dinof lagellate)
Microcystis aerup;inosa (blue-green)
Chlamydomonas sp. (flagellate)
32
7
6
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
TOTAL
59
Spatial Distribution of Dominants and Codominants
Little can safely be said about spatial distribution of phytoplankters,
for they can be exchanged from water mass to water mass by turbulent mixing.
The problem is compounded by the annual, seasonal, preoperational, and post-
operational differences which may be encountered in a continuing series of
surveys, such as required for the Cook Plant.
Although we are, at present, only beginning to be accustomed to having
massive phytoplankton data with which to work, we have noted some character-
istics of the spatial distribution of dominant and codominant phytoplankton
species which appear to be worthy of record.
12
In this survey, the dominant organisms in the surf -zone stations (serial
number zero) were the diatom groups Melosira sp. and Cyclotella sp. In the
rest of the area, the diatom Tabellaria fenestrata was the most frequent domi-
nant. In stations farthest offshore, the diatom Fragilaria crotonensis was
more apt to be dominant than in the inshore stations.
The Master List of Phytoplankters Collected During the Survey
Another of the requirements in a long-term series of surveys aimed at de-
tecting changes in phytoplankton populations over a period of time is the rou-
tine presentation of lists of all the phytoplankters collected during each sur-
vey. Over a period of years, such "master lists" become the means of detecting
the arrival of new species or the vanishing of species originally present. We
do not expect the latter to happen; our present knowledge of the Lake Michigan
phytoplankton indicates that species are not eliminated from the phytoplankton
population, but rather that new species appear and are added to the population.
The master list of phytoplankters collected during the survey of 10 July
1970 is presented in Table 4. In this table there are incomplete identifica-
tions and unidentified organisms , generally occurring in the green or blue-
green groups. We make no apologies for this. Our primary attention is di-
rected to the diatom groups where population composition change is apt to show
soonest. Our collections are preserved, and may be re-studied if other organ-
isms or groups exhibit changes which indicate the desirability of re-study.
For convenience in inspection of names, the contents of Table 4 are arranged
alphabetically .
TABLE 4. Master List of Phytoplankton Collected on 10 July 1970.
13
Achananthes hauckiana
Achnanthes sp .
Amphipleura pellucida
Amphiprora ornata
Amphora ovalis
Amphora ovalis v. pediculus
Amphora sp.
Anabaena circinalis
Anabaena sp.
Ankistrodesmus braunii
Ankistrodesmus falcatus
Aphanothece sp.
Asterionella formosa
Blue-Green unknown colonies
Ca lone is sp.
Caloneis ventricosa
Caloneis ventricosa v. truncata
Ceratium hirundinella
Chlamydomonas sp.
Chlorella sp.
Chroococcus limneticus
Chroococcus turgidus
Chroococcus sp .
Closterium sp.
Closteriopsis longissima
(continues on right column)
Coelastrum sp .
Coelastrum sphaericum
Coelosphaerium sp.
Cosmarium sp.
Crucigenia quadrata
Crucigenia sp.
Cryptomonas sp.
Cyclotella meneghiniana
Cyclotella sp.
Cymatopleura solea
Cymatopleura solea v. apiculata
Cymbella sp.
Dactylococcopsis sp.
Diatoma tenuis v. elongatum
Diatoma vulgare
Dictyosphaerium pulchellum
Dinobryon divergens
Dinof lagellate cysts
Diploneis sp.
Flagellates
Fragilaria brevistrata
Fragilaria capucina
Fragilaria construens
Fragilaria crotonensis
Fragilaria intermidia
Fragilaria leptostauron
TABLE 4 continued
14
Fragilaria pinnata
Franceia droescheri
Franceia ovalis
Franceia sp.
Glenodinium sp.
Gloeocvstis sp.
Golenkinia radiata
Gomphonema sp.
Green cells
Green cells, little
Green cells, round, unknown
Green cells, tiny
Grenn colony, unknown
Greens , unknown , chains
Greens, unknown, grape like
Hvpnodinium sp.
Kirchneriella sp.
Lagerheimia citriformis
Lagerheimia longiseta
Lagerheimia longiseta v. major
Lagerheimia sp.
Mallomonas sp .
Melosira binderana
Melosira granulata
Melosira granulata v. angustissima
Melosira islandica
Melosira italica
Melosira sp.
Melosira varians
Meridion circulare
Microcystis aeruginosa
Microspora sp.
Mougeotia sp.
Navicula capitata
Navicula costulata
Navicula decussis
Navicula gastrum
Navicula sp.
Navicula tripunctata
Neidium dubium
Nephrocytium sp.
Nitzschia acicularis
Nitzschia sp.
Oocystis borgei
Oocystis solitaria
Oocystis sp.
Oocystis submarina
Oscillatoria sp.
Fed last rum duplex
Pediastrum simplex
Pediastrum sp.
Peridinium sp.
Phormidium sp.
Quadrigula chodatii
(continues in right column)
TABLE 4 continued
15
Quadrigula lacustris
Quadrigula sp.
Round cells, broken colonies
Scenedesmus abundans
Scenedesmus acuminatus
Scenedesmus armatus
Scenedesmus bijuga
Scenedesmus bijuga v. alternans
Scenedesmus dimorphus
Scenedesmus incrassatulus
Scenedesmus opoliensis
Scenedesmus quadricauda
Scenedesmus quadricauda v. maximus
Scenedesmus sp.
Schroederia judayi
Sorastrum spinulosa
Spores
Spores, resting
Stephanodiscus sp.
Staurastrum sp,
Stauroneis sp.
Surirella angustata
Surirella sp.
Synedra acus
Synedra delicatissima
Synedra delicatissima v. angustissima
Synedra filiformis
(continues in right column)
Synedra ostenfeldii
Synedra sp.
Synedra ulna
Synedra ulna v. chaseana
S ynedra ulna v. danica
Synedra vaucheriae v. fragilarioides
Tabellaria fenestrata
Tetraedron lunula
Tetraedron minimum
Tetraedron obesum
Tetraedron pentaedricum
Tetraedron regulare
Tetradesmus smith ii
Tetradesmus wisconsinensis
Tetrastrum sp.
Treubaria setigerum
Tribonema sp.
Unknown cells
Unknown colonies
Westella sp.
Zoospores
16
Diversity Indices of the July 1970, and Earlier, Phytoplankton Collections
In this section we follow Wilhm and Dorris (1968), who developed from
information theory a technique for evaluating the structure of bottom fauna
communities. We have applied their technique to our phytoplankton collections
because (1) the technique is considered to be very largely independent of
sample size (allowing the use of our smaller, earlier collections); (2) the
technique mathematically considers each component of the population collected;
and, most important, (3) the technique is an accepted index of community struc-
ture by which to watch for changes in the phytoplankton community structure
around the Cook Plant in the ensuing years.
Basically, the Wilhm and Dorris diversity index considers that, in a popu-
lation composed of a few species or groups and with large numbers of individuals
of each species or group, the uncertainty that any one organism collected will
belong to a species or group already taken will be low (and the technique com-
putes a low diversity index). Conversely, in a community composed of many
species or groups, but with fewer numbers of individuals of any species or group,
the uncertainty that any particular organism collected will belong to a pre-
viously recognized species or group is hi^h (and the technique computes a high
diversity index) .
The computation of Wilhm and Dorris is
d = -^(N^/N) log^ (N^/N)
in which (N./N) is the percentage of the population, N, that is represented by
any one species or group, N., of the collection. Logarithms to the base 2 are
natural logarithms multiplied by 1.44269; the logarithms are negative, and a
*Wilhm, J.L.. , and Dorris, T.C. 1968. "Biological Parameters for Water Quality
Criteria." BioScience 18(6) :477-81.
17
negative summation is used to provide an answer in positive numbers. The over-
bar on d denotes a mean, for their method (extended) also yields maximum and
minimum diversity indices.
NOTE: The average diversity index shown at the end of Table 6 is
merely the arithmetical average of d values of the individual
station collections.
In accordance with our policy of continued analysis of our earlier surveys
of the Cook Plant area, we have computed the Wilhm and Dorris diversity indices
of our phytoplankton collections earlier than July 1970 (the collection on
25 April 1969 was not made by a comparable method and is not included). The
station lists of phytoplankton collected from which these diversity indices have
been computed are Tables 3, 4, 5, and 6 of Part VII of our report series rela-
tive to the Cook Plant. The results are given in Table 5.
TABLE 5. Diversity Indices of Phytoplankton Samples 1-1.3 Miles Off Cook Plant
Station and Date
Distance
from Shore
Depth of
Collection
Diversity
Index, d
CP-2
11 August 1969
COOK
4 October 1969
COOK
26 April 1970
COOK
6 June 1970
1.3 miles
1#0 mile
1,0 mile
1.0 mile
6 inches
15 meters
15 meters
15 meters
(and, for comparison, from the present report)
DC- 3
10 July 1970 1-" "'^^^^ ^ '"^'^^^
3.64
2.38
3.11
3.27
3.60
18
TABLE 6. Numbers of Phytoplankton Species, Number of Individuals
Per Milliliter and Diversity of the 10 July 1970 Survey
station
Number of
Number of
Diversity
Species
Individuals
Index
DC-1
23
390
3.18
DC- 2
24
407
3.63
DC- 3
30
647
3.60
DC-4
15
448
1.85
DC- 5
12
286
2.88
DC- 6
11
333
2.39
NDC-.25-1
26
458
3.39
NDC- . 5-0
42
1,794
3.92
NDC-.5-1
43
504
3.88
NDC-.5-2
26
647
3.53
NDC-.5-3
17
528
2.89
NDC- 1-0
36
3,052
3.90
NDC- 1-1
31
1,244
3.88
NDC- 1-2
20
974
1.65
NDC- 1-3
25
543
3.28
NDC- 2-0
36
1,180
4.27
NDC- 2-1
43
940
4.05
NDC- 2- 2
21
504
3.85
NDC- 2- 3
21
601
3.46
NDC- 2- 4
20
515
2.91
NDC- 4-0
30
1,856
4.01
NDC-4-1
46
3,024
3.89
NDC-4-2
42
1,521
4.01
NDC-4-3
19
277
2.85
NDC- 4- 4
19
331
3.40
NDC- 7-1
46
1,594
3.78
NDC- 7- 2
50
11,523
1.09
NDC-7-3
41
1,081
3.92
NDC-7-4
17
1,344
2.77
NDC-7-5
21
220
3.29
TABLE 6 continued
19
Station
Number of
Species
Number of
Individuals
Diversity
Index
SDC-.25-1
9
143
1.94
SDG-.5-0
40
1,038
3.90
SDC-.5-1
33
718
3.62
SDC-.5-2
17
278
2.84
SDC-1-0
33
1,396
3.81
SDC-1-1
27
830
3.33
SDC-1-2
19
757
2.03
SDC-1-3
16
386
2.75
SDC-2-0
34
962
3.55
SDC-2-1
29
1,012
3.58
SDC-2-2
13
265
2.55
SDC-2-3
18
337
3.23
SDC-2-4
12
316
2.29
SDC-4-0
40
1,104
4.22
SDC-4-1
31
567
3.56
SDC-4-2
26
798
3.08
SDC-4-3
18
438
2.84
SDC-4-4
17
331
3.15
SDC-7-1
32
632
3.68
SDC-7-2
42
13,274
0.49
SDC-7-3
37
630
3.54
SDC-7-4
26
712
3.20
SDC-7-5
23
413
2.88
Overall Average
: Diversity Index
3.20
20
In Table 6, the number of species or groups present, the number of indi-
vidual cells per milliliter, and the diversity index for each phytoplankton
sample of the 10 July 1970 survey are listed by stations. The field of diver-
sity indices has been contoured and is shown in Figure 2.
Comments on the Phytoplankton Collections
Consideration of the numbers of species collected, the nimibers of individ-
ual phy toplankters , and of the diversity indices of the station collections
(horizontally across Table 6) show only that the individual station collections
were greatly different from each other. The adjacent stations, SDC-7-1, SDC-7-2,
and SDC-7-3, for example, show variations in numbers of species or groups rang-
ing from 32 to 42, variations of numbers of individuals per milliliter from 630
to 13,274, and variations of the diversity index from 0.49 (at SDC-7-2) to 3.68
(at SDC-7-1).
The conclusion being forced upon us is that small water masses, each with
different biotic characteristics, move through the Cook Plant area. The data
from our grab-sampling technique is the manifestation of uneven phytoplankton
population distribution in these water masses. We have seen, but perhaps not
fully appreciated, similar conditions before (see our conclusion in Part VII of
our report series wherein floating-bag experiments at NIPSCO's Bailly Station
produced only evidence of plankton patchiness). There are many other evidences
of plankton patchiness shown in Table 6.
The demonstrable phytoplankton patchiness shown in Table 6 leads us to
the conclusion that the overall average diversity index for this survey should
be presented only as an objective mathematical summary of data from several
21
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22
biologically different water masses. This figure will be retained for pos-
sible future usefulness.
Possible Influence of the St. Joseph River
Dr. E. F. Stoermer has provided a list of river-associated phytoplankters
which he believes would, if heavily dominant in our Cook Plant surveys, in-
dicate an undesirable amount of influence by the St. Joseph River on the en-
virons of the Cook Plant. Our phytoplankton collections at Cook Plant on
10 July 1970 have been inspected for the presence and degree of numerical
dominance of these species. In no station did all 13 of the species occur.
In 16 of the 54 stations none of the proscribed species occurred. When numbers
of these species are plotted on the map of Cook Plant sampling stations (Figure
3), the only pattern that emerges is of their more frequent occurrence in
shallow water, not a surprising result since these species also are known as
shallow-water lake plankters. Thus, the evidence from the 10 July 1970 sur-
vey shows no demonstrable effect of the St. Joseph River on the Cook Plant
plankton. Similar analysis will be made for each of the subsequent surveys.
23
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24
A. 5 Study of Zooplankton
Zooplankton Techniques
Zooplankton collections were made by a vertical haul, from bottom to sur-
face, with a #5-mesh (0.282-mm average openings) net of .5-m diameter. A pro-
peller-type flowmeter was affixed in the center of the net mouth to obtain
quantitative measurement of the volume of water sampled by the net. The volume
of water that passed through the net was indicated by the number of revolutions
made by the flowmeter propeller; this figure was recorded and later converted
to an equivalent expressed in liters of water.
The net was then raised above the surface and rinsed to free organisms
impacted on the net and to concentrate the sample in the collecting jar tied
on the narrow cod-end of the net. Then, excess water in the brim-full jar was
decanted through a small area of the net just above the cod-end. This small
area of the net was then rinsed carefully to wash all zooplankters into the
collecting jar with a minimum amount of water. The jar was removed from the
net, and Koechies fixative, a solution of formalin and sugar, was added as a
preservative. An identification label containing pertinent collection data
was placed in the jar. The jar was capped and labeled exteriorly for delivery
to the laboratory.
In the laboratory, the sample volume was measured by transferring the
entire sample to a graduated cylinder. The entire sample then was returned to
the collecting jar and mixed thoroughly and continuously with a magnetic stirrer
while 1-ml subsamples were extracted with a Henson-Stempel pipette. Each sub-
sample was placed in a depression in a clear glass spot plate. Each depression
25
received a few drops of soap solution to break the surface tension film and
allow the zooplankton to settle to the bottom for easier counting. A variable-
magnification binocular microscope was used, with transmitted light, for
counting and identification. As many 1-ml subsamples as were necessary to ob-
tain good statistical parameters were counted. The number of zooplankton per
liter of water was obtained by conversion with standard factors. The station
collections of zooplankton on 10 July 1970 are given in Table 7.
Zooplankton Abundances
The Cyclopoid copepod zooplankton group exhibited the highest abundances
during this survey, reaching 21.99 individuals per liter at station SDC-4-4 ,
13.52 individuals per liter at station DC-6, and 13.44 individuals per liter
at station NDC-4-4; these copepods , however, were not present in the collection
from station SDC-4-3. Other maximum abundances during this survey were:
Diaptomus copepods, with 12.66 individuals per liter at station SDC-4-4 (this
was the highest abundance for this group, greatly exceeding its abundances at
other stations); Bosmina cladocerans, with 12.62 individuals per liter at sta-
tion SDC-2-1 (a single-station maximum approached only by 9.60 individuals per
liter at station SDC-7-3) ; Polyphemus cladocerans, with 2.35 individuals per
liter at station DC-1 (at all other stations this group had abundances of less
than 1 individual per liter); and Asplanchna rotifers, with 1.42 organisms per
liter at station SDC-2-1 (abundances from other stations closely approached
this figure). Actual numerical abundances of zooplankton in the collections
of this survey indicate primarily the patchiness in spatial distribution of
the zooplankton.
26
In seeking to establish a biological baseline against which future com-
parisons may be made, we list below the dominance frequencies of the zooplank-
ton groups of the 10 July 1970 survey. Although the Cyclopoid copepods were
occasionally present in higher numbers, Bosmina cladocerans dominated the
samples most frequently.
Zooplankton Group
Cyclopoid copepods
Diaptomus copepods
Bosmina cladocerans
Polyphemus cladocerans
Asplanchna rotifers
Dominant or Codominant Occurrences
8
37
2
Just as the phytoplankton samples in the preceding section of this report
required that the Cook Plant area of Lake Michigan be put on record as being
a '*diatom" lake on 10 July 1970, the zooplankton collections of the same day
require that the Cook Plant region of the lake be recorded as a "Bosmina" lake.
Diversity Indices of the July 1970, and Earlier ^ Zooplankton Collections
In the preceding section on phytoplankton, we have introduced and discussed
the Wilhm and Dorris computation of the diversity index. In this section, their
index is applied to the zooplankton collections because it appears to be, at
present, the best means by which the zooplankton community can be represented
objectively in a way that can be used in watching for changes in community
composition over time.
We, at this time at least, attach no pollution-related interpretations to
the numbers for diversity indices that are computed. They are used merely as
objective parameters against which comparisons over time are to be made.
27
TABLE 7. Zooplankton, 10 July 1970. Samples by Vertical Haul of
Metered #5 Net. Organisms Per Liter.
^ Stations DC-1 DC-2 DC-3 DC-4 DC-5 DC-6
Organisms ^
Copepods :
Diaptomus 0.26 0.17 0.26 0.49 1.54 5.02
Epischura - - 0.01 0.01 0.01
Eurytemora .-----
Limnocalanus - - - - - 0.02
Senecella .-----
Cyclopoids 0.05 0.38 0.11 0.79 3.96 13.52
Harpactacoids - 0.01 - - -
Cladocerans :
Alona - 0.02 -
Bosmina 0.56 1.69 2.49
Ceriodaphnia - 0.04
Daphnia - 0.02 0.02
Diaphanosoma ------
Eurycercus ------
Holopedium - 0.01 0.02 0.03
Leptodera - 0.04 0.01
Polyphemus 2.35 0.47 0.11 0.14 0.25 0.39
Rotifers :
Asplanchna 0.42 0.34 0.21 0.14 0.04 0.05
3.27
1.86
4.61
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.21
0.17
0.13
28
TABLE 7 continued
"- ^Stations NDC.25-1 NDC-.5-1 NDC-.5-2 NDC-.5-3 NDC-1-1
Organisms \
\ ^
Copepods :
Diaptomus 0,30 0.16 0.22 0.41 0.13
Epischura - - - - »
Eurytemora - - - - «
Limnocalanus - - - - _
Senecella - - - « .
Cyclopoids 0.34 0.06 0.24 0.24 0.18
Harpactacoids - - - 0.01
Cladocerans :
Alona
-
0.06
0.02
-
0.03
Bosmina
3.36
1.07
2.20
3.22
1.50
Ceriodaphnia
0.04
-
0.04
0.02
0.03
Daphnia
0.02
-
-
0.04
0.03
Diaphanosoma
-
-
-
-
-
Eurycercus
-
-
-
-
-
Holopedium
-
-
-
0.01
-
Leptodera
-
-
-
0.01
-
Polyphemus
0.98
0.14
0.82
0.25
0.41
Rotifers :
Asplanchna
0.68
0.53
0.98
0.23
0.52
29
TABLE 7 continued
\ Stations NDC-1-2 NDC-1-3 NDC-2-1 NDC-2-2 NDC-2-3
Organisms^
Copepods :
Diaptomus 0.27 0.41 2.02 - 0.26
Epischura - - 0.02
Eurytemora - - - . .
Limnocalanus - - - - -
Senecella - - - _ -
Cyclopoids 0.24 0.32 4.43 - 0.24
Harpactacoids - - - _ «
Cladocerans :
2.31
0.01
0.04
Alona
0.01
0.36
-
Bosmina
1.58
1.17
4.72
Ceriodaphnia
-
-
0.03
Daphnia
0.02
0.01
0.35
Diaphanosoma
-
-
-
Eurycercus
-
-
-
Holopedium
0.01
-
0.01
Leptodera
-
-
0.01
Polyphemus
0.58
0.36
0.06
Asplanchna
0.42
0.04
0.13
0.02
0.01
0.31
0.32
30
TABLE 7 continued
^^ Stations
NDC-2-4
NDC-4-1
NDC-4-2
NDC-4-3
NDC-4-4
Organisms -^
Copepods :
Diaptomus
2.02
0.27
0.21
0.51
6.60
Epischura
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
Eurytemora
-
-
-
-
-
Limnocalanus
-
-
-
-
0.03
Senecella
-
-
-
-
-
Cyclopoids
4.43
0.07
0.17
0.70
13.44
Harpactacoids
-
-
-
0.01
-
Cladocerans :
Alona
-
-
0.01
-
-
Bosmina
4.72
1.96
1.58
1.59
3.77
Ceriodaphnia
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.07
0.02
Daphnia
0.35
0.02
0.01
0.08
0.23
Diaphanosoma
-
-
1.58
-
-
Eurycercus
-
-
0.02
-
-
Holopedium
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
Leptodera
0.01
-
0.01
0.01
-
Po lyphemus
0.06
0.50
0.11
0.25
0.13
Rotifers :
Asplanchna
0.13
0.38
0.25
0.24
0.05
31
TABLE 7 continued
^ stations
NDC-7-1
NDC-7-2
NDC-7-3
NDC-7-4
NDC-7-5
Organisms" v^
Copepods :
Diaptomus
0.66
1.13
0.81
0.44
0.99
Epischura
-
-
-
0.04
0.03
Eurytemora
-
-
-
-
-
Limnocalanus
-
-
-
-
-
Senecella
-
-
-
-
-
Cyclopoids
1.33
2.02
0.93
0.55
3.19
Harpactacoids
-
-
-
0.01
-
Cladocerans :
Alona
0.08
0.42
0.14
0.01
-
Bosmina
5.72
4.22
1.62
1.11
1.60
Ceriodaphnia
-
0.07
-
0.04
0.03
Daphnia
0.05
0.13
0.05
0.04
0.14
Diaphanosoma
-
-
-
-
-
Eurycercus
0.05
-
-
0.01
0.01
Holopedium
-
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.01
Leptodera
-
-
0.03
0.01
0.01
Polyphemus
0.23
0.15
0.47
0.16
0.10
Rotifers :
Asplanchna
0.20
0.37
0.29
0.10
0.03
32
TABLE 7 continued
^ ^tations SDC-.25-1 SDC-.5-1 SDC-.5-2 SDC-.5-3 SDC-1-1
Organisms^
Alona
0.04
Bosmina
4.31
Ceriodaphnia
0.02
Daphnia
0.08
Diaphanosoma
-
Eurycercus
-
Holopedium
0.03
Leptodera
-
Polyphemus
0.69
Rotifers :
Asplanchna
1.08
0.02
Copepods:
Diap tonus 0.37 0.25 0.08 0.60 0.08
Epischura - - - - «
Eurytemora - - » . _
Limnocalanus - - - - .
Senecella - - - « _
Cyclopoids 0.48 0.23 0.23 0.38 0.25
Harpactacoids - - - - -
Cladocerans :
4.88
0.02
-
0.06
2.25
3.53
3.23
-
0.07
-
-
0.15
«
0.03
-
0.01
0.03
0.21
0.45
0.02
0.18 0.66
0.44 1.26 0.36 0.48
33
TABLE 7 continued
"^ ^tations
SDC-1-2
SDC-1-3
SDC-2-1
SDC-2-2
SDC-2-3
Organisms ^
Copepods :
Diaptomus
0.34
0.68
1.78
0.08
0.35
Epischura
0.05
0.02
0.24
0.04
-
Eurytemora
-
-
-
-
-
Limnocalanus
-
-
-
-
-
Senecella
-
-
-
-
-
Cyclopoids
0.44
0.66
3.44
0.10
0.26
Harpactacoids
-
0.01
-
0.04
0.01
Cladocerans :
Alona
0.08
0.42
0.18
0.02
0.01
Bosmina
3.93
3.50
12.62
2.24
1.65
Ceriodaphnia
0.03
0.06
0.06
-
0.05
Daphnia
0.03
0.12
0.06
-
0.03
Diaphanosoma
-
-
-
-
-
Eurycercus
-
-
-
-
-
Holopedium
0.09
0.04
-
0.02
0.04
Leptodera
-
0.04
0.12
-
0.05
Polyphemus
0.44
0.12
0.47
0.38
0.25
Rotifers:
Asplanchna
1.20
0.32
1.42
0.50
0.22
34
TABLE 7 continued
^ Stations
SDC-2-4
SDC-4-1
SDC-4-2
SDC-4-3
SDC-4-4
Organisms \
Copepods :
Diaptomus
1.68
0.33
0.08
0.40
12.66
Epischura
0.01
-
0.05
0.04
-
Eurytemora
-
-
-
-
-
Limnocalanus
-
-
-
-
0.09
Senecella
-
-
-
-
-
Cyclopoids
2.59
0.08
0.16
-
21.99
Harpactacoids
-
-
-
0.04
-
Cladocerans :
Alona
-
-
0.06
-
-
Bosmina
4.75
1.69
1.08
2.74
9.83
Ceriodaphnia
-
-
-
-
-
Daphnia
0.19
0.03
-
0.12
0.35
Diaphanosoma
-
-
-
-
-
Eurycercus
-
-
-
-
-
Holopedium
-
0.02
-
-
-
Leptodera
0.01
-
0.02
0.03
-
Polyphemus
0.23
0.14
0.35
0.08
0.18
Rotifers :
Asplanchna
0.08
0.56
0.32
0.25
0.08
35
TABLE 7 continued
^^
^ \S tat ions
SDC-7-1
SDC-7-2
SDC-7-3
SDC-7-5
**v^
Organisms "^ '>>^
- ^
Copepods :
Diaptomus
0.31
1.05
6.20
1.34
Epischura
0.04
-
0.19
0.03
Eurytemora
-
-
-
-
Limnocalanus
-
-
-
-
Senecella
-
-
-
-
Cyclopoids
0.61
2.73
6.86
2.78
Harpactacoids
-
-
-
0.02
Cladocerans ;
Alona
0.19
0.46
0.20
0.03
Bosmina
3.51
3.97
9.60
1.05
Ceriodaphnia
0.04
-
0.05
-
Daphnia
-
-
0.79
0.14
Diaphanosoma
-
-
-
-
Eurycercus
-
0.03
0.23
-
Holopedium
-
-
0.05
0.02
Leptodera
-
0.06
0.06
0.01
Polyphemus
3.66
0.99
0.64
0.12
Rotifers :
Asplanchna
0.15
0.78
0.88
0.07
36
The diversity indices have been computed from the station collections of
10 July 1970 given in Table 7. Table 8 gives indices computed from earlier
collections •
TABLE 8. Diversity Indices of Zooplankton Samples from 1-1.3 Miles Off
Cook Plant.
Station and Date Distance from Shore Diversity Index
COOK 1 A .1 on
/ r> *. 1. m^n 1-0 mile 2.0
4 October 1969
COOK T A -1 10
o^ A -1 TA-7A -^'O mile l.z
26 April 1970
COOK 1 A •-! 1 /
r T TO-7A 1-0 mile 1.4
6 June 1970
(and, for comparison, from the present report)
DC-3
10 July 1970 ^-25 "'^^^^ ^-^
Table 9 presents station by station: (1) the dominant organism in terms
of numbers in each station collection, (2) the total number of zpoplankton
organisms per liter captured by the #5 plankton net, and (3) the diversity in-
dices as computed from the data of Table 7, At the end of Table 9 there is
presented the overall average diversity index for this day's collections, which
is given as a possible summary parameter for the station collections,
Conaments on the Zooplankton Collections
The numbers of zooplankton per liter found in the water in the Cook Plant
area varied considerably. The offshore samples tended to exhibit higher abun^
dances; however, some stations closer to shore produced samples with high abun-
dances of zooplankton. Table 9 lists, by station, the total number of organisms
37
TABLE 9. The Numerically Dominant Zooplankters, Total Numbers of Zooplankters
Per Liter (Metered #5 Net), and Diversity Indices of the 10 July 1970 Collections,
Station
Dominant Organisms
Total Organisms/Liter
Diversity Index
DC-1
DC-2
DC-3
DC-4
DC-5
DC-6
NDC-.25-1
NDC-.5-1
NDC-.5-2
NDC-.5-3
NDC-1-1
NDC-1-2
NDC-1-3
NDC-2-1
NDC-2-2
NDC-2-3
NDC-2-4
NDC-4-1
NDC-4-2
NDC-4-3
NDC-4-4
NDC-7-1
NDC-7-2
NDC-7-3
NDC-7-4
Polyphemus
3.64
Bosmina
3.19
Bosmina
3.24
Bosmina
5.11
Cyclopoids
7.85
Cyclopoids
23.76
Bosmina
5.72
Bosmina
2.02
Bosmina
4.52
Bosmina
4.44
Bosmina
2.83
Bosmina
3.13
Bosmina
2.67
Bosmina & Cyclopoids
11.78
missing
Bosmina
3.52
Bosmina & Cyclopoids
11.78
Bosmina
3.26
Bosmina
2.41
Bosmina
3.13
Cyclopoids
24.29
Bosmina
8.32
Bosmina
8.19
Bosmina
4.35
Bosmina
2.53
1.5
2.1
1.3
1.7
1.8
1.6
1.8
1.8
2.0
1.3
2.0
2.0
2.2
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.8
2.4
1.6
1.5
2.6
2.4
2.3
38
TABLE 9 continued
Station
Dominant Org;
anisms
Total Organisms /Liter
Diversity Index
NDC-7-5
Cyclopoids
6.14
1.8
SDC-.25-1
Bosmina
7.10
1.8
SDC-.5-1
Bosmina
6.04
1.1
SDC-.5-2
Bosmina
4.50
1.8
SDC-.5-3
Bosmina
5.34
1.7
SDC-1-1
Bosmina
4.52
1.4
SDC-1-2
Bosmina
6.58
1.9
SDC-1-3
Bosmina
5.57
1.8
SDC-2-1
Bosmina
20.39
1.8
SDC-2-2
Bosmina
3.42
1.0
SDC-2-3
Bosmina
2.92
2.1
SDC-2-4
Bosmina
9.54
1.8
SDC-4-1
Bosmina
2.85
1.7
SDC-4-2
Bosmina
2.12
2.1
SDC-4-3
Bosmina
3.43
1.4
SDC-4-4
Cyclopoids
45.18
1.6
SDC-7-1
Polyphemus &
Bosmina
8.51
1.8
SDC-7-2
Bosmina
10.04
2.2
SDC-7-3
Bosmina
25.75
2.0
SDC-7-4
broken
SDC-7-5
Cyclopoids
5.61
1.9
Overall Average
Diversity Inc
1^^
1 a
IcA — — — — — —
"""*" J..O
39
per liter for each sample. Zooplankton patchiness is evident, although not as
pronounced as the phytoplankton patchiness. Ue cite stations NDC-2-1, NDC-2-4,
DC-6, NDC-.5-1, SDC-2-1, SDC-2-2, SDC-2-3, and SDC-2-4 as examples.
40
A, 7 Study of Benthic Organisms
Benthos Techniques
Benthic organisms were collected by use of the ponar grab-sampler. Two
grabs were combined and passed together through a washing device in which the
benthic organisms were retained on a 0.5-mm mesh screen. In subsequent count-
ing, the counts were divided by two to give the average of the duplicate samples.
Organisms from the washing device then were collected into pint mason jars,
labeled internally and externally, preserved with buffered formalin, and re-
turned to the laboratory for processing. In the laboratory, the samples were
concentrated on a small mesh net, and transferred with minimum fluid to the
counting tray.
For general survey purposes , the benthos are counted into the groups :
amphipods, oligochaetes , sphaeriids, chironomids , and others (mostly leeches
and snails). The averaged counts were converted by standard factors to give
numbers of organisms per square meter. The counted samples are preserved by
appropriate standard museum techniques and retained as a reference collection.
We are well aware of some weaknesses in our treatment of benthos collec-
tions. We know that sorting and counting into family groups as outlined above
is a compromise between the desirable identification to species and the time-
wise impracticality of such identifications to species. For the same reason,
another compromise has been necessary to expedite enumeration of the oligochaetes.
These worms tend to fragment during processing, and it is not possible to
rapidly distinguish fragments from whole individuals. Therefore, to estimate
oligochaete abundance, all worms and parts of worms were counted, and the total
41
divided by three. More detailed examination of some samples has shown that
this factor actually varies from sample to sample, but we feel that our proce-
dure is adequate to distinguish any major features of oligochaete distribution.
We have tried the computation of diversity indices from our higher-taxon separa-
tion of benthos, and have found that they are unrealistic; diversity indices
will not be applied to our benthos collections for this reason. In view of the
necessity to maintain continuity of method, we will retain the benthos-handling
routine outlined in the preceding paragraphs .
Benthos Abundances
The abundances of benthic organisms collected on 10 July 1970 are presented
in Table 10. In this table the collections are arranged into six parts, each of
which contains stations at different distances from shore and in roughly the
same water depths. Location of stations by distance from shore is navigationally
convenient and desirable. It bears upon biological collections through its ef-
fect upon water depth, which in turn bears upon biota through its effects on
wave action, bottom stability, food materials remaining in the area, and other
factors. The bottom in the area of Cook Plant is gently, but not uniformly,
sloping and its sand is known to move with storms and currents. Because of this,
the variations of depth at given distances from shore contain transient factors
due to bottom movement. The two deepest stations were characterized by fine
sediments with a high proportion of clay, indicating the occurrence of a sedi-
mentation boundary at approximately 130 ft.
As a whole, benthic macrofauna increased strongly with depth between 15 and
80 ft. This was also true of the major taxa amphipods (represented by the single
42
2
TABLE 10. The Benthos Collections of 10 July 1970. Numbers Per Meter .
station
Depth
(ft)
Amphipods
Oligochaetes
Sphaeriids
Chronomids
Others
Part 1.
Stations
1/4 Mile Offshore
NDC-7-1
22
8
17
86
8L
NDC-4-1
17.5
295
NDC-2-1
18.5
no data
NDC-1-1
18.5
17
504
NDC-.5-1
20.5
26
113
DC-1
19
86
399
8
452
17L
SDC-.5-1
19.5
226
SDC-1-1
13.5
278
SDC-2-1
18
17
660
SDC-4-1
14
8
95
SDC-7-1
14
26
8
86
Avei
rages
Stations
11.6
1/2 and 3/4
44
0.7
254
2.3
Fart 2.
Mile Offshore
NDC-7-2
27.5
86
982
69
86
l7L
NDC-4-2
29
339
521
165
147
NDC-2-2
21.5
missing
NDC-1-2
33.5*
747
1,817
321
113
8L
NDC-.5-2
26.5
missing
DC-2
40.5*
1,582
547
243
147
SDC-.5-2
28.5
156
686
113
60
8S
SDC-1-2
40*
1,417
2,556
730
243
34L
SDC-2-2
27.5
121
843
139
165
SDC-4-2
37.5
95
765
78
269
SDC-7-2
26.5
139
1,104
121
147
8S
Averages
520
1,091
220
153
8.3
3/4 mile offshore.
43
TABLE 10 continued
Station
Depth
(ft)
Amphipods
Oil
gochaetes
Sphaerlids
Chronomids
Others
Part 3.
Stations
1 1/4 Miles Offs
hore
NDC-7-3
48
556
573
26
43
8L
NDC-2-3
51
139
1,104
34
34
8L
NDC-.5-3
56.5
78
3,738
1,886
104
17S
52L
DC-3
56.5
5,382
860
956
121
SDC-.5-3
54.5
2,278
2,608
217
34
17L
SDC-2-3
51.5
721
8,781
921
69
17L
SDC-7-3
51.5
1,704
660
104
130
Averages
1,550
2,618
592
76
17
Pcxrt 4.
Stations
2 1/4 Miles Offshore
NDC-7-4
52.5
495
78
34
NDC-4-3
55.5
1,973
78
34
43
NDC-1-3
57.5
4,243
3,199
1,982
513
104L
43S
DC- 4
65.5
695
3,869
2,634
486
208L
SDC-1-3
61.5
3,756
1,165
652
130
52L
SDC-4-3
59.5
547
2,825
921
78
52L
43S
SDC-7-4
53.5
4,573
1,747
226
8L
Averages
2,326
1,852
926
179
73
Part 5.
Stations
4 Miles Offs
hore
NDC-7-5
71.5
1,843
5,695
1,121
252
78L
NDC-2-4
74.5
10,451
6,008
278
52
DC- 5
79.5
7,668
4,590
704
43
26L
SDC-2-4
72.5
2,825
4,617
1,356
286
34L
SDC-7-5
70.5
2,425
2,825
947
295
95L
Averages
5,042
4,747
881
186
47
TABLE 10 continued
44
Station Depth Amphipods Oligochaetes Sphaeriids Chronomids Others
(ft)
Part 6. Stations 7 Miles Offshore
NDC-4-4 134.5 5,208 5,686
DC-6 130.5 939 1,365
SDC-4-4 102.5 1,199 5,625
617
104
34M
147
34
17L
573
52
34L
17S
Averages
2,449
4,225
446
63
34
45
species Pontoporeia af finis ), oligochaetes , and sphaeriids, Chironomids were
present in low abundance over much of the area, and dominated the benthos in
depths less than about 20 ft.
On 10 July 1970, the water depths at 1/4 mi from shore were slightly
deeper directly in front of the plant site. This condition was reflected in
higher (but still low) benthos collections directly in front of the plant site
(see station DC-1 collections in comparison to collections at adjacent NDC sta-
tions north and SDC stations south of the plant site). To a lesser extent,
this condition is shown also in Part 2 of Table 10, though it should be noted
that stations NDC-1-2, DC-2 , and SDC-1-2 were at 3/4 mi from shore, while the
rest were at 1/2 mi. The tendency for deeper water and higher collections con-
tinues to be evident through Part 5 of the table, which presents station col-
lections at 4 mi from shore. It is not present in Part 6, which gives collec-
tions at 7 mi from shore. At present we do not know whether the increased
depth in front of the plant site is a temporary feature due to transient condi-
tions of bottom movement or a permanent feature.
In spite of the deeper water in front of the plant site, the benthos col-
lections at 1/4 mi from shore clearly demonstrate a relatively sterile zone
or relative biological desert there, populated mainly by chironomids. If the
Cook Plant outfalls go in at the planned 1160 ft from shore, they will be in
this relatively deserted zone, where there is little benthos to be damaged.
If the outfalls were to be placed at 1/2 mi from shore, they still would be in
an area of reduced benthos.
46
The Benthos Species List
Detailed study of the benthos reference collection from this survey has
been carried out and the list of resident benthos of that day has been prepared.
It is presented in Table 11, Altogether, 38 kinds of benthic macrofauna were
distinguished, and many of these were identified to the species level, or larval
type in the case of chironomids. The only animal listed as a single taxon, but
which included several species, is Pisidium .
Comparisons of the types of chironomids and oligochaetes with other areas
of the Great Lakes revealed a mixture of "oligotrophic" and "eutrophic" con-
ditions (as defined by indicator species) in the Cook Plant area during this
survey. Future publications will deal with these relationships.
Application of the diversity index to the samples provided no additional
insight into the ecology of the area, for the values varied so much that their
significance was ambiguous. The cause of many of the low diversity values was
the high proportion of Pontoporeia in the samples.
47
TABLE 11. Species List, Cook Plant Benthos Survey
July 1970
Arthropoda
Crustacea
Amphipoda
Pontoporeia af finis
Mysidacea
Mysis relicta
Insecta
Diptera
Chironomidae (larval types, not species)
Chironomus f luviatilis-group
^. anthracinus-group
C^. halophilus-group
Kiefferulus sp.
Crypt o chi r o nomu s sp. 1
<C. sp. 2
P ar a ch i r onomu s cfr. demeijerei
Paracladopelma cfr. galaptera
P^. cfr. obscura
Polypedilum cfr. scalaenum
P^. fallax-group
Tanytarsini sp .
Procladius sp. (?spp.)
Monodiamesa cfr. bathyphila
Heterotrissocladius cfr. subpilosus
Annelida
Oligochaeta
Lumbriculiidae
Stylodrilus hering;ianus
Tubif icidae
Limnodrilus hof fmeisteri
_L. an^ustipenis
L. cervix
TABLE 11 continued
48
Hirudinea
Mollusca
Pelecypoda
L. profundicola
Aulodrilus americanus
Potamothrix moldaviensis
P^. veidovskyi
Peloscolex freyi
P^. variegatus
Tubif ex tubifex
Helobdella stagnalis
Glossiphonia complanata
Gastropoda
Sphaeriidae
Sphaerium striatinum
S_. corneum
S^. nitidum
S^. transversum
Sphaerium sp.
Pisidiuin spp.
Lymnaea sp.
Valvata sp.
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Appendix B
PHYTOPLANKTON COLLECTIONS, 10 JULY 1970
Identification of Plate Components
Top line (left to right)
Station number, number of species or
groups, total number of individuals
per milliliter, and the diversity
index of the collection.
Columns (left to right) :
First Names of species or groups collected.
Second Numbers of individuals of each species
or group, per milliliter.
Third Percentages of the total individuals
that are represented by the individuals
of each species or group. These are the
N /N factors used in the diversity in-
dex equation.
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