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THE UNIVERSITY

OF ILLINOIS

LIBRARY

. 633.06
XL

ABRIOULTyBAl
UBRAftV

TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

Illinois State Beekeepers'
Association

Organized February 26. 1891, at
Springfield. Ulinios

UdHIHV 0^ ^lij

Compiled by ;iii|-f^Dc-'-rv ,.- ... . ...^.tc?

M. G. DADANT,

Hamilton, Illinois

[Printed by authority of the State of Illinois.]

Illinois State Journal Co.

Speinqfikld, Illkiois

1924

' ■■ ■'"■}■' f'/.'J^%ir' .-'^'^'■■^Wr^-

12422—750

f^ V^' '■:,, L' i-^

;

X.' ^; - h

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

Office of the Secretary.
Hamiltox, Illinois, March 15, 192^.
To His Excellency, Len Small, Governor of the State of Illinois.

Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith, the Twenty-third
Annual Report of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association.

M. CI. Dadant, Secretary.

566H»

OFFICERS OF ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

FOR 1924.

J. E. WOOLDBIDGE .....

2031 West Seventieth St., Chicago
A. L. KiLDOw

C. H. EoBixsox

Frank Bishop

C. H. Wiley

L. K. Allen

W. H. Snyder

M. G. DADAIfT

George Seastream

Putnam.

Normal.

Taylorville.

Harrisbiirg.

Carbondale.

3131 X. Water St., Decatur.

Hamilton.

. , Presi

Inspector of Apiaries

Vice President

Secretary

Treasurer

Pawnee.
List of members in back of report. Also index.

^^iii£iks^^<:~l^^

FATHER LANGSTROTH,

1810—1895
Inventor of the Movable Frame Hive.

TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

Illinois State Beekeepers' Association

For 1923

fifc^'ft5t.i..?::v^'--'-^ -

J. R. WOOLDRIDGE,

President of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association.

LIST OF ASSOCIATIONS FOR BEEKEEPING IN THE STATE
OF ILLINOIS WITH THEIR OFFICERS.

Chicago-Xokthwesterx Beekeepers' Associatiox.

G. H. Cale^ President, Hamilton, 111.

J. Frank Haan, Secretary, Des Plaines, 111.

Christian County Beekeepers' Association,

Frank Bishop^ President, Ta}ior\dlle.

W. H. Stumm, Secretary, Et. 3, Edinburg.

Coles County Beekeepers' Association.
Chas. Wallace, Secretary, Charleston.

Cook County Beekeepers' Association.

J. E. Woolridge, President, 2021 W. 70th St., Chicago.

A. G. Gill, Secretary-, 230 W. Huron St., Chicago.

Crawford County Beekeepers' Association.
Herman McConnell, Secretary-Treasurer, Eobinson.

Franklin County Beekeepers' Association.

H. a. Dewerff, President, Benton.

Matt House, Secretary-Treasurer, Benton.

Hancock County Beekeepers' Association.

E. J. Baxter, President, Nauvoo.
J. H. Lloyd, Secretary, Carthage.

Henderson County Beekeepers' Association.

E. E. Banta, President, Oquawka.

J. LoGUE Akin, Secretary-, Oquawka.

Henry County Beekeepers' Association.

Elmer Kommer, President, Woodhull.

H. H. Wilson, Secretary, Geneseo.

Illinois & Indiana Beekeepers' Association.

3Ie. VoiGHT^ President, Danville.

C. O'Herron, Secretary, Et. 8, Danville.

Illinois Valley Beekeepers' Association.
B. F. Bell, President, Kingston Mines.

F. E. Isenberg, Secretary, Pekin.

Johnson County Beekeepers' Association.

J. G. MgCall, President, Vienna.

C. W. Mills, Secretary-Treasurer, Vienna.

LoGAx CouxTY Beekei:i>ei!s' Associatiox.

S. A. Tylei{, President, Emden.
Fred F. Bellatti, Secretary, Mt. Pulaski.

MaCOX CoUXTY BEEKEErERS' ASSOCIATIOX.

I. C. EvAXS, President, lOGO W. Marietta St.; Decatur.
W. H. SxYDER^ Secretary, 2121 X. Water St., Decatur.

Madisox Couxty Beekeepers' Associatiox.
Earl Waggoxxer, Secretary, Alton.

Mariox Couxty' Beekeepers' Associatjox.

J. W. WiTCiiURCH, President, 71G S. Cedar, Centralia.

H. A. Weiimer^ Secretary, 1136 Dover St., Centralia,

McLeax Couxty Beekeepers' Associatiox*.

Dr. H. B. Hexlixp:, President, Bloomington.

W. B. Brigham, Secretary, 1108 E. Oakland Ave., Bloomington.

,' ■ JSToRTHEiix Illixois axd SouTiiERx Wiscoxsix Beekeepers'

Associatiox.
B. Kexxedy, Secretary, 41(5 E. State St., Eockford.

; Pope Couxty Beekeepers' Associatiox.

J. E. ]\fcCuLLOCH, President, lit. 2, Golconda.
• t Mrs. jMixxie Daxiels, Secretary-Treasurer, Golconda.

Pulaski Couxty" Beekeepers' Associatiox.
/; AVayxe Lixgexfelter, President, Ullin.

:' L. E. LiXGEXEELTER, Secretary-Treasurer, Ullin.

Salixe Couxty' Beekeepers' Associatiox.
r ' C. H. Wiley, President, Harrisburg.

I Everett Weaver, Secretarv, Et. 5, Harrisburg.

Souti-t'krx Illixois Beekeepers' Associatiox'^.

J. P. WooLDRiDGE, President, 2021 W. 70th St., Chicago.

j\I. K. Fakes,, Secretary-Treasurer, Carbondale.

Fxiox Couxty Beekeepers' Associatiox.

L. S. FoOTE, President, Anna.
C. F. KiEST, Secretary-Treasurer, Dongola.

Warrex Couxty Hoxey' Producers' Associatiox^.

Samuel Goodsell, Jr., President, Cameron.

Glex Glass, Secretary, Cameron-.

WiLLIAMSOX CoUXTY' BeEKEEPERS' AsSOCIATIOX.

W. K. Galeexer, Farm Adviser, President, Marion.
Otis Kelley', Secretary-Treasurer, Rt. 5, Marion.

Woodford Couxty' Beekeepers' Associatiox.

Herbert C. Darxell, President, Eureka.
Bexj. H. Fischer, Secretary, Et. 1, Eoanoke.

MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING ILLINOIS STATE
BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION, 1923.

The Annual ]\Ieeting of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association
■was held at the St. Xicholas Hotel, Springfield, 111., Decemher 6 and 7,
1923. Eeading of minutes 19.22 meeting read and approved. After the
President's address the reports of the secretary and treasurer and also
report of State Inspector of Apiaries, Mr. A. L. Kildow ^yere pre-
sented.

Later being so recommended by committee the reports of secretary,
treasurer and state inspector were approved and accepted.

Papers were delivered -or talks given bv the following: Edw. A.
Winkler, Geo. E. King, Geo. S. Demuth, J. E. Wooldridge, W. A.
Hunter, C. P. Dadant, Prof. Wallace Park, and E. G. LeStourgeon.

The election resulted in the following parties being elected to the
various offices for the year 1924. Pres. J. E. Wooldridge, Chicago,
A'ice Presidents, C. H. Eobinson. Xormal, 111., W. H. Snyder, Decatur,
111., Frank Bishop, Taylorville, 111., C. H.' Wiley, Harrisburg, 111., L. E.
Allen, Carbondale, 111., Secretary M. G. Dadant, Hamilton, 111., Treas-
urer Geo. Seastream, Pawnee, 111. There being no further business the
meeting adjourned to meet at the call of the President in 1924,
Eespectfully submitted,

M. G. Dadant^ Secretary.

TWEXTY-THIDD AX X UAL KEPORT OF THE

MAURICE G. DADANT,
Secretary of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 13

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE STATE BEEKEEPERS'
ASSOCIATION FOR THE YEAR 1923.

Your Secretary is pleased to report considerable progress in secur-
ing members for the year 1933. Our 1922 membership totaled 523
whereas our 1923 membership is exactly 700-.

We now have 24 county organizations co-operating with the State
Association, their members being taken in at the net rate of 50 cents
each which entitles them to all of the privileges and advantages enjoyed
by members of the State Association.

. During the year 32 meetings have been held in different counties of
the State, these comprising field meetings and winter meetings more
in the nature of schools, as well as organization meetings in new
counties just opened up.

The Secretary wants to acknowledge the special efforts made on
the part of Mr. C. H. Eobinson, of JSTormal, and J. E. Wooldridge,
Chicago, in the organization of new county associations and securing
of new members.

The Annual Eeport was issued early in the summer and every
member has received a copy. Additional copies are held by the secre-
tary for distribution to new members and complimentary copies to
schools, colleges, etc.

It is pleasing to be able to report that our efforts toward getting
a complete course in beekeeping at the University of Illinois have not
been in vain.

With the beginning of the new year Prof. 0. Wallace Park, for-
merly of Ames, has been appointed as Associate in Beekeeping at the
University of Illinois to have charge of all beekeeping activities there.
Mr. Geo. E. King still remains as Instructor in Beekeeping at the
University.

At the session of the last Legislature acting on the motions
adopted at the last annual meeting, effort was made by the President
and his Committee to get an appropriation of $12,000 per annum for
inspection of bees in Illinois. The former appropriation was $3,000.
Much effort; was made on the part of different county association officers
as well as special committee toward getting this appropriation through.

The Legislature finally allow;ed us a total of $7,475 per annum or
a total of $14,950 for th^ biennium beginning' July 1, 1923.

The present State Bee Inspector, Mr. A. L. Kildow, holds over and
is active in the expenditure of these funds.

::-^ist'^^:.t*'.-.--.>5>;ji',-.'''-;5-..v":;.:-J--,'-.-.t

TWEXTT-THIKD ANNUAL KEPOKT OF THE

Financial report covering the year's activities is as follows:

Balance on hand November, 1922 " $73.64

Dec. 23, 1922, deposited memberships 59.85

Jan. 22, 1923, deposited memberships 57.30

Mar. 10, 1923, deposited memberships 66.60

April 7, 1923, deposited memberships 57.00

May 17, 1923, deposited memberships 41.30

June 20, 1923, deposited memberships 42.40

Oct. 23, 1923, deposited memberships 93.25

$491.34

Orders drawn as follows :

No. 1. Scott-Edwards Co., programs $ 9.69

No. 2. M. G. Dadant, telegrams 5.55

No. 3. J. Chanman & Son, honey strainers 3.50

No. 4. Samuel Cushman, expenses legislative 20.36

No. 5. G. H. Gale, placards, frames and signs for State

Board of Agriculture 59.85

No. 6. J. R. Woolridge, organization expenses 23.40

No. 7. M. G. Dadant, yearly salary 100.00

$222.35

Balance in treasury $268.99

Eespectfull}^ submitted-,

M. G. Dadaxi\ Secretary,
Illinois State Beel'eepers' Association.

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEEPEKS' ASSOCIATIOlSr. 15

REPORT OF EXPENDITURES OF STATE FUNDS FOR STATE
BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

The funds allowed b\' the State of Illinois for the State Bee-
keepers' Association amounts to $2,400 for the biennium or $1,200 for
each year, beginning with July 1, 1921,

As stated in the last annual report the expenditures for the year
July 1, 1921 to July 1, 1922 amounted to $1,300, leaving a balance of
$1,100 in the treasury.

Your Secretary was able to carry on the affairs of the Association
and issue tjie annual report as well as thej monthly news letter, etc., and
keep within the limit of $1,100 for the second year of the biennium.

The State Legislature repassed the same appropriation for the
biennium beginning July 1, 1923 so that we are now spending money on
the new appropriation.

There have been no large expenditures so far, ' there being the
usual monthly expenditures for the getting out of the monthly news
letter, the mailing of some extra annual reports, etc.

Payment of imported speakers for our State Association as well as
other expenses and expenses of the State Fair exhibit at Springfield
are to come -tfrom this appropriation.

All orders drawn on the State funds must be 0, K.'ed first by the
Secretary of the State Association and then by the President of the
State Association and finally by the Director of Finance of the State of
Illinois. There is therefore a triple check on these expenditures.
Respectfully submitted,

M. G. Dadaxt, Secretary,
Illinois State Beelceepers' Association.

TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

GE!ORGE SEASTREIAM,
Treasurer of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEliS' ASSOCIATION. 17

REPORT OF TREASURER ILUNOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS'

ASSOCIATION.

Balance on hand November 1, 1922 $ 73.64

Received from Secretary for dues during the year 417.70

$491.38
Orders paid during the year ■ 222.35

Balance in the treasury Nov. 1, 1922 1268.99

Bespectfully submitted,

George Seastream, Treasurer,

Pawnee, Illinois.

— 2 B A

TWEN'TY-TIIIIID AXXUAL REPORT OF THE

A. L. KILDOW,
State Inspector of Apiaries.

ILLINOIS STATE. BEEKEEPERS'" ASSOCIATION. 19 ^

REPORT OF THE STATE INSPECTOR OF APIARIES, YEAR

ENDING JULY 31, 1923.

i(Bij A. L. Kildoiv, State Apiary Inspector.)

Just a little comparison to begin my report. From July, 1921
to July, 1922, we visited 739 apiaries having 14,523 colonies, 117
apiaries had A. F. B. and 72 had E. F. B.

This year we started on the plan of County organization and
appointed deputy inspector for these counties, wherever a suitable man
could be found. This plan worked very successfully, but we could not
carry out the plan perfectly, on account of the shortage of funds. -With
the increase in our appropriation we hope, within the next two years to
have the entire State under these organizations and active inspectors
working in every district.

These various organizations hold field meets and demonstration
meetings which have a two fold object.

First, to create interest in keeping bees in an up to date manner
and to obtain knowledge of the best method.

Second, to teach the beekeepers to know and how to handle bee dis-
eases.

By these organizations the beekeepers are brought together and
the actual work is demonstrated, and questions answered hj the in-
spector as well as the condition of the district explained. Thus the in-
spector is able to reach a number of beekeepers at one time and to find
out just who is in need of assistance. Under this plan from Juh' 1,
1922 to July, 1923 we inspected 1,112 apiaries with 19,697 colonies and
found 204 apiaries to have A. F. B. and 125 apiaried to have E. F. B.

Much of this disease is already cleaned up and in the north part
of the State they are rejoicing over the result, while south and other
portions are equally active in cleaning up and getting in condition for
real business in beekeeping.

Fifteen counties have organized associations this year and those
previously organized have been strengthened and stimulated to work
for improvement of our industry.

TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

ILLINOIS
. . S's-' .. .

34Sl*tulrUil'iloo.

Spots indicate localities in which American Foulbrood is known to be present in

Illinois.

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATIOX.

July

August

September -

October

November -
December..

January

March

April

May

June

Date.

Number
colonies.

4,292

2,390

1,784

195

Number
apiaries
visited.

160

137

104

Number
apiaries
A. F. B.

Number
apiaries
E. F. B.

16
14

Total.

1,318
5,598
4,115

125
286'
283

19,692

1,112

14
64

204

15
45
25

125

Eespectfully submitted,

A. L. KiLDOW,

Putnam, 111.

EEPORTS OF DEPUTY STATE BEE INSPECTORS,
Report of C. F. Bender.

During the summer of 1923 I inspected 1,712 colonies in 84
apiaries of which number 74 colonies in 20 apiaries were diseased with
American foulbrood. Thirty-two of the diseased colonies were de-
stroyed, and the remainder were treated according to approved'^ methods.

The territory covered consisted of ten counties, in six of which I
found American foulbrood. . Most of the diseased apiaries were re-
visited some time during the summer, and I found that directions had
usually been followed as far as the owners were capable of doing so.
European foulbrood has almost disappeared from my territory. Oc-
casional cases are found, usually in drone laying colonies or those hav-
ing an old queen. Nothing like an epidemic of European foulbrood has
appeared in my territory in the last five years.

Box hives are rare, the number being not more than one per cent
of all colonies. Frame hives with the frames immovable are rather the
rule than the exception, which makes the work of inspection much more
difficult.

Report of Elmer Kommer.

In the season of 1923 I worked in seven counties, and found dis-
ease in every county. The counties worked are Whiteside, Henry,
Rock Island, Knox, Mercer, Warren, and Henderson.

I found American foulbrood spotted, and in some cases had killed
out every colony in the yard the winter before.

In Mercer, Rock Island, and Knox Counties there seems to be no
American but Mercer County had several apiaries infected with
European, scattered all over the county. /

I found 15 cases of European out of 20 apiaries visited m Rock
Island County and only 8 cases of European out of 10 apiaries visited in
Knox County.

TWENTY-THIRD

ANNUAL

EEPORT OF THE

In WaiTen Comity I visited 25 apiaries and found 38 cases of
American, and 16 cases of European, and 4 colonies had both.

Ill Henderson County I visited 7 apiaries and found 31 cases of
American but no European. It wasitoo late in the season to shake for
the American when this visit was made, but treatment Avill be done the
first thing in spring, or as soon as the bees can get enough from the
field to live on.

While in Whiteside County visited 12 yards and found 26 cases of
American and 12 of European, while 3 colonies had both.

In Henry County I did most of the work, I visited 130 apiaries and
found 67 cases of American, and 122 cases of European, and 80 colonies
had both the American and European. Apiaries visited in 1922 were
practically free from disease this year and found better beekeepers than
tliey were the A'ear before.

In Mercer County I found 64 colonies of European out of 35
apiaries visited, and some or most of the colonies were in weak condi-
tion, the surplus honey in that county was very small.

During the year I inspected 339 apiaries, containing 2,876 colonies
of bees, 162 cases of American were found, and 237 cases of European,
87 colonies had both kinds of disease, while I found 414 box hives still
in use.

It is surprising how many kinds of hives and so-called hives an
inspector will find during his w^ork. I found bees in everything from
a nail keg to a modified Dadant hive and it is needless to say where
the most surplus honey was, the most up to date beekeeper was also.

Where up-to-date hives are used I find that the most of the bee-
keepers have adopted the 10 frame hive, next comes the 8 frame and
some are trying out the larger hive with great success.

During the past season I only had to burn 11 colonies, those were
so far along that they could not be saved. In most cases they did the
treating themselves and got along very well.

Where Italian queens have been introduced I have never found a
case of European foulbrood. I visited one yard in the northern part of
Henry County early in the spring and we found almost all the colonies,
infected Avith European foulbrood (36 colonies in the yard) and some
v/ere weak, so a shipment of 36 queens was ordered and introduced by
the owner, he not only cleaned ever}^ bit of disease^ but got around 100
cases of comb honey from his bees. He knows the real value of good
Italians.

Apiaries.

Colonies.

A. F. B.

E. F. B.

Both.

Box hives.

Destroyed
by me.

Whiteside

12
130
10
20
35
25
7

284
1,057

98
219
324
202

26
67

12
122
8
15
64
16

3
80

18
188
7
44
52
87
18

Henry -

Rock Island.. ._

Mercer

Warren

38
31

Henderson

Total

339

2,276

162

237

414

illixois state beekeepers' associatiox. 23

Eeport of E. W. Eittlee.

During 1933 I have covered all of Adams County. I also did some
work in Brown County in and around Versailles, 111. Most of the bee-
keei^ers are thankful for the help and education and to know that by
persistent fighting we can stamp out the foulbrood diseases. I find but
little difficulty in getting beekeepers to shake and clean up as I demand.
I hope to do more good by my inspection duriiig 192 J:.

I began my Avork April IG and closed inspection September 1st
as bad weather set in and forced closing earlier than we expected.

Colonies inspected, 2,325^-

Apiaries visited, 174.

Colonies diseased with E^uropean foulbrood, 136.

Colonies diseased Avith American foulbrood, 222.

Colonies clean, not treated, 1,967.

Eeport of Egbert Watt.

I Inspected Wabash County in 1922 and found bees in good condi-
tion. The territory was not gone over again in 1923.

Lawrence County was examined in 1923 and all the bees found free
from disease.

About 85% of all colonies are in movable frame hives.

Eeport of J. D. Bexsox.

I inspected during 1923, 30 apiaries of bees containing 900 colonies.
This was done in the vicinity of Galena, 111.

Only one case of American foulbrood was found but practically
every apiary had more or less European foulbrood.

I expect to have Jo Davies County as my territory for 1924.

Eeport of Fraxk Hofmaxx.

In all I examined about 300 colonies of bees and found 12 cases of
American foulbrood. The territor}^ comprised L^'ons township in Cook
County and the.vicinitv around LaGrans^e.

^»^

Eeport op Wm. C. Youxg.

I received my appointment this year very late in the season and
was only able to put in a few days, weather conditions being very un-
favorable due to the heavy rains and later the bees had started to rob
so it was impossible to accomplish anything.

There has been considerable American foulbrood in this territory
but no European.

Previous to my appointment I have during the past year taken care
of several apiaries for different parties which I treated for American and
European foulbrood. These apiaries came through 0. K. this year with
no mgn of disease. I believe that with proper bee inspection in the

34 ] TAVEXTY-THIRD AXXUAL REPORT OF THE

spring that the disease should be fairly Avell under control within an-
other two or three years.

In all 95 colonies of bees were examined, 11 of which had Amer-
ican fonlbrood.

i Eepoet of T. a. Keagness.

A supply house informed me this season that they had over 300
beekeeper^Tli Cook Count}^ on their mailing list. Out of that number
the majority have but few hives (from 1 to 5) and many are within city
limits of Chicago.

Many of them place their hives in obscure places so the}^ will be
unnoticed by passersby and it is most difficult for an inspector to locate
them as many of them do not belong to any beekeepers' association, nor
do they read any literature on beekeeping.

Their proximit}^ to source of infection is also greater within the
city limits on account of the large amount of bottled honey used and
the consequent number of sticky receptacles left out for the bees to rob.

It will be very difficult indeed to thoroughly eradicate foulbrood
from Chicago and vicinity unless some extreme measures are taken to
locate all of these smaller beekeepers.

The following is a report of my activities during the 1923 season :

Colonies visited, 1,007.

Colonies with American foulbrood, 214. \

Colonies free from disease, 793.

Only a very few second inspections were made.

Very few have box hives but the majority allow their bees to build
combs in the brood chamber of the modern hives without frames or
foundation and may be classed as box hives as they cannot be examined
any more easily than these. Sweet clover is our chief honey crop.

Eeport of Geo. Watt.

Herewith is my report as requested :

Xumber of colonies visited, 778.

Xumber of colonies with American foulbrood, 19.

Xumber of colonies with European foulbrood, 6.

Xumber of colonies in box hives, about 20.

Xumber of colonies in non-movable frame hives, 40%.

A second inspection was made with reference to colonies treated in
1923 and no re-occurance was found.

In cases where box hives were in use the owner was advised to
transfer and where they were ready to buy, the necessary equipment
assistance was given.

I think that 50% of the bees that were inspected were run for
comb honey, this seemed not to be for a preference for comb honey but
on account of the added expense of extracting equipment. Any more
information that you might like Avill be gladly furnished.

illinois state beekeepers' associatiox. _ 25

Eepoet of Feaxk Bishop.

During 1923 I examined G4 apiaries consisting of 868 colonies of
bees of which 81 colonies were diseased, 75 colonies had American foul-
brood and 6 European foulbrood, leaving 787 in good, clean condition.

I found 30 box hives. No second examination was made. There is
still much inspection to be done in this section and many calls for help.

In instances where I went back the second time the apiaries were
clean and beekeepers highl}' pleased and satisfied with the effective
clean-up.

Our main source of honey in this section is white clover with a
little sweet clover. In August and September we usually have a flow
from heartsease, boneset and asters and some Spanish needle and golden-
rod.

Eeport of Haery L. King.

During 1933 I inspected 3,940 colonies of bees, of which 134 were
afflicted with European foulbrood and 88 with American foulbrood.
There were a total of 78 apiaries inspected.

American foulbrood was more plentiful during 1933 owing to the
dry Aveather and consequent robbing of bees.

European foulbrood is scattered all over my territory Avhile Ameri-
can foulbrood is mostly along the Illinois Elver.

All in all the situation is improving.

Eeport OF W. H. Snyder.

I was asked to make some extended trips to different parts of the
State with reference to the foulbrood condition.

In DeKalb County I found conditions very bad. Covered the
county by auto from DeKalb and left nothing undone. I personally ex-
amined 806 colonies and burned and treated 166 of them that were
infected with American foulbrood.

I had able assistance there in Mr. Tudor, Mr. Marshall and Mr.
Chamberland, who stayed with me daily in cleaning up.

At Caledonia and Maple Park in Boone County I examined 320
colonies of bees. I found 6 colonies with American foulbrood just get-
ting a start there. They are bothered more with European, but not of
the virulent type. ,

At ElizalDeth and Galena in Jo Daviess County I examined about
600 colonies and found only 3 colonies with American foulbrood which
were burned.

European foulbrood exists there and of the most virulent tj^pe.
There were about 30 colonies out of the 600 that were affected but re-
queening is being done which is curtailing this malady.

In the vicinity of Morris, Mazon and Gardner in Grundy County
I visited some 1,200 colonies of bees. They are Just getting a small
touch of American foulbrood. They are desiring organization there and
will try and complete a county organization in 1924.

"26 TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL KEPOET OF THE

There are a few cases of American foulbrood in some of the larger
.Viirds but they are keeping it well in hand. .

In and around Joliet in Will County I examined 1,160 colonies and
trjeated about 200 colonies affected with American foulbrood. Most of
these Avere small beekeepers who had homemade makeshift hives, box
hives, barrels, beer cases, and what not for a hive.

In tlie counties of Macon, Logan, Christian, Moultrie and Piatt
there are only about 6 cases of American foulbrood out of possibly 1,800
colonies of bees. Three years ago they were about 30% infected.

I also made a trip from the north end of Vermillion County to
tlie south side of Crawford County to ascertain the condition. I found
four yards of American foulbrood on the Illinois side in and around
Paris while on the other side of the line there seems to be much infec-
tion. This trip convinced me that Illinois is not spreading foulbrood
across the border and that the Illinois beekeepers are profiting from
careful inspection.

In the past season's work I personally examined about 5,000
colonies of bees. Have burned 500 colonies and have treated about 200.

Where the beekeeper has been warned once or twice by a deputy
inspector and have failed to clean up, I took no chances but had him
dig a hole while I sulphured the bees and then they were burneil ac-
cording to law. About 90% of the bees so destro3'ed were in old box
hives.

Report of C. J. Canniford.

I was appointed in 1923 and only, did two da3's work examining
bees. The total number of colonies examined was 233, of which 12
were diseased with American foulbrood. These were found in two
apiaries.

There are very few good beekeepers throughout the section where
I inspected and American foulbrood has been scattered through this
county since 1903.

Throughout Wisconsin nearly all the beekeepers have had American
foulbrood and most of them have 2 to 4% of their bees infected yet.

Report op J. R. Wooldridge.

I have done some inspecting work since last report in the follow-
ing counties : Kane, Lake, Cook, Jackson, Perry, Marion, Jefferson,
Franklin, Union, Pulaski, Williamson, Johnson and Pope counties.

I found six counties affected with American, foulbrood : and one of
these (Cook) two yards European foulbrood, now clean.

Colonies inspected, 1,377. r"*^'

Affected with American foulbrood, 116.

Affected with European foulbrood, now clean, 6.

Clean, 1,255.

Yards visited second time, 3.

Yards completely cleaned up per orders, 1.

Yards being cleaned account sickness, not completed, 1.

ILLIXOIS STATE BEBKEEPEES" ASSOCIATION". 27

One yard — did not know how well enough after being instructed,
afraid to trj', too late in season when I was there to do the work, had
spread from 2 colonies to 6 colonies during this time.

328 box hives, mostly in Southern Illinois.

Honey both white and amber, of good flavor, but in bad shape,
(lack of modern equipment) scarcely better than chunk hone}', and
would be impossible to pack and ship in usual way.

Counties named ai^d not marked I did not find any brood trouble
but work limited, and does not mean county is free but I did not find
any diseasei Avhere I visited.

Much better feeling towards inspectors than 1922 season and
usually broad invitation to return soon.

Some localities where I did the treating myself in 1922 completely
cleaned in 1923 when there, but this required positive instructions.
personal work and sometimes the torch.

I was gratified to find no trace of disease at these points this year.

TWEXTY-THIRD AXXUAL REPORT OF THE

DR. ALBERT C. BAXTER,
Past President and Chairman of Committee on Exhibits.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEBS' ASSOCIATIOlS^. . ^ 29

INFANCY AND YOUTH OF THE ILUNOIS STATE BEE-
KEEPERS* ASSOCIATION.

(By It's Onginal '29 Years' Secretary, J. A. Stone.)

Before the birth of the State Association, there had been for sev-
eral years, a Sangamon County Beekeepers' Association at Springfield,
of which P. J. England, of Fancy Prairie, was president, and C. E.
Yocom of Sherman was secretary. Less than a score of members could^
be gotten out to the annual meetings. , .

On February 26th, 1891 Colonel Chas; F. Mills,- Secretary of. the
State Board of Agriculture, was in attendance, and was the prime mover
in organizing a State association. The writer tried to have the ofl&cers
of the county organization elected for the officers of the State Associa-
tion— but failed through the efforts of Col. Mills,, who was made chair-',
man of the nominating committee. - .

The committee placed in nomination the following :

For President — P. J. England, of Fancy Prairie, 111.

For five Vice Presidents — 1st, Mrs. L. Harrison, Peoria, 111. ; 2nd,
C. P. Dadant, Hamilton; 3rd, W. T. F. Petty, Pittsfield; 4th, Hon. J.
M. Hambaugh; 5th, Dr. C. C. Miller, Marengo. V

Secretary— Jas. A. Stone, Bradfoxdton. . / .:.

Treasurer — A. N. Draper, Upper Alton. = ■■.'■■■

The report of the committee was nnariimously adopted.

(At this organization of the State Association, but fifteen members,
were present — and at this writing, Christnias, 1923, we think but three
are still living.) '" ' V -' , • ,»

During the year 1891' (the first of the organization) — ^through the
efforts of the treasurer (Draper) the membership list ran beyond one
hundred ; he went for their dollars whether they kept bees or not, which
resulted in a falling off the next year.

Hon. J. M. Hambaugh at that time was a member of the House of
Eepresentatives, and a beekeeper, was elected President of the Associa-
tion for 1893, and was successful in getting our first appropriation from
the State, to enable us to publish our animal report. ,

The first report we published in 1892, and because of failure to get
an appropriation the next term of the legislature, we did not publish
the second report until 1894. (The failure to get oiir second appropria-
tion, was on account of Hon. Hambaugh moving to California).

We also delayed printing our second report, so as to take in our
account of Illinois' honey exhibit at the World's Columbian Exhibit.

Our State Legislature was away into May, of the World's Fair 3-ear
before they granted an appropriation for a honey exhibit for Illinois.
And everything was supposed to be placed by the first of May. Our
President and Secretary to be in charge of the exhibit, arid to start at

50 TWENTY-THIRD AXXUAL EEPORT OF THE

.fo late a date, surely had their hands full. Xew York was making its
boast that she had. as much honey aa^a'll the other states combined.
When we got our exhibits placed, we about doubled Xew York, and our
State got the medal o.ver all. It is a bronze medal, and now in tlie State
Historical Library, in the Xew Centennial Building.

After the date of the World's Fair^-we did not succeed in getting
further appropriations, until the 43rd General Assembly, in the year
1903, when our third annual report followed, in 1904.
Following that date we never had further trouble in regularly ob-

taining the appropriations.

But then we began to tiy for a foulbrood bill, and worked with
three or four assemblies (six or eight years), until the 47A Assembh',
in 1911, when our bill was passed, giving us. $1,000 a year for the two
years.

At the time of the organization of the Illinois State Beekeepers'
Association, the Xational Beekeepers' Union was in full vigor, of which
Thomas G. Xewman (Editor of the American Bee Journal), was the
General Manager. If any of its members got into trouble through no
fault of their own, the Union would help them out.

A man by the name -of Clark, was keeping bees in the suburbs of
"-^Arivadelphia, Arkansas, and was ordered by the City Council to remove
theni."""'""H6-~r.efused to obey, and was fined; refusing to pay his fine he
was sent to jail. He applied to the General Manager of the Union,
who sent attorneys to defend his case, and after it had been carried to
the Supreme Court of Arkansas, Mr. Clark won the case.

We published the whole court ]>rqceedings in our first -a-nnual
report, 1892.

After that circumstance occurred, a number of similar cases- were
settled, by the General Manager simply sending a copy of that court's
decisions to the prosecuting attorney in the case.

During the ten years that intervened between the second and third
reports, the fees wer^^ not sufficient to pay the running expenses of the
association, and- the secretary was minus $19.00.

The membership was but Jittle more than the number of charter
members, and consisted almost entirely of the members who attended the
annual meeting. But they were so loyal that Mr. C. P. Dadant moved
that those present subscribe to pay the deficit. The secretary said no :
he had thought of a scheme, to send' out blank membership lists, and if
it failed, he would be^'the loser. It worked ; a single return mail brought
•.as high as 21 fees, and by the end of the year we had a membership of
172. It made the work much greater for the secretary, but it was not
long until tlie association voted the secretary a salary of _$50.

. "Up tcr this time the membership fee had been $1.00 a year, l^ut

when the treasury could afford it, our executive committee consulted the

editoi-s of the bee journals, and together they agreed to place the fee

at $1.50, and each share half, the amount. Later this was raised to

- $1.75. • . ■ ■

And now since the meeting of 1921, when it was voted to elect the
five vice presidents from among the presidents of the County organi-
zations, there is no telling where the membership will mount to.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEIvEEPEES' ASSOCJATIOX.

REPORT FROM COOK COUNTY BEEKEEPERS'
ASSOCIATION, 1923.

. (By J. R. WooJdridge, President.)

Cook County Beekeepers' Association Activities: We have had
tW'o indoor meetings and two field meetings the past season. At the last
three meetings I presided, having been elected President of the Asso-
ciation previously.

All meetings were well attended, especially the two field meetings
which had the largest attendance in the history of the Association. Mr.
A. L. li^ildow, Chief Inspector, was present at. both field meetings,
demonstrating how to handle bee diseases. The demonstration was en-
joyed by all present. xVt our second field meeting we had Mr. E. E.
Eoot, Bee Specialist, Author and Instructor, who delighted those
present in the wa_y he explained all the phases of beekeeping. Those who
missed hearing him were the losers. ■ ■

The ^Association was successful in having two more State Inspec-
tors appointed to the force, namel}', Messrs. W. C. A^oung and Hoffman,
two of the best beekeepers in the county and well posted as to bee
diseases. This will materially help Cook County and adjoining coun-
ties to exterminate American foulbrood from this territory.

I am glad to sav that we owe our existence to ]\Ir. Samuel Cush-
man, who has spent much, time, money and energy to bring this about.
He is a man of ability and a hard worker, but does not seem to have ihe
time to advance farther.

The Association seems to think that a new President must bring
about something different, tangible and beneficial to the members, and
they by a unanimous vote instructed their unworthy servant to appeal
to the Illinois State Beekeepers, Springfield, to give to them free, under
an authorized instructor, a two day course in Chicago for tlie benefit of
all beekeepers of Cook and atljoining counties.

As President of Cook County Beekeepers' Association, I , most
earnestly appeal to 3'ou to grant this modest request and by so doing
you will show to all unorganized counties within the State that you are
advancing, active and can and will help them, providing they M-ill or-
ganize and comei in with us, and they too will be much, benefited. When
these facts are known at large you will see the State Association advance
rapidly, grow stronger and be able to dictate a few good things for the
beekeepers of the State. .

3.3

TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

C. P. DADANT,
Editor American Bee Journal.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 33

HIVES NOT TOO LARGE.

(By C. P. DadaM.)

I read, not long ago, in an old bee book, that we must not make
our hives too large; that there is a limit to the capacity of the swarm
and that, to hive a colony of bees in a, large room or in the corner of
a bam is a mistake because bees can only gather a certain amount of
honey, beyond which they cannot go.

This man reasoned correctly in asserting that a hive of bees • has
its limits and that it is out of the question, for instance, to have bees
in a vast cave, filling it with hone}^, year after year, until it is full,-
as some Texas stories have reported in years past.

But the limit of a hive of bees should not be /sought in the supers,,
which may be needed larger or smaller according .to the run of the
honey crop. The limit of a hive, is in the capacity of its brood chamber, .
allowing its queen to lay a number of eggs within the time when, the
bees which will hatch from those will prove useful in harvesting honey..
We should not limit our hives to a population of 60,000 bees, as ad-
vised by a modern writer, for fear that they will swarm (Iches, L'Abeille
Domestique, page 35). On the contrar}'-, we must use all means to get
the largest possible number of eggs laid, within the time when the bees
produced from those eggs will have the best opportunity of harvesting"
honey. We have often shown that a good queen is able to lay an aver-
age of 3,500 eggs per day for a long time, during the breeding season,
at the time when the bees are likely to become useful honey gatherers.

It is true that bees in ver}- powerful colonies are inclined to swarm.
But bees from a very prolific' queen, in a small hive, are much mors
likely to swarm than a much greater number in a large hive, because
they may be more crowded for space. I cannot do better than quote
Mr. Langstroth, whom I have often quoted on this subject as follows:

"Many hives cannot hold one quarter of the bees, combs and honey
which, in a good season, may be found in large ones ; while their owners
wonder that they obtain so little profit from their bees. A good swarm
of bees, ■ put, in a good season, into a diminutive hive, may be com-
pared to a powerful team of horses harnessed to a baby wagon, or a
noble fall of water wasted in turning a petty water-wheel."'

It seems pretty well recognized today that a colony should have
enough cells for the queen to lay 3,500 eggs per day, during the active
breeding season, and, in addition, at least 25 to SO'^per cent more cells
for the current supplies of honey and pollen needed to feed this brood.

The ordinary Langstroth standard frame contains about 7,500
worker cells, if these are regularly built. It is thus evident that the

■V

— 3 B A

34 TAVEXTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

10-frame standard hive contains about 75,000 cells, or only room enough,
for the breeding of a good queen, if ever}' cell was filled, without the
necessar}' space for the pollen and honey required for their daily needs.
Our personal tests, made upon hundreds of colonies in different sized
hives, showed ns that not less than 13 to 13 Langstroth frames are
necessary for the brood of a good queen, with sufficient supplies.

Dr. Miller used 16 frames, in two 8-frame stories for breeding in
early spring, removing one of these stories entirely when the crop began.

The present tendency is to use two 10-frame hives, or 20 frames
lor brood chamber. My experience goes to show that this is too much.
Our hives must be large enough to accommodate the best queens, but
they must not be too large, in the brood chamber at least.

I propose to tell here of my experience. But it may be as well to
speak first of some experiments by others.

Since the question of large hives was revived by the activity of Mr.
Pellett, who urged the spread of our system, after having tried it in our
apiaries, many experiments have been made. Mr. G. H. Cale, who is
now with us also, helped in some experiments made at the Department
of Entomology apiary, at Washington somei years ago. He tells me that,
with some 75 colonies in two-story 10-frame hives, they found one
colony whose queen filled an average of 14 combs with brood scattered
in the 20 combs. The balance of the colonies filled an average of 11
frames with bi'ood. Adding three combs to each of these, for the sup-
plies of pollen and honey necessar}-, we reach only the number of 14
combs, as required. Even the one best colony which filled 14 frames
Avith brood, would not have needed much more than the 16 frames of
Dr. Miller's method.

Xow, about our experience with hives of different dimensions.

We began large production with 8-frame Quinby hives, the con-
tents of which were about equivalent to 10-frame Langstroth hives, since
the combs are both deeper and longer. We then made 10 and 11
frame Quinby hives, the latter being now called Dadant hives. As these
did not prove too large, and as we happened to bu}' some 20 odd 20-
frame hives, we concluded to experiment with the latter. These 20-
frame hives, Quinby size, were not intended by their builder to be used
for single colonies. He had conceived the idea of making economical
Jiives, in which he put partitions and meant to use them for 3 or 4
swarms each. But this man was a dreamer, and he soon gave up in
disgust. When we bought him out, we knocked the partitions out of
his 20-frame hives and thus had what would now be called ''long-idea"
hives, intended to be in a single story, for both honey supers and brood
chamber. This "long-idea" was long ago originated by a Kentuck,y man
who claimed better success than Avith storified hives. Here was a
chance to try this method, as well as to make sure of a queen's capacity
to lay in a vast brood chamber.

Well, our tAventy odd colonies did not give us satisfaction. There
Avas too much room for the queen. The Quinby frame contains some
10,000 cells. A 20-frame hive gave us 200,000 cells, room enough foi"
a large amount of surplus. But the trouble Avas that this surplus found

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. , 35

itself mixed in with combs of brood, or worse yet, in some cases nearh'
every comb had some brood and some honey. The honey had to be ex-
tracted from brood combs or too much of it left in the hive for winter.
Besides, the space was too great for the bees to winter. Every fall we
had to reduce the colony to about 9 or 10 combs. These surplus combs
were much more difficult to care for than regular supers. Hence, the
necessit}^ to do away with those too large hives; since keeping two
colonies or more in one hive was never to our liking.

We tried to put supers, small glass boxes, in two tiers, on the ends
of those hives, in place of frames. This method,^ side supering was
suggested by a very old beekeeper, Jasper Hazen, on page 41 of the
American Bee Journal, for 1870. But that method, whicli he evidently
had never tried himself, did not work. We found, in practice, that the
bees would never put surplus honey in the lower tier of those boxes, for
their instinct is to put the honey above the cluster, in a place of easy
access awa}^ from the danger of robbers or moths. The only alternative
was to cut down our large hives to 10 and 11 frames, Quinbv size. We
did.

This was not the onl}' trial we made of too large hives. We had
occasion, about 1876, of taking care of a large apiary of 10-frame
Langstroth hives, owned by an old beekeeper by the name of Barlow,
who had been a peddler of movable frame hives, but had neither the
ability nor the strength to take care,' of his bees. His hives were portico
hives, old style Langstrotli, with the regulation spacing of a scant 1%
space between frames, from center to center.

When we placed these hives side hj side with our 10-frame Quinby
hives, we found, in early spring, tliat the Langstroth hives were ready
to swarm by the opening of fruit bloom. They did not have enough
room for a good queen to lay. They were running over with bees and,
actually appeared to be more successful than the colonies in our large
hives. But when we added supers, half stories, they were filled with
brood, in the Langstroth hives, while the large hives hardly needed
them until the crop was on. When the time for the crop came, however,
the colonies in 10 large deep frames got easily ahead of those in the
Langstroth hives, because they had bred more uninterruptedly, for the
crop.

The following year, seeing a recommendation of two-story 10-frame
hives, we manufactured about 40 of those plain 10-frame hives, to use
on our portico Langstroth hives. The result was that, in many cases,
the oueens mo^^e^ from the lower stor}^ to the upper, and stayed there,
but^ten there would be more or less brood in both. This gave us con-
ditions in which our hives were neither brood chambers nor supers, but
both or either, indiscriminately.

Our conclusion was that we must limit a brood chamber to the
capacity of its queen.. By doing this we are sure to get the brood in the
brood chamber, and the honey in the super. It is true that there are
exceptions, that some of our queens, even in the large hives, will move
to the super, especially if there is, in that super, a proportion of drone
comb. The queen seeks for drone comb, at a certain time of her laying,

36 TWENTY-THIllD ANNUAL REPOliT OF THE

each spring. Dr. Miller called my attention, in the apiary, years ago,
to a fact which I had noticed, but upon which I had failed to ponder,
that the workers often leave drone combs empty, while they fill worker
combs around it, with honey, in the super, when the queen has no drone
cells in the lower story. The queen seeks for drone cells at that time.

Why is it that the queen seeks for drone cells? Some beekeepers
would have us believe that she knows that the eggs which she is about
to lay are drone eggs. Huber wondered whether it could be that she
knew, and he tells how some country women, who heard the statement
made that a queen could tell the sex of her eggs before they were laid,
protested that it could not be possible for a little insect to know that;
when the}', human beings, were entirely unable to know before-
hand the sex of their progeny.

We now know, through parthenogenesis, that the eggs which are to
produce drones are not fertilized, as they pass out of the ovary by the
spermatlieca, while the worker eggs are fertilized from that
spemiatheca. My father held a view which I have never seen .success-
fully contradicted, that when the queen is fatigued by the constant laj'ing
of worker eggs for months, and the pressure of the spermatlieca at each
laying, which perhaps gives her a certain amount of sexual pleasure,
she seeks for cells that are- large enough so that she ma}'' let the eggs
drop Avithout pressure of the spermatheca. Thus would come the expla-
nation of the fact that the queen seeks drone cells and evidently manages
to make it know to the bees.

Dropping this disgression, I wish to state that a queen, in a large
deep brood chamber, will rarely leave it to go into an upper story, unless
there are drone cells, there. If she does go up into it, she will be less
likel}' to sta}^ there, if it is a very shallow story, than if it is a deep one.
This is my experience, not on a few colonies only, but on hundreds, for
years in succession.

The too large hives, 20-frame Langstroth or 20-frame Dadant,
whether in one story or in two stories, proved much less convenient to
us than those where the brood chamber is in a single story; because in
the one, the honey that could really be taken as the beekeeper's share
was more or less mixed with brood, and because the queen was lively
to roam much more than in ample single stories, not too large, with half
story supers.

Xow as to an ample supply of honey for spring breeding; a store
of honey which one of our most capable contemporaries calls "automatic
feeder;" I consider a second full story of Langstroth combs, 10 frames,
as too ample. It happened with me, a number of times, that so ample
a supply of honey did not get consumed during the spring days. The
result was that the bees filled the combs with clover honey, when the
crop began, while these combs still had some fall honey, amber honey,
left. The 10 or 11-frame deep hive contains ample honey for all emerg-
encies, if it has been properly filled, the fall previous, by the bees. This,
also, we have tested f ullv.

Confirming our experiences, Mr. Langstroth wrote us, in the last
3'ears of his life : "I am so well persuaded that the large hives are more

5P'P«5vs=if;g|?s3Tvv:fT",-i'

! ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 37

\ ■ ■ ■ ■

profitable, in Oxford, (his home town), for extracted honey, that just
before my last spell of head trouble, I purchased two, of these large
hives (13-frame hives), well stocked with bees, for my own use."

This simply confirms the argument of Charles Dadant, who was
the first, I believe to put the question in this way :

"The number of frames to be used in a hive depends on their size;
for we should manage our bees as we do our domestic animals, and give
them as much space as is necessary to obtain the best results. What
would we think of a farmer who would build a barn without first con-
sidering the number of animals and the amount of feed which he in-
tended to shelter in it?".

However, hives that are too large in the brood chamber are almost
as objectionable as hives that are too small. Such hives are more diffi-
cult for the bees to keep warm and their extra room is unnecessary until
we find the crop of honey coming. The amount of room for the honey
crop is quite another question than the amount of room for breeding
and wintering. The supers should be numerous enough and elastic
enough, so to speak, to hold small or large crops according to the cir-
cumstances, the yield and the duration of the harvest.

Let me close by stating that I do not desire to urge any one to
change his hives and his system. It is too expensive ; besides, man}^ men
succeed with smaller hives and frames. All I desire is to make it evident
that there are fundamental reasons for making brood chambers of a
certain size. After giving our testimony regarding the proper size of
brood chambers, in our revision of Mr. Langstroth's book "The Hive
and Honeybee/' testimony based upon many years of practical work
with hives of different sizes in large numbers, we allowed the matter
to rest.

But Avhen ]Mr. Pellett, Avho is now with us in the publication of the
American Bee Journal, and who kept bees on a large scale in Iowa, saw
our system in practice, he was so highly pleased with it that he insisted
upon bringing the large hive again before the American public. He
did so, in a number of meetings. The upshot of it was a general in-
quiry into our methods and the publication of the "Dadant System of
Beekeeping." It is not only in this country that the system has been
discussed with favorable comments, but also in Great Britain, and gen-
erally where movable frame hives are used, for our system was very
widely adopted in Europe, where we were the first to bring the modern
top-opening movable frame hive, which represents the progressive system
(rf the present day.

TWEXTY-THIRD AXXUAL REPORT OF THE

WHAT HUBAM CLOVER HAS DONE FOR ME.

(By Edu: A. Winlder.)

All that Iliibani lias done for iiiy bees has been done for me, and
my extensive venture ^ritll hnbani clover in 1921 has been such a finan-
cial success and has made the ontlook for beekeeping so pleasant and
always promising, that I shall never regret that I was one of the foremost
that took advantage of the wonderful discovery of Professor H. D.
Hughes, Chief of Farm Crops of the Iowa State Experiment station at
Ames, Iowa.

Outside of financial results comes that knowledge, that one always
gets from experimenting with something new and vmtried. Knowledge,
that unatainable thing, that we all strive for and ne^-er get, for at the
end we know nothing; nothing compared to the vast amount of
knowledge that is to be gained.

't^ . •

i MM

'■■^-^^

Ai m

^ sr

One of Winkler's Apiaries.

Still further is that thing experience; the more we learn, the more
enjo3-able life becomes to us. And were it not for the memories and
knowledge we gain through life, dreary would it be in our declining
years.

True, it does not pay to be careless and risk nearly all the, wealth
one has in a venture or experiment with something new, for I thought
at one time tliat the weeds would get my first large attempt or experi-
ment with Hubam Clover and with it my $3,34:0, that I already had
invested in it. Yet I would go through it again this year and already

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 39

have made a much larger venture with new experiments and more
knowledge to be gained.

Whether a beekeeper gets the habit from his bees to keep busy or
whether it is the nervous strain that a large beekeeper goes under, there
seems to be something always saying, "Let's go."

What I have realized indirectly from hubam clover has enabled me
to accomplish many things that would never have been possible with me.

Friends and acquaintances I have made, the close contact that I
have been able to bring about with the farmers in Will and now in
Kendall Counties, brings about that realization that it pays to adver-
tise, for if 3'OU have bees to place out through the country to pollinate
the clover, fruit or other nectar bearing blossoms, how much better than
to be well known and to have the fact known that your bees are a neces-
sity to the farmer or fruit grower.

The matter of crop insurance that Hubam has made me realize is
of prime importance for even though the spring and summer flows may
fail, Hubam may always be looked forward to, to save the year.

There has been a marked notice" in the lack of dysentery at the
apiaries since I have been getting an abundance of Hubam honey, and
this jnay be due to the fact that we have not produced any dark fall or
amber honeys outside of one^-yaKLthat was near a few acres of buckwheat
the past year.

The equipment necessary to operate an apiary on a lean year is
about equal to that used on a good iyear, the amount of labor the year
round is but little more on a good year than on a lean one, therefore
when a beekeeper can look forward to a possible chance of getting at
least one of three or four flows during the season, with an abundance
of Hubam being planted in close proximity to his apiaries, he has one
extra good possibility of making his salt.

We have come to the firm conclusion that it is capacity that
counts. The Greeks' system of business that is gradually making itself
felt all along the market and grocery lines is one that the beekeeper can
well afford to study. Smaller profits but a larger volume of sales is
about all there is to it.

And the sooner there is such an overproduction of honey that bee-
keepers are unable to produce it with' a profit, that much sooner they will
be forcecl to organize into a cooperative sales system and advertise tho
oldest, purest and sAveetest thing on earth. ; It is a lack of proper dis-
tribution that cheapens honey.

We have never had to feed a colony in the fall since Hubam has
been grown in abundance near the outyards. Our last extracting or
cleanup has always run heavy with fresh Hubam honey. We always
feed sugar in the spring to stimulate-or start brood rearing before fruit
bloom. •'

A few sacks of Hubam seed screenings thrown along tlie roadsides
gave splendid results the past season which brings out the fact that with
the advent of Hubam clover, we almost- forget that some years are white
clover years and some are not.

Although Hubam has its place in the. farm, and a very distinguished
place it is, yet beekeepers should not oj^erlook the place that biennial

40 TWENTY-THIRD AXXUAL KEPOET OF THE

wliite clover has and that the State University as well as most all county
advisors or agents are advocating it now for pasture, which means a
steady flow of honey to tlie bees within range until cold weather sets in
j)roviding it is the common variety, and is not pastured too closely or
not closely enough. One way is as had as the other. The past year I
watched 30 head of young steers pastured on six acres, but towards fall
there was not much left.

A field of Hnbam following the removal of some grain would have
more than paid and would have fit in with good results.

One dairyman and Hubam grower cut most of his 100 acres of
Hubam for hay and has fed it in comparison with alfalfa and claims a
slight gain in favor of Hubam.

A two acre field of volunteer Hubam produced three cuttings of
hay of over seven ton total and equal to the best of alfalfa liay.

Several fields were sown at the rate of 3 lbs. of Hubam seed per
acre with fair stands the past year.

Sweet Clover Proves Valuable Hay Crop.

In spite of the fact that sweet clover is considered primarily as a
l^asture crop, it has, nevertheless, proven to be superior to red clover as
a hay crop.

Xo doubt there is some justification in the feeling that sweet clover
is liard to cure into a high quality hay, although the hay does not have
the pea green appearance of alfalfa, it is highly palatable, and when
cows get used to it thev clean up a large ciuantitv, leavina: onlv the vcrv
coarsest stems, and little of that.

SCPERIOI! TO EeD QlOVER HaY.

In feeding vahte sweet clover hay has proven to be far superior to
medium red clover. This fact was brou2;ht out in a report submitted
by G. W. McYev-, Will County Cow Tester. A herd under Mr. McVey's
observation, owned by Martin Krusemark of Frankfort, fed on sweet
clover ha}', without silage, with a liberal allowance of balanced ration
ranked second in milk production and third in fat during the month
of February. Sul)se(]uent to this, the supply of sv,-eet clover hay gave
out and they were forced to feed red clover hay. When tliis change was
made the herd began to decrease in milk, until at the end of two weeks
the production per cow had diminished all the way from 10 to IG
yjounds. -This radical drop was made in spite of the fact that the hay
allowance was almost doubled and the grain allowance increased. Xo
other cause for the loss in milk could be ascertained, hence the conclu-
sion that the hay M'as responsible.

Xo attempt is made to compare sweet clover with alfalfa, since
alfalfa is recognized as pre-eminently the best feed for milk production.
The facts brought out, however, indicate that sweet clover ranks high
among the leguminous hays for cow feed, and, if cut at the right time,
and properly cured, is far superior to medium red clover.

Much better results in feeding Hubam clover are obtained than
from the biennial strain, as the stems are not so coarse and very little,
if any waste.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION". 41

FIELD BEES AT WORK.

(By Wallace Parle, Associate in Agnculture, Umversiiy of Illinois.)

The industry of the bee has been extolled throughout man}^ gener-
ations, but after ail, how little we really know about the details of the
work she does and how long it takes her to accomplish any particular
job. As yet we have no definite information as to the number of
florets of clover a bee must visit on the average to secure a load of
nectar. Nor do we have such information for a bee working on any
other kind of flower. Certainly, there are difficulties a plenty in the
way of getting these data but some day we are going to know more
about such things than we do now.

While studying the importance of the honeybee as a cross-pollin-
ator of apples, J. W. McCulloch of the Kansas Eixperiment Station,
attempted to count the number of; visits made by a bee on one trip. In
no case was he able to keep track of the bee until it started for home but
he followed one bee while it visited 61 blossoms, another 53, and
numerous others that visited from 25 to 40 blossoms each. Xobody
knows how many more blossoms these bees visited before and after the
period of observation.

Another thing about ~which we know too little is the division of
labor among the bees of a colony. It is pretty well established thatj
under normal conditions^ bees seldom begin work in the field until they
are between two and three weeks old. In the meantime they busy
themselves at various duties within the hive, including such activities
as feeding the broody building comb and ripening honey.

It is said that when a young bee takes up field duties, it first
carries pollen and later becomes a nectar-carrier. Perhaps this is the
normal sequence but in case pollen should not be available, it is prob-
able enough that the young fielder would busy itself at gathering nectar
if it could' be found. I have often wondered at what age a bee normally
becomes a water-carrier or whether the needs of the colony alone de-
termine this. ' . , ■

Behavior of Eeturned Fielders.

It is very interesting to watch the behavior of a returned fielder
that has discovered a new and rich source of supply. It matters not
wiiether the fielder is ai nectar-carrier, pollen-carrier or water-carrier for
the behavior is essentially l;he same in all three cases, except that the
manner of disposing of a load of pollen is entirely different from the
methods used for nectar and water, which are practically alike.

The discoverer of a new or bountiful source hustles through the
entrance and into the hive with the air of one bent upon important

-:-;-&feiit*k>;--*..'--i

TWEXTY-THIRD A>fXUAL liEPORT OF THE

business. Upon reaching the comb, she climbs upon it and performs a
peculiar dance, during which she shakes her abdomen vigorously from
side to side, all the while running in arcs or circles, turning first to
one side and then to the other. She is usualh' followed by four or five
other bees and while she continues her dance, every now and then, one
of the interested followers may be seen to leave for the field, until by
the time the dancer is read}' to depart, a dozen or more may have left
the hive to search out the source of the rich find already discovered by
the dancer.

Plate 1. Showing how nectar is transferred from the fleld-bee (upper) to
the house-bee (lower).

If a nectar-carrier, the dancer pauses long enough to pass out a
taste of her booty to one or another of the nearby workers. But soon
she meets a house-bee to Avhich she gives a considerable portion of her
load. As they approach each other, the field bee opens her mandibles
wide apart and forces a drop of nectar out over the upper surface of
that part of the tongue which is between and beneath the mandibles,

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 43

the outer or free portion of the tongue being folded back under the
head. Assuming that the house-bee aiDproached is not already loaded
to capacity she stretches out her tongue to full length and sips the
proffered nectar from the tongue of the field-bee as shown in Plate 1.
While the nectar is being transferred in this manner, the antennae of
both bees are in continual motion and those of the one bee are con-
stantly striking those of the other. At the same time, the house-bee may
be seen to stroke the "cheeks" of the field-bee with her fore feet as if
coaxing for more and more.

When the field-bee has disposed of her load, she may start directly
for the field, but in most cases she first secures a small amount of food
either from another bee or from a cell. But before making her final
start, she almost invariably gives her tongue a swipe between her fore
feet, rubs her eyes and often cleans her antennae. Then with a quick
look around, as if taking her bearings, she sets off for the field in great
haste.

The behavior of a water-carrier under similar circumstances — ^to be
observed most readily in winter or early spring when water is available
only at intervals — is practically the same as that just described. But
a pollen-carrier, after dancing a while goes to a cell and kicks off her
load, after -which she makes preparations for her next trip in much the
same manner as described for the nectar-carrier.

The significance of this dance was discovered and interpreted
simultaneously by Von Frisch in Germany' and by myself. The dance is
emploj'ed as a means of communication by which the dancer informs
her hive-mates that a new and bountiful suppl}'^ has been found. But
the dancer is not able to inform them of the location of the new source,
so that each bee is compelled to make its own search. This enables us
to understand why robbing is so easily started and so hard to stop.

When the fielder returns with her load from a source which is well
known to the others her procedure is the same as described above except
that the dance, is omitted.

Time to Gather a Load.

In order to find out how long it takes for a bee to gather a load of
nectar, pollen or water, individual bees engaged in each of these pur-
suits were marked so that each one could be distinguished from all
others. Observations were made for several consecutive daj's from early
morning until the bees ceased flying at night. During most of the time
there were two observers, so that the chances for a marked bee to pass
unnoticed were reduced to a minimum. Only full strength colonies
were used in this experiment and careful records were kept of the time
of departure and return of each marked bee. From these records we
were able to determine just how long each bee was gone from the hive
and also the length of time she stayed in the hive between field trips.

In the case of nectar-carriers and pollen-carriers, records were
secured in 1920 when honeyflow and weather conditions were very
favorable, and in 1921 when conditions were much less favorable. The
plants worked bv the bees were the same for both seasons — white sweet

TAVEXTY-THIRJ) AXXUAL EEdPORT OF THE

clover for nectar and corn for pollen. Figure 1 shows graphically the
results obtained for nectar-carriers and Fig. 2 shows those for pollen-
carriers. The data for water-carriers is pictured in Figure 3.

It will be seen from Figure lA, that under favorable conditions,
the greatest percentage (31%) of field trips made by nectar-carriers

]

V ^

;;

■'\

- ''

,..

JTii'r

9 X
Ut«

B •*

0 5

0 4

0 T

0 <t

0 40 too ftO 0
/410

10 tC 30

Figure 1. Showing tlie frequency distribution of time records made by nectar-
carriers under favorable and unfavorable conditions.
A. Field trips. B. Hive stays.

consumed about 25 minutes each; M-iiereas, under unfavorable condi-
tions the greatest percentage (19%) consumed a little less than 45
minutes in the field. In Figure IB, it is shown that the greatest per-
centage (39%) of hive stays in 1920 occupied 4 minutes; and that in
1921, under less favorable conditions of weather and honeyflow, the
greatest percentage (23%) of hive stays lasted 5i/^ minutes. Others

/ >

• 1

;

; 1

'•

;' 1

* 1

\ .

1 1

I
\

a' a

\i-

minutes

0 to to 30 to

I1Z0

I7ir

Figure 2. Showing the frequency distribution of time records made by pollen-
carriers when gathering pollen from corn under favorable and unfavorable
conditions.

A. Field trips. B. Hive stays. C. Round trips.

have reported that field bees commonl}' spend from one to several hours
in the hive between trips but, as will be seen from these graphs, hive
stays of more than 10 minutes were the exception and that the average
was approximately 5 minutes. Then we may conclude that, when
working on white sweet clover, a round trip will require^ from half to
tliree-quarters of an hour or more, depending on conditions.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION.

By referring to Figure 2, it will be observed that in the Less favor-
able season* (1921), pollen-carriers had to spend nearly 15 minutes to
get a load of corn pollen; whereas, only about 8 minutes were needed
the previous season. The poor season showed little effect on the length
of the hive stay made by pollen-carriers — the most frequent time in-
terval consumed in the hive being approximately 4 minutes for both
years. The greatest number of round trips for these two seasons occu-
pied about 12 minutes in 1920 and approximately 18 minutes in 1921.

The results obtained for marked water-carriers are graphically
summarized in Figure 3. As would be expected, the time required to
secure a load of water is quite short — only about 3 minutes — ^when the
supply is near the apiary as was the case when these data were secured.
The time spent in the hive by water-carriers was found to be from 2

/ 3 5
TTiinutejr

/> IS n II ti

Figure 3.
carriers.

Showing the, frequency distribution of time records made by water-

to 3 minutes, as a rule and very rarely did one stay as long as 5
minutes. In fact, a large proportion of the round trips were com-
pleted in from 5 to 6 minutes, and only a few lasted longer than 10
minutes.

One marked water-carrier which was found to be going two-thirds
of a mile for its loads, spent nearly 10 minutes on the average in making
its round trips. It may be of interest to note that this bee was making
its trips regularly to a bucket of water which contained a little salt when
it could have obtained fresh water from a small brook not a stone's
throw from the hive. There is no question but that bees often show a
preference for salt water, but whether or not they actually need it is still
unknown.

46 twexty-third axxual keport of the

Trips ix a Day.

The maximum number of trips recorded in one day for a nectar-
carrier was 24 in 1920 and 17 in 1921, and the averages were 13%
and 7, respectively. It was also found that nectar-carriers spent an
average of about 8% hours at field work in 1920 and about 7% hours in
1921.

The maximum number of trips recorded in one day for a bee
gathering pollen from corn was 20 in 1920, but only 11 in 1921, while
the averages were 8 and oYo, respectively. As a rule, corn pollen was
not available in the afternoon, so these figures represent only about half
a day or less in actual working time.

The maximum number of trips in a day recorded for a water-
carrier was 114, while the average was about 50.

Keep to Oxe Lixe.

It was interesting to fin-d that water-carriers, like nectar-carriers
and pollen-carriers, continue at their special kind of work for days to-
gether. It Avas a little surprising to find that only in exceptional cases
did any marked bee change its occupation during the period of observa-
tion which sometimes lasted from 5 to 10 days. During any portion of
the, day when no nectar was available from the particular kind of flower
from which a particular bee was gathering its loads, that bee seldom
went to the field, although nectar could have been obtained from other
kinds of flowers. ]

A bee carrying pollen from a plant, such as com, which produces no
nectar, rarely was found to leave the hive after its particular kind of
pollen ceased to be available for the day. But in the case of those bees
found to gather both nectar and pollen on the same trip, when working
on such plants as dandalion and apple, the bee usually began the day
by carrying pollen only, but gathered nectar also when it could be
obtained. As the day advanced, little pollen was to be had and the bee
carried only nectar. '

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEKS' ASSOCIATION. 47

MARKETING HONEY.

(By E. R. Root.)

I almost hesitate to write on this subject, because: it is one that has
been so thoroughly hackneyed that the average beekeeper skips it; but
the fact is, there is no more important subject than how to sell the
product after producing it. It should be clearly understood that pro-
ducing the honey is one thing, and selling it is quite another. There
are tens of thousands who produce honey, while only a few engage in
the business of selling it.

While roadside selling by the beekeeper has done much to stimu-
late the demand for honey, there needs to be much more work done on
the part of the beekeeper to increase that demand. There are some
things that will sell without advertising, but honey is not one of them.

If consumption of honey is to be increased materially the beekeep-
er must not only distribute honey-leaflets, but help his grocers to ad-
vertise his own honey. In the fall, sales can be greatly stimulated by
putting on live-bee demonstrations in store windows. For this pur-
230se a single-comb observatory hive showing live bees is most eifective
provided fresh bees are put in every three days. Along with the live
bees should be displays of honey in attractive packages, both in glass
and tin. The grocer should be supplied with honey-leaflets to show the
food value of honey, and occasionally on big days the beekeeper can
afford to give a live-bee demonstration by opening up a whole hive of
bees in a large wire-cloth cage. If this can,.be placed in a show-windovv'
it will draw a crowd and helpi to dispose of a large amount of honey.

Although the commercial bottler is selling honey by the carload he
needs the support of the beekeeper who produces the honey in' helping to
create a demand. My organization, probably the largest distributor of
bottled honey in the United States, feels that the local producer of
honey should not. only help himself but in so doing he will help both
in an effort to create a demand for honey. By working together we
can not only dispose of large quantities of honey, but also help to main-
tain the price if not advance it.

At the present time the demand for honey in 5 and 10 pound
pails, especially the- former, is rapidly increasing. When the housewife
discovers that, after she has bought honey in glass jars, she can save
money by buying it in five-pound pails, she will buy in large quantities
at a time. In other words, instead of selling her only a pound of honey
in glass, we should sell, if' possible five or even ten pounds in tin.

As a rule, however, hone}' miist be introduced in glass. The con-
sumer will seldom buy 5 or 10 pounds of honey at the start. He must

' -'"'^ .; ...■'•'.:,i '^ ,-T^

48 TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

first be convinced that honey has quality and flavor, and a real food
value. In roadside selling especially, the five-pound pails are getting to
be the favorite package. These are neither too large nor too small.
They are just right for the automobilist who desire to buy directly from
the producer. If he likes the honey he vt^ill probably buy more of his
grocer, who may be several miles or even hundreds of miles away from
the roadside seller who started the ball rolling in the first place.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 49

WHAT OF POOR SEASONS.

(Bj/ Geo. E. King.)

That all phases of agriculture are affected by seasonal variations
is generally conceded. Beeculture is likewise influenced by many com-
plex factors, several of which directly contribute to failures. Others
may be converted into successes if they are correctly understood and
apicultural activities are carefully planned so as to take advantage of
them.

It will be both interesting and profitable to call attention to some
of the conditions which govern the possibilities of both favorable and un-
favorable seasons for apiculture.

We- possess only meagre information concerning the effect of
meteorological or weather conditions upon the yield of nectar by the
plants. This information should however give some indication of soma
of the differences, as far as weather is concerned, between those years
when abundant nectar is yielded and those when it is scarce. Under
conditions closely akin to those of Illinois, records show that over a
period of many years about 56% of the annual hive increase in weight
occurred in June and about' 22% in July, the remainder during other
months. There is an evident alteration between good and poor years.
A good year has more than the average of precipitation, especially if
this rainfall is distributed proportionately over the preceding autumn,
winter, and spring, continuing well into May. Clear days with a fairly
wide range of temperature during the nectar yielding season are con-
ducive to ai heavy nectar yield. This of course holds true if the weather
during the preceding months has been favorable -for most vigorous plant
development. There is a gradual decrease in nectar yield preceding a
rainy spell and a gradual] increase for about "four days following it, after
which a fairly steady yield continues for about ten days more. This
applies particularly to herbaceous flora in our region. If the weather
immediately becomes, hot and dry the yield will not continue so long
because whenever the maximum daily temperature exceeds 80° to
90° Fahr. it is too hot. This coincides also with the atmospheric pressure
relation because the barometric pressure is generally higher when the
weather is excessively hot and clear. It is due to the necessity for ample
sunshine to promoto the most favorable plant activity (metabolism) that
clear days are so favorable to nectar secretion, inasmuch as other con-
ditions are suitable. Even though the nectar yield is closely correlated
with the daily range of temperature and atmospheric pressure acting
jointly, these can affect it most favorably only when there is ample
sunshine. This may explain why it is that nectar yields at higher alti-
tudes fluctuate less and the resulting honey is often lighten in color than
that from lower altitudes.

— 4 B A

■ ,:3t!««*';^£Jli_-J-

50 TWENTY-THIRD AJv'NUAL KEPORT OF THE

When covered with ample snow during the winter the nectariferous
plants are better protected, and even though such winters are cold little
if any harm results to them. However, a cold March reduces the nectar
yield of the following summer regardless of what occurs during the
winter months.

Although weather conditions are entirely beyond our control they
are by no means unimportant, but apiculture may be made profitable in
most instances even if weather conditions! are sometimes adverse. Indeed
if all seasons offered the most ideal weather conditions for honey pro-
duction the situation would be much worse because there would be a
greater number of inefficient persons engaging in this pursuit to the
detriment of all concerned.

As the great majority of people who keep bees do so with the sole
idea of receiving a profit from them the economic consideration might
be tentatively taken as the factor which shall determine whether a
season is to be favorable or unfavorable for apiculture. It will be
obvious then that on this basis each beekeeper will in a great measure
determine whether a season is to be a good one or a poor one for hiln.
This then leads us to a consideration of some of the many factors which
enter into the relationships between good apiary practices and seasonal
variations and locality.

Too much attention can not be given to the location of the apiary
because even under favorable weather conditions which ordinarily yield
nectar do so only to the degree that the soil in which they are growing
suits them. A plant in a soil unsuited to it can not yield nectar saMs-
factorily. Climatic conditions also play a great part here as many of
our best plants do not yield nectar under all conditions of climate. ^-'It
an apiary is located in the midst of plants growing undcL conditions not
conducive to nectar secretion by them the bees will have to seek else-
where for their forage. This doesn't mean, however, that the intro-
duction of foreign plants will never prove desirable. Some of our best
nectar yielders are introduced. Other plants that are equal or even
better may yet be introduced and become valuable additions to our
melliferous fiora. Each beekeeper must acquaint himself with the flora
of his region and take care to always locate an apiary where the forage
for the. bees is most certain and least objectionable. Of course other
considerations also enter into this.

The factors already considered constitute what are often referred
to as the locality andi season. Of the two locality lends itself well to the
possibility for improvement by the honey producer. A locality other-
wise good but lacking adequate nectar bearing flora can frequently be
greatly improved at small expense by increasing the desirable plants.
If this is impracticable migratory beekeeping may be practiced to* an
advantage.

Of equal or even greater importance is that multitude of details
which we term management. As apiculture has developed far enough to
permit of almost complete control on the bees in accordance with their
instincts, the apiculturist is in a position to control the greater pro-
portion of the factors which enter into profitable apicultui'e. To better
illustrate just what this means we may give these general essentials for

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 51

successful honey production as: (1) Ample nectar bearing plants in
soil to which the}' are adapted, within range of the apiary, (2) Favor-
able weather conditions for nectar secretion and bee flight. (3) The
maximum number of workers td the colony. (4) Such conditions within
each colony as will make the storing instinct dominate over other in-
stincts which might interfere with the storing of nectar.

Of these essentials the only absolutely uncontrollable factors are the
weather conditions. If dependent upon weather conditions alone a
failure could not occur very frequently because during a most unfavor-
able season some nectar will always be yielded while in medium to ex-
cellent seasons the yield usually exceeds the capacity of the bees present
to gather it. The problem of management is a most serious one because
the fullest success can be attained only when all four of these conditions
are met at the same time, while if any one of them is not operative a
partial or complete failure is certain to result. It then becomes a
question of prime importance as to just how the beekeeper can best meet
and solve these problems in the most efficient manner.

The 1923 honey crop over the United States generally has been
poor. This applies peculiarly to Illinois, because in some localities of
this State a fair honey crop has been reported while in others the crop
has been a complete failure. Many colonies have merely supplied their
winter needs while others have been unable to do more than eke out a
bare existence. If many of these colonies have not been fed they will be
a total loss through starvation.

With such conditions as those to meet is it any wonder that many
become discouraged and conclude that beekeeping is ver}^ uncertain and
that the additional expense of feeding will likely prove to be a greater
loss? How many beekeepers are there who can afford to buy sugar
enough to feed several hundred colonies of bees, or how many are able
after a year of failure to buy and feed sugar to even a limited number
of colonies? It may be recognized as a wise and profitable thing to do;
but a large proportion of beekeepers are financially unable or are too
discouraged to secure sugar for feeding after a season of failure. Per-
haps too many of these same beekeepers disposed of a large crop of
honey just the 3'ear before, at a price below the actual cost of pro-
duction. It is quite apparent that this is the predicament in which too
many bee men find themselves at one time or another. It is just at sucli
critical times that the price of honey is likely to be the highest and
the marketing problem offers least difficulty. This is not all; unfavor-
able 3'ears are most frequently followed by years well above the average
for honey production. In the past this has been most unfortunate
because the greatest deficiency in bees has occurred just at a time when
they might have proved the most profitable. For this reason losses in
bees at such times as the present are most serious.

Any rational system of apiculture should take these conditions into
account. Those who do not thoroughl}^ understand the business are
enticed during the more favorable seasons into undue increase of
colonies without regard to future possibilities for failure. Such bee-
keepers are content, because of obtaining a good crop of honey to sell
it at a price which yields only a small margin of profit at the time.

53 TWENTY- THIKD ANNUAL KEPOET OF THE

while if their actual costs of production are computed on the basis of
a series of years such sales Avill be seen to be ruinous to the beekeeper
and too often fatal to the bees. Fatal to the bees because under such
conditions the}' are so; frequently allowed no reserve honey supply which
might be necessary to tide them over a ye^r of scarcity.

We have hitherto heard at one time or other remarks to the effect
that we should not encourage colonies to rear useless consumers at times
when no nectar flow is likely to be available. The same argument might
be used here to discourage the leaving of more stores with the bees than
are immediately necessary, because they might be consumed in breed-
ing during tiie next spring. Of course the bees will draw quite heavily
on their surplus stores during the early spring breeding period, and
well they might because the working force of the colony must be com-
pletely renewed and increased at that time.

Whether a colony of bees is adding to its stores or not there is
always an expenditure of vital energy in the carrying on of colon.y
activities. Old bees must constantly be replaced by young ones or the
colony will dwindle. It is generally conceded that a populous colony
carries on its functions more economically than a weaker one, because a
greater proporition of its bees are available for work in the field. This
would suggest that even in years of meagre nectar production those
colonies containing the most field bees will continue in better condition
than will Aveaker colonies. What little nectar is available from day to
day is collected and utilized by them. Although they consume it about
as fast as it is collected it serves to keep them prepared for any short
nectar flow that might comd on and last only for a day or two. The
weaker colonies Avithout any reserve of stores are always unable to pro-
duce enough field bees because they are constantly working at a dis-
advantage. They utilize what meagre nectar supply their field bees
bring in but that is always so limited that the rate of egg laying is
always curtailed. In case of a short light nectar flow such colonies can
do no other than fail to store honey because before they can catch ap
with the feeding of their hungry larvae the nectar supply has ceased
and the}' are little better off than before. At the end of the season then
such coloniesi will be found to be weak and destitute of stores for winter.

Observations made during the past summer at the University of
Illinois on colonies of carying population and having in some eases no
surplus stores and others an ample supply, have shown this very condi-
t;ion. It is possible to maintain colonies in excellent condition through-
out the poor seasons at a comparatively small cost for feeding if they
have had ample stores allotted them the autumn before when they were
packed for winter. Those best supplied with provisions bred up rapidly
and collected a small surplus from fruit bloom and other early flowers
and maintained themselves throughout the summer. During the last
week in August a short nectar flow provided them with ample stores
for their winter and spring needs. The colonies that began the season
with meagre stores failed to maintain their population and were unable
to supph^ themselves with winter stores. The same is true where in-
crease Avas made from other than the most populous colonies.

ILLINOIS STATE BE^KEEPEES" ASSOCIATIOK". 53

The quality of the queens is never tested more severely than in
seasons of nectar scarcity. The cost of rearing them can not be so well
appreciated at other ,times because the vs^orking force of the colony is
not so severely taxed when nectar is available. Those colonies supplied
with young queens during the late summer of an ordinary year with-
stand adversity best because their queens are not likely to be superseded
at the time they should be laying most heavily. If a queen is inferior
even in a poor season she should be replaced by a young one notwith-
standing some loss is occasioned in the renewal. It will pay best in the
end. Through skillful management such replacements may be made
with only a slight break in, the continuity, of brood rearing.

We may recognize, then, two kinds of poor seasons, those that are
made so on account of adverse weather conditions and those that yield
poor returns, if any, becaiiSe beekeepers fail to manage their bees and
market their honey in the most skillful manner. The first kind can
not be avoided entirely, but their ill effects may be minimized, while
the other more common' kind can be avoided almost completely by the
adoption of the most approved- and progressive apiary practices.

To the progressive and expert beekeeper the really poor season is
infrequent and is usually an advantage. It helps him to select his best
queens and to cull out inferior stock. It gives him an opportunity to
apply better methods of management which also help out during better
seasons, because the weaknesses in his methods are more conspicuous
when conditions are less favorable. It gives him an opportunity to
observe more closely the real value of his apiary sites and to choose
better ones when possible. The competition of the many inferior keepers
of bees who spoil both the field and the honey market during ordinary
years is relieved, at least temporarily, by the poor season so that the ex-
pert beekeeper can take greater advantage of the better year which follows.

Occasional poor seasons then, such as 1923, are not to be looked
upon as a complete loss. They should lead to greater efforts to improve
the honey flora as well as better apiculture practices. They clearly
indicate that Illinois beekeepers should keep more and better bees in
larger colonies provided with more abundant surplus stores. That every
colon}' should be given abundant protection in winter and storage room
in summer. Swarm control methods that will avoid the waste of bee
energy, and time incident to preparation for swarming should be em-
ployed. Vigorous queens should be kept in all colonies at all times.
There is no reason for breeding being curtailed at any time of the year
but early spring breeding should be encouraged to provide a full work-
ing force of young field bees as soon as nectar first becomes available in
the spring. Much effort can well be directed to preparing the Illinois
honey crop for market every season. This should be done in such a way
that the article will reach the consumer in the most attractive condition
but at the same time the expense of packing and handling must be re-
duced to the minimum. The poor season can be utilized to good ad-
vantage because it can be made to point out the faults of beekeeping
practices. It culls out the inferior beekeeper because he can't make
beekeeping pay. It therefore holds no terror for the progressive bee-
keeper.

54 TWEXTY-TIIIRD AXXUAL EEPORT OF THE

ORGANIZING COUNTY ASSOCIATION.

(By J. E. Wooldridge.)

I have been asked to explain how I go about organizing different
counties. They could scarcely have found a harder question to answer
than this for the simjile reason that there are so many different angles;
so many different characters and dispositions to take into consideration
before one can make a definite move and then one must be prepared to
take whatever comes without flinching.

It will be remembered in my daily occupation I have an ever
i)assing audience. People probably from the particular locality tliat
should be organized. ]Mueh information is gathered in this way. Then
by writing several beekeepers in the unorganized counties sympathetic
letters, the replies are usually prompt and give me nearly all the facts.
I usually state in the letter I have nothing to sell and nothing to give
away, but do have a few facts to lay before them for their close con-
sideration, all free. They need State help and the State stands ready
to help thejn turn their loss into profit by good beekeeping, and it would
please me to help them start to get this much needed help. Why not
let us try and if they could furnish a meeting place Avith several present
that perhaps we could use some films to illustrate more clearly the facts
to those not familiar with them, and this would be free, but Ave would
need a darkened room and 110 voltage power.

They are then told how to appeal to manager in charge of public
buildings, to make it plain that this is all free, educational and a com-
munity good. I never fail to get the best, ALL FREE. Then the
Farm Adviser is asked direct to give publicity and urge beekeepers to
organize, and if he will send me the names and addresses of all bee-
keej)ers in the county. He gets very busy and a good list comes in. I
then prepare and mail out all personal notices with the date and pro-
gram . combined.

The newspapers are then appealed to to support a community good.
I outline the facts to them, and they are usually generous with their
space and influence, and frequentl}^ give a nice write-up of meeting.
The attendance is usually good, and after the explanation on beekeeping
and the possibilities of bee culture they are in such a state of mind it
is no trouble to organize them. I also tell them of the wonderful
monthly letters prepared and sent out by Mr. M. G. Dadant, Bee
Specialist, and our Secretary. He tells us just Avhat to look out fof
in our own yards and should it appear he gives us the remedy in the
same letter. He not only knows the past and present, but knows the
future as well.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPfRS" ASSOCIATIOX. 00

All are then invited to join in the discussion and ask questions.

^ ^t is usually suggested to them that the Farm Adviser would be an

ideal president because he sees everyone in the county. They elect him

almost every time with other officers for- the association, and the dues

start to flow towards the treasury.

When this has ceased, I make my exit and go to the next county
where similar arrangements have been made and proceed to organize
them.

I visited two county fairs free with observation hive, having
combs of honey, emerging brood, bees and beautiful Italian queen,
beautiful samples of honey in all ^merent containers put out, includ-
ing several cases of comb honey. , This exhibit attracted much at-
tention, and I had to explain to them that it was pure honey gathered
from the flower and placed in the comb by the bees. These were
strenuous days for me.

It will be remembered that the money power of southern Illinois
seems to be willing to help this cause in every way possible by doing
my printing free of charge, furnishing leaflets, cards and circulars
enclosed in my letters. In one instance 600 circulars requested for en-
closing in their letters; in another instance 6,000 copies of another
kind were sent out with the firm's mail.

This is a little hard on Uncle Sam, but it is spreading the news
just the same, and I never knew there were so many people interested
in bee culture in southern Illinois . until the answers began to arrive.

Just think of my deplorable condition with all this mail coming
in, and not a thing to do with, not an office, stenographer or type-
writer, and my time so fully occupied that all my rest and sleeping time
were taken up. Do you wonder why I am anxious to discontinue any
activities and wish to return to private life, leaving the field clear to
some good man who can help these deserving people in a better way
than I was able to do.

It might be well to explain to the officers and members of this
Association how I used so many postage stamps, with no authority
from any one, nor with a thought of being reimbursed, but to my sur-
prise the officers of the association have reimbursed me to the extent
of $23.40, for which I am very grateful, and wish to thank all for this
most generous act.

56 TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL EEPORT OF THE

THE VOCATIONAL METHOD FOR TRAINING BEEKEEPERS.

(By Russell H. Kelty, Assistant Professor of Entomology, M. A. C,

East Lansing, Mich.)

Inasmuch as an article in the last yearbook of the Illinois Bee-
keepers' Association mentioned a course in beekeeping for the training
of ex-service men at the Michigan Agricultural College, possibly it
would be in order to report briefly on the success of this work.

Ex-service men have received training in beekeeping at the Michi-
gan Agricultural College since 1920. A total of several hundred
students have received training in what is called the Vocational
Guidance School, as a part of the rehabilitation service, provided by the
U. S. Government for disabled veterans.

On account of the fact that a large portion of the students had ele-
mentary training only, it became necessary to provide special courses
for the ex-service men. Therefore a special group of courses in bee-
keeping, poultry raising and horticulture was organized by the College.
It was the aim of these courses to provide in the space of twelve
months, instruction and practical training of a nature that would
prepare the disabled veterans to make a living on a small farm from
the proceeds from the bees, poultry and small fruits. It was to be
expected that of the large number of ex-service men taking the work,
but a small percentage would be naturally inclined toward beekeeping.
However, it became necessary to insist that all trainees enroll in all
three courses of instruction and many who at first thought they were
not interested in beekeeping later became the most enthusiastic bee-
keepers.

Many of the trainees were seriously disabled. Some had lost
limbs, others were suffering from mental and constitutional ailments.
Practically all were afraid of bee stings at first. Some were so badly
frightened that it required more than verbal persuasion to get them
inside the apiary.

It must be realized, of course, in this connection, that the teaching
of ex-service men in the pay of the Government is a far different
proposition from the teaching of regularly enrolled agricultural
students. The writer became satisfied, after one season's experience
that. the simple demonstration of practice in the bee-yard was far from
satisfactory for teaching ex-service men beekeeping manipulations.

Therefore in 1922, every trainee enrolled in the beekeeping course
was required to buy at least one colony of bees with his own money.
At the time there were about one hundred and twenty-five trainees
receiving instruction in beekeeping, and the site selected for the stu-
dent apiary, therefore contained about one hundred and twenty-five

:-..:jj^v.

.■"!r'3*S'y^'".'-VT — 'S i^V*- ij*?r*^

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 57

colonies at the beginning of the season. These colonies were bought
from nearby beekeepers after inspection for disease and in some cases
the trainees themselves secured colonies from home.

From the time when the trainees first invested their money in
colonies of bees and equipment, there was a notable change in the at-
titude of the student towards the work. Whereas, previously it was
necessary to resort to strict discipline to demand attention, once the
trainees became the 'Owners of bees no further discipline was needed to
insure their attention. In fact, although the trainees had been warned
to secure smokers before opening the hives, many had not done so when
the colonies first arrived, but proceeded to open the hives any way, with
the result that many were seriously stung, but with slight loss of en-
thusiasm, however.

The trainees were required to perform all their own work upon
their colonies under the direction, however, of the writer and his as-
sistajit, Mr. J. C. Kremer. Some chose to produce honey only, many
preferred to make increase only. Some wished to rear queens. In
some cases transferring was necessary to get the bees out of the old
hives i]i which they were purchased into standard equipment, and of
course the entire class received the benefit of watching these manipula-
tions.

After the apiary became crowded some of the trainees removed
their colonies to previously selected projects nearby — the small farms
previously mentioned, and continued the work there. By the end of
the season the original one hundred and twenty-five colonies had lieeu
increased to three hundred and fifty-seven.

I do not have a record of the total amount of honey produced, but
it was not large since the majority ^f the trainees chose to make in-
crease. Throughout the season remarks were frequently overheard to
the effect that "I wouldn't have gone into this beeyard for $50 a
cou])le of years ago," or "There sure is a lot to this bee business," or
"I'll l)et I have a hundred colonies this time next vear."

Although the student apiary was ten miles from the College the
trainees made occasional trips to the apiary between classes merely to
make sure that ever3^thing was all right in their beehives and in some
cases the bees undoubtedly received too much attention. But the suc-
cess of this method of giving instruction in beek'eeping was completely
satisfactory.

In the year 1923, with a smaller class of trainees the season
started with about seventy-five colonies in the apiar\- and closed with'
approximately one hundred and eighty colonies, all purchased by the
trainees the same as the year previous.

It was natural that keen rivalry should develop as to who was the
best beekeeper and also there was some horse play among members of
the class but all of a healthy nature and always kept under control. At
the end of each season, trainees from distant states chose to sell their
colonies to other trainees living nearby.

Occasionally criticism from commercial beekeepers regarding,
"This training of a lot of students to help in the over-production of

58 TAVEXTY-TIIIRD ANNUAL RErOHT OF THE

honey" reaches our office. In this connection vre wish to point out a
few pertinent facts. In the first place a very small percentage of these
men who have received instruction in beekeeping will produce honey
commerciallj^ in later years. However, those who do not produce honey
commercially are sufficiently well instructed in beekeeping to keep a
small number of colonies efficiently. Those who do produce honey
commercially are sufficiently well instructed to use the best methods and
know enough about marketing to dispose of their crop without injuring
the honey market. Since a large number of the trainees are more in-
terested in poultry and horticulture than they are in beekeeping it is
onh^ natural that many will never give further attention to bees after
leaving the College. It would seem, therefore, that the instruction
given these ex-service men is an advantage instead of a disadvantage to
beekeepers at large.

We wish to add that all trainees received instruction in all phases of
beekeeping in addition to the actual experience of managing the
colonies during the active season.

We do not have complete information, but of the many ex-service
men who have taken the course in beekeeping at the Michigan Agri-
cultural College, one is now a full partner in a six hundred colony bee-
keeping outfit at ^Manhattan, Montana, four trainees are full owners
of outfits of from one hundred to one hundred and sixty colonies, two
operate from seventy-five to one hundred colonies, seven operate from
forty to fifty colonies, twelve operate from twenty to thirty colonies and
at least fifteen are operating less than ten colonies, making a total of
over two thousand colonies. Many of the trainees who manipulated
colonies during the summer of 1923 are still in College and are not
included in this list.

The tonic effect of the out-door Avork with bees is already noticeable
in several cases of pronounced disability. One trainee who had severe
attacks of palpitation of the heart when he first entered is now prac-
tically free from this trouble. Many of the students have remarked
how much better they feel when working with the bees. In some cases
a lack of immunity to bee sting venom nearly resulted in fatal acci-
dents, but the gradual acquisition of immunity by daily scraping the
skin and applying a slight amount of sting toxin resulted in eventual
complete immunity.

It is the writers' opinion that these trainees who must make their
own living on their small farms after leaving the college will be much
better able to produce honey, if this is their choice, as result of their
experience in actual management of colonies while in school. And
they not only have had the experience but they also have invested
money in bees and in equipment which would otherwise have been
spent, in all probability, on light amusement.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATIOX. 59

TEXAS BEEKEEPING.

(By M. C. Tanquary, Chief, Divisioti of Entomology, Texas. Agricul-
tural Experiment Station, State Entomologist. Read at the
Miller Memorial Library Dedication Electing.)

The subject, "Texas Beekeeping" is entirely too big to do justice
to in a short paper such as this one must be. I can touch only a few
of the high spots covered by my subject, and if any beekeepers present
are further, interested, I will be only too glad to talk with them in-
dividually and at length.

Mr. F. C. Pellett, at a recent meeting of Texas beekeepers held at
College Station, quoted a remark to the effect that one could go to
almost" any part of the U. S. and truthfully say that that section re-
minded him of Texas. If one wishes to keep bees on the plains, or in
the mountains, along the seacoast, or in river valleys, he can take his
choice. If he wants to work for honey production alone, or if he de-
sires to produce bees and queens without surplus honey, or if he cares to
indulge in migratory beekeeping, he can find suitable locations for all of
these phases of beekeeping and still remain in Texas.

For those, who wish some detailed information on the various bee-
keeping regions, I will refer them to an excellent article by Mr. H. B.
Parks, published in the September, 1921 number of the American Bee
JoMrnal. In that article he divides the state into nine different general
honey regions and then mentions a number of additional smaller
regions as important sub-divisions.

I shall mention and give brief notes on just a few of the most im-
portant sources of honey in the state. While I shall make no attempt
to give these in order of their relative importance, I am going to name
cotton first, not because it out-ranks the others, but because I believe
it is going to play a more and more important part in Texas beekeeping
in the future. Cotton does not yield nectar in all parts of Texas, at
least in paying quantity, but it is a very constant and dependable source
of nectar in a rather narrow strip of territory known as the black land
belt extending north and south, and almost bisected by a line running
through Austin and Dallas, extending southward from the former for a
distance of about 50 or 60 miles, and northward from the latter to the
Oklahoma border. In this belt colonies of average strength may be de-
pended upon for a surplus of 40 or 50 pounds while strong colonies
should average from 75 to 100 or more pounds surplus. Cotton yields
in other parts of the state also, but chiefly on heavy black • soils, al-
though occasional surplus flows are recorded from lighter soils. Cotton
honey is light in color, of excellent flavor, but granulates very easily.

60 TWEXTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Mesquife, Cais-claiv and Huajillo may be given together since they
are the three principal honey plants of what is generally known as the
great commercial "honey producing section of Texas, a region including
all that portion of Texas lying south of a line drawn from Del Eio on
the Rio Grande to San Antonio and thence southeastward to the Gulf
coast. This is tlie region that has made Texas beekeeping famous be-
cause of tlie large crops of light colored honey of the finest flavor, which
is ordinarily known on the market as iTvalde honey because so much of
it has been shipped from that point. Huajillo is pretty well restricted
to the region given, but cats-claw is found throughout all southwest
Texas, and IVIesquite occurs over all of West Texas, northward into
Oklahoma and westward to California. The quality of honey from these
tliree plants is generally considered as being superior to cotton honey,
but crop failures are more frequent with them than with cotton in the
black land belt.

Some of the other important honey plants of Texas are various
species of horsemint, Conio, which is the Mexican name for a species of
Bumelia, white brush, Brazilwood, Texas ebony, Eaupor, a species of
Ilex, willow, huckleberry, basswood, rattan, alfalfa, sweet clover, orange,
bitter-weed and many others that might be mentioned. Some of these
are limited in their occurrence, such as orange and basswood; others,
yield nectar in some parts of the state and not in others, such as sweet
clover; some, such as willow and yaupon are valuable chiefly to build
the colonies up on, and some, such as bitter-weed serve chiefly for
winter stores.

There are vast regions of good beekeeping territorj^ untaken and
Texas welcomes additional good beekeepers. There are also immense
stretches of territory where beekeeping is practically unknown, some of
which at least may prove to be good commercial territory. An illus-
tration of this fact may be found in. the results of one of the tests made
in some of our experimental work. One phase of this work was the
testing of untried territory for beekeeping possibilities. Among seven
apiaries established last year at sub-stations of the Texas Agricultural
Experiment Station, one was placed at Lubbock, located in .northwest
Texas about 150 miles south of Amarillo. The 1920 census showed
that in the thirty-six counties comprising this section of the state known
as the plains proper, there were at that time only 34 colonies of bees
and these were all in three counties. About the 20th of May, 1922, five
three frame nuclei were established at the sub-station at Lubbock.
There was not another colony of bees in the county and residents there
told us that the bees would all starve to death or at least be blown
away by the high winds. In less than three months all five -colonies
had drawn out all frames of foundation in two-story, 10-frame Lang-
stroth hives and had made considerable surplus. The best colony had
had several frames of capped honey removed from it and had produced
by that time over 100 pounds of surplus honey. The honey was light
colored, and of fine flavor and was eagerly purchased by the local stores
at 30 cents per pound. It seems to have gathered chiefly from alfalfa,
sweet clover and cotton.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEKS' ASSOCIATIOX. ^1

Texas beekeepers are well organized for effective work in promoting
the interests of their business. The Texas State Beekeepers' Association
has an annual two days' meeting at College Station in connection with
the Farmers' Short Course at the A. & M. College, and another meet-
ing at Dallas in connection with the State Fair. They also have a
commercial organization known as the Texas Honey Producers' Asso-
ciation with a capital stock of $32,500. A large percentage of the honey
produced in Texas is sold through this organization under the name
of Lone Star Honey. The honey is marketed, instead of being dumped
on the market, with a consequent gain to the producer.

These two organizations have been very active in their support of
investigational work in beekeeping and the disease control work.
Through their legislative committees, and especially through the
Manager of the Texas Honey Producers' Association, Mr. B. G. Le-
Stourgeon, who is a member of the Legislature, good appropriations
have been obtained for carrying on those tWo lines of work.

Because of the fact that College Station is located in a very poor
beekeeping territory, the headquarters for the investigational work was
moved, to a place twelve miles southeast of San Antonio where ten
acres of land was purchased for the purpose. A large, brick laboratory
has been erected and a residence will be under construction in a few
weeks for the Apiculturalist in charge, Mr. H. B. Parks. The main
apiary will be located here and this laboratory will be headquarters
for all the investigational work. Within about three and one-half
miles, the State queen yard is located on land under a long time lease.
Mr. A. H. Alex, as Experimental queen breeder, works part time with
Mr. Parks and part time as apiary inspector for that portion of the
State. In addition to the yards just mentioned, an experimental yard on
a commercial scale is located at Dilley, Texas, about seventy miles
southwest of San Antonio, and another at Eoxton in north Texas.
Seven other yards are now in operation at sub-stations of the Agri-
cultural'Experiment Station, and others will be located next year.

The beekeepers of Texas, as a whole, realize the importance of
disease control and are ardent in their support of the work. During
the biennium just closing, we had $10,000 per year for disease control
and next biennium Ave will have a still larger amount. The extent of
the work is shown in the fact that last fiscal vear a total of more than
45,000 inspections were made and forty-two queen breeders' certificates
granted. These forty-two queen breeders' certificates represent more
than 14,000 colonies of bees. Disease control means so much to the
beekeepers of Texas because of the large number of them who ship
queens and package bees north, and of course, they could not do this
unless their bees are free from disease. I was very much gratified to
have the State Entomologist of one of the northern states prominent in
beekeeping write me recently that he had never learned of a ease of
disease originating in a shipment sent from Texas. In the event such
a thing ever does happen, I am anxious to be informed of it at the
earliest possible moment so that the case can be traced to its origin.
Last year only a little over one per cent of the colonies inspected were

02 TWEXTY-THIRD AXXUAL REPORT OF THE

found to be diseased, and this year the reports so far promise to show
less than one per cent by the close of the year. We are very fortunate
in Texas in that we have no European foulbrood.

I can not close this paper without offering my mark of respect
to the memory of the wonderful man in whose honor this series of meet-
ings is held. Xo words of praise from me could add one jot or title
to the fame that is already his. I have never attended a beekeepers'
meeting in Texas at which his praise was not sounded, and I am proud
on this occasion to be the bearer of a tribute of honor from Texas bee-
keepers to that great man and beekeeper, Dr. C. G. Miller.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEKS' ASSOCIATION. 63

SOME PROBLEMS IN NECTAR SECRETION.

(By Frank C. Pellett, Author American Honey Plants, Productive

Beelceeping, Etc.)

It is surprising that so little attention has been given to the prob-
lems of nectar secretion. Until ver}'^ recently scant notice has been
paid to the variations of the honey plants under different environmental
conditions. It is doubtful whether botanists have long been familiar
Avith the fact that a plant will secrete nectar freely under certain con-
ditions and not at all under others.

Certain plants were known to be valuable for honey production and
beekeepers assumed that they would produce wherever they might be
found. 'An example of this idea is the buckwheat which is generally
grown as a farm crop in parts of New York, Ontario and surrounding
territory. Because buckwheat is a good source of nectar in this region
where conditions are favorable, it is very generally planted in the Mis-
sissippi Valley by beekeepers, who expect to find it equally valuable in
the Middle West, where it seldom yields to any extent. For many
years I have heard buckwheat recommended for planting in Iowa for
the benefit of the beekeeper, yet after a careful investigation in all
sections of the state I found only one case where buckwheat could be
credited as the source of an important yield of honey and there was
some reason to doubt even the one. Bees do work on the buckwheat
plant to some extent in Iowa but the results seldom show to any extent
in the hives.

In central Kew York, buckwheat is the principal source of nectar
and large crops are the rule. In this region it is common to find from
200 to 400 colonies in the single yard and those who have tried the
experiment of dividing their apiaries into smaller number and estab-
lishing outapiaries, insist that they did not get sufficient increase in
yield to pay the extra cost of operating. In that region there is much
humidity in the atmosphere and the soils are inclined to acidity. In
general it may be sai^ that where buckwheat does best clover is not
to be depended upon and where clover is a reliable yielder, buckwheat is
likely to fail. There are neighborhoods, of course, where both yield
nectar, for some soils are acid and on these the buckwheat will yield,
and other soils are sweet and clover demands such a soil.

J. E. Crane of Vermont writes that in sixty years he has had only
two crops of buckwheat honey on clay soil. He further states that this
crop does best on light or sandy soils. Perhaps the explanation may
lie in the fact that the lighter soils are more likely to be deficient in
lime in his localitv.

64 twenty-third annual report of the

The Demands of Clover.

The cloA'ers demand conditions almost the opposite of those under
Avhich buckwheat reaches its maximum yields. Conditions, however,
which are favorable for alsike are not so good for the sweet clover,
(Melilotus). Alsike will grow on soils with a much smaller lime con-
tent than is required by either white clover or sweet clover. Apparently
alsike also requires more humidity in the atmosphere for best results
than is the case with sweet clover. All the clovers thrive on rich lime-
stone soils. Warm days and cool nights are necessary for heavy yields
of nectar not only from the clovers but from many other plants as
well. It is for this reason that most plants yield nectar more freely
in the higher altitudes than elsewhere.

As nearly as I can determine, sweet clover reaches its maximum in
nectar secretion in the plains region of Xortli America where the days
are hot, the nights are cool and there is little humidity. I have pre-
viously outlined the region from Sioux City, Iowa, northward into the
prairie provinces of Canada as the ideal region for sweet cloyer. Under
the name of sweet clover are included both the white and the yellow
varieties, (Melilotus aiha and M. officinalis) and the Hubam clover
wliich is an annual variety of the common white form.

In those regions all the conditions mentioned are combined. The
soil is rich, there is amjile rainfall during most seasons, and the differ-
ence between day and night temperatures is usually sufficient to insure
a good flow of nectar. In this section in neighl)orhoods where there is
ample acreage of sweet clover grown, yields of from 100 to 300 pounds
or more or surplus per colony are not uncommon. The yields ob-
tained there emphasize the need of a knowledge of the requirements of
every important honey plant. "When this is known, it will only remain
to find a location where the particular plant desired is grown in suffi-
cient acreage to insure success in beekeeping. As buckwheat yields in
central X'ew York or sweet clover yields in the Dakotas so will other
plants yield when the necessar}^ conditions are supplied.

Eequiremexts of Cotton.

It is a well known fact that. cotton yields little nectar on sandy
soils while it is an important soiirce of honey on the black waxy lands
of north central Texas. All the factors that determine the nectar
secretion are not entirely known as yet. In tlie region of San Antonio,
Texas, the areas where secretion leaves off are sharply defined. To the
north of the city is an escarpment running east and west; north of that
natural line cotton is reported as a valuable source of honey, while to
the south of it few reports of honey from cotton are found. To the
northward the soils are black, while south of it they are sandy. In
visiting many of the southern states I have found similar conditions.
On the sand}' lands the beekeepers find cotton of little value to the
bees, while on rich clay soils they usually find it yielding. It would be
interesting to know what other factors may also have an influence.

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 65

It is evident that several factors must be combined to get the best
yields of nectar from a given plant. It often happens that plants will
thrive in locations where they secrete little nectar.

Alfalfa an Example. '

Alfalfa or lucerne is now commonly grown as a forage crop in
suitable soils in many parts of America from New York to California.
It requires a soil rich in lime, together with a rather abundant moisture
content, in order to grow well. For abundant nectar secretion it also
makes other requirements, such as hot days, cold nights, and dry atmos-
phere as well as plenty of moisture at its roots. These conditions are
found at their best in the high altitudes of the Eock Mountain region.
I had a small field of alfalfa on my Iowa farm for several years before
the bees secured any noticeable amount of nectar from it. One season
when the spring was very wet, followed by hot and dry weather at
blooming time, the bees fairly swarmed over the field. That particular
season conditions were quite similar to those of the irrigated country
where it jreaches its highest yields. In such seasons, honey is reported
from alfalfa by eastern beekeepers, but in the average year it is of little
value to the honey producer in the eastern half of the American Con-
tinent. ■

The Practical Application.

From the above it will readily be seen that we need far more in-
formation concerning the requirements of plants. A beekeeper is likely
to Avaste his time in trying to establish sweet clover in a region where
buckwheat or heather are at their best. Likewise an attempt to estab-
lish heather on alkaline soils is likely to result in disappointment. The
sourwood tree is one of the finest sources of honey in the southeastern
states yet it will not succeed except on acid soils. Not only must we
learn the soil requirements of the plants in which we are interested
but we must learn what combination of temperature, humidity, altitude,
and moisture will favor the heaviest honeyflows.

It is very probable that the regions where a plant gives the best
returns to the beekeeper will be the place where it is of greatest value
for other purposes. This being the case it should not be difficult to
improve the bee pasture of a neighborhood by introducing into the
agriculture the plants which give the largest yields of nectar. Sweet
clover is proving to be the best legume so far. discovered for the Dakotas
where it is most valuable for the bees.

A careful study of the factors controlling nectar secretion mav
bring to light information of great value to the farmers as well as the
beekeepers for, after all, their interests are mutual.

— 5 B A

G6 TWEXTY-THIRD ANNUAL BEPORT OF THE

THE INCREASED BEE INSPECTION APPROPRIATION FOR
ILLINOIS. HOW SHALL WE SPEND IT TO DO MOST
GOOD AND PAVE THE WAY FOR A REALLY ADEQUATE
APPROPRIATION.

(By Samuel Cushman.)

The Illinois Legislature has granted about two and a quarter times
more money for State bee inspection than was previously available.
Those who helped secure it should feel their responsibility and see that
it is spent in a way to do the most good, in a way fhat will give
.permanent and lasting benefit.

Shall we spend this extra money in the same old way by doing
intermittant inspection here and there all over the State in spots, wher-
ever there is a demand for it as long as the money lasts and at same
time tolerate colonies rotten with foulbrood right in the neighborhood?
Or shall we adopt the best and most successful methods followed by other
states ?

Let us have an up to date committee of competent men study the
bee inspection laws of all the states, pick out the best features of them
all and combine them in a revised law for this State. Also learn the
methods that have been most successful and have given the best results
in enforcing these laws in other states and adapt them to this State.
Let us have the best law of any state and the best system that will wipe
out bee diseases and keep them from coming back.

The Most Promising Plan.

The most promising plan seems to be to concentrate on a small
area and attempt to actually eliminate all bee disease from that area
and then keep it from again getting a foot hold by frequent inspection.
Then increase these disease exempt areas gradually as far as the money
Avill go and keep them exempt. Those sections or counties having most
bees kept in the best way will naturally be given first attention. They
are now doing this in Wisconsin and especially in Michigan. Indiana
now has almost overcome foulbrood in a large part of the state.

Concentrate Work on Cook County in 192-i.

Last season less State bee inspection was done in this vicinity than
in the previous summer on account of delay in appointing inspectors and
because the extra money was not available until too late in the season.
As Cook County probably has more colonies of bees than any other
county in the State and they are ver\' profitaI)ly handled she expects her
full share of the State bee inspection next season and in the future.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 67

We would ask for a Chief Count}^ Inspector, on full time the year
through for Avork in this count}^ and no work to do in any other county.
We would make him entirely responsible for results in Cook County,
credit him with success and blame him for failure to clean up the
county. He should have an auto to travel in. Let him commence work
in January and expect him and his part time assistants to find the loca-
tion of every colony and record the name and address of their owners.
To eliminate stray swarms in hollow trees or in the walls or under
roofs of buildings liberal rewards could be offered to those who find
them.

Quarantine the County Against Colonies Feom Outside.

Allow no one to bring bees on combs or other used beekeeping ap-
paratus into the county without permission from the Director of Agri-
culture who will require an inspection bill of health before granting
such permission. Such colonies that are permitted to enter to be in-
spected at least once a month during the following season of bee
activity.

Let' us have every colony in the county inspected in the spring as
early as the weather will permit to detect disease in the live colonies
and of greater importance to prevent the robbing out of hives in which
bees have died of disease. Inspect them again before the main honey
flow and again in the fall before brood rearing has stopped.

Microscopic Tests Will Prevent Mistakes.

Have a Chief County Inspector who is sufficiently educated in
entomology, the science of insect life, and in bacteriology, to enable
him to use a microscope and immediately determine whether an ap-
parently diseased colony has American or European foulbrood or just
smothered or overheated brood, spray poisoned brood or chilled brood
that is decaying like any otlier dead matter because the colony is too
weak to clean it out. If necessar}- he might be trained to use the micro-
scope effectively or a nearby bacteriologist engaged to make the quick
tests. Without such prompt tests there will always be uncertain cases
and a delay in the prompt action so necessary. Or valuable bee colony
property may be destroyed on suspicion to be on the safe side.

Need a Large Force of Workers at' the Eight Inspection Time.

The Chief County Inspector Avith all his time devoted to thewOrk
can spend two-thirds of the year locating the colonies and their owners
before inspection time and in teaching the latter how to clean up foul-
brood the right way themselves. Also in training his part time assist-
ants in their various neighborhoods, who will help inspect the colonies
during the short inspection season.

Experienced beekeepers with bees of their own can not well afford
to act as inspectors on the few suitable sunny days at $6.60 per Ylay
which thev are now offered although manv Avill when thev find there is

68 TWEXTT-THIRD AXNUAL EEPORT OF THE

a real attempt to clean up the count}' and keep it clean, and make it
permanent. The Director of Agriculture should be allowed to pay more
in sections where living is high and where carpenters get $10.00 per day
and hod carriers $8.00 per day.

It is the cleanup of a few apiaries with no attention afterwards that
makes the work of no permanent value, wastes the inspection appropria-
tion and disgusts many beekeepers with the whole thing. "What's the
use," he says, "to go to any expense or make any real effort to keep free
of it when apiaries all around you are more or less infected.'' I will
savQ my combs, all but the worst, and keep it down and secure a crop in
spite of it.

Have Oxe County Bxtirely Clear of Disease.

Let us go the limit this season in Cook County with real bee in-
spection. Have a thorough clean up in one county in the State at
least and demonstrate to the other counties what can be done. Let us
insist that all that is necessary be done to clean up and then keep
cleaned up in future. Let us make sure this countv is SAFE FOE
BEEKEEPING from now on.

Appointing State Inspectors.

I am certainly in favor of the principal of civil service examina-
tions but our Illinois Commission seems to be hurting our chance of
securing good inspectors when they are needed. I understand that the
names of persons recommended by beekeepers' associations and by the
Chief State Bee Inspector are turned over to the Civil Service Commis-
sion who send examination papers for applicants to fill out. The latter
are warned very strongly by the commission not to make any inquiries
about the matter but to wait until they are notified by the commission.
The Chief Inspector, who is responsible for the success, of the work feels
compelled to obey this warning and keep still and say nothing and await
their good pleasure. Is their attitude because postage and clerk hire are
too expensive for the State of Illinois to afford to exchange a few letters
with each applicant or because the secretary of the commission is over-
worked.

In some cases those who have applied in December or in January
have been kept guessing until they received their appointment in July
or August. This seems to worry and demoralize all the applicants and
give them a bad impression. Perhaps the Civil Service Commission
does not know that the most important inspection of the whole year
shoiihl he done in April or May and that no beekeepers of any account
can spend much time away from his bees in July or August. Why has
no one told them? Perhaps because ever3'one is warned not to write
them. What would you think of a farmer that did not notify the fall
or v.anter applicants for harvest Avork that he wanted their service until
harvest time arrived? Would he have any help when he wanted it?
Would you have much respect for a city fire department that
habitually sent its. firemen to save burning buildings after the buildings
had burned to the ground?

A:.'.

ILLINOIS STATE. BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 69

One genial applicant received examination paper after paper, each
of which he filled out at considerable trouble and sent in but on receiving
his fifth he ventured to write and ask them who in their office was eating
his examination papers. He received a reply with an apolog}' stating
that each of his five papers had been located.

Wisconsin appoints their Deputy Inspectors in February
so they know where they are, I hope that the one hundred and eleven
authorities can arrange in future to appoint them early in ]\Iarch. In
Wisconsin college students are employed to assist an experienced in-
spector. They are paid $100 per month for three months the first year.
The second season they are paid $125 per month and are put in charge
of an assistant.

1 suppose" that many beekeepers do not want to see an inspector.
Personally I would like to be present when my colonies are inspected
as no man is infallible. If this were required it would, however,
enormously increase the cost of the work. Many beekeepers in Cook
County say they never saw a bee inspector or heard of one working in
their vicinity where apiaries all around them have more or less foul-
brood. Some have asked for State help and never received it. If there
is a real attempt to thoroughly clean up the county no doubt these men
will do their full part but they lack confidence in methods of the past.

A Position of Trust.

An inspector's position is a position of trust. If you can not trust
him with your money you can not trust him with your bees. Some in-
spectors always have some member of the owner's family look on while
they examine the bees. Of course an inspector should understand how
infection is spread and how to disenfect his hands, hive tools and clothes
to avoid carrying it from colony to colony. If he knows, but is too
careless about doing what he should, he may do more harm than good.

Is he intelligent, energetic and thorough? If he is half-hearted
and does not fully rouse up to do well everything he undertakes and
is always late when he attempts to catch a train, then deliver me from
that sort of an inspector.

I do not oifer this as from an expert in either foolbrood or bee
inspection. I lack experience with foulbrood. I have not been able to
take time for a thorough study of State bee disease laws or methods
of bee inspection. I have just picked -up a few things that I offer for
your consideration.

When I was something of a honey producer in Ehode Island 35
or 40 years ago we had no foulbrood. When keeping bees in Baltimore
there seemed to be no American foulbrood thereabouts but European
foulbrood had hit the black bees in old box hives a few years before,
but having Italian bees I escaped it as far as I know while there.
Brood diseases seem to have swept the whole country in past 25 rears..

70 twexty-third annual report of the

Extreme Measures Xeeded,

When the United States Government steps in and prohibits in-
terstate trade in bees from diseased apiaries as well as honey from
foulbrood apiaries the big producers that are now shipping foulbrood
honey Avill have to clean np and keep clean or quit. Then we can
expect conditions to change for the better. This probably will not come
until the majority of beekeepers demand it.

Such a law which would not go into effect until five years after
its passage should cause no great hardship to producers and shippers.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 71

EDUCATIONAL WORK DONE BY J. R. WOOLDRIDGE.

I prepared and mailed out almost 1,200 letters to interested people
in Southern Illinois the past season relative to bee culture.

Held seven demonstration meetings at different points where in-
structions were given how to find the old queen, remove and at the same
time successfully introduce the laying queen, thereby saving from
fifteen to twentA^-five days' time over the old and recommended way,
right at the time when brood raising should be continuous.

Instructed as to transferring to modern hives by the various
methods; treating American foulbrood, answering all questions to the
best of my ability, giving a bee talk and obtaining new members for
the County Association, which must affiliate with State Association who
welcomes the new Association and stands ever ready to help them in
every way possible. They were all abiding citizens of Illinois, paid
their taxes in good faith and surely were entitled to a prorata rate of
money paid in return for so doing.

Gave eight different moving picture shows; organized eight dif-
ferent counties with others asking for help. Seven counties affiliated
with the State Association ; scheduled seven different counties' field
meetings and presided at them. Mr. E. W. Atkins, Bee Specialist,
addressed all of these field meetings at length and was well received by
all. Mr. A. L. Kildow, Chief Inspector, was also present and gave ex-
tensive instruction how to find and handle bee diseases and . all were
delighted to have his personal instructions.

The Southern Illinois Beekeepers' Association, Carbondale, Illi-
nois, the parent Association of Southern Illinois, has seven counties
already affiliated with it and all affiliated with the State Association at
present. They realize their deplorable condition ; lack of knowledge
with no opportunity close at hand to gain it; how to handle bees suc-
cessfully and do appeal and request that the Illinois State Association
provide them free a two day course to be held at Carbondale, Illinois,
during January or February, 1924, with an authorized instructor to
teach them the principle of good beekeeping. They expect and should
be granted this request, then the unorganized counties, seeing this
being done by the State Association, will organize and affiliate. The
State Association will then grow rapidly and become a power within
the State — our appropriation will be enlarged and be granted cheer-
fully.

As Eepresentative the Southern Illinois Beekeepers' Associa-
tion, with the seven affiliated County Associations, have empowered me
to act wholly as I think best for the body of organized beekeepers of
Southern Illinois, and I do hereby recommend that this modest request
be granted, and that I be authorized b}^ the officers of the State Asso-
ciation to convey this cheerful infoi'mation as soon as possible to all
Southern Illinois beekeepers.

'■':■-:.:■■•-■-.- rT-ss"

72 TWEXTY-THIRD AXXUAL EEPORT OF THE

QUARANTINE MEASURES IN BEE DISEASE ERADICATION

WORK.

(By B. F. Kindig, Read at the Miller Memorial Library Dedication

Meeting.)

I have taken the liberty of striking ont the word "control" and
substituting therefor the word "eradication," because we do not use our
quarantine power excepting in that area where we are trying to abso-
lutely eliminate disease. In speaking of disease, I wish to be under-
stood as referring to American foulbrood. We pay no attention to
European foulbrood beyond explaining to the beekeeper, how to handle
the disease. We feel that European foulbrood is the beekeeper's
problem and not ours excepting in a limited way.

We have at present under quarantine, twenty counties in Northern
Michigan. Our quarantine forbids the taking into those counties any
bees on combs or used beekeepers' supplies. We are also asking all
shippers not to send package bees into that area with any food which
contains honey. All the bees in those counties have been inspected and
we know just where to expect an outbreak of disease. We are, there-
fore, able to disregard all bees in that area except where they have not
been free from disease for two years. All yards Avhere disease has been
found are inspected at least once each year and when they are free from
disease for two years we consider them comparatively safe for the
future.

How do we know that no .diseased bees are being brought in from
outside?- Every beekeeper in that area knows of the quarantine and its
restrictions. In connection with the disease eradication work, we are
vigorously enforcing the law relative to box hives and crossed combs.
A large number of beekeepers have been caught with illegal hives.
They are required to transfer or biirn. The working out of this gives
us a peculiar slant on beekeeping psychology. It almost always follows
that when one beekeeper is compelled to treat disease or straighten up
boxes, he at once becomes interested in seeing that every beekeeper
within his range keeps strictly to the law. He becomes in a manner,
a self appointed deputy of our office and through these men we get a lot
of information about what is going on in their counties. We have had
a very few breaches of the quarantine and I believe we have looked into
every case of breach of quarantine that has occurred. When a quar-
antine is put on an area it is for a term of five years. Long before the
five years have expired, that area is fenced off from the rest of the
state by quarantines on adjoining counties so that when a quarantine
is once placed, it practically amounts to a permanent quarantine.

S-BWiP

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 73

The fact that a county is quarantined and that the beekeepers
know that they are up against one or more inspections per year until
passed as free from disease, gives each one a desire to do all that can
be done to eradicate disease as soon as possible. Our rule is to give the
beekeeper two years in which to clean up and pass inspection. Unless
an unusual condition is present, we feel that if he has not cleaned up
by the end of two years that it is time for us to clean the place up.
It is generally known that we have cleaned up several places and most
of the fellows feel that they would rather do it themselves. So, there
is the stimulus that drives them to do all they can to eliminat.e disease
as quickly as possible. As an example of the way this works out, I may
say that in our area of seventeen counties Avhich were under quarantine
previous to this summer, there are only five outfits where disease has
appeared this year. It is also- interesting to note that these are all
large producers of extracted honey. The little fellows practicalh' all
cleaned up with our assistance, the first season. I should say that our
inspectors treat all cases of disease where found outside of the yards of
the commercial honey producers. They also give the prof essionals -such
assistance as is needed. Through the quarantine and the clean inspec-
tion, the beekeepers are given new hope for their future as beekeepers.
They are optimistic of the future in their counties.

We receive much help from interested beekeepers. For example,
during the week of August sixth, it became necessary to clean up one
yard of 31 colonies and another of 19 colonies, all diseased. For that
work, our inspectors had the assistance of seven beekeepers from that
and an adjoining county. i

The quarantine of itself would be a. joke unless coupled witli a
complete inspection of the area. The quarantine gets lots of publicity
and there is always considerable discussion as to what the inspectors
are going to do. By putting the lid on a whole area, we get the co-
operation of the county agents. County agents always fight shy of law
enforcement in a small way, but when their entire county is being cov-
ered they know that the balance of public opinion is with them and
they give us much valuable assistance through the mediums of adver-
tising and organization that they command.

Under our old method of working, the inspector always had more
or less trouble and the work was not congenial to many. With the
publicity that we now get, practically every beekeeper is looking for-
ward to the inspection whether he wants it or not and needs no per-
suading regarding the necessity of doing the work.

As stated before, the quarantine of itself is useless. It is what
goes with it that makes the quarantine of value. As an example, of the
value of the quarantine, I might ^mention the case of nine counties in
which we are attempting to eradicate disease without using tlie quar-
antine. All of these counties but three are isolated from each other.
In one of those counties, we have had a resident inspector for about
five years and he has devoted from ten to thirty days each year to
cleaning up disease. Last fall this inspector reported the county as
free from disease. This spring reports coming to our office indicated

74 TWEXTY-THIRD AXXUAL REPORT OF THE

trouble in two sections of the county. An investigation by the in-
spector revealed that a public auction had been held in an adjoining
countv and considerable number of diseased colonies and some second
hand equipment had been distributed in what was previously an area
free from disease. Such occurrences as this are very discouraging to
an inspector Avho has made a sincere effort to keep his territory free
from disease. It is also very expensive for our department. Such
tilings do not happen where the area is under quarantine.

The quarantine is an experiment which has proved to be of much
value to us. Our quarantine authority has been in use for only two
5'ears but we feel noAv that it is necessary for best results in our work.
It takes away much of the risk of reinfection of clean territory. It
gives our work publicity which we consider as very essential to
harmonious work with the smaller beekeepers with whom we have had
no contact heretofore. While it inconveniences some persons, yet it
operates for the benefit of all by taking away the constant danger of an
infected outfit being placed within range of a beekeeper who has no
disease. The commercial honey producers are unanimous for the
quarantine.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 75

BEEKEEPING IN THE SWEET CLOVER LANDS OF NORTH

DAKOTA.

(By B. L. Webster, Read at the Miller Memorial Lihrartj Dedication

Meeting.)

When I came to Xorth Dakota two years ago this month to take
charge of the work in economic entomology at the Xorth Pakota
Agricultural College I was taken by surprise when I was told that it
would be a part of my duty to encourage the beekeeping industry in the
state. Like most of those people who have spent the greater part of
their life in states farther to the south of the Dakotas, I was quite un-
prepared for the idea that beekeeping could ever be much of a success in
that section of the country. Having gained some little knowledge of
beekeeping previously in Iowa, I began at once to make the acquaint-
ance of those beekeepers with whom I could get in touch, either in
person or by correspondence.

A year later, in company with Frank C. Pellett, I made a long
automobile trip through the Eed Eiver Valley, which brought out more
strongly than ever that this Xorth country was still not so far north
that bees could not be kept at a profit. As a matter of fact, two Xorth
Dakota beekeepers were visited on this trip whose yards were within a
stone's throw of the Canadian line. In one case, the bees were said to
gather nectar from some of the fall flowers across the international
boundary, regardless of the duty on honey coming into the United
States. Every beekeeper visited on the trip, which began at Winnipeg
and ended at Fargo, reported high average yields of honey. Manitoba
beekeepers were fully as successful as those in Xorth Dakota, though
the latter were fewer in numbers.

Those that have given much study to nectar secretion tell us that
the Xorth country is especially favorable to honey production because
of the excessive amounts of available nectar. The same honey plants
secrete nectar in greater amounts in the more northern range of their
distribution. According to some of these authorities, those changes
from starch to sugar that take place within the plants go on more
rapidly at temperatures somewhat lower than normal. Slightly higher
temperatures retard those changes. Most chemical reaction, and we
must ultimately consider these changes as chemical reactions, take place
more rapidly at higher temperatures. As a matter of fact, the higher
the temperature in many cases the greater the rate at which the change
takes place. That this is not generally true of changes that are in-
timately connected with plant or animal life is well known, since a rise
in temperature much above 120° Fahrenheit very soon causes the death
of the organism concerned.

'<'''J^-]--::^^;'/Wm

7G TWEXTY-TIIIRD AXXL'AL REPORT OF THE

The cool iiight temperatures in this Xorth country are especially
favorable to those changes that go on within the plant and which have
to do with nectar secretion. Cool nights are characteristic of that por-
tion of the country Avith which I have to deal. In fact, these are in
sharp contrast to the frequent sultry, uncomfortable nights of the corn
belt states of Iowa and Illinois. As a rule only rarely in Xorth Dakota
are there nights when it is at all uncomfortable.

But it is not sutficient that merely an abundant nectar secretion
be available. It is necessary that the bees leave the hives in order to
take advantage of the heavy nectar flow. Sunshine is another char-
acteristic of this region. A great number of bright days during the
honey flow bring the bees from the hives in large numbers to take ad-
vantage of the pastures usually close at hand.

Still another factor is the length of daylight during the period of
the greatest honey flow. With bright days and long da^^s of activity
for field bees, together with the excessive available nectar, there is
adequate explanation of the remarkable success our beekeepers have
achieved at this early period in the development of the industry.

Now it is possible to have all these things, and still have no
surplus honey. Bee pasture in extensive amounts must be available
if the business of producing hone}' is to be a success in any location.
It is the great abundance of sweet clover in this arear that is mainly
responsible for the large honey crops. One of our Fargo beekeepers,
who has kept bees on the same location for the last twenty years, tells
me that he was content with a 40 or 50 pound yield for the most of
tliat period and that only during the last four or five years, since the
introduction of sweet clover, have the "exceptionally high yields become
possible.

In the movement toward a more diversified farming in the plains
states sweet clover has been seeded over large areas. The plant does
well in this part of the country and Avithstands the drought of the
summer montbs better than any other forage plant. According to the
most recent estimates there is now available (1923) in the neighbor-
hood of 140,000 acres of this well known honey plant in the state of
North Dakota. Beekeeping in this area fits admirably well into the de-
mand for a more diversifi-ed agriculture that has followed in the wake
of the day when the whole country was one vast field of wheat.

By far the greater portion of this large acreage is the biennial
white sweet clover. Some yellow sweet cloyer is seeded, but this is
comparatively small in amount. The yellow sweet clover comes into
bloom slightly before the white variety and is a welcome plant for the
beekeeper at that time. Practically none of the annual sweet clover is
grown.

Locations along streams, because of the necessity of pollen for
spring brood rearing, are essential, especially since over much of this
area trees are lacking. In the Red Eiver Valley, elms and soft maples
furnish both nectar and pollen in sufficient abundance to provide
colonies with a good start in spring. In addition the luxuriant growth
of dandelions that usually occurs in the Eed River Valley enables bees

■w^-

ILLINOIS STATE BEEEIEEPEBS" ASSOCIATIOlSr. 77

to build up strong colonies in ample time for the main honey flow from
sweet clover.

Further west in the state, where trees are less abundant and spring
flowers much less in numbers, there is likely to be a dearth of nectar in
June, just previous to the main honey flow. On this account an
abundance of stores must be available during the spring months until
the sweet clover flow comes on. Fortunately the large amount of sweet
clover in most of those areas, coming into blossoms late in the season
as it does, usually makes -up for any deficiency that ma)^ occur during
the earlier part of the season.

According to the federal statistics for 1922 Xorth Dakota pro-
duced an average of 157 pounds per colony, spring count, during the
season. Present indications are tliat the production for 1923 will fall
short of that high average, although a fair crop is reported by many of
our larger beekeepers. My own impression is that the average for 1923
will be in excess of 100 pounds.

Eeports from 35 beekeepers, obtained in 1922, indicated an aver-
age production for that year of 151 pounds a colony, an amount very
close "to the government figures. Individual beekeepers reported high
yields, running up to 300 and 400 pounds a hive in many cases, de-
pending on the region, availability of bee pasture and the skill of the
beekeeper in handling colonies for honey production.

Especially in the Eed Eiver Valley are there large acreages of
sweet clover. Eeports from various county agricultural agents indicate
that there are approximately 21,000 acres of sweet clover in Cass
County, in which Fargo is located. Grand Forks County reported about
12,000 acres and Walsh County, immediately to the north from the
last named, had some 13,500 acres. There are scarcely any beekeepers
at all in Walsh County, although in Pembina County, still farther north
and adjoining the Canadian line, are a number of successful men who
keep bees. Eichland County, in the southeast corner of the state, re-
ports over 10,000 acres of sweet clover. All these counties are in the
Eed Eiver Valley.

It may be interesting to note that what is generally known as the
Eed Eiver Valley is not a valley at all, but an old lake bed. The true
valley of the river is often less than a mile in width, since the stream
is, in a geological sense, a young river. Most of this territory lies in
the bed of old Lake Agassiz, an enormous lake of some 110,000 square
miles in extent, an area one and one-half times that of the whole state
of North Dakota. Geologists tell us that this great lake existed some
20,000 or 30,000 years ago, formed on the recession of the great ice
sheet that one time covered much of tlie states of Minnesota and North
Dakota. Lake Agassiz was far greater than any of the present Great
Lakes and drained at one time into the Mississippi valley, even though
the present Eed Eiver which traverses the old lake bed drains into
Hudson Bay.

Although beekeeping in North Dakota seems to have been most
successful in the Eed Eiver Valley, it is by no means restricted to. that
area. In Stutsman County, some 100 miles west of Fargo, are a num-

^€C-2^^'>^'-

78 1 TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL EEPOET OF THE

ber of successful beekeepers. One of these, the president of our State
Beekeepers' Association, reported an average of 300 pounds of honey
per colony in 1922. This man had 200 acres of sweet clover on his
place that year.

West of the Missouri Eiver in the state are practically no bees at
all, except for those close to the river and in the Yellowstone Valley in
the northwest portion of the state. Sweet clover grows readily along
the Missouri Eiver, but there are no great areas in those counties west
from the river. With the introduction of sweet clover in this area, it
seems probable that beekeeping may become profitable, although loca-
tions would have to be chosen with great care. The limited amount of
rainfall in western North Dakota has been a handicap to the steady de-
velopment of that region.

Along the Yellowstone Valley in Xorth Dakota there is an irri-
gated area where beekeeping has become quite profitable. Much of this
area extends into Montana. Alfalfa and sweet clover are the main
honey plants in this irrigated section.

Cellar wintering is the rule in this section of the country. Al-
though the winters are long and severe, some of our beekeepers have
been very successful in carrying their bees through the winter. Prob-
ably the most important factor in the wintering problem in Xorth
Dakota is the high quality of available stores. With alfalfa and sweet
clover stores on which to winter, little dysentery develops, and bees
usually come through the long winters in fairly good shape. Bees are
taken into winter quarters early in Xovember, and come out some time
in April.

Winters are long and cold. The snow comes on around the first
of December and covers the ground until spring. Because of the
steady cold weather, bees are likely to remain quiet in the cellar, and
rarely give trouble until spring. The alternate freezing and thawing
characteristic of more southern latitudes rarely oc'curs. Although severe
cold weather often occurs in winter, still after spending ten years in
Iowa, my impression is that the cold months are not much more severe
than many Iowa winters. Those in Xorth Dakota are more protracted
and the blizzards more frequent than in Iowa. It is sometimes said,
with much truth, that only three seasons occur in this part of the
country; winter, summer and fall. The winter hangs on for so long
a period that there are but a few spring days, and one is in the midst
of summer. On the other hand, the fall months are usualh^ mild and
pleasant.

Last winter bees were successfully wintered outside in a quadruple
case at the college apiary at Fargo. In this case the protection from
wind was exceptionally favorable and the snow drifted in around the
case high enough to be level with the roof, and so gave abundant pro-
tection throughout the winter.

Xorth Dakota beekeepers obtained the passage of a foulbrood law
at the last session of the legislature that requires every package of live
bees or brood entering the state to be accompanied with a valid cer-
tificate of freedom from disease signed by the proper state official.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATIOISr. 79

There is very little foulbrood in the state and everything is being done
that can be done to keep out further importation of disease. It is my
impression that our beekeepers have no serious objection to others en-
tering the state, but they do insist that they bring with them a clean
bill of health. More than one case has come to the attention of the
state bee inspector where outside beekeepers have been unable to obtain
proper clearance papers on account of American foulbrood. Those who
have had experience with American foulbrood in other states realize the
necessity of stringent measures in dealing with that disease.

Because of the relative freedom from disease increase by means of
package bees has been encouraged. The 2-pound packages have done ex-
ceptionally well in this latitude, building up to strong colonies in ample
time for the main honey flow and pi*oducing a good surplus the first
year. In fact, package bees often out-stripped the full hives that had
been carried through the winter.

Up to the present time practically all our honey has gone to local
markets, mainly to the larger Xorth Dakota towns, and to those nearb}'
in northern Minnesota. Smalled amounts have been sent to the St.
Paul and Minneapolis market. The time has come, however, when our.
beekeepers will need to ship considerable honey out of the state in large
quantities. Definite efforts on the part of our beekeepers will be
necessary to encourage greater consumption of honey.

The prospects for the business of producing honey in this area are
indeed bright. To the man who studies his bees and his location and
who can combine his ability as a beekeeper's with considerable business
sense, there is an opportunity in this Xorth country that can scarcely be"
equalled.

.v:-'?'^

80 TWEXTY-THIRD ANXUAL REPORT OF THE

HOW TO GROW HUBAM CLOVER.

(Bij Ediv. A. WiiiMer.)

There are two ways of seeding biennial sweet clover. One is to
seed the sweet clover alone in the sjDring of the year and the other is
to seed it with a small grain crop as a nurse crop. The object of seed-
ing with the nurse crop is to cut the nurse crop off as a seed crop and
use the sweet clover in the fall for pasture purposes, but where im-
mediate pasture is desired, the biennial sweet clover should be seeded
alone.

»Seedixg Sweet Clover Aloxe.

The object in seeding sweet clover alone is to give the sweet clover
all the growing advantage possible. Sweet clover, Avhen it is quite
small, is a sl6w growing crop, the root system growing and the tops
apparently standing still. Sweet clover that is seeded by the first of
x\pril, can be turned out on by the first of June and if weather condi-
tions are ideal, it can even be turned on a little sooner. On driving
through the county we occasionally hear advocated advising men to
seed in some small grain crop where they desire immediate pasture re-
sults. I wish to advise that this method of seeding is absolutely wrong
if you expect to get the best results. Oats or barley for instance will
grow much faster than sweet clover on the start. Consequently, ihe
oats and barley will push up and check the growth of the sweet clover.
Then when the stock is turned on, they will eat off the small grain and
Avill leave the field covered with small spindley sweet clover j)lants.
Thus you will struggle along through the summer with a stand of
sweet clover that cannot give the amount of feed that it could if it
had been given a better start. Leave the oats and barley or other small
grain out. Do not mix in any other clover or grass — seed to sweet
clover alone.

Will Groav Faster.

After the sweet clover gets started it will grow faster than any
other of the legume crops that we have and if the other legume crops
are seeded in this, stock will leave the sweet clover and eat the other
legume, so that in the fall of the year you Avill have a field with scat-
terering sweet clover plants standing up two or three feet high, which
the cattle are using for fly brushes and which they will not use for
feed.

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. "; i^:^^'*S>^x_^-n-5'*- ^ -_.s7)r'^3X--:

illinois state beekeepees' association. 81

Sweet Clover "With Xukse Crop.

When seeding with a nurse crop for fall pasture, do not seed the
small grain too heavy because it is apt to smother out the sweet clover
plants and you will not secure the pasture that you desire. Sweet
clover that is seeded with a nurse crop, where the nurse crop is not
seeded too heav}^ will furnish pasture in the threshing season and the
next 3^ear to the last of August. We expect either one of the methods of
seeding, where a good stand had been secured, to pasture 11-4 to 2 head
per acre, during both years of pasture.

EuLEs OF Sweet Clover Pasture.

1. Seed alone for immediate pasture results.

2. Do not seed less than 15 pounds of scarified seed and not less
than 18 pounds of unsearified seed to the acre,

3. Inoculate seed before seeding, being careful not to expose the
inoculation to the sun.

4. Seed on sweet soil. Money and seed are tlirown away when
seeded on acid soil.

.5. Seed as early in the spring as possible on well worked soil.

6. For best pasture results, keep sweet clover eaten down to within
about 3 or 4 inches of the ground.

Seeding Hubam clover alone either broadcast or in rows is not near
so profitable as seeding it in a nurse crop of grain. Hubam should be
sown as early as possible in the spring. We prefer to broadcast it here
on winter grain before the ground can be worked in the spring.

On one of our fields here the past year Hvibam scarified seed was
seeded April 9th on a good st^nd of winter rye, at the rate of 12 lbs.
per acre. Owing to inclement weather, the grain harvest was consid-
erably delayed so the farmer hauled the rye out of the field in order
to save the rye. The Hubam at that time was nearly 3 feet high.

Atmospheric conditions due to inclement weather during the
Hubam bloom was the cause for a short Hubam seed crop in Will
County the past year and as a result many farmers were unable to get
a seed crop, for instead of the many seed racemes hanging full of seed
there were only the bare seed stems showing a lack of polination. This
particular field was in a lower land, well protected and with one of my
16 outyards Just over the fence. As a result a fair to good yield of seed
was harvested.

If in doubt as to whether your land is acid, send a sample of the
soil (about 3 teaspoonsful) to your State University, Dept. of Soil Im-
provement and ask them to test it for acidity and advise as to the
amount of crushed limestone per acre necessary to neutralize the acid.

Few people are acquainted with the activities or Bacterial elements
of the soil. It has been said that legumes are the only plants that have
the power of removing free nitrogen from the air and storing it in the
soil, Nitrogen is not only necessary for the production of large crops
of grain but is also important in producing higher quality grain.

The bacteria which are present in the small nodules on the roots
and lateral shoots of sweet clover and which are the deposits of nitrogen

— 6 B A

V'4i-i**;„;iii;"-5

82 TWEXTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

placed there by the plant in extracting it from the air, are laz}', and
can well be likened to the busy bee who when she gets the hive filled,
often stops working.

The fact has been proven that after a soil becomes so rich or full
of nitrogen up until a certain amount, another immediate crop of sweet
clover will add very little more nitrogen to the soil, the plant then
extracts no nitrogen from the air and the bacteria lie almost dormant.
The more depleted a given soil is at the time sweet clover is sown, the
more nitrogen in pounds the crop will add providing it be properly in-
occulated.

I saw and pulled up stocks of Hubam last December that had been
grown along a new clay and limestone filled road on the outskirts of
Minneapolis. This had been broadcasted there by a local beekeeper one

Hubam in shock following rye.

night in March, 1923, and showed a vigorous growth, some stalks four
to five feet tall. A good setting of seed had set although the highway
officials had cut considerable of it down. Many seed racemes were still
full of seed the 10th of December. -

The reason for small yields of grain is not due to the lack of
better varieties of wheat, corn, or oats but in most cases is due to the
non-availability of organic matter and nitrogen.

The Iowa State Experiment station which I firmly believe is far in
advance in sweet clover propagation experiment and legume research
work has done much in the past years in trying to find a legume to fit
the soil instead of fitting the soil to grow the legume and makes the
statement that where one can grow Hubam, it is the best legume crop.

There seems to be still a lack of knowledge regarding the char-
acteristics of Hubam clover in that Hubam is an annual clover and if
seeded in the spring of the year, will bloom and set seed the same year.

If sowed too late in summer to set a seed crop, it usually winter
kills.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 83

The best nurse crops to sow Hubam in are in the following rota-
tion : Winter wheat and rye, spring wheat, Kursian oats, Iowa No. 103,
Jowa Xo. 105. Barley is better than the average oats while silver mine
or big 4 are both poor varieties of oats to use as a nurse crop.

We have found that lime is the most essential element in procuring
a successful stand and crop of Hubam. Our observations the past year
tend to show that Hubam is more resistant to acid and will thrive bet-
ter on a soil charged, with acid than the biennial strain of sweet clover.

Phosphates are coming to be used more the past two years than
before. This in a large measure is due to Farm Bureau advisors who
are advocating rock phosphate application, on lands depleted in
phosphorous.

During the past season I had the privilege of carefully watching
one of the combination thresher and hullers while in motion.

This machine was a new one last spring and I have yet to see a
cleaner do a more economical job of clover hulling than that machine
which is built into a combination, allowing a farmer to grow a very
small acreage of clover and have it hulled with the same setting with
his^ grain. The machine can be changed from a grain separator into a
clover huller inside of 15 minutes.

It is the coming machine for it will enable a farmer to plant a
small acreage of clover with the assurance of getting it hulled
economically and at a profit. It is made by the Illinois Thresher Co.,
Sycamore, 111., and is the only huller I have yet seen with a large straw
rack room, suitable to handle large, coarse sweet clover stocks with
rapidity.

On a field that was given an application of two tons of limestone
per acre and half of the field an extra application of acid phosphate at
the rate of 50 lbs. per acre (approximately 53 cents worth) resulted in
only a fair stand on the limed area, whereas a good to perfect stand was
secured on the lime and phosphated area.

Experiments conducted here the last year with cherokee, a new
discovered legume was a failure as was also a planting of Dalea or
Woods' clover. JXeither legumes set seed, although some of each was
grown under cultivation and under proper methods and conditions.
jSTeither of these new found legumes are nectar bearing.

One field of Hubam that had produced a good crop of Hubam seed
in 1922 was disked up and put into winter wheat, the fall of 1922. The
spring of 1923 showed an excellent stand of young Hubam plants
germinating from the shattered seed of the 1922 Hubam crop, but be-
lieving the wheat stand insufficient it was redisked and seeded to
barley. A good stand of Hubam was cut for seed last fall following the
removal of the barley.

Poor results were obtained from a Hubam stubble of 1922 where
winter wheat was drilled in on the stubble without disking previously.

One field of gravel and sandy soil was shallow plowed in the fall
of 1922 following the removal of a fair crop of Hubam seed and winter
wheat disked in. No Hubam was sown with this wheat but a good
stand of Hubam was turned under this past fall following the removal
of the winter wheat. ■

TWEXTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Practically no signs of volunteer Hubam is found after the first
cultivation of corn where the field has been in Hubam the year
previous.

A few farmers experimented with Hubam the past year by occa-
sionally throwing in a handful of Hubam seed in the hopper while
planting corn.

The corn averaged 6 feet, while the Hubam, even though the corn
had been blind cultivated, averaged over 3 feet high and heavy with
large green seeds on at silo filling time.

Winkler showing 4 square feet of Hubam following Barley. Notice how heavy
and lodged the stand is. This growth turned under would put 1,200 pounds of
extra available nitrogen per acre.

I have found that the best way for me to grow Hubam is to let
the farmer grow it.

Furnish him the seed, all the necessary knowledge and advice in
growing and harvesting the crop. Many fields last fall I advised the
farmer to either plow under or cut for feed when I saw there would not
be a sufficient setting of seed to let the stand mature, so it is better for
us to specialize and concentrate our attention on our apiaries after we
have the farmers all set, and devote the winter months to the promulga-
tion and promotion of legumes and more legumes for I feel that with
our high priced lands, this propaganda will never be overdone.

Practically every failure in procuring a good stand of Hubam the
past year that has come to my attention has been traced to a failure to
apply limestone.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS^ ASSOCIATION. 85

SOME WHYS OF THE WINTERING PROBLEM.
Points to Be Emphasized in Good Wintering.

(By G. H. Cede.)

There are several easys roads to a lively dispute at any beekeeping
convention, but I believe one of the easiest of all is to open a discus-
sion of the wintering problem. Although in the last few years, a few
fundamental principles of good wintering have been established, the.
application of them has resulted in^ a great variety of methods and ma-
terials which are confusing and whose application is clouded by
vagaries of all sorts.

i Articles have appeared in the journals, each fall, by authorities on
wintering, which detail the essential features of the subject in an exact
way. These fundamentals should now be so thoroughly soaked into the
mental equipment of a successful beekeeper that any further extended
reference to them would be rehash and would serve no purjDose but to
disturb his good nature.

Fagtoes in Wintering,

The bulletins published by the Department of Agriculture, avail-
able without cost to any beekeeper applying for them, are most excellent
texts on the wintering of bees. I have read them several times and, at
each reading, find there is some point ^which I have failed to appre-
ciate before. We need more such publications from Uncle Sam's
laboratories.

The work done by Demuth and _^ Phillips on the wintering problem
threw some interesting light on the way bees react to winter conditions.
Probably the determination of the temperature range for successful
wintering was the most important phase of it. Their work determined
the following important facts: (1) That bees winter in a shifting-
cluster which contracts or expands in direct relation to the temperature
surrounding the bees, and that the continuance of warmth within this
cluster is the result of activity on the part of the bees themselves.
(2) That, at a temperature of approximately 57 degrees Fahrenheit,
bees are apparently the quietest and the cluster produces little heat.
This temperature, therefore, is an optimum one for wintering bees. At
colder temperatures, the bees condense their cluster and produce heat,
and, at warmer temperatures, the cluster tends to break and the bees
finally fly out of the hive. (3) Their investigations, incidentall}-, de-
termined the fact that bees, wintering on a perfect carbohydrate, react
differently to temperature than those which winter on a carbohydrate

86 TWEXTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

containing quantities of indigestible matter. A high grade honej' is
; iJierefore better for wintering purposes than a honey containing honey-
■dcw or otlier indigestible material. Bees wintering on poor stores tend
to keep a higher cluster temperature and a greater cluster activity than
tJiose which winter on good stores. This often results disastrously
unless other conditions are the very best.

AprLYixG THE Facts.

From these facts, wintering would seem to be an easy problem. It
is implied that it is only necessary to keep bees at a temperature of 57
degrees, constantly, on a pure carbohydrate, and they will winter with-
out loss. This, indeed, is an exact interpretation of the facts, but at-
tempts to bring about the necessary conditions have resulted in a great
variety of systems and methods.

It is a peculiar human trait to misunderstand and misapply some
of the simplest facts of scientific determinations. As a case in point,
during a trip through Wisconsin, some years ago, I learned of a bee-
keeper who had been told by one of the Government extension workers
of the discoveries that had been made in wintering bees. This man was
particularly impressed by the fact that 57 degrees had been found an
optimum temperature for wintering. Since most of the facts were re-
lated to him in conversation, he mentally arranged them in the order of
importance which seemed most correct to him, and determined upon the
temperature relation as being the one most important consideration.

He had much faith in what the agent had told him and in the
experimenters who had so faithfully studied the subject. Therefore,
the following winter, he placed his bees in a cellar and very carefully
kept the temperature of the cellar as near the optimum 57 as he could.
The next spring his bees were practically all dead. Xeedless to say,
he was not only at great loss, but in an unreasonable mood towards those
who had determined such beekeeping facts. He blamed everybody and
everything but himself. He was perfectly honest in the whole matter.
Others, perhaps, have been through a similar experience.

Since it must be admitted that these scientific determinations are
correct in principle and have been proven to be so b}^ numerous tests,
why is it that an application of them often apparently fails? There is
no single answer to this question although the answer is most always
a simple one. Some essential in the application of the facts to practice
is omitted and the omission so alters the behavior of the bees that
wintering results are disastrous.

In trying to apply the temperature facts to the practice of cellar
wintering, it is a mistake to keep the cellar temperature at 57 degrees.
It is thought that this is the correct application of the fact discovered
by science. A close analysis shows it is an error.

Science declares that bees winter best apparently at an optimum
temperature of 57 degrees. What does this mean? It means that the
air surrounding the cluster of bees should be somewhere near 57 degrees,
provided the stores on which the bees must live are of the best and the
bees themselves are in good condition. If these latter factors are not

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATIOX. 87

present, 57 degrees will not be an optimum temperature for that par-
ticular colony. In keeping the temperature of the cellar at 57 degrees,
one does not necessarily keep the temperature of the air surroundina
the bees at 57 degrees. With the cellar temperature at that point
thermometer placed near the cluster of bees would probably register
considerably higher. In applying the scientific facts to the practice
of cellar wintering it is well to follow the simple rule of Langstroth :
"Keep the cellar temperature at that point where the bees are
quietest.^' It Avill be found that the temperature of the clusters, in a
properly managed cellar, is somewhere near 57 degrees, although the
temperature of the cellar itself may be considerably lower than this.

Outdoor Wixtebixg.

In any discussion of outdoor wintering much stress is laid on the
importance of packing bees to protect them from outside temperatures.
In fact, so much stress is laid on this point that there is a tendency to
lose sight of factors which are of equal and often of greater importance.
In the Dadant apiaries we have not yet been able to prove to our satis-
faction that heavy packing or insulation in large packing cases is a
profitable method of wintering for us. We still protect our colonies in
winter with a net of leaves or straw surrounding them, with leaves or
straw in the covers placed over the clusters. The south or front sides of
the colonies are left unpacked. While we have not yet proved the
feasibility of heavy packing for ourselves, we have been in places where
it is used with great success, even as far north as northern Xew York
and southern Ontario. In our own climate we have flight days two or
three weeks apart, at the worst, and, in the few instances where heavy
packing has been used, more loss has been suffered by those colonies than
where the leaf or straw packing was used. Probably this was due to
some condition which we have not carefully studied.

In outside wintering, it is often recommended that sealed covers be
used over the hives. While this recommendation has a good basis in
fact, it is nevertheless a dangerous one. If the winter stores are of the
best quality, the clusters strong and sufficiently protected by packing
and windbreaks, a sealed cover will prove better than upward absorp-
tion. However, I have yet to find a method which will sufficiently de-
termine for me the exact quality of the stores in all of our colonies, or
which will predict the conditions under which the bees will winter, to
feel that sealed covers are safe. Consequently, we always provide for
upward absorption.

Stores.

However important the matter of packing and cover may be, it is
my opinion that they are greatly over-emphasized. The most important
factors of successful wintering are good stores and good colonies. The
word "good" is an ambiguous one, and yet I do not know of any other
word to use. By good stores is meant stores which are thoroughly
digestible. It has been found that when quantities of indigestible ma-

S8 TWEXTY-THIRD ANNUAL EEPOET OF THE

terials are retained by the bees in winter an irritation is produced which
tends to increase the cluster activities, and consequently the cluster
temperature, in proportion to the amount of waste materials accumu-
lated. In Canada, where bees arje wintered successfully out-of-doors in
large packing cases, it has been found necessary to extract the natural
stores and to feed back sugar syrup, which is free from waste, in order
to insure successful wintering.

It seems to be a natural provision also that the honeys of the
northern states are of a better quality than those in the south, where
bees have frequent chance for winter flights. In our region, which is
just on the fringe of the clover territory, we do not have as good a
grade of stores as they do a hundred miles or so north of us, and, wheir
Ave get an occasional severe winter, Ave notice a much heavier loss, re-
gardless of the condition of the colonies or the protection given them.
We have come to look upon the amount and quality of stores, therefore,
as one of the most important factors in successful wintering. In fall,
if we anticipate a poor grade of stores, we often feed some sugar syrup,-
so that the bees will have good stores for the severer part of the winter.

. In our oAvn experience, we have found, regardless of the protection
given, that those yards Avhich are best protected from winds show the
best wintering. I believe that if I had to do either without wind pro-
tection or Avithout packing, I would choose to do Avithout the packing.

Young Bees.

The importance of strong clusters of 3'oung bees has been stressed
time and again, yet Ave have just been through an experience Avhich has
thoroughly impressed this fact upon us. For several years Ave have been
having a severe fight Avitli foulbrood, Avhich, thanks be, we have uoav re-
duced to negligble minimum, and we have been in the habit of exam-
ining for disease three or four times a year. The last examination
comes in the fall as we remove the fall crop. In the fall of 1921, after
this examination, we had twenty cases of foulbrood scattered through
'our ten yards, and, preferring not to_shake the bees so late in the season,
Ave decided to isolate them in a hospital yard uutil spring. "We gave this
A'ard considerable care, packed it carefull}^ for Avinter, and fed tlie
colonies sugar stores, so they might have the best possible food, for
Aviuter. However, of these tAventy colonies, Ave had two left at the be-
ginning of apple bloom in 1923. The explanation of this is simple.
These colonies, badl}^ diseased with foulbrood, although they Avere strong
in numbers, Avere made up largely of old bees, due to the fact that the
brood emergence had been so long at a low point. These old bees could
not survive the Avinter. They died with the best of protection and Avith
plenty of stores in the hives. Some of them had been requeened dur-
ing the previous summer, but Avere not able to build up clusters of
young bees for Avinter.

We have, therefore, come to regard a large number of young bees
as necessary for successful Avintering. I believe that a proper emphasis
of wintering essentials, in most regions, Avould place stores and bees first
in importance, and protection and packing last.

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ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. ~ 89

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POLLINATION, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE

BUMBLEBEE.

(By Theodore H. Prison, Natural Histoi-y Survey, Urhana, III.)

It is but natural that beekeepers as a group should think in terms
of the honeybee when the subject of bees in relation to pollination is
mentioned. Though I do not intend to rob the honeybees of any laurels
which they justly deserve, I do wish to point out that there are other
bees which merit attention in discussing a broad general subject such
as pollination. This is evident when we reflect upon the fact that at
one time not so very long ago there were supposedly no true honeybees
in Xorth America, but many flowering plants dependent upon insects
for their pollination flourished as well as, and many perhaps better
tlia'n, they do at the present time. This clearly shows that pollination
was at one time accomplished on a large scale by native Xorth Ameri-
can insects. ^

Chang-es in the character of the- countr}', due to our increase in
population and present methods of agriculture, have upset much of
this natural balance in nature. Many of the places where wild bees
formerly made their homes have been so altered that it is impossible
for these insects — with relatively stereotyped habits — to multiply and
their numbers in man}^ localities have steadily decreased. The same
decrease is also discernible in the case of many of our native flowering
plants. The necessity for pollination by insects has, nevertheless, not
materially decreased. This is because of our large scale and intensive
plantings of certain forms of plant life which contribute to the world's
food supply or pleasure, and which Avhen grown upon a commercial
scale are still in need of pollination by insects. Even though the honey-
bees did not produce such valuable products as wax and honey, they
would nevertheless exert a most beneficial and timely influence upon
some of our agricultural activities at the present time.

Many years of obser\'ation by such students as Mueller, Sprengel,
Knuth in Europe, and later Robertson, Trelease and Lovell in America,
have demonstrated the complicated interrelations of insects and flowers.
Some flowers are pollinated by but one kind of insect, others by many
insects, and all sorts of varied interrelations exist. Preeminent all
over the world among the insects as flower pollinators are the numer-
ous kinds of bees.

I have just mentioned that the flowers of some kinds of plant life
are pollinated by but one or a few kinds of insects, and it so happens
that one of the important plants in our present Illinois scheme of agri-
culture is especially adapted to pollination by bumblebees, namely, the
red clover. As you all know, the red clover is at times pollinated by

90 TAVEXTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

honeybees, but bees native to our fauna are its principal pollinizing
agents. Several species of bees, commonly referred to as wild bees,
frequent red clover and in many instances they are responsible for a
profitable early seed crop. In the main, however, bumblebees by virtue
of their structure and habits are our chief agents in the pollination of
the red clover seed crop.

The relation of bumblebees to the setting of seed in red clover was
early demonstrated by Darwin and his results in their essential fea-
tures have since been confirmed. In order to give you some idea of the
rapidity with which bumblebees work I will relate an experience of
my own. One spring I observed a queen bumblebee at her labors for
one-half hour. During this time she visited forty-two heads of clover.
A count revealed a possibilit}^ of .some 2,226 florets being visited. Even
though half of these florets were not visited, we can gain from these
figures some idea of how rapidly and how thoroughly the bumblebees
work.

You are undoubtedly aware of the state of affairs which once
existed in Xew Zealand. The colonists there introduced the red clover
but it would not; produce a seed crop. Seed had to be imported annually
from a great distance and was naturally quite expensive. This led to
an investigation of the cause of the failure of the clover seed crop in
Xew Zealand. In that country there were no native species of bumble-
bees and in fact none on the nearby continent of Australia. Bumble-
bees were then imjDorted from England. They became established and
tlie red clover is now stated to produce a plentiful seed crop.

In this country we are fortimately endowed, as we are in so many
other natural respects, with a large number of species of bumblebees.
The number of these insects, so useful in our present scheme of agri-
culture, is decreasing. There is much evidence to indicate that honey-
bees alone are not fitted to replace the bumblebees in our red clover
fields if we desire a dependable seed crop. Therefore, even leaving out
of consideration all of the good done by bumblebees in pollinating the
flowers of many of our other wild and cultivated plants, the bumblebees
are deserving of a thoughtful policy of protection. Beekeepers, becausa
of their profession and their understanding of the role bees play in
pollination, are in a particularly favorable position to help spread in-
formation which will decrease the -needless destruction of the nests of
these important insects.

While studying various phases of the biology of the bumblebees the
opportunity was presented for taking some moving pictures of bumble-
bee life. The bumblebees, as all beekeepers know, are close relatives
of the honeyl)ees. Since these pictures, besides showing the interesting
life of these insects, deal directly with the important role that bumble-
bees play in the pollination of red clover and other plants, it has been
suggested that I show them at this meeting. (Motion pictures then
projected.)

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATIOX. 91

ARE AREA CLEAN-UP CAMPAIGNS A SUCCESS?

(By S. B. Fracker^ Read at the Miller Memorial Library Dedication

Meeting.)

Two or three weeks ago I was foolish enough to engage in an
acrimonious political discussion during which bitter criticisms were
made of various recent presidents of the United States by different
members of the part^^ If we were to judge Eepublican presidents by
what Democrats sa}' about them or Democratic presidents b}- the rumors
persistently whispered by Eepublicans, we would reach the conclusion
that the American people in picking a president choose .the most das-
tardly criminal available.

. The reason for these criticisms is because each person is com-
paring a prominent figure with an ideal, is judging a human being on
the basis of a high imaginary standard to which we hope he will attain.

Bringing this illustration a little closer to our present subject, we
might answer the question, "Are Area Clean-up Campaigns a Suc-
cess?" either in the affirmative because the amount of bee disease is
reduced or in the negative because American foulbrood so far has nor
yet been completely wiped out. In other words, if we judge the
effectiveness of bee disease control methods by the imaginar}' standard
of absolute freedom from disease two or three years after the campaign
has begun, we must admit that so far such has not been the result and
area clean-up campaigns have not brought that freedom from worry
which was perhaps at first anticipated.

I think that we will all admit on the other hand that such a basis
for judgment is hardly the correct one on which to answer such a
question. For our present purpose I am assuming that what this audi-
ence is interested in is whether foulbrood area clean-up campaigns have
resulted in reducing the amount of disease present, have prevented it^
spreading, have changed counties and townships from unprofitable bee-
keeping territory to areas in which honey producers can keep bees with
some promise of success, and most important of all, whether any other
superior plan of campaign has been suggested which can be substituted
for the area clean-up method. After making a rather close examina-
tion of the subject on this basis I am personally convinced that this
plan of handling bee disease control is not only a pronounced success,
but is the only method which is even partially satisfactory for handling
the problem.

Wisconsin has received so much advertising during the last three
or four years on its bee disease control methods that I would jirefer
(if sufficient information were available) to improve our perspective by

9.2 TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

getting away from this state and investigating the methods employed
elsewhere. Wisconsin is neither the first state to try this system, nor
is it perhaps the one in which greatest success has been met. Detailed
figures regarding the various areas in other parts of the countrv' are so
difficult to obtain and published tables so hard to interpret justly unless
one is familiar with all the circumstances that we shall be compelled
to use the Wisconsin figures at least in part. If some attention is
therefore paid to other states it is not because I do not have somewhat
of a natural feeling of pride in the accomplishments of the fine group
of inspectors who have been handling the work in Wisconsin.

The foundation of any plan for disease or pest control is
knowledge of the distribution of the disease or pest concerned. As long
as it occurs'^^ly in sporadic outbreaks the area clean-up plan as em-
ploA'cd in Wisconsin is of questionable value unless it is adopted merely
for the purpose of locating such outbreaks. If only one bee yard out of
one hundred shows American foulbrood there must be of course some
method adopted to locate that bee yard, but with a disease as virulent
and as readily infectious as American foulbrood the only reasonable
course to jDursue under such conditions is destruction -of the infected
material root and branch. The same thing is of course true with
human disease and cattle infections. The foot and mouth disease in
cattle is probably no more severe than several other diseases which are
present in the United States, but rather than add it to the troubles we
now have, all the forces of the federal and state governments w^ere
directed to its complete eradication when discovered. The appearance
of yellow fever, bubonic plague, and similar troubles in one of the ports
of the United States would justify extreme methods of eradication
even though other forms of human disease might be present in the
same locality which were even more injurious. I feel, therefore, thai
Florida and I believe one or two other southern states have been en-
tirely justified in adopting instead of a general area clean-up policy the
complete destruction of each center of infection that they are able to
discover in place of the persistent, remorseless stick-to-itive-ness which
has characterized the work in the Mississippi Yalley states where
progress is being made in the control of bee diseases.

Two of the states in which remarkably successful bee disease con-
trol work has been carried on are Texas and Indiana. While widely
different in geographic location, apicultural methods, and in the
personality of the beekeepers they are alike in the fact that other nearby
states have not adopted similar methods and are now paying the penalty.
The organization in both states is almost identical with that of Wis-
consin. Apiary inspection is in the department of agriculture and is
under the direction of the State Entomologist. The Chief Inspector
devotes all of his time, at least during the inspection season, to admin-
istration of inspection work, but most of the work is done by a con-
siderable number of local inspectors who are locating each beekeeper
they can find in the area in which they are working. Five years ago
while "Wisconsin was still talking about area clean-up methods, Texas
had alreadv secured excellent results alono; those lines and some coun-

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 93

ties in which bee diseases had formerly been serious or rampant were
even then believed to be entirely free of disease.

In Texas the situation is complicated a little by the large number
of queen rearing and bee breeding apiaries which require inspection
certificates. This necessitates considerable investment of time and
money in the inspection of these large yards which ship bees to the
northern states. As a result a somewhat smaller portion of the in-
spector's time can be given to the clean-up work. The actual number
of colonies of bees inspected in Texas is much greater than that of any
other state of which I have been able to get figures, amounting to be-
tween forty and fifty thousand per year as compared with thirty
thousand in Wisconsin and about twenty thousand in Indiana. The
queen breeders located mainly in parts of the state which are free from
disease represent about one-third of this amount. However, their work
there, while laborious, is hardly comparable with that which must be
done when bee disease is present. In a recent report on this subject, the
State Entomologist of Texas reports that out of forty-five thousand
colonies inspected in the twelve months ending about a year ago, six
hundred eighteen were found infected with American foulbrood and of
these five hundred forty-one colonies were destroyed. In that state
treatment is permitted if the beekeepers prefer it, but except in yards
where the infection is rather wide spread it is discouraged as much as
possible, and destruction urged in its place. They feel that by follow-
ing this policy they will be able to completely eradicate American foul-
brood in Texas in the not very distant future.

The results of the county-by-county method of dealing with bee
disease are also remarkable in Indiana. The inspection force there is
efficient and they are taking a few counties at a time and keeping at
them until the results are worth while. In a recent published report,
for example, it is stated that in Lake County which adjoins Chicago,
the first inspection in 1918 showed 23% infected with disease. In 1910
this was reduced to 14% ; in 1920 to 4% ; and in 1921 to only
2%. Lake County beekeepers now know, that brood diseases can be
controlled although four years ago some of. them were skeptical as to
what the result would be.

In ISTewton County, Indiana, the figures follow a similar percent-
age— 23% of the colonies diseased in 1918, were followed with 10%
in 1919, 4% in 1920, and 2.8% in 1921.

By maintaining a constant appropriation of about $10,000 a year
for the past six years, Indiana has been able to show a more constant
apparent rate of progress than Wisconsin. The percentage of disease
has gradually gone down from 15% in 1918 through 10% and
6%, to 4^% in 1921 at the time of the last report. The apparent im-
provement in Wisconsin is not quite so great because each year we have
taken on new counties, the heaviest centers of infection not being
reached until this year.

Our Wisconsin figures have been presented so man}' times and in
so many different ways that it seems needless this time to go over the
complete record. Eegardless of our most active work, we are still hav-

94: TWENTY-THIRD AXXUAL REPORT OE THE

ing trouble cleaning up the larger commercial apiaries. I sometimes
believe that the more a man knows about American foulbrood the more
likely he is to retain it in his bee yard throughout his entire life. This
problem has been especially serious in Richland and Manitowoc
counties where some beekeepers have become used to foulbrood and are
succeeding in keeping bees in spite of it.

Nevertheless the progress in the various clean-up areas has been
excellent. Fond du Lac has been going down frpm a condition in
which 40% of the apiaries were infected through 20% last year until
this season Mr. Schultz is finding only about thirty-four out of the 440
bee yards in the county showing any disease whatsoever. The colony
percentage has been reduced from 8% to 2%.

In our old offenders, such as Jefferson and Milwaukee counties,
tliere are still a dozen old offenders hanging on in each place in spite
of persistent effort, but the proportion of diseased colonies is less than
2%.

One more factor needs to be taken into consideration in interpret-
ing the figures as the}^ are published in biennial reports. In spite of
the fact that we have been using the term area clean-up or county
clean-up method for a number of years, it was only last season that wa
began covering the entire county. For example, in Jefferson County
the whole northwest district from Lake Mills through Waterloo and
the southeast district from Sullivan to Palmyra was omitted, our
attention being given to the wide heavily infected strip throughout the
county. Last season, which was the first year we had sufficient funds
with which to work, these other areas were explored and it was found
that there were a number of infections in the northwest and southeast
sections.

There has been a similar experience in Eichlaud County. A sur-
vey which an army would call a reconnaissance trip was made through-
out the northeast two townships and no disease was found, and it \ya.s.
therefore, assumed until last year that this area was clean. A careful
farm to farm inspection made through these townships last season
showed a number of beekeepers about which we had no information, and
one section particularly which was 100% diseased.

In spite of these complications, in spite of the obstacles of cleaning
up large yards where the honey is on all the tools and on all the equip-
ment, in spite of luiving to deal with little beekeepers, big beekeepers,
men who are entirely familiar with foulbrood and who have been
breeding it for years, men who are anxious to clean it up, and men
who are too afraid of material ; in spite of working in localities where
practically all the honey on the market is infected and whatever it is
exposed to, results in infecting some bees ; in spite of the inspectors
often being completely balked bv commercial bee men who seem, to in-
sist on pulling out infected frames, concealing disease from the in-
spectors, being careless with infected material, and feeding infected
honey to their colonies ; in spite of all these obstacles the number of
infected apiaries and the number of infected colonies in the state of
Wisconsin is now steadily decreasing. I hardly know whether to be as

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 05

optimistic as Doctor Tanquary, the State Eiitomologist of Texas, and
express a hope that by following the present policy we will be able to
eradicate the American foulbrood from the state in the not very distant
future, but I am willing to say this — that this year we have entered the
last extensive American foulbrood infection center, namely, the belt
through Ozaukee, Washington, and Dodge counties, and that if the
beekeepers continue their active co-operation and support, there never
again needs to appear on any apiary inspection record anywhere near
as many cases of x\merican foulbrood as were shown on last year's
records. In other words, I believe that the peak has been passed, that
the most serious obstacles have been encountered and that the outlook
for a definite proof that American foulbrood campaigns on the area
clean-up basis are an unqualified success is greater than it has ever been
before.

96 TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

THE RELATION OF BEES TO SPRAYING.

(By Tf. A. Ruth, Department of Horticulture, University of Illinois.)

The honey bee is imdoubtedl}' the- most active agent in the pol-
lination of fruit trees. Other insects are of minor importance and
wind is not an agent, unless we include the nuts, which are wind pol-
linated. Just how necessary it is or may be under certain circumstances
to provide artificially for pollination by the introduction of stands of
bees into the orchard is not the purpose of- this paper; the fact re-
mains that orchardists have occasionally recognized or believed in such
a necessity. On the other hand, the great majority of orchardists are
not sufficiently interested in pollination to look upon it as a mattei'
which will not take care of itself. This being the case, the importance
of bees, the possible desirability of actively encouraging them, and even
the desirability of not destroying them, is in danger of being forgotten
if it is necessary to spray with such materials, or at such a time, as to
kill them in order to control some injurious insect or fungus.

There are two classes of sprays which are invariably applied to
apple trees near the blooming period. These are the fungicides, which
are applied to control apple scab and blotch, and the insecticides for
such chewing insects as the codling moth and curculio. These two
classes of sprays are to be differentiated by the beekeeper as well as by
the orchardist. The fungicides are primarily plant poisons. They are
copper compounds, the principal one of which is Bordeaux mixture, or
sulfur compounds, the principal one of which is lime sulfur. It has
never been shown, and there is 'no reason to think, that copper or sulfur
compounds are toxic to insects, either to the codling moth, curculio,
etc., or to the bees. As far as we know, the beekeeper has no occasion
for alarm when the orchardist applies a fungicide, even if he applies it
when the bees are actively working.

It has been shown experimentally, however, by feeding experi-
ments, that arsenicals, contained in the other class of spray material,
may be toxic to bees. The important points in this particular connec-
tion are two, as follows: (1) are arsenicals applied in commercial
practice at a period when they might injure bees, and (2) if arsenicals
are applied at such a time are the bees actually injured ?

To be injurious to bees, it would seem that arsenicals must be
applied to the flowers, that is, to the opening or opened flowel's before
the bees visit them. The writer supposes the injury to bees would be
much more likely to follow the application of an arsenical to the nectary
than its application to other surfaces, but does not mean to imply that
the possibility of injury from the latter source is wholly excluded.
Applications to the open flowers after the bees stop their visits can do

ILLIJfOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 97

the bees no harm, and certainly arsenicals applied to the outer sides of
the calyxes and petals of unopened flowers are not to be looked upo^i
as a possible source of arsenical poisoning through the nectary. The
arsenical, once it has dried, stays where it is, because of its insolubility
and adhesiveness, and if applied to unopened flowers, has no tendency
to reach the nectary or other inner surface of the flower. Because it
wets the surface with considerable difficulty, the spray has, in fact, a
strong tendency to recede rather than to spread.

The spray schedule recommended for apples in this state calls for
an application of spray immediately before the petals open, and for
another immediately after blossoming, st-arting when three-fourths of
the petals have fallen. Both of these applications call for the use of
lead arsenate. The question in which the beekeeper should be in-
terested primarily is this : As spraying is done in commercial orchards,
is the first of these sprays ever applied to opening flowers, or even dur-
ing the period of full bloom, and is the second of these sprays ever
started too early, i. e.,. before the flowers have lost their attractiveness?
From his observations in commercial orchards in this state the writer
has occasion to believe that in most cases the sprays are put on at the
time recommended. Eecent conversations with others who have made
a similar sort of observation also lead him to believe that the recom-
mendation to start the second of these sprays when three-fourths of the
petals have fallen is probably conservative from the beekeeper's stand-
point. According to these obserA^ations, bees rarely visit apple trees on
which the flowers have reached this stage of development. However,
this is a point which requires more study. Moreover, because of in-
sufficient apparatus or unusual seasonal conditions there can hardly be
a doubt that the pre-bloom application of spray is occasionalh^ pro-
longed until a considerable part of the flowers have opened. It should
be stated also that sprays are applied occasionally to certain late bloom-
ing varieties when they are in full bloom. This spray is to control
apple scab, and requires only the fungicide.

This brings us to the question of the injury to bees produced by
arsenical sprays applied during the period when the maximum injury
can be expected, that is, when many of the flowers are opening. The
infloressence of the apple is a cyme, which is a convex or flat flower
cluster whose central or terminal flower opens first. If weather condi-
tions are favorable, the others in the cluster soon follow, several of them
often opening nearly together. If weather conditions are unfavorable
the flowers follow each other more slowly and the stage bloom is delayed.
Several experiments have been carried out in which arsenicals were
applied when the apples were in or approaching the period of full bloom.
One of the earliest investigations was made by an entomologist^ in
Ohio in 1898. In this work Paris Green, the arsenical in use at this
time, was applied at the customary strength. The results of four ex-
periments were for various reasons considered inconclusive. The results
of a fifth, Avhich consisted in the analysis of bees dead from no other

^ Spraying with Arsenates vs. Bees, F. M. "Webster, Ohio Exp. Sta. Bui. 68 :
48-53 (1898).

— 7 B A

98 TWEXTY-THIED AXNUAL EErORT OF THE

apparent reason, were considered by the experimenter to be positive,
although the fact that the report does not state that the bees were
actually observed visiting the sprayed flowers appears to leave the re-
sults open to question.

Another report of work along this line is from a California en-
tomologist.^ This experimenter, after stating the apparent necessity
for spraying in the Pajaro Valley during the bloom, evidently because
of the peculiar local growth habits of the apple cluster, concluded that
there was no experimental evidence to justify the general fear of
spraying at that time. In conducting his experiment a healthy hive
was placed in the center of a 40-acre apple orchard "just before spray-
ing with an unusually heav}^ dose of arsenicals as the trees were just
coming in full bloom." These arsenicals were evidently lead arsenate
and zinc arsenate. The data are not as complete as might be desired,
but the conclusion is drawn that "when the more soluble arsenicals
(Paris green, etc.) were in use, there is reason to believe that many
bees were killed, and even with the insoluble lead or zinc compounds
now in use a small percentage evidently die of the poison. Even under
the severe conditions of the excessive dose and a locality where prac-
tically all the food was from sprayed trees there was no appreciable
danger to man from poisoned honey."

Another and much more extensive piece of work was published at
the Indiana Station^ in 1920. It was shown that the bees did not avoid
sprayed trees; bees collected from such trees and caged five hours gave
a. strong reaction for arsenic, and practically all of them died. Bees
kept in large cages enclosing sprayed trees, containing also the hive,
died in large numbers. The mortality in a lime sulfur lead arsenate
sprayed cage was sixty-nine per cent, in a sulfur lead arsenate dust
cage forty-nine per cent, and in a cage enclosing an untreated tree
nineteen per cent. The conclvTsion drawn is, that for the sake of the
bees, fruit trees should not be sprayed while in full bloom.

The conclusion of the Indiana entomologist was positive. After
the publication of this work the results of further work in Pajaro
Valley* were published, which again contradicted the Indiana con-
clusion.

The experiments were, in brief, as follows : A tree was sprayed
heavily when almost in full bloom with a spray containing three pounds
of arsenate in 50 gallons. The tree was then enclosed in a cage and a
strong colony of bees was set under it. The next day the tree was
spra^'ed a second time. The bees visited the sprayed flowers freely.
They appeared to be acting normally. Two days later the hive was
returned to the apiarj^ and examined by the entomologist and the
owner and appeared to be entirely uninjured. The bees had been
storing honey during the two days that they were in the cage, and
nothing unusual was to be seen. The hive was watched during the
following year and no unusual conditions were noted. A duplicate test
started five days later gave the same results.

= C. "W. Woodworth, Cal. Agr. Exp. Sta. Rpt. 1913-1914: 111-112.
^W. A. Price, Bees and Their Relation to Arsenical Sprays at Blossoming
Time, Ind. Agr. Exp. Bui. 247, 1920.

4 Bees vs. Spraying, R. W. Doane. Jour. Econ. Ent. 16: 527-531, 1923.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATIOX. 99

The above experiments were carried out in 1919. It was followed
by further experiments in 1920. This time 4 to 6 pounds of lead
arsenate were used in 50 gallons, together with Atomic Sulfur, or dry
Bordeaux mixture. Acid, lead arsenate was the arsenical used in at
least a part of the experiments. This time, the hives wore not enclosed
in cages, but were set under blossoming apple trees, which were sprayed
thoroughlv.

"When I began spraying", the California writer states, "the bees
from the hive were feeding on the blossoms in great numbers; most
of them were driven away by the spray material but within ten minutes
of the time the spraying was stopped a number of them were back on
the tree again, so their feeding was interrupted for only a short period.
The day was sunny and warm, although a slight breeze was blowing
intermittently * * * During the next ten days I watched the bees
and the trees very carefully and then took the colony back to the apiary
whence it came. During the time the bees were in the orchard no
unusual condition developed. The bees had been working actively and
while a few dead bees had from time to time been found on a cloth
spread outside the hive, the number had not been more than one would
expect to find around a hive at this time of the year. An examination
of the hive at intervals after it was returned to the apiary showed that
the bees and brood were in good condition and that the bees had stored
a good deal of lioney during the time they fed in the small apple
orchard."

The California experimenter goes on to say that it is a common
practice among the beemen of the Santa Clara Valley to lease their
hives to orchardists for the blossoming period and that no restrictions
are made as to spraying. Xo bad results have been observed in the
Pajaro Valley, where every opportunity, because of peculiar spray
schedule, is given for the bees to feed on poisoned blossoms.

In conclusion, the California entomologist states that "A real Cali-
fornia booster would say, 'It's the climate !' Possibly it is."

"With the widely differing reports at hand from Indiana and Cali-
fornia what is the Illinois beeman to believe? One would be inclined
to take the Indiana results, because the Indiana climate is similar lo
ours. It can not be denied, however, that the California results cast a
doubt upon their conclusiveness. Such an extreme difference, it is true,
may be the result of climatic differences.' On the other hand, differences
in experimental method may be involved.

It would seem to the writer that the following points especially
can be studied by Illinois beemen:

(1) How commonly is the pre-bloom spray applied to opening
flowers ?

(2) In case the pre-bloom spra}' is applied to opening flowers does
injury to the bees appear to follow?

(3) Do honeybees visit the flowers after the calyx spray is
applied? (I believe that this application is ordinarily made after the
bees have quit visiting the flowers, but am not fully satisfied that this
is the ease. Beemen especially, and commercial orchardists also, should

100 TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL EEPOKT OF THE

take pains to note this point. Let us state again that in Illinois we do
not recommend the application of an arsenical during the blossoming
period, although a fungicide may occasionally be necessary.)

(4) If bees visit the flowers in any number at this time, is there
a high mortality in the colonies?

Finally, since the matter does not seem to be settled one way or
the other, the orchardist should leave the arsenical out .of his spray if
he sprays during full bloom.

Other fruits than the apple are not, according to our present prac-
tices, sprayed at periods which appear to be dangerous.

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOClATIOiN". 101

WHEN ILLINOIS HITS HER STRIDE IN APICULTURE.

(By Wallace Park, Division of Apictulture, University of Illinois.)

As a newcomer in Illinois, I have been struck by the great possi-
bilities for beekeeping here. But the records of honey production
indicate that those possibilities are not fully used. The situation re-
minds me of an untrained track aspirant who has the build of a runner
and shows some speed, but who maintains no definite stride and seldom
wins a race. Obviously, what this runner needs is training which will
enable him to "hit his stride" and keep to it.

Illinois has the build of a honey producing state of the first order.
Her" size, her climate, her honey flora, the number of colonies of bees
and the hone}" crops produced occasionally, all indicate her possibilities
in this line. In the matter of total production, Illinois usually ranks
fairly well. In normal seasons, Texas, Xew York, Iowa and Illinois,
each produces approximately five per cent of the total honey crop of
the United States. (They are exceeded only by California). A fair
comparison can scarcely be drawn between Illinois and either Texas or
Js'ew York, because the conditions of honey flora and climate are so
very different. But the conditions in Illinois and Iowa are very similar.

According to the 1920 Census Eeport, Illinois with 162, 030 colonies
ranked fifth among the states of the union, in the total number of
colonies. But, with a crop of 1,897,000 pounds, she fell to eighth place
in total honey production. The average yield was 12 pounds per
colony.

In the same 3'ear, Iowa with 138,319 colonies, ranked only ninth in
the number of colonies, but climbed to fourth place in total production
with a crop of 2,840,000 pounds and had an average yield of 20 jiounds
per colony, or nearly double the average yield in Illinois. To put it
another way, Iowa with 25,000 fewer colonies than Illinois, produced
nearly a million pounds more honey. '

We are well aware that census figures on bees and hone.v produc-
tion are far from complete, yet they are probably as complete for one
state as another and hence are comparative at least. Some may wonder
Avhether the situation in 1919 was typical for Iowa and Illinois. I am
of the opinion that it was fairly typical for both. In support of this
opinion I will submit the following evidence based upon figures gathered
by the Bureau of Markets and published in Gleanings of Bee Culture.

Only once in the last five years, has Illinois ranked better than
twentieth in average yield per colony. Beginning with 1919, her rank
in average yield has been, twentieth, thirty-third, twenty-third, sixth.
and twentieth, respectively. During the same period, Iowa's rank has
been eleventh, twelfth, twentieth, fourth and eleventh, respectively.

102 TWEXTY-TIIIRD AXXUAL REPORT OF THE

While the honey resources of this State may not be quite as .great
as those of Iowa, this difference if there is any, does not appear suflEi-
cient to account for the markedh' lower average yield in Illinois. The
climate here is fully equal to that of Iowa so far as honey production is
concerned. But I have heard from a number of reliable sources, that
box-hives are numerous in some sections of Illinois. While box-hives
are not exactly a novelty in Iowa, they are not very common. It is my
belief that the prevalence of box-hives in this State is largely responsible
for the low average yields of surplus honey.

As we well know, box-hives are not common where modem methods
are in vogue. The value of such methods can best be taught by actual
demonstrations carried on in various parts of the State. This type of
educational work has been carried on for several years with telling
results in Iowa where more than a hu;jdred demonstration apiaries have
been established in various parts of the state.

This work is carried out about as follows : A request that the work
bo carried out in a county must come through the County Farm
Bureau. A trip on organization work is made - by the Extension
Specialist in Beekeeping. This usually is done sometime during the
winter. A general beekeepers' meeting is held and modern methods are
discussed. The beekeepers then vote for or against the establishment of
a demonstration apiary in their county. If the vote is favorable, some
beekeeper is found who is willing to cooperate. All the requirements
necessary are that the eooperator furnish adequate equipment for five
colonies, that he allow the meetings to be held at his place for two years,
and during this time, do everything in his power to interest neighbor-
ing beekeepers in the project.

The five colonies set aside are to be managed by the Bee Specialist
or according to his directions. The beekeeper operates the rest of his
colonies according to his usual methods, and at the close of the season
results are compared. The Bee Specialist makes five trips to each
demonstration yard during the season, each time holding a meeting and
demonstration. The results from one hundred demonstration apiariesf?'
in 1922 showed that the demonstration colonies produced an average of
about 35 per cent more honey than did those operated by the owner.

A clipping taken from a recent issue of "^Better Iowa"' relates the
experience of Lewis Marlow of Boone County, at whose apiary, one of
the demonstration yards was located. "During the past season, Mr.
Marlow secured 800 }>ounds of honey from 5 properly handled demon-
stration colonies and but 115 pounds from 5 check colonies which were
given no special care. These latter colonies will need additional feed
to tide them over the winter. The average of the demonstration
colonies, IGO pounds, exceeded the total of the check colonies. Mr.
Marlow is convinced of the superiority of improved methods.

I had expected it would be necessary for me to combat the stale
argument that there is already an over-production of honey but T have
been relieved of that task by several speakers who have preceeded me.
They have shown the falacy of that line of reasoning much more force-
fullv than I could have done ; and they have pointed out the fact that

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 103

one of the greatest drawbacks to the establishment of a stable honey
market is underproduction,

I am convinced that the beekeepers of Illinois are not content with
the present status of their industry. This is indicated by the fact thai
they are becoming better organized. They are making known their
wants in legislature halls and at the University. They are demanding
and securing privileges and benefits which have been enjoyed by most
branches of agriculture for many years past. The old admonition.
"Ask and ye shall receive," is as true today as ever, but the asking
often needs to be done b}' organizations and not by individuals only.

With respect to the apicultural situation as a whole, Illinois is
headed in the right direction and when she "hits her stride," other
states will have to step lively or be left behind.

104 TWEXTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

HONEY AS A FOOD.

(By K. Hawkins.)

There's a jazz in honey !

Xot the kind you get when you dance to the strains of ragtime, or
the feeling which used to come over you after a "shot in the arm." It's
a good, lionest jazz, that makes you want to Avork, and gives you the
"pep"' of a recently promoted second lieutenant.

Candy factories are taking the place of distilleries. Many don't
know it, hut in much of the candy, ice-cream and cookies, they are eat-
ing, to satisfy that inexplicable desire, honey is an important in-
gredient. Why ?

Hark back to the scientist and ask him why the human race on the
Xorth American continent eats so much sugar. Sugars are the greatest
energy producing foods known. Xorth Americans eat lots of energy pro-
ducing food and consequently are the most "peppy" of all mankind.
They even admit it.

To the tired lounge-lizard or the bored society woman seeking a
new "jazz," honey offers the answer. "Eat and ye shall be filled" — with
"pep." Honey is not only a sugar, it is three sngars. In addition to
sucrose, the sugar of the common "garden" or granulated variety, it
contains dextrose and levulose, two other valuable food sugars.

Like the cow, the honeybee has two stomachs, one for temporary
storage, and one for private use. The honeybee may regurgitate food
from the storage stomach, but she goes further and places this regurgi-
tated food in honeycomb.

In the partial process of digestion in this bee storage stomach, the
sucrose of the nectar is partly broken up into dextrose and levulose,
saving the human stomach this job. This is why honey is valuable as
a food to dyspeptics, invalids and those afflicted with kidney trouble, as
well as the strong man looking for a kick.

We rediscover many things. In the book of proverbs, you will find
"Eat thou honey, because it is good." The honey producer points with
pride to his life work — putting the "pep" in the good right arm of
Uncle Sam. Where honey fails in this, the bee has the remedy. One
guess ! Were you ever stung ?

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 105

HONEY SOLUTION AS AN ANTI-FREEZE FOR RADIATORS.

(By B. H. Kelty, Entomology Dept, M. A. C.)

Honey has been used for making an anti-freeze solution to use in
automobile radiators for six or seven years by beekeepers and others in
various parts of the country. Although it has been long known by
scientists that the addition of sugar to water would depress the freezing
point, the use of honey for this purpose has not been practiced until
recent years.

Laboratory tests show that the proper dilution of honey will stand
the severest temperatures without freezing. The proper dilution to use
depends upon how low the temperature drops in a given locality during
the winter. Where the temperature seldom drops below zero, a i-olution
made' of one-half honey and one-half water by volume should be used.
If the temperature occasionally drops to fifteen below zero, the correct
proportion is sixty per cent honey and forty per cent water by volume.
Where the temperature commonly drops lower than fifteen below zero,
a solution of two parts honey to one part of water by volume should be
used. In the case of the heavier solutions the addition of one quart of
denatured alcohol to three gallons of the solution will appreciably im-
prove the circulation in the radiator.

The proper way to make the solution, is as follows : After choosing
the formula which will meet the requirements of winter temperature for
the district, heat the required amount of water to make up the desired
quantity of solution to the boiling point and stir in the correct amount
of honey. Continue stirring until the honey is entirely dissolved. Then
raise the temperature of the honey solution to the boiling point and
allow the solution to boil for from three to five minutes. After the
solution has cooled somewhat, skim oi? the slight amount of scum which
has formed and stir in the proper amount of alcohol. It is not necessary
to use the alcohol but the amount mentioned improves it. After thQ
solution has cooled to room temperature it is ready to pour in the
radiator.

However, before using the honey solution, radiator hose connections
should be inspected, and if leaking, should be reshellaced and tightened.
If the engine-head gasket leaks, the solution, in passing through, will
cause an objectionable stickiness. The level of the solution in the radi-
ator should be at least two inches below the overflow pipe since the solu-
tion swells considerably with heat and will over-flow anyway if full.

In use, the water in the honey solution will evaporate out somewhat.
However, it is only necessary to add more water to the solution when
starting out in the morning. The water will mix thoroughly with the
remaining honey solution during the day.

lOG TWEXTY-THIRD AXNUAL EEPORT OF THE

The honey solution can be drained off and used again at will. In
fact the solution can be stored during the summer months and used
again the following winter if a little alcohol is added to the solution to
prevent fermentation during the warm months.

Honey solution is entirely safe as an anti-freeze. Even with a sud-
den extremely cold change, below the freezing point of the solution, no
damage Avill be done to the engine or engine-head since the organic mat- ■
ter in the solution prevents solid freezing. Instead the solution con-
geals and forms a sort of a slush which will reliquify between five and
ten below zero.

If the solution has slushed, when the engine is started, throw a
blanket over the radiator for a few minutes after starting and the solu-
tion will immediately become liquid.

The solution has been used with equal success in radiators having
no water pump and in radiators having a water pump. When used in
radiators having no water pump, the lower eight or ten inches of the
radiator should be protected during extremely cold weather.

On account of the high boiling point of honey, the solution will
have a boiling point -ranging from 215 degrees to 220 degrees, depend-
ing on the amount of honey used in the mixture. This is a distinct
advantage over the use of alcohol, which has a boiling point of about
180 degrees, since with the honey solution the engine receives better
radiation and may get better carburation. But the outstanding advan-
tage of the honey solution as an anti-freeze is the fact that the solution
becomes stronger with evaporation instead of weaker and is entirely safe.
One can fill his radiator with honey solution and forget it except for the
periodical adding of enough water to replace what has evaporated.

Only well-ripened honey should be used. Honey which has fer-
mented or honey-dew honey is unsatisfactory. Actual tests show that
honey is about twice as efficient as sugar sirup, glucose, or molasses in
deferring the freezing point. The color of the honey does not matter
and therefore dark honey of poor quality for eating pui-poses is as good
as any and can be bought for less.

3
■&

ILLIISTOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATIOX. 107

THE NEW METHOD OF STERILIZING COMBS AFFECTED
WITH AMERICAN FOULBROOD SO THAT THEY CAN BE
USED OVER AGAIN WITH PERFECT SAFETY.

(By E. E. Root.)

Dr. J. C. Hutzelman, of Glendale, Ohio, is the discoverer of a
process for sterilizing combs affected by American foul brood so that
these combs for three or four cents each can be safely given back to the
bees. As the invention or discovery has now passed the experimental
stage I believe its importance to the beekeeping industry is surpassed
only by the invention of the movable frame, the honey-extractor, the
bee-smoker, and comb foundation. Indeed, it may be doubted if it is
not on an even par with them. It will enable the beekeepers of the
country to save their valuable combs and at the same tim.e enable them
to hold the most serious pest that the beekeeper has to contend with —
namely, American foulbrood — under control. I am convinced that,
under the old method of treating, cutting out the combs, melting them
up, etc., the disease has been spread, even by intelligent beekeepers, and
under the very eyes of foulbrood inspectors themselves. The very act
of cutting out the combs, cutting into the honey, and then storing them
to be melted up later, involves the smearing up of tools, clothing, and
other things, in a way that leaves remnants of honey everj'where, to
which the bees may later gain access. Unless the containers holding the
cut combs are leak-proof infected honey will ooze out, get under the feet,
and then be tracked intO' the apiary. By the new method all that is
necessary is to dip the diseased combs, if they contain no honey, into the
sterilizing solution for 48 hours, at the end of which time they can
be given back to the bees after airing and drying.

This new sterilizing solution contains formalin. The alcohol dis-
solves the scale, as it is a penetrant — that is to say, it will penetrate all
sealed as well as unsealed cells of brood, whether diseased or sound. It
will dissolve the scale, and even dissolve the wax if the combs are left in
too long. The fact that the alcohol is such an active penetrant makes
it possible for the germ -destroyer, fomialin, probably the best known in
the world, to kill the spores as well as the active germs of American
foulbrood.

This solution has been tested in such a large way that it is now past
the experimental stage. Thousands of diseased combs have been treated
by this solution; and, so far as I know, not a single ease of American
foulbrood has reappeared in these combs when given back to the bees.

108 twej^ty-titied annual report of the

Tpie Mode of Treatment.

All combs containing diseased brood, if they contain no honey, can
be dipped immediately into the solution. At the end of 48 hours they
can be used again after airing. All sealed honey when present in dis-
eased combs should be uncapi>ed. It is advisable to extract this honey
or to soak the combs containing it ir^ water for 2-± hours. At the end of
that time the water should be shaken out, or, better, extracted, when the
combs will be ready for treatment.

After treatment the solution should be shaken out, or, better, ex-
tracted, and saved, because it can be used over and over again. Un-
like some germicides it does not lose its strength nor its power to destroy
the germs.

Some extensive experience on our part, as well as that of others,
shows that, at the present prices of the solution, the cost of the germi-
cide per comb is less than 2 cents ; or the total cost, including the labor,
about 31/0 cents. The cost of treating combs in a small way will, of
course, be greater. The small beekeeper or backlot beekeeper, however,
can treat his combs at odd hours at practically no expense for labor.

Cost of the Old Treatment.

The old treatment involved cutting the diseased combs out of the
frames, boiling the old frames or buying new ones, melting up the wax,
and having it made back again into foundation. This involves an
expense, depending upon conditions, of anywhere from 18 to 35 cents
per comb. On top of all this a frame of foundation falls far short of
old black comb in the midst of a honey-flow, as every good beekeeper
knows ; and it therefore can be seen that the new treatment will not
onh' save an enormous expense to the beekeepers of the country and of
the world, but it brings a new era into the industry by putting it on a
surer and safer foundation. The two hazards of beekeeping have been,
wintering and foulbrood. The first has been almost solved, while the
second has reached a stage where a beekeeper can clean up his own ter-
ritory and bees at comparatively little expense.

Cost of Appaiutus.

It is advisable to liave a pair of rubber gloves, but these are not
essential. One can use a pair of pliers with wide-opening jaws. The
ordinary pliers used by automobilists will enable one to pick up the
combs Avithout getting his fingers into the solution. In the way of tanks,
the ordinary 00-pound cans Avith the top cut off answer very nicely.
About seven combs can be put into a square can at a time. When the
combs are in place the solution, can be poured in so that over half of all
the combs will be submerged. At the end of 48 hours the combs are
turned end for end, and soaked 48 hours more.

If one desires to immerse the combs completely, all that is neces-
sary is to lengthen out a square can. The material in any other square
can will make it possible for an ordinary tinsmith to lengthen out two

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEKS' ASSOCIATIOX. 109

other square cans to more thau comb length. In other words, two cans
may be made out of three ordinary 60-pound square cans. In these two
cans, seven combs to the can can be completely submerged.

If one wislies to do the work in a wholesale way, all that is neces-
sary to do is to increase the number of liis square cans. These can
usually be had for a few cents. As a rule, the ordinary beekeeper in this
country has a big supply of them that have but little or no market
value.

110 TWEXTT-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

MARKETING HONEY— RETAIL AND WHOLESALE.

(By ^Y. A. Hunter.)

]\Iarketi]]g is the act of selling or of purchasing in or as in a
market, Webster defines market as ''a meeting together of people at a
stated time and place for the purpose of traffic by private purchase and
sale." Many of us are old enough to recall the old-fashioned market
place; which is long since out of date. AVe can also recall the old dark,
unventilated, rat and mouse infested grocery store, with its fiy-specked
fin scoop, pint, quart and half gallon measure, overrun with ants and
insects of various kinds. This sort of a store is also a thing of the past.
People are now educated to a more sanitary method of handling food.
stutt's and business is done upon a higher and more honorable plan. The
progressive merchant has it distinctly understood that unsatisfactory
goods may be retained in exchange for goods that are satisfactory, or, if
preferable to the customer, the goods are to be returned and the money
refunded. Xever argue with a customer but grant that the customer is
alwaj's right.

For many reasons I do not like the term marketing as applied to
present methods of handling goods, MERCHAXDISIXG is really a
more fitting word. Webster defines merchandising "to trade; to carry
on commerce". COEEECT MODERN METHODS OF MERCHAX-
DISIXGr employ every known means in appealing to the human senses,
not only by extremely artistic advertisements in the leading magazines
with a national circulation, and newspapers; but also by impressive dis-
plays, convincing demonstrations, progressive up-to-date selling methods,
thorough distribution, ordering conveniences, prompt and safe delivery
to the consumer and credit inducements.

I would call the reader's attention to several of the leading maga-
zines which have beautifully colored artistic display ads, which cannot be
overlooked by even the most casual observer. Successful merchants
recognize the fact that the day of haphazard advertising is over ; that the
advertisement must, in its structural quality, be regarded as a unit of
effective art, and that thought in planning and execution must be an
integral part of an advertising campaign.

Advertising, wisely utilized, is a great economic power to broaden
markets and decrease the cost of distributing goods, but if unscienti-
fically employed, is wasteful to the community. The following rules will
give some idea of the care exercised by successful advertisers in their
planning :

1". The market analysis or study upon which the advertising pro-
gram was based.

2. Particular problems met in adapting the advertising to market-
ing conditions and the methods used to meet these problems.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES" ASSOCIATIOX. Ill

3. The objectives chosen for the campaign and why these were
selected.

4. The choice of the advertising appeals as governed bj^ the analysis
of the product and the study of motives controlling possible purchases
of the product.

5. The reasons governing the preparation of copy and art treat-
ment adopted.

6. The method of determining the appropriation for the cam-
paign,

7. The considerations governing the choice of media, including
media reinforcing the newspaper and periodical advertising.

8. The consideration of factors involved in scheduling the ad-
vertising.

In merchandising any commodity the human senses must be
appealed to. What are these senses which influence human action?
SIGHT, SMELL, HEAEIXG, TASTE AXD TOUCH,

Keeping these human senses constantly in mind the honey pro-
ducer should have no difficulty in selling his crop of good honey at an
attractive price. Assuming that the honey is of a good quality, it should
be ^packed under sanitary conditions and offered for sale in a good look-
ing, clear, flint glass container, with an attractive label which should
state specifically and truthfully the kind and quality of honey in the
container. Xo salesman can afford to in any way mislead or deceive his
customer. Only a fool would think of deception, for all successful busi-
ness is based upon confidence. Honey must be seen, to sell readih' and
to the best advantage, regardless of where it is offered for sale.

Many grocers fail to realize the importance of placing their honey
where it can be seen by their customers. Articles such as coffee, sugar,
flour, etc., need not be conspicuously exhibited, as customers expect
always to find them in the grocery and call for them as a matter of fact,
but seldom will a housewife go to the grocery for the purpose of pur-
chasing honey, while if honey is seen and makes the proper appeal she
will frequently take a jar home.

The human family is largely controlled by habit. The American
people have the butter, coffee, tea and sugar habit, but no one seems to
have ever been sufficiently interested in developing a human habit for
honey consumption. I am reliably informed that honey is always on
every hotel dining table at every meal, every day in the year, in Switzer-
land, the same as you will find butter, bread, salt and pepper on the
dining table in America.

Xow it is up to the beekeepers to create the honey habit in Amer-
ica, and it can be done if every beekeeper will make it his business to
sell only the finest honey for table use. There is a market for the off-
grades of honey with the bakers and chewing tobacco manufacturers,
but even if there were no market for the low grade honeys it would
benefit the beekeeper to destroy the low grade honeys or feed them to
the pigs, for it has frequently come to my knowledge that honey cus-
tomers have been discouraged from purchasing honey after being im-
posed upon by some beekeeper in selling them low grades of honey.

113 • TWEXTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

When you lose ^'our customer's confidence, or when the beekeeping
industry loses the confidence of the honey eater the market is affected
just to the extent that such confidence is abused and destroyed.

The honey flow in this territory this season was practically a failure^
although considerable honey dew was gathered and stored by the bees.
Three different customers consulted me this fall to learn where they
could secure some good honey. Upon inquiring I found they had all
three purchased honey dew for honey, or else honey they purchased wa&
blended with honey dew. Just how many other customers purchased
honey dew for honey without going to the trouble to investigate and
inform themselves cannot be estimated.

So you can readily see that an ignorant or malicious beekeeper can
and does do the honey business inestimable injury by selling low grade
honey and honey dew for honey. He not only destroys the confidence of
a steady customer for himself but for every other beekeeper who is en-
deavoring to establish a trade.

Some large commercial honey bottlers have injure^ the honey
market by blending cheap, low grade honey with the^^elicious high
grade honeys, in order to lower their price and undersell the honorable
honey bottlers. In time national grading laws willj)e established and
legalized, as has already been done in some states, Mid when it is com-
pulsory for the honey producer to label or brand his honey with a com-
plete statement of all, the facts regarding the quality, grade and source
of the honey under tlie label, then the honey purchaser will be protected
and have recourse upon the seller, which will establish confidence and
improve the demand and market.

]^o sensible honey producer should ever sell a consumer anything
but the best honey for table use. Xo sensible honey producer should ever
cut the retail price of the large commercial honey bottlers, for when he-
does he is cutting his own throat, as the commercial honey bottlers in
self defense must in turn reduce the price they pay for the honey they
buy to bottle. If you wish to favor a customer or friend make them a.
present of your honey, but never cut the price. x\lways produce, pack,
sell and deliver to the customer only such grades as you know will please
him.

Producers rarely ever realize that goods are never sold until they
reach the consumer, are found satisfactory and paid for. Perhaps all
of you are perfectly familiar with the guaranty of the leading mail-order
houses. This really tells the whole story of correct methods of modern
merchandising. Under the present high standard of doing business the
seller must assume all responsibility for pleasing his customer in every
way, or refund the customer's money and take the goods back. The-
week before Christmas in 1922 one of our leading mail-order houses
received remittances daily for over a week in excess of a million dollars
per day, which all goes to show that they .have' the cusfomer's confidence.
Unsold honey, over and above current demand, on the grocer's or job-
ber's shelves, or in warehouses, is simply in the way of future sales and
movement. Unused honey in the consumer's pantry simply stops
further sale, and for that reason only the most delicious honey should be-

~ ; i-wiJjtyyiiiyTw^^g^^j^^gtfgj^

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION". 113

sold the consumer, to induce increased consumption and encourage
repeat orders.

During the past summer I solicited an order from one of my cus-
tomers. The lady informed me that she still had some honey which she
could not use as it was granulated. I suggested that the honey be re-
liquified by putting it in warm water. This ^he had already done but
did not leave it long enough or keep the water hot enough to accom-
plish the purpose, so I immediately called for the granulated honey and
gave her liquified honey in exchange, as I knew that the package of
granulated honey in her pantry was a barrier to further sale. I am quite
sure very few beekeepers realize that their honey sales are frequently
stopped by just such circumstances. Always have it distinctly under-
stood that your customers will be conferring a great favor upon you to
return any honey that is not perfectly satisfactory to them, regardless of
the reason. Insist upon them returning any honey that does not please
them, and you will find your sales increasing and your customers .con-
suming more honey than they otherwise would. The following slogan
should be on every honey container : "If you do not like this honey re-
turn it and get your money."

According to current prices of other comparable food products, a
fin6 grade of honey should retail for not less than 45 cents per pound
jar. This applies to either extracted honey, chunk honey, bulk comb or
comb honey in sections. i*^ever compare honey with the health-wrecking,
death-dealing, man-made sugar, nor permit anyone else to make such
a ridiculous comparison, but if you must make a comparison, or your
customers insist upon a comparison, call their attention to the following
prices :

Pure jellies, per pound 70c

Pure preserves, per pound 4oc

Pure jams, per pound 45c

Pure marmalade, per pound 45c

Coffee, per pound ...... .,. .....,..., i. . . . .i 40c

Tea, per pound ..... .i. ..... .; 90c

The following current quotations are from a leading mail-order
house :

Maple syrup, per gallon $2.9()

Cane syrup, maple blend, per gallon $1.80

Honey, per gallon $1.92

The beekeepers are undoubtedly to blame for a gallon of honey
selling at $1.92 while maple syrup sells for $2.96 a gallon, or $1.04
more for a gallon of maple syrup than a gallon of honey. Bear in mind
that maple syrup is a manufactured article, while good honey, undefiled
by the hand of man, is the only natural sweet obtainable. It is a well
known fact that the maple syrup.producers cooperate and sell their honey
through a well managed selling organization, which accounts for the
difference in price.

At the present time creamery butter is selling for 58 cents per
pound; eggs are selling for 60 cents per dozen. Many of you can re-

— 8 B A

114 TWEXTY-TIIIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

member when good country butter sold for 15 cents and 30 cents a
pound and eggs sold for 10 cents and 15 cents a dozen, peddled and de-
livered from house to house by the farmer, wife or daughter, hut the
butter and egg people have recognized and taken advantage of modern
methods of merchandising, while the unprogressive heekeeper still
markets his honey in the antiquated hand-to-hand primitive way, re-
ceiving little or no pay for his time and energy spent, and until the bee-
keeper or honey producer adopts modern methods the honey market will
be no better than it is now.

Correct modern methods of merchandising incorporate everything
from the beginning of production to the final step in delivering a satis-
factory article to a pleased customer; that is to say, the latest and most
modern means must be employed in the production, preparation, distri-
bution and disposition of honey before the results will be satisfactory to
the honey producer, for it is plain to see that honey produced, prepared,
distributed and disposed of as it is today cannot compete with other food
products handled by modern merchandising methods. The beekeeper
who produces a fine grade of honey, j)repares it for market under sani-
tary conditions, and offers it for sale in an attractive container, under
an artistic label with a truthful statement of the quality, grade and
source, using all of the already thoroughly established^ channels of dis-
tribution and the latest scientific principles of disposition, need have no
worry about the future of his honey market.

A retail price must be established and maintained which will enable
the producer to permit the grocer to make his customary percentage of
profit, and also be able to allow the jobber his usual discount, otherwise
the beekeeper cannot expect them to become interested in marketing
honey. They are in business for the same reason that you are, and when
you establish your retail price never cut it under any circumstances, for
the moment you do you lose the confidence of not only the jobber and
the grocer but also the confidence of the consumer, for if the customer
thinks that there is a chance to purchase honey at a lower price he will
simply wait and may never buy. Bear in mind that jobbers are never
interested in any brand of goods until a demand has been created for
that particular brand, nor is the grocer interested in any brand of goods
until his customers call for it repeatedly and persistently. It is up to
the producer to create a demand from the consumer for his particular
brand of honey.

So, do not get the impression that by stocking the grocer or the
jobber your work is done. As a matter of fact your responsibility has
just started. It is the producer's business to see that the honey moves
from the grocer to the consumer and from the jobber to the grocer.
Successful merchandising is a constant study and there can be no let-
up or rest for the producer who expects to make a success of marketing
his crop. Always remember that the producers of comparable food
products never let up but a re. constantly at work, making an irresistable
appeal for the consumer's dollar, and beekeepers must do the same or
the honey market will remain in its present deplorable condition.

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 115

THE FITNESS OF A LffiRARY AS A MEMORIAL TO

DR. C. C. MILLER.

(By B. F. Kindig.)

Many of you knew Dr. Miller personally and intimately for many
years. While I have coveted the honor, the privilege and the pleasure
that you have experienced, yet I have known himj only as the millions of
others have known him through his writings. Prom these I feel that I
have quite an intimate acquaintance with him. Sometimes I feel that
when we are j)rivileged to know through the written page, the inner
moods, the deep feelings and the high purposes of such a one as Dr.
Miller, perhaps we may know him nearly as well as those do who went
down the years shoulder to'- shoulder with him. It is thus I have known
him as America's greatest beekeeping authorit}' — a student, a scholar
and a great teacher.

The things that Dr. Miller did characterized him as a student —
the efforts he put forth to secure an education, his interest in i^ae fine
.arts and his mastery of the sciences, his writing of books and his con-
tributions to the various journals — all these were done for the love of
culture and of learning and his knowledge and observations were passed
on to others because of his desire to serve his fellow men. In his auto-
biograph}^. Dr. Miller tells us of his teaching — tutoring in college, the
teaching of music and his public school teaching. I think of Dr. Miller
as predestined to be a teacher. To me that one quality stands out pre-
eminent. He was doubtless a master in teaching and was a source of in-
spiration to the many who sat before him. How infinitely greater has
been the number whom he has inspired and taught through his books and
the pages of the journals to which he contributed !

The wealth of knowledge which Dr. Miller left as the inheritance of
this and coming generations was given, I believe, that each one might
receive a spiritual blessing through the gain that might accrue as a result
of his observations and discoveries. I do not believe he ever coveted
anything but spiritual wealth but he well knew that a greater measure
of spiritual growth might follow in the path of financial independence.
And thus hei always kept in mind the economic aspects of his profession.
A student of his writings may learn not only to keep bees but to live
life well and thus fulfill the great purpose of our Creator.

I look upon a library as the permanent record of the achievements
and experiences of the race. In the sixty years from the time that Dr.
Miller came into possession of that first swarm of bees 4n the sugar
barrel, to the end of his beekeeping career, he passed through probably
every worth while experience in beekeeping that anyone ever has had.
As would be expected of a great student and teacher, he carefully noted

116 TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

the behavior of the bees and thus became an authority. What he saw
and learned was soon passed on to others who did not liave the natural
gifts for seeing and understanding that he had.

The beekeepers of the world want his influence and his teachings
to go on to the end of time. It is universally agreed that this could best
be accomplished only through a library composed of his writings and
the writings/ of every other eminent authority in the world. A library is
a silent teacher. Dr. Miller himself is silent today but his voice through
his writings rings to the ends of the earth. We would have it continue
so. The multitudes of students who will spend a time in the dibrary
of the great institution where it is located, will read those pages not
as from one who has gone, but as a contemporary message from a fel-
low student. Truth is eternal and the words of wisdom in Dr. Miller's
messages are more enduring than granite or bronze. Long after the
tablet which we dedicate today has passed ' from its present resting
place, those truths which he taught will be as inspiring to the student of
that day as they have been during his life time. We believe that Dr.
Miller would have his influence for good perpetuated. We believe that
he would have the inspiration which he gave to the multitudes continue
to benefit mankind after he is gone. In the establishing of this library,
we are making in his- name and founding upon his works an eternal
contribution to the betterment of mankind. We are building today to
Dr. Miller, our friend, our adviser and our fellow beekeeper, to Dr.
Miller, the student, the scholar and the teacher, a monument more en-
during, more honorable, more majestic and more in harmony with his
life and ideals than anything that could be fashioned from bronze or
marble.

-i.".-

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEKS' ASSOCIATIOX. 117

FORMATION OF THE ILUNOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS'

ASSOCIATION.

Spbi>'gfield, III., Fe'bruary 26, 1891.

The Capitol Beekeepers' Association was called to order by President
P. J. England.

Previous notice having been given that an effort would be made to form
a State association, and there being present beekeepers from different parts
of the State, by motion, a recess was taken in order to form such an asso-
ciation.

P. J. England was chosen temporary chairman and C. E. Yocum tem-
porary secretary. On motion, the Chair appointed Thos. G. Newman, C. P.
Dadant and Hon. J. M. Hambaugh, a Committee on Constitution.

Col. Chas. F. Mills addressed the meeting on the needs of a State asso-
ciation and stated that it was his opinion that the beekeepers should have
a liberal appropriation for a State Apiarian Exhibit at the World's Colum-
bian Exposition.

. A motion to adjourn till 1:30 p. m. prevailed.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

The Committee on Constitution reported a form for same which, on
motion, was read by the Secretary, by sections serially.

Geo. F. Robbins moved to substitute the word "shall" for "may" in the
last clause of Section 1, Article III. This led to a very animated discussion,
and the motion was lost.

J. A. Stone moved to amend the above-named section by striking out the
word "ladies" and all that followed of the same section, which motion led to
further discussion, and motion finally prevailed.

Section 2, Article II, relating to a quorum, was, on motion, entirely
stricken out.

Mr. Robbins moved to amend Article V by adding the words "Thirty
days' notice having been given to each member." Prevailed.

Thos. G. Newman moved to adopt the Constitution, so amended, as a
whole. Which motion prevailed.

(See Constitution).

J. A. Stone moved that the Chair appoint a Nominating Committee of
three on permanent organization. Prevailed.

Chair appointed as such committee. Col. Chas. F. Mills, Hon. J. M.
Hambaugh, and C. P. Dadant.

Committee retired and in a few minutes returned, submitting the fol-
lowing named persons as candidates for their respective offices:

For President — P. J. England, Fancy Prairie.

For Vice Presidetns — Mrs. L. Harrison, Peoria; C. P. Dadant, Hamilton;
W, T. F. Petty, Pittsfield; Hon. J. M. Hambaugh, Spring; Dr. C. C. Miller,
Marengo.

Secretary — Jas. A. Stone, Bradf ordton.

Treasurer — ^A. N. Draper, Upper Alton.

Mr. Black moved the adoption of the report of the Committee on Noni-
inations. The motion prevailed, and the officers as named by the committee
were declared elected for the ensuing year.

~^^^a^'.i^^

118 TWEXTY-TUIRD AXXUAL REPORT OF THE

Hon. J. M. Hambaugh moved that Mr. Thos. G. Newman, Editor Ameri-
can Bee Journal, of Chicago, be made the first honorary member of the
association. Prevailed.

At this point. Col. Chas. F. Mills said:

Mr. Chairman, "I want to be the first one to pay my dollar for member-
ship," at the same time suiting his action to his words, and others followed
his example, as follows:

CHARTER MEMBERS.

Col. Chas. F. Mills, Springfield. Geo. F. Robbins, Mechanicsburg,

Hon. J. M. Hambaugh, Spring. J. W. Yocum, Williamsville.

Hon. J. S. Lyman, Farmingdale. Thos. S. Wallace, Clayton.

C. P. Dadant, Hamilton. A. J. England, Fancy Prairie.

Chas. Dadant, Hamilton. P. J. England, Fancy Prairie.

A. N. Draper, Upper Alton. C. E. Yocum, Sherman.

S. N. Black, Clayton. Jas. A. Stone, Bradfordton.
Aaron Coppin, Wenona.

FIRST HONORARY MEMBER.
Thos. G. Newman, Editor American Bee Journal, Chicago.

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEEPEKS' ASSOCIATIOX. 119

STATE OF ILLINOIS— DEPARTMENT OF STATE.

Isaac N. Pearson, Secretary of State.
To All to Whom These Presents Shall Come — Greeting:

Whereas, A certificate duly signed and acknowledged having been filed
in the office of the Secretary of State on the 27th day of February, A. D.
1891, for the organization of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association,
under and in accordance with the provisions of "An Act Concerning Corpo-
rations," approved April 18, 1872, and in force July 1, 1872, and all acts
amendatory thereof, a copy of which certificate is hereunto attached.

Now Therefore, I, Isaac N. Pearson, Secretary of State, of the State of
Illinois, by virtue of the powers and duties vested in me by law, do hereby
certify that the said, The Illinois State Beekeepers' Association, is a legally
organized corporation under the laws of the State.

In Testimony Whereof, I hereunto set my hand and cause to be affixed
the great seal of State.

Done at the city of Springfield, this 27th day of February, in the year
of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety-one, and
the Independence of the United States the one hundred and
» fifteenth.

[Seal] I. N. Pearson, Secretary of State.

State of Illinois, /
County of Sangamon, ( '
To Isaac N. Pearson, Secretary of State:

We, the undersigned. Perry J. England, Jas. A. Stone and Albert N.
Draper, citizens of the United States, propose to form a corporation under
an act of the General Assembly of the State of Illinois, entitled, "An Act
Concerning Corporations," approved April 18, 1872, and all acts amendatory
thereof; and for the purposes of such organizations, we hereby state as fol-
lows, to-wit:

1. The name of such corporation is. The Illinois State Beekeepers'
Association.

2. The object for which it is formed is to promote the general interests
of the pursuit of bee-culture.

3. The management of the aforesaid Association shall be vested in a
board of three Directors, who are to be elected annually.

4. The following persons are hereby selected as the Directors, to con-
trol and manage said corporation for the first year of its corporate exist-
ence, viz: Perry J. England, Jas. A. Stone, and Albert N. Draper.

5. The location is in Springfield, in the county of Sangamon, State of
Illinois.

(Signed) Perry J. England,
Jas. a. Stone,
Albert N. Draper.

: i^"-

State of Illinois
Sangamon County.

I, S. Mendenhall, a notary public in and for the county and State afore-
said, do hereby certify that on this 26th day of February, A. D. 1891, per-
sonally appeared before me. Perry J. England, James A. Stone and Albert
N. Draper, to me personally known to be the same persons who executed the
foregoing certificate, and severally acknowledged that they had executed the
same for the purposes therein set forth.

In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal the day and
year above written.

[Seal] S. Mendenhall, Notary PuMic.

120 TWEXTY-THIRD AXXUAL REPORT OF THE

CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS OF THE ILLINOIS STATE
BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

Constitution.

Adopted Feb. 26, 1891.

ARTICLE I.— Name.

This organization shall be known as The Illinois State Beekeepers'
Association, and its principal place of business shall be at Springfield^ 111.

ARTICLE II.— Object.

Its object shall be to promote the general interests of the pursuit of
bee-culture.

ARTICLE III. — Membership.

Section 1. Any person interested in apiculture may become a member
upon tha payment to the Secretary of an annual fee of one dollar and fifty
cents ($1.50). (Amendment adopted at annual meeting, December, 1919):
And any affiliating association, as a body, may become members on the pay-
ment of an aggregate fee of fifty cents (50c) per member, as amended No-
vember, 1910.

Sec. 2. Any person may become honorary member by receiving a
majority vote at any regular meeting.

ARTICLE IV. — Officees.

Section 1. The officers of this association shall be, President, Vice
President, Secretary and Treasurer. Their terms of office shall be for one
year, or until their successors are elected and qualified.

Sec. 2. The President, Secretary and Treasurer shall constitute the
Executive Committee.

Sec. 3. Vacancies in office — by death, resignation and otherwise — shall
be filled by the Executive Committee until the next annual meeting.

ARTICLE V. — ^Amendments.

This Constitution shall be amended at any annual meeting by a two-
thirds vote of all the members present — thirty days' notice having been
given to each member of the association.

By-Laws.

ARTICLE I.

The officers of the association shall be elected by ballot and by a ma-
jority vote.

ARTICLE II.

It shall be the duty of the President to call and preserve order at all
meetings of this association; to call for all reports of officers and commit-
tees; to put to vote all motions regularly seconded; to count the vote at all
elections, and declare the results; to decide upon all questions of order,
and to deliver an address at each annual meeting.

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATIOX. 131 .

ARTICLE III.

The Vice Presidents shall he numbered, respectively. First, Second,
Third, Fourth and Fifth, and it shall be the duty of one of them, in his re-
spective order, to preside in the absence of the President.

ARTICLE IV.

Section 1. It shall be the duty of the Secretary to report all proceed-
ings of the association, and to record the same, when approved, in the
Secretary's book; to conduct all correspondence of the association, and to
file and preserve all papers belonging to the same; to receive the annual
dues and pay them over to the Treasurer, taking his receipt for the same; to
take and record the name and address of every member of the association;
to cause the Constitution and By-laws to be printed in appropriate form and
in such quantities as may be directed by the Executive Committee from time
to time, and see that each member is provided with a copy thereof; to make
out and publish annually, as far as practicable, statistical table showing the
number of colonies owned in the spring and fall, and the amount of honey
and wax produced by each member, together with such other information
as may be deemed important, or be directed by the Executive Committee;
and to give notice of all meetings of the association in the leading papers
of the State, and in the bee journals at least four weeks, prior to the time of
such meeting.

Sec. 2. The Secretary shall be allowed a reasonable compensation for
his services, and to appoint an assistant Secretary if deemed necessary.

ARTICLE V.

It shall be the duty of the Treasurer to take charge of all funds of the
association, and to pay them out upon the order of the Executive Committee,
taking a receipt for the same; and to render a report of all receipts and
expenditures at each annual meeting.

ARTICLE VI.

It shall be the duty of the Executive Committee to select subjects for
discussion and appoint members to deliver addresses or read essays, and to
transact all interim business.

ARTICLE VII.

The meeting of the association shall be, as far as practicable, governed
by the following order of business:
Call to order.

Reading minutes of last meeting.
President's address.
Secretary's report.
Treasurer's report.
Reports of committees.
Unfinished business.
Reception of members and collection.
Miscellaneous business.
Election and installation of ofllcers.
Discussion.
Adjournment.

ARTICLE VIII.

These By-Laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of all the members
present at any annual meeting.

C. E. YocoM.
Aaeox Coppix.
Geo. F. Robbins.

122 TWEXTY-TIIIRD -i;5fNUAL EEPORT OF THE

Following is a copy of the law passed by the Illinois Legislature May
19, and signed by the Governor June 7, 1911, to take effect July 1, 1911:

STATE FOUL BROOD LAW.
State Inspector of Apiaries.

Preamble.

§ 1. State Inspector of Apiaries — ap- § 3. Annual Report.

pointment — term — assistants

— per diem. § 4. Penalties.

§ 2. Foul Brood, etc. — what declared
nuisances — inspection — notice to
owner or occupant — treatment —
abatement of nuisance — appeal.

House Bill No. 670.

(Approved June 7, 1911.)
Ax Act to prevent the introduction and spread in Illinois of foul "brood
among bees, providing for the appointment of a State Inspector of Apiaries
and prescribing his powers and duties.

Whereas, the disease known as foul brood exists to a very considerable
extent in various portions of this State, which, if left to itself, will soon
exterminate the honey bees; and

Whereas, the work done by an individual beekeeper or by a State in-
spector is useless so long as the oflBcial is not given authority to inspect
and, if need be, to destroy the disease when found; and

Whereas, there is a great loss to the beekeepers and' fruit growers of
the State each year by the devasting ravages of foul brood;

Section 1. Be it enacted by the People of the State of Illinois, repre-
sented in the General Assembly: That the Governor shall appoint a State
Inspector of Apiaries, who shall hold his office for the term of two years,
and until his successor is appointed and qualified, and who may appoint one
or more assistants, as needed, to carry on the inspection under his super-
vision. The Inspector of Apiaries shall receive for each day actually and
necessarily spent in the performance of his duties the sum of four dollars to
be paid upon bills of particulars certified to as correct by the said State
Inspector of Apiaries, and approved by the Governor.

Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of every person maintaining or keeping any
colony or colonies of bees to keep the same free from the disease known as
foul brood and from every contagious and infectious disease among bees. All
beehives, beefixtures or appurtenances where foul brood or other contagious
or infectious disease among bees exists, are hereby declared to be nuisances
to be abated as hereinafter prescribed. If the inspector of apiaries shall
have reason to believe that any apiary is infected by foul brood or other
contagious disease, he shall have power to inspect, or cause to be inspected,
from time to time, such apiary, and for the purpose of such inspection he,
or his assistants, are authorized during reasonable business hours to enter
into or upon any farm or premises, or other building or place used for the
purpose of propagating or nurturing bees. If said inspector of apiaries, or
his assistants, shall find by inspection that any person, firm or corporation

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATIOX. - 123

is maintaining a nuisance as described in this section, he shall notify in
writing the owner or occupant of the premises containing the nuisance so
disclosed of the fact that such nuisance exists. He shall include in such
notice a statement of the conditions constituting such nuisance, and order
that the same be abated within a specified time and a direction, written or
printed, pointing out the methods which shall be taken to abate the same.
Such notice and order may be served personally or by depositing the same
in the potsoflBce properly stamped, addressed to the owner or occupant of
the land or premises upon which such nuisance exists, and the direction for
treatment may consist of a printed circular, bulletin or report of the In-
spector of Apiaries, or an extract from same.

If the person so notified shall refuse or fail to abate said nuisance in
the manner and in the time prescribed in said notice, the Inspector of
Apiaries may cause such nuisance to be abated, and he shall certify to the
owner or person in charge of the premises the cost of the abatement and if
not paid to him within sixty days thereafter the same may be recovered,
together with the costs of action, before any court in the State having
competent jurisdiction.

In case notice and order served as aforesaid shall direct that any bees,
hives, beefixtures or appurtenances shall be destroyed and the owner of
such bees, hives, beefixtures or appurtenances shall consider himself ag-
grieved by said order, he shall have the privilege of appealing within three
days of the receipt of the notice to the County Court of the county in which
such property is situated. The appeal shall be made in like manner as
appeals are taken to the County Court from judgments of justices of the
peace. Written notice of said appeal served by mail upon the Inspector of
Apiaries shall operate to stay all proceedings until the decision of the
County Court, which may, after investigating the matter, reverse, modify or
afiirm the order of the Inspector of Apiaries. Such decision shall then be-
come the order of the Inspector of Apiaries, who shall serve the same as
hereinbefore set forth and shall fix a time within which such decision must
be carried .out.

Sec. 3. The Inspector of Apiaries shall, on or before the second Mon-
day in December of each calendar year, make a report to the Governor and
also to the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association, stating the number of
apiaries visited, the number of those diseased and treated, the number of
colonies of bees destroyed and the expense incurred in the performance of
his duties.

Sec. 4. Any owner of a diseased apiary or appliances taken therefrom,
who shall sell, barter or give away any such apiary, appliance, queens or
bees from such apiary, expose other bees to the danger of contracting such
disease, or refuse to allow the Inspector of Apiaries to inspect such apiary,
or appliances, shall be fined not less than $50 nor more than $100.

Approved June 7, 1911.

12i . TWEXTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

(Bill passed in the Fiftieth General Assembly.)

BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

THE ORIGINAL BILL.

§ 1. Appropriates $1,000 per annum — § 3. Annual Report,
proviso.

§ 2. How drawn.

Ax Act making an aijpropriation for the Illinois State Beekeepers'

Association.

Whereas, The members of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association
have for years given much time and labor without compensation in the
endeavor to promote the interests of the beekeepers of the State; and,

Whereas, The importance of the industry to the farmers and fruit-
growers of the State warrants the expenditure of a reasonable sum for the
holding of annual meetings, the publication of reports and papers contain-
ing practical information concerning beekeeping, therefore, to sustain the
same and enablQ this organization to defray the expenses of annual meet-
ings, publishing reports, suppressing foul brood among bees in the State,
and promote the industry in Illinois;

Section 1. Be it enacted by the People of the State of Illinois, repre*
sentccl in the General Assembly: That there be and is hereby appropriated
for the use of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association the sum of one
thousand dollars ($1,000)] per annum for the year 1917, 1918, for the pur-
pose of advancing the growth and developing the interests of the beekeepers
of Illinois, said sum to be expended under the direction of the Illinois State
Beekeepers' Association for the purpose of paying the expenses of holding
annual meetings, publishing the proceedings of said meetings suppressing
foul brood among bees in Illinois, etc.

Provided, however. That no officer or officers of the Illinois State Bee-
keepers' Association shall be entitled to receive any money compensation
whatever for any services rendered for the same, out of this fund.

Sec. 2. That on the order of the President, countersigned by the Secre-
tary of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association, and approved by the
Governor, the Auditor of Public Accounts shall draw his warrant on the
Treasurer of the State of Illinois in favor of the treasury of the Illinois
State Beekeepers' Association for the sum herein appropriated.

Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of the Treasurer of the Illinois State Bee-
keepers' Association to pay out of said appropriation, on itemized and
receipted vouchers, such sums as may be authorized by vote of said organiza-
tion on the order of the President countersigned by the Secretary, and make
annual report to the Governor of all such expenditures, as provided by law.

Itemized in the Omnibus Bill as follows:

For shorthand reporting $200.00

For postage and stationery 50.00

For printing 550.00

Expense of meetings 200.00

Total amount of the appropriation $1,000.00

The Assembly ruled that this is not to be paid in lump but drawn on
itemized accounts.

Note: The amount now appropriated is $1,200.00.

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 125

CODE OF RULES AND STANDARDS FOR GRADING API-
ARIAN EXHIBITS AT FAIRS AS ADOPTED BY ILUNOIS
STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

COMB HONEY.

Rule 1. Comb honey shall be marked on a scale of 100, as follows:

Quantity 40 Style of display 20

Quality 40

Rule 2. Points of quality should be:

Variety 5 Straightness of comb 5

Clearness of capping 10 Uniformity 5

Completeness of capping 5 Style of section 5

Completeness of filling 5

Remarks: By variety is meant different kinds, with regard to the
sources from which the honey is gathered, which adds much interest to an
exhibit.

2. By clearness of capping is meant freedom from travel stain and a
•wdter soaked appearance. This point is marked a little high, because it is
a most important one. There is no better test of the quality of comb honey
than the appearance of the cappings. If honey is taken off at the proper
time, and cared for as it should be, so as to preserve its original clear color,
body and flavor will take care of themselves, for excellence in the last two
points always accompanies excellence in the first. Clover and basswood
honey should be white; heartsease, a dull white tinged with yellow; and
Spanish needle, a bright yellow.

3. By uniformity is meant closeness of resemblance in the sections
composing the exhibit.

4. By style is meant neatness of the sections, freedom from propolis,
etc.

5. Honey so arranged as to show every section should score the highest
in style of display, and everything that may add to the tastiness and at-
tractiveness of an exhibit should be considered.

EXTRACTED HONEY.

Rule 1. Extracted honey should be marked on a scale of 100, as follows :

Quantity 40 Style and display 15

Quality 45

Rule 2. Points of quality should be:

Variety 10 Style of package 10

Clearness and color 5 Variety of package 5

Body 5 Finish 5

Flavor 5

Remarks: 1. Light clover honey pouring out of a vessel is a very
light straw color; Spanish needle, a golden hue, and dark clover honey, al
dull amber.

2. Style of package is rated a little high", not only because in that con-
sists the principal beauty of an exhibit of extracted honey, but also because
it involves the best package for marketing. "We want to show honey in the
best shape for the retail trade, and that, in this case, means the most

126 TWENTY-THIRD AXXUAL REPORT OF THE

attractive style for exhibition. Glass packages should be given the prefer-
ence over tin; flint glass over green, and smaller vessels over larger, pro-
vided the latter run over one or two pounds.

3. By variety of package is meant chiefly different sizes; but small pails
for retailing, and, in addition, cans or kegs (not too large) for wholesaling,
may be considered. In the former case, pails painted in assorted colors, and
lettered "Pure Honey," should be given the preference.

4. By flnish is meant capping, labeling, etc.

5. Less depends upon the manner of arranging an exhibit of extracted
than of comb honey, and for that reason, as well as to give a higher number
of points to style of package, a smaller scale is allowed for style of display.

SAMPLES OF COMB AND EXTRACTED HONEY.

Rule 1. Single cases of comb honey, entered as such for separate prem-
iums, should be judged by substantially the same rules as those given for
a display of comb honey, and samples of extracted, by those governing
displays of extracted honey.

Rule 2. Samples of comb or extracted honey, as above, may be con-
sidered as part of the general display in their respective departments.

GRANULATED HONEY.

Rule 1. Candied or granulated honey should be judged by the rules
for extracted honey, except as below.

Rule 2. Points of quality should be:

Variety 10 Style of package 10

Fineness of grain 5 Variety of package 5

Color 5 Finish 5

Flavor 5

Rule 3. An exhibit of granulated honey may be entered or considered
as part of a display of extracted honey.

NUCLEI OF BEES.

Rule. Bees in observation hives should be marked on a scale of 100,
as follows:

Color and markings 30 Quietness 5

Size of bees 30 Style of comb 5

Brood 10 Style of hive 10

Queen 10

Remarks: 1. Bees should be exhibited only in the form of single
frame nuclei, in hives or cages with glass sides.

2. Italian bees should show three or more bands, ranging from leather
color to golden or light yellow.

3. The markings of other races should be those claimed for those races
in their purity.

4. A nucleus from which the queen is omitted should score zero on that
point.

5. The largest quantity of brood in all stages or nearest to that should
score the highest in that respect.

6. The straightest, smoothest and most complete comb, with the most
honey consistent with the most brood, should score the highest in that
respect.

7. That hive which is neatest and best made and shows the bees, etc.,
to the best advantage should score the highest.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 127

QUEEN BEES.

Rule: Queen bees in cages should be marked on a scale of 100, as
follows:

Quantity 40 Quality and variety 40

Style of caging and display 20

Remarks: 1. The best in quality consistent with variety should score
the highest. A preponderance of Italian queens should overweigh a pre-
ponderance of black ones, or, perhaps, of any other race or strain; but
sample queens of any or all varieties should be duly considered. Under the
head of quality should also be considered the attendant bees. There should
be about a dozen with each queen.

2. Neatness and finish of cages should receive due consideration, but
the principal points in style are to make and arrange the cages so as to
show the inmates to the best advantage.

BEESWAX.

Rule. Beeswax should be marked on a scale of 100, as follows:

Quantity 40 Quality 40

Style of display 20

Remarks: 1. Pale, clear, yellow specimens should score the highest,
and the darker grades should come next in order.

2. By style is meant chiefly the forms in which the wax is molded and
put up for exhibition. Thin cakes or small pieces are more desirable in the
retail trade than larger ones. Some attention may be given to novelty and
variety.

128 TWEXTY-THIRD AXXUAL REPORT OF THE

FOUL BROOD IN BEES.

So important it is to be well posted on the two most important, and
likewise, most destructive, disease of bees, that a full description of the
disease and their treatment is herewith given. These are taken verbatim
from Bulletins Nos. 2 and 5 of the Michigan Apiary Inspection Division and
were written by Michigan's present State Bee Inspector, Mr. B. F. Kindig.

AMERICAN FOULBROOD.

American Foulbrood is an infectious disease of the larvae of the honey
bee.

CAUSE.

The disease is caused by a microscopic organism similar in appearance
and habits to some of the germs which cause disease in the human body.
The organism is known as Bacillus larvae.

SYMPTOMS.

To the beekeeper who is unfamiliar with this disease, usually the first
symptoms apparent are a gradual weakening of the colony and the presence
of a very unpleasant odor in the hive. In the very early stages of the
disease it is recognized by an occasional brood cell capping being sunken
and darker in appearance than the cappings of the adjacent cells. A part
of these cappings may also have small holes in them, often ragged in ap-
pearance. Upon further examination it may be found that in a few un-
capped cells the larvae have died and are decaying on the lower cell walls.
Upon careful examination, the dead larval remains in all of the cells just
mentioned will be found to be similar in shape and position, although they
may vary somewhat in color. Soon after the death of the larva it begins
to take on a brownish appearance and the longer the larva has been dead
and the more it becomes dried down the darker is the color. When the
remains have dried down to a thin scale on the lower cell wall the color
becomes almost black. When larvae die from this disease the decayed
remains tend to become quite gluey in their consistency. If a match or
tooth-pick be inserted into the cell and a part of the remains drawn out
it will be found to stretch out somewhat like glue. This quality is com-
monly spoken of as ropiness and is often considered the diagnostic symptom
of this disease. However, in making a diagnosis these four factors should
be present:

(1) The larvae should lie on the lower cell wall.

(2) The color should be brown or black.

(3) The consistency of the larvae should be ropy unless dried down
into a black hard scale.

(4) The odor should be repulsive, inasmuch as it is commonly de-
scribed as smelling like a glue pot.

Even in a very mild case of disease the first three symptoms should be
apparent while the fourth (the odor) may not be so noticeable if only a
few cells are affected. Whenever there is the slightest doubt as to the
diagnosis of disease a sample of the comb containing the diseased larvae

V "Br" " ■

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEEPEKS' ASSOCIATIOX. 129

should be sent to the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bee Culture Labor-
atory, Washington, D. C, where a microscopic examination will be made.
Upon application, the department will gladly furnish a mailing case for
sending in samples of comb for disease identification.

TREATMENT.

The only successful treatment for American Foulbrood consists in re-
moving the bees from the combs and hives and placing them in a clean
hive without combs but in which the frames are fitted with full sheets
of foundation. There are slight variations in the method of treatment
according to the season of the year. These slight differences will be fully
discussed under the method of treatment for the particular season. If it
is at all possible to avoid it, a diseased colony should never be treated in
the same yard with colonies that are not diseased. Wherever possible,
the diseased colonies should be removed a mile or more from the yard,
given the proper treatment and then returned to the yard. Whenever treat-
ing for disease one should give due consideration to the location of other
beekeepers in order that disease may not be spread by robbing during the
process of treatment.

SPRINGTIME TREATMENT.

When it is desired to treat the bees in the spring as early as possible
and when more than one colony is diseased, it is possible to save the brood
of each colony excepting the last one treated by the following plan:

' Pick out from among the diseased colonies the ones which are deemed
strong enough to stand the shock of treatment during the month of May.
Each of these colonies should be transferred into clean hives with full
sheets of foundation and the brood which they had should be placed on
one or more of the weaker diseased colonies. In the process of transferring,
the diseased colony is placed two feet or so to the back or side of where
it formerly stood. The hive into which it is desired to transfer the bees
is placed on the old stand. After placing a newspaper in front of the hives
to catch any honey that may drip, then taking one frame at a time the bees
should be brushed upon the paper in front of the new hive. Care should be
used to see that the queen enters the new hive. After she is in, a queen-
guard or queen and drone trap should be placed on the entrance to prevent
the swarm from absconding. After all the bees have been removed, the
combs may be placed on another diseased colony as said before. If only one
colony is affected then the combs should be buried deeply or burned. In
all of the manipulations concerned with the handling of disease every pre-
caution must be used in order that no robbing may take place. If any
robbing occurs it is quite certain that each colony concerned in the robbing
will later become diseased. For this reason it is customary to treat dis-
eased bees late in the evening after the bees quit flying. If it is necessary
to treat them in a yard where there are healthy colonies, then the entrances
to all the adjacent healthy colonies should be closed with a screen so that
in the excitement and confusion incident to transferring if any of the bees
from the diseased hive attempt to enter they will be unable to do so. If
it is impractical to remove the bees from the yard for treatment, then the
hives should be moved a foot or more each day until the diseased hives
are as far as they can be placed in the yard from other colonies. Many
beekeepers who have treated disease from year to year find it advisable to
use a screened cage about six feet square and six feet high. They perform
all of the work of transferring within this cage. In this way it is impos-
sible for robbers to enter or for any of the bees of the colony to enter
another hive. Whenever bees are disturbed as in transferring they fill their
honey sacs with honey. In case it is a diseased colony the honey which they
carry may transmit disease to any colony which such bees may enter. It

— 9 B A

130 TWEXTY-TIIIRD AXXUAL KEPOET OF THE

is, therefore, very essential that all of the bees of a diseased colony be
kept together. Colonies which are strong enough to admit of treatment in
the month of May should build up and store a satisfactory amount of honey
during the following honey flow.

SUMMER TREATMENT.

"Weak colonies on which the brood was stacked from the colonies
treated in May, or other colonies which were too weak for treatment at
that time should be treated during the first few days of the main summer
honey flow which in this State is either the basswood or clover flow. The.
same method of treatment should be followed as described previously, ex-
cepting that in case some colonies are not strong enough at that time to
produce surplus honey, then, two or more colonies should be united at
the time of treatment. It is not advisable to handle colonies in such a
way that the surplus honey crop is entirely sacrificed. If an increase in
the number of colonies is desired, it can be made in the latter part of the
clover flow with but very slight sacrifice in the honey crop. The brood from
five or six treated colonies can be piled upon one diseased colony and after
three weeks when all of the brood is hatched,' then the remaining colony
should be treated. Whether or not all of the colonies are to be treated at
the beginning of the main honey fiow is optional with the beekeeper. If
they are all treated at that time all frames containing brood must be
burned or buried at once. If some of the diseased colonies are still weak
It is probably best to pile the brood from those that are strong enough on
them and arrange to treat three weeks later. However, when treatment is
delayed until three weeks after the beginning of the honey fiow in some
instances not sufficient time is left for them to store honey enough for their
needs. In this case they will have to be fed later.

FALL TREATMENT.

It occasionally happens that a colony which becomes infected in the
spring may not be discovered until after the clover honey crop has been
gathered. In general, it is not advisable to treat bees when there is no
honey fiow. The danger of robbing under such conditions is very much
greater and feeding must be resorted to in order to keep the colony alive.
Late cases of infection may be treated during the month of October after
brood rearing has practically ceased. The method of treatment is the same
as described before, excepting that the bees are transferred into a hive
without frames. , They should be left in this hive for at least 48 hours.
At that time the beekeeper should carefully remove the hive body from the
bottom board. A hive body full of combs of honey taken from a healthy
colony should be set in its place. Then the empty hive body with the bees
should be set on top and jarred slightly. The bees will then take possession
of the combs and honey and the empty hive body may be removed.

FEEDING IN CONNECTION WITH TREATMENT.

When it is desirable to treat very early in the season it is occasionally
necessary to resort to feeding in order to get the foundation drawn out and
to get brood rearing under way as quickly as possible. Realizing that the
bees carry with them a supply of honey which is sufficient for their food for
several days, it is not necessary to do any feeding until two to three days
after treatment. It is very fortunate that in the digesting of the disease
carrying honey which the bees have in their honey sacs at the time of treat-
ment, all danger of disease is eliminated. When bees are placed on founda-
tion they very rapidly use up the honey which they have with them in the
secretion of wax for comb building. For this reason it is not advisable in
treating disease to give the colony a set of di'awn combs. When this is done

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEEPEBS' ASSOCIATIOX. 131

they deposit the honey which they carry with them in the cells and part of
it is fed to the young larvae which they proceed to rear. Thus the disease
"which was present in the old hive is continued in the new one. When it is
necessary to feed, the use of a Boardman entrance feeder or an Alexander
bottom board is very convenient. If these are not at hand a very efficient
feeder can be made by punching a number of fine holes in the lid of a
friction top pail. This should be filled with syrup and inverted directly
over the frames. The bees will then suck out the syrup.

DISPOSAL OF WAX AND HONEY.

Where only a small number of colonies are treated the best means of
disposal of the frames and honey is to burn or bury them. In cases where
a large yard is quite generally diseased it then becomes advisable to save
as much of the equipment as possible. After the brood has been allowed to
emerge as previously mentioned, then the hive bodies of combs should be
removed to a bee-tight building. There the honey should be extracted at
once. The honey may be used for making honey vinegar. It is not desirable
to sell this honey as it may be exposed by the purchasers in such a way
that bees may secure some of it and thus carry the disease to their own
hives.

After extracting, unless a very cold cellar is available for storing the
combs, it is necessary to cut the combs out and melt them at once because
of the danger of wax moths at that season. No one should ever attempt to
ship diseased combs to a foundation factory for rendering, excepting dur-
ing the months of December, January and February. When combs, are
packed in a barrel and shipped, very often honey leaks out upon the floors
of the cars or in the freight houses and becomes accessible to the bees of
the vicinity. This practice is forbidden by law in most states including
Michigan. '

After disposing of the combs and honey the frames should be boiled
for not less than five minutes in a solution made from one can of con-
centrated lye to six gallons of water. Before placing the frames in this
solution the wax and propolis should be carefully removed. After boiling,
the frames should be thoroughly rinsed in a tub of clear, warm water.
The hive bodies, super covers and bottom boards, should be thoroughly
scraped to remove all particles of wax, honey and propolis. Then they
should be gone over with a flame of a blow torch and the surface scorched
until no germs can remain alive. Ordinarily supers and hive bodies are
more easily sterilized by piling them up-side-down as high as one can con-
veniently reach and burning a small handful of straw or paper on the in-
side. Care must be exercised else the whole pile of supers will be burned
up. A hive cover should be convenient for putting over the top to top the
blaze.

It must be realized that there is grave danger in the handling of dis-
eased material unless every precaution is taken to prevent robbing. The
extractor should be thoroughly scalded out after extracting diseased honey.
If possible the extractor should be taken to where it may be turned up-
side-down and a steam hose turned into it with considerable pressure for
at least 15 minutes. If the wax is rendered, the slumgum and the water
used in wax rendering should be buried after the bees have quit flying in
the evening. All vessels or tools which come in contact with the disease
must be thoroughly disinfected. If the above directions are followed care-
fully much valuable material may be saved. If not, Foulbrood will be
scattered far and wide over the adjacent territory.

METHODS OF SPREAD. ,

American Foulbrood is commonly spread through carelessness on the
part of someone. If carelessness on the part of beekeepers could be elim-
inated the problem of controlling Foulbrood would be very much simpli-

132 TWEXTY-THIRD AXXUAL KEPOET OF THE

fied. Weak diseased colonies may be robbed out because the entrances have
not been contracted to a point where they can defend themselves. Dead
diseased colonies are robbed out because the beekeeper's carelessly leaves
such colonies exposed in the bee-yard. It is a beekeeper's business to know
whether any colonies are dead or weak, and it is his business to take care
of them so that they may not be a menace to the neighboring beekeepers.
The careless exposure of disease carrying honey and the like is criminal
and the offender should be punished by nothing less than confinement in
the county jail. Often honey houses and other places where diseased honey
and combs are stored have cracks in the doors or windows or the siding
does not fit properly and whatever is contained therein is exposed to all
of the bees in the territory. Often hives in which the colonies have died
from disease are sold either through ignorance of the seller, or as has been
amply demonstrated, because his sense of right and justice has never been
properly developed. A careful survey of conditions in Wisconsin showed
that a large part of the spread of foulbrood was directly traceable to the
selling or moving of diseased hives or equipment. The feeding of honey, a
part of which was extracted from a diseased colony, causes an outbreak
of disease wherever such honey is fed. It is not always possible to know
whether or not some of it may have come from a diseased hive even though
no disease is known to be present in the bee-yard. Some of the honey in the
yard may have been stored from honey robbed from a diseased colony in the
neighborhood.

BEE YARD SANITATION.

The bee-yard practice must be such as to prevent robbing.

Frames of honey should not be taken from one colony and given as
food to another colony.

A diseased colony should never be opened when there is the slightest
danger of robbing.

Diseased colonies should be removed from the yard as soon as dis-
covered and treated before returning them.

Carelessness, ignorance and malice are at the bottom of most of the
spread of disease.

Do not use equipment from an unknown source without seeing to it
that it can not carry disease.

When a colony shows disease every frame connected with that colony
must be destroyed. Some have erroneously judged that those frames which
do not have dead larvae in them are suitable for further use.

In purchasing bees buy them in combless packages, not on drawn
combs, unless there has been no disease among the bees for at least one
year. The selling of diseased bees contributed largely to the spread of
disease in Illinois.

Every super and every frame should be numbered to correspond with
the hive on which it belongs and should be used there and nowhere else.
If this suggestion is followed, extracted honey producers will find that
foulbrood is just as easy to control in their yards as in the yards of comb
honey producers.

EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD.

European Foul Brood is a bacterial disease which causes the death of
the larvae of workers, queens and drones. It attacks them normally when
they are about three days old and usually kills them before the cells are
capped. The disease is quite variable in its severity; in some cases most of
the uncapped larvae are affected while in other colonies or under ' different,
conditions of season or honey flow, but very mew larvae may be attacked..

DISTRIBUTION.

European Foul Brood is found in nearly all sections of the country,
and in Illinois is prevalent in Central and Northern Illinois. Several year*
ago Dr. E. F. Phillips of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Depart-^

Iv .^..L^-w-f-t^*^;'.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 133

ment of Agriculture, called the attention of the writer to what seemed to be
a striking coincidence, in that European Foul Brood seemed to be particularly
virulent on the poorer types of soil. The truth of this statement seems to
be well borne out in the distribution of the disease in the various counties.
While the disease is frequently met with on the heavier types of soil, yet it
appears as a serious menace largely on the lighter soils where there is but
little incoming rectar during the spring and early summer months. There
are many counties in the State from which the disease has not been re-
ported. This should not be construed to mean that such territories are im-
mune from the malady. On the contrary, it seems to be purely an accident
that this trouble has not appeared in many of these counties.

PREDISPOSING CONDITIONS.

As noted above, areas in which there are but few nectar secreting
flowers during the early part of the season seemed to be favorable for the
development of the disease. As Italian bees are essential for the control
of this disease, it therefore follows that in those communities where the
black bees predominate European Foul Brood is particularly serious. It
has also been noted that the poor wintering of bees is exceedingly favorable
to rapid progress of the disease. Those colonies are particularly susceptible
which are weak in numbers and slow to build up either because of insuffi-
cient strength or because of the presence of a failing queen.

STRENGTH OF COLONY IN RELATION TO DISEASE.

Strong colonies of bees attempt to eradicate the disease from the hive
by carrying out the dead larvae. This reminds one of the reaction of a
strong colony to the presence of wax moths. Weak colonies seem to make
but little effort to clean out the diseased larvae as they appear. The carry-
ing out of the dead larvae seems to be an important factor in retarding the
spread of he disease within the colony. Nurse bees have often been observed
sucking the juices from the bodies of the dead larvae. Doubtless the nurse
bees, because of their contamination with the bacteria, form the principal
agency in the dissemination in the hive.

Very little is definitely known regarding the spread of the disease from
hive to hive or from one apiary to another. It has been definitely shown,
however, that the disease can be transferred by the agency of the honey
taken from the diseased colonies.

DIAGNOSIS.

The larvae are first affected by European Foul Brood while they are
curled up in the backs of the cells adjacent to the midrib of the comb.
Frequently the larvae seem to move slightly before death and dead larvae
change in color from pearly white to gray or yellow and if permitted to
remain in the cells they may become a yellowish brown or brown in color.
The larvae do not adhere tightly to the cell walls. In serious cases there is
usually a decided odor. There is but slight ropiness, if any at all. Queen,
worker, and drone larvae seem to be equally susceptible to the disease.

In case of any doubt in diagnosis of disease, write to the Bee Culture
Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, asking for a box
in which to mail a sample of the diseased comb. The comb should not be
wrapped in waxed paper nor mailed in tin containers.

TREATMENT.

During the past ten years the methods of treatment for European Foul
Brood have been changed quite radically. The transferring of the bees
from the diseased hive is no longer advocated.

134 TWEXTY-THIED AXNUAL EEPORT OF THE

E. W. Alexander of New York and Dr. C. C. Miller of Illinoisy demon-
strated conclusively that the destruction of combs and the loss of brood were
unnecessary in treating this disease. Dr. B. F. Phillips has summed up the
whole matter of preventive measures: "The practices of good beekeeping are
those which result in the eradication of European Foul Brood."*

Every beekeeper should look forward to the possibility of European
Foul Brood becoming epidemic in his apiary. Preventive measures are
therefore indicated rather than awaiting the coming of the disease and then
attempting to remedy the situation. The following points are particularly
important in this connection. Young queens, an abundance of food, suitable
winter protection, Italian blood, and strong colonies.

In combating the disease after it has appeared, the queens of the dis-
eased colonies should be killed and Italian queens of known resistance should
be introduced as soon as the bees have had an opportunity to free the combs
from all dead larvae. The length of time required for removing the dead
larvae depends upon the race of bees and strength of th^ colonies as well
as the amount of infection present. If colonies are weak, it is frequently
desirable to unite two or more colonies. The uniting of two weak dis-
couraged diseased colonies frequently results in a complete change of
morale and a quick cleaning up of the diseased material.

In those apiaries where most colonies are hekded with resistant stock,
it is unnecessary to send away for queens. Ripe queen cells from the best
queens may be introduced into the colonies at the time the old queens are
killed or a few days later depending upon the, severity of the disease. If the
cells are introduced some time after the removal of the queens, then a care-
ful examination of the combs must be made and all queen cells removed be-
fore introducing the ripe cells. Negligence in this matter may result in a
hopelessly queenless colony due to the destruction by the bees of the cell
introduced and by the blasting of the cells reared by the colony because of
the disease present.

In connection with the treatment for disease, beekeepers frequently
find it advantageous to feed a thin syrup at frequent intervals. After re-
queening all diseased colonies the beekeeper should keep very close watch
of the performance of the various queens. He should begin rearing young
Queens from those queens which seem to produce colonies most resistant to
the disease. The beekeeper should not depend entirely upon purchasing
queens from regular queen breeders. He should learn to rear his own
queens from those which he knows are fully capable of carrying their col-
onies through the season without a severe outbreak of disease. The vigor of
a queen seems to be impaired by shipping through the mail. Vigor is of
exceeding importance in queens in apiaries where disease is present.

* Farmers' Bulletin 975, "The Control of European Foul Brood," by Dr. E. F.
Phillips.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATIOX.

135

LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS'

ASSOCIATION FOR 1923.

Ackman, M. L., St. Francisville, 111.
Adam; Edgar, Strawn, 111.
Adams, Miss Edith, Barlville, 111.
Adewerff, H., Benton, 111.
Agricultural Dept. Bee Class, Xau-

voo, 111.
Aikman, H. L., Farmersville, 111.
Allen, L. R., Carbondale, 111.
Allison, J. H., Hardin, 111.
Anderson, C. J., Morris, 111.
Anderson, C. Robert, Chatham, 111.
Anderson, F. P., Anna, 111.
Anderson, J. B., Alto Pass, 111.
Anderson, Joe, Carbondale, 111.
Anderson, Louis, 419 Russell St.,

Elgin, 111.
Annear, Roy, R. 2, Mulkeytown, 111.
Archer, W. L., McLean, 111.
Arrowsmith, Mrs. H. P., Gibson City,

111.
Atkins, E. W., care G. B. Lewis Co.,

Watertown, Wis.
Atwill, Wm., New Orleans, La.
Augenstine, A. A., R. 2, Dakota, 111.
Baker, E. J., Union Hill, 111.
Balduff, Henry, Beardstown, 111.
Baltimore, Guy, Woodhull, 111,
Bangs, E. H., 212 W. Washington

St., Chicago, 111.
Banta, R. R., Oquawka, 111.
Barbe, W. P., R. 1, Tennessee, 111.'
Barker, E. H., Cobden, 111.
Barker, H. M,, 1104 E. Rexford Av.,

Centralia, 111.
Barber, R. I., 808 E. Washington St.,

Bloomington, 111.
Barnett, Rollie, Lowder, 111.
Barr, C. W., Gardner, 111. ^^,,^__

Barrett, E. E., 333 S. Waiola Av., -Lft-,-

Grange, 111.
Barrett, F. P., R. 1, Gardner, 111.
Bartholomaus, Emilie, 2252 Foster

Av., Chicago, 111.
Baumgart, Clarence, Ullin, 111.
Baxter, Dr. A. C, Leland Office Bldg.,

Springfield, 111.
Baxter, E. J., Nauvoo, 111.
Beauman, Guy, Tunnell Hill, 111.

Beaver, Wallace R., Lincoln, 111.

Becker, Gust, Prophetstown, 111.

Beer, Irvin, Roanoke, 111.

Beggs, C. M., Dongola, 111.

Bell, B. F., Box 56, Kingston Mines,

111.
Bellatti, Fred, Mt. Pulaski, 111.
Bender, C. F., Newman, 111.
Bennett, C. S., 308 Seventh St.,
. Charleston, 111.
Beyer, H. F., R. 1, Decatur, 111.
Biggs, 0. S., San Jose, 111.
Billings, A. D., E. Vernon Av., Nor-
mal, 111.
Billman, J. F., R. 4, Harrisburg, 111.
Bilski, S. W., 444 Richmond Av.,

LaGrange, 111.
Birckelbau, Harold, Bloomington, III.
Bishop, Elmer, Virden, 111.
Bishop, Frank, Taylorville, 111.
Blume, W. B., 6505 Normal Park Av.,

Chicago, 111.
Blunier, Elmer, R. 1, Roanoke, 111.
Boa, Andrew, Stoy, 111.
Boal, A. D., 5464 Harper Av., Chi-

; cago. 111.
;^lades, Lloyd, Simpson, 111.
Boberg, Ed., Cambridge, 111.
Bockmah, Val H., 204 N. Fourth St.,

Streator, 111.
Boone, C. Dan, 104 S. Michigan Av.,

Chicago, 111.
Bbren, C. W., America, III.
Bbi-ger, John, Carbondale, 111.
^orock, P. S., Trimble, 111.
BoTvald, John, Secor, 111.
B^^Ts, C. L., R. 1, Mt. Pulaski, 111.
/•■Bowers, J. J., Mt. Zion, 111.
Bold, C. J., Anna, 111.
Boydaton, A. R., Cameron, 111.
Brady, E. J., 1009 W. Main St.,

Streator, 111.
Braun, H. H., Williamsville, 111.
Brayshaw, Joseph, 103 W. First St.,

Homer, 111.
Brelsfcrd, W. H., Box 123, Kennev,

111.
Bridges, H. T., Vienna, 111.
Brigham, Miss Joyce, Hebron, 111.

136

TWEXTY-THIRD ANXUAL REPORT OF THE

Brigham, Wm., Bloomington, 111.
Brodbeck, P. M., 608 S. Block,

Evanston, 111.
Brown, Chas. E., Woodhull, 111.
Brown, Ed., Woodhull, 111.
Brown, G. H., Carbondale, 111.
Brown, T. E., Mt. Vernon, 111.
Brubeck, C. O., 1001 W. Sixth St.,

Beardstown, 111.
Bruner, the Bee Man, 3836 Kostner

Av., Chicago, 111.
Bryant, E. J., 710 Walnut Av., Elgin,

111.
Buesten, W. M., Kewanee, 111.
Bull, John C, 1013 Calumet Av.,

Valparaiso, 111.
Burkey, Harmon, Murphysboro, 111.
Burkhart, C. C, Main St., Mendota,

111.
Burkhart, W. S., Marion, 111.
Burling, Herman, Carthage, 111.
Burnett, A. Lee, 1428 Thirty-first St.,

Rock Island, 111.
Burnett, H., R. 4, Harrisburg, 111.
Burns, H. A., Thompsonville, 111.
Burrows, Howard, Mounds, 111.
Butcher, W. G., R. 2, Palmyra, 111.
Butow, R. M., 782 Center St., Hub-
bard Woods, 111.
Cable, Geo. S., El Paso, 111.
Cale, G. H., Hamilton, 111.
Camp, John, Carrier 32, Springfield,

111.
Campbell, Ernest J., Sullivan, 111.
Carlson, Chas. J., Woodhull, 111.
Carlson, E. C, 47th St. & Sunset Rd.,

LaGrange, 111.
Carlson, P. A., Galva, 111.
Case, C. W., 1318 Forty-fifth Av.,

Rock Island, 111.
Casper, Norman W., New Burnside,

111.
Cass, Mrs. Bert, Chenoa, 111.
Casteel, B. L., Thompsonville, 111.
Chamness, E. A., Carterville, 111.
Chapman, Geo., Green Valley, 111.
Cholewinski, Zygmund F., Hillsboro,

111.
Claussen, W. C, 6325 S. Campbell

Av., Chicago, 111.
Clifford, Irl, Altona, 111.
Coate, Eber, R. 2, Georgetown, 111.
Coker, Amos I., R. 3, Jacksonville,

111.
Coleman, E. T., R. 3, Decatur, 111.
Coll, E. F., Cambridge, 111.
Colyer, Prof. Frank H., Carbondale,

111.
Concidine, Roy, care Grant Mosher,

DeKalb, 111.
Conibear, G. S., Morton, 111.

Conner, Jay, Woodhull, 111.
Connett, Roy, Marion, 111.
Conover, C. H., R. 1, Robinson, 111.
Confer, Edgar, Lindenwood, 111.
Conroy, J. T., Marion, 111.
Cooper, F. M., Richview, 111.
Cope, L. v., Salem, 111.
Coppin, Aaron, Wenona, 111.
Corbin, Steve, 308 N. Seventh St.,

Charleston, 111.
Cornelius, W. H., Dow, Illinois.
Coyne Bros., 119 S. Water St., Chi-
cago, 111.
Craig, E. C, Mattoon, 111.
Criley, Albert, Thompsonville, 111.
Crockett, W. E., 407 S. Ninth St.,

Monmouth, 111.
Cronk, H. M., 6620 S. Hoyne Av.,

Chicago, 111.
Crum, F. O., Palmyra, 111.
Cunningham, J. C, 906 Maple St.,

Streator, 111.
Curtiss, L. W., Gladstone, 111.
Cushman, Samuel, Room 505, 6 East

Lake St., Chicago, 111.
Dadant, C. P., Hamilton, 111.
Dadant, H. C, Hamilton, 111.
Dadant, L. C, Hamilton, 111^
Dadant, M. G., Hamilton, 111.
D'Arcy, Jos. A., 1534 W. 104th St.,

Chicago, 111.
Dare, Mark, R. R. Box 82, Danville,

111.
Darnell, Herbert C, Eureka, 111.
Dasher, C. C, Lincoln, 111.
Daubman, W. C, Heyworth, 111.
Daumer, U. K., R. 2, Mt. Vernon, 111.
Davis, Alva C, R. 3, Robinson, 111.
Davis, Chas. W., Curran, 111.
Davis, Ward O., R. 3, Eldorado, 111.
Day, Mrs. E. P., 905 E. Empire St,

Bloomington, 111.
Dean, E. E., Mt. Pulaski, 111.
Denning, James E., Joy, 111.
Derrick, A. P., Kenney, 111.
DeSort, Frank, 1308 Ottawa St., Lin-
coln, 111.
Devore, C. H., Lexington, 111.
Dewitt, John, Sparta, 111.
Dickson, Joseph, 412 Peen St.,

Streator, 111.
Diebold, A. J., Seneca, 111.
Diemer, A. C, Box 144, R. 6, Pontiac,

111.
Dierke, Wm., R. 10, Rockford, 111.
Dillinger, J. A., Carbondale, 111.
Dillow, Oscar, Dongola, 111.
Dineen, John, 1251 W. Washington

St.. Springfield; HI.
Dodge, A. A., Grant St., Streator, 111.
Dollins, E. D., Benton, 111.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION.

137

Donnell, Carson, Donnellson, 111.

Downing, Frank, Harristown, 111.

Downs, W. A., Easton, 111.

Doyle, J. P., R. 10, Mt. Vernon, 111.

Drehner, Willis, Geneseo, 111.

Duckwall, W. G., R. 2, Jacksonville,
111.

Earls, W. S., New Canton, 111.

Easterday, A., Niota, 111.

Easterly, Frank A., Carbondale, 111.

Edmondson, J. B., Carbondale, 111.

Eggers, Osee, Toledo, 111.

Eisenblse, Ira B., Lanark, 111.

Endicott, R. B., Villa Ridge, 111.

Engel, John H., Dangers, 111.

Enslow, F. A., 611 E. 5th St., Ke-
wanee. 111.

Etheron, Jas., Carbondale, 111.

Evans, Evert, 1060 W. Marietta St.,
Decatur, 111.

Evans, I. C, Decatur, 111.

Eager, C. W., 11227 Wallace St., Chi-
cago, 111.

Fakes, M. R., Carbondale, 111.

Fehr, Bennie, R. 1, Roanoke, 111.

Felter, J. Frank, Eureka, 111.

Fdsler, A. B., Cambridge, 111.

Eischer, Benj. H., Roanoke, 111.

Fischer, S. T., Roanoke, 111.

Eletcher, Robert, Ridgefarm, 111.

Eolkers, Geo. E., Minonk, 111.

Folkman, Geo., San Jose, 111.

Poote. L. S., Anna, 111.

Forman, Walter W., Ohio, 111.

Fox, Claude, Carbondale, 111.

Eranseen, Walter-, ' Woodhull, 111.

Frederick, Brother, Techny, 111.

French, Clyde, R. 1, Monmouth, 111,

Frey, Jake, Mechanicsburg, 111.

Frey, John, Carbondale, 111.

Erey, John H., Carbondale, 111.

Friend, Dr. C. F., 1601 W. Garfield
Av., Chicago, 111.

Eriend, Ulysses S., 820 W. Leafland,
Decatur, 111.

Fries, William, Geneseo, 111.

Fuller, D., 31 Batavia St., Geneva,
111.

Eunk. Henry, 710 N. School St., Nor-
mal, 111.

Fussuer, Joe C, Brimfield, 111.

Gage, J. A., Texico, 111.

Galcener, W. K., Marion, 111.

Galushka, Joseph, 926 Pekin St.,
Lincoln, 111.

Garrell, J. F., 911 S. Fifth St., Mon-
mouth, 111.

Garver, Louis J., R. 2, Decatur, 111.

G^ates, B. D., Harrisburg, 111.

■Gates, C. M., Tiskilwa, 111.

■Gates, R. L., R. 4, Harrisburg, 111.

Gerrettson, Fred, Fox Lake, 111.

Getz, Joe, Metamora, 111.

Gheen, Jas. T., Auburn, 111.

Gill, A. G., 6535 N. Ashland Av.,
Chicago, 111.

Glass, Glenn, Cameron, 111.

Glenn, Joe W., Macon, 111.

Goetz, Erich, Lamoille, 111.

Goodsell, Gilbert, R. 2, Cameron, 111.

Goodsell, Samuel, Jr., Cameron, 111.

Grant, H. L., Mt. Greenwood, 111.

Graves, T. B., Hollywood, 111.

Gray, Nellie, Allerton, 111.

Green, B. Wheeler, Plainfield, 111.

Greeshaw, Otto, Yorkville, 111.

Griffin, Clara B., Carthage, 111.

Groh, Edw., 3971 Normandy St., Chi-
cago, 111.

Groth, Louis E., R. 9, Springfield, 111.

Grover, James, Versailles, 111.

Groves, Joe S., Carbondale, 111. •

Gudeman, Chris, Eureka, 111.

Gundry, Joseph T., Warren, 111.

Haan, J. Frank, Des Plaines, 111.

Hakes, S. M., Eureka, 111.

Hamer, N. P., Hkrtsburg, 111.

Hamilton, A. E., Danville, 111.

Hamilton, J. H., Colfax, 111.

Hammett, Mrs. Mary I., 4000 Belle
Plaine Av., Chicago, 111.

Hankins, A. W., Williamsville, 111.

Hanselman, Samuel, Mt. Pulaski, 111.

Hanson, Thomas, Carbondale, 111.

Hardesty, William T., Oregon, 111.

Harper, Dow, Marion, 111.

Harrington, I., Argenta, 111.

Harris, Harley, Grand Chain, 111.

Harris, J. D., Alhambra, 111.

Hart, J. S., Fairfield, 111.

Harter, W. P., Joy, 111.

Hartman, M. M., Mounds, 111.

Haslam, John, Jr., Moweaqua, 111.

Hawkins, K., Watertown, Wis.

Hayes, G. M., Curran, 111.

Hays, Hurbert, Carbondale, 111.

Head, A. F., Dongola, 111.

Heininger, F. L., Metamora, 111.

Heise, H. S., Palatine, 111.

Helwig, F. W., Oquawka, 111.

Hendricks, James, Oneida, 111.

Henline, H. B., Blobmington, 111.

Hertel, C. B., Anna, 111.

Hertzfeldt, H., R. 3, Lincoln, 111.

Heskett, Geo. W., Kewanee, 111.

Hetherington, A. L., New Burnside,
111.

Hettel, Henry, Marine, 111.

Hewitt, Thomas, Witt, 111.

Higgins, John, Cameron, 111.

Hines, B., Carbondale, 111.

Hinkle, Glen, Dongola, 111.

138

TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPOET OF THE

Hodel, J. S., Cissna Park, 111.
Hceppner, Henry, 9205 Loomis St.,

Chicago, 111.
Hoerr, Otto, Atlanta, 111.
Hofman, F., Lyons, 111.
Holm, Chris, Box 381, Genoa, 111.
Holmes, B. D., Woodstock, 111.
Holtslaw, T. J., R. 6, Mt. Vernon, 111.
Hood, Mrs. C. T., 2959 Washington

Blvd., Chicago, 111.
Hoover, C. C, Rossville, 111.
Hoover, Dan, R. 1, Monmouth, 111.
Horstmann, W. H., 948 W. 68th St.,

Chicago, 111.
House, Matt, Benton, 111.
Houser, Ezra, Gridley, 111.
Howe, Roger F., 10233 S. Wood St.,

Chicago, 111.
Huff, Frank R., Box 335, Lombard,

111.
Huff, W. F., Galva, 111.
Hulett, Perry, R. 1, Browning, 111.
Hunzinger, John, Secor, 111.
Hunzinger, J. H., Eureka, 111.
Huson, Ralph, Palmyra, 111.
Hyde Bros., New Canton, 111.
Iglemoose, H. A., Wheaton, 111.
Jay, Phillips, Carbondale, 111.
Jillott, John, Kingston Mines, 111.
Johnson Brothers, Nekoma, 111.
Johnson, C. S., 608 Carisco St., Car-
bondale, 111.
Johnson, J. P., Elburn, 111.
Johnson, Lee, 322 S. Eleventh St.,

DeKalb, 111.
Johnson, Virgil, Melvin, 111.
Jones, E. C, Carbondale, 111.
Jones, Harry W., 1904 W. Graceland,

Decatur, 111.
Jones, J. F., Dongola, 111.
Jones, Leroy, Hoopeston, 111.
Kannenberg, C. F., 1114 Augusta St.,

Oak Park, 111.
Keagy, A. S., Litchfield, 111.
Keller, Artie H., Dongola, 111.
Keller, P. C, Homewood, 111.
Kelley, E. Moye, R. 1, Omaha, 111.
Kelley, Otis, R. 5, Marion, 111.
Kelly, John, Henning, 111.
Kemmis, Edward, Prophetstown, 111.
Kerley, A. D., Simpson, 111.
Kern, John, Benton, 111.
Kerr, Harvey V., Warsaw, 111.
Kerwin, Hope E., Gross Point, 111.
Ketchie, H. M., Dongola, 111.
Keefer. Xavier, Bell River, 111.
Kiest, C. F., Dongola, 111.
Kildow, A. L., Putnam, 111.
Kimmel, W. H., Creal Springs, 111.
King, Harry, R. 5, Springfield, 111.
King, L. A., Ozark, 111.

Kirk, Wm. S., Farmersville, 111.
Kirkpatrick, Miss Amy, Anna, 111.
Klingler, Peter C, Manhattan, 111.
Klinglet, B. F., Rossville, 111.
Kluck, N. A., Lena, 111.
Knight, Geo. W., R. 4, Bloomington^

111.
Kniple, Arthur, R. 4, Decatur, 111.
Knobelack, Geo, R. 3, Marion, 111.
Koch, Charles, Reddick, 111.
JKnoppel, F. O., 319 S. Homan Av.,

Chicago, 111.
Koelling, Hugo, 5222 Liano Av.,

Chicago, 111.
Kohl, Fred, 205 S. Sycamore St.,

Centralia, 111.
Kohl, Justin, 205 S. Sycamore St.,

Centralia, 111.
Kohr, C. F., 9311 S. Western Av.,

Chicago, 111.
Kommer, Ed., Cambridge, 111.
Kommer, Elmer, Woodhull, 111.
Kopp, Wm., 1343 N. California Av.,

Chicago, 111.
Koritz, J. N., R. 3, Iroquois, 111.
Kraemer, Win., 6331 Cornelia Av.,.

Chicago, 111.
Kragness, T. A., 6031 Wentworth Av.,

Chicago, 111.
Kranz, A., 2454 N. Tripp Av., Chi-
cago, 111.
Krier, Anna, Des Plaines, 111.
Kropp, Henry, Warsaw, 111.
Kroschel, Robert, Gross Point, 111.
Krueger, F. N., 1641 N. Gilbert St.,

Danville, 111.
Krueger, Gustave, Geneseo, 111.
Krug, C. G., R. 1, Gardner, 111.
Kruse, Chas., 420 E. Crawford St.,

Paris, 111.
Kryneki, Alex, 3757 N. Richmond St.,

Chicago, 111.
Krysher, F., Carbondale, 111.
Kupfel, Eugene, 5528 S. Oakley Av.,

Chicago, 111.
Lake, E. S., Lincoln, 111.
Lamkin, H. J., R. 4, Harrisburg, 111.
Landen, Erie, Melrose Park, 111.
Lane, Ernest, Creel Springs, 111.
Lampman, C. W., Rockton, 111.
Larmis, N. R. i)., Marion, 111.
Larson, Mike, Box 144, Gardner, 111.
Latham, Allan, Norwichtown, Conn.
Lechler, E. F., 210 Fifth St., Wil-

mette. 111.
Lee, S. D., Carbondale, 111.
Lefler, F. M., Hamilton, 111.
Lehman, Ed., Hoopole, 111.
Lewis, D. M,., Gibson City, 111.
Lewis, W. E., Marion, 111.
Lind, M. H., Bader, 111.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES ASSOCIATION",

1391

Lingenfelter, L. E., Ullin, 111.
Lingenfelter, Wayne, Ullin, 111.
Llngle, Jessie A., Dongola, 111.
Little, Irwin E., Gillespie, 111.
Lloyd, J. H., Carthage, 111.
Logan, C. C, Robinson, 111.
Lohnes, Louis, 1115 Catherine St.,

Pekin, 111.
Logsdon, Charles, Lincoln, 111.
Lomax, E. D., Mt. Vernon, 111.
Lcub, John, Bishop, 111.
Loube, Clarence, Atlanta, 111.
Lucuis, A., 1916 W. 88th St., Chi-
cago, 111.
Lyman, W. C, Downers Grove, 111.
Madsen, L., Gardner, 111.
Main, Geo. D., Carthage^ 111.
Mahoffey, Roland, Cambridge, 111.
Mann, Geo. E., Mt. Pulaski, 111.
Mann, Lewis, Lincoln, 111.
Manning, Dennis L., Dongola, 111.
Marshall, Wm., 1015 Pleasant St.,

DeKalb, 111.
Martin, Carl, Roanoke, 111.
Marting, P. F., 4856 S. Lawndale,

Chicago, 111.
Marxer, Jos., R. 1, Caseyville, 111.
Mathis, Geo. P., Reynoldsville, 111.
Matthew, O. R., Virginia, 111.
Maver, Kate F., 1201 E. Sixtieth St.,

Chicago, 111.
May, Dr. Anna.
May, Fred H., Meredosia, 111.
Mays, W. H., Goshen, Indiana.
McColl, J. G., Vienna, 111.
McConnell, Herman, R. 3, Robinson,

111.
McCreeny, W. N., Thompsonville, 111.
McDaniels, J. E., Girard, 111.
McKillop, Dan, Lynn Center, 111.
McMahan, Robert, Wolf Lake, 111.
McMillan, J. S., Stronghurst, 111.
McMillan, P. A., Tampico, 111.
McNeeley, B. A., Vienna, 111.
Mac Neill, J. A., 11339 S. Irving Av.,

Chicago, 111.
Meade, N., Fithian, 111.
Meineke, E., 3852 N. Kenneth Av.,

Chicago, 111.
Melvin, John, Cornland, 111.
Merkle, Ben, R. 1, Cissna Park, 111.
Merrell, A. C, Solon Mills, 111.
Merritt, J. E., Berlin, 111.
Meyer, Ernst, Columbia, 111.
Michael, Simon P., Spring Valley,

111.
Milbert, Andrew, 2416 Kenilworth

Av., Chicago, 111.
Miller, E. S., 508 College Av., Val-
paraiso, 111.

Miller, G. M., R. F. D., Bloomington,

111.
Miller, G. M., R. 2, Danvers, 111.
Miller, John L., Basco, 111.
Miller, Lewis, R. 4, Alexis, lU.
: Miller, Ralph S., Dwight, 111.
Miller, Wm., R. 2, Danvers, 111.
Mills, C. W., Vienna, 111.
Monier, C. Leland, Sparland, 111.
Moon, S. B., 505 Machine St., Peoria,

111.
Moon, W. C, Henry, 111.
Moore, A. M., Hoopeston, 111.
Moore, Geo. W., Vermont, 111.
Moore, W. C, 115 Columbia Terrace,

Peoria, 111.
Morrell, Alex, R. 6, Champaign, 111.
Morrill, Ross R., R. 2, Batavia, 111.
Morris, Will, Grand Chain, 111.
Mountain, M. S., 201 S. Normal Av.,

Carbondale, 111.
Mowery, E. C, Ullin, 111.
Mozee, Gum, 1017 Dakin St., Chicago,

111.
Muehleip, H., Warren, 111.
Mueller, W. G., Bluffs, 111.
Mundhenke, L. W., East Dubuque,

111.
Murdock, Robert, 2205 Elisha Av.,

Zion City, 111.
Murphy, John E., 820 W. Fourth Av.,

-Monm.outh, 111.
Myers, Tom, R. 2, DeSoto, 111.
Nafziger, A. J., R. 2, Delavan, 111.
Neely, George, Stonefort, 111.
Negray, John, Streator, 111.
Nelson, Carl, McLean, 111.
Nelson, Harry, 405 S. Ninth St., De-
Kalb, 111.
Nelson, Henry, Geneseo, 111.
Nero, John, Geneseo, 111.
Neumann, A. C, 4546 N. Seeley Av.,

Chicago, 111.
Newell, J. M., 6367 N. Hermitage

Av., Chicago, 111.
Nichols, L. A., 534 N. Hickory St.,

Centralia, 111.
Noble, Dr. C. M., Bloomington, 111.
North, Omer, ElPaso, 111.
Oberholz, Theo., 2826 Main St.,

Peru, 111.
O'Brien, John, Nev/ard, 111.
O'Brien, Thomas, R. 5, Lincoln, 111.
O'Herron, C, R. 8, Danville, 111.
Oleson, Christ, Hinckley, 111.
Oiler, W. H., Taylorville, 111.
Olson, David, R. 7, Monmouth, 111.
Olson, Herman, Rio, 111.
Olson, Louis, Lynn Center, 111.
O'Rear, Lon., Decatur, 111.

140

TWEXTY-THIKD AXXUAL EEPORT OF THE

Ortlepp, Frank, Jr., Saunemin, 111.
Ott, Melby, Middletown, 111.
Owen, W. L., Simpson, 111.
Paddock, Geo. W., Darwin, 111.
Paimow, Louis, North Crystal Lake,

111.
Painter, G. D., Atwood, 111.
Parish, C. L., 35 S. Dearborn Av.,
Chicago, 111.

Park, Wallace, Urbana, 111.

Parker, Herbert M., Amboy, 111.
Parlett, R. C, 59 Cedar St., Home-
wood, 111.

Paterson, Fred, Tiskilwa, 111.

Paulsmyer, A., R. 7, Centralia, 111.

Pease, C. E., Warrensburg, 111.

Peck, Charles, Lexington, 111.

Pellett, Frank C, Hamilton, 111.

Peterman, M. C, R. 2, Blue Island,
111.

Peterson, Axel, Galva, 111.

Peterson, C. B., 6959 Union Av., Chi-
cago, 111.

Peterson, W. G., Ullin, 111.

Pettit, Chas., R. 6, Mt. Vernon, 111.

Philsburg, J. B., R. 5, Petersburg, 111.

Piersall, Paul L., R. 7, Robinson, 111.

Pippin, B. R., Custer, 111.

Polany, Ferdinand, Geneseo, 111.

Potter, W. O., Marion, 111.

Pratt, L. H., 1224 S. Fourth St.,
Pekin, 111.

Prendergast, C, R. 1, Yale, 111.

Purdy, Dr. A. G., Carbondale, 111.

Racine, G. W., Bartonville, 111.

Rankin, R. "W., Stronghurst, 111.

Ransom, Denby A., Jacksonville, 111.

Rasmussen, P. F., Cary, 111.

Rassi, Jacob, Roanoke, 111.

Reeder, J. R., New Burnside, 111.

Reese, H. C, Mount Prospect, 111.

Reece, J. A., Mt. Vernon, 111.

Reichenbach, J. J., 112 E. Broadway,
Centralia, 111.

Reiman, Irl., R. 2, Murphysboro, 111.

Renter, Theoph, Eureka, 111.

Rezek, O. J., Cary Station, 111.

Rice, Mike, 170 Cleveland Av., Ba-
tavia, 111.

Ridgeway, Ed., Herrin, 111.

Ridgeway, Frank, care Chicago
Tribune, Chicago, 111.

Rife, C. F., Naperville, 111.

Riggs, J. L., Murphysboro, 111.

Ritter, Everett, Dongola, 111.

Ritter, H., Dongola, 111.

Rittler, E. W., 2700 Oak St., Quincy,
111.

Robbins, Daniel, Payson, 111.

Robinson, C. H., Normal, IlL

Robinson, E. W., 1454 Twenty-third
Av., Rock Island, 111.

Robinson, Ruth L., Normal, 111.

Rodemaker, H. C, Morrison, 111.

Roehrs, H., Hinsdale, 111.

Roetke, Herman, R. 2, Holland, 111.

Roller, Lewis, R. 1, Lincoln, 111.

Root, E. R., Medina, Ohio.

Roselieb, Roy, Prophetstown, 111.

Rosenboom, Henry, Carthage, 111.

Rusmisell, Frank, Danvers, 111.

Rushing, J. D., Carbondale, 111.

Ryan, Jas. S., Bridgeport, 111.

Sager, C. F., Chillicothe, 111.

Sanders, J. L., Blue Mound, 111.

Sarff, L., Pekin, 111.

Sargent, H. S., Carthage, 111.

Sauer, G. L., Polo, 111.

Saunders, C. B., DeSoto, 111.

Sauter, J. J., Bloomington, 111.

Schlan, Otto, 2244 Estes Av., Chi-
cago, 111.

Schleichert, James, Des Plaines, 111.

Schmidt, Nick, 7116 Northwestern
Av., Chicago, 111.

Schulz, Geo. H., Reddick, 111.

Schumacher, H. W., Roanoke, 111.

Schweitzer, W. H., R. 4, Sullivan, 111.

Schwinn, George, 917 Caroline St.,
Pekin, 111.

Scott, J. E., Carthage, 111.

Scott, J. Emmett, Burnside, 111.

Scott, W., 1401 Auston Blvd., Cicero,
111.

Sears, R. J., Elmhurst, 111.

Seastream, George, Pawnee, 111.

Sebastian, W. H., Hamburg, 111.

Seibel, Elizabeth, 47 Whites Place,
Bloomington, 111.

Shaffer, Henry, Hooppole, 111.

Shaw, Fannie, Oneida, 111.

Shipp, Robert W., 224 S. 8th St.,
DeKalb, 111.

Shook, Fred, Murphysboro, 111.

Showalter, Earl, Bath, 111.

Showalter, J. B. F., 900 Prince St.,
Pekin, 111.

Shults, W. H., R. 2, Kilbourne, 111.

Shultz, Roy, Ursa, 111.

Siegfried, Ernest, Carthage, 111.

Sievert, F. W., Porter, 111.

Sigwalt, E., 1126 N. Dearborn St.,
Chicago, 111.

Skinner, Mr., Towanda, 111.

Sladek, Chas. H., 1923 S. Common-
wealth, N. Chicago, 111.

Sloan, W. J.. 4320 N. Whipple St.,
Chicago, 111.

Smith, J. B. F., R. F. D., Duquoin,
IlL

ILLINOIS state: BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATIOISr.

141

Smith, John F., Eureka, 111.

Smith, John W., 614 Monroe St.,

Bloomington, 111.
Smith, R. ML, 208 Rcselawn Av.,

Danville, 111.
Smith, Theo. M., Auburn, 111.
Sneed, Green, Ullin, 111.
Snell, F. A., Milledgeville, 111.
Snyder, Charles, Middletown, 111.
Snyder, W. H., 2121 N. Water St.,

Decatur, 111.
Sperlin, Daniel, Longview, 111.
Spiller, Judge A. L., Carbondale, 111.
Sprout, R. Irvin, R. 1, Cameron, 111.
Staubus, C. C, Bloomington, 111.
Steele, N. E., Macon, 111.
Stevens, A. J., R. 3, Carterville, 111.
Stickler, Wm., Lexington, 111.
Stone, Jas. A., Farmingdale, 111.
Stonex, Glenn, 1120 Cass St., Joliet,

111.
Stout, Henry, Cobden, 111.
Stout, Noel, Ozark, 111.
Stout, O. E., Ozark, 111.
Street, A. J., Waggoner, 111.
Strubhar, V. J., R. 2, Danvers, 111.
Suhr.e, Walter H., Hoopeston, 111.
Suit, James B., Buncomb, 111.
Summers, W. C, R. 3, Pekin, 111.
Sullivan, W. P., Illiopolis, 111.
Swan, Chas., Riverton, 111.
Swanson, A. E., Hoopole, 111.
Swanson, C, Hamilton, 111.
Swanson, Theodore, Lynn Center, 111.
Swezey, Mrs. J. W., Garden Prairie,

111.
Tarro, Dominick, Taylorville, 111.
Taylor, G. Y., Bismark, 111.
Taylor, J. W., Maroa, 111.
Tharlkill, E. M., Carbondale, 111.
Thomas, Alfred E., Secor, 111.
Thomason, J. F., Ozark, 111.
Thompson, Geo. W., Ferris, 111.
Thornberry, Harry E., Cairo, 111.
Thornton, J. T., Carbondale, 111.
Tilson, W. M., Fancy Prairie, 111.
Titchenol, Wm. H., R. 2, Alton! 111.
Tjaden, Geo., 411 N. Bourland, Pe-
oria, 111.
Toler, M. D., R. 3, Gardner, 111.
Tomlinson, Delbert, Genesee, 111.
Toth, John & Son, R. 3, Peoria, 111.
Touson, T. C, Macon, 111.
Towner, J. C, St. Joseph, 111.
Tracy, R. H., 824 W. Fourth St.,

Mlonmouth, 111.
Trobaugh, W. W., Murphysboro, 111.
Turbett, F. S., 815 S. Fifteenth Av.,

May wood. 111.
Turner, W. P., Peoria Heights, 111.

Tutwiler, Jesse R., 123 W. Third St.,
Streator, 111.

Tyler, S. A., Emden, 111.

Tyner, A. P., Danvers, 111.

Ulrich, C. M., R. 1, Eureka, 111.

Unzicker, S. E., Roanoke, 111.

Valerius, Chas., Elkville.

Valerius, Ed, Duquoin, 111.

Vallowe, M. H., Mt. Vernon, 111.

Van Butsele, Louis, 720 N. Center
St., Collinsville, 111.

Vandevender, Harrison, Mt. Pulaski,
111.

Vannis, Louis, R. 1, Harrisburg, 111.

VanTine, Howard, 915 S. Eleventh
St., Monmouth, 111.

Varnes, J. F., 9111 S. Hoyne St.,
Chicago, 111.

Vick, Ed, Ullin, 111.

Voigt, Walter, 45 Bismark St., Dan-
ville, 111.

Voorhees, Frank, Raritan, 111.

Wachter, Martin, Hinsdale, 111.

Wagner, Ernest, Batavia, 111.

Wahl, Robert, 841 Wilson Av., Chi-
cago, 111.

Walter, John D., Congerville, IlL

Wanner, Otto, Peoria, 111.

Warnock, W. G., Geneseo, 111.

Watson, T. J., Henning, 111.

Watt, George, Hamilton, 111.

Watt, Robert, Mt. Carmel, 111.

Waymack, Jay, Raritan, 111.

Weaver, Everett, Harrisburg, 111.

Weaver, Raymond, Pittsfield, 111.

Webb, Cyrus, Benton, 111.

Webber, A. E., Mineral, 111.

Weeks, J. H. Evanston, 111.

Wehmer, H. A., 1136 Dover St., Cen-
tralia. 111.

Weinuch, Ed, Geneseo, 111.

Weinuch, Guy, Geneseo, 111.

Welch, Fred H., Monmouth, 111.

West, A. N., Aledo, 111.

West, John, 125 Charlotte, Centralia,
111.

Weston, N. A., 601 Daniel, Cham-
paign, 111.

Wheeler, A. E., 934 S. Third St.,
Springfield, 111.

Wheeler, J. R., Maroa, 111.

Whitaker, Melvin, Anna, 111.

White, Dolph, Carbondale, 111.

White, W. H., Ivesdale, 111.

Whitmore, H., Momence, 111.

Wiley, B. L., Makanda, 111.

Wiley, C. H., Harrisburg, 111.

Wiley, Gilbert, Danvers, 111.

Wilharm, R. C, 839 Hale Av., Ed-
wardsville. 111.

142

TWEXTY-THIRD ANNUAL EEPOET OF THE

Williams, A. W., Cora, 111.

Williams, H. L., R. 2, Danville, 111.

Williams, R J., Danvers, 111.

Williams, W. H., 1015 Bacon St.,
Pekin, 111.

Williams, W. W., Benton, 111.

W^ilson, C. E., Homewood, 111.

Wilson, Ed, 1174 St. Louis Av., De-
ca«tur. 111.

Wilson, Guy, Woodhull, 111.

Wilson, Harry, Pinckneyville, 111.

Wilson, Howard, Geneseo, 111.

Wilson, J. A., 207 E. Pine St., Rob-
inson, 111.

Winings, V. I., Lake City, 111.

Winkler, Edw. A., R. 1, Joliet, 111.

Witchurch, J. W., 716 S. Cedar St.,
Centralia, 111.

Wollcott, J. L., Normal, 111.

Wood, A. P., R. 3, Danville, 111.

Wood, Dan, Geneseo, 111.

Wood, Robert W., Zion, 111.

Woodford, Miss Jessie M., 6634 Union

Av., Chicago, 111.
Woolridge, J. R., 2021 W. Seventieth

St., Chicago, 111.
Wright, H. J., Carbondale, 111.
Wuetig, Christian J., 118 Vermont

St., Blue Island, 111.
Wunder, John, 8200 S. California

Av., Chicago, 111.
Yost, C. 0., Dept. of Conservation,

Indianapolis, Ind.
Young, W. C, 936 S. Lee St., Des

Plaines, 111.
Zelder, Robert, Duquoin, 111.
Zeller, William L., Peoria, 111.
Zimmerman, George Girard, Atwater,

111.
Zimmerman, Louis W., Metamora,

111.
Zumwalt, Bert, 413 W. Monroe St.,

Springfield, 111.

IXDEX. 143

INDEX.

Page.

Area Clean-up Campaigns, Are They a Success 91

Associations, List of 9

Baxter, Dr. A. C 28

Beekeeping in Sweet Clover Lands of North Dakota 75

Cale, G. H 85

Cook County Beekeepers' Report 31

County Associations, Organizing 54

Cushman, Samuel 66

Dadant, C. P 32, 33

Dadant, M. G 12

Educational Work by J. R. Wooldridge 71

Field Bees at Work 41

Eoulbrood, American 128

Foulbrood, European 132

Foulbrood in Bees 128

Fracker, S. B 91

Prison, Theodore H 89

Grading Rules in Illinois 125

Hawkins, K 104

Hives Not Too Large 33

Honey as Food 104

Honey Solution as an Anti-Freeze for Radiators ., 105

Hubam Clover 38, 80

Hunter, W. A 110

Hutzelman's Solution 107

Illinois Beekeepers' Association Bill 124

Illinois Foulbrood Law 122

Illinois State Beekeepers' Association Formation 117

Illinois State Charter 119

Illinois State Constitution and By-Laws 120

Infancy and Youth of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association 29

Inspection, Appropriation for 66

Kelty, Russell H 56, 105

Kildow, A. L 18

Kindig, B. F 72, 115

King, Geo. E 49

Langstroth, L. L 6

Letter of Transmittal 3

List of Officers 5

Map Showing Prevalence of Foulbrood 20

Marketing Honey 47, 110

14-1 IXDEX.

Page.

Membership List 135

Miller Memorial Library 115

Minutes of Annual Meeting 11

Nectar Secretion, Some Problems in 63

Park, Wallace 41, 101

Pellett, F. C 63

Pollination, with Particular Reference to the Bumblebee 89

Quarantine Measures in Bee Disease Eradication Work 72

Radiator Solution .105

Report of Deputy Inspector C. F. Bender 21

Report of Deputy J. D. Benson 23

Report of Deputy Frank Bishop 25

Report of Deputy C. J. Canniford , 26

Report of Deputy Frank Hofmann 23

Report of Deputy Harry L. King 25

Report of Deputy Elmer Kommer .- . . 21

Report of Deputy T. A. Kragness 24

Report of Deputy E. W- Rittler 23

Report of Deputy W. H. Snyder , 25

Report of Deputy Geo. Watt 24

Report of Deputy Robert Watt 23

Report of Deputy J. R. Wooldridge 26

Report of Deputy Wm. C. Young 23

Report of Secretary 13

Report of State Funds Expenditures 15

Report of State Inspector 19

Report of Treasurer . 17

Root, E. R 47, 107

Ruth, W. A 96

Seastream, George 16

Spraying, Relation of Bees to 96

Sterilizing Combs from American Foulbrood 107

Stone, J. A 29

Tanquary, M. C 59

Texas Beekeeping 59

Vocational Method for Training Beekeepers 56

Webster, R. L 75

What of Poor Seasons 49

When Illinois Hits Her Stride in Apiculture , 101

Winkler, Edw. A 38, 80

Wintering Problem, Some Ways of 85

Wooldridge, J. R 8, 31, 54, 71

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