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ILLINOIS    STaTE 
KEEPERS'    ASSOCIATION 


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ILLINOIS  STATE  BEE-KEEPERS. 

[From  the  Illinois  state  Journal.]  ■' 

The  Apiarists  of  Illinois  are  to  be  congratulated  on  the  prompt 
publication  of  the  annual  report  of  the  Illinois  State  Bee-Keepers' 
Association  for  1892.  The  report,  makes  an  attractive  neatly  printed 
volume  of  nearly  two  hundred  pages,  and  the  contents  reflect  credit 
upon  the  practical  experience  of  the  editor  and  the  members  ■of  the 
association. 

Their  report  contains  information  that  should  be  in  the  hands  of 
tvery  bee-keeper  in  the  State,  as  follows  : 

Constitution  and  by-laws,  act  of  last  legislature  in  favor  of^the 
Illinois  State  Bee-Keepers' Association,  articles  of  incorporatjoiir^^fl'i^ 
of  members,  minutes  of  all  the  meetii^s  since  organized  and  the  affili- 
ation of  North  Western  with  minutes  of  its  proceedings,  discussion  of  all 
the  important  subjects  relating  to.  apiculture,  by  prominent  Apiarists, 
all  the  acts  of  the  Bee-Keepers'  Union,  decisions  of  the  supreme  court, 
in  cases  against  bee-keepers' ;  a  short  work  on  bee  keeping  which  if 
followed  is  comprehensive  enough  for  any  amateur. 

Any  person  wishing  to  become  a  member  of  the  Illinois  State 
Bee- Keepers'  Association  and  thereby  receive  the  benefits  to  which 
members  are  entitled  as  well  as  the  next  annual  report  can  do  so  by 
sending  name  and  address  and  membership  fee  of  |i  00  to  the  Secre- 
tary JAMES  A.  STONE,  Bfadfordton,  111. 


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ON!VEH?^!F  T-  \lUm%  LIBRARY 


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jArv  :4  1919 


FIRST  ftNNUftL  RePORT 


OF    THE 


ILLINOIS 


StDte  Bee-KeeDeis'  AssocidtloR 


ORGaNIZEb  PeB.  26,  1591 


AT 


SP-RINOKIELD,     ILLINOIS. 


COMPILED    BY. 

JAMES  A.  STONE,   Secretary 
Bradfordton,   Illinois 


SPRINGFIELD: 

ILLINOIS  STATE  JOURNAL  PRINT, 

189a 


-^ 


>T» 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


Office  of  the  Secretary, 
■  1  Bradfordton,  III.,  Feb.  25,  1892. 

To  his  Excellency,   Joseph    W.    Fifer,    Governor   of  the   State   of 
Illinois: 

\  '  .-.         \   . 

Sir  :     I  have  the    honor    to    transmit    herev^ith    the    First 

Annual  Report  of  the  Illinois  State  Bee-Keepers'\A.ssociation. 

Respectfully  submitted,      \ 

■  James  A.   Stone,   Secretary. 


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XL  /\^ 


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OF    THE 


F=OR    1591 


vs 


President P.  J.  England.  . .  .- Fancy  Prairie 

ist,  Mrs.  L.  Harrison Peoria 

2d,    C.  P.  Dadant Hamilton 

Vice-Presidents -[  3d,  W.  T.  F.  Petty; Pittsfield 

I  4th,  Hon.  J.  M.  Hjambaugh Spring 

[  5th,  Dr.  C.  C.  Miller Marengo 

Secretary Jas.  A .  Stone Bradfordton 

Treasurer A.  N.  Draper Upper  Alton 


I=OR   1B92 


President Hon.  J.  M.  Hambaugh Spring 

^  fist,  Mrs.  L.  Harrison Peoria 

V  I  2d,  P.  J.  England FanCy  Prairie 

Vice-Presidents -j  3d,  Dr.  C.  C.  Miller Marengo 

I  4th,  C.  P.  Dadant Hamilton 

.  i  5th,  S.  N.  Black Clayton 

Secretary. Jas.  As  Stone. '. .  .■.  Bradfor-dton 

Treasurer. A.  N.  Draper  ....,.,,.,,,  Upper  Alton 


f:.i 


) 


First  Annual  Report 


%rr   ©f  {pemberg   ^or   18^2. 


Abbott,  E.  T.,  St.  Joseph.  Mo. 
Baldridge,  M.  M.,  St.  Charles,  111. 
Baldwin,  A.  Y.,  DeKalb,  III. 
Barnard,  W.  D.  W.,  Upper  Alton,  111. 
•Becker,  Chas.,  Pleasant  Plains,  111. 
Benbow,  A.  E.,  Upper  Alton,  111. 
Black,  S.  N.,  Clayton,  111. 
Blecka,  Frank,  Elgin,  111. 
Boals,  MT^H.,  Upper  Alton,  111. 
Boals,  J.  L.,  Upper  Alton,  III. 
Buckley,  Dr.  J.,  Upper  Alton,  111. 
Buckley,  Mrs.  M.  B.,  Upper  Alton,  111. 
Burnett,  R.  A.,  Chicago,  111. 
Cadwallader,     D.     A.,     Prairie    Du- 

Rocher,  111. 
Campbell,  C.  H.,  Upper  Alton,  111. 
.  Cooper,  D.  D.,  Sherman,  III. 
Coppin,  Aaron,  Wenona,  111. 
Critchfield,  J.  A.,  Broadwell,  III. 
Dadant,  Chas.,  Hamilton,  111. 
Dadant,  C.  P.,  Hamilton,  111. 
Dintlemann,  Belleville,  111 
Draper,  A-  N.,  Upper  Alton,  111. 
Draper,  Mrs.  Rachel,  Upper  Alton,  111. 
Draper,  Mrs.  Amelia,  Upper  Alton,  111. 
Draper,  Miss  Rachel  C,  Upper  Alton, 

111. 
JDraper,  Miss  Clara  N. ,  Upper  Alton, 

111. 
Elwell,  W.  E.,  Upper  Alton,  111. 
England,  P.  J.,  Fancy  Prairie,  111. 
England,  A.  }.,  Fancy  Prairie,  111. 
Farrar,  E   W.,  Downer's  Grove,  111. 
Fehr,  A.  G.,  Belleville,  111. 
Finch,  W.  }.,  Jr.,  Chesterfield,  111. 
First,  Rev.  H.  C,  Upper  Alton,  111. 
Flanagan,  E.  F.,  Belleville,  III. 
Forncrook,  J.,  Watertown,  Wis. 
Fulmer,  W.  P.,  Wheaton.  111. 
Gillham,  W.  L.,  Upper  Alton,  111. 


Green,  J.  A,   Dayton,  111. 
Hambangh,  Hon.  J.  M.,  Spring,  111. 
Harrison,  Mrs.  L.,  Peoria,  111. 
Harrison,  Lovell,  Peoria,  Ilk 
Hertel,  Chas.,  Freeburg,  111. 
Hilton,  Geo.  E.,  Fremont,  Mich. 
•Hubbard,  E.  S.,  Oil  City,  Iowa. 
Hubbard,  G.  K.,  Ft.  Wayne,  Ind. 
Hubbard,  Mrs.  G.  K.,  Ft  Wayne, Ind. 
Hudson,  John  H.,  Alton,  111. 
Hutchinson,  W.  Z.,  Flint,  Mich. 
Johnson,  Geo.  R.,  Upper  Alton,  111. 
Kendrick,  Mrs.  M.  }.,  UpperAlton,  III. 
Kendrick,  Dr.  A.  A  ,  Upper  Alton,  111. 
Kennedy,  [■  A-,  Passfield,  111. 
Larrabee,  J.    H.,    Agricultural    Col. 

Mich. 
Lehne,  H.  F.,  Alton,  111. 
Liebrock,  Jack,  Mascoi^tah,  111 . 
Lemen,  Dr   E.  C  ,  UpperAlton,  111. 
Leverett,  C.  W.,  UpperAlton,  111. 
Levis,  R.  H  ,  Alton,  111. 
Lowe,  W.  W.,  Upper  Alton,  111. 
Lowe,  M.  A.,  UpperAlton,  111. 
Lyman,  Hon.  J.  S.,  Farmingdale,  III. 
Lyman,  W.  C,  Downer's  Grove,  1.11. 
Malson,  M.,  Upper  Alton,  IIP  ^ 

Mandelbaum,  M.  H.,  Chicago,  HI.' 
Mason,  A.  B.,  Auberndale,  O. 
Mason,  Lot,  Auburn.  111. 
McReynolds,  Robt  ,  Upper  Alton,  111. 
Miller,  Dr.  C.  C,  Marengo,  111. 
Miller,  Peter,  Bellville,  111. 
Mills,  Col.  Chas.  F  ,  Springfield,  III. 
Mills,  Mrs.  H.  E.,  Upper  Alton,  111. 
Mills,  Miss  R.  C,  UpperAlton,  111. 
Mills,  H.  E.,  Upper  Alton,  111. 
Murphy,  R.  R.,  Garden  Plains,  111. 
Nevlin,  G.,  Upper  Alton,  III. 
Newman,  Thos.  G.,  Chicago,  111. 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association. 


Phelps,  A.,  Springfield,  111. 
Poindexter,'  Geo.,  Kenny,  111. 
Poppleton,  O.  O.,  Hawkes  Park,  Ela. 
Priest,  H.  C,  Alton,  111.  F 

Redmond, -G.  W.,  Paris,  111.  ^ 

Rehorst,  John,  New  Hampton,  Iowa. 
Robbins,    Geo.    S.,    Mechanicsburg, 

111-  ~  #. 

Root,  A.  I.,  Medina,  Ohio. 

Schlrer,  I.,  Petona,  111. 

Scovell,  A.  T.,  Upper  Alton,  111. 

Seeley,  J.  S..  Oswego,  111. 

Seeley,  Frank,  Yorkville,  111. 

Sheiry,  Mrs.  Ida  L.,  Upper  Alton,  111. 

Staininger,  N  ,  Tipton,  Iowa. 

Stone,  Mrs.  Jas.  A.,  Bradfordton,  111. 


Stone,  Jas.  A.,  Bradfordton,  111. 
Stow,  Mrs.  N.  L.,  South  Evanston.  111. 
Stow,  N.  L.,  South  Evanston,  111. 
Strong,  Miss  Zetta,  Ottawa,  111. 
Taylor,  B.,  Forestville,  Minn. 
Tdmlinson,  D.  G.,  Alton,  111. 
Vance,  W.  A.,  Glencoe,  111. 
VanDoren,  P.  C. ,  Curran,  111. 
Walker,  Byron,  Capac,  Mich. 
Wallace,  Thos.  S.,  Clayton,  111. 
Wheeler,  J.  C,  Piano,  111. 
Whittlesby,  E.,  Pecatonica,  111. 
Wilson,  Miss  Emma,  Marengo,  111. 
Yerkes,  Mrs.  S.  B.,  Upper  Alton,  III. 
Yocom,  Wm . ,  Sherman,  111 . 
Yocom,  C.  E.,  Sherman,  111. 
Yorkes,  Dr.  T.  P..  Upper  Alton,  111. 


1-. 


First  Annum,  Report 


:?1 


i  35aac  11.  Pearson,  Secretary  of  State.  j 


To  all  to  whom  these  Presents  shall  come.  Greeting: 

Whereas,  A  certificate  duly  signed  and  acknowledged  having  been 
filed  in  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of  State  on  the  27th  day  of  February, 
A.  D.  1891,  for  the  organization  of  the  Illinois  State  Bee-Keepers'  Associa- 
tion, under  and  in  occordance  with  the  provisions  of  "An  Act  Concerning 
Corporations,"  approved  April  18,  1872,  and  in  force  July  i,  1872,  and  all 
acts  amendatory  thereof,  a  copy  of  which  certificate  is  hereto  attached . 

Now  Therefore,  I,  Isaac  N.  Pearson,  Secretary  of  State,  of  the  State 
of  Illinois,  by  virtue  of  the  powers  and  duties  vested  in  me  by  law,  do  here- 
by certify  that  the  said,  The  Illinois  State  Bee-Keepers'  Association  is  a 
legally  organized  corporation  under  the  laws  of  this  State. 

3n  (Icstimona  lDt|ercof,  I  hereto  set  my  hand,  and  cause  to  be  affixed 
the  great  seal  of  State.  r 

Done  at  the  City  of  Springfield  this  27th  day  of  February,  in  the  year  of 
our  Lord,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  ninety  one,  and  the 
Independence  of  the  United  States  the  one  hundred  and 
fifteenth.  I.  N.  Pearson, 

Secretary  of  State. 


\   seal    V 


>ss. 


STATE  OF   ILLINOIS, 

SANGAMON    COUNTY. 

To  Isaac  N.   Pearso?t,  Secretary  of  State : 

We,  the  undersigned,  Perry  J.  England,  Jas.  A.  Stone  and  Albert  N. 
Draper,  citizens  of  the  United  States,  propose  to  form  a  corporation  under 
an  act  of  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  entitled  "An  Act 
Concerning  Corporations,"  approved  April  18,  1872,  and  all  acts  amendatory 
thereof;  and  for  the  purposes  {of  such  organization,  we  hereby  state  as  fol- 
lows, to- wit: 

1 .  The  name  of  such  corporation  is.  The  Illinois  State  Bee-Keepers' 
Association . 

2.  The  object  for  which  it  is  formed  is,  to  promote  the  general  interests 
of  the  pursuit  ol  bee-culture. 

3.  The  management  of  the  aforesaid  Association  shall  be  vested  in  a 
board  of  three  Directors  who  are  to  be  elected  annually. 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association-. 


\  4.  The  following  persons  are  hereby  selected  as  the  Directors,  to  con- 

j  trol  and  manage  said  corporation  for  the  first  year  of  Its  corporate  existence, 

k    '  viz:     Perry  J.  England,  Jas.  A.  Stone  and  Albert  N.  Draper. 

"^        :  5.  The  location  is  in  Springfield,  in  the  County  of  Sangamon,  State  of 

Illinois.  I  ■  [Signed,] 

•  I  '  -  -  Perry  J .  England, 

Jas.  a.  Stone,  > 

*  Albert  N.  Draper. 

STATE  OF  ILLINOIS,  ~l 

COUNTY  OF  SANGAMON .     /       ' 

I,  S.  Mendenhall,  a  notary  public  in  and  for  the  county  arid  State  afore- 
said, do  hereby  certify  that  on  this  26th  day  of  February,  A.  D.  1 891,  per- 
sonally appeared  before  me.  Perry  J.  England,  James  A.  Stone  and  Albert 
N .  Draper,  to  me  personally  known  to  be  the  same  persons  who  executed 
ihe  foregoing  certificate,  and  severally  acknowledged  that  they  had  executed 
the  same  for  the  purposes  therein  set  forth . 

In  Witness  IVheteof,  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  seal  the  day  and 
year  above  written .  ^'i 

S.    MENDENHALLi 

[seal]  Notary  Public. 


ii^i^^^tAiS.i£^'i>.'Jj'.^.''..-'l.  -:.'' ..:''  ....\     .."■'"'.''.  ,-  ■  ■  '    ■     -■■    ;  "'-tj  .-■ .    :  "■      '—  .'   -x^.'.      •    i-  '-      .... .  ■  ■.-■"■..  "■  '-.  ..  .-■.  ..T'  .-^^t'.;-;..  ^.^r- ■.*.-  ■. ,      "..'■...     '    .' '      '  '.-  "".'.         ■  -.  ..--..  Vj  ,,;;■■:;■-„■■ '  ■    1.  ..^--.t '-.."_  'f^^^L**'-!*  tf-..'.rfii 


First  Annual  Report 


©©HstH^tioH  Qfici  IB^-^aaJS 


OF     THE 


Illinois  Slate  Bee-^eegerg'  ^||o(^iation 


CONSTITUTION 


ADOPTED  FEB.   26,    1891 

\  .  


ARTICLE   l—MuNC. 

This  organization  shall  ^be  known  as  the  Illinois  State  Bee-Keepers' 
Association,  and  its  principal  place  of  business  shall  be  at  Springfield,  111. 

\  ^  ARTICLE  11— ObjecL 

Its  object  shall  be  to  promote  the  general  interests  of  the  pursuit  of  Bee 

Culture. 

J 

ARTICLE   in— Members/lip. 

Sec  .  I .  Any  person  interested  in  Apiculture  may  become  a  member 
upon  the  payment  to  the  Secretary  of  an  annual  fee  of  one  dollar  (|i.oo) . 

Sec.  2.  Any  persons  may  become  honorary  members  by  receiving  a 
majority  vote  at  any  regular  meeting. 

ARTICLE   W—OjMers. 

Sec.  I.  The  oflficei's  of  this  Association  ^Efll  be:  President,  five  Vice- 
Presidents,  Secretary  and  Treasurer.  Th^  terms  of  office  shall  be  for  one 
year,  or  until  their  successors  are  elected'and  qualified. 

Sec.  2.  The  President,  Secretary'' and  /Treasurer  shall  constitute  the 
Executive  Comrtiittee .  /        /  , 

Sec.  3.  Vacancies  in  office — b^  death,  resignation  or  otherwise — shall 
be  filled  by  the  Executive  Comnjit^eeiintil  the  next  annual  meeting. 

ARTICLE  V'-fAmendmefiis . 

This  Constitution  may  be  ^jnended  at  any  annual  meeting  by  a  two- 
thirds  vote  of  all  the  members "jiresent — thirty  days'  notice  having  been  given 
to  each  member  of  the  Assooi4lion. 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association. 


BY-LAWS  Tf 


ADOPTED    DECEMBER    18,     1891 


ARTICLE   I.  i 

The  officers  of  this  Association  shall  be  elected  by  ballot  and  by  a 
majority  vote.  . 

ARTICLE   ni 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  President  to  call  and  preserve  order  at  all 
meetings  of  this  Association;  to  call  for  all  reports  of  officers  and  commit- 
tees; to  put  to  vote  all  motions  regularly  seconded,  to  count  the  votes  at  all 
elections  and  declare  the  results;  to  decide  upon  all  questions  of  order;  and 
to  deliver  an  address  at  each  annual  meeting. 

ARTICLE   III. 

The  Vice-Presidents  shall  be  numbered  respectively,  First,  Second, 
Third,  Fourth  and  Fifth,  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  one  of  them  in  his 
respective  order  to  preside  in  the  absence  of  the  President. 

ARTICLE   IV.    . 

Sec.  I.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Secretary  to  report  all  proceedings 
of  the  Association,  and  to  record  the  same,  when  approved,  in  the  Secre- 
tary's book;  to  conduct  all  correspondence  of  the  Association,  and  to  file 
and  preserve  all  papers  belonging  to  the  same;  to  receive  the  annual  dues 
and  pay  them  over  to  the  Treasurer,  taking  his  receipt  for  the  same;  to  take 
and  record  the  name  and  address  of  every  member  of  the  Association;  to 
cause  the  Constitution  and  By-Laws  to  be  printed  in  appropriate  form,  and 
in  such  quantities  as  may  be  directed  by  the  Executive  Committee  from 
time  to  time,  and  see  that  each  member  is  provided  with  a  copy  fliereof;  to 
make  out  and  publish  annually,  as  far  rs  practicable,  a  statistical  table., 
showing  the  number  of  colonies  owned  in  the  spring  and  fall,  and  the  amount 
of  honey  and  wax  produced  by  each  member,  together  with  such  other  in- 
information  as  may  be  deemed  important,  or  be  directed  by  the  Executive 
Committee;  and  to  give  notice  of  all  meetings  of  jthe  Association  in  the 
leading  papers  of  the  State  and  in  the  bee  journals  at  least  four  weeks  prior 
to  the  time  of  such  meeting. 

Sec.  2.  The  Secretary  shall  be  alloweed  a  reasonable  compensation  for 
his  services,  and  to  appoint  an  assistane  Secretary  if  deemed  necessary. 

ARTICLE  V. 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Treasurer  to  take  charge  of  all  funds  of  the 
Association,  and  to  pay  them  out  upon  the  order  of  the  Executive  Commit- 
tee,  takirig  a  receipt  for  the  same;  and  to  render  a  report  of  all  receipts  and 
expenditures  at  each  annual  meeting. 


!*• 


10  First  Annual  Report. 


ARTICLE  VI. 
It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Executive  Committee  to  select  subjects  for 
discussion  and  appoint  members  to  deliver  addresses  or  read  essays,  and  to 
transact  all  interim  business. 

ARTICLE  VII. 

The  meetings  of  the  Association  shall  be,  as  far  as  practicable,  governed 
by  the  following  order  of  business: 

Call  to  order. 

Reading  minutes  of  last  meeting. 

President's  address.  *  - 

Secretary's  report. 

Treasurer's  report. 

Reports  of  committees.  "P 

Unfinished  business. 

Reception  of  members  and  collection. 

Miscellaneous  business.  * 

Election  and  installation  of  officers. 

Discussion.  , 

Adjournment. 

ARTICLE   VIII. 

These  By-Laws  may  be  amended  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  all  the  mem- 
bers present  at  any  annual  meeting. 

C.  E.  YocoM, 

Aaron  Coppin, 
Geo.  F.  Robbins, 


I     '  State  Bee-Keepers*.  Association.  il 


BEE-KEEPERS'  ASSOCIATION. 


Section   1   Appropriates,   in  A-id.   of  the    Bee-KTeepers  Associ- 
ation, the   Sunn  of  $oOO  per  Annvann. 
Sec.  2,    How   Drawn, 


An  Act  Making  ap  Appropriation  in  Aid  of  the  Illinois 
State  Bee-Keepers'  Association. 


ip/ii 


I        Whereas,  The  large  and  growing  industry  of  bee-keepipg  in  the' State 
of  Illinois  is  worthy  of  proper  encouragement  in  the  General  Assembly,  and 

Whekeas,  The  Illinois  State  Bee-Keepers'  Association,  an  organization 
composed  of  the  leading  Apiarists  of  the  State,  is  engaged  in  promoting  this 
industry  and  desires  an  appropriation  to  assist  in  this  work;  therefore, 

Section  i.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  People  of  the  State  ol  Illinois,  repre- 
sented in  the  General  Assembly:  That  there  be  and  hereby  is  appropriated 
for  the  use  of  the  Illinois  State  Bee-Keepers'  Association,  the  sum  of  five 
hundred  dollars  (I500)  per  annum:  Provided,  however,  that  no  portion 
thereof  shall  be  paid  for,  or  on  account  of  any  salary,  or  emoluments  of  any 
officer  of  said  Association,  and  that  said  sum  be  expended  by  said  Illinois 
Bee-Keepers'  Association  in  the  publication  of  such  reports  and  information 
pertaining  to  this  industry  as  will  tend  to  promote  the  growth  and  develop  I 
the  apiarian  interest  for  the  years  1891  and  1892.  i 

Section  2.  That,  on  the  order  of  the  President,  countersigned  by  the 
Secretary  of  the  Illinois  Bee-Keepers'  Association,  and  approved  by  the 
Governor,  the  State  Auditor  shall  draw  his  warrant  annually  in  favor  of  the 
Treasurer  of  the  Illinois  Bee-Keepers'  Association  for  the  sums  herein  ap- 
propriated . 

Approved  June  16,  1891. 


'^ 


12  First  Annual  Report 


Formation  of  the   Illinois  State   Bee-Keepers'  Ass'n. 


Springfield,  III.,  Feb.  26,  1891. 
The  Capitol  Bee-Keepers'  Association  was  called  to  order  by  President 
P.J.  England. 

Previous  notice  having  been  given  that  an  eftbrt  would  be  made  to  form 
a-  State  Association,  and  there  being  present  bee-keepers  from  different 
parts  of  the  State,  by  motion,  a  recess  was  taken  in  order  to  form  such  an 
Association. 

P.  J.  England  was  chosen  temporary  chairman,  and  C.  E.  Yocom  tem- 
porary secretary.  On  motion,  the  Chair  appointed  Thos.  G.  Newman,  C. 
P.^Dadant  and  Hon.  J.  M.  Hambaugh  a  committee  on  constitution. 

J   Col.  Chas.  F.  Mills  addressed  the  meeting  on  the  needs  of  a  State  As- 
sociation, and  stated  that   it   was   his   opinion   that   the  bee-keepers  should 
have  a   liberal   appropriation   for  a   State  Apiarian  Exhibit  at  the  World's 
*  Columbian  Exposition.  •  j 

]^         A  motion  to  adjourn  till  1:30  P.  M.  prevailed. 
S 

AF'TERNOON  SESSION. 

The  Committee  on  Constitution  reported  a  form  for  same,  which,  on 
motion,  was  read  by  the  Secretary,  by  sections  serially . 

Geo.  F.  Robbins  moved  to  substitute  the  word  shallAor  may  in  the  last 
clause  of  Section  I,  Article  III.  This  led  to  a  very  animated  discussion, 
and  the  motion  was  lost. 

J.  A.  Stone  moved  to  amend  the  above  named  section  by  striking  out 
the  word  ladies  and  all  that  followed  of  the  same  section,  which  motion  led 
to  further  discussion,  and  motion  finally  prevailed. 

Section  2,  Article  III,  relating  to  a. quorum,  was,  on  motion,  entirely 
stricken  out. 

Mr.  Robbins  moved  to  amend  Article  V  by  adding  the  works,  "Thirty 
days'  notice  having  been  given  to  each  member."  Prevailed. 

Thos.  G.  Newman  moved  to  adopt  the  Constitution,  so  amended,  as  a 
whole.     Which  motion  prevailed.  Ui 

See  Constitution  page  8 . 

J.  A.  Stone  moved  that  the  Chair  appoint  a  nominating  committee  of 
three  on  permanent  organization.     Prevailed. 

Chair  appointed  as  such  committee.  Col.  Chas.  F.  Mills,  Hon.  J.  M. 
Hambaugh,  and  C.  P.  Dadant. 


f/iKw5E5»^j5?Hf><' 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Associ^^on.  13 

Committee  retired  and  in  a  few  minutes  returned,  submitting  the  follow- 
ing named  persons  as  candidates  for  their  respective  offices: 

For  President — P.J.  England,  Fancy  Prairie. 

For  Vice-Presidents — Mrs.  L.  Harrison,  Peoria;  C.  Pt  Dadant,  Hamil- 
ton; W.  T.  F.  Petty,  Pittsfield;  Hon.  J.  M.  Hambaugh,  Spring;  Dr.  C.  C. 
Miller,  Marengo. 

Secretary — ^Jas.  A.  Stone,  Bradfordton. 

Treasurer — A.  N.  Draper,  Upper  Alton. 
4:        Mr.  Black  moved  the  adoption  of  the  report  of  the  committee  on  nomi- 
nations.    The  motion  prevailed,  and  the  officers   as  named  by  the  commit- 
tee, were  declared  elected  for  the  ensuing  j'ear.   * 

Hon.    y.    M.  Hambaugh  moved  that  Mr.   Thos.   G.   Newman,    Editor 

American  Bee  Journal,  of  Chicago,  be  made  the  first  honorary  member  of 

tHe  Association.     Prevailed. 

,         At  this  point  Col .  Chas.  F.  Mills  said,   "Mr.   Chairman,    I  want  to  be 

'  the  first  one  to  pay  my  dollar  for  membership,"  at  the  same  time  suiting  his 

actions  to  his  words,  and  others  followed  his  example,  as  follows: 

CHARTER   MEMBERS. 

Col.  Chas.  F.  Mills,  Springfield.  Aaron  Coppin,  Wenona. 

Hon.  J.  M.  Hambaugh,  Spring.  Geo.  F.  Robbins,  Mechanicsburg. 

Hon.  }.  S.  Lyman,  Farmingdale.  J.  W.  Yocom,  Williamsville. 

C.  P.  Dadant,  Hamilton.  Thos.  S.  Wallace,  Clayton. 

Chas.  Dadant,  Hamilton.  A.  J.  England,  Fancy  Prairie. 

A.  N.  Draper,  Upper  Alton.  P.  J.  England,  Fancy  Prairie. 

S.  N.  Black,  Clayton.  C.  E.  Yocom,  Shermari., 

Jas.  A.  Stone,  Bradfordton..  ► 

FIRST   HONORARY   MEMBER. 
Thos.  G.  Newman,  Editor  American  Bee  Journal,  Chicago. 

The  Secretary  offered  a  resolution  as  follows: 

Whereas,  The  Illinois  State  Bee- Keepers'  Association  has  been  ad- 
vised of  a  movement  looking  to  the  organization  of  an  association  to  be 
known  as  the  "Illinois  Farmers'  Club,"  and  composed  of  the  live  stock  and 
other  agricultural  associations  of  the  State,  and  having  for  its  object  the 
holding  of  annual  meetings  for  the  promotion  of  the  various  industries  rep- 
resented, and, 

Whereas,  The  interests  of  all  engaged  in  farming  pursuits  can  be 
promoted  by  such  annual  gatherings  held  for  the  purpose  of  discussing  all 
matters  relating  to  agriculture .     Therefore  be  it 

Resolved,  That  the  Illinois  State  Bee-Keepers'  Association  hereby  agree 
.  to~  co-operate  with  agricultural  organizations  of  the  State  in  holding  a  series 
of  meetings  in  the  month  of  December,  1891,  at  Springfield. 


14  First  Annual  Report 

Resolved,  That  it  is  the  sense  of  this  Association  that  arrangements  be 
made  for  holding  the  meetings  of  the  respective  organizations,  composing 
the  Illinois  Farmers'  Club,  in  the  day  time,  and  the  mass  meetings  com- 
posed of  all  the  members  of  the  several  societies,  be  held  in  the  evening  in 
the  Hall  of  Representatives,  in  the  Capitol  building  during  the  continuance 
of  the  session  of  the  Illinois  Farmers'  Club. 

Resolution  adopted  as  read . 

On  motion,  the  Chair  appointed  a  committee  of  three  to  draft  By-Laws, 
and  report  at  next  regular  meeting 

Committee  as  follows:  C.  E.  Yocom,  Aaron  Coppin,  and  Geo.  F. 
Robbins . 

Motion  prevailed  that  the  Executive  Committee  be  the  Board  of 
Directors  for  incorporation . 

Motion  that  this  Committee  be  authorized  to  procure  the  articles  of  in- 
corporation, and  be  furnished  with  required  amount  to  pay  for  same. 
Prevailed. 

Motion  by  Mr.  Newman  that  our  State  Legislature  be  asked  for  an  ap- 
propriation of  five  thousand  dollars  (fs  ooo)  to  represent  our  interests  at  the 
World's  Columbian  Fair.  Pending  this  question  Mr.  Newman  gave  us  a 
very  eloquent  address  on  the  importance  of  bee  ketpers  making  exhibits  be- 
fore the  public. 

Mr.  Thomas  G.  Newman,  of  Chicago,  editor  of  the  American  Bee 
Journal,  by  request,  addressed  the  convention  on  the  subject  of  "The  Im- 
portance of  Displays  or  Exhibits  of  Honey  at  Fairs." 

Mr.  Newman  said  that  the  magnitude  of  the  industry  of  "bees  and 
honey"  could  be  estimated  by  the  fact  th^t  there  were  in  North  America 
300,000  people  who  keep  bees,  and  if  these  apiaries  average  but  ten  colonies 
each,  the  number  of  colonies  reaches  3,000,000,  and  if  these  produce  but  the 
,  ver^^  small  average  of  25  pounds  of  honey  per  colony,  then  the  product  is 
75,000,000  of  pounds  of  honey,  worth  |io,ooo,oco;  and  if  each  colony  of  bees 
yields  but  one  pound  of  beeswax  yearly,  then  the  wax  product  at  20  cents 
per  pound  is  worth  |;6oo,ooo. 

The  speaker  said  that  notwithstanding  the  many  improvements  that  had 
been  made  in  apiculture,  it  was  but  yet  in  its  infancy^that  the  flora  now 
going  to  waste  in  America  could,  if  properly  gathered  by  bees,  produce  a 
revenue  of|2co,ooo,ooo. 

He  said  that  in  view  of  the  fact  that  Illinois  was  expected  to  make  a 
grand  exhibit  at  the  World's  Columbian  Fair,  of  the  products  of  the  State, 
apiculture  should  have  its  appropriate  place  in  that  display.  Illinois  stood 
second  in  the  galaxy  of  States  as  to  honey  production,  and  it  is  asserted 
that  there  are  within  its  borders  20,000  persons  who  keep  bees.  Tl^e 
speaker  said  that  he  was  heartily  in  favor  of  a  good  appropriation  by  the 
Legislature  so  as  to  secure  a  creditable  display. 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  15 


Some  ask  what  money  is  needed  for,  and  the  speaker  replied  that  it  is 
needed  to  procure,  transport,  organize,  and  take  good  care  of  exhibits,  ai^' 
may  be  particularized  thus: 

1.  To  pay  a  competent  person  for  time  and  diligent  work  for  a  year, 
or  more,  to  procure,  arrange,  and  superintend  an  exhibit  which  shall  be  a 
credit  to  the  State .  / 

2.  He  will  need  many  assistants  during  the  entire  time  of  holding  the 
Columbian  Fair,  to  care  for  and   protect  from  damage  or  waste,  the  many 
articles  exhibited,  as  well  as  to  keep  them  clean  and  in  proper  condition  for 
thorough  examination  by  the  millions  of  visitors.      These  must  be  efficient, 
persons,  and  will  have  jto  be  suitably  paid . 

3.  Products  of  the  apiary,  machinery  and  appliances  will  have  to  be 
transported  to  the  Fair  Grounds,  and  this  will  entail  considerable  expense. 

4 .  We  do  not  desire  a  seperate  building  for  the  industry  of  bee-keep- 
ing, but  it  will  be  necessary  to  fit  up  a  large  space  in  one  of  the  principal 
buildings  devoted  to  agriculture,  horticulture  or  floriculture.  To  make  it 
convenient,  and  have  it  attractively  decorated,  will  cost  money,  but  it  will 
be  well  spent,  nevertheless,  for  the  general  verdict  at  all  Fairs,  is  that  the 
Bee  and  Honey  Department  is  the  most  attractive  thing  on  the  grounds. 

5.  At  the  close  of  the  World's  Fair  all  the  sfoods  exhibited  must  be 
carefullv  packed  and  rethqigfj  to  the  owners  .  This  item  of  expense  for 
labor,  material,  drayage  and  railwav  transportation  will  be  ver\f  large  on 
account  of  the  care  required  in  handlina:  and  packing,  so  as  not  to  destroy 
the  values.  H^ney  in  the  comb  (in  all  forms  and  shapes  imaginable)  is 
delicate  and  fragile,  and  the  utmost  care  will  be  required  to  prevent  its 
being  damap^ed  or  mined  entirelv.  ^.  • 

6.  And  last  but  not  least,  cash  prizes,  medrfls  and  <|iplomas  will  of 
necessity  be  required  to  bring  out  an  exhibit,  which  will  ho^or  the  State. 
This  item  must  necessarily  be  a  large  one,  for  upon  it  will  depend  the  suc- 
cess of  the  entire  undertaking.  ( 

These  are  a  few  of  the  things  that  will  require  money,  and  for  which  a 
liberal  appropriation  is  desired  from  the  public  Treasury. 

The  question  of  making  exhibits  at  State,  county  and  local  fairs,  he 
said^  was  one  of  the  greatest  importance  to  those  engagjed  in  bee  culture. 
It  is  not  enough  to  form  societies  and  hold  conventions  for  the  purpose  of 
instructine  bee-keepers  as  to  the  best  methods  of  preparing  bees  for  winter, 
or  of  producing  honey  for  market,  or  as  to  the  best  race  of  bees  ;  we  have 
but  half  done  our  work  when  we  have  learned  alli,the  improvements  our 
fellow  apiarist  employs,  or  taught  him  all  we  know.  There  is  a  vast  public 
which  needs  educating  as  to  the  value  of  honey  for  dietic  and  medicinal 
consumption.  Their  prejudices  must  be  removed,  and  a  desire  andtaste 
created  for  honey,  as  now  exists  for  sugar  and  syrup's.  Bee  papers  cannot 
accomplish  this  work,  because  they  circulate  wholly  among  that  class  of 
people  who  already  appreciate  the  value  of  honey;    it  cannot  be  done 


i6  First  Annual  Report 


through  the  aericultural  press,  because  nearly  all  farmers  are  already  con- 
sumers, and  utilize  its  economic  properties;  we  cannot  educate  the  masses 
through  the  metropolitan  and  general  press,  because  they  collate  their 
reading  matter  with  a  view  to  interesting  the  general  reader. 

The  speaker  said  he  could  see  no  plan  for  carrying  on  this  educational 
work  so  feasible  as  to  take  advantage  of  the  large  popular  gatherings  —  and 
especially  Fairs  and  Expositions  —  where  pure  honey  can  be  exhibited  to 
large  quatities  in  its  most  attractive  forms.  Not  only  should  the  honey  be 
exhibited  and  sold,  but  our  beautiful  and  gentle  Italians  should  be  manipu- 
lated on  the  grounds,  to  attract  the  people  through  their  instinctive  curiosity; 
now  and  then  a  comb  might  be  extracted  and  samples  exhibited  through 
the  crowd;  this,  too  is  a  good  opportunity  to  explain  the  process  of  granu- 
lation of  honey,  and  how  to  liquefy  it.  The  primary  lesson  in  the  consump- 
tion of  honey  can  now  be  instilled  on  the  public  mind  by  having  a  quantity 
on  sale  in  neat,  attractive  packages,  and  of  proper  sizes  for  family  use. 

By  offering  liberal  premiums  and  encouragement  for  apicultural  displays 
the  agricultural  boards  and  managers   are  not  benefitting  honey  producers 
alone.     Tfit  be  their  duty  to  assist  in  developing  the  natural  and  possible 
resources  of  our  country,  they  certainly   by  every   means  should  encourage 
these  exhibits. 

A  few  years  ago,  180  tons  of  comb  honey  were  sent  to  England;  and  at 
the  Royal  Agricultural  Show  it  was  arranged  in  a  magnificent  pyramid  with 
a  large  sign  "American  Honey,"  over  it,  with  the  "Stars  and  Stripes" 
hanging  in  graceful  folds  around  it.  This  not  only  took  first  prize,  but 
created  such  s.  furor  that  the  Prince  and  Princess  of  Wales  and  the  Royal 
family  came  to  the  apiarian  department  in  carriages  to  see  it;  alighting,  they 
came  in  to  examine  it,  and  sought  information  regarding  its  production  on 
so  large  a  scale  and  in  such  tempting  packages.  A  dozen  crates  of  it  were 
ordered  for  the  Royal  table,  and,  from  the  Queen  to  the  peasant,  all  caught 
the  enthusiasm. 

I   was  amused  at  some  of  the  effects  of  this  display  that  I  noticed  in 
London.     While  walking  down  several  of  the  busy   streets,    I   noticed   here 
and  there  that  a  crowd  had  gathered  and  blocked  up  the  sidewalk.    Coming 
closer,  I  found  a  cause  of  the  excitement;    show   windows   had   been  filled 
with  comb  honey,  and  a  card  announced  that   it   was   American  honey  and 
for  sale  at  2s.  6d.  per  lb.  (60  cents  )      They  stood   and  gazed  upon  it,  their 
very  eyes  seemed  rived  to  the  spot — but  no  word  was  heard — 
"It  seemed  as  though  they  saw  a  miracle. 
And  for  very  rapture  ne'er  would  speak  again," 
while  their  eyes  feasted  on  the  magnificent  display  of  concentrated   sweet- 
ness from 

"The  land  of  the  free 

And  home  of  the  brave!  " 
Not  until  sturdy  policemen  came  to   tjie  relief  of  pedestrians  could  the 
crowd  be  dispersed.     The  order  to  "Move  on;  move  on!"  was  obeyed,  but 


...k^i,... 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  17 

only  to  let  another  crowd  form  a  few  moments  afterward.     I  witnessed  this 
scene  over  and  over  again . 

This  "word-picture"  gives  us  a  striking  lesson  —  to  exhibit  and  display 
our  honey,  and  thus  educate  the  masses  who  by  thousands  carry  home  the 
small  quantity  to  delight  their  families,  and  give  them  health  and  strength, 
both  of  body  and  mind,  by  the  use  of  this  God-given  sweet.  How  much 
better  to  do  this  than  to  feed  our  sweet  babes  and  tender  off-spring  upon 
vile  glucose  in  the  form  of  syrups,  candies  and  condiments,  arid  thus  send 
them  to  an  early -grave,  or  sow  disease  in  their  little  systems,  by  permitting 
them  to  use  the  vile  stuff  made  from  old  clothes,  boot  heels  and  dirt,  which 
greedy  conscienceless  men  have  made  solely  for  the  purposes  of  adultera- 
tion. ^       - 

Yes;  let  us  use  ever>' means  to  introduce  honey  to  our  neighbors — to 
tempt  them  with  its  beauty  and  beguile  them  with  its  sweetness.  Let  us 
take  possession  of  every  State,  county  and  local  fair,  in  the  name  of 
humanity,  and  educate  the  people  with  such  magnificent  exhibits  of  honey 
that  they  never  can  forget  it.  Distribute  to  the  admiring  crowd  the  evidence 
that  honey  is  good,  not  only  for  food — giving  warmth  to  the  system,  vigor  to 
the  vital  functions,  strength  to  the  body,  and  force  to  the  mind — but  that  it 
is  good  for  medicine,  healing  many  forms  of  disease  and  prolonging  life. 

Mr.  Newman  remarked  that  he  had  spent  thousands  of  dollars  to  help 
open  up  the  markets  of  the  Old  World  to  honey,  and  notwithstanding  the 
fact  that  he  had  been  roundly  abused  by  short-sighted  men  for  so  doing, 
who  feared  that  it  would  be  an  injury  rather  than  a  benefit,  yet  he  was  glad 
to  see  that  the  beneficial  results  were  being  noticed.  Europe  is  holding  out 
her  hands  to  us  and-  demanding  tons  of  honey,  when  we  have  not  a  pound 
to  "^pare — our  home  markets  taking  all  we  can  produce  with  our  limited 
number  of  bees  and  poor  honey  crops,  but  sweetness  enough  is  going  to 
waste  to  produce  billions  of  tons,  and  the  speaker  said  the  time  was  coming 
when  a  revenue  of  millions  of  dollars  would  be  received  annually  from 
foreign  lands  for  honey  that  was  now  not  gathered.  He  knew  that  intelli- 
gence and  energy,  coupled  with  improved  implements  and  the  "coming 
bee,"  would  overcome  all  obstacles,  and  contribute  a  supply  of  superior 
honey  to  all  the  markets  of  the  world. 

Following  Mr.  Newman's  address  the  question  was  put  and  prevailed. 
'  Motion  by  C.  E.  Yocom  that  a  committee  ot   three    (amended  by  mak- 
ing it  seven)  be  appointed  by  the  chair  to  present  the  last  named  memorial 
to  the  Legislature.     Prevailed. 

Committee  as  follows:  '     - 

Thomas  G.  Newman,  C.  P.  Dadant,  Hon.  J.  M.  Hambaugh,  Col.  Chas., 
F.  Mills,  S.  N.  Black,  Hon.  J.  S.  Lyman,  and  A.  N,  Draper.     (For  report 
of  this  committee,  see  appendix). 


1 8  First  Annual  Report 


Motion  prevailed  that  the  next  regular  meeting  'be  at  the  call  of  the 
Executive  Committee. 

Motion  to  adjourn.     Prevailed.  I 

Jas.  a.  Stone,  P.  J.  England, 

Secretary.  "  President. 


-1 


CALLED  MEETING. 

President's  Office,  Fair  Grounds 
OF  THE  Sangamon  Fair  Association, 

Sept.  8,  1 89 1. 

Previous  notice  having  been  given  the  Illinois  State  Bee-Keepers'  As- 
sociation met  in  called  session,  President  England  in  the  chair. 

Col.  Mills  made  a  motion  that  the  chair  appoint  a  committee  of  three  to 
formulate  a  program  for  our  regular  meeting  in  December.     Carried. 

The  chair  appointed  the  Secretary  and  Thos.  G.  Newman  and  C.  P. 
Dadant. 

Motion  that  Col.  Chas.  F.  Mills  be  appointed  a  committee  of  one  to 
draft  resolutions  expressing  the  gratitude  of  the  Illinois  State  Bee-Keepers' 
Association  to  the  Hon.  J.  M.  Hambaugh  for  his  services  in  behalf  of  bee 
keepers  in  the  last  session  of  the  Legislature.     Motion  prevailed. 

Three  new  members,  upon  the  payment  of  their  initiation  fee,  were 
added  to  the  roll — D.  D.  Cooper,  J.  A.  Kennedy  and  Wm.  Yocum. 

On  motion  adjourned  till  one  o'clock  p.  m.  tomorrow,  Sept.  9th. 

At  the  Fair  Grounds,  Sept.  9,  1891,  one  o'clock  p.  m. 

In  the  absence  of  the  President,  Hon.  J.  M.  Hambaugh  was  chosen  to 
preside.  One  of  the  members  by  request  filled  the  chair  while  the  President, 
Hon.  J.  M.  Hambaugh,  read  a  paper,  subject  "Our  Report,"  as  follows: 

"Be  it  enacted  by  the  people  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  represented  in 
the  General  Assembly,  that  there  be  and  hereby  is  appropriated  for  the  use 
of  the  Illinois  State  Bee-Keepers'  Association,  the  sum  of  five  hundred  dol- 
lars (I500.00)  per  annum:  Provided,  however,  that  no  portion  thereof 
shall  be  paid  for,  or  on  account  of  any  salary  or  emoluments  of  any 
officer  of  said  Association.  And  that  said  sum  be  expended  by  said  Illinois 
State  Bee-Keepers'  Association  in  the  publication  of  such  reports  ^nd  in- 
formation pertaining  to  this  industry  as  will  tend  to  promote  the  growth, 
and  develop  the  apiarian  interests  fof  the  years  189 1  and  1892. 

"In  order  that  we  may  thoroughly  understand  the  situation  and  correctly 
interpret  the  meaning  of  the  appropriation  made  for  our  benefit  during  the 
sitting  of  the  last  General  Assembly,  I  take  the  liberty  of  reproducing  Sec- 
tion I  of  the  act. 

"And  now,  Bro.  Bee-Keepers,  it  is  for  us  to  make  the  very  best  possible 
use  of  this  opportunity  to  infuse  new  life  blood  into  our  pursuit,  and  by  our 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association. 


19 


united  efforts,  give  to  the  public  a  report  that  will  place  us  high  up  in  the 
pinnacle  of  fame  as  an  industry,  and  give  it  a  growth  that  will  be  healthy 
and  enduring,  and  which,  if  properly  nurtured,  will  develop  into  one  of  the 
chief  industries  of  the  land.  Let  us  prove  worthy  of  the  task,  and  ever  bear 
in  mind  that  what  is  worth  doing  at  all  is  worth  doing  well,  and  that 
luture  appropriations  may  depend  largely  upon  how  wisely  and  judiciously 
we  spend  the  one  just  granted.  Therefore,  let  us  advance  with  care,  and 
put  the  very  best  possible  means  in  force  that  are  at  our  command  to 
awaken  an  interest  and  properly  develop  the  industry. 

"We  cannot  afford  to  make  any  missteps.  We  have  no  time  to  theorize 
or  extemporize.  We  want  the  pure  cream  and  no  skimmed  milk.  We  want, 
al.so,  to  fulfill  the  letter  of  the  law,  and  not  ask  one  cent  from  the  State  until 
the  book  is  upon  the  table  of  the  Governor,  subject  to  his  inspection.  And 
now.  Brother  Bee-Keepers,  we  want  your  opinion  as  how  best  to  proceed. 
There  is  wisdom  in  council. 

"So  far  as  my  own  individual  opinion  is  concerned,  I  will  give  it  for  what 
it  is  worth.  Let  the  committee  solicit  each  and  every  bee-keeper  that  is 
handling  bees  according  to  modern  improved  methods,  to  give  us  their  man- 
ner of  manipulating  in  about  the  following  order ; 

"What  kind  of  hives  they  use. 

"What  sized  frame  for  brood,  and,  if  running  for  extractmg,  what  sized 
frame  and  super.  If  for  comb,  what  super  is  preferable.  And  give  results 
in  honey,  both  in  comb  and  extracted.  Also  give  the  shape  in  which  comb 
honey  is  produced — if  it  be  one  pound,  two  pounds,  or  odd-sized  sections. 

"Also  state  the  kinds  of  honey  produced,  and  the  quantities  of  each  kind. 

"Give  the  principal  resoufces  fof  honey  in  your  immediate  locality;  how 
many  of  your  neighbors  have  bees,  and  how  they  manipulate  them.  What 
per  cent,  of  them  use  movable  combs,  and  what  per  cent,  fixed  combs. 

"How  many  turn  off  a  surplus  to  the  market-s,  and  in  what  quantities  and 
condition .     Also  state  as  near  as  possible  prices  received. 

"Let  each  and  every  bee-keeper  also  give  his  views  upon  the  best  methods 
of  honey  production,  and  how  to  improve  and  simplify  the  art,  and  weed  out 
the  complications. 

"It  should  also  be  the  duty  of  the  comfnittee  to  counteract  the  feeling  of 
prejudice  that  exists  in  the  minds  of  the  public  that  all  extracted  honey  is 
impure  and  adulterated,  with  important  essays  upon  that  subject  from  suit- 
able parties.     •  -,         - 

"Also  the  belief  among  many  that  bees  destroy  grapes,  peaches  and 
other  fruit,  should  have  a  passmg  notice.  , 

"There  should  also  be  a  treatise  upon  the  importance  of  the  numerous 
existence  of  insects  during  the  fruit  bloom  and  tlie  important  part  they  play 
in  cross  fertilization  of  the  bloom  in  the  vegetable  kingdom.  • 


■  S-iito]  ■S'^'tii''i^'^^^-^X':^'^AiiA:^:'>^AL-'ii. 


;v'i-'-.i!w:*i^»^j£4^^!iii:^JEW!ji*<'EE"-^S&E:'^Jp^^ 


■■ :  AS.i^'^X-~^^dis^-/:xt£^;''i-^'i:i^JL-. 


\- 


20  First  Annual  Report 

,"There  should  also  be  a  treatise  'How  the  farmer  can  conform  his  work 
so  as  to- utilize  his  lands  to  the  very  best  advantage  and  at  the  same  time 
yield  large  amounts  of  honey.'  " 

Following  the  paper  were  continued  discussions  on  the  subject  covered 
by  the  paper,  till  all  the  members  present  had  given  and  received  ideas  in- 
numerable, as  bee-keepers  always  do  when  they  convene. 

On  motion  adjourned  sine~di^. 

}as.  a.  Stone,  P.  J.  England, 

Secretary.  President. 

Illinois  State  Bee-Keepers'  Association  met  in  the  Senate  judiciary  room 
of  the  State  House  at  10  o'clock  a.m.,  December  16,  1891,  for  a  two  days' 
session.  ' 

Called  to  order  by  the  President,  P.  J.  England. 

The  meeting  was  opened  with  prayer  by  Rev.  Dr.  Johnson,  of  the 
Second  Presbyterian  church,  city.  He  thanked  the  Lord  for  His  goodness 
in  the  past,  invoked  the  Divine  blessing  upon  the  association  and  its  mem- 
bers in  their  pursuit  of  honey  production  ;  thanked  Him  for  His  goodness  in 
giving  us  the  little  bee,  and  prayed  that  we  might  all  learn  lessons  and  habits 
of  industry  from  it. 

Following  the  prayer  was  the  welcome  address  by  Geo.  F.  Robbins,  of 
Mechanicsburg,  as  follows  : 

"Mr.  President,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen  of  the  Illinois  State  Bee-Keepers' 
Association — I  hoped  to  derive  inspiration  from  a  larger  audience.  I  am 
like  Melancthon,  pots  or  empty  chairs  are  not  heads.  When  I  do  address 
an  audience  at  all  I  like  to  talk  to  a  full  house.  I  especially  miss  quite  a 
number  from  other  parts  of  the  State  whom  I  hoped  to  welcome. 

"I  am  here  in  behalf  of  the  Capitol  Bee-Keepers'  Association  to  bid  you 
an  earnest,  cordial  welcome  to  Springfield.  And  it  is  not  with  us  a  mere 
matter  of  form  or  courtesy.  We  welcome  you  because  we  are  glad  to  have 
you.  We  are  a  specially  favored  class  just  now.  Ever  since  last  February 
we  have  been  looking  forward  with  constantly  heightening  anticipation  to 
this  day  when  we  should  meet  with  so  many  of  the  lights  ot  bee  culture,  and, 
although  some  of  them  are  missing,  yet  still  we  have  Mrs.  Harrison,  our  big 
member  of  the  Legislature,  and  others  whom  we  are  glad  to  have  with  us. 

"If  we  were  to  analyze  our  feelingg  on  this  occasion  we  might  have  to 
confess  that  our  pleasure  is  largely  the  outgrowth  of  a  very  human  frailly  we 
sometimes  call  toadyism — a  sort  of  pride  and  vanity  in  being  able  to  asso- 
ciate with  those  whom  we  fancy  to  be  a  little  bigger  or  higher  up  in  the 
world  than  ourselves — to  meet  them  on  a  level,  so  to  speak . 

"In  1S60  my  father  had  business  in  this  city  one  day  and  chanced  to  meet 
Abraham  Lincoln,  walked  a  few  blocks  with  him  and  engaged  him  in  con- 


State   Bee-Keepers'  Association.  21 


versation.  Of  course  he  had  to  tell  about  it  at  home,  and  years  afterwards, 
after  both  these  man  had  yielded  up  their  lives  for  the  Union,  mother  would 
tell  it  to  us  little  folks,  and  how  big  we  did  feel,  to  think  that  father  had 
walked  and  lalked  with  Abe  Lincoln.  , 

"And  a  few  years  ago  perhaps  30,000  people  craned  their  necks  and 
spread  their  eyes,  lined  the  windows  and  balconies,  balanced  themselves  on 
the  picket  fences;  small  boys,  it  is  said,  rode  stick  horses  in  their  frantic 
efforts  to  get  up  in  the  world,  all  to  get  a  look  at  the  illustrious  Plumed 
Knight  on  his  western  tour.  A  little  clannishness  in  it  perhaps.  He  was 
their  man — the  hero  of  the  hour .  A 

"Now  we  bee-keepers  think  that  a  big  bee  man  is  a  little  the  biggest  per- 
son in  the  world.  We  little  fellows  can  go  home  now  and  tell  the  folks  that 
we  have  seen  bigger  elephants  than  Jim  Blaine  himself — aye,  took  them  by 
the  hand  and  talked  with  them  face  to  face. 

"A  Sunday  school  superintendent  once  put  this  question  to  his  school  : 
'Whom  would  you  like  most  to  see  when  you  get  to  Heaven  ?'  One  little 
tod  shouted  'Gerlier.'  If  such  a  question  was  put  to  us  beekeepers  we 
would  perhaps  sing  out  'Mrs.  Harrison,'  'Mr.  Newman,'  or  some  other 
worthy  of  our  ranks.  Seriously,  there  is  something  nobler  involved  than  all 
this.  I  have  used  the  word  clannishness,  but  I  do  not  mean  the  more  oft'en- 
sive  type  of  clannishness.  It  is  something  loftier,  profounder  than  that- --a 
kinship  of  spirit,  prompted  by  kinship  of  occupation. 

"One  day  last  summer  I  was  attracted  by  the  sound  of  drum  and  fife  to 
Revere  House,  to  find  it  was  the  occasion  of  the  reunion  of  a  regiment  of 
soldiers.  I  took  the  badge  of  one  in  my  hand  and  read  '73rd  Reg.  111.  \'ol. 
Inf.'  That  was  my  father's  regiment,  I  said.  With  a  kindly  remark  the 
old  soldier  grasped  my  hand  and  gave  it  a  warm  shake.  You  understand 
the  feeling  that  thus  went  out  toward  even  the  son  of  a  veteran .  It  is  a 
spirit  akin  to  this  that  bee-keepers  possess  for  one  another.  A  kinship,  not 
sanctified,  perhaps,  by  the  toils  of  campaigning  to  dangers  of  battle  or  even 
the  sacredness  of  cause,  yet  one  consecrated  by  the  pursuit  by  which  alike 
we  obtain  our  bread  and  butter. 

"It  is  a  feeling  that  wells  up  and  flows  out  when  bee-man  meets  bee-man 
— a  chord  of  sympathy  that  vibrates  at  the  slightest  touch. 

"Yes,  we  are  glad  you  are  here.  We  trust  you  are  glad  to  be  here.  W^e 
hope  you  will  enjoy  yourselves.  We  hope  we  may  all  have  a  mutually 
pleasant  and  profitable  time,  and  all  go  home  feeling  benefitted  and  happy. " 

Response  by  Mrs .  L.  Harrison,  of  Peoria. 
"Mr.    President,    Ladies  and   Gentlemen — Our  thanks  are  due  to  the 
gentlemen  who  has  with  kindly  words  and  happy  phrase  welcomed  us  here 
today,  and  to  the  good  and  hospitable   people   of  Springfield,  the  beautiful 
Capital  City  of  our  Empire  State  of  the  West — grand  old  Illinois. 


i2  First  Annual  REPORt 

"While  it  is  true  that  our  industry  froii  two  unpropitious  seasons  in  suc- 
cession is  rather  under  acloud,  let  us  lemember  that  it  is  darkest  just  before 

day,  that  'The  race  is  not  to  the  swift,  nor  the  battle  to  the  strong,  but  he 
that  endureth  to  the  end,  the  same  shall  be  saved.'  That  profiting  by  the 
experience  of  the  past  with  hope  and  faith  in  the  future,  we  will  gird  up  our 
loins  and  press  forward  in  our  calling,  remembering  that  he  who  causeth 
two  blades  of  grass  to  grow  where  one  grew  before,  is  a  benefactor  to  his 
race." 

^  Roll  call  showed  more  than   a  quorum   of  members  present  and  many 
visitors,  some  of  whom  afterward  became  members. 

Payment  of  dues  resulted  in  swelling  the  list  of  membership  to  fifty- 
eight  (58)  members.  The  different  members  were  requested  Ito  rise  and 
give  name  and  address  and  report  number  of  colonies  of  bees,  the  number 
of  pounds  of  honey  produced  and  the  increase  of  colonies,  as  follows: 

Jas.  A.  Stone,  Bradfordton,  reported  number  of  colonies,  spring  count, 
90;  increase  of  swarms,  12;  surplus  honey,  300  pounds;  all  honey  dew, 
though  50  pounds  was  lighter  than  the  rest. 

D.  D.  Cooper,  Sherman,  25  colonies,  increase  4,  no  surplus. 

Wm.  Conkling,  Springfield,  12  colonies,  no  increase,  no  surplus  honey. 

W.  }.  Finch,  Jr.,  Chesterfield,  43  colonies,  no  increase,  no  surplus. 

P.  C.  VanDoren,  Curran,  30  colonies,  increase  3,  no  surplus. 

J.  A.  Kennedy,  Pasfield,  70  colonies,  increase  4,  surplus  1,000  pounds. 

Mrs.  L.  Harrison,  Peoria,  74  colonies,  no  increase,  no  surplus. 

J.  M.  Hambaugh,  Spring,  200  colonies,  increase  40,  surplus  1,000  pounds. 

Geo.  F.  Robbins,  Mechanicsburg,  55  colonies,  increase  13,  surplus  400 
pounds,  honey  dew,  and  100  pounds  of  white  clover  honey. 

S.  N.  Black,  Clayton,  50  colonies,  no  increase,  surplus  400  pounds. 

C.  E.  Yocum,  Sherman,  50  colonies,  increase  6,  surplus  300  pounds. 

Lot  Mason,  Auburn,  30  colonies,  no  increase,  no  surplus. 

A.  N.  Draper,  Upper  Alton,  340  colonies,  no  increase,  surplus  not  given, 
all  dark  honey. 

Geo.  Ponidexter,  Kenney,  140  colonies,  no  increase,  surplus  1,000 
pounds. 

Aaron  Coppin,  Wenona,  reported  later  by  letter  that  he  had  obtained 
this  year  3,000  pounds  of  fine  white  honey,  said  they  had  no  honey  dew  in 
his  locality. 

All  the  others  reported  dark  honey  with  but  two  exceptions — Robbins, 
100  pounds;  Stone,  50  pounds. 

Adjourned  for  noon. 

Met  at  1:30  p.  m. 

Discussions  on  various  topics. 


■0^.. 


%U:i^-, 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  23 

On  motion,  Mr.  G.  F.  Robbins  was  appointed  a  committee'  of  one  to 
confer  with  the  other  associations  in  session  in  the  State  House — the  Illinois 
Shorthorn  Breeders,  Illinois  Swine  Breeders,  and  Illinois  Sheep  Breeders — 
comprising  the  Illinois  Farmers'  Club,  to  make  the  arrangements  for  a 
union  meeting. 

The  committee,  on  his  return,  reported  the  finding  of  only  six  men  and 
ten  cigars,  and  the  prospect  of  a  union  meeting  vanished. 

Minutes  of  last  regular  and  intervening  meetings  read  and  approved. 
Secretary's  report  was  read  as  follows: 

SECRETARY'S  REPORT. 

This  year  has  been  one  of  the  poorest,  if  not  the  poorest  year  for  apiarists 
since  the  improvement  in  tee  culture.  And  not  only  for  our  State,  but  for 
nearly  all  the  other  States  as  well. 

We  remember  no  year  in  which  there  has  been  such  a  complaint  of  the 
darkness  in  the  color  of  honey. 

We  have  in  years  past  heard  of  the  value  of  honey  dew,  but  never  be- 
fore such  general  complaint  as  to  the  color  o{  honey  dew  honey 

Our  President  in  the  early  part  of  the  honey  dew  season,  in  writing  to  Us, 
said  :  "My  bees  are  doing  exceedingly  well  on  honey  dew,  and  it  appears 
to  be  light  in  color  and  very  nice."  Later  he  said  in  a  letter  "My!  O!  My! 
how  dark  T' 

In  the  early  season  of  honey  dew  we  made  a  visit  to  the  timber  and  ob- 
served that  there  was  an  immense  quantity  of  honey  dew  on  all  kinds  of 
leaves,  and  it  had  a  clean,  nice  appearance.  On  visiting  the  same  place 
about  a  week  later— of  windy,  dusty  weather — the  first  thing  that  attracted 
our  attention  was  the  dirty,  black,  sticky  looking  leaves  that  greeted  our  at- 
tention everywhere.  And  our  first  thought  was — will  our  bees  gather  such 
stuff" as  this?  While  on  our  first  tiip  we  had  wished  for  such  pasture  for  our 
bees.  . 

Later  in  the  season  the  question,  whether  our  bees  would  gather  it, 
found  its  own  solution . 

When  we  began  to  search  for  honey  for  the  fair  we  found  only  about  a 
half  dozen  cases  that  were  well  filled. 

Out  of  these  half  dozen  cases  only  two  of  them  were  at  all  presentable, 
and  we  supposed  they  must  have  been  gathered  from  Alsike  clover,  and  the 
remainder  from  the  much  talked  of  honey  dew.  (We  will  not  call  it  bug 
juice,  we  do  not  like  that  name).  The  color  of  the  two  cases  was  a  clear 
golden,  but  on  tasting  we  found  it  the  same  flavor  as  the  dark.  Then  we 
began  to  compare  dates,  as  found  on  our  little  slates,  and  we  noticed  that 
the  cases  containing  the  lighter  honey  had  been  placed  on  the  hives  previous 
to  our  first  visit  to  the  timber,  and  the  other  darker  ones  later.    We  can  all 


f. 


^4  First  Annual  Report 

draw  our  own  conclusions.  Our  only  objection  to  the  term  bug  juice  is  that 
it  prejudices  the  mind  of  the  honey  consumer,  and  leads  them  to  believe  that 
it  is  worse  than  it  really  is. 

Webster  tells  us  that  exude  means  to  dischargee  as  sweat  through  the 
pores.  And  the  American  Cyclopaedia  tells  us  that  most  kinds  of  Aphis 
exude  a  sweetish  substance  (called  honey  dew),  through  a  pair  of  tubular 
horn-like  processes. 

We  take  it  then  that  the  difference  between  the  honey  bee  and  the 
aphis  is,  that  one  gathers  from  Howers  and  exudes  wax  and  honey  in  the 
hive;  the  other  gathers  from  leaves  and  exudes  honey  in  a  spray  which 
settles  on  the  surrounding  leaves . 

And  further.  The  fact  that  the  Aphis  does  exude  this  sweet  undigested 
(not  being  required  for  its  sustenance)  proves  that  the  sweet  is  in  the  leaf, 
and  the  American  Cyclopaedia,  in  citing  the  case  says,  "On  the  other  hand, 
it  seems  to  be  equally  well  established  that  somfetimes  this  liquid  is  exuded 
by  the  leaves  of  trees  without  any  insect  being  concerned  in  the  operation," 
etc.     But  we  leave  this  subject. 

Notwithstanding  our  honey  crop  was  a  short  one,  we  had  good  exhibits 
at  many  ot  our  fairs.  And  at  our  Sangamon  Fair,  the  best  we  ever  had, 
and  we  conclude  that  where  the  premiums  are  what  they  ought  to  be,  there 
will  always  be  a  good  display.  And  if  the  premii!lm  list  is  not  right  whose 
fault  is  it  ?  We  found  the  Board  of  our  fair  willing  to  place  the  premiums 
just  as  our  committee  asked  of  them.  I 

The  Superintendent  of  the  St.  Louis  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  Ass'n 
writes  us  as  follows:  "Will  you  please  let  us  know  of  any  measures  which 
may  be  taken  at  the  coming  meeting  of  your  Association  by  which  the  pros- 
pects of  bee-keepers  may  be  improved  at  fairs  ?  It  is  the  wish  of  our  Presi- 
dent, Mr.  Rolla  Wells,  and  the  directors  of  this  association,  to  encourage 
the  apiarian  industries  in  every  way,  and  we  shall  be  glad  to  have  you  point 
out  to  us,  how  best  you  think  we  can  meet  you." 

Is  not  this  plain  enough  so  that  he  who  runs  may  read  ? 

One  of  the  most  perplexing  questions  that  seems  to  be  staring  us  in  the 
face  is  that  of  bee  pasturage.  And  it  is  our  opinion  (oft  repeated)  that  the 
sowing  of  Alsike  clover,  when  its  value  is  more  fully  known,  will  go  far 
toward  solving  this  question.  We  believe  that  as  pasturage,  or  for  hay  for 
stock,  that  they  will  choos-i  it  before  the  red  clover.  We  can  say  that  our 
cattle,  sheep  and  calves  prefer  and  eat  it  cleaner,  and  apparently  thrive 
better  on  it  than  on  red  clover .  The  question  that  remains  is,  how  can  it 
best  be  introduced  ? 

We  might  go  on  propounding  questions  innumerable  and  touching  on 
other  subjects  which  we  hope  to  hear  from  through  the  question  box,  and 
through  papers  that  will  follow,  but  we  turn  to  other  points . 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Associatjoj^.  ^5 

Your  committee  on  program  began  their  work  soon  after  its  appoint- 
ment, and  although  we  have,  we  think,  a  program  that  your  time  can  all  be 
occupied  upon,  and  one  that  will  be  good  enough  for  any  one  to  listen  to, 
yet,  for  some  of  our  valued  subjects  we  found  no  writers.  In  two  cases 
they  regretted  that  they  could  not  act,  but  were  preparing  for  a  trip  to 
California.  One  was  detained  by  sickness,  and  two  others  by  previous  en- 
gagements. We  advise  our  committee  that  next'  time  they  be  more 
previous.  ^s, 

We  will  touch  on  but  one  more  point — that  of  membership. 

Our  association  was  organized  with  but  sixteen  charter  members,  from 
different  parts  of  the  State.  During  the  year  our  membership  has  increased 
to  more  than  fifty  members,  and  the  surprising  part  of  it  is  that  most  of  them 
were  sent  in  by  one  member.  Brother  A.N.  Draper,  and  his  first  step  was 
to  make  each  member  of  his  family  a  member  of  this  association.  In  his 
family  we  had  at  that  time  our  oldest  and  youngest  members,  and  they  both, 
lady  members. 

But  at  the  meeting  at  the  fair,  we  received  our  oldest  member  up  to 
this  time — J.  A.  Kennedy,  of  Pasfield,  aged  83  years. 

Would  it  not  be  well  to  elect  these  elderly  people  honorary  members  ? 
And  would  it  not  also  be  well  for  others  to  take  a  lesson  from  the  example 
of  our  Bro.  Draper? 


TREASURER'S   REPORT. 

The  Treasurer  read  the  following  report: 

To  the  Illhwis  State  Bee-Keepers'  Association, 

Gentlemen:     I  have  the  honor  to  report  to  you  as  follows: 

Feb.  26,  1891,  to  cash  received  of  Secretary I15.00  ■ 

Aug.  19,  1891,     "  "  '•         4.00 

Sept.  I,  1891,      "  ■'        of  twelve  new  members 12.00 

Sept.  8  to  Dec   14,  1891,  to  cash  received  of  sixteen  new  membeis. . . .   16.00 
Dec,  1891,  to  cash  received  of  six  new  members 6.00 


Total  to  date .    I53 .00 

Feb.  26,  1891,  by  cash  to  order  of  Secretary I  3  •  75 

Sept.  9,  1891,         "  "  "  3.00      . 

Total ....".............. .$6.75 

Dec.  16,  To  balance  on  hand ' .    .   .146.25 

Approved.  A.  N.  Draper,  Treasurer.  ^ 

-    .  ■-■  -'{ 

Committee  on  By-Laws  made  their  report  which  was,   after  being  con-  •    \ 

sidered,  adopted  as  a  whole.     (See  By-Laws,  page  9).  •  -i 


26  First  Annual  Report. 


A  paper  was  then  read  by  Hon.  J.  M.  Hambaugh,  as  follows: 

What  Laws  are  Bee-Keepers  in  Need  of? 
"It  seems  to  me  that  the  needs  of  bee-keepers  in  this  direction  are  not 
very  many .  Yet,  probably,  they  should  stand  before  the  eyes  of  our  sister 
industries  as  one  worthy  of  consideration,  and  as  having  rights  which  they 
should  respect.  We  are  not  sure  that  the  laws  as  they  stand  upon  the 
statutes  are  sufficient  to  guarantee  to  us  that  liberty  and  rights  under  all 
circumstances  as  guaranteed  other  industries  and  occupations,  and  in  fact,  I 
believe  there  has  never  been  but  one  law  passed  in  our  Honorable  Legisla- 
tive body  that  was  specially  in  the  interest  of  that  worthy  avocation,  and 
that  exception,  as  you  are  aware,  was  the  bill  granting  the  annuity  of  $500 
for  the  publishing  of  our  Bee-Keepers'  report.  There  was  another  bill  pre- 
sented before  that  honorable  body,  prohibiting*  the  poisonous  spraying  of 
fruit  trees  while  the  same  were  in  bloom.  This  bill  met  with  defeat  in  the 
Senate  after  having  passed  the  House,  and  after  all  amendments  were  made 
and  adopted,  read  as  follows:    . 

M  BILL 
For  an  act  to  protect  bees  from  poison  through   the  spraying  or  otherwise 
treating  of  fruit  or  other  trees,  shrubs,  vines  or  plants  with   London   purple, 
Paris  green,  white  arsenic  or  other  virulet  poison,  while   the  aforesaid  trees, 
shrubs,  vines,  or  plants  are  in  bloom. 

Sec.  I.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  People  of  the  State  of  Illinois  represented 
in  the  General  Assembly:  That  it  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  person  to  spray 
any  fruit- bearing  trees,  shrubs,  vines  or  plants  with  Paris  green,  London 
purple,  white  arsenic,  or  other  virulent  poisons,  or  to  scatter  upon  such 
trees,^shrubs,  vines  or  plants,  powdered  London  purple,  Paris  green,  white 
arsenic,  or  other  virulent  poisons,  while  such  trees,  shrubs,  vines  or  plants 
are  in  bloom,  and  so  may  be  visited  by  honey  bees  in  quest  of  nectar  or 
pollen.  And  that  any  person  who  shall  spray  such  trees,  shrubs,  vir.es  or 
plants  with  London  purple,  Paris  green,  white  arsenic  or  other  virulent 
poisons  upon  which  same  while  in  blossom,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  mis- 
demeanor, and  for  tlie  first  offence  shall  be  punished  by  fine  in  any  sum 
not  less  than  five  dollars,  and  for  the  second  offence  by  fine  in  any  sum  not 
less  that  twenty-five  dollars,  and  in  default  of  payment  of  the  same,  by  im- 
prisonment in  the  county  jail  not. more  than  ninety  days. 

\  2.  All  fines  and  penalties  specified  in  this  act  may  be  recovered  by 
information,  complaint  or  indictment,  or  other  appropriate  remedy,  in  court 
of  competent  jurisdiction,  and  when  recovered,  shall  be  paid  into  the 
County  Treasury  of  the  county  in  which  the  offence  was  committed . 

"It  remains  with  you,  brother  bee  keepers,  as  to  whether  or  not  this  bill 
shall  be  presented  again  at  our  next  General  Assembly.  If  you  consider  it 
of  sufficient  merit,  and  bring  it  iip  properly  before  your  representatives,  there 
will  be  but  little  opposition  to  its  passage.  The  principal  opposition  that 
developed  itself  at  the  last  General  Assembly  was,  "that  it  was  antagonistic 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  27 


to  the  interests  of  the  fruit  growers,"  and  was  "one  industry  arraying  itself 
against  another;"  and  as  some  of  the  representatives  would  say,  "the  fruit 
grower  has  a  right  to  do  what  he  pleases  upon  his  own  premises,  and  if  the 
bees  are  caught  stealing  away  from  home,  let  the  owner  thereof  keep  them 
upon  his  own  premises,  or  bear  the  consequences."  To  the  first  objection, 
I  will  say  that  as  to  the  bill  being  antagonistic  to  the  fruit-growing  interests, 
I  was  able  to  prove  quite  the  reverse,  and  had  the  testimony  of  such  men  as 
Prof.  Cook,  of  the  Agricultural  College,  Mich.,  and  our  own  State  Entomol- 
ogist to  back  me,  besides  the  offic:ers  of  the  State  Horticultural  Society  were 
all  friendly  to  the  measure,  and  Prof.  Hammond,  Secretary  of  that  honor- 
able Society,  came  before  the  committee  to  which  the  bill  was  referred,  and 
helped  to  secure  a  favorable  report  and  passage  from  that  committee.  It  is 
becoming  a  recognized  fact  among  the  intelligent  fruit  growers  that  the  insect 
kingdom  is  an  absolute  necessity  for  the  cross  fertilization  of  the  fruit  bloom, 
and  that  the  honey  bee  is  the  most  conspicuous  and  beneficial  of  all  others 
in  this  direction,  and  without  the  aid  of  which  our  fruit  industry  would  be 
greatly  damaged;  hence,  the  mutual  feelings  of  welfare  and  friendship  that 
exist  between  the  two  societies .  One  is  highly  essential  to  the  success  of 
the  other.  The  wide  awake  aparis  desires  his  bees  to  be  in  close  proximity 
to  the  apple  orchard  in  order  to  obtain  the  first  nectar  of  the  season  for 
stimulating  purposes,  and  the  horticulturist  desirous  of  as  perfect  cross  fer- 
tilization as  possible,  desires  that  the  bees  should  literally  swarm  upon  the 
bloom,  and  the  more  bees  the  better  for  this  important  feature.  As  to  the 
objection  that  the  bees  are  libertines,  and  should  be  confined  upon  certain 
specified  grounds,  etc.,  it  is  exceedingly  shallow  logic  and  can  only  emanate 
frorti  a  shallow  mind  and  is  hardly  worthy  of  notice. 

"The  designer  of  all  good,  when  he  created  ihe  honeybee,  evidently 
designed  him  as  a  benefactor  to  mankind  in  a  more  general <way  than  as  a 
private  benefit  to  the  beekeeper  alone.  In  fact  the  primary  object  of  their 
creation  is  the  fertilizing  of  the  bloom  of  the  fruits  and  gra.sses,  while  the 
honey  produced  is  but  secondary  consideration  and  importance.  These 
facts  have  long  been  recognized  by  our  scientists  and  which  form  a  kindred 
link  between  the  apiarist  and  horticulturist,  to  the  extent  that  their  interests 
go  hand  in  hand,  so  much  so  that  what  is  to  the  interest  of  one  is  to  the 
interest  of  the  other,  and  hence  their  mutual  affinity  and  good  will .  A  rep- 
resentative in  the  Representative  Hall  one  day  said  to  me:  'Hambaugh,  if 
it  does  no  good  to  spray  the  trees  while  the  same  are  in  bloom,  the  fruit 
growers  will  soon  learn  it,  and  the  law  would  be  useless  upon  our  statutes.' 
I  replied:  'Very  good,  but  at  the  same  time  evil  disposed  parties  who,  for 
some  imaginary  cause  or  spite  can  wreak  his  vengeance  upon  the  bee-keeper, 
doing  him  great  injury  and  injustice,  and  with  no  such  law  upon  our  statutes, 
it  leaves  him  without  recourse,  and  I  believe  our  law-makers  owe  it  to  the 
bee-keepers  for  self-protection.  You  are  all  doubtless  aware  that  many  a 
bee-keeper  has  had  his  prospects  blighted  and  incalculable  injury  done  him 
by  this  more  that  useless  practice. ' 


28 


First  Annual  Report 


"It  has  also  often  seemed  to  me  that  we  are  m  need  of  a  law  to  prevent 
our  pure  honey  from  coming  in  contact  with  adulterated  honey.  Durmg 
my  experience  as  a  salesman  of  honey,  I  have  become  thoroughly  disgusted 
with  the  stale  old  cry  of  'adulteration,'  and  many  times  has  it  been  some- 
what difficult  to  repress  feelings  of  anger  at  the  manner  in  which  grocers  and 
dealers  would  scan  our  samples  with  an  eye  of  suspicion  and  distrust,  and 
with  all  our  sincere  declarations  of  our  honey's  virgin  purity,  we  could  not 
succeed  in  lifting  their  cloud  of  prejudice  and  suspicion,  and  which  you  know 
is  prevalent  more  or  less  the  country  over.  The  impression  seems  very 
prevalent  among  the  masses  that  all  extracted  honey  is  adulterated,  and 
with  this  idea  dominant  among  the  people,  it  has  become  a  terrible  draw- 
back or  impediment  to  the  sale  of  our  pure  honey,  and  tons  of  pure  honey 
remain  unsold  upon  the  markets,  through  thecause  of  the  fraudulent  practice 
that  was  once  instituted  by  our  wholesale  merchants  of  the  East,  in  placing 
upon  the  markets  millions  of  pounds  of  glucose  in  small  packages  with  a 
piece  of  honey  comb  swimming  on  top  and  labeled  'Pure  Honey.'  This 
practice  has  poisoned  the  minds  of  the  consumers  of  honey,  and  brought  a 
calamity  to  the  bee-keeper  that  will  recjuire  the  stern  hand  of  the  law.  to 
overcome,  and  it  has  occurred  to  me  that  if  the  fraudulent  manufacture  of 
butter  can  be  prevented  and  regulated  by  statute,  why  also  can  we  not  place 
a  heavy  penalty  upon  the  adulteration  of  honey,  and  check  the  output  of  a 
fraudulent  article  ?  This  is  certainly  a  matter  of  great  importance  to  the 
bee-keepers  and  should  receive  immediate  consideration. 

"I  believe,  also,  that  we  are  in  need  of  a  law  for  the  suppression  and  pre- 
vention of  the  spread  of  'Foul  P.rood'.  While  in  the  Legislature,  Hon.  W. 
S.  Smith,  of  Macon  county,  brought  my  attention  to  the  fact  that  such  a  law 
was  needed  in  his  section  of  the  country  and  some  of  his  constituents  desired 
him  to  look  into  the  matter,  as  the  disease  was  in  their  midst  and  required 
prompt  attention.  At  that  time  it  was  rather  late  in  the  session  to  expect 
to  carry  the  matter  to  a  favorable  culmination,  but  through  the  kindness  of 
Hon.  Chas.  F.  Mills,  we  obtained  a  form  of  a  bill  which  we  started  on  its 
road  and  read  as  follows 

A  BILL 

For  an  act  for  the  suppression  of  foul  brood  among  "bees  and  making  appro- 
priations for  the  expenses  of  the  work. 

Whereas,  Bee  keeping  is  a  large  and  growing  industry  in  the  State  of 
Illinois  and  worthy  of  protection  and  encouragement,  and 

Whereas,  The  beekeepers  of  the  State  have  petitioned  the  General  As- 
sembly to  levy  a  tax  on  each  stand  of  bees,  the  revenue  therefrom  to  be  used 
in  the  suppression  of  foul  brood  among  bees  and  the  promotion  of  the  bee- 
keepers' industry,  therefore. 

Section  i.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  people  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  repre- 
sented in  the  General  Assembly,  That  the  Illinois  State  Bee-Keepers'  Asso- 


i^!:^.y^A.^LA^l-^i^-^''^.'^-i 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  29 

ciation  shall  at  each  annual  meeting,  or  the  directors  of  said  association 
shall,  if  during  the  interval  between  two  annual  meetings  the  occasion  should 
arise,  appoint  a  State  inspector  of  apiaries  and  such  number  of  assistant  in- 
spectors as  the  exigencies  of  the  service  may  from  time  to  time  require. 

'i  2.  The  assistant  inspectors  may  when  so  directed,  as  hereinafter  pro- 
vided, perform  all  the  duties  and  exercise  all  the  powers  conferred  by  this 
act  and  delegated  hereby  to  said  State  inspector. 

§  3.  The  State  inspector  or  assistant  on  entering  upon  any  premises  m 
the  discharge  of  his  duties  shall,  if  so  required,  produce  the  certificate  of  the 
President  of  the  said  association  that  he  has  been  appointed  as  such  inspector 
or  sub-inspector,  as  the  case  may  be. 

I  4.  The  said  State  inspector  and  assistant  inspector  shall  hold  office 
for  one  year  from  the  date  of  the  annual  meeting  at  which  they  were  ap- 
pointed; or  if  they  shall  have  been  appoi«tgd_by  the  directors,  then  until  the 
next  annual  meeting  after  such  appointment,  and  shall  be  eligible  for  re- 
election, but  the  said~  State  inspector  or  assistant  inspector  may  at  aiay  time, 
subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Governor,  be  removed  from  office  by  the  di- 
rectors for  neglect  of  duty  or  other  sufficient  cause,  and  in  case  of  such  re- 
moval the  directors  shall  without  delay  appoint  a  successor. 

?.  5.  The  said  inspector  shall,  whenever  so  directed  by  the  President  of 
the  Illinoi'^  State  Bee-Keepers'  Association,  visit  without  unnecessary  delay 
any  locality  in  the  State  of  Illinois,  and  there  examine  any  apiary  or  apiaries 
to  which  the  said  President  may  direct  him,  and  ascertain  whether  or  not 
the  disease  known  as  "foul  brood"  exists  in  such  apiary  or  apiaries,  and 
whenever  the  said  inspector  shall  be  satisfied  of  the  existence  of  foul  brood . 
in  its  virulent  or  malignant  type,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  inspector  to  order 
all  colonies  so  affected,  together  with  the  hives  occupied  by  tljem,  and  the 
contents  of  such  hives,  and  all  tainted  appurtenances  that  cannot  be  disin- 
fected, to  be  immediately  destroyed  by  fire  under  the  personal  direction  and 
superintendence  of  the  said  inspector;  and  after  inspecting  infected  hives  or 
fixtures,  or  handling  diseased  bees,  the  inspector  shall,  before  leaving  the 
premises  or  proceeding  to  any  other  apiary,  thoroughly  disinfect  his  own 
person  and  clothing,  and  shall  see  that  any  assistant  or  assistants  with  him 
have  also  thoroughly  disinfected  their  persons  and  clothing:  Provided,  that 
where  the  inspector,  who  shall  be  the  sole  judge  thereof,  shall  be  satisfied 
that  the  disease  exists,  but  only  in  milder  types  and  in  its  incipient  stages, 
and  is  being  or  may  be  treated  successfully,  and  the  inspector  has  reason  to 
believe  that  it  may  be  entirely  cured,  then  the  inspector  may,  in  his  discre- 
tion, omit  to  destroy  or  order  the  destruction  of  the  colonies  and  hives  in 
which  the  disease  exists . 

'i  6.  The  inspector  shall  have  full  power,  in  his  discretion,  to  order  any 
person  or  possessor  of  bees  dwelling  in  box  hives  in  apiaries  where  the  dis- 
ease exists  (being  mere  boxes  without  frames)  to  transfer  such  bees  to 
movable  frame  hives  within  a  specified  time,  and  in  default  of  such  transfer 


r'-^ysB^; 


30  First  Annual  Report 


the  inspector  may  destroy  or  order  the  destruction  of  such  box  hives  and  the 
bees  dwelling  tlierein. 

'i  7.  Should  the  owner  or  possessor  of  diseased  colonies  of  bees,  or  of 
any  infected  appliances  for  bee  keeping,  knowingly  sell  or  barter,  or  give 
away,  any  such  diseased  colonies  or  infected  appliances,  he  shall  on  convic- 
tion before  any  justice  of  the  peace  be  liable  to  a  fine  of  not  less  than  $^0  or 
more  than  |ioo;  or  to  imprisonment  for  any  term  not  exceeding  two  months. 

^  S.  Should  any  person  whose  bees  have  been  destroyed  or  treated  for 
foul  brood  sell  or  offer  for  sale  any  bees,  hives  or  appurtenances  of  any  kind 
after  such  destruction  or  treatment,  and  before  being  authorized  by  the  in- 
spector so  to  do,  or  should  he  expose  in  his  bee  yard  or  elsewhere  any  in- 
fected comb,  honey  or  other  infected  thing,  or  conceal  the  fact  that  said  dis- 
ease exists  among  his  bees,  he  shall  on  conviction  betore  a  justice  of  the 
peace,  be  liable  to  a  fine  of  not  less  than  120  and  not  more  tiian  $50,  or  to 
imprisonment  for  a  term  not  exceeding  two  months  and  not  less  than  one 
month . 

^.  9.  Should  any  owner  or  possessor  of  bees  refuse  to  allow  the  inspec- 
tor or  his  assistant  or  assistants  to  freely  examine  said  bees  or  the  premises 
in  which  they  are  kept,  or  should  such  owner  or  possessor  refuse  to  destroy 
the  infected  bees  and  appurtenances  or  permit  them  to  be  destroyed  when  so 
directed  by  the  inspector,  he  may,  on  complaint  of  the  inspector,  .be  sum- 
moned before  a  justice  of  the  peace,  and  on  conviction  shall  be  liable  to  a 
fine  of  not  more  than  I50  or  less  than  $25  for  the  first  offense,  and  not  more 
than  1 1 00  or  less  than  $50  for  the  second  and  any  subsequent  offenses,  and 
the  said  justice  of  the  peace  shall  make  an  order  directing  the  said  owner  or 
possessor  forthwith  to  carry  out  the  directions  of  the  inspector. 

'i  10.  Where  an  owner  or  possessor  of  bees  shall  disobey  the  directions 
of  the  said  inspector  or  offer  resistance  to  or  obstruct  the  said  inspector,  a 
justice  of  the  peace  may,  upon  the  complaint  of  the  said  inspector,  cause  a 
sufficient  number  of  special  constables  to  be  sworn  in,  and  such  special  con- 
stables shall,  under  the  directions  of  the  inspector,  proceed  to  the  premises 
of  such  owner  or  possessor  and  assist  the  inspector  to  seize  all  the  diseased 
colonies  and  infected  appurtenances  and  burn  them  forthwith,  and  if  neces- 
sary, the  said  inspector  or  constables  may  arrest  the  said  owner  or  possessor 
and  bring  him  before  a  justice  of  the  peace,  to  be  dealt  with  according  to  the 
provisions  of  this  act. 

^11.  Before  proceeding  against  any  person  before  a  justice  of  the  peace 
the  said  inspector  shall  read  over  to  such  person  the  provisions  of  this  act,  or 
shall  cause  a  copy  thereof  to  be  delivered  to  such  person . 

'i  12.  Every  bee-keeper  or  other  person  who  shall  be  aware  of  the  ex- 
istence of  foul  brood  either  in  his  own  apiary  or  elsewhere,  shall  immediately 
notify  the  President  of  the  Illinois  State  Bee-Keepers'  Association  of  the  ex- 
istence of  such  disease,  and  in  default  of  so  doing  shall  on  summary  con- 
viction before  a  justice  of  the  peace  be  liable  to  a  fme  of|5  and  costs. 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  31 


§  13.  Upon  receiving  the  notice  in  the  preceding  section  mentioned,  or 
in  any  way  becoming  aware  of  the  existence  of  foul  brood  in  any  locality,  the 
said  President  shall  immediately  direct  the  said  inspector  to  proceed  to  and 
inspect  the  infected  premises  :  Provided,  that  when  the  person  giving  such 
notice  is  unknown  to  he  President,  or  there  is  reason  to  believe  tliat  the  in- 
formation in  s^id  notice  is  untrustworthy  or  that  the  person  giving  such 
notice  is  actuated  by  improper  motives,  then  the  said  President  may  require 
the  person  giving  such  notice  to  deposit  the  sum  of  $5  with  the  President  as 
a  guarantee  of  good  faith  before  the  said  notice  shall  be  acted  upon,  and  it 
shall  prove  that  such  notice  was  properly  given,  then  the  said  deposit  shall 
be  returned  to  the  person  giving  such  notice,  but  otherwise  the  said  deposit 
shall  be  forfeited  to  the  use  of  the  said  Illinois  State  Bee- Keepers'  Associa- 
tion. 

^  14.  The  said  association  shall  include  in  its  annual  report  to  the  Gov- 
ernor a  statement  of  the  inspector's  work  during  the  preceding  year,  which 
statement  shall  include  the  number  of  colonies  destroyed  by  order  of  the  in- 
spector, and  the  localities  where  found,  and  the  amount  paid  to  him  lor  his 
services  and  expenses  for  the  preceding  year. 

^  15 .  The  directors  of  the  said  association  may  from  time  to  time  make 
such  by-laws  and  regulations  for  the  control  and  guidance  of  the  inspector  in 
carrying  out  the  provisions  of  this  act  as  they  may  deem  necessary,  and  the 
said  directors  shall  also  by  by-law  fijc  the  amount  of  the  remuneration  of  the 
said  inspector  and  sub-inspector,  but  all  such  by-laws  and  regulations  shall 
be  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Governor.    . 

§  16.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  each  assessor  at  the  time  and  in  the  same 
manner  as  other  property  is  listed  for  taxation  to  require  each  owner  of  bees 
to  specify  on  the  schedule  containing  his  or  her  assessed  property  the  num- 
ber of  stands  of  bees  in  his  or  her  possession,  which  information  the  assessor 
shall  add  up  and  note  in  his  assessment  book  under  proper  headings,  with 
the  footings  given  in  the  space  provided  for  the  aggregates. 

^17.  There  shall  be  annually  assessed  and  collected  at  the  same  time 
and  in  the  same  manner  as  other  State  taxes  five  cents  on  each  stand  of  bees, 
which  tax  shall  be  paid  into  the  State  treasury  at  the  same  time  and  manner 
as  other  State  taxes,  and  to  be  used  for  the  suppression  of  foul  brood  among 
bees  and  the  promotion  of  the  apiary  industry  of  the  State  as  may  be  fiom 
time  to  time  voted  by  the  Illinois  State  Bee-Keepers'  Association  and  ap- 
proved by  the  Governor. 

\  18.  The  revenue  derived  from  the  operations  of  this  statute  or  so 
much  thereof  as  may  be  necessary  for  the  purposes  spedlfied  in  the  forego- 
ing section  is  hereby  appropriated  to  defray  the  expenses  contemplated  by 
this  act,  to  be  paid  by  the  State  treasurer  upon  warrants  drawn  by  the  Audi- 
tor of  the  State,  which  warrants  shall  be  drawn  only  upon  vouchers  and  bills 
signed  by  the  President  of  the  Illinois  State  Bee-Keepers'  Association,  coun- 
tersigned by  the  Secretary  thereof.  '  • 


32  First  Annual  Report 


"Now.  Brother  Bee-Keepers,  it  remains  for  you  to  say  whether  or  not, 
this  bill  is  in  strict  accord  with  our  best  interests,  and  in  its  present  form  will 
meet  the  required  end.  We  thought  that  by  levying  the  tax  of  five  cents  per 
colony  it  would  be  more  certain  of  passage,  and  we  would  be  in  much  better 
condition  to  meet  and  stamp  out  ihis  dread  disease,  thai  is  the  nightmare  of 
the  bee-k^eeper,  and  when  once  is  firmly  established,  which  was  reported  to 
us  to  be  the  case,  will  require  the  enforcement  of  a  statute  similar  to  the  one 
presented  to  the  last  assembly  for  our  benefit." 

A  motion  prevailed  that  when  we  adjourn  it  be  to  meet  in  a  night  ses- 
sion at  7:30  o'clock. 

Mrs.  Harrison,  of  Peoria,  then  read  a  paper  as  follows  : 

FERTILIZATION  OF  PLANTS  BY  HONEY  BEES. 

'*As  we  open  the  book  of  nature,  we  are  led  to  exclaim,  "O,  Lord,  how 
manifold  are  Thy  works,  in  wisdom  hast  Thou  made  them  all,  the  earth  is 
full  of  Thy  riches  ' 

"It  is  true  of  the  vegetable,  as  well  as  of  the  animal  kingdom,  that  'In 
the  beginning'  God  created  them  male  and  female,  and  commanded  them 
to  multiply  and  replenish  the  earth.  It  appears  to  be  the  first  intention,  of 
all  vegetable  and  animal  life  to  reproduce  its  kind.  As  plants  cannot  walk 
like  animals,  other  agents  were  appointed  to  carry  out  the  requirements  of 
nature,  viz  :  wind,  water,  birds  and  insects. 

WHY   IS  AN  AGENT   NECESSARY  ? 

"Some  families  of  plants  are  called  dicEcious,  from  two  Greek  words, 
meaning  two  households,  as  the  male  and  female  flowers  are  found  growing 
on  separate  plants,  as  the  willow  and  green  ash.  When  they  are  found 
growing  on  the  same  branch,  as  on  the  oak,  walnut  or  castor  oil  plant,  they 
are  said  to  be  moncecious;  that  is  of  one  household.  It  is  plainly  seen  that 
in  these  two  families  some  foreign  agent  is  necessary  to  bring  the  life  giving 
power  to  the  embryo  plant. 

WIND,    WATER   AND  BIRDS. 

"Those  plants  that  are  dependent  upon  the  wind  to  bring  together  the 
agents  that  produce  life,  yield  pollen  in  great  abundance  as  the  pines  (coni- 
ferae),  and  it  is  carried  great  distances.  Mr.  Wiley  has  seen  the  ground  in 
the  vicinity  of  St.  Louis  covered  with  it,  until  it  looked  like  being  covered 
with  sulphur,  and  he  had  good  reason  to  suppose  that  it  came  from  forests 
400  miles  distant.  Currents  of  water  convey  pollen  from  one  aquatic  plant 
to  another.  In  some  parts  of  the  world,  as  in  South  America  and  Australia, 
humming  birds  are  the  agents  in  conveying  the  pollen  to  some  species  of 
flowers. 

INSECTS. 

"Insects,  in  the  economy  of  nature,  are  powerful  agen's  in  distributing 
the  'father  dust,'  and  many  plants  have  their  own  particular  insect.    Dicen- 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  33 

tra  Spectabitis  never  bears  seed  in  this  country,  because  its  fertilizing  moth 
has  never  been  introduced  from  North  China,  its  native  habitat.  Red  clover 
trifolium  pratense  bore  no  seed  in  Australia  until  bumble  bees,  bumbus, 
were  introduced,  and  they  appear  to  be  the  chief  fertilizers  of  this  valuable 
forage  plant. 

HONEY  BEES  ( Apis  Mellifica) . 

"When  Columbus  discovered  America  he  found  no  honey  bees  here,  for 
there  had  been  no  need  of  any.  Hut  when  the  settlers  came  they  brought 
apples,  pears,  quinces  and  cherries,  and  their  fertilizers  the  honey  bees. 
Nature  detests  self-fertilization,  and  we  see  how  this  is  avoided  by  the  wis- 
dom of  an  all  wise  creator.  The  apple  blossom  is  a  perfect  flower,  contain- 
ing both  senses  in  one.  with  the  stamens  and  anthers  waving  above  the 
germ  ;  why  then  does  it  need  a  foreign  agent  to  insure  fertilization  ?  On  a 
close  examination  we  find  that  when  the  germ  is  in  season  for  the  fertilizing 
powder,  the  anthers  waving  above  have  not  bursted.  When  the  germ  is 
ready  nature  spreads  a  rich  feast  of  delicious,  fragrant  nectar,  and  invites  the 
bees  to  the  nuptials.  They  come,  like  millers,  with  flour  on  their  bodies, 
and  their  pollen  basket  filled  with  it,  kneaded  into  bread,  and  as  they  load 
up  the  nectar  they  leave  some  of  the  fertilizing  powder  in  exchange. 

"Five  distinct  fertilizations  must  take  place  in  order  to  produce  a  perfect 
apple;  if  the  seeds  on  the  one  side  are  fertilized  and  tho.se  on  the  opposite 
are  not  it  will  be  shrunken .  Nature  has  so  ordered  that  only  a  limited  num- 
ber of  insects  shall  survive  the  winter's  cold;  only  the  queens  of  some  species 
as  bumble  bees  and  wasps,  but  bees  dwelling  in  communities  have  survived 
bv  the  thousands.  Prof.  A.  ].  Cock  says:  'By  actual  count  in  time  of 
fruit  bloom,  in  May,  I  have  found  the  bees  twenty  to  one  of  all  other  insects 
upon  the  bloom  ;  and  on  cold  days,  which  are  very  common  at  this  early 
SL'ason,  I  have  known  hundreds  of  bees  on  the  fruit  blossoms  while  I  could 
not  find  a  single  other  insect . '  Thus  we  see  that  the  honey  bees  are  ex- 
ceedingly important  in  the  economy  of  vegetable  growth  and  fruitage,  es- 
pecially of  all  such  plants  as  blossom  early  in  the  season. 

"In  England  a  fruit  grower  was  surprised  to  find  that  in  one  corner  of  his 
garden,  in  which  were  placed  colonies  of  bees,  the  trees  were  heavily  laden 
with  fruit,  while  those  more  remote  had  set  very  sparingly  Then  he  called 
to  mind  the  circumstances  of  its  being  very  dark  and  foggy  during  the 
blooming  of  the  trees,  so  that  the  bees  flew  but  a  short  distance  from  their 
hives.  The  proprietor  of  a  cherry  orchard  in  California,  found  that  his  trees 
did  not  bear  remunerative  crops  after  the  fiat  of  the  rasin  growers,  banish- 
ing the  bees  to  distant  canons.  Being  convinced  of  the  necessity  of  bees  to 
fertilize  the  bloom,  he  procured  some  colonies,  located  them  in  his  orchard, 
and  then  realized  satisfactory  returns.  Horticulturists  and  apiarists  are  like 
the  American  Union,  on§  and  inseparable. 


34"  First  Annual  Report 

WHITE  CLOVER  (TrifoHum  Repens). 

"This  valuable  forage  plant  is  dependent  almost  entirely  upon  honey  bees 
for  fertilization,  as  well  as  its  near  relation,  Alsike  clover,  Trifolium  hybrida 
Dairymen  have  complained  that  bees  rob  the  pasture  of  its  sweetness.  A 
writer  in  the  Naturalist  says  that  it  is  estimated  that  to  collect  one  pound  of 
honey  from  white  clover  62,000  heads  of  clover  must  be  deprived  of  their 
nectar,  and  tliat  3,750,000  visits  must  be  made  by  the  bees.  If  this  estimate 
is  correct  the  loss  of  sweetness  is  not  appreciable.  Charles  Darwin  experi- 
mented for  eleven  years  on  the  cross  fertilization  of  plants  and  has  given  to 
the  world  some  very  valuable  results,  proving  the  value  of  cross  fertilization 
as  it  is  performed  by  insects.  He  found  by  experiment  that  from  twenty 
heads  of  white  clover,  protected  from  insects,  only  one  aborted  seed  was 
the  result,  while  twenty  heads  on  the  plants* outside  of  the  net  (which  I  saw 
visited  by  bees),  yielded  2,280  seeds,  as  calculated  by  weighing  all  the  seed 
and  counting  the  number  in  a  weight  ot  two  grains." 

Mrs.  Harrison  had  charts  showing  the  organism  of  different  blossoms 
and  of  honey  bees.  The  explanation  of  these  was  of  great  interest  to  all 
present.  Among  other  things  she  spoke  of  the  strange  fact  that  bees  only 
worked  on  one  species  of  plants  at  a  time,  /.  e.  that  a  bee  did  not,  in  gather- 
ing its  load,  go  to  different  species  of  plants. 

Mr.  Poindester  said  in  proof  of  the  same  fact  that  in  years  past,  when 
hunting  bees  in  the  forests,  he  could  not  induce  them  to  leave  the  mint  they 
were  working  on  and  notice  the  white  clover  honey  he  carried. 

Do  bees  work  on  red  clover? 

Mr.  Black  said  :  "Last  summer  I  noticed  my  bees  were  thick  on  red 
clover  and  storing  honey  rapidly,  and  as  soon  as  the  clover  was  cut  the  stor- 
ing ceased." 

A  resolution  offered  by  Mrs.  L.  Harrison  was  adopted}  as  follows  : 
Resolved,  That  the  thanks  of  this  association  are  due  to  all  the  members 
of  the  State  Legislature,  who,  by  voice  or  vote,  aided  in  placing  our  associa- 
tion upon  a  solid  foundation;  and  in  particular  to  the  Hon.}.  M.  Ham- 
baugh,  of  Spring,  for  his  untiring  efforts  in  behalf  of  our  industry  and  our 
societ}'. 

A  vole  of  thanks  was  also  given  to  Mrs.  L.  Harrison  for  her  efforts  in 
behalf  of  the  cause  of  bee-keepers  throughout  the  State. 

A  resolution  by  G.  F.  Robbins  was  adopted,  as  follows  : 

Resolved,  That  a  committee  of  five  be  appointed  to  prepare  and  report 
to  this  convention,  as  soon  as  practicable,  a  premium  list  for  apiary  exhibits 
at  fairs,  to  be  presented  to  the  managers  of  the  State  fair,  and  all  fairs  within 
the  State,  to  serve  as  a  model  for  all  such  premium  lists. 

The  committee  appointed  on  the  above  resolution  are  :  Mrs.  L.  Harri- 
son, Geo.  F.  Robbins,  S.  N.  Black.  VV.  ].  Finch,  Jr.,  and  A.  N.  Draper. 


JT^"<S?- 


i: 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  35 

Resolution  by  G.  F.  Robbins  as  follows,  which  was  adopted  : 

Resolved,  That  a  committee  of  three  be  appointed  to  prepare  and  re- 
port a  code  of  rules  as  standards  of  judgment  by  which  exhibitors  maybe 
governed  in  making  their  exhibits  and  judges  in  awarding  the  premiums  on 
bees,  honey  and  other  things  pertaining  to  the  apiary  exhibits  at  fairs. 

Committee  as  follows:  Geo.  F.  Robbins,  D.  D.  Coopei-,  and  Chas. 
Becker.  . 

Adjourned  till  7:30  p.  m.  v-^: 

Night  session  convened. 

President  announced  that  it  would  be  a  kind  of  love  feast,  in  which 
general  topics  might  be  discussed. 

The  question  of  adulterated  honey  was  long  discussed  and  many  favored 
an  act  of  law  to  prevent  it.  A.  N.  Draper  and  some  others  favored  a 
bounty  of  two  cents  on  extracted  honey .  The  Secretary  suggested  that  a 
bounty  on  honey  would  do  away  with  the  need  of  a  law  against  adulteration, 
as  the  government  would  refuse  to  pay  a  bounty  on  ^impure  honey  and  the 
question  would  be  settled. 

The  night  session  was  so  enjoyed  by  all  present  that  it  was  quite  a  late 
hour  when  the  meetmg  adjourned  till  9  o'clock  next  day. 

Thursday,  9  O'clock  A.  M. 

The  first  thing  after  roll  call  was  an  address  by  Col.  Chas.  F.  Mills,  as 
follows : 

"Mr.  President  and  Members  of  the  Illinois  State  Bee-Keepers'  Associa- 
tion— It  is  a  pleasure  to  meet  with  you  in  your  first  annual  meeting  after  the 
incorporation  of  the  Association,  and  it  gives  me  much  pleasure  to  extend  my 
hearty  and  cordial  congratulations  to  all  present  on  the  success  that  has  thus 
far  attended  your  efforts  in  the  line  of  promoting  the  interests  of  the  bee- 
keepers of  Illinois. 

"The  General  Assembly  has  manifested  its  appreciation  of  your  efforts 
by  making  an  appropriation  for  the  printing  of  your  reports. 

"You  will  pardon  me  for  digressing  from  the  subject  assigned  me  on 
your  programme  to  say  that  the  Association  cannot  manifest  too  hearty  or 
cordial  appreciation  of  the  services  of  Hon.  J.  M.  Hambaugh  in  this  connec- 
tion Mr.  Hambaugh,  as  a  member  of  the  last  General  Assembly,  made  an 
earnest  effort  to  have  the  bee-keepers'  industry  properly  recognized  by  the 
State.  He  succeeded  in  spite  of  much  opposition,  and  for  his  able  and 
patriotic  services  in  this  matter  is  entitled  to  the  gratitude  of  the-bee-keepers 
of  Illinois. 

"The  committee  who  arranged  the  programme  for  this  meeting  have 
taken  the  liberty  of  announcing  that  I  would  address  you  on  the  subject  of 
bee-keeping  for  the  general  farmer,     While  not  an  apiarist  and,  having  but 


"i!pR51?P 


36  First  Annual  Report. 


little  experience  in  the  line  of  bee-keeping,  I  have  made  it  a  practice  to  keep 
from  ten  to  thirty  stands  of  bees  on  the  farm. 

"This  IS  an  age  of  specialties  and  some  of  the  bee-keepers  present  will 
insist  that  success  in  this  line  can  be  attained  only  by  experts  who  make  a 
special  study  of  the  apiarian  art.  The  care  of  bees  is  not  such  a  difficult  un- 
dertaking that  the  farmer  of  average  ability  may  not  obtain  a  handsome 
profit  for  the  time  and  labor  expended  in  the  care  of  a  limited  number  of 
stands  of  bees. 

"The  man  who  makes  a  specialty  of  bee  keeping  and  has  some  misgiv- 
ings for  fear  that  the  general  farmer  may  overstock  the  market  with  honey  is 
the  exception  among  apiarists. 

"There  should  be  a  sufficient  number  of  stands  of  bees  in  every  county 
in  Illinois  to  utilize  the  bee  pastorage,  and  if  the  professional  bee-keepers  do 
not  fully  occupy  the  territory  there  should  be  no  complaint  if  the  average 
farmer  keeps  a  sufficient  number  of  stands  of  bees  to  utilize  the  honey  crop. 

"The  farmers  of  the  State  should  be  encouraged  by  this  Association  to 
keep  a  sufficient  number  of  stands  of  bees  to  at  least  supply  the  sweets  for 
their  own  tables. 

"It  will  be  many  years  before  the  supply  of  honey  produced  in  this  State 
will  exceed  the  home  demand. 

"This  Association  can  render  the  State  valuable  service  by  encouraging  a 
larger  number  of  farmers  and  apiarists  to  give  more  general  attention  to  the 
production  of  honey. 

"The  best  authorities  estimate  the  annual  honey  crop  of  Illinois  to  exceed 
$112,000.  This  amount  can  be  increased  four-fold  through  the  earnest  efforts 
of  the  Illinois  State  Bee-Keepers,  Association.  The  knowledge  of  the  health- 
fulness  of  honey  consumption  is  confined  to  a  comparatively  limited  number 
of  the  people  of  this  State.  The  medical  virtues  of  honey  will  largely  in- 
crease the  demand  for  the  same  when  more  of  our  people  make  a  study  of 
this  subject. 

"The  appropriation  made  by  the  State  for  the  publication  of  an  annual 
report  by  the  Illinois  State  Bee-Keepers'  Association  makes  it  possible  to  in- 
terest many  of  our  farmers  in  the  care  of  bees. 

"It  is  suggested  that  the  first  annual  report  of  the  Illinois  State  Bee- 
Keepers'  Association  contain  the  information  desired  by  the  average  farmer 
who  contemplates  the  purchase  of  a  few  stands  of  bees  as  a  nucleus  for  an 
apiary  on  a  small  or  large  scale. 

"A  chapter  on  bee-keeping  that  could  be  understood  by  the  novice 
would  doubtless  interest  the  average  farmer  as  much  as  any  matter  likely  to 
be  published  in  your  annual  report. 

"Statistics  as  to  the  extent  of  honey  production  in  this  State,  if  published 
in  your  report,  will  aljso  serve  a  valuable  service  in  calling  attention  to  an 
industry  but  little  known  or  appreciated  by  the  citizens  of  Illinois . 


'[^•^•TT^^rvft?.--;^^ 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  37 

I     ■  -   ,  .■"-'■  -■'  ■  ■ 

"You  will  pardon  me  for  making  so  many  suggestions  in  reference  to 
the  contents  of  your  first  annual  report  and  duly  consider  the  deep  interest  I 
have  in  the  future  success  of  your  Association  as  an  agency  for  developing  the 
wealth  of  the  State. 

"In  closing  these  remarks  I  desire  to  call  your  attention  to  the  import- 
ance of  making  an  attractive  exhibit  of  honey  and  apiary  supplies  at  the 
State  and  all  the  county  fairs  in  Illinois  each  year. 

"Some  of  our  local  bee-keepers  have  found  the  exhibit  of  honey,  etc.,  at 
the  fairs  an  excellent  method  of  advertising  their  product  and  creating  a  de- 
mand for  the  same. 

"The  attendance  of  this  meeting  and  the  interest  taken  in  the  proceed- 
ings by  bee-keepers  froai  all  sections  of  the  Stajte  is  a  very  encouraging 
evidence  of  the  necessity  of,  and  speak?  well  for,  the  permanent  usefulness 
of  the  Illinois  State  Bee-Keepers' Association. " 

At  the  conclusion  of  Col.  Mills'  address,  a  vote  of  thanks  was  given  him 
for  his  continued  usefulness  to  the  Association  rendered  in  numerous  ways. 

Motion  by  Mr.  Black  that  a  committee  of  three  be  appointed  for  the 
gathering  of  statistics  and  on  legislation.     Prevailed. 

Committee — ^J.  M.  Hambaugh,  Mrs.  L.  Harrison  and  Dr.  C.  C.  Miller. 

Dr,  C.  C.  Miller's  paper  (Marengo,  111.)  was  then  read  as  follows  : 

THE   FUTURE  OF  THE  ILLINOIS  STATE   BEE-KEEPERS'    ASSO- 
CIATION. 

"I  don't  know  its  future.  Neither  do  you.  But  it  will  do  no  harm  to 
talk  about  it,  and  perhaps  to  do  a  little  plannmg.  Weighing  the  probabili- 
ties in  the  case  I  can  see  no  reason  why  Illinois  may  not  have  one  of  the  best 
State  societies  in  the  Union.  There  are  plenty  of  good  men  in  the  State 
keeping  bees,  and  at  the  outset  the  infant  society  has  taken  the  lead  of  all 
others  in  the  item  of  an  appropriation  from  the  State  treasury 

"It  may  be  worth  while  to  give  considerable  attention  to  the  matter  of 
securing  a  large  membership.  Numbers  have  weight,  and  a  strong  society 
may  do  more  good.  Is  it  not  possible  to  secure  a  membership  of  three  to 
five  hundred  ?  I  know  it  may  sound  a  little  wild  to  ask  such  a  question  in 
face  of  the  fact  that  the  oldest  societies  in  the  country  have  never  reached 
any  such  numbers,  and  that  the  national  society  does  very  well  if  it  secures  a 
hundred  names  annually.  But  across  the  sea  they  have  large  memberships 
and  large  gatherings,  and  I  think  Canada  is  in  this  respect  away  ahead  of 
any  of  the  States.  What's  the  trouble  ?  I  don't  pretend  to  know  in  full,  but 
I  thmk  we  might  find  out  something  about  it  by  investigation. 

"For  one  thing,  however,  elsewhere  there  is  some  inducement  to  be- 
come members  other  than  the  mere  privilege  of  attending  the  meetings.  In 
Germany  there  are  privileges  to  members,  such  as  obtaining  bee  journals, 


r;fi's?!!?5!^55!B 


38  ■  First  Annual  Report 


either  free  or  at  special  rates,  and  in  Canada,  if  I  am  not  mistaken,  each 
member  gets  annually  a  book  or  something  else  that  makes  his  membership 
fee  practically  cost  him  little  or  no'hing.  Can  we  not  do  something  a  little  in 
that  line  ?  Can  it  not  be  so  arranged  that  every  bee-keeper  in  the  State,  and 
perhaps  a  good  many  out  of  it,  shall  become  members  and  stay  members 
year  after  year,  even  if  they  can  attend  only  a  few  or  none  of  the  meetings  ? 
Receiving  the  annual  reports  ought  to  be  quite  an  induct  ment,  but  the  bee 
journals  give  such  lull  reports  of  all  important  meetings  that  the  induce- 
ment is  on  that  account  less. 

"It  just  occurs  to  me  that  it  might  be  a  good  plan  to  include  in  this 
year's  report  the  report  of  the  meeting  of  the  Northwestern  at  Chicago,  Nov. 
19.  That  society  comes  nearer  being  a  State  organization  than  any  other 
except  this.  I  can  offer  a  precedent  for  such  action  in  the  case  of  the  State 
Horticultural  Society.  This  society  had  an  appropriation  from  the  State  and 
the  Northern  Illinois  Society  had  none,  but  the  State  society  included  in  its 
report  the  report  of  the  Northern  society.  If  there  should,  however,  be  any 
danger  of  ill  feeling  engendered  by  such  action  among  the  local  societies  of 
the  State,  I  should  bitterly  oppose  it.  Let  us  be  strongly  united  in  whatever 
we  do,  and  avoid  the  least  tendency  toward  anything  like  jealousies  or 
breaking  up  into  cliques.  Let  our  motto  be:  'The  Greatest  Good  to  the 
Greatest  Number.' 

"I  am  glad  to  say  that  the  Northwestern  Society  at  its  late  meeting  took 
action  in  the  matter,  and  expressed  its  willingness  to  step  out  of  the  way  if 
the  State  society  would  take  its  place.  There  are  good  reasons  why  this  . 
would  be  advisable.  As  a  State  society  there  is  a  propriety  in  meeting  at 
the  capital,  and  yet  there  are  prosperous  State  societies,  as  that  of  Michigan, 
which  rarely  meet  in  the  capital.  Receiving  patronage  from  the  State  may, 
however,  make  a  little  difference.  But  if  Springfield  is  the  capital,  Chicago 
is  the  metropolis,  and  with  its  many  railroads  centering  from  all  directions 
invites  attendance.  But  there  need  be  no  conflict.  If  it  is  best,  let  meet- 
ings be  held  in  Springfield  and  also  in  Chicago.  Surely  it  would  give  us  an 
increased  membership. 

"What  objections  can  there  be  to  such  a  course  ?  It  may  be  objected 
that  there  would  not  be  the  same  members  at  each  place,  and  there  would 
be  practically  two  societies.  The  same  thing  might  be  urged  against  the 
National  society,  which  at  two  consecutive  meetings  may  have  an  almost 
entirely  different  membership.  If  it  should  be  urged  that  two  meetings  in  a 
year  would  divide  the  interest  and  not  be  so  successful  as  a  single  meeting, 
the  reply  comes  that  there  is  no  weight  in  that  objection,  for  if  the  State 
society  does  not  hold  a  meeting  in  Chicago  the  Northwestern  probably  will, 
thus  dividing  the  interest  even  more. 

"I  have  faith  in  the  future  of  the  Illinois  State  Society,  because  I  have 
faith  in  Illinois  bee-keepers." 


•■5 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  39 

Hon.  J.  M.  Hambaugh,  Spring,  III.,  offered  a  resolution  favoring  the 
union  of  the  Northwestern  Bee- Keepers'  Association  with  the  Illinois  State 
Association. 

But  a  substitute  to  the  same  was  offered  by  S.  N.  Black,  of  Clayton,  III., 
which  was  adopted,  as  follows: 

Resolved,  That  the  Illinois  State  Bee  Keepers'  Association  endorse  and 
accept  the  action  of  the  North  vestern  Bee-Keepers'  Association,  as  to  join- 
ing this  Association,  and  that  the  President  is  directed  to  call  one  meeting 
each  year  in  Chicago  at  such  time  as  the  Executive  Committee  may  direct . 

The  action  of  the  Northwestern  Bee-Keepers'  Association  at  Chicago, 
in  its  recent  meeting,  was  as  follows: 

"It  was  voted  that  the  Northwestern  be  merged  into  the  Illinois  State 
Association,  provided,  that  the  Illinois  State  Association  will  accept  of  the 
Northwestern,  and  will  agree  to  hold  one  meeting  more,  if  necessary,  every 
year  in  Chicago.  If  the  Illinois  State  Association  accept  these  terms  then 
the  election  of  officers  of  the  Northwestern  will  be  void." 

A  resolution  was  adopted  authorizing  the  Secretary,  in  behalf  of  the 
Association,  to  invite  all  the  bee-keepers'  associations  of  the  State  to  affiliate 
with  us. 

Resolution  by  C.  E.  Yocom,  Sherman,  111.: 

Resolved,  That  the  Illinois  State  Bee-Keepers'  Association  most  earn- 
estly protest  against  the  opening  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  on 
the  Sabbath. 

Resolved,  That  a  committee  (of  one)  be  appointed  to  prepare  a  memorial 
to  be  presented  to  the  managers  of  the  Word's  Fair,  and  the  State  Board  of 
Agriculture  on  this  subject. 

Committee — C .  E .  Yocom . 

Report  of  committee  as  follows  :  .^^ 

Whereas,  It  has  been  decided  to  hold  in  Chicago,  in  1893,  an  Interna- 
tional Exposition  in  commemoration  of  the  discovery  of  America  by  Chris- 
topher Columbus,  and 

Whereas,  The  founders  of  our  republic  were  men  with  implicit  trust  in 
the  living  God,  and  her  history  is  replete  with  the  names  of  noble  defenders 
of  her  honor,  who,  like  Washington,  placed  their  dependance  upon  Almighty 
God,  and 

Whereas,  The  Sabbath  day"  is  an  institution  of  God,  and  in  the  history 
of  the  world  its  proper  observance  has  been  proven  to  be  a  boon  to 
humanity,  and  in  our  national  history  it  is  a  distinctive  feature  of  its  Christian 
name,  and 

Whereas,  It  is  proposed  to  open  the  doors  of  the  Columbian  Exposi- 
tion in  1893  upon  the  Sabbath,  as  on  other  days,  and  thus  to  bring  the  sin 
of  the  Sabbath  breaking  upon  the  hitherto  honorable  record  which  our  nation 
has  made  in  previous  international  expositions,  and 


h f-:    1- 


40  First  Annual  Report 


Whereas,  The  proposed  Sabbath  opening  would  deprive  the  men  in 
charge  of  exhibits  from  the  rest  which  is  in  the  institution  of  the  Sabbath. 

Therefore,  The  Illinois  State  Bee-Keepers'  Association  respectfully  and 
most  earnestly  petition  the  proper  authorities  that  the  Columbian  Exposition 
be  closed  upon  the  Sabbath  day,  that  we  may  be  spared  the  stain  of  a 
conspicuous  and  flagrant  act  of  disobedience  to  God. 

Committee— C.  E.  Yocom,  Sherman. 

Resolution  offered  by  the  Secretary  : 

Resolved,  That  the  thanks  of  this  Association  be  extended  to  I.  N. 
Pearson,  State  Secretary,  and  to  W.  E.  Savage,  chiei  janitor,  for  the  use  of 
the  Senate  judiciary  room,  and  for  the  kind  treatment  we  have  received  at 
their  hands  during  our  most  pleasant  sessions;  also,  to  the  St  Nicholas  hotel 
for  their  kind  entertainment. 

A  motion  by  A.  N.  Draper,  Upper  Alton,  111.,  prevailed,  that  a  com- 
mittee of  three  be  appointed  to  visit  the  different  societies  of  the  State  (at 
their  own  expense)  to  visit  and  confer  with  them. 

Committee — A.N.  Draper,  W.  J   Finch,  Jr.,  and  C.  E   Yocom. 

In  the  discussion  on  Alfalfa,  which  followed,  it  was  a  question  whether 
it  was  desirable  to  sow  it  here  as  it  might  not  produce  honey  on  our  soil . 

Motion  by  A.  N  Draper,  that  a  committee  of  three  be  appointed  to  find 
out  from  the  State  Board  as  to  the  value  of  Alfalfa  and  other  plants  foreign 
to  our  soil  as  honey  plants,  and  have  it  published  in  the  report. 

Committee— Geo.  Poindexter,  S.  N.  Black  and  L.  Mason. 

Reported  from  the  report  of  the  Experimental  Station,  not  favorable  on 
Alfafa.     And  Mr.  Mason,  of  Auburn,  reported  on  same  later,  as  follows  : 

"In  the  winter  of  1885  and  '86  I  was  in  California  and  sent  home  some 
Alfalfa  seed  to  a  near  neighbor,  Mr.  H.  S  Winman,  who  had  formerly  lived 
in  California  and  had  there  raised  it.  The  seed  was  good  and  he  prepared 
the  soil  in  good  shape  and  did  not  sow  till  danger  of  frost  was  over— he 
thought.  It  came  up  nicely,  and  late  in  March  there  came  .several  hard 
freezes  that  heaved  most  of  it  out  of  the  ground  and  that  proved  failure  No.  i. 

"The  next  experiment  I  will  mention,  as  coming  under  my  personal 
knowledge,  was  by  one  of  my  near  neighbors  in  the  village  of  Auburn.  He 
sowed  about  one-half  acre.  It  came  up  and  grew  nicely  for  a  number  of 
years  While  at  first  it  appeared  thick  enough  on  the  ground  it  gradually 
grew  thinner  until  there  was  but  little  of  it  left.  He  cut  it  for  hay  and  seed 
some  three  or  four  years . 

"As  a  forage  crop  it  was  not  equal  to  clover  or  timothy. 

"It  was  in  bloom  at  the  same  time  there  was  a  heavy  crop  of  white  clover 
in  bloom,  and  therefore  the  bees  did  not  appear  to  give  it  much  attention. 
This  we  will  call  failure  No.  2. 

"The  last  experiment  of  which  I  have  any  knowledge  was  this:  I  spaded 
very  deep  a  plot  of  bluegrass  sod  near  my  house  and  sowed  some  seed  I  had 


■>1 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  41 

brought  with  me  from  California.  It  came  up  nicely  and  grew  for  on';  or 
two  summers  and  gradually  died  away  without  cause.  And  this  was  failure 
No.  3,  and  the  last  of  my  personal  knowledge  of  AKalfa." 

Adjourned  to  1:20  p.  m. 

1:20  o'clock  p.  m.     Convened  pursuant  to  adjournment. 

The  report  of  the  committee  on  premium  list  was  read  by  the  Secretary, 
and  on  motion  of  the  Secretary  the  committee  was  made  a  standing  com- 
mittee and  the  report  referred  back  for  their  further  consideration. 

Reported  later  as  follows  : 

PREMIUM  LIST. 
To  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Illinois  State  Bee-Keepers'  Association: 

The  undersigned  committee  on  premium  list  beg  It  ave  to  report  as 
follows  : 

ist  Prem. 

Largest  and  best  displny  (if  Comb  Honey $15  00 

Best  case  White  Clover  Honey,  i2lb   to  241b 5  00 

Best  case  of  any  other  kind,  i2lb   to  24!!) 5  00 

Largest  and  best  display  of  Extracted  Honey 15  00 

Best  display  of  .samples  of  Extracted  Honey 5  00 

Largest  and  best  display  of  Candied  Honey 5  00 

Largest  and  best  display  of  Beeswax 5  00 

Best  nucleus  lof  Italian  Bees  in  observatory  hive 5  oo 

Best  nucleus  of  any  other  race  in  observatory  hive 5  oo 

Bekt  display  of  Queen  Bees,  in  cages .S  oo 

Best  Honey  Extractor,  to  be  shown  in  operation lo  oo 

Best  display  of  Apiarian  Implements  and   Devices  not 

otherwise  provided  for 5  00 

B?st  Wax  Extractor 3  00 

Be.st  Comb  Foundation  Machine,  shown  in  operation 5  00 

Best  display  Honey  Plants,  pressed  and  mounted,  or  in 

bloom ,  (labeled) 2  00 

Best  gallon  of  Honey  Vinegar 2  00 

Best  Chart,  representing  enemies  of  bees  2  00 

Signed:  Geo.  F.  Robbins,  Mechanicsburg. 

S.  N.  Black,  Clayton. 
Wm.  J.  Finch,  Jr.,  Chesterfield 
A.  N.  Draper,  Upper  Alton . 

Proceeded  to  the  election  of  officers  for  the  year  1892. 

A  motion,  that  the  Secretary  be  authorized  to  cast  the  ballot  for  the 
present  officers,  was  lost. 

Election  by  ballot  proceeded . 


2d  Prem. 

fro 

00 

00 

-> 
0 

00 

10 

00 

3 

00 

n', 
0 

00 

3 

00 

3 

00 

3 

00 

3 

00 

5 

00 

3 

00 

2 

00 

3 

00 

1 

60 

I 

00 

I 

00 

■■  \,  ^K^..<TfW- ' 


42  First  Annum,  Report 

First — Balloted  for  President,  resulted  in  the  election  of  Mon.  J.  M. 
Hanibaugh,  of  Sprinjj. 

Second — Balloting  for  five  \'ice  Presidents,  resulted  as  follows  : 

1st,  Mrs.  L.  Harrison,  of  Peoria. 

2d,  P.J.  England,  Fancy  Prairie. 

3d,  Dr.  C.  C.  Miller,  Marengo. 

4th,  C.  P.  Dadant,  Hamilton. 

5th,  S.  N.  Black,  Clayton. 

Third — Balloting  for  Secretary  resulted  in  the  election  of  Jas.  A.  Stone, 
Bradfordton . 

Fourth— Balloting  for  Treasurer  resulted  in  the  election  of  A.  N.  Draper, 
Upper  Alton . 

Paper  by  A.  C.  Hammond,  Secretary  Illinois  State  Horticultural  Society, 
Warsaw,  as  follows: 

BEES  IN  HORTICULTURE. 

"In  the  economy  of  nature  it  was  ordered  that  the  'little  busy  bee' 
should  be  an  important  factor  in  making  fruit  growing  successful.  Many  a 
man  has  planted  and  carefully  cultivated,  pruned  and  trained,  but  when  he 
looked  for  fruit  'found  nothing  but  leaves'  and  has  therefore  concluded  that 
he  is  not  a  born  horticulturist,  or  that  this  is  not  a  fruit  country,  when  a  little 
investigation  would  have  shown  him  that  the  failure  was  caused  by  lack  of 
fertilization.  The  Wild  Goose  Plum  and  Crescent  Strawberry  are  marked 
illustrations  of  this  truth. 

"Much  can  be  done  to  overcome  this  difficulty  by  intermixing  Staminate 
and  Pistilate  varieties,  so  that  on  the  wings  of  the  wind  the  fertilizing  pollen 
will  be  carried  from  bloom  to  bloom.  This  is  a  wasteful  method  and  ninety- 
nine  hundredths  of  it  is  lost,  to  the  great  disappointment  of  the  planter.  But 
let  a  colony  of  bees  be  set  down  near  the  orchard  or  fruit  garden  and  the 
busy  little  workers  will,  while  extracting  honey  from  the  blossoms,  cover 
their  feet  and  legs  with  pollen,  and  when  they  go  to  the  next  blossom  in 
search  of  its  hidden  treasures,  leave  it  clinging  to  the  delicate  organs,  and 
its  influence  will  be  seen  in  the  larger  crops  of  fruit. 

"It  will  therefore  be  readily  seen  that  the  apiary  is  a  valuable  addition 
to  the  plant  of  the  horticulturist,  not  only  for  the  honey  it  may  yield  but  as  a 
means  of  increasing  the  yield  and  quality  of  his  fruit,  (imperfect  fertilization 
often  causes  imperfect  fruit)  and  therefore  increases  his  profits. 

"On  the  other  hand  the  orchard,  vineyard  and  garden  afTord  excellent 
pasturage  during  several  weeks  in  the  spring,  and  during  the  entire  season, 
from  the  first  ripening  strawberries  through  that  of  cherries,  plums,  peaches, 
grapes,  pears  and  apples,  they  gather  up  the  exuding  juices  from  specimens 
that  have  been  punctured  by  birds,  grasshoppers  and  other  insects. 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  43 

"  'O,  yes,'  says  the  man  ever  ready  to  jump  at  conclusions,  'I  have  seen 
them  puncturing  and  sucking  the  juices  from  my  grapes,  peaches  and  plums, 
and  sometimes  even  the  apples,  and  think  they  do  great  injury.' 

"Half  the  world  go  through  life  with  their  eyes  shut,  at  least  without 
making  any  careful  investigations,  and  these  heedless  people,  when  they  see 
the  bees  gathering  up  this  wasting  sweetness,  thoughtlessly  conclude  that 
they  have  punctured  the  fruit  to  get  the  juice,  while  every  entomologist  and 
horticulturist  knows  that  they  never  injure  perfect  fruit. 

"It  is  therefore  evident  that  these  two  industries  are  very  nearly  related 
and  that  ever}-  horticulturist  should  be  a  bee-keeper  and  to  a  certain  extent 
every  bee-keeper  a  horticulturist. 

"There  is  to  some  minds  an  idea  that  spraying  trees  and  plants  to 
destroy  insects  is  necessarily  a  blow  at  the  life  of  the  bee,  as  well  as  danger- 
ous to  human  life  and  health.  If  done  while  trees  are  in  bloom,  I  think  there 
is  no  question  as  to  the  existence  of  this  danger.  But  entomologists  and 
horticulturists  who  have  made  careful  experiments  and  watched  the  effects 
of  arsenical  sprays  on  bloom  fruit  and  leaf,  are  unanimously  of  the  opinion 
that  it  is  worse  than  useless  to  spray  until  the  bloom  has  fallen  and  the 
young  fruit  is  as  large  as  peas.  It  is  about  this  time  that  the  eggs  of  the 
Codling  Moth  are  laid  and  hatched,  and  the  minute  particles  of  poison 
deposited  in  the  calix  are  eaten  by  the  young  larva,  and  its  days  of  mischief 
are  suddenly  brought  to  a  close. 

"If  horticulturists  and  apiculturists  would  attend  each  others  conven- 
tions and  discuss  these  questions  of  mutual  interest  it  would  be  found  to  be 
very  profitable  to  both,  and  it  is  a  satisfaction  to  know  that  they  are 
becoming  better  acquainted  and  beginning  to  see  that  there  is  no  antagonism 
between  their  interests." 

A  resolution  was  offered  by  Hon.  J.  M.  Hambaugh  and  adopted. 

Resolved,  That  each  member  of  the  Illinois  State  Bee-Keepers'  Asso- 
ciation be  transformed  into  an  information  bureau,  with  the  object  of  giving 
the  Secretary  such  information  as  would  enhance  the  interests  of  the  pursuit 
and  make  the  first  report  a  model,  and  of  incalculable  benefit  to  the  public. 

Adjourned  sine  die. . 

Paper  by  Chas.  Dadant,  Hamilton,  III. 

BEE-KEEPING  AND   ITS   DEVELOPMENT. 

"When  we  came  to  this  country  from  France,  some  thirty  years  ago,  the 
number  of  bee-hives  scattered  among  the  farms  was  very  small,  so  small, 
indeed,  that  it  was  impossible  to  buy  honey  anywhere  except  at  the  drug 
stores,  who  used  to  buy  it  from  wholesale  firms  that  imported  it  from  Cuba, 
when  it  could  not  be  purchased  here  from  the  bee-hunters. 

"This  strained  honey,  obtained  by  melting  the  combs  containing  the 
honey,  together  with  bee- bread  and  sometimes  larvae,  was  dark,  muddy  and 


44  First  Annual  Report 

unfit  for  table  use  in  a  majority  of  cases,  ft  was  only  in  extraordinary 
seasons  that  a  certain  amount  of  nice  white  comb  honey  could  be  obtained 
in  broken  and  irregular  pieces  and  sold  in  jars,  or  even  pails  and  tubs.  But 
the  strained  honey  usually  marketed  was  so  uniformly  dark  and  dirty  that 
when  we  offered  the  first  honey  that  we  extracted,  in  1869,  to  a  Keokuk 
druggist,  he  eyed  the  sample  suspiciously  and  said  :  'I  don't  want  any  such 
stuff.'  It  was  the  very  best  quality  of  clover  honey,  but  the  man  evidently 
took  it  for  granted  that  it  was  sugar  syrup,  as  he  had  never  seen  such  bright 
strained  honey  before. 

"The  first  success  by  the  new  methods  created  an  exctiement,  and  many 
people  rushed  into  bee-keeping  to  rush  out  of  it,  after  a  short  trial,  but  the 
business  underwent  a  great  change.  Bee-keeping  became  quite  a  specialty, 
in  a  few  sections  of  the  country  the  field  is  now  sufficiently  occupied  to  show 
what  can  be  achieved,  or  rather  what  might  be  done  if  there  were  enough 
bees  and  bee-keepers  to  harvest  the  greater  part  of  the  honey  that  is  pro- 
duced by  the  flowers,  and  which  positively  goes  to  waste,  being  either 
reabsorbed  by  the  plant  that  produced  it,  or  otherwise  returned  to  the  soil 
whence  it  came. 

"But  the  quantity  produced  to-day  is  probably  equal  to  a  ton  for  every 
pound  that  was  produced  thirty  years  ago.  It  took  twenty  years  before  the 
dealers  in  the  large  cities  could  be  educated  to  call  extracted  honey  by  any 
other  than  the  old  appellation  of  strained  honey,  and  it  is  only  six  or  eight 
years  since  there  are  any  quotations  of  extracted  honey  at  all.  Even  at  this 
date,  there  are  comparatively  few  people  who  know  the  great  difference  that 
exists  between  the  one  and  the  other. 

"The  resources  of  our  country  are  immense,  and  'the  fields  now  well 
occupied  by  bee-keepers  are  infinitesimal.  To  convey  an  idea  of  the 
resources  in  our  State,  Illinois,  it  is  only  necessary  to  speak  of  our  own 
crops.  The  average  yield  of  honey  from  our  bees  is  about  22,00a  pounds, 
and  we  occupy  but  a  few  square  miles  of  territory.  In  the  season  of  1883  the 
honey  actually  harveated  in  Hancock  county  was  estimated  at  about  200,000 
pounds.  Thirty  six  thousand  of  this  was  our  own  crop  and  the  county  did 
not  contain  one-tenth  of  the  bees  that  could  have  been  kept  profitably  upon 
it,  yet  at  this  rate,  the  crop  of  the  State  would  iiave  been  15,000,000  pounds. 
There  are  thousands  of  low  mashy  lands  that  produce  nothing  but  wild 
honey  plants,  and  on  which  tons  after  tons  of  honey  are  wasted  every  year, 
waiting  for  the  bee  man  with  his  little  servants. 

"The  theory  of  the  influence  of  bees  on  the  fertilization  of  flowers,  and 
consequently  on  the  amount  of  the  crop,  has  been  so  well  demonstrated  by 
Darwin  and  his  disciples  that  it  would  be  useless  to  expatiate  on  it. 

"Although  the  honey  resources  of  Illinois  cannot  compare  with  those  of 
California,  yet,  as  the  flowers  succeed  one  another,  from  early  spring  till  fall^ 
with  the  exception  of  a  short  stop  in  summer,  the  crop  of  honey  is  as  reliable 
here  as  any  other  farm  harvest. 


<   State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  45 

"As  soon  as  the  winter  weather  grows  milder  the  elms,  willows,  poplars, 
maples,  hazel  nuts,  sumacs,  horse  chestnuts,  dandelion,  and  many  others 
attract  the  bees,  either  by  their  pollen  or  by  their  nectar,  or  by  both. 

"The  happy  humming  of  our  pets  working  on  the  trees,  still  destitute  of 
leaves,  announce  the  return  of  spring. 

"These  first  flowers  are  soon  followed  by  those  of  the  cherry,  plum, 
peach  and  apple  trees,  &c.  Yet  these  flowers,  notwithstanding  their  large 
numbers,  do  not  give  any  surplus  honey,  for  all  this  crop  is  wholly 
consumed  ty  bees  to  raise  theii  young  and  fill  their  hives  with  innumerable 
multitudes  of  workers  ready  to  gather  the  honey  of  white  clover,  which 
blooms  along  the  roads  and  in  all  the  pastures,  and  which  gives  the  main 
crop  of  the  State;  a  crop  whose  quality  is  unsurpassed. 

"The  clover  blossoms  are  hardly  passed  away  when  the  Cottonwood 
begins  to  bloom,  in  the  countries  where  these  trees  grow,  as  also  a  great 
Vciriety  of  mints  and  other  odoriferous  weeds  of  the  same  family,  and  the 
milk  weeds,  &c. 

"Such  is  the  succession  of  spring  flowers  in  average  years  ;  besides, 
when  the  weather  is  warm  and  damp  the  blooming  of  clover  may  continue 
till  August,  then  the  honey  crop  is  exceedingly  larger.  Sometimes  the 
cowllus  of  the  red  clover  being  shorter,  or  more  filled  with  nectar,  increases 
the  harvest. 

"The  month  of  August,  unless  too  dry',  and  September  offer  to  bees  a 
number  of  fall  flowers  :  buckwheat,  Spanish  needles,  willow  herbs,  sun- 
flowers, asters,  &c. 

"The  honey  crop  in  the  river  bottoms  comes  from  a  great  many  plants 
and  bushes,  such  as  crow  foot,  button  weeds,  button  bushes,  gum  trees,  dog 
woods,  marsh  sunflowers,  &c. 

"Careful  bee-keepers  can  enlarge  their  crop  by  sowing  alsike  instead  of 
red  clover  in  their  timothy  meadows,  or  by  spreading  in  waste  places,  the 
seeds  of  sweet  clover,  catnip,  &c.  But  we  do  not  think  it  advisable  to 
cultivate  a  tract  of  land  for  the  honey  crop  alone. 

"The  consumption  of  honey  has  been  keeping  pace  with  its  production, 
and  even  in  the  very  disadvantageous  circumstances  in  which  the  bee-keeper 
finds  himself  to-day,  being  in  direct  competition  with  the  sugar  producer, 
who  has  been  allotted  a  bounty  .of  two  cents  per  pound,  there  is  still  some 
prospect  for  bee-keeping. 

"But  the  injustice  done  him  by  giving  a  bounty  to  the  producers  of  other 
sweets,  cane  and  maple  sugar,  should  be  corrected.  If  these  have  a  right 
to  be  helped  by  the  general  government,  the  beekeeper  has  the  same  right, 
for  the  lower  prices  of  all  sweets  is  surely  affecting  the  price  of  honey." 


46  First  Annual  Report 


Paper  by  Prof.  A  J.  Cook,  of  Agricultural  College,  Michigan. 

BEES  AS   FERTILIZERS. 

[Read  at  the  Association  for  tlie  Advancement  of  Agricultural  Science,  Washing- 
ton, U.  C] 

"Darwin's  memorable  researches  and  generalizations  in  relation  to  the 
fertilization  and  cross-fertilization  of  plants,  through  the  agency  of  insects, 
are  not  the  least  of  liis  many  valuable  scientific  discoveries,  nor  yet  are  they 
least  in  their  bearings  on  economic  questions.  His  classic  investigations 
settled  the  question  of  the  great  value  of  insects  in  securing  full  fruitage  to 
many  of  our  most  valuable  fruits  and  vegetables.  Since  Darwin,  many 
scientists  have,  by  crucial  trsts  and  experiments,  abundantly  confirmed  his 
conclusions.  Our  most  iiitellii^ent  practical  men  have  also  made  significant 
observations.  They  note  a  scarcity  of  insect  visits  to  the  blossoms  of  the 
first  crop  of  red  clover,  and  also  its  failure  to  bear  seed.  The  alsike  clover 
is  freely  visited  in  early  June  by  the  honey  bee  and  bears  a  full  crop  of  seed. 
In  New  Zealand  the  red  clover  failed  to  seed  at  all  seasons,  and  there  was  a 
conspicuous  absence  of  insects  upon  the  blossoms,  both  early  and  late.  This 
I'd  tt)  the  importation  of  bumblebees  from  England,  to  the  earth's  very 
limit,  and  now  the  New  Zealand  farmer  produces  clover  .seed.  Gardeners 
keer>  bees  to-day  that  their  vegetables  may  fruit  and  seed  more  liberally. 
Even  the  producers  ot  flower  seeds  in  our  cities  keep  bees  in  their  green- 
houses, as  they  find  this  the  easiest  and  cheapest  method  to  secure  that 
more  perfect  fertilization  upon  which  their  profits  depend.  Secretary  Farns- 
worth,  of  the  Ohio  Horticultural  Society,  could  account  for  a  very  meager 
crop  of  fruit  a  few  years  since,  in  his  vicinity,  altera  profusion  of  bloom,  only 
through  lack  of  pollenization.  The  bees  had  nearly  all  died  oft  the  previous 
winter.  I  have  often  noted  the  fact,  that,  if  we  have  rain  and  cold  all  during 
the  fruit-bloom,  as  we  did  in  the  sprmg  of  1890,  even  trees  that  bloom  fully 
are  almost  sure  to  bear  as  sparingly. 

"Darwin's  researches  considered  insects  as  a  whole,  and  it  is  true  that 
all  insects  tlvt  visit  flowers,  either  for  nectar  or  pollen,  do  valuable  service 
in  this  work  of  pollenization.  Thus  many  of  the  hymenoptera,  diptera,  and 
coleoptera,  and  not  a  few  lepidoptera,  are  our  ever  ready  helpers  as  pollen- 
izers.  Yet  early  in  the  season,  in  our  Northern  latitudes,  most  insects  are 
scarce.  The  severe  winters  so  thin  their  numbers  that  we  find  barely  one, 
whereas  we  will  find  hundreds  in  late  summer  and  early  autumn.  In  late 
summer  the  bumble-bees  and  paper-making  wasps  number  scores  to  each 
colony,  while  in  spring  only  the  one  fertile  female  will  be  found.  This  is 
less  conspicuously  true  of  solitary  insects,  like  most  of  our  native  bees  and 
wasps;  yet  even  these  swarm  in  late  summer,  where  they  were  solitary  or 
scattering  in  the  early  spring.  The  honey  bees  are  a  notable  exception  to 
this  rule.     They  live  over  winter,  so  that  even  in  early  spring  we  may  find 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  47 

■^     ■ 
ten  or  filteen  thousand  in  a  single  colony,  in  lieu  of  one  solitary  female,  as 

seen  in  the  nest  of  bombus  or  vespa.  By  actual  count  in  time  of  fruit  bloom 
in  May,  I  have  found  the  bees  twenty  to  one  of  all  other  insects  upon  the 
flowers ;  and  on  cool  davs,  which  are  very  common  at  this  early  season,  I 
have  known  hundreds  of  bees  on  the  fruit  blossoms,  while  I  could  not  find  a 
single  other  insect.  Thus  we  see  that  the  honey  bees  are  exceedingly  im- 
portant in  the  economy  ot  vegetable  growth  and  fruitage,  especially  of  all 
such  plants  as  blossom  early  in  the  season.  We  have  all  noticed  how  much 
more  common  our  flowers  are  in  autumn  than  in  spring  time.  In  spring  we 
hunt  for  the  claytonia,  the  trillium,  and  the  erylhronium.  In  autumn  we 
gather  the  asters  and  goldenrods  by  the  armful  and  they  look  up  at  us  from 
every  marsh,  fence  corner  and  common.  In  May  our  flowers  demand  a 
search,  while  in  California  the  fields  of  January  and  February  are  one  sea  of, 
blossoms.  The  mild  California  winters  do  not  kill  the  insects.  There  a 
profusion  ot  bloom  will  receive  service  from  these  so-called  'marriage 
priests,'  and  a  profusion  of  seed  will  greet  the  coming  spring  time.  Thus 
our  climate  acts  upon  the  insects,  and  the  insects  upon  the  flowers,  and  we 
understand  why  our  peculiar  flora  was  developed.  Yet  notwithstanding  the 
admirable  demonstrations  of  the  great  master  Darvyin,  and  the  observations 
and  practice  of  a  few  of  our  intelligent  practical  men,  yet  the  great  mass  of 
our  farmers  are  either  ignorant  or  indifferent  as  to  this  matter,  and  so  to  the 
important  practical  considerations  which  wait  upon  it.  This  is  very  evident, 
as  appeas  from  the  fact  that  many  legislators  the  past  winter,  when  called 
upon  to  protect  the  bees,  urged  that  fruit  growers  had  interests  as  well  as  the 
bee  men,  not  seeming  to  know  that  one  of  the  greatest  of  these  iaterests 
rested  with  the  very  bees  for  whicli  protection  was  asked. 

"Now  that  we  understand  the  significance  of  the  law  of  adaptation  in 
reference  to  the  progressive  development  of  species,  we  easily  understand  why 
our  introduced  fruits  that  blossom  early  would  find  a  lack  of  the  'marriage 
priests,'  and  why  it  would  be  a  matter  of  necessity  to  introduce  the  honey 
bee,  which,  like  the  fruits,  are  not  indigenous  to  our  countrj',  just  as  the 
bumble  bee  must  go  with  the  red  clover,  if  the  latter  is  to  succeed  at  once  in 
far  off  New  Zealand . 

"It  is  true  that  we  have  native  apples,  cherries,  plums,  etc.  But  these, 
like  the  early  insects,  were  scattering  not  massed  in  large  orchards,  and  very 
likely  the  fruitage  of  these,  before  the  introduction  of  the  honey  bee,  may 
have  been  sc  nt  and  meager. 

"Now  that  spraying  our  fruit  trees  with  the  arsenites,  earlj'  in  the  spring, 
is  known  to  be  so  profitable,  and  is  coming  and  will  continue  to  come  more 
generally  into  use,  and  as  such  spraying  is  fatal  to  the  bees  if  performed 
during  the  time  of  bloom,  and  not  only  fatal  to  the  imago,  but  to  the  brood 


.:si 


•  J- 


48  First  Annual  Report 


to  which  it  is  fed  in  the  hive,  it  becomes  a  question  of  momentous  import- 
ance that  all  should  know  that  bees  are  valuable  to  the  fruit  grower  and  the 
apiarist  alike,  and  that  the  nomologist  who  poisons  the  bees  is  surely  killing 
the  goose  that  lays  the  golden  egg.  That  bees  are  easily  poisoned  by 
applying  sprays  to  trees  that  bear  nectar-secreting  blossoms  at  the  time  of 
bloom,  can  be  easily  demonstrated  by  any  one  in  a  very  short  period  of  time. 
It  has  been  demonstrated  in  a  frightfully  expensive  manner  in  several  apiaries 
in  various  parts  of  the  country.  Several  bee-keepers,  whose  all  was  invested 
in  bees,  have  lost  all  their  property,  all  because  some  fruit  growing  neighbor 
either  thoughtlessly  or  ignorantly  sprayed  his  fruit  trees  while  in  bloom;  and 
this  in  the  face  of  the  fact  that,  for  the  best  results  even  in  the  direction 
sought,  the  spraying  should  be  deferred  until  the  blossoms  fall.  I  have 
demonstrated  this  fact  where  the  results  were  entirely  in  sight.  I  have  shut 
bees  in  a  cage  and  given  them  sweetened  water,  containing  London  purple 
in  the  proportion  of  one  pound  to  200  gallons  of  water,  and  in  twenty-four 
hours  the  bees  were  all  dead;  while  other  bees,  in  precisely  similar  cages  and 
fed  precisely  the  same  food,   with  the  poison  omitted,  lived  for  many  days. 

"We  thus  see  that  it  becomes  very  important  that  pomologist  and  bee- 
keeper alike  know  the  danger,  and  also  know  the  loss  to  both  parties  in  case 
caution  is  not  observed  to  avoid  the  danger  and  probable  loss.  It  is  also 
important  that,  by  definite  experimentation,  we  may  learn  just  how  important 
the  bees  are  in  the  pollenization  of  plants.  To  determine  this  point  I  tried 
many  experiments  last  spring.  I  counted  the  blossoms  on  each  of  two 
branches,  or  plants,  of  apple,  cherry,  pear,  strawberry,  raspberry  and  clover. 
One  of  these,  in  case  of  each  fruit  or  each  experiment,  was  surrounded  by 
cheese-cloth  just  before  the  blossoms  opened,  and  kept  covered  till  the 
blossoms  fell  off.  The  apple,  pear  and  cherry  were  covered  May  4,  and 
uncovered  May  25  and  May  19.  The  number  of  blossoms  considered  varied 
from  32,  the  smallest  number,  to  300,  the  largest.  The  trees  were  examined 
June  II,  to  see  what  number  of  the  fruit  had  set.  The  per  cent,  of  blossoms 
which  developed  on  the  covered  trees  was  a  little  over  2,  while  almost  20  per 
cent,  of  the  uncovered  blossoms  had  developed.  Of  the  pears  not  one  of 
the  covered  developed,  while  5  per  cent,  of  the  uncovered  developed  fruit. 
Of  the  cherries  3  per  cent,  only  of  the  covered  developed,  while  40  per  cent, 
of  the  uncovered  blossoms  set  their  fruit.  The  strawberries  were  covered 
May  18  and  uncovered  June  16.  The  number  of  blossoms  in  each  experi- 
ment varied  from  60  in  the  least  to  212  in  the  greatest.  In  these  cases  a  box 
covered  with  cheese-cloth  surrounded  the  plants.  The  plants  were  examined 
June  22.  Eleven  per  cent,  of  the  covered  blossoms  and  17  per  cent,  of  the 
uncovered  had  developed.  To  show  the  details,  in  one  case  60  blossoms 
were  considered,  9  of  which  in  the  covered  lot,  and  27  in  the  uncovered,  had 
developed.  That  is,  three  times  as  many  flowers  had  set  in  the  uncovered 
as  in  the  covered.  In  another  case  of  212  blossoms  the  fruit  numbered  So 
and  104.     In  a  case  of  123  blossoms  the  number  of  fruit  was  20  and  36. 


■■n^fj^V*- 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  49 


"These  experiments  agree  with  similar  ones  of  former  years,  in  seeming 
to  show  that  strawberries  are  less  affected  than  other  fruit  by  the  exclusion 
ot  insect  visits.  The  raspberry  canes  were  covered  with  cheese-cloth  May 
30  and  uncovered  July  6.  In  every  case  but  one  the  canes  seemed  to  have 
been  injured  by  the  covers,  and  so  the  results  were  not  considered.  In  the 
exceptional  case  184  blossoms  were  considered;  93  blossoms  developed  on 
the  covered  canes,  and  160  on  the  uncovered.  In  every  case  the  fruit  on  the 
covered  twigs  were  inferior.  It  might  be  thought  that  the  simple  presence 
of  the  covers  was  prejudicial;  though  this  could  not  be  a  very  important  mat- 
ter, as  blossoms  covered  after  the  bees  had  freely  visited  them  set  well,  and 
showed  no  injury.  Thus  we  see  thai  in  all  out  fruits— strawberries  the  least 
— the  free  visits  of  insects  during  the  period  of  blooming  is  absolutely  essen- 
tial to  a  full  or  even  a  fair  crop.  In  many  cases  the  covered  blossoms  all  failed 
todevelope.  We  also  see  that  where  fruitage  does  occur,  there  seems  a 
lack,  as  the  fruit  lacks  vigor.  The  free  and  ample  cross  fertilization  seems 
to  be  requisite,  not  only  for  a  crop,  but  for  a  perfect  development  and  max- 
imum vigor. 

"Our  experiments  with  clovers  were  tried  with  both  the  white  and  alsike. 
While  the  uncovered  heads  were  full  of  seeds,  the  covered  ones  were  entirely 
seedless.  This  fully  explains  the  common  experience  of  farmers  with  these 
plants. 

"Having  the  law  of  the  necessity  of  insects  to  accomplish  this  function 
so  well  demonstrated,  it  might  be  asked:  'Why  do  we  have  any  fruit  in  case 
the  blossoms  are  covered?'  This  seeming  exception  may  be  no  exception. 
Indeed  this  may  come  from  the  fact  that  a// insects  are  not  excluded.  Very 
small  insects,  like  the  thrips,  and  various  of  the  jassidae,  which  we  know  are 
often  attracted  to  flowers,  either  by  the  pollen  or  nectar,  would  be  concealed 
about  the  plants,  and,  from  their  small  size,  might  gain  access,  even  after  the 
covers  were  adjusted.  These  would  be  sufficient  to  secure  partial  fertiliza- 
tion, and  very  likely  are  the  cause  of  the  meager  crop,  which,  in  a  few  cases, 
we  secured  even  on  the  covered  twigs . 

"In  case  of  strawberries,  our  experiments  this  year,  like  some  previously 
tried,  seemed  to  show  that  the  presence  of  insects,  though  important  to  a  max- 
imum production,  are  not  so  necessary  as  in  case  of  nearly  all  other  fruit.  But 
we  must  remember  that  the  strawberry  plants  are  not  wholly  inclosed.  A  cloth- 
covered  box  rests  on  the  ground  about  the  plant.  This  gives  a  fine  chance 
for  insects  that  burrow  in  the  earth,  and  for  insects  that  have  pupated  in  like 
position,  to  come  up  during  the  three  or  four  weeks'  of  the  experiment,  and 
pollenize  the  blossoms.  This,  though  a  possible,  and  (shall  I  say?)  aprobabl** 
explanation,  may  not  be  the  real  one.  But  we  can  still  affirm,  in  case  of  the 
strawberry,  that  the  free  visits  of  insects  serve  surely  to  much  enlarge  the 
production  of  fruit. 

"Thus  we  see  that  our  horticulturists  and  farmers  alike,  with  the  apiarist, 
are  dependent  for  the  best  prosperity  on  the  presence  and  well-being  of  the 


50  First  Annual  Report 


bees.    They  should  realize  this  fact,  and  should  demand  that  our  legislators 
not  only  become  informed,  but  act  accordingly. 

Agricultural  College,  Mich.  A.J.  Cook." 

[We  believe  this  paper  to  be  the  best  in  point  of  definite  facts,  and  most 
comprehensive  of  anything  we  have  ever  read .  It  is  so  valuable  that  every 
reader  of  this  journal  should  peruse  it  carefully,  that  he  may  be  able  to  talk 
intelligently  to  his  farming  and  fruit  growing  neighbors  who  unfortunately,  in 
many  cases,  regard  bees  as  a  positive  detriment  to  the  proper  maturing  of 
fruit.  Almost  every  year  we  come  across  farmers  in  the  vicinity  of  our 
home  apiary  and  out-yards  who  persist  In  saying  that  our  bees  are  respon- 
sible for  their  trees  not  fruiting,  and  so  this  sort  of  ignorance  is  gaining  cur- 
rency in  many  localities,  much  to  the  detriment  of  the  bee-keeper  and  fruit 
grower.  This  ignorance,  and  perhaps  prejudice,  should  be  dispelled  by  solid  • 
facts,  such  as  Prof.  Cook  gives;  and  we  hope  our  agricultural  exchanges, 
and  journals  devoted  to  fruit-growing  in  particular,  will  give  this  paper  of 
Prof.  Cook's  a  wide  circulation .  We  shall  be  glad,  also,  to  send  extra  sam- 
ple copies  of  this  journal  for  bee-keepers  to  distribute  among  their  neighbors 
who  need  a  little  "posting."  That  the  good  work  may  continue  to  go  on  we 
have  decided  to  make  this  article  over  into  a  leaflet  for  general  distribution. 
To  cover  bare  cost  and  postage,  these  leaflets  will  be  sent  to  all  who  apply,  for 
5  cts.  for  25;  10  cts.  for  50;  25  cts  for  200;  60  cts.  for  500,  or  $1.00  per  1,000, 
postpaid.  Now  let  bee  keepers  do  a  little  missionary  work  for  themselves 
and  neighbors,  and  thus  avoid,  in  some  cases,  these  unpleasant  clashings  be- 
tween the  bees  and  the  fruit.  ]  E .  R . 

The  following  is  a  clipping  from  the  Prairie  Farmer  of  February  27,  by 
Mrs.  L.  Harrison,  of  Peoria  : 

FARMER  BEE-KEEPERS. 

"Farmers,  you  should  be  bee-keepers,  every  last  one  of  you — Fll  make 
no  exceptions.  Don't  like  honey,  eh?  Gives  you  a  pain  in  the  stomach  ? 
Suppose  it  does;  I  expect  that  you  ate  some  gathered  from  lobelia.  Bees 
do  not  make  honey,  as  some  suppose,  but  gather,  evaporate  and  can  it  up. 
The  bees  ran  the  first  cannery  in  existence,  and  ran  it  successfully,  too. 
Now,  just  for  the  fun  of  the  thing,  and  to  please  me  (if  you  get  a  chance),  eat 
some  pure  white  clover  honey  and  see  if  it  disagrees  with  you;  my  word  for 
it,  it  will  do  no  such  a  thing. 

"A  few  years  after  my  husband  and  I  were  married  I  slyly  hinted  that  I 
would  like  to  have  some  bees.  I  was  met  with  a  rebuff  something  like  this: 
'Bees!  what  upon  earth  do  you  want  bees  for?  You  attend  to  things  indoors 
and  I  will  see  to  outside  affairs . '  But  tell  a  woman  she  can't  have  a  thing 
and  she  will  lay  awake  nights  planning  how  she  can  get  it.  Another  reason 
drought  forward  why  I  should  not  keep  bees  was  that  neither  of  us  could  eat 
honey.    In  the  early  days  of  our  housekeeping  we  had  bought  some  honey 


^ikc^.-^.V'J 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  51 


from  a  German  farmer  who  had  taken  up  a  'gum,'  dug  out  the  contents, 
brood-combs,  bee-bread,  etc.,  with  a  good  deal  of  the  etc.  We  kept  this 
honey  in  a  gallon  crock  and  when  either  of  us  had  a  cold  would  eat  some  of 
it,  which  was  soon  followed  by  pain  in  the  stomach,  and  we  jumped  to  the 
conclusion  that  we  could  not  eat  honey — even  a  quarter  of  a  teaspoonful 
would  cause  pain.  Neither  of  us  had  seen  a  section  of  white  honey  at  that 
time  and  but  little  honey  stored  in  boxes.  During  the  first  two  years  of  my 
bee-keeping  I  never  tasted  honey,  fearing  pain  if  I  did.  One  night  while 
suffering  with  a  severe  cold  I  read  in  a  bee  paper  of  the  curative  qualities  of 
honey  for  a  cold .  I  made  some  mint  tea  and  cut  from  a  box  about  a  pound 
of  choice  white  clover  honey  and  commenced  drinking  the  tea  and  eating 
the  honey  and  then  retiring,  slept  the  sleep  of  the  just.  Ever  since  then  I 
have  eaten  honey  sick  or  well,  night  or  day,  in  cold  weather  or  warm,  and 
have  felt  no  inconvenience  from  it.  'My  son,  eat  thou  honey  because  it  is 
good.'  ■ 

"Farmers  cannot  thrive  without  bees.  You  all  like  to  have  fat,  sleek 
cattle  and  plenty  of  milk  and  butter.  ■  You  know  the  value  of  white  clover  in 
your  pastures,  do  you  not  ?  White  clover  will  not  produce  seed  unless  the 
bees  fertilize  the  bloom  by  carrying  the  father  dust  from  flower  to  flower. 
Red  clover  is  dependent  upon  bumble-bees  for  fertilization  in  a  great  meas- 
ure, and  they  should  receive  more  encouragement  from  farmers  than  they 
ilo.  Why  not  stroke  their  glossy  backs  in  lieu  of  sending  boys  to  burn  or 
dig  out  their  nests?  They  are  your  friends  and  helpers,  and  would  it  not  be 
better  to  mark  their  nests  and  shut  them  in  by  covering  their  holes  with  a 
box  when  plowing  or  other  work  is  to  be  done  near  them,  and  thus  prevent 
them  from  stinging  the  horses . 

.  BEES  TO  fertilize  FRUIT. 

"It  used  to  be  said  of  Western  farmers  that  they  lived  upon  hog  and 
hominy.  This  may  have  had  a  shadow  of  truth  in  the  early  settlement  of  the 
country,  for  it  takes  time  to  raise  fruit.  A  settler  could  break  up  the  ground 
and  raise  corn  to  fatten  a  pig  the  first  year.  Then  as  soon  as  he  could  com- 
mand a  little  money  he  would  buy  fruit  trees  and  endeavor  to  get  the  com- 
forts of  a  home  similar  to  the  one  he  left  farther  East.  I  have .  seen  early 
settlers  ravenous  for  fruit ;  they  would  hitch  up  their  teams  and  drive  many 
miles  to  gather  wild  blackberries,  and  in  the  fall  scour  the  woods  along 
streams  in  search  of  plums,  crab-apples  and  wild  grapes. 

"Everyone  who  has  a  home,  either  in  town  or  country,  should  keep  a 
few  colonies  of  bees  for  their  own  benefit  and  for  the  good  of  the  land  in 
which  we  dwell.  If  you  have  had  no  previous  knowledge  in  bee-culture,  do 
not  buy  more  than  two  coloni^.  Engage'them  now  before  you  forget  it,  for 
spring  is  the  best  time  to  get  them.  Choose  hives  running  over  with  Italians 
and  you  will  never  regret  the  day  you  brought  them  home." 


UNIVERSITY  OF 
't-i-'NOiS  LJBRARV 


T\^:.-Zid-l<'.^9l^i^iiifJi/fH^ih!iKA-Siir,^^  l■^./^'-.^ei.«^^&^£^^|jb'!    ' 


52  First  Annual  Report 

A  paper  read  by  the  Secretary  at  the  Farmers'  Institute  : 

'  'At  the  formation  of  this  Institute  one  of  our  members  was  very  desirous 
of  having  the  subject  of  cattle  breeding  treated  by  one  who  could  tell  us  how 
it  could  be  done  in  a  way  to  make  it  a  financial  gain . 

"Now,  Mr.  President,  while  we  are  expected  to  talk  about  bee-keeping, 
we  are  not  going  to  say  that  it  is  the  only  avocation  that  has  any  money  in 
it,  for  we  do  not  think  so.  We  think  it  is  like  a  good  many  other  things  in 
which  farmers  engage.  We  are  not  advocates  of  specialties.  We  believe  in 
mixed  farming. 

"While  we  hear  farmers  saying  that  stock  breeding  in  some  particular 
line  does  not  pay,  we  would  say  to  them,  mix  it  up  with  something  else  in  a 
way  that  it  will  pay.  If  the  raising  of  cattle  and  hogs  requires  corn,  and  the 
producing  of  corn  impoverishes  the  soil  and  in  that  way  degenerates  the 
value  of  the  land,  then  raise  sheep,  and  for  the  sheep  raise  clover. 

"Now,  we  claim  that  a  flock  of  sheep  on  a  farm  (say  50  sheep  to  100 
acres  of  land)  will  cause  that  farm  to  produce  enough  more,  than  it  would 
without  them,  to  make  their  product  clear  gain. 

"Then  in  addition  to  sheep  and  clover,  with  the  soil  always  ready  for  a 
large  crop  of  corn,  you  can  bring  in  you  hogs,  which  do  not  object  to  the 
clover,  while  they  depend  largely  upon  the  corn. 

"Then  comes  our  orchards,  that  you  can  say  do  not  pay  us  anything. 
But  I  expect  our  brethren,  that  will  follow  us  on  the  fruit  question,  will  tell 
us  how  it  can  be  made  to  pay  at  least  something. 

"Now,  by  this  time  I  expect  some  of  you  are  wondering  what  this  all 
has  got  to  do  with  bee-keeping .  We  will  tell  you.  In  order  to  raise  stock 
of  any  kind  we  first  look  out  for  their  pasturage.  This  is  what  we  have  been 
doing.  Our  orchards  are  not  only  pastures  for  bees,  but  bees  are  a  necessity 
in  the  cross-fertilization  of  blossoms,  without  which  there  would  be  no  fruit. 
We  had  a  case  of  evidence  a  year  ago  last  spring.  Trees  blossomed  full, 
but  it  was  so  cold  that  the  bees  could  gather  no  honey  at  the  time  their  work 
of  fertilization  should  have  been  done,  and  the  result  was  very  little  fruit. 
Horticulturists  must  learn  that  the  honey-bee  is  one  of  his  best  friends. 

"Scientists  are  learning  that  nature  abhors  self  fertilization,  and  that  there 
are  no  plants  that  bear  seed  or  fruit  without  some  agency  in  cross- fertiliza- 
tion, and  that  while  the  wind  or  some  other  agent  can  be  the  carrier  of  the 
fertilizing  dust  from  one  flower  to  another,  yet  it  is  agreed  that  the  honey- 
bee performs  vastly  the  largest  portion  of  this  work. 

"While  the  honey-bee  is  of  such  value  as  a  fertilizing  agent  why  not 
yoke  him  in  and  compel  him  to  work  further  to  our  gain,  by  utilizing  what 
he  gathers  while  performing  his  useful  part  of  fruit  and  seed  producing. 

"As  for  the  importance  of  bee-keeping  we  will  say  that  after  the  Illinois 
State  Bee-Keepers'  Association  was  organized  the  Legislature  gave  us  an" 
annual  appropriation  of  I500  for  the  publication  of  our  annual  report  (which 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  53 


is  now  in  press)  as  an  acknowledgement  of  the  importance  of  bee-keeping  in 
the  State  of  Illinois .  We  will  see  from  this  report  that  the  honey  product  of 
the  State  runs  up  into  the  millions  of  pounds  annually,  and  could  be  muhi- 
plied  many  times  if  all  out  resources  were  improved." 

We  take  the  following  from  the  Honey  Almanac,  published  by  Thomas 
G.  Newman,  of  the  American  Bee  Journal,  of  Chicago: 

EFFECT  OF  HONEY  ON  THE  HUMAN  SYSTEM. 

"The  masses  do  not  realize  th6  value  of  honey  from  a  hygienic  stand- point 
else  it  would  have  more  than  kept  pace  with  sugar  as  an  article  of  human 
consumption . 

"Dr.  Vance  makes  such  very  excellent  remarks  on  this  subject  that  we 
can  do  no  better  than  to  give  them  entire:  'Honey  is  a  physiological  sweet; 
in  other  words,  its  constituents  are  such  that  it  is  absorbed  into  the  blood 
without  undergoing  chemical  change.  Such  is  not  the  fact  with  regard  to 
sugar.  Sugar  is  indigestable,  or  rather  not  as  susceptible  of  absorption  and 
assimilation  as  honey,  but  it  requires  the  action  of  the  gastric  juice  to  split  or 
invert  its  elements,  the  muriatic  acid  element  of  the  gastric  juice  being  the 
chief  agent  in  this  chemical  transportation.  This  change  produces  what  is 
termed  in  chemistry  dextrose  and  laevulous.  I  presume  this  explanation 
does  not  convey  a  very  clear  or  definite  idea  of  the  nature  of  these  products, 
for  the  names  applied  only  indicate  how  they  affect  polarized  light.  After 
this  change  occurs  absorption  takes  place.  If  in  any  way  it  is  hindered,  or, 
on  account  of  an  excess  of  sugar  above  the  capacity  of  the  gastric  juice  to 
transform,  there  remains  a  residue,  the  result  is  decomposition  into  elements 
that  irritate  and  inflame  the  mucus  membrane  of  the  intestinal  canal,  pro- 
ducing a  list  of  ailments  too  numerous  to  mention  here.  Think  of  the 
legions  of  little  ones  who  have  been  the  victims  of  their  universal  fondness 
for  sweets,  and  who  so  frequently  suffer  from  the  gastric  troubles  which  are, 
in  a  large  degree,  the  result  of  sugar  indigestion.  How  many,  many  children 
have  perished  from  eating  candy  ? 

,  "The  importance  of  sugar  as  an  element  of  food  may  be  inferred 
from  the  large  proportion  of  the  elements  of  our  food  which  is  transformed 
by  the  action  of  the  digestive  organs,  into  the  constituents  of  sugar.  Consider 
the  proportion  of  bread,  potatoes  and  vegetables  that  we  consume  daily,  all 
of  which  must  undergo  this  saccharine  change  before  they  are  suitable  to  be 
appropriated  to  the  human  system;  it  may  give  an  approximate  idea  of  the 
amount  of  these  elements  that  are  required  to  nourish  our  bodies. 

"If,  therefore,  the  saccharine  comprises  so  large  a  part  of  the  elements 
of  our  food,  does  it  not  become  an  important  question  as  to  what  form  of 
sweet  is  the  most  appropriate  and  healthful  for  the  nutrition  of  the  human 
body  ?  For  the  reason  I  shall  hereafter  enumerate,  it  seems  to  me  that  you 
will  agree  with  me  that  honey  is  the  most  important  and  the  most  healthful 


zs^ 


54  FiRst  Anni!al  Report  v 

■  ^i»..—..  —  I..  ■  ■  ..         ■  ..  .1.-  — ■_i-i         -  i-i-.f.rr  tiiivi.  T.Fhm* 

because  it  is  absorbed  into  tho  system  without  change,  and,  because,  unlike 
sugars,  it  does  not  easily  undergo  fermentation.  The  formic  acid  which  is  an 
ingredient  of  honey  prevents  chemical  change  and  the  morbid  processes 
arising  from  decomposition  of  sugar. 

"Let  me  repeat  the  points  of  difference  in  ordinary  sugars  and  syrups,  and 
their  comparative  inferiority  to  honey  as  a  saccharine  food.  Honey  is  an  in- 
verted sugar  consisting  of  laevulose( fruit-sugar)  and  dextrose{starch-sugar)and 
readily  absorbed  into  the  system  without  being  acted  upon  by  the  gastric  juice, 
converting,  as  it  is  expressed  in  chemical  language,  inverting  it  into  dextrose 
and  Isevulous  before  it  is  susceptible  of  absorption  aud  assimilation  in  the 
blood.  When  thus  acted  upon  by  the  digestive  organs,  it  is  assimilable,  but 
in  case  of  weakness  of  digestion,  this  action  does  not  occur,  and  decomposi- 
tion is  sure  to  follow.  Honey  is  not  only  a  delicious  form  of  sweet  but  is  a 
very  healthful  and  nutritious  form  of  food.  It  aids  the  natural  functions  of 
the  alimentary  canal.  It  is  recommended  by  those  who  have  thus  used  it,  as 
a  refreshing  drink,  diluted  with  water  in  the  proportion  of  from  2  to  5  per 
cent,' 

"Pure  honey  should  always  be  freely  used  in  every  family — honey  eaten 
upon  wheat  bread  is  very  beneficial  to  health. 

"Further,  in  regard  to  bee-pasture  we  will  again  speak  of  clover.  The 
same  pasture  that  is  best  for  sheep  is  best  for  bees,  and  that  is  Alsike  clover. 
The  value  of  this  plant  to  the  bee-keeper  makes  it  worth  his  while  to  extend 
its  culture  in  every  possible  way.  In  inducing  his  farmer  neighbors  to  grow 
it  he  not  only  benefits  himself  but  also  his  neighbors  as  well.  Few  appreciate 
its  value.  Rightly  managed  it  may  be  made  to  yield  three  pi oducts— honey, 
hay  and  seed.  Which  in  a  little  more  than  a  year  are  equal  in  value  to  the 
land  on  which  it  grows. 

"With  isuitable  soil  and  in  competent  hands  ten  bushels  of  seed  to  the 
acre  is  a  possible  yield,  which  at  the  present  prices  (I7.50  to  $g  per  bushel) 
will  purchase  an  acre  of  good  farming  land  almost  anywhere.  Then  there 
are,  besides  the  seed,  the  hay  and  honey.  What  is  honey?  It  is  a  vegetable 
product,  not  made,  but  gathered  from  flowers  where  it  is  secreted  according 
to  the  rules  of  nature .  Each  flower  yields  honey  of  its  own  peculiar  flavor 
which  is  generally  recognized.  It  is  a  common  expression  that  honey  is  a 
luxury,  having  nothing  to  do  with  the  life  giving  principle.  This  is  an  error. 
Honey  is  food  in  one  of  its  most  concentrated  forms.  True,  it  does  not  add 
so  much  to  the  growth  of  muscle  as  beef  steak,  but  it  does  impart  other 
properties  no  less  necessary  to  health.  It  gives  warmth  to  the  system, 
arouses  nervous  energy  and  gives  vigor  to  all  the  vital  functions .  To  the 
laborer  it  gives  strength,  to  the  business  man  mental  force. 

"Mr.  Teft  offers  the  following  : 

"Sweeten  your  tea  and  coffee  with  extracted  honey  and  if  you  are 
troubled  with  gravel  it  will  cure  you.    It  is  a  true  brain  and  nerve  food  and 


State  Bee-Keepers    Association.  55 

tonic.  It  improves  the  appetite,  tones  the  system,  and  has  proven  to  be  of 
great  value  in  many  diseases,  producing  a  contraction  of  ihe  muscles,  of  the 
digestive  organs,  and  as  an  aid  to  c'igestion  it  is  wonderful  in  building  up  lost 
power.  It  is  a  cheap  remedy  for  the  consumptive,  and,  in  fact,  should  take 
the  place  of  sugar  in  many  things. 

"What  is  more  delicious  than  bread  broken  up  in  a  bowl,  covered  first 
with  honey  and  then  good  rich  milk.  It  gives  the  whole  system  a  feeling  of 
rest  and  delight.  Milk  neutralizes  any  ill  effects  this  sweetness  may  produce 
in  the  human  stomache. 

"It  is  an  excellent  remedy  for  the  Grippe  and  all  throat  and  lung  affec- 
tions, and  also  can  be  used  in  all  kinds  of  cooking  requiring  sweets. 

"Now,  Brethren,  we  have  named  a  few  good  reasons  (as  we  believe) 
why  bee-keeping  would  be  profitable  in  mixed  farming. 

'  'While  many  are  crying  farmers  are  making  nothing,  those  who  have 
fruit  to  eat  and  sell,  the  same  of  honey  and  the  other  things  we  have  named 
in  our  mixed  farming,  will  come  out  far  ahead  of  nothing,  for  large  things 
are  made  of  many  littles." 

A.  N.  Draper,  of  Upper  Alton,  111.,  visits  the  Turkey  Hill  Bee-Keepers' 
Association  on  Wednesday,  March  2.  We  extract  the  following  from  his 
letter  to  us  after  the  visit : 

"On  my  arrival  at  the  Turkey  Hill  Grange  Hall,  where  the  meeting  was 
to  be  held,  and  after  I  had  had  a  hearty  hand-shake  all  around  and  we  stood 
warming  ourselves  by  the  fire  and  discussing  some  of  the  hives  brought 
there  for  that  purpose,  we  noticed  the  young  men  and  young  ladies  were 
preparing  us  a  feast  of  fat  things.  It  was  not  long  until  the  table  was  fairly 
groaning  under  its  load  of  good  things;  around  which  we  were  presently  in- 
vited to  be  seated .  After  Mr.  Hertel  had  returned  thanks  we  proceeded  to 
do  ample  justice  to  the  excellent  viands  prepared  by  the  lady  bee-keepers. 

"While  the  men  were  feeding  their  horses  (in  the  sheds  for  that  purpose 
which  belong  to  Grange)  I  made  examination  for  white  clover  around  the 
campus.  You  will  find  none — or  very  little — said  Mr.  Flanagan.  There  is 
but  very  little  in  this  country  this  season .  I  looked  everywhere  I  had  an 
opportunity  while  at  or  in  the  neighborhood  and  found  his  statement  correct. 
When  we  returned  to  the  hall  we  found  the  table  and  all  signs  of  the  recent 
feast  cleared  away . 

"The  Turkey  Hill  Bee-Keepers'  Association  will  please  come  to  order ! 
called  President  Miller,  with  A.  G.  Fehr,  Secretary. 

"After  the  business  was  attended  to  an  essay  was  called  for  by  C.  P. 
D.adant.     But  it  had  missed  connections  somewhere. 

"Then  an  essay  was  read  from  a  gentleman  in  Iowa  who  had  formerly 
been  in  Belleville. 

"Mr.  Dintelmann  begged  oft  on  account  of  having  read  an  essay  on  the 
same  subject  at  a  former  meeting. 


V^"i^A^5i%i^i^&ir.^St2dlJ?5&^*'iiS-;^3t^iWJLsf',l  :;---';r'-iii',iii^i}-:'.'Ai^^'^-i-:--:':'*iV'^.'-^-;'^^^^^ 


56  First  Annual  Report. 


"Your  humble  servant  was  then  invited  to  read  an  essay  on  moving 
bees  for  the  average  bee-keeper  to  increase  the  honey  flow.     I  took  the 
ground  that  it  wouldn't  pay.     Then  Mr.  Hertel  followed  with  an  excellent 
essay  on  bee-keepnig  for  the  average  farmer.     After  discussing   various 
points  in  bee-keeing    President  Miller  called  on  'Brother  Draper'  to  explain 
the  objects,  purposes  and  mtentions  of  the  Illinois  State  Bee-Keepers'  Asso- 
ciation.    I  hardly  know  whether  I  can  fully  explain  all  their  ideas  and  inten- 
tions, I  replied.     But  I'll  do  the  best  I  can.     The  intention  is  to  do  all  the 
good  that  we  possibly  can  and  as  little  harm  as  possible;  not  only  for  the 
cause  of  bee  culture  in  the  State  of  Illinois,  but  for  the  whole  country,  as 
our  interests  are  virtually  the  same  the  country  over.     I  am  satisfied  th  it  if 
we  fiflid  been  thoroughly  organized  in  time  we  could  have  got  all  we  asked 
for.     As  it  is  we  will  not  receive  any  appropriation  for  the  World's  Fair. 
We  failed  with  the  Legislature  because  we  did  not  begin  in  time.     We  have 
failed  with  the  Agricultural  Committee  because  we  are  not  organized  all 
over  the  State.      Today  Madison  county  has  more  members  in  the  Illinois 
State  Bee-Keepers'  Association  than  all  the  rest  of  the  State  put  together. 
It  is  true,  that  through  the  heroic  efforts  of  Mr.  Hambaugh  and  some  of  his 
friends  there  has  been  an  annual  appropriation  of  I500  secured  to  publish  a 
report  of  the  proceedings  of  the  Society.     You,  here  in  St.  Clair  county, 
have  just  as  much  right  to  the  benefits  to  be  derived  from  this  Association 
as  any  bee-keepers  in  the  State.     All  you  need  to  do  is  to  contribute  your    • 
membership  fees  and  become  members,  when  you  will  have  all  the  privileges 
and  benefits  that  there  are  in  it.     Well,  'Can  we  not  affiliate  as  a  society?  and 
then  have  our  proceedings  published  along  with  the  proceedings  of  the  State 
Association  ?  the  same  as  the  horticulturists  do  it  ?'     I  believe  you  can,  but  I 
am  not  certain,  as  I  hardly  think  there  has  been  any  action  taken  on  that 
point  yet.     However,  I  would  advise  that  as  many  of  you  as  possibly  can 
join  as  members  and  we  will  try  and  have  this  idea  incorporated  along  with 
the  proceedings  of  the  State  Association. 

"The  following  gentlemen  then  handed  me  |i  each,  as  membership  fees 
to  the  Illinois  State  Association  :  E.  T.  Flanagan,  Belleville;  Peter  Miller, 
postoffice  box  832  Belleville;  Chas.  Hertel,  Freeburg;  L.  F.  Dintelmann, 
postoftice  box  78r  Belleville;  Jacob  Leibrock,  Mascoutah;  A.  G.  Fehr,  Belle- 
ville. The  Association  then  appointed  five  delegates  to  attend  the  next 
meeting  of  the  State  Association.  I  wish  not  only  all  the  local  societies  in 
the  State  would  follow  this  example,  but  also  all  the  Associations  in  the 
neighboring  States. 

"  'Where  will  the  next  meeting  be  ?'  Either  at  Springfield  or  Chicago. 
'Why  do  you  have  it  away  off  at  one  side  of  the  State?'  The  Northwestern 
Association  had  its  headquarters  at  Chicago.  It  proposed  that  if  the  Illinois 
State  Association  would  hold  one  meeting  a  year  in  Chicago  it  would  cease 
to  exist  and  give  the  entire  field  to  the  Illinois  State.  This  proposition  was  -^ 
accepted.    So  that  we  hope  to  secure  all  the  old  members  of  the  North- 


\  State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  57 

western.  The  meetings  at  Chicago  will  probably  be  very  interesting  on  this 
account .  And  I  would  earnestly  advise  all  of  you  who  can  to  attend  the 
meetings  at  Chicago. 

"  'Won't  this  meeting  detract  from  the  interest  of  the  meetings  at 
Springfield  ?'  Judging  from  our  meeting  at  Springfield  in  December  I  should  < 
say  most  emphatically,  No  !  What  we  need  to  do  is  to  make  our  meetings 
at  Springfield  so  interesting  that  every  bee-keeper  in  the  State,  and  every- 
where else,  will  attend  them.  In  fact  make  them  so  good  that  no  bee- 
keeper will  be  kept  away  on  any  account. 

"Then  followed  the  election  of  officers  for  the  ensuing  year.  When  the 
Association  was  adjourned. 

"This  was  the  most  enjoyable  meeting  of  bee-keepers  that  it  has  ever 
been  my  good  fortune  to  attend.  • 

"Several  of  the  bee-keepers  present  invited  me  to  go  home  with  them 
and  remain  over  night.  I  finally  accepted  Mr.  Flanagan's.  Mr.  Dintel- 
mann  rode  home  with  us.  He  is  the  rnan  that  made  the  translations  of 
those  interesting  articles  from  German  that  have  appeared  in  Gleanings 
from  time  to  time.  I  found  him  to  be  a  real  interesting  companion .  On 
our  ride  into  Belleville  Mr.  Flanagan  invited  him  to  spend  the  evening  with 
us,  which  he  did. 

"In  going  to  Mr.  Flanagan's  residence  we  noticed  a  large  factory  near 
by.  'That  is  the  Belleville  steel  works.  They  manufacture  Bessemer  steel 
rails  and  plates  and  other  necessary  fixtures  for  railroad  tracks.  'I  want  you 
to  visit  it  after  supper';  which  we  did.  And  I  found  it  very  interestmg.  I 
wish  you  would  tell  me  your  experience  with  foul  brood.  Didn't  you  have 
quite  a  time  with  it  when  you  took  your  bees  South  ?  'Yes,  sir.  1  have  lost 
thousands  of  dollars  from  the  ravages  of  foul  brood,  but  I  am  entirely  clear 
of  it  now.'  He  told  me  all  about  his  experience  with  it  and  in  moving,  &c. 
The  next  morning  we  looked  at  his  vinyard  and  his  orchards,  at  his  rasp- 
berry patch,  carp  ponds  (he  has  three  of  them).  'Do  you  see  that  little 
clump  of  trees  over  yonder  ?  That  is  where  I  was  born  '  Then  in  his  shop 
I  looked  at  his  comb  foundation  machines,  at  his  wax,  &c.  Do  you  make 
all  the  foundation  you  sell  ?  'No,  sir.  I  buy  of  the  Dadants.  However,  I 
make  some  of  it.'  He  then  showed  me  a  large  lot  that  he  had  in  stock, 
besides  over  two  carloads  of  dovetailed  bee  hives  and  a  half  a  carload  or 
more  of  very  fine  sections.  What  in  the  world  are  you  going  to  do  with  all 
this  stuff?  'Sell  it.  Last  year  I  ran  out  of  supplies  and  got  behind  with  my 
orders.  I  don't  intend  to  get  behind  this  season.'  His  shop,  house,  barn 
and  warehouse  were  jammed  full  of  the  various  different  kinds  of  the  most 
modern  bee  supplies.  'Well,  Mr.  Draper,  I  want  you  to  go  with  me  and  see 
my  friend  Fehr  before  you  leave .  We  have  plenty  of  time  yet  before  your 
train  will  leave . '  In  a  very  short  time  we  were  spinning  along  the  beautiful 
streets  of  Belleville  behind  a  splendid  colt.  We  pulled  up  in  front  of  a 
beautiful  store  with  the  sign  A.  G.  Fehr,  florist.     'Is  Mr.  Fehr  in?'  asked  Mr. 


58  First  Annual  Report 


Flanagan.  'No,  sir.  He  is  at  the  greenhouses.'  'All  right,  then  I  know 
where  to  find  him.'  A  short  ride  took  us  to  his  home.  After  looking 
through  half  a  dozen  greenhouses  we  found  Mr.  Fehr  busy  watering  his 
plants  with  a  long  hose  and  a  spraying  attachment  at  the  nozzle.  His 
houses  were  warmed  with  two  engines.  He  had  a  large  ci.«;tern  under  two 
of  the  central  houses  filled  with  water  and  gold  fish.  Large  quantities  of 
carnations  in  bloom,  roses,  tulips,  hyacinths,  violets,  &c.,  made  a  very 
attractive  appearance.  Then  we  looked  at  his  apiary,  which  consists  of  ten 
or  a  dozen  hives  from  there  to  his  poultry  yards.  He  had  some  magnificent 
Light  Brahma  chickens .  I  was  so  well  pleased  with  them  that  I  ordered  a 
setting  of  eggs,  forthwith.  'Mr.  Draper  we  must  go  as  it  is  train  time.'  By 
noon  I  was  at  Alton  again.  It  was  a  bright,  warm  day.  When  I  was  within 
a  quarter  of  a  mile  of  home  (this  was  on  March  3)  as  I  was  passing  under  a 
soft  maple  tree  I  was  astonished  to  hear  bees  humming.  On  looking  up  I 
found  the  tree  was  fairly  swarming  with  bees.  On  looking  closer  the  tree 
was  in  full  bloom .  The  bees  seemed  to  be  on  the  ground  and  over  the 
grass  just  as  thick  as  in  the  tree.  I  wondered  if  there  was  so  much  honey 
in  the  flowers  that  it  had  been  dripping  over  the  grass  in  sufficient  quantities 
to  attract  the  bees.  A  closer  examination  convinced  me  that  such  was  the 
case.  When  I  arrived  at  home  I  was  quickly  among  the  hives  and  found 
that  honey  was  coming  in  rapidly  in  the  strongest  hives,  while  the  weaker 
ones  were  getting  but  little. 


State  Bee-Keepers'  AssoctATioN.  5^ 


NORTHWESTERN  BEE-KEEPERS'  CONVENTION. 

W.  Z.  HUTCHINSON,  SECRETARY,  FLINT,  MICH. 

The  bee-keepers  of  the  Northwest  held  their  annual  meeting  at  the 
Commercial  Hotel,  in  Chicago,  on  Nov.  19  and  20. 

The  convention  was  called  to  order  at  9:45  a.  m.,  with  President  Miller 
in  the  chair.     The  exercises  were  commenced  with  a  prayer  by  A.  I.  Root. 

HONEY  QUOTATIONS  AND  GRADING. 

Thos.  G.  Newman — Commission  men  are  buying  honey  much  more 
than  in  the  past.  -  They  are  buying  instead  of  selling  on  commission. 

A.  N.  Draper — This  may  be  the  result  of  a  small  crop.  When  there  is 
a  small  crop  they  buy,  when  the  crop  is  large  they  sell  on  commission . 

President  Miller— Why  does  not  comb-honey  sell  for  more  than  16  cents 
when  there  is  such  a  scarcity? 

E.  T.  Abbott — Many  commission  men  in  St .  Louis  do  not  distinguish 
the  difference  between  poor  and  good  honey. 

President  Miller — I  often  get  higher  prices  for  honey  than  those  given  in 
the  quotations.  Others  have  reported  similarly.  This  is  an  injury  to  us . 
Men  see  the  quotations  and  sell  at  home  at  low  figures.  What  can  we  do 
about  it? 

Thos.  G.  Newman — We  send  out  postal  cards  all  ready  to  fill  out  to 
dealers,  and  try  to  give  fresh  reports. 

A.  I.  Root — This  is  substantially  what  we  do.  ^ 

W.  Z.  Hutchinson — It  looks,  on  the  face  of  it,  as  though  the  commission 
men  reported  honey  too  low.  I  know  a  man  who  sent  honey  to  a  commis- 
sion man  in  Chicago.  This  dealer  was  quoting  honey  at  15  cents,  yet  the 
honey  was  soon  sold  at  18  cent. 

Geo.  E.  Hilton — The  honey  in  Northern  Michigan  is  of  excellent  quality 
this  year.  It  is  from  the  great  willow  herb.  There  are  thousands  of  acres 
of  this  plant  25  miles  north  of  me.  I  think  we  confer  a  benefit  on  producers 
when  we  go  about  among  them  and  buy  their  honey  at  a  shilling  a  pound. 


-.1':'  -  .V\;^ -r^^TSSWl 


60  First  Annual  Report 

B.Taylor — I  want  to  put  mjjself  in  opposition  to  any  attempt  at  "corner- 
ing" honey.  There  is  never  any  corner  on  any  product  until  it  has  passed 
out  of  the  hands  of  the  producers .  I  sell  my  own  honey.  Not  near  home, 
however.  I  load  a  car  and  push  out  west.  In  Minnesota  the  quotations  are 
not  above  the  prices  paid . 

E.  T.  Abbott — Suppose  we  ask  dealers  how  much  they  will  pay  for 
honey? 

A.  N.  Draper — Honey  is  often  quoted  too  !ow.  The  market  reports 
are  made  up  of  quotations  upon  different  articles.  I  think  the  honey  quota- 
tions are  taken  from  the  price-current  sheets. 

President  Miller — They  do  not  do  this. 

G.  K.  Hubbard — Why  not  ask  dealers  to  say  for  how  much  they  have 
actually  sold  honey? 

Thomas  G.  Newman — They  will  not  do  this.  Theysay:  "We  quote 
honey  so  and  so,"  but  they  do  not  give  reports  of  sales. 

President  Miller — I  do  not  say  it  to  boast,  but  I  suppose  I  once  raised 
the  price  of  honey  2  cents  a  pound  in  Chicago.  I  went  around  to  the  papers 
and  showed  them  I  had  made  actual  ?ales  at  2  cents  above  the  quoted  prices, 
and  the  papers  put  up  their  quotations . 

M.  H.  Mandelbaum  (with  S.  T.  Fish  &  Co.) — I  will  fill  out  any  blanks 
that  the  bee-periodicals  will  furnish . 

A.  B.  Mason — I  see  no  objections  to  dealers  saying  for  how  much  their 
honey  is  sold . 

E.  T.  Abbott — I  do  not  care  to  tell  at  what  figures  I  sell  honey.  I  am 
willing  to  tell  what  I  pay,  but  it  is  nobody's  business  what  I  sell  it  for. 

President  Miller — We  are  mixing  things.  I  think  Brother  Abbott  is 
willing  to  tell  what  he  pays  for  his  honey.  • 

E.  T.  Abbott— Certainly. 
President  Miller — If  a  man  is  selling  on  commission,  it  is  also  proper  that 
he  should  tell  at  what  price  he  sells.  If  he  buys  and  sells,  it  is,  as  Brother 
Abbott  says,  nobody's  business  at  what  price  he  sells  In  connection  with 
this  matter,  there  is  the  question  of  grading  honey.  How  should  the  differ- 
ent grades  be  distinquished? 

Thomas  G.  Newman — Many  of  the  troubles  we  have  been  discussing 
arise  from  the  lack  of  a  standard  in  grading  honey. 

A.I.  Root— We  have  no  end  to  troubles  and  losses  because  the  honey 
sent  us  as  first-grade  honey  is  not  what  we  call  first-grade. 

On  motion  of  A.  B.  Mason,  a  committee  of  seven  was  appointed  to 
draft  a  standard  of  grading  for  honey.  The  committee  appointed  was  as  fol- 
lows: A.  B.  Mason,  M.  H.  Mandelbaum,  George  E.  Hilton,  Byron  Walker, 
M.  M.  Baldridge,  Mrs.  L.  Harrison  and  W.  Z.  Hutchinson. 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association,  6i 


PAYING  DUES. 

A  recess  was  now  taken  when  the  following  members  paid  their  dues: 

Thomas  G.  Newman,  Chicago,  111. 

C.  C.  Miller,  Morengo,  111. 

J .  S .  Seeley,  Oswego,  111. 

M.  M.  Baldridge,  St.  Charles.  111. 

E.  T.  Abbott,  St.  Joseph,  Mo. 

E.  Whittlesy,  Pecatonica,  111. 

J.  M.  Hambaugh,  Spring,  111. 

Chas.  E.  Hilton,  Fremont,  Mich. 

A.  I.  Root,  Medina,  Ohio. 

I.  Schirer,  Petona,  111. 

A.  N.  Draper,  Upper  Alton,  111 

M.  H.  Mandelbaum,  Chicago,  111.  . 

B.  Taylor,  Forestville,  Minn. 
Frank  Seeley.  Yorkville,  111. 

W.  C.  Lyman,  Downer's  Grone,  111. 

Byron  Walker,  Capac,  Mich. 

W.  A.  Vance,  Glencoe,  111. 

O.  O.  Poppleton,  Hawk's  Park,  Fla. 

G.  K.  Hubbard,  Ft.  Wayne.  Ind. 

J.  C.  Wheeler,  Piano,  111. 

W.  Z.  Hutchinson,  Flint,  Mich. 

John  Rehorst,  New  Hampton,  Iowa. 

W.  P.  Fulmar,  Wheaton,  111. 

N.  Straininger,  Tipton,  Iowa. 

A.  B.  Mason,  Auburndale,  Ohio. 

J .  H .  Larrabee,  Agricultural  College,  Mich. 

Frank  Blecka,  Elgin,  111. 

E.  S.  Hubbard,  Oil  City,  Iowa. 

A.  Y.  Baldwin,  DeKalb,  III. 

C.  P.  Dadant,  Hamilton,  111. 

N.  L.  Stow,  South  Evanston,  111. 

G.  W.  Redmond,  Paris,  111 . 

R.  R.  Murphy,  Garden  Plains,  111. 

J.  A.  Green,  Dayton,  111. 

R.  A.  Burnett,  Chicago,  111. 

E.  W.  Farrar,  Downer's  Grove,  111. 

J.  Forncrook,  Watertown,  Wis. 

LADY  MEMBERS. 

Mrs.  L.  Harrison,  Peoria,  III. 
Mrs.  G.  K.  Hubbard,  Ft.  Wayne,  Ind. 
Mrs.  N.  L.  Stow,  South  Evanston,  111. 
Miss  Emma  Wilson,  Monrengo,  111. 
Miss  Zetta  Strong,  Ottawa,  111. 


62  First  Annual  Report 


APIARIAN   EXPERIMENTS  AT   LANSING. 

When  the  meeting  was  again  called  to  order,  President  Miller  said  that  the 
Secretary  had  informed  him  of  the  presence  of  Mr.  }.  H.  Larrabbae,  who  has 
charge  of  the  apiarian  experiments  at  the  Agricultural  College  of  Michigan, 
and  he  (the  Secretary)  had  suggested  that  perhaps  Mr.  Larrabee  would  like 
to  have  bee-keepers  tell  him  what  experiments  they  would  like  to  have  him 
try.  For  one  thing  the  President  would  like  to  learn  what  Mr.  L.  had 
already  done. 

J .  H .  Larrabee — We  have  made  some  experiments  to  determine  how 
many  pounds  of  honey  are  consumed  in  secreting  one  pound  of  wax.  We 
have  also  decided  not  to  experiment  further  in  planting  for  honey. 

J.  A.  Green — Why  have  vou  so  decided? 

y .  H .  Larrabee — It  takes  too  manv  acres  of  plants  to  do  any  good .  We 
had  eight  acres  of  rape  near  the  apiary,  but  it  seemed  to  furnish  no  honey . 

O.  O.  Poppleton — Practical  bee-keepers  decided  long  ago  that  it  did 
not  pay  to  plant  for  honey  alone .  But  an  experiment  of  even  eight  acres  of 
rape  for  one  year  is  not  conclusive .  Some  years  the  fields  are  white  with 
the  bloom  of  clover  yet  no  honey  is  secured. 

President  Miller— I  think  it  would  be  well  if  the  results  of  these  experi- 
ments could  be  given  monthly.  Many  who  read  them  might  thereby  get 
helphil  hints,  or  might  be  able  to  help  the  experimentor  in  a  similar  manner. 
Perhaps  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  might  not  like  to  have  Mr .  Larrabee 
"give  away"  this  matter  m  advance  of  his  report  to  the  Government,  but 
I  presume  the  Secretary  does  but  little  reading  of  the  bee-periodicals,  and 
probably  would  know  nothing  of  the  matter. 

J.  H.  Larrabee — It  is  Dr.  C.  V.  Riley  to  whom  I  report.  I  presume 
he  reads  bee- literature  more  or  less.  It  is  quite  likely  he  would  not  object 
to  my  giving  in  advance  to  the  bee-periodicals  the  results  of  my  experiments . 
It  would  certainly  do  no  harm  to  ask  him . 

Upon  motion  of  J .  A .  Green  the  Secretary  was  instructed  to  write  to 
Dr.  Riley  and  ask  permission  for  Mr.  Larrabee  to  publish  in  advance,  in 
the  bee-periodicals,  the  results  of  experiments  when  he  thought  best  to 
do  so. 

CONTRACTION   OF   THE    BROOD-NEST   IN   WINTERING. 

In  reply  to  a  question  C  P.  Dadant  said  he  did  not  contract  unless  the 
combs  were  empty,  or  the  colony  weak.  His  hives  contain  nine  Quinby 
frames.     If  the  bees  occupy  seven  combs  he  would  not  remove  any. 

A.I.  Root — I  do  not  advocate  eight  frame  hives,  but  you  know  the  boys 
do.  They  say  that  taking  off  the  upper  story  contracts  sufficiently  for 
winter. 

President  Miiler — I  have  about  concluded  that  the  man  who  uses  eight 
frame  hives  must  feed  the  bees  in  the  fall  or  spring— perhaps  both. 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  '63 

A.I.  Root — Would  it  not  pay  better  to  contract  and  get  the  honey  in 
the  sections  where  we  can  sell  it  for  18  cents,  and  then  feed  up  on  granulated 
sugar? 

C.  P.  Dadant — We  have  found  it  pays  better  to  leave  in  plenty  of  honey, 
as  the  bees  breed  up  better  in  the  spring. 

President  Miller — Is  a  comb  full  of  honey  that  will  not  be  used  in  the 
winter  or  spring  of  any  advantage? 

0.0.  Poppleton— Yes;  it  gives  the  bees  confidence  to  go  ahead  and 
use  what  honey  they  need . 

B.  Taylor — I  am  willing  to  go  to  the  trouble  of  taking  out  any  extra  comb 
in  the  fall,  and  returning  it  in  the  spring.  A  comb  not  covered  with  bees 
can  be  kept  much  better  out  of  the  hive.  The  more  completely  the  combs 
are  covered  with  bees  the  better,  provided  there  is  sufficient  stores .  It  is 
surprising  to  see  into  how  small  a  space  bees  can  be  crowded  in  the  fall. 

VERBAL   STATISTICS. 

President  Miller  said  that  after  reaching  home  and  reading  over  a  report 
of  a  meeting  we  often  .find  that  some  man  was  there  whom  we  were  particu- 
larly anxious  to  meet,  but  we  did  not  know  he  was  there .  If,  by  means  of 
a  badge,  or  some  other  manner,  we  learn  that  a  stranger  whom  we  meet  is 
bee-keeper,  we  immediately  wish  to  know,  and  probably  ask  his  name,  then 
his  place  of  residence,  next  how  many  colonies  he  has,  then  how  much 
honey  he  secured  this  year.     That  is  about  the  way  it  goes. 

He  proposed  that  each  one  stand  up  in  turn  and  tell  his  name,  residence, 
number  of  colonies  and  yield  per  colony.  This  was  done  and  proved  quite 
interesting,  as  well  as  amusing  in  some  instances .  If  this  could  be  done 
sometime  during  the  first  day,  it  would  help  some  in  making  acquaintances . 

P<iEVENTION   OF  SWARMING. 

A.I.  Root  said:  Get  a  race  of  bees  that  will  not  swarm,  the  same  as 
we  now  have  non-sitting  strains  of  poultry. 

President  Miller — Is  not  the  thing  possible? 

0.0.  Poppleton — I  have  several  times  tried  buying  queens  that  were 
cracked  up  for  this  or  that — among  other  things  that  of  non  swarming — but 
I  have  quit  it.     It  is  no  go. 

J.  A.  Green — Bees  may  not  swarm  for  a  year  or  two,  then  they  go  at  it 
again . 

C.  P.  Dadant — For  15  years  we  have  had  very  few  swarms.  We  give 
plenty  of  empty  comb  in  which  to  store  the  honey.  If  we  wait  until  the  bees 
have  the  swarming  fever  before  giving  the  room,  it  will  not  prevent  swarm- 
ing. Excluding  the  queen  from  a  portion  of  the  hive  also  has  a  tendency  to 
cause  swarming. 

J.  A.  Green — I  did  not  have  a  swarm  from  60  colonies  where  queen- 
excluders  were  used. 


ifS^S:  ;i«*'^.>A:S!s'ri ; '■ 


64  First  Annual  Report 

W.  Z.  Hutchinson — For  three  years  I  have  sold  my  tested  queens  in  the 
spring,  replacing  them  with  young  queens  from  the  south.  When  the  young 
queens  were  introduced  before  the  swarming  fever  set  in  no  swarming  fol- 
lowed. In  only  one  instance  did  a  swarm  issue,  and  then  the  queen  was  im- 
perfect in  some  respect.  She  laid  only  a  few  eggs  and  the  bees  seemed  dis- 
satisfied . 

C.  P.  Dadant — The  presence  of  drones  has  a  great  influence  on  swarm- 
ing. One  reason  why  bees  with  a  young  queen  are  less  likely  to  swarm  is 
that  a  young  queen  does  not  lay  so  many  drone  eggs. 

J.  A.  Creen — I  think  something  might  be  done  with  traps  in  the  way 
of  getting  drones  out  of  the  hive. 

C .  P .  Dadant — It  is  better  not  to  rear  them . 

B.  Taylor — I  am  inclined  to  agree  with  Brother  Dadant  that  drones 
have  a  great  influence  on  swarming.  1  also  got  some  hmts  from  his  idea  on 
keeping  a  swarm  a  while  before  returning  it  to  its  hive. 

DO   BEES   INJURE   CROPS   BY   TAKING  AWAY  HONEY. 

A.I.  Root — I  believe  Professor  Cook  has  answered  this  question  in  the 
papers  by  saying  that  they  do  not. 

B.  Taylor — Bees  are  needed  to  fertilize  blossoms,  and  nature  commits 
no  fraud . 

President  Miller — We  are  inclined  to  decide  as  we  wish  it  to  be.  If  we 
say  that  honey  is  evaporated  if  the  hees  do  not  gather  it,  it  is  nonsense. 
I  saw  honey  last  winter  in  blossoms  that  had  faded  in  my  room . 

} .  H .  Larrabee — If  the  nectar  is  found  dried  down,  it  is  proof  that  the 
plant  does  not  appropriate  it . 

President  Miller — Perhaps  the  honey  left  in  the  blossom  is  a  benefit  to 
the  stock  that  eats  the  hay.  There  is  no  doubt  that  the  gathering  of  the 
nectar  is  a  benefit,  on  the  whole,  but  let  us  not  say  that  the  carrying  away  of 
the  nectar  is  no  injury  to  the  plant. 

C.  P.  Dadant — The  blossoms  yield  honey  and  an  essential  oil.  The 
latter  gives  the  perfume.  The  oil  and  water  may  be  evaporated,  but  the 
saccharine  portion  of  honey  cannot  be  evaporated,  as  we  all  know. 

BEES   INJURING  GRAPES. 

A.I.  Root — In  California  bees  destroy  grapes  while  they  are  being  dried 
into  raisins.  This  has  become  so  serious  a  matter  that  in  many  places  the 
bees  are  moved  to  some  other  locality. 

A.  B.  Mason — One  grape-grower  near  Cleveland  told  me  that  the 
absence  of  bees  caused  him  a  loss  of  I500  in  one  seoson.  Whenever  a  grape 
cracks  it  soon  spoils.  The  bees  suck  the  juices  from  the  cracked  fruit  and 
save  the  labor  of  removing  the  injured  fruit. 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Associat^n.  65 

1 

\  ■■,■■. 

C.  P.  Dadant — Bees  cannot  bite  ■  They  can  take  hold  of  any  fibre,  in  a 
fibrous  material,  and  pull  it  out.  They  cannot  bite  the  srhooth  surface  of  a 
grape  any  more  than  a  man  can  bite  a  piece  out  of  a  plastered  well. 

President  Miller — Last  year  when  there  was  nothing  for  the  bees  to 
gather  they  did  not  eat  the  grapes.     If  they  could  why  did  they  not  do  it. 

FINDING   QUEENS. 

The  question  was  asked  :     "How  long  will  it  take  to  find  the  queens  in 
fifty  colonies  early  in  June  ?" 
J.  A.  Green — Four  hours. 

A.  I.  Root — If  the  frames  were  metal  covered,  and  the  colonies  not  too 
strong,  such  as  we  use  in  queen  rearing,  I  could  find  the  queens  at  the  rate 
of  one  in  two  minutes — perhaps  one  in  a  minute. 

M.  M.  Baldridge— I  have  a  way  of  finding  queens  without  taking  out  a 
comb.  I  rap  on  the  hive,  then  raise  the  cover,  and  find  the  queen  on  top  of 
the  frames.  By  using  a  hive  with  a  raised  cover,  such  as  Mr.  Root  makes  for 
the  Simplicity,  I  can  drive  the  bees  up  into  the  cover,  where  they  will 
cluster.  By  waiting  a  little  while  most  of  the  bees  will  go  back,  and  only  a 
little  cluster  will  remain,  but  the  queen  will  be  found  in  the  cluster.  The  old 
bees  go  back  first .  , 

WAX    SECRETION. 

M.  M.  Baldridge  said  a  certain  man  in  Wisconsin  told  him  that  bees  do 
not  build  comb  from  the  scales  that  are  found  between  the  abdominal  rings. 
He  asserts  that  these  little  scales  are  simply  waste  material .  If  the  wax  was' 
made  from  these  little  scales  there  would  naturally  be  an  occasional  scale 
left  hanging,  or  partly  detached.  This  is  never  seen.  The  combs  are 
always  smooth  and  complete.  This  man  thought  that  the  combs  might  be 
made  frora  a  sort  of  oil .  - 

Messrs.  Abbott  and  Mason  stated  that  they  had  often  seen  the  bees 
using  these  scales  of  wax  in  comb-building.  One  bee  would  stick  to  a  scale, 
another  would  come  along  and  give  it  a  pat  or  a  pinch,  then  another,  etc., 
etc.,  and  the  wonder  was  that  comb  could  be  so  accurately  made  as  it  is 
with  such  helter-skelter  work. 

President  Miller — It  looks  to  me  as  though  this  matter  is  not  worth  dis- 
cussing. If  such  a  communication  as  this  should  be  sent  to  one  of  the  bee 
periodicals  I  think  it  would  go  into  the  wastebasket.  How  is  it.  Brother 
Root? 

A.  I.  Root- -Unless  it  came  from  some  scientist,  or  one  in  whom  we 
had  confidence,  I  think  that  would  be  the  fate  of  such  an  article. 

President  Miller— The  whole  matter  reminds  me  very  much  of  a  man  by 
the  name  of  Cox — a  Dr.  Cox — who  went  about  selling  a  hive  in  which  he 


66  First  Annual  Report. 

claimed  that  comb  would  grow .     If  we  would  only  keep  the  bees  in  this 
hive,  and  put  them  in  a  warm  cellar,  the  comb  would  grow,  even  in  winter. 
If  it  is  a  fair  question,  and  you  have  no  objection,  Mr.  Baldridge,  I  wish  you 
would  tell  us  who  this  person  was  that  made  such  assertions. 
M.  M.  Baldridge— Dr.  Cox. 

There  was  silence  for  a  moment,  then  there  went  up  such  a  shout  of 
laughter  that  the  cooks  from  the  hotel  kitchen  heard  it,  and  peeped  slyly  in 
at  a  side  door  to  see  what  caused  the  merriment. 

ARE   DI.VISION-BOARDS   NECESSARY? 

E.  T.  Abbott — I  have  used  them,  but  can  see  no  advantage  in  their  use. 

W.  Z.  Hutchinson — What  better  is  a  division-board  than  a  comb? 

A.  B.  Mason — There  is  a  space  around  the  outside  of  a  frame  that 
allows  the  heat  to  escape . 

W.  Z.  Hutchinson — True,  but  much  depends  upon  the  material  of 
which  a  division  board  is  composed.  If  this  room  was  cold,  and  we  wished 
to  divide  it  into  two  apartments,  with  a  view  to  warming  one  of  them,  a 
division  made  of  buffalo  robes  might  be  more  desirable  than  one  of  cotton 
cloth,  even  though  the  latter  fitted  the  walls  snugly,  while  around  the  edge 
of  the  former  was  an  open  space  of  a  few  inches . 

President  Miller — The  thermometer  should  settle  these  matters.  Very 
carefully  conducted  experiments  indicate  that  a  comb,  even  with  a  space 
around  it,  is  better  than  a  division-board  of  wood  that  fits  the  hive  closely. 

J.  A.  Green — When  closed-end  frames  are  used  they  do  away  with  the 
space  around  the  frames. 

J.  H.  Larrabee — I  have  tried  experiments  with  a  lamp  and  thermometer 
in  a  hive,  to  decide  which  were  preferable,  combs  or  division-boards,  and  a 
dry  comb,  or  one  full  of  honey,  is  as  good  as  a  division-board . 

E.  T.  Abbott— Space  around  the  edge  of  a  frame  amounts  to  but  little 
in  this  matter.  The  bees  between  the  combs  on  the  outside  of  the  cluster 
keep  in  almost  all  of  the  heat ;  the  comb  that  is  on  the  outside  of  the  cluster 
yet  with  which  the  bees  are  in  contact,  is  a  better  non-conductor  of  heat  than 
an  inch  board. 

CONSOLIDATION  OF  THE  NORTHWESTERN  WITH  THE  ILLINOS  STATE  SOCIETY. 

It  was  thought  desirable  that  the  Northwestern  Society  should  have  the 
benefit  of  the  $500  granted  by  the  State  of  Illinois  to  the  Illinois  State  Bee- 
Keepers'  Association.  The  Northwestern  has  a  good  membership  and 
attendance,  but  no  money  to  work  with  except  what  little  comes  in  as  fees . 
The  Illinois  State  Association  is  a  new  society,  but  has  money  to  work  with . 
It  was  thought  desirable  for  the  two  societies  to  be  united  and  combine  their 
forces,  hence  it  was  decided  by  vote  that  the  Northwestern  be  merged  into 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  67 


the  Illinois  State  Society,  provided  that  the  Illinois  State  Association  will 
accept  of  the  Northwestern,  and  will  agree  to  hold  one  meeting  more  if 
necessary  every  year  in  Chicago.  If  the  Illinois  State  Association  accepts 
these  terms,  then  the  election  of  officers  of  the  Northwestern  will  be  void. 
All  the  old  officers  were  re-elected. 

THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  CONVENTION. 

C.  P.  Dadant,  Secretary  of  the  North  American  Society,  urged  bee- 
keepers to  attend  the  coming  meeting  at  Albany,  N.  Y.  There  has  probably 
never  been  such  a  gathering  of  notables  in  the  bee-keeping  ranks  as  will 
assemble  at  Albany.  Several  important  questions  are  to  be  brought  up. 
Cheap  sugar  stares  us  in  the  face,  and  at  Albany  the  question  of  securing  a 
bounty  on  honey  will  be  thoroughly  discussed.  It  was  surprising,  the  Secre- 
tary said,  how  few  men  worked  for  and  secured  the  appropriations  for  the 
Illinois  State  Bee-Keepers' Society. 

THE   BOUNTY   ON   HONEY. 

A.I.  Root  said  that  if  bee-keepers  had  a  bounty  on  honey  the  farmers 
would  want  a  bounty  on  wheat  and  potatoes. 

J .  H .  Larrabee — If  the  lowering  of  the  price  of  sugar  affects  the  price  of 
honey  then  honey  producers  are  just  as  much  entitled  to  a  bounty  as  are  the 
sugar  producers. 

R.  A.  Burnett — Honey  is  a  commodity  of  itself.  It  is  used  for  the  pur- 
poses of  which  sugar  will  not  answer.  I  cannot  see  that  lowering  the  price 
of  suffar  has  affected  the  price  of  honey  at  all. 

J.  A.  Green— I  have  frequently  heard  grocerymen  say  that  the  low  price 
of  sugar  has  had  an  effect  on  the  price  and  sale  of  honey .  Consumers  say  : 
"We  can't  afford  to  pay  so  much  for  honey  when  we  can  make  a  syrup  so 
much  cheaper  out  of  sugar,  and  we  like  it  nearly  as  well." 

C.  P.  Dadant — There  are  jellies  and  other  sauces  in  the  manufacture  of 
which  sugar  is  used  and  these  sauces  come  into  competition  >vith  honey. 

HONEY    EXHIBITS   AT   THE   WORLD's    FAIR. 

Dr.  Mason  said  that  he  had  visited  the  chief  of  the  Agricultural  Depart- 
ment of  the  World's  Fair  and  had  been  told  that  about  ten  feet  square  was 
as  much  space  as  could  be  given  to  each  State  for  making  an  apiarian 
exhibit.  This  would  put  us  on  our  metal  to  do  our  very  best  in  a  small 
space.  ■  \-:' 

J .  M .  Hambaugh — The  part  of  the  appropriation  for  making  an  apiarian 
exhibit  at  the  World's  Fair  has  not  yet  been  allotted  by  the  Illinois  State 
Board  of  Agriculture .  It  is  really  important  that  this  Society  should  take 
action,  or  express  its  wishes  in  this  direction. 


±-i^:A-^.iiJ'^:Si:- 


68  First  Annual  Report 


Dr.  Mason  moved  that  a  committee  be  appointed  to  bring  the  matter 
before  the  Board .     Carried . 

J.  M.  Hambaugh  was  appointed  as  that  committee,  and  drew  up  the 
following  petition  : 

To  the  Honorable  Board  of  Agriculture  of  the  State  of  Illinois  : 

The  members  of  the  Northwestern  Bee-Keepers'  Society,  in  convention 
assembled,  do  hereby  respectfully  petition  your  honorable  body  to  allot,  for 
a  creditable  exhibit  of  the  products  and  appliances  of  the  apiary,  a  just  pro- 
portion of  the  amount  appropriated  by  the  Illinois  State  Legislature  for  the 
display  of  the  agricultural  products  of  this  State  at  the  Columbian  Exposi- 
tion to  be  held  in  the  city  of  Chicago  in  1893. 

J.  M.  Hambaugh,  Chairman. 
Adopted. 

THE   GRADING   OF   HONEY. 

The  committee  appointed  to  formulate  a  set  of  rules  for  the  grading  of 
honey  was  called  upon  to  report,  when  it  was  found  that  not  even  two  mem- 
bers could  be  found  who  could  agree.  It  seemed  a  hopeless  task  to  try  to 
do  anything.  Finally  each  member  was  called  upon  to  read  over  the  rules 
for  grading  honey  which  had  been  presented  to  the  committee.  After  some 
discussion  the  rules  given  by  Mr.  Baldridge  seemed  to  meet  with  the  least 
opposition,  and  the  President  suggested  that  Mr.  Baldridge  read  the  first 
section  and  the  convention  would  discuss  and  vote  upon  it.  By  going  step 
by  step  it  might  be  possible  to  agree  upon  something — enough  to  make  a 
start .  The  point  upon  which  there  seemed  to  be  the  greatest  disagreement 
was  whether  the  word  white  should  be  applied  when  describing  the  first 
grade,  it  being  argued,  with  a  good  show  of  reason,  that  there  were  first 
grades  of  buckwheat  and  Spanish-needle  honey,  as  well  as  of  clover  and 
basswood .  On  the  other  hand  it  was  asserted  that  by  common  consent  it 
came  to  be  understood  that  only  white  honey  was  first-class.  The  following 
are  the  rules  as  they  were  amended  and  finally  adopted  by  the  convention, 
for  honey  in  the  comb,  crated  : 

First  Grade — All  sections  to  be  well  filled;  combs  straight,  of  even  thick- 
ness, and  firmly  attached  to  all  four  sides;  both  wood  and  comb  to  be 
unsoiled  by  travel-stain  or  otherwise;  all  the  cells  sealed  and  the  honey  of 
uniform  color. 

Second  Grade — All  sections  well  filled,  but  with  combs  uneven  or 
crooked,  detached  at  the  bottom,  or  with  but  few  cells  unsealed;  both  wood 
and  comb  unsoiled  by  travel-stain,  or  otherwise,  and  the  honey  of  uniform 
color. 

Third  Grade — Sections  with  wood  or  comb,  or  both,  travel  stained  or 
otherwise  much  soiled,  and  such  as  are  less  than  three-fourths  filled  with 
honey,  whether  sealed  or  unsealed;  and  crates  containing  two  or  more  colors. 


i^i^Sisi'di*.' — ■=:■.--'--.  -.•-■;. .-■i.ja.:.Addiwn^:.«S-r>-'r-  .~^.  .'.r^ ..-.h  r...       v.  .■.■- :;..:    jih-I.  ,  .i^g.'.  ':i-'-\^..^--.\.'J.,.^,*-...,^J.^  «.-.-. ,---;^*,.-ii,..';j..-:i  ■,-..A.w".i.i.r.j.-j.,  , 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  69 

The  society  voted  to  adopt  the  foregoing  rules  as  a  whole,  and  to 
request  the  Secretary  to  present  them  to  the  North  American  Bee-Keepers' 
Association  at  its  next  meeting,  at  Albany,  for  consideration,  revision  and 
adoption. 

Following  the  above  rules,  Mr.  Baldridge  had  a  note,  which  read  as 
follows  : 

Note — The  color  of  the  honey  to  be  known  as  light,  medium  and  dark; 
the  crates  to  be  unsoiled,  but  if  otherwise,  the  honey  in  such  crates  to  be 
classed  in  the  next  grade  below  the  one  indicated  in  the  instructions. 

Fourth  Grade — All  crates  filled  with  honey  not  described  in  any  of  the 
foregoing  grades . 

The  convention  did  not  see  fit  to  adopt  these  "notes."  If  felt  that  it 
had  done  enough  without  that.  It  had  made  a  commencement .  Now  we 
have  something  to  work  on,  to  discuss,  and  to  free  trom  fault.  The  adop- 
tion oi  these  rules  was  really  the  most  important  work  done  by  the  conven- 
tion, and  perhaps  the  most  important  that  will  be  done  by  any  convention 
this  year. 

BEST  SIZE  FOR   SHIPPING  CRATES. 

Very  properly  following  the  discussion  on  the  grading  of  honey,  came 
the  question  of  the  most  desirable  size  for  shipping  crates . 

E .  T .  Abbott  moved  that  the  crates  should  hold  a  single  tier,  ranging 
in  weight  from  12  to  48  pounds. 

R.  A.  Burnett — I  should  advise  no  crates  to  hold  more  than  24  pounds. 
M.  H.  Mandelbaum — I  quite  agree  with  Mr .  Burnett  in  that. 
E.  Walker — I  would  not  think  oi  using  any  crate  holding  two  tiers. 
Mr.   Abbott's  motion  was  then  finally  amended  and  carried  in  this 
revised  form : 

Resolved,  That  the  Northwestern  Bee-Keepers'  Society  advise  the  use 
of  single  tier  crates,  holding  12  to  24  pounds. 

PACKAGE   FOR   EXTRACTED   HONEY. 

Mr.  Mandelbaum  advocated  the  use  of  tin  cans  (60  pounds)  for  shipping 
extracted  honey,  putting  two  cans  in  a  case. 

O.  O.  Poppleton — Chas.  F.  Muth  wants  nothing  but  barrels . 
A.  N.  Draper — I  use  empty  glucose  barrels.     I  get  them  at  the  candy 
factory,  where  they  cost  me  only  50  cents. 

E.  T.  Abbott — My  business  is  largely  the  selling  of  honey.  It  is  put  up 
in  the  Muth  jars,  and  is  sold  in  the  liquid  state .  If  I  find  any  beginning  to 
candy  in  the  hands  of  a  dealer  I  take  it  away  and  liquefy  it.     I  do  not  like  to 


^„i£M 


70  First  Annual  Report 

buy  honey  in  barrels,  because  if  the  honey  is  candied  I  must  knock  out  the 
head  and  dig  out  the  honey.  When  honey  is  in  a  tin  can  I  can  put  it  in 
warm  water  to  liquefy  it,  and  it  will  run  out. 

It  was  voted  that  the  Secretary  be  paid  the  balance  remaining  in  the 
treasury  after  paying  all  legitimate  bills. 

The  Treasurer,  Thomas  G.  Newman,  said  that  there  were  no  debts 
to  pay. 

A  vote  of  thanks  was  then  given  the  proprietor  of  the  Commercial  Hotel 
for  his  kindness  in  furnishing  free  a  room  in  which  to  hold  the  convention, 
and  to  Mr.  Newman  for  making  all  the  arrangements  for' the  meeting  ;  that 
we  were  sorry  for  his  indisposition,  and  hope  .for  his  complete  restoration  to 
health  and  strength . 

CASES   FOR   HOLDING   SHIPPING  CRATES. 

Byron  Walker  exhibited  a  crate  similar  to  the  one  he  submitted  to  Mr. 
J.  T.  Ripley,  whereby  he  secured  the  ruling,  allowing  the  glass  in  the  crates 
to  be  shown,  if  protected.  The  slats  in  the  case  come  opposite  to  the  glass 
in  the  crates,  but  do  not  entirely  conceal  it. 

J .  A .  Green  advised  that  the  handles  be  put  on  in  such  a  manner  that 
the  combs  run  parallel  with  the  handles,  as  there  would  be  less  liklihood  of 
the  comb  being  broken  if  one  end  of  the  case  be  dropped  down  first. 

The  convention  then  adjourned,  and  it  is  probably  the  last  convention 
the  Northwestern  will  hold  under  that  name,  but  the  conventions  that  will 
be  held  in  Chicago  each  fall  will  be  the  same  as  they  have  been,  with  the 
additional  advantage  of  having  money  to  use  for  its  furtherenee. 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  71 


NATIONAL  BEE-KEEPERS'  UNION. 

OFFICERS   FOR    1892. 

President — ^James  Hedden. 

Vice  Presidents — G.  M.  Doolittle,  Prof.  A.  J.  Cook,  G.  W.  Demaree, 
A.  I.  Root,  Dr.  C.  C.  Miller. 

Manager,  Secretary  and  Treasurer — Thos.  G.  Newman . 

Following  is  an  address  by  the  General  Manager  setting  forth  the  im- 
portance of  the  National  Bee- Keekers'  Union,  including  the  decision  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Arkansas.     Also  General  Manager's  report  for  1891. 

"In  1885  a  bee-keeper  within  :oo  miles  from  Chicago  was  sued  for  dam- 
ages amounting  to  $500,  which  were  alleged  to  have  been  done  to  the  sheep 
of  a  neighbor. 

'  'Of  course  ignorance  was  the  cause  ot  this  lawsuit,  for  bees  are  of  a  great 
advantage  to  the  clovers  as  well  as  to  other  bloom,  and  without  their  aid  in 
fructifying  the  flowers  many  a  plant  would  cease  to  bloom — and  even  to 
live.  They  absolutely  require  the  visits  of  bees  or  other  insects  to  remove 
their  pollen  masses,  and  thus  to  fertilize  them.  Hence,  Darwin  wisely 
remarks,  when  speaking  of  clover  and  hearts-ease  :  'No  bees,  no  seed;  no 
seed  no  increase  of  the  flower.  The  more  visits  from  the  bees  the  more 
seeds  from  the  flower;  the  more  seeds  from  the  flower,  the  more  flowers 
from  the  seeds.'  Darwin  mentions  the  following  experiments  :  'Twenty 
heads  of  white  clover,  visited  by  bees,  produced  2,990  seeds,  while  twenty 
heads  so  protected  that  bees  could  not  visit  them  produced  ttot  one  seed.' 

"As  soon  as  this  became  known  among  the  fraternity  the  National  Bee- 
Keepers'  Union  was  organized,  with  headquarters  at  Chicago.  This  union 
was  charged  with  the  duty  of  'protecting  the  interests  of  bee-keepjers,'  by 
defending  their  rights  under  the  laws  of  the  different  States  where  they 
reside. 

"Besides  giving  the  moral  encouragement  to  the  pursuit  of  bee-keeping 
which  such  a  National  organization  naturally  bestows,  it  has  materially 
assisted  in  several  cases  where  the  law  was  invoked  to  crush  the  interests  of 
our  industry. 

"Its  first  business  was  to  defend  the  suit  of  'sheep  vs.  bees'  before  men- 
tioned, for  it  was  understood  that  this  was  to  be  a  'test  case'  and  if  the  plain- 
tiff" succeeded  in  obtaining  a  verdict  in  his  favor,  either  by  the  ignorance  of 
prejudice  of  a  jury,  other  bee-keepers  would  be  likely  to  be  sued  to  reeover 
damages  done  to  pastures,  vineyards  and  gardens  by  bees,  and  any  one 
owning  a  few  square  rods  of  land,  devoted  to  almost  any  purpose,  may  try 
to  recover  damages  from  all  the  owners  of  bees  in  the  vicinity. 


72  First  Annual  Report 

"The  union  made  such  a  stir  in  the  matter,  showing  fighting  enthusiasm 
among  bee-keepers,  that  there  would  have  been  a  lively  time  had  there  been 
a  trial  on  the  merits  of  the  case. 

"The  Judge  made  a  thorough  examination  of  the  laws  of  the  State,  and 
concluded  that  there  existed  no  laws  or  rulings  upon  which  he  could  instruct 
the  jury,  and  thus  ended  the  case. 

"This  ignorance  was  a  God-send  to  apiculture.  It  brought  out  such  an 
array  of  testimony  as  to  the  great  advantage  that  bees  were  to  the  clover 
fields,  that  now  it  is  difficult  to  find  many  so  ignorant  as  to  claim  that  bees 
are  anything  but  a  blessing  to  fields  and  flowers,  to  plants,  trees  and  bushes. 
They  make  it  possible  to  produce  large  crops  of  clover  seed,  and  fill  the 
land  with  richest  fruit.  Many  fruit  growers  now  even  keep  bees,  not  for  the 
production  of  honey  or  wax,  but  for  the  especial  purpose  of  fertilizing  the 
early  blossoms,  thereby  increasing  the  fruit  crop. 

"Nature  hangs  out  the  beautiful  and  variegated  colors,  in  order  to  call 
the  attention  of  the  insects.  Dainty  repasts  are  provided  in  the  little  foun- 
tains, distilled  and  welled  up,  drop  by  drop;  and  the  aroma  invites  the  bees 
and  other  insects  to  'come  to  the  feast!'  Why  all  this  design  in  Nature? 
She  wants  their  fertilizing  aid.  The  flowers  need  the  visits  of  the  insects  to 
cany  the  pollen  masses  from  blossom  to  blossom,  in  order  to  fructify  them, 
and  cause  the  fruit  to  form,  abide  and  ripen— to  gladden  the  hearts  of  fruit 
growers  and  fill  their  pockets  with  shekels. 

"The  horticulturist  may  dig,  graft  and  bud,  buc  what  will  the  returns  be 
without  the  labors  of  the  bee?  The  Creator  has  provided  no  other  means 
for  the  fertilization  of  flowers  but  the  visits  of  insects,  and  there  are  no  other 
msects  at  that  time  of  the  year  to  flit  from  flower  to  flower.  The  body  of 
the  honey  bee  is  wisely  adopted  to  this  purpose,  being  covered  with  fine 
hairs,  invisible  to  the  naked  eye,  which  brush  off"  and  carry  the  fertilizing 
powder  to  the  germ  that  requires  it.  The  fruit  sets  better  even  when  the 
tree  has  perfect  flowers,  containing  both  pistils  and  stamens,  if  pollen  from 
another  flower,  or  better  still,  from  another  tree,  is  brushed  upon  its  germs. 
Who  has  not  observed  that  a  long-continued  rainstorm,  occuring  during 
fruit  bloom,  and  preventing  these  little  messengers  from  their  rounds,  is 
followed  by  a  failure  of  fruit  ? 

"The  bee-keepers  and  horticulturists  should,  therefore,  always  be  fast 
friends— their  interests  are  linked  together  in  a  way  which  should  make  them 
'brothers,  all  !'  The  prosperity  of  the  one  aids  in  the  advancement  of  the 
other. 

"The  National  Bee-Keepers'  Union  has  defended  the  rights  ol  bee- 
keepers in  many  States,  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  when  they  were 
attacked  through  the  courts,  and  with  one  exception  has  been  victorious. 

"The  most  notable  case  was  in  Arkansas,  where  it  carried  the  case 
through  the  Circuit  Court  up  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  that  State,  and  won  a 
magnificent  victory. 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  73 

"'As  this  case  was  a  very  important  one,  a  statement  of  the  facts,  and  a 
pretty  full  report  of  the  arguments  of  the  attorneys  for  the  Union,  will  be 
interesting  to  all .     They  are  as  follows  : 

"In  May,  1887,  the  Arkadelphia  City  Council,  Arkansas,  passed  an 
ordinance,  which,  with  its  preamble,  read  thus  : 

"The  preamble  states  that,  'Whereas,  a  petition  from  many  citizens  of 
Arkadelphia,  having  been  previously  presented  to  this  council,  setting  forth 
that  the  raising  of  bees  or  keeping  them  in  the  city  of  Arkadelphia  was 
injurious  and  destructive  to  property,  such  as  early  fruit,  and  dangerous  to 
citizens  when  riding  in  vehicles  or  on  horseback  upon  the  streets,  and  a  pest 
in  many  of  the  houses  in  said  city,  having  stung  many  persons,  and  especially 
children,  while  walking  the  streets  and  sidewalks.' 

"The  ordinance  as  adopted  is  substantially  as  follows: 

"  'Be  it  ordained  by  the  city  council  of  the  City  of  Arkade'phia:  That  it 
shall  be  unlawhil  lor  any  person  or  persons  to  own,  keep  or  raise  bees  in  the 
City  of  Arkadelphia,  the  same  having  been  declared  a  nuisance. 

"  'That  any  person  or  persons  keeping  or  owning  bees  in  the  City  of 
Arkadelphia  are  hereby  notified  to  remove  the  same  from  the  corporate 
limits  of  the  City  of  Arkadelphia  within  thirty  days  from  date  hereof.' 

"Section  2  provides  a  penalty  of  not  less  than  $5  or  more  than  $25  for  a 
violation  of  the  ordinance. 

'"The  cause  for  this  action  was  the  fact  that  Mr.  Z.  A.  Clark,  who  has 
kept  bees  in  that  city,  was  not  in  political  harmony  with  those  in  power,  and 
the  latter  sought  to  punish  him  and  get  rid  of  his  presence,  by  prohibiting 
the  keeping  of  bees  within  the  corporate  limits  of  the  city. 

"Some  of  the  more  ignorant  ones  declared  that  his  bees  were  'eating  up 
the  peiches  !'  and  others,  that  they  were  'eating  up  the  young  ducks  !' 
Preposterous  as  it  may  appear  to  those  who  are  better  informed  concerning 
the  formation  and  habits  of  bees,  yet  it  is  true  that  many  accepted  these 
ridiculous  charges  as  truth! 

"Mr.  Clark  was  ordered  to  remove  his  bees  by  June  6,  1887.  He  did 
not  remove  them;  and  on  January  2,  1888,  he  was  arrested  and  fined,  day 
after  day,  for  ten  successive  days,  for  maintaining  a  nuisance,  by  keeping  his 
bees  in  the  suburbs  of  that  city. 

"Not  paying  the  fines  Mr.  Clark  was  committed  to  the  city  jail,  by  order 
ofthemayor. 

'Mr.  Clark,  being  a  member  of  the  National  Bee-Keepers'  Union,  very 
naturally  appealed  to  it  for  protection.  Being  clearly  in  the  right  and 
worthy  of  defense  the  Union  engaged  the  services  of  Major  J.  L.  Wither- 
spoon,  ex- Attorney- General  of  Arkansas,  and  several  other  attorneys  to 
defend  the  bees  and  their  keeper. 


74  First  Annual  Report 


"This  case  was  important  because  it  was  the  first  time  that  it  was  sought 
to  exterminate  the  bees  from  the  suburbs  of  a  city,  by  declaring  them  a 
nuisance  by  ordinance.  If  allowed  to  stand  it  would  be  a  precedent  to  be 
followed  wherever  a  beekeeper  was  obnoxious  to  the  ruling  majority;  his 
rights  would  be  ignored,  and  the  bees  condemned  by  ignorant  and  preju- 
diced persons  for  selfish  motives. 

"The  National  Bee-Keepers'  Union,  therefore,  concluded  to  carry  the 
case  to  the  Circuit  Court,  for  it  would  be  very  detrimental  to  the  pursuit  to 
allow  an  ordinance  against  bee-keeping  to  remain  uncontested,  and  to  be 
quoted  as  a  precedent  against  the  keeping  of  bees,  because  it  had  been  de- 
clared 'a  nuisance'  by  a  city  council  in  Arkansas. 

"By  the  enforcement  of  that  unlawful  ordinance  of  the  city  Mr.  Clark 
was  deprived  of  his  liberty,  and  the  constitutional  rights  guaranteed  to  every 
citizen  in  the  United  States . 

"Even  granting  that  it  was  wrong  in  Mr.  Clark  not  to  obey  the  city 
autorities  he  should  have  had  a  speedy  trial  by  an  impartial  jury — all  of 
which  had  been  denied  him.  Even  when  released  under  a  writ  of  habeas 
corpus,  he  was,  within  three  hours,  re-arrested  and  fined. 

"After  demanding  a  change  of  venue,  because  of  the  prejudice  of  the 
mayor,  that  functionary  again  fined  him,  denying  him  his  constitutional 
rights. 

IN  THE  CIRCUIT  COURT. 

"The  Circuit  Court  convened  in  July,  1888,  and  the  Hon.  Sam  W. 
Williams,  of  Little  Rock,  was  added  to  the  attorneys  for  the  Union.  Our 
attorneys.  Judges  S.  W.  Williams,  Witherspoon,  Murray  and  McMillan, 
made  a  motion  to  dismiss  the  case  against  Mr.  Clark,  'because  the  ordinance 
of  the  City  of  Arkadelphia,  on  which  the  prosecution  is  founded  is  void  and 
in  violation  of  law.' 

"Then  Judges.  W.  Williams  read  section  after  section  of  law;  in  Mr. 
Clark's  favor,  showing  that  a  man's  right  to  hold  propert>  is  paramount  to 
all  legislative  power;  and  any  attempt  to  take  away  such  right  is  unconsti- 
tutional . 

"After  which  Judge  Hearn  stated  to  the  attorneys  that  he  had  lived  a 
long  time  in  Arkadelphia,  and  that  bees  had  been  kept  there  all  the  time, 
and  that  he  had  not  heard  any  complaint  until  this  case  came  up.  He  added 
that  the  case  would  go  to  the  Supreme  Court,  no  matter  in  which  way  it  was 
decided  in  his  court,  and  he  wanted  to  be  found  on  the  right  side  when  de- 
cided in  the  Supreme  Court. 

"He  then  sustained  the  motion  of  the  attorneys  for  the  Union,  to  dismiss 
the  case,  and  he  declared  the  ordinance  of  the  city  illegal  and  void. 

"The  city  attorney  then  gave  notice  of  his  appeal  to  the  Supreme  Court. 
"The  appeal  to  the  Supreme  Court  was  heard  on  June  22,  1889. 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  75 


IN  THE  SUPREME  COURT. 

"Messrs.  Crawford  &  Crawford,  attorneys  for  the  city,  argued  in  favor 
of  the  valaidity  of  the  ordinance. 

"The  following  is  the  argument  of  the  attorney  of  the  National  Bee- 
Keepers'  Union,  Judge  S.-W.  Williams,  of  Little  Rock,  Ark.,  in  the  above 
mentioned  case,  on  an  appeal  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  Arkansas,  in  the  case 
of  the  City  of  Arkadelphia  vs.  Z.  A.  Clark. 

"This  case  discloses  a  most  flagrant  violation  of  the  property  rights  of 
the  citizen.  It'seems  that  Clark,  who  lived  in  the  outskirts  of  Arkadelphia, 
a  village  of  some  two  thousand  inhabitants,  scattered  over  territory  enough 
for  one  hundred  thousand — a  ruse  in  tirbe — had  a  few  bees,  as  the  record 
shows  (page  i),  35  stands.  This  gave  rise  to  a  persecution  unparalled  since 
the  days  of  the  boot  and  the  thumb  screw,  to  force  Clark  to  give  up  his 
property. 

"Those  running  the  city  at  the  time,  not  content  to  make  a  test  case, 
and  have  the  question  settled  by  this  court— after  passing  this  sweeping 
ordinance,  commenced  a  system  of  daily  arrests,  trials  without  jury,  judg- 
ments and  imprisonments  resulting  in  appeals;  and  this  is  one  of  the  numer- 
ous spawn  of  cases  from  the  same  oppressive  hot-bed.       ■ 

"At  last  Clark  was  compelled,  at  a  great  loss,  to  give  up  his  property 
and  quit  his  business  of  bee  raising  and  honey  production  in  Arkadelphia — a 
principal  source  of  his  support — as  an  alternative  to  indefinite  imprisonment. 

"When  the  case  came  to  the  Circuit  Court,  one  test  case  was  tried,  upon 
motion  to  dismiss,  and  the  court  below  held  the  ordinance  void,  because  it 
did  more  than  regulate  the  keeping  of  property — it  forbid  the  owning  or 
keeping  a  valuable  and  useful  property  in  the  town ;  in  effect  holding  that 
the  bee  was  per  se,  a  nuisance.  For  if  it  was  not,  then  its  presence  in  a 
town  could  not  be  prohibited  by  any  law . 

"Before  proceeding  to  argue  the  case,  we  call  attention  to  the  statement 
of  counsel,  at  page  9  of  their  brief,  that  it  is  a  matter  of  common  knowledge 
that  they  are  liable  to  sting  children,  etc.  It  is  not  a  matter  of  common 
knowledge,  because  it  is  not  true,  unless  children  molest  them  at  their  hives, 
or  catch  them.  But  because  a  domestic  insect  may  sting  or  hurt  under 
some  circumstances,  no  more  makes  it  a  nuisance— /^r  ^^— and  liable  to 
prohibition,  than  the  fact  that  a  horse  may  kick,  may  run  away  m  harness 
and  kill  a  child;  or  an  ox  may  gore  persons  with  its  horns,  would  make  these 
animals  nuisances />^r  5^. 

"I  venture  the  assertion  that  there  is  not  a  town  or  city  in  the  United 
States  where  bees  are  not  kept.  I  know  they  are  now  kept  in  Little  Rock, 
and  have  ever  been.  My  nearest  neighbors  have  them.  I  have  kept  them 
in  my  yard  while  rearing  a  family  of  children,  and  I  cannot  recall  any 
instance  of  an  injury  from  bees.  I  speak  this  in  the  line  of  common  knowl 
edge,  which  the  court  must  recognize. 


76  First  Annual  Report 

"I  can  recall  the  kick  of  a  pony,  and  a  cow  running  over  a  child — shall 
keeping  of  horses  and  cows  be  forbidden  by  ordinance  ?  And  while  bees 
have  been  kept  for  centuries  in  towns,  it  is  an  argument  in  their  favor  that 
Arkadelphia  is  the  first  on  record  to  forbid  them.  I  respectfully  submit  that 
while  the  court  must  judicially  know  the  habits  of  all  animals,  the  'little  busy 
bee'  should  have  a  chance  with  the  cow,  the  horse,  the  sportive  dog,  the 
gentle,  purring  cat,  and  even  the  festive  chicken  cock — on  a  par  with  coun- 
sel's skunk  farm  story — a  pure  fiction  of  Bill  Nye. 

"I  may  be  allowed  to  refer  to  the  fact  that  last  year  two  instances  are 
given  in  newspapers,  one  authentic  at  Hot  Springs,  one  elsewhere,  not  so 
well  established — -where  children  were  killed  by  a  chicked  cock  attacking 
them.  For  this  reason  can  the  keeping  of  chickens  be  forbidden?  The  bee 
has  no  such  record  of  homicidal  or  infanticidal  results.  Will  these  instances, 
or  the  fighting  of  mother-hens  over  their  broods,  make  chickens  per  se 
nuisances?  Unless  bees,  under  all  circumstances,  however  kept  and  tended, 
and  in  any  quantities  however  small  are  per  se  nuisances — this  ordinance 
cannot  be  sustained;  for  it  does  not  regulate  the  quantity,  or  manner  of 
keeping,  or  make  the  keeper  responsible,  as  in  case  of  other  dangerous 
animals,  and  punishable  for  consequences,  but  assumes  to  destroy  property 
in  them  in  Arkadelphia  altogether,  or  compel  a  man  to  leave  his  home  and 
buy  another,  or  quit  his  business. 

"The  provision  of  sections  751  to  764,  Mansfield,  does  not  give  the  city 
of  Arkadelphia  power  to  take  a  man's  property  for  public  use,  without  com- 
pensation, under  the  power  to  prevent  injury  or  annoyance.  Section  751 
invests  them  with  no  such  qida  timet  jurisdiction. 

"Because  bees  may  sting  or  annoy,  therefore  we  prohibit.  It  would  fol- 
low that  because  cows  may  gore,  dogs  annoy  the  sensitive  by  barking 
or  biting,  or  running  mad  we  will  also  prohibit  them.  Because  vehicles  may 
annoy,  by  raising  dust  or  making  a  noise,  or  animals  may  run  away  in  har- 
ness, therefore  we  prohibit  them.  No  such  autocratic  or  despotic  power  is 
necessary  to  preserve  the  citizen  from  real  harm  and  annoyance;  and  the 
legislature  could  not  prohibit  the  keeping  of  bees,  and  could  not  delegate 
such  power  under  the  bill  of  rights.  For  the  right  to  acquire,  possess,  and 
protect  property  is  secured  by  Section  2,  Article  2,  of  the  Constitution,  be- 
yond legislative  and  municipal  control,  and  bees  are  the  subject  of  property. 
Nor  can  the  citizen  be  destroyed  or  deprived  of  his  life,  liberty  or  property 
except  by  the  judgment  of  his  peers  and  the  law  of  the  land . 

ib.  Section  21 .  Nor  shall  property  be  taken  or  damaged  for  public  use 
without  just  compensation,  ib.  Section  22.  This  property-right  is  also 
protected  by  the  14th  amendment  to  the  United  States  constitution.  Stock- 
ton laundry  case,  26  Federal  Rep.  611.  The  last  cited  is  a  case  in  point.  The 
general  law  regulating  governments  of  cities  does  not  give  every  town  coun- 
cil, when,  in  their  judgment,  they  fear  that  the  keeping  of  certain  kinds  of 
property  may  annoy  or  injure,  to  declare  it  an  annoyance  and  prohibit  it.    It 


State  Bee-Keepers    Association.  77 

must  be  a  nuisance,  per  se,  like  a  mill-pond  or  slaughter-house.  Many 
things  annoy  and  may  injure,  that  are  not  nuisances  and  cannot  be  pro- 
hibited. Bell-ringing,  vehicle  running,  steam-whistles  and  railroad  trains  are 
often  annoying,  so  are  privies  and  stables.  This  would  not  give  power  to 
prohibit  them,  to  prevent  quia  timet — the  possibility  of  annoyance  or  injury. 
The  viciousness  of  this  ordinance  will  be  manifest  if  we  keep  in  view  the  dif- 
ference between  the  power  to  regulate  and  keep  possessicn  of  property  in 
due  bounds,  which  power  is  conceded — and  the  power  to  prohibit  keeping 
property  altogether. 

"These  general  clauses  of  the  statute  granting  powers  to  towns  are  to  be 
strictly  construed,  and  this  court  has  repeatedly  held  ordinances  void  which 
have  been  passed  under  a  liberal  construction  of  the  general  powers  given. 
The  first  is  Waters  vs.  Leech,  3  Arkansas,  114.  Thus  the  right  to  regulate 
and  license  keeping  of  a  dram-shop  does  not  authorize  them  to  prohibit. 
Tuck  vs.  Waldron,  31  Arkansas,  462.  Saloam  S.  Springs  vs.  Thompson,  41 
Arkansas,  456.  Nor  did  the  power  to  suppress  gaming-houses  empower  a 
city  to  license  them.  State  vs.  Lindsey,  34  Arkansas;  Goetler  vs.  State  use, 
etc.,  45  Arkansas,  454 — and  the  power  given  in  the  act  did  not  give  power  to 
declare  that  which  is  not  a  nuisance ^^r  se,  to  be  one — which  was  attempted. 
Little  Rock  vs.  Ward,  41  Arkansas,  527.  Even  the  legislature  cannot,  by 
declaration,  make  anything  what  it  is  not.  3  S.  W.  Rep.  425  12  Western 
Rep.  760.     II  Central  Reporter,  219. 

"We  may  sum  up  this  result:  The  power  to  regulate  does  not  give  the 
power  to  prohibit,  though  it  does  give  power  to  license.  Russellville  vs. 
White,  41  Arkansas,  485;  and  that  the  power  to  prevent  and  abate  nuisance 
does  not  give  power  to  declare  that  a  nuisance  which  is  not  per  se  such; 
and  no  presumptions  are  indulged  in  favor  of  the  rightfulness  of  an  ordi- 
nance. A  city  council,  with  full  power  to  declare  a  nuisance  does  so  at  its 
own  peril.  Americus  vs  Mitchell  5  S.  E.  Reporter,  201.  Persons  abating 
a  nuisance  under  a  State  law  must  show  its  existence.  Newark  and  South 
Horse  Car  Co.  vs.  Hunt,  11  Central  Reporter  219. 

"In  keeping  with  the  decision  of  our  court,  to  the  effect  that  a  city  coun- 
cil cannot  by  ordinance  make  that  a  nuisance  which  is  not  such;  see  the  fol- 
lowing authorities:  Horr  &  Bemiss,  Mun.  Pol.  Ord.  Sec.  252.  24  N.J. 
Esq.,  169. 

"There  is  a  recent  case  decided  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  Michigan,  in 
which  a  city  attempted  by  ordinance,  under  penalty  of  one  hundred  dollars, 
to  punish  and  prohibit  the  distribution  of  hand-bills  and  cards  on  any  street 
or  alley.  The  ordinance  was  held  void,  and  that  it  was  not  a  proper  exer- 
cise of  the  power  to  clean  streets,  etc  ,  and  to  prevent  the  incumbering  of  the 
same  and  to  regulate  the  manner  in  which  the  streets  should  be  used  and  to 
prohibit  and  prevent  the  flying  of  kites,  and  all  practices,  amusements  and 
doings  therein  having  a  tendency  to  frighten  teams  or  horses,  as  dangerous 
to  life  or  property .     This  was  held  void  in  case  of  People  vs    Armstrong,  by 


:£:jk'>c.-t'.:^;£^&^.'^S<^j^'j^fl>'..^.^V.s^i;ii:o^~  -  -       '    ^i^S^^t^^^^S&i^'^i^ 


78  First  Annual  Report 

the  Supreme  Court  of  Michigan,  January  i8,  1889,  and  is  reported  and  com- 
mented on  in  the  Albany  Law  Journal,  March  9,  1889,  with  approval. 

"In  that  case  there  was  much  more  pretense  for  the  power  than  there  is 
in  this  case;  for  bees  are  not  named — and  the  power  is  claimed  here  under 
the  general  power  to  prevent  injury  or  annoyance,  etc.  Mansfield's  Digest 
Sec.  751. 

"An  ordinance  of  Grand  Rapids  which  forbade  the  marching,  parading, 
riding  er  driving  upon  public  streets  with  musical  instruments,  banners,  flags, 
torches,  flambeaux,  or  while  singing  or  shouting,  without  the  mayor's  per- 
mission, was  void,  as  prohibiting  a  thing  lawful  in  itself,  and  leaving  it  to  an 
unregulated  official  discietion.     See  Frazee's  case,  63  Michigan,  396. 

"All  ordinances  arbitrary  in  their  terms,  and  unreasonable  and  unnec- 
essarily abridging  private  rights,  are  void .  I  Dillon  Municipal  Corporation, 
Sec.  253.  Clinton  vs.  Phillips,  58  Illinois,  102,  Kip  vs.  Patterson,  26  N.  J. 
Law  298.  Commissioner  vs.  Gas  Co.  12  Penn.  St.  318.  Commonwealth 
vs.  Robertson,  5  Gush,  438. 

"This  ordinance  not  only  does  not  come  within  the  power  granted,  but 
it  is  also  unreasonable  and  unwarranted,  either  is  sufficient  to  make  it  void. 
Lynn  vs.  Free  Mason  Building  Association,  9  Central  Reporter,  360 

'Municipalities  only  have  such  powers  as  are  expressly  granted  to  them 
or  such  as  are  necessary  to  carry  those  powers  into  effect.  United  States  vs. 
Ludlow,  9  Central  Reporter,  517.  Johnson  vs.  District  of  Columbia,  9 Cen- 
tral Reporter,  653.  It  is  well  settled  that  the  general  power  to  prevent  an- 
noyance does  not  give  power  to  declare  everything  which  may  annoy  or 
arouse  the  fears  of  the  sensitive— a  nuisance .  Nor  does  the  existence  of  that 
fact  give  power  to  prohibit .     See  authorities  above  cited . 

"It  is  equally  well  settled  that  a  city  cannot  under  general  power,  declare 
that  a  nuisance  which  is  not  so  in  fact.  Des  Plaines  vs.  Poyer,  12  Western 
Reporter,  760.  Stockton  Laundry  Case  26  Federal  Reporter,  611 — where  it 
is  held  that  an  ordinance  is  unconstitutional  and  void  which  forbid  a  laundry 
in  the  heart  of  the  city;  yet  a  drying  up  of  sinking  soap-suds  might  become 
dangerous  to  health  and  annoy;  and  infected  clothing  would  be  more  frequent 
than  bee-stings.     See  also  9  Pacific  Reporter,  141. 

"Mr.  Wood,  in  his  work  on  'Nuisance,'  in  the  index  at  page  1021,  refers 
to  bees  with  a  reference  to  title — Dangerous  Animals.  Under  that  head,  at 
page  1025,  he  refers  to  cases  of  animals  which  by  their  owners,  may  be 
known  to  injure,  referring  to  page  871  ei  seq.,  which  recognizes  fully  the 
right  to  keep  animals  subject  to  responsibility  {on  scienter)  for  injuries  by 
those  known  to  be  of  vicious  character. 

"Strangely  enough,  of  all  the  cases  cited,  not  an  instance  of  injury  by 
'the  little  busy  bee,'  or  the  silk  worm  is  found,  showing  how  harmless  these 
little  insects  really  are.  The  habits,  of  the  bee  lead  it  to  wood,  field  and 
orchard  for  pasture,  and  if  it  enters  a  house  it  is  because  carelessness  has 


irTSrri^^-SCKJW  ' 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  79 

left  some  sweet  uncovered  and  exposed,  to  attract  it,  and  rarely  then  does  it 
enter  a  house.  Those  who  thus  invite  it  are  guilty  of  contributory  negli- 
gence, and  have  no  right  to  complain. 

"I  am  employed  in  this  case  by  the  American  Union  of  Bee-Keepers,  of 
Chicago,  111.,  and  this  is  the  only  known  case  in  America  of  England  where 
a  town  has  attempted  to  prohibit  bee  culture  ;  and  this  is  a  test  case  to 
determine  the  extent  of  their  powers.  The  burden  of  showing  the  nuisance 
is  on  the  city.     Bailey's  onus  probandi,  page  233,  ib.  page  460. 

"A  city  ordinance  cannot  be  leveled  at  a  mere  private  nuisance  to  one 
or  more  persons.  The  nuisance  must  be  public  and  general  in  its  character, 
and  must  be  an  actual  nuisance.  Horr  &  Bemiss,  Sec.  252,254.  4  Black- 
stone's  Commentaries,  167.  i  Bishop  Crim.  Law,  Sec.  243.  Wood  on 
Nuisance,  pages  24,  25,  26,  80,  8r,  82.  Dillon  on  Municipal  Corporation, 
Sec.  308. 

"I  undertake  to  say  from  a  knowledge  of  the  habits  of  the  bee,  that  it 
would  be  impossible  for  it  to  become  more  than  a  private  nuisance,  for 
which  the  person  injured  has  his  remedy,  as  in  case  of  injury  from  a  vicious 
animal.  The  nuisance  must  not  only  be  public  and  actual,  but  substantial. 
'It  is  not  a  mere  trifling  annoyance  with  which  the  law  deals  in  public 
nuisances,'  but  'real,  substantial  injuries,  that  are  calculated  to  offend  the 
sense  of  men  of  simple  tastes  and  habits.'  Conveniences  are  not  balanced. 
Wood  on  'Nuisance,'  page  81. 

"Even  in  those  acts  which  are  admittedly  nuisances,  an  ordinance  is 
void  and  unreasonable' where  it  trenches  on  private  rights  and  property 
without  corresponding  public  necessity.  Thus,  while  slaughter  houses  may 
be  regulated,  an  ordinance  is  void  which  prohibits  one  from  killing  an 
animal  on  his  own  premises,  unless  in  a  slaughter  house— an  attempt  to 
drive  everybody  to  one  slaughter  house.  Treford  vs.  People,  14  Michigan, 
4r.  Cannot  compel  removal  of  a  steam  engine  from  a  city  not  per  se  a 
nuisance.  Baltimore  vs.  Palecke,  49  Md.  217.  33  American,  239.  Nor  can 
a  city  require  the  owner  of  a  theater  to  pay  a  police  officer  for  attendance  at 
every  performance.  Waters  vs.  Leech,  3  Ark.  no.  In  the  last  cited  case, 
Judge  Dickinson,  delivering  the  opinion  of  this  court,  says  :  'The  corporate 
powers  are  not  only  limited,  but  must  be  reasonably  exercised  in  sound  dis- 
cretion, and  not  only  strictly  within  the  limits  of  the  charter,  but  in  perfect 
subordination  to  the  Constitution  and  the  general  laws  of  land,  and  the 
rights  dependent  thereon.' 

"In  short,  I  refer  the  Court  to  Horr  &  Bemiss,  on  municipal  police 
ordinance.  Sec.  131,  for  a  full  review  of  this  point. 

"Where  the  instances  are  given  wherein  unreasonable  ordinances  and 
those  in  violation  of  private  rights  are  given,  the  ordinances  must  accord 
with  the  Federal  Constitution  and  laws,  and  with  the  legislation  of  the  State. 


8o  First  Annual  Report 


"It  is  misleading  to  follow  English  decisions,  because  in  that  country 
municipal  power  rests  often  upon  proscription,  a  source  not  recognized  here. 
Horr  &  Bemiss,  Sec.  123. 

"We  do  not  dispute  that  if  there  was  express  power  given  to  enact  an 
ordinance  of  a  certain  kind,  ii  constitutional,  the  discretion  or  propriety  of 
enacting  it,  is  left  to  the  judgment  of  the  council,  and  its  decision  is  final. 
Horr  &  Bemiss,  Sec.  128.  But  here  is  no  'express  power'  given  by  law  to 
forbid  bees;  but  merely  a  general  power  to  prevent  'annoyance,'  'mjury,' 
etc.  Whether  an  ordinance  is  within  the  terms  of  the  power,  and  is  reason- 
able, the  courts  must  determine,  and  have  determined  in  this  State  and 
elsewhere,  again  and  again. 

"So  much  for  the  contention  of  counsel— that  the  action  of  the  city 
council  was  final;  invoking  a  correct  principle  applied  to  a  wrong  state  of 
facts.  I  say  to  them,  show  your  express  power  to  prohibit  keeping  bees,  or 
any  other  animal  or  insect,  for  fear  somebody  may  get  hurt,  and  I  will  sur- 
render the  case,  and  even  waive  the  constitutional  question.  There  is  no 
such  express  power  given;  that  is  the  full  extent  to  which  the  decisions  go. 
If  a  power  is  expressly  given  by  the  Legislature,  within  the  Constitution,  the 
decision  of  the  council,  that  the  power  should  be  exercised  by  ordinance,  is 
final.  Yet  this  is  invoked  to  bolster  up  this  sweeping  anti-bee  ordinance; 
about  as  much  akin  to  the  question  as  a  Choctaw  treaty  to  a  Psalm  of  David. 

"You  cannot  stable  bees  like  a  horse,  but  the  Court  must  judicially 
know  to  do  that  would  destroy  their  value  as  property,  and  the  Court  will 
judiciously  know  that  unless  the  owners  of  houses,  groceries,  etc.,  are  care- 
less in  leaving  attractions  for  them  they  will  not  annoy  them;  and  if  they  do 
so  attract  them  by  carelessness,  they  cannot  complain.  The  bee,  even  with 
these  attractions,  prefers  to  pasture  among  forests,  fields,  and  amidst 
flowers;  so  much  so  that  its  habits  are  crystalized  in  song,  and  made  subject 
of  poetic  simile. 

"If  the  people  of  Arkadelphia  will  keep  the  sugar  and  molasses  barrels 
closed,  and  the  grocers  will  keep  their  premises  clean,  no  bee  of  Clark's  will 
visit  them;  and  from  the  well  known  habits  of  the  housewives  of  Arkadelphia 
in  perfect  order  and  cleanliness,  having  no  superiors — no  bee  visits  a  private 
house  there;  and  hurting  young  fruit  and  the  like,  as  suggested  in  the  ordin- 
ance, raises  a  suspicion  that  here  is  a  pretext,  and  behind  the  ordinance  is  a 
concealed  motive.  Was  it  that  Clark  was  making  too  much  out  of  honey 
and  bees?  or  was  he  competing  too  sharply  with  somebody?- 

"The  power  given  cities  must  harmonize  with  constitutional  property 
rights,  and  must  be  reasonable  and  lawful,  and  not  contravene  common 
right.  Dillon  on  Mun.  Corp.,  Sec.  258,  259.  And  'wherever  an  ordinance 
seeks  to  alter  a  well  settled  and  fundamental  principle  of  the  common  law,' 
or  to  establish  a  rule  interfering  with  the  rights  of  individuals,  or  the  public, 
the  power  to  do  so  must  come  from  plain  Legislative  enactment.  Taylor  vs. 
Griswold,  2  Green,  N.  J.  222.     Dillon  on  Municipal  Corp.,  Sec.  55  and  note. 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  8i 


"I  have  already  shown  that  by  no  possibility  can  the  power  be  derived 
from  the  powers  contained  in  Mansfield's  Digest,  Sec.  751,  which  is  nothing 
but  a  power  to  punish  or  abate  a  public  nuisance,  and  while  the  named  and 
defined  powers  are  very  full,  we  look  in  vain  for  any  power  or  authority  to 
abate  or  remove  bees,  as  such;  nor  would  it  be  constitutional  if  there  was 
such  a  statute.  It  is  only  when  bees  by  the  place  or  manner  of  keeping,  or 
the  like,  become  a  public  nuisance,  and  to  that  extent  and  no  further,  does 
the  general  power  go .  Dillon  on  Mun.  Corp.,  Sec.  261.  Horr  &  Bemiss, 
Sec.  252,  last  paragraph.  Emmett  vs.  Council  Bluffs,  46  Iowa,  66.  Pye  vs. 
Peterson,  45  Texas,  312.  State  vs.  Matt,  61  Md.,  292.  Davis  vs.  Clifton,  8 
N.  C.  C.  P.  236.     Horr  &  Bemiss,  Sec.  144. 

'"The  power  cannot  be  given  in  general  terms  to  abate  that  which  comes 
unciler  the  general  definition  of  a  nuisance,  in  advance  of  a  judicial  determi- 
nation. Dillon  on  Mun.  Cor.  Sec.  308;  and  in  Gates  vs.  Milwaukee,  10 
Wallace  497.  Judge  Miller  says  :  'This  would  place  every  house,  every 
business,  and  all  the  property  in  the  city  at  the  uncontrolled  will  of  the 
temporary  local  authority.'  So  the  words  'injury'  and  'annoyance,'  used  in 
Sec.  751,  Mans,  Dig.  have  been  too  often  defind  in  like  charters  to  need 
further  explanation  here.  It  simply  gives  5  power  over  nuisances,  and  does 
not  mean  any  injury  or  any  annoyance  that  sensitive  or  iimid  or  nervous 
people  may  imagine  or  fear.  > 

"The  bees  must  be  per  se  a  nui'^ance  to  justify  this  sweeping  ordinance, 
under  which,  according  to  its  letter,  a  man  cannot  live  in  Arkadelphia,  if  he 
owns  bees,  no  difference  where  he  keeps  them;  for  personal  property,  where- 
ever  kept,  is  in  law  with  the  owner.  In  Harvey  vs.  De woody,  18  Arkansas, 
252;  where  the  mayor  and  other  town  officers  were  sued  in  trespass  for  tear- 
ing down  an  old  house  which  the  owner  had  permitted  to  remain  vacant 
and  open,  and  to  be  used  as  a  privy,  until  it  became  unhealthful  and  danger- 
ous, an  ordinance  was  passed  to  abate  it.  To  a  plea  setting  up  the  ordinance 
and  facts  on  which  it  was  based  as  a  defense,  on  demurrer  to  this  plea,  it 
was  held  a  good  defense. 

"The  counsel  of  Arkadelphia  try  to  gather  comfort  from  this  case,  but 
it  would  be  parallel  if  the  Des  Arc  Council  had  passed  an  ordinance  requir- 
ing all  wooden  houses  to  be  torn  down,  without  regard  to  condition  or  occu- 
pancy, or  compensation  to  the  owner.  We  would  then  have  a  case  like  the 
sweeping  ordinance  prohibiting  bees,  and  requiring  the  removal  for  the  pub- 
lic good,  without  compensation.  Would  a  plea  setting  up  an  ordinance  re- 
quiring all  wooden  buildings  to  be  destroyed,  have  protected  the  officers  in 
the  Dewoody  case? 

"I  shall  not  attempt  to  follow  the  learned  counsel,  or  review  their  author- 
ities; as  far  as  they  have  any  bearing  on  the  case  they  sustain  my  position. 
I.  That  the  power  is  not  given  to  prohibit  bees  by  the  statute.  2.  That 
bees  must  at  the  time  and  place,  and  under  all  circumstances  be  a  nuisance, 
per  se,  or  the  ordinance  violates  property  right,  and  is  not  sustained  by  law . 


82  First  Annual  Report 


"I  have  not  stopped  to  criticise  the  manner  in  which  the  ordinance  is 
brought  in  the  record.  It  is  th»  basis  of  the  action,  and  by  law  must  be 
filed,  at  least  in  the  Circuit  court,  for  the  court  cannot  take  judicial  notice  of 
it.  It  must  be  read  at  the  trial  and  brought  on  the  record  as  the  basis  of  the 
suit.     Abbott's  Trial  Evidence,  page  770.     Mans.  Digest,  Sec.  2,  835. 

"I  suppose  as  no  point  is  made  in  argument  upon  the  motion  of  appel- 
lant to  dismiss  the  appeal  that  it  was  thought  to  be  unnecessary  to  argue  it. 
Cardon's  testimony  was  taken  upon  that  motion,  to  prove  merely  that  an 
appeal  was  in  fact  prayed,  and  to  make  him  amend  his  transcript,  and  the 
Court  overruled  the  motion  to  dismiss  the  appeal. 

"Appeals  from  Mayor's  Courts  regulated  by  Mansfield,  Sec.  2,432,  2,435 
2,436,  required  nothing  but  a  bond;  Perrin  ex  parte,  41  Ark.,  194,  the  Juris- 
diction of  Justice  of  the  Peace;  appeal  from  the  mayor  taken  in  the  same 
manner  as  from  Justice.  Mansfield,  Sec.  797.  This  is  a  quasi  criminal  pro- 
ceeding; if  so,  the  appeal  was  rightly  perfected.  But  if  governed  by  civil 
code,  then  it  is  not  to  be  dismissed  for  informality.  Mansfield  4,141  mode 
of  appeals  in  civil  case  4,134,  4,135;  and  it  was  amendable.  But  all  that  was 
required  was  the  filing  of  the  bond,  as  the  proceeding  was  criminal. 

"It  is  desired  that  the  Court  pass  upon  the  question,  however,  for  the 
profession  are  in  great  doubt  as  to  what  is  meant  by  appeal  from  Mayor,  as 
in  case  of  Justice  of  Peace,  as  provided  in  Sec.  797.  In  view  of  the  fact  that 
there  are  two  modes  of  appealing  from  a  justice — one  by  above  sections  2,432 
2,436,  in  criminal  cases;  the  other  in  civil  cases,  by  sections  4,134.  4,135, 
Mansfield,  which  differs  from  the  mode  of  appeal  in  criminal  cases.  I  sub- 
mit that  when  the  Mayor  sits  in  a  misdemeanor  case,  whether  for  violating  an 
ordinance  or  a  law,  the  appeal  must  follow  criminal  procedure.  If  he  sits  as 
a  Justice  of  the  Peace  in  a  civil  case  the  appeal  must  be  taken  according  to 
sections  4,i34,  4,i35- 

DECISION  OF  THE  SUPREME  COURT  OF  ARKANSAS,  JUNE  22,   1889. 

127  (Crim.)  City  of  Arkadelphia  vs.  Z.  A.  Clark. 

"The  Appellee,  Clark,  was  convicted  in  the  Mayor's  Court  of  Arkadel- 
phia, for  a  violation  of  the  city  ordinance.  The  ordinance  under  the 
prosecution  was  had  provided  that  it  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  person  or  per- 
sons to  own,  keep  or  raise  bees  in  the  city  of  Arkadelphia,  the  same  having 
been  declared  a  nuisance.  Upon  an  appeal  to  the  Circuit  Court,  that  court 
sustained  a  demurrer  filed  by  the  defendant,  and  dismissed  the  prosecution. 

"Held — Neither  the  keeping,  owning  or  raising  of  bees  is  in  itself  a 
nuisance.  Bees  may  become  a  nuisance  in  a  city,  but  whether  they  are  so 
or  not,  is  a  question  to  be  judicially  determined  in  each  case. 

"The  ordinance  under  consideration  undertakes  to  make  each  of  the  acts 
named  a  nuisance,  without  regard  to  the  fact  whether  it  is  so  or  not,  or 
whether  bees  in  general  have  become  a  nuisance  in  the  city.  It  is  therefore 
too  broad,  and  invalid.' 

Affirmed. 


State   Bee-Keepers'  Association.  83 

"It  is  a  well  known  fact — oae  firmly  established  in  the  minds  of  all,  that 
'in  union  there  is  strength,'  and  a  union  of  bee-keepers  to  defend  our  pursuit 
from  the  unjust  attacks  of  ignorant  or  prejudiced  person,  is  not  only  desir- 
able but  very  necessary  to  our  well  being  and  general  prosperity. 

"For  this  purpose,  and  for  it  alone,  does  the  National  Bee-Keepers' 
Union  exist — to  throw  a  safeguard  around  the  pursuit,  as  well  as  its  de- 
votees. It  does  not  seek  a  quarrel,  but  when  one  is  forced  upon  any  of  its 
members  it  sets  up  a  'defense'  by  its  veiy  e.xistence  and  record.  It  is  also  a 
iuar?iing  to  ignorant  and  jealous  enemies  to  beware  how  they  triHe  with  the 
pursuit  of  apiculture,  and  to  keep  their  hands  off  of  the  interests  of  its  de- 
votees. It  warns  them  that  the  kee-keepers,  as  well  as  the  bees,  have  a 
sting,  with  which  to  torture  their  enemies  ! 

"The  Union  not  only  seeks  to  obtain  decisions  from  the  highest  courts 
of  America,  but  also  to  have  on  record  these  decisions  to  be  quoted  as  pre- 
cedents in  all  the  courts  of  law,  and  by  all  the  lawyers  who  practice  therein. 

"When  the  prosecution  in  Arkansas  realized  that  bee-keepers  had  an 
organized  body  for  defending  the  pursuit  against  the  malicious  attacks  of 
tiie  ignorant  and  the  prejudiced,  it  ifcakened — it  tried  to  'hedge' — was  will- 
ing to  disiiiss  all  the  cases  against  Mr.  Clark  on  a  pretended  informality  in 
his  bonds ! 

"Several  other  cases  might  be  cited,  serving  to  illustrate  the  fact,  that 
belonging  to  such  an  organization  is  of  itself  not  only  an  honor,  but  also  a 
power  in  the  defensive  !  If  a  jealous  or  prejudiced  neighbor  finds  that  a 
bee-keeper  belongs  to  the  Union  for  the  defense  of  the  pursuit,  he  will  think 
twice  before  rushing  into  a  lawsuit. 

"The  decision  in  the  Supreme  court  of  Arkansas  will  do  more  to  guar- 
antee bee-keepers  their  rights  than  anything  that  has  ever  been  done  in 
America  If  the  Union  should  never  do  another  thing;  and  go  out  of  exist- 
ence at  once,  that  decision  will  be  its  'crown  of  glory,'  and  its  generous 
benediction. 


84  First  Annual  Report 


NATIONAL  BEE-KEEPERS'  UNION. 

THE   GENERAL   MANAGERS*  SEVENTH   ANNUAL  REPORT,  FOR   THE  YEAR  189I. 

The  past  year  has  been  a  very  important  one  for  the  National  Bee- 
Keepers'  Union.  We  have  added  50  per  cent,  to  our  membership,  and  ren- 
dered timely  and  substantial  aid  to  many  bee-keepers  who  were  harrassed 
by  malicious  and  designing  enemies  of  the  pursuit. 

The  moral  weight  and  influence  of  the  Kee-Keepers'  Union  has  pre- 
vented many  lawsuits  from  being  commenced,  and  where  such  has  been 
begun  it  overthrew  the  claims  of  ignorant  enemies  of  the  pursuit,  foiled  the 
machinations  of  cunning  lawyers,  and  guided  the  judges  m  making  decisions, 
by  referring  them  to  the  decision  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Arkansas;  and  the 
able  argument  of  Judge  Williams  in  the  celebrated  case  of  the  City  of  Arka- 
delphia  vs.  Z.  A.  Clark. 

In  briefly  reviewing  the  work  of  the  past  year,  we  commence  with  the 
case  of 

G.  W.  COLE,  CANTON,  ILL. 

Here  complaints  were  made  to  the  mayor  and  the  bees  of  Mr.  Cole 
were  declared  a  nuisance  Ignorant  jealousy  was  the  cause  of  the  trouble. 
The  case  was  then  brought  before  a  justice  of  the  peace,  who  decided  it 
against  Mr.  Cole  (as  might  be  e.xpected),  fining  him  $1  and  costs  of  121 .70. 
The  case  was  then  taken  up  by  the  Union  and  appealed  to  the  Circuit  Court. 

The  prosecuting  witness,  Mr.'  Shaffer,  not  being  content  to  await  the 
result  of  the  appeal,  maliciously  renewed  the  attack,  and  the  same  justice  of 
the  peace  issued  a  new  warrant,  just  to  annoy  Mr.  Cole.  But  this  time  the 
Union  won  the  case. 

It  was  shown  that  concentrated  venom  was  the  cause  of  the  prosecution. 
The  city  papers  condemned  the  mayor  and  council  in  unmeasured  terms. 

At  the  Circuit  Court,  to  which  the  case  was  appealed,  Mr.  Shaffer  and 
his  minions  were  defiant  and  threatening  at  first,  then  they  wanted  to  hedge. 
When  the  case  was  reached  on  the  docket,  our  attorney  called  the  attention 
of  the  Court  to  the  statute  and  cited  authorities.  The  judge  said  that  such  a 
case  could  not  be  maintained  and  ordered  it  dismissed. 

Thus  ended  the  celebrated  bee  case  at  Canton.  We  had  hoped  to  have 
the  opportunity  to  carry  this  case  to  the  Supreme  Court,  but  was  not  allowed 
to  do  so.  It  was  clean-cut  maliciousness,  and  would  have  been  a  grand 
chance  to  have  the  decision  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Illinois  on  the  simple 
question,   "Is  bee-keeping  a  nuisance  ?" 


State  Bee-Keepers    Association.  85 


MRS.  J.  M.  NULL,  MIAMI,  MO. 

The  mayor,  who  is  also  editor  of  the  News,  tried  to  incite  a  crusade 
against  the  bees,  and  assailed  Mrs.  Null  and  her  honey- gatherers  each  week. 
That  lady,  having  been  a  member  of  the  Union  for  years,  was  instructed 
how  to  proceed  should  legal  measures  be  commenced  by  that  ungallant 
official,  and  copies  of  the  Arkansas  Supreme  Court  decision  were  sent  to  the 
mayor  and  councilmen.     They  have  not  dared  to  molest  the  bees  yet. 

F.  M.  HART,  TRAVER,  CAL. 

A  fellow  named  Ogden,  who  is  a  grape-grower  in  Traver,  circulated  a 
petition  to  the  Board  of  Supervisors  to  have  the  bees  removed  because  they 
were  charged  with  ruining  the  grape  crop — that  damage  was  done  by  rain, 
however.  Mr.  Hart  wrote  the  facts  to  the  manager  of  the  Union,  who,  last 
February  instructed  him  how  to  proceed,  and  sent  copies  of  the  Arkansas 
Supreme  Court  decision,  to  be  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  Board  and  head  off 
the  petitioners. 

The  Board  then  procured  from  the  District  Attorney  an  opinion  on  this 
question  :  "Can  the  Board  of  Supervisors  prohibit,  by  ordinance,  the  keep- 
ing of  bees?" 

The  District  Attorney  replied  :  "Bees  are  property,  and  being  such 
you  cannot  destroy  the  right  of  the  owner  therein.  Any  attempt  of  the 
Board  to  prohibit  these  farms  on  the  ground  that  they  are  a  menace  to  fruit 
farms  would  be  usurpation  by  it  of  the  functions  of  courts  and  juries,  a  denial 
to  the  citizen  of  his  property- rights,  and  practically  a  confiscation  of  his 
property  without  due  process  of  law." 

The  Board  denied  the  petition  and  the  bee-keepers  won  a  substantial 
victory.  ; 

The  Union  is  to  be  congratulated  upon  another  victory.  While  Mr.  F. 
M.  Hart's  action  was  directed  by  the  Union,  he  remained  in  perfect  quietude 
and  his  rights  have  been  sustained.  His  neighbors  became  frightened  at  the 
cry  of  "the  wolf,"  fled  to  the  mountains  and  sacrificed  their  property.  How 
much  cheaper  and  more  comfortable  it  would  have  been  to  have  held  a 
membership  ticket  in  the  Union  and  had  its  backing,  moral  support  and 
defense  ? 

E.  GREELEY,    LORAINE,    OHIO. 

A  neighbor  of  Mr.  Elbert  Greeley,  at  Loraine,  O.,  circulated  a  petition 
asking  the  city  council  to  pass  an  ordinance  to  prohibit  the  keeping  of  bees 
in  the  city.  The  council  took  the  wisest  course  m  its  disposition  of  thepeti- 
tion,  as,  from  the  evidence  at  hand,  it  appears  to  have  had  its  origin  m  a 
spirit  of  petty  malice.  Common  justice  demanded  that  Mr.  Greeley's  bees 
should  not  be  declared  a  nuisance,  and  ordered  removed  from  the  city 
limits,  while  bees  kept  by  others,  within  the  limits  of  the  same  city,  were  not 
even  mentioned. 


86 


First  Annual  Report 


COMMUNICATION    I!Y    TELEGRAPH. 

Mr.  Greeley  wrote  thus  :  "No  bee-keeper  knows  when  he  may  be 
called  upon  to  defend  himself  in  court  against  the  attack  of  some  spiteful 
neighbor,  who  thinks  to  injure  him  through  his  bees.  Therefore,  all  should 
join  the  Union  at  once.  I  think  the  Union  should  have  a  cipher  for  use  by 
telegraph  in  case  of  emergency.  In  my  case  the  petition  was  only  circulated 
three  or  four  days  before  the  meeting  of  the  new  council,  giving  me  no 
chance  to  defend  myself" 

in  case  of  emergency  business  can  be  done  by  telegraph,  of  course,  but 
it  is  essential  to  carefully  consider  such  matters  before  involving  lawsuits. 

The  only  case  the  Union  has  lost  was  the  Olmstead  vs  Rich  case,  and  in 
that  an  answer  was  demanded  by  telegraph.  The  statement  was  made  that 
the  sheriff  was  threatening  to  collect  the  costs,  which  were  very  heavy 
(while  the  damage  was  only  6  rents),  and  Mr.  R.  wanted  an  appeal  from  the 
decision  of  the  Supreme  Court  to  the  Court  of  Appeals,  and  demanded  a 
reply  by  telegraph. 

We  do  not  lik-e  to  have  such  important  business  done  by  telegraph. 


OTHER    CASES. 

At  iMarine.  Madison  county,  111.,  a  spiteful  man  circulated  a  petition 
demanding  to  have  the  bees  removed  from  the  village.  We  dosed  the 
oflicials  wiUi  the  decision  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  heard  no  more  of  that 
petition. 

At  Easton,  Pa.,  we  score  a  victory  won  by  a  judicious  use  of  the  "De- 
cision of  the  Supreme  ("ourt  of  Arkansas."  An  ordinance  was  there  pre- 
sented to  the  city  council  declaring  the  keeping  of  bees  a  "nuisance"  and 
imposing  a  penalty  of  ^20  (or  its  violation.  It  was  referred  to  the  law  de- 
partment, and  Mr.  C.  G.  BeiLel  appeared  before  that  body,  and  addressed 
it  by  giving  in  substance  the  argument  of  Judge  Williams  (which  we  had 
already  sent  him),  showing  the  absurdity  of  .such  an  ordinance.  The  result 
was  that  the  section  relative  to  l)ees  was  .stricken  out  by  unanimous  vote  and 
the  bee-keepers  there  were  troubled  no  more. 

At  Hopkins,  Mo  ,  the  "nuisance"  fever  has  broken  out;  and  in  many 
other  places  it  assailed  apiarists,  but  was  cured  by  a  dose  of  the  Arkansas 
Supreme  Court  decision. 

Space  fails  me  to  further  enumerate  the  work  done  during  the  year. 

OKITCEkS    FOR    THE   COMING   YEAR. 

Eight  years  ago  the  offices  were  filled  by  the  present  incumbents.  Each 
year  they-liave  been  re-elected  by  large  majorities.  They  have  done  well, 
and  been  perfectly  harmonious  in  all  their  actions.  But  would  it  not  be 
advisable  now  to  have  an  entire  change  ?  Would  it  not  inspire  confidence 
and  add  largely  to  the  membership?  Some  may  think  that,  the  present  officers 


Pf*!'^,'lti'S»j';V.'U^*'r- 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  87 

have  a  mortgage  on  the  places  they  fill,  and  to  show  all  such  persons  that 
this  is  not  the  case,  a  change  may  be  very  desirable. 

The  General  Manager  knows  that  he  expresses  the  feelings  of  all  the 
officers  when  he  says  that  they  have  no  desire  for  re-election,  and  would  be 
glad  to  give  place  to  any  others  who  may  be  selected  by  the  votes  of 
the  membership  at  large.  Their  only  desire  is  for  the  success  of  the  Union 
in  its  great  work  of  defending  its  members  against  the  malicious  attacks  of 
the  ignorant  and  prejudiced. 

Any  member  is  eligible  to  office.  You  should  select  rom  the  list  given 
in  this  report  such  as  you  desire  tC)  elect,  and  make  out  your  ballot  ac- 
cordingly. 

HOW   TO    BECOME   MEMBERS. 

As  this  report  will  be  sent  to  many  not  members,  but  who  should  be- 
come such,  it  may  be  well  to  say  that  the  entrance  fee  is  |i.oo,  and  that  pays 
for  the  dues  of  any  portion  of  the  unexpired  calendar  year,  ending  December 
31.  Then  it  costs  li.oo  for  annual  dues,  which  are  payable  every  New 
Year's  day,  and  must  be  paid  within  six  months,  in  order  to  retain  mem- 
bership. 

If  membership  ceases,  then  all  claims  against  former  members  also 
cease;  and  all  claims  to  the  protection  of  the  Union  are  dissolved. 

FINANCIAL   STATEMENT. 

Balance  as  per  last  report I621.18 

Fees  from  571  members  for  1890 571 .00 

11,192.18 

Court  expenses,  attorney  fees,  printing  briefs,  etc 1:530.00 

Printing,  postage,  etc 103 .  60 

633.60 

Balance,  December  10,  1891 I558 .  58 

LIABILITIES. 

The  Union  has  engaged  attorneys  for  the  dafense  of  several  cases,  the 
cost  for  which  will  have  to  be  paid  when  they  come  up  for  trial— so  we  shall 
have  use  for  all  the  money  on  hand  and  the  dues  for  the  next  year — as  the 
cases  are  reached  on  the  docket. 

DUES   AND   ELECTION   OF   OFFICERS. 

It  now  becomes  my  duty  to  call  for  |i  .00  for  the  coming  year,  as  dues 
from  each  member.  A  blank  is  enclosed  to  be  used  for  sending  it,  and  also 
a  voting  blank.  Fill  up  all  the  blanks  and  send  to  the  manager  with  a  postal 
note  or  money- order  for  |i.oo  in  the  envelope  sent  with  it.  It  must  be 
received  by  February  i,  1892,  or  the  vote  will  be  lost. 


88 


First  Annual  Report 


CONCLUDING   REMARKS. 

The  Union  needs  money,  of  course,  but  it  needs  members,  and  they  are 
more  important.  Its  moral  power  and  influence  is  what  counts,  and  a  mem- 
bership of  5,<jOO  would  be  of  more  value  than  the|;5,ooo  which  it  would  bring. 

Several  of  the  attorneys  who  are  members  of  the  Union  have  assisted 
the  General  Manager  in  arranging  cases,  giving  opinions  and  writing  briefs, 
as  well  as  giving  advice  concerning  the  management  of  cases  on  trial .  The 
manager  wishes  to  thank  them  all,  but  particularly  to  acknowledge  his  obli- 
gations to  Messrs.  J.  E.  Pond  and  G.  W.  Demaree  for  valuable  assistance 
and  counsel. 

The  General  Manager  has  labored  without  the  hope  of  reward,  except 
such  as  comes  from  a  consciousness  of  having  done  his  duty,  and  is  fully 
prepared  to  welcome  his  successor  as  soon  as  elected. 

Thomas  G.  Newman,  General  Manager. 
199  Randolph  Street,  Chicago,  111. 


MEMBERS  OF  THE  NATIONAL 
fi^^New  members  for 

Acklin,  H.  G. 
Adams,  Rev.  G.  A. 
Addenbrooke,  W. 
Aiken,  R.  C. 
Andrews,  T   P. 
Armstrong,  }.  C. 

Babcock,  E.  E. 
Bagby,  M.  G. 
Baldwin,  Otis  N. 
Baldwin,  T.  J. 
Banning,  Jos.  G. 
Barker,  Dayton  E. 
Barlow,  Chas. 
Barlow,  J.  W. 
Barrows,  O.  B. 
Bates,  P.J. 
Baxter,  E.  J. 
Beach,  A.  L. 
Berthe,  William 
Besse,  Dr.  H. 
Beeson,  A. 
Bernhard,  Wm. 
Bernschein,  E. 
Billings,  L.  P. 
Bird,  E.  V. 


bee-keepers'  union,  for  the  year  1891, 

1892  are  not  included  in  this  list.°^a 

Arnoldt,  Mrs.  E. 
Ashby,  Geo.  H. 
Ashley,  Harmon  J . 
Atwood,  F.  M. 
Atwood  L.  E. 
Axtell,  L.  C. 

Boone,  E.  R. 
Bornhop,  Jno.  F. 
Bott,  Fred 
Bowditch,  Fred  C. 
Boynton,  G.  W. 
Brady,  Jesse 
Braentigam,  Sigel 
Bray,  Moses 
Breed,  J.  E. 
Brickey,  Peter 
Brokaw,  Lionel 
Brown,  Jas.  E. 
Brown,  J .  Few 
Bugbee,  D. 
Buhler,  John 
Bull,  Joshua 
Burr,  John 
Burden,  O.  E. 
Burgess,  CM. 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association. 


89 


Bittenbender,  J.  W. 
Bittner,  August 
Bixler,  Chas.  K. 
Blanchard,  O.  C. 
Bogart,  Lemuel 
Bohn,  Gustav 
Bohnert,  Franz 

Cady,  J.  E. 
Camp,  George  W. 
Candler,  Mathilda 
Carder,  A. 
Carlzen,  S.  M. 
Carter,  P.P. 
Carver,  Robt. 
Carver,  HI. 
Carey,  Wm.  W. 
Case,  Wm.  W. 
Cassens,  Wilke 
Chandler,  Lyman 
Chapman,  E.  H. 
Chapman,  E.  B. 
Chatfield,  Irving  G. 
Cheyney,  |.  L. 
Choate,  VV.  A. 
Christie,  A. 
Christie,  John  H . 
Church  &  Son,  S.J. 
Clark,  E.  H. 
Clark  S.  H. 
Clark,  W.  E. 
Claus,  A.  H. 

Dadant  &  Son,  Chas. 
Dahl,  Rev.  T. 
Daniher,  D-.  D. 
Daty,  John 
Dans,  Joseph 
Davis,  CM. 
Deahl,  H.  P. 
Decker,  C.  K. 
Dedman,  J.  O. 
Delmonley,  E. 
Demaree,  G.  W. 
DeWitt,  Graham  S. 
Eastman,  A. 


Burley,  C.  S. 
Burroughs,  C.  W.  M. 
Burton,  L. 
Burton,  S. 
Bussanmus,  Otto 
Byer,  David 

Clemens,  Noah 
Coombs,  Samuel 
Coe,  Asher  M . 
Cole,  G.  W. 
Cole,  M.  A. 
Coleman,  D.  C 
Col  wick,  J.  N. 
Common,  J.  R. 
Conger,  J.N. 
Cook,  Prof.  A.  J. 
Cook,  Fred  W . 
Cook,  Geo.  W. 
Conrad,  S.  W. 
Conser,  John 
Coppin,  Aaron 
Comwell,  EC. 
Cox,  John  A . 
Cox,  Lurinda 
Crane,  Burton  B. 
Cronkleton,  E.J. 
Crotty,  John 
Crotzer,  A.  S. 
Cummings,  Wm.  H. 

Dexter,  Austin 
Deyo,  J.T. 
Dibbem&Son,  C.  H. 
Dittmer,  Gus 
Doolittle,  G.  M. 
Downing,  Walter  B. 
Draper,  A.  N. 
Drydale,  T.  I. 
Duncan,  A.  J. 
Duncan,  W.  H . 
Dyson,  F. 

England,  P.J. 


go 


First  Annual  Report 


Eastwood,  L. 
EUicott,  Thos. 
Elwood,  R.  H. 
Elver,  E.  C. 
Emmons,  A.  I. 

Fairchild,  [esse 
Feathers,  Harvey 
Feazel,  B    F. 
Ferris,  Dean 
Flanagan,  E.  T. 
Flick,  Geo.  W. 

Gammon,  R. 
Gander,  A.  M. 
Garretson,  P.  A. 
George,  Milo 
Gibbs,  E.  P. 
GifiFord,  H.  C. 
Gish,  Geo.  VV. 
Gordon,  Homer  E. 
Gray,  Jas.  L. 

Haeger,  John  F. 
Hagan,  John  Jr. 
Haines,  J.  B. 
Hallam,  Edward 
Hambaugh,  Jos.  M. 
Harnes,  Josephus 
Hamilton,  Wm. 
Hanson,  A.  L. 
Harmer,  Walter 
Harrison,  Mrs.  L. 
Harker,  Jas . 
Harseim,  G. 
Hart,  F.  M. 
Hart,  John  H. 
Harvey,  J .  M . 
Haskin,  Dr.  A.  S. 
Hastings,  M.  E. 
Hatch,  C.  A. 
Hayes,  F.  T. 
Heddon,  James 

Jackson,  Mrs.  C  F, 
Jacobson,  Jacob  C. 


Erkel,  T.  C. 
Evans,  H. 
Evans,  T.  C. 
Eversole,  Geo .  H . 

Foote,   Ireneus  M. 
France  &  Son,  Edwin 
Frame,  H.  G. 
Freeborn,  S.I. 
Freeman,  G.  M. 
Fuller,  Russell 

Greeley,  Elbert 
Green,  J.  A. 
Green,  Mrs.  S.  C. 
Gresh,  Abel 
Gress,  Dr.  P.  C. 
Grimm,  Christopher 
Gross,  Gustav 
Gunderson,  Frank 
Gunther,  F.  B. 

Heitchen,  Wm. 
Helser,  Joel 
Hesmer,  Marshall 
Hettel,  Mathias 
Hewes,  Wm.  G. 
Hill,  Wm. 
Hilton,  Geo.  E. 
Hollenbeck,  Cornelius 
Holmberg,  J.  A. 
Holser,  John 
Hoover,  Oliver 
Hone,  Geo. 
Hoshall,  A.  E. 
Howe,  P. 

Howell,  Edward  D. 
Howell,  Geo.  P. 
Hubbard,  E. 
Huff,  C.  A. 
Hunsicker,  H.  B. 
Hunt,  M.  H. 

Jardine,  James 
Johnson,  G.  M. 


-^^UiSHtSSsj-^tV . 


:.i- 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association. 


91 


Kauffman,  D. 
Kennady,  D.  Y. 
Kenyon,  D.  T. 
Kerr,  Geo.  A. 
Kinjr,  D.N. 
King,  Ira  A. 
King,  James  A. 
Kingsley  &  Osterhaut 
Kinzie,  J.  M. 

Labrier,  H.  C 
Lafler,  Lewis 
Lammey,  John 
Lampman,  Henry 
La  Rue,  Henry 
La  Rue,  Jeremiah 
Lathrop,  H. 
Lattner,  Paul 
Laurence,  Chas. 
Lawrence,  J.  J. 
Laxton,  J.  G. 
Leahy,  R.  B. 
Lee,  H.  W. 
Leffingwell,  S. 

McCormacls,  Wm.  B. 
McDaniel,  D.  W. 
McFarlin,  T.  H. 
McFatridge,  P.  W. 
Mclntyre,  J .  F . 
McKean,  Mary  P. 
McNay,  Frank 
McNeill,  James 
Marden,  Henry 
Margileth,  Edw. 
Martin,  J.  H. 
Martin,  Wm. 
Mason,  Dr.  A.  B. 
Mathews,  R.J. 

Nau,  John 

Nebel  &  Son.  John 

Nelson,  Jas.  A. 

Newman,  J.  H. 

Newman  &  Son,  Thos.  G. 

Nipe,  James 


Kirk.  E.  L. 
Kirkpatrick.  Geo.  H. 
Kistenbroker,  A.  W. 
Kloer,  T.  H. 
Knapheide,  Rudolph 
Koeppen,  Aug. 
Krumm,  Fred  J. 
Kuebel,  Edward  J . 

Lemart,  Thos.  H. 
Le  Roy,  J .  W. 
Lewis,  Geo.  W. 
Lindorff,  Albert 
Liston,  Elijah 
Little,  B.  F. 
Living.ston,  T.  W. 
Longmate,  John 
Lucas,  David 
Ludke,  Chas . 
Ludwig,  G. 
Lyman,  W.  C. 
Lyon,  Wm. 

Miles  &  Hubbard 
Miles,  G.  W. 
Millard,  Dr.  N.  T. 
Millard,  D. 
Mill;  Mrs.  J.  M. 
Miller.  Adolf 
Miller,  Arthur  C. 
Miller,  Dr.  C.  C. 
Miller,  G.  M. 
Minthorn,  P.  W. 
Moe,  D.  F. 
Moses,  Albert 
Muth,  Chas.  F. 


Nippert,  John 
Nisbet,  H.  B. 
Northrup,  H.J. 
Northrup,  Philo 
Norton,  P.  L. 


92 


First  Annual  Report. 


Ochsner,  J  •  J . 
Osborne,  Robert 

Pangborn,  H.  L. 
Perry,  F.  P. 
Peterman,  E. 
Petty,  W.  T.  F. 
Pettis,  Chas.  E. 
Pfunter,  VV.  L. 
Phelps,  N.  T. 
Pickard,  S.  E. 
Pierce,  L.  C. 

Quick,  Chas.  E. 

Randall,  A.  F. 

Raney,  S. 

Rasmussen,  Wm.  Muth 

Reeds,  J.  A. 

Reese,  Jno.  S. 

Reyburn,  Mrs.  M.  P. 

Reynolds,  R.  D. 

Rice,  Benj.  E. 

Rich.  S.  W. 

Richenbacher,  Adam 

Rinefort,  A.  E. 

Ripps,  Emil 

Robinson,  A.  F. 

Robinson,  Jas.  W. 

Robbins,  Daniel  E. 

Salisbury,  E. 
Sandford,  E. 
Sawyer,  Lewis  A. 
Sayles,  J.  C. 
Schach,  Fred 
Schafer,  F.  W. 
Schleigh,  John  }. 
Schmidt,  R.  H. 
Scheuring,  Paul 
Scherer,  C. 
Schock,  Geo. 
Scofield,  J.  T. 
Scoles,  Dr.  H.  J. 
Scott,  Geo.  G. 
Seals,  Emma  L. 
Secor,  Eugene 


Otto,  Henry 

Pierce,  Thos. 
Pike  &  Van  Allen 
Pond,  Jos.  E. 
Presnell,  J.  A. 
Pressey,  B.  L. 
Price,  J.  W. 
Prideaux,  W.   H. 
Pullen,  Drisbrow 
Putnam,  Wm.  H. 

Quinlan,  Thos.  B. 

Robbins,  Geo.  F. 

Robison,  J.  A. 
Rogers,  G.  D. 

Rohland,  Otto 

Roop,  Henry  W. 

Root,  A.  I 

Root,  Ernest  R. 

Rosebrook,  H.  H. 

Rosser,  R.  A. 

Roulo,  F. 

Rouse,  J .  W . 

Rowe,  W.  M. 

Row,  W.  J. 

Russell,  S.  E. 


Smith,  Geo. 
Smith,  Louis 
Smith,  S.  &  A.  M. 
Snell,  F.  A. 
Snyder,  John  H. 
Southard,  Wm.  B. 
Spangenberg,  C. 
Springer,  Mrs.  J.  C. 
Stahl,  E. 
Stahmann,  W.  y. 
Staininger,  N. 
Staley,  H.  K. 
Standish,  B.  H. 
Stark,  Henry 
Stecher,  Theo. 
Stephens,  W.  B. 


..'■:;:>. :k..£,ii 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association. 


93 


Secor,  W.  G. 
Seyer,  A.  M. 
Shaw,  Jas.  E. 
Shepard,  Horace 
Sherington,  Alex 
Sherman,  Mrs.  S.  E. 
Shirer,  Green  R. 
Shoemaker,  N. 
Shone,  J.  A. 
Shuck,  S.  A. 
Shumaker,  Jonas 
Sisson,  H.  B. 
Smith,  David 
Smith,  Fred 
Talbert,  Mad. 
Tantum,  Ellwood  C. 
Taylor,  B. 
Taylor,  Emerson  F. 
Taylor,   Henry 
Taylor,  J.  N. 
Taylor,  M. 
Thatcher,  Will 
Theilmann,  C. 
Thilenius,  G.  C. 
linger,  Henry 

Vance,  W.  A. 
Vandereike,  Adolph 

Walker,  Byron 
Walker,  J.  E. 
'Walters,  Dr.  L.  S. 
Watts,  W.  H. 
Weil,  Joseph 
Weile,  Chas.  H. 
Weishoff,  F. 
Wells,  B. 
West,  Chas. 
Wheeler,  J.  C. 
Whitford,  G.  M. 

Whitney,  Geo.  W. 
Whittlesey,  E. 
Wicherts,  A. 
Wight.  Marcus 
Wilcox,  F. 
Wilcox,  J.  W. 

Yates,  Lafayette 


Stephenson,  Henry  W. 
Sterritt,  J.  P. 
Stewart,  John  C. 
Stewart,  W.  T. 
Stevenson,  D.  P. 
StoUey,  Wm . 
Stoops,  Mrs.  Mary 
Stowe,  H.  A. 
Stow,  N.  L. 
Stuart,  B.  F. 
Strong,  J.  L. 
Stupeck,  F. 
Sullivan,  Geo.  W. 
Syphrit,  J.  B. 
Thomas,  C.  F. 
Thornton,  Tno.  A. 
Thurlow,  Thos. 
Timpe,  Jacob  T. 
Travis,  F.  W. 
Travis,  I.  A. 
Trepus,  Daniel 
Trott,  Jas.  A. 
Turnei,  Rev.  T.  E. 

Urban,  Otto  J.  E. 
Vogelman,  David 

Willman,  R. 
Wilson.  G.  W. 
Winslow,  O.  F. 
Winsor,  W.  O. 
Winter,  H.  F. 
Witzig,  Mrs.  Henry 
Wolcott,  Wm.  C. 
Woodman,  L.  C. 
VVoodside,  R.  H. 
Wright,  David  H . 
Wright,  E.  R. 

Wright,  Geo.  A. 
Wright,  W.  D. 
Wright,  W.  S. 
Wurth,  Daniel 
Wyrick,  Montgomery 

Youngblood,  J . 


94 


First  Annual  Report 


HONEY  STATISTICS  FOR  i8go. 

The  past  season  was  not  a  favorable  one  for  bees,  and  the  amount  of 
honey  produced  was  27  per  cent  less  than  in  18S9,  when  2, 128,060  pounds  were 
produced.  In  1890  there  was  but  1,566,584  pounds  produced,  over  half  of 
which  came  from  Northern  Ilhnois. 


XoRTHEKN  Division.] 


Booiie 

Bureau 

( 'arroll 

Cook 

DeKall) 

l>nl'aKO   .... 
Orundy  . . . 
Hemlerson  . 

Henry 

Iroquois  .... 
.loDaviess  . . 

Kane 

Kankakee  . . 

Kendall 

Knox 

I,ake 

I.aSalh! 

I.ee 

Livingston  . . 
Marshall . . . . 
MeHenry    . . 

Mercer 

Ogle 

Peoria  

Pntiuini 

Hoek  Island  . 
Stark 


Stephenson. 

Warren 

AVhiteside  . . 

AVill 

Winnebago 
Woodford    . 


HONET. 


No.  lljs.    !   No.  lbs. 
produced  j  produeed 

compared 


in  1889, 

Assessors 

leturns. 


with  1881). 


No.  lbs. 

produced 

in  18!:o. 


Total  or  average. 


7S 

H 
IH 

H 
18 

fir, 

.ST 
87 
19 
15 
15 
50 
12 
57 
fi8 
27 
1(» 
H2 
78 
84 
.So 
8 
51 
27 
82 
.54 
124 
17, 

4<;, 

12. 


,.558 

,f;78 

,778 
,!Mk5 
,07(1 
,02(1 
,.580 
,884 
,838 
,150 
.990 
,5.S0 
,188 
,720 
,098 
,172 
,855 
,508 
,408 
,470 
,952 
,504 
,871 
,.557 
,.580 
.200 
,078 
187 
540 
804 
(;95 
049 
972 


1,197,280 


70 

*75 
81 
47 

100 
57 

*.54 
80 
04 
7-2 

120 
50 
.52 
42 
40 
85 
87 
90 
52 
70 
75 
55 
70 
50 

*78 
55 
75 
78 
79 
•i7 
.85 


(u 


19.287 
.59,008 
18.201) 

1,K08 
18,070 

4.. 571 

7,8.S0 
20.207 
42,778 
20,7.52 
45,. 595 

9.708 

7,S72 

0,002 
20,27'; 
10,841 
,50,8.84 
(il,700 
14,249 

7,. 829 
24,714 
48.210 
24,0(iO 
17.778 

0,(^58 
28,108 
20,7.55 
25,007 
48,087 
88,. 824 

0,198 
24,257 

9,9S,S 


805,. 520 


O  , 

3 


►3 


3 


$0  15 

"'18 
10 
12 
14 

ii 

21 

18 
10 
20 
14 
10 
16 
14 
12 
15 
21 
11 
14 
12 
18 
10 

15 
17 
12 
12 
15 
10 
11 
17 


issgs'!S!f?»?p*!'--X'T 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association. 


95 


Honey  Statistics — Continued. 


Central  Division. 


Adams  . . 
Brown  . 
Calhoun 

Cass. 


Cbatnpaifin. . , 

Christian 

Clark  

Cok'S  

Cumberland. 

DfWitt 

Douglas 

Kdgar 

Ford 

Fulton 

Greene 

Hancock. 

Jersey  

Logan  

Macon 

Moucoupin  . . 

Mason 

Melionough  . 

McLean 

Menard 

Montgomery 

Morgan 

Moultrie 

Piatt 

Pike 

fSangamon 

Scliuyler 

Scott 

Shelby 

Tazewell 

Vermilion  . . . . 


HONEY. 


Xo.  lbs. 
produced 

in  1889, 
Assessors' 

1 eturns . 


Xo .  lbs . 
produced 

in  1890. 
compared 
with  1889. 


;Xo.  lbs. 
produced 
in  1890. 


Total  or  average . 


3.1 

10 

6 

.T 

2(5 

31 

8 

9 

2 

12 
12 
14 

9 
.51) 
27 
G6 
11 
U 

i 
28 

•T 

69 

40 

4 

a 

3 

4 

21 

21 

14 

fi 
.53 
10 


..527 
,5fi8 
,862 
,998 
,289 
,229 
,296 
,861 
670 
,.593 
,3.36 
,061 
,8.39 
,<X)1 
,2<i2 
,489 
,  13.54 
141 
20.5 
,234 
,349 
,6.50 
872 
875 
888 
,.500 
,176 
,480 
,7.31 
,.512 
,322 
782 
,46.5 
,20,5 
,844 


691,872 


100 

87 

40 

*8.5 

100 

1 03 

5(0 

&5 

12.5 

110 

100 

83 

75 

77 

*68 

*72 

7.5 

72 

140 

;55 

*78 

4.5 

62 

82 

*78 

100 

100 

*102 

80 

70 

*77 

KM) 

8!) 

■  87 


35,527 

9,191 

2,745 

5,098 

26,289 

32.166 

7,466 

6,410 

3,. 337 

13,8.52 

12,336 

11,671 

7,379 

43,813 

IS, .5.38 

49,867 

8,515 

10.087 

19,088 

15,. 529 

4,172 

31,345 

25,341 

3. .587 

26,433 

3,,5(XI 

3,176 

4,. 570 

17,. 38.5 

1.5.0.58 

11,028 

469 

6,4(>5 

42,564 

9,4.34 


.534,. 521 


K 
o 

3 

"^ 
o 


$0  12 
13 
10 
15 
10 
13 
13 
15 
15 
15 
10 
16 
12 
17 
10 
11 
15 
18 
18 
17 
12 
11 
15 
12 
10 
12 
15 
15 
12 
20 
10 
15 
12 
22 
13 


96 


First  Annual  Report 


Honey  Statistics — Conti?tued. 


Southern  Division. 


HONEY. 


Xo.  lbs. 
produced 

in  1889, 

Assessors' 

returns. 


No.  lbs. 
produced 

in  1890. 
compared 
withl889. 


No.  lbs. 

produced 

in  1890. 


o 

B 
re 

i-j 
O 

B 


Alexander.  . 

Hond 

Clay 

Clinton  

Clawf  ord  — 

Edwards 

Effingham  .. 
Fayette  ...  . 

Franklin 

Gallatin 

Hamilton  — 

Hardin 

Jackson 

Jasper 

Jefferson 

Johnson  — 
Lawrence . . . 

Madison 

Marion 

Massac 

Monroe 

Perry  

Pope 

Pulaski 

Randolph 

Richland  — 

Saline 

St.  Clair  

LTnion  .  .     . . 

Wabash  

Washington. 

Wayne 

White 

Williamson.. 


Total  or  average . 


775 

8,.S96 

10,952 

10,479 

t7,792 

4,145 

5,604 

8,004 

4,425 

1.398 

12,663 

2,820 


7,;«ii 
18,179 
2,051 
2,.S23 
7,7.58 
6,480 
1,611 
1,066 
3,185 


4,7.30 

9,518 

14, ,317 

17,8J)5 

7,03-> 

8,445 

14,929 

16,277 

t27,846 

6,282 

4,191 


2.38,958 


100 

66 

100 

90 

88 

6 

73 

*82 

120 

105 

133 

50 


100 
92 

100 
70 
98 
70 

*m 

50 
91 


115 

75 

105 

137 

80 
81 

*81 
72 

105 
90 
82 


95 


775 
5, .541 

10,952 
9,431 
6,8.57 
2 ,  777 
4,091 
6,. 563 
5.310 
1,468 

16,842 
1,410 


7,386 
7,. 525 
2,051 
1,626 
7,. 598 
4,. 536 
1,724 
5.33 
2,898 


5,450 

7,1.38 

15,033 

24, .516 

5,626 

6,840 

3,992 

11,719 

29,238 

5,&54 

3,437 


226, .5.3'; 


$0  15 
14 
15 
15 
16 
12 
12 


15 
12 
12 
10 


10 
10 
20 
10 
10 
18 
29 
15 
14 


10 
11 
12 
12 
14 
17 
20 
15 
13 
12 
17 


♦Estimated. 

tBstimated  same  as  previous  year. 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association. 


97 


HONEY  STATISTICS  FOR  1891. 

The  year  iSgr  was  very  unfavorable  to  the  production  of  honey,  and  only 
three-lourthas  much  was  made  asin  1890.  The  1891  product  amounted  to 
82  r , 678,  pounds  which  brought,  on  an  average,  1 4  cents  per  pound.  The  total 
value  of  the  honey  produced  in  1891  was  $112,934.  The  number  of  hives 
ot  bees  reported  in  1891  was  120,252. 

HONEY  AND  BEES . 


Northern  Division. 


HONET. 

Bees 

No.   lbs. 

No.   lbs. 

r 

0^' 

—  > 

produced 

produced 

No.   lbs, 

■3 

o:§ 

in  1890, As- 

1891 com- 

produced 

£ 

s_-   • 

sessors' 

pared 

in  1891. 

""  c  P  S 

3*-*  5 

returns. 

with  1890. 

ir  ^ 

^—  ,— . 

JiS^'" 

12,68.^ 

87 

11,034 

$0  12 

$1,.324 

899 

13,.52.T 

*75 

10,144 

15 

1,.522 

3,135 

18,801 

25 

4,. 575 

*13 

.5<J5 

1,762 

2,245 

80 

1,7% 

14 

251 

318 

8,470 

75 

6,3.52 

12 

762 

894 

6,330 

105 

6,646 

15 

997 

293 

8,. 582 

*i)5 

8,1.53 

12 

978 

1,264 

10,, 335 

60 

6,201 

11 

682 

2,011 

11,2.34 

50 

5,617 

15 

842 

2.193 

18,173 

96 

17,446 

14 

2,442 

3,081 

13,798 

60 

8,279 

12 

993 

1,294 

11,687 

97 

11,336 

12 

1,360 

848 

13,752 

75 

10,. 314 

15 

1,.547 

1,158 

11,711 

105 

12,296 

12 

1,475 

8.55 

7,713 

.55 

4,242 

19 

806 

2,4.59 

8,968 

110 

9,8(5 

15 

1,480 

522 

51,219 

110 

.56,. 341 

15 

8,451 

3,643 

31,959 

90 

28,763 

13 

3,73!) 

2,717 

16,206 

94 

15,234 

20 

3,047 

2,233 

5,770 

1   ,73 

4,212 

11 

463 

853 

17,. 376 

93 

16,160 

12 

1,9.39 

1,120 

10,270 

53 

5,443 

15 

8161 

2,1(»9 

14,034 

107 

15,016 

13 

1,9.52 

1,,543 

6,700 

50 

3,350 

*16 

537 

•    1,227 

3,970 

25 

992 

10 

99 

623 

4,739 

70 

3,317 

14 

4t;4 

1,024 

2,274 

102 

2,. 319 

13 

.301 

754 

10,515 

85 

8,9.38 

13 

1,162 

1,010 

16,089 

71 

11,423 

15 

1,713 

2,715 

58,627 

75 

43,970 

12 

5,276 

3,916 

13,329 

90 

ll,i»96 

15 

l,7i« 

l,2;i4 

12,108 

73 

8,83<) 

13 

1,149 

1,0511 

10,102 

95 

9,597 

20 

1,919 

1,283 

432,794 

82- 

*        380,206 

$0  15 

$52,882 

52,141 

Boone  

Bureau 

Carroll 

Cook 

DeKalb 

UuPage 

Grundy 

Henderson 

Henry 

Iroquois 

JoDaviess 

Kane 

Kankakee 

Kendall 

Knox .  .  

Lake 

LaSalle 

Lee 

Livingston m  . . 

jMarshall 

McHenry 

Mercer 

Ogle  

Peoria 

Putnam 

Rock  Island  

Stark 

Stephenson  

Warren 

Whiteside   

Will 

Winnebago  

Woodford 

Total  or  average 


..^ 


98 


First  Annual  Report 


Honey  Statistics — Continued. 


Central  Division. 


Honey. 

Bees 

No.   lbs. 

No.    lbs. 

=0^-? 

li 

produced 

produced 

No.   lbs. 

p._; 

in  1890, As- 

1891 com- 

produced 

o  "Z 

3  "'O    . 

sessors' 

pared 

in  1891. 

■S  s 

—  2  OS 

Nut 

of  1 
1891 

returns. 

with  1890. 

^  A 

16,729 

*47 

7,863 

$*0  11 

$865 

1,4.31 

«1,735 

*65 

1,128 

*12 

135 

1^222 

4,130 

100 

4,1.30 

11 

454 

597 

8,858 

*67 

5,9.35 

12 

712 

i«7 

15,930 

52 

8,284 

11 

911 

2,547 

11,339 

57 

6,492 

14 

909 

1,512 

4,575 

103 

4,712 

18 

848 

728 

tt3,304 

87 

2,874 

16 

460 

tt596 

**7,442 

75 

5, .581 

12 

670 

**666 

14,005 

25 

3,501 

15 

.525 

989 

6,414 

70 

4,490 

12 

5.39 

671 

tl4,061 

42 

5,906 

13 

768 

+1,072 

3,327 

25 

832 

*16 

1.33 

458 

24,. 347 

95 

23,130 

15 

3,469 

3,825 

t84.651 

50 

42,325 

13 

5,. 502 

tl,772 

7,661 

55 

4,213 

10 

421 

1,191 

14,288 

66 

9,430 

17 

1,603 

916 

10,279 

25 

2,570 

15 

.3&5 

1,464 

11,0,58 

45 

4,976 

14 

697 

712 

8,212 

80 

6,, 570 

12 

788 

1,942 

8,166 

72 

5,879 

13 

764 

904 

2,921 

37 

1,081 

15 

162 

729 

36,. 321 

58 

21,066 

20 

4,213 

3,. 5.59 

4,775 

60 

2,865 

12 

344 

1,100 

5,940 

85 

5,049 

12 

606 

1,1,32 

7,140 

90 

6,426 

12 

771 

765 

t+3,030 

90 

2,727 

15 

409 

tt229 

6,082 

45 

2,7,37 

15 

410 

779 

11118,231 

40 

3,292 

10 

329 

11881 

**13,198 

•     47 

6,203 

18 

1,116 

**1,.314 

9,185 

*65 

5,970 

12 

716 

1,,566 

2,315 

100 

2,. 315 

15 

3471 

109 

3,849 

87 

3,. 349 

14 

469 

474 

11,880 

65 

7,722 

16 

1,235 

1,839 

11,114 

50 

5,5.57 

15 

833 
$33,518 

1,962 

406,542 

58 

237,180 

$0  14 

41,630 

Adams 

Brown 

Calhoun 

Cass 

Champaign 

Christian    

Clark 

Coles 

Cumberland 

DeWitt 

Douglas 

Edgar 

Ford 

Fulton, 

Greene 

Hancock 

Jersey 

Logan 

Macon 

Macoupin 

Mason 

McDonough 

McLean 

Menard. 

Montgomery 

Morgan 

aioultrie 

Piatt 

Pike 

Sangamon 

Schuyler 

Scott 

Shelby 

Tazewell 

Vermilion 

Total  or  average 


State  Bee-Keepers    Association. 


99 


Honey  Statistics — Continued. 


Southern  Division. 


Honey. 


Jfo.  lbs. 
produced 
in  1890,  As- 
sessors' 
returns . 


No.   lbs. 
produced 
1891  com- 
pared 
with  1890. 


No.   lbs. 

produced 

in  1891. 


as  r 


®  -  3 
3  ^rS    . 
"  O  OX 


Bees 


.2  > 


Alexander..  . 

Bond 

Clay 

Clinton 

Crawford.  .   . 

P^dwards 

Eliingham  .. . 

Fayette 

Franklin 

Gallatin 

Hamilton .. . . 

Hardin '. . 

Jackson 

Jasper  

Je:^erson 

Johnson  

Lawrence 

Madison 

Marion 

Massac 

Monroe 

Perry 

Pope 

Pulaski 

Randolph 

Bichland 

Saline 

St.  Clair  

Union 

Wabash 

Washington. 

Wayne 

White 

Williamson. . 


t775 

6,260 

8,600 

5,512 

§§1,405 

5,434 

4,813 

18,004 

14,425 

4,136 

tt4,755 

§1,606 


114,705 

t8,l79 

**2,911 

**7,694 


16,480 

ttS,288 

6,920 

3,906 


102 
77 
50 
95 
63 
72 
86 

*82 
84 

102 

100 
*101 


80 

70 

112 

*78 


95 
105 
*67 
100 


790 
4,820 
4,300 
5,236 

885 
3,912 
4,139 
6,563 
3,717 
4,219 
4,755 
1,622 


3,764 
5,725 
3,260 
6,001 


6,156 
8,702 
4,6.36 
3,906 


$0  11 
14 
10 
12 
15 
12 
10 
*13 
14 
14 
12 
11 


20 
12 
10 
15 


$8 

675 

430 

628 

133 

469 

414 

853 

520 

591 

571 

178 


376 
630 
424 
600 


1,231 

1,044 

464 

586 


tl70 

1,060 

1,483 

916 

§§424 

644 

1,068 

t588 

t681 

354 

tt472 

§136 


11776 


**402 
**895 


t957 

tJ6a3 

745 

225 


Total  or  average. 


-iM55^ 
15,068  ) 
11,856  / 
1129,326 
23,10) 
8,891 
«2,400 
15,794 
§§18,021 
7,4a3 
4,191 


109 
75 
70 

100 
60 

106 
92 
86 
83 

*89 
*101 


3,330 

11,. 301 

8,299 

29,. 326 

13,863 

9,424 

2,208 

13,583 

14,957 

6,660 

4,2.33 


12 
14 
10 
14 
17 
15 
13 
13 
10 
12 
14 


400 
1,582 

8.30 
4,10ft| 
2,a57l 
1,414 

287 
l,766t 
1,496! 

7991 

593  i 


.569 
1,602 
1,.388 
11,336 
2,396 
1,157 

XXm 

1,975 
§§1,.324 

868 
1707 


243,998 


84 


204,292 


$0  13 


$26,534! 


29,491 


♦Estimated.  fEstimated  same  as  last  report.  §Incomplete—l  township  not  re- 
turned, ulncomplete — 2  townships  not  returned.  Jlncomplete — 3  townships  not 
returned.  **Incomplete — 4  townships  not  returned,  tflneomplete — 5  townships 
not  returned.  §§Incomplete— 6  townships  not  returned,  nnlncomplete— 11  town- 
ships not  returned.    tJIncomplete— a  number  of  townships  not  returned. 


^:i4s^*V;"!tKiij>i^ij<i«i.te^"=-.^i-: 


100  First  Annual  Report 


We  are  most  kindly  indebted  to  R.  A.  Beal,  of  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.,  pub- 
lisher of  "Dr.  Chase's  Receipts  or  Information  for  Everybody,"  for  the  "Bee- 
Keeping  Department"  following,  which  by  his  consent  we  extract  from  this 
very  valuable  work. 

BEE-KEEPING    DEPARTMENT. 

BV  THE  PUBLISHER. 

Note— We  are  indebted  to  the  courtesy  of  H.  M.  Johnson,  of  Marshall, 
Mich.,  a  practical  and  experienced  bee-keeper,  who  has  also  published  a 
work  upon  this  subject,  called  "The  Farmer's  Guideto  Bee  Keeping,"  which 
is  the  best  work  of  the  kind  that  has  come  to  our  knowledge.  He  has  kindly 
permitted  us  to  make  such  extracts  as  we  saw  fit,  but  our  space  will  not  allow 
us  to  give  full  details,  but  to  give  enough  so  that  anyone  can  understand  the 
general  principles,  and  manage  bees  quite  successfully.  If  any  one  wishes  a 
thorough  and  scientific  knowledge  of  the  subject  in  all  its  details,  and  also 
how  to  make  the  various  kinds  of  hives,  bee  pasturage,  etc  ,  Mr.  Johnson's 
book  should  be  in  their  hands. 

FUNDAMENTAL  POINTS  IN  BEE-KEEPING. 

There  are  four  fundamental  points  which  render  bee- keeping  a  success, 
viz  :  the  man,  the  movable  comb  hive,  the  season,  and  the  honey  machine 
or  "mell  extractor."  The  operator  should  be  acquainted  with  and  under- 
stand the  nature  and  working  of  the  bee  to  enable  him  to  manage  them 
properly.  He  should  then  have  a  hive  that  would  answer  ail  his  needs  in 
every  department  of  bee  culture,  and  in  the  making  of  hives  should  aim  at 
simplicity.  The  honey  machine  is  acknowledged  by  all  bee-keepers  to  be 
the  greatest  improvement  to  the  science  since  the  invention  of  the  movable 
comb  hive,  by  the  use  of  which  we  claim  to  double  and  even  treble  the  quan- 
tity obtained  by  the  old  method; 

WHAT  CONSTITUTES  A  SWARM  OF  BEES. 

Every  prosperous  swarm  of  bees  must  contain  one  queen,  several 
thousand  workers,  and  a  portion  of  the  year  a  few  hundred  or  even  thous- 
and drones.  We  will  now  proceed  to  describe  the  different  bees  which  con- 
stitute a  swarm,  and  the  labors  of  eacii. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  QUEEN. 

The  accompanying  cut  will  illustrate  the  appearance  of  this  most  im- 
portant member  of  this  industrious  colony.     The  queen  is  the  only  perfect 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association,  ioi 


female  bee  in  the  colony,  and  hence  the  name  of  queen  or  mother  bee.  In 
form  she  is  longer  than  either  of  the  other  species.  She  is  usually  of  a  dark 
color,  except  the  under  side  of  the  abdomen,  which  bears  somewhat  on  the 


golden  shade.  All  her  colors  are  bright  and  glossy,  and  she  has  but  little  of 
the  down  or  hair  seen  on  the  drones  or  workers.  Her  wings  are  short, 
reaching  a  little  more  than  half  way  back.  Her  posterior  is  more  pointed 
and  has  the  a">earance  of  curving  under  more  than  that  of  the  workers.  She 
has  a  sting,  but  never  uses  it,  except  in  combat  with  a  rival  queen. 

THEIR  AFFECTION  FOR  THEIR  QUEEN. 

The  queen  is  always  treated  with  the  greatest  affection  by  the  bees.  If 
she  is  removed  from  them  the  whole  colony  is  thrown  into  a  state  of  the 
most  intense  agitation.  All  labor  is  abandoned  and  the  bees  run  wildly  over 
the  comb  and  rush  from  the  hive  in  anxious  search  fortheir  beloved  mother. 
If  they  cannot  find  her,  they  returned  to  their  desolate  home  and  manifest  by 
their  sorrowful  tones  their  sense  of  this  great  calamity,  as  no  colony  can  long 
exist  without  the  presence  of  the  mother  bee. 

THE  AGE  OF  THE  QUEEN. 

The  average  age  of  the  queen  is  about  three  years.  None  should  be 
allowed  to  become  older  than  that,  as  after  that  age  they  often  become 
barren,  or  deposit  eggs  which  produce  only  drones,  and  the  colony  soon 
wastes  away  without  being  replenished  with  worker  broods. 

Like  the  drone,  the  queen  never  goes  to  gather  honey,  her  only  duty 
being  to  deposit  the  eggs,  both  male  and  female.  Yet  she  is  as  dependent 
on  the  workers  as  they  are  upon  her,  and  both  are  dependent  upon  the 
drones,  notwithstanding  they  are  the  acknowledged  idlers  of  the  colony. 

DEPOSITING   THE   EGGS. 

In  all  well  populated  hives  young  broods  may  be  found  in  different  stages 
of  development,  every  month  in  the  year,  with  few  exceptions.  The  queen 
carefully  examines  each  cell  by  trusting  her  head  in,  before  depositing  the 
egg,  to  see  if  it  contains  bee  breed  or  honey,  as  she  never  uses  a  cell  partly 
filed .     If  she  finds  the  cell  clear  she  immediately  curves  her  abdomen  and 


r 


I02  First  Annual  Report 


inserts  it.  She  remains  but  a  second  or  two  and  tlien  leaves  the  cell,  when 
an  egg  about  a  sixteenth  of  an  inch  long  may  be  seen  attached  to  the  base 
of  the  cell,  usually  a  little  to  one  side. 

HATCHIG. 

The  eggs  remain  unchanged  for  three  or  four  days.  They  are  then 
hatched,  the  bottom  of  each  cell  containing  a  small  white  worm,  which  floats 
in  a  whitish  transparent  fluid,  which  is  deposited  by  the  nursing  bees,  and 
by  which  it  is  probably  nourished.  It  gradually  enlarges  until  its  two  extrem- 
ities touch,  which  forms  a  ring.  It  continues  to  increase  during  five  or  six 
days,  until  it  occupies  the  whole  breadth  and  nearly  the  length  of  the  cell. 
The  nursing  bees  now  seal  over  the  cell  with  a  light  brown  cover.  As  soon 
as  the  larvae  is  perfectly  enclosed,  it  begins  to  line  the  cell  by  spinning  around 
itself  a  silky  cocoon.  When  this  is  finished  it  undergoes  a  great  change,  from 
the  grub  to  the  the  nymph  or  pupa  state,  and  does  not  bear  a  vestige  of  the 
previous  foi  m .  It  has  now  attained  its  full  growth,  and  the  large  amount  of 
nutriment  taken  serves  as  a  store  for  developing  the  perfect  insect. 

Queens  are  reared  from  eggs  that,  if  deposited  in  worker  cells,  would 
produce  worker  bees,  but  by  larger  cells  and  royal  jelly  queens  are  de- 
veloped. The  time  required  to  raise  a  queen  is  three  days  in  the  egg,  and 
five  days  as  a  worm,  and  on  the  sixteenth  day  she  has  attained  the  perfect 
state  of  a  queen  bee.  The  working  bee  comes  forth  perfected  in  twenty-one 
days  from  the  time  the  egg  is  deposited.  The  drone  takes  twenty-four  or 
twenty-five  days. 

IMPREGNATION  OF  THE  QUEEN. 

It  is  acknowledged  by  all  apiarians  of  the  present  day,  that  the  act  of 
copulation  takes  place  high  up  in  the  open  air,  and  usually  between  the 
fourth  and  tenth  days  after  leaving  the  cell.  If  fertilization  does  not  occur 
before  she  is  twenty  days  old  it  never  takes  place,  and  the  eggs  deposited 
will  only  produce  drones. 

THE   WAILINGS   OF   THE    QUEEN. 

The  queen  has  two  notes;  one  of  defiance,  called  piping;  the  other  is  a 
note  of  fear,  a  plaintiff,  pitiful  wail,  mournful  in  the  extreme,  and  lingering 
long  in  the  memory  when  once  heard.  This  mournful  note  is  set  up  when 
removed  from  their  hive,  when  seized  by  the  other  bees  to  destroy  her  life, 
or  when  her  colony  are  starving.  Whenever  this  note  is  heard  turn  not  a 
deaf  ear,  but  immediatly  respond  to  the  call,  for  there  is  something  wrong. 
Rigidly  examine  the  hive  and  remove  the  cause  of  complaint. 

An  unimpregnated  queen  is  called  a  "virgin  queen."  They  are  capable 
of  laying  only  drone  eggs.  A  fertile  queen  is  one  which  has  mated  with  a 
drone,  and  is  capable  of  laying  eggs  which  may  become  either  workers, 
drones  or  queens.     A  barren  queen  is  one  who  has  passed  the  stage  of 


i^.-i/-3w^*i»(Jfes«Wi.'ri' '.:.'  -..  ■.-   .■-■-■-      ..     .  .    .•.-■•-._  -.-jj.j-^,«i'.^:.;..,^.-' .^i,-.,;- 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  103 


laying  eggs,  that  will  become  either  workers  or  queens,  but  continues  to  lay 
eggs  which  produce  only  drones.  The  period  of  fertility  lasts  from  two  to 
three  years,  and  cannot  be  depended  on  longer  safely.  All  such  queens 
should  be  destroyed  and  fertile  ones  introduced,  that  the  colony  may  not 
become  extinct . 

WORKER    BEES. 

They  constitute  the  mass  of  the  colony,  and  upon  them  devolve  all  the 
labors  of  the  hive.  The>  gather  the  honey  and  pollen — the  food  for  the 
young.  They  nurse  and  feed  the  young  brood,  and  defend  their  house 
against  invasion  of  enemies.  The  care  which  the  workers  bestow  upon  their 
nurslings  is  wonderful,  and  they  manifest  the  most  tender  attachment  for 
them.  The  slightest  movement  of  these  nurses  approaching  to  administer 
to  the  young  brood  is  sufficient  to  attract  them  to  their  food  which  they 
devour  voraciously,  and  it  is  unsparingly  administered.  After  the  cells  have 
been  sealed  up  they  seem  to  cease  from  anything  like  attention,  although  if 
the  brood  comb  is  meddled  with,  their  utmost  ire  is  kindled.  Bees  reared 
in  the  spring  and  early  summer  are  shorter  lived  than  those  reared  later  in 
the  season .  Each  worker  is  armed  with  a  formidable  sting,  and  when  dis- 
turbed does  not  hesitate  to  use  it.  The  extremity  being  barbed  the  bee  can 
rarely  withdraw  it,  and  in  losing  her  sting  she  loses  her  life  and  dies  in  de- 
fending her  home  and  sacred  treasures. 

DRONES. 

The  "gentleman  of  leisure,"  who  leads  an  easy  life,  taking  no  thought 
of  the  morrow.  They  toil  not,  neither  do  they  spin,  but  let  others  bear  the 
heat  and  burden  of  the  day.  They  differ  from  the  queen  and  worker  in  form 
and  structure  and  are  of  a  darker  color  and  less  active.  They  have  no  pro- 
boscis forgathering  honey;  no  basket  for  pollen;  no  sack  for  wax;  and  no 
sting  to  defend  themselves  with.  They  seem  to  be  a  necessary  evil,  con- 
suming the  fruits  of  the  labor  performed  by  others.  Yet  without  them  the 
brood  would  soon  become  extinct.  Microscopic  examination  shows  that 
they  are  the  males  of  the  bee  family,  and  in  the  performance  of  the  functions 
appointed  to  them,  they  invariably  yield  up  their  life.  The  duties  devolving 
upon  them  are  to  accompany  the  young  queens  upon  their  bridal  tour.  In 
the  performance  of  the  same  their  life  becomes  the  sacrifice.  In  July  and 
August  if  there  seems  to  be  a  prospect  of  a  short  supply  of  honey,  the 
laborers  set  up  a  vigorous  persecution,  driving  them  from  or  into  a  corner  of 
the  hive,  and  when  through  hunger  and  captivity,  they  become  weakened, 
and  being  without  a  sting,  unable  to  defend  themselves,  they  fall  helpless 
victims  to  their  fearful  onslaughts .  They  rush  upon  them  and  sting  them 
with  such  fury  that  they  die  at  once.  They  seize  them  by  their  wings  and 
gnaw  them  in  such  a  manner  as  to  prevent  their  escape  by  flight,  and  crawl- 
ing off  death  overtakes  them . 


104  First  Annual  Report. 


THE  ITALIAN  OR  LIGURIAN  BEES 

Are  conceded  by  all  to  be  far  superior  to  the  black  bee  above  described, 
although  they  do  not  differ  essentially  in  conformation,  yet  for  profit  and 
amiability  are  a  great  improvement.  In  color  they  are  a  beautiful  golden 
hue.  The  worker  when  pure  has  three  distinct  bands  about  the  body  ;  the 
color  and  bands  being  the  test  of  purity.  The  queens  are  more  fertile  and 
prolific,  depositing  their  eggs  earlier  in  the  season;  swarm  oftner  and  earlier 
when  noi  interfered  with;  protect  themselves  from  robber  bees  and  moths 
more  effectually;  carry  in  more  honey,  gathering  from  the  small  variety  of 
red  clover  and  some  other  plants  whose  cells  are  so  deep  that  the  common 
bee  cannot  reach  the  nectar  distilled  in  the  bottom  of  the  flower  cups  ;  will 
not  sting  upon  as  slight  provocation,  and  can  be  handled  more  easily.  They 
are  stronger  and  more  hardy,  and  live  longer,  although  performing  more 
labor.  They  are  also  more  industrious,  often  going  to  the  fields  in  very 
unfavorable  weather. 

TO  PRESERVE  PURITY  OF  STOCK. 

Many  object  to  Italian  bees  from  apprehension  of  their  becoming  hybrid- 
ized on  account  of  black  bees  being  kept  in  their  vicinity;  but  the  fact  of 
their  throwing  off  swarms  more  frequently  and  earlier  in  the  season,  would 
easily  obviate  that  trouble.  Both  queens  and  drones  are  more  active  and 
agile  than  the  common  kind,  and  from  this  fact  would  usually  encounter  one 
another;  besides  the  wings  of  both  queens  and  drones  are  finer  than  the 
common  kind,  and  the  sounds  produced  in  flying  are  clearer  and  higher- 
toned,  hence,  they  are  readily  able  to  distinguish  each  other  when  on  the 
wing. 

REARING    ITALIAN    QUEENS. 

All  practical  bee-keepers  have  a  way  of  their  own  of  rearing  queens.  I 
would  recommend  the  use  of  a  small  hive  or  nucleus,  as  they  are  termed. 
They  are  made  about  six  or  eight  inches  long,  five  inches  wide  and  six 
inches  deep,  inside  measure,  with  ihree  miniature  comb  frames  each.  If 
your  whole  apiary  is  Italianized,  and  all  the  bees  are  the  same  for  an  extent 
of  three  miles  around,  there  will  not  be  much  difficulty  in  obtaining  purely 
fertilized  queens,  but  if  such  is  not  the  case,  some  of  the  following  methods 
may  be  adopted  to  secure  the  desired  result;  either  the  rearing  of  drones 
early  in  the  spring,  before  the  black  drones  make  their  appearance,  or  late 
in  the  season,  after  they  have  been  destroyed  ;  otherwise  the  manner  of 
double  working  them  will  have  to  be  resorted  to. 

If  the  apiary  is  large,  perhaps  the  last  named  method  would  be  the  most 
practicable;  as  it  would  be  almost  impossible  to  obtain  the  desired  results  by 
either  of  the  others,  unless  in  the  hands  of  an  experienced  operator.  The 
manner  of  double  working  them  is  very  simple.  It  is  merely  raising  all  the 
queens  you  may  desire  for  the  whole  apiary,   from  a  queen  of  undoubted 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  105 


purity,  and  let  the  young  queens  mate  as  they  will  with  black  or  Italian 
drones.  According  to  the  theory  adopted  by  myself,  and  the  majority  of 
bee-keepers,  the  drones  of  the  young  queens  will  be  pure,  while  the  workers 
of  a  queen  fertilized  by  the  black  drone  will  be  hybrides.  From  this  theory 
it  is  evident  that  the  drones  of  your  apiarj'  the  following  spring  will  be 
Italian,  and  you  have  only  to  proceed  and  raise  another  set  of  queens  from 
the  same  old  one  (or  what  would  be  better,  from  a  new  queen  from  another 
apiary),  which ^ould  produce  a  cross,  and  prevent  in  and  in  breeding.  If 
any  of  the  queens  of  the  second  year's  raising  do  not  produce  workers  of 
undoubted  purity,  namely  those  with  three  distinct  bands  on  the  abdomen, 
she  should  he  replaced  by  another,  until  the  desired  purity  is  attained.  It  is 
not  necessary  to  make  much  preparation  for  queen-raising  until  the  drones 
begin  to  make  their  appearance,  as  they  should  be,  at  least  two  weeks  old, 
at  the  time  the  qiieen  .sets  forth  on  her  bridal  tour.  When  the  proper  time 
arrives  to  prosecute  your  labors,  the  nuclei  should  be  stocked  with  combs  in 
the  frames,  and  a  little  honey,  about  one  or  more  frames  full,  in  order  that 
the  bees  may  concentrate  their  labors  on  the  queen  cells,  instead  of  being 
obliged  to  store  their  hive  with  honey.  To  insure  success  it  is  also  necessary 
to  have  some  brood  in  the  nuclei  to  retain  the  bees,  and  keep  them  on  the 
increase,  and  not  allow  them  to  diminish  in  numbers;  for  the  nuclei  should 
be  kept  well  stocked  with  bees.  The  brood  should  be  over  seven  days  old 
from  the  time  the  egg  was  deposited;  so  that  the  bees  will  not  construct 
queen  cells  from  brood  that  you  do  not  wish  to  use.  To  procure  the  bees 
and  comb  it  is  best  to  obtain  the  hive  from  a  distance  of  two  or  three  miles; 
drive  out  the  bees  into  a  box,  as  in  transferring,  search  out  the  queen,  divide 
the  combs  and  put  them  in  the  nucleus;  then  put  into  each  nucleus  at  least 
one  quart  of  bees,  without  a  queen .  A  good  swarm  in  May  will  furnish  bees 
enough  for  about  five  nuclei,  while  in  June  sufficient  may  be  obtained  tor 
ten .  The  bees  in  the  nucleus  should  be  confined,  with  a  little  ventilation, 
for  from  twelve  to  twenty-four  hours,  and  if  the  night  is  cool,  should  be  cov- 
ered or  carried  into  a  room,  so  that  their  brood  may  not  become  chilled. 

The  nuclei  should  be  placed  promiscuously  about  the  yard,  so  that  when 
the  queen  makes  her  flight,  she  may  return  safely  to  her  home  and  not  enter 
another,  and  in  the  mistake  lose  her  life.  The  bees  from  the  nucleus  may 
be  obtained  from  your  own  yard,  in  which  case  it  will  be  necessary  to  confine 
them  for  at  least  three  days,  that  they  may  not  return  to  their  old  habitation 
when  set  at  liberty.  If  it  is  desired  to  put  the  brood  that  you  wish  to  have 
queens  reared  from,  into  the  nucleus  at  the  time  of  putting  the  bees  in,  it  can 
be  done  if  done  quickly,  that  it  may  not  become  chilled  in  the  process;  or  it 
can  be  put  in  at  the  time  they  are  allowed  to  fly  out.  I  prefer  the  plan  advo- 
cated by  Mr.  Alley,  that  is,  to  introduce  your  best  queens,  or  those  you  wish 
to  rear  from,  directly  into  the  nucleus  and  change  combs  from  them,  when 
there  are  eggs  deposited  there,  to  others  frjom  which  to'rear  queens.  In  all 
cases,  to  raise  large,  strong,  fertile  queens,  I  think  it  best  to  introduce  the 


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brood  into  the  nucleus  before  the  eggs  hatch ;  as  in  that  case  the  larvae  is  fed, 
upon  the  royal  jelly  from  the  time  the  egg  hatches  until  it  is  sealed  over,  and 
therefore  would  receive  more  than  a  grub  that  is  well  advanced.  When  the 
brood  is  given  to  the  nucleus,  the  bees  will  often  start  several  queen  cells 
from  it,  and  in  from  ten  to  fourteen  days  some  of  the  cells  will  hatch.  Just 
before  they  do  all  the  cells  but  one  may  be  removed  and  placed  in  other 
nuclei,  or  in  hives  that  have  been  queenless  for  at  least  twelve  hours.  This 
is  much  safer  than  to  allow  them  to  hatch,  and  then  attempt  to  introduce  a 
virgin  queen  to  a  hive  or  nucleus,  as  they  will  rarely  receive  a  queen  until 
after  impregnation  takes  place. 

During  the  months  of  June,  July  and  August,  if  the  weather  is  pleasant 
the  queen  will  invariably  come  out  to  meet  the  drone  on  the  fifth  day  after 
leaving  the  cell,  and  in  two  or  three  days  she  will  commence  laying  eggs. 
She  should  be  removed  from  the  nucleus  after  impregnation  takes  places,  and 
before  she  commences  to  lay,  if  it  is  desired  to  rear  another  queen  in  the  same 
nucleus.  If  she  is  allowed  to  commence  laying  before  being  removed,  the 
bees  will,  after  her  removal,  begin  to  construct  queen  cells  from  the  eggs  laid 
by  her,  in  which  case  it  would  be  necessary  to  keep  the  nucleus  queenless  for 
five  days,  or  introduce  a  cell  just  ready  to  hatch  within  twelve  hours  after  re- 
moving the  queen. 

By  the  Secretary.  In  addition  to  the  above  plan  of  rearing  Italian  queens 
take  the  hive  that  has  a  queen  that  is  the  least  desirable,  search  her  out  and 
pinch  off  her  head,  then  let  the  hive  remain  about  stven  days  without  a 
queen;  take  out  all  the  brood  frames  and  destroy  all  the  queen  cells  they 
may  have  made;  return  all  the  brood  frames  to  the  hive  except  one,  and  in 
its  stead  put  a  brood  frame  taken  out  of  the  hive  containing  best  queen, 
using  care  to  get  a  frame  containing  fresh  laid  eggs .  On  this  broad  frame 
they  will  start  sometimes  quite  a  number  of  queen  cells,  which  will  begin  to 
hatch  out  in  from  ten  to  fourteen  days. 

Then  to  divide  swarms  to  increase  colonies  and  prevent  swarming  begin 
before  the  queen  cells  are  in  danger  of  hatching.  Divide  any  colony  that  is 
strong,  placing  one-half  the  frames  in  each  hive,  seeing  that  each  has  a  good 
supply  of  brood.  If  the  queen  be  a  good  one  leave  her  in  one  of  the  hives, 
and  in  the  other  insert  one  of  the  queen  cells.  If  they  destroy  this  cell,  after 
they  have  been  a  week  without  a  queen,  destroy  the  cells  they  may  have 
started  and  insert  another  queen  cell. 

INTRODUCING  THE  QUEEN. 

The  proper  time  for  moving  the  black  queen  is  the  middle  of  the  day — 
great  care  being  taken  not  to  alarm  the  bees  when  the  frames  are  removed. 
Smoke,  or  even  sudden  jarring,  will  cause  the  queen  to  seek  the  bottom  or 
the  hive  or  some  other  place  of  refuge.  Carefully  raised  off  the  top,  without 
jarring  the  hive  and  alarming  the  bees,  near  you  place  an  empty  hive  in  which 
to  put  the  frames  as  you  take  them  out,  examine  carefully  the  combs  in  the 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  107 

center  of  those  first  filled  with  brood,  and  if  the  bees  are  not  disturbed,  they 
will  be  spread  evenly  over  the  surface,  when  the  queen  will  be  easily  recognized 
and  can  be  picked  up  with  the  fingers.  If  the  bees  become  alarmed  the 
queen,  being  the  most  shy  and  retiring,  will  seek  to  conceal  herself  by  hiding  in 
a  mass  of  bees  in  the  corners  of  the  hive,  or  anywhere,  that  she  may  be  out 
ol  sight,  when  a  close  scrutiny  will  be  needed  to  discover  her.  If  you  do  not 
succeed  in  finding  her  return  the  entire  mass  to  the  hive,  and  make  the  effort 
at  some  future  day,  or  divide  the  swarm,  putting  one- half  the  contents  in  the 
empty  hive,  and,  if  possible,  the  greatest  number  of  bees.  Separate  the 
combs  in  each,  putting  in  only  half  the  number,  or  even  less  would  be  prefer- 
able. 

In  a  few  minutes  the  bees  will  become  quiet,  and  the  queen  will  leave 
her  hiding  place,  her  locality  being  readily  detection  by  the  quietness  of  the 
bees  near  her,  and  their  restlessness  on  the  other  combs.  The  combs  must 
now  be  returned  to  the  hive  in  the  position  they  occupied  before  being  re- 
moved. When  the  bees  are  returned  to  the  hive  destitute  of  a  queen  they 
will  at  once  commence  operations  to  remedy  the  detect,  by  converting  some 
of  the  worker  larvae  into  queens,  which  can  only  be  done  before  the  seventh 
day,  as  at  about  that  time  all  the  eggs  left  have  passed  the  stage  when  it 
will  be  possible  to  change  them  thus. 

The  combs  must  be  again  removed,  and  all  royal  cells  that  contain  larvae 
cut  off,  as  the  safety  of  the  new  queen  depends  largely  on  their  entire  re- 
moval. Mr.  L.  A.  Aspinwall,  gives  a  very  simple  and  easy  process,  that  ot 
"immersing  the  queen  in  a  little  honey,  slightly  warmed,  if  necessary,  and 
dropping  her  among  the  bees,  they  immediately  commence  licking  her  off, 
and  forget  that  she  is  a  usurper." 

THE   HIVE.  ^ 

Next  in  importance  to  the  bees  is  the  hive,  and  as  the  whole  land  teems 
with  bee-hive  sharks  who  are  continually  introducing  their  worthless  wares 
on  the  ignorant  and  innocent  bee-keeper,  and  I  am  compelled  to  say  that  90 
per  cent,  are  entirely  valueless  as  bee  homes,  I  believe  that  it  is  generally 
conceded  by  practical  apiarians  that  the  Rev.  L.  L.  Longstroth  has  accom- 
plished more  to  advance  the  science  of  apiculture  in  the  introduction  of  the 
movable  frame  than  the  combined  ingenuity  from  the  first  introductton  of 
hives  to  the  present  time.  It  has  never  been  my  good  fortune  to  obtain  a 
movable  comb  frame  so  cheap  and  simple,  and  at  the  same  time  so  easily 
removed  from  the  hive  as  the  Langstroth  frame.  A  good  hive  should 
possess  the  following  points,  viz. :  ist,  cheapness;  2d.  simplicity;  3d,  dura- 
bilitv;  4th,  as  good  for  winter  as  summer;  5th,  that  the  combs  may  be 
removed  without  injuring  or  irritating  the  bees;  6th,  that  the  bees  may  have 
free  access  to  the  surplus  honey  arrangement;  7th,  that  the  surplus  honey 
may  be  removed  without  injuring  or  irritating  the  bees  and  be  in  a  market- 
able condition;  8th,  that  the  bees  may  be  able  to  store  every  ounce  of  honey 


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they  can  collect;  9th,  completely  ventilated  that  the  bees  may  not  suffocate, 
and  thousands  of  them  hang  on  the  outside  of  the  hive  for  air  on  a  hot  day; 
loth,  that  all  the  heat  from  the  hive  may  enter  the  surplus  honey  boxes  or 
chamber,  to  enable  the  bees  to  elaborate  wax  and  make  comb;  nth,  that  in 
case  the  bees  are  carrying  in  honey  very  rapidly,  one  set  of  boxes  may  be 
raised  and  another  set  placed  under  them;  12th,  that  there  be  no  place  in 
the  hive  where  the  miller  moth  can  conceal  itself;  13th,  that  there  be  no 
space  between  the  top  of  the  combs  and  bottom  of  the  honey  boxes  except  a 
single  quarter  of  an  inch  ;  14th,  that  the  bees  may  enter  the  surplus  honey 
boxes  from  any  part  of  the  hive  without  creeping  through  a  hole  in  the 
honey  board;  15th,  that  all  openings  of  the  hive  be  guarded  with  a  slide  or 
button;  i6th,  that  the  boxes  be  covered  with  a  light  cap  to  exclude  the  chilly 
air  at  night  as  well  as  the  excessive  heat  of  the  noonday  sun,  with  a  ventila- 
tion at  each  end  to  be  opened  on  hot  days  and  allow  a  current  of  air  to  pass 
over  the  honey  boxes,  permitting  the  excessive  heat  of  the  hive  to  escape  in 
summer  and  in  winter  to  carry  off  the  moisture  generated  by  the  bees. 

THE   APIARY. 

The  next  thing  in  importance  is  the  location  of  the  apiary.  Select,  if 
possible,  a  sheltered  place,  shaded  somewhat  by  trees,  with  an  eastern  or 
southern  aspect,  where  they  can  be  easily  seen  or  heard  from  the  house  dur- 
ing swarming  season.  As  regards  the  distance  between  the  stands  it  should 
be  as  great  as  circumstances  will  admit — two  feet  being  the  nearest  they 
should  be  placed. 

STANDS   FOR    HIVES 

Is  a  subject  to  which  too  much  attention  cannot  be  given.  Placing  them 
several  feet  above  the  ground  makes  an  unnecssary  labor  for  the  bees  return- 
ing weary  and  heavy  laden,  with  barely  strength  to  reach  the  hive,  they 
alight  upon  the  ground,  and  if  toward  evening  when  cool  and  damp,  often 
perish.  Others  have  no  projection  from  the  entrance  upon  which  to  alight, 
but  expect  them  to  fly  direct  from  the  field  into  the  hive,  without  making  a 
pause . 

PROCURING   BEES   TO   STOCK   AN   APIARY. 

It  is  presumed  that  a  beginner  desi-res  to  obtain  a  quantity  of  bees  for  an 
apiary.  He  has  the  location  selected;  has  obtained,  what  appears  to  him, 
the  best  hive,  and  now  it  remains  to  procure  occupants  for  those  hives.  He 
may  purchase  a  colony  that  threw  off  a  swarm  the  year  before,  as  then  he 
would  be  quite  sure  of  getting  a  young  queen;  whereas,  if  the  stock  is  of  the 
current  year,  he  would  very  probably  have  an  old  one,  and  in  one  or  two 
years  discover,  to  his  great  surprise,  that  his  swarm  was  gradually  decreasing 
in  numbers,  with  a  fair  prospect  of  being  utterly  lost ;  or,  should  there  be  a 
swarm  thrown  off  accompanied  by  the  old  queen,  as  is  usually  the  case,  the 
new  one  would  in  a  short  time  dwindle  down  to  a  mere  handful  of  bees. 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  109 


The  best  method  in  all  cases,  therefore,  is  to  purchase  the  best  stocks, 
those  containing  a  large  number  of  bees,  a  good  suppy  of  honey,  and  that 
these  bees  are  sufficient  to  cover  almost  the  entire  comb.  Before  purchas- 
ing, be  sure  that  there  is  no  diseased  brood  occupying  the  cells,  and  that  no 
swarms  have  been  lost  from  this  cause.  If  no  disease  prevails  in  the  hives, 
then  old  stocks  are  not  objectionable,  as,  if  they  swarmed  the  previous  sea- 
son, they  have  the  young  queens,  who  are  more  prolific  than  the  old  ones, 
who  always  accompany  the  first  swarms;  and  as  long  as  they  remain  healthy 
are  as  prosperous  as  the  young  swarms. 

SWARMING. 

The  swarming  season  in  this  latitude  sometimes  commences  as  early  as 
the  15th  of  May,  and  at  other  times  as  late  as  the  ist  of  July.  It  usually 
commences  about  ten  or  twenty  days  after  white  clover  comes  into  bloom . 
As  a  general  rule,  bees  swarm  for  lack  of  room  or  want  of  thorough  ventila- 
tion mside  the  hive. 

METHOD   OF   HIVING   BEES. 

It  makes  but  little  difference  how  they  are  put  into  the  hive,  provided 
they  are  all  made  to  enter.  One  essential  thing  is  to  have  your  hive  in 
readiness.  The  hives  should  be  stored  in  a  cool  place,  as  bees  will  enter  a 
cool  hive  much  quicker  than  one  that  has  stood  in  the  hot  sun  all  day. 
Place  upon  the  ground  under  the  swarm  cluster,  Ihe  hive  with  a  large  piece 
of  board  just  in  front  of  it,  upon  which  the  bees  can  be  poured.  If  they  are 
to  be  hived  in  a  box  hive,  one  side  should  be  raised  one  inch  by  placing 
under  the  front  corner  two  sticks  or  blocks  to  hold  it  up  from  the  bottom 
board.  If  in  a  moveable  comb  hive,  raise  the  front,  if  on  a  movable  bottom 
board,  if  not,  open  the  entrance  as  wide  as  possible.  If  the  swarm  has 
clustered  on  a  small  branch  or  limb,  it  may  be  cut  off  if  not  detrimental  to 
the  tree,  and  brought  down,  and  the  bees  shaken  off  in  front  of  the  hive.  A 
knowledge  that  a  new  home  is  found  is  at  once  apparent.  If  any  large  num- 
ber linger  around  the  entrance,  nearly  closing  it,  you  can  expediate  their 
progress  by  gently  disturbing  them  with  a  small  twig.  If  gentle  means  do 
not  induce  them  to  enter  in  a  reasonable  time  and  they  seem  obstinate,  a 
little  water  sprinkled  on  them  will  facilitate  operations.  Too  much  water 
must  not  be  used  or  they  will  become  so  wet  that  they  will  not  move  at  all. 
If  you  do  not  wish  to  cut  the  limb  they  cluster  on  they  may  be  shaken  into  a 
basket.  In  this  event  it  is  well  to  sprinkle  the  cluster  with  a  pailful  of  cold 
water  (ice  water  not  objectionable),  which  will  cause  them  to  cluster  closer, 
and  hardly  one  will  leave  the  basket.  If  you  get  nearly  all  the  bees  the  first 
effort,  shaking  the  limb  will  prevent  the  remainder  from  alighting,  and  will 
turn  their  attention  to  those  who  have  found  a  home  and  are  loudly  calling 
them  to  come.  There  many  other  methods,  under  different  circumstances, 
which  our  space  does  not  permit  us  to  explain,  but  which  will  probably  sug- 
gest themselves  to  the  bee-keeper. 


no  First  Annual  Report 


ALL  SHOULD  BE  MADE  TO  ENTER. 

It  is  of  the  utmost  importance  that  all  should  be  made  to  enter  the  hive 
at  once.  A  cluster  outside  may  contain  the  queen  unconscious  of  a  home, 
and  she  might  depart  for  the  woods.  Any  small  cluster  around  the  hive 
should  be  brushed  toward  the  entrance  until  they  are  all  in.  As  soon  as 
this  is  done  it  is  highly  important  that  they  be  set  on  the  new  stand  for  if  the 
bees  have  been  long  on  the  tree  they  often  send  out  scouts,  and  if  the  bees 
are  left  where  they  are  hived  often  entice  them  to  flee  to  the  woods,  other- 
wise they  return  to  the  limb,  and  being  unable  to  find  them  return  to  the 
limb,  and  being  unable  to  find  them  return  to  the  parent  stock  with  the  few 
scattering  bees  left  after  hiving. 

Shade  is  important,  for  if  the  bees  do  not  like  their  home  they  will  go 
away,  and  the  heat  works  much  mischief  in  various  ways.  The  shade  should 
not  be  too  dense. 

LOSS  OF  QUEEN. 

Every  bee-keeper  should  understand  how  to  detect  the  loss  of  the 
queen.  The  following  morning  after  a  loss  of  this  kind  has  occurred,  and 
occasionally  in  the  evening  the  bees  may  be  seen  running  to  and  fro  in  wild 
consternation.  Toward  the  middle  of  the  day  the  confusion  will  be  less 
marked,  but  the  next  morning  will  be  again  enacted  and  after  the  third  or 
fourth  day  cease  entirely,  and  apparently  they  become  reconciled  to  their 
fate;  they  continue  their  labors  although  they  do  not  manifest  the  energy  or 
ability  seen  in  a  prosperous  colony  Some  authors  say  that  they  will  not 
gather  pollen  when  queenless;  but  such  indications  are  not  always  reliable. 
It  is  highly  necessary  that  the  bee-keeper  should  glance  at  every  swarm  in 
the  morning  for  a  few  days  after  swarming,  so  that,  if  any  such  loss  should 
occur  at  this  time  it  may  be  remedied  at  once  by  the  introduction  of  a  cell, 
or  a  fertile  queen.  In  early  spring,  every  swarm  should  be  examined  for 
her  presence.  In  the  box  hive  a  little  smoke  may  be  blown  in,  and  the  bees 
driven  back;  if  any  brood  can  be  discovered,  it  is  a  sure  indication  that  she 
is  there  and  fertile.  In  the  movable  comb  hive,  it  is  only  necessary  to  raise 
out  one  of  the  combs  in  the  center  of  the  cluster,  and  the  condition  will  be 
recognized  at  once.  If  a  few  imperfect  bees  are  found  on  the  bottom  board 
or  in  front  of  the  entrance  in  early  morning,  it  shows  that  the  colony  has  a 
fertile  queen,  and  further  examination  is  unnecessary. 

WINTERING   BEES. 

More  bees  are  lost  by  wintering  than  by  all  other  troubles  combined. 
To  winter  them  successfully  each  stock  should  contain  a  sufficient  amount  of 
honey,  bee- bread  and  bees.  For  out-door  wintering  each  hive  should  con- 
tain from  thirty  to  thirty-five  pounds  of  honey;  indoor  five  to  ten  pounds 
less.  Each  hive  should  have  an  upward  ventilation — it  is  absolutely  neces- 
sary. 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  hi 


ENEMIES   OF   BEES. 

There  is  no  enemy  so  much  dreaded  as  the  moth  miller.  The  best 
preventative  against  the  miller  is  to  keep  the  stock  strong  and  they  will  not 
permit  her  to  deposit  her  eggs  upon  the  comb. 

DISEASES   OF    BEES.        < 

Bees  are  subject  to  but  few  diseases  which  deserve  especial  notice. 
There  appear  to  be  but  two  distinct  types  to  which  they  are  subject  in  this 
country,  viz  :  Dysentery  and  foul  brood,  the  former  of  these  generally  makes 
its  appearance  in  the  spring,  and  may  be  known  by  the  bees  discharging 
their  excrements  over  the  comb,  the  interior  of  the  hive,  and  especially 
around  the  entrance;  the  color  instead  of  being  yellow  is  of  a  dark  muddy 
appearance  and  has  a  sickening  offensive  odor,  which  becomes  intolerable . 
1  have  never  had  a  case  where  I  gave  upward  ventilation  to  the  hives;  the 
cause  may  be  ascribed  to  the  moisture  in  the  hive  condensing,  and  mixing 
with  the  honey  in  the  cells.  Colonies  affected  by  dysentery  are  usually  lost 
unless  warm  weather  timely  intervenes  or  they  are  removed  to  a  warm  room 
so  that  the  wat;er  in  the  honey  may  be  evaporated,  which  will  generally 
terminate  the  trouble. 

DISEASED  OR  FOUL    KROOD. 

In  the  destruction  of  the  nymph  or  pupa  from  some  derangement  which 
causes  it  to  undergo  decomposition  in  the  cell  arises  a  disease  known  us 
Foul  Brood.  Some  say  it  is  caused  by  the  brood  being  chilled  in  the  cell; 
others  that  it  is  caused  by  the  fermentation  of  bee-breed  and  honey.  Mr. 
Rood,  of  Wayne,  Mich.,  recommends  that  it  be  summarily  dealt  with,  and 
the  way  to  exterminate  it  entirely  is  to  bury  it,  hive,  bees  and  all,  beyond 
any  possibility  of  resurrection.  I  cannot  see  why  by  Mr.  Ouimby's  method, 
in  the  hands  of  a  skillful  operator,  it  could  not  be  treated  without  the  liability 
of  spreading  and  save  the  bees,  honey,  wax  and  hives;  ihe  method  after  Mr. 
Quimby's  plan  is  driving  out  all  the  bees  and  putting  them  into  new  hives 
without  any  comb.  If  you  wish  to  put  them  into  hives  with  comb  they  should 
be  kept  in  a  box  three  or  four  days  and  fed  just  enough  to  keep  them  alive 
until  they  have  consumed  all  the  honey  they  took  from  the  old  hive.  The 
old  hive  must  be  secured  from  robber  bees,  as  any  of  the  honey  being  carried 
into  other  stocks  would  prove  their  destruction  as  this  disease  is  as  contag- 
ious as  measels  or  small-pox;  the  honey  may  be  purified  by  adding  a  little 
water,  boiling  it  for  a  few  minutes  and  removing  the  scum.  The  comb 
must  be  either  melted  or  buried  to  be  beyond  the  reach  of  the  bees;  the 
hives  may  be  renovated  by  using  a  powerful  disinfectant,  but  I  prefer  to  bum 
them.  If  a  colony  is  affected  in  the  fall,  too  late  to  built  comb,  and  no  comb 
on  hand  to  put  them  in,  the  best  disposition  is  to  consign  them  to  the  brim- 
stone pit,  rather  than  to  attempt  to  feed  them  through  the  winter  to  lose 
them  in  the  spring. 


112  First  Annual  Report 


FEEDING   BEES. 

Few  thing;s  in  bee-keeping  are  more  important  and  require  a  more  thor- 
ough knowledge  than  the  feeding  of  bee?.  In  attempting  to  winter  too  small 
colonies  thousands  often  perish  in  winter  and  early  spring.  Colonies  in  the 
common  box  hive  containing  few  combs  and  but  little  honey,  should  be  fed 
in  the  latter  part  of  Septenibor  or  in  October  a  sufficient  amount  to  carry 
them  safely  through  the  winter.  If  feeding  is  neglected  until  -vinter  it  may 
then  be  done  by  placing  the  hive  in  a  cellar  or  moderately  warm  room. 

In  the  spring  the  prudent  bee-keeper  will  no  more  neglect  to  feed  his  des- 
titute colonies  than  to  provide  for  his  own  table.  There  is  one  point  certain 
in  bee-keeping,  that  if  a  colony  is  stimulated  carefully  in  the  spring,  they  and 
their  first  swarm  will  have  honey  sufficient  in  the  fall  to  winter  them  through 
unless  a  very  unfavorable  season  occurs. 

WATER  NECESSARY. 

Water  is  indispensable  to  bees  when  building  comb  or  raising  brood. 
Every  prudent  bee-keeper  will  see  that  his  bees  are  supplied  with  water,  by 
placing  shallow  wooden  troughs  filled  with  straws  or  floats,  that  they  may 
drink  without  danger  of  drowning.  A  location  near  small  bodies  of  water 
will  be  sufficient  for  a  supply,  but  locations  near  large  bodies  are  injurious. 

ROBBING   AMONG   BEES. 

It  is  instinctive  in  the  nature  of  bees  for  one  colony  to  rob  another  as 
soon  as  they  can  leave  their  hives  in  the  spring,  'fhe  stronger  begins  to  as- 
sail the  weaker.  If  these  marauders  who  are  prowling  about  in  search  of 
plunder  attack  a  strong  colony,  they  are  usually  glad  to  escape  with  their 
lives  from  its  resolute  defenders.  The  bee-keeper  who  neglects  to  feed  his 
needy  colonies,  and  to  assist  such  as  are  weak  or  queenless,  must  expect  to 
sufTer  heavy  losses  from  robber  bees.  They  are  never  inclined  to  rob  when 
there  is  plenty  of  honey  in  the  field.  They  would  obtain  their  living  hon- 
estly when  they  can,  forcibly  when  they  must.  When  an  entrance  has  been 
made  into  a  poorly  garrisoned  hive,  and  the  condition  ascertained,  the  rob- 
bers return  to  their  homes  and  present  themselves  agam  with  additional 
numbers.  The  weak  colony,  seeing  their  helpless  condition,  immediately 
join  the  marauders  and  assist  in  carrying  their  own  stores  to  the  robbers' 
hive,  and  themselves  become  a  portion  of  its  inmates.  This  is  always  the 
case  with  those  who  survive  after  being  overpowered. 

A  very  good  method  to  determine  when  a  swarm  is  being  robbed7~is  to 
catch  a  bee  that  is  coming  out.  If  he  looks  plumper  than  those  entering,  if 
you  pull  the  head  and  thorax  from  the  body,  the  honey  sack  will  appear 
either  full  or  empty;  if  full,  it  is  proof  that  the  hive  is  being  robbed,  and 
means  should  at  once  be  instituted  to  prevent  it.  A  few  small  pieces  of 
camphor  gum  thrown  into  the  entrance,  will  often  prevent  the  robbers  from 
trying  to  get  in,  but  when  not  eflfectual,  close  the  opening  by  laying  a  little 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  113 


block  in  front,  so  that  but  one  or  two  bees  can  pass  at  a  time.  This  will 
give  them  a  better  opportunity  to  defend  themselves.  If  this  is  not  sufficient, 
at  night  or  early  in  the  morning  remove  the  hive  to  a  cool,  dark  cellar,  and 
ventilate  so  that  the  bees  will  not  suffocate,  for  two  or  three  days,  when  it 
may  be  returned  to  the  stand.  When  robbing  commences  the  entrance  to 
all  the  hives  should  be  contracted  somewhat,  and  every  means  avoided 
which  will  tend  to  incite  robbery,  such  as  setting  dishes  of  honey  or  other 
sweets  where  the  bees  can  get  at  it,  for  when  once  they  get  a  taste  of  it  they 
are  hard  to  control  thereafter. 

TRANSFERRING, 

Transferring  is  changing  a  colony  of  bees  and  all  the  contents  of  a  hive, 
from  one  to  another.  It  should  be  done  in  the  spring  or  summer,  to  be  suc- 
cessful. Transferring  may  be  done  at  any  time  of  the  day  if  pleasant.  The 
best  place  to  make  the  transfer  is  in  some  shaded  locality  or  clean  building. 
It  will  be  necessary  to  have  a  few  things  in  readmess,  such  as  a  box  the  size 
of  the  hive  and  a  foot  deep,  for  a  driving  box,  an  axe,  a  saw,  a  large  knife, 
some  goose  quills,  some  twine,  a  dish  of  water  to  wash  the  honey  from  your 
hands,  and  a  few  dishes  to  put  the  honey  and  pieces  of  comb  in;  also  some 
kind  of  bench  should  be  arranged  to  lay  the  comb  on. 

The  swarm  to  be  treated  should  have  smoke  blown  in  among  them  to 
drive  the  bees  among  the  comb,  and  also  to  subdue  them.  The  hives  should 
be  amoved  to  the  place  of  transfer,  placing  another  as  near  like  it  as  possible 
on  the  old  stand,  that  the  returning  bees  may  not  join  other  hives  and  be 
killed.  Invert  the  hive  and  place  over  it  the  driving  box.  Wrap  a  piece  of 
cloth  around  where  the  two  join,  to  prevent  escape.  Get  two  round  sticks 
fifteen  inches  long  and  one  inch  in  diameter,  and  commence  beating  the  hive 
a  few  minutes,  then  stop  about  five  minutes,  to  allow  the  bees  to  fill  them- 
selves with  honey,  then  beat  again  for  ten  minutes,  by  which  time  nearly  all 
will  have  left  clustered  in  the  box.  The  sheet  or  cloth  is  then  taken  off, 
spread  upon  the  ground  and  the  driving  box  placed  upon  it.  the  same  side  up 
as  before  and  a  small  stick  placed  under  one  side  to  allow  the  air  to  enter. 
Loosen  the  comb  from  two  sides  of  the  hive,  and  with  an  axe  split  the  sides 
off,  that  the  comb  may  be  taken  out  whole.  Lay  the  comb  upon  the  table, 
and  place  over  it  the  fi-ame.  Cut  the  comb  a  trifle  larger  than  the  frame  so  it 
will  fit  closely,  having  it  the  same  side  up  in  the  new  hive  that  it  was  in  the 
old.  After  the  comb  is  fitted  in  it  may  be  secured  in  its  place  by  tying 
around  the  frame  a  piece  of  cotton  twine.  The  bees  will  fasten  it  with  wax 
in  a  day  or  two.  Now  hang  the  frame  in  the  new  hive.  Do  in  the  same 
manner  until  all  good  worker  comb  is  secured,  leaving  out  all  drone  comb. 
Now  put  in  the  bees,  the  same  as  hiving  a  natural  swarm.  Place  upon  the 
old  stand,  with  the  entrance  contracted,  and  the  ventilator  left  open  during 
the  heat  of  the  day.  In  about  two  days  the  bees  will  have  the  comb  fastened, 
when  the  strings  can  be  cut  and  drawn  out,  and  the  boxes  put  on. 


w^jfiijJ.A  ^".1JS3Si**JJ;V"-.=^-■■•li.' 


114  First  Annual  Report. 


CONCLUSION . 

In  conclusion,  I  would  urge  all  who  keep  bees,  or  are  about  to  do  so,  to 
study  the  subject  well.  To  the  beginner  I  would  say,  give  heed  to  two 
maxims:  See  your  bees  often,  and  have  a  knowledge  at  all  times  of  their 
condition.  Second:  Keep  your  stocks  strong.  To  the  reader  I  would  say, 
if  you  have  a  natural  taste  lor  the  business,  study  the  subject  thoroughly, 
and  engage  in  bee-keeping.  It  affords  a  generous  return,  strengthens  our 
better  nature,  and  leads  us  to  admire  the  wisdom  and  goodness  of  Him  who 
created  all  things. 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association  i  15 


QUESTION  BOX. 

The  following  questions  were  sent  by  the  Secretary  to  hundreds  of  bee- 
keepers in  all  parts  of  the  State,  and  the  answers  received  follow  the  names 
of  those  sending  them  and  correspond  with  these  questions  by  number  : 

1.  How  many  years  have  you  kept  bees ?  ' 

2 .  Do  you  make  bee-keeping  a  specialty  ?  If  not,  what  else  do  you 
follow? 

3.  How  many  colonies  on  an  average  have  you  kept  each  year? 

4.  Do  you  use  dox' or  movable /rame  hives? 

5 .  If  you  use  the  latter,  what  are  the  dimensions  of  the  frame  and  how 
many  to  the  hive  ? 

6.  Do  you  work  your  bees  for  comb  or  extracted  honey  ? 

7.  If  for  both,  please  give  the  proportion  of  each. 

8.  In  working  for  comb  honey,  what  sized  sections  do  you  use? 

9.  Do  you  use  either  wood  or  metal  separators,  and  if  so,  which  do 
you  prefer  ? 

10.  What  are  your  chief  resources  for  honey  ? 

11.  How  many  pounds  of  comb  honey  have  you  produced  from  each 
colony,  on  an  average  spring  count,  each  year  during  your  experience  in 
bee-keeping  ? 

12.  Ditto  of  extracted  honey  ? 

13.  Do  you  sell  your  honey  at  home  or  in  foreign  markets  ? 

14.  What  has  been  the  average  increase  of  the  colonies  run  for  comb 
honey  ? 

15.  Ditto  of  the  colonies  run  for  extracted  honey  ? 

16.  What  has  been  the  average  price  you  have  received  for  comb 
honey? 

17.  Ditto  for  extracted  honey? 

18.  Will  bees  store  honey  in  sections  with  separators  as  readily  as 
without  ? 

19.  Have  you  had  any  experience  with  Alsike  clover,  AHalfa  or  any 
other  plants  specially  cultivated,  and  do  you  consider  them  good  honey 
plants  ? 

20.  Do  bees  in  your  locality  work  to  any  extent  on  red  clover  ? 

21.  If  so,  what  conditions  are  most  lavorable  for  getting  honey  from 
that  plant  in  paying  quantities  ? 

22.  What  strain  or  strains  of  bees  have  you,  and  which  is  your  pref- 
erence? 

23.  Please  give  reasons  for  preference. 


•'.p'  l-ii'-if^. 


ii6  First  Annual  Report 


24 .  Do  you  winter  your  bees  in  the  cellar  or  upon  their  summer  stands? 

25 .  In  either  instance,  what  per  cent,  of  loss  do  you  sustain? 

26.  In  your  locality  what  do  you  consider  the  proper  time,  on  an  aver- 
age, for  putting  bee  in  the  cellar  ? 

27 .     Ditto  for  taking  them  out  ? 

28  Do  you  know  of  any  foul  brood  in  you  locality  ? 

29  Have  you  ever  suffered  any  loss  from  the  poisonous  spraying  of 
fruit  trees  ? 

30.  If  so,  what  time  was  the  spraying  done? 

31 .  In  your  home  apiary,  to  get  the  greatest  profit,  averaging  one  year 
with  another,  what  is  the  greatest  number  of  colonies  you  think  it  advisable 
to  keep  ? 

32.  How  can  exhibits  of  honey  and  apiarian  appliances  at  County  and 
State  fairs  be  managed  to  advance  the  interests  of  bee-keeping  ? 

33.  Miscellaneous  Remarks— Under  this  head  you  are  kindly  requested 
to  make  such  suggestions  as  will  tend  to  increase  the  interest  in  bee-keeping 
and  promote  the  industry  in  Illinois. 


»/^rW?5?*^*^^rr' .' 


State   Bee-Keepers'  Association.  ii7 


J.  C.  WHEELER,  PLANO,  KENDALL  COUNTY,  ILL. 

I  and  2.     Eighteen  years;  a  specialty  for  five  years. 
3.     From  one  to  three  hundred. 
4  and  5.     Use  the  Heddon  divisible  and  8  simplicity. 
6  and  7.     Half  for  comb  and  half  for  extracted  honey. 

8.  Sections  4Xx4Xxr>^  inches. 

9.  Use  both  wood  and  tin  separators,  prefer  wood. 
10.     Clover  and  linden. 

II  and  12.     Cannot  tell  exactly. 

13.     Sell  at  home  and  in  neighboring  cities. 

14  and  15.  I  do  not  increase  only  as  I  want  more  colonies.  Have 
doubled  my  number  in  five  years. 

16  and  17.     Comb  14  cents,  extracted  8  cents. 

18.  A  little  more  honey  without  separators. 

19.  I  consider  alsike  clover  superior  to  red  both  for  hay  and  for  the 
honey. 

20 .  Work  on  second  crop  red  clover  often. 

21.  A  dry  season  that  shortens  the  corolla  of  the  clover. 

22  and  23.  Have  spared  no  pains  in  testing  Italian  queens  from  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  United  States  and  of  all  shades  of  yellow.  The  golden  Italian 
is  superior  with  me,  especially  in  her  ability  to  work  red  clover. 

24  and  25.  Cellar.  Not  one  per  cent,  from  wintering,  but  of  course 
more  colonies  become  hopelessly  queenless  in  winter  then  in  summer  owing 
to  the  fact  that  there  are  no  eggs  then  from  which  to  rear  young  queens 
when  the  old  ones  die. 

26  and  27.  Put  in  November  15  and  set  out  April  i,  owing  to  season. 
Put  in  when  it  freezes  up  and  out  when  trees  start. 

28.  Not  near,  but  at  Aurora,  fifteen  miles  away,  it  is  very  bad. 

29.  Spraying  fruic  trees  is  not  practiced  to  any  extent  here. 

31 .  I  keep  about  60  colonies  m  each  apiary. 

32.  The  policy  followed  by  some  people  to  induce  farmers,  and  every 
one  else  for  that  matter,  to  purchase  hives,  etc.,  and  enter  the  bee  business 
expecting  large  returns  from  small  investments,  has  led  to  disappointment. 
Much  money  has  been  spent  on  bee-boxes  that  were  afterwards  inhabited  by 
the  festive  hen.  I  can  think  of  fifty  farmers  about  here  who  at  different  times 
have  had  the  fever.  Such  men  I  find  are  the  worst  enemies  successful  bee 
men  have.  They  are  naturally  jealous  of  him  who  prospers  at  what  they  failed 
in,  and  then  havingthe  reputation  of  being  a  great  bee  master  back  in  the  40's 
any  yarn  about  the  freaks  of  the  little  worker  by  them  is  taken  as  gospel  by 
the  ignorant.  These  men  are  soured.  They  will  not  help  to  make  laws  for 
the  protection  of  the  pursuit  and  even  stoop  so  low  often  as  to  accuse  their 
brothers  of  dishonest  practices  in  order  to  succeed .  People  must  be  edu- 
cated by  all  possible  means  in  the  nature  and  habits  of  the  bee,  but  new  bee- 
keepers are  not  needed  only  to  take  the  places  of  those  who  step  out .     It 

would  be  as  logical  for  doctors  and  lawyers  to  send  men  to  fairs  to  induce 
others  to  enter  their  professions  as  for  us. 


^ 


ii8 


First  Annual  Report 


A.  Y.  BALDWIN,  DEKALB,  ILL. 

1.  About  ten  years . 

2.  Nearly  so 

3.  For  three  years  150  colonies. 

4.  Simplicity  and  dovetailed  hives. 

5.  17x8)4  measure. 

6.  Comb  exclusively. 

8.  4Xx4Xxi  15-16. 

9.  Both.     Prefer  tin. 

10.  Basswood — white  and  sweet  clover. 

11.  For  last  two  years  about  25  pounds. 

13.  Both. 

14.  About  25  per  cent. 

18.  Have  had  no  experience.     Use  separators. 

19.  Have  had  no  experience  with  Alsike. 

20.  Not  any  to  speak  of. 

22.  Italian,  Blacks  and  Hybrids.     Prefer  Italians. 

23.  More  docile. 

24.  In  the  cellar. 

25.  From  2  to  4  per  cent.  — * 

26.  From  November  15th  to  December  ist. 

27.  When  soft  maple  blooms. 

28.  Not  any. 

30.  Never  done  in  this  section. 

31.  Am  not  able  to  answer,  but  think  about  100  is  plenty. 

33.  There  are  several  small  apiarists  in  town  and  I  can  enumerate 
over  two  hundred  colonies  in  this  immediate  vicinity.  Think  if  the  number 
were  diminished  some  it  would  be  for  the  interest  of  us  all. 


2 
3 
4 
5 
9 
10 

13 
]6 
18, 

19 
20 
22 
26, 

27 


M.  KLUMP,  MULBERRY  GROVE,  BOND  COUNTY,  ILL. 

Nine  years. 

No farming. 

Eighteen. 

Movable  frame . 

Simplicity. 

Wood. 

Bloom  of  all  kinds. 

At  home. 

12^  cents. 

Yes. 

I  think  Alsike  clover  best. 

No. 

Mixed. 

As  soon  as  winter  begins. 

As  soon  as  winter  is  broken . 


'^^^Xf^^rfjm^f^ 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  119 


GEO.  POINDEXTER,    KENNEY,  DEWITT  COUNTY,  ILL, 

1.  Kept  bees  30  years. 

2.  Made  beekeeping  a  specialty  for  15  years. 

3.  Kept  an  average  of  150  a  year. 

4.  Use  movable  frames . 

5.  Hives — Langstroth— frames  ly^xgX,  8  frames. 

6.  Work  for  comb  honey. 

7.  Extract  from  two  outside  frames  only  of  a  good  honey  season . 

8.  Use  6x6  two  lbs.  and  4XM/4  one  lb. 

9.  Don't  use  separators  at  all. 

10.  Honey  resources  are  white  and  red  clover— bass  wood  and  heartsease. 

11.  About  thirty  pounds. 

12.  About  five  pounds. 

13.  Sell  about  one  fourth  of  my  honey  at  home. 

14.  About  one  third — but  I  return  them  to  the  hive. 

18.  No  experience  with  separators,  think  they  will  store  better  without. 

19.  Alsike  is  first  class  for  bees  for  the  first  two  years  then  dies  out. 

20.  Yes,  when  the  prods  are  short  made  by  dry  weather  with  rain  about 
the  time  they  burst  open. 

22.  Keep  the  Italian  full  stock  and  raise  from  best  marked  or  that  pro- 
duce the  most  honey.  Prefer  the  Italians  decidedly,  they  don't  put  all  the 
honey  into  the  surplus  cases  and  give  you  the  trouble  of  feedmg  it  back  to 
keep  them  from  starving  their  young  as  the  blacks  do. 

24.  In  cellar,  except  when  they  are  on  honey  dew. 

25.  Loss  in  cellar  10  per  cent.,  on  summer  stand  50  per  cent. 

26.  Before  the  combs  become  frosted,  the  later  the  better. 

27.  When  the  buzzards  appear,  if  no  signs  of  bee  cholera,  for  they  never 
come  to  return  to  the  south . 

28.  Have  never  seen  any  to  know  it . 

31.  A  good  hotiey  season  in  my  locality  will  give  honey  to  150  stands; 
in  a  poor  season  to  scarcely  50. 

32.  By  getting  the  associations  to  offer  good  premiums  so  that  it  will 
stimulate  any  bee-keeper  to  look  out  for  his  pocket-book . 

33.  I  have  interviewed  all  the  farmers  in  this  vicinity  in  regard  to  alfalfa 

but  get  no  satisfaction  from  them  worth  anything  to  bee-keepers.     I  think 

sweet  or  bee  clover  is  the  best  plant  to  sow  along  the  branches  or  creeks 

where  the  banks  will  grow  it  without  anyone  cutting  it  and  stock  cannot 
molest  It. 


I20  First  Annual  Report 


S.  F.  AND  I.  TREGO,  BREEDERS  OF  GOLDEN  ITALIAN  QUEENS,  SWEDONIA,  ILL. 

1.  Six. 

2.  Yes . 

3.  Average  only  10,  on  account  of  few  at  beginning  while  we  now 
have  56. 

4.  Movable  frame. 

5.  Langstroth,  8  and  10. 

6.  Bolb — but  mostly  for  Queens . 

8.  4Xx4Xxi^. 

9.  Have  only  used  tin. 

10.  White  clover,  heartsease,  basswood  and  red  clover  in  the  order 
named. 

II.     In  1886,  100  pounds  per  colony;  in  1887,  3  pounds;  in  1888,  15  pounds; 
in  1889,  none;  in  1890,  102  pounds;  1891  run  for  queens  exclusively. 

12.  Not  worth  mentioning  as  we  fed  most  of  it  back. 

13.  Both,  when  we  have  any  worth  while. 

14.  Do  not  know  as  we  increase  a  good  deal  by  dividing. 

16.  12  cents. 

17.  10  cents. 

19.  Not  much  experience,  have  scattered  some  motherwort.  Bees  seem 
almost  crazy  over  it  every  year  for  three  months.  Not  enough  here  to  make 
any  showing  in  the  hives. 

20.  Yes  the  Italians  do,  especially  the  Golden. 

21.  A  dry  season  seems  best. 

22.  Five  branded  Italians  (Heams,  Dunalls  and  Doolittles)  they  are 
superior  to  all  others  here. 

23.  Working  qualities,  self- defenders  against  robbers,  gentle  and  beau- 
tiful. 

24.  Summer  stands — chaff  hives. 

25.  About  5  per  cent,  when  in  fair  condition,  but  in  the  fall  of  1890  we 
had  scarcely  a  good  colony.  Loss  in  winter  50  per  cent.,  the  result  of  run- 
ning for  queens  under  "high  pressure." 

28.  No. 

29.  No,  there  is  no  spraying  done  here,  but  should  be. 

31.  In  a  fair  season  100  or  more,  and  in  a  poor  season  there  does  not 
seem  to  be  enough  for  a  dozen  colonies .  The  year  we  got  102  pounds  per 
colony  there  were  over  200  colonies  within  two  miles  of  us. 

32.  Every  individual  bee-keeper  "drum"  the  fair  authorities  for  fair  sized 
premiums.  Good  premiums  will  bring  good  exhibits  and  the  interests  will 
advance  themselves.     Let  the  111.  S.  B.  K.  A.  do  some  of  the  "drumming." 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  121 


E.  T.  FLANAGAN,  BELLEVILLE,  ILL. 

1.  Fifteen. 

2.  No .     Would  like  to  do  so  but  it  is  too  uncertain.    Supplies,  bees 
and  small  fruit. 

3.  Have  had  as  high  as  1,000,  have  350  now.     Average  per  year  250. 

4.  Movable. 

5 .  Regular  Langstroth  frame,  8  and  10. 

6.  Both. 

7 .  Three-fourths  extracted,  one-fourth  comb. 

8.  4^x4>j^xi>^  and  7  to  the  foot. 

9.  Wood,  and  prefer  the  same.     Don't  use  any  with  the  t>^  inch  sec- 
tion. 

10 .     White  clover  when  it  yields.  For  fall  flowers  smart-weed  and  Spanish 
needle.     All  the  other  kinds  do  not  amount  to  much, 
ir.     Cannot  say  now,  have  kept  no  record. 

12.  Ditto. 

13.  Both. 

14.  No  record.  ^ 

15.  No  record. 

16.  No  record. 

17.  No  record. 

18.  Yes,  in  my  experience. 

19.  Have  tried  alsike  clover  and  found  it  a  No.  i  for  honey,  and  that 
it  pays  best  for  aH  plants  planted  for  honey,  as  the  hay  and  seed  are  valuable. 

20.  Yes  in  all  dry  years,  on  first  crop,  and  always  on  second  crop,  unless 
very  wet  season. 

21 .  Dry  weather  and  second  crop  for  seed. 
22:     Italian  and  golden  carniolan. 

23 .  Gather  more  honey,   and  gather  when  black  bees  will  starve. 

24.  Summer  stands. 

25.  Not  5  per  cent,  unless  they  starve. 

26.  Don't  put  them  in. 

27.  Don't  take  them  out. 

28.  No. 

29.  Not  to  my  knowledge. 

31 .  Not  more  that  75  or  80. 

32.  By  the  bee-keepers  taking  more  interest  in  them,  and  by  the  man- 
agers of  the  fairs  offering  larger  premiums,  and  giving  better  lacility  for  dis- 
playing apiarian  implements,  honey  bees,  etc. 


122  First  Annual  Report 


CHAS.  DADANT  AND  SON,  HAMILTON,  ILL. 

1.  Twenty-nine  years  in  this  country. 

2.  Yes,  including  our  manufucture  of  comb  foundation  and  the  bee 
supply  business. 

3.  We  began  with  two  colonies  and  increased  their  number  until  we 
have  had  fourteen  years  about  lour  hundred  colonies. 

4.  Movable  (suspended)  frames  exclusively. 

5.  Abut  11x18,  10  combs  and  a  division  board. 

6.  Extracted  honey. 
10.     Clover. 

12.  About  50 pounds. 

13.  Mostly  at  home. 

15.     As  our  bees  don't  swarm  much  naturally  their  increase  balances  our 
small  winter  loss. 
17.    8  cents. 

19.  We  consider  alsike  clover  a  good  honey  plant.  We  did  not  succeed 
in  a  small  experiment  with  alfalfa . 

20.  They  work  on  it  some  years  but  we  don't  think  it  is  worth  mention- 
ing. 

22.  Italian. 

23.  Pure  Italian  bees  bring  better  results  and  are  more  gentle  to  handle. 

24.  Mostly  on  their  summer  stands. 

25.  About  two  to  five  per  cent. 

26.  The  last  of  November,  after  a  good  flight. 

27.  Some  time  in  March. 

26.    We  do  not  know  of  any  foul  brood  anywhere. 
29.     No. 

31.  About  100. 

32.  Such  a  question  cannot  be  answered  in  a  few  words,  but  suffice  to 
say  that  the  more  implements  of  bee  culture,  and  the  more  honey,  the  people 
see  at  the  fairs,  the  more  they  will  be  incited  to  buy . 


I 
2 

3 
4 
5 
6 
8 

9 
10, 


J.  M.  BURTCH,  MORRISON,  ILL. 

Ten  years. 

No.    Elevator,  coal,  flour,  feed,  etc. 

Began  with  i,  now  have  60. 

Movable  frame. 

Langstroth,  8  frames. 

For  comb  honey. 

4){x4Xxij4  and  7  to  the  foot. 

Metal.     Never  used  wood. 

White  clover,  basswood  and  heartsease. 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  123 


ir.  No  data  to  make  estimate. 

13.  Ship  most  of  it  to  Chicago  and  St.  Louis. 

14.  No  record. 
16.  1 2th  to  i6th. 

18.  Have  never  tested  the  matter,  but  as  far  as  my  general  observation 
goes  there  is  but  very  little  if  any  difference. 

19.  None  whatever. 

20.  No. 

22.  Italian,  Hybrids  and  Black.     Italian. 

23.  Gentler.     Look  better. 

24.  Cellar. 

25.  Say  2  per  cent. 

26.  Middle  of  November. 

27.  Say  April  ist.    Varies  with  the  seasoru 
28  Know  it  has  been  here. 

29.  Not  that  I  know  of 

31.  I  live  in  the  city.     Two  hundred  for  an  ordinary  locality. 

32.  By  offering  big  premiums. 

33.  Don't  need  2iX\y  promoting .     Water  finds  its  level  so  will  the  indus- 
try of  bee-keeping. 

FRANK  BLECKA,  ELGIN,   KANE  COUNTY,  ILL. 

1.  Seven  years. 

2.  No.     I  have  a  trade. 

3.  Eight. 

I.  Movable  frames. 

5  i6^x9_^ — 9  frames  to  the  hive. 

6.  For  comb  honey  only. 

8.  4J<x4'<xi^. 

9.  Use  wood  separators  and  prefer  them . 
ID.  White  and  sweet  clover  and  basswood. 
II.  In  a  good  honey  season  40  pounds. 

13.  Home  market. 

14.  100  percent. 

16.  20  cents  to  25  cents  per  pound. 

18.  Cannot  say.     I  use  separators. 

19.  No. 

20.  No. 

22.  Black  bees — have  no  particular  peference. 

24.  Upon  summer  stands 

25.  About  25  per  cent. 

26.  About  the  2oth  of  November. 

27.  About  the  20th  of  March . 

28.  No. 

29.  No. 

31.  50  colonies. 

32.  I  do  not  know. 


.-■-si 


~if^_ 


124  First  Annual  Report 


D.  A.   CADWALLADER,  PRAIRIE  DUROCHER,   RANDOLPH  COUNTY,  ILL. 

1.  Three. 

2.  No.     Gardening,  fire  insurance,  justice  of  the  peace  and  notary 

public. 

3.  One  first  year,  four  second  year  and  nine  I  have  now. 

4.  Seven  colonies  in  frame  and  two  in  box  hives. 

5.  i7^x9}i  outside  measure,  8  frames  to  the  hive. 

6.  Comb. 

7.  No  extracted  produced. 

8.  4%x4}(xiys. 

9.  Wood.     No  experience  with  metal.     I  like  the  wood. 

10.     White  clover,  Figwort.   Heartsease.  Goldenrod  and  the  Asters,  in 
Autumn.     Not  much  Basswood  here. 
II;     Twenty-five  pounds . 

12.  None. 

13.  At  home. 
15.     200  per  cent. 

15.  None. 

16.  Fifteen  cents  per  pound. 

18.  I  don't  know. 

19.  No. 

20.  No;  only  in  fall. 

21.  Don't  know. 

22.  The  common,  have  had  no  experience  with  any  other  bees. 

24.  On  summer  stands. 

25 .  One  fourteenth  per  cent. 

26.  Cellars  are  not  used  here  for  bees. 

28.  No. 

29.  No. 

30.  No  spraying  done  here  at  any  time  on  trees. 

31 .  Cannot  tell. 

32 .  Cannot  answer  at  this  time. 

33.  All  who  love  to  keep  bees  should  be  united  for  mutual  benefit.  In- 
duce the  cultivation  of  alsike  and  alfalfa  clover  by  all  means,  to  see  if  they 
are  good  honey  plants,  and  young  persons — bee-keepers — should  commence 
to  plant  basswood  trees,  and  finally  all  bee-keepers  should  enroll  their  names 
in  the  State  Association  and  get  ready  for  the  World's  Fair  at  Chicago. 


State  Bee-Keepers    Association.  125 


A.  J.  NEWMAN,  GARDEN  PRAIRIE,  BOONE  COUNTY,  ILL. 

1,  Seven. 

2.  No.     Farming;  winter  dairy. 

4.  Movable  frames. 

5.  Eight  Langstroth  until  June,  then  contract  to  5  or  6. 

6.  Comb,  but  always  have  some  extracted. 

7.  Generally  ^  comb,  }i  extracted. 

8.  4x4x1^^. 

9.  Yes,  wood  1-20  of  an  inch  thick. 

10.  White  clover,  alsike,  basswood,  red  clover,  fall  flowers,  amount  in 
same  order  named. 

11.  About  65  pounds,  best  year  104  pounds,  poorest  year  }i  pound  per 
colony. 

12.  About  5  pounds  per  colony . 

13.  Both  at  home  and  Chicago. 

14.  About  75  per  cent. 

16.  13  cents. 

17.  10  cents. 

18.  Yes. 

19.  Yes,  with  alsike  cultivated  for  hay,  consider  it  better  producer  than 
white  clover. 

20.  Yes,  about  one  year  in  four. 

21.  Very  dry  before  blossoms  warm  and  moist  "not  wet"  during  bloom. 

22.  Mixed  German  and  Italian. 

23.  Best  workers,  best  comb  builders,  quickest  to  commence  in  section. 
24      In  cellar. 

25.  35  per  cent,  and  loose  as  many  more  in  July  and  August  by  getting 
queenless. 

26.  From  1 6th  to  24th  of  October. 

27.  From  27th  of  March  to  8th  of  April. 

28.  No. 

29.  No. 

31.  Seventy-five. 

32.  Honestly . 

33.  Why  not  organize  a  board  of  trade  so  we  can  sell  our  honey  the 
same  as  butter,  pork,  beef  and  grain,  now  we  peddle  it  out  and  when  we  get 
through  we  hardly  know  that  we  have  had  any  money. 


fti4?(.>.id^»-i2sS^^ 


126  First  Annual  Report 


DR.  C.  C.  MILLER,    MARENGO,    M  HENRY    COUNTY,    ILL. 

1 .  Thirty-one  years . 

2 .  Yes . 

3.  Perhaps  75,  running  from  i  to  more  than  400. 

4.  Movable  frame . 

5.  Eight-frame  18x19  inches,  now  working  into  Simplicity. 

6.  Comb. 

7  and  8.    4}(x4}i(.xi^. 

9 .  Wood . 

10.  Clover  and  a  little  linden . 

11.  Perhaps  25. 3 

13.  Foreign,  j 

14.  Perhaps  50  per  cent. 
16.  About  15  cents. 

18.  About. 

19.  Nothing  conclusively  satisfactory. 

20.  No. 

22.  Italians. 

23 .  Better  natured. 

24.  Cellar. 

25 .  5  to  8  per  cent . 

26.  November  1st. 

27 .  Last  of  March  to  last  of  April. 

28.  No. 

29 .  Not  that  I  know  of. 

31.  100. 

32.  I  really  don't  know. 

32.  Get  a  good  foul  brood  law,  and  a  law  against  spraying  fruit  blos- 
soms, also  some  plan  to  prevent  my  crowding  in  on  your  territory. 

R.    MILLER,    COMPTON,    LEE   COUNTY,    ILL. 

1 .  Have  kept  bees  since  1865 . 

2 .  Farm  a  little. 

3.  From  25  to  195. 

4 .  Movable  frame. 

5 .  Eight  frame  Langstroth,  common  size . 

6.  For  both. 

7.  Half  and  half. 

8.  4%M%- 

9 .  Neither  one . 

10.  White  and  sweet  clover. 

11.  Have  never  kept  a  record . 

13.  Mostly  at  home. 

14.  About  one-third . 

16.  10  cents  per  pound  lately. 

17.  10  cents  per  pound . 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  127 


18.  Never  used  them.  ■ 

19.  Alsike  and  sweet  clover  are  good. 

20.  No.     Never  saw  them  on  it. 

22.  All  three  kinds.     Italian  is  best. 

23.  More  hardy;  best  for  honey  and  to  keep  out  moths. 

24.  In  cellar  for  twenty  years  past. 

25 .  About  5  per  cent. 

26.  I  have  put  them  in  in  October  and  up  to  the  15th  or  2001  of   No- 
vember. 

27.  About  the  15th  to  the  2oth  of  March. 

28.  Have  never  known  of  any  in  this  county. 

29.  No,  there  has  never  been  any  spraying  in  this  vicinity. 

31.  Not  over  100. 

32.  Could  not  say,  as  I  never  exhibited  but  once. 

CHAS.  BECKER,  PLEASANT  PLAINS. 

1.  Seven  years. 

2.  No.     Harness  maker  and  insurance  agent. 

3.  Fifty. 

4.  Movable  frame  hives. 

5.  10  to  the  hive,  Langstroth. 

6.  Both. 

7.  yi  of  each  about. 

8.  4  1-4x4  1-4. 

9.  None. 

10.  White  clover. 

11.  About  30  pounds.  » 

12.  70  pounds. 

13.  In  foreign  market. 

14.  Don't  know. 

15.  Less  than  comb. 
'     17.  12  cents. 

18.  8>^  cents. 

19.  No. 

20.  No. 

21.  None. 

22.  Italians,  sybrians  and  blacks.     Italians. 

23.  They  are  easier  handled  and  better  hustlers. 

24.  Both. 

25.  In  cellar  about  2  per  cent.,  out  doors  10  per  cent. 

26.  Latter  part  of  November. 

27.  Latter  part  of  March. 

28.  No. 

29.  No. 

31.  50  colonies. 

32.  Don't  know. 


128  First  Annual  Report 


HENRY  WILLSON,  CLINTON,  ILL. 

I .  Fourteen  years. 

3 .  Forty  to  seventy. 

4 .  Movable  frame  hives. 

5.  Langstroth,  mostly  9^^x17^,  have  some  iiX  square  but  don't  like 
them. 

6.  Generally  comb  honey. 

8.  4XX4X.  different  widths. 

9 .  I  use  and  prefer  wood  for  separators. 

10.  White  clover,  heartsease  or  smart  weed,  milk  weed  and  many  smaller 
sources. 

1 1 .  All  the  way  from  10  pounds  to  80  pounds. 

13.  Generally  in  the  home  market. 

14.  The  colonies  would  more  than  double  if  I  would  let  them. 

16.  About  i2>^  cents. 

17.  18  cents. 

18.  They  will  for  me,  I  think. 

19.  No  experience. 

20.  Yes,  they  work  hard,  but  don't  seem  to  accomplish  much. 

22.  I  prefer  the  Italian. 

23.  They  gather  more  honey  in  bad  seasons  when  honey  is  scarce 
and  commands  a  good  price.  Winter  better.  Comb  honey  is  not  damaged 
by  moth. 

24 .  Part  of  them  each  way. 

25.  Always  better  in  the  cellar. 

26.  I  St  to  20th  of  November  generally. 

27.  15th  of  March  to  loth  of  April  according  to  the  weather. 

28.  None  in  this  county  that  I  know  of. 

29 .  No. 

30.  Spraying  is  not  practiced  here  much. 

31 .  Perhaps  100  stands;  this  is  guess  work,  however. 

33 .  My  bees  are  wintering  on  honey  dew  and  are  doing  rather  poorly 
at  present.  I  sold  several  hundred  pounds  of  black  honey  dew  at  5  cents  a 
pound  the  past  season.     Most  people  like  it  at  that  price. 


k^J: 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  129 


AVM.  J.  FINCH,  JR.,  CHESTERFIELD,  ILL. 

1.  17  years. 

2.  No.     1  farm  also. 

3.  About  25. 

4 .  Frame  hives . 

5.  Langstroth,  simplicity,  ID  frames. 

6.  Both. 

7.  About  half  of  each. 

8.  4  1-4x4  1-4,  7  to  the  foot. 

9 .  No . 

10.  White  and  red  clover,  also  heartsease. 

11.  About  15  pounds . 

12.  About  25  pounds. 

13.  All  at  home. 

14.  About  250  per  cent. 

15.  About  75  per  cent. 

16.  12^  cents. 

17.  8  cents. 

18.  No. 

19.  No.    " 

20.  Yes. 

21.  Italians  or  Hybrids  and  a  good  season. 

22.  Italians,  hybrids  and  blacks.     Prefer  Italians. 

23 .  Beauty,  docility,  working  qualities,  and  can  be  shaken  off  combs 
easily. 

24.  In  cellar. 

25.  Usually  3  per  cent;  this  winter  50  per  cent. 

26.  About  Nov.  15th. 

27.  April  1st. 

28.  No. 

29.  No. 

30.  No. 

31 .  Localities  differ.     With  me  I  think  about  75  colonies  sufficient. 

32.  By  making  them  more  instructive,  and  distributing  interesting 
pamphlets,  free  from  advertisements  In  short,  by  making  the  exhibit  as  if 
no  one  knew  what  a  bee  was,  or  had  ever  seen  one. 

33.  Only  specialists  should  produce  comb  honey.  Simplicity  or  Lang- 
stroth  hives  are  too  small .  I  am  going  to  make  some  hives  larger  than 
Dadant's. 


'f^^U\'S,Ai:-itViii^jS:j:ii^iji^i££^i^-!&i^^'^-i-sir^i!^i^^ 


130  First  Annual  Report. 


L.  T.  AXTELL,  ROSEVILLE,  ILL. 

1 .  20  years,  first  four  years  only  increased  swarms;  got  no  surplus. 

2.  No.     Farming  and  pure  bred  poultry. 

3.  16  years,  200  colonies. 

4.  The  Quinby  movable  frame. 

5.  xi^xi9>4  outside  measure,  7  frames. 

6.  Comb  mostly. 

7.  94  per  cent,  comb  and  6  per  cent,  extracted. 

8.  4  1-4x4  1-4. 

9.  Neither. 

10.  White  clover  for  spring  and  heartsease  for  fall . 

11.  About  50  pounds. 

12.  About  3  pounds. 

13.  Mostly  in  Chicago. 

14.  We  keep  down  increase  by  uniting  back .     Good  honey  years,  one 

in  five. 

15.  Not  any. 

16.  About  13  cents. 

17.  10  cents. 

18.  No. 

19.  Alsike  is  good. 

20.  Think  not. 

21 .  Sometimes  from  second  growth . 

22.  First,  Italians;  second,  Italians;  then  blacks. 

23.  Better  honey  gatherers  in  times  of  daouth  and  easier  to  handle. 

24.  Both. 

25.  10  per  cent. 

26.  About  1 2th  of  November. 

27.  April  ist. 

28.  No. 

29.  Mrs.  Axtell  thinks  so;  Mr.  Axtell  says  no. 

30.  While  in  blossom. 

31-  125. 

33.  By  giving  good  premiums. 

33.  Good  years  for  honey  more  than  all  else  and  stick-to-it-iveness, 
then  a  host  of  bee-keepers  spring  up,  to  quit  it  again  the  next  poor  year. 
Keep  the  bees  in  good  condition  at  all  times. 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  131 


S.  N.  BLACK,   CLAYTON,   ILL. 

1.  Forty  years. 

2.  No.     Farming  mainly. 

3.  20  colonies. 

4.  Movable  frame. 

5.  Langstroth.     Nine  frames  to  hive. 

6.  Comb  honey. 
8.  5^x4Xxi>^. 

9..    Do  not  use  separators . 

10.  White  clover,  smartweed,  or  heartsease,  buckwheat  and  Spanish 
needle. 

11.  Probably  fprty. 

13.     Sell  in  home  market. 
16.     About  14  cents  per  lb. 

19.  With  alsike;  it  is  a  good  honey  plant  yielding  honey  fully  equal  to 
white  clover.     Sown  with  timothy  makes  choice  hay. 

20.  Yes.  Red  clover  is  not  reliable  at  all.  II  the  season  is  dry  till 
about  the  beginning  of  bloom,  the  weather  then  being  showery  and  not  too 
hot  it  sometimes  yields  profusely. 

22.  Hybrids  from  black  queens. 

23.  It  is  next  to  impossible  to  keep  pure  Italians.  The  hybrids  from 
black  mothers  are  more  quiet  and  gentle  than  hybrids  from  Italian  mothers. 

24.  Generally  in  the  cellar. 

25.  Generally  5  per  cent . ;  sometimes  from  neglect  and  extraordinary 
seasons  the  loss  is  much  greater. 

26.  December  ist,  or  about  the  first  severe  cold  weather 

27.  March  15th,  or  as  late  as  they  can  be  kept  quiet  in  cellar. 

28.  No. 

29.  No. 

31.  50  colonies. 

32.  By  making  large  displays  of  honey  to  encourage  the  idea  that 
honey  is  an  article  for  consumption  for  food  and  not  simply  an  article  of 
luxury.  There  is  a  feeling  with  a  great  number  of  people  that  honey  is  only 
a  luxury  and  one  that  can  as  well  as  not  be  dispensed  with;  while  the  fact 
is  that  honey  is  a  strong  diet,  as  nutircious  as  meat.  Any  way  of  correcting 
this  opinion  will  tend  to  increase  the  consumption  of  honey,  and  I  believe 
that  the  exhibition  of  honey  in  immense  quantities  will  do  more  than  any- 
thing I  know  of. 


i-yi^'i^^^  i-sis^. 


132  First  Annual  Report 


R.  T.  DAVIS,  DECATUR,  ILL. 

1.  About  2j<  years. 

2.  I  do  not.     Am  a  machinist. 

3.  Have  only  5;  lost  4  last  year. 

4.  I  use  movable  frames. 

5  .  Top  bar  \j}4.  inches;  10  to  hive. 

6.  Comb  exclusively. 

7.  Seasons  have  been  too  poor  to  state. 

5.  I  use  4  1-4.X4  1-4. 

9.  Wood.     Have  not  used  any  other. 

10.  White  clover  and  smart  weed. 

11.  My  e.Kperience  is  limited. 

12.  Never  e.xtracted  any. 
1^.  At  home. 

14.  Quite  limited  so  far. 

15.  I  do  not  extract. 

16.  15  cents  per  pound. 

17.  Blank. 

18.  Have  no  expierience. 

19.  I  have  none  as  yet. 

20.  I  think  not. 

21.  Am  not  prepared  to  say. 

22.  Italians — same. 

23.  Business  end  not  so  vigorous. 

24 .  On  the  summer  stands . 

25 .  Loss  quite  small  so  far . 

26.  Soon  after  a  freeze. 

27.  Could  not  say. 

28.  Very  little. 

29.  I  have  not. 

30.  No  spray mg  done  here. 

31.  Not  exceeding  50  to  75. 

32.  Get  very  interested  in  it. 

33.  In  submitting  a  few  thoughts  on  this  very  interesting  subject  (that 
is,  bee  culture)  allow  me  a  little  latitude  and  I  will  proceed  to  make  such 
suggestions  as  appear  necessary  on  this  occasion.  First,  let  me  advise 
every  bee  keeper  in  the  great  State  of  Illinois  to  subscribe  for  the  American 
Bee  Journal.  Second,  and  to  induce  as  many  more  as  he  can  to  do  like- 
wise. Then  having  accomplished  one  very  commendable  act,  proceed  to 
inaugurate  another  by  organizing  county  associations  and  at  the  same  time 
select  live  men  to  fill  the  offices  who  can  best  promote  the  walllare  of  said 
associations.  Third,  my  advice  to  every  bee-keeper  would  be  to  join  the 
Illinois  Bee-Keepers  Association,  provided  he  can  raise  the  dollar.  The 
ne.xt  thing  in  order  would  be  to  make  it  a  point  to  attend  its  regular  meetings 


,i^"i'sjLji\'i^.-tia. . 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association  133 


at  the  capital,  where  the  voice  of  that  eminent  veteran,  Dr.  C.  C.  Miller  could  be 
heard  to  speak  perhaps  full  as  well  as  he  writes,  and  Mrs.  L.  Harrison 
v/hose  terse,  witty  sayings  give  a  charm  to  her  productions,  and  many 
others  might  be  mentioned .  In  conclusion,  Mr.  Secretary,  let  me  say  that 
at  the  appointed  lime,  I  shall  try  to  go  up  — not  to  Jerusalem,  but  —  to  the 
Capital  City  where  I  may  become  familiar  with  your  many  able  men  and 
women  who  are  in  the  front  ranks  of  your  society. 


CHAS.  SCHLESSLER,  NAPERVILLE,  ILL. 

1.  Have  kept  bees  since  1888  on  a  small  scale. 

2.  No.     Fruitgrowing. 

3.  Began  three  years  ago  with  28  colonies,  now  have  48. 

4.  Use  the  ten  frame  Langstroth . 

5.  17^x91-4. 

6 .  For  both .  " 

7.  About  half  of  each.  . 

8.  4  1-4x4  1-4. 

9.  No. 

10.  White  clover  and  basswood . 

11.  25  pounds. 

12.  50  pounds. 

13.  Home  market. 

14.  50  per  cent. 

15.  ^5  percent. 

16.  13  cents. 

17.  9  cents. 

18.  I  do  not  think  so. 

20.     No,  not  that  I  have  seen . 

22 .  Mostly  hyprids,  and  give  good  satisfaction . 

23.  Have  had  Italians,  blacks  and  hybrids,  and  found  that  some  of  my 
best  colonies  were  among  the  hybrids. 

24.  On  summer  stands. 

2.S.     From  two  to  five  per  cent. 

28.  None  that  1  know  of. 

29.  Not  much  spraying  done  around  here.  I  spray  after  the  blossoms 
have  fallen. 

31.     I  intend  to  increase  my  apiary  to  75  colonies. 

33 .  The  principal  objection  I  find  to  the  business  here  is  to  obtain  a 
reasonable  price  for  honey.  Farmers  will  come  to  town  in  the  fall  and 
stock  the  stores  with  comb  honey  for  from  8  to  10  cents  per  pound,  and  it  is 
hard  to  convinoe  them  otherwise . 


134  First  Annual  Report 


GOE.  F.  U015UINS,  MECHANICSBUUG,  ILL. 

1.  Ten  years. 

2.  I  regard  bee-keeping  as  my  specialty,  although  I  till  a  little  garden 
spot  of  twenty-five  acres  besides.  Would  make  a  poor  living  if  I  did  not  do 
the  latter. 

3.  About  50  colonies,  spring  count. 

4.  Movable  frames. 

5.  i7:?^x9  to  9's,  and  10  frames.  I  am  now  working  into  the  sectional 
broad  chamber  hive. 

6.  Roth.  ' 

7.  About  two  pounds  comb  honey,  to  one  extracted. 

8.  The  5  1-4x4  I-4.  I  used  4  1-4x61  4  and  4  1-2x5  lor  some  years,  but  I 
have  abandoned  them . 

9.  Both  wood  and  metal .  There  is  not  much  choice  between  them  but 
if  any,  I  prefer  metal. 

10.  Nearly  all  my  surplus  is  gathered  from  white  clover.  For  red  clover 
see  20  below.  Some  seasons  I  get  a  little  from  heartsease  and  Spanish 
needle  and  usually  the  larger  part  of  the  winter  stores  are  obtained  from  those 
two  plants. 

11.  1882,  6o;i883,36;^;I8S4,  ii^;  1885,  14;  1S86,  r6;  1887,  J4}4;  1888,  3^; 
1889,  27;  1890,  32;  1891,  2. 

12.  1882,  9;  1883,  25;  1884.  s/z-  1885,  12;  1886,  31;  1887,  9;  1888,  4>^;  18S9, 
20;  1890,  14;  1891,  II,  of  honey  dew. 

13.  At  home  chiefly,  counting  Springeeld — 15  miles  away — in  my  home 
market,  but  I  have  occasionally  shipped  to  more  distant  points. 

I4.  and  15.  Such  is  my  method  of  managment  that  I  cannot  ansWor  these 
questions  separately  and  not  very  definitely  at  all.  I  never  have  an  increase 
of  over  80  per  cent.,  and  that  only  temporarily,  as  I  practice  unining  all  the 
year.  Since  1883  I  have  never  gone  into  winter  with  more  than  10  more 
colonies  than  I  had  in  the  spring  until  this  last  yea*-,  when  my  increase  was 
12  or  13. 

16.  About  13  cents.     The  last  four  years  would  bring  it  nearer  15  cents. 

17.  About  10  cents. 

18.  Yes. 

19.  None  with  any  but  alsike,  and  not  enough  with  that  to  speak  very 
positively.  Should  think  by  the  way  I  have  seen  bees  work  on  what  little 
we  have  had  around  here  that  it  must  yield  considerable  honey,  but  it  does 
not  appear  to  reseed  very  well  in  this  locality. 

20.  My  Italians  and  hybrids  worked  quite  briskly  on  red  clover  for  a 
few  days  last  summers,  and  I  have  seen  them  on  it  other  years. 

21 .  I  think  judicious  pasturing  would  have  this  effect.  Cattle  and  hogs, 
not  horses  and  sheep,  might  be  turned  onto  it  after  it  has  got  a  good  start  in 
the  spring  in  sufficient  numbers  to  keep  it  blossoming  for  three  months.  In 
this  case  the  flower  tubes  would  be  shorter  and  furnish  the  bees  with  much 


t^'MX»:&JkliiStilajt:,S.  ■ .- 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association. 


t35 


better  chance  to  get  at  the  nectar.  A  hundred  acres  treated  thus  I  shonld 
think  would  yield  honey  in  appreciable  quantities.  I  have  nut  seen  this 
thoroughly  tested,  but  I  have  seen  indications  that  it  might  be  as  I  have 
said. 

22.  All  the  way  from  blacks  to  fine-branded  Italians,  tnink  I  rather  pre- 
fer hybrids . 

23.  Hybrids  possess  about  all  the  good  points  of  Italians  except  quiet- 
ness. They  are  better  breeders,  take  the  season  through.  When  Italians 
are  stuffing  the  brood  frames  with  the  honey  that  should  go  above,  hybrids 
have  their  combs  filled  with  brood  to  the  top  bar — indeed  in  this  respect  they 
surpass  either  race  in  their  purity — and  they  incline  to  breed  later  in  the  fail- 
They,  of  course,  go  into  sections  more  readily,  and  cap  their  honey,  as  a  rule, 
somewhat  whiter  than  Italians.  They  are  more  excitable,  but  in  the  hands  of  a 
bee  master,  one  who  has  acquired  the  mystic,  indescribable  art  of  handling 
bees,  they  are  not  so  black  as  they  are  painted .  Some  specimens  to  be  sure  are 
so  hot  headed  that  they  will  charge  out  in  a  stream  if  you  stir  a  bla 'e  of 
grass  near  their  hive,  but  they  can  be  easily  fixed,  just  catch  the  queen  and 
squeeze  her. 

24.  On  summer  stands. 

25.  My  actual  winter  loss  is  perhaps  3  per  cent  ,  but  by  uniting  queen- 
less  colonies  and  thos-  with  failing  queens  or  other A'ise  weak,  in  tli;;  apiary, 
my  loss  foots  up  some  8  or  10  per  cent. 

28.     No. 

29      No. 

31.  Do  not  know.  I  have  not  yet  reached  the  limit  of  my  field,  and 
there  are  from  60  to  70  stands  within  two  mils  ot  me. 

32.  I  suppose  the  first  point  is  to  exhibit.  It  devolves  upon  us  bee- 
keepers to  see  that' our  industry  is  properly  represented  at  the  fairs.  We 
must  begin  with  the  boards  oi  management,  work  up  premium  lists  and  get 
suitable  accommodations;  then  second  the  efforts  of  the  managers.  We 
must  show  them  that  we  mean  business .  There  are  various  ways  in  which 
this  can  be  done.  I  think  we  should,  in  some  cases,  offer  premiums  our- 
selves— on  honey  extractors,  perhaps,  or  pickles  made  with  honey  vinegar. 
Work  up  special  premiums,  but  most  all  of  exhibit.  And  while  we  are  at  it  let 
us  make  our  exhibitions  educating  to  the  public.  Let  us  keep  in  mind  him 
whom  we  desire  to  make  a  consumer.  Show  him  what  we  are  doing  and 
what  we  have  got,  make  his  mouth  water  for  honey. 

33.  We  do  not  want  to  strive  very  hard  to  draw  more  into  the  business, 
neither  do  we  need  to  educate  every  farmer  as  amateur  bee-keepers.  The 
quicker  most  of  them  fizzle  out  the  better  for  all  concerned,  and  if  you  see 
any  headed  that  way  do  not  stop  them;  but  if  you  find  a  man  who  is  disposed 
to  take  an  intelligent,  practical  interest  in  bee  culture,  one  who  wants  to  be- 
come your  competitor  in  the  market,  thai  is  the  very  man  you  want  to  help . 
Get  him  into  our  conventions,   get  him  to  read  books  and  journals,   furnish 


'^iJbi>iHs£^i^niiet:i:^£^  '^^■^ 


»*t#!Sii'Lfl:E^Saij»K^»vi.iSi'.;i*i^£j-s.«^r-:\..L-jl.v^&i^ 


136  First  Annual  Report 


him  this  report,  talk  with  him,  teach  him  all  you  can.  He  will  do  you  more 
harm  by  throwing  inferior  honey  on  the  market  at  ruinous  prices  than  he  will 
by  seeking  to  take  your  trade  from  you  with  a  first  class  article  and  a  view 
to  actual  profit.  But  to  promote  the  Industry  we  want  chiefly  to  promote 
the  consumption  of  honey.  As  an  aid  to  this  we  should  pay  more  attention 
to  quality.  That  is  the  greatest  factor  of  all  in  promoting  the  honey  trade. 
Quality  is  essential,  and  again  I  say  quality.  If  I  were  a  voice,  a  persuavise 
voice,  that  could  travel  this  whole  country  o'er  I'd  fly  around  among  the 
bee-keepers  and  sing  with  all  my  might,  quality,  quality  is  the  "open  sesame" 
to  the Appetite  of  the  consumers.  We  fill  numberless  volumes  with  teach- 
ings relative  to  the  management  of  an  apiary  and  the  production  of  honey, 
and  leave  the  rest  too  imperfectly  treated,  when,  in  fact,  the  problem  of  suc- 
cessful honey  production  is  only  a  little  over  half  solved  at  that  point.  We 
must  put  up  our  honey  m  such  a  style  as  to  make  the  beholder  hungry,  and 
have  the  quality  such  that  the  last  bite  will  taste  like  more .  These  are  mat- 
ters entirely  within  reach  of  the  producer  if  he  will  only  inform  himself  how 
it  must  be  done  and  take  care  to  do  it.  Then  there  is  one  more  thing.  We 
must  get  our  wares  before  the  p2ople.  Much  more  can  be  done  in  that  line 
than  has  been  done.  A  lady  acquaintance  from  Chicago  told  me  last  sum- 
mer that  while  the  grocers  there  generally  kept  strained  honey  but  few  of  them 
handled  that  in  the  comb.  Brethren  that  ought  not  to  be  so.  There  is  some 
remedy  for  such  a  state  of  things.     I  suggest  that  we  find  out  about  it. 

J.   S.  SEELY,  OSWEGO,  ILL. 


I. 

Six  or  eight. 

2. 

No.     Farming. 

3- 

Forty. 

4- 

Langstroth. 

5- 

Ten. 

6. 

Comb  principally, 

8. 

4^X4.^. 

9- 

No. 

10. 

White  clover  and  basswood 

II. 

Forty. 

13- 

Home  and  Chicago. 

14. 

One. 

16. 

I2j^  cents. 

17- 

10  cents. 

IS. 

Don't  know. 

19- 

No. 

20. 

No. 

22. 

Mixed      Italians. 

24. 

Sheds  and  boxes. 

25- 

5  per  cent. 

28. 

No. 

29. 

No. 

31- 

Thirty  to  forty. 

'  ■^3aii^ifir'2Jit^iii^'i:J^*'i  *■■'-'■-■■  .i 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  137 


EZRA   BAER,  DIXON,  LEE  COUNTY,  ILL. 

1.  Fourteen. 

2.  No.     Farming  and  apiary  supplies. 

3.  About  100. 

4.  Movable  frame. 

5.  10  frames  9>^xi7_^. 

6.  Both. 

7.  90  per  cent,  comb  and  10  per  cent,  extracted. 

9.  Metal. 

10.  Clover — basswood  and  heartsease. 

11.  75  pounds. 

12.  120  pounds. 

13  5  per  cent,  at  home  and  95  per  cent,  shipped. 

14.  40  per  cent. 

15.  20  per  cent. 

16.  14  cents. 

17.  9  cents. 

18.  No. 

19.  Have  tried  Alsike  and  pronounce  it  O.  K. 

20.  Yes. 

21.  A  rank  growth,  moist  and  warm . 

22.  Italians  and  Hybrids— Italian. 

24.  On  summer  stands . 

25.  10  per  cent. 

26.  December  ist. 

27:  April  15th  to  May  ist. 

28.  No. 

29.  No  ^ 
31-  125.          i 

33.  Do  not  try  to  induce  parties  engage  in  bee-keeping — too  many  now. 


138 


First  Annual  Report 


6 
8 
9 

JO 

II 

13 
14 
1 6 
i8 

19 
honey.) 

20 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 

30 
31 
32 

at  home 


C.    SCHRIER,   PHOTONE.   ILL. 

Twenty-four  years. 

No.     Farming, 

50  colonies. 

L.  Irame  hive. 

9x18,  10  frames  per  hive. 

Comb  honey. 

4Xx4>^- 

Noseperator. 

White,  alsike  and  sweet  clover;  buckwheat. 

140  pounds  last  year,  10  pounds  lowest. 

Home  market. 

One  swarm  for  four  colonies. 

15  cents. 

No  trouble  without  separators. 

40  acres  of  alsike  clover  mixed  with  timothy.  (Three  acres  alfalfa.  No 


No. 

Italians  or  brown  Germans. 

Brown  Germans  make  more  honey  and  swarm  less. 

In  cellar. 

No  loss  in  cellar.     Ten  per  cent,  in  summer  stands. 

November  20th. 

March  15th. 

No. 

No. 

No. 

Fifty. 

I  don't  "bum"  around  the  fairs  with  honey,  I  have  a  good  market 


1 
2 

3 
4 
5 
6 

9 

10, 
12 

13 


MARK  DAVIS,   LISLE,  DUPAGE  COUNTY,  ILL. 

About  16  years. 

Do  not.     Farming. 

About  12  colonies. 

Movable  frame  hives. 

12  inches  long,  10  inches  deep  and  13  frames. 

Extracted  honey. 

Have  used  metal;  bees  do  not  work  as  well. 

White  clover,  sweet  clover,  basswood  and  wild  flowers, 

About  75  pounds. 

In  villages  near  home. 


i^u: 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  139 


15.  I  aim  todoul)le  them. 

17.  s$  cents. 

19.  No  e.xperience. 

20.  Do  not;  only  a  little  in  dry  seasons. 

21.  Dry  weather  and  small  clover  heads  with  short  corollas. 

22.  Hydrids.     Prefer  Italians.  fv 

23.  More  docile  and  keep  out  moths. 

24.  Formerly  on  summer  stands,  late  years  in  cellar. 

25.  On  summer  stands  about  90  per  cent.,  in  cellar  not  over  i  per  cc-nt. 

26.  About  December  ist,  or  when  cold  weather  sels  in. 

27.  About  April  1st,  or  when  warm  enough. 

28.  Do  not. 

29.  Have  not. 

31.  About  60. 

32.  Do  not  know. 


FRED  DETHLOFF.RAMSOM,  ILL. 

1.  Eight  years. 

2.  No.     Farm  and  keep  poultry. 

3.  Started  with  four,  now  have  twenty  eight — sold  one  last  f.ill . 

4.  Movable  frame. 

5.  10x17,  8  to  the  hive. 

6.  Comb. 

8.  4  1-4x4  1-4.  -      ::   -i 

9.  Use  tm.  3 

10.  Fruit  trees,  clover  and  fail  flowers.  X| 

IT.  Thirty  to  fifty  pounds.  ;1 

13.  At  home.  ^ 

14.  One  to  the  hive,  but  the  last  two  years  only  three  in  all .  | 
16.  From  12)4  to  15  cents.                                                                                                         j 

18.  They  will  for  me  if  I  use  starters. 

19.  Have  raised  it  (alsike)  for  three  years,  and  it  is  good  for  the  bees. 
If  I  had  not  had  it  I  would  have  had  no  honey. 

20.  No. 
22.  Black,  with  some  hybrids, .     Had  Italians  but  lost  them  all . 

24.  On  summer  stands,  but  move  them  together  and  pack  with  leaves; 
boards  on  top  and  sides  to  keep  dry. 

25.  Sometimes  lose  one  or  two. 

28.  No., 

29.  No. 
32.  Cannot  tell  as  I  have  never  exhibited . 


.,::^ii'lL^ifij::&-i-.-*:^}t'....:  "  '-./'l.  _  -  'i  •  .i     .     '  j  .■;'.      '•  ''-.....     '.-.-J''-    ■•■     '.     .    -^     :     .-''■"-    ■■-'■     ':\m.   .:■'  1-  -."■.--■/-;;„-*-,,:  ■--'-il.;-"'--"J^'''V^Cj-     -.-V.      Z-..  '^i'  -       .:'   '  ..  '.-.  --— _.-— ,i.^=&.,t  '-  --■":-'..    ..."  .-■-.ir^Ti^'«siJ*S'Ii^'.' 


t^6  First  Annual  REPORt 


JAS.   A.  STONE,    BRADFORDTON,    SANGAMON   CCUNTY,    ILL. 

1.  About  twenty-five  years. 

2.  No.     Farming,  fruit  growing  and  Oxford  Down  Sheep  breeding. 

3.  Began  with  about  a  dozen  now  have  100. 

4.  Use  box  until  about  eight  years  ago,  when  I  transferred  to  the  Im- 
proved Langstroth  Simplicity. 

5.  9X17X.  10  frames  to  the  hive. 

6.  Have  worked  for  comb  up  10  this  time.     Have  arranged  now  to 
work  for  both. 

8.  4Xx4Xxi^  and  2  inches. 

9.  Metal  and  as  I  have  only  tried  metal  cannot  say  which  is  preferable. 
10.     White  clover,  (alsike  coming  into  favor)   heartsease  and  Spanish 

needle. 

ir.  Not  over  twenty,  for  the  reason  that  when  I  began  to  Italianize  my 
bees  I  worked  for  increase  of  colonies  by  dividing,  giving  the  new  made 
swarm  a  queen  cell  (obtained  by  the  process  named  "by  the  Sec"  in  bee- 
keeping department  of  this  report)  thus  assuring  good  strong  swarms,  but 
not  as  much  surplus  honey. 

13.     Home,  Springfield. 

14      Forty  per  cent. 

16.     i2>^  cents. 

18.  Have  reason  to  doubt  it. 

19.  Some  with  alsike,  and  find  it  good  for  honey  and  extra  good  for 
sheep  and  cattle  pasture,  and  far  superior  to  red  clover  for  hay  for  sheep  and 
cattle,  and  sown  with  timothy  it  cures  when  cut  about  as  quick  as  the  timothy. 

20.  I  think  they  do,  on  the  first  as  well  as  the  second  growth.  For  I 
have  noticed  since  I  have  had  Italians  that  the  first  crop  of  red  clover  seems 
to  be  well  filled  with  seed. 

22.  Italian.    Prefer  Italian. 

23.  Better  to  handle,  proof  against  moth,  hardier  and  work  earlier  and 
later . 

24.  In  cellar.  But  on  account  of  what  has  been  said  regarding  bees  win- 
tering on  honey  dew,  am  this  winter  trying  it  on  summer  stands. 

25.  No  loss,  except  from  loss  of  queens  or  from  starvation  of  light 
swarms,  and  I  seldom  have  light  swarms,  for  I  compel  them  to  get  pretty 
good  stores  in  the  brood  chamber  before  putting  on  surplus  cases. 

26.  First  to  fifteenth  of  December. 

27.  When  box  elder  trees  bloom,  for  there  is  no  use  in  their  being  out 
till  they  can  go  to  work. 

28.  No. 

29.  Not  that  I  know  of. 

31.  One  hundred. 

32.  Interest  the  people  by  yourself  being  interested . 

33.  Some  have  said  under  this  head  and  under  32  that  there  were 
already  too  many  bee-keepers.     We  do  not  all  think  alike.     Do  not  think 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  141 


there  can  be  too  many,  as  long  as  the  territory  is  not  fully  occupied.  We 
have  had  the  least  trouble  to  get  rid  of  our  largest  crop  simply  because  the 
price  was  low,  then  there  would  be  good  customers  all  through  the  country 
as  well  as  in  cities,  and  everybody  ate  honey.  But  let  it  get  to  15  or  20 
cents  and  see  how  quickly  the  appetite  for  honey  is  gone.  We  are  of  opinion 
that  our  honey  would  find  a  market  at  10  cents  per  pound  for  comb  honey, 
no  matter  how  large  the  supply,  if  we  would  circulate  an  educator  like  the 
Honey  Almanac,  published  by  Thos.  G.  Newman,  of  the  American  Bee 
Journal,  Chicago.  If  the  people  were  aware  of  the  health-giving  properties 
of  honey  there  could  not  be  more  produced  than  could  be  profitably  dis- 
posed of.  If  each  individual  bee-keeper  would  take  it  upon  himselt  to  thus 
enlighten  his  neighbor  the  demand  for  honey  would  thus  arise  so  suddenly 
that  nearly  all  the  honey  produced  would  find  a  home  market.  The  following 
Irom  a  recent  date  of  the  Chicago  Daily  News  shows  somethmg  of  the  value 
of  honey  as  an  article  of  diet  and  remedial  agent:  "But  few  people  are 
cognizant  of  the  benefits  to  be  derived  from  a  moderate  use  of  honey  as 
iood.  Saccharine  matter  as  a  rule  is  apt  to  affect  the  system  injuriously, 
but  if  taken  in  the  form  of  honey,  it  at  once  becomes  a  valuable  food  and 
medicine.  Instead  of  having  it  given  to  us  in  combination  with  bulk  foods, 
as  in  the  cane  and  beet,  it  is  in  the  case  of  honey  mingled  with  fruit  juices 
derived  from  flowers  highly  charged  with  medicinal  properties.  Honey 
taken  as  food  becomes  a  powerful  medicine  to  the  sugar- fed  and  half  dis- 
eased, and  many  people  must  begin  on  small  quantities  and  acquire  an 
appetite  for  it.  Foul  air,  improper  ventilation,  coal  gas  and  sudden  changes 
of  temperature,  and  exposure  of  lungs  and  throats  to  sudden  chill  are  a 
source  of  no  end  to  throat  and  bronchial  troubles.  A  free,  regular  and 
constant  use  of  honey  is  probably  the  best  medicine  for  throat  troubles 
known,  and  its  regular  use  is  largely  corrective." 

J.  .J.  FKKRILL,  OOliDEN,  UNION  COUNTY,  ILL. 

1 .  About  fifteen  years . 

2.  Do  not.     Am  a  farmer  and  fruit  grower. 

3.  Found  a  colony  of  bees  in  the  woods  about  fifteen  years  ago;  they 
have  increased  till  I  now  have  twenty-four  stands. 

4.  Movable  frames. 

5.  9>2Xi2  inside  measure,  II  to  the  hive.  . 

6.  Comb  honey. 

8.  One  pound  sections. 

9.  Wood  separators. 

10.  Red  elm,  apple,  white  clover,  raspberry  and  blackberry  bloom. 

11.  About  35  pounds. 
13.     At  home. 

16.  Fifteen  cents. 

20.  I  don't  think  they  do. 

22.  The  Italian. 

24.  On  summer  stands. 

25.  I  don't  think  I  ever  lost  any  except  by  starvation. 

28.  I  do  not. 

29.  Have  not. 


142  First  Annual  Report 


S.  H.  HERRICK,  PRESIDENT  NORTHERN    ILL.  BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION, 

ROCKFORD,  ILL. 

1.  Six. 

2.  No.     I  follow  dairy  farming. 

3.  About  thirty. 

4.  Movable  frame  hives . 

5.  17^x9,  ten  to  the  hive. 

6.  Both. 

7.  Two  or  three  for  extracting  the  balance  for  comb. 

8.  4Xx4Xxi  13-16. 

9.  I  use  no  separators. 

10.  Principally  white  clover. 

11.  About  25  pounds. 

1 2.  About  30  pounds . 

13.  In  home  markets  nearly  always. 

14.  About  25  per  cent. 

15.  About  15  per  cent. 

16.  i4>^  cents. 

17.  15  cents,  put  up  in  ]A,  pint  jelly  glasses  and  sold  at  9  to  lo  cents  e?ch . 

19.  Yes,  with  Alsike,  it  is  a  good  honey  plant  when  not  pastured  too 
close. 

20.  No. 

22.  Italian  hibrids  of  high  grade. 

23.  Because  they  have  all  the  good  qualities  of  the  black  bee  and  nearly 
all  the  good  qualities  of  the  Italian . 

24.  In  the  cellar. 

25.  5  to  10  per  cent. 

26.  From  the  ist  to  15th  of  November. 

27.  From  the  ist  to  15th  of  April. 

28.  No.     Never  saw  any. 

29.  No.     No  one  has  practiced  spraying  ui  my  locality. 

31.  Do  not  know.  Have  never  had  over  fifty  colonies  and  have  never 
been  overstocked. 

32.  At  county  fairs  by  having  a  fine  exhibit  of  everything  pertaining  to 
bee-keeping,  including  extractor  glass  hive  containing  all  three  kinds  of 
bees,  cages  of  queens,  &c.,  with  a  live  bee-keeper  on  hand  all  tlie  time  to 
explain  everything  pertaining  to  the  business  to  the  admiring  crowds  each 
day.  On  the  speakers'  stand  or  some  other  convenient  place,  an  experienced 
bee-keeper  should  manipulate  a  colony  of  bees,  explaining  to  the  audience 
as  he  goes  along.  Many  other  things  might  be  suggested.  Am  not 
familiar  with  State  fairs  and  would  not  like  to  venture  any  suggestions. 


.    ■-•■--   ■;-->Ti^[i(ffii-tfMf^.|Vii  i"       I      '',',■- -'x-^   -  -.r.^   ^rJ.T?    .-) .:.-  .rt^; w  li'l  ii'.^-ait-:iA'iiii«^i*:iil>i.  .r;iL.i.4;M-^i^!^^Mrt  JlQr4i^.i>iii*tjriki&l^ft^fr^ilM^K«, t'iuiW.^^iii-Iiiw*^ 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  143 


L.  HARRISON,  PEORIA,  ILL. 

1.  Twenty  years. 

2 .  No .     Fanning  and  trotting  stock  breeder . 

3.  For  many  years;  about  100. 

4.  Langstroth. 

5.  Standard  L.,  8  frames. 

6.  Comb. 

8.  One  and  two  pounds. 

9.  Neither. 

10.  Spring  fruit  blossoms,  summer  white  clover,  sweet  clover,  July  until 
frost,  Spanish  needle  and  Aster  in  the  fall . 

11.  About  30. 

13.  Home. 

14.  About  33  per  cent. 

16.  Fifteen  cents  per  pounds. 

18.  No. 

19.  With  alsike,  fine  for  honey  pasture  and  hay. 

20.  Moderately  in  most  seasons. 

2T.  A  dry,  warm  season,  a  south  wind  and  proper  electrical  conditions. 

.  22.  Itah'an. 

23.  Working  qualities,  ability  to  protect  themselves  against  moths,  hard- 
iness and  moderate  swarming. 

24.  About  half  suid  half. 

25.  Probably  10  per  cent  on  an  average. 

26.  December  1st  to  15th. 

27.  March  15th  to  30th. 

28.  No. 

29.  No. 

31.  One  hundred. 

32.  Full  exhibits,  good  quality,  tastefully  arranged. 

33.  The  Honey  Bee,  The  Agricultralist's  Helper,  The  Horticulturist's 
Hand  Maid. 


:M 


144 


First  Annual  Report 


J.  SEIBOLD,  HOMER,   CHAMPAIGN  CO.,  ILL. 

1.  II  years. 

2.  No.     Am  a  shoemaker;  run  a  boot  and  shoe  shop. 

3.  About  15. 

4.  Movable  frame. 

5.  Lano^stroth  or  simplicity,  i8>^x9  3  8 — 8  and  10  frame. 

6.  Comb. 

8.  41-4x4  1-4  X  iji. 

9.  Both.     I  prefer  tin. 

10.  White  clover,  bass  wood  and  heartsease. 

11.  About  35  pounds. 

13.  Mostly  at  home. 

14.  35  per  cent. 
16.  13  cents. 

18.  I  think  so. 

19.  No. 

20.  No,  I  think  not. 

22.  Italians  and  hybrids. 

23.  Italians  defend  the  hive  best,  but  as  workers  I  think  there  not  much 


difference 


24 

^5 
26 

27 
28 
29 

31 
32 


Both. 

25  per  cent . 

November. 

March . 

No. 

No. 

I  do  not  know. 

By  making  large  and  attractive  displays  of  each  and  selling  the 


same  at  fairs. 

*  SAMUEL  C.   WARE,  TOWANDA,  McLEAN  COUNTY,  ILL. 

1.  About  forty  years. 

2.  Do  not.     Mechanical  work. 

3.  About  forty. 

4.  Started  with  box,  now  lise  L.  L.  frames,  eight  and  ten  to  the  hive. 

6.  Both. 

7.  About  y^  and  7^. 

8.  4Xx4>4,  six,  seven  and  eight  to  the  foot,  also  ^%x^}i,  six  and  eight 
to  the  foot. 

9.  Both.     Don't  see  any  difference. 

10.     Fruit  blossoms,  white  clover  and  fall  blossoms. 
II  and  12.     Cannot  say,  keep  no  record.     Some  years  between  2,000 and 
3,000  pounds.     Last  year  nothing  for  market,  all  black  honey. 
13.     Home. 


£..; 


?;i;ii4.\ 


State  Bee-Keepers    Association. 


145 


14  and  15.    About  25  per  cent. 

16.  12J/3  to  15  cents. 

17.  8  to  12%  cents. 

18.  I  do  not  see  much  difference. 

19.  I  have  not. 

20.  They  do  not. 
22.     Blacks  mostly. 

24.  Inchaff  hives  on  summer  stands. 

25.  Generally  about  3  per  cent.,  this  winter  about  50  per  cent,  on  ac- 
count of  bad  honey. 

28.  None  to  my  knowledge.  ' 

29.  I  have  not 

30.  No  spraying  done. 

31.  Taking  in  consideration  the  poor  seasons  the  last  three  years  the 
fewer  the  better. 

32.  ]5y  havmg  a  glorious  flow  of  honey  this  season.     Those  who  keep  a 
few  bees  are  discouraged  and  are  Jetting  their  bees  die. 


D.  W.  BELLEAIEY,  VIENXA,  ILL. 


I 

Forty-five. 

2 

No.     Farming. 

3 

Thirty. 

4 

Langstroth. 

6 

Comb. 

8 

41-4x41-4. 

9 

None. 

10 

White  clover. 

11 

Cannot  tell,  perhaps  40  pounds. 

13 

At  home. 

14 

Say  35  per  cent. 

16 

1 5  cents . 

18 

Don't  know. 

19 

None. 

2C 

Very  little. 

22 

Blacks  and  hybrids;  whiter  comb 

24 

Summer  stands. 

25 

Loss  is  very  small. 

28 

No. 

29 

No. 

31 

Too  deep. 

i  KSti-l  ^'Si>j;i; 


'.A,'-?'.^i:£:i^''^~^^d^^i^^£^.Tr.V;v^a^i^^ 


146 


First  Annual  Report 


ELIAS  ROBINSON,  CARMI,  WHITE  COUNTY,  ILL. 

I.     About  twenty  years,  until  the  last  two  years,  in  box  hives  without 
any  care. 


I  do  not.     I  farm. 

I  had  last  year  43.     I  have  no  average. 

Movable  frame  hive. 

Frame  ^J4xi7^,  ten  frames  each. 

Comb  honey. 

Comb  only. 

4)4m}4  sec. 

None  of  any  kind. 

White  clover  in  spring,  buckwheat,  Spanish  needle,  lady  finger,  &c.. 

Had  nc)  test  until  last  year  when  it  was  35  pounds. 

None. 

At  home. 

Increase  last  year  from  43  to  70. 

None. 

12 yz  cents  for  comb  honey. 

None. 

I  do  not  know  as  I  use  none. 

None.     I  have  some  alsike  sowed. 

Some  years  on  red  clover,  big  red  clover . 

In  fall  when  the  blooms  are  short. 

Italians  and  hybrids.     Italians. 

Longer  tongues  and  death  on  moths . 

Upon  the  summer  stands. 

I  lost  none  the  last  two  years  by  winter. 

I  put  none  in  cellar. 

I  have  none  to  take  out,  I  use  some  protection . 

Not  within  five  or  six  miles. 

None  that  I  know  of.  . 

I  do  not  know. 

I  cannot  tell,  it  depends  on  the  pasture. 

To  have  a  man  or  woman  to  look  after  it  with  a  separate  depart- 
ment. 

33.     In  bee  culture  as  in  all  other  business,  clean  work  and  give  the  bees 
something  to  work  on  with  room  to  store  honey. 


2 

3 
4 
5 
6 

7 
8 

9 

10 

in  fall . 

II. 

12. 

13- 
H- 
15- 
16. 

17- 
18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 
22. 

«3- 
24. 

25- 
26. 
27. 
28. 
29. 
30- 
31- 
32. 


ii'45(&4«i,^&;t:iE.>£'j«'",'i7^^^:^Sa^l4S6ii£:-J»'j--.  '^i.. 


r7:--sp^:v=' .'■ 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  147 


PETER  liLUNlBR,  ROANOKE,  WOODFORD  COUNTY,  ILL. 

1.  About  seven  years. 

2.  I  spend  most  of  my  time  with  bees  in  the  summer  as  I  am  not  able 
for  hard  work. 

3  About  forty  colonies . 

4  Movable  frame. 

5.  8^x17  in.  inside,  eight  and  ten  frames  to  the  hive. 

6.  Mostly  comb  honey . 

7.  90  per  cent,  comb,  10  per  cent,  extract. 

8.  4'4MH^iys. 

9.  Use  both  but  prefer  wood. 

10.  White  clover  in  summer,  and  fall  flowers  in  the  fall. 

11.  Cannot  say  exactly,  but  guess  about  :25  pounds. 

J2.     Have  extracted  but  two  yeans,  so  experience  is  short. 

13.  In  my  neighborhood. 

14.  As  I  keep  my  bees  from  swarming  all  I  can  the  increase  is  very 
small,  not  more  than  10  per  cent,  for  the  last  two  years. 

16.  About  12  cents  per  pound. 

17.  About  10  cents  per  pound. 

18.  Have  never  tried  without  seperator  with  satisfaction. 

19.  Have  sowed  alsike  with  good  results. 

20.  Have  seen  them  work  hard  on  it,  but  very  seldom . 

21.  I  think  in  warm  sunny  days  and  good  heavy  dews. 

22.  Italians. 

23.  They  work  better  in  poor  seasons  and  are  more  quiet  in  handling. 

24.  On  summer  stand  in  chaft"  hives. 

25.  Not  more  than  2  per  cent,  since  I  have  used  th=;  chaif  hive. 

28.  No. 

29.  No. 

3r.  As  this  is  a  poor  section  for  bees  I  don't  think  more  than  fifty 
colonies. 

32      Have  had  no  experience. 

33.  Years  ago  this  section  of  country  was  very  good  for  bees  as  there  is 
much  low  land  full  of  all  kinds  of  flowers  almost  the  whole  season.  But  tile 
and  the  cultivator  have  destroj'ed  about  all  of  them,  and  even  white  clover 
has  suffered  much.  I  think  bee-keepers  should  try  to  induce  farmers  to  sow 
honey-yielding  plants,  such  as  alsike,  white  clover,  alfalfa,  buckwheat,  &c. 


a<siri^-^i}^h!iJ-i-:z.-^-  :■  4.-JL'i^'c:,;^-;.^-ii^S£sB£«.i 


148 


First  Annual  Report 


w. 
Two. 


M.  UAGON,  MACOMB,  3ICD0X0UGH  COUNTY,  ILL. 


2.  No.     Run  engine,  run  for  office,  saw  wood,  hoe  in  the  garden. 

3.  About  80. 

4.  Movable  frame. 

5.  9'4X[7's  (I  think)  regular  Langstroth,  eight  frames  to  hive. 

6.  Comb. 

8.    4^X4^X1  J^. 

9     A  few  wood,  mostly  without  either. 

10.  VV^hite  clover. 

1 1 .  Kept  no  record,  none  in  excess  of  cost  of  wintering. 
14.     About  5  per  cent. 

18.  Don't  know. 

19.  No.     Don't  know. 

20.  Think  not. 

21.  Don't  know. 

22.  Italians.     Prefer  Italians. 

23;     Don't  know  anything  about  any  others. 

24.  Summer  stands,  chaff  hive. 

25.  About  5  per  cent. 

26.  None  wintered  in  cellar  in  this  county  that  I  know  ot. 

28 .  Not  that  I  ever  heard  of. 

29.  No.     No  i-praying  done  in  this  county. 

31.  All  depends  on  pasture  and  the  number  your  neighbors  have. 

32.  Same  as  all  other  products,  displaying  the  product  in  the  most 
attractive  form,  glass  jars,  cases,  &c. 

33.  About  tkree  or  four  grades  for  honey,  regulation  size  for  frames  and 
sections.  Better  still  to  do  away  with  the  extiactor  an  .1  section  nuisance; 
produce  all  honey  above  queen  excluders  in  an  unwired  brood  frame;  cut 
out  and  market  all  honey  as  broken  in  suitable  glass  case  or  jar,  and  thereby 
shut  out  all  chances  for  swindlers  as  well  as  to  simplify  and  cheapen  the 
production. 


H.  BEAMLET,  RALEIGH,  SALINE  COUNTY,  ILL. 

1.  Ten. 

2.  No.     Farming. 
3-  Fifty. 

4.  Frame. 

5.  9x17  in.,  ten  frames. 

6.  Both. 

7.  60  per  cent,  for  comb,  40  per  cent,  for  extract. 

8.  4>^x4>XxiJ^  at  present,  formerly  the  i>^  in  width. 

9.  Yes,  wood,  formerly  tin. 

10.  Clover  and  Spanish  needle,  sometimes  astirs  and  heartsease. 


'  -!^asaril>:i-£i!Mi^^.. 


tvi^a^a^CS^ifeatei^'Ai 


State  Bee-Keepers'  AssociATtoN. 


149 


11.  35  pounds. 

12.  45  pounds. 

13.  At  home. 

14.  90  per  cent,  of  first  swarms,  no  after  swarms  nor  any  increase. 

15.  60  per  cent,  of  prime  swarms,  no  increase. 

16.  II  cents  the  last  five  years,  15  cents  before. 

17.  8}i  cents  in  small  amount,  7  cents  in  larger  quantities. 

18.  No,  not  under  all  circumstances. 

19.  No,  not  as  honey  plants.     Have  sowed  alfalfa  three  times.     It  is 
worthless  here. 

20.  Yes,  some  seasons. 

21.  Too  hard  for  me. 

22.  Italian  and  hybrid — hybrid  preferred.     My  experience  has  been  with 
black  Italians  and  Syrians . 

23.  Better  honey  gatherers. 

24.  Summer  stands. 

25 .  2  per  cent. 

28.  No. 

29.  No. 

31.  Could  not  say,  never  have  had  but  65  colonies  at  one  time,  never 
much  under  50  since  the  first  year. 

32.  Can  not  say,  never  e.xhibit  at  fairs.  ' 


D.  C.  MILLER,  EARLY  DAWN,  LEE  COUNTY,  ILL, 

.  1.  Two  years. 

2.  No.  ■ 

3.  Twenty. 

4.  Movable  frame. 

5.  Eight. 

6.  Both. 

8.  Boxes  8x12 

9.  Neither. 

10.  White  and  sweet  clover. 

13.  None  sold. 

22.  Hybrids  and  blacks  are  all  I  have. 

24.  In  cellar. 

25.  This  year  all  will  starve. 

26.  Middle  of  November. 

27.  When  it  gets  warm. 

28.  Not  any. 

29.  No. 

31.  One  to  two  hundred.  - 


■--.s  :■'■■,--  '.'-.■'iii^^'-^.vJ-j^-jU.  .Mr-;^5i£'..J:iB»cvia^,- 


150  1^1  RST  Annual  IvKPORt 


A.   J.    BLANKINSHIP, 

MANIFACTURER    OF 

SIMPLICITY  BEE-HIVES,  SMOKERS,  ETC. 
Eldorado,  Illinois. 


Dealer  in  Apiarian  Supplies,  Bees,  Queens,  etc. 

1.  About  five  years. 

2.  I  do.     That  and  manufacturing  hives. 

3.  About  30  colonies. 

4.  Movable  frame  hives. 

5.  i7'sX9 's,  8  frames  to  a  hive. 

6.  Comb  honey.     No  extracted. 

8.  4  1-4x4  1-4x1  J<i. 

9.  Metal  on  part,  for  market. 

10.  White  and  red  clover,  aster,  Spanish  needle  and  heartsease. 

11.  I  suppose  about  twenty  pounds. 

13.  At  home,  what  I  sell. 

14.  About  twenty-five  per  cent. 
16.      12^2  cents. 

1 8.  I  think  not.     Mine  do  not. 

19.  No  experience. 

20.  At  times  they  do.  When  tlie  blossoms  are  small  When  the  clover 
is  large  they  don't  work  on  it. 

21.  Clover  that  is  cut  about  the  first  of  June  then  remains  dry.  The 
Italian  bee  will  store  honey  here  fast,  but  the  black  bee  will  make  nothing 
for  I  have  tested  tliat  to  my  owu  satisfaction. 

22.  Italian.     Italian. 

23.  They  are  the  best  honey  gathers  and  don't  sting  like  the  blacks,  and 
remain  on  their  combs  when  handling  them. 

24.  Their  summer  stands. 

25.  My  loss  has  been  very  small.  Out  of  37  colonies  this  winter  I  have 
lost  none  yet,  and  my  bees  appear  to  be  in  good  fix. 

28.  None  in  this  locality. 

29,  Nevipr  have  heard  of  any  here.  I  don't  think  there  has  ever  been 
any  spraying  done  here. 

31.  I  never  have  had  a  chance  to  cest  that.  Seventy-five  or  one  hundred 
colonies  is  the  largest  amount  that  ever  has  been  kept  within  three  or  four 
miles  in  this  locality. 

32.  Neat  and  controlable  hives  without  patented  and  unnecessary  fix- 
tures. One  pound  section  boxes  well  filled  and  capped.  This  part  of  the 
state  is  behind  in  the  bee  business.     Last  year  there  was  considerable  inter- 


-..'^i^S&x^i%^^A^\-^-J<:jiZl''^u^sJj^eAJLia^<Jit^i\. 


State  Bee-Keepers'  AssoctATio  ^5^ 


est  taken,  and  I  think  it  will  increase,  I  have  been  trying  to  work  an  inter- 
est in  the  business  for  the  last  five  years  and  I  think  my  efforts  .lave  been 
blessed.  I  hope  that  the  association  may  be  a  success;  I  don't  know  as  I 
will  ever  be  at  one  of  the  meetings,  as  I  am  getting  old,  but  will  say  that  I 
will  do  all  I  can  to  get  men  that  are  going  into  the  business  to  join  the  Asso- 
ciation. Any  information  I  can  give  you  will  be  done  at  any  time.  Any 
circulars  you  with  to  have  distributed  send  them  to  me. 


C.   H.  DIBBERN,  MILAN,  ILL. 

1.  Have  kept  bees  for  the  last  27  years. 

2.  No.     I  am  also  engaged  in  hardware. 

3.  During  the  past  ten  years  about  200  colonies. 

4.  Movable  frames. 

5.  Frame  7x20  inches,  10  frames  to  the  hives. 

6.  Comb  honey  exclusively. 

8.  Section  4  1-4x4  1-4x134^  inches. 

9.  Both  wood  and  tin,  prefer  wood. 

lu-  Clover,  linden,  fruit,  locust,  goldenrod,  etc. 

II.  No  record,  probably  about  25  pounds. 

13.  Both,  that  is  part  is  shipped  to  other  states. 

14.  Losses  have  about  balanced  increase  in  the  last  ten  years. 
16.  In  last  ten  years  15  cents  average. 

18.  Yes,  that  is  my  experience. 

19.  Have  raised  from  i  to  5  acres  milolot,  7  years. 

20.  No;  only  a  little  on  second  crop. 

22.  Italians,  hybrids,  carniolan,  yellow  earn,  etc. 

23.  Carniolan.    Italian  good  workers;  nice  comb. 

24.  In  cellar. 

25.  In  late  years  about  ten  per  cent. 

26.  Soon  after  November  i . 

27.  April  I,  when  weather  is  good. 

28.  None  whatever. 

29.  No  spraying  done  here . 

31.  At  home;  not  over  100  spring  count. 


,,-.',--Mafe:i:S::'.^';','is  CLli^,Jk^xi^i,M,^-  • 


15^  First  Annual  RKPOUt 


L.  F.  DINTELMANN,  BELLEVILLE,  ILL. 

1 .  Twelve  years. 

2.  No.     Farming,  nursery  and  fruit  growing. 

3.  About  ten. 

4.  Movable  frame. 

5.  "Standard  Langstroth. 

6.  Extracted. 

10.  White  clover  and  fall  bloom. 

12.  About  20  or  25  cents. 

13.  Home. 

15.  Very  little  swarming. 

17.  Twelve  cents. 

19.  Alsike  will  do,  but  not  for  honey  alone. 

20.  Sometimes. 

21.  Second  crop  and  dry  weather. 

22.  Italian.     Italian. 

23.  Better  workers. 

24.  Summer  stands. 

25.  Ten  per  cent. 

28.  I  do  not. 

29.  No. 

30.  None  done  near  me. 

31.  Fifty  or  less. 

32.  Go  and  exhibit  and  talk  and  talk. 

33.  By  reading  and  practicing  what  we  preach,  and  preach  what  we 
practice,  changing  for  better  as  we  live  and  learn. 


W    v..  r.LUMK,  NORWOOD  PARK,  f'OOK  COUNT V,  ILL. 

T .  Five  years. 

2.  Bees  and  run  a  steam  thresher. 

3.  Started  with  one  and  now  have  a  hundred  and  one. 

4.  Movable  frame  hives. 

5.  S  i-4x[9,  10  frame. 

6.  For  comb. 

8.  4 '-4^x4 '4,  2  inches. 

9.  Have  not  tried  either  of  them. 

10.  White  clover  and  basswood. 

11.  First  year  150,  second  60,  third  45,  fourth  22,  fifth  33. 
13.  At  home. 

14  Two  (?). 

16.  15  cents  per  pound. 

19.  No  experience. 


^^~\v,W^i^-.^^^M:>L'.*\^,i.■'^k^-J.^^J?.A  ':i'>^J)il^^^  'l.-;'.iteiA";"--i£li*liji.i'S^-- 


State  Bee-Keepers*  Association.  153 


20. 

Don't  know. 

22. 

Italians. 

23- 

No  other  tried . 

24. 

In  cellar. 

25 

Not  any. 

26. 

About  the  middle  of  November. 

27- 

April  15. 

28. 

No. 

29. 

No. 

31- 

Seventy-five. 

32. 

No  experience. 

EDWARD  n.  MAliGlLETII,  MT.  CARROLL,  CARROLL  COUNTY,  ILL 

1.  Eight  years. 

2.  No,  small  fruit. 

3.  Forty. 

4.  Movable  frame. 

5.  Langstroth  Simplicity  frames,  ten  to  the  hive. 

6.  For  comb  honey. 

8.  4^x4}{,  seven  to  the  foot. 

9.  Do  not  use  either. 

10.  White  clover  and  basswood. 

1 1  50  pounds. 

13.  Ship  it. 

14.  One  swarm  from  each  colony. 
16.  12^  cents  per  pound. 

18.  Never  tried  it,  but  think  not. 

19.  My  bees  work  good  on  alsike  clover,  both  are  good. 

20.  Sometimes. 

21.  Warmanddry. 

22.  Hybrids. 

23.  Cannot  keep  any  pure. 

24.  In  a  cave  made  especially,  plastered  and  cemented. 

25.  About  10  per  cent. 

26.  About  the  20th  of  November. 

27 .  Any  time  in  March . 

28.  No. 

29  No,  have  never  known  of  any  being  done. 

31.  100. 


i 


^54  First  Annual  RepoM' 


C.  E.  VOCOM,  SHERMAN,   ILL. 

1 .  Five. 

2.  No.     F'arming. 

3.  Probably  10. 

4.  Movable  frames. 

5.  Jj-ykxg^i  outside,  10  to  the  hive. 

6.  Both. 

7.  I  generally  run  for  comb  honey  early  in  the  season  and  for  extracted 
later,  using  the  same  hives  for  both.     Probably  as  much  for  one  as  the  other. 

8.  4  1-4x4  1-4.X2. 

9.  Tin.     Never  used  woc«d. 

10.  White  and  alsike  clover. 

1 1 .  Probably  25. 

12.  Same  as  No.  11. 

13.  Home. 

14.  About  150  per  cent. 

15.  About  75  per  cent. 

16.  About  12)4  cents. 

17.  Absolutely  10  cents. 

18.  Scarcely,  but  what  they  do  .store  is  much  nicer. 

19.  Limited  with  alsike.     It  is  excellent  for  both  nectar  and  grass. 

20.  Italians  sometimes  do. 

21.  Don't  know. 

22.  Italians.     Italians. 

23.  They  get  up  early  go  to  bed  late,  work  some  on  red  clover,  are 
quiet  upon  lifting  the  frames,  are  almost  proof  against  robbers  and  moth, 
gather  as  much  honey  as  any  (I  think).  Queens  are  easily  found.  Queens 
and  bees  handsome,  etc. 

24-  Summer  stands. 

25.  Probably  15  per  cent. 

28.  No. 

29.  No. 

30.  None  done  that  I  know  of. 

31 .  i  >on't  know. 

32.  Contrive  by  some  means  to  offer  premiums  that  will  amply  pay  the 
exhibitor  for  his  trouble.     This  I  think  is  the  whole  secret. 


^(iS2*Sik44itSi£i,i^Ste'SJ£^(*^ll..i*Cii*^Kli&^.';l.  ^■.ji>#  ifot;^  -.aij.;i.'i;A*&iiiii  .fiS*4i.i-3^K^itatd'L,-.'S 


.i..:v 


State  Bre-I^eepers'  AssociatTon.  155 


THOMAS   S.    WALLACE,    BREEDER   OF   ITALIAN   QUEENS   AND   BEES,    CLAVTON. 

ADAMS  COUNTY,    ILL. 


I 


Twentv-two. 


2.  I  run  an  apiary  and  a  farm . 

3.  About  one  hundred. 

4.  Movable  frame  hives. 

5.  Lang.  10x1734^,  from  8  to  10  to  the  hive;  one  of  my  own  14x11 3,;',  16 
to  the  hive. 

6.  For  both.  J 

7.  About  three-fourths  for  extracted  honey,  one-fourlh  for  combtioney. 

8.  4  i-4x4j<iXi><  inches  wide. 

9.  1  use  none  so  far. 

10.  Wiiite  and  alsike  clover.  • 

11.  I  could  not  answer  for  I  have  kept  no  account . 

13.  At  home  or  in  neighboring  towns. 

14.  Have  kept  no  account. 

16.  About  15  cents  per  pound. 

17.  Ten  cents. 

18.  Never  tried  with  separators,  but  would  think  not. 

19.  I  have  had  with  alsike  and  think  it  very  tine. 

20.  My  bees  work  on  red  clover  more  or  less  ever}' year. 

21.  I  don't  know. 

22.  I  have  Italians.     I  prefer  them  to  any  other  I  have  seen  ' 

23.  Larger,  more  peaceable  and  easier  to  handle.  '' 

24.  Inthecellar. 

25.  About  ten  per  cent  ,  and  there  are  some  weak  ones. 

26.  Owing  to  the  season,  from  the  15th  of  November  to  the  ist  of 
December. 

27.  I  usually  take  them  out  the  ist  of  March,  out  this  spring  February  10.  ^: 

28.  No,  and  I  never  saw  any.  '  •         ,   I 

29.  No  it  is  not  practiced  in  this  locality.  =^ 

31.  I  don't  know.     I  aim  to  keep  about  one  hundred  colonies.  | 

32.  In  the  first  place  good  liberal  premiums  should  be  awarded  to  induce  ■  I 
the  people  to  try  to  get  their  honey  in  as  tine  a  shape  as  possible,  and  then  '  -' ^i 
it  should  be  placed  on  exhibition  in  a  suitable  place  where  it  would  show  to  J 
good  advantage  and  make  as  attractive  an  appearance  as  possible,  and  then 
a  superintendent  of  that  department  that  would  take  great  interest  in  show- 
ing it.                      ■■- 


i 


tfs^.Ssii£rtalES^-»32'fe;-^5^LT!*hM.'K^^  "  ■-.        '  -       •■  ■",-■>.  "-^g^t'w^^:-^.    ■  ■■ 


156 


First  Annual  Report 


RocKFORu,  III.,  Feb.  27,  1892. 
Jas.  a.  Stone:  ^ 

Dear  Sir—  I  will  now  endeavor  to  answer  those  questions  I  find  in  the 
American  Bee  Journal.     I  am  only  15  years  old. 

1.  One. 

2 .  No.     I  work  on  the  farm  with  father. 

3.  Twelve. 

4.  Movable  frame  hives. 
6.     Comb. 

8.  4  1-4x4  1-4. 

9.  I  use  none. 

TO.     Basswood  and  white  clover. 
II.     Thirty  pounds. 

13.  At  home. 

14.  They  swarmed  three  times  each. 
16.     Fourteen  cents. 

18.  I  don't  know. 

19.  No. 

22.     Italians  I  think. 

24.  Part  in  cellar  and  part  on  summer  stands. 

25.  Twenty  per  cent,  on  summer  stands. 

26.  About  November  10. 

27.  I  don't  know. 

28.  No. 
29  No. 

31.  Seventy  five. 

32.  J  don't  know. 

33.  It  might  be  a  good  thing  to  put  a  few  words  in  the  report  about  the 
planting  of  basswood.  , 

Yours  truly, 

Jas.  E.  Breckenridge. 

w.  j.  vaughan,  t3urnt  prairie,  white  county,  ill. 


I 

Twelve  years. 

No.    Farming  and  run  cider  mi 

3 
4 

Fifty 

Movable  frame  hives . 

5 

9x13,  ten  to  the  hive. 

6 

8 

9 
10 

For  comb  honey. 
414^x4 ■<(x2  inches. 
Metal  and  prefer  them . 
Clover  and  Spanish  needle. 

II 

13 

Twenty-five  pounds. 
At  home. 

14 
16 

Twenty-five  per  cent. 
Ten  cents. 

18 
19 

I  think  they  will. 
I  have  not. 

'  .*^i]:;^-w  .^SV:.4ti^A&2ri: 


/'■:^.i4Maa»^C^«^£&iU.^A^;%>'.:^U&iUl^eid^ 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  157 


20  No. 

22.  Blacks,  have  not  tried  anything  else. 

24.  On  the  summer  stands . 

28.  Not  any  and  never  have. 

29.  Not  any. 

31.  One  hundred. 

JAS.  POINDEXTER,  BLOOMINGTON,  ILL. 

1.  Thirty-five  years. 

2.  No.     Farming. 

3.  200  for  15  years— 100  in  each  of  two  apiaries  seven  miles  apart. 

4.  Movable  frame. 

5.  io>^xi7>4,  eight  to  the  hive. 

6.  Both. 

7.  180  for  comb,  20  for  extracted . 

8.  6x6  mostly,  a  few  4  1-4x4  1-4. 

9.  Neither. 

10.  Fruit  blossoms,  clover,  linden  and  heartsease. 

11.  Have  no  record . 

12.  75  to  100. 

13.  Both. 

14  and  15.     No  increase  of  late  except  to  replace  winter  loss. 

16.  13 j^  cents. 

17.  10  cents. 

18.  Have  not  used  separators  enough  to  justify  an  opinion. 

19  Have  had  alsike  but  it  was  a  failure  as  a  honey  plant  for  two  years. 
White  clover  also  failed  at  the  same  time. 

20.     Very  surely. 

22.  Italian.     Italian. 

23.  They  are  more  industrious,  especially  when  honey  is  scarce,  defend 
the  hive  better,  and  do  not  store  pollen  and  brood  in  the  sections  as  much 
as  other  varieties  tested . 

24.  Have  wintered  home  apiary  in  cellar  for  18  years.  Tlie  other  has 
been  wintered  on  summer  stands  till  three  years  ago,  since  which  they  have 
been  wintered  in  house  above  ground . 

25.  3  percent,  in  cellar,  about  10  per  cent,  out  of  doors.  Will  loose 
heavily  this  wiuter  on  account  of  honey  dew. 

26.  From  15th  to  30th  of  November,  according  to  weather. 

27.  From  March  i  to  April  i,  according  to  the  weather  and  circum- 
stances. 

28.  Do  not. 

29.  Have  not. 

31.  100,  though  it  depends  upon  how  the  locality  is  stocked. 

32.  By  giving  premiums  on  exhibits  of  smaller  as  well  as  larger  quan- 
tities where  they  excel,  I  think  would  be  an  inducement  for  more  to  exhibit 
at  the  State  Fair  and  other  fairs  as  well . 


.t--jti--_  ^^3..--iuJttriJliiei'  '. 


158  First  Annual  Report 


^    J.  M.  HAMBAUGH,  SPRING,  BROWN  COUNTY,  ILL. 

1.  Ever  since  a  boy. 

2.  Yes,  for  the  last  nine  or  ten  years,  though  I  take  care  of  a  farm  of 
280  acres  also. 

3.  150  colonies. 

4.  Movable  frame. 

5.  17^x4)^  outside  measure  and  ten  to  the  hive. 

6.  Both,  but  principally  extracted. 

7.  10  per  cent,  for  comb,  90  per  cent,  for  extracted. 

8.  4,^x4^x1  15-16  and  ^}i\6%  x  i  15-16  or  2  inches. 

9.  When  I  use  either,  wood.Jwhich  I  prefer. 

10.  Clover,  linden  and  Spanish  needle. 

11.  Probably  20  pounds. 

12.  Probably  50  pounds. 

13.  Both. 

14.  100  per  cent. 

15.  8  per  cent. 

16.  15  cents  per  pound. 

17.  9  cents  per  pound. 

18.  It  has  always  seemed  to  me  they  would  not. 

19.  Alsike  clover  has  proven  a  good  honey  plant  with  me,  a  splendid 
fertilizer,  and  when  sown  with  timothy  it  makes  the  best  hay  I  have  ever 
used.  This  is  one  of  the  very  best  plants  for  the  combination  farmer,,  stock 
raiser  and  bee  keeper.  You  can  never  regret  its  culture.  Try  it.  I  have 
no  experience  with  Alfalfa. 

20.  They  do  not,  as  a  rule. 

21.  Second  growth.     Stinted  by  dry  weather 

22.  Native  Brown  German,  Italian  and  their  crosses.  Italians  in  their 
purity  are  my  preference . 

23.  They  seem  to  be  better  honey  gatherers,  more  docile  when  being 
handled,  less  inclined  to  sting,  guard  their  hives  better  against  robbers,  moth 
millers,  etc. 

24.  Both.  At  least  I  have  wintered  twice  in  cellar,  with  comparatively 
no  I0.SS  while  in  confinement,  but  quite  a  number  of  spring  dwindled  after 
being  placed  upon  their  sunmier stands. 

25  In  my  locality  I  hardly  think  cellar  wintering  will  pay,  am  not  able 
to  give  comparative  losses. 

26.  P'rom  November  15  to  December  10,  owing  to  the  condition  of  the 
weather  and  freaks  of  the  season. 

27.  This  is  owing  to  the  condition  of  the  bees  and  the  season.  If  the 
bees  show  signs  of  dysintery,  as  soon  as  the  weather  will  permit  them  to  fly. 
If  they  are  quiet  and  healthy,  not  till  they  can  carry  in  natural  pollen. 

28.  No. 

29.  No. 

31.  From  70  to  80  colonies. 

32.  By  offering  liberal  competitive  exhibits  on  honey  and  wax.  Diploma 
on  hives,  fixtures,  etc. 


ii...' 


IJF  ■;->'^5?V7-^-.:j^-.^:.-;' 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  159 


J.  A.  KENNEDY,    PASFIELD,    SANGAMON   COUNTY,  ILL. 

1 .  Only  a  few  years  with  the  improved  hives  but  have  always  had  more 
or  less  bees  in  the  old  fashioned  box  hive. 

2.  No      Farming. 

3 .  About  40  for  the  last  few  years. 

4.  Movable  frame  hives. 

5 .  The  simplicity  hive.     Ten  frames. 

6.  Mostly  comb  honey. 

8.  4)4x4X^,iH- 

9.  Tin  separators . 
10.  White  clover. 
13.  At  home. 

16.  Cannot  tell  the  average,  never  less  than  10  cents  and  as  high  as  18 
cents . 

17.  About  10  cents. 

18.  Never  tried  without. 

19.  Never  had 

20.  Not  to  any  great  extent.  - 

22.  Have  blacks,  hybrids  and  Italians.     Prefer  Italians. 

23.  Think  the  Italians  the  most  gentle  and  best  iioney  gatherers. 

24.  Summer  stands. 

25.  Guess  about  10  per  cent. 

26.  Never  put  any  in  the  cellar. 

28 .  Not  any  that  I  know  of. 

29.  Never. 

3r.  About  75  in  my  locality. 
So  far  as  the  Secretary  knows  this  report  is  from  our  oldest  member  (S3 
years  old). 


-  •.:r?-:^>y''- 


i6o  First  Annual  Report. 


CHAS.   HEKTEL,  FREEBURG,  ST.  CLAIR  COUNTY,  ILL. 

1.  Twelve. 

2.  No.     Stock  breeding. 

3.  About  fifty. 

4.  Movable  frame. 

5.  Simplicity. 

6.  Mostly  extracted. 

7.  Ten  per  cent,  for  comb.  > 

8.  The  Standard. 

9.  Wooden. 

10.  White  clover,  boneset  and  other  fall  flowers. 

12.  About  40  pounds 

13.  Retail  it  at  home. 

15.  I  try  to  prevent  all  swarming. 

16.  Sold  but  little. 

17.  10  to  12)4  cents  ser  pound. 

18.  No. 

19.  Alsike  clover — yes. 

20.  Some  years. 

2  r .  A  dry  summer  after  first  crop  is  ramoved . 

22.  Italian.  ; 

23.  Better  disposition,  hang  to  frames  better,  etc. 

24.  On  summer  stands. 

25.  Almost  none. 

26.  No  experience. 

28.  Not  at  present. 

29.  No. 

30.  After  the  petals  of  flowers  had  fallen. 

31.  Should  not  overstock . 

33.  Lttsomegood  Bee-Keeper  exhibit  at  county  fairs,  and  sell  iioney 
in  small  quantities.     Also  edit  a  column  in  a  county  paper. 


"".^^-  ::->,-t-"la;.l?J.'}.it;-«il 


ir^^VSs^^' 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  i6i 


GEO.  E.  BURNETT,  HARRISBURG,  ILL. 

1.  Twelve  years. 

2.  No.     Farming. 

3.  60  colonies. 

4.  ID  frame  S.  L. 

5.  10  frame  S  L. 

6.  Both. 

7.  >^  comb,  %  extracted. 

8.  4Xx4XxiJ^. 
9-  Tin. 

10.  Clover. 

11.  38  pounds. 

12.  45  pounds. 

13.  At  home. 

14.  I ^  swarms  per  colony. 

15.  I  swarm  per  colony . 

16.  12^  cents  per  pound. 

17.  10  cents  per  pound . 

18.  Yes. 

19.  Alsike  is  splendid.     Sweet  mellilot  good  yield  but  not  so  good 
quality. 

20.  They  work  on  it  in  dearth  but  get  little  from  it. 

22.  Italians  and  blacks.     Italians  best. 

23 .  The  Italians  are  active  and  best  workers. 

24.  In  open  yard,     if- 

25.  10  per  cent.         '•      . 

28.  No. 

29.  No. 

31.  Seventy-five. 

32.  Don't  know. 

33.  Repeal  bounty  on  sugar  and  sell  direct  to  consumers  as  far  as  prac- 
ticable. 


l^^!i^'lj«ni^&citui^^^$^eti^^i^  i£A*iiiJ£St,'iL 


1^2  First  Annual  Report 


p.  J.  ENGLAND,  FANCY  PRAIRIE,  ILL. 

1.  Twelve  years. 

2.  No.     Farming  and  fruit  growing. 

3.  40  colonies. 

4.  Movable  irame  hive. 

-    5.  10  frames — frame  9)^x17^  . 

6.  Extracted  honey . 

10.  White  clover. 

12.  50  pounds. 

13.  Home  market. 
15.  5  per  cent. 

17.  12^^^  cents. 

20.  No. 

22.  Italian  bees. 

24.  Have  tried  both  ways. 

25.  Twenty-five  per  cent,  either  way 

26.  Immediately  after  the  first  warm  Jay  in  December. 

27.  First  of  April. 

28.  No. 

29.  No. 

31,  I  quess  100. 


S.   B.  STRADER,   BISMARK,  VERMILION  COUNTY,  ILL. 

1 .  I  have  kept  bees  ten  years. 

2.  I  am  a  blacksmith  by  trade. 

3 .  50  colonies,  spring  count . 

4 .  Standard  L .  hive,  8  frames  and  two  division  boards . 

6.  Comb  honey. 

7.  About  45  pounds  comb  honey. 

8 .  Sections  4^  ^4)4 x.  i  J4  • 

9 .  Use  wood  separators . 

10.  White  clover  and  linden. 

1 1 .  My  record  book  say  tweiity-five  pounds. 

12.  Comb  honey  only. 

13.  Sell  all  my  honey  at  home  and  in  Danville,  111. 

14.  My  increase  has  been  about  75  per  cent. 

15.  No  extracted  honey. 

16.  1673  cents  for  one  pound  sections. 

18.  My  bees  work  in  the  surplus  case  with  separators  as  readily  as  with- 
out. 

19.  I  have  not  had  any  experience  with  alsike. 

20.  The  Italian  bees  work  on  red  clover. 


.  ■■rJu-.ii^'iiSKV-a^^aiaakt^ga.titkl/.aiitii^ 


?-..-^F;! 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  163 

21 .  The  Italians  work  on  red  clover  best  in  a  dry  season. 

22.  Italians  and  black  bees  crossed. 

23.  The  Italians  are  more  docile  and  better  workers. 

24.  I  winter  in  the  cellar. 

25.  My  loss  is  from  nothing  to  five  percent. 

26.  About  November  25  or  when  cold  weather  comes. 
27  Say  April  ist  to  the  loth. 

28.  No  foul  brood  that  I  know  of. 

29  There  are  no  fruit  trees  sprayed  here. 

3r.  50  colonies  I  think  are  all  that  I  cin  keep  at  a  profit. 

32.  I  have  had  no  expetience  at  fairs. 


R.  R.  MURPHY,  GARDEN  PLAIN,  ILL. 

1 .  Thirty  years. 

2.  Farming  and  creamery. 

3.  About  seventy. 

4.  Langstroth  frame  hive. 

6.  Mostly  extracted  for  last  10  years. 

8.  4  1-4x4  1-4,  7  to  the  foot. 

9.  Neither. 

10.  White  clover  and  heartsease. 

I  r .  Cannot  say.  ' 

12.  About  125  pounds. 

13.  At  home  (Chicago). 

14.  But  little. 

15.  Scarcely  any. 
j6.  12  cents. 

17.  7  cents. 

18.  I  think  not. 

19.  Alsike  is  good. 

20.  Some  years. 

21 .  A  season  when  the  blossoms  are  small. 

22.  Italian-Italian. 

23.  More  gentle  and  better  honey  gatherers. 

24.  Have  a  special  house. 

25.  About  5  per  cent. 

26.  About  middle  of  November. 

27.  About  middle  of  March,  or  when  winter  is  apparently  over. 

28.  There  was  some,  but  it  has  disappeared. 

29.  No. 

31.  JOO. 

32.  Do  not  know. 


164  First  Annual  Report 


J,  D.  HARVICK,  VIENNA,  ILL. 

1 .  Six  years. 

2.  No.     Farming. 

3.  30  to  50. 

4.  Movable  frame. 

5.  Langstroth  hive. 

6.  For  comb. 

8.  4  1-4x4  1-4. 

9.  None. 

10.  White  clover. 

11.  40  pounds. 
14.  Home. 
16.  15  cents. 

19.  No  experience. 

20.  Some. 

22.  Italians. 

23.  They  are. 

24.  Summer  stands. 

25.  About  6  per  cent. 

28.  No. 

29 .  No . 

31.  20  or  30. 


G.  W.  WILLIAMS,   MOUNT  STERLING,  ILL 

1.  Six  years. 

2.  No.     Farming. 

3.  From  I  to  25. 

4.  Movable  frames. 

5.  i7><  long,  9X  wide  outside,  loframs. 

6.  Both. 

7.  One  y^  extracted,  %  comb. 

8.  Two  sizes,  4  1-4x4  1-4  and  5  1-4x6  1-4. 

9.  Use  none. 

10.  White  clover. 

1 1 .  From  nothing  to  40  pounds. 

12.  10  to  70  pounds. 

13.  At  home. 

14.  About  i>^. 

15.  Very  little,  if  any. 

16.  From  10  to  15  cents. 

17.  9  to  10  cents. 

18.  I  don't  know. 

19.  I  tried  alsike  clover  one  year.    I  believe  it  to  be  a  good  honey  plan. 


''^£rdL-*-:.<M,'*':il.L- -':'.J.t.r  -.>-£^3|i^.iibfe£uXv: 


-r^^^S^?^} 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  165 


20.  Yes,  mostly  on  second  crop. 

21 .  Second  crop,  because  the  blossom  cups  are  not  so  deep. 

22.  Blacks  and  Italians,  prefering  Italians. 

23.  More  gentle  and  better  workers. 

24.  Summer  stands. 

25.  About  r  per  cent. 

26.  I  don't  know. 

27.  I  don't  know. 

28.  No  none. 

29.  No  none. 

31.  Not  over  50. 

32.  I  can't  tell.     I  never  exhibit  at  fairs. 

33.  No  suggestions. 


GEORGE  A.  TAYLOR,  MT,  STERLING,  ILL. 

1.  Twenty  years. 

2.  No,  I  am  a  farmer. 

3.  About  twenty. 

4.  Movable  frame. 

5.  Langstroth,  9  to  the  hive. 

6.  Comb  honey  only. 

8.  One  pound  principally,  prefer  two  pounds. 

9.  Do  not  use  any. 
JO.  White  clover. 
II.  Forty  pounds. 

13.  Home  market. 

14.  One  swarm  per  colony,  prevent  all  I  can . 
16.  Fifteen  cents  per  pound. 

19.  I  have.     Think  it  will  pay  to  cultivate  the  clovers,  other  plants  not. 

20.  I  have  yet  to  see  a  bee  work  red  clover. 

22.  Blacks  are  my  preference.  ^/^ 

23.  They  build  nicer  and  straiter  combs  and  rob  less.  , 

24.  I  have  tried  both  ways,  either  are  good  under  proper  conditions.     I 
prefer  chaf  hives  to  all  others. 

25.  Cellar  wintering  5  per  cent. ,  chaf  hive  less . 

26.  15th  of  November. 

27.  15th  of  April. 

28.  Do  not. 

29.  No  loss  from  that  source. 

To  the  remaining  questions  I  have  nothing  to  say,  as  that  ground  has 
been  gone  over  thoroughly  by  those  more  competent  than  I. 


'3 


i66  First  Annual  Report. 


W.  C.   LYMAN;  DOWNER  S  GROVE,   ILL. 

1.  About  ten  years. 

2.  liee-keeping  and  general  farming. 

3.  About  30,  at  present  60. 

4.  Movable  frame. 

5.  Standard  L.  10  frame,  and  New  Heddon. 

6.  Both. 

7.  Comb  34,  extracted  }{  . 

8.  4;4^.x4X,  seven  to  the  foot. 

9.  Have  used  and  prefer  tin. 

10.  Clover  and  basswood . 

11 .  On  an  average  spring  count  about  50  pounds. 

13.  In  home  market  to  grocerymen .     (Chicago  suburban  trade). 

14.  One  swarm  per  hive. 

15.  One  swarm  per  hive  or  nearly  that. 

16.  15  cents  per  pound. 

17.  10  cents  per  pound. 

18.  Yes,  I  think  so. 

19.  With  alsike.  It  is  excellent  for  hay  and  for  honey.  Buckwheat  is 
unreliable. 

20 .  No. 

21 .  Have  never  seen  red  clover  in  condition  to  produce  much  honey  for 
honey  bees. 

22.  I  have,  and  prefer  the  darker  Italians. 

23.  They  are  bees  for  business,  producing  an  excellent  quality  of  comb 
honey,  and  are  also  good  for  producing  e.xtracted. 

14.  In  celler. 

25.  Not  more  than  5  per  cent. 

26T  Have  put  them  in  about  November  20  en  an  average. 

27.  From  ist  to  loth  of  April.     Never  left  them  in  too  long  yet. 

28.  No. 

29.  No. 

30.  The  spraying  was  all  done  after  the  fruit  had  formed. 

31 .  Probably  not  more  than  100  colonies,  but  this  is  quess  work. 

32.  My  experience  in  this  line  is  quite  limited,  but  what  exhibits  I  have 
made  have  brought  me  my  best  customers. 

33.  The  interest  in  bee-keeping  is  influenced  greatly  by  the  remunera- 
tion to  be  obtained  from  it.  As  a  bee-keeper  living  within  the  suburban  dis- 
trict of  Chicago,  my  sales  have  been  made  for  the  greater  part,  directly  to 
the  retail  grocerymen,  and  I  find  but  few  who  know  how  to  handle  and  sell 
honey  to  the  best  advantage.  Since  retail  grocers  are  the  ones  who  must 
present  t^ie  great  bulk  of  the  honey  crop  to  consumers,  and  through  whose 
efforts  the  consumption  of  honey  can  be  more  than  doubled,  if  they  under- 


'y'V.i^r  v^*^^.JjJSwit£&sifa£ic..^ 


State  Bee-Keepers'  AssoctATtoN.  167 


stand  their  business,  would  it  not  be  a  good  plan  for  the  Illinois  State  Society 
to  take  some  means  to  educate  and  instruct  grocerymen  in  the  best  methods 
of  keeping,  handling  and  presenting  honey  to  their  customers  in  an  attractive 
manner,  so  that  the  consumption  of  honey  may  be  greatly  increased.  I  know 
that  grocerymen  can  double  their  trade  in  honey  by  proper  means . 


LUTHER  F.  JACOBS,  VIENNA,  JOHNSON  COUNTY,  ILL. 

1.  Seventeen. 

2.  No.     I  follow  agriculture  and  horticulture.  . 
3-     151025. 

4.  Box. 

6 .  Comb . 

8.  One  pound. 

9.  Metal  and  prefer  the  same. 

10.  Flowers,  wild  and  tame  clover  and  fruits. 

11.  20  to  24  pounds . 

13.  Sell  at  home  market. 

14.  From  two  to  four  each  year. 
16.     15  to  25  cents  per  pound. 

J  18.     I  think  they  will. 

19,  None. 

20.  They  do  not  but  do  on  white. 

22.  Mine  were  originally  Italans  and  are  preferred. 

23.  More  domestic  not  so  cross . 

24.  Upon  their  summer  stands. 

25.  Hardly  ever  any  loss. 

26.  We  never  cellar  our  bees,  not  necessary. 

28.  Do  not  understand  the  meaning  "foul." 

29 .  Have  not,  as  we  spray  no  fruit  trees  as  yet. 

31 .  If  time  to  attend  to  them  the  more  the  better. 

32.  By  competent  committees  to  pass  upon  them  and  to  show  the  profit 
arising  from  honey  and  produces  &c . 

33.  Keeping  moths  from  our  hives  is  the  only  issue.  They  are  the 
only  detriment  here  in  Southern  Illinois  to  our  producing  honey  in  large 
quantities  and  at  comparatively  little  cost .  The  winter's  cold  is  not  in  the 
way.  And  now  if  some  bee-raiser  and  honey  producer  will  only  invent  a 
hive  that  willlse  moth  proof  and  at  the  same  time  be  a  granary  lor  the  safe 
deposit  of  their  sweets  Bee-keeping  in  this  locality  could  be  made  very 
profitable.  Can't  some  one  produce  the  thing  needful?  (Yes  movable  frame 
hive  and  Italian  bees— Sec . ) 


i68  '  First  Annual  Report 


JACOB  LEIBROCK,  MASCOUTAH,  ST.  CLAIR  COUNTY,    ILL. 

1 .  We  have  had  bees  for  40  years. 

2.  Since  1S71  we  made  it  one  of  our  specialties. 

3.  We  have  had  from  48  to  500. 

4.  Movable  comb  hives. 

5.  We  use  chaff  simplicity  and  dovetailed  hives. 

6.  We  work  for  comb  and  extracted  honey. 

7.  About  1-3  comb. 

8.  4  1-4x4  1-4x2  is  our  section  of  late  years. 

9.  We  use  tin  separators. 

10.  White  clover  in  spring,  goldenrod,  Spanish  needle,  smartweed  in 
the  fall. 

11.  We  have  had  from  nothing  to  148  pounds . 

12.  We  have  had  from  nothing  to  190  pounds. 

13.  Our  main  market  is  St.  Louis.  Mo. 

14  and  15.  We  always  work  for  honey  and  will  therefore  have  very  little 
increase  in  colonies. 

16.  i6}4  cents. 

17.  Scents. 

18.  Some  will  and  others  won't. 

19.  We  plant  alsike  clover  for  our  bees  and  think  it  is  a  very  good  honey 
plant. 

20 .  I  never  saw  bees  work  on  red  clover  as  much  as  they  did  last  sum- 
mer, and  we  made  a  little  crop  of  red  clover  honey. 

21.  We  can  only  obtain  red  clover  honey  when  the  season  is  very  dry 
so  the  blossoms  will  be  very  small. 

22.  We  have  different  strains  but  prefer  the  Italian. 

23.  Italians  will  gather  more  honey  in  a  poor  season. 

24.  On  the  summer  stands. 

25.  This  winter  we  lost  12  per  cent. 

26.  We  never  had  bees  in  cellar. 

28.  We  never  had  foul  brood  in  our  locality. 

29.  We  never  lost  any  by  spraying  with  poisons. 

31 .  We  never  keep  more  than  73  colonies  in  one  place  if  we  can  possibly 
make  it. 

32.  We  have  been  to  the  St.  Louis  fair  with  bees  and  honey  for  the  last 
six  years  and  we  always  exhibit  from  eight  to  ten  thousand  pounds  of  honey, 
and  I  think  if  every  bee  keeper  would  work  as  much  on  fairs  as  we  have  done 
honey  would  be  more  widely  introduced  by  this  time. 


State  Bee-Keepers    AssoctAti0^f.  169 


J.  A.  GREEN,  DAYTOX,  LASALLE  COUNTY,  ILL. 

1.  Seventeen. 

2.  Yes. 

3.  One  hundred  and  thirty. 

4.  Frame. 

5.  I  use  some  Langstroth  frumes  g^^xiy^,  eight  to  the  hive,  but  most 
of  my  frames  are  5^x1734^,  16  in  a  two  story  brood  chamber. 

6.  Both. 

7.  Usually  about  half  of  each. 

8.  4  1-4x4  1-4x1 34^. 

9.  Both.     Tin. 

10.  White  clover,  sweet  clover,  bass  wood,  heartsease. 

11.  Forty. 

12.  Seve'  ty. 

13.  Home  as  far  as  possible.      Mostly,  of  course,  in  foreign. 

14.  50  per  cent. 

15.  8  per  cent. 

16.  14  cents.  ■ 

17.  8}4  cents. 

18.  Yes. 

19.  No  experience  except  a  little  (unprofitable)  with  Chapman  honey 
plant. 

20 .  Not  very  much . 

21.  Second  crop  in  a  dry  season — small  blossoms. 

22.  Italians. 

23 .  Principally  because  they  gather  more  honey  and  are  more  easily  and 
cheaply  handled. 

24.  Both. 

25.  Twenty  per  cent.  '  I 

26.  November  I  to  15.  V 

27.  When  the  season  is  fit,  usually  about  the  time  soft  maples  are  in 
bloom. 

28.  There  is  some  not  very  far  away.  , 

29.  No. 

31-     150. 

32.  Give  premiums  that  will  make  it  worth  while  to  make  an  exhibit. 

33.  There  can  be  no  better  way  to  increase  interest  than  to  hold  pleasant 
and  profitable,  that  is  practical,  conventions  and  encourage  practical  and 
comprehensive  exhibits  at  fairs .  To  promote  the  industry  disseminate  in- 
formation in  regard  to  it . 


^.^\-^^t.-&a^M^i^:^^''iii2i\.^Jld.'-i^\^J;^,  -\:i.i:^' ■:-l-''A}:i-:i' rj--:'^^'--^''^'-^^^^^^  ..  .        ■  'j-^ii^^i^e&t^^^^^k^-'l^'Lt^  4^r»' 


170  First  Annual  Report 


JAMES   D.    WRIGHT,  VIENNA,  ILL. 

I  Five  years. 

2.  Farming. 

3.  Fifteen  colonies. 

4.  Movable  frame  hives. 

5.  For  comb  honey. 

6.  20  by  12  and  10  inches  deep. 

8.  4  inches. 

9.  Use  wood,  never  tried  metal  ones. 

10.  For  home  use. 

11.  20  pounds. 

13.  At  home. 

14.  About  24  pounds. 

15.  About  24  pounds. 

16.  15  cents. 

17.  15  cents. 

18.  Do  not  know. 

19.  No. 

20.  Yes. 

21.  When  it  first  blooms. 

22.  Italians  and  the  Black  bee;  my  preference  is  Italians. 

23.  They  are  the  hardiest  and  most  industrious. 

24.  Upon  their  summer  stands. 

25.  About  one-tenth  part. 

26.  Don't.     Cellar. 

27.  Don't.     Cellar. 

28.  No. 

29.  No. 

30.  No. 

31 .  Fifteen. 


THOMAS  C.   STANLEY,  PURE  HONEY  AND  SUPPLIES,  BOYLESTON,  ILL. 

1.  Fourteen  years. 

2.  Specialty. 

3.  From  100  to  1,000. 

4.  The  Stanley  hive,  manufactured  at  Fairfield,  111. 

5 .  Ten  frame. 

6.  Comb. 

8.  4  1-4x4  1-4x1  15-16. 

9.  Tin. 

10.  Honey  dew. 

11.  Fifty,  I  guess. 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  fji 


13.  Wherever  I  get  the  chance,  and  some  blamed  fool  has  not  spoiled 
the  market  by  abusing  honey  dew  honey. 

14.  25  per  cent. 
16.  12)4  cents. 
18.     Yes. 

22.     Italian. 

24.     On  summer  stands  when  they  don't  all  die. 

31.  200. 

32.  They  hurt  it  every  time.  Too  many  in  the  business  now.  We 
only  raised  15,000  pounds  this  year,  and  have  had  more  trouble  to  dispose 
of  it  than  in  former  years  when  we  had  50,000  pounds. 


D.  J.  M.  PHILLIPB,  BELLEVILLE,  ILL. 

1.  Fifty  years. 

2.  No.     Farming. 
3-  Eight, 

4.  Movable  frame . 

5.  Langstroth,  7  frames. 
6..  Comb. 

7.  None. 

7.  4x4, 

9.  No. 

10.  White  clover. 

11.  Ten  pounds. 

12.  None. 

13.  Near  home. 

14.  One. 

16.  Ten  cents. 

t8.  No. 

19.  Alsike  is  2ood. 

20.  Allnummer. 

22.  Cyprian. 

23.  Greatest  foragers . 

24.  Summer  stands. 

25.  Five  per  cent. 

26.  ist  to  15th  of  December. 

27.  March  5th. 

28.  Not  any. 

29.  No. 

30.  Not  any. 

32.  By  organizing. 

33.  The  best  way  to  get  up  an  interest  among  bee-keepers  would  be  to 
have  a  good  lecture  once  a  month  at  school  house  in  the  vicinity. 


A^'iifci^tirfS'wiKi*..!...,-,...^   ..  u.^"     ..li,    .....   ".  ..  ^„_...  .._,    ,..-..,_     ...      .^.^....^.....    ^^,..,'...j^.sr-t.'..,.,,i^.^T\...~.K^^^^a^->..-:^^.iJ:^K'jr^^..^^^-:.S:^..j^.'^:&t-''.    '^^.^^. 


■   y  .  -'  —  ■.r.J!s>s^;a^R!gs; 


172  First  Annual  Report 


APPENDIX. 


The  committee  appointed  at  the  organization  of  tlie  State  Bee-Keepers' 
Association,  to  formulate  and  introduce  a  bill  asking  our  State  Legislature 
to  appropriate  the  sum  of  five  thousand  dollars  (i?5,ooo)  to  carry  out  a  cred- 
itable exhibit  of  the  Apiarian  industries  of  the  State,  at  the  World's  Colum- 
bian Exposition,  was  composed  of  the  following  members  as  shown  on  page  17: 

Thomas  G.  Newman,  C.  P.  Dadant,  Hon.  J.  M.  Hambaugh,  Col. 
Charles  F.  Mills,  S.  N.  Black,  Hon.  J.  S.  Lyman,  and  A.  U.  Draper. 

In  accordance  with  their  duties  the  following  bill  was  introduced  into 
the  Lower  House,  March  25,  1891,  read  the  first  time,  and  referred  to  the 
committee  on  appropriations  : 

A   BILL. 

1 .  Be  it  enacted  by  the  people  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  represented  in 
the  General  Assembly,  that  there  be,  and  is,  hereby  appropriated  to  the 
Illinois  Bee- Keepers'  Association,  out  ot  any  money  in  the  treasury  not 
otherwise  appropriated,  the  following  sums,  to-wit :  For  the  payment  of 
the  expenses  of  making  an  exhibit  of  bees,  honey.  Apiary  supplies,  and  ap- 
pliances at  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  to  be  held  in  Chicago  in  1893, 
the  sum  of  five  thousand  dollars,  or  so  much  of  said  sum  as  may  be  required 
to  make  a  creditable  display. 

2.  The  Illinois  Bee-Keepers'  Association  may,  in  its  discretion,  employ 
a  competent  person  as  an  executive  officer  for  service  in  preparatory  work 
and  care  of  the  State  Apiarian  exhibit,  whose  powers,  duties  and  title  shall 
be  prescriped  by  said  Bee-Keepers'  Association,  and  whose  compensation 
shall  be  fixed  by  said  Association,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Governor. 
Said  executive  officer  shall  be  removed  at  the  pleasure  of  the  Association. 
Any  member  of  said  Bee- Keepers'  Association  other  than  said  executive 
officer  rendering  service  in  connection  with  said  State  exhibit  by  instruction 
of  said  Association,  may  receive  as  compensation  therefor  only  necessary 
expenses  and  cost  of  transportation  while  actually  employed  in  such  ser- 
vices . 

3.  The  sum  of  five  thousand  dollars  ($5,000),  or  as  much  thereof  as 
may  be  necessary  for  the  purpose,  is  hereby  appropriated  to  defray  the  cost 
and  expenses  of  the  work  contemplated  by  this  act,  to  be  paid  by  the  State 


k;,^^. 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association.  173 

Treasurer  from  funds  not  otherwise  appropriated,  upon  warrants  drawn  by 
the  Auditor  of  the  State^  which  warrants  shall  be  drawn  only  upon  itemized 
vouchers  and  receipted  bills  signed  by  the  President  of  the  Illinois  Bee- 
Keepers'  Association,  countersigned  by  the  Secretary  thereof  and  approved 
by  the  Governor  ;  and  provided,  further,  that  in  no  event  shall  the  State  of 
Illinois  be  held  or  become  liable  in  any  amount  in  excess  of  the  sum  hereby 
appropriated. 

On  April  2d  this  bill  was  reported  back  to  the  House,  and  was  referred 
to  the  committee  on  Woild's  Columbian  Exposition.  Here  it  slept  the 
sleep  that  knows  no  waking,  along  with  many  bills  of  like  nature,  represent- 
ing many  interests  of  the  State.  About  June  i,  1S91,  Hon.  J.  M.  Ham- 
baugh,  our  representative  in  the  Legislature,  addressed  each  member  of  the 
State  Board  of  Agriculture  with  the  following  letter  : 

"Dear  Sir:  I  discover  that  no  provision  has  been  made  in  the  Senate 
bill  now  before  the  House,  relative  to  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition, 
for  a  proper  and  suitable  exhibit  of  honey,  wax  and  apiarian  supplies. 

My  bill,  calling  for  an  appropriation  of  $5,000,000  will  be  made  an  amend- 
ment to  the  Senate  bill  unless  I  have  prompt  assurance  from  the  members 
of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  of  a  proper  recognition  of  this  industry,  and 
for  this  purpose  I  desire  an  immediate  answer  from  you,  with  assurance  that 
will  give  this  interest  due  consideration,  and  allow  the  bee-keepers  of  this 
State  a  pro  rata  amount,  say  one- halt  of  one  per  cent  of  the  gross  appropria- 
tion." 

Quite  a  number  of  the  member  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture  gave  assur- 
ance that  bee-culture  should  receive  lii'eral  recognition.  In  order  to  assure 
the  10,000  beekeepers  of  Illinois  of  this,  we  give  the  following  extracts  from 
their  letters,  sent  to  Mr.  Hambaugh,  in  reply  to  the  foregoing: 

Hon.  Lafayette  Funk,  president  of  the  Board,  writes? 

"The  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  if  put  in  control  of  the  above  subject 
matter,  will  carry  into  effect  just  what  you  gentlemen  of  the  legislature  pre- 
scribe in  the  law  upon  the  subject." 

Hon.  E.  E.  Chester,  vice  president  for  the  Fifteenth  District,  writes: 
"I  can  assure  you  (aside  from  the  fact  that  I  am  personally  interested  in 
bee-culture)  that  I  shall  heartly  approve  of  the  appropriation  of  at  least  as 
much  as  one-half  of  one  per  cent,  of  the  amount  appropriated  for  the  State 
exhibit,  to  be  used  in  the  interests  of  bees  and  honey." 

Hon.  James  W.  Judy,  vice  president  for  the  Thirteenth  District,  wrote: 

"As  a  member  of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  aud  as  a  citizen  of  the 
State  of  Illinois,  I  am  fully  in  sympathy  with  the  sentiment  containud  in  your 
communication.  I  want  the  bee-keepers'  interest  and  every  industry  of  Illi- 
nois, fairly  represented  at  the  World's  Columbian  Fair,  and  will  use  my  best 
efforts  for  the  accomplishmeut  of  the  same." 


iJ.3i-iiI*^i>iSii^i^Wii.;V„-^^T.;'    ^' ..  J..-..-:  ■J-=-    .'v.._ii..^,r.:--V^.-~ --    "r,~-j,-^..'j  ^ -■.      v..     ^^^^r^r^-^^r  J\:^i.Ai^j.i^,^^l'fJisi^'--XU^%^s:rCliA..:^  :  -.'       ■  :  .y--^^y-.->.-&.'i^^K;--' -^ -s^-U;  ril^-^ifj^rffc-J^.^ 


174  First  Annual  Report 

Hon.  James  VV.  Washburn,  vice  president  for  the  Twentieth  District, 
wrote: 

•*I  shall  most  willingly  favor  an  appropriation  by  the  Board  of  one-half 
of  ons  per  cent,  of  whatever  appropriation  maybe  made,  for  the  purposes 
you  indicate.     I  am  strongly  in  favor  of  encouraging  the  bee-industry." 

Hon.  B.  F.  VVyman,  wrote  as  follows: 

"I  should  certainly  favor  a  suitable  appropriation  to  enable  the  bee- 
keepers to  make  a  creditable  display  of  honey,  wax  and  bee  supplies  at  the 
Columbian  Fair." 

Hon.  E.  C.  Pace  expressed  himself  in  this  forcible  language: 
"From  numerous  communications  that  I  have  received,  there  seems  to 
be  an  impression  on  the  minds  of  many  that  the  object  of  the  State  Board  of 
Agriculture  in  this  Columbian  Exposition  business  was  to  rtz'czafe.xhibiting  the 
resources  of  the  State,  instead  of  making,  as  they  desire  to  do,  the  best  possible 
exhibit. 

"One  Interest  in  our  State  is  exactly  as  near  to  them  as  another.  They 
have  no  pet  hobbies,  and  I  can  assure  you  with  the  utmost  confidence,  that 
every  interest  in  the  State  will  receive  the  consideration  to  which  it  is  entitled. 
Any  one  who  has  given  the  subject  of  bee-culture  any  attention,  will  recog- 
nize at  once  its  importance,  and  in  a  country  like  this  in  which  I  live,  where 
ii  forms  one  of  our  principal  products,  it  is  unnecessary  for  me  to  assure  you 
that  the  interest  will  be  carefully  nurtured,  and  full  justice  done  it  as  well  as 
every  other  interest  in  the  State.  The  intention  of  the  Board  so  far  as  I  have 
heard  an  expression,  is  to  show  off  the  resources  of  the  State  to  the  very 
best  possible  advantage,  and  by  this  means  to  proclaim  to  the  world  what 
we  so  well  know,  that  Illinois  is  the  greatest  State  in  the  Union." 

Hon.  A.  B.  Hostetter,  vice  president  for  the  Sixth  District,  wrote  thus: 

"I  certainly  favo"-  a  liberal  recognition  of  the  "bee  industry,"  and  I  hope 
the  appropriation  will  be  made  large  enough  so  that  not  only  this  interest, 
but  any  other  not  especially  mentioned  in  the  bill  and  worthy  of  recognition, 
can  have  liberal  encouragement  and  be  exhibited  at  the  World's  Fair  to  the 
best  possible  advantage,  and  to  the  credit  of  our  whole  State." 

Hon.  B.  Pullen,  vice  president,  wrote  thus: 

"I  recognize  the  importance  of  the  industry  referred  to,  and  would  be 
disposed  to  give  it  a  fair  and  liberal  recognition." 

Hon.  Samuel  Dysart,  vice  president  for  the  Seventh  District,  wrote: 

"I  have  been  in  the  bee-keeping  business  for  25  years,  and  I  will  certainly 
use  all  my  influence  to  have  that  industry  recognized  in  proportion  to  other 
rural  pursuits." 

Hon.  J.  Irving  Pearce,  vice  president  of  the  First  District,  wrote  thus: 

"I  assure  you  that  the  bee-keeping  industry  for  Illinois  shall  have  every- 
thing done  for  it  that  the  law  will  allow  us  to  do.  You  will  find  me  the  friend 
and  champion  of  that  industry. '^ 


-•'.''.v^'i^^gi^^^^A'',.!-. 


:...,f:.=J 


State  Bee-Keepers'  Association  175 


With  these  assurances  we  ought  to  be  well  satisfied  that  when  the  ap- 
portionment is  made  (probably  next  December),  the  bee-keeping  industry  of 
Illinois  will  receive  its  due  share  of  the  funds  appropriated  by  the  State.  It 
will  be  well  for  bee- keepers  in  every  district  to  write  to  their  vice  presidents 
next  October,  to  keep  it  before  their  minds,  and  let  them  know  that  we  are 
confiding  in  their  sense  of  honor  and  justice,  confirmed  by  the  promises  ol 
many  of  their  members,  and  expect  our  due  share  of  the  public  funds,  so  as 
to  be  able  to  make  an  exhibit  which  shall  be  a  credit  to  the  State,  as  well  as 
the  entire  northwest. 

Notwithstanding  every  effort  that  could  be  made,  and  the  pressure 
brought  to  bear  by  Mr.  Hambaugb,  our  esteemed  Thomas  G.  Newman,  of 
the  American  Bee  Journal,  and  myself,  there  has  been  nothing  accom- 
plished, and  no  award  made  us,  to  redeem  the  pledges  of  the  State  Board 
of  Agriculture  to  the  State  Bee-Keepers. 

Their  plea  is  that  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  National  Commission 
excludes  manufactured  articles  from  our  State  Building  ;  and  now  after  the 
long,  tedious  and  untiring  efforts  of  Mr.  Hambaugh  and  others,  should  we 
be  ignored  by  the  State  Board,  from  the  category  of  industries,  of  our  great 
State,  we  trust  the  blame  will  be  placed  where  it  belongs .  Mr.  Hambaugh 
has  a  voluminous  amount  of  letters  received,  during  the  winter  and  spring, 
relative  to  the  matter,  and  at  this  late  date  our  prospects  of  recognition  are 
very  vague  ;  though  one  more  effort  will  probably  be  made . 

James  A.  Stone,  Secretary, 


-■.^l->;>Ja.*'i..-A'>.  ivv«.i^ea.t^ 


176  First  Annual  Report 


NOTICE. 

While  our  report  has  been  in  press  our  oldest  member — }.  A.  Kennedy, 
ofPasfield,  111. — has  been  called  to  his  reward,  April  7th,  at  the  advanced 
age  of  84  years. 

Highly  esteemed  by  all  who  knew  him  his  loss  is  deeply  felt  by  all  in  his 
community. 


f 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

A  Bill 172 

Abbott,  E.  T ; 59,  60,  65,  66,  69 

Abbott,  E.  T.,  motion  by 69 

Adulterated  honey,  discussion  on 35 

Affiliate,  resolution  inviting  N.  W.  to 39 

Alfal/a,  committee  to  investigate 40 

Alfalfa,  discussion  on , .' 40 

Alfalfa,  report  on 40 

All  should  be  made  to  enter no 

Apiarian  experiments  at  Lansing 62 

Apiary 108 

Appendix 172 

Appropriation,  an  act  making 11 

Arkadelphia,  city  ordinance  of 73 

Association,  formation  of  Illinois  State 12 

Association,  charter  members  of 13 

Association,  first  honorary  members  of 13 

Association,  principal  place  of  business— article  i,  constitution 8 

Axtell,  L.  T.,  report  of. 130 

Baer,  Ezra,  report  of 137 

Baldridge,  M.  M 65,66 

Baldwin,  A.  Y . ,  report  of 118 

Becker,  Charles,  report  of 127 

Bee-keeper  sued  for  damages  by  bees  to  sheep. . . ... ...    71 

Bee-keeping  and  its  development ......  43 

Bee-keeping  department . 100 

Bee-keeping,  fundamental  points  in 100 

Bees  as  fertilizers. i- 46,51 

Bees,  diseases  of . . . .  ■/. .'. .= 1 1  r 

Bees,  enemies  of . .    . ?: in 

Bees,  feeding ......    112 

Bees,  jn  horticulture — 42 

Bees,  'wintering no 

Bellemey,  D.  W.,  report  of 145 

Black,  S.  N.,  motion  by 13 

Black,  S.  N.,  report  of 22,  131 

Black,  S.  N. 34 


kiMkS^^i^^*iikL^d:J^L^-j^u~^\~^'-\'c€^.-:i£~ 


■■'^P^^JS^? 


178  Index. 


PAGE 

B'ack,  S .  N . ,  motion  for  committee  on  statistics 37 

Black,  S.  N.,  substitute  to  resolution  to  unite  by 39 

Blankinship  A.  J.,  report  of 150 

Blecka,  Frank,  report  of 123 

Blume,  W.  B.;  report  of 152 

Blunier,  Peter. 147 

Bounty  on  honey 67 

Bramlet,  H.,  report  or 148 

Breckenridge,  James  E. ,  report  of 156 

Brood  nest,  contraction  of  m  winter 62 

Burnett,  George  E . ,  report  of i6r 

Burnett,  R.  A 67,69 

Burtch,  J.  M. ,  report  of 122 

Busness,  orders  of,  article  VII.,  by  laws - 9 

By-laws •. 9 

By-laws,  how  amended,  article  VIII.,  by-laws. . .    9 

Cadwallader,  D .  A . ,  report  of 124 

Charts,  explained  by  Mrs .  L.  Harrison 34 

Chester,  Hon.  E.  E . ,  letter  from 1 73 

Circuit  court,  in  the 74 

City  council,  petitioned  to  prohibit 85 

Clark,  C .  A . ,  ordered  to  remove  his  bees 73 

Clark,  C.  A . ,  Appealed  to  the  union 73 

Clark,  C.  A.,  refused  to  pay  fines,  committed  to  jail 73 

Clover,  white 34 

Cole,  G.  W.,  bees  declared  a  nuisance 84 

Committee  on  by-laws,  report  of 25 

Concluding  remarks 88 

Conclusion  of  beekeeping  department 114 

Conkling,  William,  report  of 22 

Constitution 8 

Constitution,  committee  on 12 

Cooper,  D.  D.,  report  of. 22 

Coppin,  Aaron,  repori  of 22 

Dadant,  Charles  &  Son,  report  of 1 22 

Dadant,  C .  P 62,  63,  64,  65,  67 

Dadant,  Charles,  papers  by 43 

Davis,  Mark,  report  of 138 

Davis,  R.  T.,  report  of 132 

DethlofT,  Fred,  report  of 139 

Dibbern,  C.  H.,  report  of 151 

Dintelmann,  L.  F  ,  report  of 152 

Division  boards,  are  they  necessary? 66 

Do  bees  injure  crops  by  taking  away  honey? 64 


Sto&i*\j^-i': 


IndkX.  179 


PAGE 

Draper,  A .   N . ,  report  of 22 

Draper,  A.  N.,  motion  by  for  visiting  committee 40 

Draper,  A.  N 59,  60,  69 

Draper,  A.  N  ,  visit  by  to  Turkey  Hill  Bee-Keepers'  Association 55 

Drones 103 

Dues,  payment  of. .         22,  6r,  87 

Dysart,  Hon.  Samuel,  letter  from 174 

Election  of  officers 87 

England!,  P-  J  ,  permanent  cliairqian 13 

England,  P.  J.,  report  of 162 

England,  P.  J.,  temporary  chairman 12 

Executive  committee,  duty  of.  Article  VI.,  bylaws 9 

Executive  committee.  Article  IV.,  Section  2,  constitution.  ...      .    8 

Extracted  honey,  package  for 69 

Farmer  bee-keepers 50 

Ferrill,  J.  J.,  report  of 141 

Finch,  VV.  J.  Jr.,  report  of 22,  129 

Flanagan,  E.  T.,  report  of 121 

Fowl  brood,  or  disease in 

Funk,  Hon.  Fafayette,  letter  from .' 1 73 

Grapes,  bees  injuring 64 

Greeley,  E  ,  bees  cause  petition  to  city  council 85 

Green,  J.  A.,  motion  to  publish  result  of  experiment 62 

Green,  J.  A 62,  63,  64,  65,  66,  67,  70 

Green,  J.  A . ,  report  of. 169 

Hambaugh,  Hon.  J.  M 67 

Hambaugh,  Hon.  J.  M.,  committee  to  memoralize  state  board 68 

Hambaugh,  J.  M.,  motion  by 13 

Hambaugh,  J.  M.,  paper  by 18,26 

Hambaugh,  J.  M.,  report  of 22,  158 

Hambaugh,  J .  M  ,  resolution  favoring  union  of  N.  W 39i43 

Hambaugh,  J.  M.,  resolution  of  gratitude  to 18 

Hammond,  A.  C. ,  paper  by 42 

Harrison,  L.,  report  of 143 

Harrison,  Mrs   L.,  from  "Prairie  Farmer" 50 

Harrison,  Mrs .  L  ,  paper  by 32 

Harrison,  Mrs.  L.,  report  of 22 

y         Harrison,  Mrs .  L  ,  resolution  by 34 

Harrison,  Mrs.  L.,  vote  of  thanks  to 34 

Harrison,  Mrs.  L  ,  response  by '. 21 

Hart,  F.  M.,  on  the  defense 85 

Hatching 102 

Harvick,  J.  D.,  report  of 164 

Herrick,  S.  H.,  report  of 142 


i8o  Index. 


PAGE 

Hertel,  ChaJles,  report  of 160 

Hilton,  George  E 59 

Hive 107 

Hiving  bees,  metod  of 109 

Honey,  affect.s  on  human  system '.". 53 

Honey,  bees .     33 

Honey,  grading  of 68 

Honey,  quotations  and  grading 59 

Honorary  members.  Article  III.,  Section  2,  constitution S 

Horticulture  and  agriculture,  very  nearly  allied 72 

Hostetter,  Hon.  A  .  B . ,  letter  from ;  74 

Hubbard,  G.  K 60 

Hutchinson   W.  Z.,  Secretary  N.  W.,  B.  K.  A S9.  64,  66 

Illinois  State  Bge-Keepers'  Association,  future  (  f 37 

Incorporation,  letters  of 6 

Italian  or  Ligurian  bees 104 

Italian  queens,  rearing. . , 104 

Jacobs,  Luther  F, ,  report  of 167 

Johnson,  Rev.  Di,,  oponiiig  prayer  by 20 

Judy,  Hon  James  W.,  letter  from 173 

Kennedy,  J.  A.,  report  of 22,  159 

Kennedy,  J.  A.,  obituary 176 

Klump,  M.,  report  of 118 

Lady  members 61 

Larrabee,  J.  H 62,  64,  66,  67 

Law  suit,  ignorance  causes  of ji 

Leibrock,  Jacob,  report  of 168 

Lyman,  VV.  C,  report  of. 166 

Mandelbaum,  M.  H 60,69 

Magileth,  Edward  B.,  report  of 153 

Mason,  A.  B 60,  64,  65,  66  67.  68 

Mason,  A.  B.,  motion  by  for  comiuitlee  to  draft  standard  for  grading 

honey 60 

Mason,  Dr. ,  motion  by 68 

Mason,  Lot,  report  of .' 22,40 

Meeting,  first  annual 20 

Meeting,  called,  at  Sangamon  fair iS 

Members  of  National  Bee  Keepers'  Union  for  the  year  1891 .         ...  88 

Members,  roll  of 4 

Members,  who  may  become.  Article  lil.,  Section  i.  Constitution 8 

Membership  fee,  Article  III.,  Section  i,  Constitution 8 

Memorial,  committee  to  present 17 

Miller,  Dr.  C   C,  paper  by 37 

Miller,  president  59,  60,  62,  63,  64,  65,  66 


Index.  i8i 


PACK 

Miller,  Dr.  C.  C,  report  of 126 

Miller,  D.  C . ,  report  of 1 49 

Miller,  R . ,  report  of 1 26 

Mills,  Col.  Charles  F.,  address  by 12.35 

Mills,  Col.  Charles  F.,  motion  by 18 

Mills,  Col.  Charles  F.,  vote  of  thanks  to 37 

Minutes,  read  and  approved 23 

Money,  how  paid  out.  Article  V.,  By-laws '      9 

Murphy,  R.  R.,  report  of 163 

National  Bee-Keepers'  Union 71 

National  Bee-Keepers'  Union  organized 71 

National  Bee-Keepers'  Union,  officers  of 71 

National  Bee-Keepers'  Union,  seventh  annual  report,  fur  1891 84 

■  Newman,  Thomas  G. ,  motion  by 1 2, 14 

Newman,  Thomas  G.,  address  by 14 

Newman,  Thomas  G 59,  60,  70 

Newman,   Thomas  G.,    Manager  National    Bee-Keepers'    Union,    ad- 
dress by 71 

Newman,  A.  J.,  report  of 125 

Night  session,  motion  for 32,35 

Nominations,  committee  on 12 

North  American  Convention 67 

Northwestern  B.  K.  A.ssociation,  action  of 39 

Northwestern  B .  K.  Convention 59 

Northwestern  consolidation  of,  with  Illinois  State  Association .     66 

Null,  Mrs.  J.  M.,  and  her  bees  assailed 85 

Officers  for  1 891 3 

Officers  for  1892 3 

Officers,  election  of. 41 

Officers,  how  elected,  Article  I,  By- laws 9 

Officers,  Article  IV.,  Section  i,  Constitution 8 

Oldest  member,  appendix  and 25 

Organization,  name  of.  Article  I,  Constitution 8 

Organization,  object  of.  Article  II.,  Constitution 8 

Other  cases 86 

Pace,  Hon.  E.  C. ,  letter  from , . ,  ...    1 74 

Pearce,  Hon.  J.  Irving,  letter  from 174 

Phillips,  D.  J.  M.,  report  of 171 

Poindexter,  George " 34 

Poindexter,  George,  report  of .    .  ..f 22,  119 

Poindexter,  James,  report  of 157 

Poppleton,  O.  O . ; 62,  63,  69 

Premium  list,  committee  on 34 

President,  duty  of,  Article  II.,  By  laws. , 9 


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182  Index. 


PAGE 

Producing;  bees  to  stock  an  apiary rf) in8 

Pulien,  Hon.  B.,  letter  from 174 

Purity  of  stoci<,  to  preserve 104 

Queen,  age  of 101 

Queen,  depositing  eggs loi 

Queen,  description  of 100 

Queen,  impregnation  of 102 

Queen,  introducing  the 106 

Queen,  loss  of no 

Oueen,  bees  affection  for  the 101 

Queen,  wailings  of 102 

Queens,  finding 65 

Question  box i  i  5 

Ragon,  W.  M 48 

Report  of  secretary 23 

Report  of  treasurer 25 

Resolution  of  thanks  to  State  Secretary  and  to  chief  Janitor 40 

Resolution,  .secretary , 15 

Robbing  among  bees 112 

Robbins,  George  F.,  welcome  address  by 20 

Robbins,  George  F.,  motion  by 12 

Robbms,  George  F.,  report  of 22,  134 

Robbins,  George  F.,  committee  on  union  meeting 23 

Robbins,  George  F.,  resolution  by 34,35 

Robinson,  Flias 146 

Roll  call 22 

Root,  A.  1 59,  60,  62,  63,  64,  65,  67 

Rules,  committee  on  code  of 35 

Secretary,  duty  of,  Article  IV.,  Section  i.  By-laws 9 

Secretary,  compensation.  Article  IV. ,  Section  2,  By-laws  9 

Secretary,  report  of 22 

Seeley,  J .  S . ,  report  of 136 

Siebold,  J . ,  report  of 144 

Schlessler,  Charles,  report  of 133 

Schrief,  C . ,  report  of 138 

Sheep  vs .  Bees,  suit  of 71 

Shipping  crates,  best  size  for 69 

Shipping  crates,  cases  for  holding 70 

Staley,  Thomas  C . ,  report  of 170 

Stands  for  hives 108 

Statistics  of,  honey  for  1890 94 

Statistics  of,  honey  for  1891 97 

Statistics,  verbal 63 

Stone,  James  A.,  paper  by 52 


Index.  183 


PAGE 

Stone,  James  A.,  report  of. .      140 

Strader,  S.  B . ,  report  of 162 

Supervisors. petition  to  have  bees  removed. . .    85 

Supreme  court,  decision  of 82 

Supreme  court,  in  the 75 

Swarm  of  bees,  what  constitutes 100 

Swarming 109 

Swarming,  prevention  of 63 

Taylor,  B    60,  63,  64 

Taylor,  George  A . ,  report  of • 1 65 

Telegraph,  communication  by 86 

Transferring ( 1 3 

Transmittal,  letter  of 2 

Treasurer,  duty  of,  Article  V . ,  By-laws 9 

Trego,  S.  F.  &  I.,  report  of | . . .  120 

Union,  financial  statement  of 87 

Union,  how  to  become  members  of '^ . . .  87 

Union,  liabilities  of .1 . .  87 

Union,  officers  for  1892 86 

Vacancies,  how  filled,  Article  IV. ,  Section  3,  Constitution . .    .  8 

VanDoren,  P.  C,  report  of 72 

VaughBn,  W.  J 156 

Vice  presidents,  duty  of.  Article  III.,  By-laws 9 

Visiting  committee 40 

Walker,  B 69.70 

Wallace,  Thomas  S.,  report  of 155 

Ware,  Samuel  C,  report  of 144 

Washburn.  Hon .  James  W.,  letter  from 1 74 

Water,  necessary 112 

Wax  secretion 65 

Wheeler,  J.  C,  report  of 117 

Williams,  G.  W.,  report  of 164 

Willson,  Henry,  report  of t  28 

Worker,  bees 1 03 

World's  Fair,  honey  exhibit  at , 67 

Wright,  James  D.,  report  of '• 170 

Wyman,  Hon.  B.  F.,  letter  from 174 

Yocom,  C .  E. ,  motion  by 17 

Yocom,  C .  E . ,  report  of 22,  1 54 

Yocom,   C.  E  ,  resolution  protesting  against  Sunday  optning  at  the 

World's  Fair,  by 39