Pilot test results of Sevin, Phosphamidon, and DDT on the western hemlock looper : Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa Hulst, in southwest Washington in 1963

Historic, Archive Document

Do not assume content reflects current
scientific knowledge, policies, or practices.

F7682P

jT*7

PILOT TEST RESULTS OF SEVIN, PHOSPHAMIDON, AND DDT

— ' 7 » ^ *

ON THE WESTERN HEMLOCK LOOPER , Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa Hu 1st,

In Southwest W ashington In 1963

by

Paul E. Buff am

U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
(NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL LIBRARY

1 - 1966
R-RRER.

INSECT AND DISEASE CONTROL BRANCH
DIVISION OF TIMBER MANAGEMENT
PACIFIC NORTHWEST REGION
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FOREST SERVICE

MAY 1964

Att-SS Bookpl»t«
«-«»>

NATIONAL

LIBRARY A423

F7682P

96263

96263

CONTENTS

Page

SUMMARY 1

INTRODUCTION 2

METHODS AND PROCEDURES 3

Treatments 3

Plot Establishment 4

Pre-spray Sampling for Looper Larval Development. . . 4

Pre- and Post-spray Larval Mortality Sampling .... 4

Determination of Spray Coverage and Deposit . ... f 6

Collection Tray Sampling 6

RESULTS 8

Sevin Pilot Test 8

Spray Coverage and Deposit 8

Looper Larval Mortality 10

Tray Collections 11

Phosphamidon Pilot Test 12

Spray Coverage and Deposit 12

Looper Larval Mortality 13

Tray Collections 15

DDT Pilot Test 15

Spray Coverage and Deposit 15

Looper Larval Mortality 16

Tray Collections 16

Check Area 16

Spray Coverage and Deposit 16

Looper Larval Mortality 20

Tray Collections 20

Mortality of Other Arthropods 20

SMALL-SCALE FIELD TESTS OF SEVIN 21

DISCUSSION

21

Page

RECOMMENDATIONS 23

LITERATURE CITED 25

APPENDIX 27

Table 1. --Larval mortality and actual spray deposit

on the Sevin pilot test plots 28

Table 2 . --Comparison of estimated spray deposit on

cards and actual spray deposit on filters,

Sevin pilot test 29

Table 3.--Looper larval mortality on plots sprayed
with Sevin, Phosphamidon and DDT and on

unsprayed plots 30

Table 4. --Summary of looper larval collections made
from trays in the Sevin, Phosphamidon,

DDT, and check areas during the pilot test . 31

Table 5. --Larval mortality and actual spray deposit

on Phosphamidon pilot test plots 1-13. ... 32

Table 6. --Larval mortality and actual spray deposit

on Phosphamidon pilot test plots 14-22 ... 33

Table 7 . --Comparison of estimated spray deposit on

cards and actual spray deposit on filters,

Phosphamidon pilot test 34

Table 8. --Larval mortality on the DDT pilot test

plots 35

Table 9. --Larval mortality on the check (unsprayed)

pilot test plots 36

Table 10. --Collections of arthropods other than the
western hemlock looper from 2-square- foot
trays beneath mortality plot trees in the
Sevin, Phosphamidon, and DDT pilot test

areas 37

Table 1L --Results of small-scale spray tests on the
1963 western hemlock looper spray project
in southwest Washington 41

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SUMMARY

Effects of Sevin, Phosphamidon, and DDT on the western hemlock
looper were field-tested in southwest Washington during July 1963 by
the U. S. Forest Service. All applications were made by helicopter.
Plots were established systematically in each test area and plot
trees sampled for larval mortality. Spray cards and filter papers
were distributed on each plot the day before spraying and collected
the day after spraying. Collection trays were placed beneath plot
trees in each area to catch -dead looper larvae and other arthropods
affected by the treatments.

All test areas were sprayed on July 5-7. jSpray coverage and
deposit were variable. Larval mortality averaged 86 and 87 percent
for Sevin, 80, 93, and 99 percent for Phosphamidon, and 99 percent
for DDT. Mortality caused by Sevin was! not directly related to spray
deposit. .Mortality was directly related to spray deposit on one line
of plots treated with Phosphamidon. Increasing the amount of Sevin
did not increase larval mortality. Looper mortality on the DDT-
treated plots was sufficient to prevent subsequent tree mortality
Larval kill in heavily infested areas treated with Sevin was not
adequate to prevent tree mortality. Results with Phosphamidon were
below, at, and above the desired larval mortality level.

Many different arthropods besides the hemlock looper were ob-
tained in the collection trays. Recoveries indicated that some
insects and spiders were adversely affected by the insecticides.

Small-scale test results indicate that Sevin in fuel oil or in
water with the spreader-stickers Ucar and Rhoplex as additives may
produce the desired level of control.

Recommenda tio'ns are made for future pilot tests.

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INTRODUCTION

Outbreaks of the western hemlock looper, Lambdina f iscellar ia
lugubrosa Hulst, occur periodically in coastal western hemlock stands
in Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. Here, salmon and steel-
head spawning streams, oyster and clam beds, crab-producing areas,
wild game habitats, dairy farms, mink farms, and watersheds are abun-
dant. The forest manager must protect these interests when attempting
to control widespread tree killing by voracious forest defoliating
insects. To do this, he must have control tools available that are
toxic to forest insects but relatively non-toxic to other organisms.

Past western hemlock looper epidemics have been controlled by
aerial applications of pesticides. The first chemicals used were the
arsenicals, lead and calcium arsenate. These were applied at rates of
10 and 20 pounds per acre ( 14 , 16) . Next, DDT at the rate of one pound
per acre was tested and proved satisfactory (14) . In 1962, one-half
pound of DDT per acre was applied to a 33,000-acre infestation in
Clatsop County, Oregon. Larval mortality was insufficient on heavily
infested areas to prevent subsequent tree mortality (4).

The arsenicals are no longer used for forest pest control. Use
of DDT on a forest-wide basis is presently being questioned because
of its deleterious effects on other organisms. DDT is toxic to young
salmon, steelhead, trout, aquatic insects, and other marine organisms.
Also, some terrestrial animals store and accumulate this chemical.

A 70,000-acre looper outbreak in southwest Washington in 1962-63
afforded a good opportunity to field test some promising pesticides.

An efficient insecticide safe to organisms other than the hemlock
looper could then be substituted for DDT. U. S. Forest Service per-
sonnel decided that two chemical insecticides, the carbamate Sevin and
the organic phosphate Phosphamidon , and a microbial insecticide
Baci llus thuringiensis should be tried. Sevin had been applied during
a small-scale test in Clatsop County, Oregon in 1962, but results were
inconclusive (4). Phosphamidon had been laboratory- tes ted against the
hemlock looper. Bacillus had been laboratory-tested against the hemlock
looper with variable results (_7 , J_3) .

In July 1963, field tests of Sevin and Phosphamidon were made by
the U. S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, Oregon,
in cooperation with the Washington State Department of Natural Resources.
Baci llus was tested by the Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment
Station with the assistance of the Region. Results of the Sevin and
Phosphamidon tests are reported in this paper. Operational procedures
used during the pilot tests are reported elsewhere (_9) .

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Results of the Bacillus tests and the operational project admin-
istered by the Washington State Department of Natural Resources
using Sevin and DDT will be reported separately (5) .

Effects of the insecticides on aquatic and terrestrial
organisms other than the hemlock looper are being studied by rep-
resentatives of private industry and state and federal agencies
under the chairmanship of the Washington State Pollution Control
Commission, Olympia, Washington. Results of the Committee's
findings will be reported in a joint release.

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

Similar sampling methods were designed by Regional Office and
Experiment Station entomologists for the pilot tests so that results
could be compared (3_, 7_) . Sevin and Phosphamidon were tested and
their results compared with that of DDT, the proven controllant of
the hemlock looper. Sample plots were established and spray cards,
filter papers and collection trays distributed before spraying.

Cards and filters were collected immediately after treatment and
larval mortality plot trees and collection trays sampled at various
intervals after spraying.

TREATMENTS

All applications were made by helicopters flying at an
average of 30 feet above the tree tops, at 30 miles per hour,
using a 60-75-foot swath width. All insecticides were applied
within a three-day period under similar conditions.

The following dosage rates were used:

1. 2 pounds of 80 percent sprayable Sevin (1.6 pounds active
ingredient) in 1-1/2 gallons of water per acre.

2. 1 pound of Phosphamidon technical in 1-1/2 gallons of
water per acre.

3. 3/4-pound of DDT emulsifiable concentrate in 1-1/2
gallons of solvent and fuel oil per acre.

Sevin was tested on an area near the North Nemah River and
Phosphamidon and DDT in the Jim Crow Creek area located south of
K-M Mountain. A hemlock stand in the Jim Crow Creek area was
withheld from treatment to determine the effects of natural
control .

-3-

PLOT ESTABLISHMENT

In each test area, plots were established systematically,
generally at 300-foot intervals along a compass line. Lines were
brushed out and marked to provide access to the plots. At each
300-foot interval, three; plot trees were selected. Trees were
codominant, intermediate, or suppressed western hemlocks with
lower crowns within 10-35 feet of the ground.

Twenty sample plots were established in the DDT and Sevin test
areas and 10 plots in the check (non-sprayed) area. Because of a
light looper population in the Jim Crow Creek Phosphamidon test area
an area near Naselle was also sprayed with Phosphamidon and sampled
for larval mortality,

PRE-SPRAY SAMPLING FOR LOOPER LARVAL DEVELOPMENT

Prior to spraying, looper larvae were collected periodically
from understory and overstory foliage in apd adjacent to the test
areas to determine developmental trends. All pilot test areas were
to be sprayed when most of the larvae were in the second instar and
when no very small first instars were present--indicating that all
fertile, non-parasitized looper eggs had hatched.

Larvae were collected from overstory foliage using an aluminum
pole pruner with a muslin basket (figure 1) and from understory foli
age using a three-foot-square muslin beating sheet, Loopers were
placed in alcohol-filled vials for later separation into instars by
head capsule width measurements .

I

PRE- AND POST-SPRAY LARVAL MORTALITY SAMPLING

Each plot tree was sampled one fo two days before spraying and
at periodic intervals thereafter to determine the effects of treat-
ment. At each sampling time, five 18-inch branches were clipped
from the living crown of each plot tree (figure 1). A muslin basket
attached to the cutting head of the pruner caught each branch.
Branches were lowered to the ground and shaken over a muslin sheet
to dislodge the larvae, Number of larvae per sample was counted
and recorded. Mortality was calculated using the following formula:

Percent mortality: ^e-spray count - post-spray count x 100
' Pre-spray count

Figure

1. --Sampling overstory foliage for western hemlock
looper larvae using an aluminum pole pruner.

-5-

DETERMINATION OF SPRAY COVERAGE AND DEPOSIT

Spray cards and filter papers were distributed in each area
the day before it was sprayed and collected immediately after
spraying. Cards were used to determine spray coverage and to ob-
tain immediate estimates on spray deposit. Filter papers were
used to determine actual spray deposit by laboratory analysis.

Ten cards and ten filters were placed along a line on each three-
tree plot (figure 2) . They were mounted in wire holders (11) and
distributed 20 to 100 feet apart in pairs of one card and one
filter. Generally the line passed through the plot center.

Oil-sensitive 4x5-inch cards made specifically for detecting
oil-based sprays were used on plots in the DDT test area to determine
spray distribution, and in the non-sprayed area to determine if any
drift reached the plots during treatment of nearby DDT-sprayed areas.
Black 5x7 -inch cards made from 25%x30^-inch index card stock (1,000
sheets weigh 220 pounds) were used as spray cards in Sevin test areas.
Phosphamidon has a purple to blue dye additive, so 5x7-inch cards
made from 5x8-inch white index card stock were used. Filter papers
were 5x7 inches in size and were designed and analyzed for actual
spray deposit by the U. S. Agricultural Research Service, Yakima,
Washington.

COLLECTION TRAY SAMPLING

Wooden-framed two-square-foot trays with muslin bottoms were
placed beneath plot trees to catch hemlock looper larvae and other
arthropods affected by the different insecticides (figure 3) . Trays
were also installed under plot trees in the check area to catch
arthropods killed by natural means. Trays were distributed a few
days before spraying and examined the day before and at various
intervals after spraying. Each tray was painted with Magic Circle
deer repellent to repel elk and deer and prevent animal damage to
the trays. 17 Specimens of hemlock loopers and other arthropods
were counted, recorded and preserved. Miscellaneous insects were
identified to family, in most cases, using insect keys (2) .

_1/ Use of trade names here and elsewhere in this report does
not imply endorsement by the U. S. Forest Service.

-6-

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Figure 2

Figure 3

-Placing spray cards and filter paper in wire holders,
right, 5x7-inch filter paper, 5x7-inch black card, and
oil-sensitive card.

Examining contents of a 2-square-foot collection tray.

Left to
4x5 -inch

-7-

RESULTS

On June 25, 69 percent of the looper larvae collected were in
the first instar and 31 percent in the second instar. No newly
hatched first instars were present, but some third instars were
collected. Therefore, the Project Entomologist estimated that most
of the looper larvae would be in the second instar by July 5. Between
June 25 and July 5, helicopters and insecticides were transported to
the spray area, test plots established, plot trees sampled, spray
cards, filter papers and collection trays distributed, and all other
preparations made.

Spraying began on July 5 as planned. The Sevin and DDT test
areas were sprayed first, followed by treatment of the Phosphamidon
areas. Weather during application was fairly good, although the
threat of rain was always present. Heavy rains occurred in all areas
within 12-48 hours after treatment. However, insecticides probably
had ample time to dry on the foliage before precipitation began.

SEVIN PILOT TEST

The Sevin test area of 1,200 acres near the North Nemah River
was sprayed during the morning of July 5. A small block of adjacent
timber was sprayed with two pounds of 80 percent sprayable (1.6
pounds of active ingredient) in two gallons of water per acre, to
test the effect of increasing the carrier. A 2,700-acre area near
Naselle was also treated with Sevin the first day. Larval mortality
and spray deposit were not sampled on this area.

Spray Coverage and Deposit

Spray deposit estimations made from cards distributed in the
1,200-acre test area indicated that coverage was good except on
plots 17-20. These four plots obviously did not receive direct
treatment. However, some drift probably reached the trees according
to the results of the analysis of filter papers from these plots
( table 1) .

Spray deposits were variable both between and within plots
(figure 4). Actual spray deposit on the plots ranged from 0.005-
pound per acre to 1.031 pounds per acre and averaged 0.355, an amount
approximately one-fourth that supposedly released by the spray
helicopters (J.) (table 1). On plot 3, actual spray deposit on the
ten papers ranged from 0.11 to 3.00 pounds per acre and averaged
1.03 pounds per acre. These papers were in fairly large canopy
openings, therefore, most of the variation probably was due to
the flying pattern of the spray helicopters.

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A. Light to Moderate Application

B. Moderate Application

Figure 4. --Sevan spray deposit on 5x7-inch black deposit cards.

-9-

Spray deposit on the two-gallon-per-acre test area was gener-
ally quite heavy. Fourteen filter papers and 14 black cards were
distributed in a small clearing at a right angle to the flight lines
prior to spraying. Each card and paper was open from above, so
results should reliably indicate the amount of insecticide reaching
the trees. Deposit on the filter papers ranged from 0.01 to 3.06
pounds of Sevin per acre and averaged 1.14 pounds per acre (J.) .

Five of these 14 papers had actual spray deposits over 1.6 pounds
per acre, the amount to be applied.

Application of two gallons of solution per acre was attempted
by applying the 1-1/2 gallon per acre formulation in overlapping
swaths. Actually, the spray nozzles should have been recalibrated
to deliver two gallons per acre and a new batch of solution mixed
to contain 1.6 pounds of actual Sevin in two gallons of water. Un-
fortunately, the Project Entomologist did not find out that recal-
ibration and remixing had not been done until after the area was
treated. Dr. K. C. Walker, Agricultural Research Service, Yakima,
Washington, and the Project Entomologist observed the spraying
from the ground. It appeared to them that some of the area was
sprayed once, some twice, and some three times. For all practical
purposes, the application tested the effect of an increased amount
of Sevin per acre rather than the effect of increasing the carrier.

Estimates were made of spray deposits on each of the black
cards to serve as relative measures until spray analyses could
be obtained. Spray deposit was estimated ocularly and placed in
four categories, none (no visible deposit), light, moderate, and
heavy. When the results of the filter paper analyses were re-
ceived, an effort was made to relate actual deposits on the filters
with estimated deposit on the black card next to each filter.
Estimated and actual deposits were fairly close for the none and
light categories (table 2). However, some estimates in the mod-
erate to heavy categories were quite inaccurate. The estimator
found that he was sometimes inadvertently estimating categories by
plot rather than by overall composite of cards from all plots.

Looper Larval Mortality

Plot trees were sampled for looper larval populations 1 and
2 days before and 3, 5, 7, and 13 days after spraying. Original
plans were to sample the plots 19 days after treatment, but the
area was sprayed with DDT on the 19th day by Weyerhaeuser Company
and Crown Zellerbach Corporation before biologists had completed
sampling. Trees in the two-gallon-per-acre area were sampled one
day before treatment and at intervals of 4, 7, 13, 19, 21 and 26
days after spraying.

-10-

Looper larval mortality 13 days after treatment on plots 1-16
ranged from 72-98 percent and averaged 86.7 percent (table 1). Data
from plots 17-20 were not used because the area was not directly
sprayed on July 5. However, larval reduction figures indicate that
the area was treated directly at a later date. Mortality data were
not corrected for the effects of parasitism, predation and infection,
but the effects of these factors were probably quite low during the
study period.

Larval mortality was not directly related to spray deposit (r=
0.08). This observation agrees with Maksymiuk's (12) work with
spruce budworm mortality on DDT-treated areas but disagrees with
Johnson's (_10) findings for western hemlock looper in DDT-sprayed
areas .

Most of the larval mortality occurred by the third day after
treatment (table 3) . The small difference between the 3-day and
13-day larval mortality figures could be due to sampling error and/or
natural mortality but is probably insignificant.

Larval mortality on the 2-gallon-per-acre area was similar to
that on the 1-1/2 gallon-per-acre plots (table 3). Mortality per
tree based on a 20-tree sample ranged from 25-100 percent and aver-
aged 85.6 percent 19 days after treatment. Results of this test
indicate that increasing the amount of active ingredient did not
increase larval mortality.

Tray Collections

The two-square-foot trays beneath each plot tree were examined
periodically to help determine the residual effect of Sevin in killing
hemlock looper larvae. Because the area was resprayed with DDT before
the 19-day count could be taken, only data from 3-13 days after
spraying are available, Almost 70 percent of the total dead looper
larvae collected during this period dropped into the trays by the
third day (table 4) . Over 86 percent of the total was present by
the 6th day. These figures agree fairly well with those obtained
from the larval mortality counts taken from crowns of each plot tree
(table 3) .

-11-

PHOSPHAMIDON PILOT TEST

Phosphamidon was applied to 2,276 acres in two looper-inf ested
areas. One area, located in the Jim Crow Creek drainage, had a
light population of looper larvae. Twenty-two mortality plots were
established here. Plots 1-13 were about one mile from plots 14-22.
These plots were treated on July 6-7. The other area was in a mod-
erately infested stand, located near the town of Naselle, where 20
trees were sampled for larval mortality. This area was treated on
July 6.

Spray Coverage and Deposit

Spray coverage and deposit were variable. Plots 10-13, 15, 17,
and 20 in the Jim Crow Creek area received only very light amounts
of Phosphamidon ranging from 0.005 to 0.020 pound per acre (tables
5 and 6) . Actual deposit on the other plots was relatively good
(0.107-0.289 pounds per acre). Overall deposit per filter ranged
from <0.01-1.03 pounds per acre and averaged 0.123 pounds per acre
(_1) . Spray coverage on the 20-tree Naselle test plot was heavier
than in the Jim Crow Creek area. Actual deposit ranged from 0.01-
1.03 pounds per acre and averaged 0.361 pounds per acre.

Spray deposit on some filter papers in the Jim Crow Creek area
may have been heavier than recorded. Filters on the Jim Crow Creek
plots sprayed on July 7 were wet from a heavy rain that occurred
during the evening of July 6. Dry filters could not be substituted
for the wet filters before the area was sprayed in the early morning
of July 7. Phosphamidon hydrolyzes rapidly, so some of the chemical
might have broken down before analyses could be made.

Spray deposit on the white cards was ocularly estimated and
divided into four categories, none (no visible deposit), light, mod-
erate, and heavy. Estimates were compared with actual deposits on fil-
ter papers next to the white cards. Light spray deposit was very
hard to detect with the naked eye. Most of the cards in the "none"
category actually had deposits of 0.01-0.09 pound of Phosphamidon
per acre (table 7) . Estimates in the other three categories were
more indicative of actual spray deposits.

-12-

Looper Larval Mortality

Plots in the, Jim Crow Creek and Naselle areas were sampled
1 and 2 days before spraying and 7, 13, 19, and 25 days after
treatment to determine Phosphamidon-caused laryal mortality.

Data from the two lines of plots in the Jim Crow Creek area
were analyzed separately. Larval mortality 25 days after spray-
ing on plots 1-13 ranged from 92-100 percent and averaged 99
percent (table 5). Mortality was not directly related to spray
deposit (r=0.01). Looper reduction on plots 14-22 averaged 80
percent and ranged from 25-100 percent (table 6) . Mortality
was directly related to spray deposit (r=0.82). The relation-
ship between actual spray deposit and looper mortality on plots
14-22 is shown in figure 5 (a=43.181; b=218.2lj. According to
the regression line, mortality should be 100 percent when spray
deposit is 0.260 lbs, per acre or more. At 0.0 lbs. per acre
per spray deposit, larval mortality is about 42 percent. This
could be the effect of natural mortality during the 25-day
sampling period.

Stand composition could have had some effett on the results
obtained on the two lines of plots. Plots 1-13 were in a fairly
young, closed hemlock stand, while plots 14-22 were in a mature
stand with relatively widely spaced trees. It was difficult to
find large openings in which to place the filters on plots 1-13.
More spray might have reached the plot trees than reached the
filters, thus possibly explaining the low spray deposit on the fil-
ters and high larval mortality in the trees on plots 9-13. Filters
on plots 14-22 were placed in relatively large bpenings. Deposits
on these papers are probably more indicative of the amount reaching
the plot trees.

Looper reduction on the 20 trees in the Naselle area ranged
from 50-100 percent and averaged 93 percent. Spray deposit and
looper mortality could not be compared in this area because a
single line of filters was distributed through the spray area
to determine the overall deposit and not the deposit at each tree.

Most of the mortality in both areas occurred within 19 days
after treatment (table 3). The original looper population knock-
down was less for Phosphamidon than Sevin, but the final figures
were greater on Jim Crow Creek plots 1-13 and the Naselle plot.

-13-

100

Figure 5 . --Relationship between spray deposit and hemlock looper
larval mortality on Phosphamidon pilot test plots 14-22.

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-14-

Actual Spray Deposit in lb. per acre (x)

Tray Collections

Trays were placed beneath each of the 66 trees in the Jim Crow
Creek area and beneath 10 of the 20 trees in the Naselle test site.

About 83 and 89 percent of the dead looper larvae collected in the
trays on plots 1-13 and 14-22, respectively, in the Jim Crow Creek
area were present 8 days after treatment (table 4) . Some 83 percent
of the loopers in the Naselle area trays dropped to the ground by
7 days after spraying. No dead larvae were collected after 13 and 19
days in the Jim Crow Creek area and in the Naselle area, respectively.

DDT PILOT TEST

An area in Jim Crow Creek scheduled for operational treatment
was intensively sampled to determine the effects of 3 /4-pound of DDT
per acre on looper populations. Study results served as an index for
comparing other treatments because DDT was the standard controllant
during the last looper project. Plots were systematically established
in two looper-inf es ted areas less than two miles apart. Both areas
were sprayed on July 5-6, the same dates that the Sevin and Phosphamidon
pilot test areas were treated.

Spray Coverage and Deposit

Most oil-sensitive spray cards and all filter papers were col-
lected in the afternoon of July 5. Twenty-three oil-sensitive cards
were left on four plots to determine if the area had been directly
treated. These cards were examined on July 6 and found to be well
covered with spray. When the results of the filter paper analyses
were reviewed, it was fairly obvious that most of the plots had not
been directly sprayed on July 5. Actual spray deposit on individual
filters ranged from <0.01-0.14 pound and averaged 0.009 pound per acre
(1) . These figures are extremely small compared to the average and
range of deposits obtained during the Sevin and Phosphamidon tests
( tables 1 , 5 and 6) .

The 23 oil-sensitive cards collected from plots 4, 5, 11, and
13 after spraying was completed on July 6 were compared with standards
for oil-based DDT sprays to obtain estimated spray deposit (8) . Esti-
mated deposit ranged from 0.04-1.10 pounds and averaged 0.32 pound
per acre (figure 6) . Spray deposit on the other 16 plots was prob-
ably comparable because larval mortality was comparable.

-15-

Looper Larval Mortality

Effects of DDT upon looper larvae were observed almost immedi-
ately after spraying. Larvae dropped from trees and shrubs and laid
writhing in the collection trays. Within an hour after treatment,
nearly all of the larvae that had dropped were dead.

Looper larval mortality was excellent on all plots. Counts were
taken 1 and 2 days before and at 3, 5, 7, 13, and 19 days after treat-
ment. Larval reduction 19 days after treatment was 99.4 percent
(table 8). Very little larval mortality occurred more than three
days after spraying, so natural mortality probably had very little
effect on final mortality figures (table 3), Larval reduction on
the 20 plots ranged from 95-100 percent with mortality less than 100
percent on only three plots.

Tray Collections

Looper larvae were collected periodically after spraying from
trays beneath each of the 60 plot trees. Trays on plots 13-20 were
examined three days after spraying and dead specimens collected.

Trays on plots 1-12 were not examined until five days after treat-
ment. Most of the larvae dropped into the trays by the third day
after spraying, but some were collected at 13 days (table 4). Some
of the dead or dying organisms undoubtedly get caught in tree foli-
age and do not drop to the ground until a strong wind moves the branches
This may account for some of the late drop.

CHECK AREA

Ten three-tree plots were established in a hemlock stand within
one-half mile cf a DDT -sprayed block in the Jim Crow Creek area to
determine the effects of predators, parasites and disease on looper
populations during the spray period. Plots were sampled 2 days be-
fore and 5, 7, 13, 19 and 26 days after the adjacent DDT block was
sprayed. This adjacent area was treated on July 6.

Spray Coverage and Deposit

Spray deposit cards and filter papers were collected after all
adjacent areas were sprayed with DDT. No spray could be seen on the
oil-sensitive cards, but they were wet, bleached and very hard to
rate. Results of filter paper analyses showed that cards on at
least one plot received small amounts of DDT ( <0,01 lb. /acre).
Because the spray would have drifted in from the side, crowns of
some or most of the plot trees in the check area could possibly have
intercepted the drift before it reached the filters.

T6-

A. Light Application

Figure 6.--DDT deposit on 4x5-inch oil-sensitive
spray deposit cards.

-17-

B. Moderate Application

Figure 6 ... (Continued)

-18-

C. Very Heavy Application

Figure 6 ... (Continued)

-19-

Looper Larval Mortality

A definite reduction in looper numbers occurred by seven
days after the adjacent DDT block was sprayed (table 3) . This
mortality was probably too great to be caused by natural agents
At 19 days after spraying, larval mortality averaged 54.2 per-
cent and ranged from 33-100 percent (table 9). This degree of
population reduction is thought to be due at least in part to
DDT drift. Therefore, results in the check area are probably
not representative of natural mortality.

Tray Collections

Collection trays yielded very few hemlock loopers and
associated arthropods. Only five loopers were found in the
trays, and these appeared during the first 13 days after the
adjacent area was treated (table 4).

MORTALITY OF OTHER ARTHROPODS

Many different arthropods other than western hemlock loopers
were collected in the two-square-foot muslin trays (table 10).

Some probably died of natural causes and fell into the trays.
However, specimens of some were fairly abundant, so they were
probably adversely affected by the sprays. Fungus gnats
(Mycetophilidae) , crane flies (Tipulidae) , ichneumon flies
( Ichneumonidae) , bark lice (Corrodentia) and spiders (miscella-
neous Arachnida) were relatively abundant in trays in the Sevin,
Phosphamidon , and DDT areas. Plant bugs or leaf bugs (Miridae) ,
midges (Chironomidae) , and gall gnats or gall midges (Itonididae)
were more abundant in trays in the Sevin area than in either the
Phosphamidon or DDT areas. Sawflies (Tenthredinidae) were more
abundant in trays in the Sevin and DDT areas than in the Phos-
phamidon area. Stink bugs (Penta tomidae) and loopers or measuring
worms (Geometridae) were more abundant in Phosphamidon and DDT
trays. Miscellaneous flies (Diptera) were most abundant in the
trays in the DDT area .

A few miscellaneous flies and spiders dropped into the trays
in the check area, but the numbers were insignificant.

-20-

'

; C :v

: i 30

SMALL-SCALE FIELD TESTS OF SEVIN

Efforts were made during the operational spray program admin-
istered by the Washington State Department of Natural Resources to
increase the effectiveness of Sevin in killing the western hemlock
looper. Test plots of 5-25 trees each were established in the
North Nemah River area where moderate to heavy looper larval pop-
ulations prevailed. The following treatments using the standard 1.6
pounds of active Sevin per acre were applied to these small-scale
test plots:

1. Sevin in fuel oil applied at the rate of 1-1/2 gallons
per acre.

2. Sevin in water applied at the rate of 1-1/2 gallons per
acre with 3 ounces each of the spreader-stickers Ucar
and Rhoplex as additives.

3. Sevin in water applied at the rate of 1-1/2 gallons per
acre with 0.15 ounce of a colloidal multifilm as an
additive.

4. Sevin in water applied at the operational rate and
then the same treatment applied again 5-7 days after
the first application.

Results give only indications of the effectiveness of the treat-
ments because sampling was limited (table 11). Also the two areas
where spreader-sticker agents were tested were sprayed with DDT
before 10-day counts could be made. Sevin in fuel oil and in water
with Ucar and Rhoplex as additives showed some promise. These mix-
tures should be further tested. Larval mortality on the double-
sprayed area was variable but high on two of the three plots. How-
ever, the cost will be doubled.

DISCUSSION

In 1962, a 33,000-acre western hemlock looper infestation in
northwest Oregon was treated with 1/2-pound of DDT in solvent and
fuel oil at the rate of 1-1/2 gallons per acre. Average looper
larval mortality for the project was 88 percent (4). Defoliation
and some tree mortality occurred after spraying. These results
indicate that spray-induced larval mortality must be greater than
88 percent to successfully reduce looper populations below the tree-
killing level in heavily infested areas.

21-

Results from 1963 pilot tests in southwest Washington showed
that DDT applied at 3/4-pound per acre reduced looper populations
well below this level. Test results indicate that Sevin will
give either marginal or ineffective control where looper popu-
lations are heavy. Mortality below 88 percent can be tolerated on
lightly infested areas. Results with Phosphamidon were too variable
to use in drawing conclusions--mortality was below the required
level at one location, near it at another and above it at another.
Inadequate spray deposit appears to have been the reason for the
low mortality figure on Phosphamidon plots 14-22. Deposit appeared
to be adequate on all but 4 of the 20 Sevin test plots. Thus, the
reason for the inadequate mortality figure was probably due to the
formulation itself or the size of droplet^ in whfch it was applied.

Sevin showed up well on the 5x7 -inch black cards. Spray
could also be seen on stump tops, foliage, old logs, etc. in the
Sevin- treated areas. The 5x7-inch white cards used to detect
Phosphamidon spray deposit were not very satisfactory. The purple
dye in the spray showed up well on the cards, but the droplets
spread out a great deal, especially when cards were damp. A stiffer
board-type card similar to the one used for Sevin might be pref-
erable for future Phosphamidon trials T

Cost of the analytical work would prevent widespread use of
filter papers on an operational basis. Cost of analyzation for
Sevin, Phosphamidon and DDT was $1.74, $1.90 and $1.63 per filter,
respectively, including the cost of the filters and tabulating,
writing and reproducing the data. Filters should be used on future
pilot tests to determine if a relationship exists between spray
deposit and larval mortality.

Variation in spray deposit and coverage on the filters and
cards was quite noticeable on the Sevin and Phosphamidon plots.
Differences could be due to several things: (1) Placement of the
filters and cards may not have been ideal in all cases; (2) density
of some stands prohibited filter and card placement in large open-
ings; (3) skips and overlaps probably occurred during application
since pilots had no markers to follow to keep them on course; (4)
wind often causes small droplets to drift, allowing only the larger
droplets to settle.

No animal damage occurred to the collection trays although
deer and elk populations were plentiful in all areas. The Magic
Circle repellent probably attributed to this lack of damage. The
scent of the material was so strong after application that trays
could be located by smell. Tags and tape used to mark plot trees
were not painted with repellent. Many of these were ripped from
the trees by animals.

-22-

A survey was made in December 1963 and January 1964 in southwest
Washington to sample overwintering looper egg populations. No eggs
were recovered from samples collected in the DDT or Phosphamidon
test areas. Only a few eggs were collected in the Sevin pilot test
area, but it was re-treated with DDT by Crown Zellerbach Corporation
and Weyerhaeuser Company in late July. However, looper eggs were
abundant in samples collected from three areas treated with Sevin
during the operational spray program and one area treated with DDT
by Crown Zellerbach Corporation and Weyerhaeuser Company ( 6 ) .

Again on this project DDT proved its value as a forest pest
controllant. Using helicopters, perhaps even smaller dosage rates
would be effective. Phosphamidon should be tested again either in
the same formulation or in different formulations before this organic-
phosphate can be recommended for future widespread use against the
looper. The formulation of Sevin used during this test did not cause
enough looper mortality to prevent tree mortality in areas heavily
infested with loopers. Either new formulations of active material or
the same active material in fuel oil or in water with sticker and
spreader additives should be tested in the future. Other promising
old and new pesticides should be laboratory-tested and field-tested
against the looper in the future; however, at the present time the
most effective and least expensive controllant is DDT.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following recommendations should be considered on future
pilot tests:

1. Pilot test areas should have near-equal looper larval
populations, so that differences will not influence the results
obtained .

2. Pilot test areas should be close to each other without
being in danger of contamination.

3. Non-treatment areas should be far removed from any spray
area, so that danger from drift is minimal. However, looper
populations must be adequate.

4. Spray cards and filter papers should be placed on all four
sides of each plot tree to obtain a truer picture of spray deposit
reaching the tree. A direct relationship between spray deposit and
looper mortality per tree can then be tested.

-23-

5. Spray cards and filter papers should not be collected from
an area until the aircraft has sprayed directly over the plots. One
or several biologists should be stationed on the pilot test plots

to observe spraying progress.

6. Direct radio contact should be maintained between the
spray pilot, helispot and Project Entomologist during pilot test
spraying, so that the correct areas will be sprayed and over- and
under-spraying will be minimized.

7. Insecticides or different formulations of insecticides
should not be tested unless intensive plans have been developed
well in advance. Small-scale tests can give only indications

of the efficiency of a formulation and tend to take up time needed
for other duties.

-24-

LITERATURE CITED

(1) Agricultural Research Service

1963. Report of residue analysis, PCY-63-21. U.S. Dept. Agr. ,
Agr. Research Serv. , Yakima, Wash., 16 pp, illus.

(2) Borror, D. J, and De Long, D. M,

1957. An introduction to the study of insects. Rinehart and
Company, New York, 1030 pp , illus,

(3) Buffam, Paul E.

1963. Entomological aspects of the pilot tests of Phos-
phamidon and Sevin against the western hemlock
looper in southwest Washington in 1963. U.S. Forest
Serv., Pac . N.W. Region, Div. Timber Mgmt . , 6 pp.

(4)

1963. Summarization report of the technical aspects of the

1962 western hemlock looper control project at
Astoria, Oregon. U.S. Forest Serv., Pac. N.W.

Region, Div. Timber Mgmt., 19 pp .

(5)

1964. Results of the entomological phase of the 1963 western

hemlock looper control project in southwest Washington.
U. S. Forest Serv., Pac. N.W. Region, Div. Timber
Mgmt., 29 pp, illus,

(6)

1964. Results of the 1963-64 western hemlock looper egg survey
in western Washington. U. S, Forest Serv., Pac. N.W.
Region, Div, Timber Mgmt., 4 pp.

(7) Carolin, V. M. and Thompson, C. G.

1963. Work plan. Test of aerial application of Bacillus

thuringiensis to control the western hemlock looper
in Pacific County, Washington. U.S. Forest Serv.,

Pac. N.W. Forest 6c Range Expt. Sta. , 13 pp.

(8) Davis, J. M.

1954. Standards for estimating airplane spray deposits on

oil-sensitive cards. U.S. Dept. Agr,, Forest Serv.,
Wash . , D . C . , 36 pp .

(9) Fink, Clifford R.

1963. Plan of operation for pilot tests of Sevin, Phosphamidon,
and Bacillus thuringiensis against the western hemlock
looper in southwest Washington in 1963. U.S. Forest
Serv., Pac. N.W. Region, Div. Timber Mgmt., 14 pp.

*25-

(10) Johnson, Norman E.

1963. Mortality of hemlock looper larvae following spraying wit
DDT. Weyerhaeuser Company, Centralia, Wash., Research
Note 55, 10 pp.

(11) Maksymiuk, B.

1959. Improved holders for spray deposit cards. Jour. Econ
Ent. 52(5): 1029-30.

(12)

1963. Spray deposit on oil -sens itive cards and spruce budworm
mortality. Jour. Econ. Ent. 56(4): 465-67.

(13) Morris, 0. N.

1963. Pathogenicity of three commercial preparations of
Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner for some forest
insects. Jour. Insect Path. 5: 361-67.

(14) Oregon State Department of Forestry

1946. Biennial report of the State Forester to the Governor,
July 1, 1944 to June 30, 1946. Oreg. State Dept.
Forestry, Salem, Oreg., pp . 46-53.

(15) Randall, A. P. and Jackson, C.

1963. Laboratory evaluation of DDT and Phosphamidon on the
western hemlock looper, Lambdina f iscellaria
lugubrosa (Hulst) . The Canadian Ent. 95 (4) : 365 -71 .

(16) Washington Forest Fire Association

1931. Twenty-fourth annual report. Wash. Forest Fire Assoc.,
Seattle, Wash., 24 pp .

-26

'

s

.

Table 1. --Larval mortality and actual spray deposit

on the Sevin pilot test plots

Plot

: La rva 1

count :

Larval

: Actual average

number

: Before

13 days :

reduction

: spray deposit

: spraying

after spraying :

: per acre

- - - Number - - -

Percent

Pounds

1

184

39

79

0.076

2

143

23

84

0.328

3

104

14

87

1.031

4

77

16

79

0.840

5

96

27

72

0.587

6

88

10

89

0.391

7

186

11

94

0.466

8

195

29

85

0.374

9

180

4

98

0.864

10

43

6

86

0.353

11

196

13

93

0.111

12

312

7

98

0.341

13

210

22

90

0.468

14

257

62

76

0.623

15

116

20

83

0.104

16

154

35

77

0.083

17

216

35

84

0.008

18

138

23

83

0.006

19

187

90

52

0.006

20

161

70

57

0.005

Total

3,243

556

82.9

0.355

-28-

.

.

■

-

'

• .

•

Table 2 . --Comparison of estimated spray deposit on cards

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-31

2/ Only plots 1-12 collected.

■

Table 5. --Larval mortality and actual spray deposit on

Phosphamidon pilot test plots 1-13

Plot

number

Larval count

Larval

reduction

Actual average
spray deposit
per acre

Before

spraying

: 25 days after

: spraying

- - -

Number - - -

Percent

Pounds

1

5

0

100

0.111

2

12

1

92

0.107

3

8

0

100

0.184

4

11

0

100

0.289

5

4

0

100

0.122

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Total

88

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Table 6. --Larval mortality and actual spray deposit on
Phosphamidon pilot test plots 14-22

Plot

number

Larval count :

Larval

reduction

Actual average
spray deposit
per acre

Before

spraying

: 25 days after :

: spraying :

- - -

Number - - -

Percent

Pounds

14

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21

29

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22

30

6

80

0.184

Total

107

21

80.4

0.145

-33-

Table 7 . - -Comparison of estimated spray deposit on cards

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Table 8. --Larval mortality on the DDT pilot test plots

Plot

number

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count

Larval

reduction

Before spraying

19 days

after spraying

- - - - Number - - - -

Percent

1

32

0

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Total

705

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99.4

-35-

Table 9. --Larval mortality on the check (unsprayed)

pilot test plots

Plot

number

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Larval

reduction

B £ : 19 days

Before spraying

: after spraying

- - - - Number - - - -

Percent

1

16 10

38

2

4 2

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