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[ 1
DEPARTMENTAL NOTES

INSECTS THAT AFFECT FORESTRY,

E. P. STEBBING, F.L.S., F.E.S.,

FOREST ENTOMOLOGIST AND LECTURER ON ZOOLOGY AT THE a -¥
IMPERIAL FOREST SCHOOL, DEHRA DUN. ;

Nor

CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1902.

Se eee

15 eA eae

OF THE

U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Class Ae 5).
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.
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|
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53
DEPARTMENTAL NOTES

INSECTS THAT AFFECT FORESTRY,

E. P. STEBBING, F.L.S., F-E.S.,

FOREST ENTOMOLOGIST AND LECTURER ON ZOOLOGY AT THE
IMPERIAL FOREST SCHOOL, DEHRA DUN.

. CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1902.

CALCUTTA ¢

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA CENTRAL PRINTING OFFICE,

8, HASTINGS STREET,

oo aeeaae

9 1909

FEB

PREFACE TO VOLUME I,

HE first number of these notes made its appearance in 1902 and
the second in the following year. During the same year a second
edition of No. 1 was issued, the first having become exhausted. For
this latter edition a revised set of plates, all photogravures, was pre-
pared, the plates issued with the first edition having proved most un
satisfactory. The lengthy period which has elapsed between the
appearance of the second and third numbers is due to the work having
been interrupted for a period of two years.

Whilst these notes are looked upon merely as a preparatory step
towards the publication of a work on the lines of the well-known
German Forst Insekten their issue is considered necessary for two
reasons:—= firstly, they greatly facilitate further research work ;
for as soon as a considerable number of notes have been collected
they are put on record, and with this record as a guide further
research into uncomplete life-histories is greatly aided; secondly,
they enable those interested in the subject to keep au fait with the
progress made.

The object and chief aim of the Notes is to prove a real help to
the non-specialist workers in the subject, those to whom it is of
the first importance to possess a reference work to which they can
turn in cases of sudden need: and insect devastation in a forest
usually makes its appearance in this sudden form. For this reason
it becomes necessary to keep the descriptions of the insects as
free from technicalities as possible. This was attempted in its
strictest sense in the first part; but it soon became apparent that
the number of insects of economic importance in the forest and yet
hitherto undescribed (especially in such families as the Scolytzdz) was
so large that it became absolutely necessary, in order to distinguish
closely allied species the one from the other, to give to each a suffi-
ciently lucid description so as to render their identification possible,
To avoid all technicalities‘tinder such circumstances has proved im-
possible.

The issue of the Notes would not have been practicable but for the
kindly assistance which has been forthcoming on a liberal scale from

scientific confréres.
BI

To Lieutenant-Colonel Alcock, C.I.E., F.R.S., I.M.S., Superinten-
dent, Indian Museum, whose kindly advice has ever proved of incalcu-
lable value to the writer, to Mr. G. Lewis, F.L.S., Sir George
Hampson, Messrs. (2. O. Waterhouse, Gahan, and others of the British
Museum staff, Mr. Distant, the late Mr. Buckton, F.R.S., the Rev.,
T.R.R. Stebbing, F.R.S., Mr. E, Ernest Green, Ceylon Entomologist
and Mons. P. Lesne of the Paris Museum, Dr. L.O. Howard, and the
staff of the United States Division of Entomology, to one and all the
author owes a deep debt for assistance in identification work and
valued criticisms and advice. Lastly, as the volume will itself show,
much information of considerable value contained within its pages
is the result of the unstinted aid afforded by the officers of the’ Forest
Service themselves, and with them I would make special mention of
the name of Mr. B. Ribbentrop, C.IE., late Inspector General of
Forests to the Government of India, to whose recognition of the
importance of the study of this branch of Forest lore we owe its
present position.

. EE. PU STBMBBING

Came QueTTa;
October 1905.

INDEX.

PAGE.

Abies Webbiana . i, v, viii, 108, 284, 403, 446
Acacia Catechu i, v, viii, 12, 183, 184, 185, 450

Acacia arabica . e ° o Vili, 444
Acacia leucophloea e ° » Vill, 444
Acacia modesta . ° vill, 121, 450
Acrida nasutus . ° . . I
Acridiidz . ; ' e ° 1,4
Acridium Hyla . 2 ° . 4
Acronycta anedina ,. '. Ol, 339
Adina cordifolia . a - 1,97, 98
Pesculasiindica) ei). ls i, 92
Agrotis ypsilon . ° : ° 81, 88
Albizzia Lebbek . ° ° ails Vall BOF
Alcides sp. . 2 5 ‘ . 38
Aleurodes engeniz ° ° . 132
Aleurodide . ; ; e . 132
Allata penicillata . : e . 113
Ambrosia beetles . 410, 412, 415 419, 421
Amydona basalis . ° . ° 61
Amydona pallida . . ° ¢ 61
Amydona prasina . A ° 61
Anceryx nicreta . ° : ° 525 53
Anceryx pinastri . ° ° . 52
Anogeissus latifolia e V, 102, Vill, 395, 444
Ants. > : ; : 323
Apate jesuita ° ° ° e 364, 372
Apoderus : > ; 100, 191, 192
Apoderus incana . 4 : ‘ 189
Apoderus sp. . ° 3 . 313 33
Apriona Germari . ‘ 2 ; 25, 30
Arbela tetraonis . e ° 372, 374, 438
Peele ithe ie! MO 438
Asopia rufipicta . : 5 : 301
Azygophleps A 3 , 5 428
B

Bamboo : . " 123, 168, 172, 174,

182, 355
Bamboo beetle A A : ‘ 355
Bamboo borer @ i. A - 168
Bambusez . SEs « 1 v, 166, 172
Ban oak . s e 34; 217, 409, 414, 416
Bauhinia ° ° ° ° . 365
Bauhinia racemosa . o - Vill, 365

Bauhinia variegata
Beer-cask borer .
Biston suppressaria
Black borer . °
Black Hyblea .
Blue pine - .

Blue pine bark borers

Blue pine tomicus .

Boarmia dianaria .
Boarmia imparata
Boarmia promptaria

Boarmia reciprocaria

Boarmia selenaria
Bombyx spinula .
Bostrichidz .

Bostrichopsis parallela .

Bostrichus jesuita

Bostrichus parallelus ©

Boswellia cryphalus
Boswellia serrata
Bothrides sp. °
Botys egenalis_ .
Botys suavalis .
Botys vinacealis .

Brachytrupes achcetinus

Bracon fly . .
Braconide . :
Bracon sp. e °
Bruchide . °
Buprestidze .

Buprestid borer .

Calandra sculpturata .
Callirhytis semicarpifolize .

Camptonotus °

PAGE:
viii, 450
407

450

428

204

6 109, 110, 111, 198
201, 217, 225, 234, 237,
239, 242, 244, 246, 248,
252, 258, 351, 3525 354
22541234, 230, 252, 258
+ —- 217, 225, 236, 248,

Camptonotus compressus .

Capnodium
Carissa diffusa .
Careya arborea .
Caryoborus gonagra
Caryoborus sp. .
Cassia auriculata

252, 253; 258, 282, 351, 352

100

100, 141, 451

Vv, 179, 261, 262

12, 16, 164, 168, 172, 174, 364

335
364
174, 335
‘261

301
301; 303
1s

6, 336
232

219

2190

365, 367
49

386
159, 388
323
323
323
viii, 450
i, 73
365
367
Vili, 450

il INDEX.

POM VER ANE EN og DUNES a ET EN EN Reet OO EACLE OCS SNE DOP 0

PAGE. PAGE.

Cassia Fistula, i, Vili, 105, 117, 118, 306 | Coreidz 5 ; ‘ 7 ° 126
Cassianodosa . , ; viii, 428, 433 | Coryluscolurna . . : ° V, 191
Cassia orien alis. : . ‘ i, 117 | Cosmia ochreimargo « . ° 448
Canstanea vesca . A ; , i, 89 | Cossidze Z . ‘ ‘ e 428, 435
Casuarina . 8 346, 304, 372, 374, 370, | Cossonide . . > e < _198
423, 438, 467, 408, 469 | Cossus . : ° : . ° 428

Casuarina bag worm . : ; 423 | Cricket ; . ; : ; 336
Casuarina bark-eating caterpillar 438 | Crossatarsus conifer . A - All, 415
Casuarina equisetifolia _ viii, 364, 374, 423, 438 | Crossotarsus piceze ° . . 413
467, 468, 469 | Cryphalus boswellie . . . .261, 263,265

@edrela‘serrata™ =. 6. os , i, 93 | Cryphalus (?) deodara . ; ; 274
Cedrela Toona . ents 5 v, 312 | Cryphalusindic u ° : - 403
Cedrus Deodara . i, v, viii, 203, 207, 220, 234, | Cryphalus longifolia © . © 255, 256, 267, 270°
242, 274, 278, 411 ; a1

Cephalostachyum pergracile ;: 289 | Cryphalus (?) major. < e 269, 270
Cerambycidze - o 24, 25, 49, 182, 246. Cryphalus morinda cate . 265
368, 374, 376, 378,379 | Ctyphalus tectonze : . . 263

Cerambyxsp. . e , ; 246 Cryptophlebia carpophaga . a) 100; 117
Ceratopachys variabilis : 5 126 | Cryptorhynchus sp. estes , 4I
Chestnut . P p 4 ; S9 Cucujide . . 5 a zs 249
Chilauni . 3 : . ; 73 Cucujus (?) sp... coe : 249
Chramesus sp. . r 4og | Curculionidze 6 2 eal, 335 405 an

Chrysomelid . : . : 22, 179 184, 186, 189, 193, 380
Cladosporium fumago eed, 323 | Cyphicerussp. + 2 + »& see
Clania crameri " , if : 56, 372, 423 Cyrtotrachelus longipes . ° 193
Cleridze E ; bs : $ 49, 213

Clerid larva, predaceous : . 49, 335 2

Clerus | 5 + 1 + «208,209 | Dalbergia latifolia. . « 4,37
Clerus formicarius . a : 217 | Dalbergia Sissoo « ; 2 Spalgzirios toe
Clerussp. . . 4 » © 213,335 | Daschyra sp. + . e 61575, 76, 80, 446
“ Click ” beetles , ° ; ; 89 | Date palm beetle . e : ° 346
Clyptuswicinus’-, © 2°. 24 | Dendeocalamus strictus - i, v, vill, 123,

Coccide . . 133, 135, 142, 145, 332, 468

124, 168, 174, 182, 355

Coccinella sp. “oe C 324, 334,335 | Deodar —° . fs - 45, 83, 87, 89, 107
Coccinella sp., Enemies of . 330 109,. 198, 203, 207, 217
Coccinellidze i

Coccinellid beetle predaceous upon

Monophlebus stebbingi 321, 322, 324
Cocos nucifera. : ° ° —- Vili, 346
Coleoptera . . “ 10, 12, 16, 19, 21;

324

220, 234, 237, 241, 242,

244, 274, 278, 280, 352, 411

Deodar branch-girdler . . . 220, 278, 280
Deodar branchlet cryphalus . ; 274
Dherries : 3 : 291

22, 24, 25, 31, 33, 38, Diapus impressus e —-e 213, 217; 414s 415
41, 45, 49, 87, 89, 164, Diapus heritierze ° . . 420
168, 172, 174, 176, 182, | Diapus sp. prox. impressus .. « 415
184, 186, 189, 193, 198, | Diapussp. . : © 7) oles 217
201, 203, 207, 213, 220, | Diapustalure . ° . ° 418
225s 234, 230, 242, 246, | Dillenia ‘ A * e ° 73
247, 248, 249, 252, 255, | Diludia grandis . ° ° ° 52, 53
258, 201, 263, 265, 267, | Diludia macromera . 5 : 52, 53
270, 274, 278, 282, 284, | Diludia melanomera . «© 52, 53
324, 346, 349, 351, 352, | Diludia rubescens ee . 52, 53
354, 364, 365, 367, 368, | Diludiavates . . © - 52, 53
374+ 376; 379s 386, 389, | Dinoderinze oho fe. 7 whe nna
395, 401, 403, 406, 400, | Dinoderus bifoveolatus Z 2 172
41I, 413, 415, 418,420 | Dinoderus minutus . 169, 172, 335
Colydiide . ° ° ° ° 21 | Dinoderus pilifrons ; e 168, 172, 355
Coniothecium sp. . . ° . 323 | Dinoderus siculus : ; . 172

in. £e

Dinoderus substriatus . . °
Diospyros melanoxylon ° .
Diptera : ’ . ; °
Dirades adjutaria : . ‘
Dirades binotata . . ° e
Dirades theclata , : . °
Dodonza viscosa ° . °
Duomitus . . ° . A
Duomitus leuconotus . ° °
Duomitus niger , ° ° °
E
Ebutea fimbriata : ‘ ‘i
Eccoptoptera sexdentata ; °
Elateride . : : . ;
Epiplemide . 6 ; °
Eremocossus . ° ° °
Erosia vertecaria . . “ °
Eucalyptus globulus_ . ° :
Eugenia Jambolana . ‘ °
Eulophus sp. - ° ° °
Euproctis flavonigra . : °
Euproctis marginalis . e °
Euproctis subdita é ° .
Euproctis subnigra . ° .
Euproctis virguncula . : °
Euzophera cedrella . ° .
F
Ficus elastica : . .
Ficus religiosa ; = -s rs
Fiorinia thee ' ° : .
Formicidze ° é . :
Fulgorid . . . ° °
Fulgoride .
Fungus infestation of Monophlebus
stebbingi ° . °
Fungus parasite of ghia °
G
Gastropacha sulphurea . °
Gelechine . . ‘ ° .
Geometridz ° ° ° °

Glypta sp. ” e e e q
Gor iuda e ° . ° °

Grewia asiatica .« . ‘ .

Grewia tilizfolia . ° e .

Gryllide . ‘ | . .

Gryllus nasutus . : ° ;

Gryllus turritus . ° ° :

Gryllus velox . A ° .
H

Halticides . . ° ‘ .
Hazel, himalayan . : g ‘
Heliothis apricans. ° .
Hemiptera

INDEX. ili

PAGE,

172

1, 130
30s 344
97

Vill, 450
428
428

428

ZoI
284

428

vili 444
1,132
466

78
107, 109

is
i, 67
133
323
372, 467
467

323
297

119

100, 450
342
meee
1, V, 22
i, v, 192

hk we eH OO

179
1g!
287

123, 126, 130, 132,

133. 135, 142, 145, 332

PAGE,
Hemitelini . : 5 : ‘ 405
Heritiera littoralis . ‘ x . Vill, 420

Heterocera . ° ° 44, 52, 56, 58, 51,
63, 67, 68, 69, 70, 715
75» 78, 80, 81, 91, 94,
07, 100, 105, 107, 108,
113, 115, 117, 119, 161,
287, 298, 301, 312,
423, 428, 435, 438,
446, 448, 450, 4545
457, 4592 460, 462

Histeridze .. . « ; le 10, 232, 248,

349, 351, 352, 354, 401
Holarrhena antidysenterica , + Vili, 444
Horse chestnut . 0 a . 92, 339
Horse chestnut defoliator A 339

Hyblza constellata ° °
Hyblea puera . .

296, 298 5 307
54, 55, 98. 146, 187
287, 295, 296, 298, 300
306, 307, 342

Hyblza puera var, nigra A - 294, 298,
342, 343, 344

Hylastes sp. . 200, 201, 213, 218, 349, 352, 354

Hylesini «234s 239, 252, 255; 258, 389, 395
Hymenoptera : 7 I5I, 150, 159, 219,
3375 339s 3425 343
400, 456, 405, 466
Hylesinus (?) sp. . ° . 258
Hypoborus (?) sp. : . 223, 276,278
Hypophloeus flavipennis 3 A 247
Hypsipyla pagodella_ . ; : 312
Hypsipyla robusta am ; 6 312
I
Iceryasp. . : . : - 373, 468
Ichneumon fly . q 232
Ichneumonide .156, oni ean 343, 400, 45°
Ichneumon sp. ‘ ° ° ¢ 343, 400
Indian Laburnum . 7 330
J
Faivart . . ° 3 : 124
Shand ° ° ° ° : 128
Fhingham < *. * es 368
Fhingur . : . ° ° 336
Juglans regia Oe seeks: Vi. 1, 93
K
Kamila. ° ° ° 450
Khaheri - ° . : ° 330
Khair . . e ° - 12, 13, 183, 450
Kharshu oak 159, 448, 454, 457, 459, 400,
| 462, 404, 405
Koura i. e ° ° ° 320
Kuliar <eliess ° . ° 450
Kulsi teak borer . 5 : 182, 374

iv INDEX.

PAGE.
L

Lachnosterna impressa . : : 88
Lachnosterna sp. - : : 87
Lady-bird beetle, the sal tree white scale 324
Lagerstromia parviflora . . . 1, 73
Lamia sp. . “ EE ese 7O
Lamiides z . : . ce AM, eXstss
Lasiocampidze . ; 58, 61, 464
Lasiocampid larva ' ° 464, 465, 466
Lebeda bimaculata H : . 58, 59
Leguminose j : . e 291
Lencoma diaphana : . ° 65, 80
Lepidoptera . . : 52, 50, 58, 61, 63,

67, 68; 69, 70, 71, 75, 78.
80, 81, gt, 94; 975 100,
105, 107, 108, 113, 115,
117, 119,287, 298, 301,

312, 423, 428, 435, 438, |

446, 448, 450, 454, 457s
459, 400, 462

Limnobiide . A : . . 30 |
Liparis monacha . ¢ ° ° 67 |!
Longicorn borer . . ° ° 49
Long-needled pine small cryphalus . 267 |
Long-needled pine tomicus . . 282
Lycides ° s . ° 176, 178
Lymantria albolunulata. : 68
Lymantria ampla : : : 67
Lymantria aurora. : ' 3 70
Lymantria bhascara ss, ° 68
Lymantria bivittata ° 71

Lymantria grandis : Scr. ea 65, 75, So
Lymantriidze a . - 63, 67, 68, 69,

79; 71; 75s 78, So
Lymantria maculosa

Lymantria mathura ; o (GOs 9h 74, A
Lymantria metarhoda , . . 75
Lymantria monacha. ° 67
Lymaniria obsoleta "68, 69, 70, 71, 72
Lymantria sobrina ; : ° 68
Lymantria todara . : «| | 69,70; 71, 72
Lymantria vinacea a. ' ° 68
M
Melocanna bambusoides e + V; 193, 196
Melolonthasp. . ° ° ° 87
Melolonthini 2 ee . 10, 87
Meteones sp. : see : 456
Millettia auriculata . : «Vill, 444
Mimastra cyanura . e ; 22
-Monophlebus dalbergeze ° . 136, 142

Monophlebus sp. . at é + 373, 469

PAGE

Monophlebus stebbingi ‘ tof, 135, 142,
145; 318, 324, 326, 328,

332; 334
Monophlebus stebbingi var. mangiferz 332
Monophlebus tectonz (?) e ° 145
Monophlebine . : ° 135, 142, 145,
332
Moru oak . 5 ‘ ° . 34.
Morus indica ° : ; « i, 25
Mulberry . - e ° ° 253 33
Muli bamboo : ° . e 190
Myllocerus . . : . 185
Myllocerus acaciz . ° ‘ 184
Myllocerussp. « ° ° ° SY
Macalla moncusalis: . e ° 113, 116
Macaranga denticulata \ 4 i, 73
Macrosila obliqua . ° : 52,53
Maculatus . fs e ‘ a 323
Mangifera indica ; ° . V, 332
Magiria robusta . . . . 312
Mango : . e . e 332
Mahogany . . ° ¢ ° 312
Malacodermidze . . . « 170,178
Mallotus philippinensis ‘ . i, 10
Masicera sp. ; ° ° ° 344
N
Niponius Andrewesi . . . 401
Niponius canalicollis . « 248, 250, 251, 349
Noctua saga c 2 : ‘ 287
Noctua suffusa . ° . : 81
Noctua uuxia . . . 287
Noctuide oT. an 94, 287, 208, 446, 448
Oo
Ochrophara montana . : ° 123
Odina Wodier . : . ° ix, 368
Olea glandulifera ; : : i, 133
Olive * . . . ° 133
Olethrentinze : e . . 117
Ophion aureolatus : : : 339
Opium ‘ : ‘ ° 84
Opthalmodes Cestanes “ ° ; 100
Orthaga obscura . . + : 113
Orthoptera . . e e . 1, 4, 6
Oryctes rhinoceros . e © 3407372
Oxya Hyla ; . ; . 4
Oxya velox . ° ° ° ’ 2,4
P
Paliga damastesalis . , : 301
Paliga fuscicostalis . 3 9s BOLE GOS
Paliga rubicundalis . ps a RROL, 303
Parasite on Hyblzea puera . ° 293
Parasites of Hyblzea puera var, nigra 296

INDEX. Vv

Panspipal . ° :

Paris green . 5 °
Paromalus sp. nov. °
Parrotia Jacquemontiana
Pentatomidze ° .
Phalenaidonea . :

Phoenix dactylifera
Phragmatecia .

Phulai : ° .
Phycita abietella .
Picea Morinda. :

Pimpla sp. . ° ;
Pinus excelsa

Pinus Gerardiana .- .

Pinus Khasya “ .
Pinus longifolia. .

Pityogenes . : °
Pityogenes conifere .

PAGE.

° ° 98
' ° 146
. ° 354
s : i, 79
= : 123
a . 81
3 ix, 340

A ° 428
. ° 450
108

et, Vinixs Sia 22o,
239, 246, 205, 413
343
ay li Vi25 Sake5s

234, 239, 242, 246, 252
V, 237, 242, 245, 246

li, 42, 44

« i, v, 43, 56, 255, |
250, 267, 270, 272, 282

247
e 213, 220, 237,
241, 242, 249, 250

PAGE.

Ereyilitae Maer ster rg Wier oe al oy ie 130
Pyralide . . « 105, 113, 115, 301, 312
Pyrausta macheralis . 54,55, 98, 146, 187,
288, 290, 299, 301

Quercus dilatata . .
Quercus incana . .

i, V, 24, 34, 189, 190
Vv; 34, 189, 190, 217,
ix, 386, 409, 414, 415
V; 159; 1X; 388, 448,
454, 457, 459 460,

Quercus semicarpifolia

462, 464

R
Red borer . ; . . . . 4285495
Rhinoceros beetle ; : 346
Rhynchites betulz e 4 ‘ 34

Rhyncholus sp, 198, 202, 213, 218,349, 352, 354
Rhyssa sp< vibes Se TSO; 525
Rothra tinctoria . : ; : ix, 450

Ss
Sal 7 S , ¢ 17,59, 61, 63, €8, 69,
79; 71, 73, 75, 101, 113,
116, 136, 164, 318, 328

368, 389, 406

Plateros dispallens. : ‘ 176
Plateros sp. . v q i . 176, 178 Bn ey borer . A if 389, 400, 401
Platypini Atl, 413, 414, 415, 419) 420. Or : ° ° 100, 141, 451
Platypus sp. . : é p 217 Sanatha , ; , ; : 450
Platysoma sp. nov. ‘Ohne tps 352 Laer Po Bee es 337s 378, 3795 435
Platysoma dufali . i : 351 iy te : um. . 1X, 337, 435
Plecoptera reflexa . s ; - 04 | ee oe - altree white . g ie
Plocederus obesus , 2 ‘ . BOGsa one : ° : - 10, 87, 34
Plutellidze . ‘ Q ‘ 2 119 Scolytide . ° ° 45, 201, 207, 220,
Poaphila hamifera ; 2 ; 94 ae ae ney ae oa
Poaphila simplex . : 7 : 04. ? ee ? 5 u ; , : =
Poaphila uniformis * 5 . 04. ik ei an i ?
b] > % 2
Polygraphus . Nee aes 247, 253 Pmoceoonar as
y Polygraphus longifolia . ; 255, 208, 272 é
y Polygraphus major 3 oa ei2t, 23741220, th 414, 415, 415, 420
Scolytini . ‘ ° ° 2 207; 220
234, 239, 241, 243, 248, Sih 6 ee 3
BAO IO as aaIQl Ppa ee Atal Gin’ ot | ht 402 214) 217521
f +s Scolytus deodara . : 7 3 220, 280
¥ Polygraphus minimus . 5 252 Beate
y Polygraphus minor ©. . ELIT 2t7r aso pe Se eS eee . 45
247, 248, 249, 250, 252 Scolytus major. * ¢ 203, 207, 210,
epee cacy ae 212, 213, 216, 220, 241,
os dargsas 23 249, 250, 335, 352

Polyrachis vig . : . : 323 Scolytus minor . : + 203, 206, 207,
Polyrachis simplex . ° . 323 213, 219, 220, 241, 249
Polyrachis spinigera . ° : 323 ais Bie
Polythlepta albicaudalis ‘ . IS | Scolytus sp. 2 “ © 45) 49, 203) 33

Porthesia xanthorrheea . . _ 78| Scopuladamastesalis . . . gor
Prosopis spicigera . : ° i 2S cea Alcacleth . : . 10
Prunus Padus : . . VY, 191 | Shisham . ; ; . 17
Pseudolacastra inimica . z . 113 | Shorea robusta . - i, v, 59, 164, 116, 318,
Pseudosphinx discistriga : ona S2q 207 ix, 368, 389, 406
Psychide . ° : : : 506, 423 | Shorea Talura a ; ° ix, 418
Psylla obsoleta . . e 130 | Shot borer. , oan We, Sal ot) 3555406

vi INDEX.

PAGE,

Silver fir . i 109, 110, 111, 284, 285,
. 403, 446
Silver fir branch girdler . ; 284
Silver fir cryphalus . : ° 403
Sinoxylon . . ° ‘ ° 20, 21
Sinoxylon anale . ; - 12, 16, 19, 166
Sinoxylon coptura . ‘ ° 12
Sinoxylon crassum ; - 12, 16, 19, 164
Sirex imperialis . A ; > 335
SITEX/SP, ys ° ° . I5I, 156, 335
Sirex? sp. . ° . ° ° 337
Siricidze : . . . « I51, 337
2715 . . : . . 367
OsSSe ase re Mes 13, 17, 31, 35; 95;
119, 142, 190

Smilax borbonica . > ° > Vyl73

Sphzerotrypes coimbatorensis 305, 400, 401
Sphzrotrypes siwalikensis 389,395, 396, 400,
401

Sphingide . A v : : 52
Spruce 2 ° 107, 109, 110, 111, 151,
198, 201, 225, 239, 246,

265, 266, 352, 353, 413

Spruce cryphalus . . : : 265
Stromatium barbatum , ° I O2 274.
‘Stromatium SDomne 4 ' © 379, 435
Stromatium sp. prox barbatum EO T2574
Suana ampla ; . ? . 58, 59
Suana cervina ; ° ° 58
Suana concolor , e - . 58
Sugar-cane , ° . ° ° ere
Sundri . . . . ‘ 420
Swietenia mahogani . - : V, 312
T

Tachinidze , 7. °
healkuns . . °

203» 344
53; 97; 98, 145, 176,
178, 186, 191, 263,
264, 287, 294, 208,
301, 306, 336
Teak cryphalus , ° ' ; 263
. Tectona grandis , ; oi, V, 1x, 08, 145;
176, 178, 186, 263, 287,
294, 298 301

Tela A ° ° ° ° > 333
Tenebrionidze a ° . : 247
Teretriosoma . . : ; 21
Teretriosoma cristatum . ° . 19
Teretriosoma intrusum ' ‘ 20
Teretriosoma stebbingii . : . 19
Terminalia belerica 3 a 4 1, 73
Terminalia Chebula ; é * i, 73
Terminalia tomentosa , - i, v, 64,
73, 164

Tetridia caletoralis : ° LIST ie
115

Thalessa sp. . . e
Thanasimus himalayensis
Thigi péka , .

Tinea sp. 4 °
Tomicini . ‘ 3
Tomicus longifolia °
Tomicus sp. i °
Tomicus typographus °
Tortricidz ; - ‘
Tortrix sp. . °
Trabala mahananda a
Trabala Vishnu °
Trachylepidea fructicasiella
Trametes .
Trizna maxima °
Tribolium castalium °
Tribolium confusus °
Trifosporium sp. 5
Trigonodes gammoides .
Tryxalis nasuta ; :
Tun . ; .
Tun twig-borer : ‘
U
Uroceridz : : °
V
Vedalia cardinalis . 7
Vedalia fumida ‘. 0
Vedalia variety roseipennis
Vedalia Guérinii :
WwW

Walnut . ‘ :

White borer, ° °
“ White grubs” é :
Wichingri ° ° °
Wild pear - ' ;
x
Xyleborus perforans .
Xyleborus sp. prox. perforans
Xylia dolabriformis
Xylotrechus quadripes
Xylotrechus vicinus 3
Xyphidriides , . °

Ypsolophus sp. ; 4

Zeugera : i r
Zeugera cofteze a 5
Zeugera oblita 3 ;
Zeugera roricyanea %

PAGE,
« 156, 335
° 335

Z 6

449s 454, 450, 460, 462
201, 225, 201, 203
265, 267, 270,

282, 403, 400

2745

; 282

+ 213, 217, 225;

239, 241 245, 247.
248, 249, 250, 282,
349, 351, 352

‘ 225, 229
e 117, 457, 459
449, 457; 459, 462
e . 61
% OT OS
° F05,)12c
e , 206
. : gi
. . 300
° ° 306
. . 323
° : 94.
é 1,5, 114
© 92, 312, Slo
316
; ; 312
° I51
3 141
. 141
° 141
° 335
- 38,93
- 384, 428
: 87
3 s0
. IgI
e400, 407
e 406
° 1007)
» 24, 384
° 24
° 156
e 139, 462
‘. - 378, 428
378, 384, 428, 435
° ° 435
° : 435

Now.
CONTENTS.

INJURIOUS INSECTS.

Alphabetical List of Trees, with names of Insects by which they are
attacked.

Abies Webbiana, Lindl. Branch-bark-borer. Cryphalus indicus p. 403.
Needle-defoliator—Dasychira sp., p. 446.

Acacia Arabica, Willd. | Bark-eater and wodod-borer—Arbela
tetvaonts, p. 438.

Acacia Catechu, Willd. Leaf-defoliator—Btston suppressaria, p. 450.

Acacia leucophlea, Willd. Bark-eater and wood-borer—Ardela
tetraonis, p. 438.

Acacia modesta, Wall. Leafedefoliator—Bzston suppressaria, p. 450.

Albizzia Lebbek, Bth. Seed-eater—Caryoborus sp., p. 367.

Anogeissus latifolia, Wall. Bark-borer—Spherotrypes coimbator-
ensis, p. 395. Bark-eater and wood-borer—Arbela tetraonis, p. 438.

Bauhinia racemosa, Vahl. Seed-eater—Caryoborus gonagra, p. 365.

Bauhinia variegata, Linn. Leaf-defoliator—Biston suppressaria,
P- 450.

Carissa diffusa, Roxb. Leaf-defoliator—Biston suppressaria, p. 450.

Cassia auriculata, Linn. Leaf-defoliator—Aiston suppressaria,
P- 450.

Cassia Fistula. The Indian Laburnum Seed-borer—Caryeborus gono-
&7a, Pp» 305¢

Cassia nodosa, Ham. Wood-borer—Duomitus leuconotus, p. 428.

Casuarina equisetifolia, Forst. Root-eater—Oryctes rhinoceros,
p-346. Wood-borers—Apate jesuita, p. 364 ; Stromatium sp. prox.
barbatum, p. 374; Lamia? sp., p. 376; Bark-eater and wood-
borer—Arbela tetraonis, p. 438; Branch-sap-sucker—Fulgorid,
p. 467 ; Iceryasp., p.468 ; Monophlebus sp., p. 469. Leaf-defoliator
— Clania cramert, p. 423,

Cedrus deodara, Loud. Wood-borer—Crossotarsus conifere, p. A1l.

Cocos nucifera, Linn. Wood-eater—Oryctes rhinoceros, p. 346.

Dendrocalamus strictus, Nees. Stem-borer—Dinoderus minutus,
P- 355:

Dodonza viscosa, Linn. Leaf-defoliator—Biston suppressaria, p. 4S0,

_ Eucalyptus globulus, Labill. Bark-eater and wood-borer—Arbela

tetraonts, p. 438.
Heritiera littoralis, Dryand. Wood-borer—Diapus heritiera, p. 420.
Holarrhena antidysenterica, Wall. Bark-eater and wood-borer—
Arbela tetraonis, p. 438. :
Millettia auriculata, ‘Baker. Bark-eater and wood-borer—Arbela

tetvaonis, p. 438.

Vill

CONTENTS.

Odina Wodier, Roxb. Bark and wood-borer=-Plocederus obesus,
p- 368.

Phoenix dactylifera, Linn. Wood-eater—Ovryctes rhinoceros, p. 346.

Picea Morinda, Link. Wood-borer—Cvossotarsus picee@, p. 413.

Quercus incana, Roxb. Wood-borers.—Chrvamesus? sp., p. 409; Dia-
pus impressus, p» 414; Dtapus sp. prox. impressus, p. 415. Seed-
eater—Calandra sculpturata, p. 386.

Quercus semicarpifolia, Smith. Leaf-defoliators.—Cosmia ochrei-
margo, p. 448; Tineasp., p. 454; Tortrix sp., p. 457; Tinea?
sp., p. 460; Ypsolophus? sp., p. 462; Lasiocampid larva, p. 464.

Rothra tinctoria. Leaf-defoliator—Biston suppressaria, p. 450.

Santalum album, Linn. Stem wood-borer—Sivex sp.,° p. 337;
Stromatium sp.; p. 379- ‘Branch-borer.—Zeugera coffee, p. 435-

Shorea robusta, Geertn. Wood-borer—Xyleborus sp. prox. perforans,
p. 406. Bark and wood-borer—Plocederus obesus, p. 368. Bark-
borer—Spherotrypes siwalikensis, p. 389.

Shorea Talura, Roxb. Wood-borer—Diapus talura, p. 418.

Tectona grandis, Linn. Root-eater—Brachytrupes achetinus, p. 336.

Predaceous and Parasitic Insects.
Ophion aureolatus, p. 339. Parasitic upon Acronycta anedina, the
Horse chestnut defoliator.
Glypta sp., p. 342. Parasitic upon Hyblea puera and H. puera
Var. nigra,
Pimpla sp., p. 343. Parasitic upon H. puera var. nigra.
Masicera sp., p. 344. Parasitic upon H. puera.

( Wood-borers 5 ae Sp,
Hylastes sp.

Niponius canalicollis, Lewis, p. 340. | Tomicus sp.,

Predaceous upon the Barkchprare saat
3 e

a minor.
Platysoma dufali, p. 351. Predaceous upon Tomicus sp.and ?

Polygraphus minor.
(yr cea parece pears Sp.,
Hylastes sp.
Scolytus major,

Platysoma sp., p. 352. Predaceous4 SS. minor,
upon the | Bark-borers Tomicus sp., ?
Polygraphus

L minor.
Paromalus sp., p. 354. Predaceous upon Rhyncholus sp. Hylastes sp.

/chneumon sp., p. 400. Parasitic upon Spherotry pes siwalikensis.
Niponius Andvewesi p. 401. Predaceous upon Spherotry pes siwalizen-
sis and S. coimbatorensis.
Meteones sp., p. 456. Parasitic upon Tizea sp., p. 454.
Tribe Hemitelini, gen. nov., p. 465. Parasitic upon Lasiocampid
larva, p. 464.
Eulophus sp., p. 466. Parasitic upon Lasiocampid larva, p. 464.

PREFACE.

ale object of issuing the Departmental Notes on

Insects that affect forestry in India in their present
form is to enable the Officers of the department and others
interested in the culture of trees to keep up to date with
our knowledge of the subject and to assist the advances
ment of the work by studying the still unknown portions of
the life histories of the various pests detailed and of
others still unrecorded. To this end, criticism and dis-
cussion are cordially invited.

Several of the insects dealt with are new to science
and most of the information on their habits, etc., is new.
It has not been considered necessary here, however, to
give in full detail the reasons for the statements made
with reference to some of the new and more complex of
the life histories. The author hopes to publish elsewhere
full and detailed technical papers dealing with the matter
from the scientific standpoint.

It is proposed to give information in these notes upon :—
i.— Hurtful Insects.
ii.— Useful Insects.

FRE. Oe BBENG,.
DEHRA DUN;
February 1902.

CONTENTS.

Alphabetical List of Trees, with names of Insects by which they are
attacked.

Abies Webbiana, Lindl. Cone tunneller—Phycita abietella, pp. 108, 109.
Acacia Catechu, Willd. Wood-borer—Sinoxylon crassum, p. 12.
Adina cordifolia, Hook. Leaf-defoliator—Dirades theclata, p. 97.

Esculus indica, Colebr. Leaf-defoliator—Acronycta anedina, p. 91.

Bambusez (species?). Seedling destroyers—Tvyxalis nasuta, p.1 ;
Oxya velox, p. 4.

Careya arborea, Roxb. Leaf-defoliators—Lymantria obsoleta, pp. 68,
71; Lymantria todara, pp. 69, 71; Lymantria mathura, pp. 70, 71;
Lymantria bivittata, p. 71.

Cassia Fistula, Linn. Pod:tunnellers—Tvachylepidea fructicasiella,
p- 105; Cryptophlebia carpophaga, p. 117.

Cassia orientalis, Linn. Pod-tunnellers—Cryptophlebia carpophaga,
Periz.

Castanea vesca, Gaertn. Seedling root-eater—Elateride (Click
beetles), p. 89.

Cedrela_ serrata, Royle. Leaf-defoliator—Acronycta anedina,
pol.

Cedrus Deodara, Loud. Bark-borer—Scolytus sp., p. 45. Wood-
borers—Buprestid and Longicorn larve, p. 49. Seedling-destroyers
—Agrotis ypsilon, p. 81; Melolontha or Lachnosterna sp. (White
Grubs), p.87. Seedling root-eater—Elaterid@ (Click beetles), p. 89.
Cone-tunnellers—-Eugophera cedrella, pp. 107, 109 ; Phycita abtetella,
pp- 108, 109.

Dalbergia latifolia, Roxb. Wood-borer—Sinoxylon anale, p. 16.

Dalbergia Sissoo, Roxb. Wood-borers—Sinoxylon crassum, p. 12;
Sinoxylon anale, p. 16. Leaf-defoliators—Myllocerus Spe pe al 3
Apoderus sp., p. 333 Plecoptera reflexa, p. 94; Vpsolophus sp., p. 119.
Sap-feeder—Monophlebus dalbergia, p. 142.

Dendrocalamus strictus, Nees. Seed-destroyer—Ochrophara montana,
Pe 123.

Diospyros melanoxylon, Roxb. Leaf galls—Psylla obsoleta, p. 130.

Eugenia Jambolana, Lam. Leaf-destroyer—Aleurodes eugenia, p. 132.

Ficus elastica, Roxb, Seedling-destroyer—Brachytrupes achetin us
p. 6. :

CONTENTS,

Ficus religiosa, Linn. Leaf-defoliator—Lymantria ampla, p. 67.
Grewia asiatica, Linn. Leaf-defoliator—Mimastra cyanura, p. 22.

Juglans regia, Linn. Nut-destroyer—Alcides sp., p. 38 ; Leaf-defoliator
—Acronycta anaedina, p. gl.

Lagerstrémia parviflora, Roxb. Leaf-defoliators—Lymantria obsoleta,
pp. 68, 71; Lymantria todava, pp. 69, 71; Lymantria mathura,
pp. 70, 71; Lymantria bivittata, p. 71.

Macaranga denticulata, Mill. Arg. Leaf-defoliators—Lymantria
obsoleta, pp. 68, 71; Lymantria todara, pp. 69, 72; Lymantria
mathura, pp. 70,71; Lymantria bivittata, p. 71.

Mallotus philippinensis, Mull. Arg. Leaf-defoliator—Serica Alcock,
p. Io.

Morus indica, Linn. Wood-borer—Apriona Germari, p. 25. Sap-
feeders—Limnobiide, p. 30.

Olea glandulifera, Wall. Sap-feeder—Fiorinia thee, p. 133.

Parrotia Jacquemontiana, Dene. Leaf-defoliator—FPorthesia xanthor-
rhea, p. 78.

Picea Morinda, Link. Cone-tunnellers~Zuzophera cedrella, pp. 107;
109 ; Phycita abietella, pp. 108, 109.

Pinus excelsa, Wall. Seedling-destroyers—Tryxalis nasuta, p. 1;
Oxya velox, p.4. Cone-tunneller—Phycita abietella, p. 108, 109.

Pinus Khasya, Royle. Bark and Wood-borer—Cryftorhynchus sp.;
p. 41; Lepidopterous larve, p. 44.

Pinus longifolia, Roxb. Leafdefoliator—Clax1a cramert, p. 56.

Prosopis spicigera, Linn. Coppice shoot-destroyer—Ceratopachys
variabilis, p. 126.

Quercus dilatata, Lindl. Wood-borer. Xylotvechus vicinus, p. 24.

Shorea robusta, Gaertn. Wood-bcrer—Sinoxylon anale, p. 10. Leaf-
defoliators ~Suana concolor, p.58; Trabala vishnu, p. 61; Dasy-
chiva sp., p. 63; Lymantria obsoleta, pp. 58, 71 ; Lymantria todara,
pp. 6¢, 71; Lymantria mathura, pp. 70,71; Lymantria bivittata,
p. 71; Lymantria grandis, p. 75; Leucoma diaphana, p. 80;
Boarmia selenaria, p. 100; Macalla moncusalis, p. 113; Tetridia
caletovalis, p. 115. Sap-feeder—Monophlebus Stebbingit, p. 135.

Tectona grandis, Linn. Seedling-destroyer—Brachytrupes achetinus,
p. 6. Leaf-defoliators—Pseudosphinx discistriga,p. 52; Dirades
theclata, p.973; Sap-feeder—Monophlebus tectona, p. 145.

Terminalia belerica, Roxb. Leaf-defoliators—Lymantria obsoleta,
pp. 68, 715 Lymantria todava, pp. 69, 713 Lymantria mathuras
pp. 70,71; Lymantria bivittata, p. 71.

CONTENTS. ill

Terminalia Chebula, Retz. Leaf-defoliators—Lymantria obsoleta,
pp. 68, 71; Lymantria todara, pp. 69, 71; Lymantria mathura, pp. 70,
71; Lymantria bivittata, p. 71.

Terminalia tomentosa, W. & A. Leaf-defoliators—Dasychira sp.
p. 63; Lymantria obsoleta, pp. 68,71; Lymantrta todara, pp. 69, 71 ;
Lymantria mathura, pp. 70, 71; Lymantria bivittata, p. 71.

Xylia dolabriformis, Benth. Wood-borer—Sinoxylon anale, p. 16.

Predaceous Insects.

Tevetviosoma Stebbingit, pp. 19, 20.
Teretriosoma cristatum, pp. 19, 20.
Teretviosoma intr usum, p, 20.

Bothrides sp., p. 21.

Predaceous upon the wood-
borers, Sinoxylon crassum
and Sinoxylon anale.

Cleride larve, p. 49. Predaceous upon the bark-borer Scolytus sp.

Insecticides.

A Note on the application of Paris Green as an Insecticide for destroy-
ing caterpillars, p. 146.

Keys to Plates and I lates, p. 151, etc.

TRYXALIS NASUTA,
FISCH.

References :—Fisch. Orth. Eur. 299, pl. 15, f. 1,2. Gryllus (Acrida) nasutus,
Linn. Mus. Lud. 118-9; Syst, Nat. i. 2, 692. Rors. Ins. ii, pl.
4, fg. 1, 2. Gryllus turritus, De. Vill. Ent. Linn. i, 434, p!-
2, . 4.

‘Classification :—Order, ORTHOPTERA. Family, Acridiide.

Description.

This insect varies a great deal in tint and in the distribution
of the colouring except that of the antennze and wings. ‘The
body is green or light reddish, glabrous and shining. Head
with the upper portion in front of the eyes about an eighth of
an inch long, anteriorly obtuse. Wings a little shorter than
the tegmina (upper wings), transparent, yellowish, especially
at their lower inside portions; the veins of the same colour,
Under surface of the abdomen darker than the rest, a dull
pink when the insect is alive, becoming brown on drying
after death. Tarsi of the same colour as the body; the after
tibiz furnished for the lower two-thirds of their length with a
double row of numerous fine spines. @. Head and prothorax
often have longitudinal rays of green and red sometimes not
plainly visible. The elytra, of all the parts of the body, vary
most in colour; sometimes bright green all over, at others
having a longitudinal dull stripe cut up by white blotches
beneath this band there is sometimes a reddish one also present;
& with uniform green elytra, Length 2 to 24 inches. PI. VI,
fig. 1, shows a side view of this insect.

Life History.
Very little is on record as to the life history of this locust

as far as it affects our nurseries and forests. It appears to be
full grown in July and August, as it is during these months

that it has always been reported as doing damage both to
crops and to young plants. For the other ten months of the
year we have at present no data as to where it is to be found.

Observations are needed asto the number of generations it
B

2 TRYXALIS NASUTA.

passes through during the year, where the eggs are laid and
how long it spends in the young wingless larval stage.

Localities from which reported.

The distribution of the insect in India would appear to be
a somewhat wide one. Madras and Bombay have reported
the pest as causing considerable injury to crops. In 1897 the
Deputy Conservator of Forests sent the locust from the Kangra
Division in the Punjab, where it had inereased insome numbers,
In Madras it formed one of the locusts which gave so. much
trouble in the invasion of 1878. It, with several other species,
probably breeds locally there as also in the other parts of the
country it affects,

Mr. Mollison, now Inspector General of Agriculture, sent
the insect from the Bombay Presidency, where it had injured
crops in the vicinity of Poona in 1893. Next year it did
injury in Satara. This insect is also common in the Cape of |
Good Hope, Senegal, Egypt-

Relations to the Forest.

This Zryxalis is said to have done considerable injury
during the year 1897 to young plants of Pinus excelsa and
bamboo (species?). Sowings of these species had apparently
been made in various portions of the Kangra Division, and it
was found that the locusts were biting off the young seedlings
and either wholly or partially consuming them. The insect
_ was accompanied by a companion named Oxya velox, these
two being responsible for all the damage done.

Protection and Remedies.

It is not possible to prescribe with any certainty of success
remedies for insects about whose life history so little is at
present known, but where the operation is feasible, 1 would
recommend that the young plants be dusted over a few times
in the evenings with a mixture of quicklime and ashes. If the
arsenic compound Paris green is available, a good mixture can
be made with one ounce of the Paris-green, one “ounce of
unslaked lime and three pounds of ashes. Powder the sub-
stances together very finely, place them ina thin calico bag
znd dust over the plants.

TRYXALIS NASUTA.

Points in the life history requiring further observation.
1. When and where the eggs are laid.

2. The length of time the insect spends in the larval,

z.é., in the wingless condition. This is important

since this and the egg stages are generally the
easiest, in the case of locusts, to combat.

3. Length of time spent in the perfect or winged condi-
tion.

4. The number of generations passed through during
the year:

OXYA VELOX,
BURM.

References :—Burm. Ent. 2. 6. p. 635. Acridium Hyla. Serv. Hist. Orthop,
p. 678. Oxya Hyla. And.—Serv. Rev. pag, 96, no, 1.
Gryllus velox. Fab. Ent. Syst. Tom. I p. 60.

Classification :—Order, ORTHOPTERA. Family, Acridiide.

Description.

Body shining, Head and prothorax apple green in colour -
on the underside of the head behind each eye there is an
oblique shining black stripe. Prothorax is pitted; the cross
furrows very fine; no dorsal keel is present; on the sides
touching the top there is a longitudinal black shining stripe
in continuation of that on the head, which runs down on to the
sides of the body. The elytra are a little longer than the body,
rather narrow, rounded at their ends, transparent, with the
inner edges opaque and green in colour; the outer edge is
slightly dilated near the base. The under wings are as long
as the elytra, transparent and colourless; the cross veins are
very fine. Abdomen and tarsus greenish yellow; front legs
and tarsus a light azure blue, the spines on the tibiz being
white, tipped with black. Antenne yellowish, darkening to-
wards the extremities. ¢. Length 1 to 13 inches,

The male differs in length being # to 1 inch long. Also the
outer edges of the elytra have no pronounced dilation, }

This species varies a great deal in length. The lateral
black stripe is sometimes entirely or partially effaced, PI. VI,
fig. 2, shows this insect,

Life History.

Little has been recorded on the life history of this small
locust. It is full grown in July-August, and has been reported
as doing damage in many of the warmer parts of India during
these months. Immature, 7.e., wingless specimens have also
been reported from Ganjam, Madras, in November, and it
may possibly turn out that these young ones result from the

OXYA VELOX, 5

eggs laid by the mature insects found in July-August. No
data are available as tc what becomes of these young insects
during the cold weather months or as to when they mature.

In October 1893 fully mature specimens of this pest were
very prevalent in the Peshawar District and neighbouring
hills, proving that the life history in the colder parts of India
will vary from that of the pest living in the warmer areas. It
is probable that the insect will be found to have but one gene-
ration in the year in the former case, whereas two, if not more,
may be the rule in the latter,

Localities from which reported.

This insect is generally found in company with Zryxatis
nasuta in India, and is to be found all over the country in the
areas given for that insect, In addition, it has been reported
from the Khasi and Jaintia Hills; Assam, and the Peshawar
District and neighbouring hills

Relations to the Forest.

Oxya velox was reported in company with T. masuta as
cutting down and feeding upon young blue pine (Pzuus excelsa)
and bamboo seedlings in sowings made in the Kangra Valley.

Protection and Remedies.
The same as given for Zryxalts nasuta.
Points-in the life history requiring further observation.
1. When and where the eggs are laid.
2. The length of time spent in the wingless stage.
3. Length of time spent in the perfect or winged con-
dition.
4. The number of generations passed through in the
year— 3
(a) in the warmer parts of the country.
(4) in the colder do. do,
5. Where and how the insect passes through the winter
and in which stage.

BRACHYTRUPES ACHCETINUS:!
STOLL.

References :—Stol!. Gryll. pl. 2c. fig. 8 @. fig.?.
Classification.—Order, ORTHOPTERA. Family, Gryltidz.
VERNACULAR NAME.—Thigi péka (Chittagong Hill Tracts).

Description.

The following is a description of this large thick-set cricket:
Body smoky brown, shining above; yellowish beneath. Pro.
thorax longish and only slightly narrower behind, edged all
round with a short dorsal furrow, and a faint cross line behind ;
it has two yellowish patches, longer in the female than in the
male. Elytra brown above, the portions bent down on each
‘side yellowish. Abdominal appendages &ths of an inch long and
yellowish. Tarsi yellowish; front tibia as long again as the
tarsus; tibia of the hind legs furnished with two rows of
strong spines, four on each side; the hair on the underside of
the tarsal joint of front legs, as well as the fringe of its two
claws, yellowish. Ovipositor of the female yellow, its valves
brown on the outside. Antenne brownish.

Length 24 inches. PI. I, fig. 1,a shows the larva and fig.
1, b the full-grown insect.

Life history.

The insects were first noticed towards the end of April, they
being then about a quarter grown, see. Pl. I, fig, 1 a. About the
end of May to the middle of June they are two-thirds grown,
being then 13 inches in length. They live in burrows in the
ground. These they construct in soft sandy situations, the
tunnel starting at an angle to the surface level and running ia a

1 This insect was first reported tome by Ranger Ashut)sh Chakravatty,
in charge of one of the ranges in the Chittagong Division, Bengal. The
notes on the life history are from observations made by the Ranger and
myself, whilst the crickets were attacking a young rubber nursery in 1¢00.

BRACHYTRUPES ACHGTINUS. "

zig-zag manner for some 2 feet and having a diameter of } to
a ofaninch. At the end it is enlarged into a small chamber
Holes examined were found to contain one, two, or as many as
three larvae. Up to the time the monsoon bursts the insect is a
voracious feeder, gnawing off the leaves and top-shoots of young
seedlings or cutting off the young plants at the level of the soil and
dragging them away to its burrow to eat. It is a most wasteful
feeder, as often, after biting through the stem of a voung plant,
it leaves it and proceeds to the one next to it, which is treated in
the same way and then left to die, no part of it having been eaten
by the insect. It is a nocturnal feeder and will only be found
out of its burrow in the day time in very dull cloudy weather.
In the evening it sits at the mouth of its hole and may be
recognized by its shrill piping. After the burst of the monsoon
the insect apparently disappears for eight to ten weeks, as all
injury ceased for this period and the holes were ceserted.
About September, however, when the rains are slackening, the
insects again make their appearance and are then seen to be
full grown, being about 23 to 2} inches in length and having fully
developed wings. They now begin again to feed voraciously,
and in October may be found in the holes in pairs,a ¢ and 9
living together in each burrow. These mature insects disappear
at the beginning of November after’ probably laying their
eggs in the ground near young vegetation. ~

Areas from which reported.

This insect was found attacking a young plantation at
Kaptai in the Sitapahar Reserve in the Chittagonz Hill Tracts.

The cricket has also been reported as very destructive in tea
nurseries in the Jorhat District, Assam, and to jute and rice crops
in Comilla, and is likely to have a. wide range in the country.

Relations to the Forest.

The ravages of this insect in a nursery, if unchecked, are
most serious. In addition to the large numbers of young plants
it actually eats, when swarming in numbers, a very considerable
quantity are wantonly bitten through by the pest and left

ete BRACHY TRUPES ACHGTINUS.

lying on the nursery beds or near the mouth of the burrows. !
will be found that these latter are made all over the loose sandy
soil of the specially prepared beds and will also occupy all sandy
patches of soil in the neighbourhood of these beds, even as much
as a hundred yards or more away. The presence of the insects
can at once be recognized by the round openings of these burrows
pitted all over the surface of the beds, and other favourable situ-
ations. Green. portions of seedlings will often be found pro-
truding from these openings, and the paths to them from. the
nursery, as well as the beds themselves, will be strewn with
half-eaten fragments or whole seedlings dragged up from the soil
or cut off at the ground level. This cricket is apparently omniv-
orous in its feeding but in the attack in the Kaptai nursery India-
rubber (Ficus elastica) seedlings, with which the nursery was
chiefly stocked, were. its favourite food, young teak seedlings
where found being also consumed.

Protection and Remedies.

In choosing sites for nursery operations, whether temporary
or permanent, the area should be carefully inspected to see
whether this insect is at work in the neighbourhood, and en-
quiries should be made as to whether its presence has been
noticed. . '

When the insect has appeared in a nursery in numbers the
crickets should be dug out of their holes and killed. Boys can
be put on to this work at small expense, and satisfactory re-
sults will be obtained. For the ones which visit the nursery
from outside, perfectly fresh young seedlings, poisoned by being
dipped in a solution of the arsenical powdér known as Paris
green, should be scattered about the nursery after sunset and also
uear the holes and runs of the insect outside the nursery. This
will get rid of alarge number. In October, when the crickets are
pairing, every hole should be carefully dug up and the eS found
in them killed.

In the Chittagong Hill Tracts this insect is esteemed a great

delicacy by the Mugs, etc., who dig it up eagerly and roast and ~
eat it with great relish.

BRACHYTRUPES ACHGTINUS. #9

Points tn the life history requiring further obser vation—

1. Where the eggs are laid by the female and their num-
ber. ; .

2.. When the young crickets hatch out of the eggs.

3. What becomes of the nearly full grown larve between
July and September.

4. Is there only one generation in the year.

SERICA ALCOCKI,
BRENSKE.

Reference :—Brenske in litt,
Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Scarabaeidz. Sub-
Family, Melotonthini.
Description. ¢
A smallish thick brown beetle, black to plum-coloured
above ; clypes rounded thickly but lightly punctured. Prothorax
convex, rounded at sides. Scutellum small but broad. Elytra
broadly striated, the striae being irregularly punctured, the
channels lightly punctured. Thighs broad, not spined; hind
tibie slightly dilated, front ones with two teeth. Antenne
slender, ten jointed, the club consisting of three small plates.
The last joint of the maxillary palpus short, ovate, and pointed,
Pl. IV, fig. t, shows this insect.

Life History.

This beetle is found on the wing in the middle of June, and
probably makes its first appearance somewhat earlier. The
insect was discovered on the 16th June 1896 by Mr. C. G,
Rogers, Deputy Conservator of Forests, feeding on Mallotus
philippinensts. No further notes on its life history have since .
appeared, and where the larval and pupal stages are passed has
yet to be discovered. As is usual with meiolonthids, these will
probably be passed in the ground, the larva feeding at night on
young seedlings and spending the day in its burrow in the
earth. It is thus probable that this pest will be found to do
damage in both its larval and imago stages.

Area from which reported.
As far as my available information goes, this insect has only
as yet been reported from the Debra Dun District, North-West

Provinces.
Relations to the Forest.

The beetle feeds on the young and tender succulent leaves
of Mallotus philippinensis. Nearly the whole of the leaf, with

SERICA ALCOCKI. ‘ i

the exception of the midrib, is eaten. The pest apparently
starts feeding indiscriminately either at the edge or in the
middle of a leaf, but was not noticed to eat the old mature
harder leaves.

The insect, like several other members of this sub-family, is
said to drop to the ground the moment the leaf on which it is
feeding is touched, and Mr. Rogers noticed that it was then,
owing to its colouring, very difficult to see amongst the dead
leaves and decaying vegetation.

Protection and Remedies.

In the nursery the Paris-green treatment should prove suffi-
cient to stop this insect’s attacks, since it is a foliage-eater in
its adult stage. Other treatment will, however, be required for
the larva should it make its appearance, The life history re-
quires working out.

Points in the life history requiring further observation.

1. Where the eggs are laid.

2. When and where the larve hatch out and feed and
| the nature of their food.

3. The length of time passed in the pupal stage.

4, The number of generations in the year.

SINOXYLON CRASSUM,
LESNE,

Reference :—Lesne. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Belgique Tom. xli, p. 21 (1897)°
S. coptura, Cuérin (inédit).

Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Bostrichide.

Description.
Neither the eggs nor /arve appear to have been yet. des-
cribed.

The édeetle is oblong in shape, slightly dilated posteriorly) |
entirely brown in colour and rather shining. Antennze and
tarsi reddish brown. The elytra are strongly punctate and
striated at their lower ends. Length 7—84 millim. See Plate
I, fig. 2, c. S. crassum is similar in appearance to S. anale, but
larger and more robust in build. ;

Life History.

The beetles appear on the wing in April in the plains of
the Punjab: in warmer parts of the country probably in March.
They bore into felled timber and also into stag-headed and
weakly trees for the purpose of egg-laying, the beetles tunnelling
their way into logs either through the bark or through one of
the cut ends. The gallery is gnawed straight down to the sap —
wood and the egg galleries then take off from it at an angle.
Little indentations are cut in the sides of these secondary gal-
leries and an egg laid in each, The larve on emerging feed
on the wood, gnawing out short galleries in which they pupate.
The beetles from these larve are those of the first generation
of the year and come out of the wood towards the end of July-
. They at once attack fresh wood in which they lay eggs which
give rise to the beetles of the second generation which: appear
in September-October.

Localities from which reported.
Specimens attacking Khair poles (Acacia Catechu) from
the Raipur forests, obtained by Mr. F, Gleadow in July 1890,

. SINOXYLON CRASSUM. 1

were identified as S. crassum, The beetles were swarming
in the poles. The insect has also been reported from Belgaum
(in April) and Canara in the Bombay Presidency and also from
Burma. : hy

‘* Bostrichid beetles ”’ were reported as damaging Sissu billets

in the Changa Manga plantation, by Mr. B. O. Coventry in 1899:

during April rgot I found that S. crassum was one of the
chief beetles engaged in this attack,}

Relations tothe Forest.

S. crassum does serious damage to the fresh-cut billets
and logs of Sissu (Dalbergia Stssoo) trees in the Shadhera
and Changa Manga plantations in the Lahore Division. It also
attacks stag-headed and sickly trees, When in numbers its
galleries entirely riddle the sapwood and penetrate into the
heartwood (see Pl. I, fig. 2,d). Stacks of wood so treated are
covered on the outside with the yellowish wood-powder pushed
out of the tunnels by the excavating beetles, and the wood has
a dilapidated decaying appearance, its weight being at the
same time greatly reduced. The commercial value of the wood
is thereby lessened,

When stag-headed and sickly trees are badly infested their
_vitality is greatly reduced and they eventually succumb.

_ The beetles’ only attack felled timber while it is still fresh
and sappy, but it appears to be immaterial whether bark is
present or not. They.also attack Khair (Acacia Catechu) wood
in a similar manner.

Protection and Remedtes.

The beetle’s active life lasts from April to October, and
during this period it attacks felled and stacked Sissu wood
cut in the above mentioned plantations during the previous cold
weather, November to March. This wood is stacked in heaps
along the compartment lines in the forest and remains there
till October, in order that it may dry and so become lighter.
Owing to having this constant supply of fresh material always

1 The beetles were kindly indentified for me by Mr. C. O, Waterhouse
of the British Museum.

14 SINOXYLON CRASSUM.

ready for it, S. crassum has increased in enormous numbers in
the plantations and has now become a formidable pest,
The following are remedies I would suggest :—

1. Remove from the forest as soon as felled the amount
of wood annually cut in the compartments, no fresh-
cut wood being allowed to lie in the forest after the
end of March.

2. That the fellings be so arranged that wood is not cut
in advance of the selling power. The amount —

. on hand at any one time being thus smaller, the
number of breeding places for the insects will
diminish.

3, The number of breeding places being thus reduced,
measures will have to be put into force to deal with
the large numbers of beetles which under these
circumstances will attack the green standing trees.

(2) Careful watch to be kept for attacked standing trees.
They will be recognised by small “shot holes”
appearing in the bark with probably particles of
sawdust at or near their entrances, Such trees, if
badly infested, should be cut down at about the end
of May (when they will contain larve and pupz) and
be chopped up and burnt. To ascertain the time to |
fell the tree, cut out a strip of bark and see if the
bark and sapwood contain small white grubs or
pupz. Ifso, this is the time to remove the tree.
If it is left longer the larve and pupe will change
into beetles and these will then bore their way out
and leave the tree and attack fresh ones.
This careful watch should be kept up between April
and October for a year or two after the plan of
immediately removing the cut fuel and logs has been
adopted.

(4) Tosave green trees from being promiscuously attacked,
“trap” -trees could be used. Suitable trees are
selected in convenient places adjacent to the areas
in which fellings have just been made and are ringed
or felled about February. The April beetles will

SINOXYLON CRASSUM. 1)

lay their eggs in these trees in preference to attack:
ing green ones, The trees should be felled in May,
cut up and burnt. In June another set of trees
should be similarly prepared to catch the second
generation of beetles, this second lot being ‘cut
down and burnt about the end of August.

Careful watching will show whether it is necessary to
repeat this treatment the next year.

Points in the life history requiring further observation.
1. Where does the insect pass the winter, and in which
stage, egg, larva, pupa or imago?
2. The number of generations passed through during the

year. It will probably vary in different parts of
India,

3. The number of eggs laid by the 2 and method of
laying them.
4. Description of larva and its method of feeding.
The Sissu billets examined were so terribly riddled by
the beetles, etc., that my notes on the way in which the eggs

are laidand the manner of feeding of the larval require corro-
boration.

SINOXYLON ANALE,
LESNE.

Reference.—Lesne. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. Tom. xli, p. 21 (1897).
Stebbing Injur. Ins. Ind. For. p. 42.

Classification.—Order, COLEOPTERA, Family, Bostrichide.

. Description.

The /arva is a little white curved grub with the anterior
segments enlarged and a median dark coloured line running
down the back; three pairs of legs are present (PI. I, fig. 2, a).
The grub is active in its movements, wriggling about when dis-
turbed. Length when full grown 4§ to 5 millim.

The pupa has the ordinary white beetle-like form which
gradually assumes the shape of the mature insect (PI. I, fig. 2,b).

The dee¢/e resembles S. crassum in appearance but is smaller
and of slighter build. It is at first light yellow in colour, becom- —
ing darker coloured as its outer parts harden. When mature it is
oblong, slightly dilated behind, black, with the elytra anteriorly
rufus-chestnut, more or less dusky, with antenne, palpi and
feet testaceous, the thighs being paler in colour and the abdomen
reddish at the apex. The head has a toothed forehead. Anten-
nz end in a strongly fan-shaped club, the second joint of the
club being about six times as broad as long. The elytra are
strongly punctate posteriorly. Length 4 to 54 millim. See
Pla Sig gta,

Life History.

The beetles appear early in April at Changa Manga, appar-
ently at the same time as S. crassum. In Chota Nagpur they
are to be foundin March. They remain active, however, later in
the year (as far as present observation goes) than the latter, as
I have found them issuing from wood as late as the third week in
November. The beetles attack trees and felled timber ina
similar manner to S, crassum, and often these two pests are to -
be found at work together. The beetle bores its way into the sap
wood and then eats out alargish chamber and from this two or

SINOXYLON ANALE. . 17

three secondary egg galleries take off. In small billets these
may be found at all depths. The eggs are laid at the sides of -
these galleries, the female blocking up the notches in which they
are laid and the gallery itself with sawdust. Larvee were found
in all stages of growth in the third week of April and pupe
between this and the end of the month. In May and June
beetles have been reported as active, they being those of the
first generation. Fully mature beetles also again appear in
September, disappearing according to Mr. B. O. Coventry in
October, The writer has found beetles issuing from Changa
Manga Sissu billets in November. There would therefore seem
to be a probability of there being three generations of this
insect in the year. The pest probably hibernates through the
winter in the larval stage or as a beetle, coming out and laying
its eggs in fresh trees and cut wood in April.

Localities from which reported.

In 1897 I found this insect attacking sal logs and sickly
trees from March well on into June in Chota Nagpur. In Octo-
ber 1899 Bostrichid beetles were reported by Mr, B. O. Coventry
from Changa Manga and in April 1go1, I ascertained that
ene of them was S. amale, it occurring also plentifully at
Shadhera. The following further note on the distribution is
given by Mr. P. Lesne:—

Bombay Presidency. Belgaum, taken at light in March,
April, and also beneath old bark (Andrews); Canara, found in Xylia |
dolabriformis, Benth. and in Shisham(Dalbergia lattfolia, Roxb.)
(T.R. D. Bell) ; Burma (G, Q. Corbett). Mr. Bell has observed
this species boring into the bark of the above mentioned trees
and then mining out beneath the bark a longitudinal gal-
lery ; the female chooses dead trees, the wood of which is not
quite dry. Mr. Bell has found the male and female in the same
gallery in March.

Relations to the Forest.

The action of this pest in the forest is very similar to that
of S. cerassum described above. It is probably the greater
pest of the two, since it will attack drier wood than its ally.
Owing to this habit it remains burrowing into billets and
timber for some time after they have been deserted by S. crassum

18 SINOXYLON ANALE.

thereby greatly increasing the depreciation in the commercial
value of the wood.

As we have seen Sal, Sissu and Shisham (D. Sissod fond
latifolia) and Xylia dolabriformis have up to date been
_ reported as suffering from the attacks of this pest.

As in the case of its companion it appears to bore with equal
ease into barked or unbarked timber, and this habit renders
it all the more dangerous.

Protection and Remedies.

The remarks made under this head for S. crassum apply
equally here. In addition dead standing trees should be cleared
out since the insect attacks wood in a dry condition.

Further, I would recommend that, if possible, the amount of
fuel kept on hand in the fuel depét at Changa Manga should be
reduced to the least possible minimum if it is not possible to
do away with the depét altogether. In April I found S. anale
_ fiddling the wood in numbers of stacks and others, which
had been in the depét for some time, were very greatly reduced,
Plate I, fig. 2, d, shows the results of the beetles’ work in this
wood.

Points in the life history requiring further observation.
‘1. The number of generations passed through during the
year between March and November. r
2, The number of eggs laid by the female and method of
laying them.
3. In which stage or stages the insect passes the winter.

{ Some natural enemies of Stnoxylon crassum and S, anale. |

TERETRIOSOMA STEBBINGII,!
LEWIS.

Reference :—Lewis, Ann, Mag. N, Hist. Nov. 1gor.
Classification:—Order COLEOPTERA. Family, Histeride.,

Description.

Only the male dee//es have yet been observed. The beetle is
a small; compact, cylindrical, somewhat elongate insect, pitchy
brown in colour, shining and rather densely punctured above.
The head is not hidden by the prothorax ; antennz are short
and bent, with a compact club. The elytra are closely applied
to the body but leave the last two segments exposed. Five
ventral segments of the abdomen are visible. Length 2% mil-
lim. See Pl. I, fig. 4. 5

TERETRIOSOMA CRISTATUM,
LEWIS.

Reference :—Lewis, Ann. Mag. N, Hist. Nov. 1901.
Classification: —Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Histeridz.

Description.

Only the male deet/e of this insect is known,

This beetle is very similar to the one above described. It is
piceous in colour, the thorax being more convex than the dorsal
region, and the scape of the antennz bearing long, palish hairs.
The insect greatly resembles the one shown in Pl. I, fig, 5.

1 This and the following beetles were kindly named for me by Mr. Lewis,
F.L.S., to whom my thanks are due. The first two proved new to science.

TERETRIOSOMA INTRUSUM,
MARSEUL.

The characters of this Jee¢/e are very similar to the above
mentioned two species, and for the purpose of these notes the
insect will be sufficiently recognised from the above descrip-
tions and figure.

3 Life history. ;

The above three species of Zeretrtosoma are predaceous
insects and were found together in numbers in the galleries bored
by the Szzoxy/on beetles, and more especially amongst their
larve on which they feed. It has yet to be observed whether
they also attack and devour the Sznoxy/lon beetles in their
mature state. These useful insects are at present only known
in their imago stage, their larval forms and the manner in
which they feed being as yet undiscovered.

Areas from which reported.
All the three species were found by the writer in the galler-
ies made by the Sznoxylon beetles in the Shahdera and Changa
Manga Plantations of the Lahore division in the Punjab.

Relations to the Forest.
Owing to their predaceous habits these insects are of the
greatest importance in the forest, as their operations tend to
keep down the numbers of two bad timber-boring beetles.

Protection.

As these beetles are found in the same positions as the
Sinoxylon beetles, my recommendations for exterminating these
latter will result in destroying large numbers of their pre-
daceous enemies. It is evident, however, that at Changa Manga
exceptionally favourable conditions have resulted in such* an
enormous increase of the boring beetles that their Teretriosoma
enemies are no longer able to cope with the numbers and keep
them in check, as, under normal conditions, they would probably
be able todo. It has become necessary therefore for the for-
ester to step in and my recommendations for the necessary

reatment have already been described.

. v

BOTHRIDES SP.

Reference :—Provisionally named as Bothrides sp. by Mr. C. O. Waterhouse
of the British Museum, to which collection the insect is new.

Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Colydiide.

The deetle is narrow, elongate, parallel, shining, and light
brown in colour above and below. The head is largish and pro-
trudes beyond the prothorax ; eyes round and fairly prominent ;
antennz end in a terminal club. - Prothorax a little separated .
from elytra, squarish; head and prothorax strongly punctate
above, Elytra deeply ridged longitudinally and punctate be-
tween the stria. Legs light brown; tarsi 4-jointed, none of
joints being broad; hind coxe are separated, fore and middle
ones close to one another ; five visible ventral segments. Slen-
der, active insects ; very quick in their movements. (PI. I, fig. 6).

3 Life history.

The beetles, which are predaceous, were found in the same
places as the Zeretriosomas above described, and were more
especially abundant in the galleries containing numerous S,
anale larve; it is not improbable that their attacks are con-
fined to these latter, and perhaps to their pupe. |

The notes given under “area from which reported,’’ “ rela-
tions to forest” and “ protection ” for the Teretriosomas apply
equally here,

Potnts tn the life histortes requiring further observation :—
1. Female insects of the Zeretrzosomas have yet to be
discovered,
2. The larvz of all these predaceous beetles are yet un-
known. i

3. We require to know when the eggs are laid and

where, and on what the larve feed.

4. The pupal stages are still unknown.

5. The number of generations in the year, and whether
these correspond in number with those of the
insects they live upon.

. Whether they prey upon the imago stages of the
Stuoxylon as well as the larval ones.

. How and where they pass the winter.

Oo)

*~s

MIMASTRA CYANURA.
HOPE.

Olassification :—Order, COLEOPTERA, Family, cHRYSOMELID4, Sub-
family, Galerucide. :
Description.

This small beetle is yellow in colour, shining, with filiform
antenne about # the length of the body. The head is small,
round and separate from the prothorax. Prothorax quadrangular,
slightly longer than broad. Elytra oblong-oval, dilated behind
and very obtuse. Legs longish. os

Life History.

The beetle appears on the wing about the middle of June
or perhaps earlier, it having been found.by Mr, C, G. Rogers,
Deputy Conservator of Forests, defoliating trees on the 18th of
the month, Neither larva nor pupa appear to have been noted,
and no further observations on its life history are forthcoming
with reference to the dates of appearance of these stages and
the number of generations in the year.

Locality from which reported.
This beetle was found in the Dehra Dun District in 1896.

Relations to the.forest.

M, cyanura is a leaf-feeding chrysomelid, and defoliates
both young and old trees of the species Grewza astatica. In
the aitack noticed in 1896 the beetles were said to have appeared
in large numbers flying freely and being sufficiently numerous
to produce a humming noise as of a swarm of bees passing
overhead. The majority of the leaves were badly eaten by the
18th June, in many cases only a short piece of the base of the
midrib remaining intact. No birds were present feeding upon
these beetles, and it is probable, as noted by Mr. Rogers, that
the thick orange liquid which they have the power of emit-
ting from their heads has some distasteful quality in its com-
position.

MIMASTRA CYANURA 23

Protection and Remedies.

These leaf-feeding beetles are best attacked by one of the
arsenical solutions, preferably Paris-green, sprayed on over the
plants to be protected, and this spraying should be done either

_in the very early morning or late in the evening. The beetles
feeding upon the leaves take’ the poison internally, and are
thus killed off,

More facts about the life history, such as where the eggs are
laid, where the larve feed, etc., are required to be known
before one can state definitely how such pests can be best
attacked,

XYLOTRECHUS VICINUS,
Land G.

References :—L. and G. Mon. p. 38, Decan. Clytus vicinus, Lacord. Ins.
IX. 1, 78.

Olassification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, cERAMBYCID€,

Description.

Beetle. Head not very large, rounded between the antenne,
convex slightly in front, with short cheeks. Antenne do
not reach to the middle of the elytra, are thin and filiform.
Eyes large. | Prothorax ovate tapering towards the head.
Elytra slightly convex, not meeting at posterior edges, thus
leaving a portion of the abdomen exposed. Legs long and not
very thick ; the femora slightly thickened and those of the hind
legs reaching beyond the elytra. In the females the antenne
are a little shorter and the femora of hind legs only reach to
the elytra tips. See Pl. IV, fig. 2.

Life History, ete.

Little is known on the life history of this insect. The
larva tunnels into the wood of the Oak (Quercus dilatata), and
specimens of the mature beetle were discovered in the trees
in August last and sent to me by the Ranger in charge of the
Kilba Range, in the Bashahr State, Punjab.

The insect is of interest, since it isclosely related to the ©
well-known coffee tree borer of South India, Xylotrechus
guadripes, Chur.

Observations are required as to how long the -larva of
X. vicinus spends feeding in the tree, the length of time passed
in the pupal stage, where the eggs are laid, etc.

1 Vide Injur. Ins, Ind. For. p. &0-81.-

-25

APRIONA GERMARI,'
HOPE.

Olassification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Cerambycide.
Sub-Family, Lamiide.
Description.

The /arva is a long, white, thick, grub witha well developed
head, powerful mandibles, and large thoracic segments. It is
legless, and when fully developed is about 3 inches in length
and 4 an inch across the thoracic segments.

The mature deet/e is 14 inches in length and is covered all
over with a golden brown pubescence, Its elytra are rough and
scarped at their anterior surfaces, where they are dotted with
small black raised points. Colour is more golden on the under
surface. Legs same colour as elytra, tarsus slightly darker.
Specimens with this colouring were found in 1897. In 1898,
one beetle taken resembled in form the above, but differed in
colouration. The colour was a ditty yellow, but the elytra had
several white blotches on them and there were two bright
orange spots on the thorax. It differed also on the underside
in having a broad white marginal band round the abdomen
extending to the head, thus being unlike the uniform colouring
_ of the other specimens. The first described specimens were
identified for me by Mr. C. O. Waterhouse, of the British
Museum, as A. Germart. I have not seen the 1898 beetle. The
difference in markings may be due to a difference in sex only.
Pl. IV, fig. 3, shows the larva, pupa and imago.

Life History.
The larva of this beetle has been found infesting stems of
the mulberry (Worus indica). Its presence has been known for

1 The notes on this beetle have been drawn up from careful observations
made by Mr. B. O. Coventry whenin charge of the plantation it infests,
from observations made by the writer when visiting the plantation, and from
the correspondence on the subject by Messrs. C. G. Rogers and B. O.
Coventry, published in the /ndian Forester, Vol. XXIV, pp. 203, 204 and
341—345; Vol, XXV, pp. 68, 69.

26 APRIONA GERMARI.

some years (Mr. Rogers mentions finding it in 1892), but
neither the pupz nor beetles’ were known at the Shahdera
Plantation, where it is reported from, till specimens of both
were discovered by Mr. B. O, Coventry in 1897.

Larvee of all sizes can be found in the stems at all times of
the year, this-clearly denoting that'they take a year or more
to-mature. Both pupz and beetles were found in the
middle of July, but none of the latter are said to be discoverable
in the stems in August. It is thus: probable that the beetle’s
flight timeis'at’ the commencement of the rainy season. As
the perfect insect is not to be found later on in the year, it pro-
bably at once pairs and‘lays’eggs‘on the bark of the stems
which, being now’ full of sap and soft, will be easily: bored into
by the young’ still tender mandibles of the small larve. The
young grubs remain for’a time boring in the sapwood and then
as they get stronger go into the heartwood and tunnel up and
down this. Some'tunnels ‘I inspected were 7 to 8 feet and more
in length. As soon as the tunnel enters the sapwood, branch
tunnels to the outer surface of the bark are gnawed out at
intervals for aeration purposes, and the course and direction of
the tunnel within the stem can be traced by these holes on the
outside, the holes becoming larger and larger since; as the larva
grows in size, it necessarily bores a tunnel of larger diameter
and the offsets to the outside also increase in circumference,
Careful search has failed to'show that more than one larva is
ever present in any one stem, and therefore it must be con-
sidered probable that the beetle lays but‘one egg on any one
tree. The position on the stem where it is laid would appear to
vary as Mr. Coventry considers it to be always high up, whereas
my own observations on some cut stems showed that in these
cases the larva had commenced its tunnel in the sapwood at
the foot of the tree. Mr, Coventry wrote :—

The larve, commencing -high up, burrow down the entire length of
the stem, and often a considerable way down one of the main roots ... .
After reaching its: lowest limit the larva appears to hollow out a chamber
sufficient to enable it to turn round, and then burrows straight up the stem
again, sometimes following ‘the old gallery and sometimes striking a new
one. tae

It is not improbable that the chamber here referred to is

APRIONA GERMARI. 29

made to. enable. the grub to rest for a period during the coldest
part of the winter, but this opinion, requires corroboration. By.
far the longest part of the tunnel, including all the. portion with
a large diameter, is:to, be found,in the heartwood, the larva
seeking this and leaving the sapwood as soon as its mandibles
are strong enough.to enable; it to bore: into the former.

Locality from which reported.

Although the larve and its work had been known for some
years at the Shahdera reserve, a Sailaba plantation on the
banks of the Ravi about 5 miles from Lahore, Punjab, it was
not until.1897, that beetles were obtained by Mr. B. O. Coventry
from which the insect was identified as Afriona Germart,

Relations.to. the. Forest,

Mulberry. stems are very, badly infested:by this beetle which
confines itself to this tree and does. not attack, its companion
the Sissu. The eggs are most-usually laid- on the main stems
of young living, coppice, shoots, about.three to four years: old,
and 23 to 3” in diameter, and the insect grows in, size with the
development, of the tree. Attacked trees can be recognized
owing to arusty red stain running below: each air-hole made
by the larva, the stain being caused by the trickling down, of
sap from these holes; also very often by the presence of saw-
dust at the foot and on the bark of the tree. The attacks of the
larva do not kill the tree, but the galleries bored up and down
the stem ruin the wood for timber purposes, and at Shahdera
the mulberry is only, sold as firewood. A large proportion of
the young trees are infested, and the old ones mostly bear the
marks of previous attacks in the unsightly wounds, often of
large size, which are to be seen on their stems. These wounds
have originated from the air-holes of the larva and the large
exit hole made by the beetle. Decay sets in at these points,
and is probably accelerated by rain water. These. large
wounds are not to be found on trees containing living larvae.

Protection and Remedtes.
Mr. Coventry has suggested that the. only. practical. remedy
is.to cut out all attacked stems:and. collect and. destroy
the larve. The damage chiefly originates in the young com-

28 APRIONA GERMARI.

partments, and the removal of attacked stems would be in the

nature of a light thinning which would be beneficial rather
than detrimental to the growing stock. This opinion entirely
agrees with my own, and, being that of an officer who has held
charge of the plantation, is, Iconclude, a feasible one. We have
already seen that the stems containing larve are easily recog-
nised: each stem cut down should be carefully cut up, includ-
ing the roots if necessary, until the larva is found and des-
troyed before a fresh one is felled. ‘This work would require
the most careful supervision, as upon its being done thoroughly
would depend the stamping out of the beetle completely. The

larvze found should be made to tally with the stems cut. If this -

plan were resorted to and a careful watch kept, I see no reason
why the pest should not be exterminated. <A strong reason for
endeavouring to free Shahdera entirely from this beetle exists in
the fact that it has not madeits appearance in the Changa Manga
Plantation only 40 miles away. Careful search during several
years has failed to bring to light a single case of attack on the

mulberry at the latter place, and the wood of the tree can thus

to a certain extent be sold as timber. The danger of the beetle
spreading to Changa Manga is very great, and increases yearly
as the pest becomes more numerous at Shahdera. That it has
not done so already is probably attributable to one of two
causes : either the beetle lays very few eggs or it is heavily para-
sitised. That it will spread across such a short strip of country
if given the time to do so is only too probable.

One further suggestion may be made:here. When com-
mencing a search for A. Germari at Change Manga I discovered
that only one forest guard, out of the whole staff of officers in
charge there, had ever seen the work of the longicorn at
Shahdera, or knew what its appearance was like or what to
look for in the search I was about to institute. I explained
with drawings at the time the appearance of larva and beetle
and its work in the tree, butif it be feasible I would recom-
mend that the entire staff at Changa Manga should be deputed
as occasion offered to visit the Shahdéra plantation and there be

shown the insect at work. They would thus be in a position’ |
to recognise it should it unfortunately get to Changa Manga,

APRIONA GERMARI. 29

and early steps could be taken to stamp it out before it
spread,

Points tn the life history requiring further observation.
1. The height on the bark of the stems at which the
eggs are laid. '
. The number of eggs laid by the beetle.
. The exact number of years passed in the larval stage.
. The number of days passed in the pupal stage.
Whether the differences in colouration of the’ beetles
found is merely a sexual one, the species being the
same.

um & WO Wb

ore

LIMNOBIIDA.

Reference :—The larvz in question were provisionally identified as Limno-
biids by Mr, C. O. Waterhouse of the British Museum.

Classification:—Order, DIPTERA, Family, Limnobiide.

In the tunnels bored by the longicorn larve Apriona
Germart, in the mulberry stems at Shahdéra Plantation, I dis-
covered in the oozing sap some thin, semi-transparent,
white larvze, from half an inch to one inch in length. The larve
were crawling about in the sap in the tunnels and are not im-
probably sap-feeders and not parasitic on the longicorns.

No further data about the life history of this insect are at

present available.

MYLLOCERUS SP.

Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Curculionidae.

This insect was found in company with Apoderus sp.
defoliating the leaves of the Sissu trees in the Sutlej valley.

Description.

The beetle isa brightish grey-pink in colour, about half an
inchin length. Dorsal surface grey-pink with black hiero-
glyphic markings on the elytra, which are slightly channelled
and pitted. Under surface grey. Antenne and legs grey. Pl.
III, fig. 2, shows a dorsal and side view. |

Life History.
This beetle is found on the wing in the middle of June when
it defoliates the Sissu, feeding onthe leaves of the tree. I
was not noticed pairing, and I was not able to form an opinion
as to whether it had done so or not. The specimens found
seemed to be chiefly intent on feeding.
The writer is not at present able to say whether further
observations have been made on the life history of this insect.

Locality from which the insect has been reported.
I discovered this beetle in the Sutlej valley at elevations of
between 2,300 and 3,500 feet. It was found on both banks both
in the Kulu and Bashahr States,

Relations to the Forest.

This beetle feeds on the leaves of the Sissu tree. It was
not very abundant at the time it was observed, but the
damage to the leaves was very appreciable. It appears to
prefer the older leaves, as it was on them that it was generally
to be found, but this may have been attributable to the fact
that most of the new ones had already disappeared under the
attacks of the Apoderus leaf-rolling beetle. The beetles eat
into the leaf, gnawing out portions and beginning from the

32 MYLLOCERUS SP.

outside edge. The portions eaten out are either circular or
irregular in shape, and sometimes the midrib is reached, but
this was rarely touched by the insect. The leaf was more often
eaten irregularly away on both sides of the midrib, leaving the
latter intact.

As this beetle affects the old leaves as well as probably the
new, it is capable of doing serious defoliating injury to the
trees when swarming in numbers.

Points in the life history requiring further observation.
1. Where the eggs are laid and their number.
2. Where the larva passes its existence, the nature of
its food, and time spent in the larval stage,
3. Length of time spent in the pupal stage.
4. Number of generations passed through in the year.

APODERUS SP.

Reference :—Provisionally named as Ajoderous Sp.
Classification: —Order, COLEOPTERA, Family, Curculionidae.

Descriptions
The eggs are pale yellow in colour with a glistening surface,
and about the size of a large pin’s head. I have not yet seen
the larva, It will probably be a small, whitish, curved, legless
grub, :

The female beetle is similar in colouring to the male but
is Jarger, being about a quarter of an inch in length, while the
male is one-sixth of aninch. The general colour throughout
the insect is a bright golden yellow. Head, thorax, and elytra
are edged with black except at the outer upper edges of the
elytra where they are golden yellow. Snout and eyes are
black. Antenne yellow at the base and furnished with black
knobbed ends. Forehead between the eyes black. Elytra
channelled and they have three black patches in the form of a
triangle on their upper halves, the patch at the apex being at
the anterior end: the elytra are edged with black on their inner
margins and the anterior outer corner of each bears a light
brown spot; they'do not completely join at their bases, leaving
several body segments exposed, Under surface of the prothorax
between the coxz a darker yellow-brown. Legs bright golden
yellow. PI. III, fig. 1 a, shows dorsal and side views of the ?
beetle, and J, dorsal view of the ¢,

Life history.

The beetle appears on the wing in June. From the 18th to
2oth of the month I found it in abundance actively engaged
in laying its eggs. Ina few cases the beetles were seen to
be pairing, but this stage was evidently nearly over, as was
evidenced by the fact that alarge number of eggs had been
already laid. My observations showed me that never more
than one egg is laid on any one leaf, The mother beetle

34 APODERUS SP.

proceeds about her egg-laying in the following manner.
Usually the egg is deposited to the left hand of the midrib
near the apex of the leaf. The leaf is then folded along the
midrib, the surfaces on either side being turned inwards. The
beetle then rolls the leaf tightly up from the apex downwards,.
tucking in the outer edges, so that the ends on either side are
symmetrical and. the whole forms a tight little roll. The end of
the stalk where it expands into the blade of the leaf is then
partially cut through, so that the little rolled-up mass hangs
downwards. [In other cases the beetle cuts the leaf at a point
about one-eighth or at most one-sixth of the length of the leaf
above its juncture with the leaf stalk. This is done in two
ways: either the leaf is cut through right across by a horizontal
incision, only a small portion of the outer edge being left to
support the cut portion or the beetle cuts through the leaf
horizontally on either side of the nvidrib, starting on each side
from the outer edge of the leaf and cutting inwards to the midrib
which is only slightly notched, In each case the egg is laid in
the same place and the leaf rolled upas above described. These
little bundles containing each anegg hang down (see pl. EL,
fig. 1, c), suspended by the portion of midrib still uncut or by
the small portion of the outer edge of the leaf still intact, as
the case may be; this small uncut portion soon dries up and the
little rolls then fall or get knocked off and drop to the ground:
(fig. 1,d). Ihave not yet been able to ascertain how many eggs.
are laid by each beetle, but it is almost certain that more than
one is laid, z.¢., that several leaves are so treated by the beetles-
From the eggs a small grub will emerge which probably at first
feeds upon the store of food thus provided by the mother beetle,
subsequently penetrating into. the soil and changing into the
pupal state. This is what happens in the case of the English
leaf-rolling species Athynchites betule which rolls up birch
leaves into a funnel-shaped structure in which several eggs are
laid,

‘this beetle resembles, in the performance of this marvellous
piece of work, a closely related Indian confrére which treats
the leaves of the Ban (Quereus tncana) and Moru (Quercus
dilatata) oaks in a somewhat similar fashion. |

APODERUS SP. 35

Localtty from which the insect has been reported.
The writer obtained this beetle in June r1rgor on the banks
of the Sutlej river, where it flows between the Kulu and Bashahr
States, at elevations of between 2,500 and 3,500 feet.

Relations to the Forest.

Whilst marching up the Sutlej Valley between Nirth and
Rampur the writer noticed that the sissu trees on either bank
ef the river were being heavily defoliated. The trees were
growing either in clumps or scattered here and there in the
river bed and on the terraces existing on either side of the
stream. An examination showed that the defoliation was not
due to any ordinary leaf*feeding insect. A certain amount
attributable to the latter cause was certainly going on, but the
serious part of the work was due to quite a different form
of attack. The first thing that attracted notice was the fact
that the crowns and ends of all the branches of the trees,
consisting of long yellowish green shoots just developed, or in
the course of development, were either totally leafless or rapidly
becoming so, The effect to the eye was as if one had taken
the new leaf-bearing twigs into the hand and pulled them
through the closed palm so as to remove the new leaves,
leaving behind only the long, bare, whippy, yellow-green new
shoots, A closer inspection, however, showed that these
shoots were not entirely bare. In many cases small portions
ef a leaf, looking as if they had been snipped off either
just above the juncture of the stalk with the leaf or at the stalk
itself, were visible and often hanging down from these a
small bundle of rolled-up leaf. These latter enabled me to
perceive what was taking place. A leaf-rolling insect was at work
and in each of these bundles, as already described, an egg had
been placed by the mother beetle, and in so laying their eggs the
beetles were stripping the sissu trees of the entire crop of their
new leaves, In some cases the little bundles had dropped, in
ethers they had turned black and were ready to do so, whilst
others again were stil] green and fresh, and I was able myself to
see Others inthe course of formation. Every tree on the 16 miles

of river I inspected, both on the Bashahr and Kulu sides of the
D 2

36 -APODERUS SP.

stream, was either entirely defoliated of all its new growth Or
rapidly becoming so, and there seems no reason for supposing
that the attack did not spread some distance further, both up
and down stream. The fact that the insect either rolls up the
whole of the leaf or cuts it across very close to its base renders
the’destruction of all leaves attacked complete.

In addition to attacking the whole of the crop of new leaves
I noted that the beetle also laid its eggs on and rolled up the
older leaves as well though in nothing like the same proportion,
{t was probably the abundance of the beetles and the shortness
of the supply of the new leaves that sent the insects to the old
ones, as these must have been infinitely more difficult to bend
over and roll up than the soft tender young ones.

Protection and Remedies.

In the present state of our knowledge of economic entomo-
logy in this country it is not possible to consider remedies
for application over large areas. The beetle probably has
both fungus and insect enemies, and the larva likewise, the
encouraging or introduction of which would keep it down. In
nurseries and small valuable plantations the question is not so
difficult. In such places I should advise the sweeping up into
heaps of the small fallen leaf rolls, each of which, it must be
remembered, contains an egg and therefore a future beetle, and
burning them zz situ. This work will be very simple if carried
out when the beetle is just finishing its egg-laying as the ground
then will be littered with the small rolls and by jarring the
young plants numbers will at once drop. In the case of small
areas the ground could be gone over two or three times to

make sure of removing and killing off as many eggs as
possible. Over larger ones one round would have to be sufficient,
“and it would be important to choose the right time, so that the
maximum number of eggs possible may be destroyed. When
the defoliation is about three-fourths complete would be the
best time to go round large areas, If the work is delayed
longer, the -larve from the first laid eggs will have left what
remains of the small rolls and have gone into the ground,
and it will then be too late to take steps against them unless

APODERUS SP. ay

ploughing or hoeing were resorted to, both of which would
probably be out of the question as involving too large an outlay.

Points in the life history requiring further observation.

1, The number of eggs laid by the beetle which will show
the number of leaves each destroys.

2. Time spent by the larve in the rolled-up leaf before
leaving it. |

3. Ascertain definitely whether the larva enters the ground
to pupate.

4. Length of time passed in the pupal stage. It is not
improbable that some 10 months or more will be
passed in this stage.

5. Whether there is more than one generation during the
year.

ALCIDES SP.

Reference :—Provisionally determined by Mr. C. O, Waterhouse, of the
British Museum, as a species of Alcides not in the Museum.

Classification: Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Curculionide.

Description.

The /arva when full grown is a fat white grub usually
more or less curled with twelve segments, the middle ones
thicker than those at either end. Head small and bright
yellow-brown in colour, Length 3? inch. See Pl. IV, fig. 6, a.

The pupa is of the ordinary curculionid shape.

The Jeetle is black in colour with black antennz and legs
the latter clothed with yellowish-brown hairs. The rostrum
(beak) is straight, thickish, about half as long as the insect,
the grooves (scrobes) in it on either side starting about one-
third down from the tip. Antenne medium sized, fairly thick ;
the scape is thickened at the joint and the funiculus ends ina
thick oval knob. Eyes large and elliptical in shape. Pro-
thorax rather triangular drawn out in front and produced into
a small point behind at its junction with the inner angles of
the elytra. Elytra meeting well together and rounded at bases.
. Prothorax and elytra studded with raised points. Body pubes-
cent. Front legs longer than the others. PI. IV, fig. 6, 6, shows
a dorsal and side view of this beetle.

Life History.

The beetle appears on the wing at about the beginning of
August, but at present it is not known when or where it lays
its eggs. Larva were found full fed in walnuts in the first
week in July, and it is therefore probable either (1) that the
weevil is to be found on the wing throughout the autumn,
hibernating under bark or decaying leaves, stones, etc., on
the ground and coming out to lay its egg on or near the young
@ flowers of the walnut in March or April; or (2) it lays its
eggs on the twigs near the young flower buds in the autumn of
the year in which it issues as a beetle. No external holes are to ~

ALCIDES SP. 39

be found on the green outer covering of the walnut. I first noticed
the attack in the Baghi forest, Bashahr Division, my attention
being attracted by the number of fallen walnuts littering the path
beneath a large tree. I cut open some of these nuts and found
in them the nearly mature fat, curved grubs of this weevil.
A large number of nuts were examined, and four to five grubs
per nut appeared to be the usual number present, but in
many cases 8, 11, and in one or two as many as 14 larve were
cut out of a single walnut. The attacks of these grubs cause
the fruit to wither, and about the first week in July the nuts
drop from the tree and the larve enter the earth and pupate
there about the middle of the month. Fifteen to twenty days
suffice for this stage, the first beetle obtained issuing on the 4th
August,
Locality from where reported.

This weevil was discovered in the forests between Taklesh,
Bahli, Songra, and Baghi, Bashahr State, North-Western
Himalayas in 1gor.!

Relations to the Forest.

Many of the walnut trees examined between the above-
mentioned places had their entire crops of seed ruined by
the attacks of the larvz of this curculionid. The effect of these
Operations within the nut is to reduce the inside to a black
rotten mass of tissue and excrement in which the grubs live. The

~whole of the kernel and inner hard shell (endocarp) is reduced
to this state, and only the hard outer green covering (pericarp)
with a very thin layer of the inner shell is left intact. No holes
of any kind are to be seen on the outside of this gréen outer
covering. By the time the inside of the nut is brought into
this condition it falls to the ground into which its weight,
which is still considerable, causes it to sink. The period of
this dropping of the nuts is also that at which the monsoon
usually bursts over the hills and the grubs consequently have
no difficulty in entering the softened ground.

11 placed the nuts I collected in a box containing alayer of moist earth.
On leaving Simla on July 17th, Mr. J. H. Lace, at the time Assistant Ins.
pector General of Forests, kindly undertook to look after them for me and
he obtained these beetles.

40 ALCIDES SP.

Points in the life history requtring further observation.
1. Where and when the eggs are laid—a very important
point in connection with attacks of this kind.
2, The length of time spent in the adult stage. Also a
very important point.
3. Where, and in which stage, does this insect pass
through the winter.

CRYPTORHYNCHUS SP.

_ Reference:—Provisionally determined as Cryptorhynchus sp. by Mr. C. O.
7 Waterhouse, of the British Museum. Mr. Waterhouse wrote

that it was at present impossible to name the species, it being
new to the Museum.

Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, cuRCULIONIDA,
Descr tption,
The Jarva is a small white, thickish, legless, curved grub
of the ordinary weevil type. Length nearly jin. See Pl. IV,
fig. 7, @.

The pupa is naked, dark in colour and tucked round it the
developing wings can be distinctly seen. On the underside the
legs and the proboscis, both still immature, are to be seen
folded on the breast and body.

The Jdeet/e has the ordinary weevil shape. Head and
rostrum black, the latter a little more than a } length of insect,
not very thick and tapering slightly to apex ; it is tucked under
body at rest: the scrobes (grooves in which the scapes of the
antennz fit) commence a little above the middle of the rostrum
and are slightly oblique, directed upwards to the point where
the base of the antenne takes off. Antenne fairly stout, the
scape swollen into a knob at the point of its juncture with the
funiculus (upper part of antenna, above elbow) ; funiculus ends
in an oblong oval knob. Eyes large, strongly facetted.
Prothorax triangular tapering anteriorly, black marked with
brownish spots. Elytra reddish-brown meeting well together ;
channelled with a small white blotch about their centre anda
larger one towards posterior extremity of each. Legs smallish,
thighs gradually thicken to a lump where the tibie join them,
the. posterior ones not reaching to the end of the abdomen.
Tarsi long and hairy beneath.

Pl. IV, fig. 7, 4, shows the pupa and, c, the mature beetle,

42 CRYPTORHYNCAUS SP.

Life History.

The flight time of this weevil is about the beginning of De-
cember at which time all the stages of larva, pupa, and adult
beetle may be found beneath the bark of the host plant.

The larve were found just beneath the bark of young
Pinus Khasya trees. They apparently feed on the cambium
layer and grow to full size here and then gnaw out a cavity in
the wood, line it with wood chips, and change into the pupal
state within this little cell. These cavities were invariably
found tobe packed with fresh moist wood chips or ‘ wood wool’
when they contained larve, whereas in those containing mature
or nearly mature adult beetles the wood wool was found to be
dry and yellow. When the weevil is ready to issue, tt bores a
fresh hole straight through the bark of the sapling and crawls
out. .

This is all that is at present known about the life history of
this pest. Observations on the subject for the other eleven
and a half months of the year are required.

Locality from which reported.
This beetle was reported in December 1901 from a_planta-
tion in Maymyo, Upper Burma.

Relations to the Forest.

The attacks of this weevil were pointed out to Mr. Long,
whilst inspecting an experimental plantation of Pzwus Khasya
by Mr. D. A. Allan, Ranger, Numerous trees, five years
old, were seen to be dying. In some cases these trees were
suppressed by their neighbours, in others the dominant trees
themselves were dying. On felling and examining one of the
latter, the various stages of the beetle were found in abundance,
Most of the larvz were already full fed and had left the bark
and were ensconced in cavities in the wood of the saplings, these
cells having been generally bored within a foot of the ground
and never, as far as was observed, more than two feet above
the surface of the soil,

1 The notes here given on the life history of this pest, together with larva,
pupa and adult beetle, were forwarded to me in December 1g01 by Mr. G.R.

Long, Personal Assistant to the Conservator of Forests, Southern Circle,
Upper Burma.

CRYPTORAHYNCHIDS SP. 43

The tissue surrounding recent cavities was fresh and sound ;
that round o'd ones spongy and rotten, In most cases Mr,
Long noted that ‘the woody tissues, often to the centre of the
tree, were stained blue as though by fungoid mycelia, and I
incline to think that, although the insects do damage, it is the
fungus which they let in that proves fatal.”

‘©The plantation is about 3,200 feet above sea-level, and has
a southern aspect. Other Pinus Khasya trees, scarcely 200
yards away, having a northern aspect, having so far escaped
attack. Pinus longifolia also with a northern aspect has not
yet been attacked.”

This question of the aspect may or may not have any con-
nection with the prevalence of the attack, but these wood-
boring pests usually spread slowly: when, however, they appear
at a centre in numbers, they spread outwards from this area,
and if their attack is unchecked and conditions are favourable,
their numbers increase very rapidly, and following this increase
the infertation radiates rapidly in all directions from the original
source, —

Protection and Remedies.

Where feasible, undoubtedly the best remedy in. cases of
attacks of this nature is to cut out all infected stems and burn
them at once. If this operation is carried out carefully, it will
effectually stamp out the trouble. This is the remedy I sug-
gested in the case in question, but as many of the weevils would
have already issued, a careful search should be made for eggs
and a watch kept for the signs of fresh young larve appearing
in the trees,

With reference to the blue stain in the bark, attributed by
Mr. Long to the mycelia of a fungus which he considers may be
the final resulting cause of the death of the tree, it must be
borne in mind that since it commences at the holes made by
the weevils, their attacks would seem to be the primary cause
of its presence in thetrees, I have not as yet seen any of the
attacked stems with this fungus 7” s7¢z, so am unable to express
any opinion on the subject,

44 CRYPTORHYNCAUS SP.

OT — —————————''-O-OOeOS?

Points in the life history requiring further observation.

1. Where the eggs are laid. It is not improbable that the
weevil makes small incisions in the bark with its
proboscis and places its eggs in these.

2. The time spent by the larva feeding in the bark of the
tree before it gnaws out its pupating chamber in
the wood.

3. The life history of the insect from January to Nov-
ember. How many generations in the year does
it pass through and the length of time spent by
the various stages of egg, larva, pupa and beetle,
should there be more than one generation in the
year.

WOOD-BORING LEPIDOPTEROUS LARVA.

Accompanying the weevil larve found in the bark of the
Pinus Khasya trees as above described, a number of other and
larger larv# were sent to me mixed up with the weevil grubs.

These larger larvee are pink in colour with three pairs of
jointed legs on the first three segments of the body, four pairs
of sucker legs, one on each of the sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth
segments and another pair on the anal segment. The presence
of these determines the larva to be a lepidopterous one, and it
probably belongs to one of the wood-boring families of the
fleterocera or moths. These larve require further careful study
as they may prove todo as much, if not more, damage than the
weevils. They were only found in the bark and were not full-
grown. It will perhaps turn out that as they grow older they
will leave the bark and bore into the wood, See. Pl, IV, fig. 8,

I have recommended that some of the stems attacked by
these larvae be kept under supervision with the object of
obtaining the pupe and moths of the pest for identification.
All other stems infested with the grubs should be cut out and
burnt so as to stamp out the pest before the moths mature and
issue from the trees to lay eggs and spread the attack to un-
infested ones.

SCOLYTUS SP!

Reference :—Provisionally determined as Scolytus sp. near Scolytus
destructor.

Classification :— Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Scolytidz.

Description.

The /arva is a small, white, curved, legless grub, about 5'1
millim in length. See Pl. 1V, fig. 4, a.

The beetle is black and shining, cylindrical, antenne and
legs being fulvous brown with yellowish-brown tarsus. Head
projecting with a broad rostrum, Under surface of abdomen is
flexed upwards. Thorax longer than broad, sparingly punc-
tured, the punctures being smaller and weaker on upper sur-
face, which is very shining, Elytra uniformly pitted over with
punctures, suture of elytra depressed. Length 5°5 to 6 millim.
Pl. lV, fig. 4, 4, shows a dorsal and side view of this insect.

Life Htstory.

This beetle appears about the beginning of May and com-
mences to bore its galleries between the bark and wood of
deodar trees, choosing by preference sickly trees, which, if young
saplings, it bores into towards the base. In the case of older
poles, it is found all over the stem. In the riddle of May
young larve are to be found and the beetles from these would
appear to issue about the end of July and in August. They at
Once pair and re-start the work, and a fresh generation is gone
through, larve being present through September and beetles
issuing about October. Itis probable that a portion of the larve
of this second generation hibernate as such, only a certain num-

ber of the earlier developed ones going on to the beetle stage.
e

1This beetle was first reported as infesting deodar in the Bashahr
Division, Punjab, in August 1g00, by Mr. Minniken, Deputy Conservator of
Forests. Mr. Ribbentrop, then Inspector General of Forests, went up and
studied the attack. Further notes on its life history were made by the
writer in May-June 19o1.

46 SCOLYLUS SP.

The over-wintering larva were discovered by Mr. Ribbentrop:
curled up in the end of their galleries in the pupa-cradle. In
other cases he found a hole at the end of the larval gallery
- through which the perfect beetle had made its exit from the tree.
It will not unlikely be found that the October beetles bore a
little way into the bark of fresh trees and hibernate in it through
the winter, coming out ta May of the following year and boring.
into fresh trees to lay the eggs of the first generation of the year.

Localities from which reported.

The insect was first discovered by Mr. Minniken in the
deodar forests of the Bashahr State in August 1900. The fol-
jowing year the writer found it in ceodar trees in the Jaunsar
division of the North-West Provinces some 100 ‘miles or so to
the south-west of the area in which it was originally discovered.

Relations to the Forest.

The discovery of this Sco/ytus is of some scientific interest,
since | am not aware that the genus Sco/ytws has previously
been reported as attacking conifers in India. It does not do
so in Europe, where it confines its attacks to broad-leaved trees,
although it has been reported from America in this connection.

The beetle up to date has only been found attacking pole
forest, boring galleries which are partly in the bark and partly
in the outermost layers of the wood of the trees.

The mother gallery is from 24 to 34 inches in length, ascend-
ing and vertical, consisting of a series of short zig-zag curves
along both sides of which small notches. are gnawed out and an
egg deposited in each. The secondary galleries ramify from it
in a most graceful manner, the ones taking off from the centre
portion of the main gallery being at right angles, whilst those
more; remote trend away from these at ever-widening angles,
the upper ones in an upward direction, the lower ones ina
downward one. These galleries are “not broader at their
ends than the mother gallery; they lie close together and are
long, sometimes as much as 3} to-4 inches though generally
about 3 inches inlength. See PI. IV, fig. 4, c. Pupal. chambers
are excavated in the bark or sap wood.

SCOLYTUS SP. 47

As in the case of most bark beetles, this Scolytus probably
prefers to attack sickly trees in preference to healthy ones, but
in. several instances in Jaunsar Il cut them out of trees which,
as far as external appearances showed, were quite healthy.
That the insect is liable to ierease mm large numbers under
favourable coaditions and then infest healtby trees would
appear to be the case from the 1g00 attack in Bashahr. Two
areas were very badly attacked, the spots being at some dis-
tance from one another and the trees in the neighbourhood of
each infested portion being nearly, if not quite, free from tie
beetle.

I was enabled to inspect some of the poles which had been
cut out (and barked) from one of these areas. They were a
remarkable sight. Pcles 20—25 feet in length of bole (minus
top which had been cut off before extraction from forest) and
with a girth of 4% feet at base, were covered their entire
length and girth with the scolytid galleries, the mother galleries
being at times so close that the larval secondary ones interlaced,
all trace of the symmetrical pattern of the scolytid being
thereby lost. There could be no doubt of the ultimate cause of
death of these trees. The whole of the cambium layer had been
riddled. by the beetles and their larve.

| Protection and Kemedtes.
At this stage of our knowledge of the life history of tiis pest
I can add nothing to the preventive measures instituted in
‘Bashahr under the advice, I believe, of Mr. Ribbentrop.
The origin of the attack was attributed by him to the large
number of suppressed and consequently sickly trees in the pole
forests,

On both the areas attacked all infested trees were cut out,
each one was barked andthe bark burnt. In addition to this,
each stump was barked and this bark also burnt. Trenches
were then dug round the stumps. This latter part of the
protective measures was superfluous, Bark beetles only leave
the trees by flight. The grubs, as their life history shows,
never leave them, Six hundred trees were thus removed from
one ot the infested areas and fifty from the other, watchers

48 SCOLYTUS SP.

having been posted to give notice of fresh trees attacked.
Mr. Minniken. reported towards the end of 1900 that no new
trees been had infested after the completion of the preventive
measures undertaken.

In rgox the writer made a close inspection of portions of these
areas, stag-headed and diseased trees being felled here and there
and carefully examined. The watchers of the previous year, who
were thoroughly well acquainted with the beetle’s method of
attack, also aided this search, but no beetles, pupz, or larve
were to be found in the trees inspected. This inspection was
made at the end of June. It is too early yet, without further
study of the habits of the insect, to say definitely that the pre-
ventive measures instituted nipped in the bud what might have
proved a serious attack of this pest, but I am of opinion that
had not the areas been so dealt with, there is every probability
that the beetles would have multiplied and spread in all directions
from the two infested centres.

Points tn the life history requiring further observation.

1. The number of generations in the year. It is pro-
bable that this will vary at different elevations. Is
there a spring generation at the higher elevations ?

2. The length of time spent in the various stages of
larva, pupa, and beetle.

3. In which stage is the winter passed ?

4. What insects prey upon these beetles and their
larve in their burrows ?

’

An Insect Enemy of Scolytus sp.
PREDACEOUS CLERID LARVA.

Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Cleridz.

Accompanying the Sco/ytus beetles found in Bashahr were
a number of long fleshy-pink larve from a 3 to § of an inch
long and provided with strong, flat mandibles, twelve distinct
rings to the body, the last one ending in two hooks. See PI.
IV, fig. 5.

These larve are carnivorous and in all probability prey upon
the Scolytus grubs. Whether they also attack the beetles or
these latter are attacked by the clerid beetles, which is more
probable, has yet to be discovered.

These larve exercise no doubt a check on the rapid multi-
plication of this pest, and their protection, whenever possible, is
to be desired.

Nothing further on the subject of this insect’s life history is
at present known, and the beetle has not yet been found. The
writer will be glad to receive notes and specimens on the vari-
ous stages of its life history.

Wood-boring Insects following the Scolytus attacks.

BUPRESTID and LONGICORN BORERS.

(Buprestidze and Cerambycidez.)

Ina tree nearly dead but still.standing, which had been
badly attacked by the Scolytus sp. beetle during the 1900 in-
vasion, as evidenced by the numerous galleries on the inside of

50 BUPRESTID AND LONGICORN BORERS.

the bark and in the sap wood, | found a number of two classes
of wood-borers tunnelling in the outer layers of the sap wood.

(1) Buprestid lacve.—The most numerous. White larve
from 1 to 14 inches long with a large head and
thoracic segments, the segments following being
very much smaller in girth. These larve were
boring shallow galleries in the sap wood in which
they were usually to be found with the lower part
of the body doubled back on to the anterior seg-
ments. These larvae were in all probability about
8 months old, the egg having been laid during the
previous year by the parent beetle. Nothing
further is known about the life history of the
insect.

(2) Longicorn jarve..—White larve, about 1 inch or a
little less in length, with large head and prothoracic
segments and stout, thick mandibles. The seg-
ments of the body are not very much less in dia-
meter than those of the head and thorax. Head
black, rest white in colour, No legs present.
These were tunneling deeper into the wood, the
tunnels being but little wider than the greatest diae
meter of the grub and in no way resembling those
of the Buprestid larve.

I have no further observations about this insect at present.

The attacks of these buprestid and longicorn grubs follow
a general rule that these insects invariably make their appear-
ance in a tree that has been infested by bark-borers. They come
at a later stage, when the bark-borers have undermined the strong
vitality of the tree, and their grubs remain boring in the wood
long after the tree has been deserted by its first invaders. The
fresh bark is necessary to many of the young longicorn and
buprestid grubs whilst their mandibles are still small and tender,
As they become more developed, they are capable of tackling
the wood of the tree, and fresh bark is no longer a necessity or
even a requirement to them, as is the case throughout the whole
of the life history of the bark-borer,

ayy uit

BUPRESTID AND LONGICORN BORERS, 51

The pupal and imago stages of both these insects have yet to
be observed, They will in all probability both take place in
the wood, cee

PSEUDOSPHINX DISCISTRIGA.
WLK.

References :—WIk. Cat. viii, p. 209; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. ii, pl. 73, figs. 1, ta, 16
(pupa and larva); C. & S. no. 176. Diludia melanomera,
Butl. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 13; C.& S..no. 177. Diludia macro-
mera,Butl. A. M. N. H. (5) x, p. 435. Diludia grandis, Butl.
P. Z. S. 1875, p. 260; C. & S. no. 175. Diludiarubescens,
But]. P. Z. S. 1875, pp- 260, 6a3; C. & S. no. 178. Macrosila
obliqua, Wlk. Cat. viii, p. 208; C. & S. no. 174. Anceryx
nicreta, WIk. Cat, xxxi, p. 36; C & S. no. 179. Diludia vates,
Butl, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 13; C. & S. no. 180. Anceryx pinastri,
WIk. Cat. viii, p- 223. Hmpsn Faun. Br. Ind. Moths i. p. 105,
no. 169.

Classification :—Order, LEPIDOPTERA, Sub-Order, HETEROCERA,
Family, Sphingide.
Description.

Larva.—The general colour of the caterpillar is a pale
lemon yellow or sap green. The first three segments are stud-
ded with whitish specks raised in relief on the surface. The
last segment of the body and the horn are also similarly studded
with these raised dots of colour; a longish red horn on the
last segment but one is also studded with the whitish specks
of colour. Head green with a diagonal transverse stripe run-
ning from top of head outwards on either side. On the.dorsal
surface of the body are a series of green lateral lines starting
from the centre of the dorsal surface and running forwards and
outwards down over the side of the body. On the portions of
these lines extending down the flanks of the insect they are
bordered for a short distance by short purple-red lines above,
and below by a white line along their entire length. From the
base of the horn is projected on either side outwards and for-
wards a whitish line bordered .with purple. The prolegs are
reddish purple. Clasper legs white. The above description
is that of a three parts grown larva. The colours darken
slightly as the caterpillar matures, and in the case of one
specimen I kept the white, green, and purple diagonal streaks

sup the two sides of the dorsal surface merged into reddish

- PSEUDOSPHINX DISCISTRIGA. 53

purple square patches of colour, the white and green being
entirely lost. Larva when full grown isa large, thick-built
caterpillar of 3 inches in length.

Moth.—A stout large moth of a general greyish appearance,
but with considerable variation in colouring and markings.
Hampson describes it as follows :—

Head, thorax, abdomen, and forewing grey; dark brown
bands along sides of palpi and thorax meeting on metathorax,
where there are a few blue and yellow scales; a dark line down
vertex of abdomen and paired more diffused subdorsal lines,
Forewing with some dark strigae from the costa; two dark
streaks in the interspaces below veins 2 and 3; a dark streak
from the costa before the apex, curved down to vein 6,
then upwards and bent back before reaching the apex; a
series of submarginal lunules; cilia chequered brown and white.
Hindwing brown, with a pale patch with two dark lines across
it near anal angle. Under side paler, with indistinct transverse
lines.

There are four well-marked varieties which are not locally
constant :—

(1) rubescens, a dark red-brown form with a prominent

oblique black streak from costa of forewing to
. lower end of cell; hind wing very dark ;

(2) disctstriga = melanomera = macromera = grandis,
a grey form, much powdered and suffused with
dark brown;

(3) obliqgua, a whitish-grey form with a prominent black
streak on fore wing as in rudescens, but continued
to the outer margin; hind wing very dark; the
patch at anal angle remaining pale;

(4) dzereta = vates,a pale form, but slightly powdered

”‘ with brown.

Expanse of wings 90—140 Mal iMeeesceat aL tio’. t.
Life History.
. The larve of this moth are to be found feeding on teak

leaves towards the end of July, at which period they have been
found of all sizes up to nearly, if not quite, full grown. It is

54 PSEUDOSPHINX DISCISTRIGA °

probable that the young make their first appearance when the
teak is putting on its new foliage somewhere about the begin-
ning of the month. Sphingid larvz are, as a general rule, by no.
means either very common or gregarious in their habits. This

rule does not apply to P. discistriga which was exceedingly
plentiful on teak in Berarin July 1901, swarming over the trees
and feeding voraciously and wastefully. It apparently rarely
entirely finishes a leaf, eating from 3 to 3 only and then seeking
a freshone. When feeding, it eats straight on through all the

ribs and minor veins of the leaf and thus its attack can be easily
distinguished from those of its offtime companions Hydlza

puera and Pyrausta acheralis. It is to be found at all eleva-
tions between 1,800 feet, and 2,900 feet, and at the latter

elevation appeared to almost entirely take the place of H. puera

and P. achzralis. The caterpillar when alarmed takes up a

characteristic attitude, raising the first few segments of the

body and curling them over downwards so as to roll upand

protect both head and prolegs. As its growing period is during

the rainy season, it is perhaps natural that it should be un-

affected by rain. I have watched it feeding unconcernedly in

the heaviest of tropical showers, and I noticed them to be

numerous on the trees on the morning after a 6 inch fall of rain

during the night.

One moth, just issued from the chrysalis and with wings still
unexpanded, was found on August 3rd.

I think it is improbable that this insect has more than one
generation in the year, but further observation is required on
this point.

Localities from which reported.

Larve of this insect were exceedingly plentiful in the
Melghat teak forests, Berar, in July rgor. A few specimens
and one moth were also found in the Central Nursery, Poona,
at the beginning of August during a visit made there with

ir. Wroughton, Conservatcr of Forests

Mr. Williamson, Deputy Conservator of Forests, informed
me that the insect is to be found generally throughout the Melghat
teak areas. Hampson gives the habitat of this moth as Chinat,
throughout India and Ceylon,

ee ee ae

— ee

PSEUDOSPHINX DISCISTRIGA 55

Relations to the Forest.

P. discistriga is to be found defoliating the teak in company
with the two well known defoliators Hydlza puera and
Pyrausta acheralis. Its own attacks can be easily recognised
by the large irregular shaped holes eaten out of the leaves, all
veins being indiscriminately consumed. The attack thus differs
very considerably from that of its companions, the fornier of
which leaves untouched the chief and side veins, eating every-
thing else, whilst the latter feeds only on the parenchyma, leaving
all veins untouched. Mr. Williamson, who has eight years
experience of the Melghat forests, informed me that he has

- noticed them as constantly present on the teak at the beginning

of the rains, and he is of opinion that this caterpillar does more
general defoliating damage at that time in those forests than
either of its companions. In 1897, he noted that go per cent.
of his teak areas were entirely defoliated in August and Sep-
tember, but he is not able to say which of these three species
was most responsible. They appeared to feed equally upon
both young and old trees and eat old and new leaves indis-
criminately. I occasionally found it on other trees, but teak is

its chief host.
Protection and Remedtes.

This pest requires further study. I noted that the larve
appeared to be heavily parasiticised, but I am not at present able
to say whether the parasites were Hymenopterous or Dipterous
flies, :

In the Poona nursery thé young insects were said not to
be numerous : should they become so, 1 recommend the spraying
of the young plants with the arsenical powder Paris green.

Points in the life history requiring further observation.

1. Where the ege’s are laid. Is it on the twigs of the
teak ?

2. Length of time spent in the larval stage.

3. Length of time spent in the pupal stage and where
the larva pupates.

4. Length of time spent in the imago stage.

s. How the insect passes the cold weather months. Is it
in the egg stage ?

CLANIA CRAMERI,’
WESTWOOD.

References :—Westw. P. Z.S. 1854, p. 226; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. ii, pl. 118.
figs. 1, 1a (larvaecase); C, & S. no. 490. Hampsn. Faun.
Br. Ind., Moths, I, p. 291. no, 617,

Classification:—Order, LEPIDOPTERA. Sub-Order, HETEROCERA.
Family, Psychide.

Description.

The J/arva lives within a small case of longitudinally
arranged twigs which it carries about with it like a snail
carrying its shell. The larva adds to this case as it grows,
but never leaves it. See Pl. Il, fig. 2 a.

The pupa is formed within the case of twigs, in which it
remains if the insect is a female, this sex being practically
wingless.

Moth. &.—Head, thorax and abdomen clothed with light
and dark brown hair. Antennz bipectinated to tips. Fore
tarsus with the terminal joint long; tibia with a long spine. —
Fore wing red-brown, the veins streaked with black; the
interspaces with pale streaks; more or less fuscous suffusion
On outer area. Hind wing smoky brown. Wings rather short
and broad.

Expanse of wing 30 millim. See Plate II, fig. 2, 4, c.

Life History.

The larve hatch out in July and at once commence to feed
on the needles of the Pzuus longifolia, which tree this insect
defoliates. The caterpillars are voracious eaters and continue
feeding upon the needles until November. Trees of allages are
attacked.

1 This insect was found in 1898, in the Jaunsar Division, North-Western
Himalayas, by Mr. B. B. Osmaston, F.C.H. The observations on the life
history were made by him. Some old larval cases were sent to the Indian
Museum in June 1897, by Babu Sadanand Gairola, from the Jaunsar
Division.

CLANIA CRAMERI. 57

The winter is passed probably in the larval or semi-pupal
state. Perfect pupz are to be found within the twig cases
in April of the year succeeding that in which the defoliation
takes place.

The moth appears in June. It is probable that only the
male moth is to be found on the wing in the forest, the ¢’s
of this family being wingless insects never quitting the twig
case in which, after being fertilised by the male, they lay their
.eggs. |

Plate II, fig. 2, 6, shows the case made by the larva with
the pupal case of the male protruding from it, the insect
having escaped ; fig. 2, c, the ¢ moth.

Area from which reported.
This insect was reported from the Jaunsar forests in the
North-Western Provinces in 1808.
Hampson in the Fauna of British India gives Ceylon as fe

habitat.
Relations to the Forest.

This insect occasionally does a large amount of damage to
Pinus longifolia by stripping the trees of their needles.
It is apparently to be found to a greater or less extent
every year in forests consisting of this tree, but in 1898 it was
particularly numerous, doing a vast amount of damage to trees
of all ages.

Points in the life history requiring further observation.
1. Where the eggs are laid. It will probably be found
- that they are laid by the wingless female moth
5 within her pupal case inside the twig case made by
the larva. .

2, Where the larva hangs up or fixes its twig case before
changing to the pupal state. This is important
since on it depends to a great extent the fact as to
whether any remedies are possible in nurseries and
plantations in which this pest might appear plentifully.

3. The exact stage within the twig case in which the
insect passes through the winter, Is it the larval,
semipupal or pupal stage ?

SUANA CONCOLOR,
WLK.

References:—WIk Cat. vi, p. 1463; C. &S. no. 1508; Lebeda bimaculata,

WIk. Cat. vi, p. 1463; C. & S. no. 1506; Moore Lep. Ceyl.

ii, pl. 140, figs. 1, 1a, 6 (larva); Suana ampla, WIk. Cat. vi,
p. 1502; C.& S. no. 1505; Suana cervina, Moore, P. Z.S.
18479, p. 410; C & S. no. 1507. Hmpsn. Faun. Br. Ind.
Moths, I, 406. no. 903.

Classification :— Order, LEPIDOPTERA. Sub-Order, HETEROCERA.
Family, Lasiocampide.
Description.

The larva is a pale greyish-brown in colour covered with
-numerous black strie; the second and third segments with
raised dorsal humps covered with close black or dark brown
hair; immature specimens have small white-haired dorsal
papillz on the fourth to the tenth segments, each with a pair of
red brown papillz in front and a pair of crimson papilla on each
side; the eleventh segment has a black dorsal tuft; there are
lateral brownish tufts on each segment; the head is longi-
tudinally banded with black. (This description, which differs
slightly from Hampson’s, is that of living specimens.) PI. V,
fig. 1, @ shows the larva of this insect.

The larva when pupating spins a long semi-elliptical cocoon
grey to grey-brown in colour consisting of coarse silk and hairs
from its own body and some 3 to 4 inches in length. (Fig, 1, J.)

The pupa is black, shining, slightly concave dorsally and
1 to 1:25 inches long. The pectinate antennz of the future
moth can be seen outlined cn the pupal skin.

Moth. &. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark red-brown.
Fore wing dark red-brown, the costa greyish; a more or less
distinct yellowish subbasal spot; a silvery-white spot at end
of cell; two antemedial, a medial, and two postmedial dark
waved lines; a submarginal lunulate line, with yellow marks
more or less prominent in the undulations, Hind wing dark

red-brown.

{er ee

SUANA CONCOLOR. 59

a ee

Some specimens lose the white spot and others are very
dark, Expanse of wings, 52—64 millim,

?. Much paler; the markings similar; fore aR with a
small grey patch at the base.

The form ampla-concolor has lost the white spot at end of
cell of fore wing which is present in dimaculata ; all the inter-
grades are to be found. Expanse of wings 106—146 millim.
Pl. V, fig. 1, c, shows the pupa, @, the moth of this pest.

Life History}

The moth appears on the wing at the end of March and
beginning of April in Northern India. It is not known as yet
where it lays its eggs, but it will be probably found to be
somewhere on or near its food-plant which is the sal tree
{Shorea robusta, Gaertn.), When the young larve come out
of the egg is not known, but towards the end of October
they are nearly full grown and pupate about the middle of
November, They spina tough, stout cocoon of coarse silk
mixed up with much of their own hair which they fix either
in crevices of the rough bark of the stems of large trees or to
branches, twigs, or beneath the bark of the trees. The winter
is passed through in this stage, the moth appearing, as already
stated, at the beginning of April.

Localities from which reported.
The insect is common in the sal forests of the meters
Dun in the NortheWest Provinces. Hampson gives through-
out India and Ceylon, Philippines and Java as the habitat

of this moth,
Relations to the Forest.

The caterpillar defoliates the s4l and at times this defoliation
would appear to be somewhat heavy. Further observations are
however, required on this point since this tree has apparently
many defoliating pests, and it is necessary to determine which
are those to be the most feared.

Observation has, however, led me to the conclusion that it

will not unlikely be found that the s4l defoliators of Assam

ere en ee

1 These observations were made by Mr. F. Gleadow, Deputy Conser-
wator of Forests, Student Subramarian, and the writer.

60 . SUANA CONCOLOR,

and Eastern Bengal differ from those attacking the same tree
in Madras and the Central Provinces, and that boththese would
seem to differ from those to be found in the Siwalik sal forests
of the North-West Previnces,

Protection and Remedtes.

The pupz in their long semi-elliptical shaped cocoons are
so easily seen that in nurseries and plantations, when this
insect is giving trouble, their collection should be enforced, all
cocoon cases with their contents being burnt or destroyed
in some suitable manner. Until the life history of the larva is,

however, known, it Is not possible to state how it might be best
attacked,

Points in the life history requiring further observation.
1. Where the eggs are laid ?
2. When the young caterpillars hatch out? - Length of
time spent in the larval stage ?
3. Is there more than one generation in the year—._
(1) In the Siwalik s&l forests ?
(ii) In other warmer parts of India ?.

TRABALA VISHNU.
LEF,

References :—Lef. Zool. Journ, iii, p. 207 ; C. & S. no. 1456; Moore, Lep.

E. I. Co. pl. xxii, figs. 3, 3b (larva) Gastropacha sulphurea,
Koll. Higel’s Kaschmir, iv, p. 471; C. & S. no. 1449;

Trabala mahananda, Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 821; C. & S.
no. 1454; Amydona basalis, WIk. Cat. vi, p. 1415; Amydona
prasina, Wlk. Cat. vi, p. 1417. Amydona pallida, Wik Cat
vi, p- 1417; Hmpsn. Faun. Br. Ind. Moths. I. 421; no. 936.

Classification :—Order, LEPIDOPTERA. Sub-Order, HETEROCERA:
Family, Lasiocampide,

. | Description.

Larva. Head yellow, spotted with red; the body colour
brownish grey, with long lateral tufts on each segment; that on
the first black and grey, the others grey; paired dorsal and
lateral black spots on each segment, from which spring long
black hairs, the spots on the thoracic segments coalescing.

Another form of the larva is blackish with a broad white
dorsal stripe, the anterior tufts red-brown.

A third form is reddish with the lateral spots blue.

Cocoon is ochreous in colour, with short black hairs project-
ing from it, which are intensely irritating.

Moth. 3. Pale apple-green ; antennz ochreous brown, the
disk of fore wing and inner margin of hind wing whitish; fore
wing with a faint pale antemedial line curved below the costa ;
a dark speck at end of cell; a pale straight oblique postmedial
line, which becomes medial on the hind wing ; both wings with
a series of small submarginal dark spots. Pl. V, fig, 2, shows
the male moth.

@. Yellowish green, which fades to ochreous ; the lines and
spots of both wings enlarged and blackish; the spot at end
of cell of fore wing large, conspicuous, and irrorated with black
scales, and sometimes centred with grey; a red-brown patch

1 This insect was reported to be defoliating sal forest near Dubri, Assam,

in company with Lymantria grandis and Dasychira sp., by Mr. J. Camp-
bell, Deputy Conservator of Forests.

62 TRABALA VISHNU.

thickly irrorated with black occupying the whole medial inner
area from the median nervure to inner margin ; cilia of both
wings blackish.

Expanse of wings ¢ 50—60; ? 80—go millim.

Hampson gives the habitat as China, throughout India,
‘Ceylon, Burma, and Java.

Life fHistory, etc.

In Assam the larva of this moth is to be found in the sal
forests during April-May, and apparently does a certain amount
of defoliation. The moth appears on the wing in June and was:
sent to the Indian Museum in 1898 from the sdl-areas near
Dubri where it was defoliating the trees in company with Zy-
mantria grandis. No further accounts of this insect’s life in the
forest are at present available. It is probable that there will be
at least one other generation of the insect during the year
about August September. .

This adds one more to the lengthening list of s4l defoliating
Heterocera, and observations are required as to which of the
species are reponsible for most of the damage done.

Potnts in the life history requiring further observation.
1. Where the eggs are laid. Are they laid on the sal
twigs?

2. The time spent in the larval stage.

3. The time spent in the pupal stage.

4. The number of generations in the year. If more than
one, the times spent in the various stages of each
generation. .

5. Where the insect spends the winter, and in whick
stage of its metamorphosis.

DASYCHIRA SP.

References :—Ind. Mus. Notes, V. 1, 33.

. Olassification:—Order, LEPIDOPTERA. Sub-Order, HETEROCERA,
Family, Lymantriide.

Description.
. No description of this pest appears to have been pub-
lished.

The caterpillars of the genus are, however, hairy and the
pupa is formed in a‘silken cocoon.

The moths are medium sized, the male smaller and more
brightly coloured than the female.

The palpi of these insects are porrect, the second joint
heavily fringed with hair, antenne with the branches long in
male, short in @; legs hairy. Fore wing with the outer margin
oblique.
Life History.

The larvee of this moth made their appearance in a portion
of the Assam sAl forests in August 1897, and, despite the very
heavy rainfall which followed the great earthquake which had
taken place the preceding June, did a certain amount of defo-
liation,

This generation did not spread much but in the following
November a second generation of the larve appeared, and in
company with other species of caterpillars spread greatly.
A third generation of larve appeared about the end of January,
the number of caterpillars being reported as enormous. To-
wards the end of March yeta fourth generation of the Dasychira
appeared, and the pests did not finally disappear until May.
Caterpillars of this fourth generation collected on the 23rd
March, changed into the pupal stage on the 3oth and 31st March,
and an imago emerged on the 2oth April 1808.

It would appear that the two first of these generations took
some 8 weeks to pass through the various stages of their

1 Vide Ind. Forester Vol, XXIV, 9 (1898),

64. DASYCHIRA SP.

metamorphoses, whilst in the case of the last two, six weeks
sufficed from egg to mature moth, |
The life history from May to August has still to be studied.

Locality from where reported.
The insects were sent from the Goalpara district in Assam.

Relations to the Forest.

The sal was completely defoliated throughout this district
in 1893-94. This was repeated in 1897-98, the Dasychira sp.
appearing towards the close of August in the Hil and Charai-
daka blocks. In November the area affected extended over
the greater portion of the Ripu Reserve and on into Chirang.
The third generation in January was the most mischievous,
invading almost every sal tree throughout the Goalpara divi-
sion, Early in March the sal forest presented the appearance
of a mere mass of upright bare poles, without a vestige of
foliage on them except in the case of.a few young trees near
the Bhutan border on the west of the district which escaped
attack, When the leaves of the trees should have fallen, none
were left to fall, all having been devoured, The inflorescence
which usually appears about the close of January or early in
February failed to develop at alle With reference to this, it is
stated that the Guma Reserve, about “26 square miles in extent,
where the insects were few in number, wasa mass of foliage and
inflorescence in March, prognosticating an excellent seed season,
when this pest appeared in thousands and cleared off both
leaves and flowers. New shoots and leaves started sprouting
in March and were left untouched till the end of the month
when the fourth generation cleaned them off the trees. Other
trees suffered as well as sal but to an insignificant extent, except
the few Zerminalia tomentosa in the west of the district
which were stripped in a similar manner to the sal.

The damage done to the trees is serious. Growth is arrested,
numerous young shoots and twigs die, and it is stated that
the number of unsightly knots on branches have their origin
in this manner. Poor soils and shallow exposed situations
and ill-grown trees are first attacked, but depredations are not
limited to these, and the defoliation is said to become so com-

7 |

we Pe ee

; DASYCHIRA SP. 65

plete that not a vestize of a leaf is left. The numbers can only
be imagined from the area worked over, which in the Reserved
lorests alone exceeded 500 square miles.

Dasychira was accompanied by Leucoma diaphana, Moore,
during the August attack ; by Zrabala vishnu, Lep., during the
last or May generation; and by Lymantria grandis, Wk.
throughout all its generations, the latter being as numerous
and active as the Dasychira,

The first mention of these great defoliating attacks was
made by Mr. W. R. Fisher in 1878, the next reference being 14
years later in 1892.

Protection and Remedies.

As would be expected, these hordes of caterpillars are infested
by numerous parasites, although little is at present known about
them, Great difficulty was, however, experienced at the time
in breeding out moths from the larve owing to the parasitical
attacks to which they were subject. It is stated that in spite
of the vigour and numbers of the larve, one should rather say
by reason of it, these parasitic attacks increased, and whilst
the larvee were swarming in thousands, large numbers were seen
to be ina sickly condition. Red ants are said to have been
attracted and to have helped to kill off the larva.

Enquiries made seem to point to the fact that these attacks
have become more serious since wholesale fire protection was
introduced by the Department. This latter is said to have
become only really effective over the sal areas in this part of
Assam in 1891, and it is since then that the insects have

. returned annually in larger or smaller hosts. It is impossible

without further careful recorded observations to say what
truth there may be inthis theory. It is, however, certain that
serious attacks by insect pests did occur in the old days before
fire protection and equally so that very little attention was
at that time paid to defoliating or other insect attacks.

Points in the life history requiring further observation.
1. Where the eggs of each generation are laid.
2. The exact length of time spent in the egg, larva,
pupa, and moth stage of each generation.

66 DASYCHIRA SP.

3. What becomes of the insect between May and August ?

Is it in the egg stage during this period, and if so,
where are these eggs’ laid ?

4. The identification of all the caterpillars which
accompany the Dasychira in its various generations
is required.!

‘Note.—I shall be much obliged if specimens of all stages of all these
defoliating pests could be sent to me to Dehra Dun, with a full note as to

locality obtained from, with elevation, nature of forest (z.¢., pure or mixed,
good or poor), the amount of damage done, and dates of appearance, etc.

ee =

LYMANTRIA AMPLA,
WLK.

References :-Wik. Cat. iv, p. 883; Moore, Lep.’E. I. Co, pl. ga, fig. 4,

and pl. 1s, figs. 7, 7a, 8, 8a (larva); C.& S.no. 1028,
Hmpsn. Faun. Br. Ind, Moths, I, 460, no. 1028.

Classification :—Order, LEPIDOPTERA. Sub-Order, HETEROCERA,
Family, Lymantriide.

Description.
The darva is brown in colour and clothed with tufts of short
hair and long hair from the anterior and posterior segments ;
male with a pale subdorsal line and dorsal and lateral white
spots ; female with black dorsal spots and a white spot on the
ninth segment. Head and legs ochreous.

Moth, &. Palpi hairy. Head, thorax, and abdomen yellow
brown, legs spotted with black. Fore-wing greyish-brown ;
a black sub-basal line with some spots beyond it; an antemedial
waved line ; a spot at middle of cell and luaule at end of it ;
a diffused postmedial band and double waved postmedial line.
Hind wing brown, with an indistinct waved postmedial. line ;
an elongate black mark near anal angle ; cilia of both wings
spotted with black.

@. Antenne serrate. Head, thorax, and aborted wings white,
spotted with black ; abdomen blackish.

Expanse of wings 40 millim.

Life History, etc.

This insect is a very close ally of the well known destructive
European pest Lymantria (Liparts) monacha, Linn., and it is
therefore recorded in these notes. At present little is known
of its life history in India, although it exists throughout the entire
continent as also in Burma and Ceylon. It has proved a
destructive defoliator to the Peepul tree’ (/%cus re/igiosa) in
Calcutta.

LYMANTRIA OBSOLETA,
WLK.

References:—Wlk. Cat. iv, p. 880; C. & S. no. 1014. Lymantria bhas-
cara, Moore, Lep. E. I. Co., p. 345. Lymantria vinacea,
Moore, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 402. Lymantria albolunulata,
Moore, P. Z. S.1879, p. 403; C.&S. no. 999. Lymantria
sobrina, Moore, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 402, pl. 33, fig. 5.
Hmpsn. Faun. Br. Ind. Moths, Vol. I, p. 461. no. 1031.

Classification :—Order, LEPIDOPTERA. Sub-Order, HETEROCERA.
Family, Lymantriide.
Description,

General colour of the moth is brown with black markings.
The head and thorax black. Hampson describes it as follows:—

3. Head and thorax brown; abdomen slightly tinged with
crimson. Fore wings irrorated with dark scales; indistinct,
double lunulate antemedial, medial, and postmedial lines ; a black
lunule at end of cell, but no spot inthe cell. Hind wing pale
brownish fuscous.

@. Abdomen crimson, with a dark line on vertex and series
of black spots, the extremity brown; hind wing with the inner
area suffused with crimson.

The form albolunulata from the North-West Himalayas
has the fore wing more irrorated with black; the postmedial
lines with whitish lunules between them. A form from the
Khasis has the ground-colour of fore wing paler ; the hind wing
nearly pune white, with a fuscous lunule at end of cell and irre-
gular sub-marginal band; the cilia of both wings chequered
black and pirkish,

In the form sobrzna the lines of the fore wings are better
defined ; the hind wing with the inner margin tinged with pink ;
female with the abdomen yellowish.

Expanse of wings: ¢ 42, 2 72 millim,

Areas from which reported.

This moth was plentiful in 1899 in the sal forests of the
Jalpaiguri Duars situated at the foot of the North-East Hima-
layas in Bengal. (Sir H, A. Farrington, Bart.)

It has a wide range as Hampson gives its habitat as China,
formosa, and throughout India and Ceylon.

LYMANTRIA TODARA
MOORE.

References :—Moore, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 402, pl. 33, fig. 6; Hmpsn. Ill. Het
vill, pl. 141, fig. 1§ (2); C.&S. no. 1020. Hmpsn, Faun.
Br. Ind. Moths, Vol. I, p. 463. no. 1035.

Classification:—Order, LEPIDOPTERA. Sub-Order, HETEROCERA,
Family, Lymantriide.
Description.

A largish moth with white wings with blackish markings
white head and thorax, black antenne. Hampson thus
describes it :—

36 . Head and thorax white; antennz black ; a yellow line
behind the head ; two black spots on collar; and four on vertex
of thorax ; abdomen yellow. Fore wing with the postmedial
waved lines single towards inner margin. Hind wing pale
yellow, with a fuscous marginal band,

2. Abdomen yellow and black. Fore wing with the waved
lines absolescent ; the black patches on costa and inner margin
large and well defined, the first three on costa crossing the
cell; a patch on centre of outer margin; the one on inner mar-
gin Y-shaped. Hind wing fuscous white, slightly tinged with
yellow ; the sub-marginal band almost obsolete.

Expanse of wings: ¢ 54, 9 88 millim.

Areas from which reported.

This moth was found in company with Z. odsolefa in 1899 in
the sal forests of the Jalpaiguri Duars at the foot of the North-
East Himalayas in Bengal. (Farrington). Hampson states
that it has also been reported from the Nilgiris and Ceylon.

LYMANTRIA MATHURA,
MOORE.

References:— Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 805; C. & S. no. 1026, Lymantria
aurora, Butl. A. M. N. H. (4) xx, p. 403. Hmpsn. Faun. Br.
Ind. Moths, ly pp., 464-465. no. 1038,
Classification :~Order, LEPIDOPTERA. Sub-Order, HETEROCERA.
Family, Lymantriide.
Description.

3. Head and thorax pale fuscous, marked and spotted with
black; the line behind the head yellow; third joint of palpus
orange; two orange spots on mesothorax ; abdomen orange with
black spots on its vertex; anal tuft black, Fore wing very pale
fuscous; an orange speck and thin black spots at base ; a broad
subbasal black band; an antemedial line; a spot near end of
cell and lunule on discocellulars; a median band; two post-
medial and one submarginal lunulate line; a marginal series
of spots. Hind wing orange with a black spot at end of cell
and conjoined series of submarginal spots forming a curved
band ; some spots on centre of outer margin.

@. Head and thorax white ; frons fuscous; two black spots
each on collar, meso, and metathorax ; palpi, antennal tuft, and
two spots on mesothorax crimson; abdomen crimson, with
small black spots on vertex, the terminal segments whitish ; legs,
black and crimson. Fore wing white ; some crimson and black
basal spots ; a subbasal line ; an antemedial waved line joining
at inner margin two postmedial lunulate lines, the space’
between which is often completely filled in with fuscous ; a fus-
cous spot towards end of cell; some lunulate submarginal
marks forming a more or less complete band; a marginal
series of spots; costa and cilia crimson. Hind wing crimson,
with a fuscous spot at end of cell; a sub-marginal maculate
band and some spots on centre of margin. Expanse of wings:

6 40—54, 2 g6—112 millim.

Areas from which reported.
This pest was found in company with Lymantria obsoleta
and LZ. todara in the : al forests of the Jalpaiguri Duars in Ben-
gal. (Farrington.)

Hampson also gives Japan, North-West Himalayas and Sik-
Klas its habitateas

LYMANTRIA BIVITTATA,
MOORE.

References :— Moore, Lep. Atk., p. §7; C. & S. no. 1022. Hmpsn., Faun, Br.
India, Moths, I, p. 466, no. 1043,

Classification :—Order, LEPIDOPTERA. Sub-Order, HETEROCERA.
- Family, Lymanitriide.

Description,

?. Head and thorax white; palpi and antenne black;
frons tinged with crimson; basal joints of antennz and line
behind the head crimson ; abdomen crimson, the basal and
terminal segments white. Fore wing silvery white; two black
basal marks; an outwardly oblique antemedial line with waved
edges, joined at inner margin by an inwardly oblique antemedial
line with waved edges joined at inner margin by an inwardly
oblique postmedial line; a series of marginal spots. Hind
wing white. Expanse of wings too millim.

Areas from which reported.
This moth was found in company with Lymqntria obsoleta,
L, todara, and L, mathura in the sal forests of the Jalpaiguri
Duars at the foot of the North-East Himalayas. (Farrington,)
Hampson also gives Sikkim and Sylhet as its habitat.

Description of eggs and larva.

The eggs are apparently laid in masses on the bark, the indi-
vidual eggs being stuck together by an excretion of the female.
Dried specimens are small, round, silvery little globes, about
as large as an ordinary sized pin’s head which they greatly
resemble. No description of the /arvz of the above four Lyman-
triid moths was made at the time of the reported attack. It
may, however, be noted that the caterpillars of the family

'It is at present doubtful as to which of the many different kinds of larva:
sent in connection with these attacks produce the various species of
Lymantria moths above described. They have therefure been dealt with
collectively,

(2 L. OBSOLETA, L. TODARA, L. MATHURA AND L, BIVITTATA.

lake DN ee oe Sh 8 ee ee ee ee
-Lymantriide are hairy, being generally clothed with very thick
hair or with thick tufts of hair.

The pupz are described as being formed within cocoons, the
latter consisting of the caterpillar’s hairs fastened with a very
small quantity of silk.

I have taken these four moths together since no data are at
present available as to which larva is the most abundant and
their descriptions are still required.

Life History}

The caterpillars probably make their appearance some time
during the latter part of August, since the defoliation of the
Mairaghat Forest was observed to be complete about the middle
of September.

Some larva: were collected on 22nd September and placed
in a box under observation. On the 4th October pupation
commenced, both amongst the caterpillars inthe box and gene-
rally amongst those in the forest, the caterpillars being full-fed
about the end of September.

Caterpillars were, however, to be found in small numbers in
the forest after October 4th.

The insect remained in the pupal stage for about nine
days, the first moths emerging on the 13th October. From the
above descriptions of the latter it will be noticed that the
females are generally larger than the males.

Eggs were laid by the females in about two days after
fertilisation which took place almost as soon as they had left
the cocoon and become fully developed. After egg laying the
female moths died.

This is at present all we know about these life histories.
Iam of opinion that it will probably be found that this Septem-

1The specimens of these insects were sent to me in December 1899 be
Sir H. A. Farrington, Bart., from the Jalpaiguri forests, Bengal, of which
he was incharge. The notes on the life histery which he sent me were, he
says, drawn up by his Range Officer Babu L. R. Sen. No observations were
made before the middle of September as the Ranger was away on leave till
then, and Sir ao), did not visit that portion of his division till October.
On the Ranger's return he found the sal trees in his range leafless, the

defoliation being due to caterpillars of the above described moths.

= a

PeOns our del TODARA, Li MATHURA AND L. BIVITTATA. 73

ber generation of the pest was not the first one of the year, and
investigation will not improbably show that there is at least
one, if not more, earlier generation. The forests should be
carefully watched at the time the spring crop of leaves is
appearing on the sal and other trees attacked.

Relations to the Forest.

Whilst the insects are to be found on other species of trees
common to sal areas, the heavy defoliation accomplished by
them appears to be chiefly confined to sd4l trees. Both sAl
standards and sal coppice were completely defoliated in the
attack of 1899, whereas coppice of other species escaped to a
great extent. The damage is of the most serious nature, since
as soon as the trees lose their crop of leaves and become leaf-
less, all growth is stopped and the annual increment put on by
the tree greatly lessened. The defoliated s4l trees commenced
putting on new leaves about 13 months after they were com-
pletely stripped.

Sir Henry states that the caterpillars did no damage in
evergreen forest and little in mixed forest.

The following trees, amongst others, were also attacked :—

Lagerstrimia parviflora, Terminalia tomentosa, T.

bellerica, T. Chebula, Careya arborea (slightly),

and Macaranga denticulata (slightly). Neither
Dillenia nor Chilauni were apparently attacked.

Protection and Remedies.

It is stated that evergreen forest was not attacked, and mixed
forest only slightly, coppice of species other than ‘sal also
only slightly. On areas therefore where this insect is found
to make its appearance annually once or twice in the year, I
recommend that where possible mixed forest should replace
pure sdl. In the case of coppice, where complete defoliation is
most serious since it greatly retards the growth of the young
trees, which will not have reached the size expected cr required
of them at the end of the rotation if subject to annual or tri-
ennial attacks of these pests, a mixture with other suitable trees

is also to be strongly recommended.

74. L: OBSOLETA, LU TUDARA, L.MATHORA AND LeBIVitt Alas

Points tn the life histories requiring further observation :—

1. The number of generations in the year. This is most
important. Is there a spring generation ?

2. When the egys are laid ?

3. Descriptions of the various larve engaged in the
attack. Which is the most numerous ?

4. The life history of the insect from the time in October.
when the females lay eggs and die until some
time during August when the autumn larve are
defoliating the forest.

5. Careful watch should be made for larve when the
young new|leaves are appearing on the trees in
the hot weather, and when new flushes of leaves
appear after a heavy defoliating attack.

LYMANTRIA GRANDIS;!
WLK,

References :--Wlk. Cat.iv, p. 874; C. & S. no. 1008. Lymantria maculosa,
Wik. Cat. iv, p. 881, Lymantria metarhoda, Wlk. Trans
Ent. Soc, (3) 1, 1862, p.7 . Hmpsn. Faun. Br, Ind., Moths,
I, p. 465. no 1040, Ind. Mus Notes, v. 1, p. 33.

Classitication:—Order, LEPIDOPTRA. Sub-Order, HETEROCERA
Family, Lymantriide.
Description.

The /arva is very hairy, of an ashy-brown colour overlying
a darker hue, with two conspicuous tufts on the first segment
of the body. It is about 2 inches long.

Moth. 8. Wiffers from L, mathura (already described) in
having the orange markings replaced by crimson, except that the
abdomen is somewhat orange towards the extremity. The shaft
of the antenne and ground colour of thorax and fore wing are
pure white.

@. Differs from Z. mathura in the frons being black, the
second joint of palpus with a black spot.

Expanse of wings:— d 58, @ 110 millim.

Lifenilistory.

In the 1897-93 defoliating attack upon the sAl trees in
Goalpara, Assam, this insect was reported as working almost
contemporaneously with the Dasychira sp. larve; in other
words, four generations of the larva appeared between the end
of August 1897 and the end of April 1898 the caterpillars
being present in August-September (ist yeneration), November
(2nd generation), end of January-February (3rd generation),
and March (4th generation). Notes were made in the case of

1 Specimens of this insect were sent tothe Indian Museum in June 1898»
by Mr. J. Campbell, Deputy Conservator of Forests, Golaghat Division,
Assam. Asthe moths were much rubbed and damaged, the identifications
were said to be to a certain extent doubtful.

76 LYMANTRIA GRANDIS.

this last generation as to the dates of appearance of the other
stages of the metamorphosis, larve collected on 23rd March
changing into the pupal stage on the 30th and 31st (as did the
Dasychira sp.) and imagos issuing on the roth, tith, and 12th
April.

In September of the following year specimens of the larva
pupa, and moth were sent from Jalpaiguri and identified as Z.
grandis.

The specimens of the other species of Lymantria (above
described) sent to me during the same year from Jalpaiguri
pupated in October, the first moths appearing only on the
13th of the month, this corresponding with the 1st generation
in Assam. It would therefore seem certain that either Z,
grandis appears earlier at work in the forests than its four
companions, or that its larval life is sherter. Its life history
between June and August requires study, as also the length of
time spent in the various stages of its metamorphosis in the
different generations. The larve are said to be possessed of
great vitality and are not so parasitised as the Dasychira sp.

Localities from which reported.
Both the Golaghat Division in Assam and the Jalpaiguri
Division in Bengal report this insect from their sal forests.
Hampson gives the known habitat of the pest as Ceylon.

Relations to the Forest.

L. grandis commits the same havoc in the sdl forests as its
confréres above described. This defoliation on a large scale of
the Duars and Assam sl forests has been known for some years
and numerous insects in various stages of decay have been sent .
for identification as causing the damage. Correspondence on
the subject has in consequence become much confused and the
identifications, in many cases often only partially attempted, very
unreliable. It would be of the greatest service if, when the
next attacks appear in Bengal and Assam on a large scale, the
various stages of the insect are carefully watched and copious
notes made whilst they are in progress in the forest. The
different kinds of larve appearing to be concerned in the
defoliation should be kept in separate boxes and the moths bred

een yee

LYMANTKIA GRANDIS. . 7:

out of them, species of each larva being kept separate (in
spirits) with its pupa and moth (latter in small triangular paper
slips). Notes should be made as to which larva appears to be
most plentiful in the forest, the dates on which it appears, and
the length of time it spends feeding. | |

If notes on the above lines are made and specimens kept, it

_ will be possible to settle which of the many reported species are

doing the greatest damage in the sal forests.

PORTHESIA XANTHORRHCGE4,
KOLL.

References:—Koll. Higel’s Kaschmir, iv, p. 470; C.& S. no..958 Euproctis
subdita, Moore, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 400; id. Lep., Ceyl. i, pl
112, figs. 5, 5a; C. & S. no. 930. Euproctis: virguncula, WIk.
Cat. ‘iv, p. 836; Moore, Lep. E. I. Co., pl. 16, figs. 3, 3a
(larva); C. & S. no. 932. Euproctis marginalis, Wlk. Cat. vii,
p- 17313; Butl. Ill Het. V, pl. 89, fig. 12; C. & S. no. Q29-
Euproctis subnigra, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 48; C. & S. no. 931-
Euproctis flavonigra, Moore, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 400, pl. 32, fig.
11; C.&S. no. 939. Hmpsn. Faun. Br. Ind. Moths, I, 485)
no. 1100.

Classification :—Order, LEPIDOPTERA. Sub-order, HETEROCERA. Fami-
ly, Lymantriide.

Description.

The /arva is black, with head etaned with white; the first
segment with a crimson band; a dorsal series of yellow spots
with a crimson line through them on the second, third, and sixth
to tenth segments ; first segment with long forwardly-projecting
tufts of black hair; the other segments with Shorter tufts.

Moth. &. White with a very slight fuscous tinge. Palpi
long, slender, and obliquely pointed: the branches of antennz
long and brownish, and tuft orange; the whole apical and
outer areas of hind wing on upperside, and the underside of
both wings, except the outer margin, suffused with black. See
PLeV, hig an ano:

In the form vzrguncula (which is the form as identified by
Sir G. Hampson, Bart., to which the present note on the
life history applies) the only trace of black suffusion on either
wing is on the underside of costa of fore wing; in flavonigra
the fore wing is bright ochreous, the hind wing black with the
base white, the cilia ochreous; all the intermediate stages
occurring. Expanse of wings 28 millim, ¢ without any black

vad

suffusion, [xpanse of wings 37 millim.

PORTHESIA XANTHORRHGA. wg
Life History, etc.

‘The larves of this moth were noticed to have completely
defoliated Parottia Facquemontiana bushes in the Chatri
forest of the Chamba State, North-West Himalayas, in April-
May 1896. Mr. J. H. Lace, noting this defoliation, secured
some of the larve and bred out some moths. This pest
must have several other food plants since Hampson gives its

reported habitat as throughout India, Ceylon, and Burma;

also
Java. |

Further observations are required on the following peints :—

i, The length of time spent in the larval state by the
April-May caterpillars.

2. Where the moth lays its eggs.

3. The number of generations passed through during the
year.

4. The different food plants of the insect in different
parts of the country,

1 These notes on the life history were made by Mr. J. H. Lace, Conser-
vator of Forests, at the time in charge of the Chamba Forest Division.

LEUCOMA DIAPHANA,
MOORE. "

References :—Moore, Lep. Atk. p. 46; C. & S. no. 1051; Hmpsn. Faun. Br.
Ind. i. 488, no. 1114.

Classification :—Order, LEPIDOPTERA. Sub-Order, HETEROCERA.
Family, Lymantriide.

Description. -

Moth. Palpi slightly fuscous; frons orange, as is also the
costa of the fore wing. Antennz branched, the branches tinged
with orange; the legs tinged with orange, wings diaphanous
with a few hair-like scales.

In the Burmese specimen patches of scales remain at the
upper and lower angles of cell of both wings. Expanse of
wings 44 millim.

Hampson gives the habitat as Sikhim ; Bernardmyo, Burma.
To this must be now added Golaghat, Assam.

Life History, ete.

The larvz of this insect were found accompanying the defo-
liators Dasychira sp. and Lymantria grandis in their great
attack on the sal trees in the Goalpara district which com-
menced towards the end of August 1897. The ZL. diaphana
larvae were reported as very conspicuous during the first
appearance of the other two, z.e., during the August-September
generation, but after that to have been scarce. They were
again noted in the January-February attack which was that of
the third generation of the above two pests. What generation
of the Z. diaphana \arve these February ones represented does
not appear to have been noted. ,

We thus see that larve of this insect are found in August-
September and again in February. The dates of the pupal and
moth stages still require to be observed Also (2) what
becomes of the insects between February and the end of
August, (3) the number of generations it has in the year, and
(4) where the eggs of the various generations are laid.

YY eee See ee “wake et

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'

AGROTIS YPSILON,
ROTT.

References :—Rott, Naturf. xi, p. 141. Noctua suffusa, Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii, p.
157; Moore Lep. Ceyl. iii, pl. 147, fig.6; C. & S. no. 2001.
Phalena idonea, Cram. Pap. Exot. iii, pl. 275 H. Bombyx
spinula, Esp. Schmett, iii, pl. 63, figs. 6, 7. Hmpsn. Faun.
Br. Ind. Moths, ii, p. 182, no. 1623. Stebbing, Injur. In.
of Ind. For., p. 113, pl. vii, 2. a, b, c.!

Classification :—Order, LEPIDOPTERA. Sub-Order, HETEROCERA.
Family, Noctuide,
Description.

The larva of this moth is the so-called cut worm which for
years has done an immense amount of damage to crops and
plants in India, and is one of the worst pests at present known
in the country.

The eggs are pale fulvous yellow in colour, nearly spheri-
cal in shape, the base being somewhat flattened.

The larva is a stout, naked, earth-coloured worm, varying
from half an inch to two inches in length when full fed. [n
its early stages itis a semi-looper.

The cocoon is formed of fine particles of soil, firmly cement-
ed together. On opening this the small pupa will be found
inside, [tis about half an inch in length and of a yellowish-
red colour, the eyes and antennz of the moth being distinctly
prominent through the pupal case.

The moth is medium sized, the males having bipectinate
antenne, the branches being of moderate length. The insects
are whitish brown, pale brown, or fuscous; palpi darker at
sides; collar with dark line; abdomen whitish. The forewing
suffused with brown, with double waved sub-basal ante and
postmedial lines ; the submarginal line dentate, with two black
streaks on it below the apex and a marginal series of specks ;
the orbicular and reniform with dark centres and edges and

1 See also Indian Forester, Vol. XX VII, pp. 62, 63, 243, 244 (1901).

82 AGROTIS YPSILON.

with a black streak beyond the reniform ; the claviform small
and black ; all these markings are much obscured in the darker
specimens. Hind wing more or less suffused with fuscous
brown with a dark marginal line. Expanse of wings 42—56
millim,

For diagrams of the larvaand moth, see /ujurzous Insects,
Pi, Vibl > fig 25 a, 65:

Life History.

The eggs of this pest are laid in small batches and often in two
or three layers covered sparsely with long scales from the abdo-
men of the female moth. These eggs are laid near the ground
on twigs and branches of trees away from the food plant of the
young larve which have therefore to seek their food plant
when they hatch out. The eggs are also probably laid at times
on the bare ground. The larva can be recognised by its colour
and by the fact that it rolls itself up into a ball when disturbed.
They are enormous feeders and devour and destroy young
plants on a large scale. When full fed the caterpillar buries
itself from 2 to 8 inches deep in the soil and there constructs a
firm, irregular, oblong cell of earth, in which it pupates. The
period spent in this state will probably vary in different parts
of the country. The moths fly only in the dusk or at night, and
except that they lay the eggs which give rise to the cut worms,
do not themselves injure plants. , wi

It is probable that this pest passes through at least two,
if not more, generations in the year in the warmer parts of the
country. Inthe North-West Provinces and Bengal the winter
one has long been known, Young larve appear early in
November and continue feeding until February when they pu-
pate, this stage lasting rather less than a month. The moths
appear on the wing in February and are to be found often in
enormous numbers up to the middle of March.

A larva sent from Kurseong, Eastern Himalayas, in May
changed into a pupa on the 17th, and a moth on the 28th of that
month in the Indian Museum, Calcutta ; whilst another from the
Jessore district, Bengal, changed into a moth in September, It
is these September moths which give rise to the November larve,
[It would thus appear that there may be three generations in part

AGROTIS YPSILON, 83

of Bengal. This very important point requires further observa-
tion. From the above it will become evident that the different
generations have generally, if not always, different host plants.
In its cold weather generation in the plains the cut worm is
known to feed on opium plants. Later on in the rainy season
legumes and pulses replace the opium in the fields and the
later generation adapts itself to the changed food plant and feeds
upon these. Inthe case of the colder climate of the North-West
Himalayas the number of generations will be reduced. The
insects here pass the winter months probably as half-grown larva,
hibernating under stems or logs or buried beneath the surface
of the soil. In May they re-commence feeding, and they have
been found at work in young deodar nurseries from the third
week in May onwards through June into July, and probably
pupate somewhere about the time the monsoon bursts over
the hills. Mr. B. O. Coventry obtained pupz at Gora Gali
(Rawalpindi division) about the middle of july from which a
moth emerged in the middle of October, These October
moths, I think, will be found to lay eggs at once which hatch
into the young larvz, and these latter hibernate through the
winter. If this proves to be correct, it will be found that in the
colder climate of the hills, as in the colder portions of other
parts of the world, 4. ypsz/on passes through but one genera-
tion in the year.

Localities from which reported.

Hampson gives this insect’s habitat as “ universally distri-
buted all over the world with the exception of South America.”
It has been reported for many years as destructive to crops in.
various parts of India. In 1900 Mr. B. O. Coventry reported
it as damaging young deodar seedlings in the Gora Gali
nursery in the Rawalpindi division, Punjab, and I found larve
feeding in the same way in igor (May to July) in nurseries
of deodar in the Simla and Bashahr divisions of the same
province.

Relations to the Forest.

Cut worms are serious pests to young vegetation of all kinds,

being more especially destructive in dry seasons when they
G2

84 AGROTIS YPSILON.

often increase in immense numbers and do extensive damage.!
The injury is committed by the larve gnawing off the plants
close to the ground and feeding upon them. They are exceed-
ingly wasteful in their methods since they will often gnaw off one
or more you ng plants and then drag them a portion of the way
to their burrows and, dropping them, attack fresh ones. The
caterpillar’s presence can often be detected by the presence on
the surface of the soil of these cut-through and withering young
seedlings, whilst others, or portions of their leaves and stems,
are visible, protruding from the openings of the insect’s burrows.
The larvae are nocturnal feeders and rest during the day in
their burrows in the ground. In dull weather they may be
found on the surface feeding by day as well as night.

Mr. B. O. Coventry thus describes the attack at Gora Gali :—

“During the summer months of 1900, it was noticed that a considerable
number of deodar seedlings from seed shown in December 1899, had
withered in the nurseries at Gora Gali in the Rawalpindi Division. It was

found that the withered seedlings had been cut through close to the ground
and the upper portion dragged down in to the soil.”

At a nursery inthe Kalela forest, Simla division, I found
young deodar seedlings being attacked in a similar manner at
the end of May, and the pest was also destroying seedlings in
the forest. Later on, when with Mr. E.M Coventry, we
ound the caterpillars in a nursery in the Nagkela reserve
(Kotgarh, Simla division), and also eating seedlings put out or
sown in patches in the forest. There can be no doubt that
Agrotis ypstion commits very considerable damage yearly
amongst deodar seedlings, checking very appreciably the young
growth in those areas in which it has obtained the upperhand.

Protection and Remedies.
There are several remedies which will be found effectual
in getting rid of this pest from nurseries, etc :—=
1. Before the young seedlings have come up place bun-
dles of any succulent crop plant which may be grow-
ing in the neighbourhood (in America cabbage,

? Opium and other crops have been reported as suffering very heavily
{rom the pest, occasionally scores of acres being as effectively swept clean
as if a swarm of locusts had been over the area.

AGROTIS YPSILON. aan

turnips and clover have been found most effective)
at intervals on the seed beds, first sprinkling the bun-
dles with Paris-green water. The young larve will
feed on these and be killed off before the seedlings
come up.

2: Crows, mynas, starlings, the cattle egret, and many

other nesting birds all eat the grubs whenever they

can find them, and they are particularly active in this
respect in damp weather and after irrigation. Thus,
whenever possible, the beds attacked by the pest
should be flooded with water in the daetime. The
water will fill the burrows and force out the insects;
which, if birds are plentiful, will be picked up and
eaten by them. If birds are not numerous hand<
picking must be resorted to.

8. Another good method of checking the pest is to dust
the plants over a few tities in the evenings with a
mixture of quicklime and ashes, or better still, add
the arsenic compound Paris green to the two in the
following proportion :—One ounce of Paris green
with 1 ounce of unslaked lime and 3 lbs. of ashes:
Powder the substances together very finely, put
them into a calico bag and dust over the plants
loosening the soil around them first.

4. In nursery beds alréady attacked the surface of the soi]
should be carefully inspected, and all holes contain-
ing portions of leaves, stalks, etc:, should be dug up
and the larve at the bottom killed. This was the
method resorted to at Gora Gali and gave good
results.

It should be borne in mind, however, that our efforts
should be in the direction of preventing the
attack conimencing or at any rate from becomisg
serious. With this object numbers 1 and 3 of the
above remedies are recommended. The former
would be well understood since the practice of
poisoning jackals and porcupines is a very ,common
one amongst the natives of India,

86 AGROTIS YPSILON.,

Points in the life history requiring further observation :—
1, In the warmer parts of India—

1. The number of generations passed through
during the year and the length of time spent
in the various stages of these generations.

2. The different food plants fed upon by the in-
sects of these different generations.

II. In the colder climate of the North-West Himalayas
and other cold areas in the country=~
1. What becomes of the October moth? Does
it lay eggs at once and die, and do these eggs
hatch out the.same year ?
2. Does the insect hibernate through the winter
in the soil as a half-grown larva?
3. Are the larve found feeding in May-July the
offspring of tlhe October moth ?

|
;
:
}
;
.

{ Other Noxious Grubs having the same habits. }

MELOLONTHA or LACHNOSTERNA SP. (‘WHITE
GRUBS”.)

Reference :—Stebbing, Inj. Ins. Ind. For., p. 35.
Classification:—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Scarabeide. Sub-
Family, Melolonthini.
Description of Larva.

The /arva is a large, heavy, yellowish-white, curved grub, the
posterior segments of which are swollen up ina bag-shaped
manner, being black in colour, The head is light brown, bear:
ing two antennz and a pair of long curved exceedingly power.
ful mandibles. Length 14 to 2 inches, See Pl, VI, fig. 3.

Only the larva has at present been found.

information at present known concerning the tnsect.
These grubs were discovered by the writer killing off deodar
seedlings in July 1991 in the Taranda forest, Bashahr divi-
sion, Punjab. This forest had been cut over in 1898 and sow-
ings were made in patches in February 1901, those made the
previous year having failed. On inspecting the patches of

young seedlings numbers were found lying dying or dead on the

surface, cut through at their bases, whilst portions of others
were found protruding from largish holes visible on the surface of
the turned over soil. The following is a description of one patch
which may be taken as typical of what was occurring in many
of them, the state of affairs accounting probably for the failure of
the young plants in previous years :—There were probably 25
seedlings originally in the patch. At the time of inspection five
green uncut ones were ali that remained standing in the soil.
Most had been cut off either at the apex of the stalk just below
the crown of needles or some way down the stalk but above
the ground. These cut seedlings had been in some cases par-
tially eaten or a few needles only had been consumed and then

88 MELOLONTHA OR LACHNOSTERNA SF.

the seedling left to wither, whilst fresh ones were attacked.
Others had been dragged to the holes of the larve and entirely
or partially dragged down the burrows. On digging down into
the soil two of the above described large larvze were discovered,
they being responsible for the damage done. Had this patch.
been inspected two days later there would probably not have
been a single seedling left in it. Several patches in the
neighbourhood were in this latter condition.

I have not as yet been able to obtain the imago of this grub-
The latter probably spends more than one year in this stage of

its existence.
Further observations requtred.

‘Hevond the above notes apparently nothing further has
been recorded on the subject of the life history of this pest.
It and its method of attack were quite unknown to the forest
guard whose beat I was in at the time and who accompanied me
on my inspection. The length of time spent in the larval and
pupal stages has still to be observed and specimens are re-
quired of the perfect beetle.

The remedies proposed under Agrotis ypstlon are applica-
ble to this pest also. When hoeing up the soil before sowing
the seed all such larve should be carefully killed and poisoned
baits should be made use of when the young seedlings are be-
ginning to appear above the soil,

In /ujurious Insects under L. impressa, page 36, I men-
tioned the fact that although “ white grubs” had not been up to
then recorded as injuring seedlings in forest nurseries, etc., it
was probable that they did so.

ELATERIDZE (CLICK BEETLES).

Reference :—Stebbing. Inj. Ins. Ind. For., p. 4o.
Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Elateride..

Description of Larve.

1. Larva light reddish-brown in colour with a horny, shiny,
chitinous external covering, flat in section, with 3 pairs of
prolegs on the first three segments of the body. Length 1}
inches. This Jarva is shown in Pl. VI, fig. 4.

2. Larva brown in colour, hard, shining, with three ‘pairs of
prolegs on first three segments of body. Length 4} anfinch,

Only the larve of the above two insects have yet been
obtained.

Information at present known concerning these insects.

1, One specimen of this “wire-worm,” as the grubs of
elater beetles are called, was discovered feeding at the roots of
an English chestnut plant (Castanea vesca) in a small plantation
near Kathian in the Jaunsar division, North-West Himalayas.
It was noticed that several of the young plants, which had
been raised from seed sent out from home, were dying or
dead, and the cause was attributed to bad planting in several
cases. One young plant I dug up had its roots rather badly
gnawed, patches of bark having been peeled off. Thiswire-
worm, a large specimen, was found at the roots and was
responsible for thej bad condition of the young plant. See
Plaviguce4.

2. The small wire-wornis above described were found
in the patches of deodar seedlings in the Taranda forest already
alluded to as being destroyed by the large Melolonthid larve.
The elaters were not very abundant and their attack was
distinguishable from that of the cockchafer grubs, since they
only cut the roots beneath the surface of the soil. The young
plant was seen to be dead or dying without any apparent cause

90 ELATERIDZ.

until it was pulled up when it came away in the hand, its roots
having been clean cut off. In this way these grubs move down
lines of young plants in European nurseries, cutting through
and feeding on the roots. They do not appear or feed upo
the green portions of the plant above ground, 7

Further observations required.

No observations of the action or numbers of these insects
in nurseries and young plantations, etc., have been recorded
up to date. It will doubtless prove, however, that their pro-
bable presence should be taken into consideration on areas on
which young plants are to be reared.

We have yet to discover how long these grubs spend in this
condition, when they appear as the perfect beetle and what
this insect is like.
| Flooding the nursery beds and hand-picking are remedies

to be recommended when these pests make their appearance.

ACRONYCTA ANAZDINA,!
BUTL.

References :—Butl. Trans, Ent. Soc, 1881, p.- 19. Trizna maxima, Moore,
P. Z.S. 1881, p. 333; C. &S. ‘no. 1771. Hmpsn. Faun.
Br. Ind. Moths, II, p. 240, no. 1813.

Classification :—Order, LEPIDOPTERA. Sub-Order, HETEROCERA.
Family, Noctuide,

Description,

The /arva is a hairy caterpillar, blue-black in colour, with
short tufts of blue-black hair on each segment of the body. In
between these short tufts arise long pencil tufts of bright
canary yellow hairs which stick out all round the insect, giving
it a very woolly appearance. See PI. Il, fig. 4, a.

The pupa is stout, dark chestnut coloured, and about 1}
inch in length.

The moth has a general greyish appearance and is thus
described :—

6. Whitish grey; palpi black at sides ; thorax clothed with
hair and scales; abdomen fuscous. Fore wing with some fus-
cous blotches on costa ; a waved black fascia in interspace from
base to below the orbicular; the antemedial double lines very
faint; the orbicular and reniform black-edged, with a black
streak between them, which is sometimes obsolete; the inner
border of reniform double; the postmedial curved double lunu-
late line prominent, filled in with white and with a black streak,
and sometimes a second one, crossing it; a marginal series of
black spots. Hind wing fuscous white, with a postmedial line,
the cilia whitish. Underside of both wings witha cell-spot
and curved postmedial line.

1 The notes on the life history of this insect are from observations made
by Mr. B. B. Osmaston, F.C.H., who discovered it doing damage in the
Jaunsar forests in 1899, and from others recorded by myself from specimens
sent me by Mr. Osmaston and kept under observation.

2 This description is made from a coloured drawing by Mr. Osmaston.

Q2 ACRONYCTA ANAEDINA.

?. Darker grey; fore wing with the streak between the
stigmata and also the upper postmedial streak. always present ;
hind wing darker fuscous ; underside with the cell-spot to hind
wing large. Expanse of wings:—d 54-60; @ 70 millim.

Pl. Il, fig. 4, 6, shows the pupa and, c, the moth of this
insect. !

Life History.

The éggs are laid some time during July, but it has not yet
been reported where they are deposited.

The caterpillars are to be found on the trees they attack all
through August, feeding upon the leaves of the food-plant, To-
wards the end of the month they spin a rough hairy cocoon and
change into the pupal state inside it. They remain in this
stage until the following July, the moths hatching out at the
beginning of the month. Some pupz collected in October and
made over to me in December hatched out at Dehra Dun,!
towards the latter part of May .This proves that in Jaunsar the
insect has but one generation in the year, the earlier date at
which my pup issued being accounted for by the fact that
they were kept in a warmer place throughout the winter.

Localities from which reported.

The insect has been reported as doing considerable defoliat-
ing damage in the Jaunsar forests of the North-West Hima-
layas. Hampson gives the habitat of this moth as Japan, North-
West Himalayas, Punjab, and Rangoon, so it has a wide dis-
tribution and has other food-plants besides the ones mentioned

below.
FReelations to the Forest.

A. anedina has proved itself a serious pest to the horse
chestnut (Zstulus indica, Colebr.).. It swarms all over the
trees, entirely defoliating them in bad seasons. In 188g by the
end of August the trees were all leafless and the insect appeared
to be equally abundant the following year. The hill tun tree

1 Elevation 2,000 feet. They were kept through the winter in a room:
They were brought down and made over to me at Chittagong in Eastern |
Bengal, and the weeks spent in this much warmer climate doubiless led to
their issuing earlier,

ACRONYCTA ANZEDINA. 93

(Cedrela serrata, Royle) is also attacked and to a less extent
the walnut (Fuglans regia, Linn.).

Protection and Remedies.

It has not been stated where the larve spin their rough
cocoons, but it is probable that it is in exposed places, such as
the bark of the main stem, branches, or on adjacent stems, etc.
I would suggest, therefore, if the insect makes its appearance
in nurseries of young walnut, that these hairy cocoons should
be carefully searched for, collected, and destroyed. Since the
insect spends some ten months of its life cycle in the Western
Himalayas in this stage, this collection should not present any
great difficulties,

The pest is doubtlessly kept in check to some extent by the
parasitic flies with which numbers of the cocoons were infected.
A determination of the species of these flies has not yet been
effected.

Points tn the life history requiring further observation :—

1. Where the rough hairy cocoons are spun by the larva
before it changes into the pupal state.

2. The life history of the insect in Lower Burma. It
will doubtless prove to have at least two genera-
tions in the year in the damp hot climate of that
locality.

3. The food-plants of the insect in Burma.

PLECOPTERA REFLEXA,
GUEN.

References :—Guen. Noct. ii, p. 430; C.& S. no, 2312. Trigonodes gam-
moides, WIk. Cat. xv, p. 1833. Poaphila simplex, Wlk. Cat.
xv. p. 1840. Poaphila hamifera, Wlk, Cat. xxxiii, p. 992.
Poaphila uniformis, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 172, pl. 5, fig. 10;
C.&S. no. 2313. Hamp. Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, Vol. II,
Ps 519. no. 2549.

Classification :—Order, LEPIDOPTERA. Sub-Order, HETEROCERA.

Family, Noctuide.

Description.

The /arva is of the looper type, about an inch in length
when full grown. It is green in colour with five white longitu-
dinal lines running down its back. The head is paler green, or
almost white. It is an active caterpillar, wriggling violently
when touched.

The pupa is red and about ? inch in length. No cocoon is
formed. —

The moth is small and brownish and is thus described by
Hampson : ==

Palpi slight and reaching vertex of the head, he third joint
minute; antennz of male with long cilia and bristles; thorax
and abdomen smoothly scaled; tibiz slightly hairy and without
spines. Fore wing with the apex nearly rectangular. Grey-
brown in colour; the head and collar bright fulvous. Fore
wing with obliquely waved antemedial line; a large reniform
spot, often with black centre and with a rufous spot on the
costa above it; an inwardly oblique waved postmedial line
and sinuous submarginal line; a marginal series of minute dark
specks. Hind wing fuscous brown; the outer area slightly
darker. Underside greyish white; the outer area fuscous ;
male with the costal area of hind wing also fuscous. Wing
expanse of 30 millim.

Pl. III, fig. 3, a, shows the larva, b, the ¢& and 9 moths of
this insect.

PLECOPTERA REFLEXA. 95

Life History.

The larva hatches out about the middle of April and spends
some weeks feeding upon young sissu plants, It descends to the
ground and changes into a pupa beneath the surface of the soil
towards the end of June. A week is spent in this stage, the
moths appearing at the end of June and on into July. These
moths lay eggs, probably on the young shoots of the sissu
plants, a second generation of larve appearing at the beginning
of August. This is as far as observations of the life history
have at present been carried and from them we see that there
are at least two generations of the pest during the year.

The notes on the life history from 26th June onwards were
made by Mr. B. O. Coventry in 1899. The writer found the
young larve in the plantation in April tgor.

Localities from which reported.
This insect has been reported from Northern India, Poona
and the Andamans. Mr. B. O. Coventry reported it from the
Changa Manga Plantation near Lahore in 1899.

Relations to the Forest.

As far as is at present known, the larve confine themselves
to defoliating young sissu growth. They do not apparently affect
the older trees. With reference to the damage done Mr. B.
O. Coventry wrote:—

“ The larve do very considerable damage, as this year at least 100 acres
stocked densely with one year old sissu coppice were denuded of every
leaf ....... Thisisthe first year this plague has been noticed by

me, although in the Changa Manga working-plan aay is made of
larve having appeared in sissu coppice ... .

Protection and Remedies.

Until the full life history of the pest is known it is not
possible to prescribe remedies. In this connection it is especi-
ally important to discover the stage in the life history in which
the winter is passed through.

Points in life history requiring further observation :—

1, How and where the eggs of the first generation are
deposited.

PLECOPTERA REFLEXA.

. Time spent in the larval state by the caterpillars of

the second generation.

. Time spent in the pupal stage of the second genera-

tion.

4. Date of issuing of moths of the second generation.
. Whether there are more than two generations of the

insect during the year,

. When and in which stage the insect passes through

the winter. Is it as eggsin the axils or on the sides
of the branches, or is it as larve or pupz in the
ground ?

DIRADES THECLATA,
GUEN.

References :—Guen. Phal. ii, p. 36. Dirades adjutaria, Wik. Cat. Xxiii,
p-849 ; C. &. S. no. 3049. Dirades binotata, Wlk. Cat. xxxxv,
p- 1650; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. iii, p. 399, pl. 186, fir. 7; €.,&
S. no. 3051. Erosia vertecaria, Feld. Reis. Nov. pl. 128, fig. 7
Hmpsn. Faun. Br. Ind. Moths III, 132, no. 306s.

Classification :—Order, LEPIDOPTERA. Sub-Order, HETEROCERA.
Family, Epiplemide.

Description.

The /arva is a small, smoke-coloured grub, provided with 5
pairs of prolegs.. Head yellow. It has a warty appearance,
and is sparsely clothed with hair. Length when full grown
half an inch.

Pupa yellow to yellow-brown, showing three clear marked
abdominal rings on lower portion; } inch in length,

A small moth ; ground colour grey with yellowish markings.

3. Antennz and vertex of head whitish; head and thorax
violaceous grey; abdomen ochreous, except at base. Fore
wing violaceous grey; a large triangular patch outlined with
double brown lines on the costa beyond the middle; a similar
oval spot with darker centre on inner margin; a series of
marginal fuscous lunules. Hind wing with the basal half
violaceous grey, darkest at inner margin; the outer half pale
ochreous brown, the two areas defined by a rufous and pale
line ; a series of marginal fuscous lunules.

Q. Abdomen and hind wing of the same violaceous grey
as the ground colour.

Expanse of wings 22 millim.

Pl. V, fig. 4.4, 5, c, shows the larva, pupa, and moth of this
defoliator,

The notes on the life history of this pest were made by Mr. Gisborne-
Smith in the teak forests of Damoh inthe Central Provinces, He found
the insect defoliating teak and Adina cordifolia, Hook.

98 DIRADES THECLATA.

Life History.

When first observed in the middle of August, these larve
were about half grown. On the 28th or about the end of the
month they become full fed and change into the pupal state.
Only a week is spent in this stage, moths having been obtained
on the 3rd and 4th September from larve which pupated on the
28th August. Ifa month is allowed for the larve to grow
to their full size, we thus see that five weeks suffices for this
summer generation, It is very probable that it will be found
that there are several others in the year.

Localities from which reported.

The insect has a wide distribution. Hampson gives its
habitat as W. Africa, throughout India, Ceylon, and Burma.
These notes on its life history were made in the Central
Provinces.

Relations to the Forest.

The larve defoliate the teak (Zectona grandis) tree in the
Central Provinces. They were found feeding on the leaves in
the Damoh District forests in company with the well-known
teak defoliators HWyblea puera and Pyrausta macheralis,
The extent of the injury actually done by D. ¢heclata requires
further careful observation, but asa result of its attacks and
those of the Pyrausta Mr. Gisborne-Smith stated that in certain
areas at the end of August the teak trees were quite brown,
the whole of the foliage having been skeletonised and killed
by these two caterpillars. D. ¢heclata was also found feeding
upon Adina cordifolia and “ paraspipal ”’ trees.

Protection and Remedtes.

The prescription of remedies for these defoliating larvae is
difficult and impossible until their full life histories are known.
Mixed forest is, however, generally found to escape these heavy
defoliating attacks better than a forest consisting entirely of
the one species of tree attacked, and it is advisable to bear
this point in mind when laying out plantations and coppice

areas.

DIRADES THECLATA. 99

Potntsin the life history requiring further observations :—

1. Where the eggs are laid.

2. Time spent in the larval stage by the August cater-
pillar,

3. What becomes of the September moths.

4. The number of generations in the year.

5. Where the insect passes the cold weather and in
which stage of its metamorphosis.

i00

BOARMIA SELENARIA,
HUBN.

References :—Hibn. Samml. Eur. Schmett., Geom. fig 163. Boarmia dia-
naria, Hibn. Samml. Eur. Schmett. Geom. fig. 483. Boar-
mia reciprocaria, Wlk. Cat. xxi, p. 336. Boarmia imparata.
WIk. Cat. xxi, p. 372; C. & S. no. 3344. Boarmia promp-
taria, Wlk. Cat. xxi, p.379; C. & S.no. 3333. Opthalmodes
cretacea, Butl, A. M.N. H. (s) iv, p. 373. Uimpsn. Faune
Br. Ind. Moths, Ill, p. 264. no. 3403.

Classification :—Order, LEPIDOPTERA. Sub-Order, HETEROCERA.
Family, Geometride.

Description,

Larva.—When young the larva is pale sap-green in colour
with a yellow head and a yellow stripe running down each side
of the body. There are two dark-coloured spots on the last
but one abdominal segment, and another pair on the sixth seg-
ment, The caterpillar is of the “looper’’ type, having three
pairs of jointed legs on the first three segments, one pair of
anal claspers and only one other pair of clasper legs placed on
the ninth segment; the larva moves forward by looping up its
b dy in the manner peculiar to the caterpillars of this family.
As the insect grows older a dark purple line becomes visible
down the dorsal surface, the spots on the last segment but one
and on the sixth segment being still present. The sides, the
last abdominal segment, and the ventral surface are still greenish-
yellow, but in addition the sides have a row of purple spots, be-
coming almost a continuous line, running downthem. The head
is reddish yellow, squarish in outline when seen from the front.
The last pair of claspers are very large. When full grown
the caterpillar may have the above colouring or the insect may
be coloured an exact imitation of a sal twig, the ground colour
being a reddish-brown with patches of purple-black and a purple-
black line down its dorsal surface; a series of purple spots down
the sides, slightly dorsally, and a whitish-yellow line down the

BOARMIA SELENARIA. IOI

—

ventral surface. Head reddish and square in outline. Length
23 to 2? inches. Mature caterpillars with this colouring were
more common than the green variety.

The pupa is stout, reddish-brown in colour, shining and
hairless. Length iths inch. The pupal stage is passed in the
earth, the larva descending the tree and burying itself amongst
the leaves and soil at the foot. No cocoon is formed.

The moth is greyish in general colouring with brown mark-
ings more or less speckled over the wings. Lower edges of
wings slightly scalloped. Hampson describes it as follows :—

“Antenne of male minutely serrate and fasciculate; hind
tibiz slightly dilated. Ground-colour whitish, grey or pale
fuscous, irrorated with dark brown; abdomen with paired dark
dorsal specks. Fore wing with indistinct curved and slightly
waved median line, beco.ning straight and antemedial on hind
wing ; both wings with grey centred lunule at end of cell; a
prominent crenulate postmedial line; traces of a sinuous sub-
marginal pale line; a marginal series of dark specks. Under-
side pale, with large black cell spots; fore wing with a
diffused sub-apical black patch. Expanse of wings: ¢ 45—
50, 2 45—56 millim.”

Life History.

The eggs are probably laid by the moths on the twigs of the
trees. Towards the end of April, when first found in the
Dun forests by Mr. Milward and the writer, the larve were of
all sizes, from a few days old to-nearly or quite mature. From
the defoliated state of the trees the caterpillars had evidently
been at work for some time. They probably first appear some
time during March just as the s4l trees, upon which they chiefly
feed, are bursting into new leaves. The larvz feed voraciously,
devouring both new and old leaves, flowers, and green leaf stalks,
the older ones even gnawing down the new green shoots of the
year. Thus when a band of these caterpillars have swarmed
over atree, they do not leave it until practically all green
growth has been stripped from it. The colouring of the dark
variety of larva is an exact imitation of a sal twig, but they do
not appear to make any use of the protection thus afforded them.

‘The sap-green variety is also almost invisible at a short distance

102 BOARMIA SELENARIA.

amongst the leaves and flowers. Both, however, are to be found
indiscriminately all over the tree. When they have stripped
a tree, they drop on to the nearest unattacked one or on to the
ground, letting themselves down by means of silken threads,
and march off to fresh trees. The caterpillars become full-fed at
the end of April, and they then dropdown tothe ground by
means of their silken threads and pupate in the earth at the foot
of the tree, no cocoon being constructed.

A number of larve were taken by the writer into Dehra
Dun, and the first seventeen of these transformed into the pupal
state on May 5th, and remained in this stage until the 16th of
the month.?

The first twelve imagos appeared on the 16th May followed
by eleven more on the 17th, and others within the next few
days: the moths emerging in approximately the same order in
which the larve transformed into pupe. An attempt made to
obtain eggs was not successful, the moths kept for this purpose
being attacked by ants and killed. This is as far as the life
history has been taken at present. It is probable, however,
since the insect makes its first appearance in the spring and
attacks the spring growth, that B, selenaria is at least double
brooded, a second generation of larve appearing when the
summer flush of leaves comes on to the sal trees in August.
Larve were reported to have appeared in various parts of the
forest in this latter month, but no specimens were kept or de-
finite results observed. The question as to the number of
generations is however important.

Localities from which reported.
Hampson gives the following distribution of this pest :—
Europe, Amur, Japan, China, North-West Himalayas,
Nepal, Khasis, Congo, South Africa.

The insect has therefore a very wide distribution and is
consequently the more to be feared since its powers of adapt-
ability to varied environments must. be considerable, as also its
powers of rapid multiplication when conditions are favourable.

1 Owing to my absence from head-quarters on tour the moths were
kindly bred out for me by Forest Ranger Birbal, Curator, Imperial Forest
School. ‘lhe dates in question are those noted by him.

BOARMIA SELENARIA. 103

{n the Dehra Dun forests the present reported range is
from the Saharanpur-Chakrata Road on the west to the east-
ward boundary of the forest on the Ganges River, only the
northern slopes of the Siwaliks being noted as affected. With-
in this area the intensity of the attack in 1go1 varied, being
much more severe in some parts than in others.

No reports from the officers in charge of adjacent sal areas
have been received with reference to this pest.

Relations to the Forest.

When the caterpillars appear in large numbers in the forest
the damage they are capable of doing is very considerable.
When full grown the larva is of considerable size and during
its whole life it is apparently a voracious feeder, attacking and
entirely stripping the trees of all green growth, as also of the
flowers. In the middle of April numerous large sal trees were to
be seen entirely defoliated having the appearance of deciduous
trees in winter, whilst others were rapidly becoming leafless
under the attacks of the swarming larve. The annual increment
put on by these trees is much less in years of serious defoliation,
since growth ceases until the summer flush of leaves makes _ its
appearance in August. If, however, the damage done to the
mature trees is great, that suffered by the young growthis much
greater. Young saplings, entirely stripped of all green growth
in the spring, were found in September standing black and
gaunt in the forest, still alive, but having been quite unable to
recover sufficiently from the spring attack to be able to put out
any summer crop of leaves. Thus heavy defoliation by this pest
in the spring causes a cessation of all growth in young saplings
during the year. If the pest appeared in similar numbers
in successive years, it is evident that the young growth in

“the forest would rapidly deteriorate and much of it would
succumb.

What rendered the attack even more serious inthe Dun
forests in 1901 was the fact that B. selenarza appeared in several
of the areas already attacked by the scale insect, Monophlebus

- Stebbingit, and both insects were often to be seen in large
numbers on the same trees, both young and old, the looper

104 BOARMIA. SELENARIA.

stripping the leaves and green parts off the tree, the scale
tapping the branches and taking a heavy toll of sap.

Protection and Remedies.

Until the life history of this pest has been worked out, it is
not possible to say what remedies may be practicable over large
extents of forest. We have yet to ascertain what insect and
fungoid parasites attack the pest. Mr. Milward noticed that the
caterpillars were practically absent from an area which had
been burnt over in the preceding hot weather. The old trees
had suffered to a certain extent from the fire and most of the
young growth had been killed. It may have been that the
foliage of the trees proved acrid and distasteful to the larve, or
the insect may have been in its pupal stage in the soil and leaves
on the ground and thus got roasted and killed off.

If there is a second generation, it may perhaps not appear
in areas that were devastated by the first one. The moths on
coming out about the middle of May will not lay their eggs in
areas where the food-supply, owing to the heavy attack made by
the April larve is likely to be deficient for their offspring. In
searching for these latter therefore, it will be necessary to
inspect adjacent areas of sdl untouched in the spring in
addition to those which suffered from the April larve.

Points in the life history requiring further observation :—

1. Where the eggs are laid—

(1) by the moth of the April generation, |
(2) by the moth of the» subsequent generation, if
there is one, 7

An examination of the branches when the moths are on
the wing should show this.

2, Whether there is a second generation, and, if so, the
dates of appearance of the various stages of egg,
larva, pupa, and imago,

3. In which stage the insect passes the winter, and where.

4. What insect or fungus parasites attack it, and their
methods of procedure,

4 105

TRACHYLEPIDEA FRUCTICASIELLA,
RAG,

Reference :—Rag. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1887, p. 260.

Classification :—Order, LEPIDOPTERA. Sub-Order, HETEROCERA.
Family, Pyralide.
Description.

The /arva is a smoky grey above, pale yellowish white
beneath, the segments of the body being covered with scattered
bristly hairs. Length 1 to 1} inches. See Pl. V, fig. 5a.

The moth is small, grey brown in colour, the antennz in the
male being simple, with a tuft on the basal joint. Fore wing
with the median area darker and clothed with rough erect
scales, especially towards the costa; indistinct ante- and post-
medial lines of raised dark scales, the former oblique and
obsolete towards costa, the latter oblique and angled inwards
on vein 5; a very indistinct discocellular spot; a marginal
series of specks, Hind wing dull brownish yellow. Expanse
of wings ¢ 20—27; 2 29—34 millim. PI. V, fig. 5 4, shows the
moth of this pest,

Life History.

The writer found the caterpillar of this moth tunnelling in
Cassia Fistula, Linn., pods at the beginning of February. The
grub was at the time nearly full-grown. It changes into the
pupal state towards the end of the month by which time the
pods are ripe. The moth appears at the beginning of May,1
C. Fistula flowers in April, and it is probable that the moths
lay their eggs near or on the young forming fruit, and the
larve on hatching out tunnel into the pod and increase in size
with the growth of the bean. More than one egg is laid in this
position by the moth since several larve have been found in

1 The pod taken by myself on the 1st February and brought into Dehra
was made over to Babu Birbal, Curator of the Imperial Forest School, in
April, and he bred out moths from it on the 3rd May.

106 TRACHYLEPIDEA FRUCTICASIELLA.

each pod, ‘Thus it would appear that some nine to ten months
of the life of the insect are spent in the larval stage.

Localities from where reported.
The insect was found attacking the pods of a tree at Beribara
in the Saharanpur Division, North-West Provinces.
Hampson gives Beyrout, Egypt, and the Punjab as the
recorded distribution of the insect.

Relations to the Forest.

The larve bore up and down the long pendulous sausage-
like pods which are from 1-14 ft. long when fully grown. Oniy
one hole is apparently made through each partition separating
the seeds from one another. The seeds are tunnelled through
and the pod turns black and rots. As these latter have a medi-
cinal value, the attacks of this pest are of some importance.
This insect should be distinguished from a smaller ‘moth,
Cryptophlebia carpophaga, W\ism., a Tineid whose larva also
attacks these pods.

Points tn the life history requtring further observation :am

1. The chief point is to ascertain definitely where the eggs
are laid. This will give the clue as to whether it is
possible to prescribe any satisfactory method of
checking the attacks of this insect in cases when it
would pay to institute them.

2. Wha and where the larve first make their appearance.

3. What becomes of the May moth,

4. Occasionally the C. /zs¢tula flowers a second time in
the autumn. Where this occurs, is this larva found
attacking the resulting pods? ;

107

EUZOPHERA CEDRELLA,'
HMPSN.,

Reference :—Hampson in litt.

Classification :—Order, LEPIDOPTERA. Sub-Order, HETEROCERA:
Family, Pyralide.

Description.

A small moth with palpi up-turned and reaching vertex of
head. Head, thorax, and body greyish. Fore wing long, narrow,
with apex somewhat rounded; dark grey to blackish in colour;
a series of black spots near outer margin and an erect,
jagged, white antemedial band. Under wings smoky-grey
with a dark line and fringe on lower margin. Expanse of wings
about 15 millim. See PI. Il, fig. 6a.

Localities from which reported.

As far as at present discovered this insect’s habitat is the
coniferous forests of the Jaunsar, Teri-Garhwal and Simla Hills
in which area its larva attacks the cones of the deodar and
spruce trees.

1 The identifications of this and various other moths mentioned in these
notes have been very kindly determined or checked for me by Sir George
Hampson, Bart., to whom my very best thanks are due. £. cedrella is a
recently discovered species.

PHYCITA ABIETELLA,
SCHIFF,

References :—Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 138. Tinea decuriella, Hiibn. Samml. eur
Schmett, fig.74. Tinea sylvestrella, Ratz. Fortz. 1, p. 244, pl-
15, fig. 1. Pinipestis abietivorella, Grote, Bull. U.S. Geol:
Suvr. iv, p. 701. Hamps, Faun. of Brit. Ind. Moths, iv, p. gt,

no. 4387.
Classification :—Order, LEPIDOPTERA. Sub-Order, HETEROCERA.
Family, Pyralide.

Description.
This is a small moth ; the upper wings greyish in colour
with blackish-brown markings ; lower wing a uniform dark grey.
It is thus described in the Fauna of British India:—

“Head, thorax, and abdomen grey and fuscous. Fore
wings grey, thickly irrorated and suffused with fuscous; a
dark brown patch on base of inner area; a dark antemedial
line with a grey band on its inner edge, angled outwards
below costa and inwards on median nervure and vein1; a
larger brown patch inside the grey band, less prominent towards
costa; a prominent quadrate discocellular grey spot with a
brown patch below it; a grey-edged dark postmedial line
angled inwards at vein 6, then bent outwards and minutely
dentate, some brown suffusion beyond the line; a prominent
marginal series of dark specks. Hind wings semi-hyaline
with a brown tinge; the cilia white, with a brown line at base.

‘The prominence of the grey and fuscous markings of fore
wings varies considerably. Expanse of wings 22—34 millim.’’
(See Pl. Il, fig. 7a.)

Localities from which reported.

The insect’s range as at present discovered is the forests
situated on the Jaunsar-Barwar and Teri-Garhwal hills to as
far west as Simla, The writer has bred out specimens from
cones obtained from various parts of this area.

EUZOPHERA CEDRELLA and PHYCITA ABIETELLA, 109

It has a widespread distribution since the species has also
been reported from the United States, Europe, and Japan.

Description of larve.

The two moths above described have both been bred out
of deodar and spruce cones, VP. absetel/a has in addition been
reared from infested silver fir and blue pine cones. It follows
that there are at least two, if not more, different species of larvz
attacking these cones, and I have found this to be the case with
all the cones although the £. cedrelia moth has only been
obtained from the deodar and spruce, Ihave not as yet been
able to settle which /arva produces the individual moths in
question, and the larve are therefore described here together.

Some immature larve about a fourth grown were about j
inch long, dirty yellow smoke-coloured with a black head.
(Taken from deodar cones on 22nd May.)

Mature or nearly mature larvee :— ;

1. A dirty yellow grey in colour witha tinge of green,
smooth, and shining ; head black, Length 14 inches.
Some similar forms had scattered bristles over their
bodies. (From blue pine, spruce, deodar, and
silver firin July.) See Pl. Il, fig. 7c.

2, Light reddish earth-coloured, light green on ventral
surface; first abdominal segment yellow. Head
blackish yellow. Length 1 inch. (From spruce in
July.)

3. Similarto No, 2 but more pink in colour, with black
head and a black band or collar on upper surface
of first abdominal segment. (From spruce in July.)

4. Purplish on dorsal surface becoming a pale greenish
yellow on ventral surface, Head black, Length 13
inches. (In deodar cones from Jaunsar in Septem-
ber.)

Pl. I, fig. 6 4, d, show a larva and pupa taken from a deodar
cone and thought to be the larva and pupa of £. cedrella. |
consider this, however, doubtful since at the time it was not
known that there was more than one species of larva attacking

the cones,

E10 EUZOPHERA CEDRELLA and PHYCITA ABIETELLA.

Life History.

As far as is at present known the life history of both these
insects is approximately the same. The eggs have not yet
been discovered. It is possible that both the insects deposit
them either on the twigs near the young female flowers or, in
the case of the deodar, in the young flowers themselves as they
are open in October. The eggs should be looked for between
September and November.

The larve make their appearance inthe spring, but the
first part of their life history is unknown. The attack is first
noticeable owing to the small holes surrounded by resin which
make their appearance on the lower half of the cones —see PI, II,
fig. 6e. I have seen these as early as May in the case of the
deodar cones; in June in spruce, blue pine, and silver fir cones.
On cutting up such diseased cones the larva will be found tun-
nelling up or down them (depending upon the point of
entrance), the seeds being often pierced through and eafen;
the grubs will be found wallowing in the large amount of tur-
pentine exuded by the cone through the wounds thus made.
The long cylindrical spruce and blue pine cones become
contorted into fantastic shapes under this attack.

Towards the endof July and first part of August most of
the larvae appear to be. full fed (though some are to be found on
into September) and change into the pupal state. By this
time the cone will have become so diseased that it will have
fallen to the ground and some of the larva (if not all the
species) leave it and enter the ground and pupate there.

I think it probable that at least one of these larve
migrates from coneto cone. I have usually found more than
one grub in acone though there may not be more than one of
any individual species present, the moths having only laid one
egg near or on each flower. The mature insects appear on the
wing between September and October. Specimens I bred out
at Dehra Dun! issued as follows : on 12th September two moths
from silver fir; 19th September moths from blue pine and on

? The warmer climate of Dehra, of course, affected the period of issuing of
the moths.

EUZOPHERA CEDRELLA and PHYCITA ABIETELLA. 111

28th from spruce; on 4th October from deodar. All these

were P. abtetella. E. cedreila was obtained from spruce and
deodar in October.
Relations to the Forest.

Our knowledge. is at present insufficient to enable us to
say which of these two pests is the most aggressive, or
whether there may not be others at work with them. The
effect of their attacks is, however, most injurious since in bad
years the majority of the seed crops are entirely lost. This was
the case with the deodar crop in 1898, nearly the whole of
which, according to Mr. Ribbentrop,’ was lost fromthe trees
round Simia, whilst Mr. Osmaston reported the destruction of
cones the same year in the Jaunsar forests. The attack does
not seem to have been noticed (or at any rate reported) on
the spruce, silver fir, and blue pine during the year. The
insects have been more or less plentiful in deodar cones during
the succeeding years, and last year (1901) they were found not
only abundant in deodar but also in spruce, silver fir, and blue
pine. It is probable that they caused the loss of the majority
of the seed of these four trees during 1901 in the portions of
the Simla and Bashahr divisions visited by the writer.

Protection and Remedies.

Until the full life history of these insects is known it is too
soon to even attempt to suggest here what remedies, if any are
possible, can be recommended for trialin the case of such
pests,

Points tn the life history requiring further observation :—

1, Where the eggs are laid. The discovery of this
point is most important. ;

2. When the larve first hatch out, and where they spend
the first stages of their life histories.

3. The number of different species of larve attacking
the cones, and which species of cone they are most
common in.

4. The length of the various pupal stages.

1 Vide “ Notes on the Deodar,” /ndian Forester, Vol. XXV, Appendix,

112) EUZOPHERA CEDRELLA and PHYCITA ABIETELLA.

5. The length of time during which the moths are to be
seen on the wing in the forest.

6. The stage in which the insects pass through the
winter. Is it the egg stage?

7. The description of the larva of Z. cedrella and that
of P. abietella, |

Nore.—The above observations are required for each tree. With
reference to No. 3, I recommend "that cones be cut up monthly from Apri
onwards, and that the larve taken from each be carefully examined, described
and then put into formalin, which will prevent their colours going, and
sent to me to Dehra Dun.

To ascertain No. 7 I recommend the following : Species of each of the
different kinds of larvz should be put on to uninfected cones on convenient
trees where they can be constantly watched—one on each cone, a descrip-
tion of the larva in each case being first made. Each cone should be then »
tied up in a muslin bag until about the end of July. It should then be cut
off and placed in a small weoden box with alayer of moist earth at the
bottom of it and the moth bred out. Inthis way it should be possible to
definitely ascertain not only which are the larve belonging respectively to
&. cedrella and P. abietella, and whether they have any other companions;
but also which is the greater pest of the two.

MACALLA MONCUSALIS,!
W LK,

References s—WIk. Cat. xvi, p. 252; C.&S. no. 2942. Allata penicillata ;
WIk. Cat, xxvii, p. 111; C.& S. no. 4640. Orthagaob *
scura, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 201; C. & S. no. 4490. Pseudo
lacastra inimica, Snell, Trans, Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 566 (nec.
Butl.) Hmpsn. Faun. Br. Ind. Moths,tIV, 113, no. 4440.

Classification :—Order, LEPIDOPTERA. Sub:Order, HETEROCERA,
Family, Pyralida.
Description.

The Jarvé is said to be small, of a dull cream colour and
more or less transparent, much resembling that of 7etrzdra
caletoralts, but smaller. A cocoon of loose white silk is spun by
the larva before it changes to the pupal state.

The moth is small dark fuscous in colour and with up-turned
palpi. Fore wing with apex rectangular and with traces of
dentate antemedial line angled in the cel!; the fan of scales in
end of cell grey; a black discocellular speck; an obscure
dentate postmedial line highly angled at vein 4 and with
diffused grey on its outer edge. Underside of hind wing with
traces of discocellular lunule and minutely dentate postmedial
line excurved from vein 6 to 2, 2 paler and more olive+green:
Expanse of wings 3 26, @ 26-32 millim.

Localities from which reported.
Hampson gives the reported range of this insect as Sikkim,
Bhutan, Nagas, and Manipur. The sal forests in the Ganjam
District, Madras, are now added to the above,

Life History.
The larve are full fed in the latter part of June. In the
case of specimens kept in a box, the larve spun a cocoon of

1 This insect and the Pyralid moth Zetridia caletoralts, Wlk., were sent
to me from the Ganjam District, Madras, by Mr. C. E. C. Fischer, Deputy
Conservator of Forests. The notes on the life history, etc., of the species
are from his pen, The identifications were kindly made by Sir George
Hampson, Bart.

ii4 MACALLA MONCUSALIS.

silk to the sides of the box and pupated inthis. It is pro-
bable that this cocoon is spun on the leaves or twigs of the
food plant in the forest. The insect spent 15 days in the
pupal condition, a larva which changed into this state on 24th
June issuing as a moth on July 8th.

The time spent in the larval stage and the number of
generations of the moth in the year have yet to be ascertained.

Relations to the Forest.

These larve were found in company with those of the
Pyralid moth TZetridia caletoralis defoliating young sal sap-
lings from 3 to 5 feet high in the Kriamba Reserve of the
Ganjam District in Madras. The damage done, as far as it has
at present been observed, has not been heavy.

Protection and Remedies.

In nurseries and plantations larve of this description when
they become numerous, and therefore dangerous, are besttreated
by spraying the young plants with the ‘arsenical compound
Paris green. The method of doing this has been described
€lsewhere. Dusting the plants over with a mixture of Paris
green, unslaked lime, and ashés, as described for the ‘locust
Tryxalis nasuta, might be tried as an alternative method.

. Points in the Life History requiring further observation—
1. Where the eggs are laid.
2. Length of time passed in the larval stage by the June

caterpillars.

What becomes of the July moths ?

. The number of generations in the year,

What becomes of the insect 'in the winter ?

. Does it feed on old as well as young trees ?

7
ie i

TETRIDIA CALETORALIS,
WLK.

References :—WIk. Cat. xviii, p.651; C.& S. no. 4233. Botys vinacealis,
Moore, P. Z. S, 1877, .p.619;:C.:& S. no. 4236. Polythlipta
albieandalis, Snell. Tijd. v. Ent. xxiii, p. 221, nnd .xxvi, pl. 8,
figs. 7,7a,b, c. Hmpsn. Faun. Br. Ind. Moths IV, 395,
no. 5138,

Classification :—Order, LEPIDOPTERA. Sub-Order, HEEROCERA
Family, Pyralide.
Description.

The /arve are described as being of a dirty dull cream
colour more or less transparent. Length 1 to 1} inches, It
has been noticed that before changing into the pupal stage they
become light claret coloured, The caterpillar spins together a
portion of a leaf with silk, forming a rough cocoon before
changing into the pupal state.

The £upa is ochreous brown, shining, and just under ? inch
in length,

A small moth red-brown in colour with a vinous tinge ;
antennze of male minutely ciliated and considerably longer
than fore wing, those of female about same length as fore
wing ; palpi porrect triangularly scaled and white below ; fore
tibiz and-tarsi marked with white ; mid tibiz and tarsi white;
the tibial fringe of hair fulvous ; abdomen witha white streak
on anal tuft. Fore-wing with waved antemedial black line; a
waved discocellular line ; both wings with a minutely crenulated
postmedial line, nearly straight from costa to vein 3, then
retracted to below .end of cell, and on hind wing terminat-
ing at anal angle; a marginal series of black specks. ¢ pale
ochreous, rufous. Fore wing with the costa tinged with
{uscous; the margin and cilia of both wings fuscous; the legs
not marked with white. Expanse of wings 34 millim. See PI.
v, fig. 6 a, 0.

I 2

116 TETRIDIA CALETORALIS.
we ES a ee
Localities from which reported.
Hampson gives the range as Sikkim, Khasis, Sibsagar,
Ceylon, Burma, Andamans, Borneo, Celebes. Ganjam District,
Madras, is now here added.

Life History}

The larve are full fed at the end of the third week in June
and pupate by spinning themselves up in a portion of a leaf of
the food plant by means of a white silk. Within the covering
they turn into pupz. About 15 days is spent in this stage,
larve2 which pupated on 23rd June issuing as moths on the
7th July. This is at present all that has been reported on the
life history. We still require to know the length of time the
June larve spend feeding and the number of generations of
the insect there are in the year.

Relations to the Forest.

The larvze of this insect defoliate the sal (Shorea robusta)
in Madras. They were found feeding on sal seedlings from
3 to 5 feet high in the Kriamba Reserve of the Ganjam District,
The damage done, as at present observed, has not been very
heavy. It is found feeding in company with Macalla moncusalis,
Wik.

Points in the life history requiring further observations :—

1. Where are the eggs laid? Isit on the branches of
the sal trees?

2. Length of time passed in the larval stage by the June
caterpillars.

3. What becomes of the July moths ?

4. The number of generations in the year,

5. What becomes of the insect in the winter ?

6. Does it feed on old as well as young trees ?

1The notes on the life history of this insect, together with specimens,
were sent to me by Mr. C. Fischer, Deputy Conservator of Forests, Ganjam
District, Madras.

117

CRYPTOPHLEBIA CARPOPHAGA,
WLSM.

Reference :—Wlsm. Indian Mus. Not. iv. 3, 106.
Classification :—Order, LEPIDOPTERA. Sub-Order, HETEROCERA:
Family, Tortricidae, Sub-Family, Olethrentinee.

Description.

The /arva is about five-eighths of an inch in length, but
though it has been figured, no description of it as yet appears to
have been made.! See PI. V, fig. 7, a.

Moth.—Antennze pale tawny. Palpi tawny, paler on their
inper sides, shaded with fuscous externally. Head tawny,
shaded with reddish fuscous above. Thorax blackish. Fore
wings tawny with a blackish patch towards the centre of their
lower surfaces and a small crescent-shaped mark on the outside
of these. Outer edges also blackish. Hind wings brownish
fuscous. Abdomen greyish with a slight ochreous tinge, a
black tuft above the anal segments. Hind legs bone-grey with
the tufts on the tibia strongly irridescent dark purplish on the
upper sides,

In the ¢ the tufts of hair present, in the ¢ are absent. In
the hind wings little sign of the pouch-like fold in the neigh-
bourhood of the abdominal margin can be seen. The fore wings
are reddish-tawny. It will probably be found that there is some
variation in the ground colour of these moths. Expanse of
wings ¢ 18 millim, 2 17 millim. Pl. V, fig. 7, shows, J, the pupal
case protruding from the bean and ¢, d, the ¢ and @ moths,

Life History.
Little is known about this insect. The larvze were found in
the cold weather feeding in pods of Cassia Fistula, L. and C.
occidentalis, L. They changed into the pupal state inside the pods,

1This moth was bred from C. Fistula podsinthe Museum in Calcutta
in 1894, and from C. occidentalis pods also from Calcutta in 1895. The
insect was named by Lord Walsingham, both genus and species proving
new to science,

118 CRYPTOPALEBIA CARPOPHAGA.

These pup appear to cut their way through the skin of the dry
and ripe pod and protrude half their length or more from the
pod before the moth bursts the skin and escapes. Moths issued
at the beginning of January, and it is probable that the dates on
which they issue in different parts of the country depend toa
certain extent on the time of flowering and fruiting of the trees
it attacks. Its life history is likely to be somewhat similar to
that of Trachylepidea fructicastella, which also attacks the pods
of C. Fistula.

Points tn the life history requiring further observation :—
1. When the eggs are laid.
2. How long the larva spends tunnelling in the pods ?
3. What becomes of the January moths ?
4. The number of generations in the year.

YPSOLOPHUS SP.

Reference :—Provisionally determined as such by Mr. M. Durrant.

Classification:—Order, LEPIDOPTERA. Sub-Order, HETEROCERA,
Family, Plutellide, Sub-family, Gelechinee.

Description.

Larva.—When full grown the larve are about half an inch
in length, pale lemon yellow in colour and translucent. Head
light brown. Body tapers towards posterior segments, the
last two of latter having a dark coloured spot on their dorsal
surface. A dorsal median brown line runs down the 8 anterior
segments of the body. The colouring is the same in the young
larvee, but the head is black and well developed, standing out
on either side of the body, which is not the case in the full
grown one where it is of the same width as the body.

Pupa.—Anterior end black, abdominal segments yellowish-
brown. Length slightly under half an inch. The pupa is
contained within a loose net-work of fine silk which the larva
spins across the inside of a leaf before changing to the pupal
state.

Moth.—Small, with narrow wings. Fore wings a pale yellow-
ish-brown, fringed on their outer extremities. Under wings
grey, their lower edges heavily fringed, a buff-coloured line
running between the outer edge of wing and the fringe,
Antenne filiform.

Plate III, fig. 4, shows the larva, pupa (which is attached
to the centre of a Sissu leaf), and moth of this small pest.

Life History.

The larvz were found defoliating Sissu leaves on the 18th
April and were then of all sizes, some being about full grown,
My attention was drawn to the attack by the fact that the
lower branches of the large Sissu trees were festooned with long
thin strands of silky web which had caught and enclosed masses

126 YPSOLOPHUS SP.

of the dead flowers of the tree. The ends of the whippy
branches were often entirely enclosed by this silk, and the
leaves were then either partially or entirely defoliated. An
examination of some of these branches showed numbers of small
larve feeding upon the leaves. In some cases, the larve were
full fed and were then to be found in twos and threes, either
between two leaves bound together by silk threads or amongs¢
the dead and shrivelled up calyces of the inflorescences which
were interwoven into the silken meshes, The larve are parti-
ally gregarious since they bind up two or three leaves together,
fastening them so as to form a small tent, the upper surfaces
of the leaves being outermost. Within this small shelter
several larve may be found living and feeding together. They
usually eat the underside of the leaf leaving the upper epi-
dermis intact ; this shrivels up into a brown, wrinkled, papery
substance which remains boundup in the webs. When the larvee
have finished the leaf tissue within their small tent, they vacate it
and proceed to fresh leaves. In the course of these wanderings
enormous quantities of silk are spun by the grubs, festooning the
trees more especially in the lower halves of their crowns,
though at times the silk could be seen covering the summits of
the trees as well. The Bari Doab Canal, which runs through
the Changa Manga plantation, presented a remarkable sight.
Great silken streamers, 20 to 30 feet in length, hung across the
canal from the branches of the trees on either side. The ends of
the branches themselves were woven up in a (in many cases)
complete net of silken strands which entirely enveloped all the
branchlets and leaves, Garlands went from branch to branch,
and tree was festooned to tree along the banks in a remarkable
manner. The almost horizontal rays of a setting sun gave the
scene a most bizarre effect and showed, as no other play of
light could have done, the seriousness of the attack. When
the smallness of the caterpillar is taken into consideration
it becomes evident that millions and millions must have been
present to have produced this enormous amount of silk,

The larve change into the pupal state about the end of
April, spinning a flimsy silken net-work across the inside of a
leaf or two thereby drawing the edges together. Within this

YPSOLOPAUS SP. 121

they change into the pupa. The pupal stage lasts about ten
days, moths of larve taken to Dehra Dun issuing about the
13th May.

This much of the life history has been studied up to the
present. It is almost certain that there will be at least
one more generation, if not several, of the insect during the
remainder of the year since the first generation is completed by
the middle of May, and this point requires further careful observa-

tion.
Locality from which the insect has been reported.

This insect was found by the writer seriously defoliating
the Sissu (Dalbergia Sissoo) in the Changa Manga plantation
near Lahore in April r1got.

Feelations to the Forest.

The damage is done by the caterpillars who completely or
partially defoliate the Sissu trees. They appear to prefer the
older, or it would be more correct to say, the taller trees, and
were by no means numerous in small coppice. They eat the
whole of the leaf, or the greater portion of it, leaving generally
intact the upper epidermis. The Sissu was the chief tree
attacked, though here and there I saw the webs and found the
larve on the mulberry and the Acacia modesta. The attack
had by no means ended when I left the plantation, but even
then I estimated that 50 per cent., and probably more, of the trees
were suffering from the caterpillar. Compartments here ang
there had, however, entirely escaped up to the date of my
departure. I first noticed and examined it in compartments 72
and 73. Amongst other it was also more or less severe in com-
partments 1 and 8 in Block J, 9, 51, 52, 54, 86, 87, 89, and go.

Protection and Remedies.

Until more has been ascertained about its life history it
cannot be said with any certainty that a feasible remedy is
possible. It should, however, be remembered that such attacks
always take place on a larger scale in pure forest than in
a mixed one, as the caterpillars have no difficulty in the former
of obtaining as much food as they require, and a judicious
mixture of the Sissu and mulberry would no doubt have the

122 YPSOLOPHUS SP.

effect of checking this pest. I have said above that here
and there the webs were to be seen on mulberry trees
interspersed amongst the Sissu, but in no case did my
observations show me that the mulberry leaves were being
eaten. It is not improbable that the mulberry was merely
used as a stepping-stone from one Sissu to the next.

Points in the life history requiring further observation :—
1. In what stage, egg, larva, pupa, or moth does the
insect pass through the winter ?

2. The duration of the first generation of the larva. The
time when they first appear on the leaves should
be ascertained.

3. What happens to the moths which appear early in
May? Where and when do they lay eggs, and when
do the eggs hatch out? If in May or commence-
ment of June, the length of time passed in the
different stages of the subsequent generations
requires watching.

4. Number of generations passed through in the year.

123

OCHROPHARA MONTANA,!
DISTANT.

Reference :—Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., pt. J, pp. 165, 166 (1900).
Classification :—Order, HEMIPTERA, Family, Pentatomide.

Description.

Adult insect. Ochraceous, somewhat thickly and darkly
punctate ; lateral margins of the corium, apex of the scutellum
and a faint central fascia to same, body beneath, legs, rostrum,
and antennz pale ochraceous; fourth and fifth joints of
antennz reddish-ochraceous.

Body elongate: second joint of antenne shorter than the
third, third and fifth subequal in length, fourth a little longest.
Lateral lobes of the head coarsely punctate, central lobe more
sparingly punctate, a space before the eyes and at base,
smooth. Pronotum coarsely but sparingly punctate, with a
narrow central polished impression, posterior angles obtusely
sub-prominent. Scutellum with a small slightly raised smooth
callosity near each basal angle; basal area somewhat trans-
versely wrinkled, Membrane pale greyish. Length. 12-13 millim.

The species is of the most extraordinary variability, not
only as regards markings, which are not abnormal, but ex-
hibiting a plastic mobility in structure which is very unusual.

Pl. I, fig. 6, shows, 4, young wingless larva; 6, winged adult
of this insect.

Life History.

This insect does damage in both the larval and imago stages
of its life. The present information on its life history is, how-
ever, very meagre. It is reported to have appeared in enor-
mous numbers over a portion of the Central Provinces at the

* Specimens of this insect with all that is at present known of its life
history were sent me by Mr. A. E. Lowrie, Deputy Conservator of Forests,
in charge of the Chanda Division of the Central Provinces, At the time
the insects were swarming in enormous numbers and destroying the crop of
seed of the bamboo, Dendvocalamus strictus.

124 OCHROPHARA MONTANA.

beginning of January 1900, and fed voraciously from the middle
of the month right on through February into March. Specimens
I received, taken about the second week in March, consisted
of both larvee and imagos of the pest, but I am unable to state
whether both stages were present in January and February.
Heavy rain during the latter part of February was said to have
killed off the greater number of the insects, but a few were
still to be found in the third week in March.

This appears to be all that is at present known of the life
history of this pest, which was described for the first time in
1900.

Areas from which reported.

Distant in his description of the insect in the Transactions
of the Entomological Society of London gives its habitat as
the Naga Hills, Tavoy, and Karen Hills. To these must be
now added the Central Provinces.

Relations to the Forest. -

This insect proved itself to be a most serious pest during
the cold weather of 1901. There was a very general flowering
of the bamboo, Dendrocalamus strictus, during this period
throughout the Chanda district (it is said owing to the drought
experienced during the year), overan area of some 1,200 square
miles. Just before the seed began to ripen this bug appeared
on the bamboos, swarming over every clump, and commenced
sucking up the sap of the young newly forming seeds. Four to
six. weeks were occupied in this way, with the result that the
entire crop of seed was ruined over this area. Having finished
off the bamboo seed, the insects were said to have descended
on to the Faward crop then ripening in the fields and to have
done damage to that.

Protection ard Remedtes.

It is not possible to prescribe remedies for this pcst ae
“we know something more about its life history.

Potuts in the life history requiring further observation :—
1. Where and when the eggs are laid and length of
time spent in this stage ?

OCHROPHARA MONTANA. 125

2. Date on which the young larve first make their
appearance and the plants they feed upon.
3. Length of time spent in the larval stage.

4. Dates of appearance of imagos and length of time
spent in this stage.

5. The number of generations in the year. If more
than one, the length of time spent in each.

126

CERATOPACHYS VARIABILIS, *
DALLAS.

Reference :—Dalias, Cat. Hemip. Ins. Brit. Mus., Pts,.1 & II, p. 502.
Classification :—Order, HEMIPTERA. Family, Coreide.

Description.
The eggs of this insect when first laid are of a brilliant
green colour which later on turns to reddish green. The

imago varies in colouring. The following three varieties are
described :—

Var. a,¢. Head, thorax, and body beneath pale. green:
Eyes and ocelli red. Thorax thickly and finely punctured with
the posterior margin reddish. Coriaceous portion of the elytra
thickly punctured, red, with the outer margin green, a narrow
fulvous line on the apical margin, and a small yellow spot in
the inner apical angle; membrane blackish brown. Margins
of the abdomen pale green, with indistinct blackish bands at
the posterior margins of some of the segments. Thighs green-
ish, with the apex brown; tibize and tarsi brown. Rostrum
greenish, with the tip black. Antennz black, with the second
and third joints pale green at the base ; third joint much dilated
at the apex. ‘

Var. 8, 2. Head, thorax, and body beneath orange. Head
reddish in front. Thorax with the lateral margins and a broad
band across the posterior margin red. Scutellum yellow,
tinged with green. Coriaceous portion of the elytra thickly
and finely punctured, greenish testaceous, with the basal por-
tion of the outer margin yellow, and a broad red band running
along the whole inner and apical margin ; inner apical angle
with a yellow spot. Margins of the abdomen very indistinctly
marked with red at the posterior margins of some of the seg-
"1 The notes on the life history of this insect are from observations made
by Munshi Fazl Din, Khan Bahadur, Extra-Assistant Conservator of

Forests, in charge of the Montgomery Division, forwarded to me by Mr. C. F.
Elliott, late Conservator of Forests, Punjab.

CERATOPACHYS VARIABILIS. 127

a ep
ments. Breast greenish. Basal portion of the thighs fulvous.
Base of the second and third joints of the antennz pale yellow.
In other respects like var. a.

Var. y. Head red. Thorax and under-side of the body
as in the preceding, Scutellum deep orange. Coriaceous
portion of the elytra pale olive, thickly and finely punctured
with black with the nervures blackish; the basal.portion of the
outer margin and a spot in the innerapical angle yellow. Margins
of the abdomen reddish, with a black band at the posterior
margin of each segment. Thighs orange, with the apex pitchy ;
tibiz and tarsi .pitchy black. Rostrum orange, with the apical
joint brown, Antennz as in var. B.

Pl. I, fig. 5 shows a dorsal and side view of this insect.

Life History.

Early in February the young larve of this pest make
their appearance and commence to feed by sucking the juices
of the host plant. By the middle of March they are full grown
and coupling takes place. It has not yet been recorded when
the eggs'from these females are laid, nor how many generations
of the insect there are between these March imagos and those
which are to be found in November. It is stated, however,
that both larve and imagos are to be found attacking coppice
shoots throughout the year with the exception of a couple of
months in the.cold weather. There is likely to be therefore
more than one generation of the pest between the March and
November fully-developed bugs. On the 6th November insects
were found coupling,’and on the 13th of the month eggs were laid ;
each @ laid from 6 to 10,and'these hatched out on the 25th.
Unfortunatly they all died on the 7th December, the parents
having died ‘off soon ‘aftér the young had hatched out. The
eggs are laid deep down in the hollows of the coppice stumps, in
crevices of bark, etc., the dead bodies of the ¢ insects being
found in these positions after eggelaying isover. Observation has
shown that the young ones hatched out in November spend the
two winter months hidden away in hollows in the coppice stools
of ‘the host plant or ‘attach themselves to the roots or hide
under bark, pieces of ‘waste’ wood, etc, lying about on the

128 CERATOPACAYS VARIABILIS.

ground. They are also to be found hibernating in the thicker
coppice bushes. They commence feeding ‘again in February
and become fully developed in March.

The length of time spent in the larval stages, after hatching
out from the egg, to the time when the insect becomes fully
_ developed is said to be as follows :—

Time spent as a wingless larva . : : . two weeks.
Do. do, with rudiments of wings ° . “
Wings developing from rudiments to fully aayelonet three =a

The insect now flies well and coupling takes place. When
in this condition the tips of the abdomen are joined together
and the insects only crawl about and do not fly even if fright-
ened. The coupling season is said to last six weeks. Thus
seven weeks are spent as a larva and about three in the imago
stage, that is, if the summer generations of the imagos die off
within a fortnight of laying their eggs as is the case with the
November one. This would give 10 weeks for one generation
with the exception of the November one, which takes about 14
weeks since the insects hibernate for a portion of the winter,

The pest is said to become scarce during the rainy season
if heavy rain occurs.

Areas from which reported,
The insect has been reported from the Montgomery division
inthe Punjab as damaging coppice shoots.

Specimens in the British Museum (Capt. Boy’s collection)
are labelled as collected in North-West India.

Relations to the Forest.

This insect has appeared in large numbers on Jhand
(Prosopis spictgera) coppice in the Montgomery division. It
attacks the shoots in all its stages, sucking up the juices of the
plants and only ceases its depredations for about a couple of
months—December and January—in the cold weather. The
insects prefer the tips of the young new shoots and commence
work in February on the young shoots arising from stools felled
over in the previous December. The insect sucks the sap and
the leaves become colourless and dry and fall, and the ends
of the shoots turn mud-coloured and die back. The coppice

ral

CERATOPACAYS VARIABILIS. 129

growth is thus retarded a year. The damage done in two-year
old coppice is said to be inconsiderable,

Protection and Remedtes.

According to present observations the insect apparently
passes the winter in the larval stage hidden away in the stumps
or roots of the stools. An experiment might be made of wash-
ing some of them over with a kerosene emulsion solution two
or three times during December and January, taking care that
the solution reaches the insects. This, if done carefully, should
be sufficient to kill off the larvae. The solution is made as
follows :—

Violently churn together two parts of kerosene oil, the purer
the better, with one part of milk, or better, soap solution. The
soap solution is made by boiling about a pound of common
yellow soap with a gallon of water and then mixing with the
kerosene until a thick cream is produced. Add about 12 parts
of water and spray on to the stools. An ordinary watering can
might be used in the trial attempts. The stools should not
be soaked: only the amount of the solution necessary to reach
the insects should be sprayed on,

Points in the life history requiring further observation :=—
1. Number of generations passed through during the
year and length of time spent in passing through

each generation.
2. The insects are said to hibernate at the roots in the

winter. Are they to be found on the roots at any
other period of the year?

3, Do the insects confine themselves to the one year
old coppice throughout the year?

4. What other trees, shoots, etc., are attacked by the
pest ?

130

PSYLLA OBSOLETA,
BUCKTON.

Reference :—Ind Mus. Notes V. 2.35, 30.
Classification :—Order, HEMIPTERA, Family, Psyllide.

Descrtpiion,

Antenne filiform obscurely ten-jointed, basal joint large.
Apex with two minute bristles. Thorax robust with two small
spines underneath, Ferruginous in colour above, shining
black below. Abdomen similarly coloured and having rings
with pale edges, Forewings veined, transparent, and placed
in a roof-shaped manner over the body when at rest; they are
much longer than body. Hind wings obsolete or represented
by mere membranous flaps. Pl, VI, fig. 5, shows, a, the winged
insect, and b, gall formed by larva on leaf.

Life History}

This insect forms small galls on the leaves of a forest tree.
These galls are yellowish-red, rough, and have the appearance
of the galls known as oak spangles which are to be found on
oak leaves in England. The galls are apparently ripe, z.e., the
insects in them are mature and quit their abode in January and
February. Although the insects were abroad under the trees
at the time the samples of galls were taken and sent to Mr.
Buckton for identification, none of them were perforated and
the method by which the insect leaves the gall has still to be
observed. When first emerging from the pupz the insects are
uniformly pale coloured. The colours darken afterwards.

Relations to the Forest.
So far as at present observed, the damage done appears to
be entirely to the younger plants of Diospyros melanoxylon,

1 This insect was discovered on the leaves of the Diospyros melanoxylon
tree in the Shahapur taluka of the South Thana Forest Division by Mr. G.
M. Ryan, Deputy Conservator of Forests, and sent to Mr. Buckton, F.R.S.,
for identification,

PSY LLASOBSOLETA: 131

The leaves of young plants of some 6-7 years old and 3-4 feet
high are attacked, the young larve sucking the tissues and by
the irritation thus produced a gall growth arises on the leaf.
After the insects have deserted the galls, the latter disappear,
leaving holes all over the leaf. Mr. Ryan states that he has
seen the leaves of larger trees, 8 to 10 feet high, attacked in
this manner, but the damage done, so faras at present observed,
would appear to be slight.

This is all that is at present known of this Psyllid. Its
life history during the rest of the year has yet to be studied.
The eggs are presumably laid on the young leaves or in the
angle of a bud, and the time when the young larve first appear
on the leaves and the length of time they spend sucking their
juices requires to be noted upon.

132

ALEURODES EUGENIA,
MASKELL.

Reference :—Ind. Mus. Notes IV, 2, 52.
Olassification:—Order, HEMIPTERA. Family, Aleurodida.

Description. 3

The Jarva is elliptical, very slightly convex dorsally, flat be-
neath: colour dull white ; length about 1 millim. =, inch.

A faint indication of the enclosed insect may be made out
beneath the wax with which it is surrounded, but in this stage
it is not conspicuous, | |

Pupa elliptical, slightly convex dorsally, flat beneath :
colour of waxy covering very pale, dull yellow; the enclosed
insect is dark brown, and its outline may be made out beneath
the wax; length of test about ;4, inch. Dorsally, the test is
very finely striated, the striations being most distinct near
the margin. There is no marginal fringe. On turning over
the test, the rudimentary feet may be clearly seen, folded in-
wards, and the antennz much more faintly : the abdomen tapers
posteriorly to the usual vase-shaped orifice which is common
to the genus. PI, VI, fig. 6, shows a ventral view of the pupa
of this insect.

The adult form is as yet unknown. It is likely tobea
small white fly, the wings of which will be more or less floury
and possibly slightly spotted.

Life History, etc.

Little appears to be known concerning the life history of
this small insect which, until discovered by Mr, Marshall
Woodrow in Poona, was unknown to science,

The insect infests Eugenia jambolana trees in Poona and is
said to very considerably injure them. Both larve and pupa
are to be found in February on the trees.

The adult insect and the subsequent life history of this
small pest during the rest of the year require further careful
obser vation.

133

FIORINIA THEA,
GREEN.

Reference t—Ind. Mus. Notes V. 1, 3-4. PI. J, 4-8.
Classification :—Order, HEMIPTERA. Family, Coccide.

Description.
The pale yellow eggs are deposited in two rows within the
fader patt of the female scale, the 2 insect shrinking up after
oviposition and occupying the anterior extremity only.

eet he adult Gis pale yellow and is blunt elliptical in

shape.

The antennz are close together, on the anterior margin;
each antennz consists of an irregular tubercle with a single
curved bristle on one side. From between the antenne
‘springs a proboscis-like projection which is not chitinous
but of the same consistency as the surrounding parts of the
body. The margin of the thorax and abdomen has a series of
minute spinneret ducts opening on to small conical tubercles,
The scale of the female completely encloses the aduit insect
and is without any secretionary margin, It is elongate and
narrow in shape with a moderately distinct median ridge.
Colour bright castaneous to dark ferruginous brown, the median
longitudinal area darkest: opaque; not revealing the form of
the insect beneath. Length 1°25 to 1°50 millim. Breadth o'50
millim. The insects found by the writer when alive were
covered with white filamentous hairy matter, the stems and
leaves of the host plant appearing to be covered with a white
fluffy wool, Neither the male scale nor the adult male have yet
been discovered.

Pl. VI, fig. 7, shows a, portion of a leaf with insects 7m situ
b, scale of adult @ and c, ventral surface of adult @.

Life History.
The writer found this scale insect on the Olive (Olea
glandulifera) at the end of June in the Bashahr State close
to Kilba. in the Sutle} Valley. The @ insects were thickly

134 FIORINIA THE.

clustered on both the under and upper sides of the leaves being
more numerous on the former. They were also gathered
thickly on the stems, especially at the juncture of the leaves
with the stem. The coccids had their probosces firmly fixed
in the tissue of the leaves and stems and were gaged in
sucking up the sap.

As a result of the attack, the leaves and stems of the Olive
trees turned yellow, the former dropping off.

This insect was first discovered! in 1899 by Dr. George
Watt on tea bushes in the Kangra Valley and Assam, It will
be most interesting to find out what trees it attacks in the latter
Province in addition to the tea plant and also its complete life
history throughout the year.

1The insect was determined as a species new to Science by Mr. E. E’
Green, Government Entomologist, Ceylon. Mr. Green very kindly identi-
fied my species for me as identical with Dr. Watt’s.

MONOPHLEBUS STEBBINGIl,'
GREEN.

Reference :—Green in litt.

Classification :—Order, HEMIPTERA. Family, Coccide, Sub-
Family, Monophlebinz

Description.

When this insect first appears on the leaves of the host plant,
probably soon after leaving the egg, it isa minute little coccid
covered with white woolly hair. Soon afterwards as it in-
creases a little in size, the larva loses this hair and is yellow in
colour, changing to a yellow-brown. At this stage it is sti ]
less than one-sixteenth of an inchin size. A fortnight later
the brown colouring becomes more pronounced, the scale being
then about th of an inch long, elliptical in shape, convex on
dorsal surface, and flat beneath, with three pairs of black legs,
black antennz, and a longish black proboscis. After a
further period of fifteen days has elapsed the larve are about
4th inch in length, dark brown on the dorsal surface, changing to
orange yellow or pale canary yellow in the older specimens ;
ventral surface canary yellow ; legs, antennz, and _ proboscis
black. This colouring remains much the same till the insect
reaches maturity, but the whole of the upper surface becomes,
when the scale is about a third of its full size, covered with
a white powdery mealy scurf. This larva is the female one
only. Both sexes are full grown and mature in April.

Wingless ¢. In general appearance the full grown@is a
thick, fleshy, white insect with three pairs of black legs, a pair of

1 The observations and notes given here are mostly my own, but in
many cases they are corroborated by those of Messrs, Oliver and Milward,
who have watched this insect for the last two and three years, respectively,
and by planters in the district who have known the insect locally for some
years.

I am indebted to Mr. Oliver for drawing my attention to the insect in
the first instance on my arrival in the Dun early in 1901.

136 MONOPHLEBUS STEBBINGII.

black antenne, inserted ventrally and not dorsally, and a black
proboscis tucked away on the under surface of the body.
Elliptical in shape, being convex on the dorsal surface, and
consisting of twelve segmentsin all. Whenrubbed, so as to
remove some of the powdery material which gives the scale it,
white appearance, the body is seen to be dark yellow to light
reddish-brown in colour. As seenon a dorsal view a white
filamentous edging runs round the contour of the insect when
alive and unrubbed. Size when fully grown is ? inch long and
2 inch or a little less in greatest breadth. TheQis apparently
sexually perfect before it attains its full size, a few amongst
those noticed pairing being only about 3 inch in length and
dark brown to brownish-red in colour with no white powdery
mantle over them. PI. I, fig. 7, shows the wingless female insect.

Winged @. A small insect with one pair of black wings.
Antenne long, consisting of from 19g—20 joints, black with the
joints swollen in the middle and a single circular row of longish,
stiff, bristly hairs arising from the thickest portion of the joint.
The antennae, as ordinarily seen on the insect in life, appear
to be white and feathered ; this is simply due to the fact that
the hairs become covered with the white powdery substance
with which the dorsal surface of the wingless 9? is covered. The
body is red and flattened and terminates in three abdominal
appendages on either side of the posterior end. The male has
no mouth parts. It is very active and flies about freely. Length
4th inch, Wing expanse 4 inch. PI. I, fig. 8, shows the male
insect of Monophiebus dalbergiz towhich that of MZ. Stebbingit
is very similar.

Life History.

The young @? larvae are to be found early in January on the
leaves of the sal and in dry years, such as the present (1902),
they doubtless first appear in November or December. They
are usually clustered on the midrib both on the upper and
underside of the leaves, but more usually the latter, their pro.
bosces being buried in the tissue of therib. Soon after losing
the white hair, with which they apparently start life, the little
scales undergo their first moult and the little whitish papery
cast skins can be found stuck to the leaves by the copious sugary

MONOPHLEBUS STEBBINGII. 137
secretion excreted by these insects. The female larva appears
to spend from six to eight weeks feeding in this position and
then descends to the young twigs. Soon after this change
in position is made a further cast of skin takes place. When
moulting, or shedding its skin, the latter is ruptured at the
anterior end of the insect at a horizontal line of cleavage just
above the insertion of the antenne extending to the first seg-
ment of the thorax on either side. At the same time the skin
ruptures from a central point in this horizontal line of cleave
age down to the end of the thoracic segments on the dorsal
surface and to the coxe of the first pair of legs on the ventral
surface. The insect then slowly crawls out of the old skin.
Consequently on the underside of the discarded skin the black
empty leg and antennal cases are to be found.

On the twigs the insects, when numerous, collect in clusters
and thickly cover the young thin-barked portions ; they also
descend lower down and gather in knots at wounds or cracks
in the thicker bark below. The insects are about gth of an inch
in size when they first descend to the twigs. From now on-
wards their growth becomes more rapid, at least one more cast-
ing of the skin taking place, until they mature towards the end
of March or middle of April. When mature, twigs and branches
may be seen with 6—g inches of their length covered with white
clusters of these insects, looking as if encrusted with snow, the
scales lying one on top of another, often tipped up at an angle and
resting ona companion below : each has its proboscis firmly
fixed in the bark and is occupied in sucking up the juices,
During their whole life they are very active and march about a
great deal over the tree, and they excrete during the whole of this
period copious amounts of a sugary secretion. This covers the
leaves and twigs, clogs up the stomata, and runs down the
branches, dripping down on to the ground below in enormous
quantities when the insects are plentiful. The male larva has
not yet been discovered, but the dimago appears on the wing in
April, perhaps earlier indry years. Itis not so plentiful as the
female and fertilizes more than one of these latter. It is an
active little insect, flying about over the serried masses of
females or walking over the backs of the thick clusters, Pairing

138 MONOPHLEBUS STEBBINGII.

Ee ete nce a i re
continues for about three weeks. The method of operation is
as follows. The insect flies up to a female and alights on her
back and then forces itself under her between her ventral
surface and the twig on which she is sitting, turning on its
back in doing so. It then pushes its anal appendages into
the anal ventral opening inthe female, When attached to her
its head is usually facing in the opposite direction to which
she is sitting.

After fertilization the 2 scales apparently cease feeding and
march down the tree to search for convenient places to deposit
their eggs. Towards the end of April, in badly infested areas,
large numbers of the insects may be seen marching about in this
way. The eggs bave not yet been found, but lam of opinion that
they are laid inthe crowns ofthe trees and the perambulations
of the fertilized females are probably undertaken with the object
of finding unattacked trees or branches on which to lay them.
Where they are very numerous the crowns of the trees are so
thickly covered with the sugary secretion that it is unlikely they
would choose such positions for egg-laying.!

The insects disappear about the end of May, in dry years
at the beginning of this month.? A few are still to be found
in June, and even in August and September a very few full-
sized ¢ scales have been found, but these are in all probability
unfertilized females which had managed to linger on.

Areas from which reported.
The at present known habitat of this insect is the drier
portions of the sal forests on the Siwalik Range of Hills running
from the Ganges on the east to the Kalesar forest, situated on

1] have recently (May 1902) obtained eggs from fertilized females kept
under observation. They are apparently very often laid under the rough
bark of the sal trees.

2 The dates of first appearance of the young larve, and consequently of
the culminating point of the attack when the insects are mature, depend on
the climatic conditions to which the insects are exposed. The winter of
1901-1902 has been exceptionally mild, and the scales are at least a month
more forward in their development than they were at the corresponding
period of 1900-1901.

MONOPHLEBUS STEBBINGII. 139

ae ee ee
the western bank of the Jumna river, on the west. No reports!
of its presence have yet been made from the Ganges Division
to the east of the Ganges River.

Mr. Milward gives the following distribution for the forests
of the Dehra Dun Division situated on the northern slopes of
the Siwaliks :—

“The areas in the Dun Government forests which are subject to the
severest attacks are those in the dry Western Dun. In each of the three
years 1899—1901 in which it has been noticed it has been particularly
aciive on the Siwalik’s side in compartments 9 and to of the Jumna
Range, but it has also been found in large numbers also between the
Saharanpur-Chakrata road and Malhan village. It was in enormous
numbers in Dholkot forest in 1900 and inthe same forest chiefly at the
Selakni end of it in 1901. It was also in large numbers in parts of
Chandpur and Ambari forests in the latter year. In the damper Eastern
Dun forests it has not been seen asa pest in the last three years, but in
small numbers in the Ganges Range in 1899 and 1901. Ithas never been
seen in the Tirsal Range.”’

The young scales were found in enormous numbers in
January of the present year (1902) in the Lakarkot forest on
the southern slope of the Siwaliks, the undergrowth being
thickly coated with their sugary excretion.

Relations to the Forest.

The published knowledge of the life histories and methods
of attack of monophlebids? in Indian forests is very meagre and
the present one is therefore of some interest and importance.
As far as observations have yet been carried, the insect’s
attacks would appear to be most prejudicial to the growth of
the trees, both young and old. The female scale is the chief
aggressor, the mature male not feeding at all. The damage

1 Whilst this note was in the press, the presence of this insect was
reported in forests east of the Ganges by Mr. Dickinson, Conservator of
the Circle.

2 Mr. E. E. Green, Government Entomologist, Ceylon, an authority on
Coccidz, very kindly named this insect for me. Up to the date of my
sending him specimens of the 2 and © insects there were but five species
of the genus Monophlebus recorded from the Indian region, and of these
four were described from the male insects only, the females being still
unknown. To this number the writer has been able to add three new
species during the past year.

140 MONOPHLEBUS STEBBINGII.

arising is due tothe heavy loss of sap experienced by the
tree when the insects are in very large numbers. This damage
arises in two ways, firstly, by the clogging up of the stomata
and pores of the tree with the sugary excretion which envelops
leaves, twigs, etc., witha film making them look as if they had
been varnished. This is more serious indry years when no
rain falls to wash it off. Secondly, the twigs and branches dry
up from the effect of the constant tapping. The crowns of
large trees thus become thin and straggling under repeated
attacks, whilst young saplings havea crooked method of growth,
the younger ones not improbably dying down under constant
repetition of the treatment. As the attack culminates in the
spring when the trees are putting forth new leaves and flowers,
serious injury is done to these. The development of the former
is stopped and they shrivel up and wither on the smaller twigs.
Information with regard to the flowers is not yet available ; expe-
riments are being carried out with seed in order to ascertain
whether its vitality is impaired.

The insect prefers the crowns of the trees of the high forest,
where it occasionally multiplies and congregates in enormous
numbers; it is, however, to be found on small trees and
saplings as well, collecting on the smaller branches and twigs or
clustered for some inches up the leading skoots.

Mr. E. M. Coventry in reporting insects, which I identified
as M. Stebbingit, from Kalesar forest at the end of April 1gor,
confirmed these observations relative to young growth. He
WweEote.-—

“They are seen crawling up the trunks of large trees, but generally
they are found crowded together all round the stems, sometimes fora
length of six inches. The damage they do is that they sit and suck the
juices of the young shoots sothat the parts above dry up and drop off.
The leading shoots are generally attacked in this way, so that very often
the trees become crooked. I have been trying to find some coppice
shoots or young saplings that have escaped injury, but every one I have
seen shows signs of having been attacked inthis way. When the leading
shoot is killed, next year several new shoots are put out a little lower

down. One of these probably takes the lead and is killed in its turn, and
soon. The result is a more or less crooked habit of growth.”

In parts of the Dun forests the scale insect was accompanied

MONOPHLEBUS STEBBINGII. I4f

——

in April rgo1 by a looper caterpillar, the larva of the moth Boars
mia selenarta, which entirely stripped the sdl trees of leaves,
flowers and green shoots.

Protection and Remedies,

No natural enemies of this scale have been as yet observed
attacking the insect in the forest.!

Following the famous precedent of the introduction of a
ladybird beetle into Florida to exterminate the fluted scale
which was rapidly ruining the orange and citron industry by
killing off the trees, I am endeavouring to obtain colonies of
likely beetles of this family to introduce into the sal forests.
Both Vedalia cardinalis and Vedalia fumida var. roseipennis
will be experimented with with this object.

Points in the life history requiring further observation =!

1, When the eggs are laid, their number, and the time
spent in this stage (see above).

2. When the @ larva makes its first appearance.

3. When the @ larva first appears, where it lives,
what it feeds upon, and when and where it under-
goes its transformations into the imago state.

4. The number of generations in the year.

5. In many of the forests where this scale appears, if
not in all, the branches of the trees have curious
knotty swellings on them. Are these swellings
the result of the coccid’s attack, and, if so, how do
they originate ?

Is there any connection between these swellings and
the method and position of egg laying by the
females ?

Is the second stage of the life history of this insect
passed within the tissues of the bark, and are these
swellings connected with this second stage ?

1 Since this note was written I have spent sometime further studying
this scale which has been very abundant again this year (1902), Many new
facts regarding its life history have been observed, not the least important of
which being the discovery thatthe pestis most heavily preyed upon by a
occinellid beetle and its larva.

142

MONOPHLEBUS DALBERGIA,

GREEN.

References :—Green in litt.

Classification:—Order, HEMIPTERA. Family, Coccide. Sub-
Family, Monophlebinze.

Description.

The following are rough descriptions made when thé insects
were taken, and whilst they were still alive. The writer was
fortunate enough to secure both the male and female coccids,

@ Light orange-yellow in colour but covered with a white
mealy substance. Legs black, antenne and eyes black. Greatly
resembles the Q of AZ. Stebbingii already described in these
notes (see Pl. I, fig. 7.)

3 Winged form. Wings black, rounded at angles and with
a spread of a little over { inch. Antenne nearly } inch in
length, black, much flattened and with bristly hairs running up
them. Head, thorax, and body light red in colour. Legs black.
Appendages to end of body 8 in number, 3 large ones on either
side, and 2 shorter ones, PI.I, fig. 8, shows the d of this insect.

Life History.

Very little is at present known on the subject of the life
history of this insect. Mature winged males and apterous females
were found on Sissu trees growing in the Sutlej valley. This
was on the 19th June 1901. Next. day further specimens were
taken in the same locality higher up the river. As the writer then
left the valley, he was unable to make further observations on the
subject, From the portions known of the life histories of other
species of -Monophlebing in India it is probable that the young
larvee appear towards the end of April on the old Sissu leaves,
and that as they increase in size they move down to the twigs,
feeding the whole time by suction, imbibing the sap of leaves
and twigs through their beaks, As the rains come on they

MONOPHLEBUS DALBERGIE. 143

probably descend the tree, the females laying their eggs in
crevices of the bark or on the twigs and branches.

Locality from which the insect has been reported.
The species is new to science and was discovered in June
1go1 in the Sutlej valley, at elevations of between 2,300 and
3,500 feet, feeding upon the Sissu.

Relations to the Forest.

The apterous 2 insects do damage to the tree by sucking
the sap from the leaves, and more particularly the branches,
thus impairing their vitality. As they increase in size, they
attach themselves to the previous year’s shoots, the young cortex
of which they are easily able to pierce. The present species
was found more especially in the two latter places, but some of
the insects were still on the older leaves. When the insects are
numerous the effect of the tapping reduces the vitality of the
shoots which subsequently die off. In the case of large trees, the
effect is bad, as their growth is considerably interfered with, but
more serious damage is occasioned to young saplings, as the in-
sects, when very numerous, cluster round the leading and side
shoots and suck them dry. The tree in this case, if not killed
(and the latter probably only takes place if the attack is renewed
year after year) is stunted and badly shaped.

Protection and Remedies.

At present the best method known for dealing with such pests
is to ascertain if it is possible to procure and introduce a natural
enemy, such, for instance, as a Lady Bird beetle. This has been
successfully done in the case, e.g., of the scale insects on the
orange trees in Florida and elsewhere, and | have hopes of being
able, as our knowledge of the subject becomes greater, to work
out some such remedy for our more dangerous forms of Mono-
phlebus, one of which has already proved itself a serious pest in
the sal forests of Dehra Dun and adjacent divisions.

Points tn the life history requiring further observation :—=

1. The month in which the young scale first makes its ap-
pearance on the old leaves of the tree. It will then be
probably a minute yellow insect.

144 MONOPHLEBUS DALBERGIA.

2. The month in which the insect disappears from the trees .

3. The place where the eggs are laid.

4. The abundance or otherwise of the insect. My visit was
all too short to enable me to definitely ascertain this.

5. The range and elevation of the insect on the Sissu in the
Sutlej valley.

6. Where the second stage of the life history is passed. Is
this stage pupa-like, and is it passed in the tissues of
the bark ?

145

MONOPHLEBUS TECTONZ& ?
GREEN.

Reference :—Provisionally named by Mr. E. E. Green. The spetimens of
this insect obtained to date have proved insufficient to fully
determine and describe it.

Classification :—Order, HEMIPTERA. Family, Coccide. Sub-Family,
Monophlebine,
Description.
_ ¢.Larva. Only from a quarter to one-third grown larve
of this insect have yet been discovered. They much resemble
externally those of 1, Stebdzngit, Green, the maturer forms being
covered with the white powdery substance, A few in a more
advanced condition were obtained.
¢. The male insect is not yet known in any of its stages.

Life History.

Only the younger stages of the female have yet been dis-
covered. They were found sucking the juices from the leaves of
the teak tree (Tectona grandis) during the latter part of July in
Berar. Later on in August I found them in a more advanced
stage feeding upon the twigs of the trees in the Central Pro-
vinces. I pointed the insect out to the Range Officer in the
Singrampur forest of the Damoh division and he informed
me that it was sometimes to be found in large numbers
crowded on the twigs and branches in November. If this proves
to be the case the fact is most interesting and is well worthy
of the closest attention, since these insects when in large
numbers are capable of greatly retarding the growth of the trees
they attack, whilst at the same time often probably rendering
their shape crooked and distorted.

Areas from which reported.

This insect was discovered in the Melghat forest, Berar, in
July, and the next month in the Damoh division of the Central
Provinces, in each case on the teak tree.

Beyond the above notes nothing is known about the life
history of this Monophlebus which has still to be worked out.
Both the g and 9? mature insects are likely to resemble

externally those shown in PI, J, figs. 7 and 8,
L

146

A Note on the Application of Paris Green as an Insecticide
for destroying Caterpillars.!

Nature of the potson.

Paris green is an arsenical compound, very much like
‘London purple’’ both in composition and also in the effect
which it has upon insects. It is more satisfactory than the
latter compound as it is less liable to injure the foliage, and its
use has proved safe at the rate of one pound of the Paris green
to 150 (one hundred and fifty) gallons of water.

Method of preparing the mixture.

Before mixing the Paris green with water it is advisable to
add an equal weight of freshly slaked lime (flour has been
used instead of lime, but the latter is the better of the two, if
procurable), mixing thoroughly. The lime takes up any free
arsenic and prevents possibie injury to the foliage.

Application of the potson.

The poison can be best applied by means of an ordinary
spray pump and nozzle, and during the process of application
the solution should be kept constantly stirred to prevent the
poison from settling to the bottom. This is most important.

Time of application.

The worms are most readily poisoned when newly hatched,
and it is therefore very important to spray as soon as the young
worms first appear. This also, of course, prevents the damage
which they would commit as a result of delaying. The above is
a general summary of the nature and method of application of
Paris green. I will now consider the question more in detail.

1 This note was written at the instance of Mr. R. Wroughton, Conser-
vator of Forests, Bombay, with the object of endeavouring to exterminate
the larve of Hyblea puera and Pyrausta macheralis which defoliate the
young téak plants reared in the Central nursery near Poona.

Since this note went to press, | have received information that the
appication of this poison as here recommended was attended with success.

PARIS GREEN AS AN INSECTICIDE. 147

~ Strength of the miature.

Paris green does not dissolve in water: it is simply held in
Suspension. The strength of the mixture depends on the
quality of the foliage to be sprayed. The teak has a thick»
tough leaf even when young, and the mixture of 1 lb. of Paris
green to 150 gallons of water should be tried first. If it does
not appear to kill off the larvee, it might be made stronger up to
1 lb. of Paris green to 130 gallons of water. The lime or flour
used has of course no effect: it is simply to enable the Paris
green to mix better whilst at the same time the lime would take
up any free arsenic.

Method of mixing.

The exact method of mixing is quite immaterial, only
remember that the powder should be thoroughly diffused
through the water, not allowed to be in lumps. The mixture
must be kept an even strength throughout. The Paris green
and lime should be first mixed up with a small quantity of
water, and then the rest added till the full amount has been
made up. The operator should not handle or inhale the
powder.

Applying the mixture.

It should be applied as a fine spray by means of a force-
pump. It should be thrown so finely as to reach all parts of
the tree and both sides of the leaves, and coat the leaves as with
a fine dew. The foliage must not be drenched, but the spray
should only be allowed to fall upon the trees until it begins to
drop from the leaves. All washes containing Paris green must
be kept constantly stirred to keep it in suspension, or it will
sink to the bottom. This is important, The following points
should be insisted on :—

(a2) As above mentioned, keep the mixture well stirred all
the time.

(4) Have the barrel or vessel used for the mixture well
washed out after it has been filled ten or twelve
times. The Paris green is very heavy and keeps
sinking to the bottom. As the barrel is frequently
refilled, the residue will keep accumulating until it

will be too strong as the mixture reaches the bottom,
L 2

148 PARIS GREEN AS AN INSECTICIDE.

—

The mixture should on no account whatever be thrown so
as to “swill” or “souse” the trees and run off the leaves in
drops or streams. This is a bad practice in every way. It
uses a great deal more of the chemical than is needed; the
leaves getlittle but pure water at their highest part and much
too strong an application where the fluid has settled at their
tips.

Several days should elapse between the sprayings, unless,
of course as may easily happen in difficulties of first experi-
ments, the spray was manifestly so weak that the previous
application counted for nothing. The effect of the Paris green
on the caterpillars does not always show immediately, and it is
undesirable to waste labour and material where the work is
already done and requires only a day or two to show it.

Effect of the spraying.

The effect is to poison the leaves and the caterpillars feed-
ing on them take arsenic interiorly and are thus killed. The
Sprayings should be discontinued as soon as it is seen that all
the caterpillars are killed.

Cautions as to use of the Paris green insecticide.

Paris green is an aceto-arsenite of copper and of a poisonous
nature, and therefore should be used with care in mixing, The
bags of the mixture should be labelled ‘‘ Poison” and kept locked
up, and especially kept out of the way of children who would
be attracted by the beautiful green colour of the powder.

Workers with the powder should not allow it to settle in any
sore or crack in the skin of the hands; nor stir it about unneces-
sarily with the hands, and they ayouia be careful not to breathe
the powder through the mouth or nose, whilst measuring or
mixing it.

For this reason it is desirable that purchasers of Paris
green should have it sent, not in bulk, to be divided for use on
receipt, but wrapped in single pound or small packages by the
senders, or better still have it in the form known as “ Paris

green paste ”, that is, the powder just damped so that it cannot
fly about.

PARIS GREEN AS AN INSECTICIDE. 149

How to procure the powder.

Large firms in Bombay or Calcutta, etc., will supply the
arsenic. It is procurable at small cost (about Re. 1-4 per pound),
and is known to the trade as “Paris-green’’ or “ Emerald-
green’’. I believe Messrs. Blundell, Spence & Co. (Limited) of
Hull and 9, Upper Thames Street, London, England, Colour
Manufacturers and Exporters, would deliver quantities of 14 lbs.
and upwards at 1s. per pound packed in one pound paper parcels
or in paste state in large glass jars of 4 to 7 lbs. at the same price.
Messrs. Hemmingway & Co., of 60, Mark Lane, London, E.C.,
also, I believe, supply the powder.

Spraying machines.

Various spraying machines have been invented. At first it
will be sufficient to use an ordinary sprayer, but the nozzle must
be a very fine one, so that the application may be made as a
fine spray and not as a stream. This is essential.

Should the apparatus be successful, it would be practicable
to get one of the machines specially made for the purpose.
Many firms make them and their catalogues could be obtained.
A good one is an ordinary barrel mounted on wheels to hold,
say, 36 gallons. Inthe rear a pump is fixed with two delivery
pipes to which are attached whatever length of tubing may be
required. Three men go with the apparatus, two men to spray
and one to pump.

The manufacturers are Messrs. Boulton and Paul, Rose
Lane Works, Norwich.

A knapsack form of sprayer known as the Chiswick Co.’s
Sprayer can, I believe, be procured from the Planters’ Stores and
Agency Co., Ld., 3, Mission Row, Calcutta.

Spraying should not be done in a high wind,

Shy SORE

“
‘

155

PUVALE [3

Fic. t. BRACHYTRUPES ACH@1INUS, Stoll. a. Young wingless
larva; 0. Winged adult.

» 2. SINOXYLON ANALE, Lesne. a. Larva; 0. pupa; c. dorsal
and side view of mature beetle; d. Piece of sissu
wood showing borings of Sinoxylon crassum and
S. anale (} nat. size).

» 3 TERETRIOSOMA STEBBINGII, Lewis. Dorsal and side

VIEW.
» 4 BoTuripes sr. Dorsal and side view.

» 5 CERATOPACHYS VARIABILIS, Dallas. Dorsal and side
view.

» 6. OCHROPHARA MONTANA, Distant. a@. Young wingless
larva ; 6. Winged adult.

» 7 MoNopHLesus STEBBINGH, ‘Green. Dorsal and side
view of mature @.

» 8 MONOPHLEBUS DALBERGI&, Green. ¢, enlarged three
times. E. E, Green, del.

Note,—When not otherwise stated, the drawings are by Artist S,B. Mondul. Hair
lines represent the actual size of the insects.

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1. BRACHY TRUPES ACHCETINUS, STOLL
2. SINOXYLON ANALE, LESNE

4.BOTHRIDES SP

No.D, 16, 1, F. 0. -Feby. 1902~ 500

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&. CERATOPACHYS VARIABILIS, DALLAS.
6. OCHROPHARA MONTANA, DISTANT.

7,MONOPHLEBUS STEBBINGII, GREEN.
8.MONOPHLEBUS DALBERGIAE, GREEN,

Photostrcogrephed at the Office of the Trigononstrical Branch, Survey of India, Dehvw Din, Marck LiXi2

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153

PLATE Il.

age

Fia@. 1, PSEUDOSPHINX DISCISTRIGA, Wlk. &@. (After Hampson).

2. CLANIA CRAMERI, Westw: a. Larva in twig case (after

Hampson); &. pupa of 2 moth protruding from
case; c. ¢ moth.

3. Lymantria Maruura, Moore. a. ¢ moth (after Hamp-
son); 6. 2 moth,

4. ACRONYCTA ANDINA, Butl. a. Larva; 6. pupa; c. moth.
5. BoaRMIA SELENARIA, Hitbn. ; a. Larva; d. pupa ; c. moth.

6. EUZOPHERA CEDRELLA, - /0,c, larve from the cone. It

Hmpsn. a. moth, nat. is at present uncertain as
size and enlarged. to which larva belongs to

7. PHYCITA ABIETELLA, which moth; d. pupa, per-
Schiff. a. moth, at haps of £. cedrella; e.
rest and with wings Deodar cone_ showing
spread. borings of larvee.

Note,—Hair lines represent natural size of the insects.

PLATE. 2.

Stele Ss Secs a gin 9k Say ent are ace, Saw ase, oa ew

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1. PSEUDOSPHINX DISCISTRIGA, WLK 5. BOARMIA SELENARIA, HUBN.
2 CLANIA CRAMERI. WESTW. 6 EUZOPHERA CEDRELLA, HMPSN,
8 LYMANTRIA MATHURA, MOORE. 7 PHYCITA ABIETELLA, SCHIFF,

4.ACRONYCTA ANAEDINA, BULT.

Beer No.1), 16, 1. F 0 -Teby. 1902-590 Plwivzincographed at the Office of the Trigonametrtea! Branch, Survuy of India, L'shea chu, Marek gone

ic.
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155

ee ae

Fic. 1. APODERUS SP. a. Dorsal and side view of ¢? ; 6. dorsal
view of ¢; c. a new Sissu shoot showing method
of defoliation by beetle for the purpose of egg laying
(from a drawing by the author); d. Rolled up leaf
containing an egg showing method of rolling adopted
by insect.

. MYLLOceERuS Sp, Dorsal and side view.

a 3. PLECOPTERA REFLEXA, Guen. a, Larva; b. ¢ and 9
moths.

5 4. YPSOLOPHUS Sp. a. Larva; }. pupa, attached by fine
silk hairs to the centre of a Sissu leaf; ¢, moth.

Note.—Hair lines represent natural size of the insects.

PLATE. 3.

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PLECOPTERA REFLEXA
YPSOLOPHUS SP

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4

del.
ERUS SP
YLLOCERUS SP

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March 1992.

of india, Debrs Drin,

Photosiacogrophed at the Office of the Trigencwetrioal Branch, Survey

Regr. No. D, 16, 1. ¥ 0-Feby. 1908-600

157

PLATE IV.

—

Fie. 1. Serica Atcockt, Brenske. Imago.

9”

2. XYLOTRECHUS VICINUS, L.and G. Imago.

3. APRIONA GERMARI, Hope. a. Larva; 6. pupa (ventral
view); c. imago (dorsal view).

4. SCOLyTus sp. a. Larva; 8. dorsal and side view of the
beetle; c. galleries made by beetle in deodar sap
wood. The horizontal gallery is the egg gallery ;
the vertical galleries are the larval galleries.

5. CxLeRip larva.

6. ALcIDES sp. a. Larva; 0%. dorsal and side view of
beetle. ;

7. CRYPTORHYNCHUS SP. a. Larva; 6. pupa; ¢ dorsal
and side view of beetle.

8, LEPIDOPTEROUS woodsboring larva.

Bet , | | PLATE W.

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Po. dak
RiCA ALCGCKI, BRENSKE
OTRECHUS VICINUS, L. ane G

5. A CLERID LARVA
6 ALCIDES SP
1ONA GERMARI, HOPE 7, CRYPTORHYNCHUS, SP
; *

yTus sP A LEPIDOPTEROUS WOOD-BORING LARVA
D. 81, 1. F.0.-Apnil 1902 -600 y Photorincographed af the Oftce of the Trigouometrical Branch, Survey of India, Dehra Din, Jone 1902,

Fig, 1.
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PLATING

eee ete

SUANA CONCOLOR, Wlk. a. Larva; 6. pupal case
attached to a sdl twig; c. pupa, taken out of case;
d. moth (moth after Hampson).

. TRABALA VISHNU, Lef. Imago. (After Hampson).

PORTHESIA XANTHORRHGA, KOLL. a. Imago; 8, side
view of head (after Hampson).

DiRADES THECLATA, Guen. a, larva; 6. pupa; c.
moth.

. TRACHYLEPIDEA FRUCTICASIELLA, Rag. a. Larva; 36.

moth.

. TETRIDIA CALETORALIS, Wlk, a. Imago; 6. side view

of head (after Hampson).

CRYPTOPHLEBIA CARPOPHAGA, Wlsm. a. larva; 5. pupal
case protruding fromthe bean;c. ¢ moth; d
moth.

PLATE
WLK

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CHYLEPIDEA FRUCTICASIELLA RAG

1, CRYPTOPHLEBIA CARPOPHAGA, WLSM

Photozincographed at the Ojfice of the Trigonometricat Branch, Survey of India, Dehra Dia, May 1902.

6. TETRIDIA CALETORALIS

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PLATE VI.

een ee

Fig. 1. TRYXALIS NASUTA, Fisch. Imago (side view):
» 2 Oxya vELox, Burm. Imago (side view).

» 3 A MELOLonTHID larva. Side view.

«4+ An ELATERID larva.

»» 5. PSYLLA OBSOLETA, Buckton. a. Winged insect; 5. gall
formed by larva on leaf. (After Ind. Mus. Notes.)

» 6. ALEURODES EUGENIA, Maskell. Pupa, ventral view.
(After Ind. Mus, Notes.)

ss 7+ FIORINIA THE, Green. a, Leaf with insects zm situ
(nat. size); b. scale of adult 9 ; adult 2, removed

from scale, ventral view. (After Green.} 4, and ¢-
enlarged.

G. I, C. P. O.—No. 1169 R. & A.—18-7+1902,—500.—J. W, DeB.

PLATE -¥i

§.B.Monput del.

i. TRYXALIS NASUTA, FI8CH. 5. PSYLLA OBSOLETA, BUCKTON.
2. OXYA VELOX, BURM. 6. ALEURODES EUGENIZ, MASKELL
& A MELOGLONTHID LARVA. 7. FIORINIA THEA. GREEN.

4 AN ELATERIO LARVA

p Photozrncographed at the Offics of the Trigonometrrea, Branch, Survey 0% Tadia Debrs Dtin, A iL 1902.
Regr, Ko, D 31, LF O - April 1902 500 Apri

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES

INSECTS THAT AFFECT FORESTRY,

E. P. STEBBING, F.LS.,, F.E.S.,

FOREST ENTOMOLOGIST UNDER THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.

No. 2.

CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1903.

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES.

INSECTS THAT AFFECT FORESTRY.

oaks STEBBING, Ful S erie. St,

POREST ENTOMOLOGIST UNDER THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.

evoou

) CM}
529 299 ;

CALCUTTA;
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.

1903.

CALCUTTA;

ERNMENT OF INDIA CENTRAL PRINT

ING OFFICK.

HASTINGS STREET.

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Correction Slip to No. .
+
Page ii, line 34. or ‘ Monophlebus Stebbingii’ read Monophlebus Stebbingi.’
» 103, lines 36 and 37 For ,, 3 io 3 “

Pages 135 to 142, wherever mentioned, For ‘ Monophlebus Stebbingii’ read ‘Mono-
phlebus Stebbingi.’

- Page 145, line 11. For ‘ Monophlebus Stebbingit’ read ‘ Monophlebus Stebbingi.

Plate I, fig. i. ai ; yy _ 7
Page 19, line 14 ‘ PL. I, fig. 5’ 5 a Phebe fie. oe

9 it 9 245. a ” ” ” »

Pa D2 320 5x DTO-legs: + ‘thoracic legs.’

Pre cia’, 0336 | 0 cc clasper legs.’ » ‘pro-legs.’

Omit paging of Descriptions of Plates.

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PREFACE.

eee object of issuing the Departmental Notes on

Insects that affect forestry in India in their present
form is to enable the Officers of the Department and others
interested in the culture of trees to keep up to date with
our knowledge of the subject and to assist the advance-
ment of the work by studying the still unknown portions of
the life histories of th2 various pests detailed and of
others still unrecorded. To this end, criticism and dis-
cussion are cordially invited.

Several of the insects dealt with are new to science,
and most of the information on their habits,’etc., is new.
It has not been considered necessary here, however, to
give in full detail the reasons for the statements made
with reference to some of the new and more complex of '
the life histories. The author hopes to publish elsewhere
full and detailed technical papers dealing with the matter
from the scientific standpoint.

It is proposed to give information in these notes upon—

1,— Hurtful Insects.
ii.—Useful Insects.

Owing to queries having been received on the sub-
ject it should perhaps be pointed out that the descrip-
tions of the insects do not aim at being scientific ones,
they having been drawn up merely as simple aids to
identifying the insects by fellow-workers in the field.
[t is hoped that the new species will be described with the
help of scientific confréres. The writer hopes in time
_to deal himself with the Scolytéde and Platypode of
which already considerable collections of unknown species
have been made.

Hats olEBBING,
DEHRA DUN;
The 25th October rgoz.

No, 2.
CONTENTS.

INJURIOUS INSECTS.

Alphabetical List of Trees, with names of Insects by which they are
attacked.

Abies Webbiana, Lindl]. Branch-girdler and bark-borer. Eccoptoptera,
sexdentata, p. 284.

Acacia Catechu, Willd. Leaf-defoliator—Myllocerus acacia, MS.,
p- 184.

Anogeissus latifolia, Wall. Leaf-defoliator —Apoderus sp., p. 192.

Bambusez. Tent pole borer—Sinoxylou anale, p. 166 ; Stem-borer.
Dinoderus minutus, p. 172.

Boswellia serrata, Roxb. Bark-borer—Cryphalus boswellie, MS.,
p. 261. Leaf-defoliator—Halticides, p. 179.

Cedrela Toona, Roxb. Twig-borer and fruit-tunneller—Aypsipyla
robusta, p. 312.

Cedrus Deodara, Loud. Bark-borers—Scolytus major, MS., p. 2033
Scolytus minor, MS., p. 207; Polygraphus major, MS., p. 234; Poly-
graphus minor, MS. p. 239; Pityogenes conifera, MS., p. 242;
Wood-borer—Rhyncholus sp. p 198; Branch-girdler—Scolytus
deodara, MS., p. 220; Branch bark-borer—Hypoborus (?) sp., MS.,
p. 278. Branchlet miner—Cryphalus (?) deodara, MS., p. 274.

Corylus colurna, Linn. Leaf-defoliator—Apoderus sp., p. 191

Dendrocalamus strictus, Nees. Stem-borer—Dinoderus pilifrons,
p- 168 ; Bostrichus parallelus, p. 1743 Stromatium barbatum, p. 182.

Grewia tiliefolia, Vahl. Leaf-defoliator—Apoderus sp., p. 192.

Mangifera indica, Linn. Leaf and twig sapper—Monophlebus steb-
bingt, var. mangifere, P. 332.

Melocanna bambusoides. Young-shoot miner—Cyrtotrachelus longis
pés, p. 193.

Picea morinda, Link. Bark-borers—Tomicus sp., p. 225; Polygraphus
minor, MS., p. 239; Cryphalus Morinda, MS., p. 265. Wood-borers
—Sivex sp. p.1513 Rhyncholus sp., p. 198; Hylastes sp., p. 201
Bark and Wood-borer—Cevambyx sp., p. 246.

Pinus excelsa, Wall. Bark-borers—Tomicus sp., p. 225; Polygraphus

major, MS., p. 2343; Polygraphus minor, MS., p. 239; Pityogenes

vi CONTENTS,

contfera, MS., p. 242; Hylesinus (?) sp. MS., p. 258; Polygraphus
minimus, MS., p. 252; Bark and Wood-borer—Cerambyx sp.,
p- 246; Wood-borers—Rhyncholus sp., p. 198; Hylastes sp.,
p- 201. Sap-feeder—Hypophleus flavipennis, p. 247.

Pinus Gerardiana, Wall. Bark-borer—Polygraphus major, MS,, p. 234:
Pityogenes conifere, MS., p. 242; Sap-feeder—Hypophleus flavi-
pennis, p. 247.

Pinus longifolia, Roxb. Bark-borer—Polyeraphus longifolia, MS.;

~ p. 2553 Cryphalus longifolia, MS., p. 2673; Cryphalus (2) major,
MS., p. 270; Tomicus longifolia, MS., p. 282.

Prunus Padus, Linn. Leaf-defoliator—Apoderus sp., p. 191.

Quercus dilatata, Lindl. Leaf-defoliator-—Apoderus incana, MS., p, 189.

Quercus incana, Roxb. Leaf-defoliator--Apoderus incana, MS., p. 189.

Quercus semicarpifolia, Sm. Acorn-tunnellers—Callirhytis semicarpi-
folie, p. 159; Heterocerous larve, p. 162.

Shorea robusta, Geertn. Dead twig-tunneller-—Sinoxylon cras-
sum, p.164. Leaf and twig-sapper—Monophledus stebbingi, p. 318.

Smilax borbonica. Root-borer—Dinoderus minutus, p. 172.
Swietenia Mahogani, Linn. Twig-borer—Hypsipyla robusta, p. 312.

Tectona grandis, Linn. Bark-borer —Cryphalus tectone MS., p. 263.
Leaf-defoliators—Plateros dtspallens, p.1763; Plateros sp., p. 173;
Cyphicerus sp., p. 186; Apoderus sp., p. 191; Hyblea puera, p. 287 ;
Hyblea puera, var. nigra, p. 294; Hyblea constellata, p. 298;
Pyrausta, macheralis, p. 301.

Terminalia tomentosa, Roxb. Wood-borer —Sinoxylon crassum,

p. 164.
Predaceous and Parasitic Insects.
Thalessa or Rhyssa, sp., p. 156. Parasitic upon Stvex spy, p. 151,

(Scolytus major, MS,
pp. 203, 214.
Scolytus minor, MS.,
} PP. 207» 214.
Tomicus sp., pp. 217; 225.
Bark-borers 4 Polygraphus major, MS.,
| PP. 217; 234.
Clerus sp., p. 213. Predaceous. Polygraphus minor, MS.,
upon the \ PD. 217, 230
Pityogenes conifere, MS,
is PR: 217,242;
Rhyncholus sp., pp. 198,
218.
Wood-borers < Hylastes sp., pp. 201, 218.

Platypus (2) sp., p. 217.
Diapus impressus, p. 217.

CONTENTS. vii

Bracon sp., p. 219. Parasitic upon Scolytus minor, MS., Pp. 207, 219.

Tomicus sp. 225, 249.
Niponius canalicollis, Lewis, p. 248 Predaceous \ Polygraphus major,
upon the MS., pp. 234, 249.
bark-borers Polygraphus minor,
MS., pp. 239, 249.
( Polygraphus major,

. | MS., pp. 234, 250.
Cucujus sp., p. 249. Predaceous upon Polygraphus minor,
the bark-borers} _ MS., pp. 239, 250.

Pityogenes contfere,
L MS., pp. 242, 250.

Coccinella sp., p. 324. Predaceous upon—Monophlebus stebbing?,
Green., pp. 318, 326.

Tachinide, p.293. Parasitic upon—Hyblea puera, Cram., pp. 287, 293. _
Ichneumonidae, p. . Parasitic upon—Hyblea puera, var. nigra,

MS., pp. 294, 296.
UsEeFrut Funat,

Undetermined species, p. 297. Parasitic upon the larvze of Hyblea
puera, var. nigra, MS., pp. 294, 297.

Fungi and Insects oceurring upon Vegetation as a direct result of
; Injurious Inseet attacks.

FunNGI, P. 323.

(€ Occurring upon Sal tree
| Cladosporium Fumago, leaves and twigs when
Three forms of d Fr, and Lk. attacked by the scale
Capnodium , l Trifosporium, sp. insect Mnophlebus steb-
tere ec sp. bingt, Green., pp. 318,

323.

FoRMICID# (ANTS), P. 323.

Suck the sweet exuda-

Polyvachis simplex (= spinigera, Myer), tions from the scale
pages: insect Monophlebus
Camponotus compressus, p. 323. stebbingi, Green.,
PP: 318, 323.
Plates,

Keys to Plates and Plates.

? as:

a ce x
hii! ih aay Bi aa
5 ¥ Zs “> , :
jh eae

SWE iv tia! !

SIREX SP.

Plate VII, fig. r, amf.

Reference :—Provisionally determined as Sivex sp.
Classification :—Order, HYMENOPTERA. Family Siricide or
Uroceride.

Tree attacked :—Picea Morinda (Spruce).

Description.

Larva.—A stout canary-yellow thick grub, about 1} inches
in length and just under $rd inch breadth. Head small and
yellow with brownish black mandibles, toothed on their upper
edges giving them the appearance of molar teeth. The thoracic
segments are enlarged, the anterior one almost forming a hood
over the small head. These segments each bear on their under
surfaces a pair of small projections representing the thoracic
legs. There are no other legs behind these, but some slight
protuberances take their place. Following these three segments
are nine others, the terminal one of which is enlarged and ends
in a brownish black spike bearing a few short spines upon it,
On either side of each segment there is an elliptical brownish
spiracle placed anteriorly. (See PI. VII, fig. 1, a.)

Pupa. 9.—A pale yellow in colour, unenclosed in any
covering and lies quite free at the end of the larval boring. All
the parts of the future insect are developed but, with the excep-
tion of the eyes, which are brown and elliptical, they are all of a
uniform pallid colour in the initial stages. In the pupa being
described the palpi, antenna, legs and wings (about one-third
their future length) were all quite free and pressed close to
the ventral side of the insect. The three parts of the ovipositor
were present and separated, as also the augur terminating the
last segment. Length to end of augur 1} inches. Ovipositor
gths of an inch. The pupa described is a female. The male
has of course no ovipositor. (See Pl. VII, fig. 1, b.)

Imago. &.—A large handsome insect. General colouring a
metallic blue-green and rich chestnut. Head and thorax very

152 SIREX SP.

dark metallic green-black and clothed with hair, which is dense
on the dorsal surface of the thorax; antennz bristle-like,
22-jointed, a little over 4rd length of insect, the first five
joints being chestnut brown, the other 17 joints black; the first
joint is thickened and longer than the others. Legs long, chest-
nut brown in colour except the posterior tibiz and tst tarsal joint,
which are black and very much flattened out, Anterior tibia
is armed at its base with a spur. These tibiz and tarsal joints
are doubtless used to push out wood-dust from the galleries as
the insect moves forward in its boring operations. The tarsi
terminate in a pair of curved sharp claws, which are spined at
their junction. Wings membranous with a rich coppery sheen ;
they reach to the end of the insect, leaving only the portion of
the body bearing the short augur uncovered. In the upper
wing there are two marginal cells, the lower one of which does
not reach the end of the wing, and three submarginal cells.
The middle portion of the wing is occupied by six cells, none of
which reach the outer edge, the two centre ones of which are
the smallest. There are three veins on the lower marginal
edge, the one nearest the outer edge being the smallest. Under
surface of thorax black-green. Body is flattened, shining and
smooth ; first three segments of abdomen metallic green, shad-
ing off laterally on the third into red, the following four dark
metallic red with a dash of yellow in it, the lower edge of the
fourth being ultramarine blue, the seventh a pale ultramarine
brown and the last ultramarine. These last two segments glow
brilliantly when they catch the light. Each of the red segments
has on the posterior edge of its dorsal surface a spot of ultra-
marine. Under surface of abdomen same as upper, except that
both the last segments are a brilliant metallic ultramarine.

Length just under 13th inches, (Described from a living
specimens see-F]. Vib wigat.c.)

¢. Head and thorax a deep metallic green above, beneath
clothed with hair asin ¢, Legs chestnut brown, except coxze
and trochanters which are dark metallic blue, and last tarsal
joint and claws, which are black; posterior tibia and 1st tarsal
joint not thickened. Wings with a rich old gold metallic
lustre with thick wellemarked black veins. The wings leave the

SIREX SP. 153

last segment of the body and the augur exposed. ‘The abdo-
men is smooth and is a brilliant metallic blue verging to black
on the under surface. Ovipositor consisting of three portions
and black in colour, 11th inch in length. Length 1,%;th inch
to end of ovipositor, and 11th inch to end of augur. (See Pl
VI, fig. 1, d.)

Life History.

This insect appears on the wing about the middle of June,
perhaps earlier. It attacks spruce trees, and the writer has
found it at the end of the month both in the wood and flying
about in the forest. The insect is to be found in all its stages
of larva, pupa, and imago at this period.

The eggs are laid by the female in the wood of dead spruce
trees (I think it possible that blue pine and perhaps other trees
are also attacked by it or an allied species) some time during
July. The larvz on hatching out are small yellowish grubs and
bore straight into the wood, in which they remain feeding and
tunnelling for over a year. The latter is, I think, probable, since
I have found small larve and large full-grown ones together in
the same tree. The length of time spent in the pupal stage is
not at present known. Pupe have been found in the tunnels in
the middle of June and on into July, and it is probable that the
adults issue at intervals for several weeks until the burst of the
monsoon. On becoming mature the Szrex bores its way out of
the wood to the outside, the tunnel being either horizontal or
at an angle, depending apparently on the position of the larva
when it ceased feeding. When this latter occurs the head of
the larva is generally, if not always, pointing in the direction of
the outside of the tree, and not facing inwards, but as often as
not this tunnel is at an upward angle. The imago will then
bore in a line straight for the outside, but the tunnel may be
curved upwards, Ihave never found imago-tunnels pointing
downwards. The larval gallery is always tightly packed with
dry wood chips, so that during its feeding operations it is always
moving forward, and when full fed the only free part of its
gallery is the space it is lying in, The depth within the tree

at which it changes into the pupal condition appears to vary.
M 2

154 SIREX SP.

It may be only an inch inside the sapwood or several inches.
The imago cuts its way out by means of its powerful mandibles,

making a circular hole through the wood and bark of a ¢ inch in

diameter.?
Locality from where reported.
This insect was discovered by the writer in dead spruce
trees in Tehri Garhwal, North-West Himalayas (Jaunsar Divi-
sion), at an elevation of about 7,000 feet.

Relations to the Forest.

The injury done by this insect is entirely to the commercial
value of the wood, the timber, when the larve are numerous,
being riddled by their borings. (See Plate VII, fig. 1,e.) I
have not ascertained how deep the borings go in large trees,
but ina spruce of 3 feet diameter I found tunnels as deep as
1 foot in from the outer edge of the sapwood, excluding the
bark. The young larva soon after getting into the wood turns
at an angle and bores up and down in the longitudinal axis of
the tree, and a section of the wood of a badly attacked tree
will show numerous galleries packed tightly with the wood
chips. (See figure 1, e.) The tunnel is small in diameter at first
but increases until, when the occupant is full grown, itis # inch
in circumference. It is invariably very tortuous.

Whilst the damage done to the timber by the larve is of
itself very considerable, it is increased by the exit holes bored
by the adults, and these let in moisture and fungi which soon
ruin the rest of the sound timber. In PI. Vil, fig. 1, f, the larger
holes and galleries in the bark are those of this insect.

- Protection and Remedtes.

We require to know exactly what species of trees are
attacked by this insect before we can decide as to the damage

— —_—

1 Since this note went io press | have bred out adults of this species
at Dehra Dun from wood brought down from Jaunsar in July and kept
under supervision. A male issued on the 22nd September and a female on
the 1st October. The male specimen is smaller than those obtained in the
Himalayasin June and July. The female is the first specimen of that sex
obtained. 1am of opinion that the lower elevation of Dehra (2,000 ft. only),
and the consequently hotter climate, is the cause of these insects appearing
at this time of the year. It is improbable, I think, that the mature insects
ordinarily appear more than once in the year, #e.,in June and July,

= SIREX SP. 155
ee eae ere CE rn eee Pope eer eee
to be expected from it. As long as timber is cut up and sold
green it would appear that the pest is not to be feared, since it
probably does not commence its attacks until the tree is either
dead or felled. Ringing trees is to be avoided where such
insects exist in a forest, as it provides them with exactly the
food they require. Dead trees should, whenever possible, be
cut out and removed.

Points in the life history requiring further observation.

1. How the eggs are laid. Does the ? cut through the
bark into the wood with her ovipositor and a ugur
andlay them in the wood? Isthe bark necessary
to the ¢ or willshe lay her eggs in unbarked
trees and timber ?

2, Length of time spent by larva boring in the wood,

. Length of time spent in the pupal state.

» Length of life of imago.

. Is there more than one generation in the year? If
not, do the adults only issue during June and July,
or do they issue irregularly between June and
October?

or —& GY

166

THALESSA,
OR

RHYSSA SP.

Plate VII, fig. 2.

Reference :—Provisionally determined as above.
Classification:—Order, HYMENOPTERA. Family, |lchneumonide.
Parasitic upon SIREX sp. and perhaps upon XY PHIDRIIDES.

Description.

@?. A fair-sized insect. Head black. Eyes black with a
longitudinal oval orange mark on either side almost surrounding
them. Antenne long, filiform. Thorax black with yellow spots,
wings membranous,* yellowish, with black veins. Legs long,
black, except coxa which is yellow, and trochanta which is yel-
low above and black beneath. Body black, shining, with a pink
cerise spot on either side of each segment at the posterior edge.
In dead dry specimensthese spots are either a dirty yellow
or pale greenish blue. The coxz and trochantas are also
blackish.

Length t inch. Length of ovipositor 14 to 14 inches.
(Seentley lignicyec.)

| Life: History.

This insect appears on the wingin June towards the begin-
ning of the month, the time of emergence depending upon the
elevation... I have only as yet found the perfect insect but under
conditions such that I have no doubt that it is parasitic upon the
Strex sp. I have found them together plentifully in spruce
trees, the smaller exit holes of the ichneumon being mixed up
with the larger ones of the sirex. (See Pl. VII, fig. 1, f. The
smaller holes and upper section of a gallery are those of the
Thalessa.) Numerous dead ichneumons were also found both in
the wood anc bark, but under different conditions, Many of
those in the wood were in borings which did not reach to the
outside and were facing outwards, seeming to show that they
had not been able to bore their way out, the larve which their

THALESSA, OR RHYSSA SP. 157
grubs had infested and finally killed having gone too deep into the
wood. When this latter happens the ichneumon fly is said to
bore inthe direction of the outside of the tree for a certain
period and if it does not reach it within this time it gives up
and dies, probably from exhaustion. The other adults found
had apparently drilled a hole through the bark and in some
cases alittle way into the wood, by means of their saw-like
Ovipositors, until they reached a larval gallery in which they
probably laid their eggs, The larve developing from these
eggs probably feed upon the Szrex larve as external parasites.
Dead insects were numerous in the tree, their ovipositors and
portions of their bodies being often found in holes in the bark,
the former being fixed in the wood whilst the upper portion
of the body protruded from the bark. From examinations I
was able to make of numbers of these, Iam of opinion that it
may be possible that the ichneumons die zz sztu after laying
their last eggs either near or amongst the Szvex eggs or in the
larval tunnels. It would also appear probable that instinct leads.
the Thalessa to lay its eggin the right place by enabling
it to unerringly know where the larval tunnels and larve in
the wood are. Without such knowledge it would seem impos-
sible for the parasite, whose ovipositor is only 13 inches in
length, whilst the spruce bark is often over an inch in thickness,
to reach the larval tunnels. I think this latter is very probably
the cas2 since the number of insects found in this position was
considerable,

Locality from where reported.

This insect was found in the same locality.as already given
for Szvex sp.

Relations to the Forest.

This ichneumon is evidently of some utility since it helps to
keep down the numbers of so serious atimber-boring pest as the
Stvex, It does not prevent the damage being done to the actual
tree in which it is found since it is probable that the larve
reach a considerable size, or, in other words, do a very consider-
able amount of damage, before they succumb to the attacks of
the ichneumon grubs, At the same time it does a small amount

THALESSA, OR RHYSSA SP.

of damage to the wood itself since it has to bore its way Ou’.
from the larval gallery where it has matured, _ an

Points in the life history requiring further observation, —
1, The number of eggs laid in each larval gallery and tlie
age of the Sivex larva in whose gallery they (if
more than one) are laid. Are the eggs only laid
in very young larval galleries, or are older larvee a
é | attacked ? ? . t “
2, The length of time spent in the larval state. . 3 a
3. The length of time spent in the pupal stage. i a
4. Does more than one ichneumon grub attack any a
ae ; one Sivex larva? a

159

CALLIRHYTIS SEMICARPIFOLILE,
CAMERON.

Platesy I tio: 2, b,c,
Reference ; —Cameron in litt,
Classification :—Order, HYMENOPTERA.

Tree attacked:—Quercus semicarpitfolia (the Kharshu
Oak).
Description.

The Jarva is a minute white grub. (See PI. VII, fig. 3, a.)

The pupa is white and the parts of the perfect insect are
seen nearly free, each covered in a very delicate skin. It is
found simply lying in its cell and is unenclosed in any kind of
silky cocoon. As the insect matures the head becomes black,
as also the upper surface of the thorax and abdomen, the latter
becoming pale yellow on the under surface.

Imago.—Head and antenne black; upper parts of thorax
and abdomen black, sides and ventral surface dark amber-
yellow; legs amber-yellow and moderately long; body is ovate-
elliptical and blunt at posterior end. Wings four in number
14 times length of body. Expanse of wings ;%th inch. PI. VII,
fig. 3, b, shows the pupa and fig. 3, c, the imago of this insect,

Life History,

This insect was discovered by the writer in acorns on July
5th. It proves to be new to science, All stages of the insect
from full-grown larve to fully mature imagos, and also pupae,
were present in the seeds. It may thus be taken that the
fly reaches its full development during the first fortnight in July
or just before the burst of the monsoon.

The pupal stage is evidently a very short one.

As far as present observation goes the species would appear
to require a cold climate, since the elevation at which this oak
grows is from 8,500 to 10,000 feet.

The tree flowers in July-August, and it would appear
probable that the flies lay their eggs either in the female flowers
ot on the twigs adjacent to them, as the insect’s life from the

160 CALLIRHYTIS SEMICARPIFOLIA.

young larva to the fully developed fly is spent within the
acorn, On maturing the imago bores its way out, a small hole
on the outer surface of the seed showing the place of exit.
This is all that is at present known of the life history of this
pest.

Locality from which reported.

This insect was discovered in an oak forest near Baghi in
the Bashahr State, Punjab, at an elevation of between 8,500
and 9,000 feet.

Relations to the Forest.

The acorns in a piece of pure Kharshu Oak (Quercus semt-
carpifolia, Smith) forest were badly attacked by this insect in
igo1. Under the attack the acorns turned quite black and later
dropped to the ground. Many were still on the trees on July 5th
but came off quite easilyin theshand. In most instances, beyond
the colour and a certain shrivelled appearance, there was no
external evidence of the attack upon the acorn, this proving
that the insect was only just reaching maturity. In a few
instances only a hole at the base of the seed, piercing through
the calyx, showed where the perfect insect had escaped. Inside
the acorn was found to consist of a mass of hymenopterous
cells containing larve, pupz or nearly mature and mature
insects. In several instances on exposing these later to the air
they at once flew off,

The attack of this insect and some lepidopterous allies (to be
considered later) was most serious, as I estimated that fully
80 per cent. of the seed over the area inspected was infested,
and it is not improbable that the percentage was higher.

Protection and Remedies.

Wholesale attacks of this nature to the seed of forest trees
require the most careful study, since they are most intimately
connected with regeneration of the areas. In the present in-
stance further close observation is necessary to discover whether
the pest is itself infested with insect or fungoid parasites.

I would suggest that over small areas, where feasible, when
such a large proportion of the acorns are infested by pests of
this nature, it would be a good plan to sweep up inte heaps |

CALLIRHYTIS SEMICARPIFOLI As. 101

and burn all the fallen seeds. If this is done thoroughly it is
true that the small proportion of good seed will be destroyed
but along with it enormous numbers of larva, pupz, etc., will be
killed off: asa result, the eggs laid being so much fewer in
number, in the following year there will be every chance of
obtaining a large crop of good seed. This remedy, when it is
applicable, could be usefully tried in the case of cones and
other fruits the seed of which suffers under similar attacks.
(See No. 1, p. 110 of these notes.)

Points in the life history requiring further observation,

1, When are the eggs laid by the fly and where? Is
it in the flowers or on the twigs adjacent to
them ?

2, When the young larvee hatch out of the eggs.

3. Length of time spent in the larval stage.

4. Length of time spent in the pupal stage.

5. Does the 2, on leaving the acorn, at once pair and
lay her eggs?

6. What parasites, insect and fungoid, attack this pest?

HETEROCEROUS ALLY OF C. SEMICARPIFOLI@, CAMERON.

Inside the black-coloured acorns attacked by the above
described hymenopterous fiy were also some small (probably
micro-lepidopterous) caterpillars, These were of all sizes up
to about {rd inch in length and two different species were
present—

(1) In colour whitish-translucent, with blackish-green
head, anda smali partial collar of the same colour
on the top of the dorsal surface of the first
segment,

(2) Small brownish hairy larvee, about 4th inch in length,
with numerous short tufts of hair with long hairs
interspersed amongst them, (See PI. VII, fig. 4.)

These larve appeared to be burrowing within the acorn
amongst the hymenopterous cells. Both hymenopterous and
lepidopterous larve were cut out of the nut practically along-
side one another.

162 HETEROCEROUS LARVZ IN ACORNS OF Q, SEMICARPiFOLIZ.

Owing to constant shifting of camp I failed to breed out
any of the moths from these caterpillars, It is not improbable
thatthe larve pupate in the soil after the acorn has dropped
to the ground,

We have still to observe, with reference to these insects,
where the eggs are laid, how long the larve spend in the
larval stage, where they pupate, and when the moths appear.
Until the latter are found the insects cannot of course be

named.

OTHER HETEROCEROUS LARVA ATTACKING THE ACORNS OF
QUERCUS SEMICARPIFOLIA.

Description of larve.

Three different kinds of caterpillars appeared to be present,
all differing in appearance, two markedly so, from those already
described as accompanying Cadlirhytis semicarptifolig:

No. 1. Whitish-translucent with markings similar to the
one already described ( (1) above) but the grub
was much larger, being 3 inch in length, This
may prove to be the same as one of the two
found with C. semicarpifoliz.

No. 2. This differed totally in appearance. Yellowish-
red in colour, with a black head and a row
of blackish tubercles down each side situated
above the median plane. Length $ inch,

No. 3. A larger caterpillar, ? inch in length, differed in
appearance from the above both in size and
colouration, etc., though I considered it might be
only in a more developed stage. It was dark
brown and hairy on its dorsal surface, yellow
on its ventral one, with a yellow head and
thoracic segments. Dorsally it was covered
with numerous tubercles bearing tufts of brown
hair; running down each side, were a row
of orange-coloured tubercles bearing shortish
tufts of hairs of the same colour together with
pencils Of long, fine, yellow hair.

H&TEROGENOUS LARV& IN ACORNS OF Q. SEMICARPIFOLIE, 163

Life History, ete.

The above-described larvae were cut out of acorns which
were not infested by the hymenopterous fly,

Nos. t and 2,—The acorns from which these were taken
were reaching normal size, being roundish in contour and
green, touched with red on one cheek. They had holes on
their outer surfaces and within I found as many as three larvae
feeding on their contents, Never more than three were found
and sometimes only two.

No. 3.—This was cut out of an acorn which had turned
dark brown in colour. It was feeding in the interior.

This is as far as observations on these caterpillars have
been carried at present. Unfortunately, though an attempt
was made, no moths were successfull y reared from the larve.

From the holes visible on the outer surfaces of the green
acorns, it is probable that at least one of the larve wanders
about during this stage of its existence and enters the acorns
from the outside. In no instance was any trace of the
hymenopterous fly found in acorns attacked by these three
larve. If No. 1 is the same as the caterpillar (r) accompany-
ing Callirhytis, its development would appear to be quicker
when infesting acorns free from the fly, Further observation
is required on this point.

Points in the life history requiring further observation.

1. Where are the eggs laid and when?

2. Length of time spent in the larval stage by the
various caterpillars,

3. Where they pupate (is it in the ground after the
acorn has fallen from the tree?), and length of
time passed in the pupal stage.

4. When the various moths issue and period spent
in this stage.!

1 T should be much obliged if specimens of these moths, when procured,
were sent to me to Dehra Dun.

164

A further note on the life history of

SINOXYLON CRASSUM,
LESNE.

(See pp. 12-15 tn No. 1 of these Notes.)

Trees attacked :— Shorea robusta (Sal); Terminalia tomen-
tosa, Roxb,
Description.

The beetle varies greatly in size. Specimens taken in the
Dehra Dun sal forests are as much as Sth of an inch (7°8 millim.)
in length.

Life History.

This insect has been found boring into sAl shoots and seed-
lings by students Littlewood and B. C. Gupta! The insect
was found in the beetle stage in the third week in February,
and examination showed me that it was egg-laying. It bores a
large circular entrance hole into the wood and then mines
up the shoot. The shoots infested were dead ones at the
end of the branches of sal poles, and the beetles were plenti-
ful. Student Littlewood made the following note: “The
beetles were found in little bores in the dead upper part of young
sil shoots ; almost every shoot was bored into, the entrance hole
being usually above a node and the gallery proceeding down-
wards. Beetles found in the Phandowalla sAl areas.”

The beetle has not previously been reported as commencing
the first egg-laying of the year before April. The fact that
it begins work so much earlier in the year in the Dun forests
and that itis of so much larger size would appear to be of
some importance, and its life history in these forests requires
working out.

Owing to its large size, I was doubtful of its identity with
S. crassum. Mr. Lesne, who settled this point for me, tells
me that he has already had it reported as infesting the sAl,
but does not mention from where the insect was sent.

S. crassum was also found infesting the TZerminalia
toméntosa last year in the Central Provinces, °

* Of the Imperial Forest School, Dehra Dun.

A FURTHER NOTE ON SINOXYLON CRASSUM. 165

Terminaltia tomentosa is a tree of some value in parts of
India. In the Central Provinces it is in demand for rafters
etc., used in the construction of bungalows. Whilst in Seoni’
in August last year, my attention was drawn to the state
of the roofs in some newly-built bungalows put up by the
Bengal-Nagpur Railway. They had the ordinary thatched roof
so common in the country, the rafters, carrying the superstruc-
ture of bamboos and thatching grass, consisting of roughly-
barked Terminalia tomentosa posts. These latter were being
badly riddled by the Sinoxylon beetle which was egg-laying,
the floor and furniture beneath being covered with little yellow
spots of saw-dust dropping from the beetle borings. Mr. C. O.
Hanson, the Deputy Conservator in charge of the Seoni
Division, who was my companion at the time, informed me that
most, if not all, of the roofs of the new bungalows were in a
similar state, some being very bad indeed. One of these latter
I was subsequently shown, and the number of beetles at work
in the roof was very large. Through the courtesy of the
railway officials, Mr. Hanson was able to send me up one of
the attacked posts taken from this roof the following month
(September). The post was sent up in lengths, together with
some insects cut froma portion of it. Amongst these were
some 5S. crassum beetles. The insect was egg-laying in Sep-

tember, both beetles and half-grown larve being found in
“tunnels in the wood. Under favourable circumstances, some
of these larve develop into beetles, which issue about the
beginning of November and hibernate as such through the cold-
weather, or a portion of the cold-weather, months,

Protection and Remedtes.

Bostrichids of this kind do not infest green living trees,
nor will they attack fresh-cut posts immediately after felling.
As soon, however, as the sap has begun to dry off a little from
the post, the bostrichids make their appearance and commence
boring into the wood for egg-laying purposes. It is immaterial,
inthe case of these beetles, whether the pole is barked or
not, as it is the wood, and not the bast layer, which they

166 A FURTHER NOTE ON SINOXVYION ANALE.

require. It is during the drying stage, therefore, whilst chemi-
cal changes are taking place in the wood, that posts require
protection, and although the matter is at present, I believe,
little understood, it has been discovered that if the posts are kept
in water after being cut whilst these changes in their interiors
are taking place, their liability to attack by bostrichid beetles
is apparently enormously decreased. My studies in this matter,
as far as they have at present been carried, lead me to believe
that this is not infrequently an undoubted fact, both in the case
of wood and bamboos.
I therefore recommend that, whenever possible, poles (and
bamboos), when cut, should be— |
(1) Felled (preferably) when the sap is down.
(2) As soon as cut, placed in water, and kept there for
some time.
(3) If the latter is not possible, smoked as soon after
felling as possible.

Locality from where reported.

The insect was found at Phandowalla in the eastern Dun
forests of the United Provinces; elevation about 2,000 feet.
It was also obtained at Seoni in the Central Provinces.

A further note on the life history of
SINOXYLON ANALE,
LESNE.

(See pp. 16-18 and Pl.T, fig. 2, of No. 1 of these Notes.)
Plant attacked-~Bamboo.

Dehra Dun, United Provinces, must now be added to the
area of distribution over which this beetle ranges. It was
discovered in October 1gor in tunnels in bamboo tent poles in
the store-room at the Imperial Forest School, Dehra Dun. |

[ am not aware that the beetle has been previously
reported as infesting bamboos.

Protection.—l1 would recommend that, when tents are put
away after the camping season is over, a plentiful supply of

Pe als =k ‘ G ‘ *

A FURTHER NOTE ON SINOXYLON ANALE, (167

ee |

oS naphthaline (in lumps, not powder) be packed in amongst
the folds, and that pieces be placed in the heaps of stacked
_ tent poles. This will have the effect of keeping away other

pests affecting the canvas in addition to keeping the poles
oe =. free of borers. ae ee . | ae

’
oe
.
*
t
ee
‘
a
‘
*

z ,

. ; <

7 be A a ee
oF a ee -_ —_ -?

168

DINODERUS PILIFRONS,
LESNE.
THE BAMBOO BORER.
Plate: Vill itis. 13a, eb.

References :—Lesne, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. {(1895). Stebbing, Injur. Ins, Ind.
For., 42—45. Fig. 26.!

Classification:—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Bostrichide. Sub-
family, Dinoderine.

Plants attacked:—Dendrocalamus strictus and _ probably
other bamboos.
Description.

I add the following to the short description of this beetle
given on page 43 of /njurtous Insects :

Beetle-——Long oblong, parallel, reddish brown with the ap-
pendages and lateral edges of the abdomen lighter in colour.
Long reddish hairs near the eyes and onthe clypeus (lower
portion of front part of head). The upper part of the antennz has
the same hairs. The teeth on the anterior surface of the pro-
thorax are more or less pointed and projecting. Punctation on
the elytra fine anteriorly, becoming much stronger at the
posterior declivity.

Length 34 to 32 millim, (See Pl, VIII, fig. 1, a.)

Life History.

This insect is one of the several small bamboo-borers of
India. It infests the bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus) in the
Siwalik forests. This bamboo grows in clumps and is often
seen to have towards its base the contorted shape shown in
Pl. VIII, fig. 1, b, This may be due to congestion in the clumps,
but the matter has not been satisfactorily explained as yet.
Some pieces of bamboo contorted in this manner were cut green
at the beginning of February and placed in a breeding box
towards the end of the next month, By July the box was an
inch deep in bamboo saw-dust amongst which were enormous
numbers of the Dinoderus pilifrons beetles, which had bored
their way out of the bamboos. On examination larvae were

‘Given as Dinoderus -p. Since named by Mons, Lesne as Dinoderus piltfrons.

DINODERUS PILIFRONS. 169
eae et teen ee Sow re 1 PS Bn
found in the bamboos, which were very much riddled. (See
fig. 1, b.) Many of the insects were left in the box with the
bamboos and continued breeding and egg-laying until November,
in which month there were many mature beetles still alive in the
bamboos and at the bottom of the box. :

From the above it becomes evident that this insect has
several generations during the year, and my present observations
lead me to the conclusion that these generations probably
overlap, and that consequently beetles are to be found, with the
exception of the colder months, December to March, through-
out the year,

That the beetle lays an enormous number of egys and has
the power of very rapid multiplication is evidenced by the very
large number of insects bred out from the few small pieces of
bamboos placed in the breeding cage.

Localities from where reported.

Mysore and Dehra Dun (N.-W., India) and the adjacent forests
are the localities from which the insect has been especially
reported as doing damage. M. Lesne gives the distribution of
the insect as India, China and the Philippines, EY (Dr.
Hammond), Belgaon (H. E. Andrewes).

Relations to the Forest.

This beetle and aclosely allied species, D. mtnutus, are serious
pests of bamboos in India. As long as the bamboo is green
and healthy it is apparently unattacked, but if through any cause’
it becomes sickly whilst still standing in the clump or as soon
as it is cut, the beetles attack and lay their eggs init, There is
no doubt that the duration of the life of the cut bamboo for
building and other purposes is greatly shortened all over the
country by the operations of this pest.

The natives have many superstitions with reference to these
insects, the one most generally believed in being that bamboos
should not be cut at full moon and when they are full of sap,

The Madras Board of Revenue instituted enquiries on these
heads in 18¢8, and a series of interesting experiments were

made by the Department in that Presidency. The evidence on
N 2

170 DINODERUS PILIFRONS.
some points is conflicting and this was to be expected since the
conditions under which the bamboos were experimented with
were not the same in all cases. The concensus of opinion of the
majority would seem, however, to favour cutting bamboos in the
winter months, z.e., November to March when the sap is low.
Bamboos cut in the spring or summer suffer very seriously
from the borers, as also do newly-cut ones kept in the shade.
This statement is considered to apply to newly-cut poles also.
Whilst there can be no doubt that there isa good deal to be
said for these theories, the point should not be lost sight of that
at present we know very little about the life histories of these
borers. !t is known that there is more than one species (and
more than one genus) of beetle which attacks the bamboos.
One or more of these may hibernate in the wood through the
winter months either as a larva or beetle, commencing the first
attacks of the year on neighbouring bamboos towards the
end of March. This being the case it may follow that bamboos
cut between December and the middle of March, containing
as they do little sap, may rapidly dry and thus, besides becom-
ing distasteful to some of the borers, at the same time by con-
traction kill off the hibernating insects within them. I would
suggest that it is not so much the phases of the moon, etc.,
which require to be studied but rather the life histories of the
beetles.

My experiments with the Dun bamboos would seem to
, show that the beetles, having once got into the stems, continue
boring and breeding in them throughout the spring and summer
months or at any rate that this is the procedure of Dinoderus
pilifrons. Other species may perhaps leave the bamboo when
quite dry.

Protection.

1. Whenever possible bamboos as soon as cut should be
immersed for a few weeks in water, It isan undoubted fact

that they then become less liable to attack from woad-borers,
The reasons are threefold :—

(1) Whilst submerged the beetles cannot get at the bam-
boos to attack and lay eggs in them.

Men mt
ae te a ks,

DINODERUS PILIFRONS. 171

(2) Any beetles and larve that may be at work in them will
be drowned.

(3) It is considered that the water dissolves out much of
the nutritive matter in the wood cells, upon which
the borers and their larve feed.

2. In thinning bamboo clumps in the systematic manner now
carried out in parts of India, the contractor should be made to
remove, as far as possible, the larger refuse from the cut-over
clumps. It is usual to remove only the straight pieces of any
one bamboo cut out, these alone having a marketable value.
The rest is left lying 2 s¢tu. The thin branchwood stuff would
probably be too expensive to either remove or burn, but the
thicker rejected tops and ends should be cleared out of the
forest. If they are thrown into the nearest stream it will
suffice. It is more than probable that the systematic working of
the bamboo clumps, whereby the formerly large amount of dead
and dying bamboos in the forest, which always provided a suffi-
ciency of food for the beetle, is disappearing, will bring the pest
into prominence, by localising it in centres and thus rendering
it dangerous, if the larger refuse is left round the thinned
clumps in the coupes.

3. Cut bamboos in the cold weather months, preferably
between December and the end of February, since there is the
greater probability of the borers being in the hiberhating stage
of their life history during these months,

Points tn the life history requiring further observation.

1, The number of yererations of the insect in the year,

2. Length of time spent in the larval and pupal stages of
the insect in the various generations,

3. What other trees are attacked by this Dinoderus ?

{72

DINODERUS MINUTUS,
FABR.

References :—Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent., p. 54—Olivier, 1790, Enc. méth.,
Ins., V, p. 111.—Id., 1795, Ent., IV. No. 77, p. 15, pl. II, f. 22.
substriatus Stephens, 1830, I]. Brit. Ent. ITI, p. 352. siculus
Baudi, 1873, Berl. Ent. Zeit., XVII, p. 356.—Id. 1873, Ann.
Mus. Gen., 1873, p. 205 ; bifoveolatus Zoufal (won Wollaston),
1894, Wien. Ent. Zeit., XIII, p. 42. Lesne, Ann. Soc. Ent.
Fr. LXVI, pp. 329—334 (1897).

Classification: —Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Bostrichide. Sub-
Family, Dinoderine.

Plant attacked :—Bamboos (sp.?).

Description.

Beetle.—Slightly elongated, brown, with the lower dorsal
portions of the elytra lighter coloured, occasionally almost
reddish. The stiff hairs on the front portion of the clypeus
always few in number and very short. 10-jointed antenna, tke
upper portions not fringed with hair; the second joint of the
club less than one anda half times as large as long. Front
edge of the prothorax armed with more or less pointed teeth,
not set very close together, the middle ones being more gaping
than the outer. Posterior portion of the pronotum strongly and
thickly punctate (pitted), but the pits do not join. Elytra
covered with short bristly hairs becoming denser on their
posterior declivity. Elytra are thickly and densely pitted, more
deeply so on their anterior portions. This beetle is very like
the one shown in PI. VIII, fig. 1, a, but is smaller.

Life History.

This insect has been so often contused, with its close ally
Dinoderus pilifrons that it is impossible to say with any cer-
tainty what its life history really is, It undoubtedly infests bam-
boos in great numbers and not improbably often works in com-
pany with itscompanion. This has, however, to be yet observed.
It was not present amongst the D. pzlzfrons bred out of the
-bamboos obtained in the Siwalik forests. It is apparently very

DINODERUS MINUTUS. 173

common in the Bombay Presidency where it is said to be
plentiful in houses from December to February flying slowly
about (H. E. Andrewes). There should therefore be no great
difficulty in working out its life history in that Presidency.
This is of some importance since it may turn out that bamboos
are subject to the attacks of the borers throughout the year
on the Bombay side if Dénoderus pilifrons and D. minutus
are equally plentiful. It has been found boring into bamboo in
Guadaloupe, in the dry roots of Smzlax borbonica inthe Island
of Réunion and in lianas from Brazil in which cotton had been
packed.
Localities from where reported.

Lesne states that this beetle is cosmopolitan in tropical
regions. It is the commonest species of the genus and is at
times found in ports and large towns in temperate climates,

As I have said, Andrewes reported it as very common in
the Bombay Presidency.

Relations to the Forest, ete.

The same remarks apply as given for D. pilcfrons.

The remarks with reference to the best time for cutting may
require modification in Bombay for this beetle. It is not
possible to make any definite statement, however, until its

- life history has been worked out.

Points in the life history requiring further observation,

1, The number of generations in the year. Since the
beetle is found onthe wing from December to
February, during the colder months, andsince it
has such a wide spread, it is not improbable that
the number of life cycles passed through ina year
are very large.

2. Length of time spent in the various stages of egg,
larva, pupa and beetle in the different life cycles.

3. The different food-plants of the insect.

4. Does the beetle attack sickly still-green trees, etc.,
or does it only infest dry dead plants ?

174

BOSTRICHUS PARALLELUS,
LESNE.

Plate VIII, fig. 2.
Reference :—Lesne, Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, LXIII, 170 (1894).
Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Bostrichide,

Plant attacked :—Dendrocalamus strictus (Bamboo).

Description.

Beetle. —Black, shining, somewhat narrow, elongated, with
parallel sides. The joints of the antenne from 3—7 taken
together are longer than the first and second united. The dorsal
surface of the elytra is strongly punctated, the punctations
being disposed in a regular series of striz. The sides of the
prothorax and elytra covered with a stiff pubescence, whichis not
thick. Ventral surface of the body densely pubescent. In the
d the posterior declivity of the elytra is fairly highly punctured.
In the 2 the forehead is not convex; the declivity of the elytra
has not projecting edges.

Length 9-13 millim. (See Pl. VIII, fig. 2.)

Life History.
This beetle was found in the middle of June boring into
dead stacked bamboos. It was in the imago stage, and:was
probably egg-laying. It was cut from the wood tissue.

Locality from where reported.

The beetle was sent from Raipur, Central Provinces, by the
late Mr. A. M. Long, then in charge of the forests at that
place. The insect hasa very wide distribution, as M. Lesne
gives the following as its geographical distribution: Indo-
China, Hindustan, Formosa, Sumatra, Philippines.

Relations to the Forests, ete.

These are much the same as already given for the two

species of Dinoderus beetles already described. With refer=

BOSTRICHUS PARALLELUS 175

ence to this beetle, it is necessary to discover whether it
infests bamboos as soon as cut or whether it only attacks
already dead ones.

Points in the life history requiring further observation.

1. Method of egg-laying and number of eggs laid.

2. Length of time spent in the larval and pupal stages.
Be

4. The number of generations in the year. In all pro-

The length of time spent as a beetle.

bability, this will be more than one, perhaps
several,

. The condition of the bamboos when attacked by the

beetle, whether green or absolutely dry.

. The other food-plants of the beetle.

176

PLATEROS DISPALLENS,
WLK.

Classification:—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Malacodermide.
Sub-Family, Lycides. :

Tree attacked :—TZectona grandis, L. (Teak).

Description.

Egg.—Dirty pale yellow in colour and elliptical in shape.
Very small.

Beetle.—Head and prothorax shining black. Prothorax
entirely covers the head, wider than long, with a deep sinus running
round its edge. Antennz longish, serrate, and shining black,
as also are legs; elytra soft, leathery, not meeting rigidly at
the suture; rounded at ends. Anterior half of elytra orange
yellow, posterior portion black. Under-surface of insect shining
black. ¢ resembles ? in colouration, but latter is slightly
larger Length 4 inch when fresh. Pl. VIII, fig. 3, shows
the ¢ and 2 of Plateros sp., to which this one is very similar in
appearance.

Life History.

The insect is to be found on the wing in the middle of
August, about which time it pairs. The eggs appear to be laid
very soon after pairing, as beetles kept under observation laid
within 24 hours of coupling. ‘The eggs are laid in batches of
irregular shape, from 30 to 35 being deposited close together in
a batch, Ihe eggs were not laid upon the teak leaves placed
in the tube with them, but on the sides of the tube. Itis not
improbable that they may be laid upon the teak twigs in the
forest or round and on the buds. This point requires further
observation. FPlateros dispallens frequents teak forests at this
time of the year and does a certain amount of surface defoliation
to the leaves. So far my observations have shown me that
it eats patches out of the parenchyma of the upper surface of

PLATEROS DISPALLENS. Lay

the teak leaves; as a consequence, the lower untouched portion
of the leaf dies and turns brown.

Locality from where reported.

This insect is at times common in parts of the Damoh forests
in the Central Provinces.

Relations to the Forest.

From our present slight knowledge of the habits of this
Plateros it is impossible to say whether the damage it is capable
of doing in the forest is considerable or otherwise, A certain
amount of leaf tissue is lost under its attacks as already stated,
but present observations have not shown that this loss is suffi-
ciently heavy to materially affect the health of the tree.

Points in the life history requiring further observation.

1. Where the eggs are laid, Is it on the teak leaves
or twigs?

2. When and where does the larva hatch out and on
what does it feed ?

Length of time spent in the larval stage.

. Length of time spent in the pupal stage,

5. Number of generations in the year.

178

PLATEROS SP.

Plates Villy tia.ss:

Reference :—Provisionally determined as Plateros sp, new to the British
Museum Collection.

Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA, Family, Malacodermide.

Sub-Family, Lyctdes,*

Tree attacked :—TZectona grandis, L. (Teak.)

Description.

This beetle differs from P. dtspallens in both size and
colouration.

Egg.—Pure white in colour and egg-shaped resembling a
minature hen’s egg, Slightly larger than that of P. dspallens.

Beetle.—General colour is a reddish-orange beneath and a
russet brown on head and thorax dorsally. Anterior two-thirds
(basal portion) of the elytra, which resemble in consistency and
formation those of its smaller companion, russet-brown in
colour, the posterior third being black at tips shading off ante-
riorly into the russet-brown colour. Legs black, tinged with
russet-brown. Antenne longish, serrate, black. Two segments
of the body project beyond the elytra. @ smaller than 2.

Length of g Linch; of 2 4 inch (measurements of fresh
specimens). PI. VIII, fig. 3 shows a dorsal and side view of the
dé and ¢ of this insect.

Life History, etc.

The notes on the life history, locality where found, etc.,
already given for Plateros dispallens, apply equally to this
beetle. The insects were found on the teak leaves in company
and both the species were coupling. The eggs are laid shortly
after coupling in a similar manner to those of its companion, the
numbers laid being from 35—40 deposited in irregular patches.
The insects readily take to flight on being disturbed.

The further observations on the life history required for
the one are the same for the other.

EN oo.

179

HALTICIDES.

Plate VIII, fig. 4.

Reference :—Provisionally determined as belonging to the Halticides. not
in the British Museum Collection.

Classification: ~Order, COLEOPTERA, Family, Chrysomelida,

Tree attacked:—Aoswellia serrata.

Description.

Beetle.—A medium-sized thick set insect with small yellow
head and two prominent black eyes. Thorax yellow, slightly
broader than long, small. Elytra broader than thorax, yellow to
brownish in colour, the yellow being generally in irregularly-
shaped faint blotches. At times a few faintly marked black spots
are present. Inthe @ the elytra are sometimes all yellow with
scattered brownish markings and small spots. The elytra are
broadly striated with rows of punctures between the striz and are
deflexed posteriorly leaving one segment of the body exposed.
The body is thick and pointed posteriorly, yellow to yellow brown
beneath and shining. Antenne and legs canary yellow, the
former being slender and-short. Posterior pair of legs are long
and have their femora (thighs) remarkably thickened and
developed, thus enabling the insect to leap the great distances
it is capable of doing. These femora are at times dark yellow
to brown in colour. The posterior tibize are spined at their
bases. The third tarsal joint is deeply bilobed.

Length ¢ jgths inch; @ gths inch. PI. VIII, fig 4, shows
a dorsal and side view of this Chrysomelid.

Life History.

This beetle appears on the wing at the beginning of August
and possibly during the latter part of July,

It feeds upon the leaves of Boswellia serrata. These leaves
are compound ones, and it apparently attacks the upper leaflets,
first feeding downwards until about two-thirds of the compound
leaf (from top downwards) has been more or less eaten away,

180 HALTICIDES.

At other times all the leaflets disappear entirely. The beetle
begins by eating the leaflet irregularly round the edge,
patches being gnawed out, or it commences on the inner part
and eats out holes in the leaf tissue. The effect of this
defoliation is to cause the leaflets to shrivel up, turn brown
and fall off.

At the beginning of August, when these beetles were
observed at work, the insects were pairing; the male, the smaller
insect of the two, being carried about on the back of the
female. This Chrysomelid is a powerful jumper, and even
when coupled the ? will often take along leap. Like many
Chrysomelide they are extremely wary and take to flight at
the slightest motion which alarms them. If too late to fly,
they drop off the food-plant like a stone and sham death on
the ground, where, owing to a similitude in colouring, they are
extremely difficult to see. When eae they appear to lose
some of their extreme wariness.

At present I have no further observations on the life his-
tory of this pest.

Locality from where reported.

This insect was found in the Bhamburda Reserve near
Poona in the Bombay Presidency,

Relations to the Forest.

I have described above the manner of feeding of this
Chrysomelid. There can be no doubt that when in any numbers
itis capable of doing a large amount of defoliating damage.
We do not yet know where its larval stage is passed or upon
what the grub feeds.

Protection and Remedies.

When feasible in nurseries and young plantations, ‘this
beetle can be attacked in its adult stage by means of the Paris
green arsenic treatment described on pages 146—149 of these
notes (No.1). The beetle, being a leaf-feeder, will take the
poison internally and be killed off. We require to know more

+.
oe

ty,
he

HALTICIDES., 181

about its life history, however, as it may prove easier to attack
it in its grub stage,

Potnts in the life history requiring further observation.

1. When the eggs are laid.

2, When and where the grubs hatch out and on what
they feed. Length of time spent in this stage.

3. Length of time spent in the pupal stage and where
this stage is passed.

4. Number of generations in the year.

5. What other, if any, trees and plants this beetle feeds
upon. This is important since the beetle is a fair- |
sized one and active, and consequently if it made
its appearance in the large central nursery recently
formed near Poona, it would not unlikely commit
considerable havoc amongst the young plants.

182

STROMATIUM BARBATUM,

FABR.
THE KuULSI TEAK BORER.

References :—Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 189. Stebbing, Inj. Ins. Ind, For. 73-76,
figs. 48 (larva), 49 (imago).
Classification: Order, COLEOPTERA, Family, Cerambycide.
Sub-Family, Cerambycides.
Tree attacked :—Dendrocalamus strictus (Bamboo).

In /njurtous Insects this insect has already been reported
as attacking teak and khair.

Description.

Larva—Is a whitish thick grub with a pale brown pro-
thorax larger in breadth than the rest of the segments. The
mouth parts are black.

Beetle —Has a general brown to brownish colour and is
covered with a moderately dense orange yellow pubescence.
Eyes kidney-shaped, the antennz being inserted forwardly on
the head in the angle in the eye. Antenne long slender, basal
joint being thickened and black; other joints brown and set
with a longitudinal row of stiff hairs on the under-surface of the
joints. Prothorax is broader than the head, wider than long,
with irregular-shaped swellings and knobs on its dorsal surface.
Laterally on either side there is an ear-shaped depression filled
w th densely set hairs which are a bright orange yellow in male,
a dull purple in @. Legs longish and slender, the tarsi being
clothed with yellow hairs. Elytra long, of the same width as
the thorax from which they are separated by a small neck;
rounded at their ends and broadly striated and pitted in longitu-
dinal rows on their dorsal surfaces.

3d. Antennz stout, longer than body. Length 1 inch,

¢. Antenne not as long as body, more slender than in 6.
Portion of the last abdominal segment projects beyond the tips
of elytra. Length a little over 1 inch.

STROMATIUM BARBATUM. 183

eee ee ee
Life History.

I have already described what is known of the life history
of this insect in Znjurtous Insects. It is known as the Kuls;
Teak borer, and has proved destructive to young teak saplings
at the Kulsi Teak Plantation, Assam. It was also reported as
attacking dry khair (Acacia catechu) wood in the Forest School
Museum, Dehra Dun. In this latter case the eggs were probably

_laid in the bark of green wood, and the young larvee then bored

into the tree and remained boring inthe wood after it had been
sent to the Museum, as it is-known that they spend more than
one year in this stage of their life history.

The beetle is now reported as having issued from dry
bamboos in the Raipur Division, Central Provinces. In this
case also it is probable that the eggs were laid in the green
bamboos soon after they were cut.

Relations to the Forest.

This pest is known as a dangerous one in Teak plantations
in parts of India. The fact that it also attacks bamboos would
tend to show that it has several food plants, and it becomes ime
portant to fully work out its life history.

| Potnts in the life history requiring further observation.

1. Length of time spent by the larva in this stage. As
larvae of various sizes (and ages) are to be found
at all times of the year in infested stems, it is
certain that the grub lives for more than one year
in this stage.

2, The different kinds of trees infested by the insect and
the age at which the tree is attacked.

184

his
*
Qs

MYLLOCERUS ACACIA, MS.

Plate VIII, fig. 5.

Reference :—Provisionally named as Myllocerus acaciz, MS. new to the
British Museum collection,

Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Curculionidae.
Tree attacked :—Acacta Catechu.

Description.

Beetle.—A greyish oblong weevil clothed above and below
with short fine golden yellow hairs. Proboscis or rostrum not
quite as long as broad, thick and slightly enlarged at its tip.
Scrobes (the groover on the proboscis) deep and easily seen from
above and infront. Antennz placed anteriorly on proboscis
near its tip, long, and clothed with short yellow hairs. Scape
of antenna (basal portion of antenna below elbow) thickens an-
teriorly; funiculus (upper portion above elbow) with first two
joints long and equal, third to seventh joint short; club oval-
oblong and jointed. Eyes large. Prothorax broader behind
than in front; scutellum small. Elytra almost flat in front,
convex behind, deflexed toa point at their tips; are set with
parallel longitudinal rows of fine punctures running down them.
Femora thickened ; third joint of tarsus bilobed and all joints
set with a fine pubescence. Second abdominal ventral segment
wider than the succeeding ones and separated from the first by
a suture which is arched in the middle. Length } inch. Insect
winged and flies well. (See Pl. VIII, fig 5.)

Life History,

This weevil was noticed feeding upon, and defoliating to a
certain extent, the leaves of Acacia Catechu. The insect appa-
rently only feeds upon the young green leaflets. The compound
new leaves of this tree were at the time, the beginning of
August, half unfolded, and it was then that the weevil was
engaged in its defoliating operations.

The insect did not appear to be pairing, and consequently
the attack had possibly only just commenced. At the time of
my inspection the damage done was but small.

MYLLOCERUS ACACIA, MS. 185

eae ren ere ee ee ee ee en PP sine, teres |

I know nothing more about the life history of this beetle,
which is quite different from the species described on p. 31
(No. 1) of these notes as defoliating the Sissu.

Locality from where reported.

The insect was found in the Bharuburda Reserve near
Poona in the Bombay Presidency,

Relations to the Forest.

As I have described, this My/locerus in its adult stage does
a certain amount of defoliation. Further than this, nothing
appears to be known about the weevil. When and where it
lays its eggs, where the larva lives and on what it feeds and the
time spent in this stage have yet to be observed. Also the
number of generations in the year and how the cold weather is
passed.

ee et ey

Note.—A second minute bright metallic-green Myllocerus, the species
being as yet undetermined, was also found in company with the M. acacie
MS. above described feeding upon the leaves of the Acacia Catechu. The
insect was somewhat plentiful, but owing to its small size, about $th inch
in length, the damage done by it was inappreciable. This weevil was
pairing at the time of capture.

186

CYPHICERUS SP.

Plate VIII, fig. 6.

Reference :—Provisionally named Cyphicerus sp. not in the British
Museum Collection.

Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Curculionide.
Tree attacked :— Zectona grandis, Lin. (Teak),

Description.

Beetle.—@. General cclour brown with blackish head and
thorax. Insect covered more or less with short stiff hairs. Ros-
trum not longer than head. Antenne inserted near top; scrobes
short and deep. The antennz are not inserted right at top of
rostrum in 2 (they are so in g) but a little way down it;
are set with hair: scape thick, thickening anteriorly, slightly
arched; funiculus with first joint short, second nearly twice as
long, third to seventh short and the club oval-oblong and
pointed at its extremity and jointed. Eyes large, only slightly
convex, oval-oblong, oblique. Prothorax rather narrow, straight
in front and behind. Elytra oblong-oval, wider than pro-
thorax, widening posteriorly and deflexed at their apices
which meet in a point; brown in colour with a dull white
transverse band in their posterior third; longitudinal parallel
series of striae and punctures run down the elytra. Legs
moderately long, thighs thickened and ending in a little
spine beneath; tarsus very hairy beneath, third joint much
broader than first and second. Body oblong, ¢ more yellow in
colour without the white transverse patch on elytra and with
the golden short stiff hairs much thicker on elytra. Antenne
inserted at top of rostrum, Length@ 33th inch; 2 4th inch.

Pl. VIII, fig. 6, shows a dorsal and side view of this insect.

Life History,

This insect appears on the wing in Berar in July, probably
generally about the time the monsoon bursts. It feeds upon
the leaves of the teak tree. Either the life of the beetle
is a somewhat lengthy one or the eggs develop at irregular
periods since a month later the weevils were found common
in the Damoh forests in the Central Provinces.

CYPHICERUS SP. 187

In Berar the beetles were noticed pairing on July 26th, the
insects being very numerous on the teak trees, both young and
old being infested.

In the middle of August the weevils were foundin a similar
condition in the Damoh forests. On the 2oth of the month
I noted the beetle as equally numerous in the Jubbulpore
Division between Jubbulpore and Luckneedown. Here, as in
the portions of Damoh visited, the beetle was far more plentiful
during this month than either of the teak leaf defoliators,
flyblza puera or Pyrausta macheralis, which were present
with it on the trees.

In Berar (in the Melghat forest) the weevil had an additional
companion in the larva of the hawk moth Pseudosphinx dis-
cistriga and was in parts very much more abundant than the
latter, although it was’ not noted as ascending quite so high
into the hills as the sphinx, In these forests both the latter and
the weevil were much more abundant than the Wydlea and
Pyrausta. Its method of defoliation is as equally distinct from
that of the hawk moth (described in No. 1, p. 52 of these notes) as
from that of the Hyb/ea and Pyrausta (described later on inthis
number). The weevil attacks the leaf in two ways: either by-
eating out patches from somewhere within the Jeaf, avoiding the
edges, so that the leaf becomes full of irregular-shaped holes, the
larger veins being always left untouched, or it eats out irregular
portions from the edges, the latter having thus a ragged and
frayed appearance. In both cases the edge left by this beetle
always has this frayed and ragged appearance owing presumably
to the very small portions of leaf tissue it is able to take out at a
time in the case of so thick a leaf as the teak leaf. The patches
eaten out by this weevil can thus be easily distinguished from
those of a caterpillar attack since the latter’s bite when it goes
through the leaf is always a clean cut: a frayed edge is never
left. So.marked is this jagged appearance of the leaves that it
caught the eye and told me of the presence of the beetle as I was
riding along a road in Damoh bordered with teak trees before
I had been into a forest in that district.

Neither the eggs nor larve of this pest have yet been found.

188 CYPHICERUS SP.

Locality from where reported.

The writer found this weevil common at the lower eleva-
tions in the Melghat teak forests lying between Ellichpur and
Chikalda ; in the Damoh Division between Damoh and Singram-
pur; between the latter place and Jubbulpore; and between
Jubbulpore and Luckneedown on the Jubbulpore-Nagpur road.

Relations to the Forest.

While this weevil undoubtedly does a certain amount of de-
foliation on the teak in years when it is plentiful, attacking the
leaves of both young and old trees, present observation does
not show it to be anything like as bad a pest as its three lepidop-
terous companions, and it appears doubtful as to whether it
would ever be capable of entirely denuding a teak forest of its
leaves. It must, however, certainly be considered an enemy of
the tree, and it is important that the rest of its life history

should be worked out, especially the point as to where its larva
lives and on what it feeds,

Protection and Remedies.

In nurseries spraying young plants attacked with the Paris
green arsenical solution would have the effect of killing off the
beetle. This should be done as soon as the pest makes its
appearance, and repeated at intervals through July and August.
The earlier the beetles are attacked, the less chance is there of
their reaching the pairing stage and laying eggs.

Points in the life history requiring further observation.

1. Where the eggs are laid.

2. Where the larva lives and upon what it feeds.

3. Length of time spent in the larval stage.

4+ Where does the larva pupate ?

5. The number of generations in the year. Are there
one or more spring (hot weather) generations and
a late autumn one as in the case of its companions

flyblza and Pyrausta ?

6. Where and in which stage of its metamorphosis

does it pass through the cold weather ?

189

(
AN?
Y\

APODERUS INCANA, MS.

Plate VIII, fig. 7, a—c.

Reference :—Provisionally named Apoderus incana, MS. new to the
British Museum collection.

Classification:—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Curculionide.
Trees attacked :—Quercus tncana and Q. dilatata.

Description.

The egg is yellow, shining, elliptical in shape and about +4,th
inch in length.

9 The Jdeetle is small, shining, dark yellow brown~ with
black markings on the elytra. Rostrum brown, short, broad, and
armed at end with a pair of large mandibles, Antennz inserted
near base, the scape short and inverted cone-shaped; funiculus
fairly long, first joint small, second and third longer and of equal
length and with the following ones increasing in breadth upwards
to the elongated cone-shaped club which is dark brown, the rest
of antenna being yellow. Head short, semi-elliptical in shape
narrowing to a point posteriorly, dark yellow-brown in colour,
Prothorax joined to head by a short neck widening posteriorly
and having a raised collar where it joins the elytra. Scutellum
small, black, Elytra much broader than thorax, a little longer
than broad, widening slightly to their ends and deflexed here,
only lightly covering the body and leaving portions of two
segments of the abdomen exposed ; yellow in colour, channelled
at their bases with two elongated black spots in their basal
half; the external edge is raised and thickened slightly all
round and is crimson to dark red in colour, being especially
bright at the suture. Abdomen thick, lighter yellow ventrally.
Legs bright yellow, long, with their femora thickened ; 2 claws
to end of tarsus. Length 8nd inch. PI. VIII, fig. 7, shows a
dorsal and side view of this beetle.

Life History. >

These beetles appear on the wing about the close of the .

first week in May. At present only the perfect beetle is

ea
1The curious method of egg-laying of this insect was studied by

Mr. F. Gleadow, Ranger Subramarian, and by the writer in May Igor.

190 APODERUS INCANA, MB.

known, The insect when found was egg-laying and for this
purpose it attacks the leaves of both the oaks, Quercus tncana
and Q. dilatata,

The ? beetle lays its egg in the left-hand corner of the apex
of the leaf, The latter is then, in the case of the Quercus
tncana, either cut across two-thirds of the way down the leaf,
the cut being made on both sides from the exterior edge hori-
zontally inwards till it meets the midrib, or the leaf is cut right
across from one side to very near the edge of the other, a small
piece of the leaf tissue only being left. In either case the por-
tion above the cut is folded inwards down the midrib and then
rolled up from the apex downwards, the outer edges being
tucked in so as to form a neat little cylinder which remains
suspended to the lower part of the leaf by the uncut portion.
(See fig. 7, b,c.) This latter is however, whether midrib or leaf
tissue, nicked across so asto ensure the little roll of leaf tissue
dropping to the ground when it has become dry. In the case of
the Quercus dilatata the procedure is much the same except
that the leaf appears to be almost invariably cut lower down
(fig. 7, ¢.).

The little leaf rolls soon turn black as the tissue decays
andare then very conspicuous upon the trees. Itis probable
that a small white or yellow curved grub hatches out of the egg
and feeds upon the decaying leaf tissue of the roll, and subse-
quently when this latter has fallen to the ground, burrows into
the earth to pupate. This part of the life history has, however,
yet to be studied.)

The insects may be observed egg-laying for about three
weeks during May, but the number of eggs laid by each
female has yet to be ascertained. -

Locality from where reported.
Throughout-Jaunsar Bawar and the adjacent Native States
of Tehri-Garhwal, Jubal and Balsan this insect was very plenti-
ful in rgol.
Relations to the Forest.

The peculiar method of laying its eggs adopted by this
insect results in the trees attacked being very heavily defo-

* Compare the life history of the species of Apoderus attacking the Sissu
(Dalbergia Stssoo) tree described in No. 1, pp. 33, 34 of these notes.

APODERUS INCANA, MS. 191

liated when the weevil is numerous, Trees of all ages are in-
fested, and it is the new just unfolded leaves which are primarily
treated in this manner, the dlder ones being only resorted to
after the newer ones have been all occupied, PI. VIII, fig. 7, 4,
shows a portion of a branch with the upper leaves defoliated
by this insect.

In t901 the insect was very plentiful and large numbers
of the leaves of the two oaks were treated in this way. The
insect was less plentiful during the present year. In 1896
Mr. Gamble, at the time Director of the [mperial Forest School
at Dehra Dun, sent some of the attacked leaves with the
little rolls attached to the Indian Museum, Calcutta, with a
request to be informed, if possible, as to what insect acted in
this manner. This letter was referred back to myself in
January 1go1 by the late Mr. L. de Nicéville with a note
asking whether I could let him know what insect acted in
this peculiar manner and for what reason.

. Protection and Remedies.

These will be the same as already given on p. 36 of these
notes for the Sissu Apoderus.

Points in the life history requiring further observation.

1. The number of eggs laid by each¢.

2. The food of the@?.

3. Does the larva eat anything besides the little leaf roll
prepared for it by the 2 ?

4. Length of time spent in the larval stage,

5. Length of time spent in the pupal stage.

6. ls there more than one generation in the year, 7.¢., is
the summer flush of leaves attacked in a similar
manner ?

Note.—In the same locality beetles of the genus Apoderus
have been found rolling up the leaves of the wild pear (Prunus
Padus) and the larger ones of the Himalayan Hazel (Corylus
colurna) both towards the end of May.

In the middle of August a species of Apoderus was taken
from teak leaves in Damoh in the Central Provinces, but I am

192 es APODERUS INCANA, MS.

unable to say whether it cut out and rolled up portions of teak
leaves in egg-laying, or whether it laid its eggs on some other
tree?

?Since this note went tu press the writer has found several other species
of Apoderus in the North and South Coimbatore forests in Madras. These
were laying their eggs in and rolling up the leaves (and consequently

defoliating the trees) of Grewta tiliefolia, Anogeissus latifolia, etc. These —

insects will be treated of in a subsequent number of these notes.

a ag ee

ies ie >
. ¢
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Fe an .
ae

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call

193

CYRTOTRACHELUS LONGIPES,!

Plate IX, fig. a—h.
Reference :—Curculio longipes, Fabr, Ent. Syst. Tom. I. 395.
Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Curculionide,

Plant attacked :—MJelocanna bambusotdes (Muli Bamboo),

Description,

The eggs are elliptical in shape, whitish in colour, and about
ggnd inch in length (see Pl. IX, a).

The éarva is described asa large whitish legless curved grub
with slight fleshy tubercles on the underside of the body. It is
shown on PI, IX, b.

The pupa is white in colour and has the ordinary weevil
shape.

The deetle is a large shining rufous-ferruginous coloured
insect with a black patch on the thorax and black longitudinal
patches on the sides of the elytra and another black longitudinal
one running down the median suture of the elytra. The insect
has a longish thick rostrum and long legs.

3 Rostrum long, thick, straight, quadrangular, deeper than
wide at its base and dilated and truncate at its tip, furnished
on its upper surface with two lateral rows of tubercles ; scrobe
short, placed laterally. Mandibles thick. Antenne fairly
long and stout ; scape arched backwards slightly ; second joint
of funiculus slightly longer than others; club fairly large,
triangular, with apex at outer end ; pubescent on outer surface,
Prothorax slightly longer than broad, convex, smooth and
shining, rounded at sides, narrowing ventrally and having a

1 This insect was found attacking the muli bamboo in the Chittagong
Division by Mr. J. P. Gregson, Extra-Assistant Conservator of Forests,
Bengal, and its life history was worked out by him in 1899. During 1900,
whilst holding charge of the division, | made frequent observations on
the attack, going carefully through the stages of the life history with
Mr. Gregson. Iwas thus able to corroborate his careful and excellent
observations.

194 CYRTOTRACHELUS LONGIPES.

circular raised collar at its dorsal anterior edge which is pro-
duced laterally on either side. Elytra longer than thorax,
narrowing behind and finely but distinctly striated, the intervals
between the striz being fairly broad. Looked at super-
ficially the upper integument appears to be without punctures.
Legs long, thick and flattened; the front ones larger than the
hind but only slightly so than the middle pair; femora thick-
ened; tibia, more especially the anterior ones, ciliated on their
inner edge and arched at their extremities and prolonged into
a curved stout spine; tarsus long, the first joint longer than
the second, the third heart-shaped; the segment of the body
exposed by the elytra (pygidium) triangular, convex, and ending
in a point posteriorly. Body oblong-elliptical, glabrous.

@ much larger than ¢ witha longer rostrum. Front legs
much larger than either of the hinder pairs, their tibia being
very thickly ciliated on their inneredges. Pygidium blunter at
posterior extremity than fingd. Lencthyd s1ethancosseyuet 10
inch (to end of rostruin in each case). Length of rostrum in g
sth inch; in @ 4 Wilh (Rise HERS ck)

Life History.

The beetles appear on the wing during the latter part of
May or beginning of June at about the time the monsoon rains
burst over the Chittagong Hill Tracts. They pair soon after
emergence, and the ¢ then seeks out young sprouting bamboos
in which to lay her eggs such as that figured in Pl. IX, e.
Shoots attacked are always under 3’ in height, The insect
grasps the fleshy shoot, generally about 3 inches below the top,
with her long front legs, and cutting an oval incision in it through
the outer spathe just above an internode with her lengthy
proboscis deposits two eggs at its base, covering them over with
bamboo chips which are of the same colour. These eggs, which
can be seen zu situ from the outside, have been observed to be
laid towards the end of June though as the beetles are to be found
through July and on to about the middle of August, it is not im-
probable that the ? lays other eggs on adjacent shoots. As far
as present observations show, it is, however, apparent that only
one of the eggs comes to anything, as only one larva is to be found

CYRTOTRACHELUS LONGIPES. TQ5

in any one attacked shoot. Dying shoots are common at the
beginning of July, and numbers were examined by Mr. Gregson
in 1899, and again by him and by myself in rg00. The larva, on
hatching out, probably bores through the tissue horizontally
until it reaches the centre of the shoot and then invariably bores
downwards, eating away the soft central portion and increasing
in size at arapid rate. It continues feeding downwards until
it reaches the base of the shoot, by which time it is full fed,
The grub then retreats back up its gallery, probably enlarging
the upper portions, which will be now too small for it until
it reaches about the place it started from. It then cuts
this portion off, ynawing it through all round below him (see
Pl. IX, f). The top drops to the ground, and the now fully
mature larva burrows into the soft rain-loosened earth, carrying
the top or a portion of it with him, thus completely sheltering
itself from atmospheric influences. Larvze in various stages of
growth are to be found in the shoots in the middle of July,
and they mostly become full-grown by the end of the month,
About the middle of August young shoots are to be seen on all
sides with their tops fallen and in a dying or dead condition.
The larva changes to the pupal state within the fallen buried
end of the shoot at a depth of 3to 4 inches, or even more, below
the surface of the ground, the depth depending upon the consis-
tency of the soil. The top of the shoot soon rots, only the harder
fibres persisting (see Pl. 1X, g,h). Inside this fibrous cover-
ing, which is generally caked with earth, the pupa remains
during the following cold and hot seasons, emerging as a beetle
at the commencement of the ensuing rains. The warm rain
moistens the ground and thus softens the pupal ‘ case,’ the fibres
of which will only require wetting to crumble to dust after
the heating up they have undergone during the hot months
of the year, even in the shadier portions of the forest. The
beetle then doubtless pushes its way out and makes its Way up
through the subsoil and humus. In the case of a specimen kept
I noted that the beetle when ready to emerge gnawed its way
out of its fibrous covering cutting a hole at one side (see Pl,
IX, g). It wiil be seen that the pupa is thus safeguarded
against enemies, since its covering resembles nothing so much

1096 CYRTOTRACHELUS LONGIPES.

as a decaying lump of vegetation mixed with earth mould,
From the above account it becomes apparent that some ten
months of the insect’s life history are passed in the pupal stage,
about 5 weeks in the imago and egg-laying stage (excluding the
period the insects remain alive after egg-laying, which period
requires further observation to ascertain definitely the number
of eggs laid by the beetle) and three to four weeks in the larval
or destructive stage.

Locality from where reported.

This weevil is plentiful in the Chittagong Hill Tracts in the
bamboo jungles adjacent to the Karnafuli river.
It has also been reported from the Cape of Good Hope.

Relations to the Forest.

C. longtpes has proved a most serious pest to the Melocanna
bambusotdes bamboo killing off young shoots over a fairly wide
area both in r899 and 1goo. In these years large numbers of
young bamboo shoots were observed springing up in the forests
at the commencement of the rains. By August some 30 to 4o
per cent. on areas inspected round Kaptai and elsewhere had
been killed off, in the damper localities the attack being even
more severe, The infestation appeared to diminish as the
moister localities near the river were left behind, and almost
disappeared as one went up the slopes of the hills. I am of
Opinion that the severity of the attack was probably due to
the great clearance made in the portions of the forest which
lay in the path of the great cyclone of October 1897 which
swept up into the Hill Tracts from the Bay of Bengal, destroying
some valuable teak plantations near Kaptai and laying low most
of the trees it met with far up into the hills. As a result
of this clearance of large tree growth in the forest, the muli
bamboo commenced to shoot up in dense masses during the
rains of 1898, and this was followed by the heavy and localized
attacks of the beetles in 1899 and1goo. I have-no information
as to whether they were continued the following year, as I
was unable to visit the area in question,

CYRTOTRACHELUS LONGIJPES. 197

Mr. Gregson states in his note that shady places under thick
growth are preferred to others. By this I understand him to
mean thick uxdergrowth in moist places, not high forest. In
such places the shoots undoubtedly come up thickly and are
most succulent, and as such are doubtless preferred by the beetles
for egg-laying.

Protection and Remedies.

In the case of plantations the most obvious remedy is to
collect the female beetles when egg-laying ; a surer method,
dig up the pupal cases and burn them. A better remedy, how-
ever, and one which would be practicable over larger areas would
be to collect all the fallen and evidently attacked tops, each of
which contains, as we have seen, a larva, and burn them. This
done carefully would do a great deal towards stamping out the
attack.

Points tn the life history requiring further observation,

Owing to Mr. Gregson’s excellent observations, these, as far
as is at present known, would appear to be few.

1. The number of eggs laid by the @. This is a very
important point, and would be easily discoverable
were some beetles obtained as soon as they issued
in June and kept in a box with fresh bamboo
shoots, each shoot upon which eggs had been laid

j being removed.

2. What other species, if any, of bamboo are attacked
by this beetle.

198

RHYNCHOLUS SP.

Plate X5tig. or Ma, wb:

Reference :—Provisionally determined as Rhyncholus sp. new to the Britis
Museum Collection.

Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA, Family,-Gossonide. “~

A A c ye

Trees attacked :— Pinus excelsa (Blue Pine), Picea Morinda
(Spruce) and perhaps Cedrus Deodara (Deodar).

Description.

I have as yet only found the beetle.

Beetle.—Long, narrow, black, shining, with elbowed antenne,
the club of antenna being pale yellow and tibiz and tarsus
rufous-brown with reddish yellow hairs. Head large; rostrum
not longer than head, stout, cylindrical, slightly depressed
downwards; scrobes narrow, starting near centre of rostrum
and oblique. Antenne start from lower half of rostrum, short,
fairly stout; scape club-shaped at upper end; funiculus 7-
jointed, 1st joint long, 2nd to 7th very short, increasing in size
upwards ; club smallish, oblong-oval, rst joint long and reversed
cone-shaped ; others short, spongy, pale yellow in colour. Eyes
medium sized, oval. Prothorax long, slightly conical and
rounded on sides, truncate at upper and basal ends, with a
slightly transverse depression just below the upper edge.
Scutellum very small. Elytra long, cylindrical, slightly flatten-
ed, slightly wider than prothorax behind, depressed behind, and
projecting down laterally below the abdomen towards their
extremities on either side, the extremities being pointed and
having a crescent-shaped interval between them, the points of
the elytra forming the outer horns of thecrescent. The elytra
bulge laterally on either side into a small projecting point just
before the depression commences. Legs short, femora thickened
in middle and flat, arched beneath; tibiz straight, flattened,
and toothed at their base; tarsus short, filiform; 3rd joint not
longer than the others and not bilobed; 4th long with small
claws. Intercoxal joint large and rounded anteriorly. Body long

RHYNCHOLUS SP. 199
ee ee I ee
parallel, and more. or less cylindrical, thickening to a certain
extent posteriorly, Rostrum, head, prothorax, and body above
and below thickly punctured, the punctures being lighter on
dorsal surface of head. Elytra channelled by longitudinal, deep,
striz, and punctured. Length gynd to 4th inch. (See Pl. X,
fig. 1, a.) | ;

Life History.

This beetle is a wood-borer, and appears on the wing in the
spring about the second week in May, from which date it may
be found till the end of June in considerable quantities boring
into the wood of blue pine and spruce to lay its eggs. I am
of opinion that the beetles found during these six weeks are
those of one and the same generation, which is probably the
first one of the year. I am at present unable to say whether
_ there is another generation, or more than one, ata later period
inthe year. The beetles of the May-June generation attack the
- trees in swarms, and may be found at this period either in or
beneath the bark, or on or in the sapwood, They bore either
horizontally or at an angle into the dead bark of the standing
tree, and, on reaching the sapwood, either continue their burrow
into it or more usually move about for a time between the saps
wood and bark cutting a long groove in the latter before going
into the wood. Having selected a suitable spot, they then bore
into the sapwood usually atan angle. This tunnel is carried for
about 1 inch or less into the wood, and the insect then turns
and burrows up the long axis of the tree for as much asa couple
of inches. The eggs appear to be laid at the end of this long
gallery. The latter is not always straight, but may bend yet
again and go further into the solid wood. PI. X, fig. 1, b (1) shows
a curved boring of this beetle.

Ihave not yet found larva, and am not at present aware
how they feed,

Localities from which reported.

The insect was first found in 1901 in dead blue pine at
Kathian, Jaunsar Division, North-West Himalayas. The follow-
ing year it was found plentifully in blue pine and spruce at
elevations of between 5,500 and 7,500 feet in the same division,

200 RHYNCHOLUS SP.

Relations to the Forest.

The information on the life history of this beetle is at
present too meagre to enable its relation to the trees it attacks
t» be definitely stated. That it is capable of swarming in large
numbers has been ascertained, and the value of the wood
‘attacked is considerably diminished by the tunnelling work of
the insect. Whether, however, the injury it is capable of doing
is confined to this or no, I am unable to say. It is often to be
found in company with the Hy/astes sp. described below.

Points in the life history of the insect requiring further
observation.
. How the eggs are laid and when and how the larva
feeds.

Length of time spent in the larval and pupal stages.

3. What becomes of the mother beetle after laying her
eggs ?

4. The number of generations passed through by the
insect in the year.

5. Does the beetle confine itself to attacking dead wood,
and does it infest other trees than blue pine and

spruce ?

Rhyncholus sp.in deda r.

Note.—At the end of June I obtained some specimens of a Rhyncholus
probably closely allied to, if not the same insect as, the above. It was
discovered boring into the wood of a newly felled deodar tree in company
with a species of Platytode.

201

HYLASTES SP.

Plate X, fig, 2, a, b.
Reference : —Provisionally named Hylastes sp» new tothe British Museum

collection,

Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Scolytide.’ Syb-
Family, Tomicini.
Trees attacked :—Pinus excelsa (Blue pine), Picea Morinda
(spruce),
Description.

Beetle—Cylindrical, black, and shining. Head prolonged
into a short broad rostrum held vertically downwards and slightly
less broad than the head. Antenne inserted near the extremity
of the rostrum in a deep socket. Antenne elbowed, the scape
long and terminating in an oblong oval thickening; funiculuS
with 7 joints, the first and second long, thick, the others shorter,
with a short oval club consisting of four articulations and
yellow in colour, Longish oval eyes with the antennal edge
entire, Prothorax not broader. than long. Scutellum very
small and triangular. Beetle thickens out posteriorly both
horizontally and vertically. Elytra long, cylindrical, their
rounded apices forming the posterior declivity ; strongly striate
and punctate. Tibi fairly large and with a toothed serration
on their outer edge. Third tarsal joint not longer than the
others.

The male beetle is slightly smaller than the female. Bie xX;
fig. 2, a, shows a dorsal and side view of this insect.

Length of 2 beetle 1th inch.

Life History.

This beetle tunnels into the heart-wood of blue pine and
spruce. The insect enters the tree from outside by boring a
tunnel, which may go horizontally into the wood (in standing
trees) or may be at an angle. On reaching the wood, they
usually mine out a gallery at an angle to their entrance one.
This latter tunnel may be straight or may wind about [see
Pl. X fig. 2, b (1)]._ Towards its extremity on either side short

P 2

202 HYLASTES SP.

galleries at right angles to the previous one are eaten out and
the eggs laid in them [see PI. X, fig. 2, b (2)].

I have not yet found the larve.

The beetle is to be found egg-laying from the second week
in May to the middle of June, this being probably the first
generation of the year. Observation is still required to find out
whether there are any subsequent generations in the year.

The male and female pair during the above period, and they
perform this act within the tree in the tunnel. I am unable at
present to say which of the two bores the tunnel, but the first
portion of it as far as the pairing place is the work of one beetle
only. The subsequent boring is the work of the ¢.

The ¢ climbs on to the back of the 2 to fertilize her.

Locality from where reported.
This insect was found in the blue pine and spruce forests
of the Jaunsar Division, North-West Himalayas, at elevations of
between 5,500 and 7,500 feet.

Relations to the Forest.

Present observation of the habits of this beetle has only
shown it to be a wood-borer, and the wood is apparently only
infested when the tree is nearly or quite dead. The insect
has at present always been found associated with the Ryncho-
jus sp. in spruce and blue pine, but it is by no means so
numerous. It bores farther into the wood than the latter,
reaching the heart of the tree. Its life history requires to be
more fully worked out before its full relations to the trees it
attacks can be ascertained.

Points in the life history requiring further observation.

1. How the larvae feed, and length of time spent in this ~
stage.

2. Length of time spent in the pupal sta ze.

3- What becomes of the mother beetle after laying her
eggs.

4, The number of generations Pad through by the
insect in the year.

5. Does the beetle attack green ent and does it infest
other trees besides the blue pine and spruce,

203

A further note on the life history of

SCOLYTUS MAJOR, MS. 1+? |

Plate XI.

References : —Provisionally named Scolytus major, MS. Scolytus Sp. see)
No. 1 of these Notes, pp. 45—48, and PI. IV, fig. 4, a, 4, ¢. :

Tree attacked :—Cedrus Deodara (Deodar).

This beetle infests trees of all ages from the largest to quite
young saplings. In these latter it is to be found near the base
of the stem. It is therefore always found in company with the
smaller Scolytus, Scolytus minor, MS., being only absent in the
tops of young saplings. In poles and saplings, when possible,
it enters the tree beneath a branch as described below in the
case of its smaller companion, Failing branches, it chooses
some flake of bark or inequality on the stem and burrows
beneath it. It is generally the more numerous of the two
beetles.

The number of developing eggs is between 60 and 70. At
times the number may be more or less. The first eggs laid by
the beetle hatch out before it has finished the egg gallery, the
time passed in the egg stage being probably from 4 to 7 days.

The egg is spherical in shape, yellow in colour and shining.
It is wrapped up in what appears to be filamentous wood
shavings.

The Jarva, on first hatching out, is a minute ‘little white dot.
The curved shape is, however, easily recognizable by the time
it has bored about $ inch away from the egg gallery. The
larval life of the first generation is about 4 weeks from leaving
the egg to pupation.

Pupation takes place partly in the wood and partly in the
bark except in the case of the smaller saplings, when it may
occasionally take place entirely in the wood, the larva boring
into the sapwood at or near the end of its gallery. The larva
pupates about the last week in June.

Plate XI shows a complete plan of the galleries made by
this insect: 4 a@a@ is the egg gallery, 40... are the larval

204 A FURTHER NOTE ON SCOLYTUS MAFOR, MS.

galleries, c c...the enlarged pupating chamber in the wood at
the end of the larval tunnel.

The pupa is white and has the ordinary beetle form, the legs,
antennze, and wings being free and folded close on the breast.

The beetle does not die when it has finished egg-laying,
but is to be found in the egg gallery or entrance hole until the
larvee are full grown (in the case of the first generation). I have
not yet ascertained how long after this period it remains alive.
When the mother beetles die, they do so in the entrance holes,
the posterior end of the abdomen protruding from, or being
close to, the exterior opening of the entrance hole. In this way
predaceous insects are prevented from entering the egg gallery
which, together with the entrance hole, is kept quite free of
wood dust.

The young beetles on maturing bore a horizontal tunnel to
the outside of the tree and escape.

Relations to the Forest.

The further study I have been able to make on the life his-
tory of this beetle has shown that it is a most dangerous pest,
since it will attack the largest deodar trees. It evidently prefers
freshly-felled timber, failing which it attacks sickly trees and on
occasions, undoubtedly, green saplings. The point to draw
attention to here, however, is its preference for fres’aly-felled
trees. Insome deodar fellings inspected towards the end of June
(1902) the cut trees lying on the ground still unconverted were
covered, in the instances examined, from top to base between the
bark and wood with galleries of this and the smaller Scolytus
containing mature larvee, the mother beetles being in most cases
still alive. (Plate XI shows a portion of a pole attacked in
this way). The trees had been felled at the end of April and
beginning of May just about the time the beetles of the last
generation of last year (1901) were issuing to lay the eggs of the
first generation of the present one. These eggs were deposited
in the bark of the felled timber in bole, top, and large branches,
From measurements taken at the time I have made the following
calculation :—

_ The cut portion of a tree measured had a diameter of 3 feet
at base, 10 inches at top (a length of 16 feet had broken off

! *
A FURTHER NOTE ON SCOLYTUS MAFOR, MS. 205

in the fall and is taken separately), and a length of go feet.
On every portion of 1’ x 1’ there were on an average 23
beetle galleries, 2.2, ezg galleries. Now I have shown ‘that
between 60 and 70 eggs of the larger Scolytus and between
40 and 50 of the smaller one hatch out into larve which tunnel
into the wood, and that the larger beetle is more numerous
than the smaller, in this case in the proportion of 15 to 8 on the
areas taken. |

Therefore on every 1’ x 1’ of surface of bole we have—
Egg galleries of larger Scolytus
x hatched out larve 15 X 60 = goo

Do. smaller do. = 8 x 40 = 320

{}

giving a total of 1,220 hatched out eggs per 1’ ¥1’, or multiplied
by 44°5, the number of 1’ x1’ surface pieces in the bole, a total
of 54,000 larve.

The 9” x 2” x 16’ of top gave another 2,300 larvee.

The larger branches were much broken in the fall of the.
tree in most cases, and their contents, for they were covered :
with the Sco/yéus egg and larval galleries, may be taken as a!
set-off to attacks of predaceous insects on the above and over
estimate of larve hatching out from the eggs. Weare left with
a total of 56,300 beetles, the product of the first generation of
the year raised in a single tree, capable of producing 40 to 60 °
larvee a piece for the second generation of the year. If we only
take 50 per cent. of these as arriving at maturity and safely pass-
ing through the winter, the increase of beetles from one single
tree is still enormous, the calculation coming roughly to™
1,550,000 beetles, It should be noted here that if the trees are —
felled in spots reached by the midday sun, it will be found ’
that the beetles will attack the portion ofthe bole nearest
the ground and its sides only, leaving untouched the upper '
surface, the bark of which, exposed to the full sun’s rays, will
dry very rapidly and will in consequence be unsuitable for their —
purpose. In such cases the tree will not raise so many beetles‘
as in the case above quoted. We have now to consider another
important point. If fellings are still being carried out towards
the end of July and in August, the beetles of the first ’’

206 "| FURTHER NOTE ON SCOLYTUS MAZOR, MS.

generation will lay in the felled trees, but should the cutting opera-
tions have ceased, the Scolyt us will search out and attack sickly
trees, There are always such in a forest—trees whose vitality
hasbeen lessened for the moment either by fires, drought, or
attacks of defoliating insects and aphids, With time such trees
would, in many cases, recover but the bark beetles, taking advan-
tage of their reduced vitality, attack and kill them.

In the case of some young trees examined with Mr. Oliver
he drew my attention toa white fungus near the base of the
tree. Dr. Butler, who has examined it, says it is a species of
Trametes, and would undoubtedly cause the death of the tree.
In many cases I have, however, found young dead trees with
the sapwood scored from top to base (see Pl. X, fig. 3, d) with
the galleries of this Scolytus beetle and its companion S. minor,
MS., whilst there was no trace of fungus present. In such cases
S. major confines itself to the lower part of the young tree.
Knowing as we do that neither of the beetles will lay their eggs
in bark which is not absolutely fresh, we can but consider that
the ultimate cause of death of these young trees was due tothe
bast layer having been entirely consumed by the beetles,

Protection and Remedies.

In the previous number of these notes such have been
already considered for this beetle. I would, however, here add
one important recommendation. .

If possible, all trees should be barked as soon as felled, and
a clause to this effect should, I suggest, be entered in the con-
tractor’s agreement, It will not be necessary to burn the bark.
If it is exposed inside uppermost to the sun, the grubs and pupz
will be killed. So long as trees felled at the periods the insect
is intent on egg-laying are left lying in the forest unbarked, the
pest will continue to increase rapidly and the results can hardly
be other than most serious to existing growth. Immunity from
serious attacks of this and other pests has been due to the fact
that the forests have always contained an abundant supply of
food material for them. As this becomes curtailed, the pests, if

allowed and, unknowingly, aided to increase, will become a most -

formidable danger.

207

NA, AY
y\ , ,

SCOLYTUS MINOR, MS.

PlatetX nossa bac, us Plate x1, d.
Reference :--This beetle is new to the British Wuseum collections. Ihave

provisionally named it Scolytus minor, MS., to distinguishit
from its larger companion which I call Scolytus major, MS.
Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Scolytide. Sub
Family, Scolytini.

Tree attacked :—Cedrus Deodara (Deodar).

Description.

The Jarva is a small white curved legless grub with a
yellow head. Length 2:2 millim. (See Pl. X, fig, 3, a.)

Che pupa is white resembling the beetle in shape with its
legs, antennz and wings lying against the breast of the insect,
each enclosed in a thin membrane. (See PI. X, fig. 3, b.)

The deetle has a great resemblance to the one already de-
scribed as Scolytus sp. in these notes (No. 1, page 45), and which
I now call Scolytus major, MS., but is considerably smaller. It
is black, shining, cylindrical, legs brown to blackish and antennas
and tarsi rufous brown, Head not covered over by the protho-
rax, and with a broad rostrum. Antenna short, angled, the
scape enlarged at the end ; funiculus 7-jointed, rst and 2nd joint
long, 3rd to 7th only slightly increasing in size upwards; club
longer than funiculus. Eyes narrow and long. Prothorax
convex, longer than broad, sparingly punctured, the punctures
being smaller and weaker on the anterior portion, which is very
shining. Scutellum triangular. Elytra slightly longer than
prothorax, punctured, but both here and on the prothorax the
punctures appear to be more irregularly distributed than in the
larger species above mentioned. Abdomen cylindrical ; under-
surface is flexed upwards at the posterior end. Length 25 to
2°8 millim. A reference to PI. X, fig. 3, c, will show what this
insect is like.

Life History.

At elevations of between 6,000 and 7,000 feet, this beetle’s

flight time is about the last week of April or the beginning of May.

208 SCOLYTUS MINOR, MS.

At higher elevations, round 8,000 feet at the upper limit of deo-
dar growth, it apparently first appears about the middle to the
third week of the latter month. The beetle is to be found beneath
the bark in all parts of the deodar trees, bole, top and side
branches and in trees of allages from the largest in the forest to
small six-foot saplings. The insect invariably accompanies
Scolytus major, MS., and it is only in the smallest saplings or
the smaller branches of trees that itis found alone.

The beetle’s method of attack from the outside and its opera-
tions within the tree are constant and are easily recognizable.
As is usual with bark-borers, it bores a small ‘shot hole’
through the bark in order to reach the bast, and in saplings and
poles this is always made on the main stem just beneath a
branch at its point of junction with the stem. The main
branches of a deodar are more or less horizontal, and the beetle
takes advantage of the shelter thus afforded it to carry on its
operations protected from the view of its foes, and more especially
from the predaceous C/erus beetle to be described later. In cases
of bad attacks when every nook beneath the branches is already
occupied two holes instead of one will be occasionally seen in this
position, but this is exceptional. Failing a branch, the beetle
seeks out any inequality on the stem such as a small projecting
flake of bark or small ridge to make its entrance tunnel beneath.
In large trees it always bores in beneath a flake of thick bark,
and the entrance tunnel is usually at an angle. Only very excep-
tionally in the case of this smaller Scolytus have I found its
entrance hole without some kind of sheiter over it. On reach-
ng the cambium layer the beetle, which apparently pairs with
the ¢ before entering the tree as [ have never found more than one
insect in any one tunnel, commences to bore its egg gallery in an
upward direction, circling round the branch in doing so, in order
to get immediately above it and then going vertically up the main
stem in small curved zig-zags (see Pl. X fig. 3, d (1)). If the
gallery is made in side branches, it will be in the direction of
the longitudinal axis of the branch. On either side of this egg
gallery the beetle gnaws out little indentations in the wood
and places an egg ineach. These notches do not begin until
the egg gallery has been bored for a short distance, the

SCOLYTUS MINOR, MS. 209

portion left free of them varyingin length according to the
length of the egg gallery, but they are always made right up to
its extreme end, @.¢., the beetle ceases boring as soon as she
has laid her last egg. Asthe Scoly¢us carries on her gallery,
she shovels back the wood-dust with her feet, a large quantity
of it being also apparently passed through the alimentary canal
since round masses of chewed wood are constantly being passed
out at the anus. These are apparently covered with some
siccable substance and are detached by, and remain fixed for
atime to, the hind tarsus, They may contain an egg and be
placed by the tarsus into one ofthe recesses. My observations
have not been sn fficiently extended, however, to enable me to
make this statement definitely at present. When the beetle has
finished its egg-laying, it does not die, as is the case with many
bark-beetles, but remains in the gallery or entrance hole, both of
which are kept absolutely free of wood-dust,etc. If dusc be
_ pushed into this, she at once begins to shovel it out and get the
tunnel clear again. In this the Scolytus differs from the blue
pine Tomicus, which dies at the end of its egg gallery as soon as
all the eggs are laid. I have found the Sco/ytus suill alive in the
tunnel when most of the larve from the eggs laid by her have
become full grown and one or two changed to pupe. This is
probably with a view to protecting the egg and larva from
predaceous insects, as, when the @ dies, she does so in her
entrance hole, the top of the abdomen being generally visible
from outside, and thus effectually blocks it up. It does not,
however, prevent the flat pink C/lerus larve from getting to her
offspring as the former move about between the bark and
sapwood with ease. Theeggs would appear to take but a few
days to develop since those at the bottom of the tunnel, ae
those first laid, hatch out into young larve before the mother
beetle nas finished boring the egg gallery and laying the eggs
higher up. Between 4o and 50 larve hatch out, but the number
is at times fewer.

The grubs bore away from the mother gallery in a direction
which in the middle of the tunnel is at right angles to it, and
trends away from the right angle in an upward direction above
and in a downward one below the centre tseerBliax, fig. 3, d (2)).
A uniform and almost invariably constant pattern is thus

210 SCOLV1US MINO®, MS.

obtained, which, as the borings both of beetle and larve go down
into the sapwood as well as up into the bark, remains indelibly
impressed on them (see PI, X, fig. 3, d, and Pl. XI, d).

When full fed, the larva bores a small pupating chamber half
in the sapwood and half in the bark, and pupates within it, In
saplings the pupating chamber is bored at times entirely in the
wood at a little distance from the end or at the end itself of the
larval gallery (see Pl. X, fig. 3,d(3)). The beetle on maturing
bores its way out of the tree by a horizontal tunnel to the
outside. i

The mother gallery of this small Sco/ytus is from ths to 24
inches in length (Pl. X, fig. 3, d, and Pl. XI, d), though it may
be even shorter, and, as! have said, is composed of a series of
continuous short zig-zag curves. The larval galleries branching
off from this are about 1 to 2} inches in length and increase in
breadth as they get further and further away from the main
gallery. The egg galleries made in the bole of large trees are
usually shorter than those made in their branches or in saplings
and small poles.

The beetles which appear in May are those of the overwin-
tering stage, having hibernated through the winter either as larva
or beetles, and they lay the eggs of the first generation of the
year. About a month is spent in the larval state at the higher
elevations, the grubs which hatch out during the last week in
May becoming full grown in the last week in June. The beetles
from these issue in July.

| have not at present any notes on the further life history of
the pest, but as the latter is up to this period identical with
that of its companion, Scolytus major, it will probably be
found to run through a second generation before the close of
the year (see No. 1, p. 45).

Locality from where reported.

This beetle was discovered by the writer in 1go1 in the Jaun-
sar Bawar and Tehri Garhwal deodar forests of the Jaunsar
Division in the United Provinces.

Reiations to the Forest.
From the descriptions giver of its habits it is evident that
this insect is capable of proving a serious pest to the deodar

SCOLYTUS MINOR, MS 201

the more so as its attacks are almost invariably accompanied by
the large Scolytus. I have seen numbers of young deodar sap-
lings with the sapwood covered from top to base with the
galleries of the beetle. A young sapling which has been treated
in this way is shown in PI. X, fig. 3,d. If thetree is older, the
galleries at the base will be those of the larger species. The
insect will not touch dead bark or dead trees since it requires
the green cambium layer in which to lay its eggs. Sickly trees
near an infected centre will however be at once attacked, and
there can be no doubt that such trees are killed by the beetle
in cases where they might have otherwise recovered from their
temporary feebleness. When very numerous, the insect une
doubtedly attacks young green trees.

A pest of this kind is to be seriously feared in areas of young
pure deodar growth, as its attacks in a plantation of such would
ruin the work of years, It isfor this reason that its full life his-
tory requires to be most carefully worked out, and more especially
the question as to the number of generations in the year settled.

Protection and Remedies.

Infected centres should be cut clean out and the saplings
carefully burnt unless it is found easier to bark them, when
the bark should be exposed to the sun inside uppermost. The
ground round the roots should be removed for about 6 inches
and the sapling cut at this level and not above ground, or some of
the beetles will be left in the portion of the tree remaining above
ground and escape to carry on the infection. The management
of deodar woods is becoming more intense in the country, and
pests of this nature will require the most careful attention. Up
to the present they have found plenty of diseased and dying trees
to breed in. Under systematic working these are disappearing,
and the struggle for existence will send the beetles to young
and valuable saplings in the young newly-formed plantatio ns
or newly-planted up areas.

At Konain and Kathian in Jaunsar-Bawar, and at Deota in
the Tehri-Garhwal forests, there are infected centres of this
insect. I should recommend that careful search be made in

212 SCOLYTUS MINOR, MS.

these and other deodar areas and all attacked trees be treated
as above detailed.

I inspected some fellings being made in the forests round
Pajidhar and found that large trees cut in the spring, z.¢., in May,
were covered from head to foot with the borings of this and the
larger Sco/yéus beetle. Both main bole and all the branches
were infested with the pests andin every case the galleries
contained full grown larve. In other words, the trees as soon
as felled had been attacked by a swarm of the Sco/ytus beetles.
In a further note on the Scolytus major | have given a
rough calculation, from measurements and countings made, of
what this means in increase of beetles per tree per year
(see p. 205).

If it be possible, [ recommend that in future all deodar trees
felled between the middle of April and middle of August should
be at once barked. Exposing the bark to the sun’s rays will be

sufficient to kill all larvee and pupe present. A standing order

that all deodar trees felled are to be immediately barked
will be the simplest means of putting an end to this aid tothe
ncrease of these beetles.

2. All infested young saplings should at once be cut out and
barked or burnt.

Points tn the life history requtring further observation.

1, The number of generations in the year. This is a most

important point. It probably varies with the eleva-

tion.
2. The length of time spent in the various stages of the

metamorphosis of the succeeding generations,
3. In what stage and where the insect hibernates through

the winter.

21%

Some Natural Enemies of Scolytus major and S. minor,
beetles.

CLERUS SP.

Plate X, fig. 4, a,b. Also see PI. IV, fig. 5 (larva) in No, 1.
Reference :—Provisionally determined as Clerus sp.
Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Cleride.
Predaceous upon—
1. Bark Borers—

Scolytus major and minor, MS.; Tomicus sp;
Polygraphus major and minor, MS.; Pityo genes
coniferze, MS.

2. Wood Borers—

Diapus impressus, or close ally ; Platypus or Diapus

sp.; Rhyncholus sp.; Hylastes sp.

Description.

Larva.—General colour, a bright pink. Head brown, flat.
Mandibles black. A brown dorsal patch on first segment of
thorax and a pair of brown spots situated dorsally on each of
the two following segments. These thoracic segments paler
pink than following abdominal ones. Latter nine in number,
bright pink to reddish pink in colour except last which is
smaller and brown posteriorly where it ends in two small black
processes. The larva tapers anteriorly and has three pairs of
legs on the thoracic segments and no others. It is slightly
lighter in colour beneath.

Beetle.—The shape of the head and prothorax of this beetle
are ant-like, whilst the body is short and squarish and not unlike
that of alongicorn beetle, having well marked ‘shoulders,’ Head
and antenne black. The antennz are 11-jointed, the joints
slightly increasing in width upwards, the last three forming a
small club, the last joint of which is the largest. Prothorax black

with hairs on the dorsal surface. Both head and prothorax are
_ narrower than the elytra which are broad and rounded at their
apices; in colour these are red for about the basal quarter

214 CLERUS SP.

of their length, this colour then changing to black; the black
is twice crossed by white wavy bands, the first a narrow one
just above the juncture of the black with the red colour and
the other a broad one about $ of the length from the base, Legs
black. Tarsus of frontlegs 4-jointed, of the hind pairs 5-jointed ;
ist tarsal joint short. Abdomen on the under-surface is bright
vermilion, its segments being very mobile. Body short,
somewhat flattened, pubescent. Length varies from %ths

4 inch. Males may be of same size as the females or

inch to 3
the latter may be much larger. Fig. 4 in Pl. X shows the

imago of this insect.

Life History.

It is probable that this beetle is to be found on the wing
more or less continuously from spring to the end of autumn in
the localities which it affects. Its eggs are laid on the
bark near or in the entrance holes of bark-beetles, and the young
larvee, on hatching out, find their way through this hole into the
beetle gallery and thence into the larval galleries of bark and
wood-boring grubs. Larve of all sizes are generally to be
found in these situations in, as far as my present observations
go, every month between May and October. The larvae, as
their description will have shown, are unmistakeable, but Iam
not at present able to say whether those noticed belong to more
than one species of Clerus or not. The larve here alluded to
were found feeding upon the grubs of the two species of Scolytus
beetles already described, and are especially predaceous upon
these, searching them out in their galleries between the wood
and bark and devouring them. The length of time spent in the
larval stage is unknown. When full fed, they go into the outer
bark and pupate there. The beetle; on maturing, never enters
the tree. [tis a brightly-coloured very active insect running |
and flying well even in hot sunshine, and it lives outside the tree
flying round or running about on the outer bark. Its food
consists of bark and wo od-boring beetles, and it searches for these
on the bark ail ssize3 them whilst they are engaged in either
boring into o* tunnelling their way out of the tree. In the case
of the Scolytus beetles, on which it was preying when disco vered,

CLERUS SP, 215

it is able apparently to live upon them longer than upon many
other species, as these beetles remain alive after their ege-laying
is over and the larvae have hatched out. The mother beetles spend
their time walking up and down the egg-gallery or going up
the entrance hole to the outside, and the Clerids watch at the
mouth of these holes and seize the beetles when they appear
outside the bark. They catch their prey by sight only, and not
by scent. Unless the bark-beetle is right in front of them, they
will pass it by unnoticed. When the beetle, however, comes
within their line of sight, they pounce upon it, just as a tiger
does when seizing its prey, with one rush. If out of its hole,
the bark-borer has not the remotest chance of escape. The
Clerid seizes it with his forelegs and mandibles (see Pl. X.
fig. 4, b,), picks it up off the ground, turns it round so as to have
the ventral surface facing him with the head uppermost.
(see Pl. X, fig. 4, c.) sits well back on its hind legs, and
commences to feed upon its prey, whose struggles are quite
ineffectual in that deadly yrip. In commencing upon the
beetle the Clerus invariably starts with the head; it gets its
mandibles round the junction of the head with the prothorax, 7.e.,
round the neck, following the parallel of the tiger, and chews and
sucks at the neck and head until it has finished them completely.
It next goes to work on the prothorax, piercing with ease
through the hard outer chitinous shell with its powerful mandi-
bles and breaking it to pieces, the contents being entirely
cleaned out and consumed, for the beetle is a neat feeder an:
entirely cleans the meat off the chitinous bone before rejecting it
Having finished the prothorax, it throws away the mangled
shell and turns its attention to the body consisting of the reso-
and meta-thorax and the abdomen. Ina bark-beetle this is
often in the shape of a blunt elliptical cylinder with a flattish
top where it joins the prothorax. The beetle holds this between
its front legs flat top upwards and proceeds first to pull off the
elytra, which are rejected: the under wings being released open
out to their full extent but remain altached to the trunk. The
Clerus then entirely cleans out this bottle-shaped cylinder as
neatly as one could clean out a jar with a spoon. When entirely
empty, it is thrown away and the insect starts in search of another
QO

Ons

216 CLERUS SP.

beetle. A mangled prothoracic shell and the empty chitinous
body cylinder with the outspread lower wings is all that is left
of a Scolytus major beetle six minutes from the moment it was
captured alive. I have seen three such eaten successively,
and of 20 beetles put in with four Clerids only the above-men-
tioned portions remained when the box was inspected about 34
hours afterwards. As has been already said, the resemblance
between this insect and the tiger in their methods of rushing
upon, seizing and starting to feed upon, their prey is remarks
able, the difference being that the insect is more cruel than the
mammal since it makes no pretence of killing the bark-beetle,
but commences on it whilst it is alive and kicking, often bring-
ing forward its middle pair of legs to assist in holding its strug-
gling prey.

This insect is polygamous, excessively so, and in the case
of some species kept-for several days and fed daily with bark
beetles of various kinds, I was able to note that whenever
the one male, which was kept with three females with this purpose
in view, was not actually eating a bark-beetle or searching for
one to eat, he was pairing with one or other of the females.
I have not as yet been able to ascertain how long these beetles
live in this stage of their life history, but it is this excessive
polygamy and the larve of all sizes to be found in the bark-
borer’s larval galleries that leads me to consider that the beetle’s
life is of some duration, or that at any rate beetles will be found
from spring to autumn more or less continuously.

To sum up my observations on the habits of the 6 I may say
that, when not eating or searching for bark-beetles, it is pairing
and vice versd, andthe 9, at any rate up to the time she com-
mences egg-laying, appears to be an equally large and voracious
feeder.

Locality from where reported.

The insect was discovered in the forests near Neota and
Pajidhar in Tehri-Garhwal, North-West Himalayas (Jaunsar
Division). Elevation between 7,00c to 8,000 feet.

CLERUS SP. 217

Relations to the Forest.

From the foregoing description of the habits of this beetle
it will be seen that it is pre-eminently an insect of the greatest
use to the forester. Itis avery easy beetle to recognize both
in its larval and adult conditions, and it would be advisable, I
think, that officials in charge of forests which it affects should
endeavour to make themselves acquainted with it, Its discovery
is one of some importance. Although perhaps a different
species, it will not improbably be found to be closely related
to Clerus formicarius, which is known to be of the very
greatest service in keeping down bark-beetles in European
continental forests. So great is the value attached to this beetle
that in 1892 a specialist was deputed from America to import
it into that country in the hopes of bringing down to normal
proportions some devastating bark-boring beetle attacks.

This Clerus was found upon the bark of deodar trees infested
with the two Scolyfus barkeborers, and observations would
tend to show that these latter beetles are to be found through-
out the months from May to October. The reason is that they
do not die off as soon as their egg-laying is finished, and it is
possible that the first beetles from the larve hatching out from
the eggs laid by them commence to issue before the mother
beetles have all died off. In this way there would be a continued
supply of Scolyéus beetles for the Clerids.

But though this may be the case, I have ascertained that
the Clerus does not confine itself to the Sco/ytus, I have fed it
with the following beetles, all of which it eat with avidity :

Platypus or Diapus sp., (Platypodz) from deodar wood.
Tomicus sp. the Blue Pine Tomicus,
Polygraphus major and P. minor from deodar and Blue
pine.
Pityogenes coniferz from deodar and Blue pine.

It has also been found on the dan oak (Quercus tncana) where
it feeds upon the Platypus, Diapus tmpressus, or a closely allied
Q2

species,

218 CLERUS SP.

It would thus seem to be fairly omnivorous as far as coni-
ferous bark-beetles are concerned, It will not eat dead
beetles,

Protection.

The fact that the larvee of this beetle pupate in the outer
bark and that the beetle never goes into the tree renders its
immunity from destruction great. Under the prescriptions
for getting rid of bark beetles (see p. 206 ante), we have to bark
the trees when they are full of grubs and expose the bark tothe
sun. This kills all the bark beetle larva, ‘To a certain extent
many Clerid larvee will also suffer, but the mature ones will at
once move into the outer bark and pupate there, and the barking
will have no effect upon’ them. In the case of the beetles, the
barking of the trees will have no effect whatsoever since they
never go into the tree. Wethus see that in the case of this
insect remedies undertaken to get rid of its food beetles will
not necessarily kill either it or its larve, though many of the
younger ones may die off with th= Scolytus larve, There
will not for some time to come be much fear of the Clerids suffer-
ing from want owing toa bark-beetle famine occurring from
these operations.

1 have also found the Clerid on spruce feeding upon two
species of wood-boring beetles, Ryncholus sp. and Hylastes sp,

Points in the life history requiring further observation,

1. Length of life of the beetle. Does it appear continuously
in the beetle state from May to October?
2. Length of time spent in the larval and pupal stages,
3. The number of eggs laid by the @ beetle,
4. The number of generations passed through during the
year.

BRACON SP. 219

BRACON SP,

Classification:—Order, HYMENOPTERA. Family, Braconidae.
Predaceous upon Scolytus minor, MS.

Some nearly mature species of a Bracon fly were found
in a deodar sapling at the end of the first week in June
in the pupating chambers at the end of the larval galleries
of the bark-borer Scolytus minor. The tree was growing at
a low elevation and the eggs were probably laid at the beginning
of May. The insects were too immature to identify further with
anycertainty. These flies are evidently parasitic upon the larve
of the small Scolytus beetle. The eggs are laid by the female
insect, who probably pierces through the bark and deposits
them in the larval tunnel or she may place them in the entrance
tunnel, The young maggot feeds upon the larve and does not
kill it until it has reached its full growth and gnawed out its
pupal chamber.

I have no further observations on the habits of this insect
at present.

220

SCOLYTUS DEODARA, Pye py «
MS.
THE DEODAR BRANCH GIRDLER,

Plate X, fig. 5, a, b; Plate XII, figs. 1 and 2.

Reference :—Provisionally named as Scolytus deodara, MS.
Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Scolytide. Sub-Family,

Scolytini.

Tree attacked :—Cedrus deodara. The deodar,

Description.

Larva.—When just hatched, the larva is a minute white
circular ball.

Beetle.—This Scolytus is intermediate in size between
S. major and S. minor, MS, The beetle is black in colour,
moderately shining, cylindrical, the elytra being slightly tinged
with rufous-brown, as are the legs; antennez yellowish brown
and tarsi yellow. Head projecting beyond prothorax with a
broad rostrum. Eyes transverse, almost vertical. Behind the
eye the head is thickly striated with close-set vertical strize which
are produced down on to the ventral surface. This is not
present in S. minor. Antenne short with a 7-jointed funi-
culus and a long club. Prethorax not longer than broad, no
so thickly punctured as head, and punctures lighter and fewer
behind. Elytra fairly thickly striated and punctured and
sparsely covered with golden yellow hairs, more especially on
their lateral portions, as are the prothorax and head. Abdomen
flexed upwards posteriorly. Length 3°2—3°5 millim.

Pl, X, fig. 5, a, shows a dorsal and side view of this insect.

Life History.

This beetle is a branch girdler and makes its first appearance
in the year about the third week in June, The period probably
varies and is dependant upon the first burst of rain, It lays its
eggs in deodar branches either on large trees or on saplings,

SCOLYTUS DEODARA, MS. 221

The branches are always of a fair thickness, being as much as
8 inch in diameter at times, there being several forks or side
branches above the spot attacked. The beetle bores into the
branch to the cambium layer and then mines in this horizontally
round the stem until it has completely girdled the branch, the
gallery being kept so horizontal that the insect always exactly
meets, or very nearly so, its hole of entrance. The groove goes
deeply into the sapwood as well. (See Pl. XII, fig. 2, A, 1.)
At the upper edge of the gallery small nicks are cut on the
shady side of the branch and eggs laid. More than one egg is
laid and the number may be as many as eight, perhaps more.
Pl. X, fig. 53, b, shows a branch girdled by this insect at (Dye
After laying her eggs, the beetle leaves the branch by the
hole of entrance which is just above the groove and may
possibly attack others in the same way before she dies.
This point has not been fully observed as yet. Owing to the
deep groove cut by the beetle and the heavy weight of the needle-
bearing branch above it, the latter very soon bends over and hangs
down (until it does this, there is nothing to show that the branch
has been attacked save the small entrance hole from which resin
exudes), attached by a few shreds of bark and wood to the branch
below the cut and a certain amount of resin exudes round the
groove. This pendant position of the fresh green branches
renders fresh attacks at once perceivable, and the amount of
damage done by these beetles, once their life history is under-
stood, is.very easily discoverable. Pl. XII, fig. 1 shows a dead
top, girdled the previous year, hanging down in this manner.
The young larve hatch out, from the eggs laid in the nicks
above the girdle, in a few days since quite young larve are to
be found just boring away from the cut whilst the cut branch is
still quite fresh and green. The girdle is of course made by
the beetle to prepare a sufficiency of food material in the
withering condition required by the larva developing from
the eggs. The larve bore straight up the girdled branch
in the cambium and sapwood eating out slightly winding
galleries about 13 to 2 inches in length which are filled
all the way up with wood dust and excrement (see Pl. X,
fig. 5, b (2)). When full grown, they eat out in the sapwood a

222 SCOLYTUS DEODARA, MS.

chamber slightly larger than the gallery and pupate in this.
The beetle on maturing bores its way out by a horizontal hole
through the bark. At present [ have never-obtained more than
one beetle from any one attacked branch, although more than
one larva hatches out and bores up the stem (PI. X, fig. 5, b).
The life cycle ofthe first generation of the year takes from 6 to 7
weeks from egg to beetle. From branches found freshly girdled
on July 3rd the writer bred out beetles in the latter part of
August. The larval stage of this generation probably lasts about
4 weeks. It is possible that the beetle commences egg-laying so
late in the vear, z.¢,, after or at the commencement of the first
rains in order that the girdled branch may remain fresh for a
sufficiently long time to enable the larvae to become full grown
and change into the pupal state before it withers to any great
extent, since it is evident that the grub requires fresh cambium
and sapwood for its food. Occasionally the same branch will
be found to have been girdled twice probably by different
beetles, but this is not common. PI. XII, fig. 2, A, shows an
instance of the branch being girdled at 1 ana 2.

I am of opinion that there is likely to- be at least one more
generation of this insect in the year, the August beetles pro-
bably girdling branches and laying eggs in them as soon as
they issue, The exact number of generations in the year has
however yet to be worked out.

Localities from where reported.

These beetles or the results of their work have been observed
to be plentiful in the pure deodar woods in the Jaunsar and por-
tions of the Simla Hill States Divisions in the N. W. Himalayas.
Their attacks have been more especially noticeable at Kathian
and Deota in the Jaunsar Division and in the Cheog Forest near
Simla and in the deodar forest at the head of the Simla water-
works.

Mr. Lace, whilst in charge of the Chamba Division, Punjab,
noticed that deodar branches were girdled by an insect, and the
beetles he obtained appear to be the same as the one under
consideration,

SCOLYTUS DEODARA, MS. 233

Relations to the Forest.

This scolytid attacks deodar trees of all ages, Large trees
may be observed to have a curious irregular shape owing to
numbers of the branches having had their ends ‘cut’ by this
beetle. The work of the insect can be always recognized as,
if the end of the branch is examined, a portion of the groove
made by the beetle will always be observable at its extremity.
This curious raggedness in the shape of the tree becomes
even more marked in the case of smaller trees, and the number
of branches thus treated must seriously interfere with and retard
their growth. But the attacks become more serious still when
we come to the sapling stage. Here we find that the beetle
often attacks and girdles the leading shoot (see Pl. XII, figs. 1
and 2, B, 3) and this with subsequent girdling of other side shoots
leads to misshapen trees which can be easily recognized in the
plantations. It need hardly be stated that this is the most
serious result of the insects’ attacks. Fig. 1 in the plate shows
a young sapling with its leading shoot cut off by this insect,
whilst fig. 2, B, shows the top of another sapling in which two side
shoots have taken the place of the girdled leader at 3.

I have noticed that whilst the insect appears to be invariably
at work in pure deodar forests, it is much rarer in mixed forests
—a point worthy of some consideration.

The insect is exceedingly wasteful in its method of egg-
laying. Large branches are girdled, often 2-3 feet in length and
with several forks or side branches to them, From the whole of
this large cut branch but 14 to 2 inches are grooved up from the
base by the larve hatching out from the eggs laid. The rest of
the branch thus destroyed is, as far as this scolytid is con-
cerned, entirely wasted.

It will be generally found that the upper part is attacked
by a small polygamous scolytid beetle, Hypoborus (?) sp.,
described at p. 278 of these notes.

Protection and Remedies,

It has been already stated that the branches usually harg
over to one side after being girdled, and when this is the case
there is no difficuity in observing the beetles’ operations

224 SCOLYTUS DEODARA, MS.

Even if the branch remains still erect, the entrance hole, as
evidenced by the exudation of fresh resin on the bark, can be
seen.

In small plantations and wherever practicable it is recom-
mended that all such freshly attacked branches should be
collected and either burnt or the bark peeled off from the
girdle downwards for several inches. This will expose the eggs
or young larvae, and they will be killed off. Branches not
actually freshly attacked which may contain pupz should be
burnt. If this is systematically done in a plantation and, owing
to the attack being so easily recognizable, the work should not
be difficult, it should be possible to keep this pest within bounds
and protect many promising young saplings at any rate until
their leading shoots get beyond the beetles’ attacks.

Collecting all dead branches in the winter months and
burning them may also kill off the overwintering beetle, or what-
ever stage it is in, inside them.

Points in the life history requiring further observation.

1, The number of generations in the year. If there is a
second one, the length of time spent in the larval
and pupal stages.

2. In which stage of its life history does the beetle pass
through the winter? This will not unlikely be
the pupal, but may be the beetle stage. Is this
stage spent inside the girdled branch which will
by then be dead, either fallen to the ground or

still attached to the tree? Ifso, the collection and

burning of all dead branches during the cold
weather months is strongly to be recommended.

3. How many eggs are laid at the girdle, and how many
of them normally develop into larve? Of these
larvee how many ordinarily reach the beetle stage?

At present observations would seem to show that only a
few of the larvae which hatch out really reach the
beetle stage, Further observations are required
on this point.

4. Does the beetle attack any other trees besides the
deodar ?

225

TOMICUS SP. = 1_Kuiten leet’ *lbag
bad fou . Pitan: Vak .h a Ne, o,
Tue Buue Pine ToMICcus. (404, pla-is.

Plate XIII, fig. 1 a, b, c, d.; Plate XIV; Plate XV, fig. 1.

Reference :—Provisionally determined as Tomicus sp. neartoT. typo-
graphus.

Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Scolytide. Sub-
Family, Tomicinl,
Trees attacked :—Pinus excelsa (blue pine) ; Picea Morinda
(spruce).
Description.

The /arva is a small, white, curved, legless grub, about 4°5
millim, in length, with a yellow head and greatly developed
thoracic segments, See PI, XIII, fig. 1, a.

The pupa is white in colour and has the ordinary beetle
shape.

The dcetle is at first light yellow and rests for some
time in the pupal chamber, whilst its outer parts are slowly
hardening, the colour changing as this process takes place to
dark yellow-brown the insect finally becoming dark-brown.
When ready to issue from the wood, the beetle is shining,
oblong, hairy beneath, with scattered hair on the dorsal surface.
The head is hidden beneath the thorax and is scarcely visible
from above; the thorax is 2} millim, long by 13 millim. broad ;
its dorsal surface with a fine sparse punctation over the posterior
half, whilst covered in front with small tubercular projec-
tions; elytra cylindrical, with impressed stria, the intervals
being punctured ; the elytra slope down at the apex, the sloping
portion . being excavate; apical excavation shining and
irregularly punctate, with five teeth on either side, the third of
which is the largest, the fifth being little more than a raised
lump or projection. This beetle would therefore appear to
differ from 7. ¢ypographus in this respect as the latter has only
four teeth on either side. Under surface of abdomen is flat.
Tarsal joints 4 in number and simple. Length of beetle 5:2 to
5°5 millim, (ith inch or a little over).

Pl. XIII, fig. 1, 4, shows the pupa and ¢, the mature beetle,

226 | TOMICUS SP.

Life History.

The Blue Pine Tomicus beetles appear on the wing towards
the end of April at elevations of about 7,000 feet, the date of
first appearance varying with the elevation at which the insect
is living, being later at higher elevations, These beetles lay
eggs from which the beetles of the first generation of the
year mature about the middle of June. At the lower elevations
it is probable that a second lot adults make their appear-
ance about the end ef August, I have obtained a third brood
about the middle of September, whilst in favourable seasons
and localities a fourth, or portion of a fourth, generation is
completed before the winter sets in and puts an end to its
activity,

The beetles are found in April boring into the trunks of blue
pine (Pinus excelsa) of all ages from the pole stage upwards.
When it has reached the bast, the insect gnaws out an irre-
gularly shaped pairing chamber, oftenas much as $ x 3 inch in
size. (See Pl. XIV, Pl. XV, fig. 1.) When this is ready,
coupling takes place, several female beetles entering by the
same turnel and being fertilized by the male, Usually from
2-5 egg-galleries are excavated, grooving both bark and sap-
wood, radiating from the pairing chamber (PI. XIV, e, PI. XV, fig.
1,e) and more or less in the long axis of the tree. These
galleries, which contain generally only one air-hole (Pl. XIV, a)
t.é., a hole bored horizontally through the bark to the outside to
admit air into the egg-gallery, are from 24 to 3 inches in
length and are bored by the female beetles, On the right and
left, but apparently chiefly on the right, the 2 eats out little
recesses, laying in each an egg, from 20 to 30 being generally
deposited in each gallery; the galleries are blocked up with
wood-dust. As it is probable that only one egg-gallery is bored
by each ¢, it would appear that the ¢ beetle pairs with 2-5
females, Pl. XIII, fig. 1, d shows the pairing chamber, ps
and three partially completed egg-galleries, e, with a beetle in
the shorter one. In the two longer galleries the notches in
which eggs have been placed may be seen on the left edge,
The first larve make their appearance before the egg-laying

TOMICUS SP. 227

Ne ee, fe - — = — eer

is over and at once commence to eat out winding galleries in
the bast which have a general direction at right angles to
the direction of the mother-gallery. The greater number of
the larve appear to develop from the eggs laid on the right hand
of the gallery (see Pl. XIV, Pl. XV, fig 1, 7,) as the mother bores
away from the pairing chamber, but I have not yet been able to
account for this. Asthe larve increase in size so does the
diameter of the tunnels they are boring ; they go deeper into the
bark, and the whole plan of the mother and larval galleries
remains indelibly impressed on the bark, long after the beetles
have matured and left the tree. The larval borings do not groove
the sapwood, consequently this latter only bears the impression
of the pairing chamber and the egg-galleries with the notches
cut by the beetles for the reception of their eggs. In the
case of an old attack, therefore, if one wishes to find out whether
the eggs hatched out and the larve became full grown, it is
necessary to inspect the bark on the inside in addition to the
sapwood. The mother-galleries are often as much as three
inches in length and those of the larve, wh'ch are often very
winding, 14 to 2$ inches. Plate XIV shows a piece of blue pine
bark, 2ths natural size, riddled by this beetle: p=pairing chamber;
e=ege-galleries and / the larval galleries. The larve pupate at
the end of their galleries in the bast during the first days in June.
Towards the middle of the month the new beetles, now mature,
leave the tree through round holes bored horizontally through the
bark from the pupating chamber and immediately attack fresh
trees and lay their eggs in them. The larvae from these eggs soon
make their appearance and the resulting beetles issue about the
beginning of August. A I have said, a third generation (tihs
would probably be only the second at higher elevations) of
beetles appzars in the middle of September and from eggs laid
by these the larvz of a fourth during October. In favourable
years some of these latter develop into beetles which hiber-
nate through the winter either in the pupal-chamber or, not
improbably, if fully mature, in the thick bark of the trees, The
remainder of the larvae pass the winter at the end of their
galleries, in which they gnaw out a small chamber and then
envelope themselves in a thin papery cocoon, Those which, as

228 TOMICUS SP.

above described, go on to the beetle stage are the beetles of the
fourth generation and are the ones which appear in the spring
(April) and lay the eggs of the first generation of the year. The
hibernating larve change early in the year into pupz and
these into beetles, the latter appearing also about the beginning
of May, and this leads to the generations overlapping to some
extent.

It is probable that when the circumstances of its environment
are unfavourable, such as damp, very cold, weather, shady places
at high elevations, etc., the normal number of generations passed
through during the year is two, Similarly, in very favourable
situations and in warm, dry years it is not improbable that the
insect will be found to pass through four life cycles.

Localities from where reported.

This Tomtcus was first reported from the Chogaun forest, in
the Bashahr State forests, Punjab, by Mr.Minniken, the Forest
Officer in charge, in August 1900.1 On May 8th, I found the insect
in abundance in some Blue pine trees near Konain in the Jaunsar
forests, United Provinces and Oudh, and from this date till
the middle of July either the insect itself or evidences of its
attack were found in more or less abundance throughout the
portions ofthe Jaunsar, Simla Hill States, and Bashahr Divisions
visited, the march taking me (after leaving Jaunsar) v7@ Morach
through the Jubal and Bashahr States to Kotgarh and thence
on up through the Sutlej Valley Forests to Kilba and the Rogi

Cliffs.
Relations to the Forest.

This insect both in the larval and beetle state does serious
injury to the Blue pine and toa lesser degree, as far as present
observation has shown, to the spruce (Pzcea Morinda). By the
latter statement it is not meant that the actual damage done to
the tree itself is less, for the bast of some trees has been found
completely riddled by the beetles, but that only trees here and
there have been noticed attacked by the insect up to the time

~_—-—,

'Mr. Minniken reported the attack to Mr.. Ribbentrop, at the time
Inspector-General of Forests to the Government of India, and the latter
went up and studied it during September. It is alluded to in a note pub-
lished by Mr. Ribbentrop at p. 561 of the /ndian Fsorveter, Vol. XXVI.

TOMICUS SP. 229

of writing, whereas the Blue pine has been found infested in
blocks.?

The Zomizcus is not usually to be found in young poles and
I have not noticed it attacking young growth. In older poles it is
often present, but it apparently prefers the older trees whose bark
is thicker; when attacking poles it confines its operations more
especially to the lower three-quarters of the bole, leaving the
upper quarter and the branches to its companions, Po/ygraphus
major, MS. and Pityogenes contferz, MS.*

The injuries to the tree are confined to the bast layer, and
when it is badly infested, this part of the tree is completely
riddled and destroyed, resulting in death. Attacked trees can be
recognised by the shot-hole borings in the bark, each having a
little saw-dust at their entrance which has been) ejected by the
beetles when making the burrow. If trees with large numbers
of these holes on their outer bark be cut into the cambium layer
will be found to be swarming with either larve, pupa, or beetles.

The European beetle Tomicus typographus is considered to
be one of the most destructive of all forest insects in Europe,
and when conditions are favourable to it, I am of opinion that its
Indian confrére is not one whit the less dangerous. Sickly
trees, ringed trees, and newly felled ones are at once attacked by
it, and its powers of rapid multiplication, which have been shown
to be very great owing tothe number of eggs laid by the ?
beetle andthe number of generations it is capable of passing
through during the year, enable it to spread rapidly over large
areas. When particularly abundant ina locality, I have found it
attacking green healthy trees. It does not attack barked trees,
and it has not been found in stools or stumps.

Its favorite resorts at present in the areas visited would
appear to be the forests where the system of ringing the Blue
pine to give more light to and so encourage the young Deodar
has been carried out on alargescale. In suchareasI have found

ee ee
I Since this note went to press investigation of dead and dying trees has
shown that the Tomicus is probably nearly, if not quite, as injurious to
the spruce.
2 See pages 234 and 242 of these notes.

230 TOMICUS SP.

the beetle in enormous numbers. Spruce treated in this way have
also been noticed as badly infested. Onan area! containing
some fine spruce through which a severe fire had passed several
years previously I noticed a number of fine, large, dead trees which
had been badly scorched by the fire. An examination showed
that the ZYomdcus had subsequently come in and attacked the
trees in large numbers, killing off those which might otherwise
have recovered. :
Protection and Remedies.

I have already alluded to the system in force for a time in these
forests of girdling dominant Blue pine‘and to a less extent spruce,
with a view to giving more light to, and so encouraging the growth
of, the young and more valuable deodar beneaththem, The large
number of girdled and slowly-dying trees thus existing in the
forest has undoubtedly favoured the increase of this Zomzcus,
which now exists at various centres in the forests in large, and it
would appear, rapidly increasing, numbers. The insect will not
attack barked trees or trees whose bark is already dead. A
girdled tree dies slowly and its bark remains fresh for some time
perhaps a year or two. If the girdle has not -been cut entirely,
the tree will remain alive for several years. In every case,
however, the pine will be in the exact condition preferred by
bark-beetles, and, as long as the bark remains fresh enough, the
Tomicus will attack it. The one girdled tree may thus rear up
several generations, from four to a dozen or more, of the pest
before the bark is either entirely riddled or has died to such an
extent as to be no longer to the taste of the beetles. -The same
would, I think, apply if the trees were only topped instead of
being girdled as they would run the tisk of becoming diseased
and would then not improbally be at once attacked.

If, onthe other hand, the tree is felled outright instead of
being ringed or topped, its bark will become dry and distaste.
ful to the Zomicus within at the latest six months, and that tree
will support at the most but two generations of the beetles and
most probably not more than one,

‘On the northern slope of Hattua, above the Simla-Thibet Road, a few
miles from the Narkanla Tungalow.

TOMICUS SP. 231

ee ee

In May tgot I was able to inspect some Blue pine which
had been felled outright in June 1900 and left with the bark on.
The bark was now quite dry. These trees were not noticed
to have been attacked at the time of felling but examination
showed that they had been badly infested by the July beetles,
and perhaps by the later generations. The greatest number
reared, however, was not more than two life cycles.

My recommendations for future treatment, with the object of
reducing the numbers of these oeetles in the forests and pre-
venting further spread from the infested centres, an occurrence
which is undoubtedly taking place, areas follows:— ,

1. That in future, vhen it is considered necessary to
remove the Blue pine or Spruce from around the
Deodar, the former trees should not be girdled but
felled outright and at once barked and the inside
of the bark exposed to the sun’s rays,

2, That all still green girdled standing trees be treated in
this way,

3. The trees should be barked during the second or third
week in May, the beginning of July, the middle or
third week in August, and the beginning of Octo-
ber. The reason for this is that the larve will
then be still young and may be killed by the drying
up of the bark, Since, however, the generations
overlap (owing to the first laid eggs developing
sooner than those deposited at later dates), there
will certainly be either pupz or beetles which will

| not be affected, and these will issue in due course.

4. There will be no harm in felling the trees at earlier
dates, provided the barking is done at the periods
specified.

5. That both girdling and topping trees should be dise
continued, 7

6. At all infested centres I recommend that a
system of “trap trees’’ be prepared, For this
purpose sickly trees, suppressed trees, ete

232 TOMICUS SP.
should be chosen in suitable localities where they
can be easily reached and watched. These trees
should be felled, the bark being left on. The
beetles will resort to them in large numbers
for egg-laying, choosing them in preference to
adjacent standing trees, When egg-laying has
ceased, these trees should be barked.

As we do not yet know exactly how many generations there
are in the year at different elevations, I recommend that the
system of “trap trees’? be kept up and watched carefully from
the middle of April to November. ;

7. As far as_ possible, apparently uninfested forests
should be inspected for attacks of the pest (I have
already discussed how such can be recognized).
When badly infested trees are found, they should
be treated as above.

If the above methods are put in force, it should be possible
to reduce the numbers and spread of the Blue Pine Tomicus and
bring them down to the normal condition, in which state it may
be left to be dealt with by various predaceous insects which feed
upon it, several of which have been discovered and will be
described in these notes.!

In conclusion, I may mention that in the Chogaun forest in
Bashahr, from which the attack was first reported in 1900 by
Mr. Minniken, the latter informed me that he cut out in that year
many of the badly infested trees and sent them down a rough
timber slide to the Sutlej River, down which they were floated
to the timber markets. Trees that can be so treated should be
first barked or they will be liable to spread the pest, the time
spent between felling and reaching the river being in all proba-
bility quite sufficient for this purpose. The attack in this areae
was again very bad in June 1g01 and had by no means been
stamped out. :

1 Since this note went to press, several fresh predaceous beetles, especially
Histerid@ and Ichneumon and Bracon flies, have been discovered attacking
this Tomicus or its larvae. It is hoped to treat of these in a future number
of these notes, . . e

TOMICUS SP, . 233
a Oe Ree eee
Potnts in the life history requiring further observation.

I, The number of eggs laid by the females of the
various generations,

2. The number of days which the different stages take to
develop, z.¢., the time spent inthe egg, larval,
pupal, and imago stages of the various generations
of the year.

3. The range of the insect in India,

4. Whether the Tomicus attacks other trees besides the
Blue Pine and Spruce.

R 2

234

The principal Insect Allies of the Blue Pine Tomicus,

POLYGRAPHUS MAJOR, MS, >.

Plate XIII, fis. 2; a,:b, c.

Reference :—This insect is new to the British Museum, It may possibly be
identical with the beetle mentioned on pp. 63, 64 of my
Injurious Insects which was determined as near to P.
pubescens of Europe.

Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Scolytide. Sub-
Family, Hylesini.
Trees attacked :—Cedrus Deodara (Deodar); Pinus excelsa
(Blue Pine).

Description.

The Zarva when young is a minute, yellowish-white, curved
and legless grub of the ordinary Scolytid type. When full
grown, it is white in colour and about 3 millim in length.

The pupa is whitish-yellow and of the ordinary beetle type.

The deetle on emergence from the pupal state is bright
yellowish-brown, the tint darkening as the outer parts harden.
When ready to leave the tree, it hasa moderately shining black
head and thorax and dark chestnut-brown elytra covered with a
yellow pubescence. The insect is oblong in shape and _ hairy
above and below. The head is not entirely covered by the thorax
and has a short, broad rostrum and clubbed antennez, the forehead
bearing a dense tuftof yellow hair. The antennz have a short
funiculus of 5 joints, together shorter than the long solid club.
The thoraxis broader posteriorly than anteriorly and a small
channel marks its juncture with the elytra ; the thorax is punc-
tured all over, the elytra being striate ‘and punctured. Legs
black, with yellow hairs on them, tarsal joints filiform, yellow,
and four in number, the 3rd joint simple. Insect black and
shining on ventral surface; 5 abdominal segments visible.
Length 3 to 3°3 millim, Plate XIII, ‘fig, 2, a, shows a dorsal
and side view of this beetle.

eae
2 a 4%

2 ¥
By. it

POLYGRAPHUS MAFOR, MS. 238
aes st — al lk SK 2a

Life History.

The beetles are to be found towards the end of April bor-
ing into the trees for the purpose of egg-laying, both blue pine
and spruce being affected. The first brood of beetles from
these eggs appears during the latter part of June (probably
earlier in favourable situations), the generation taking from six
to seven weeks to pass through. The beetles maturing in June
at once commence egg-laying and a second brood of adults
makes its appearance during September, whilst a third genera-
tion or a portion of it is passed through before the winter coli
puts an end for the time being to the insect’s activity, In
favourable situations and years it is not improbable that this
number of generations is increased, the spring and summer life
cycles being gone through at a quicker rate.

The beetle bores its way in from the outside, and on reach-
ing the bast gnaws out in it and the sapwood a chamber of
irregular stellate shape (see Pl. XIII, fig. 2, b, c (p)). From this
chamber usually three, occasiona!ly four or five, arms or branches
take off (fig. 2, b,c, (e)). These branches are the egg galleries
and they are bored deep in bast and sapwood, being usually
curved and about an inch in length on large branches, The
female beetle, as she bores out her tunnel, gnaws out little
indentations at the side, placing an egg in each, These appear
to be made more on one side than the other as she bores away
from the pairing chamber (see PI. XIII, fig. 2, b (e)), the notches
being closer together on this side whilst only a few scattered
ones are on the other. From 8 to 15 eggs appear to be
laid in each gallery. The larve, on hatching out, feed in
the bast at first, but as they get older they go into the
Sapwood and feed there. They bore winding galleries in
a direction approximately at right angles to the egg gallery,
their tunnels averaging 4 to $~ inch in length. When full
grown they eat out a small chamber in the wood at the end
of the larval gallery before changing to the pupal stage. The
pupal stage is passed in this, and the beetle when mature bores
its way out by a horizontal gallery direct to the outside,
Occasionally the larva feeds almost entirely in the bark, but it

236 POLYGRAPHUS MAFOR, MS.

will bore into the sapwood to make its pupal chamber. This
latter is occasionally merely a saucer-shaped indentation in the
wood and not bored right in, but the latter is the most usual.
I have never as yet found more than two beetles in any one
gallery or set of galleries. When the 9? has finished egg-laying,
she bores a short off-shoot gallery off the egg gallery at the end
of which she dies or the egg gallery may be prolonged, the end
portion, at the head of which she dies, containing no inden-
tations for eggs. In the smaller branches the beetle bores
much deeper andthe egg galleries are usually much longer.
The insect hibernates through the winter either as a larva or
perfect beetle.
felattons to the Forest.

This Polygraphus, whilst assisting the Blue Pine Tomicus in
its attacks upon the older trees in the forest, goes further and
infests young growth which I have not as yet found affected by
the larger beetle. It prefers the younger portions of the tree
where the bark is soft and still thin. The crowns of older trees
and the old side branches, and more especially stems and
branches of young saplings, are the places it attacks and breeds
and feeds in. This preference for the younger parts of trees
leads it toinfest young saplings whenever, from any cause, they
have become weakened in vitality. Young trees broken by
snow were found in the spring to be full of beetles, engaged in
egg-laying, the insect having subsequently spread to appa-
rently healthy trees alongside. Attacked stems, etc., are at
once recognized by the fact that the entrance holes on the out-
side are surrounded by a circle of white resin which renders
them very conspicuous. The thin bark also turns yellow and
crinkles up. On cutting into a stem with this external appear-
ance at one of the holes either beetles, or larvae, or both, will
be found burrowing in the bast and sapwood, the galleries being
flooded with turpentine in which the insects wa'low about. The
branches are often so riddled as to be merely a mass of inter-
Jaced galleries, the whole of the bast layer disappearing.

In the case of older trees, whenever the bole is found to
contain the blue pine Tomicus, Polygraphus major will
almost invariably, if not always, be found in the crown and

POLYGRAPHUS MAFOR, MS. 237

side branches. When found in company with the Tomicus>
it is generally at the boundary line where the latter’s attack
ceases and that of the Polygraphus begins. On these thicker
portions of the tree the pattern made by the beetle is a very
easy one to recognize, see PI. XIII, fig. c.

This Polygraphus is undoubtedly a serious pest in the forest,
and its habit of attacking young growth renders it the more
necessary that its life history should be well understood and
that a constant watch should be kept on its operations, so that
any undue increase on its part may be taken in hand at once,

I found it also infesting the Pimus Gerardiana, near Kilba, in
the Sutlej Valley, Bashahr State.}

1 Since this note went to press, 1 have discovered this Polygraphus
seriously infesting young deodar saplings in a plantation at Pajidhar in
the Jaunsar Division, North-West Himalayas. There were some blue pine
in the plantation, and both were badly attacked by the Polvgraphus. A
fire had passed through a portion of this plantation in January and the trees,
weakened but not killed by it, had been attacked by the beetles in May, eggs
being laid in the trees. The larvze on hatching out had entirely riddled
the cambium both in the deodar and blue pine, the attack being more severe
in the latter. It appeared probable at first that the deodar might have
been infested by the Polygraphus after all the blue pine had been occupied,
but examination showed that the deodar saplings had been attacked by
the beetle in previous years. In some of these cases the trees had killed the
beetles by an outflow of turpentine either in the tunnel when entering the tree
or in the just commenced egg gallery. In others the galleries in the sapwood
were half-grown over, the green cambium edge on either side being plainly
visible. Only one or at most two egg galleries are bored from the pairing
chamber in the sapwood of the deodar instead of the three which are
usual when the insect attacks the blue pine. The larvz usually mine
in the bast only going into the wood to pupate. When this attack
was discovered (June 25), the beetles of the first generation were matur-
ing, some having already issued and commenced laying the eggs of the
second generation in the deodar saplings which were still alive. The
Polygraphus beetles were mostly in the lower ¢ of the main stem of the
saplings and not in the tops, the latter being full of the Pityogenes
contfere beetle,

The fact of galleries being found partially or nearly entirely grown over
by the cambium shows-~

(1) That the trees must have been attacked by the beetles before the
growing season of the preceding year. This is of great impor-
tance since it proves that the beetle will attack deodar even
when blue pine saplings are available close by.

(2) That the trees must have been in good health afterwards to have

7 enabled the cambium layer to have sufficient vitality to per-
form this work.

(3) The number of these galleries found was few showing that the
beetle had not attacked in sufficient numbers to kill the tree.

The fact that this beetle attacks deodar in addition to blue pine and
that it can infest green saplings renders it a very serious pest in the forest.

238 POLYGRAPHUS MAFOR, MS.

Points in the life history requiring further observation.

1. The number of egg galleries bored from each pairing
chamber and the number of eggs laid in each.
Does the number vary in different trees attacked,
and is it constant for any one species of tree ?

2. Does each @ bore only one egg chamber?

3. The exact number of generations in the year. Are
there ever four or five ?

4, Time passed in the various stages of each generation
or life cycle,

239

POLYGRAPHUS MINOR, MS,

Plate XIII, figs. 1, d,3. Plate XV, figs. 2, 3, 4.
Reference :—This beetle is new to the British Museum collection. I call it
provisionally Polygraphus minor, MS.
Classification: Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Scolytide. Sub-
Family, Hylesini.
Trees attacked :—Prnus excelsa (Blue pine) ; Picea Morinda
(Spruce).

Description.
The /arva is similar to that of the above-described Poly-
graphus (P. major, MS.) but smaller. —
The dcetle also resembles the latter in shape but is smaller.
It is oblong, pubescent, with thorax broader behind than in
front and head exposed, the latter when seen from above being
striated. Head and thorax black, the latter punctured and
covered with scattered short hairs. The division between
thorax and elytra is well marked. Elytra black with rows of
grey-brown hairs running down them. Antenne as already
described for the other Polygraphus and yellowin colour. Tarsal
joints 4 in number and yellow. Ventral surface shining,
sparsely covered with yellow hairs, 5 abdominal segments
being visible. Length 2'5 to 2°75 millim.

Pl. XIII, fig. 3, shows a dorsal and side view of this insect.

Life History.

This beetle was first discovered at the beginning of May
boring into blue pine in company with the Tomicus sp. It ap-
peared to be in a younger stage of development than the larger
beetle, and it is possible that it seeks out trees already attacked
by it. The insect remains in the trees longer than the Tomicus
and will attack trees whose bark has lost the freshness the latter
requires. The beetles infest the bole of the tree and are only
rarely found in the tops and branches in company with the
Polygraphus major.

240 POLYGRAPHUS MINOR, US.

It is probable that this insect has three to four generations
in the year in favourable seasons, the first flight of beetles, from
the eggs laid at the beginning of May or late in April, appearing
towards the end of May ([ have found pupz ‘and lightish brown

immature beetles in the galleries. on the 22nd May). These at

once lay eggs and a second generation of beetles appears about
the beginning of July. Immature beetles were found on 22nd
June at about the same elevation as those found on 22nd May.
A third brood of beetles from eggs laid by these latter makes
its appearance at the end of September and beginning of
October and at once layseggs. These latter develop into larve,
a portion of which may reach the beetle stage and hibernate as
such through the winter. It would appear, however, that a large
number pass the cold weather as larvae enveloped in a thin,
white, papery cocoon at the end of their larval galleries which
they slightly enlarge. Early in April these probably turn into
pup, the resulting beetles emerging from the tree towards the
end of the month.

The number of generations and time spent in each
require further study and corroboration.

The ¢ bores into the bast through the bark of the tree
and excavates in it a pairing chamber, being joined there
by the @. At present my observations have shown me that
there are always two beetles to be found in this chamber
whilst it is under construction. After pairing has taken place,
the @ bores an egg gallery away from the chamber in the bast
and lays her eggs in this. In Pl. XIII, fig, 1, d, the small
chamber, p', containing a beetle is the pairing chamber from
which an egg gallery is just being started. The usual number
of egg galleries bored away from the pairing chamber appears
to be five (see Pl. XV, figs. 2, 3, 4, ~. ¢.). It often happens that
in leaving the pairing chamber the @ bores the egg gallery for
some distance in the thick bast layer without breaking through
the inner surface. In such cases the number of ege galleries
bored away from the pairing chamber appear to be smaller than
they really are. The larval galleries are situated entirely inthe
bast and take off approximately at right angles but curve away
later on (see PI. XV, figs. 2, 3, 4,1.). The sapwood is not touched

POLYGRAPHUS MINOR, MS. 241

either by the egg or larval galleries. I have not yet deter-
mined how many females pair with the male.

Relations to the Forest.

This Polygraphus confines itself almost entirely to the bast
and bark of the tree, making no, or very little, impression on the
sapwood. Its galleries run in the bast nearer to the outside of
the tree than those of the Tomicus which groove deep into the
sapwood. Like the latter, however, it apparently appears to
prefer the thick bark and bast layer of the main trunk of the
older trees. It is always in greater numbers here, though it is to
be found more rarely in the softer portions affected by the
larger species of the genus (P. major), It has also been
found in company with Aylesinus (?) sp. Its presence can be
detected by the small shot holes appearing on the outside
of the bark, these latter being much smaller than those of the
Tomicus. It also attacks the spruce in a similar manner to
the blue pine ! in company with the Blue Pine Tomicus.

Points in the life history requiring further observation.
1. The number of ?’s pairing with d, and number of
eggs laid.
2. The number of generations and the time passed in the
various stages of each.

1 Since the above notes were written, I have also found the insect boring
into the main trunk of a newly-felled deodar, the bast and sapwood of
which had already been riddled by Scolytus major and S. minor (see
pp. 203—212) ante. This was at the end of June, the beetles being those of
the second generation of the year about to lay the eggs of the third genera-
tion. This discovery is interesting and important for the following
reasons : —

(1) It shows that P. minor as in the case of its confréres, P. mazor
and Pityogenes conifere, attacks deodar in addition to blue
pine and spruce.

(2) That in attacking deodar it bores into the main trunk as it does
in the case of the other two trees it affects.

(3) That it will attack less fresh deodar than will the Scolytus beetles
as is the case when it accompanies the Tomicus in blue pine.

I also found one or two half mature specimens in the deodar saplings at
Pajidhar which had been attacked by the P. major and Pityogenes cont-
fere. They were at the base of the saplings attacking the harder thicker
bark which had formed on the older trees. I found none, however, in the
neighbouring blue pine.

242

PITYOGENES CONIFERZ, MS.

Plate XIII, fig. 4, a, b, c, d, f.

Reference :—This beetle has also proved to be unrepresented in the British
Museum.

Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Scolytide.

Trees attacked eae cxcelsa (Blue pine); Cedrus Deo-
dara (Deodar) ; Pinus Gerardiana, F.

Description.
The /arva is a minute, curved, white, legless grub, (See
PI. XIII, fig. 4, a.)

The pupa is white and has the ordinary beetle form. A

ventral view is shown in fig. 4, b.

The beetle is small, oblong, shining, with head entirely
concealed beneath the thorax, and not visible from above.
Thorax black, slightly longer than broad, punctured all over and
covered with scattered canary yellow hairs. Elytra rufous-
brown, lightly punctured and with scattered yellow hairs; they
are channelled and slope down posteriorly, the truncate end
being sculptured and bearing small projections which are much
larger in male than in the female (cf fig.4,candd.) Antenne
and legs rufous-brown in colour, Ventral surface black, shining,
and covered with scattered yellow hairs. Tibiz are spined,
Length 2°35 millim. Pl. XII}, fig. 4, c, shows the d andd, a

dorsal and side view of the 2? of this small beetle.

Life History.
This beetle would appear to have at least three (and more

probably four) generations in the year, Mature insects are

PITYOGENES CONIFER, MS. 243

Ne ER ee aE

to be found boring into Blue pine trees towards the end of
April in company with the Polygraphus major beetle, preferring
the softer portions of the old trees, saplings, and young
growth, The first brood of beetles of the year from the eggs
laid by the April beetles (which are the over-wintering ones)
appear in June (probably much earlier in favourable localities),
a second generation in August-September, whilst mature beeties,
probably ‘of a third (or fourth ?) generation of beetles were
taken from trees as late as November 17th. These beetles
hibernate in the trees during the winter. The exact number of
generations requires further careful observation, as they will
almost certainly vary with the elevation, aspect, etc., and lam

rather inclined to think that they overlap.

The galleries made by this beetle consist of a central
breeding chamber (fig. 4, f (p)) having several arms or egg gal-
leries gnawed out in the bast and sapwood. Occasionally the
pairing chamber Is entirely in the bast from which several, from
four to as many as six, short egg galleries take off, the whole
having an irregular stellate appearance. The eggs are laid in
small depressions made usually on the outside curve (but they
may be on the inner one) of the winding egg gallery (see fig,
4, f (e)). The pairing chamber is as much as 3 millim. across
and the egg galleries vary in length up to 13 millim, (cf.
PE XH, fig. 4, fy (p) (e)+) As many as four beetles have
been found in the pairing chamber, and it is probable that
each 9 beetle bores one of the egg galleries. About 10-12
» eggs are laid in each gallery. The larve on hatching out
bore away from the mother gallery, changing to pupe at the end
of their tunnels. They bore mainly in the bast layer, but often
when about to pupate bore down into the sapwood and change

to pupz there (see fig. 4 f (m)).

244 PITYOGENES CONIFER&, MS.

Relations to the Forest.

This little beetle con fines its operations to the smaller branches
of the Blue pine! where the bark is still quite soft. It infests
these places in enormous numbers, working in company with the
larger Polygraphus. Itis to be found in the side branches
and upper portion of the leading shoot of older saplings.
In smaller ones it infests every part and it then becomes a
serious pest, as it would appear to have the power of increasing
in large numbers. In the case of the snow-broken Blue
pine saplings alluded to as attacked by the larger Polygra-
phus (see p. 236 ante), this beetle was in countless numbers
wallowing in the large amount of turpentine contained in the
more succulent portions of the young trees, Its attack can be
recognized from the outside by the small pin-holes seen in the
bark, each surrounded with a small white ring of resin (see Pl.
XIII, fig. 4, f(n)); the bark when very young turns yellow
under the attack and shrivels up. The arms of the stellate
galleries run longitudinally up and down the stem rather
than horizontally, and the appearance of the pairing chamber

1 [| have since found it in company with Polygraphus major infesting
deodar saplings. It was very numerous in the tops of saplings already
described as attacked by its larger companion at Pajidhar (see footnote
on p. 237). In a few cases it was found in the main stem, low down,
and the gallery had then only 4 arms or egg galleries to it, the pairing
chamber being made entirely in the bast as also were the jiarval
galleries and pupating chamber, only the egg galleries grooving down
into the sapwood. In the tops, however, and leading shoots the attack
corresponded in all respects to that in the blue pine. I was unable to
count the number of egg galleries bored as the bark and sapwood were
riddled by the interlacing galleries. All the stages of larva, pupa and
beetle, were found, and also mature beetles just boring into the stems to lay
eggs. This would seem to confirm my theory that the generations in one
year ofthe life history of this insect overlap one another since it would
seem probable that the larvee were those of the second generation, the first
lot of grubs appearing somewhere about the beginning of May. This would
mean that the August-September larve are those of the third generation,
and the November beetles those probably of a fourth which lay the eggs of
the first at the end of April in the following year. The Pityogenes was
equally numerous in the neighbouring blue pine saplings. As in the case
of the P. major the fact that this beetle attacks the deodarin addition to the
blue pine greatly adds to the importance of the pest and renders it essential
that its life history should be understood.

PITYOGENES CONIFERZ, MS. 245

and egg galleries are not unlike those of its Jarger companion,
with which they are often found mixed up and interlaced. The
iatter are, however, larger, have longer arms and the egg
galleries are fewer in number, and go much deeper into the
sapwood, this being more especially noticeable in the case
of the smaller branches attacked.

I have not yet found this insect infesting spruce but it or a
very close ally occurs plentifully in the branches of the Prnus
Gerardiana in which its life history appears to be the same as
that already given for the blue pine. It was found in this tree
towards the end of June near Kilba, Bashahr State.

Points tn the life history requiring further observation.

1. The number of 2’s pairing with each ¢ andthe num.
ber of egg-galleries bored by each.

2. The number of generations passed through during the
year and the time occupied in the various stages
of each,

3. Whether the insect attacks the spruce.

Localities from which the spectes of Polygraphus and Pityos
genes have been reported.

The range of these beetles, as far as has yet been ascer-
tained, is the same as that already given for the Blue Pine
Tomicus (Zomicus sp.).

Protection and Remedies,

The recommendation already made for the treatment of the
Tomicus attacks apply equally to those of its three allies, In
addition it should be mentioned that when young growth is
badly attacked by the larger Polygraphus and the Pityogenes,
the signs of whose attacks, as already explained, are easily dis-
cernible, it will be advisable to cut out all badly infected plants
and saplings and burn them. This should, of course, be done at
a time when they are full of larve or pupe and Jdefore the
beetles begin to mature and issue,

246 CERAMBYX SP.

CERAMBYX SP,

Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Cerambycidz.

Trees attacked :—Pinus excelsa (Blue pine) ; Picea Morin-

da (Spruce),

Following close upon the Tomicus attacks and appearing
sometimes with them, when these latter insects have weakened
the tree by their onslaughts, numerous Cerambyx larve are to be
found at work, making broad, shallow galleries in the bast and
outer sapwood. These larveare white in colour, resembling those
already described on page 50 in No.1 of these notes (see Pl. IV,
fig. 3, a) and were from 1 inch to 14 inch in length at the time
they were found. No perfect beetles have yet been obtained.
These longicorn larvae are dangerous in the forest since their
attacks further weaken the trees and minimise or entirely put
an end to any chance they might have had of recovering from
the bark beetle infestation, Further information is required on
the following points :—

(1) As to how long the insect spends in the larval and
pupal stages.
(2) At what time the mature beetle apvears.

247

HYPOPHLCEUS FLAVIPENNIS,
MOTS.

Plate "Ally fiom s.
Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Tenebrionida.
Description,

The deetZe is small with a large exposed head, brown in
colour, as is also the prothorax which is narrower in front than
behind and longer than broad, Elytra yellowish, oval, finely but
broadly striate with scattered punctures; they leave one segs
ment of the body exposed. Antenna are shorter than prothorax,
1f-jointed. Legs short. Last joint of tarsus longer than rest
together. Length .:nds inch. PI. XIII, fig. 5, shows a dorsal
and side view of this insect,

Life History, ete.

[am at present unable to say what part is played in the tree
by this beetle, which is a small heteromerous one. [am not
aware that it has ever been reported as injurious. It may
possibly be a sap-feeder, but further observation on its habits
is required, as also on those of its larva,

The beetle was sent in company with the Tomicus from the
Chogaun forest in Bashahr in 1900, it having been taken from the
galleries of that beetle (or perhaps from those of its companion
Polygraphus ?). ‘The following year, at the end of June, I found
it in the same neighbourhood but at a lower elevation in bark-
beetle galleries in the Pinus Gerardiana, the beetles from
whose galleries I obtained immature specimens of it being
species of Polygraphus and Pityogenes.

This is at present all the information | have on the subject,

248

Some Insect Enemies of Tomicus sp. and its Allies,
NIPONIUS CANALICOLLIS,
LEWIS.

Plate XIII, fig. 6.
Reference :—Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser.!7, Vol. viii, November 1901.
Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Histeride.

Predaceous upon Tomicus sp. (Blue Pine Tomicus) ; Polygra-
phus major, MS., and P, minor, MS.

Description.

The larva of this insect has not yet been discovered.

The beetle is cylindrical, oblong, black and shining, the tarsi
being palish ; head somewhat robust and sulcate between the
cephalic projections; antenn# elbowed, ending in a club at
their tips; the thorax has a very conspicuous median channel
which sometimes reaches the base, but is always somewhat
shortened in front; on either side of the channel the surface
is uneven and the punctures irregular in size and form. The
elytra have few striz and leave two segments of the body
exposed below their tips. The tibia are rather slender, they
and the thighs being black.

Length 33 to 44 millim. PI. XIII, fig. 6, shows a dorsal and
side view of this beetle.

Life History,

Neither the larval nor pupal stages have yet been observed,

The beetle was first discovered early in May (tgot) in the
tunnels of bark-borers in the blue pine. Subsequently mature
insects were also found in the blue pine trees towards the end
of June, these possibly being those of a later generation. The
number of generations the beetle passes through during the
year is, however, as yet undetermined, Fully mature beetles
were found in the trees in the middle of December, amongst
imagoes of the Blue Pine Tomicus and the two species of Poly-
graphus beetles described above. It may be that the number
of its generations corresponds to those of its hosts.

Tees

NIPONIUS CANALICOLLIS,. 249

Relations to the Forest.

This beetle is a predaceous one and is therefore most useful
in the forest since it feeds upon the blue pine bark-bore:s.
It is more especially abundant in the tunnels of the two Polygra-
phus beetles, and itis constantly present here when no Tomicus
beetles are to be found. It is probable, however, that on occa-
sions, at any rate, it also attacks and feeds upon this latter
insect, as when some living species of the Tomicus, Poly-
graphus and the Niponius were sent to me, many of the
Tomicus beetles arrived ina half-eaten state. I have not found
it attacking the Pityogenes beetle, and the tunnels of this latter
are too small for it to enter.

This predaceous insect is found all through the area I have
given as occupied by the Tomicus and Polygraphus pests. It
has yet to be ascertained whether the adult also feeds upon the
eggs, larve or pups of its hosts, or whether these stages are

‘preyed upon by its own larval stages,

It has also to be ascertained whether it follows the bark
borers into the tree, or whether all the stages in its life history

are spent there.'

CUCUUJUS (?) SP.
Plate XIII, fig. 7.

Reference :—Provisionally named Ca_ujus (?) sp.
Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Cucujide

Predacesus upon Tomicus sp. (?), Polygraphus major and
P. minor; Pityogenes contfere ; Scolytus major and S.
minor.

Description.

The larva has not yet been observed.

The beetle is oblong, shining, somewhat flat, the elytra

being broader than the thorax at their point of juncture with

it. Head black and exposed, and punctured, not being
1 Since this note went to press, 1 have found pupz and mature insects
of what I think is this Niponius in Polygraphus major galleries in
deodar saplings (see foot-note on p. 237). The beetles were, I think,
feeding upon the nearly mature Polygraphus insects. This would seem to
prove that the larvae feed inside the tree in the larval galleries of the host.

250 CUCU$US (2) SP,

—_—_ on

covered by the thorax. Antenne moniliform, placed in front
of eyes, yellow in colour, as also are the legs, Thorax black,
rounded in front, squarish behind, very convex and uniformly
punctured all over. Elytra rufous brown and punctured, rounded
at their tips and leave one black segment of the body exposed,
Under-surface black, shining, pitted; 5 visible ventral seg-
ments of the abdomen. Tarsi 5-jointed. Length 3°35 millim.
Pl. XIII, fig. 7, shows this beetle.
Lijeiistory.

This beetle is usually to be found in company with Nipontus
canalicollis in the galleries of the above described bark beetles
attacking the blue pine and spruce. Mature beetles were first
discovered towards the beginning of May and again towards the
end of June. Later on perfect insects of this species were again
found in the tunnels of the two species of Polygraphus beetles
about the 3rd week in September, whilst in December (on the
15th of the month) numbers of them were taken from trees
together with the Zomicus, Polygraphus, and Nipontus canali-
collis beetles and sent to me.!

It would appear that this beetle passes the winter in the
imago stage, or that, at any rate, a portion of the last genera-
tion of the year does so.*

Relations to the Forest.

This insect is as useful in the forest as its companion JV.
canalicollis. It more especially, if not entirely,? confines itself
to preying upon the two species of Polygraphus, which attack
and infest the blue pine and spruce.

Iam unable to say at present whether it attacks any of
the stages of the Tomicus or Pityogenes insects, but I have

1 These and previous consignments from September onwards were, at
my request, very kindly obtained and sent to me by Mr. J. C. Tulloch

Deputy Conservator of Forests in charge of the Jaunsar Division.
4 Subsequent observations made since this note went to press have

shown me that this beetle is exceedingly plentiful in the Jaunsar coniferous
forests. In the galleries of the blue pine Tomicus, the Polygraphus and
Pityogenes beetles and even inthe galleries of the Scolytus major and
S. minor beetles in Deodar this beetle swarmed between May and July
1902 and through the later montns also. It was always to be found in
the imago form, Its larval stage has not yet been discovered.

CUCUFUS (2) SP. .

never found it in the latter's galleries, and the smaller Poly.
graphus is almost invariably, as far as my observations go,
present withthe Tomicus. I have found it swarming in numbers
in trees deserted by the Tomicus but still containing numbers
of the smaller Polygraphus beetle. It appears to be more
abundant, or, at any rate, more “en evidence” than the J,
canalicoliis, and at times it swarms in the galleries in enormous
numbers.

This beetle occurs all through the area over which the two
Polygraphus beetles have been found.

The number of generations in the year, the date of appear-
ance of the larval and pupal stages, where they are passed,
and the food fed upon in the larval stage have yet tobe
observed.

252

POLYGRAPHUS MINIMUS, MS.

Blatep2uy lite yas
Reference :—Provisionally named Polygrabhus minimus, ms
Classification:—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Scolytide. Sub-
Family, Hylesini.

Tree attacked :—Pznus exce/sa (The Blue Pine).

Description.

The Jarva is.a minute white curved grub,

The deetle is very small, black, moderately shining, with
elytra covered with scattered longish white hairs. Head
small, vertical in front, with a very short rostrum, Antenne
short; scape thick, straight; funiculus 5-jointed; club
compact, flattened, ovate; eyes oval, Prothorax cylindrical,
narrower in front than behind, and uniformly pitted, Elytra
_ fairly long, rounded at the posterior declivity, not wider than
prothorax behind, pitted. Thighs of legs iong-oval. Tibize
finely toothed on their external edge; tarsus filiform, the first
three joints of equal size, the third not bilobed. The three
intermediate segments of the abdomen of same size and
short. Antenne and legs yellowish-brown. Length 11 millim,
Pl. XVI, fig. 1, shows this insect.

Life History.

This is the third and smallest of the Polygraphus beetles found
in the Blue Pine, Present observations would seem to show
that it is unlikely to do much damage tothe tree. It was
found in the third week in May making minute galleries in the
bark of the bole of both dying and newly-dead trees. The
inner bark where it adjoins the sapwood is the part
attacked. It is thus a companion to the Rlue Pine Tomicus
and the smaller Polygraphus (mznor), | have found it in anewly.
felled tree in company with both. It remains, however, after
the Tomicus attack is over, and thus appears to be able to lay
its eggs in bark which is net absolutely fresh. The beetle was
egg-laying when first found, some of the minute larve having

Su Slebtiig tolu Qnde'am Toro [ woecks Pb. uaq Consdid b

Cryplinguno pusillve Aylt. FNE 1210045

POLYGRAPHUS MINIMUS, MS. 253

already developed from the eggs. I am unable to say whether
these larve were the first or second generation of the year.

A small chamber is grooved in the inner bark, and in this
the male pairs with several females. These latter then bore
their egg-galleries away from the central chamber. The larve
on hatching mine away at various angles from the egg-galleries
of the mother beetles. The & would appear to pair with from
4—6 @ beetles. The beetles appear to require moist bark to
bore in, as they are only to be found either in bark still alive,
though nearly dead, orin moist places in newly dead bark,
I have never found them in dry bark.

In the third week in June another generation (second or
third?) is commenced, as beetles were found, matured from the
eggs and larve discovered in the third week in May, laying eggs
in a similar manner to the May beetles. No larve had deve-
loped. A spring generation would thus appear to take from four
to five weeks from egg to fullv developed beetle.

This is as far*as [ have carried the life history.

Locality from where reported.

This minute Scolytid is plentiful in the Jaunsar and Tehri-
Garhwal blue pine forests in the North-West Himalayas, It
was discovered in 1902.

Relations to the Forest.

As far as present observation goes, this Polygraphus would
appear to do little damage to the tree, since it has only been
found in the bole of trees from the pole stage upwards. It
comes in after the Blue Pine Tomicus, and probably waits
until that insect has undermined the vitality of the infested
tree. It remains in the tree, however, longer and will undoubt-

edly attack bark that is no longer fresh.

Protection and Remedtes.

These will be the same as already given for the Blue Pine
Tomicus and the other Polygraphus beetles. In getting rid
of them this beetle will be likewise killed off,

POLYGRAPHUS MINIMUS, MS.

Pee ee 5 ES

Points in the life history requiring further observation,

1. The number of generations in the year.

2. Where does the insect lay the eggs of the first
generation of the year?

3 In which stage does it pass through the winter in?

= &

255

POLYGRAPHUS LONGIFOLIA, 4+
MS.
THE LONG-NEEDLED PINE POLYGRAPHUS.

Blatenevil tgs 2,4, b.

Reference :—Provisionally determined Polygraphus longifolia, MS. new to the
British Museum,

Classification : Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Scolytide. Sub-Family,

Hylesini.

Tree attacked :—Pinus longifolia.

Description.

Beetle—A small insect with black shining head and pro-
thorax and brown elytra, the latter covered with a whitish-
yellow, fairly close, pubescence with scattered longer yellow
hairs near the apices of the elytra. This beetle has the same
Polygraphus cl characters already described for the other species
of the genus. There is a brush of yellow hairs on the forehead,
and the head and prothorax“are pitted with not very close-set
punctures. The elytra distinguish this beetle from P. minor,
M.S. which it somewhat resembles in size and build. The
antenna are brown witha yellowclub, Legs brown; tarsi yellow.

Length about ;gth inch, Pl, XVI, fig. 2,a, shows this
beetle.

Life History.

This insect probably makes its first appearance in the year
some time towards the end of April or beginning of May, since
mature and nearly mature beetles of what was evidently the
first generation of the year were discovered in a young sapling
in the middle of June, whilst the insect was found egg-laying
at the beginning of July, the eggs being those of the second
generation of the year.

The beetle attacks sickly and dying saplings and branches,

laying the eggs in the bast layer. It is often found in company
with the small Cryphalus longifolia beetle.

256 POLYGRAPHUS LONGIFOLIA, MS.

The Polygraphus bores straight through the bark, cften
# inch thick, down to the bast layer, its hole of entrance being
easily visible from outside, as it does not attempt to hide it by
tunnelling in beneath a flake of bark or in the shelter of a
crevice. On reaching the bast, the beetle bores out a heart-
shaped chamber init and the sapwood. (See Pl. XVI, fig. 2, b’
(p)). This maybe the pairing chamber, but as yet I have
never found more than one beetle present either in the chamber
or egg-gallery. From the base of the ‘heart a longish egg-
gallery is bored about 4} to 5 inches in length, and on each
side, at some distance apart, little cavities are gnawed out and
an egg laid in each, see Pl. XVI, fig. 2, b(e). The larva on
hatching out of the egg bores away from the egg-gallery mostly
in the sapwood and in a direction which is more or less at right
angles to it (fig. 2 b(/)). The shape of this gallery is very
constant and easily recognizable. The length, however, varies.
The sapwood of dead saplings and branches is often completely
covered with the patterns of this and Cryphalus longifolia
described later on in this number of the notes.

I have not as yet ascertained when the beetles of the second
generation mature and issue, nor whether, which is most prob-

able, there is a third generation in the year.

Localities from where reported.

The writer first discovered this beetle in the Prxus longi-
folia forests round Taklesh in the Bashahr State, North-West
Himalayas. The next year (1902) it was found in Tebhri-
Garhwal (Jaunsar Division), North-West Himalayas.

Relations to the Forest.

Present observations show that this insect attacks saplings
and the branches of large trees. It requires fresh cambium to
lay its eggs in and will not touch dead bark. Pinus longt-
folia has a very thick bark which even young saplings develop
at an early age. This bark, however, appears to be no deterrent
to the beetle, which will often bore into the tree through the
thickest ridge of bark on it. The beetle is one which is capable
of doing damage in young plantations and to natural regenera”

POLYGRAPRUS LONGIFOLIA, MS. 357

tion, should the trees of such become reduced in vitality through

any cause, In Tehri-Garhwal in the Jaunsar Division, on an area

of young Zrowth under high forest swept over by fire in Janu-

ary 1902, I found some of the saplings attacked by the first

generation of the beetle and in such cases the young trees had

died, whereas the greater number, owing to the strong vitality

of the pine anda favouring aspect, had recovered and were
quite green at the top though scorched by the fire below.

Protection and Remedies.

Cut out all infected saplings and burn them if they cannot
be barked. If barked, expose the inner surface of the bark
to the sun’s rays, This will be sufficient to kill the larve and
pupe present. Iu the case of serious attacks in the branches
of older trees the latter should be felled and treated in the
same way since they form centres from which the beetle will
spread to young saplings. It will also not unlikely be found
probable that old trees, whose branches are badly attacked by
this Polygraphus, will have their main bole attacked by the large
Tomicus (see page 282) of this pine,

From the evidences to be found in young dead trees, and
more especially branch wood, in the P. /ongifolia forests, there
can be little doubt that this beetle at times swarms in large
numbers, and its life history consequently requires to be fully
worked out.

Points tn the life history requiring further observation,

1, When the insect first commences work in the spring.
As the P. longifolia lives at low elevations, this is
not unlikely to be early.

Length of time spent in the various stages of egg,
larva, pupa, and beetle of the first generation.

3. The length of time spent in the various stages of the

second generation,

4. Is there a third (and fourth ?) generation ? If so, the

dates of appearance of egg, larva, pupa and beetle.

5. In which stage of its metamorphosis does the beetle

pass through the winter ?

258

HYLESINUS (?) SP.
THE BLACK HYLESINUS.

Plate XVI, fig. 3 a, b.
Reference :—Provisionally named as Hylesinus (7) sp.

Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Scolytide.
Sub-Family, Hylesini.

Tree attacked :—Prnus excelsa (Blue Pine).

Description.

Beetle.—Cylindrical, black, shining, with head ,and thorax
pitted and elytra striated and pitted. Head short, vertical, with
a very short rostrum as wide as head, Antenne brown, scape
thickens anteriorly into a knob; funiculus of 7 joints, r and 2
long, the first longest and thickest, 3 to 7 short and increasing
in width upwards: club nearly as long as funiculus, articulated,
oblong, and yellow at upper end. Prothorax slightly convex,
narrower in front than behind, thickly pitted, the pits being
close together and smaller in front. Elytra longish, cylindrical,
rounded at their posterior declivity, not, or only a very little,
wider than the prothorax and truncate at their base. Legs
fairly stout, with largish tibie, curved, and toothed on their
exterior edges. Tarsus yellowish-brown, with the first joint a
little longer than the second, third a little larger, and bilobed-
The second abdominal segment nearly as long as the third and
fourth united. Length 4th inch, Pl. XVI, fig. 3, a, shows a
dorsal and side view of this insect.

Life Fitstory.

This beetle was discovered in the blue pine. It bores into
the bole of largé trees, coming in much later than the Blue Pine
Tomicus. The beetles were found boring egg-galleries (?)
in the bark in the third week of June when the adults of the
first generation of the Blue Pine Tomicus, which were plentiful
in the tree, were nearly mature, some having already left the
bark. It is thus evident that it requires less fresh bark than
its companion, but I have no evidence that it will breed in
dead bark, In thus attacking the main trunk it differs from

HYLESINUS (?) SP. 259

Polygraphus major, MS., which it resembles in size though not
in colour or habits. The beetle is polygamous and as many
as eight egg-galleries (?), (e), give off from the central pairing
chamber, (p), (see Pl. XVI, fig.3, 4(p), (Z)) though there may be
only 5. [ am not, however, able to say whether each is made by
a separate 2 although several of the galleries were found to
contain each a beetle. Although the beetles appeared to be
boring the egg-galleries, | have not as yet seen any eggs or
larve, and do not know how or where the latter feed. When
the beetle first appears and the number of generations in the
year isunknown. The insects found would not unlikely be
those of the first generation of the year engaged in laying the
eggs of the second generation. The difference in the life
history between this and the larger Polygraphus may be
summed up as follows :—
P, major was at the time only just maturing as a beetle

(first generation) in the branches of the Blue Pine.

It was numerous in the tree from which A7ylesinus

sp. was obtained.

P, major does not attack the main trunk of the tree,
The tunnels (egg-galleries) of Hylescuus sp, differ
entirely from those of the large Polygraphus.

Locality from where reported.
This beetle was found in Tehri-Garhwal (Jaunsar Division)
in the North-West Himalayas in 1902.

Relations to the Forest.
Until more is known about the life history of this Hylesinus
it is impossible to say what damage it does to the trees
it infests. The chief point to be ascertained is, whether fresh
bark is a necessity to the insect for egg-laying or not, When
eggs or young larve have been discovered we shall be in a
position to form a conclusion on the subject.

Points tn the life history requiring further observation.
1. How the beetle lays its eggs, the number laid, and the
time passed in the egg stage.

2, Length of time passed in the larval state and the
food of the larva.

3°

X a.
LU
; 5.
AG
6.
Pe
,
~
1
os,
me
2
oN

HYLESINUS (?) SP.

Period passed in the pupal state and method of
pupation of larvae whether in the bark or the wood
of the tree. “i
Length of time passed ia the imago form. | a
The number of generations in the year. If more ~ \
than one, the information under 2, 3and 4 and latter
part of 1 will be required for each generation, == ~<a e
Where the beetle passes the winter. -

“5 ~ La
RRR le ne

261

CRYPHALUS BOSWELLIA, MS.
THE BOSWELLIA CRYPHALUS.

Plate XVI, fig. 4, a, b, c.

Reference :—Provisionally named as Cryphalus boswellie, MS. new to the
British Museum.

Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Scolytilda. Sub:
Family, Tomicini.

Tree attacked :—Aoswellia serrata.

Description.

Larva.—A small white curved legless grub (see Pl, XVI,
fig. 4, a).

Pupa.—White, unenclosed in any cocoonor covering, the
antenne, wings, and legs being quite free and held close to the
sides of the beetle (see Pl. XVI, fig. 4, b).

Beetle.—Colour black. Head and thorax pitted. Elytra
with striz and wide rows of bluish white punctures between
them. Mandibles short. A brush of yellow hairs round the
mouth. Scape of the antennez, which are dark brown, long
club-shaped ; funiculus four-jointed, the first joint thick,
elongated, the 2nd to 4th only slightly increasing in size; club
flattened, oval. Eyes long, narrow, transverse. Prothorax not
wider than broad, narrower in front than behind, with only pits
and not tubercular projections anteriorly. Elytra cylindrical,
rounded on their posterior declivity, not wider or only very
slightly so than prothorax, slightly bending inwards at their base,
Legs dark-brown, Tibiz curved and finely toothed on their
exterior edges ; tarsus yellow, with the first three joints of equal
length. A very short yellowish pubescence over the prothorax
and elytra in this beetle. Length just over =4,.th inch.

Pl. XVI, fig. 4,c, shows a dorsal and side view of this
insect.

Life History.

The flight time of this beetle is about the beginning of

August and probably for some time later, The insect in all

262 CRYPHALUS BOSWELLILA, MS.

stages of its life is to be found at the beginning of the month.
In branches of the Boswellia which appeared to be dying but
were still green larvz were plentiful and also pupz and light-
coloured beetles, the latter not quite mature. The larve are |
to be found in irregular-shaped cavities in the bast and sap-
wood which usually contain a certain amount of moist wood-
dust. Inthe pupal and beetle stages this latter becomes dry. In
other branches darker coloured beetles were present, and these
were apparently the mature beetles of this generation which had
already begun egg-laying. The @ and 2 beetles were found
together gnawing out irregular-shaped chambers beneath the
bark in the bast and sapwood. These beetles had apparently
only just matured and had at once commenced egg-laying, the
eggs being those of a second or third (?) generation.

This is all that has been at present observed about this
insect.

Locality from where reported.

This beetle was found in the Bhamburda reserve near Poona
in the Bombay Presidency.

Relations to the lorest.

The smaller green branches of Boswellia serrata are bored
into by the insect for the purpose of laying its eggs in them.
The larvae on hatching out feed upon the surrounding cambium
layerand destroy it. If at all plentiful, the bark is eaten right
round and the twig, being girdled, dies,

Further observation is required to ascertain whether the
insect is at all numerous and whether it infests young plants.
In this latter case it might on occasions become a serious pest.

Points in the life history reguiring further observation.

1 The number of generations passed through by the
insect in the year. This is important, If more
than one, we require to know the length of time
spent in the various stages of the metamorphosis
in each generation.

2. Does the insect attack young plants ?

3. Where does it pass the cold-weather months ?

= eo i, ene
. en Sines - —
Lae

263

CRYPHALUS TECTONA, MS.
THE TEAK CRYPHALUS.

Plate XVI, fig. 5.

Reference :—Provisionally determined as Cryphalus tectona, MS. new to the
British Museum.

Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA, Family, Scolytide, Sub-
Family, Tomicini.

Tree attacked :—Tectona grandis, L. (Teak.)

Description.

Larva.—The grub of this beetle is very small, white, curved,
and has no legs,

Beetle.—Smaller than Cryphalus boswelliz, MS. Cylin-
drical. Head, prothorax, and elytra a reddish brown in colour
and covered with rather scattered short yellow hairs which
are setin rows onthe elytra. The prothorax set with tubercular
projections anteriorly and lightly pitted posteriorly. Elytra
fairly finely striated and fitted with parallel rows of short yellow
hairs running down them. Antennz and legs bright yellowish
brown, Under-surface set with longish tufts of white hairs
placed irregularly. Length 1°2 millim.

Pl. XVI, fig. 5, shows the imago of this beetle.

Life History.

This minute beetle was discovered boring into the smaller
branches of the Teak tree in Berar. The flight time of
the insect is about the latter half of July in this part of India.
The beetle would appear to have the same habits as other
rainute Cryphaii in the continent. It bores into a branch until
it reaches the cambium layer and then mines out in this and
the sapwood a small chamber, being then joined by a companion.
They then together eat out the egg gallery which is simply
an irregularly-shaped small chamber made in _ the bast
and sapwocd in which the eggs are laid amongst a small mass
of woodedust.

264 CRYPHALUS TECTONA, MS

In one case I found a larva, and it would seem therefore
probable that the beetles commence egg-laying about the begin-
ning of July in Berar, and that very few days are passed in the
egg stage, the larve hatching out within a very short time.-

This is at present all that has been observed on the habits
of this minute beetle.

Locality from where reported.

This insect was discovered in the Melghat Teak forests in
Berar:

Relations to the Forest.

Very little is known about this Cryphalus. Iam unable to
say whether it is at all abundant or otherwise in the Teak forests
of the country. It has at present only been found on old
[reese

Owing to its method of attack under which the cambium
of the young shoot is destroyed by it and its larvze, it is obvious
that if it attacks young growth and were to infest it in any
numbers it would be capable of doing serious injury. It will
perhaps be found most abundant in localities where the Teak
is of inferior growth.

Points in the life history requiring further observation.

1, The number of generations in the year and the length
of time passed in the different stages of the meta-
morphosis of each.

2. The number of eggs laid by the beetle.

3. In which stage the cold weather is passed through.

“—..

265

CRYPHALUS MORINDA, MS. '
THE SPRUCE CRYPHALUS,

Plate XVI, fig. 6.

Reference :—Provisionally named as Cryphalus morinda, MS. new to the
British Museum,

Classification:—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Scolytide. Sub-
Family, Tomicini.
Tree attacked :—Picea Morinda (Spruce).

Lescrtpttion.

Beetle.—About the same size as Cryphalus boswelliz.
Really black in colour but so thickly set with a dense close
golden pubescence as to have that colour. The upper three
quarters of the prothorax slopes rather abruptly in front and is
thickly studded here with prominent tubercular spikes. Poste-
rior quarter is finely pitted. Elytra finely pitted. Antenne and
legs yellow-brown. Underside of insect black, set with long
white hairs. The ordinacy characteristics of a Cryphalus as
given under C. boswellie are present. Length 74th inck,
Plate XVI, fig. 6, shows this insect.

Life History.

The flight time of this beetle is from about the middle to
the third week in June. The tree attacked is the spruce,
the insect boring into the twigs. The needles on the branches
attacked were noticed to be quite dry, but the bark itself was
still green, though dying. The beetle commences work by
boring in through the bark till it reaches the cambium layer,
In this it then bores a small chamber which also goes slightly
into the sapwood. Whilst this is being prepared, another beetle
joins the first, and in the narrow small elliptical chamber two
beetles will generally be found at work as soon as the boring is
sufficiently large to hold both. In this elliptical chamber the
eggs are laid. This is at present all that is known about the
life history of this minute insect. It is of importance to note

T 2

260 CRYPHALUS MORINDA, MS.

that at present never more than one pair of beetles have been
found together in any one gallery, and it is therefore, I think, not
improbable that the male pairs with but one female and is not
polygamous.

Locality from where reported.

This insect was found by the writer inthe Spruce forest
between Goara and Sarahan (Simla-Thibet Road) in the
Bashahr State.

Relations to the Forest.

Very little is known about these small insects in India, and
it is at present impossible to state what relation they really bear
to the forests. I cannot at present say whether this beetle is
abundant or not, nor whether it attacks young growth as well
as old trees. It has only been found in the latter up to date.
It is probable that it usually searches for branches which are
weak in health, but examination of dead branches shows that
those which it attacks in any numbers it invariably kills. The
cambium is entirely eaten away and it is not unlikely that the
larva is responsible for a good deal of the damage done. A
certain thinning out of the smaller branches must take place
on the tree under the attacks of this insect.

Points in the life history requiring further observation

1. How the larva feeds! Does it simply enlarge the
elliptical chamber bored by the parents, or does it
bore a gallery off this ?

2. The number of generations in the year. If only one,
the length of time spent feeding by the larve
hatching out from the eggs laid by the June beetle
and the time passed in the pupal stage.

If more than one generation, their number, and the
length of time spent by the different stages of the
metamorphosis in each.

3. The number of eggs laid by each beetle.

4. In which stage is the winter passed through ?

267

CRYPHALUS LONGIFOLIA, MS.

THE LONG-NEEDLED PINE SMALL CRYPHALUS.

Plate XVI; Kig..7, a, b, cs
Reference :—Provisionally named as Cryphalus longifolia, MS. new to the

British Museum,

Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Scolytide. Sub-
Family, Tomicini.

Tree attacked :—Pznus longtfolia.

Descriptions

Beetle.—A minute insect, yellow to dark-brown in colour
and clothed with a fairly dense mass of long whitish or whitish-
yellow hairs. Antennz and legs bright yellow. Head hidden
- by the thorax. Mandibles short. Scape of antennz thickened
anteriorly, funiculus of four joints, the first large, longish; club
flattened and oval. Prothorax wider than long, convex dorsally,
armed with small spiny tubercles anteriorly. Elytra cylindrical,
rounded at their posterior declivities, not wider than the thorax.
Tibiz finely toothed on their outside edges. Tarsus with
joints 1 to 3 of equal length. Body cylindrical, Length1 millim.
or a little over. Pl. XVI, fig. 7, a, shows a dorsal and side view
of this insect.

Life History.

This small beetle was found boring into the branches of
old trees and also in the tops and branches of saplings in the
first week in June. The insect was engaged in laying its
eggs, and these were not unlikely those of the second genera-=
tian of the year, since the elevation at which it lives is alow
one. It infests green sickly branches and also those which are
half dry.

In boring into a branch this Cryphalus never goes in
direct from the outside, but always searches out some small
flake of bark beneath which to bore its entrance hole. The
bark of the Pinus longifolia is rough even on small twigs,

268 CRYPHALUS LONGIFOLIA, MS.

and so it has no difficulty in making its entrance into the
branch unobserved. On reaching the bast layer a_ small
irregular-shaped chamber is bored by the beetles, indenting
both sapwood and bast (see Pl. XVI, fig. 7, b, c (p)). I have
always found two beetles at work making this excavation, and
never more than two, the male helping the female. I am unable
to say whether pairing takes place before or after this chamber
is complete, but as soon as there is room in it for the two
beetles, two will be found together. Round the sides of the
chamber little indentations are cut (fig. 7, b (e)). By the time
the shallow excavation is complete it has become full of white
powdery wood-dust and the eggs are laid either loosely in this
or in the indentations. At this period only one beetle is
present in the egg-chamber. Galleries were found in this con-
dition at the beginning of July. Further than this J have not as
yet been able to carry the life history, but from an examination
of old twigs and branches it appears that the Jarve mine out
winding galleries in the bast and sapwood as shown in fig. 7,c
(2).

There is at least a third and possibly a fourth generation
of the beetle in the year. From some branches taken to Dehra
the writer bred out beetles in the middle of September and others
may have issued in August since dead beetles were found in the
breeding box which, owing to absence on tour, was not opened
in that month.

Locality from where reported:

The beetle was first discovered in company with the long-
needled pine Polygraphus at Taklesh in the Bashahr State,
being obtained the following year numerously in the Jaunsar
Division, both situated in the North-West Himalayas. Eleva-
tions between 2,000 and 3,000 ft.

~ Relations to the Forest.

This beetle, though very minute, has the power of increasing
in large numbers and must therefore be included amongst the
pests of the pine. The tops of saplings and branches are the
parts of the tree it infests, the cambium layer being entirely
riddled by the borings of the beetles themselves and the

CRYPHALUS LONGIFOLIA, MS. 269

subsequent minings of the larve which practically girdle the
top or twig attacked, consequently ensuring its death. As
I have already mentioned, it is often accompanied lower down
the top or branch by the Polygraphus and by an even worse
Scolytid pest describe’ below under the name of Cryphalus (?)
major, MS.

Protection and Remedtes.

All young saplings infested should be cut out and burnt.
In nurseries and small plantations attacked branches should
be pruned close to the stem and burnt. The attack is easily
discernible when the beetle is present in numbers (more
especially when in company of either of the above-alluded-to
beetles) as the needles turn yellow and there is an exudation
of resin from the entrance holes.

Points in the life history requiring further observation.

1. Number of generations in the year.

2. Length of time spent in the various stages of the
metamorphosis—egg, larva, pupa, and beetle — in
each generation.

3. In which stage is the winter passed ?

270
e

CRYPHALUS (?) MAJOR, MS. et
THE LONG-NEEDLED PINE LARGE CRYPHALUS.

Plate XVII, fig. 1, a, b, c, d, g.
Reference :—Provisionally named as Cryphalus (?) major, MS.
Classification :—Order, COLECPTERA. Family, Scolytide.
Sub-Family, Tomicini.

Tree attacked :—Pinus longifolia. .«

Description.

Beetle.—General colour black or brown; surface densely
clothed with light yellow hairs, The club of antenna is oval,
narrower above, and with 4 articulations. Funiculus is_ five-
jointed. Thorax slightly broader than long,

The male and female are, I think, of different colours.
3. Yellowish-brown in colour. Thorax with prominent spiky
spines on its upper two-thirds. The lower third and elytra
pitted. Insect covered with whitish hairs.

?. Slack, shining, the upper two-thirds of prothorax covered
with a dense felted mass of yellow hairs and with a few spiky
spines. Lower third of prothorax and the elytra pitted and
clothed with dense short yellow hairs anda few lighter coloured
longerones. Length ;%th inch. In the specimens obtained the
? appears to be somewhat larger than the @. Pi. XVII, fig. 1,
a, b, shows the g and @ of this insect.

Life History,

This beetle is the larger of the two species of Cryphalus
which have been found attacking the Pinus longifolia. It is
often to be found in the smaller twigs of the tree in company
with its more minute companion Cryphalus longifolia, but it
goes lower down these branches and alse attacks the main
stem as well as the side branches of saplings, It apparently
prefers dying but still green trees. :

The insect was found at the end of the first week in June
burrowing into branches of old trees in which it was laying its

CRYPHALUS (?) MAFOR, MS. 271

eggs. A shallow irregularly-shaped chamber is first bored in
the sapwood beneath the bark, both ¢ and ? beetles taking
their share in this work, both having entered the tree by the
same hole. (See Pl, XVII, fig.c, d, (p)). After the preparation
ofthis chamber, it is probable that fertilization takes place and
the ¢ beetle then leaves the tree to die. When attacking
small branches the 2 now bores a tunnel vertically down into
the sapwood, either at the centre or ina corner of the pairing
chamber, fig. 1, c, d (f), until it reaches the pith of the branch ;
she then mines out a gallery (fig. 1, c,d (e)) running in the
longitudinal axis of the branchand at right angles to her former
direction and about } aninch in length on either side of the
vertical bore. The eggs, I think, are probably laid in this tunnel,
and the larvee perhaps mine up and down both ways, but this
latter has to be corroborated by further observations. In one
or two instances it was noticed that the ends of the gallery in the
pith were blocked up with plugs of what appeared to be chewed
up pith in which the eggs may have been laid, When the female
is disturbed in the pairing chamber, in which she apparently
lives for some time after egg-laying, she at once retires down
into the gallery in the pith by the vertical boring (f), In the
case of larger branches only the hole at one side of the pairing
chamber and the egg galleries, which are usually curved and
branching, deeply groove the sapwood (see Pl. XVII, fig. 1 d).
Indentations at irregular intervals are cut in the sides of the
egg-gallery in which the eggs are laid. The larvze feed alinost
entirely in the bast in which the larval galleries are bored.
Figure 1, g, shows aportion of a branch badly attacked by this
pest in which the galleries are so interlaced as to render it
difficult to decipher them. This is the usual appearance of
old attacks in the forest. .

As this Cryphalus lives at a somewhat low elevation in hot
valleys (the altitudes at which it was found were between
2,500 and 3,000 ft.), it is probable that the June beetles
observed egg-laying were laying the eggs of the second genera-
tion of the year. Just a month later, however, in the first
week in July, beetles were observed again egg-laying,

272 CRYPHALUS (?) MAFOR, MS.

this time all the pairing galleries and many of the mother
egg-galleries having been already prepared. No ¢ beetles

were found at this period. This means that either the June-July
generation is run through in all its stages in a month or what
is perhaps more probable that there are several generations of
these insects in the year and that the different life-cycles
overlap.

From some branches taken down to Dehra (elevation 2,000
ft.) the writer obtained beetles in the middle and third week of
September and others about the end of the first week of

October.
Locality from where reported.

Found plentifully in the P7zxus longifolia forests in the
Tons Valley, Jaunsar Division, N. W. Himalayas,

Relations to the Forest.

This isa more dangerous pest than its smaller companion
Cryphalus since its galleries and boring operations are on a more
extensive scale. Saplings and branches of older trees heavily
attacked by the beetle lose their needles, which first turn
yellow and then drop off. An examination will show circular
entrance holes large in comparison to the minute ones made by
the smaller Cryphalus, and these will be seen to be equally
numerous on the outer surfaces of the thicker bark as in the
interstices between the flakes. The beetle would seem to
prefer dying or sickly trees for its operations, and it was noticed
in some abundance in portions of a forest which had been
overrun by fire the previous season, The tops of many young
saplings were infested with the small Cryphalus and less numer-
ously with this one. Lower down, however, the larger one was
much more numerous, many of the stems being entirely riddled
by the beetles.

The beetle, since it is, as far as present observations go,
invariably accompanied by Cryphalus longtfolia and, often,
by Polygraphus longifolia MS. as well, must be considered a
serious pest in young plantations, and its life history requires

fully working out.

CRYPHALUS (?) MAFOR, MS. 273

Protection and Remedies.

Cut out and burn all young infested saplings. They may
be easily recognised as the somewhat heavy foliage of the
long-needled pine turns a bright yellow under heavy attacks
and the trees thus become very conspicuous,

Areas which have been overrun by fire or on which sickly
trees are noted to exist should be carefully watched, the trees
being inspected as often as possible for external shot holes.
Trees with these appearing on them should be allowed to
remain for a week or two until the beetles about have all
oviposited in them when they should be cut out and burnt.

During severe attacks trap trees (see p. 231) should be
prepared.

Points tn the life history requiring further observation.

1. Where the eggs are laid. Is it inthe tunnel in the
pith, in the case of the smaller branches, or are
they laid in the angles of the irregular star-
shaped pairing gallery ?

2. Where do the larvz feed? Is it in the bast and sap-
wood or in the sapwood alone or in sapwood and
pith ¢

3. Number of generations in the year.

. Length of the various stages in each life-cycle—egg,
larva, pupa, and beetle.
5. In which stage is the winter passed ?

274

CRYPHALUS (?) DEODARA, MS.
THE DEODAR BRANCHLET CRYPHALUS.
Plate XVII, fig. 2, a, b.
Reference :—Provisionally determined as Cryphalus (?) deodara, MS.
Classifleation:—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Scolytide. Sub-family,
Tomicini.

Tree attacked :—Cedrus Deodara (Deodar).

Description.

The arya is a minute, white, curved, fleshy grub of the usual
Scolytid appearance.

The deetle is oblong, rather shining, dark fulvous-brown
to almost black in colour and covered with scattered whitish
yellow hairs. ead black, concealed by prothorax which forms
a hood over it. Antenne the same colour and of usual Cry-
phalid form. Protkorax not broader than long, the anterior
portion rather thickly studded with raised projections, the
posterior half being punctate, Elytra finely punctate with
longitudinal channels between the punctures. Insect entirely
black beneath. Legs rufous brown. Length about 1°8 millim,
(see. Pl. XVII, tetra a).

Life History.

The insect was discovered in all the stages of larva, pupa
and beetle at the beginning of June in deodar branchlets, The
beetles, just about mature and apparently ready to leave the
tree, were by far the most numerous, Although the twigs con-
tained several almost mature and mature beetles, yet externally
there was no entrance hole visible on the bark, and a close
inspection showed that the branchlet was girdled at or near its
base. The following is the probable procedure of this beetle :
The eggs are laid early in the spring sometime towards the
eud of April. To.perform this operation the beetle seeks out a
small green twig and girdles it at or near its base, the girdle
being, in every case examined, complete [see PI. XVII, fig =
b (1)j. This girdle is made with the object of preventing fur-

CRYPHALUS (?) DEODARA, MS. 275

ther sap proceeding up the tranchlet, which accordingly begins
to die and thus provides a suitable supply of food for the young
larvz hatching out from the eggs laid by the beetle tn the
branch above the girdle. The reason why I think it probable
that the branch is girdled and the eggs laid in the spring is that
the young new needles of the year had developed on the ringed
twig to a certain extent before they began to wither and die.
Further, the wood of the twigs was still comparatively fresh
instead of being dead and rotten as would have been the case
had the ringing been done the previous year. The eggs are
laid near the girdle and the larve mine up the twig [fig. 2, b
(2)}. On becoming mature, the beetle bores its way out of the
branchlet by a short gallery at right angles to its long axis [see
fig. 2, b (3)]. |

An examination of many of the persistent dead twigs showed
the planof action of the beetle. Low down near the base was the
girdle above but near to which the egg or eggs ate laid. Inside
the twig galleries will be found running up and down the wood,
made by the feeding larvae, and on the outside one or more
holes of exit show where the beetles have left the stem. The
larva apparently min¢s all round in the outer wood of the twig
leaving a central core and this, in old twigs, remains often as a
small hard splinter, whilst the shell of bark and wood powder
crumbles to dust under one’s fingers. In small twigs I never
found more than one beetle, but in the larger, several were
present, and in large, dry attacked twigs I noticed several holes
of exit. From this I conclude that in small twigs but one egg
is laid, while in the case of larger ones several eggs are de-
posited under the smali flakes of rough bark. Whether these
are laid by the same beetle or not has yet to be determined. In
Plate XVII, fig. 2, b (4), a small branca is shown which has been
girdled in several places by this beetle. The needles had
turned yellow and were dropping off.

Area from which reported.

This insect was discovered by the writer at the beginning of
June in the Nagkela Forest, Kotgarh, Bashahr Division, at an
elevation of about 6,000 feet in the North-West Himalayas.

276 CRYPHALUS (?) DEODARA, MS.

Subsequently it was noticed in several other parts of the
division.

It was also independently found about the same time by Mr.
R. McIntosh, Deputy Conservator of Forests, at Konain in the
Jaunsar Division some hundred odd miles to the south-east.

Relations to the Forest.

As far as present observation goes, this beetle does not bore
into the main stem or main side branches of the deodar, but
confines its operations to the small upright needle-bearing
branchlets borne on the latter on which a new flush of needles
appears in the spring. Under the attack the needles on the
infested branchlets turn yellow and wither and the dying twigs
thus become very conspicuous on the trees. Save for this wither-
ing, the twigs show no other sign of external damage when
first looked at, If taken hold of, however, they usually come off
in the hand, snapping either from 4 to an inch or less (or it may
be at the juncture itself) from the juncture withthe main branch.
A close inspection shows that the twig breaks at the point at
which it has been ringed. Above the ring the newly-attacked
branch is seen to be dying, and on cutting it up larve or beetles
will be found within it. This girdling results in short, dead
stumps of twigs or the dead unfallen twigs themselves being
present all up the main branches, and previous attacks can be at
once recognized by this characteristic. When the twigs are
girdled right at the base, these visible signs are not, however, so
apparent. The foliage is seen to be much thinner on the branch,
and if such branches are looked at closely the scars will be seen.
When the dry twigs are in exposed situations, they soon get
knocked off by the wind or blows from adjacent branches ; when
however, they are on portions of the main branch which are
more or less sheltered, they may be found persisting in numbers.

The result of this attack, more especially when combined
with that of the branch-boring Hypoborus (?) sp. beetle described
below, entails a loss to the tree of young —needle-bearing
twigs with the consequent decrease in the area of foliage—
always a serious matter in the case of a conifer. As I have
already said, the yellow rosettes of needles on the branches

SO oe

CRYPHALUS (?) DEODARA, MS. 277

attacked are evidence of this beetle being at work, but an
inspection is always necessary, as there are other insects whose
attacks appear to produce much the same result on the tree if
only cursorily examined,

Prevention and Remedies.

In the case of ornamental trees and small valuable planta-
tions it would be comparatively easy to get rid of this pest.
The attack should be carefully watched, and. when the twigs
are full of larva, z.¢., about the middle of May, they should be
broken off and burnt. Any subsequent generations would be
treated in the same manner. At present, however, it has only
been found on the larger branches of old trees, and further
observation is required as to whether it confines its attacks to
the branchlets on old trees only.

Points in the Life History requtring further observation.

t, The number of generations in the year. It is prob-
able that there are more than one,

2. Exactly where the eggs are laid. It is probably on
the bark, as there are no entrance holes into the
attacked twigs.

3. Where the winter is passed and in which stage.

4. Is the attack confined to the upright branchlets on
the main side branches of the Deodar, or does the
beetle also attack young growth ?

2738

HYPOBORUS (?) SP.

Plate XVII /aig.{3; a, bic, d;
Reference :—Provisionally named as Hyfoborus (?) sp.
Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA, Family, Scolytide.
Tree attacked :—Cedrus Deodava (Deodar).

Description.

The larva is avery small white, legless grub. (See Pl. XVII,
fig. 3, a.)

The beetle is small, oblong, black, rather shining, with head
entirely concealed beneath the prothorax and not visible from
above. Antennz yellowish brown, scape thickened, longish,
funiculus 5-jointed, the first long and thick ; club oval, flattened,
with 4 fine transverse sutures. Eyes long, narrow, transverse.
Prothorax convex with a few tubercular projections anteriorly
on its upper surface, and pitted on the rest of the surface posterior
to this. Covered with fine bristly white hairs. Elytra cylindrical,
rounded at their posterior declivity, not larger than the pro-
thorax and pitted, the pits being arranged in longitudinal rows
not close together. Third joint of tarsus slightly longer than
the two above it. Body cylindrical, pubescent,

Length a little over ;,th inch. Pl. XVII, fig. 3, b, shows a
dorsal and side view of this beetle.

Life History.

This small Scolytid bores into branches and twigs of the
deodar, which from any cause are ina sickly or dying condition,
and lays its eggs in the green bast layer. It will not touch
dead twigs. ‘lhe insect is almost invariably found in branches
girdled by the Deodar Branch Girdler (p. 220), the girdled and
dying branch being in just the condition it prefers for egg-laying,

In attacking a stem a beetle, probably the ¢, bores horizon-
tally through the bark down to the cambium layer hollowing

HYPOBORUS (?) SP. 279

out a small circular or irregulareshaped chamber in the bast and
wood [see Pl. XVII, fig. 2, c (p)]. The 2 beetles enter by the
same hole and are fertilized by the @. At this stage four beetles
will be found in the chamber beneath the bark, and it is prob-
able that the gtheretore fertilizes at least three females. After
pairing the female beetles do not apparently bore any definite
egg gallery away from the pairing chamber but merely enlarge
this by eating out the bast and sapwood on one side, laying eggs
in the portion so treated. The whole of the large irregular
gallery thus made by the beetles, which often completely encircles
the stem beneath the bark, thus effectually girdling the branch
is filled with the moist chewed and passed wood refuse and
excreta which fill it entirely and amongst which the eggs are
evidently laid. The pairing chamber (p) in the figure shows
this. The egg stage is evidently a very short one, probably
a day or two only, since I have often found young larve in
the chamber amongst the beetles and wood-dust. The larve
bore away from the central chamber, either up or down
the stem, their galleries being blocked up with wood-dust and
excreta, fig. 3, b (2). When full-fed they hollow out at the end
of the gallery a largish chamber in the sapwood and pupate
in it [fig. 3, b (m)]. When boring their egg-chambers, the
beetles commence work in opposite angles of the pairing cavity.
The first beetle to enter the branch generally does so just below
the juncture of two branches, In the subsequent boring opera-
tions the branch is often completely girdled below the fork, the
chamber being extended up one or both of the arms above it.
This insect is to be found boring into deodar branches in
the first week in June, and the beetles evidently take some time
over egg-laying since the first developed larvz are to be found
in the chambers whilst the beetles are still at work. It is not
yet known whether this is the first or second generation of the
year. Ihere is evidently a later one, as on October 24th I ob-
tained some nearly mature beetles from girdled deodar branches
collected in the Jaunsar Division at the end of June. These
beetles had evidently matured from the larve hatching from
the June eggs. These October beetles hibernate through the
winter in this state. U

ae HYPOBORUS (?) SP.

Locality from which reported.

This insect was discovered by the writer in the Jaunsar Divi-
sion in the North-West Himalayas.

Relations to the Fores?.

The beetle appears to be fairly numerous and is of some im-
portance in the forest owing t» the fact that it only attacks and
lays its eggs in the green cambium of the deodar. It is thus a
source of danger to young plants whose vitality has become
temporarily reduced. It is an active scolytid flying readily,
a habit somewhat unusual in the family. It apparently moves
about in swarms since it can often be found plentifully in sickly
branches or tops of young trees and in the branches girdled by
the girdling scolytus. In this latter case it must be carefully
distinguished from the Scolytus deodara the beetle which is
the real author of the girdled branch (see p. 220). The small
entrance holes of the Hypoborus will be found higher up the
girdled branch generally situated at the nodes and encircled bya
small ring of resin. In the case of old attacks they can be dis-
tinguished from the exit holes of the Scolytus beetles by the
much larger size of these latter. It is important to remember
that the girdling scolytus beetle only rings the twig, lays her
eggs at the girdle, and then leaves the branch. If this is borne
in mind, there will be no difficulty in attributing the damage
done in either case to the proper quarter. Of course when the
smaller beetle attacks and lays its eggs in branches already
girdled by the Scolytus girdler, it does no damage.

Protection and Remedies.

The danger from the attacks of this insect is to some extent
minimised by the fact that whenever possible it appears to
oviposit in the branches girdled by the deodar branch girdler.
When, however, young growth is attacked, infested trees should
be cut out and burnt as soon as the needles on the infested tops
and branches are seen to be turning yellow.

Points tn the life history requiring further observation.

1. When does the insect make its first appearance in the
year?

HYPOBORUS (?) SP. 281
pee, -

2. How many female beetles are fertilized by the g and
the number of eggs laid by each.

3. The length of time spent by the larvz tunnelling in
the twig.

4. The length of time spent in the pupal and beetle

stages.
5. The number of generations in the year.

282

TOMICUS LONGIFOLIA, MS.

THE LONG-NEEDLED PINE TOMICUS.

Plate XVII, fig. 4.
Reference :—Provisionally determined as Tom*cus longifolia, MS.
Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Scolytide.
Sub-Fa:uily, Tomicini.

Tree attacked :—/vnus longifolia.

Description.

Beetle.—Smaller than the Blue Pine Tomicus (Tomzcus sp.)
and of a very dark ferruginous brown in colour with rufous
brown longish hairs scattered irregularly over prothorax and
elytra. The insect has the characters common to Tomicus
beetles, and from these it is recognized as such. There are five
teeth on either side of the apical excavation at the apex of
the elytra, the 2nd and 3rd from the top being the largest. The
specimens obtained were however in too poor astate of preser-
vation to make further description possible.

Length {3 inch or a little more. Pl, XVII, fig. 4, gives a
side view of the teeth at the side of the apical excavation
showing how this insect differs from the Blue Pine Tomicus.

Life History.

| have as yet only found dead specimens of this beetle in
galleries beneath the bark of dead trees. it differs from the
Blue Pine Tomicus both in appearance and in its method of
tunnelling in the bast and sapwood of the tree.

This Tomicus bores a straight horizontal entrance hole
into the tree until it reaches the cambium where a large pairing
chamber is excavated. From this four long egg gaileries take
off. In the specimens examined, two of them went up the
tree and two down parallel to its long axis. These egg galleries,
which, like the pairing chamber, are bored in the bast and sap-
wood, contain one or two ‘air holes,’ z.e., holes bored to the
outside of the tree by the female to letair into the tunnel.

TOMICUS LONGIFOLIA. 283

The eggs are placed in indentations in the sides of the
egg galleries, and the larva apparently bores its gallery mainly
in the bast and not in the sapwood.

[ know nothing further about the life history of this insect.

Points in the life history requiring further observation.

1. At what time are the first eggs of the season laid?
They will probably be deposited in fresh living
bark of sickly or felled trees.

. The number of beetles with which the ¢ pairs.

. Is more than one egg gallery bored by any one female ?

. The number of eggs laid by each?.

. Length of time spent in the larval stage.

. Length of time spent in the pupal stage.

The number of generations in the year.
. Where the insect passes the winter and in which

On AM Pw WN

stage of its metamorphosis, egg, larva, pupa, or
beetle.

284

ECCOPTOPTERA SEXDENTATA,
MOTS.
THE SILVER FIR BRANCH GIRDLER.

Plate XVII, fig. 5.

Classification: —Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Scolytide,
Tree attacked :—Abies Webbiana, Lindl. (The Silver Fir.)

Description.

Imago @. The specimens obtained were not quite mature
though fully developed. The beetle is bright yellow brown in
colour all over but darkening slightly on dorsal surface of the
elytra. Head projects beyond thorax. Antenne augled and
knobbed; funiculus 7-jointed, the joints increasing in size up-
wards, the top one being large; club blunt-oval. Head and pro-
thorax one-third total length of insect. Elytra are toothed
at their extremities, truncate and together with the prothorax
uniformly pitted all over. Longish scattered yellow hairs
are present on the dorsal surface of the insect. Front coxe
contiguous ; tibia toothed on their outer edges. When fully
mature, the beetle would doubtless be a dark brown or black in
colour. Length 3 millim. PI. XVII, fig. 5, shows a dorsal and
side view of this insect.

The male insect is quite different in appearance.

Life History.

The flight time of this beetle is probably about the first fort-
nightin July. The 9 lays her eggs in the pendulous side branches
of the silver fir. These branches are ringed by the insect. I
am not at present able to say whether the ¢ beetle helps the
?in this work, as I have not yet found the former. The
girdle is made about a third of the length of the branch down ~
from its upper extremity, the ringing being done just above a
node, z.é., the point of juncture of small offshoot side branchlets.
The egg or eggs are apparently laid above the ring, generally
Just above it. The object of the girdle is to kill the portion of

ECCOPTOPTERA SEXDENTATA. 285

the branch above and thus provide a supply of dying wood for
the larva to feed upon. The larva on hatching out bores up
the branch mining out a fairly deep gallery in the sapwood.
This gallery may be straight or may curve about but always
goesup the branch. The wood consumed by the larva is passed
out at its anal extremity and fills up the part of the gallery it has
already gnawed out. When full fed, the grub enlarges the top of
the tunnel formirg a pupal chamber and presumably pupates in
this. Itis in this enlarged chamber at the head of the gallery
that the beetles were obtained, in every case the gallery below
the chamber being invariably blocked up with the wood excreta
of the larva. There are no offshoots to the tunnel. In some cases
I noticed that branches were ringed in several places at succes-
sive nodes. In each case a gallery was present above the girdle.
Whether this was the work of the same beetle or of different
ones I was not able to determine. In none of the galleries from
which beetles were obtained was any opening to be seen on the
outside of the branch, the girdle and the dying or dead condi-
tion of the branch being the only external evidence of the
beetle’s work. Branches attacked in previous years showed,
however, in the cases where the dead portion above the girdle
had not already been knocked or dropped off, a small round hole
of exit communicating with the outside from the pupal chamber,
and it is evident that the beetle leaves the branch by boring
horizontally through the bark.

I am at present unable to state whether this beetle has
more than one generation in the year. I found on the 5th July
two newly-ringed branches, and it is probable that the beetle lays
her eggs soon after issuing, about the middle of the month.

Locality from which réported.

This beetle was found in Silver Fir (Adies webdcana, Lindl.)
in a forest near Baghi in the Bashahr State in the North-West
Himalayas, at an elevation of about 8,000 feet.

Relations to the Forest.

The damage done is to the side branches of the silver fir.
The beetle rings these at a point generally about two-thirds to

286 ECCOPTOPTERA SEXDENTATA.

three-quarters up from where they leave the main trunk, The
portions above the ring die and the effect, whilst causing a cert-
tain loss of branches, and consequently leaf-area to the tree,
gives it a scraggy appearance, the ends of numbers of the
branches being in a dead or dying state.

Protection and Remedies.

When attacks of this nature take place in nurseries, planta:
tions, efc., a feasible plan of getting rid of the beetles is to care-
fully collect all the portions of the twigs and branches above
the rings and burn them. If this operation’ is done carefully and
at the proper time, #.e., when they contain larvae or pupa, it will
stamp out the pest.

Points in the life history requtring further observation.

1. Exactly where the eggs are laid by the female above
the girdle. Is more than one egg laid above any
one ring ?

2. Length of time spent by the larva feeding in the
branch. From the amountof wood consumed and
the size oi the gallery made, I am of opinion that it
will not improbably be found that several months
are spent in this stage.

3. Length of time spent in the pupal stage.

4. Number of generations in the year.

5. The male beetle has still to be found. Does it help the
female in the girdling work ?

6. In which stage does the insect pass through the
winter ?

287

HYBLAEA PUERA,
CRAM.

Plate XVIII, fig. 1.

References: mate Pap. Exot., pl. 103, figs.D, E; C.& S. no. 2232; Moore
Lep. Ceyl., iii, pl. 154, figs. 2, 2(a) (areaye Noctua saga, Fabr.
Mant. Ins. ii, p. 137. Noctua unxia, Hibn. Eur. Schmett.,
Noct., fig. 513.; Heliothis apricans Boisd. Faun. Ent. Madag.
p- 98, pl. 15, fig.7; Hmpsn. Faun. Br. Ind. Moths, II, 371
no 2204; Steb. Inj. Ins. Ind. For., 115—117. fig. 71.

Classification :—Order, LEPIDOPTERA. Sub-order, HETEROCERA.
Family, Noctuide.

Tree attacked :—7ectona grandis (Teak).

Description.

Larva.—The general appearance of the larva is black above
and yellow or green beneath. The dorsal colour, however, of
the last 11 segments varies from black to a dark purple-grey.
A broad reddish or flesh-coloured stripe runs down the median
dorsal surface, bordered on either side by a narrow, white line.
Another lateral white line is usually present on each side just
above the junction of the upper black with the lower yellow
colour. The head and first segment are black. On the dorsal
surtace of the last segment but one there is a white transverse
matk which is very constant, being invariably present in the
very mumerous specimens examined. Body covered with
scattered hairs, The larva tapers towards both ends, Length
1 to 14 inches.

[ am at present of opinion that ic is probable that the young
larvee are of a uniform purple-grey or black in colour, as I have
not yet seen quite small larvae with the flesh-coloured dorsal
stripe or yellow ventral colouring. It may be, however, that the
young dark-coloured larvze seen are those of the black variety
of Hyblza described below.

The larva spins a rough, loose, silken cocoon to pupate in.

Pupa.—A bright chestnut brown in colour with a yellowish
tinge. Darkens slightly after a day or two, but the colouring

288 HYBLAEA PUERA.

oo $$ a

remains uniform throughout. The pupa is thickish with blunt
ends. Length 4 inch or, at times, a little over.

Moth.— Head very small.and antenne minutely ciliated in
male. Head and thorax greyish red-brown; abdomen black-
brown with orange segmental bands. General colouring of
upperwings greyish red-brown whilst the under-wings are
black-brown with orange and scarlet blotches, Fore-wing
greyish red-brown, irrorated with a few dark specks. Hind-
wing black-brown, with a curved orange band with scarlet edges
from upper angle of cell to near anal angle; a band on the
margin from vein 2 to anal angle. Underside of fore-wing
black, with orange fascia in cell and far beyond it; the costa
and apex pale brownish with dark specks; the inner margin
yellow. Hind-wing pale brownish with dark specks ; orange
towards anal angle, with two large black spots.

Expanse of wing 32—40 millim. Fig. 71 in Jajurious
Insects shows the larval, pupal and imago stages of this moth.

Life History.

This insect, whose larve defoliate the teak tree, passes
through a large number of generations in the year, the number
at times reaching seven life cycles according to Mr. T. R. D.
Bell. It thus resembles in this respect its companion Pyrausta
macherailts with whom itis generally found on the trees. The
time of appearance of the larve is not fixed in any way, as
there is a continuous series of generations as long as the leaves
remain upon the trees. It is probable that these generations
overlap to a certain extent, but I do not know whether this
is so marked as in the case of the Pyrausta.

The larval stage lasts about 19 days and the pupal from 8 to
11. These periods will of course vary in different parts of the
continent, and on the Bombay side it is considered that from
egg to moth takes about six weeks.

The stage in which the insect passes through the winter has
not yet been observed, but the first larvae make their appear-
ance in South India, and probably also on the Bombay side, in
April-May, this being the period at which they are also first

Z aly
a 2
i

HYBLAEA PUERA. 289

seenin Burma. In the drier teak forests the attacks would not
begin before July, and the number of generations passed through
in the year will be reduced to 3 or 4. Mr. Bourdillon considers
that in Southern India, either very dry or very wet weather is
detrimental to the spread of the insect.

The larva feeds upon the leaves, and, when full grown)
pupates in various ways upon them—

1. Either amongst the dead leaves on the ground in
which it spins a flimsy cocoon, changing into a
pupa within this.

2. Pupates upon a leaf on the tree and may drop to the
ground with it if it is a dying or dead one.

3 Occasionally spins its cocoon over the mid-rib of
the leaf, dragging the sides of leaf together by
means of silken threads.

4. Folds the edge of a leaf, which it may cut into a short
way for the purpose, over and binds it together
with silk, pupating within it.

A very interesting case of the pupation of this pest was
- noticed in the Yeni Reserve, Pyinmana, Upper Burma, by Mr.
Cubitt. The attack of the larve took place in a high teak forest
having an undergrowth consisting almost entirely of a dense mass
of young bamboo (Cephalostachyum pergractle) about 4’ 6” in
height. On becoming full fed, the larva let themselves down
by silken threads on to the undergrowth and the pupation
took place in the bamboo leaves, These latter were not
merely rolled up at the edges, but were folded like a sheet of
note paper more or less transversely and usually 2” from the apex.
In this instance the larve did not pupate upon the ground,
probably owing to the undergrowth having been too dense for
them to get through with ease. Another point noticed by
Mr. Cubitt was that only the tallest trees in the teak forest
were attacked and defoliated: poles and saplings invariably
escaping except perhaps in their upper branches. I can give no
explanation for this, as the larve usually attack young and old
trees indiscriminately. .

290 HYBLAEA PUERA,

Localities from where reported.

This insect has a wide distribution, present reports showing
that it is to be found practically wherever teak forests occur in
India and Burma. The writer has found the insect in Bombay,
Berar, Central Provinces and Madras (Coimbatore and South
Malabar forests).

Hampson gives the distribution as :—

West Indies; South Africa; throughout India, Burma and
Ceylon; Java; New Guinea ; Cape York.

Relations to the Forest.

This insect, together with its companion Pyrausta mache-
raits, form perhaps two of the most serious pests the teak tree
has to contend with in India, since almost every year, and on
occasions several times during the year, one or other or both
together, partially or entirely strip the leaves from the trees.
The method of feeding of the AMydéva caterpillar on the
teak leaf is very characteristic, aud apparently would not
appear to vary: it is quite distinct from that of the Pyrausta.

The larve attack and consume all the green tissue of the leaf,

only leaving untouched the main rib and chief side ribs. Young
poles and saplings have been seen with thetr entire crop
of leaves treatedin this remarkable manner, only the mid-rib
and chief side ribs of the leaf, with here and there attached
to the rib a small green portion of the leaf tissue, remaining
uneaten (see Pl, XVIII, fig. 1, and compare with fig. 2 in the same
plate). This method of attack is so marked that there is no diffi-
culty in recognizing at once the presence of the larve in a forest,
even if the caterpillars are not themselves visible. These latter,
after the fashion of most Noctuids, have a habit of concealing
themselves during the heat of the day, probably doing a great
deal of their feeding at night. It will of course be understood
that it is only in the more severe attacks that one finds almost
the entire crop of the leaves treated in this manner. In lesser
attacks only a portion of the leaf may be eaten and the larve
may then go on to another one. In every case, however, the
tissue will be eaten down to the rib and the rib left untouched,

HYBLA&A PUERA. _ -29!

Opinions seem to conflict at present as to whether this
insect is more injurious in pure than in mixed teak forests.
In Burma Mr. S. Carr, Deputy Conservator of Forests, states that
“the damage is certainly more severe in pure teak than in mixed
forest because more trees are attacked.”” My own observations
in the case of young pure teak plantations have shown me
that the insect is capable of doing a large amount of damage
in such and undoubtedly does so at Nilambur. In older mixed
forests, in some parts of the continent, on the other hand, the
insect is able to increase at times equally in the mixed as in the
pure teak since it does not confine itself to the teak tree alone,
but is fairly omnivorous feeding in Kanara on species of Dher-
ries (Leguminosz), while in Berar I noted that it often com-
pletely defoliated a Bauhinia. There may be two principal
attacks of this pest during the year, the first occurring about May
inthe damper teak forests and July in the drier ones, Mr. S. Carr
states that in the Southern Burma Plantations of the Rangoon
Division this attack lasts from May to July but remarks, “though
the attack extended over a considerable period, there is nothing
to show that it was caused by more than one generation of the
larvee.”? From what we know of the life history of the insect, I
think it probable that it will be found that at least two genera-
tions of the insect are passed through in this period. The second
serious defoliating attack takes place between September and
November or December Unfortunately the attacks have been
by no means noted so exactly as in the case of the Pyrausta ones,
and we have much to learn about te periodical increases of this
pest. One fact is certain, however, and that is, that it is to be
found in the teak forests between the end of April to November
and December, and there appears to be no reason against any
one of the seven generations increasing above the normal and
‘n such numbers as to be capable of stripping the forests
entirely. I noted that the young teak from 1-5 years old in the
Karimpoya Plantations at Nilambur were being very seriously
defoliated towards the end of August. Numbers of the young
saplings were leafless or rapidly becoming so, resulting in com-
plete stoppage of growth of the young plants in the middle of
the growing season—a most serious matter. I also noticed that

292 HYBL#HA PUERA.

here and there young saplings had dried up and died and a
careful insp2ction revealed no external or internal reason for
this state of affairs. It may have been due to constant defolia-
tions by this insect and Pyrausta, the successive flushes of
leaves having been regularly eaten off.

Further observations require to be made and records kept
of the results of the constant defoliation due to the attacks of
these two pests, but two resultant causes to the trees are—

1. The entire loss of leaves stops growth, and, if occurring
in the flowering season, when the trees are in full
flower, not unlikely has a serious effect upon the
production of seed and the consequent natural
regeneration of the forest.

2. A serious loss of increment in the annual amount of wood
put on by the tree and therefore a serious delay
in time in reaching the required cutting standard
of girth.

It would appear not unlikely that the successive stoppages
in growth resulting from these attacks will give several rings
of wood per year instead of the one annual one only. Enquiries
are being conducted with the view of ascertaining this point.

Protection and Remedies.

Ihave given a full note upon possible protective methods
under Pyrausta macheralts below.

In the case of the Hyblea the matter is not so easy,
since we have no information at present as to where and in
which stage the insect spends the winter. It would appear that
a very considerable number of the larve of the spring to
autumn or active generations pupate in the leaves of the trees
(contrary to the practice of many Noctuids which pupate in the
soil), but it may be found that a portion at least pupate in the
soil. Mr. Bourdillon, writing of the attacks of this pest in Travan-
core, says that the first sign that the caterpillars are going to be
numerous is indicated by the edges of the teak leaves being
folded over here and there for a length of a third of an inch and
a depth of a4inch. Inside a minute caterpillar will be found.
The ragged appearance of the teak leaves is therefore the first

AYBLAAA PUERA. 293

warning of an impending severe attack. It will generally, I think,
be found that the larve feed in this manner at first, if not also in
the later stages of their existence ; the ribs in the rolled-over
portion are never however eaten. In nurseries it will be possible
to cut off the rolled-up edges in which the larve have pupated
and burn them. . ;

Points in the life history requiring further observation.

1, The exact number of days passed in the egg stage
in the various generations,

2. Where the eggs are laid. Is it upon the leaves as in
the case of Pyrausta ?

3. Where the larve of the various generations pupate.
Lo they pupate in the soil as well as in the
leaves?

4. The time spent in the moth stage.

5. Where and in which stage is the winter passed
through? Is it as hibernating larve or pupe in
an earthen cocoon in the soil ?

6. The periods in the year during which the most serious
defoliating attacks of the pest are experienced in
different parts of the country. {With reference to
this point see remarks on page 311 under Py.
rausta. |

7. The effect of the attack upon —

1. The flowering and seeding of the teak trees.
2. The increment and annual rings. Are false
rings found ?

Parasite upon Hyblea puera.
Tachinide.

A fly belonging to this family, the species being as yet undeter-
mined, was bred out of some H’. puera larve obtained by the
writer from the Karimpoya [Teak Plantations, Nilumbur, on the
28th August. The fly issued from the small, blunt, elliptical black
pupa case between the 5th and 1oth September, a small lid or
cap at one end splitting off. Further information is required on
the life history of this parasite.

294

HYBL/EA PUERA, var. NIGRA, MS.

THE BLACK HYBL&aA.

Plate XIX, fig. 1, 2, 6, ¢.
Reference :—Provisionally named as A. fuera, var. nigra, MS.

Tree attacked :—Tectona grandis (Teak).

Description.

Larva.—Head large, hard, shining, black; prothorax black,
duller than head, also hard and chitinous ; each witha few black
hairs scattered overthem. Rest of segments a soft velvety
black with a few scattered white hairs taking off from small
tubercles situated on the body. Last segment small, chitinous,
dull black with large black anal claspers. The short transverse
white streak present on the dorsal surface of the 11th segment of
the true 17. puera larve is present here. Ventral surface in full
grown specin ens orange, the thoracic and pro-legs being of the
same colour. A black irregular wavy line runs down just above
the pro-legs on either side from segments 4 to 11 inclusive,
Thorax on ventral surface black as alse is 12th segment.
Stigmata white, small, elliptical, placed just above junction of
the black and orange colour. A few scattered hairs on the
under-surface. The body is thickish in middle, tapering to
either end. In younger specimens the body beneath is almost a
greenish white, a narrow white line separating the black from
the under-surface colouring. Length 14 to 12 inches, PI, XIX,
fig. 1, a, shows a dorsal and side view of this larva.

Pupa.—The larva spins a loose white silk pupal covering
before changing to the pupa, .

The pupa is at first a bright canary yellow or yellow green
anteriorly, the head and thoracic portion being considerably
thickened and enlarged. Dorsally 4 body segments can be seen
below the thorax, the last tapering to a point. Ventrally nine
segments can be counted. These are a pale yellowish brown
in colour, the constrictions between the segments being pale
yellow. The whole pupa subsequently darkens, becoming

HYBLAZA PUERA, var, NIGRA, MS. 295

shining black, the constrictions between the abdominal seg
ments being banded with red, the segments themselves being
finely striated transversely. The antenng, eyes, proboscis and
legs of the future moth can be distinctly seen upon the outside
of the pupal case forming swellings and ridges. The pupa
tapers from the anterior end downwards. Length 2 inch.
Width across upper end sz inch, PI, XIX, fig. 1, 4, shows the
pupa in its silken cocoon spun amongst the leaves.

Moth.—Has a great resemblance to that of Hyblza puera,
but is much stouter in build. Mr. N. Brodie, C.S., considers it to
be a “curious variety, most of the ?’s having a triangular brown |.
patch at the tips of the forewing, like those possessed by con-
Stellata, but the shape of the forewing and the presence of the
two black spots on the underside of the hind-wing at the anal
angle instead of one shows it to be puera.”’ Pl. XIX, HORT, ce
shows the male, and d@ the female of this insect. The moth
varies in size but the specimens I obtained have about the same
wing expanse as H/, puera.

The above descriptions of the pupa and moth show that they
differ from those of Hyblea puera to a certain extent. On
the other hand, the larva is similar in possessing the white trans-
verse dorsal streak upon the 11th segment and yet totally dis-
similar in colouring on the dorsal surface, It is also longer.

The dissimilarity in the larva, pupa and moth have led me
to place this insect temporarily as a variety of the true fTyblea
puera.

Life History.

As far as is at present known, this variety has only been
reported from the Nilambur Teak Plantations and from the planta-
tions in the Rangoon Division in Lower Burma. It was apparently
plentiful at Nilumbur during July since specimens sent for iden-
tification to Mr, N, Brodie at Calicut proved to be this insect. I
found it very plentiful towards the latter part of August in the
Panangode, Aravallikavu and Edakode Plantations, In the latter
it had, in company with Pyrausta, completely defoliated portions
of some young 8-year old plantations—not a leaf being left upon
the trees. The caterpillar is larger than the ordinary A. puera
one and is a voracious feeder. Its method of pupation is the same

296 HYBLEA PUERA, var. NIGRA, MS.
as already described for the latter. In the figure 1, 5 the pupa is
shown spun on to a leaf. The pupal state lasts from 7-9 days in
the case of the August generation, and a generation would
appear to take about 5-6 weeks to run through. In fact, the life
history, method of feeding, etc., appear to be identical with the
true Yydlza, the only difference between the two insects being
in the size and markings of the larva, pupa and moth. This is
however very marked.

In Burma from where it was also reported for the first time
this year it was very plentiful in July but does not have ap-
_peared to have reoccurred in August.

Locality from where reported: Relations to forest, ete.

This variety of Hyd/ea has been reported from the Nilam-
bur Teak Plantations in India. It has also been sent from the
Rangoon Division in Burma by Mr. S. Carr where it appa
rently defoliates teak in company with Hyblea puera and
FHyblea constellata. Its method of attacking the foliage and
behaviour in the forest, etc., are the same as already described
under 7. puera.

Points in the life history requiring further observation,

1. The number of generations in the year (this is im-
portant) and the length of time spent in the various
stages of egg, larva, pupa, and imago in each.

2. Where the eggs are laid. Is it onthe branches and
round the axils of the buds as is usual with noctuid
moths ?

3. Where the insect passes the winter and in which stage.

4. Does it feed upon other trees besides teak? I believe
this to be the case.

Parasites upon Hyblea puera, var. nigra, MS.

I. lchneumonitde.

The caterpillars obtained in August were found to Le para-
sitised to a certain extent by several different insects as well
as by a fungus.

(1) A small hymenopterous grub was watched feeding as an
external parasite on one of the full-grown larvae. The cater-

HYBL/EA PUERA, yar, NIGRA, MS. 297

te ee |

pillar was killed by it, the hymenopterous larva becoming full fed
in four days. I have not yet obtained an imago from the pupa.

(2) Two species of Ichneumon flies both bred out of larvee
which had pupated. These are as yet unnamed.

2. Fungt.

The caterpillars are attacked by a disease which in its
effects appears to produce the same results as the ‘flacherie’
of the silkworm, The disease in question is produced by a
fungus which I hope tosubmit to Dr. Butler for identification.
The larvae become flaccid and wet, cease feeding, and die before
pupating.

208

HYBLAEA CONSTELLATA,
GUEN.

References: —Guen. Noct. ii, p. 391; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. iii, pl. 154, figs.
3, 3a;C.&S. no. 2230,

Classification : - Order, LEPIDOPTERA, Sub-order, HETEROCERA.
Family, Noctuide.

Tree attacked :—=Tectona grandts, Lin. (Teak).

Descriptions

Larva.—Mr. Carr thus describes it: —‘ About 1 inch or
rather longer. Dark greyish below, velvety black above with, in
some cases, a tendency towards a purplish or bluish tinge.
Along middle of back a very faint line is sometimes to be found
with a faint line of tiny, whitish, spots on each side; at junction
of back and belly a number of uneven whitish yellow blotches
forming a broken streaky line; head black; emits a black fluid
from both ends when disturbed and frequently drops to the
ground; rather more hairy than No. 1.’ Mr. Carr’s No. 1
I identify as similar to my Hyblza puera, var. nigra larva.

Pupa.—Mr. Carr describes the pupa as similar to that cof its
companion identified as 7. puera, var. nigra.

Moth.—¥asily distinguishable as H. constellata by its dark
olive-green head and thorax, and by having the fore wing with
the outer margin excised below the apex and excurved at the
centre, whereas in the other two above described species the outer
margin of fore wing is not excised below the apex and is evenly
curved. The abdomen is black, with orange segmental rings
and crimson at sides towards the extremity. Fore wing dark

This is as far as 1 am aware, the first time this insect has been reported
as seriously defoliating teak. The specimens were collected and the ob-
servations made by Mr. S. Carr, F.C.H., Deputy Conservator of Forests, in
the Rangoon Division. Unfortunately the moths sent were not actually bred
from described larve. Three different Hyb/e@a moths have been sent to me,
and as the descriptions of two of the larve show them to be those of H.
puera and H. puera, var. nigra, I take the third larva present to be that of
H. constellata. This requires further verification however,

HYBLAA CONSTELLATA. 299
ee ee ee ee ey
olive-green with dark specks; often with two antemedial yellow-
ish white diffused patches; a subapical bar, and brown apical
patch inthe upper angle. Hind wing black-brown, with two
orange spots beyond lower angle of cell and two towards anal
angle. Underside of fore wing black, with the costa and inner
margin orange; the base of cell, a band at end of it, and one
beyond it orange. Hind wing orange, suffused with crimson
. and with numerous black spots; a black spot at anal angle.

Expanse 34-40 millim.
In general build and appearance it resembles the figure of
Hyblea puera, var. nigra, shown in the plate.

Life History,

This insect was found by Mr. S. Carr seriously defoliating
teak plantations in the Rangoon Division in June-July rg02
Mr. Carr states that it defoliates the trees in a similar way to the
larvee of the moth Pyrausta macherals, t.e., by eating only the
soft parenchyma and thus skeletonizing the leaf. This statement
is one of considerable importance and requires careful extended
observation since it has been up to now supposed that this
method of defoliation was peculiar to Pyrausta macheralis.
Mr. Carr mentions observing large numbers of small yellowish
moths about the same time in the plantations, and these are not
at all unlikely to have been those of P. macheralis, in
which case this skeletonizing may have been done by the
larve of these moths, they having all pupated before they
were noticed at work. Further, it may be that the JZ.
constellata larve feed upon the soft parenchyma in their
younger stages of growth. ‘this point requires careful observa-
tion and a careful comparison of leaves defoliated by the two
larve.

The June attack was a serious one as it spread over goo
acres of plantation. The damage was said to be unevenly
distributed and appeared to be the result of numerous separate
attacks, each commencing at a centre of its own and extending
irregularly in all directions to a distance limited only by the life
of the caterpillars. The larve of this June attack are said to
have pupated on the leaves, enormous numbers of pupe being

300 HYBLA:A CONSTELLATA.

seen; besides teak leaves, the leaves of the wild plantains and
the spring leaves of canes were made use of. No cocoons were
found on the dead leaves upon the ground.

Locality from where reported.

Mr. S. Carr has recently reported this moth from the Ran-
goon Teak Plantations as a serious teak defoliating pest.
Hampson gives the distribution as:—China; throughout India, —
Ceylon, and Burma; Malacca; Borneo; Australia.

Its relations to the forest and methods of protection against
it are the same as already given for Hyb/lxa puera.

Points in the life history requiring further observation.

1. The number of generations in the year. This is
important.

2. Is the larva described above the larva of the moth
fH. constellata ?

3. Where the eggs are laid.

4, Where the insect passes the winter and in which
stage.

5. Length of time passed in the various stages of its
metamorphosis,

6. Does it attack other trees besides teak ?

301

PYRAUSTA MACHCERALIS,'
WLEK,

Plate XVIII, fig. 2; Plate XIX, fig, 2.

References :—WIk. Cat. xix, p. 1013; C.&S.no.!4152. Scopula damastesalis,
Wlk. Cat, xix, p. 1013; Hmpsn. Ill. Het. ix, pl. 173, figs. 1-8;
Cotes, Ind. Mus. Notes ili, p.94 (larva), C. &S. no. 4147 ;
Botys egenalis, Led. Wien. Ent. Mon. vii, pp. 372-468, pl. ro,
fig. 7; Botys suavalis, Wik. Cat. xxxiv, p. 1448; Asopia
rufipicta, Butl P. Z,S. 1880, p.682; Paliga fuscicostalis,
Swinh. A. M.N. H. (6) xiv, p. 146; Zduvea fimbriata, Moore,
Lep. Ceyl. iii, p. 346; C. & S. no. 4135; Paliga rubicundalis ,
Warr. A. M. N.H. (6) xvii, p. 96; Hmpsn. Faun, Br. Ind.
Moths. iv, 432, no. 5321; Steb, Inj. Ins. Ind. For. p, 119,
fig. 72.

Classification:—Order, LEPIDOPTERA. Sub-order, HETEROCERA,

Family, Pyralide.

Tree attacked :—TZectona grandis (Teak).

Portions of the following descriptions and notes on the
life history are from an excellent and valuable paper on this
insect by Mr. R. S, Hole, Deputy Conservator of Forests,
Mr. Hole, I believe, intends to publish his paper zz extenso in
a future number of the Journal of the Bombay Natural
History Society.

Description.

Eyg—The eggs are small, round, greenish, gelatinous
bodies, which are usually laid singly on the backs of the young
teak leaves close to a rib or small vein.

Larva.—The full grown larva is elongate. Its length varying
from 0°83 to 0°98 inch andits mid diameter from 0°08 to o11
inch. It is sap green in colour, paler below, with a series of
paired dorsal purplish spots which are bounded upon either
side by a yellow line, the lines running down the whole
dorsal length of the grub and nearly meeting posteriorly, On

1 This insect is unfortunately generally known in India as Paliga
damastesalis under which name it is constantly alluded to in Jndian Museum
Notes and later in Jnjurtous Insects,

202 PYRAUSTA MACHGRALIS.

each side, below the yellow dorsal lines, are a series of light
coloured lateral marks tipped with purple, these being more
or less indistinct, except on the 3rd and 4th segments
where they are conspicuous. Head yellow. A few erect hairs
on each segment.

The larva on emerging from the egg is about jth inch in
length and is active from the first. The colour is then a dirty
white which gradually changes to pale green. The purple
spots are usually not distinct until after the first change of
skin, which takes place when the larva is 5-6 days old, Before
the moult the marks appear as pale spots with dark specks.
After the moult the larva appears with its normal markings.
In three or four days a second moult takes place. Three or
four days after this second mouit the larva stops feeding and
becomes torpid, preparatory to constructing its cocoon. The
construction of the cocoon usually occupies one day, and
pupation takes place inside the cocoon two days after the larva
has stopped feeding. (During the winter hibernation the larva
remains in the cocoon 22 weeks, after which pupation takes
place as usual). Just before each change of skin the larva
becomes torpid and contracts in size, the colour fading to pale
yellow, in which the purple markings are very distinct (see
Rien lLX em).

Pupa.—The larva changes into the pupal state within a
loose silken cocoon. Pupa is slender. Colour yellowish-brown,
dark on back, pale to white in front, with a few scattered
bristles. On the top of the head, between the eyes, are two
small dark bristles. At the point of tail there isa minute
hook, with two outwardly-pointed branches. Length 0'52 to 0°43
inch and the mid diameter 0°09 to 0°13 inch.

Moth.4—Bright yellow; palpi white below; frons white at
sides. Fore wing with fulvous-yellow subcostal fascia; an
antemedial line oblique from costa to vein', where it is dentate
inwards; a speck in cell and discocellular lunule; a postmedial
crenulate line highly excurved between veins 6 and 2, along

1 Description from Hampson Faun. Br. Ind. Moths, p 433.

PYRAUSTA MACHGRALIS, 303

which it is retracted, and dentate on vein; a more or less
prominent crenulate submarginal line.

Hind wing with crenulate postmedial line bent outwards
between veins 5 and 3, along which it is retracted ; both wings
with marginal dark line and two lines through the cilia. Mr.
Hole notes that in the large number of specimens examined
by him in the Central Provinces he has been unable to trace
the crenulate postmedial line between veins 5 and 3.

The form suavalis-fuscicostalis has the marginal area of
fore wing and of hind wing to vein 2 suffused with fuscous ;
rubicundalis from the Khasis has all the markings pink.

Expanse of wing @ 22, 2 24 millim.

Fig. 72 in /nujurtous Insects shows the pupa and moth of
this insect.

Life History.

This insect has a large number of generations, which may
be as many as seven, in the year. The time usually required to
pass through one complete generation in the Central Provinces
has been found by Mr. Hole to be 30 days, as follows :—

From appearance of moth to emergence of

larvze from eggs laid by the former . eee days.
Larval stage : : . : : ane;
Pupal do. . : 4 “ “ P qe
ToTAL emraO.F:;

In the Central Provinces the moths make their first appears
ance in the first week of April from the larve which hibernate
through the winter. The larva from the eggs laid by these moths
would therefore make their appearance upon the teak leaves
about the beginning of the month, and the moths of the first com-
pleted generation of the year at the end of the first week in May,
allowing 16 days for the larval stage and 7 days for the pupal
one as given above. This coincides with what is probably
the first appearance of the insect in Burma, Colonel Bingham
having collected larva towards the end of April from which
the first moths were obtained on May 6th. Inthe Kanara Teak
forests of Bombay also Mr. Bell states that the insect has
about seven generations in the year, lasting from a month to 6

304 PYRAUSTA MACHERALIS.

weeks each, so that the pest evidently makes its appearance
early in the year in that presidency. Again, in Madras
Mr. Van Haepter, Ranger in charge of the Nilambur Teak
Plantations in South Malabar, reports that the caterpillars first
appear in April, in which month they often entirely defoliate the
teak trees.

Mr. Hole notices, however, and the provision applies to
other similar localities, that in the dry teak forests of the
Jubbulpore and Damoh Divisions in the Central Provinces,
larvee do not appear before June and July since the trees are
leafless in April-May. Mr. Bell is, however, of opinion that the
larvee may feed upon other trees besides teak on the Bombay
side, and this may be the case in the Central Provinces, though
Mr. Hole states he has not been able to prove it to be so.

From the time of the first appearance of the larve to the
time when hibernation commences, one generation succeeds
another without interruption, and there can be no doubt that
these generations overlap since some moths will appear earlier
inthe spring from the hibernating larve than others, the
caterpillars from the eggs of the former thus getting a start
over the latter. All observations recorded tend to prove this
to be the case. Mr. Bell writes :—‘ There are no set times of
appearance here in Kanara; there are always a few teak trees
in leaf all the year through, and there are always a few larve
to be found in consequence.” Mr, Hole has found this to be the
rule in Damoh and Jubbulpore, and the writer, during the latter
portion of July 1901, spent in Berar and the same period and
all August of 1902 spent in the Teak forest cf the Southern
Circle (Coimbatore and Nilambur) in Madras, found a similar
state of affairs. This means that all the stages of development
of the insect, z.¢., egg, larva, pupa, and moth are to be found, if
looked for, at the same time: the eggs on the leaves, the larve
feeding upon the leaves, the pupe spun up in the leaves or in
dried leaves on the ground, and the moths flying about the
forest and settling upon the leaves to lay their eggs,

In the Central Provinces Mr. Hole notices that the larvz
begin to hibernate about the end of October. To do this

te ty:

PYRAUSTA MACHGRALIS. 305

the full-fed larvae leave the trees on which they have been feed-
ing and proceed to construct cocoons usually, if not always, in
the ground, The cocoons are made of silk and bits of earth
bound together and are usually found in clusters under stones
and large boulders. When there are no stones, the cocoons
may be found at a depth of several inches in the soil. At the
end of the hibernation in the following April the larve change
to pup. This hibernating stage lasts therefore in the drier
forests of the Central Provinces (Damoh and Jubbulpore) for
twenty-two weeks. This period is, however, not so long in the
damper forests of Kanara and the west coast of Madras (Nilam-
bur), as in these localities the insect is to be found active till the
end of December and November respectively. The hibernating
period would hence appear tobe from 14 to 15 weeks in the
first and 18 to 19 weeks in the second case.

Method of pupation.—Mr. Hole has made a series of
experiments on this head, and he has found that nearly 50 per
cent. of the larva appear to ordinarily pupate on the leaves,
whilst the remainder pupate either amongst the dried leaves
in the soil, letting themselves down from the trees by silken

-threads, or in crevices of the bark, etc. In pupating on the

leaf on the tree the larva may simply spin a loose silk web
across the mid-rib ora lateral vein ona curved portion of
the inner face of the leaf, or it may spin together a portion
of the edge which thereby becomes rolled over Or the
web may be spun between the lower surface of one leaf and
the upper one of another in the angle made at the point where
these two surfaces happen to touch one another, It pupates in
the same way amongst the dried leaves on the ground. It only
pupates in the ground after the hibernating stage, which stage
is, as already described, spentin the ground. Mr. Hole describes
the cocoon within which pupation takes place as ‘thin and
made of white silk, and of a shape to fit the depression in which
it is constructed,’

er ar i

1 This insect has been called the Teak-leaf roller. Mr. Hole from his
observations considers thisto be a misnomer. It is, however, too early
to condemn the name until full observations on the method of pupation
have been made in Bombay, Berar, Madras and Burma, whete the
insect is, in many parts, exceedingly plentiful.

306 PYRAUSTA MACHGRALIS.

We may thus say of this moth that in dry teak forests it prob-
ably runs through as many as four generations in the year,
whilst in the damper forests of this tree it will have seven
generations, hibernating as a full-grown larvaat the beginning
of November or later towards the end of December. At the
same time, however, it must be noted that the actual hiberna-
tion of the full-grown larva in the ground has as yet been
only noted in the Central Provinces teak forests, and observa-
tions as to whether the insect acts in this manner have still to
be made in the other parts of India where teak grows. It
need hardly be stated here that this point is an exceedingly
important one since it may possibly proveto be the easiest
stage in which to attack the insect.

Localities from which reported.

This insect has a wide distribution, and, as this latter shows,
must have other food-plants besides teak. In India reports
show that it is present wherever the teak tree grows, and this
would appear to apply to single scattered introduced trees
since there are a few such in Dehra Dun, and the insect is
present upon them. The distribution in India may be given as
the teak forests of Bombay, Berar, Central Provinces, Madras
and Burma.

Hampson gives the distribution as—

Formosa, Khasis, Nilgiris, Ceylon, Burma, Java, Australia.

Relations to the Forest,

This Pyrausta is at present one of the most serious defoliating
pests known in Indian forests, Another which is equally
bad is its companion Hyblza puera. The method of feeding of
the eaterpillar is eminently characteristic and apparently never
varies. The damage committed by the depredations of these
grubs can therefore be at once recognized once it has been seen.
The caterpillar only feeds upon the soft green parenchyma of the
leaf, the veins and vascular tissue being left untouched. The
leaves are thus ‘‘skeletonized ” (see PI. XVIII, fig. 2), and during
severe attacks whole leaves will be found to be entirely treated
in this way. In less severe attacks only portions of the leaves

PYRAUSTA MACHGRALIS. 307

may be so treated ; the larvee, having an abundance of food, have
no need to finish entirely one leaf before searching for another, as
is the case when they are very numerous in the forest. In some
leaves it will be found that only the epidermis of the leaf is
destroyed, the leaf not being pierced completely through. This
is the work of the young larva whose mandibles are not as yet
sufficiently strong to cut right through the leaf parenchyma.
The skeletonized leaves become brown in colour and_ before
they fall give the forests a dull brown appearance which is in
strong contrast to the surrounding green foliage of other under
foliated species of trees. As Mr. Hole remarks, from a distance
such forests have the appearance of having been touched by
an early frost or scorched by asevere fire. In Pl. XVII, fig. 2,
which shows a portion of a leaf attacked in this way, a few small
holes in the leaf tissue, where the veins of the leaf have been
destroyed, will be noticed. These Mr. Hole explains as being
gnawed out by the larva near to where it is feeding, so that
by this means it can readily gain access to either side of the
leaf. From this description of the damage done it will be readily
seen that itis very easy to distinguish the work of, and therefore
the presence of, Pyrausta in the forest from that of its com-
panion Hydlea puera which has been already described.

Mr. S. Carr has recently, however, found in the Rangoon
plantations a caterpillar, believed to be that of the moth Hyb/xa
constellata, which is said to skeletonize the leaves in a similar
manner. This is up to date the only report of this method of
defoliation not being peculiar to Pyrausta and further careful
comparison and observations are required.

From the notes on the life history given for this insect,
‘t is obvious that it is a most dangerous pest when present in
large numbers in any forest, since each successive flush of
leaves is eaten off by later generations of the caterpillars.

The consensus of opinion seems to be agreed upon the point
that the insect is more plentiful and increases more readily in pure
teak areas than in mixed, The life history, again, shows that this
is likely to be su since the moths lay their eggs on the leaves of
the trees. Ina pure teak area this will be a comparatively
simple business, but the reverse is the case when we consider a

308 PYRAUSTA MACH@RALIS,

heavy attack of the pest on scattered trees. Most, if not all, the
trees will be entirely leafless and the moths willhave to fly some
distance, during which flight they will be subject to various
kinds of predaceous animals and insects, before they will find teak
foliage on which to oviposit. Observations made in the Nilambur
Plantations, together with information gained there, have shown
me that the insect there undoubtedly favours the large pure teak
areas in contradistinction to the mixed teak forest. The trees in
both young and old forest appearto be equally exposed to this
defoliation. On the 26th August! portions of the Edakode
Plantation at Nilambur, and more especially the young 1894 trees,
were entirely defoliated by Pyrauséta, the leaves still remaining
on the trees being completely skeletonized and brown.

The number of insects present and the number of genera-
tions gone through appear to depend mainly upon two things—

1. A sufficiency of food material and its collection
together in pure blocks.

2. On adamp humid climate, with wet, cold weather or
early spring rains. In such a climate the trees will
have a full crop of leaves on them in May when the
first generation of larve make their appearance.

In the drier teak forests, when the trees are leafless
at this period, the number of generations is restricted, The
evidence as to the number of severe defoliating attacks in
one year experienced in any one block of forest is conflicting
at present, as no real records have ever been kept and
Hyblza puera, whose attacks have not been up to date distin-
guished from those of the Pyrausta, appears through much the
same period, Evidence points, however, to at least two more
or less clear complete defoliations in the year due to the
Pyrausta, and this may be extended to three. The periods at

1 A day or two later in the preceding year (1901) I noticed heavy defo-
liation of young teak by Pyrausta in patches of forest on either side of the
G. I. P. railway line while the train was running between Hoshangabad and
Barkhera. The forest in the distance was completely brown. Mr. Hampson
has since informed me that by the end of September in that year go per
cent. of the trees in the Kora Range in the Seoni Division were defoliated
by this insect, 80 per cent. completely so.

PYRAUSTA MACHGRALIS. 309

which the most severe attacks are experienced vary. In
Bombay (Kanara) October and December are given as the worst
months, in the Central Provinces and Berar partial defoliations
may take place in July, with a complete one in September-
October. In Madras, in the Nilambur Plantations, on the other
hand, the first complete defoliation takes place in April, the

second in October, with probably a more or less complete one in
August.

PROTECTION AND REMEDIES.
In the Forest.

In considering methods of protection against pests which
act upon such a wholesale scale as the one under considera-
tion, the question as to whether the remedies, advocated as
practicable ones with the view of decreasing the numbers of
the insect by minimizing its facilities of increasing in large
numbers, are worth putting into force, is one which must be left

to the consideration of the forester. In the present case I have

no hesitation in advocating the formation of mixed teak forests
in place of pure with a view to keeping down-the abnormal
increase in the numbers of this insect. Asan example favouring
this opinion, I would point to the Nilambur Teak Plantations,
which annually suffer very seriously from the attacks of this
pest and its companion Hyb/za. 1 was informed there, and my
observations in August would seem to confirm the statement to
some extent, that the young plantations from 1 to 15 years in age
suffered the most severely. It may be that the trees being so
much smaller, the attack has been the more noticeable. _ If this is
the case, | would advise planting up the areas with a mixed
forest instead of with pure young teak plants as at present, the
less valuable crop to be cut out as soon as the forest has gone
through about a third of the 92 years rotation fixed for it. I
have no doubt that this would interfere with the great and
unchecked increase at present taking place in the numbers of
this insect in the plantations. If it is considered inadvisable to
interfere with the present system, I would suggest that one of
the annual coupes be planted up in this manner and a record
kept of the attacks of the pest in it (see note on this subject
under Potnts in the life history, etc.),

310 PYRAUSTA MACHGERALIS.

2. A suggestion was made by Mr, Gordon Hadfield! that the
plantation elephants should be driven up and down the teak lines,
as he noticed that the insects pupated amongst the leaves on
the ground. This suggestion I consider a most excellent one as,
if put into force towards the end of a heavy defoliating attack,
numbers of the pupz would be undoubtedly got rid of in this
way. The best time, however, at which this method of protec-
tion should be put into force will be after the insect has hiber-
nated in the ground for the winter months, 7.e., between Decem-
ber and April. I would suggest that during this period every
plantation should be visited, if possible twice, and the elephants
taken up and down the plantation lines. Mr. Hole has made a
similar suggestion for the Central Provinces, proposing that pigs
should be allowed into the forest for this purpose, It would
undoubtedly be of great use.

3. It has been observed on more than one occasion that
during severe attacks of these pests, birds, such as crows,
mynas, bulbuls, e¢c., are to be found in numbers feeding upon
the larve, and the suggestion was made by Mr. Tireman at
Nilambur that it might be feasible to introduce a large number
of crows and mynasinto the plantations, I think the experi-
ment would be well worth trying, and I noticed that crows were
to be had in plenty upon the beach at Calicut only some 4o
odd miles away.

4. Mr. Hole has noticed that the larve suffer from the attacks
of an ichneumon and a fungoid disease. Both of these require
careful working out, and more especially the latter, as if
cultures can be made it would give us perhaps the best of all
weapons for combating the attack.

In the Nursery.

1. In rg01 I recommended that the teak plants in the central
nursery at Poona should be sprayed with the Paris green
arsenate (see p. 146, No. 1) in order to kill off HyJ/za and P)-
rausta larve. 1 have since heard that this was successful and

‘Vide Report and Working Scheme of the Nilambur Teak Plantations
by Mr, P. M, Lushington, Deputy Conservator of Forests, Pp. 45.

PYRAUSTA MACHGRALIS, 311

the treatment, which is quite simple and feasible, should be
made use of in young nurseries of teak when these pests make
their appearance,

2. Whilst an attack is in progress, the dried leaves in the
nursery should be left zz si#z until the laryze have pupated.
They should then be swept up and burnt to kill off all the
pupz in them,

Points tn the life history requiring further observation,

1. Mr. Hole’s excellent series of observations made in the
Central Provinces require confirmation in other parts of India,
and especially the one relating to the hibernation of the larvze
in the soil during the cold-weather months. This latter
may be said to be more especially important at the Nilambur
plantations.

2. Observations are required as to the exact periods in the
different teak forests when the worst attacks, z.e., those resulting
in complete defoliation, are experienced.

With the above object in view I would Suggest that registers
be opened showing the name and locality of the particular forest;
its nature, whether pure or mixed ; climate, whether moist or dry.
Then, month by month, the attacks of the Pyrausta should be
entered, the defoliation being shown roughly as so much per
cent. of the foliage eaten, e.g., 40 per cent., 60 per cent. or com-
plete defoliation. Atthe end of the year a short summary
of the weather experienced, whether very dry or unusually
wet, should be added.

Such registers kept up for the teak forests of the country
during a period of five years would be invaluable and would
enable us to understand the circumstances which lead to bad
attacks of the pest, and perhaps allow us to prepare for them.

The Registers should of course distinguish between the
attacks of Hyblza and Pyrausta, separate columns being opened
for mixed attacks of both.

312

HYPSIPYLA ROBUSTA, MOORE,}
THE TOON-TWIG BORER.

Plate XIX, fig. 3, a, 3, ¢.

References :— Moore, Lep. Ceyl. iii, p. 365, pl. 184, figs. 4, 4a. (larva); Rag.
Mon. Phyc. p. 1309, pl. vi, fig. 12; C. & S. no. 4598 ; Hypsipyla
pagodella, Rag. Nouv. Gen. p. 10; C.& S. no. 4566 ; Hmpsn.
Faun, Br. Ind. Moths, iv, 89, no. 4384; Magira robusta, Steb.
Inj. Ins. Ind. For. 122, pl. viii, fig. 2.

Classification :—Order, LEPIDOPTERA. Sub-Order, HETEROCERA.
Family, Pyralide.

Trees attacked :—Cedrela Toona, Roxb. (Tun) ; Swietenia Mahogani,
Linn. (Mahogany).

Description.

The eggs of this insect do not appear to have been yet
described in India. .

The /arva, when young, is a reddish-yellow in colour, the
segments being covered with minute black tubercles. When
full grown, the colour changes to blue, the head being black and
the segments of the body covered with black tubercles from
which spring short stiff hairs. Length 1 inch.

Hampson describes the larva as purplish grey with a few
short hairs; somites spotted with black and with a lateral
series of red spots ; head and dorsal patch on 2nd somite black.

Pupa is enclosed in a dense closely-fitting elongate silken
cocoon, these cocoons at times being found collected together
bound up in a thick felted mass of white silk (see Pl. XIX, fig. 3
a.) The pupa, when removed from the cocoon, is seen to be red
in colour and # inch in length. !

1This insect is the one which is unfortunately commonly known in India
under its old name of Magiria robusta, Moore. This name is no longer
correct.

The life history of the pest in the Changa Manga Plantation in the
plains of the Punjab was worked out in 1898-99, by Mr. Coventry, a detailed
‘ account being published inthe Judian Forester, Vol. XXV, No. 9 (1899).
I have reproduced most of these excellent observations here, including some
notes on a subsequent correspondence I had with the author on the subject.

HYPSIPYLA ROBUSTA, MOORE. 313
Fe a
The moth has a pearly lustre. It is brown in colour with
faint black markings on the veins. Itis thus described in the
Fauna of British India by Hampson :—

Pale rufous-brown irrorated with black and grey. Fore
wing with the costal half strongly suffused with grey; the
veins all streaked with black: some olive-yellow on base of
costa and median nervure, on extremity of median nervure
and discocellulars; traces of a dark sinuous medial line,
with a dark patch beyond it on inner margin, and of a very
highly dentate oblique dark postmedial line bent outwards
between veins 5 and 2. Hind wing semi-hyaline white ; the
costal area suffused with fuscous; the base of cilia pale rufous.
Pl. VIII, fig. 3, in /nfurdous Insects shows the larva, pupa, and
moth of this insect. Exp, g 26-32, 2 28-42 millim,

Life History.

This insect, according to Mr. B. O. Coventry, passes through
two generations in the year in the plains of the Punjab, and this
number is not unlikely to be exceeded in the moister and
warmer parts of the country, Its life history in the Punjab
plains is here described.

The eggs of neither generation have yet been obtained.
The larve first appear at the beginning of April as soon as the
tin trees come into flower. They feed upon the petals, young
fruits and ovules of the tree, becoming full fed about the
middle of May. Mr. Coventry states that these larve very
rarely attack the shoots of the tree and only do so when
there are no flowers or fruits upon it. My own observations
made in the same plantation (Changa Manga) in April 1go1
showed me that the caterpillars were to be found in the shoots
in some numbers on trees on which the flowers and fruits were

very seriously attacked. This may have been due to the fact
that the grubs were exceedingly numerous during that year,
The more forward of the larvae commence pupating about the
beginning of May, and pupation takes place in two ways. Those
insects that have been feeding upon the flowers and fruits
march down on to the trunks of the trees and collect together in
numbers beneath loose flakes of bark and pupate in this
position, Thick felt-like masses of a silken material containing

HYPSIPYLA ROBUSTA, MOORE.

314
numerous pupz, enclosed in the silken cocoons, embedded
in them are thus obtained (see PI. XIX, fig. 1, a). The larva gives
out a silken thread as it moves about, and the inflorescences,
fruits, and branches and bark of the trunk thus become covered
with dense masses of silken threads in which excreta, partially-
eaten petals and fruits become entangled. In a severe attack
the larvee are to be found in swarms upon the bark of the trees
during the first part of May searching for pupating places. Once
they have pupated, however, they are no longer to be seen on
the outside, and it is only by stripping off the flakes of bark that
the pupze will become visible. Pl, XIX, fig. 3, a, shows a mass
of these pupx on the underside of a piece of bark. The larve
which tunnel into the stem change into the chrysalis state in
the burrows they make in the terminal shoots. They also spin
a silken cocoon before pupation. Fig. 3, 4, in the plate shows a
hollowed-out twig with the packed excreta of the larva exposed
at the top; 3, ¢,a cocoon 7 stfu in a hollowed-out branch.

The pupal stage lasts about a week or ten days, the first
moths appearing at the end of the first week in May and con-
tinuing to be found on the wing throughout June and July.
Mr. Coventry in his note considers that these moths are all those
of the first generation, and they aretaken to besuch here. The
following are suggestions for further observations on this
point :—

1. Is it not possible, since moths are to be found on the
wing during some 12 weeks, that there may be more
than one or even a series of generations of the
insect overlapping one another between April and
the end of July ?

2. Or, do the moths from those larvz which tunnel into the
shoots take longer to develop and issue than in the
case of those coming from the larvze which feed
upon the flowers and fruits? It is not at all im-
probable that the caterpillars feeding upon the suc-
culent terminal twigs take longer to mature than
do their comrades on the fruits.

It seems hardly probable that the insect should hurry
through its pupal or resting stage (during which period it is

HYPSIPYLA ROBUSTA, MOORE. 315

perfectly protected against birds, etc.) ina few days only to
spend some 6 to 8 weeks on the wing.

The larvze of the second generation appear at the beginning
of August. They confine themselves entirely to tunnelling into
the young terminal twigs of the tree, since there are no longer
either flowers or fruits to attack. At the end of September
they become full-fed, The pupal stage lasts through the first
half of October, the moths emerging about the middle of the
month,

This is as far as the life history has been carried. Mr. Covens
try suggests with some probability that, as the tén tree loses
its leaves at the beginning of November in the plains of the
Punjab, the eggs are not unlikely to be laidon the stems of the
trees, spending the winter in this condition. I consider with
him that this is more likely to be the case than that the 9 moths
live through the cold Punjab winter and lay their eggs in the
spring.

In feeding upon the inflorescences and fruits the petals of
the flowers are eaten by the caterpillars and the young fruits are
entirely consumed. Older fruits, however, whose outside has
become harder, are burrowed into and the contents devoured,
leaving nothing but an empty shell with a round hole in it:
Having devoured the contents of a fruit, the larve leave it
and proceed to attack the next in the same way, the inflores-
cences and bunches of fruits thus becoming a tangled mass of
white silk.

In attacking the tin shoots, the larva almost invariably
tunnels in at the axil ofa leaf or of a smaller offshoot, the
young bud being eaten. Theentrance hole can be recognized
by the gummy exudation which takes place from it. Once
inside the shoot, it mines up the pith, destroying all the interior,
the attack causing the death of the branch, which withers up.

As I have already mentioned, the life history will vary
slightly with the climate and elevation of the localities at which
the tree is growing (vide /njur ious Insects, Pp. 123).

Locality from where reported,
This insect is widely distributed in India, it having been
reported from the Punjab (Changa Manga Plantation), United

315 HYPSIPYLA ROBUSTA, MOORE.

Provinces (Lucknow and Dehra Dun), Bengal (the Duars) and
Madras (Nilambur), I have found it common in Bengal where-
ever the tree exists.
Hampson gives Simla, Dharmsala, Sikhim, Ceylon as the
distribution.
Relations to the Forest.

Both young and old tun trees and also coppice shoots are
most seriously injured by this pest. In the case of old trees, the
shape and shade density of the tree is greatly interfered with
as year after year the young twigs die down under the attack.
This is very apparent in tin avenues. In many parts of Bengal,
and more especially on several tea gardens where the tree has
been planted in avenues to shelter the roads, I have noticed
that the trees, under the persistent attacks of this borer, have
grown up straggly and rugged in growth, the object for which
they were planted being greatly impaired by the insect. Fur-
ther, the branches being weakened appear to suffer severely
in storms, a tin avenue being generally littered with branch
wood after high winds. I do not consider that the tree planted
pure is to be recommended as an avenue one.

In addition tothe small branches, the seed crop suffers
severely from the pest,and in bad years the entire crop is
sacrificed, the bunches of fruits containing no seeds, but con-
sisting simply of empty shells each with a round hole on one side
of it.

With young saplings and coppice shoots the attack is even
more serious, Since terminal and side shoots over a foot in
length turn brown and wither, their interiors being entirely
eaten out by the burrowing larve The trees thus become
forked and much branched at an early age, and the height
growth is interfered with and short ill-shaped and ill-grown trees
are the result. :

Protection and Remedies.

It is generally difficult to prescribe remedies for insects whose
whole life history is still unknown, and this one forms no
exception to the rule, We know when and where to find larve,
pupz, and adults of both generations, but where the eggs are
deposited is stillunknown. It is necessary to find out where

HYPSIPYLA ROBUSTA, MOORE. ary

these are laid, as it isin the quiescent or cold-weather stage
that such insects are usually most easily attacked,

Mr. Coventry in his note writes as follows : —-

*“* Remedy.—On a large scale little can be done against this pest ; but
where young plantations exist, much good canbe done by cutting back the
attacked shoots carefully above a bud, at abuut the middle of September
or just before the larvae pupate. The shoots containing the larva should be
burnt. The bud below the cut will develop and produce a shoot which will.
replace the old terminal shoot, and 1t will have the whole of April, May,
June, and July in which to put on growth before it is likely to be again
attacked .. . . . During the first generation a great many larve might
be destroyed by collecting them from trunks of trees about the beginning of
May before they pupate, or pupz could be collected and destroyed by peeling
off the pieces of bark containing them and burning them, In any case, if
timber trees are required, it will be necessary to prune them, otherwise the
boles are forked very low down.”

During severe attacks it would also be advisable to collect
and burn as many of the infested fruits as possible. Small boys
could be put on to this work in plantations.

The above remedies would both undoubtedly do good, but as
the life history shows, they would have to be done quickly, and
would therefore in large plantations prove costly.

It isan axiom in combating insect attacks that the longest
stage in their life history should’ be the one during which
methods of destroying them are undertaken. In this case the
longest stage is undoubtedly the winter one. If the stage
proves to be the egg one, it should prove comparatively
simple to introduce some method of getting rid of them, since
there will be some five months during which the operations can
be carried out. If the eggs are laid upon young growth, pruning
will have the additional advantage, as Mr. Coventry suygests, of
removing all badly-shaped’ saplings and obtaining in their
place straight trees, :

Points in the life history requtring further observation.

1. Where the moths found on the wing during May June,
and July lay their eggs.

2. Is there more than one generation between April and the
end of July? If so, how many ?

3. The number of gererations in the year in the warmer
and moister parts of India.

4. Where the October moth lays her eggs, and when? Is
the winter passed through in the egg stage?

318

A further note on the life history of
MONOPHLEBUS STEBBINGI,
GREEN. )
THE SAL TREE WHITE SCALE.

Plate XIX, fig. 4 a, 5, ¢, d, e, f.

(See pp. 135—141 in No. 1.)

Tree attacked :—Shorea robusta (Sal),

Description.

Egg.—The eggs are laid by the female ina fine-meshed thin
cottony sac or bag as shown in Pl. XIX, fig. 4,a@. The eggs are
dry, shining, and pink in colour and separate, not being joined
together by any siccable substance. They are oval-elliptical in
shape and 4th inch in length (fig. 4, d).

dé .—pupa ?.—I have found some small light-brown empty
pupal cases which I take to be the pupal cases of the d insect.
They are 4th inch in length with an elliptical opening at one
end by which the insect had crawled out. PI. XIX, fig. 4, ¢,
shows this pupa case and 4, d, a drawing of the mature winged 6
insect which issues from it,

Life History.

Egg-laying.—The ¢ scales were found laying eggs towards
the end of April and beginning of May. Before the eggs are
laid, the under-segments of the body are seen to be developing a
white woolly hair. This increases in amount, especially towards
the anal extremity, and within this white woolly mass the
eggs are laid. At first this white cottony material is quite
short, and, looked at from the dorsal surface of the insect, is
seen to only project a little way from the tip of the abdomen,
jt, however, soon increases in amount until the insect appears to

rie
ae

A FURTHER NOTE ON MONOPHLEBUS STEBBINGI. 319

have a small wad of pulled out cotton wool attached to its
abdominal segments and protruding out all round in a cloud
from the three ventral posterior segments of its abdomen.
The eggs, as stated above, are laid within this material, from
400 to 450 or even more being laid by one scale.

Present observations show that, when intent on egg-laying,
the female scale leaves the part of the tree on which she has
been feeding and usually searches out some nook or cranny
beneath the rough bark or a sheltered spot beneath stones,
refuse, wood, etc., on the ground, and conceals herself before
laying her eggs. After the eggs in the cottony sac have been
extruded from the body little but the skin remains, the insect
dies, and the dried shrivelled skin remains as a partial covering to
the eggs. Egg-laying would appear to last from a fortnight to
three weeks, after which period both the large white ? scale
and the winged ¢ almost entirely disappear from the forest,
the latter entirely. What I take to be the ¢ pupal cases were
discovered on a sal tree felled in January 1901; they were on
the outside of the bark, where it was almost in contact with the
ground. Amidst a mass of cottony material mixed up with
dried leaves, twigs, etc., the following were found :—

(2) Dead ¢ scales about }” in length and immature.

(6) Immature and mature dead winged d insects and
portions of their wings, bodies, etc.

(c) Also amongst the cottony material small, dried, dark
orange larve were found of the same shape as
the @ scale, 4th to 4th” in length. These may
have been immature ?’s or they may have been
male larve,

(d) Small, light-brown pupal cases of d (?) insect, gth”
long, with an opening at the top by which the
insect had crawled out.

(e) What looked like shrivelled pink egg skins.

In one or two instances I found portions of ¢ insects half
protruding from the light brown cases, and this latter fact

leads me to conclude that the winged males come out as such

from these shells. Further, it may be that the pink shrivelled

320 4 FURTHER NOTE CN MONOPHLEBUS STEBBINGI.

egg cases were those of the eggs of last year from which the
males of this year had developed, and that the males hibernate
through the rains and portion of the winter in the egg stage.

Beneath this tree, under the rough flakes of bark, a number
of newly-deposited egg clusters were also found.

I have not yet found the insect which develops from these, or
from portions of these, egg clusters, z.e., the insect which forms the
second stage (if there is one) in the life history of this
monophlebus. ,

I have said that the conspicuous white female scales dis-
appear from the forests about the beginning or middle of May;
the exact time depending upon the nature of the weather exe
perienced during the winter. Mr. Milward has noticed, however,
that it is generally possible to find a few specimens right on into
September. This year, when the attack was practically over, on
May 7th and later dates, I found in several places some young
scales, canary yellow to brown in colour and from ;4,th to 4th”
in length, in fact in the stage and age of those usually found in
February. They were clustered thickly on the new shoots of
some sal trees and on the top shoots of some sal saplings and
sal and koura coppice.

As compared with the previous year, the scale matured at a
much earlier date during 1902, the insect being at least a month
earlier in all itsstages of development. This was undoubtedly
due to the fact that the winter was a very dry and rainless
one, and consequently the young scales did not perish in the
large numbers which a rigorous winter must usually kill off.
Until its third moult, itincreasedin size apparently unchecked,
and was found throughout the Dun and Saharanpur forests in
enormous numbers. By the time it is ready to undergo its third
moult, it being then about half-grown, it has left:the leaves and
small twigs and descended to the larger cortex-covered
branches, and throughout the attacked areas these branches
were encircled with long rows of the white cast papery skins
of the third moult, which remained gummed to the branches by
the thick sugary secretion given out by the insects. These
rows corresponded to the position the insects take in feeding,
collecting in clusters all down the stems. Pl. XIX, fig. 4, e,

A FURTHER NOTE ON MONOPHLEBUS STEBBINGI. 321
ee ee eee ee ee ees ge
shows a number of these cast skins attached toa branch. It
was at this stage that a check came this year (1902) to the
attack. The enormous increase of the scale led to a similar
increase of a coccinellid beetle which feeds upon the monophle-
bus in koth its larval and imago stages. ‘The life history of this
insect (see page 326) corresponds with that of the monophlebus
in that the lady-bird reaches its imago and egg-laying stage at
the same time that the sal tree white scale begins egg-laying.
An examination of various forests in April and May showed
that enormous numbers of the scales had :been killed off by
the larvae and adults of the coccinellid. These operations
were easily discernible. As they simply sucked the scales
dry, the dead shrivelled skins were to be found attached to
leaves, branches, and bark of the trees or on stones, dead leaves,
fallen logs, and refuse on the ground beneath. Badly infested
forests were full of the dead shrivelled skins of the victims of
the beetle. Leaves and branches, etc., were stained with yellow
blotches of the soft body contents of the coccid. I considered
thatit was probable that at least 50 per cent. of the scales
were killed off by the beetle between March and May, and the
estimate is in all probability a low one.

Figure 4, f, in the plate shows the way the mature female
scales collect together on the stem when feeding.

Distribution.

As regards distribution, the scale may be said to have been
almost general throughout the Dehra Dun (being present in
Tirsal forest, where it had not been previously noticed, and
also in the Moti Chur forests and in Thano) and Saharanpur
Divisions. It was numerous in the Kalesar forest of the Simla
Division until decimated by the coccinellid and equally plentiful
in the small outlying Dhawala forest (Saharanpur Division) on
the opposite side of the Jumna,

It was also present in the sal forests to the east of the
Ganges, though I am not aware in what abundance.

Relations to the Forest.

There can be no doubt that this insect, owing to the capa-
bilities it possesses of increasing rapidly in enormous numbers,

322 A FURTHER NOTE ON MONOPHLEBUS STEBBINGI,

must be looked upon as one of the most serious pests the sal
areas of the Siwaliks have to meet. The attack of 1902 was
colossal in its magnitude, and both young and old growth must
have suffered severely, both wood increment and natural
regeneration being interfered with.

The attack of the year has brought several features in the
life history of the pest into startling prominence :—

(s) That a dry winter greatly aids the scale by permitting
afar greater number of young larve to reach
maturity than is apparently the case in normal |
seasons.

(2) That the monophlebus has a powerful enemy in the
predaceous coccinellid beetle, an enemy against
whose attacks it is entirely unable to defend
itself, except in one particular way, 2.¢., by laying
an enormous number of eggs so as to allow fora
heavy mortality amongst its offspring.

(3) That even in the event of a heavy attack by the
coccinellid beetle, the scale is enabled to grow to
half-size before any appreciable difference in its
numbers becomes apparent from the work of the
beetle.

Protection.

The discovery of the coccinellid beetle has given one of the
means by which this scale can be most effectively combated,
and it has now become imperative that the former’s life history
should be fully worked out, and further observations on this
head are required (see p. 330).

Points in the life history requiring further observation.

1. When the large number of eggs laid in the cottony

sac by the mature @ at the latter part of April
and first part of May develop?

2. What stage of the insect arises from these eggs? Is
there a second stage in the life history passed
through in the rains, and is this a sub-cortical one?

A FURTHER NOTE ON MONOPHLEBUS STEBBINGI. 322

3. Where the ¢ larva lives and feeds. The observations
on the life history of the ¢, as far as at present
recorded, require corroboration,

infestations accompanying Monophlebus Stebbingi.

(1) FUNGUS GROWTH.

It has been stated that a copious sugary secretion is given out
by the scales, which coats leaves, twigs, and branches of the trees,
giving them a black and burnished appearance. In this sugary
secretion a black fungus develops and doubtless helps further
to close up the stomata and pores of the part of the tree it
infests. Dr. Butler, Cryptogamic Botanist to the Government
of India, informs me that this fungus belongs to the genus
Capnodium which is almost always associated with scale
insects. The Capnodium was present in three imperfect
forms—

(2) Cladosporium Fumago, Fr. and Lk.
() Trifosporium sp.
(c) Contothectum sp.
the three being conidial stages in the various species of

Capnodium.
(2) FORMICID4 (ANTS).

Observation has shown that ants infest the trees upon which
the monophlebus is feeding and suck the sugary secretion
emitted by the latter. These ants may be observed marching
up and down the trees or waiting just beneath a scale insect,
and, as it emits a drop of the clear sugary excretion, they suck
it up. The ants taken were submitted to Mr. Wroughton,
Inspector General of Forests, and he determined them as
belonging to two genera :—

(1) Polyrhachis, probably P. simplex (Mayr) (=spini-
gera, Mayr). This ant forms a nest in the form
of a silk bag fitted into a hole in the ground
beneath large stones.

(2) A Camponotus belonging to the larger group macu-
latus and probably compressus.

324

A predaceous insect enemy of Monophlebus Stebbingi.
COCCINELLA SP,
THE SAL TREE WHITE SCALE LADyY-BIRD BEETLE.

Plate XIX fig. §,.2,.0,¢5 a.
Reference :— Provisionally named Coccinella sp., new to the Indian Museum.
Classification: —Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Coccinellide.

Predaceous upon Afonophlebus Stebbingt, Green.

Description.

Larva.—When young the larva is black in colour with 3
pairs of stout legs on its thoracic segments. During its first
two moults it appears to retain this colour and is longish and
narrow with a well-developed head and mouth parts. As it gets
older it becomes more oval and is then white and black or
reddish with white markings or a greyish purple in colour.
It will often be found to be covered with a certain amount of
the white powdery substance which covers the. scale insect
Monophlebus stebbingt upon which it feeds. The young larva
has a number of tubercles on its dorsal surface. When full-
grown the larva is 3 inch long and has a well-developed head
which is narrower than the first ten segments of the body which
follow. Of these latter the middle ones are the broadest the
grub tapering to each end. On each of these ten segments
there are four dorsal tubercles, two on each side, so that the
larva has four rows of tubercles down its dorsal surface. The last
two segments make up the dark reddish-black coloured pad-like
apparatus which terminates the body, the end of which forms a
kind of sucker, which is very adhesive and enables the larva to
cling to the smoothest bark by means of it. It uses it during
feeding and also for fixing itself to leaves, twigs, or rough bark
before changing to the pupal stage. The arrangement of its
segments make its body extremely pliable, and it can roll itself
up almost into a ball. In addition to the four rows of tubercles
the segments are fringed on either side by projecting teeth

ity,

COCCINELLA SP. OR325

resembling a saw-edge, giving the insect a serrate edge all round.
The ventral surface has the same colour as the dorsal, but is
smooth and has no tubercles, Just before pupating the larva
often changes from the white and black or greyish purple colour
toa brick red. Pl. XIX, fig. 5, a, shows a dorsal and side view
of this grub.

Pupa.—When pupating the grub attaches itself to the upper
or under-surface of a leaf or to a twig or rough bark by means
of the adhesive pad at the posterior end of its body, projecting
at an angle from the point of attachment and assuming a
curved position, its dorsal surface being convex and ventral one
concave. It has the appearance of standing up on itstail. (See
fig. 4, d (1). The larva remains in this position for about 24
hours and then the outer skin splits down dorsally from the
anterior end to the end of the tenth segment and the skin gets
drawn or shrivels back on either side and the bright red, almost
spherical, pupa is disclosed. The pupa nestling in the surround-
ing purple and white speckled old larval skin looks not unlike a
small wild strawberry fruit sessile upon the leaves. In the crimson
pupa the two small black eyes of the future beetle and developing
wings and dorsal abdominal ridges of the segments can be seen
under the bright orange red skin The anterior or head end of
the beetle faces away from the point of attachment and is at the
other end of the pupa. The colour varies from bright to dull
red, crimson or orange red. Size about 4 inch. In the plate
fig. 4, b, shows a pupa on a leaf and d (2) on a branch.

Beetle.—When the beetle is ready to issue the pupal skin
splits down dorsally and ventrally at its anterior end and the
beetle crawls out. It is a small oval insect and is at this period
bright orange red in colour and thickly covered with a fine white
down. The elytra and thorax soon harden, lose the white down
toa great extent and are then adarker redincolour. The head is
prominent with black prominent eyes, and short antenne ending
in a small club, There is a black spot at the base of the protho-
rax. The elytra are dark red and are six-spotted. Posteriorly
on each there is a crescent-shaped black patch, the convex side

‘being outwards and the patch being set at an angle pointing

326 COCCINELLA SP.

upwards. Above these there are two smaller spots situated on
each wing case, the outer ones being placed slightly anteriorly
to the median ones and being slightly smaller. Length 4 inch.
The ¢ beetle darkens in colour after pairing, the elytra becoming
almost black and the spots scarcely visible. Pl. XIX, fig. 4, c,
shows a dorsal view of this lady=bird beetle.

Life History.

This insect was found in all its stages of larva, pupa and
imago in the Siwalik sal forests in the middle of April 1902.
Probably it is usually a few weeks later in normal years as the
year in question was particularly favourable to insect develop-
ment. The exact length of time spent in the larval stage has
not yet been definitely observed, but it is probable that at least
3—4 weeks are passed in this state, In the year in question the
larva commenced pupating about the end of March. Eight and
nine days is the length of time spent in the pupal stage, larve
which changed to this state on 16th April, issuing on 24th and
25th of the month. Numerous others were bred out on other dates,
and this period appears fairly constant. The beetle appears to
pass some days, perhaps as much as a fortnight, in this stage
before pairing. The d insect dies within 24 hours of fertilizing the
female. The latter then commences egg-laying and apparently
conceals herself to perform this operation. The eggs have not
yet been found, but beetles were discovered near the cottony
masses in which the monophlebus eggs are laid beneath rough
bark of fallen trees and they may lay their eggs in the same places
as the scale. The insect in both its larval and beetle forms feeds
upon and destroys the scale insect MJonophlebus stebbingt. The
larva is a very active grub running over the leaves, twigs and
bark of the tree at a great pace in search of its prey. During this
portion of its existence the insect is not gregarious, the grubs
never being found together. The larvaisa very voracious feeder
and attacks and feeds upon the large soft-bodied white scales with
the greatest avidity. Its method of feeding is as follows: The
moment the grub sees a scale it goes straight for it and fixes its
mouth parts in the soft skin of the coccid, often on the ventral
surface between the first and second pair of legs and a little

COCCINELLA SP. 327

et ot

to one side. At the same moment it attaches itself to the twig
by means of the adhesive pad at the end of its body. The
scale at first makes no movement, but after a minute or two
it commences to move its legs and antennz about, at first lazily
as is its habit when walking, but later on more vigorously
As it begins to do this a bright canary yellow stream of liquid
material pours down from the scale on to the twig. This
exudation from the wound continues for about 3-4 minutes
after which it stops, the rest of the material going into the
coccinellid larva who has now got his mouth parts firmly fixed
into the coccid. The latter makes vigorous attempts to get
away and being so much larger than its enemy, often even as
much as thrice its size, it at times stretches out the lady-bird °
larva to its full length, the segments under the tension becoming
considerably elongated. The latter, however, keeps its position
on the twig by means of its sucker pad with the greatest ease.
Practically only its mouth, first pair of legs and adhesive pad
are used in its feeding operations, the other two pairs of legs
being held backwards almost against the side of the body.
Under the sucking process the formerly fat white juicy scale
insect shrinks to a shrivelled, wizened, dried up mass of skin.
The larva’s mouth consists of a tube ending in a swollen knob
where it joins the head, which is greenish yellow in colour.
This is probably in the nature of a sucker as well since it
exerts considerable leverage upon the scale. Larvae watched
have spent between 8 and g hours clinging to and feeding
upon one scale, at the end but a shrivelled black skin remain-
ing. The vitality of the coccid is very great since at the end
of 6 or 7 hours of this continued sucking it is still alive slowly
moving its legs or antenne.

When about to pupate the larve would seem to become gre-
garious as the pupe are often found in numbers close together
on the upper or underside of the leaves or twigs. This may
have been due to the enormous number of the insects present
in the forests in April, but the gregarious collections of pupz
were too marked to have been entirely due to accident. The
beetles are very gregarious. During the heat of the day, when

328 COCCINELLA SP.

not feeding, they are to be found in large numbers collected
close together on the underside of leaves—SAl leaves, Bauhinia,
and other large leaves being the ones chiefly made use of. The
beetles also feed upon the white female scales, attacking them
in the same way as their larvae anywhere on the upper or under
surface of the body. They pierce through the skin and a drop
or two of the yellow liquid comes out, but never more. They
do not kill the scale outright as they appear to be full fed
in half an hour by which time they have absorbed but a
small quantity of the scale’s body substance. Whilst feeding,
the scale either continues to remain with its beak buried
in the tissues of the s4l twig or it may move about with
"the beetle attached to it, but it does not appear to be incon-
venienced to any great extent and only shows signs of pain
when the beetle first pierces through its skin. The scales are
evidently killed off in time by constant tapping by different
beetles. Scales so tapped show numbers of small white and
yellow spots, the places where the beetles have pierced them,
They also are much shrivelled, are dirty brown or whitey black
in colour and move slowly.
The ¢ beetle appears to commence egg-laying at the
time this operation is being performed by its host, the
sal tree white scale.

Locality from where reported.

This coccinellid was found plentifully during 1902 in the
Siwalik s4l forests of the United Provinces.

Relattons to the Forest.

During the last few years the scale insect M7. stebbing? has
appeared in large and increasing numbers and has proved a
serious pest in the Siwalik sal forests. During the present
year, owing perhaps to a very dry and mild winter, the
attack assumed large dimensions, the young coccids being in
enormous numbers almost throughout the entire Siwalik and
some adjacent sal areas, When about half-grown the scales
were attacked by the larva of this coccinellid, which owing
to the large increase in their food-supply and to the favourable

COCCINELLA SP. 320

winter, had themselves increased in incredible numbers. By
the middle of April the forests were full of larvae, pupze and lady-
bird beetles; the former were to be seen running agilely over the
trees in quest of their prey whilst the two latter were tobe found
collected in masses on the leaves. The writer madea tour round
the whole of the Siwalik forests and everywhere this insect was
swarming, the leaves being weighed down by the red masses
of the beetles clinging during the heat of the day to their
under surfaces. Asa result of this great increase of its enemy
the scale was decimated and everywhere, once the state of
affairs taking place was understood, the sucked out and dry
shrivelled skins of the scales could be found plentifully, The
numerous empty white skins of the third moult of the 2 scales
proved that they had reached this stage in their life history in
safety and in enormous numbers—numbers which were no
longer present in the forest in the middle of April though it
must be allowed that the insect was still plentiful. There is no
doubt that it is the coccinellid larva that is the chief decimating
agent, but it is probable that the attacks of the beetle, taking
place as they do when the @ scale has reached maturity and is
pairing, so weaken it as to have an injurious effect upon the
eggs laid. This point requires further observation.

As is to be expected from the above it was particularly
noticeable that in those forests where the beetle was swarming
in the largest numbers the living scales were by no means
numerous, whilst dried, dead, shrivelled skins were to be found
on the rough bark or in its interstices, and littering the ground
amongst dead leaves, stones and other refuse.

Protection.

This coccinellid has proved itself a valuable insect in the
forest. It would not seem to require much protection in
either its larval or beetle stages. It is probable, however, that
its pupal stage, which is so easily discernible, must suffer from
attacks of birds unless its colouring and peculiar shape serve to
protect it from these. It is necessary, however, that we should
know exactly where the insect lays its eggs, as it would not

330 COCCINELLA SP.

improbably be possible to collect these and place them in safety

till the following year, should it prove that the beetle has but
one life cycle in the year. It is more than probable that the
insect could be used as a cure for other serious attacks of scales
and aphids, and it would therefore be of great utility to collect
and preserve the eggs.

Points in the life history requiring further observation.

1. Where the eggs are laid.

2. Is there more than one life cycle in the year ?

3. Does the coccinellid feed upon other insects besides the
sAl tree white scale ?

PARASITES AND ENEMIES OF COCCINELLA SP.

1. Parasite on the Larva.

A parasite infests thelarva. Numerous larve were observed
in the first stage of pupation attached to the twigs or leaves,
A close examination showed a number of minute holes on the
external surface of the skin, as many as five or more in number:
These were evidently the exit holes of hymenopterous or dipte-
rous parasites, the whole of the inside of the larva having been
eaten out. Itis evident that the larva of the parasite allows
the coccinellid grub to reach maturity and pupate before finally
killing it, so it is probable that the former will have destroyed a
good many scales before it is killed off itself. There is no
doubt, however, that a parasite of this kind must do a great
deal towards keeping the predaceous lady-bird beetle in check
and reducing its numbers.

2. Enemy of the Pupa.

I have observed that the pupa of the coccinellid is killed
off by the larva of its own species. l.acvee were found. with
their three pairs of legs round the red pupal case and their jaws
buried in the skin, which they had pierced and from which they
were sucking out the entire contents. Examination showed me
numbers of pup treated in this way, all of them having. a
round hole about their centres. Gruks subsequently kept had

COCCINELLA SP. 331

no hesitation in feeding upon the pupz. It may be that there
was a shortness in the supply of the Monoph/ebus scale or
that the larva is a generally predaceous one. | think the
reason may probably be the former as it was only the later and
last of the larvee that were seen acting in this way, but this point
requires further careful observation.

33?

MONOPHLEBUS STEBBINGI, VAR. MANGIFERAZ,
GREEN.

Reference :— Green in litt.
Classification :—Order, HEMIPTERA. Family, Coccidz. Sub-Family,

Monophlebine:

Tree attacked :—Mangtfera tndica (Mango).

Description.

This insect is very similar in appearance to Monophilebus
stebbingt, Green (see No. 1 of these notes, pp. 135, 136). The
females are identical, and Mr. Green states that the males only
differ in the presence of a very small fourth tassel on each
side. Fig. 4,d, in Pl. XIX shows the appearance of the 6 of
this scale, and fig. 6 shows the 9.

Life Fiistory.

This scale was first noticed upon the mango trees at the
beginning of March and disappeared about the middle of May.
The females (described as large white flat insects) were to be
seen walk ng about on the ground and crawling up the trees.
It is probable that they must have been present in the planta-
tion in January and February, if not earlier, but being then
small and yellow or brown in colour they were not noticed
clustered first round the mid-ribs of the leaves and then on
the young twigs. A careful inspection of the trees at this
period will probably disclose numbers of the insects, The
mature females (the white insects) are found clustering round
the twigs below the fruit where they suck out the sap of the
twig causing the fruit to fall off. Asin the case of the white
sil scale, the empty papery skins of the different moults are
found sticking to the bark of the twigs, etc., fixed to them by
the sugary secretion excreted by the @ scale. (cf. Pl. XIX,
fig. 4, €-)

The winged males are found on the leaves. They are said
to be present only where the mango trees live in very moist

MONOPHLEBUS STEBBINGI, var. MANGIFERE. 333

soil, This statement is not understood and further observation
is required upon this point,

There is apparently some confusion between the damage
done by this insect and that of ‘a flying insect’ called locally in
the Punjab ‘Tela’ which is said to secrete a gum on the flower
heads of the mango thus preventing fertilisation. This insect
is said to appear earlier thanthe scale. The ‘Tela’ insect
may be plentiful in the gardens before the ¢cale is noticed, and
may do injury to the trees, but I think it is more than probable
that the gum which prevents the fertilisation of the flower heads
is the excretion of the young larval scales, which would be very
plentiful on the trees at this period and would excrete large
quantities of sugary secretion (see p. 137 in No. 1),

Locality from where reported.

Tuis insect was reported from the Shalamar mango garden
in the Punjab in the spring of 1902, by Mr. F, Beadon Bryant,
Conservator of Forests, Punjab. It was said to have attacked
the garden in the previous year and to have diminished the
outturn of fruit of the trees.

A Monophlebus was also reported by the Manager of the
Public Gardens in Bareilly in April. It was said to be attack-
ing the mango trees there. Mr. Green informs me that this
is likely to prove identical with J. stebbingt var. mangtfere,
Green.

Protection,

The Conservator in forwarding the insect asked whether
‘grease rings’ would be useful in getting rid of the pest. From
what is known of the life history of its close relation I am of
opinion that a good deal might be done to reduce the numbers
of the insect by these means. A thick band of the material,
about 15 inches deep, should be painted on the trees at about
5 feet from the ground towards the middle to the end of March,
depending upon whether the winter has been a dry and favour-
able one (when the insect will develop quicker) or cold and
wet. These bands should be kept sticky until the middle of
May. The insects at all times walk about a great deal, but more

334 MONOPHLEBUS STEBBINGI, yar. MANGIFERE.

especially after fertilisation when they cease feeding and, leav-
ing the upper parts of the tree, walk down the trunk to seek
places where they can conceal themselves to lay. their eggs.
The grease bands would thus catch and kill them at. this
period and prevent egg-laying. When the attack is over
the bands should be carefully scraped. and the scrapings. burnt
to kill any eggs which may have been laid on them before the
@ died.

The grease bands should be composed of a mixture of tar
and glue mixed in such proportions as to ensure a sticky band.

A second plan for getting rid of the scale will be by the
importation of the coccid lady-bird beetle (Coccinella _ sp.)
which is predaceous upon the allied scale AZ. steddtngi in the
Siwalik forests (see p. 326 of this number). This should be
quite feasible and will be attempted at the next attack.

Points in the life history requiring further observation.

1. When the scale first makes its appearance on the
mango trees.

2, Whether there is a heavy excretion of sugary liquid in
January and February.

3. Whether any lady-bird beetles accompany the scale
insect. (Their larvz would be small fast-running
brown or black grubs 5)

4. Does the scale make its appearance at any other time

of the year? aa

. The amount of injury done to the trees by this insect.

G.I. C. P. O.—No. 3079 R. & A.—9-3-1903—1,000—J. W. DeB,

PLATE VII.
—+—

Fic. 1. Srrex sp. a. Full-grown larva; 0. Q@ pupa; c¢. imago,
é;d.imago, 2 ;¢. A piece of spruce-wood show-
ing vertical and horizontal sections of the larval tun-
nels; f. Piece of bark showirg exit holes (the larger
ones) and sections of the galleries (the larger ones)
made by the adults on escaping from the tree.

2. THALESSA or Ruyssa sp. Side view of imago, 9.

. CALLIRHYTIS SEMICARPIFOLIZ, Cameron. a. Full-grown
larva. 0b. Nearly mature pupa. c. imago

4. Heterocerous larva. Found in company with C, semtcar.
pifolie. Side view.

Gas" Note.—When the figures are not drawn actual size, the actual size is repre-
sented either by a hair line or by a figure showing the number of times it has been

enlarged.

L Departmental Notes on Insects that affect Forestry, NS 2. Plate VIL.

§.B.Mondul, del. Photogravure, Survey of India Offices Calcutta, January 1903.

Le SIRE, SP. i 3. CALLIRHYTIS SEMICARPIFOLIAB,CAMERON .
2. THALESSA OR RHYSSA SP. 4. HETEROCEROUS LARVA.

Fic, 1.

6.
ae

EEA Tayi

DINODERUS PILIFRONS, Lesne. a, a. Dorsal and side view
of beetle; 4. Piece of bamboo riddled by larval and
beetle tunnels.

. BOSTRICHUS PARALLELUS, Lesne. Dorsal and side view

of beetle.

. PLaTEerRos sp. Dorsal and side views of the ¢ and @

beetles.

. HALTICIDES. Dorsal and side view of the beetle.

MYLLocERusS acaci#, MS. Dorsal view of the ¢
beetle and side view of the @ beetle.

CYPHICERUS SP. Dorsal and side view of the beetle.

APopDeERuS 1ncANA MS, a.. Dorsal and side view of the
2 beetle; 6. Portion of a branch of Quercus incana,
the leaves of which have been attacked by Apoderus
tncana,.~[ From a drawing by the Author]; ¢, A rolled-up
leaf of Quercus incana containing an egg showing

the method of rolling adopted by this beetle.
[ From a drawing by the Author. }

Departmental Notes on Insects that affect Forestry N® 2. Piste Vil.

|
$.B.Mondul, del. Photogravure, Survey of India Offices, Calcutta, January 1903.

1. DINODERUS PILIFRONS, LESNE. 4. HALTICIDES .
2. BOSTRICHUS PARALLELUS, LESNE. 5. MYLLOCERUS ACACIAT,MS..

3. PLATEROS SP... 6. CYPHICERUS SP.
| 7. APODERUS INCANA MS.

PLATE IX,

CYRTOTRACHELUS LONGIPES—

a.
b.
C.
d.

é.

Eggs.

Larva (side view).

Beetle, ¢.

Beetle, @ (dorsal and side view).

Young bamboo shoot in which eggs are laid by the
female.

f. Top of bamboo shoot cut off by full-grown larva. The

larva pupates within this.

. Pupal covering with hole cut from within on ene side to

permit beetle to emerge.

. Appearance of pupal covering after emergence of

beetle.

ee ee ects that aijecatorestry, N= a. Flate IX,

|
|

$.B.Mondul, del. Photogravure, Survey of India Offices,Calcutta,January 1903

CYRTOTRACHELUS LONGIPES.

PLATE X. “é

Fig. 1. RHYNCHOLUS sp. a. Dorsal and side view of beetle;

b. Piece of Blue pine wood showing gallery made by
the heetle.

2. HywasTes se. a. Dorsal and side view of beetle; 0.
Piece of Blue pine wood showing the egg-gallery made
by the 2 beetle.

3. SCoLyTus minor, MS. a. Larva, side view; d. pupa,
ventral view ; c. dorsal and side view of beetle; d.
portion of a young deodar sapling showing egg-
galleries of mother beetles, (1) larval galleries, (2),
and pupating chambers, (3), made by the larve inthe
wood at the end of their tunnels—two-thirds natural
size. ; oe’ ile

4. Cuerus sp. a. Dorsal view of 2 beetle; &. a beetle
seizing a Scolytus major bark-borer; c. A & beetle
feeding upon a Scolytus major bark-borer. [6 and ¢,
after drawings from life by author. ]

5. ScoLyrus DeEoparRa, MS. a. Dorsal and side view of
beetle; 0. Portion of a deodar branch with lower
bark removed. ‘The branch was girdled at (1) by
this beetle, the eggs being laid in little indentations
just above the girdle. The larvze hatching from

these eggs bored the galleries (2) up the stem.
[From a drawing by the Author. ]

303.

Plate X.

Photogravure . Survey of India Offices, Calcutta,January |

Departmental Notes on Insects that affect Forestry. NS 2.
§.B.Mondul, del.

3. SCOLYTUS MINOR, MS.

4. CLERUS SP.

1. RHYNCHOLUS SP.
2. HYLASTES SP.

5. SCOLYTUS DEODARA.MS.

yt
i

ob ae

ae en er oe

PLATE RL

Portion of a deodar log from a tree whose death was attributed to the
attacks of the Scolytid bark-borers Scolytus major, MS. and Scoly-
tus minor, MS. (slightly under 4 natural size) —

a, a,a. Egg-gallery made by mother beetle of Scolytus major.

b,b. Larval gallerics made by the larvz hatching out from the

eggs laid in small notches at the sides of the egg-gal-
lery.

c,c. Pupating chambers in wood at the end of larval galleries
bored by larvee before changing into the pupal state.

d. Thesmaller egg and larval galleries of Scalytus minor,
MS.

[ Photograph by Mr. J. H. Lace, Conservator of Forests, Bengal, |

Departmental Notes on Insects that affect Forestry N2 2. Plate XI.

Shghtly under + nat. size.

De tas ee ae iy

J.H Lace, Photo. Photo$ravure. Survey of India Offices, Calcutta, February 1903.

EGG AND LARVAL GALLERIES OF SCOLYTUS MAJOR, MS.
AND SCOLYTUS MINOR, MS. IN DEODAR WOOD.

PRAT exit:

Fic. 1. A young 8’ deodar sapling showing the leading shoot
girdled 16” from the top by the Deodar branch
girdler, Scolytus deodara, MS. The top is dead and
fallen over to the left in the picture.

[ Photograph by Mr. J, W. Oliver,
Director, Imperiai Forest School. |

Fig, 2. A. A deodar branch girdled in two places at 1 and 2
by the Deodar branch girdler, Scolytus deodara,
MS.; B. Top of a ro’ deodar sapling showing the
leading shoot girdled at 3 some years previously
by the Deodar branch girdler. Two side shoots
were taking the place of the girdled leader.

[Photograph by Mr, A. Jackson,
Deputy Director, Imperial Forest School.]

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i: } io ¢ t ft
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Fic.

PLATE us

hee

1. Tomicus sp. a Larva; 6. Pupa; ¢. Dorsal and side
view of beetle; d. Inner surface of a piece of Blue
pine bark showing pairing chamber, p, and four un-
completed egg-galleries, e. |

2. PoLyGRAPHUS MAJOR, MS. a. dorsal and side view of
beetle ; 6. portion of a Blue pine branch showing the
pairing chamber, (pf), egg-galleries, (e), and pupating
chambers of the larve, (m), of this beetle; ¢. inner
surface of a piece of Blue pine bark showing the pair-
ing chamber, (pf), egg-galleries, (e), and larval gal-
leries, (1), of this Polygraphus.

3. PoLYGRAPHUS MINOR, MS. Dorsal and side view of
beetle.

4. PITYOGENES CONIFER, MS. a. Jarva; 0. ventral view of
pupa; c.side view of the ¢ beetle; d. dorsal and
side view of 2 beetle; f portion of a Blue pine
branch, showing pairing chamber, (/), egg-galleries,
(e), pupating chambers of larva, (m), and entrance
holes of beetle, (7), on the outer side of bark. |

5. HYPOPHLG@UsS FLAVIPENNIS, Mots. Dorsal and side view
of beetle.

6. NipoNius CANALICOLLIS, Lew. Dorsal and side view of
beetle.

7. Cucusus (?) sp. Dorsal and side view of beetle.

Plate XII.

eee met

Departmental Notes on Insects that affect Forestry. N° 2.

ary, 1903.

Calontts, Fobra:

MS.

’

Photogravure, Survey of India Offices

4. PITYOGENES CONIFERAE

Ab ase!

5. HYPOPHLOBUS FLAVIPENNIS, MOTS.
6. NIPONIUS CANALICOLLIS, LEW.

OSAEIE WEF
4S Se E

Sr tages

2. POLYGRAPHUS MAJOR, MS.
3. POLYGRAPHUS MINOR, MS.

1. TOMICUS SP.

S.B. Mondul, del.

ee bed ee

PLATE XIV.

——+—

Portion of the inner bark of a Blue pine severely attacked by Tomicus
sp. (the Blue pine Tomicus).
p, pairing chamber of $ and @ beetles ;
e, egg-galleries made by female beetles ;
a, air-hole made by female beetle to let air into the egg-gallery ;

l, larval galleries.

{ Photograph by Mr. J, H. Lace, Conservator of Forests, Bengal. }

Departmental Notes on Insects that affect Forestry N® 2. Plate XIV.

$ nat size.

J.H.Lace. Photo. Photogravure, Survey of India Offices, Calcutta March 1903.

GALLERIES OF THE BLUE PINE TOMICUS, TOMICUS. SP,
IN THE BARK OF THE BLUE PINE,PINUS EXCELSA.

} “anal ; oy
oe mS eae
. a >.
oan

ey s
\

meagre

ee Poa es
ed | ied Fs ak : e)) ~~”
WES ‘i dnittt a BS VANCE) att |

x po
’

ait So y + j
ee RIMMER Af At,
me eo se |

y ; - ie. i ;

magi ni wt ae sivay ’ By \

HO <hdiel ; a9 ai) 1) om bray
. “aie: mat gus

PLATE XV.

fie. 1. Galleries of the Blue pine Tomicus, Tomicus sp., in Blue
pine bark; » pairing chamber; e. egg-gallery;
1, larval gallery.

» 2. Galleries of Polygraphus minor, MS., on inner surface of
Blue pine bark ; /. pairing chamber ; e, egg-gallery;
1, larval galleries.

» 3. Galleries of Tomicus sp. and Polygraphus minor in Blue
pine bark; , pairing chamber; e. egg-gallery ;
1, larval;gallery.

» 4 Galleries of Tomicus sp. and Polygraphus minor in Blue
pine bark showing how they at times run into one
another so as to be indecipherable,

Departmental Notes on Insects that affect Forestry N2 2. Plate XV.

J.H.Lace Photo. ' Photogravure, Survey of India Offices,Calcutta,March 1803.

Fig 1. GALLERIES OF THE BLUE PINE TOMICUS, TOMICUS SP, IN BLUE PINE BARK.

Fig 2.GALLERIES OF POLYGRAPHUS MINOR MS.IN BLUE PINE BARK.

Fig 3.GALLERIES OF TOMICUS SP AND POLYGRAPHUS MINOR IN BLUE PINE BARK.

Fig 4. ONE EGG GALLERY OF TOMICUS SP.& GALLERIBS OF P. MINOR IN BLUE PINE BARK.

Fic, 1.
2 2
99 3
SEAL
3 5
3) 6

PIA PHERXV I:

——f

PoLYGRAPHUS MINIMUS, MS. Dorsal and side view of
the beetle.

. PoLyGRAPHUS LONGIFOLIA, MS, a. Dorsal and side

view of the beetle; 2. Portion of a Pinus longifolia
branch showing pairing chamber, (p), egg-gallery, (¢),
and larval gallery, (/), of this beetle.

: HYLESINUS? sp.a. Dorsal and side view of beetle; 5.

Inner surface of a piece of Blue pine bark showing
pairing chamber, (p), and egg-galleries, (¢).

. CRYPHALUS BOSWELLIA, MS, a. Larva; 5. Pupa, ventral

view ; c. dorsal and side view of the beetle.

. CRYPHALUS TECTONE, MS. Dorsal and side view of the

beetle.

. CRYPHALUS MORINDA, MS. Dorsal and side view of

the beetle.

. CRYPHALUS LONGIFOLIA, MS. a. Dorsal and side view

of the beetle ; 5. Portion of a branchlet showing, (f),
pairing chamber with, (¢), the indentations made to
enlarge it to deposit the eggs; c. Portion of a
branch showing, (f), the pairing and egg chamber ;
t, the larval galleries.

Calcutta, February, 1903.

fiices,

otes on Insects that affect Forestry. N° 2.

Photogravure, Survey of India 0

Departmental N

del.

S. B. Mondul,

CRYPHALUS BOSWELLIAE, Ms.

6. CRYPHALUS TECTONAR, Ms.

1. POLYGRAPHUS MINIMUS, MS.

IFOLIA,MS.

oe
J

2. POLYGRAPHUS LONG
3, HYLESINUS ? SP.

6. CRYPHALUS MORINDA, Ms.

PLATE XVII.
a

Fie. 1. CRYPHALUS? Magor, MS. a. Dorsal and side view of
male beetle; 5. Dorsal and side view of the female
beetle; c. Attacked Pinus longifolia branchlets,
showing, (p), the pairing chamber, (7), the horizontal
tunnel down to the pith, and (e), the egg gallery;
d. Larger branchlet showing the same as ¢.; g.
Piece of a larger P. longifolia branch severely
attacked by this beetle, showing how the galleries
run intoone another and become indecipherable on
such occasions.

» 2. CRYPHALUS? DgoDARA, MS, a. Dorsal and side view of
beetle; 6. Deodar branchlets showing method of
attack of this insect: (1) the girdle, (2) section of
branch showing the larval tunnel, (3) horizontal
gallery and exit hole made by beetle on maturing,
(4) branchlet girdled in several places at (1) by this
beetle.

[ From a drawing by the author, ]
» 3-Hyproporus? sp a. Larva; &. Dorsal and side view of
the beetle; c. Branch with bark removed showing,
(p), the pairing chamber, (/), larval galleries, and, (m),
the pupating chambers of larvee.
» 4. Tomicus Loneiroxia, MS. Side view of hinder part of
abdomen showing the size and number of teeth at
the side of the apical excavation,

3 5« ECCOPTOPTERA SEXDENTATA, Mots. Dorsal and side
view of the beetle.

—_—

Departmental Notes on Insects that affect Forestry. N° a. Plate XVII.
———— +. \- - f°. ;

S.B. Mondaul, del. Photogravure, darreyar indo. Offices, Caleutia, Febrnszy, 1903.

1. CRYPHALUS ? MAJOR, MS. 3. HYPOBORUS ? SP.
2. CRYPHALUS ? DEODARA,MS. 4 TOMICUS LONGIFOLIA,MS.

5. ECCOPTOPTERA SEXDENTATA, MOTS.

PLATE XVIII.

Fie. 1. Teak leaf showing the characteristic method of defoliation
of the larva of Hyblea puera, Cram.

» 2. Portion of a Teak leaf showing the skeletonizing method

of defoliation of the larva of Pyrausta macheraiis,
WIik.—
[ Drawn from a phctograph by Mr. R, S. Hole, Deputy Conservator of Forests. ]

“MIM “SITPUMHOPW FPISNYYAd AO AVANVI AHL 80 NOLLVITOdSC dO WV80O PYdad PHPTHAH AO AVANV'T AHL AM NOILVIIOAAC AO
GCOHLYW ONIZINOLATAMS AHL ONIMOHS (VET WVadL V dO NOILYOd ‘¢ Sal C@OHLEN OLLSIUDLOVUVHO ONIMOHS AVE MVOL 1 ou

‘OGL UD TBP eMSTeN‘seoTO wrpay Jo Loaang “emmaeagor0oy,y : : OE a SIC Sil TP TPZ aS

a ee ea

“2 SN ‘faqs 0.0 page yeu syoosul Uo sojoN Peyourreda

2 her gine li aA ge AR eam - Baea

a
‘

)

meet
Aare ,
w¥ , of
2 a iy mA i

PEATE: XIX.

Fic. 1. HyBL#A PUERA, var. niGRa, MS. a. Dorsal and side

view of the larva; 6. Pupain silken cocoon attached
to a portion of a teak leaf; c. male moth; d.
female moth.

2. PYRAUSTA MACHG@RALIS, WIk. Dorsal view of the larva.

3. HypsipyLs ROBUSTA, Moore. a. Under surface of a piece

of tin bark showing a matted felt-like mass of
cocoons of this insect; 8. A tun branch hollowed out
by the larva showing the mass of excreta and wood-
dust which fills the boring; ¢ A cocoon ia situ in

a hollowed-out twig.

4. Monopouepus Sreppiner, Green. a. Female insect

showing cottony sac in which the eggs are laid; d.
egg; c. Ventral and side view of the male pupa
(?)case; d. Mature male insect; e. A sal branch
showing the cast larval skins attached to it by the
sugary secretion; 7. A sal branch showing the
way the 2 scales cluster together rourd it whilst
feeding.

{ From a drawing by the author. ]

5. CoccINELLa sp. a. Dorsal and side view of the larva;

6. pupa sessile upon a sal leaf ; c. mature lady-bird
beetle; d. sal twig with, (1) pupating larva, (2) sessile
pupa, upon it.

6. MONOPHLEBUS STEBBINGI, var. MANGIFER@, Green.

Dorsal view of mature female scale.

—— ee —

Ee 53

Sw é ee 2,

Plate XIX.

A®

Departmental Notes on Insects that affect Forestry N° a.

f India Offices, Caleutt a Meeah, 1903.

BBINGI, GREE

Photogravure, Survey o

MONOPHLEBUS S'l'k
5. COCCINELLA SP.

. B. Mondul, del.

1. HYBLAEA PUERA, VAR. NIGRA, MS.

c
re}

1
1

1
!

nd
pe
=
=
a
oo
4
CG)
5
=
S
=
TR
3
By
oa

9° HYPSIPYLA ROBUSTA, MOORE.

MONOPHLEBUS STEBBINGI, VAR. MANGIFERAK, GREEN.

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES :

(

INSEGTS THAT AFFECT FORESTRY,

E, P. STEBBING, FLS. F.2S,F.ES,

FOREST ENTOMOLOGIST TO THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.

No. 3.

WITH PREFACE AND INDEX TO VOLUME I.

CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA,
1906.

Price Re. 1 annas 4 or #s.

ewer

mrs

OF THE

-U. S. Department of Agriculture

i
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i
: ars ;
: aay
, i ;
ty 1 i : 7 :
ee
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DEPARTMENTAL NOTES

Meee voeClS THAT AFFECT FORESTRY.

E, P. STEBBING, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S.,

FOREST ENTOMOLOGIST TO THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.

NOw?:

CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA,
1900.

“Calcutta:

G)YRRNMENT CF INDIA CENTRAL PRINTING OFFICE,

8, HASTINGS STREET,

12 1908

PREFACE.

eeeeeieeneeee

alee object of issuing the Departmental Notes on

Insects that affect forestry in India in their present
form is to enable the Officers of the Department and others
interested inthe culture of trees to keep up to date with
our knowledge of the subject and to assist the advance-
ment of the work by studying the still unknown portions of
the life-histories of the various pests detailed and of
others still unrecorded. To this end, criticism and dis-
cussion are cordially invited.

Several of the insects dealt with are new to science,
and most of the information on their habits, etc., is new.
It has not been considered necessary here, however, to
give in full detail the reasons for the statements made
with reference to some of the new and more complex of
the life-histories. The author hopes to publish elsewhere
full and detailed technical papers dealing with the matter
from the scientific standpoint.

It is proposed to give information in these notes upon—
i—Hurtful Insects.
ii,—Useful Insects.

Owing to queries received on the subject it should,
perhaps, be pointed out that the descriptions of the
insects do not aim at being scientific ones, they having
been drawn up merely as simple aids to identifying the
insects by fellow-workers in the field. It is hoped
that the new species will be described with the help of{
scientific confréres. The writer rusts in time to himself
deal with the Scoly¢ide, of which considerable collec-
tions of unknown species have already been made.

E. P. STEBBING
DEHRA DUN;
The 24th April 1905.

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335

Determination of insects alluded to in Nos. 1 and 2.

Scolytus sp., p. 47 = : . Scolytus major, Steb., p. 203.
.Predaceous clerid larva, p. 49= Larva of Clerus sp., p. 213.

Sirex sp., p. 151 = . é . Sirex imperialis. (Kindly identi-
fied for me by Col. C. T.
Bingham.)

Thalessa or Rhyssa sp., p. 158= Rhyssa sp. nov.

Bostrichus parallelus, p. 174 = Bostrichopsis parallela, Lesne.

Clerus spy p. 213 = i » Thanasimus himalayensis, Steb.
Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, LX XII,
Pt. If (1903).

Coccinella sp., p. 324= -« . Vedalia Guérinii, Crotch.

toe

336
A further Note on
BRACHYTRUPES ACHCETINUS, Stoll.

(Vide No. 1, pp. 6-9, pl. I, figs 1.)

Vernacular names, Hind, Fhingur; Bengal, Wechingri
Bombay, Khahert.

This cricket would appear to be common in most parts of
India. In addition to the localities already given, the United
Provinces, Bombay and Madras Presidencies should be added.

The insect has been reported by Mr, R.S. Pearson as feed-
ing upon teak seedlings in nurseries in the Panch Mahals, in the
Bombay Presidency. The method of attack was similar to that
already described in No, 1 of these notes,

The following was the method adopted to get rid of the
insects :—

Boys were provided with pots of water (a ength of bamboo
with the top node cut off and the bottom one left on is equally
serviceable) and instructed to search for the burrows of the
crickets. When found a little water was poured down each. The
crickets at once came to the surface and were killed.

S30,
SIREX ? sp.

Plate XXII, fig. 1.
Classification :—Order, HYMENOPTERA, Family, Siricide.
Tree attacked :—Santalum album (Sandal wood).

The identification of insects in their larval or grub stage is
by no means easy and very often impossible. Perhaps the two
families of insects where such identification is possible to a
certain extent are the Cerambycide and Siricide. To this
latter family the sandal-wood-borer under consideration belongs

The following is the description of the larva:—

A thick pale, whitish-yellow grub, convex above and flat
beneath. Head small, orange-yellow; mandibles black, rest
of mouth-parts brown. Thoracic segments enlarged, the anterior

- one being hood-like dorsally with a narrow neck of the same

circumference as head where it joins on to this latter. Thoracic
legs well marked and 3-jointed. There are no abdominal legs,
but slight protuberances are present. Abdominal segments nine
in number, the terminal one being enlarged, pointed posteriorly
and ending in a brown spike which is black at its extreme tip;
round its base is a circle of minute brown spikelets. Head,
prothorax, and last two segments of abdomen shining. The
segments of latter are bulged out at the sides, giving the gruba
crinkled edge on either side. Length 14 inch. Grub probably
not full size, Plate XXII, fig. 1, shows a dorsal and side view of
the grub.
Life-History.

Little is known at present about this insect, No member of
the family has ever previously been recorded as attacking the
sandal tree. The larva was found in the heart-wood of a tree
in the first week of August in the North Coimbatore sandal-wood
areas and was not, I think, full grown. Unfortunately the wood
in which it was found had been so chopped about that its gallery
could not be satisfactorily traced in its entirety. |

Sirex larvae usually only bore into dying or dead wood,
but require this to be in a sound condition. The female

338 SIREX ? SP.

does not usually require bark to lay her eggs in, but drills a hole
in the wood itself and oviposits. These habitsrender this
pest to be feared and make the working out of its life-history
imperative, since it is capable of committing damage to the
sandal-wood after it has been cut and barked, when no further
damage is to be feared from the longicorn borers described on
Pp. 379 and 383.

We require to know how long it spends in the larval stage.
feeding on the wood, how long in the pupa and adult or fly stage,
and when the insect makes its appearance in this latter stage
(the adult will probably be a fly not unlike the one shown in
Pl. VII, fig. 1 e of No. 2 of these notes). Also whether it attacks
the trees while they are still quite green or only after the wood
has already begun to dry.

When we have answered some of the above questions,
more especially the last, we shall be in a position to state what
remedies it will be possible to undertake against the pest.

339

Parasite of Acronycta anceedina, the Horse chestnut
defoliator.

OPHION AUREOLATUS, Cameron,

Plate XX, figs. 1, 1a, 10.
Classification :—Order, HYMENOPTERA. Family, Ichneumonide.
Parasitic upon the larve of Acronycta anxdina, (See
No. 1, p. 91.)
Description.

Cocoon.—The yrub spins a cocoon consisting of a yellow
matted silk felt in which it pupates. This cocoon is spun
inside the lepidopterous pupaand is shown in Plate XX, fig. 1,
Fig. 1a shows the lepidopterous pupa with a fly emerging.

Imago.—A moderately large bright yellow fly with two pairs
of large membranous wings with well-marked veins in them, the
upper ones considerably larger than the lower. Antenne and
legs long and slender. The abdomen is joined to the thorax by
a very slender peduncle, the body swelling out and thickening
considerably in the vertical plane behind this. The segments
comprising this thickened portion are curved abruptly and
vertically downwards. Horizontal length, ~ inch. Length
taken round curve of dorsal surface of abdomen, 1 inch. Plate
XX, fig. 14, shows this insect.

Life-Fitstory.

The life-history of this ichneumon probably corresponds, as
far as dates of appearance go, to that of its host Acronycta anze
dina, the larvze of which moth seriously defoliate the horse
chestnut in Jaunsar. The caterpillars were excessively numer-
ous in the years 1899 and 1goo, and inthe latter year large
numbers of them were parasitised by this ichneumon, I found
very few larve on the trees in 1got, their numbers having
been practically decimated for the time being by the parasite.
Mr. B. B. Osmaston collected a large number of cocoons of
A. anzdina in August 1900 and made them over to me
at Chittagong in December of that year. I took them to Dehra
Dun and bred out flies in February 1901, the dates of issuing

340 OPHION AUREOLATUS.

of some being the 4th, 17th, 27th and 28th of the month. The
lower elevation and warmer locality doubtless account for
the flies having issued so early in the year. They probably
normally issue from the caterpillar pupz at the beginning of
July, which is the period when the moths appear on the wing and
lay eggs. The ichneumon fly lays its eggs in the caterpillar
and the young grub on hatching out feeds inside the moth
larva but does not kill it until it has changed into the pupal
stage. Thus the caterpillar completes all the defoliating
damage it is capable of accomplishing before it is killed by the
parasite. The ichneumon grub becomes full fed about Septem-
ber, and appears to pupate during this month inside the cater-
pillar pupa. It remains in this condition all through the winter,
the fly issuing during the next summer. The anterior end
of the larval pupal case splits down to allow the fly to emerge.
Fig. 1 shows the pupal cocoon of the fly and 1a a fly just
emerging from the moth pupal case,

Locality from where reported,
Mr. B. B. Osmaston took this fly in tgoo in the Jaunsar
Forests, North-West Himalayas.

Relations to the Forest.

From the above account of its habits it will be seen that this
insect is a most useful parasite. Although the grub does not
kill off the larva it feeds upon until the latter has accomplished
all the damage it is capable of doing, the trees thus suffering
heavily during the year of infestation, it nevertheless, when
rumerous, infests the caterpillars to such an extent that it is
practically able to reduce to normal proportions any large in-
crease in the numbers of the Acronycta pest. The 1899 and 1900
attacks proved this, the parasite having infested the caterpillars
to such an extent during this latter year that it was almost
impossible to obtain any moths from the cocoons. In 1go1
the insect was very scarce, but few larve being found upon
the trees, This fact probably reacted upon the ichneumon
flies, whose numbers would be in their turn reduced the
succeeding year owing to the few caterpillars available in
which to deposit their eggs,

OPHION AUREOLATUS. 341

Points in the iife-history requiring further observation.

1, Where the ichneumon fly deposits her egg. Is it on
the external surface of the caterpillar, or does
she make a small incision in the skin and place it
in this?

2, The number of eggs laid upon any one caterpillar.
T have never obtained more than one fly from
any one pupa.

3. The number of eggs laid by one ichneumon.

4. The exact length of time spent by the ichneumon

, grub feeding within the Acronycta. Does it
pupate immediately after the Acronycta cater-
pillar has done so?

5e Exact period of issuing of the flies,

342

Some Parasites of Hyblwa puera and its variety nigra.
GLYPTA sp.

Plate XX, fig. 2.

Reference :—Determined as an undescribed species of Glypta by Dr, W. H.
Ashmead, of the U. S. Museum.
Classification :—Order, HYMENOPTERA.

Parasitic upon Hydlza puera, var. nigra, Steb.

Description.

A small blackish fly with a slender body and many-jointed
antenne. The wings are membranous, irridescent and have a
well-developed series of veins in them. A male specimen of
this insect is shown in Plate XX, fig. 2.

Life-History.

This ichneumon fly was bred out of some caterpillars of this
variety of the Hyblza which were obtained from the Edakode
plantations at Nilumbar on 26th August 1902, The larve were
kept about three days when they pupated. This ichneumon
issued on the 6th or 7th of September, so that its pupal stage
would appear to be about a week and may prove tobe less. Its
larval stage is probably shorter than that of the Hyblea, The
larva feeds upon the caterpillar as an internal parasite, and does
not kill the latter off until it has pupated.

Go-
ase
a

PIMPLA sp.

Plate XX, fig. 3.

References :—Determined as an undescribed species of Pimpla by Dr. W. H.
Ashmead, of the U. S. Museum.
Classification :—Order, HYMENOPTERA. Family, Ich neumonide.

Parasitic upon Hyblza puera, var. nigra, Steb.

Description.

Resembles the last to some extent. The fly is slender, elon-
gate, blackish. The body in the female, one of which is shown
in Plate XX, fig. 3, terminates in a longish exserted ovipositor.

Life-Hts tory.

This fly was bred by the writer from the same set of cater-
pillars as the Glypta, and its dates of pupating and issuing
are much the same as the other. Its grub does not kill the
caterpillar until the latter has pupated. It feeds upon it as an
internal parasite.

The ichneumon fly probably lays its eggs in the young
Hybleza larva.

Norg.—I found another form of Ichneumon parasite present upon one
of these caterpillars. This was a minute grub which was feeding externally
upon the latter instead of internally, as in the case of the two above de-
scribed ones. ‘he Hyblea caterpillar was full-grown, but its body was
very flaccid and it died within a few hours of my first observing the small
predaceous grub which was at that time small, pale, white, translucent and
sth inch in length. It was first observed on the 26th August. On the 27th
it was twice the size it had been the day previously with black specks on its
upper surface. It was very active, wriggling about a good deal. It had
eaten about 3 of the caterpillar, working from the middle.

The following day the grub was about } inch in length, torpedo-shaped,
with a pointed yellow head and greyish dorsal surface. Under the
microscope it was seen to be a pale yellow green with small white bodies
apparent under the skin which appeared to consist of fatty substances
It was active and was still feeding upon the caterpillar. It appeared to be
nearly full-grown. This interesting larva pupated and then died, and so I
was unable to make any further observations upon it. There is no doubt
that it commences to feed upon the Hyblzea caterpillar whilst the latter is
still alive.

344

MASICERA sp.

Plate XX, figs. 4, 4a.

Reference :— Determined as an undescribed species of Masicera by M
quillett, of the U. S. Division of Entomology.
Classification :—Order, DIPTERA. Family, Tachinide.

Parasitic upon Hyblea puera.

Description.

Imago.—This insect has a great resemblance to a large house
fly.

It is depicted in Plate XX, fig. 4. The insect is brownish-
yellow in colour with a blackish head and very short antennae.
The wings are fairly large, and the body stout and hairy. Wing
expanse $th inch. Fig. 4a, shows the black eliptical oval pupal
case made by the grub of this insect.

Life-History.

This insect was bred by the writer from some caterpillars
of H, puera collected in the Karimpoya Plantation at Nilumbur,
in Malabar, on the 28th August 1902. These caterpillars were
kept for three days and pupated on the rst September. The
fly issued on the 7th or 8th of the month, thus spending a week
in the pupal stage. |

I am unable to say how long the grub spends feeding within
the Hyblza caterpillar, Only one egg appears to be laid in
each larva.

Points tn the life-htstortes of these parasites requiring
Jurther observation,
r. In each case where does the fly lay itseggs? Is it
on the outside or within the caterpillars ?

2. Is more than one egg laid upon each caterpillar by any
one fly ?

3- How long is spent in the grub stage feeding within
the Hyblzea larvee ? |

THE HYBLAZA PARASITES. 345

4. Does the fly on emerging at once pair, and do the
females soon afterwards lay eggs in the Hyblea
caterpillars? This is possible, since at the period i
took the caterpillars they were of all sizes on the
teak trees.

How many eggs are laid by each fly ?

. How many generations in the year are passed through

; by—

OV un

(az) each of the ichneumon flies ?
(0) the tachnid fly ?

. Are these parasites plentiful in years of bad defoliation
by Hyblza caterpillars ?

Are these parasitic flies present in other parts of India
where bad defoliating attacks are experienced from
@yblza. They have at present only been reported
from Nilumbur as noted above,

“I

Norz.—It should prove easy for those interested to breed out these
flies by keeping some nearly full-grown Hyblza caterpillars in a hox and
feeding them till they pupate. The flies will issue from the pupz if the
caterpillars were parasitised.

Most of my infected caterpillars died, as as did the parasites inside
them, owing to the fact that they had to be transported some 2,000 miles up
north from Nilumbur just at the time the latter were pupating.

346

ORYCTES RHINOCEROS, Linn,

The Rhinoceros, or Date-palm beetle.

Reference :—Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 10,1758, 346; ed. 12, 1767, 544.
Steb. Inj. Ins. Ind. Forests, 37.

See also Circulars on Agricultural Economic Entomology issued
by the Trustees of the Indian Museum No. 4—Oryctes Rhino-
ceros (1903.)

Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Scarabeide,

This is the common date and cocoanut palm-borer of Southern
India. Its grubs have been reported as feeding upon the roots
of young Casuarina seedlings and other trees.

Larva.—A large stout curved grub. Head flat, purplish-
brown. Mandibles brownish to black, large and stout; antennz
5-jointed, basal joint enlarged. On first three segments behind
head are three pairs of light-brown, stout, long, 3-jointed legs.
Body yellowish-white, last two segments blackish. The head is
smaller in transverse diameter than the rest of the body. Body is
very thick, corrugated, curved, and swollen out so as to be almost
bag-shaped behind. On each side of the third to tenth seg-
ments is a large dark-brown spiracle. Body above and below
is thickly covered with brown spiky hairs except on last
segment, where they aresmall and scattered.

Length, taken round curve, 4 inches. Breadth 3 inch.

Beetle.—Black, shining, massive and large, with a prominent
horn which curves backwards on its head, from which it getsits
name of rhinoceros beetle, The elytra are very convex above ;
the insect being flat beneath. Shanks (tibiz) of legs armed
with spikes, the front ones having each three spikes on their
outer edges. A large roughly heart-shaped depression on front
portion of thorax. A series of broad striz and punctures on
elytra. Dark rufous beneath with hair of same colour in parts.
The beetle is easily recognisable by its form, by its antennz
ending in a series of terminal plates, by its spiked tibiz and
5-jointed tarsi and great size. Length 1% inch, Breadth
across elytra #ths inch.

ORYCTES RHINOCEROS. 347

Life-History.

his beetle is to be found onthe wing during the greater
part of the year, It may hibernate, either as a larva or pupa or
perhaps beetle, from November to about March. I have obtained
living beetles towards the end of March and as late as the
beginning of November. The adult insect spends some time in
this state and apparently can do with little food in this stage of
its existence, as beetles have been kept for over two weeks
without food of any kind.

The insect lays its eggs in dead and decaying palm trees or
in masses of palm and other refuse situated in or near palm
topes. The grubs on hatching out feed in the decaying trees
or in adjacent refuse heaps, and evidently also consume the
roots of seedling plants. Mr. C. B,. Dawson, District Forest
Officer, Kistna, reports that the large grubs feed upon young
Casuarina seedlings, being attracted to them owing to the
moisture in the sand in which they are planted, These young
seedlings are watered whilst in the nurseries and thus the
- moist layer of sand filled with the young roots would quickly
attract grubs of this kind. It is, I think, improbable that
the beetles lay their eggs in the nurseries. The young larve
on hatching out would require something softer and of a
more decaying nature as food at first, and would only attack
rootlets when their mandibles were stronger and more fully
developed.

It is not yet known how long the larva spends in this stage
of its existence. It will certainly be several months, since the
full-grown grub is of very large size, and it may be considerably
over a year. This latter would seem the most probable (unless
the insect has several generations in the year, which is unlikely) as
from the fact that beetles are to be found almost, if not quite.
continuously from March to November, it is evident that the
generations overlap, 7.¢., that atany period it is possible to
find eggs, grubs, pupe and beetles. This, of course, adds
immensely to the insect’s capabilities of doing damage. The
time spent in the egg and pupal stages is still unknown.

B 2

348 ORYCTES RHINOCEROS.

Result of attacks.

Young Casuarina seedlings attacked by the grubs at first
show signs of wilting and then die off. Only seedlings and
very young saplings are attacked.

Protection and remedies,

The following are remedies which have been already recom-
mended for trial :—

1. Employ boys or women to carefully remove the soil round
seedlings which are seen to be wilting, and take out and kill the
fat grubs found at the roots. This should be done when seedlings
are seen to be dying off in any considerable number even at the
expense of killing adjacent young plants by thus disturbing their
root system. The grubs willgo from one plant to another, and
one grub may thus destroy a number of seedlings.

2. If feasible, a simple and effective plan is to flood the
plantation for a few hours so as to drown all the grubs in the
soil. Those that come up tothe surface should be collected and
killed.

3. Remove all diseased, dead and decaying date and cocoanut
palms in the vicinity of nurseries and young plantations. Also,
and this is an important point, all refuse heaps of rotting
vegetation, etc. If, for the preparation of the nursery, special
soil pits of manure, litter and leaves are prepared they should be
carefully inspected for these grubs, as the beetles will be certain
tolay in such a place. A good instance of the danger of such
was noticed in a Calcutta garden in June 1903. . The heap of
rich soil and humus used for manuring the flower beds contained
numbers of the larvze of this insect which were spreading from
them into the beds of young seedlings, whose roots they were
devouring. ‘There were palm trees close by.

Points in the life-history requiring further observation.
1, Length of time spent in the grub stage,
2. Length oftime spent in the pupal stage.
3. Length of time spent in the beetle stage.

349

A predaceous Enemy of the Wood-borers Rhyncholu
sp. and Hylastes sp.

NIPONIUS CANALICOLLIS, Lewis.

Reference :—Lewis A. M. N. H., Ser. 7, Vol. viii, Nov. 1901. Steb. Dep.
Not. Insec. aff. For. No. 2, p. 248.
Classification:— Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Histeride.
Predaceous upon Rhyncholus sp.and Hylastes sp. in spruce.
Already reported as predaceous uponthe Blue pine bark-borers
Tomicus sp. and Polygraphus major and mtnor.
(Vide No. 2 of these Notes, p. 248.)
Description of Pupa.

Pupa.—Longish, straight, white with a vertical head and
free limbs, wings etc. Length 4 millim.

Life-History.

A further addition is here made to the. notes on the life-
history of this Niponius, In the last number of these notes we
saw thatit preyed upon Tomicus sp, and Polygraphus major
and minor. The beetles had been found in the Blue pine chiefly, ,
but also in one instance in some deodar saplings where it was
feeding upon P. major.

I have now. found it preying upon the two wood-boring
beetles Rhyncholus sp.,, and Hylastes sp., following them into
their tunnels in the wood. It was taken in the middle of June
in tunnels in a large dead spruce which was being riddled by the
above-mentioned Scolytid borers, the former being especially
plentiful. Since these two borers are usually found together it
is probable, I think, that this Vipontus also attacks the Hylastes :
but it may confine itself to the Rhyncholus beetles, which it
resembles in build. I think there is no doubt that it follows
these beetles, into the tree by entering byjtheir galleries, feed-
ing upon them and laying eggs in such a position as will enable
the young larva on hatching out to feed upon the Rhyncholus
and Hylastes larve.

Nitonius canalicollis has now been found in Blue pine,
deodar and spruce wood. The insect either spends a long

350 NIPONIUS CANALICOLLIS,

time in the beetle stage of its existence, or what is, I think,
perhaps more probable, passes through a number of gener-
ations in the year corresponding to those of its hosts. I have
invariably found beetles present in the tunnels of various bark-
boring and wood-boring Scolyttdz from the beginning of May
up to the middle of July.

Points tn the life-history requiring further observation.

1. Where the eggs are laid, Is it in the tunnels of the
Rhyncholus and Hylastes beetles ?

2. What the larvee feed upon and length of time passed
in this stage and in the pupal stage.

3. The length of time spent in the beetle stage.

4. The number of generations in the year.

5. Where and in which stage the winter is passed
through.

oa8

Histeridee predaceous upon various Scolytid bark and
wood-borers,

PLATYSOMA DUFALI, Mars.

Plate XX, fig. 5.
Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Histeride,

Predaceous upon Tomicus sp. (The Blue Pine Tomicus),
? Polygraphus minor, in Blue pine.

Description.

Beetle.— Elongate, narrow, compact, black and shining. The
head is provided with stout mandibles and angled brownish
antenne ending in a club. Thorax wider than long, smooth
and shining. Elytra elongate smooth and shining in centre,
with several well-marked longitudinal stri# down either side ;
the elytra leave the iast two segments of the body exposed,
these segments being heavily punctured. Under surface of
body and legs brownish. Length sgnds inch. Plate XX, fig. 5
shows a dorsal and side view of this insect.

Life-History, etc.

This insect is to be found in the beetle stage at the end of
May at elevations of about 8,000 feet in the North-West
Himalayas. It was taken from the galleries made between the
bark and sapwood by the Blue pine Tomicus beetle where it
appeared to be feeding upon the larvee of this bark-borer. It
may also attack the larve of Polygraphus minor, of which
some were also present in the tree.

There is still much to be learnt about this insect—where
its larval and pupal stages are passed, whether the larve also
feed upon the Tomicus and Polygraphus larve, the number of
generations of the insects in the year and the time taken to pass
through each.

PLATYSOMA sp. nov.

Plate: XX, fig, 6.
Reference :—Provisionally determined as an undescribed species of Platysoma
by Mr. G. Lewis.
Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Histeride.
Predaceous upon Zomicus sp. {The Blue Pine Tomicus) and
Rhyncholus sp. in Blue pine. (And perhaps on Polygraphus
minor, Steb.)
Also upon Scolytus major and S. minor, Steb. in Deodar,
and ARhyncholus sp. and AHylastes sp. in Spruce.

Description.

Beetle.—Flat, compact, somewhat elongate, black and
shining ; all parts of the insect fit well together. Head is trans-
verse and narrow and provided with stout black mandibles and
two elbowed antenna, each of which ends inaclub, Thorax is
wider than long, smooth in the centre with a few scattered
punctures, these latter more numerous and larger at sides
between the two broad shallow striz. Elytra twice as long as
thorax, glabrous medianly with very fine punctures, the sides
with three longitudinal prominent striz, the surface being
punctured between them ; the elytra leave two segments of the
abdomen anda portion of a third visible dorsally—these segments
are constricted posteriorly, the surfaces being finely punctured.
Length =3,ths to ths inch. Plate XX, fig. 6 shows a dorsal
and side view of this beetle.

Life: History, etc.

This beetle is to be found in the adult stage towards the end
of May. The writer discovered it in some numbers in the
galleries of the Blue pine Tomicus beneath the bark of a newly
felledtree. The galleries contained pupz and mature beetles of
the Tomicus, and the Histerid was apparently feeding upon
them. The width of body of the predaceous beetle exactly
fits the Tomicus galleries.

PLATYSOMA SP. 35

(22

In the third week of the month the beetle was found in some
numbers beneath the bark and in the wood of dying girdled blue
pine trees. The trees were infested with the Rhyncholus wood-
borer (see No. 2, p. 198), and the Platysoma was found in their
galleries and also on the sapwood beneath the bark.

This beetle was again found fairly plentifully in the adult
stage towards the end of June beneath the bark of recently
felled deodar trees which had been attacked by the two Scolytws
beetles, S. major and S. minor. These latter with their larve
were very numerous in the bark and sapwood (see No. 2, pp.
203-212), and the Histerids were feeding upon the larve and
possibly upon the adults.

A few days later I discovered the same Platysoma
beneath the bark of a large dead spruce tree, the wood of which
was being attacked by the borers Ahyncholus sp. and Hylastes
sp. The Histerids appeared to be feeding upon these.

Locality.
This Platysoma appeared to be common throughout the
Jaunsar and neighbouring Tehri-Garhwal forests in the blue
pine, deodar and spruce zones (about 5,500 to 9,000 feet).

Further observations required.

I have not yet found the larval or pupal stages, and [ do
not know how many generations this insect passes through
in the year. It is evidently not uncommon in the locali-
ties above mentioned; but there still remains much to be
observed on its habits, and it will be of especial interest to
obtain the other stages of its metamorphosis and to ascertain
its real importance in the forest.

354
PAROMALUS sp. nov.

Plate XX, fig. 7.
Reference :—Provisionally determined as an undescribed species of Paromalus
by Mr. G. Lewis.
Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Histeride.
Predaceous upon Rhyncholus_sp.; Hylastes sp. In Spruce

and Blue pine.
Description.

Beetle.-—A small, compact, elliptical, shining black beetle
chiefly remarkable for having a number of spiny hairs projecting
from the extremity of the ventral surface of the abdomen.

Head not as wide as thorax, with a prominent depression on
either side commencing in outer upper angle and sloping back-
wards and inwards to lower third but not meeting the hind
margin. Thorax with front margin deeply concave. A longi-
tudinal depression on either side of the median line, the surface
with prominent and fairly numerous punctures, Elytra nearly
cover the whole body, only two narrow segments of the abdomen
being visible behind dorsally ; the surfaces thickly punctured,
the punctures, however, less numerous on either side of the
median line. Under-surface black, abdominal segments reddish
with numerous reddish projecting spiny hairs. Legs reddish;
with four teeth on outer edge of the front tibia. Length 3nd
inch, See plate XX, fig. 7.

Life-History, etc.

This beetle is to be found in the mature state in the middle
of June at about 7,000 feet in the North-West Himalayas.
It was discovered beneath Spruce bark in company with the
Scolytid wood-borers Rhyncholus sp. and Hylastes sp., and
it is probable that it preys upon them or their larve. It was
also found some days later beneath blue pine bark amongst a
large number of different bark—and wood-boring larve. It is
an active little Histerid with a quick walk. Nothing further is
known about this insect. Its larval and pupal stages have
yet to be discovered, and the number of generations passed
through in the year to be observed.

Goo

A further Note upon the Life-history of Dinoderus
minutus, Fabr,

THE BAMBOO-BEETLE OR “SHOT-BORER.”

(Plate XX, figs. 8, 8a, 8d, and Plate XXI.)

(See No. 2, p. 172 of these Notes.)

In a previous number of these notes allusion was made to the
fact that this minute beetle had been so often confused with its
close ally D. pilifrons that it was impossible to make any definite
statements upon the subject of its life-history. Since writing

hose words the writer has been able, during nearly a year’s resi~
dence in Calcutta, to study with a certain degree of thoroughness
the habits of this pest. Lengths of bamboo (Dendrocalamus
strictus) cut in the forests of the United Provinces were kept
under observation in specially constructed boxes between April
and the middle of November,’and the operations of the beetles
with which they had become infested closely watched. The first
interesting and important fact discovered was that the bamboos
boring beetle of Calcutta, or the chief one, was Dinoderus
minutus. In no instance was D. pilifrons found in the bamboos,
During my observations I examined thousands of the beetles,
but minutus was the only one present. This would seem to
point to the fact that whilst p7//frons attacks the bamboo in
Upper India minutus takes its place in Calcutta—or, perhaps, it
may be said in the hotter, damper parts of the country. A second
most important fact is that in no instance have these two beetles
been found working together, and the statements extant to this
effect would seem to be the result of defective identification.
In addition to the observations made upon the life-history and
habits of this insect in Calcutta experiments were also conducted,
with the object of ascertaining whether it was possible to protect
bamboos by impregnating them with various substances. The
results attained will be alluded to later on.

356 DINODERUS MINUTUS.

Description, Life-Htstory.

Although the results of the work of the bamboosbeetle are
well-known, the real author of the depredations is far from
being a well-recognised enemy owing both to its small size and
to its secretive habits. The damage is committed by a tiny
beetle (Plate XX, fig. 85 shows a dorsal and side view of this
beetle) and its grubs which are just of slightly smaller diameter
than the holes with which the bamboos are seen to be riddled.
The beetle, which has a black head and thorax and reddish-
coloured, shining wing covers, bores its way into the bamboo and
lays its eggs in the interior, each beetle laying about 20. From
these eggs small, white, roundish dots of grubs (see fig. 8) issue
within a few days of their being deposited. These tiny larvee
burrow up and down in the interior of the bamboo and reduce its
structure to powder. About four weeks are spent in this stage,
and the grubs then enlarge the ends of their burrows and change
to pupe (fig. 8a) which, after some eight days or so, turn into the
beetles. On becoming mature the beetles bore their way out
of the bamboos and thus add further to the tunnels already made
in them. On emergence the insects fly off to attack fresh bam-
boos, or they may bore into the one in which they have them-
selves matured. Thereare thus three separate forms of attack :—

(a) The female beetle bores into the interior of the bam-
boo and lays itseggs there. This is the first attack
on the bamboo.

(2) From the eggs hatch out little grubs which feed upon
the wood of the interior of the bamboo, and thus
undermine its strength.

It used to be thought that each of the shot-borers made its
way out by a separate tunnel, driven direct from the place where
the grub had pupated to the outside. This is not, however, the
case, as the matured beetles appear to issue either all from the
same exit-hole or from one or two only, these being often the
former entrance-hoies of the mother beetles, which are consider-
ably enlarged. Beetles of the new generation appear to also

DINODERUS MINUTUS, S57

make use of these old holes to enter the bamboo to egg-lay,
boring away from the old gallery when they have got inside.
When bamboos are in lengths it will be found that the beetles
tunnel in them parallel to the long axis and form galleries which
open at one of the ends. The bamboo is thus often completely
hollow in parts without there being much outward evidence of
its having been badly attacked. This is more especially the
case when the beetles have entered and left by the same holes
made at one of the ends of the bamboo (cf. the lengths of bamboo
shown in Plate XXI). A feature which greatly adds to the
insect’s power of doing serious damage is to be found in the fact
that in the warmer parts of the country it passes through at least
five, and perhaps more, generations or life-cycles in the year,
It has been shown that the insect lays about 20 eggs, and there-
fore one female beetle may produce the following progeny in

the year, on the supposition that only five generations are passed
through :—

1 Female beetle.

ist generation . I x 20 = 20 beetles, say, 3 males
and $ females (the
latter are, however,
usually in excess of

former).
and - és I0 x 20 = 200 beetles, sny, + males
and 3 females.
3rd Hf . 100 x 20 = 2,000 Ditto.
4th . ; 1,000 x 20 = 20,000 Ditto.
5th % . 10,000 x 20 = 200,000 Ditto.

If there is a 6th generation the number of females increases |
to 2,000,000,

Taking only 50 per cent. of the 5th generation beetles as
maturing’ and laying eggs, we still have 1,000,000 insects as the
progeny of the one mother beetle in the spring. This great
prolificness easily explains why bamboos suffer so greatly from
the shot-borer’s attacks throughout the country.

The result of my observations in Calcutta showed me that
at least five generations of the beetles issued between the last
week in April and the end of October as follows :—

The 1st taking about seven weeks, from end of April to
the third week in June, to run through all its stages :

358 DINODERYS MINUTUS.

the 2nd about 4-5 weeks, from the third week in June
to near the end of July ; the 3rd 4 weeks, from the end
of July tothe beginning of September ; the 4th less than
4 weeks, from Ist week in September to end of the
month; the 5th from end of September to end of Octo-
ber, It is probable that many of the beetles of this
generation were caught and killed off by the cold snap
experienced towards the end of the month.

Protection.

As detailed in a note published elsewhere * my experiments
and observations were initiated in order to enable me to advise
the Superintendent of the Government Telegraph Workshops
as to how to protect a large number of bamboos which he was
converting into field teleyrapk poles.

I may requote here from my previous note :—

Towards the end of April of this year Mr. Williams, the
Superintendent of the Telegraph Workshops at Calcutta,
informed me that bamboos which he was converting into field
telegraph posts for use on frontier expeditions and elsewhere
were being attacked and riddled by insects. Thespecimens he
sent me I identified as the common bamboo-boring beetle
(D. minutus). As the question of the preservation of bamboos
against. this insect had been engaging my attention for some
time, I immediately paid a visit to the workshops and examined
the bamboos. I found that they were being experimentally
treated in the following manner before being fitted up as tele-
graph posts :—

(1) Five days’ soaking in river water ;

(2) five days’ soaking in a solution of copper sulphate,
after which they were dried in a covered shed
for several days; and then

(3) soaked for 24 hours in common Rangoon oil.

This latter has the effect of darkening the bamboos and the
smell of the oil remains in them for some considerable time,

* A Note on the Preservation of Bamboos from the attacks of the bamboo
beetle or “ Shot-borer.”” Appendix Series, Indian Forester Vol. XXIX, No. 12
(1003).

DINODERUS MINUTUS, 359

although not so offensively as to prevent their being made use
of. The treatment lasted about 14 days, upon the expiration of
which period the bamboos were at once sent to the workshops
to be fitted. Mr. Williams had reported that within three weeks
of this treatment some of the bamboos had been again attacked
by the borers. As some 9,000 had been through the treatment,
many of which had been already fitted, the case afforded a good
opportunity for experiment. Having carefully examined all the
bamboos and their method of treatment I was able, through the
courtesy of the Superintendent, to obtain a number of specimens
both untreated and in the various stages of treatment. With
them it was my intention to initiate a series of experiments to
determine the exact effect of any one or more of these preserv-
ative liquids as a deterrent to the attacks of the beetles. The
bamboos had been cut in the Garhwal Forests (United Provinces)
and were obtained by the Telegraph Department at Najibabad,
near Bareilly, having been floated down from the forests. They
were, following the usual custom, passed through fire and
straightened by the merchants before being sold. The telegraph
specification required them to be 8 feet long or over, with a
diameter at the small end of not less than 3ths inch and not more
than 13th inch. It was known that the bamboos to be obtained
were to be cut in the cold weather of 1902-03. Male bamboos
(z.e., solid bamboos) only were to be sent. The bamboos were
despatched in convenient lots from Bareilly and no special
protection was given to them on the journey down. They arrived
in Calcutta mostly in February and March, but some in April.
They were not subjected to any treatment before the end of
February, and consequently some of the bamboos were in the
works for nearly a month before being operated upon. The
bamboos had therefore either become infested on the way down
or in Calcutta itself. When the treatment they were to be
subjected to had been decided upon, no time was lost in putting
them through it. It wasas the last of the bamboos were
being put through the preservative treatment, that I visited the
works, From previous observations I was of opinion that the
beetles then appearing in the works were those of the 1st

360 DINODERUS MINUTUS.

generation in the year, z.e., they had developed from eggs laid
probably at the end of February or beginning of March. |
wished to try and find out—

(1) How many more generations of the beetle appeared
in the year.
(2) Whether the oil treatment was of any use.

Experiments.

The bamboos picked to experiment with were good
examples of their class of treatment, and on receipt they were
placed in boxes constructed of tin foil and provided with close-
fitting tops of wire gauze, ‘The boxes were so made that there
was no chance of anything inside getting out or anything
from without getting in: and they answered admirably. The
whole experiment was personally carried out by myself in order
to ensure accuracyin the observations. In each box were placed
specimens of differently treated bamboos. The experiments were
commenced on the 29th April. The following are the. results
obtained :—

(1) That neither the five days in water nor that immersion
followed by a further five days in CuSo, are of any use as a pro-
tection against the beetles. It is true that the first experiments
seemed to prove that these; soakings were effective, since the
bamboos in these boxes had remained unattacked. attribute
this, however, solely to the fact that the pieces of bamboos,
selected at haphazard inthe Telegraph Workshops and placed
in the closed boxes in April, when the beetles were egg-laying,
did not happen to have had eggs deposited in them and, conse-
quently, when they were placed in the beetle-proof boxes and
protected against the beetles they showed no attacks. All the
subsequent experiments with these classes of treatment showed
that they are no protection against the beetles. :

(2) That the bamboos which had gone through all the stages
of the treatment and had received a proper soaking in the oil
tank remained unattacked and, in addition, were proof against
further attacks by the beetles.

-DINODERUS MINUTUS. 36r

(4) That bamboos cut in the forests between December
and February can, even if not treated till between two and three
months after cutting (by which time it is probable that many
of them will contain eggs) be preserved by the oil-treatment
from further attacks of the April, June, July, September and
October generations of beetles, each of which attacks means.
their subsequent riddling by the larve arising from the eggs laid
by the beetles.

(5) That the oil-treatment, therefore, considerably prolongs
the period of usefulness of the bamboo, this period being, as
far as the experiments at present show, at least a year.

Plate XXI, 1-4, shows lengths of bamboos which had been.
put through the preservative treatment and converted into tele-
graph posts. It was suksequently shown that the reason why
these lengths were attacked by the beetle was due to the fact
that they were the top ones in the oil tank and had never
received a thorough soaking in the oil. In fig, 1 the entrance
holes blocked by ejected bamboo wood dust are clearly visible
while 2-4 show the damage done to the internal structure of
the bamboo by the borings of the beetle and its grubs. Fig.
5 shows a section of a larger bamboo opened out flat to show
the attacks of the beetle and grubs, Fig. 6 shows a well-
soaked bamboo which had been enclosed for several months in
the special boxes made for the purpose, together with several
lengths of attacked bamboos. It remained entirely unaffected.

Recommendations.

(z) I am inclined to recommend that the soaking for five
days in water should be continued, since a thick shiny gelatinous
substance exudes from the bamboos during this process, and this
exudation probably enables the bamboo to absorb a_ larger
quantity of oil than would be otherwise the case.

(2) That the soaking in the copper sulphate solution be
discontinued, since the experiments have shown it to have no
preservative effect against the beetles.

362 DINODERUS MINUTUS.

(d) That, after drying, the bamboos be soaked for 48 hours
in common Rangoon oil.

Cost.

The Superintendent of the Telegraph Workshops stated that
the cost of the treatment as carried through by him, ze., five
days in water, five days in CuSo, followed by several days drying
and then two separate soakings (at an interval of a couple of
months) of 24 hours each in Rangoon oil, amounts to R3-5 per
100 6-foot lengths, or 6°3 pies per length. This included the
labour.

Omitting the CuSo, treatment and a second soaking in the
oil, together with the additional handling involved, should effect
a saving in this price, although of course the longer period of
soaking in oil will enable the bamboos to absorb more of this
substance than they would in the shorter one of 24 hours only.

Concluding Remarks.

In the note previously alluded to I was able to show that,
as a result of the oil treatment, the bamboos which had been
converted into field telegraph posts remained unattacked up to the
third week in November (1903), z.e. up to the cold weather, and
that during this latter period the beetles hibernate for a couple
of months at least. Bamboos are so largely used in India that
the prolongation of their usefulness by even a year only would
effect a considerable monetary saving. On my return from
furlough I wrote, in October 1904, asking the Superintendent of
the Telegraph Workshops how the bamboos had fared during the
year. He replied that there was no evidence of their having been
attacked. Now it is practically a certainty that, had the
bamboos remained untreated in 1903, those which escaped serious
attack during that year would have been reduced to powder by
the end of 1904. Subsequently, at the end of March 1905, I was
able to personally visit the workshops. I found that the
bamboos treated in 1903 were still unattacked, and that another
30,000 were being put through the treatment and converted into
telegraph posts. The treatment is now carried out on the
recommendations made, 2.¢., a first soaking in water and a subse-

DINODERUS MINUTUS. 363

quent one of 48 hours in the crude oil. I had already been told
by Mr. Truniger, C.LE., the officer in charge of the field tele-
graph with the Thibet Mission, that the bamboo field telegraph
posts sent up to him (part of the batch of 9,000 converted in
1903) had remained unattacked by the beetle and had answered
most satisfactorily, the oil exerting apparently no deleterious
effects upon the structure. These posts were returned to store
in Calcutta this year (1905), and a careful examination of them
failed to show me any traces of beetle attacks: and not only
this, but the bamboos appeared to have worn remarkably well.
As a result of the experiments and observations made to date
we may thus consider that the oil treatment prolongs the
effective life of the bamboo by at least two and-a-half years,

364
APATE JESUITA, Fabr.,

References :—Lesne. Ent. Soc. F. Vols. LXV, LXVI.
Bostrichus jesuita, Steb. Inj, Ins. Ind. For. p. 42.

Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA, Family, Bostrichide.

Tree attacked.— Casuarina equisetifolias

This insect has been reported as tunnelling into Casuarina
in Nellore.

Beetle.—Black with parallel sides and a uniform breadth
throughout of three-sixteenths inch, perhaps a little less anteriorly
_ and a little more posteriorly. Body more than twice length
of prothorax; latter rounded and pitted above; elytra. with
longitudinal ridges running down their dorsal surfaces with
punctures between; elytra deflexed at their apices. Abdomen

red beneath. Legs black, short. Antenne witha club. Length
+4ths inch. ;

Life-History.

This beetle is a wood-borer and bores into the wood of the
tree for egg-laying purposes.

It was reported as boring into the trees in June, and therefore
the eggs of one of the generations of the year are laid in that
month. Nothing further appears to be known about its life-
history.

In all probability the beetle does not attack the tree until it
is either felled or has from some cause become sickly. The
damage is done to the timber, and if the insect is numerous and
the wood is required for planks or beams, it would probably cause
a considerable loss,

The length of time spent in the Jarval and pupal stages and.
the number of generations in the year have yet to be ascertained.

365

~ CARYOBORUS GONAGRA, Fabr.

‘Reference :—Fabr. Ent. Syst. Suppl. 159; Steb. Injur. Insects Ind. For. 49.
Classification :—Crder, COLEOPTERA. Family, Bruchide.

Tree attacked :—(Bauhinia racemosa.)

Description.

Larva.—The larva is a small whitish curved grub.

The beetle is greyish or yellowish-brown, It is somewhat
-elongate, with a small head consisting chiefly of two large
prominent eyes ; antenne brown. Thorax triangular, narrower
in front than behind, hind margin produced backwards into a
point medianly, Elytra wider than thorax, with parallel sides,
constricted behind, the apices separately rounded; surfaces
striate with longitudinal rows of fine pits down them and
covered with short hair. The elytra rest flat upon the large
thick body, which is greyish in colour. The most striking
characteristics about the insect are the largely developed promi-
ment thighs (femora) of the hind legs ; these, as is the case with
all the legs, are covered with the fine hair. Abdomen truncate
‘behind. Length d4th ; ?4th inch.

Life-History.

The beetles emerge from the Bauhinia pods at the end of
‘February and beginning of March. The exact position where the
eggs are laid has not yet been reported, but it is probable that
they are laid on the flowers or young forming pods since
the tree flowers between March and June. The larva on
hatching out burrows into the pod and lives in one of the
seeds, the interior of which it entirely cleans out leaving
intact only the external thin brown skin. When full-fed it
changes to the pupal state within this brown seed-skin, and
this stage would appear to be a short one as larve are found in
the seeds at the beginning of January. On maturing the beetle
bores through the skin and the pod-covering and escapes.
This exit hole is usually made near the base of the seed-skin
and near one edge of the pod-covering. I have never yet

366 CARYOBORUS GONAGRA.

found more than one of these beetlesin any one pod, although
there are always several other holes in the pod, the
work of other beetles, one of which may perhaps be the male
insect. The beetles do not all mature and issue at once, as
from pods kept in Calcutta adults issued during the latter
portion of February, all through March and April, and on into
May.

Locality from where reported.
This insect was reported from the Central Thana district by
Mr. G. M. Ryan.
Relations to the Forest.

This insect belongs to a family of seed-eating beetles and it
is probable that a certain proportion of the seed of the Bauhinia
is lost every year from itsattacks. The more serious aspect of
the case is that these beetles at times multiply to such an
extent that they kill off the whole of the seed of the year. The
beetle does not confine its attacks to the Bauhinia, as it has
already been reported as infesting the Indian Laburnum (Cassia.
Fistula) seed. It is not unlikely that it willbe found to
attack the seed of other trees, as it appears to be rather wide™
spread. I was ableto identify the insect at the British Museum
with the valuable assistance of Mr. Gahan. Two other smaller
beetles, Zribolium castalium and T. confusus are found in the
Bauhinta seeds, these being predaceous upon the Caryoborus.
A microlepidopterous grub is also present.

Points in the life-history requiring further observation.

1. Where the eggs are laid. Is it in the flowers or on
the young forming fruits ?

2. Length of time spent in the egg stage.

3. Length of time passed in the larval and pupal stages..

4. Length of time spent in the beetle stage.

5. In which stage the winter is passed through.

367

CARYOBORUS sp.

Plate XXII, figs. 2, 2a.

Reference :—Provisionally determined as Caryoborus sp.
Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Bruchide.
Tree attacked :—AJlbisata Lebbek (Sirzs).

Beetle.—Resembles the last in shape but is greyish in colour ;
the elytra leave the last two segments of the body disclosed.
The antennz are short, the thorax small and triangular and the
elytra greyish with longitudinal darker markings. The insect is
of stout, thick build. Plate XXII, fig. 2, shows a dorsal and side
view of the beetle.

Life-History.

The larva of this beetle feeds upon and destroys the seeds
of Albizzia Lebbek. These seeds are large, flat and squarish, and
are contained in a pod of g-12 inches in length, The grub
completely hollows out the interior of the seed, leaving only the
outer skin intact. When full-fed it pupates within the seed.
Mr. G. M. Ryan, who forwarded specimens of this insect and the
attacked pods, states that the damage done is very considerable.
Fig. 2 a shows a seed with a mature beetle half-emerged from
it.

The beetle issues from the pods, which persist on the tree for
a long time, in the hot weather about March-April in the Bombay
Presidency and evidently lays its eggs on or in the flowers or
young-forming pods in April and perhaps on through May. Only
one grub is found within each seed. The pods mature about
October and the insect perhaps passes the cold weather season
as a pupa within the hollowed-out seed.

The Siris tree is very common all over India and Burma, and
it is therefore necessary to ascertain whether this insect attacks
the seed in this way all over the country.

PLOCEDERUS OBESUS.
DAPORET.

Reference :—Daporet, Dig. Cat. 3 ed., 347. Stebbing, Injur. Ins. Ind. For.
68, Plate Ill, fig 3. a.b.c.

‘Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Cerambycidz. Sub-
Family, Lamiides.
Trees attacked:—Sal (Shorea robusta); Jhingham (Odina
Wodter).

Description.

I add the following to supplement the description of the
various stages of this insect given on pp. 68-69 of Jnjurious
Insects.

Larva.—The larva when quite small is elongate, never
curved, white in colour with soft yellowish head and mandibles
and twelve segments of nearly equal size. As it increases in size
the head becomes yellowish brown, the: mandibles large,
powerful and black, and the body-segments roundish, wrinkled
and thick, the hind ones tapering slightly, the prothoracic one
being the largest and hardest. Length 2} to 3 inches. _

The pupa is yellowish-white and has the shape of the mature
beetle ; the elytra, however, are soft, white and curled down on
to the breast, the antennz are held pressed over the back and
the legs are pressed against the sides. The eyes are large,
prominent and black, the tips of the mandibles also black and
the jointed palpi prominent. Length 14 inch.

_ Cocoon.—The pupa lies free in a curious, calcareous whitish
cocoon, which to some extent resembles a pigeon’s egg. These
cocoons are to be found lying at the ends of the larval tunnels
in the wood of infested trees,

The deetle is chestnut-brown in colour above and lighter-
coloured below, the legs and antenna being of the same colour
as the upper surface ; the head, upper and lower edges of thorax
and outer and inner edges of elytra black. The head slopes for-
ward at an angle, the eyes are kidney-shaped, the antennz taking
off from the inner angle of the eye; the first joint of the

PLOCEDERUS OBESUS. 369

antennz is large and swollen, the remainder long and swollen at
the nodes, where they are black; they are longer than the
total length of the insect in @, of the same length or slightly.
shorterin 9. The thorax has a transverse ridge at upper and
lower edges and the vertex is covered with small raised irregular
transverse ridges; the outer edges are produced into a spine
medianly. The elytra have a distinct shoulder to the upper
outer angle, the tips being truncate and spined. In the @ the
last segment of the body projects beyond the elytra. The legs
have 4 jointed tarsi, the 3rd joint is deeply cleft in a
heart-shaped manner, the 4th joint being inserted in the cleft
near the upper end of the third. Length 14-1} inch,

Life-History,

The following observations made in the Siwalik forests in the
United Provinces practically complete the life- Sa of this
insect for Upper India.

The beetles appear on the wing in March and soon after
pair and lay eggs in the bark of either sickly or freshly felled
trees. From these eggs small grubs hatch out in April and feed
for a time in the bast layer, making winding galleries in the bark
and sapwood. As the larve increase in size and their mandibles
become stouter they bore down through the sapwood and spend
the rest of this stage of their existence in the heart-wood of the
tree. About August-September the larva is full-fed and changes
into the pupal state within the curious calcareous cocoon peculiar
to this insect (see /njurious Insects, p. 68 and Pl. III, fig. 3¢).
This takes place at various depths in the tree. If some of these
‘cocoons are broken open at the end of November, the fully
developed beetle will be found inside them, mature but not ready
for flight as its outer covering is still soft. The pupal
state is evidently a short one, but the beetle on maturing rests
within the cocoon between December and March, whilst its outer
parts are slowly hardening. If the insect is examined in
December, it will be seen that the elytra are still quite soft, and
that the legs and antennew are by no means ready to perform their
respective functions properly. The beetle can walk but only in a

370 PLOCEDERUS OBESUS.

weak halting manner, It is probable that this habit of the beetle
of maturing and resting for some months is the cause of the state-
ment so often made that the insect appears om the wing tn
November and March in this part of India, It is improbable that.
the insect would appear when the sharp winter of the North-West
has set in, although it can be easily obtained at this season, The
writer has had numbers brought to him during the winter months.
Fuel choppers continually come across them, and it is probable
that the beetles obtained in this way have given rise to the

statement. From the above it will be evident that this insect
takes a year to pass through all the various stages of its life-
history from egg to mature beetle.

Relations to the Forest.

The damage done by this insect is more especially to the
timber of the tree it attacks, Trees cut down in cold weather
fellings will have eggs laid in their bark in March-April, and
unless the wood is removed before the ensuing rains the larve
hatching from the eggs will riddle it and render it useless for
any save firewood purposes; the weight of fuel obtained from.
such trees is very considerably lessened owing to the large
winding borings of the larve and the enlarged pupal cavity they
eat out. The damage thus caused to the timber is of more
importance than the damage done to the standing trees in the
forest, though it must be remembered that the insect wili oviposit
in sickly standing trees, and thus injure them and even cause
their death.

Since this beetle will oviposit in Sal trees, although it
prefers Jhingham (Odina Wodier) in the Dun Forests, it is
desirable that its life-history and capabilities of doing damage
should be well understood.

Protection and Remedies.

Observation has shown that P. obesus is undoubtedly
exceedingly plentiful in the country and attacks a variety of
trees; it is therefore advisable, wherever possible, to see that

PLOCEDERUS OBESUS. 371

practical protective measures against it are enforced. Feasible
ones in the case of fellings made in compact blocks, either of
high forest or coppice areas, are :—

(1) Bark all felled trees before April or during that month.
(2) Remove fuel stacks of unbarked wood and unbarked logs
from the neighbourhood of the forests by the end of
April.
If the above operations are strictly enforced, the danger of
this beetle increasing in such numbers as to form a menace to
the forest will be slight.

Points in the life-history requiring further observation.
Does the insect take less or more than one year to pass
through the various stages of its life-history—
(1) At the upper limits of Sal (Odina Wodter), etc.,.
growth at high elevations ?
(2) In the hotter and damper parts of the country ?

Go
=
bo

CASUARINA INSECT-PESTS OF MADRAS.

For some years past reports have been received from officers
in charge of the Casuarina Plantations created along the Eastern
sea-board of Madras that the trees, both in nurseries and in the
plantations, suffered from the attacks of insect-pests. At first
these reports appeared to be conflicting, since by some it was
stated that the roots were the part of the tree affected, whilst
others described attacks to the bark and wood of the stems and
branches. From the various grubs sent me on several occasions
it soon became apparent that several different kinds of insects
were responsible for the damage done, those most often sent
being the caterpillar of a moth andthe grubs of two different
families of beetles. In spite of several attempts it was not,
however, until recently that perfect insects were procured, thus
enabling the pests to be identified,

The insect which would appear to be at present the best
known and to cause the greatest damage is the caterpillar of
one of the wood-boring families of moths, the insect being
a species of Ardela (see p, 438). ‘This has been reported from
Chatrapur, Godavari, Cuddalore, Nellore (South Arcot) and
North Arcot,

Next in importance are some Longicorn beetle borers
(Stromatium sp. and Lamta (?) sp.) (see pp. 374, 376) which
are injurious in North Arcot, Godavari and Cuddalore.

Of some importance would appear to be the larvze of the
well-known rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros) (see p. 346),
the date-palm borer, whilst a bostrichid beetle, Apate jesutta
(p. 364), apparently riddles the wood in Nellore.

During a tour in the ‘first-half of July (1903) I was able to
pay my first visit toa Casuarina plantation. I inspected three
plantations near Chatrapur, in Ganjam, and personally investi-
gated, in company with Mr. C. E.C, Fischer, the attacks of the
Arbela caterpillar. Two other insects were discovered to be
doing damage to the tree. One, a Psychid caterpillar belonging
to a species of Clanza moth (p. 423) not previously reported, was
very fairly plentiful and was defoliating the trees; the other, a
Fulgorid, was collected upon the green branches where it was

CASUARINA INSECT-PESTS OF MADRAS. 373

engaged in sucking uptheir sap. Two coccids were also present
one a Monophlebus, the other an /cerya. These insects will
be dealt with in this number of these notes, and will be found
described under the several orders to which they belong.

374

STROMATIUM sp. prox. BARBATUM.

‘Reference :—Provisionally determined as Stromatium sp. prox. barbatum,
Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Cerambycide

Tree attacked :—Casuarina (Casuarina equisettfolia),

This is the beetle whose whitish grubs have been reported as
-committing, in company with the Arde/a, serious damage to the
«Casuarina plantations in North Arcot,

Beetle-—?. A somewhat elongate, narrow, lightly-built

beetle of the usual longicorn shape, dark brown with a purplish
“tinge often merging into a lighter shade towards the tips of the
elytra. Antenne and legs yellow. Former not as long as body.
No sculpture on thorax or elytra; both pitted and covered with
a fine yellow pubescence. Abdomen yellow beneath. Length
-seven-eighths inch (varies—may be smaller.)

¢.—Smaller than @. Antenne longer than body. Body
narrower and slimmer than in ¢; elytra more lightly coloured
-on upper half. Length five-eighths inch.

Greatly resembles Stromatium barbatum, the Kulsi Teak
‘borer. (Vzde Injurious Insects, 75, fig. 48.)

Life-History.

Grubs of this insect have been found in the trees in December
boring and feeding in the cambium layer and sapwood. In
June beetles, said to be the adults of these larve, were
-obtained from the trees. We do not yet know how long these
grubs spend feeding in the tree in this stage. It is, however,
almost certainly the greater part of a year and may be longer,
The pupal stage is probably short.

The damage is done by the grubs destroying the bast layer
of the tree. When they are numerous the tree is practically
ringed beneath the bark and dies.

Results of attack.

In December 1900 the Divisional Forest Officer, Mr. C. D.
Thornton, reported that grubs, identified as longicorn ones .
““had nearly ruined the Casuarina trees in the Anunundi

STROMATIUM sp. prox. BARBATUM. 378

Plantation........ .The grub is found in the cambium layer, under
the bark of old trees, on which it feeds,”

At my request for more specimens the beetles here described
‘were obtained and sent me in June (1903), by the District
Forest Officer, North Arcot. At present we have no further
information about this insect. This beetle has a strong reseme
lance to the Kulsi Teak Borer, S. daréatum, which riddles
young teak in Assam!

1Vide Author's Inj, Ins, Ind. For. pp. 73-76.

376

LAMIA (2) sp.

Reference :—Provisionally determined as Lamia (?) sp.
Classification:—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Cerambycide.

This is the beetle whose thick white grubs have been reported
as boring into the wood of the roots of Casuarina trees at
Cuddalore.

Larva.—A thick whitish-yellow grub with blackish brown
head and black mouth parts /(mandibles) followed by a largely
developed segment which ts slightly darker yellow than the
following ones. These latter taper slightly to the tenth which
is half the size of the prothoracic segment. Last two seg-
ments smaller ending in a blunt point. Length 134th inch.
Breadth across the big segment behind the head (prothoracic
segment) #,th inch.

Beetle. — 2. Black, moderately shining. Abdomen very
dark red beneath. A short thick beetle with a vertical head.
Prothorax sculptured and spined above and at sides, widest in
middle. Joined on to the elytra (wing covers) by a short neck.
Elytra wider than hind portion of prothorax, parallel to near
apex where the outer edges turn inwards, the elytra thus termi-
nating ina blunt point. Elytra entirely cover the base of body.
They are corrugated and spined at their basal portions and pitted
strongly for the rest of their length. First joint of antenna is
swollen and well marked. Length thirteen-sixteenths inch.

Life-History.

We know little at present about the life-history of this
insect. The grubs attack and live in the cambium layer and
sapwood of the roots of the tree and are said never to be found
in the stem. Grubs were found in this position on the 1st June,
and one mature beetle was obtained from the Talaukoda
Plantations near Cuddalore. There are no records as to the
amount of damage this beetle commits. Since it lives in the
cambium layer of the roots it is likely to prove a very serious
pest when present in any numbers in a plantation.

LAMIA (?) sp. 377
ee ee Fee ee Pe ee
Protection and remedies.

Until more is known about the life-histories of these two
Cerambycid beetles, it is difficult to prescribe remedies against
them. Badly infested trees should, however, be cut out whilst
the insect is still in the grub stage and the bark stripped off so as
to expose the cambium and sapwood of the tree to the sun. In
this position the grubs and pupz will soon be killed off and will
never reach the beetle stage. This must be done whilst the
insect is still in its larval stage. Ifleft too late the beetles will
begin to emerge and many will escape and lay eggs in adjacent
trees.

The same applies to trees whose roots are attacked, The
earth should be removed round the larger of these latter, since
it is in these that the grubs will be found, and the bark be then
stripped off.

Points in the life-histories requiring further observation.

1, Where the eggs are laid by the beetles,

2. When do the young larve hatch out ?

3. Length of time spent by the larve feeding in the cam-:
bium layer and sapwood.

4. Length of time spent in the pupa stage.

5. When does the beetle emerge? Is it only towards
the end of May and beginning of June, or do
beetles appear at other periods in the year?

6. Does the Lamza grub also attack the stem of the tree ?

378

Sandal-Wood-Boring Insects of Madras.

References have been made at various times to the damage
done to the sandal-wood trees in Madras by wood-boring
insects. In 1891, a considerable loss was experienced in
Mysore owing to their depredations, As is well known, the
wood of this tree is particularly valuable, and when it is
mentioned that the least blemish (and the old gallery of a wood-
boring insect is considered a very serious one) reduces its
value from ist class (R850 per ton) to 3rd (on R750) or
4th (R700) or lower, it will be readily understood that it is of
the first importance to know something about the life-histories
of these insects and what measures are feasible to counteract
their attacks.

The insect which up to the present has been quoted as
chiefly responsible for these attacks! is the caterpillar of the
moth Zeusera coffez, Neitner, a species which also infests the
coffee. Careful. observations on the ground have shown me
that this belief is erroneous. Such species as have been sent
to the Indian Museum for identification of the pest have been
naturally small, and consisted probably entirely of branch-wood
or small tops. These are the parts of the trees which the cater-
pillars of the Zeuzera prefer. It is, however, the heart-wood of
the main stem and the large branches that is of commercial value,
and this is attacked by quite a different class of borer, It isa
beetle grub belonging to the family Cerambyctdz, which contains
some of the largest wood-boring insect grubs known, I
can find no account of these having ever been reported as
damaging the wood, and yet they are undoubtedly the main cause
of the loss experienced. One specimen of yet another class
of borer, the sirex already described on p. 337, was found in the
heart-woed of a tree. These borers were taken in the North
Coimbatore forests.

Os
1[ndian Museum Notes, Vol. III, 1, 1.

STROMATIUM? sp.

Plate XXII, fig. 3.
Reference :Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Cerambycide.

As has been already mentioned the identification of insects
in their larval or grub stage is by no means easy. I am of
opinion, however, that the one found boring in sandal-wood
stems may prove to be that of a species of Stromatium,* a
genus belonging to the Cerambycide family of beetles.
Throughout the sandal-wood areas of the North Coimbatore
forests this insect was by far the most aggressive pest of the
tree. Ihave as yet been unable toobfain any beetles of this
sandal-wood-boring grub, of which the following is a descrip-
tion :—

Larva.—White with a pinkish tinge, thickish, tapering
slightly behind. Elongate, consisting of a small head and 12
following segments. Mcuth parts black, Thoracic segments
(the 3 segments following the head) yellowish. Length 1 inch
to 1} inch. Plate XXII, fig. 4, shows this grub.

Life-History.

Grubs differing in size but from two-thirds to nearly full-
grown were found in galleries in the stems of the trees in the first
week of August. No small larve were found, From their total
size and the length of the galleries bored, and from the fact
that no young larve were found in the stems examined,
I should think it improbable that they spend over a year in
this stage and the period may be a few months only. Neither
the pupal nor beetle stages of the pest have been yet found.

Method of attack.—The larve are to be found either in the
main stem or the small branches. An examination of these
latter shows that the grub has often started in the branch
and then bored down it to the main stem and then down the
latter. This is not invariably the case, as at times the larva!
gallery is entirely confined to the main stem, From this it is
evident that the eggs are laid by the beetle on the bark of
i eee eet ee

Vide Injurious Insects of Indian Forests, pp. 73°75, figs.47, 48 , 49-
D 2

380 STROMATIUM ? sp.

—

either a branch somewhere close to the main stem or on the main
stem itself. These observations are the result of an examinae
tion of a number of trees and saplings, some of which were
entirely cut up for inspection purposes. The tunnel is.
tightly packed with the digested wood particles which
are passed out by the larva as it proceeds down the stem.
These galleries are chiefly confined to the heart-wood of the
tree, both in the branch and main stem, and the grub always
bores downwards. |

Before changing to the pupal state the larva enlarges the
gallery slightly, and fills the extreme end with particles of
wood refuse and chips, It then turns round in the free
Space and changes into a pupa. The beetle on maturing
bores its way out of the tree by a horizontal hole driven
direct through the heart-wood, sapwood and bark to the
outside. The position of this exit gallery with reference to
the larval gallery inside makes it evident that the larva turns
round in the pupating chamber before changing to the rest-
ing stage. Whilst boring its gallery the larva may eat out
one or two offset galleries to the outside. These are always
at right angles to the main gallery and are for aération pur-
poses only. When the larval gallery is confined to the main
stem there will usually be only one of these. Ifthe gallery
has started in a branch there will often be two, The insect
would appear to confine itself to saplings and young poles.

Between Dhimbun and Kollegal a number of trees and
saplings were found to be attacked. The following is a de-
scription of a badly infested one which, together with others,
was entirely cut up. It is quoted as indicative of what this
borer is capable.

The tree had a diameter of 24 inches at the base and a bole
of 15 feet to the point where the crown commenced. This bole
had been attacked in several places, the last gallery running
down to within 2 feet of the base of the tree. Both new and
old galleries were visible upon splitting up the stem.. These
were as follows, beginning at the lowest one :—

tst—New Gallery.—Contained a living grub just about to.
pupate in the heart of thestem. Gallery about 18 inches

STROM ATIUM ? sp. 381

in length bored downwards and confined to the stem
only, Gallery slightly winding.

2nd—Old Gallery.—The eggs were probably laid upon the
bark of a side branch. The gallery commenced in this.
The young larva on hatching out had bored straight
to the heart of the branch and then bored down its
centre till it reached the main stem, down the heart-

wood of which it carried its tunnel. Length of gallery

in main stem 7 inches. The larva had pupated at the
end of the gallery, the extreme end of it being packed
with wood chips. The rest of the gallery, with the
exception of the pupal chamber, was blocked with
a dark red hard mass (the heart-wood is reddish)
consisting of chewed wood. A large hole starting at
one side near the upper end of the pupal chamber was_
Sored horizontally through the wood to the outside,
This exit-hole was very visible on the outside of the
stem.

grd—Old Gallery.—This one also commenced in a side
branch, the larva working down the branch into the
main stem and then down the centre of this latter,
finishing up close to where No. 2 joined the main
stem. It did not join this latter, Length about 1 foot.
An air-hole had been bored to outside. Exit-hole
of beetle bored in the same way as in No, 2.

4th— A New Gallery.—Contained a living larva which was
about to pupate. It had enlarged the end of its
gallery for this purpose. About 3 inches of the gallery
was free of the compressed wood excreta. Length of
gallery 114 inches. Was confined tocentre of the stem
and contained one air-hole bored to outside about
half-way down, In this case the egg must have been
laid by the mother beetle either on the outside of
the bark ina crevice or in the softer layer of tissue
below.

5th—Old Gallery.—This gallery started at the point where
tbe main stem branched into two or three forks, z.e.,
where the crown commenced. It began about 14 inch

382 STROMATIUM ? sp.

PCE TS SRA Wy ap tly Bi et a ae a ee
up one of the forks and then came down the main
stem, its total length being from 15 to 16 inches. One-
air-hole present. This gallery ended near where No. 4
commenced.

6th—New Gallery.—A tunnel containing a living larva.

which ran down one of the forks and ended very
near where No, 5 joined the main stem. The grub
inside was not more than 4-8rds grown, and the
gallery appeared to be still in course of construction.
It was apparently on its way to the main stem.

From the above we see that there were no less than five
tunnels in the main stem (two of which contained living grubs)
and one unfinished one in a fork of the crown near where it
joined the bole. The tree was alive but badly stag-headed.
It was growing near Osahatti, in the sandal-wood coupe No. 7.

Results of Attack.—Only living trees are attacked by this
pest, and it would appear to confine itself to saplings and:
young poles. The sandal is not necessarily killed by the action
of the boring grubs; in fact, unless these latter are numerous
the tree is probably but little inconvenienced and the cambium
layer soon covers over the old air and exit-holes made by
the pest. In such cases there is no evidence externally that.
the tree has been attacked. When it is felled and converted,,
however, the heart-wood is found to contain the old galleries,
made by the boring grubs which infested the tree when young,
and the value of the wood is thereby greatly lessened, no matter
how fine in quality it may be, At other times, however, the:
tree shows externally plenty of evidence of old attacks. The
air-holes and exit-holes are plainly visible, and if the sandal is.
from any cause sickly and unable to cover these over they begin,
under the action of the sun and rain, to ‘‘ weather,” become greatly
enlarged and even at times coalesce. When the latter takes
place the tree will be found to have its centre exposed on one-
side, perhaps for a distance of several fect, and a considerable
amount of “heart” wood will have rotted away under the
‘ weathering” action,

The plantation at Bailur was visited and inspected. The
poor character of the growth here was due to other causes, but.

STROMATIUM ? sp. 383

BEEP) eee ee EE

it was apparent that a number of the trees had been attacked
some years previously by a cerambyx borer, not improbably the
Stromatium, About 4,000 badly shaped or dying and dead
trees had been cut out the year previous to my visit (190r)
or it is not unlikely that the evidence of the pest’s work
would have been still greater.

Summarising the above we see that this pest may—

(1) Kill saplings (probably not often) ;

(2) Bore up the heart-wood of young living trees. That
subsequently the vitality of these latter is sufficient

-to grow over the air and exit-holes, thus hiding all
trace of the attacks which are only discovered when
the wood is converted for sale.

(3) The exit and air-holes may “ weather”’ tosuch an extent
that they coalesce, and thus 50 per cent. or more of
the heart-wood of the tree may be destroyed.

During a visit I paid to the Sandal Koti at Bangalore, I was
able to inspect the damage done to the wood by these insects.
Unfortunately I arrived a week too late to be present at the
actual sorting of the year’s outturn which was stored in the
godown. Had Ibeen present at thisit would have enabled me to
have inspected many hundreds of logs, and it would have been
possible to form some conclusion as to the insects’ abundance or
otherwise in Mysore. I was shown the various classes of wood
and the system of classification was described. Wood with
holes and galleries in it, even though its quality may be other-
wise absolutely 1st class, is relegated to the 3rd or Ath classes,
and therefore it is quite possible to calculate the actual
monetary loss occasioned by the work of this longicorn. My
inspection showed it to be sufficiently high to render the full
working out of its life-history a matter of the first importance.

Norz.—In a tree with a diameter of 6 inches at the base I found another
kind of longicorn larva which is not a Stromatium. ‘The tree, a large one
standing in the Odayarpalaiam compartment of the Doddasanpige Forest,
had a dead 5 foot top. Below this in the green wood I cut out a longicorn
grub, about 1} inch long, white but with much larger thoracic segments
than has a Stromatium larva. A second one was found lower down in
the bole. Nothing further has been ascertained about this grub. It

would not appear to be so numerous as the Stromatium, as only

384 | STROMATIUM ? sp.

three specimens of it were found. The heart-wood of this tree, a particularly
fine one, was greatly reduced in value by the numerous old and new
galleries it contained,

This longicorn may be identical with the well-known “ white borer ” of the
South India Planters. This latter grub is the white larva of the cerambycid
beetle Xylotrechus quadripes.* The grub is shown in Plate XXII, fig. 4.

Distribution.

This borer and the Zeuzera coffee (vide p. 435) exist in the
sandal-wood areas of North Coimbatore. The Deputy Conserva-
tor of Forests at Bangalore, to whom I explained with diagrams
the nature of the damage done,’ told me that he thought these
two were also present throughout Mysore. He could not tell me
anything about the sirex borer. From an examination of the
sandal billets in the sandal Koti at Bangalore, I think that there
can be little doubt that the Deputy Conservator is correct. I
have at present no information as to whether these borers exist
in Coorg.

Protection and Remedies.

The question of methods of protection against these internal
boring pests is a difficult one, and the drastic one of cutting out
and burning all infested trees is often the only one that can be
recommended. The matter is rendered more difficult in this
case owing to the scattered way in which the sandal grows.

We require to know a good deal; more about the Stroma-
tium’s life-history and, firstly, the period at which it lays its
eggs and how long they take to develop and hatch out the
grubs. If the beetles all issue at approximately the same
time and lay their eggs on the bark within a period of a
fortnight or so, it would be quite possible to make an attempt to
check the pest in localities where it is seen to be bad by scrap-
ing down the bark of the trees with a blunt instrument, This
would get rid of the eggs and save the tree- I recognise that
there would be difficulty in doing this owing to the fact that the
sandal usually grows in the midst of thorny scrub bushes. In the
case of severe attacks, however, it would be quite feasible and
the value of the tree would justify the expense. It is, therefore,
of great importance that the periods of emergence of the beetle
and egg-laying should be ascertained. Trees infested are not so

* Vide Note in [njur., Ins. Ind. Forests, p. 80.

STROM ATIUM ? sp. 385
NI es a cei ds ttt eater eee

‘easily recognisable as in the case of the red borer, as the
white one packs its tunnel with wood excreta as it progresses
forward and does not eject this. It will be remembered, how-
ever, that it also bores air-holes to the outside, and these can be
recognised in the same way as those of the red borer. Further
we have seen that atree infested in previous years is liable to
be attacked again in a succeeding year. So it would be well to
remove those in which air-holes and fresh exit-holes are present’

A study of the predaceous and parasitic insects which prey
upon the larva should also prove most useful.

Points in the life-histories requiring further observation.
1, Exactly where and when the beetles emerge and
egg-lay.
2, The period occupied in egg-laying. This period
will coincide with that during which the beetles
are to be found upon the wing.
3. The period passed in the egg stage.
4. The period spent by the grub boring in the woed.
Is this less than a year?
5, Length of time passed in the pupal stage. Since I
found grubs full-fed and about to pupate in the
first half of August, one of two things may occur—«
(a2) The pupal stage may be a short one, and the
beetles may emerge in September or
October and lay their eggs upon the bark
at once, and the cold weather may be
passed through in this stage—the larve
hatching out in February or March, pro-
bably the former, or

(4) The insect may remain in the pupal stage
throughout the cold weather, or

(c) The beetle may become fully developed be-
fore the cold weather, but remain in the
pupal chamber throughout the cold weather
emerging about February.

6. Length of time spent in the beetle stage.

7. What predaceous and parasitic animals prey upon
this borer ?

386

CALANDRA SCULPTURATA, Gyll.

Plate XXII, figs. 5, 5a, 50, 5¢.
Classification :— Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Curculionidae.

Tree attacked :— Quercus incana,

Description,

Larva.—A small, white, short, stunted, legless grub, almost
as broad in the centre as long, with a small pale-brown head*
Length 4th inch,

Pupa.—White, of usual weevil type and about same length
as larva.

Beetle—Has the regular weevil shape. On first emerging
from the pupal state it is red in colour but soon changes to a dark
red brown. ‘The whole surface is covered with small punctures.
The proboscis is curved and about 7th inchlong. The antenne-
are elbowed and spring from near the base of proboscis. ‘Thorax
covered with punctures, irregularly scattered. The tibize of the
legs are ribbed and bear a hooped spine, and the punctures are in,
longitudinal rows. The elytra do not quite cover the abdomen
and have broadly rounded ends. They are ribbed and the punc-
tures are arranged in longitudinal rows, about fourteen rows on.
each elytron. The elytra are about half the length of the body,
Length ;3th inch exclusive of proboscis; proboscis slightly over
teth inch, Plate XXII, figs. 5, 5a, 54, 5c, show the larva, pupa.
and imago of this weevil, and also an attacked acorn.

Life-History.*

This weevil first begins to emerge from the acorns about
the middle of June and continues doing so until the end of the
month. Mr. B.O, Coventry, who discovered itand studied its
life-history, is of opinion that it probably immediately lays eggs.
in the young new acorns from the preceding year’s flowers,
which are present on the trees at the time of emergence of the

* This weevil was reported by Mr. B. O. Coventry, F.C.H., and the notes.
given here on its life-history are from observations made by him. See /nudtan
Forester, Vol. XXVIII. No. 10.

CALANDRA SCULPTURATA, Gyll. 387-

ee ee ee ee

insect, and that a second generation of the weevil appears in the

autumn. This may prove to be the case, since the acorns ripen

between August and October but remain on the tree through the-
ensuing winter. The pupal stage in the spring only lasts a few-
days.

The eggs are evidently laid on the acorns, the weevil not im--
probably drilling a hole into the fruit with its proboscis and
placing them init, As many as six or seven beetles have been
obtained from one nut. The larve feed inside reducing the-
kernel to a powdery mass, no external opening being visible in
he outer skin of the fruit. Mr. Coventry thus describes the
pupation :—“ On removing this shell or skin the pupe are seen
lying each in a separate compartment of its own. The kernel oft
the acorn, though reduced to a fine powdery condition, is still
firm and fills the shell so that when this latter is removed the-
inside appears solid, with the pupe lying in little compartments
on its surface (see fig. 5c) With slight pressure, however, it falls.
to pieces, and it is seen that each compartment is really a small
cradle-like cocoon covered above by the shell of the acorn.”
When ready to emerge a hole is bored through the shell to the
cutside—and this, presumably, by the first mature beetle since.
all the others issue by the same exit-hole. The acorns,fall to the
ground during the attack about the time the larvae become full-
fed. The beetle is said to be very lively, but feigns death when
disturbed.

- Locality from where reported.

Mr. Coventry found this weevil at, Mussoorie, in the North--

West Himalayas, in June 1902.

Relations to the Forest.

This beetle is a most serious pest to the acorns of the dan
oak (Quercus tncana) in which it lays its eggs, the larvee burrow-
ing and feeding in and destroying the fruits. Mr. Coventry states
that the insect is largely responsible for the absence of natural
reproduction of this tree from seed in the Mussoorie Hills, He
writes as follows on this subject :—‘ On 1tth June 1902
I collected a large number of acorns of Q. tncana at Mussoorie
with the object of ascertaining what proportion of them was.

388 CALANDRA SCULPTURATA, Gyil,

sound, as I could not account for the general absence of natural
regeneration from seed of this species. The result of the investi-
gation showed that about 80 per cent, were unsound. Some of
the acorns were collected from trees and others from the ground,
where they had quite recently fallen. The unsoundness of the
acorns was found to be due to the attack of a weevil beetle.”

Protection and Remedies.

The best protective measure to take for pests of this nature
is to collect and burn, when at all feasible, the whole seed crop
during a bad attack, as recommended on pages: 160-161 of No, 2
of these notes in the case of the Quercus semicarptfolia attacked
by the fly Callirhytis semicarpifoliz. If this were done in
patches of forest only it would have the effect of greatly dimi-
nishing the numbers of the weevils on those areas, and the next
crop of acorns would thus be attacked by a very much smaller
number of beetles. Children could be put on at small cost to
do the collection work over certain areas, and this work should
be begun as soon as the acorns begin to drop.

Potnts in the life-history requiring further observation.

1, Do the June beetles immediately lay eggs in the young
acorns to be found on the oak trees at the time they
mature and emerge ?

2. If this is the case, isa second generation of the insect
gone through by the autumn ? ;

3. If mature beetles issue in the autumn, do they pass through
the winter in this stage or do they at oncelay eggs
in the ripe acorns to be found on the trees at this
period of the year? If eggs are laid, is the winter
passed through in the egg stage or do grubs emerge
and spend the winter feeding inside the acorns?

4. The length of time spent in the grub and beetle stages.

5. The number of generations in the year.

389

SPH/EROTRYPES SIWALIKENSIS, n. sp.

' THE SAL-BARK-BORER,

Plate~xXXil) figs: 15 1a; rdpres

Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Scolytida. Sub«
Family Hylesini-

Tree attacked :—(Shorea robusta) Sal.

Description,

Larva.—White curved, legless, thick, robust and much
corrugated, with a small brownish yellow head; very convex
dorsally, flat ventrally and elliptical in section (see fig. 1, a).

Pupa.—A\|most spherical in shape, white, has the appear-
ance of beetle but is soft, and legs and antennz and wings are
compressed against the sides and breast.

Beetle.—Elongate, globular, very convex above. Black, with
often a reddish tinge on the thorax and basal portion of elytra.
Head black, with black prominent eyes ; antennz yellow, angled,
ending in aclub; thorax with anterior margin half the width of
the posterior, the margin produced forward into a lobe in the
middle, with a transverse depression below it; sides rounded,
posterior margin produced backward medianly into a sharp point,
a fine raised longitudinal black line down centre, the rest of
surface being covered with slightly raised irregular elevations,
Elytra longitudinally striate with the intervals consisting of rows
of prominent rounded serrate elevations, like blunt teeth; the
elytra taper slightly towards apex, the basal margin being
angularly convex and serrate; the basal fifth is often red in
colour and much less deeply striate, and the elevations are less.
prominent than on the rest of surface. Under-surface black, the
abdominal segments thickly clothed with longish yellow hair,
Legs brown, tibia serrate on edge, tarsi lighter coloured. Length
1th to th inch. The black elevate line down prothorax, and
the remarkably deeply striate and corrugate elytra serve to
distinguish this insect, a dorsal and side view of which is shown

in Pl. XXII], figs. 1a, 10.

390 SPHA4ROTRYPES SIWALIKENSIS, n. sp.

Life-History.

This beetle makes its first appearance in the year about
‘the middle of March in dry warm years, the beginning of April
probably in cold wet ones. It is gregarious, flying to and
attacking treesin swarms. The ¢? beetle, having paired with
the male, bores horizontally through the bark till she reaches
“the cambium layer and then mines out a short gallery, which
grooves both bast and wood, parallel to the long axis of the
“tree. In this she lays her eggs in little indentations made on
either side allthe way up. The laryze on hatching out bore
away from the mother gallery at angles which deviate more
and more from the right angle the nearer they approach to the
extremities of the tunnel (see fig. 1). On becoming full-fed the
“Jarva, whose gallery is eaten out in both bark and wood, enlarges
“the end of its tunnel into a kind of chamber and pupates in
“this. The beetles on maturing leave the pupal chamber and
the tree by boring astraight horizontal tunnel through the bark.
Length of egg gallery={ to 1 inch. Length of larval tunnel is
‘roughly about an inch, Number of eggs laid = 35-40. The
plan of the egg and larval galleries is always constant and
remains in the bark and sapwood of attacked trees, forming a
record of the beetles’ presence in the past in that forest.
Fig, Ic, depicts the inner side of a piece of Sal bark showing the
yplan of one whole set of galleries complete and portions of two

others.

The ¢ beetle remains alive for some time after
egg-laying and keeps her entrance tunnel and egg-gallery
completely free of all wood-dust and dirt. She finally dies in
the entrance tunnel a little distance down from its mouth. The
eggs laid by the March beetle are those of the first generation of
the year. Larvz hatch out within 3 to 4 days of the eggs being
laid, and are full-fed about the end of April. The beetles
mature some time during May, and either one or, more pro-
“pably, two more generations are passed through between this
-and the third week in September. From this latter date up

SPHROTRYPES SIWALIKENSIS, tt. sp. 391
FFF
to the beginning of May I have a complete record of the beetles’
‘life-history, The following are notes for 1901-02 :-—

On September 22nd, 1901, larve in the tunnels were nearly
‘full-grown, as evidenced by the length of the larval tunnels.
“The mother beetles were still alive in the egg-galleries or in
‘the entrance tunnel in bark. |

- Pupz also present and one or two mature beetles,

On October 4th beetles were issuing.

On October 26th larve present in galleries and mature
‘beetles. These are those of the fourth (or fifth) generation,

About the middle of November mature beetles issued,

December 16th.—Tunnels contain only full-grown larvae,
_pupz and mature beetles. These were hibernating through the
winter. The pupz in severe winters would probably get killed
-off.

Fanuary t&th, 1902.—Larve and mature beetles found hiber-
nating in galleries.

February 25th.—Mature beetles cut out from the bark of
‘standing, living but stag-headed Sal trees. These beetles had
-issued from the trees in which they had matured some time in
November and then bored a short way into the thick bark of
‘neighbouring Sal trees, and were hibernating through the winter
in this position.

March 15th—Mature beetles taken on wing. The insects
had begun egg-laying. The winter and spring of;1goI-02 were
-exceptionally dry and were thus entirely favourable to insect-
life.

April 16th.—Egg galleries of ¢ to 1 inch long with larval
galleries of 1-1} ich long containing young larve. Dead
beetles in entrance holes. In many instances these galleries had
evidently been made by beetles which had hibernated in the bark,
.as although externally the entrance hole was seen to be old and
the entrance burrow also fora short way in, its continuation
down into the bast was fresh as also were the egg and larval-
-galleries. The larve in these galleries were, of course, those of
the first generation of the year.

392 SPH AEROTRYPES SIWALIKENSIS, n. sp.

Locality from where reported.
The insect is fairly plentiful in the Sal forests of the Dun.
plateau, N.-W. India. Elevation 2,000-2,500 feet. It was
discovered by the writer in September 1got.

Relations to the Forest.

Although the range of this beetle, as far as at present reported
is limited, it is probable that it will be found widely extended
throughout the Sal forests of the submontane regions of the
Himalayas from West to East, and research may show it to be
present in the Sal tracts of other parts of the country. Its lifes
history, as at present observed, shows that it possesses the power
of rapidly increasing in numbers owing to the practice of passing
through several generations inthe year. It requires fresh came
bium to deposit its eggs in, and will necessarily go to green
trees to find thisif the supply of newly-felled or dying ones.
were, for any reason, to become diminished in the forest.

In order to enable me to study the life-history of the pest,
whose traces were plentiful in dead bark and wood in the forests,
the Divisional officer, Mr. Milward, had felled for me two large
healthy living trees in August Igo1. As the above record
shows, by September 22nd they contained numbers of laryze
both in the bole and in the larger branches of the crown. By
the time the bark was dry one of thetrees was covered from
top to bottom with the egg and larval-galleries of this Scolytid.
The galleries were not quite so numerous on the other tree.
Subsequently beetles were found attacking standing living
stag-headed trees. Other trees were felled for me in the spring
of the following year. Throughout my observations were
greatly assisted by the Range officer.

Protection and Remedies.

All trees felled should be at once barked or, if they are left
as trap trees with the bark on, they should be barked as soon
as they are full of larvze and before these have pupated and
begun to issue as beetles. In leases given for the felling of
Sal trees in coupes a clause should be inserted enforcing the
barking of the trees as soon as felled,

SPH EROTRYPES SIWALIKENSIS, n. sp. 393

In the Siwalik Sal areas there is a considerable sale of Sal
posts (termed locally “ tors %). These are cut during the
cold weather months and should be all taken out of the forest by
the end of March. Provided this proviso is strictly adhered
to there will be little chance of these posts assisting in the
multiplication of the beetle. The tors will not be attacked
if stacked in the sun two {or three miles or even less from
the forest, as the beetle will not lay in rapidly drying bark which
would not provide sustenance for the larve when they had
hatched out from the eggs.

There can be little doubt that this beetle may prove 2
source of serious danger to coppice coupes if it once becomes
numerous in adjacent areas of high forest undergoing improve-
ment by the removal of all stag-headed and sickly trees. As
the older areas became cleaner the issuing swarms of bark-
borers would be forced to attack the green trees. It is more
than probable that coppice areas would be chosen. The attack
would be certain to begin in patches, the insect working
outwards from acentre. If patches of trees in coppice or pole
forest appear to be dying the bark should be carefully exam-
ined. If covered with small shot holes on the outside, especially
beneath the projecting edges of flakes and in crevices, portions
should be stripped off and examined on the inside. If, as will
be the case when the beetle is numerous, the whole inner bark
and sapwood are found to be riddled with galleries containing
larvee, pupz or beetles, the whole patch affected should be cut out
and the trees either barked at once and the bark burnt or, if the
barking is not possible, the whole of the cut out material should be
stacked and burnt. Trap trees should be left and watched.

Points in the life-history requiring further observation.

1. The exact length of time spent by the various stages
of the insect in each generation. Is this about.
six weeks in the case of the summer generations?

2. The number of generations in the year. Are the
following periods approximately correct :—

1st generation.— Middle of March to middle or end
of May?

304 SPHHROTRYPES SIWALIKENSIS, n. sp.

2nd generation.—June to middle of July. ?

grd generation.—Middle of July to end of August ?

4th generatton.—September to middle of October ?

5th generation.—Middle of October to end of Nov-
ember ?

(This latter would probably be only a ‘patted
generation, the greater number of larve hiber-
nating as such or as pupz and only a few beetles
maturing and hibernating in hole in the thick
bark of other trees.) .

3. Does the insect attack other trees besides the sal ?

4. Does the beetle attack the sal in the Central Pro-
vinces, Chota Nagpur, N. Madras (Ganjam), N--
E, Bengal (Eastern sub-montane Himalayan
forests, Jalpaiguri, Buxar-Duars) and Assam?

395
SPH /EROTRYPES CO!MBATORENSIS, n. sp.

Plate XXIII, figs. 2, 2a, 20.
“Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Scolytide. Sub-
Family, Hylesini.
Tree attacked :—4nogetssus latifolia.
Description.

Larva.—When first hatched the larve are minute little
-white legless grubs, very convex dorsally and slightly so on their
vunder surface. Pl. XXIII, fig. 2, shows a partially grown larva
_of this beetle.

Beetle.—Small, black, globular, constricted behind. Head
“black with a depression below, forehead; antennz yellow with
_an elongate club consisting of several divisions, Thorax narrower
:in front than behind,! the greatest width $rds down; anterior
:margin with a transverse prominent depression below it ; posterior
‘produced backwards medianly into an elongate point; surface
covered with minute elevations and a few sparse short yellow
bristles and a longitudinal median elevate line, often not very
prominent. Elytra with basal margins convexly rounded and.
minutely serrate, constricted behind with apex angled; they leave
;uncovered the last segment of abdomen; broadly striate, the
-interstrial portions set with small sharp elevations, much smaller
‘than in P. stwaltkensts; the strize and elevations less well

defined on the basal edge of elytra, the stria curved backwards
to meet in apical margin. Under-surface slightly convex, black ;
-abdominal segments set with short sparse whitish bristles. Legs
black, tarsi yellowish. Length 4-3th inch. The differently
-shaped and relatively larger (in proportion to the elytra)
thorax and the distinctly different appearance of the striez and
elevations on the elytra serve to easily distinguish this insect from
SP. stwalikensis, Plate XXIII, figs. 2a, 26, show a dorsal and
side view of this beetle.

Life-History.
This insect lays its eggs in the cambium layer of trees,
“To enter the tree a circular hole is bo.ed through the bark
E2

396 SPH AZROTRYPES COIMBATORENSIS, n. sp.

and a short horizontal tunnel carried down to the cambium.
This is made by one beetle only, whether by the female
or male has yet to be observed. On reaching the bast a
short gallery about 4th inch long, with parallel sides, is:
grooved out and in this two beetles, a male and female, are
always to be found: and this is probably the pairing chamber,
After pairing the male leaves the chamber by the hole of
entrance and the female commences boring her egg-gallery.
This is straight and is merely a continuation of the pairing
chamber, and is always parallel to the longitudinal axis of the
tree. Small recesses are eaten out on either side close to-
gether all up this gallery, and an egg laid in each. The first eggs.
hatch out before the female has completed her gallery and egg-
laying, so the egg stage is evidently a short one—lasting but a
few days at most. The female blocks up each recess with saw-
dust after laying an egg in it, perhaps to provide a_ first mea]
for the young newly-hatched larva, The egg-gallery is kept
quite free of saw-dust. An examination of old galleries
showed that the larve bore away from the egg-gallery in a radiat-
ing manner, the pattern formed by their collective galleries
approaching an ellipse. When full-fed the larve enlarge the
end of their galleries and pupate in these chambers. When
mature the beetle bores its way straight out of the tree by a
hole through the bark. The length of the egg-gallery is £th inch
tO 2 inches with a breadth of }thinch or less, Length of larval
galleries $rd to 13thinch. Breadth }th at top and th inch
at base, wherethey take off from egg-gallery. The number of
eggs laid by the beetle averages 24, The plan of the gallery is
very like that of P. stwalikensis shown in fig. Ic.

I consider it probable that there are at least three genera-
tions of this beetle in the year—and perhaps four, Some green
Anogeissus poles felled in April and left lying in the forest
were examined on August 6th, They were found to have
been attacked from top to bottom by this beetle since they-
had been felled. The insects had laid their eggs in the
felled poles, the larva had hatched out, become full-fed, pupated,
and emerged as beetles, All this was plainly decipherable, but
the examination showed that, whilst the work was so recent as

SPHZEROTRYPES COIMBATORENSIS, n. sp+ 397

ee eee

-to have been evidently done during the year, it was not fresh
enough to have been that of the beetles then swarming in the
‘forest, The exit holes made by the beetles had had time to dry
and shrivel round their edges, and the boring was no longer
fresh and clean. I consider it probable that the poles had
been attacked in April, soon after being felled, and eggs laid
in them. The beetles maturing from these eggs probably
issued some time in June and at once laid eggs in other trees,
the poles in which they themselves had matured having become
too dry to afford food of the nature required by the larve.
These would be the eggs of the second generation, and beetles
from them would appear in August. This theory was entirely
supported by the writer finding beetles and larvee in some newly-
felled poles on the 6th of that month, The insects had settled
upon these poles, which were unbarked, in a swarm and the
‘bark was pitted with their entrance holes. Beneath they
were to be found in various stages of egg-laying. In some
_cases but one beetle was present, having just bored down to the
-cambium layer. In others two were to be found in the chamber,
whilst in others againthe egg-gallery had been commenced, or in
some cases partially completed, the eggs first laid (at the bottom
end) having already hatched out. These beetles were evidently
‘not those of the generation which had attacked the April poles,
‘since they had obviously but just left the tree in which they
thad matured, and we have seen that the exit holes in the
April poles had dried-up edges. I therefore conclude that
they belonged to an intermediate generation, probably the
second of the year, and were laying the eggs of a third.

The beetles evidently leave the trees together when mature
_and fly off in a swarm in search of trees in a suitable condition
for egg-laying.

Locality from where reported.

This insect was discovered by the writer in the North
‘Coimbatore Hill Forests in the Madras Presidency. Elevation
-about 1800 feet.

Relations to the Fores

As far as observations have been at present carried, it would

_appear that this beetle is capable of making itself felt as a

398 SPH4ROTRYPES COIMBATORENSIS, n. sp.

serious pest in the forest. It has evidently the power of swarm--
ing in considerable numbers and requires fresh bark in which
to lay its eggs. At present it has only been-found in newly--
felled poles ; but it is more than probable that it would attack
young growing saplings, especially sickly ones, were the former
not available. Poles inspected, which had been attacked by the
insect ard from which the beetles on maturing had left, were
found to have their bast layer completely riddled by the pest,.
whilst the bark externally showed, in addition to the entrance
holes, numerous elliptical rings of exit holes placed close to one
another, as shown in fig. 1c. An examination showed me that
this insect appears tobe fairly free from parasites, as a close
inspection failed to disclose avy larval remains in the larval
galleries and pupating chambers. In the cases where larve have-
been so attacked it is generally possible to find at Jeast the skin:
of the head and perkaps a portion cf the thorax and abdomen:
present inthe pupal chamber or larval gallery. Further, the
holes in the elliptical ring on the bark usually corresponded in
number with the larval galleries on the inner side of the bark.
and in the sapwood.

Further observations are required on this point.

Previous to finding this insect the writer saw in the
Coimbatore Forest Museum a portion of an Anogetssus post
marked “attacked by insects.” The post showed a series of
plans of the old egg and larval galleries evidently caused by
a Scolytid insect. They resembie closely the ones described’
here, and the post had probably been attacked in the forest by
this beetle.

Protection and Remedies.

Newly-cut poles shculd be at once remcved from the forest
or barked. If neither is possible and a stream is close by they
should be put into this for a couple of weeks. This will pro-
bably be sufficient to render the bark distasteful to the insects..
in the case above described the trees had been cut for
road-making purposes. Care should be taken to see that poles cut:
in excess of the requirements are not left unbarked in the forest,.
as was the case in this instance. The last part of April and first
half of May, the last half of June and the first half of August are

SPH ZEROTRYPES COIMBATORENSIS, n. sp- 399
Nee ee

probably the flight times of the beetle, #.¢, the egg-laying
periods, with perhaps the middle portion of September if there
is a fourth, or portion of a fourth, generation.

In plantations, coppice areas, etc., all infested trees should
be at once cut out and either barked, if this is possible, or burnt.
The periods for treating the plantations would be the three
weeks succeeding the completion of egg-laying in the different.

generations.
We do not yet know whether the insect attacks old trees.

Points in the life-history requiring further observation.

:, Further particulars regarding the April generation.
The information about it has at present been
collected from careful inspections of old attacked
poles. “It is fairly reliable, since there is no doubt
about the time at which these poles were felled.

2, Is there a generation between the April one and the
beetles found egg-laying in August? If so, the
length of time spent in the various stages of eggs
larva, pupa, and beetle by it.

3, The length of time spent in the various stages of
the April and August generations,

4. Is there a fourth generation ofthe insect? Ifso, is.
it a complete one or do the larve hibernate as such.
in their galleries through the cold weather months ?

5. Does the insect only attack, young trees, or does it
infest old ones as well? Will it attack healthy
living trees if no suitable felled ones are available ?

400

Parasitic and Predaceous Enemies of Sphezrotrypes siwalikensis
and S. coimbatorensis.

ICHNEUMON SP.

Plate XXIII, fig. 3.
Classification:—Order, HYMENOPTERA. Family, Ichneumonide.
Parasitic upon Spherotrypes siwalikensis. (The Sal
Barkborer).
Description,

Pupa.—Small slender, white, resembling to some extent the
mature fly but with the antenne, legs and wings closely pressed
against the body,

Imago.—The fly is small, blackish in colour, with 2 pairs of
membranous wings. The antenne and legs are long and
slender. The insect is shown in Plate XXIII, fig. 3.

Life-History.

This insect is parasitic upon the sal Spherotrypes, and the
dates of its autumn generation appear to coincide with those of
its host, pupz being found at the beginning of October and the
imago emerging later on in themonth. Itis probable that this
imago lays its eggs in or near the galleries containing the over
wintering larve and that the ichneumon larva lives upon them,
spending the winter as a grub, Or the winter may be passed
through in the egg stage,

Locality, Relations to Forest, etc,

The insect was found in the Dun Sal areas of North-West
India.

It is likely to prove, if at all abundant, a most useful insect
in the forest, since it helps to keep down the numbers of the
Scolytid.

The number of generations in the year and how and where
each is passed through require further observation Do they
coincide with those of its Scolytid host ?

401

NIPONIUS ANDREWESI, Lewis.

Plate XXIII, figs. 4, 4a.
Reference :—Lewis, Ent. Mthly. Mag. 2nd ser., Vol. iv, p. 183 (1893).
Classification :— Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Histeride.
Predaceous upon Sphzrotrypes siwalikensis and S. coim-

batorensis.
Description.

Larva.—Elongate pink or red with a yellowish head
followed by 12 segments, the last constricted.

Beetle.—Somewhat elongate with stout mandibles; black,
shining ; the two expesed posterior segments of the abdomen
are a deep red in colour, as are all the ventral portions of the seg-
ments and the legs. Thehead is rather densely punctate; the
thorax about as broad as long with two large excavations, one on
each side midway between the front and base, less densely punc-
tured than head and punctures vary in size. The elytra are
more evenly punctured than the thorax, the basal margin being
slightly elevated, without dorsal striz. Length 43 millim.
Plate XXIII figs. 4, 4a.

Life-History.

The life-history of this beetle and number of generations
passed through in the year is likely to correspond to some
extent to that of its hosts, the Sal and Anogeissus Scolytids.

In the Dun Sal areas pink larve of various sizes were present

gn the larval galleries of the Sal bark=borer on September 22nd, and
were feeding upon the scolytid larve. On October 4th full-grown
larve and white pupz were present. ‘Through November and on
throughout the winter months pink larvz were to be found in the
galleries, and also pupe encased in silk web coverings which I
consider were those of the Niponius. These were usually in
depressions eaten out in the bark. In February the hibernating
places of the mature beetles were discovered. They bore into
the thick bark of old trees and spend the winter here as is the
habit of the Sal Scolytid. This is a most interesting discovery.
In March larve of all sizes are present in the trees. It is
possible that they do not confine themselves to the Sphzrotrypes
larve: but further observations are required on this point.

402 NIPONIUS ANDREWESI, LEWIS.

eee ne ee

have no further observations on the life-history between April
and September in the Dun areas.

In Madras, however, I found the mature beetle in the tunnels.
of the Anogeissus bark-borer in August. The scolytids were
burrowing into some freshly cut poles (2 ude page 397) for egg=
laying purposes, and the Niponius was present feeding upon
the scolytid beetles.

In Bombay the beetle has been taken in Kanara, caught at
light.

Localities from where reported.

This insect was first taken by Mr. T.R. D. Bell in Kanara,
Bombay Fresidency. It was subsequently found by the writer
in the Dun Sal forests of Northern India and in the Talamalat
Reserve in the North Coimbatore forests in Madras.

Relations to the Forest,

The life-history of this Niponius requires further study.
It is likely to prove a most beneficial insect in the forest. Its.
distribution appears to be wide, as the above localities in which
it has been taken show. It is not improbable that research will
prove that it feeds upon other scolytid beetles in addition to the
two species already discovered to form its food.

Potnts in the life-history requtring further observation,
1. Where the eggs are laid. Is it in the entrance tunnels

of the bark-borers or in the egg-galleries ?
2. The food of the larve. Do they feed upon the scoly-

tid Jarve? Ithink this is practically certain.
. The length of time passed in the egg, grub, pupa and.
beetle stages of this insect.

4. The number of generations passed through during the
year. Does this correspond with the number:
passed through by its hosts? As larve of various.
sizes are to be found in the galleries they may
feed upon other insects besides the host, and the
generations passed through may therefore be more:
numerous,

403

CRYPHALUS INDICUS, n. sp.
THE SILVER FIR CRYPHALUS.

Plate XXII, fig. 6.

Classification:—Order, COLEOPTERA, Family, Scolytide ; Sube-
Family, Tomicini.

Tree attacked:—Adbzes wedbiana (The Silver Fir).
Description,

Egg.—W bite, oval, translucent.

Larva.—Small white, curved and legless, with a yellowish
head and brown mandibles.

Beetle.—Cylindrical, black. Head hidden beneath thorax.
Antenne reddish-yellow, angled, the scape club-shaped, the
funiculus 4-jointed, the first joint thick, others subequal, club
oval, divided into four divisions by 3 transverse lines, Thorax
not longer than broad, very convex, narrower in front than
behind, the anterior three-fourths furnished with prominent acute
tubercular projections set backwards, the basal portion, especially
laterally, clothed with long yellow hairs. Elytra cylindrical,
constricted and rounded posteriorly, very slightly wider than
thorax ; coarsely and irregularly rugulose and puctate and covered
with a squamulose pubescence consisting of longitudinal rows of
short silvery and reddish hairs. Legs reddish brown, pubescent ;
tibize curved and toothed on outer edge; with a yellow dense
pubescence upon them; tarsi yellowish, first three joints equal.
Length ,8,nd inch. Plate XXII, fig. 6, shows this beetle.

Life-History.

The flight time of the first generation of the year of this
beetle is about the middle of May at elevations of 8,000
feet. In the fourth week of the month the writer discovered it
attacking and laying eggs in green silver fr branches, | Either
masses of eggs or young larva were found in the ego-chambers,
the beetles having evidently been some days at work. Infested
branches contained numerous beetles and appeared to die
upwards from the lowest part affected.

The beetle enters the branch by boring a horizontal gallery
through the bark to the bast, preferably just at or below

404 CRYPHALUS INDICUS.
ee EE Eee

nede though, if the nodes are already occupied, it will go
in anywhere else. On reaching the bast the insect eats out
in the bark and sapwood a shallow chamber in which the eggs
are deposited amongst a mass of chewed wood-dust. These
eggs are laid in little masses apparently stuck together on one
or two sides of the chamber. In the case of Indian cryphalids
it appears to be usual for the male insect to help the female in
preparing this chamber ; but I am not aware whether this is the
case in this instance, as the attack was too far advanced when
discovered. As soon as the eggs are laid the female appears to
leave the chamber, going out by the hole at which she entered.
The larve on hatching out feed upon the bast layer at the edges
of the chamber, not boring definite tunnels away from it but just
eating away the edges in an irregular manner.

From observations of the habits of other species it is not
unlikely that there will be at least one more generation of this
insect in the year, the beetles from the May larve probably
appearing in July and ovipositing in fresh twigs and bran-
ches. This fact and the rest of the life-history of the beetle
has, however, yet to be observed.

Locality from which reported.

This insect was found by the writer infesting living silver
fir trees in the Jaunsar forests, North-West Himalayas,
Elevation about 8,000 feet.

Relations to the Forest.

C. tndicus has only been found as yet in green silver fir
branches. It is probable that it always infests such. In several
instances the beetles have been found killed in their entrance
tunnels by an outflow of resin from the living branch. If the
beetles are at all numerous the branch is often killed; and this
may be the case when only a few insects infest it, since the
feeding of the larve by continually enlarging the original egg-
chamber often completely rings the branch, eating the cambium
away all round. The needles on infested branches turn bright
yellow and die, and thus the presence of the pest can be easily
recognised at a distance. A closer ¢xamination will show on

4 CRYPHALUS INDICUS. 405

the branches small round holes surrounded by small circular
tings of resin,

It is not yet known whether this insect infests the leading
shoots and branches of young saplings.

Protection and Remedtes.

In ornamental plantations remove all infested branches and
burn them, This should be done in the early part of June,

If young growth is affected, all trees found attacked by the
pest should be promptly cut out and burnt,

Points in the life-history requiring further observation.

1. Length of time spent in the larval and pupal stage
of the first generation of the year.

2, If there is a second generation where are the eggs of
it laid.

3. In which stage and where does the insect pass the
winter ?

4. Does this Cryphalus infest young growth ?

406

XYLEBORUS sp. prox. PERFORANS, Wollaston.

Plate XXII, fig. 7.
Reference :—Provisionally identified as Xyleborus sp. very near, if not
identical with, X. perforans, Wollaston. Xyleborus

perforans. Stebbing, Injur.Insects Ind. Forests, p. 65.
Classification: Orders; COLEOPTERA. Family, Scolytide. sub-
Family, Tomicini.
Tree attacked: — Shorea robusta, Gertn. (Sal).

Description.

Beetle.—Elongate, cylindrical, Reddish. Head black,
punctured with scattered projecting yellow spiny hairs;
‘head entirely hidden by the hood-like thorax; antenne
yellowish, elbowed ; funiculus 5-jointed, ending in.a pyramidal
club, Thorax much longer than broad, constricted and rounded
in front, the hind margin almost truncate; the surface in the
posterior half slightly longitudinally ridged medianly, where it
is smooth and finely punctured ; anteriorly set with small dense
‘tuberculations and punctures, the tubercles merging into
punctures on the sides posteriorly. Elytra cylindrical, rounded
‘behind; finely striate with large rather scattered punctures
and sparse spiny hairs; the elytra slope downwards posteriorly,
‘the sloping portion set with sharp teeth and scattered, elongate,
yellow, spiny hairs. Under-surface lightercoloured, punctate
with sparse spiny yellow hairs. Legs reddishbrown; tibie
straight, toothed on outer edges, Length ;nd to th inch,
Plate XXII, fig. 8, shows this beetle.

Life-History,

This Scolytid is 2 dry wood-borer. It bores into the wood
-of the Sal tree and lays its eggs there. It usually appears to
tuanel straight into the wood; but at times, after reaching
-a certain depth in the sap-wood the beetle turns and carries the
gallery at right angles to its former direction. If the bark is
-still on the log this gallery may go at times through the bark in
this manner instead of in the sapwood. It is carried for

-XYLEBORUS sp. prox. PERFORANS, WOLLASTON. 407

about a couple of inches, and then the beetle again changes the
direction and bores down to the heart-wood. The insect does
not appear to require fresh bark or wood for its operations, but
at the same time it is not found in very dry wood. In the latter
old galleries of previous years were discoverable, but no new
ones or beetles. From this it would seem to be possible that
these wood-borers—and the same has been noted in several other
instances—confine their attacks to a certain condition of the wood
during its seasoning process. When the wood has reached a
certain degree of dryness they will no longer attack it. The
beetles when discovered on the 24th April were egg-laying,
these eggs being in all probability those of the first generation
of the year. I have no further record at present of the other
stages in the life-history nor as to how many generations of the
pest are passed through in the year.

Locality from where reported.
This beetle was found by the writer in the Kalesar Sal
Forest of the Simla Division, Punjab, towards the end of April

1902. This piece of forest is in the plains at the foot of the
Hills on the west bank of the Jumna River.

Felations to the Forest.

This Xy/edorus is another addition to the lengthening list of
the Sal wood-borers. It was found in a wood depét attacking logs
which had been felled in the cold weather of 1900-01. Further
observations are required on its life-history before it will be

possible to estimate the damage it is capable of committing to
stores of wood.

It has been noted above that the beetle is very near, and may
be identical with, X. perforans, Wollaston. The discovery of
this insect boring into Sal wood, a wood which is spread fairly
widely throughout India, is therefore of some importance. This
Xyleborus has acquired a world-wide reputation. It has
been know for over 30 years as a destructive beer-cask borer
in India and occasionally causes considerable loss by riddling
the staves, thus causing a leakage of the beer’. About 1892 it

1 Vide Injus. Ins. Ind. Forests, p. 65.

408 XYVLEBORUS sp. prox. PERFORANS, WOLLASTON.

appeared in connection with another industry, that of the sugar-
cane in the West Indies where, under the well-known name of
the “shot-borer”’ it has committed serious havoc, In 1g00 a
Xyleborus was reported in this connection from Bengal, and it
is considered to be either identical with, or closely allied to, X,
perforans.

Whether an insect known to be a dry wood-borer will
at the same time bore into and egg-lay in living plants is a
point open to very considerable doubt, and a careful
examination of all the specimens so reported would appear to
be required to set the matter at rest. Asthe writer pointed out,
however, in an article on sugar-cane pests written in 1900,
and published in the 7ndian Museum Notes}, if these should on
further examination prove to be identical, it will greatly
aid its increase should the dry wood it affects be lying in the
neighbourhood after the removal of the green crop,

Points in the life-history requiring further observation.

1. Number of eggs laid and method of feeding of the
larve in the Sal wood and length of time spent in
the larval stage.

2. Length of time spent in the pupal stage,

3. When do the beetles arising from the eggs laid in
April emerge?

4. Is there more than one generation in the year? If so,
how many ?

5. In which stage and where does the insect hibernate in
the cold weather months ?

LiInsect pests of the sugar-cane in India.—/nudian Museum Notes,
Vol. V, No. 3.

409
CHRAMESUS? sp.

Plate XX fig. 3.

Reference :—Provisionally determined as Chramesus? sp. new to the
British Museum collection.
Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Scolytide,

Tree attacked :—Quercus incana (Ban oak.)

Description.

Beetle.—Small, globular, very convex above, flat beneath,
widest across middle of its length, Head small, black, with a
yellowish brush of hair in front ; antenne brown, angled, ending
in an elongate club, having several transverse bands across it.
Thorax black, pentangular in shape, anterior margin straig ht,
slightly ridged, with a transverse depression behind the
ridge ; posterior margin produced backwards medianly into a
point, the margin slightly elevate; surface covered with
small irregular elevations. Elytra very convex, purplish or black
in colour, the basal edges curving convexly inwards; striate,
the basal end rough with close-set elevations, the interstrial
spaces with series of fine raised points ; the strize curve inwards
towards apex ; surface of elytra covered with a yellowish
bloom of short hair. Under-surface flat, black ; five abdominal
segments visible, clothed with spiny yellow hair thicker on
sides than in middle. Legs black, tibiz not toothed, tarsi
brown. Length $th inch.

This beetle is figured in Plate XXII, fig. 8.

Life-Fiistory.

The flight time of this beetle is about the first week in May
at elevations of 6,500 ft. or thereabouts, It bores into the wood
of dying or newly dead oaks for egg-laying purposes. The
insect bores straight through the bark and into tke sapwood
and then turns to one side or the other and carries its gallery
right down into the heart-wood at an angle. I have not yet
found any larve., It is probable that these May beetles were
laying the eggs of the first generation of the year. At the

430 CHRAMESUS ? sp.

beginning of July I was able to inspecta felled dead oak which
had been attacked by the May beetles the preceding year.
At the time of attack the tree was girdled-but still alive. The
July inspection failed to show any live beetles in the tree or any
larvee or pupe, and I concluded the wood was then too dry for
the insect. An inspection of old holes and tunnels showed that
most of them contained a dead beetle at their mouths, From
this I infer that the beetles after egg-laying and protecting the
larve go back to the mouth of the tunnel and die there when
the grubs pupate, thus effectually blocking it up against the
entrance of predaceous insects. This insect probably belongs
to the class of beetles known as “ambrosia” beetles, the larve
feeding not on wood but on a kind of fungus growing in the
walls of the beetle’s tunnel.

Locality from where reported.

This beetie was discovered by the writer at Kathian in the
Jaunsar Barwar Forests, N.-W. Himalayas,

Relations to the Forest, ete.

This insect is a wood-borer and is capable of drilling
beautifully circular holes through hard oak timber. Beyond
this and the fact that it flies about in swarms, when on the wing,
which settle close together on dan oak trees and riddle the

timber by closely placed galleries, little is known about its
action in the forest.

Points in the lifeshistory requiring further observatton,
1. How the larvz feed and length of time spent in this
stage,
2. Length of time spent in the pupal and beetle stages.
3- Number of generations in the year.
4. Is the insect abundant ?

AIL

CROSSOTARSUS CONIFERAZ, n. sp.

Plates. ADV focer,

Classification:—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Scolytide. Sub-
Family, Platypini.

Tree attacked :—Cedrus deodara, Deodar.
Description,

Beetle.» —Long, narrow, Head and prothorax black. Head
shining, with a few large punctures on it dorsally. Antenne
brown with a dark brown club almost black on the upper edge,
Thorax covered with close wavy transverse striations with
a few punctures posteriorly; a median line in basal half,
Elytra dark brown, deeply striate each ending on outside in a
curved hook-like process and bearing long yellow hairs at their
apices, Ventral surface shining; thorax and head light yellow
brown with light yellow hairs at the sides and scattered over the
surface, Five abdominal segments visible black in colour with
yellow scattered hairs. Legs yellowish-brown; front coxze
large, middle ones round and smaller, hind ones large ; all set
with longish yellow hairs ; 1st joint of posterior tarsus compressed
and set with a single row of spiny hairs. Length 4'7 millim, See
pt. XXIV, fig. 1.

Life-FHistory,

The mature beetle is to be found boring into fresh deodar
wood towards the end of June at elevations of about 7,000 feet,
It bores down through the bark either straight or at an angle until
it reaches the outer sapwood and then goes horizontally down
into this for some distance, the tunnel curving towards its lower
end where the eggs are laid. As yet it has only been found in
fresh newly-felled deodar trees whose bark is still full of sap.
In these the beetle burrows into the wood indiscriminately both
at the thickest end of the tree (where the diameter was 3 feet
across) and equally into the top and larger branches, The burrows
made are cylindrical. I have not yet found the larve, and do not
know whether the beetle frequents dry woud. The insect has
the curious habit of moving up and down its tunnel, it
being often found in the portion of the tunnel in the bark,

F 2

4t2 CROSSOTARSUS CONIFERZ, n. sp.

The insect belongs to the “ambrosia” bettles, z.e., its grubs
probably feed upon a fungus growth in the tunnel, made or
induced and controlled by the parent, and this movement of the
latter up and down the tunnel may be in connection with the
development of this peculiar growth. Whilst in its boring
the beetle’s movements are active enough when outside, owing
to its long weak tarsi, its walking powers are feeble.

Locality from where obtained.

This beetle was discovered by the writer in newly-felled

deodar trees inthe Tehri Garhwal forests of the North-West
Himalayas.

Relations to the Forest.

This insect is a wood-borer. It has at present only been
found attacking trees still having their bark on, this latter being
quite fresh and full of sap. The insects riddle the wood by
boring cylindrical holes down into it for egg-laying purposes.

We require to know more about its life-history before its
exact importance in the forest can be stated. The insects would
appear to have tiie power of swarming in considerable numbers.

Protection and Remedies.
Until further observations on its life-history are made, and the

point settled as to whether it will attack unbarked wood, no.
definite proposals can be made under this head.

Points in the lifeehtstory requiring further observations.

1. Are the June beetles those of the first generation of the
year, or do they lay the eggs of the first generation of the
year, having themselves hibernated through the winter ?

. [he number of eggs laid by the beetle.

. Where and on what the larva feeds and length of time
spent in this stage.

4. Length of time spent in the pupal stage.

5. The number of generations in the year.

6. Does the beetle only attack newly-felled unbarked trees,

with the bark still on, or does it also infest dry barked
wood ?

413

CROSSOTARSUS PICEA, n. sp.

Plate XXIV, figs. 2, 2a.
Classification:—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Scolytide. Sub-
Family, Platypini.

Tree attacked :— Picea Morinda, Spruce.

Description.

Resembles last to some extent but differs in the thorax
being shorter with no median line. In the female the head is
large with a transverse median line and two longitudinal depres-
sions behind it on vertex. The elytra are broad, slightly wider
in frent than behind terminating at apex in two processes
which curve over to almost meet the centre portions of the
apices. The abdomen is concave. In the male the head is
smaller, the transverse line being absent ; the elytra are narrower
and parallel, the terminal hooks being shorter and only slightly
curved inwards, and the body is not concave. Length 4°6 millim.
Fig. 2 shows the female and fig. 34 the male of this beetle.

Life-History.

This insect bores into the wood of spruce. A number of
dead insects were found in tunnels in the wood of a large dead
girdled spruce, the tunnels having been bored above the girdle.
I am at present unaware whether the insect bores into the wood
whilst still fresh or only after it dies. This is all the informa-
tion at present known about this beetle. The insect was taken
in Tehri Garhwal, North-West Himalayas.

‘414

DIAPUS IMPRESSUS, Janson,

References :—Jan. Ind. Mus. Notes III. 1. 74. Stebbing. Injur. Ins. Ind,
For. p. 62,

Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Scolytide. Sub-
Family,P!atypini.

Tree attacked—Quercus incana, (Ban oak).
Description.

Larva.—White, legless, with a light orange-yellow head and
black mandibles. It differs from a Scolytid larva in being
almost straight instead of curved.

Beetle.—An elongate narrowish insect with long weak tarsi,
Red-brown, shining, basal margin of the thorax and elytra
brownish yellow, apical portion of the latter red-brown, legs and
antennz pale yellow; the knees brownish. Head vertical, a little
broader than thorax, dull,sparsely punctured. Antennz with the
scape broadly pyriform. ‘Thorax oblong, strongly emarginate at
the sides before the middle, the basal margin bi-sinuous, a row of
hirsute punctures close to the anterior margin, the base finely
and closely punctured and with a slight median line. Elytra
punctate-striate, the second stria from the suture and the outer
marginal one broader and more strongly punctured, the first and
second interstices from the suture strongly raised, the fourth
slightly convex ; the apex coarsely punctured, sub-truncate and
unarmed in the male, in the female with five acute apical spines.
Under-surface light orange-yellow between the second and third
pair of legs, brown anteriorly to this, and dark-brown to black on
abdominal segments which are very short. Abdomen densely
pubescent at the apex in the male, in the female concave and
rugulose. Anterior tibize crenulate on the outer side, the tarsi
very slender and longer than the femora and tibize together.
Posterior tibiz triangular, the first joint of the tarsi rather longer
than the tibiz, broad, flattened, and ciliate, the remaining joint
slender and together about half the length of the first.

Life-History.

Specimens of this beetle were taken as long ago as 1891 at
Deoban, Jaunsar, where they were found boring into oak stumps.
Nothing further has been heard of this beetle, nor does it appear
to have been ever taken since.

415

DIAPUS sp. prox. IMPRESSUS.

Plate XXIV, figs. 3, 34.

Classification :—Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Scolytide. Subs
Family, Platypini.

Tree attacked :—Quercus incana.

Beetle.—This beetle resembles D. impressus but is much
larger, being 5-5°4 millim. in length. The colour is darker red,
the thorax being entirely of this colour as are the legs, with
the exception of the tarsi which are lighter brown. The front
of the head is only very finely pitted in the male but strongly
punctured in the female. The thorax is strongly constricted at
the sides behind the middle and has no median line. The
apical margin of elytra is concave in male and in female truncate,
with the outer edges produced into teeth curving inwards.
The abdomen is concave behind in the female. Figs. 3, 3a
show the male and female of this insect.

Life-History.

This insect is to be found on the wing at the commencement
of June at elevations of about 6,000 feet. At that period it tunnels
into the wood of oak trees for egg-laying purposes. The beetle
appears to choose trees the wood of which is nearly or quite dry,
and bores down into the heart-wood through the thickest bark.
Externally their presence can be recognised by the rings of
sawdust surrounding the circular entrance hole. The tunnels
are either quite straight or may be slightly curved: but, as far
as present observations go, they do not appear to branch at
all, Both beetles and larvee were discovered at the bottom
of the tunnels, no offset borings having been made to lay
the eggsin. Asin the case of the Deodar Crossotarsus the
beetles appear to live for some time after laying their eggs,
and are to be found moving up and down the tunnel the
head pointing inwards, As in the case of this latter insect this
Diapus is an ambrosia beetle. The sides of the tunnel
throughout are discoloured by a fungus growth upon which the
grubs were apparently feeding. The beetles appear to finally

416 DIAPUS sp. prox. IMPRESSUS, ¥anson.
iD

die near the entrance of the tunnels, The galleries are at times
as much as Q-12 inches in length.

I have no further observations on the life-history of tbs
insect at present, and do not know whether it has more than one
generation in the year.

Locality from where reported.

This insect would appear to be fairly abundant in the oak
forests of the Jaunsar Division, in the North-West Himalayas.

Relations to the Forest.

This Dzapus isa wood-borer and, as far as is at present known,
prefers wood which is nearly dry. It bores into felled and girdled
trees and also into oak stumps, laying its eggs in the heart-wood.
A curious point about the tunnel in the dam oaks is that a section
always shows a little circular black line surrounding the hole and at
a distance of about j;nd inch from the opening, This goes right
down through the wood forming, so to speak, a small black cylin-
drical rim surrounding the hole. This ring has _ probably
some connection with the fungus growth induced by the beetles.
A large tree which had been girdled some years before, but which
was not dead in 1901, was felled in that year (in May). It was
found badly riddled by the beetles in June 1902. They had bored
in on all sides, as much in the upper side of the tree where the
bark was exposed to strong sunlight as lower down the sides
which were in shade.

Protection and Remedies.

Trees of which the timber is required should not be girdled
and allowed to stand in the forest after death. Fallen logs and
firewood stacks should be removed as soon as possible.

Points tn the life-history requiring further observation.
1. Does this beetle attack freshly-felled timber or does it
require dry or nearly dry wood ? |
2. The number of generations in the year. Do the June
beetles lay the eggs of the first generation of the
year (if more than one) ?
3. Length of time spent by the larvz in the tunnel.

DIAPUS sp. prox. IMPRESSUS, Fanson. 417

Pe re

4, Length of time spent in the pupal stage.

5. Length of time spent in the beetle stage. How long
does the beetle live after egg-laying ?

6. In which stage is the winter passed through ? Do the
beetles which were found in June hibernate as
such through the winter ?

418

DIAPUS TALURAZ, n. sp.

Plate XXIV, figs. 4, 4a, 46.

Classification:— Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Scolytide, Sub-
Family Platypinl. |

Tree attacked :—Shorea Talura.

Description,

Egg.—Very small, in shape like a hen’s egg, translucent and
colourless, shining. Length *4 millim. .

Larva.—Not full grown, White, legless, elongate and not
curved. Length jth inch in largest specimens obtained. Fairly
active.

Beetle,—Elongate, narrow, shining. Head and thorax dark
chestnut-brown, almost black; basal margin, sides and apical
portion of elytra chestnut-brown, rest pale yellow. Antennz
yellowish-brown, legs pale yellow. Head vertical, broader than
thorax, shining and glabrous; eye vertical, pale silvery yellow.
Antennz set with long curved yellow hairs on scape and funicu-
lus, scape subcylindrica], longer than funiculus. Thorax oblong
with shallow depressions on anterior half, emarginate at sides
before middle, basal margin bi-sinuous, finely pitted with a
median line. Scutellum is large, triangular and separates the
elytra at the base. Elytra smooth, finely punctate-striate, their
apices produced into points in the female, concave in male.
Last abdominal segment pubescent. The thighs of the middle
pair of legs fit into sockets on the mesostermum. Length $th
inch. Figs. 4, 4a, 45, show the larva and male and female
beetles.

Life-History.

This beetle is to be found on the wing at the beginning of
August in Southern India and lays its eggs in wood at
this period. On the 6th August beetles’ eggs and newly
hatched larvae were discovered in the wood of Shorea
talura. The beetles bore circular tunnels right down into the
heart-wood of the Shorea. From the lower part of these tunnels
small off-shoot galleries at right angles to the main one are cut
out and the eggs laidin these. The main tunnel appears tc

DIAPUS TALURA, n. sp. 419

be invariably bored right "down into the heart-wood and, in the
case of a felled tree, is bored vertically downwards through bark
and sapwood, The larve are ‘‘ amtrosia’’- feeders feeding upon a
kind of fungus growing on the walls of the parent beetle’s tunnel.

Locality from where reported.

This insect was discovered in the North Coimbatore Forests
of the Madras Presidency.

Relations to the Forest.

This beetle bores into comparatively fresh Shorea talura
wood. The tree which it was found attacking had been felled
in the preceding April for road repair work, Until more is
known about its life-history its importance in the forest cannot
be determined.

Protection and Remedies. Points tn the life-history, etc.

These are much the same as already given for the Deodar
Crossotarsus above. We require to know whether the insect
infests dry timber and whether it exists in any abundance in the
forest..

420

DIAPUS (?) HERITIERA,, n. sp,

Plate XXIV, fig. 5.

Reference :— Provisionally named as Diapus ? heritiere,
Classification:~Order, COLEOPTERA. Family, Scolytide. Sub-
Family, Platypini.

Tree attacked :—Heritiera littoralts, Sundri.
Description.

Beetle,—Elongate, narrow, shining. Head dark chestnut-
brown or black ; thorax chestnut-brown; elytra pale yellow,
slightly tinged with chestnut on basal margin and merging into pale
chestnut-brown in upper third, becoming chestnut-brown in apical
fourth. Antennz yellow, legs chestnut-brown. Head vertical,
not broacer than thorax, rugose, with scattered spiny yellow
hairs on front. Thorax about a quarter as long again as wide,
only slightly emarginate at sides below middle, anterior margin
straight; glabrous, and finely punctate. Elytra striate-punctate ;
4 striz prominent at base, the outer marginal one most prominent,
the second from suture becoming less marked soon after leaving
base, the first interstice from suture raised, the fourth strongly
raised and convex, with scattered large punctures ; a depression
between second and third striz depressed at base; apex truncate,
showing 8 well-defined ridges, the depressed portion in ¢ set
with 5 teeth on side and 4 apical ones of which the outermost. is
prolonged and turned outwards; ¢ unarmed ; the truncate por-
tion and marginal edges of elytra set with yellow spiny hairs,
denser apically. Under-surface brown, abdominal segments dark-
brown to black, and are very short ; concave and rugulose in 2.
Anterior tibiz toothed on outer edge. Length ¢ 4°7 millim.,
?3°9 millim. Fig. 5 shows the male of this.insect.

Life-History.

This insect was first found by Ranger B. C. Sen Gupta,
tunnelling into sundri (Herztiera littoralis) wood in June 1902.
An examination of some pieces of attacked timber showed that
the insect bored right down into the heart-wood, the gallery
made by the beetle being quite straight. The following year

DIAPUS (?) HERITIERA, US. 42

the Ranger was able to make some further observations on its
habits in the beginning of April. The following is a summary
of his valuable investigations. He found two beetles of
different sizes in the pieces. of wood (probably ¢@ and ?).
His study of the habits led him to conclude that the adults
bore through the wood into the sapwood and lay their eggs.
They probably do not go into the heart-wood at this stage as
he found that in all the newly attacked wood the heart-wood
was left untouched ; it was only after some period that the
galleries were found in the heart-wood. Only a few eggs are
laid in each tunnel; the number, however, has not been
observed. The larve did not appear to bore galleries in the
wood but were to be found at the bottom of the parent’s tunnel.
This latter may branch (or curve ?) when it has been carried right
down into the wood. The larvae pupate at the ends of the
galleries and the adults on maturing make fresh borings into
‘the timber as long as it is sufficiently fresh for their purpose.
The galleries are verv small, (about 7’; inch in diameter) and the
adult beetles continually move up and down the tunnels. This
insect is another of the so called ‘‘ ambrosia ”’ beetles, and the reason
for the non-discovery of larval tunnels is due to the fact that the
larve probably live upon a fungus growth which develops on the
walls of the tunnel of the parent beetle. Since the mature
insect is found in April and again in June there are evidently
two generations in the year and probably several. These beetles
attack sundrvi wood as soon as it has been felled, and as
long as itis fresh. They will not touch dry wood. Their old
galleries can be seen in this latter, but no living beetles are ever
found in them. They only attack the swmdrz in this locality.
Qther kinds of wood, green and half dry, are left untouched.

Locality from where reported.

This insect was found by Ranger B. C. Sen Gupta at Wazir-
pur, in the Backergan} District in Bengal. The wood in which
the beetles were found was, however, brought in boats from the
Sundarbans, the latter place probably being the true habitat of
the insect.

422 DIAPUS (?) HERITIERA; MS.

Relations to the Forest.

This Déapus bores into the wood of both green and half dry
sundri, It infests stacks of this wood in the Sundarbans, some-
times in large numbers, and at times, according to Ranger Gupta,
completely riddles and spoils the timber. The presence of
the bark on the wood is immaterial, since the insect will burrow
down into unbarked timber with equal ease.

Although the beetles were found in the Backerganj District
it was always in timber that had been brought from the
Sundarbans forests, and the beetle is probably indigenous to
these forests, from which all the sundri wood comes, and is
carried about in the wood when it is exported. This export
is always done in boats, the latter proceeding through the
various mouths of the Hoogly river and their connecting
network of canals to Calcutta, and the surrounding Eastern
Bengal towns and villages.

"Protection and Remedies. Points in the life-history, ete.

These are much the same as already given for the deodar
Crossotarsus.

In these Eastern Bengal districts it would be quite feasible to
keep the green wood under water for a few months, by which .
means it would escape the attacks of the beetles, As soon as it
had lost its sap it would no longer be palatable to the Diapus.

423

CLANIA CRAMERI, Westwooc.

The Casuarina Bag-Worm.

(Vide No. 1, p. 56.)

Classification: Order, LEPIDOPTERA. Sub-Order, HETEROCERA.
Family, Psychide,

Tree attacked :—Casuarina equtsetifolia.

This insect is to be found in the Casuarina plantations on the
East Coast of Madras.

Egg.—The eggs are laid within the larval bag by the
wingless ¢.

Larva.—Full-grown, The portion of the caterpillar seen
outside the case whenit is feeding or walking has a mottled
appearance. It is shining, hairless, yellow to yellowish-white,
with black spots and markings. Head large and prominent.
Front legs black and yellow, long and stout. The front
segments of the body are fairly large and thick, those
behind (seen when the grub is taken out of the case) smaller,
The case is formed of small pieces of the needle-like leaves of
the Casuarina placed side-by-side, so as to forma cylindrical bag
open at both ends. The head of the case is lined with a
greyish thick silken bag which protrudes. It can be closed by
the larva when the latter retires into the case. The case in-
. side is lined with a shining layer of white silk,

Fust after leaving the egg—The little grub is very small
and has nocase. The head is black, shining, large. Mouth-
parts brown, the segment immediately following black, with
a white edging, The next two segments yellow with narrow
black to brown transverse bands dorsally, the band being
divided in the middle on the third segment. These three
segments are each furnished with a pair of legs. Rest of
segments orange-yellow and are held curved up over the back.
All the abdominal legs are present, but are not functional and
are never placed upon the ground, the minute caterpillar
walking on the front ones, these being well developed and

424 CLANIA CRAMERI, Westwood.

large even at this stage. The segments are covered with large
scattered, yellowish hairs, There is a patch of brown
dorsally on the last segment. Length = jth inch. The first
case is acquired about 20 hours after leaving the egg, and
consists of a tiny conical roll formed of a fine flake of epidermis
froni a young shoot of the tree.

Pupa.—The pupa is reddish black anteriorly, the abdominal
segments being a red brown and nine in number. The
anterior portion.of pupa is thickened, the body tapering to
more or less of a point. The wing cases are short. A row of
spiny protuberances run down the back of the pupa: by means
of these it is enabled to pull itself forward and so escape from
the bag-case of the larva. Length ;%ths inch.

Moth.—6. Smallish, greyish brown with bipectinate antenne
in the male. Wings and body light brown. Forewing with
some of veins streaked with black. Hind wing greyer, the
veins being streaked with brown. Thorax and abdomen
covered with long hair, the under-surface of the latter being
ashy in colour with a narrow central dirty-white band, Expanse
of wings one inch. :

@ .—The female never leaves the case. She is wingless and
canary-yellow in colour, consisting of a simple sack-like body
resembling a miniature Queen “ white ant.” Her body swells
up after fertilization and shows five distinct segments, At the
end of the anterior one is a small orange-coloured process
resembling in shape a cock’s comb with four divisions to the
crest. Below this latter are two short brown processes thick-
ened out and ridged at base. Beneath this, on the undersside,
isa triangular-shaped black patch reaching: down to the end
of the first segment, the apex of the triangle being at the
posterior end. The posterior segment ends ina _ bifurcated
copulatory organ. There is no trace of wingsor legs. Body
tapers slightly to each end. Length $ths inch, Width across
thickest part = ths inch.

Life-History.

The writer noticed the larva of this insect defoliating Casus
arina trees in Waltair at the beginning of July 1903.

CLANIA CRAMERI, Westwood. 425

On visiting the plantations at Chatrapur (Ganjam) the
insect was found to be very fairly numerous. It escapes general
notice, as all that is usually apparent to the observer is the
greyish case hanging to the branches of the trees. This, as the
caterpillar the case contains is not seen actively feeding, is not
associated with any defoliation the trees.:may have undergone.
Some of the larvae found near the middle of the month were
full grown, others had pupated, whilst one moth issued in the
box they were kept in on the 13th, Others were bred out in
the Indian Museum on the 18th, 25th; August 4th, rath, 13th,
14th, rgth, 20th and 24th, respectively. The pupal stage would
appear to last from 10 to 14 days, but further observations are
required on this point. Female moths were obtained at the
Museum through August. er
__ Before pupating the caterpillar attaches its case to the
branch or twig of the tree, and then closes up the silken bag-
like mouth. It then turns round in the case so as to hang head
downwards and becomes canary-yellow in colour, entirely losing
its mottled appearance: its head and first segments also shrink
greatly in size. When the male moth is ready to emerge, the
pupa forces itself downwards through what was formerly the
bottom or posterior part of the case until it projects about
two-thirds of its length. The moth then bursts the upper end
of the pupal case and emerges.

The female moth remains in the case and the male pairs
with her in this position. Avery large number of eggs are
laid. From countings made of young larve which issued in
the Museum [ find the number of these latter issuing from
eggs laid within the bag by one female to be between 550 and
600. The eggs hatch within a week of laying. The young
larvee on issuing from the egg are naked, 2.¢., they have no
bag. They are very active on leaving the old case and spread
out over the tree, walking with great rapidity. In this defenceless
state they must be very subject to attacks of all kinds of
predaceous foes, and also be liable to be drowned during heavy
rain storms, Within 20 hours they make their first covering
or bag, this being formed of a small piece of the epidermis of
the bark of a twig. This is added to as they grow large.

426 CLANIA CRAMERI, Westwood.

Larve a week old havea double coil of this epidermis forming
their case. The first larve issued in the Museum cages on
the 6th August: cthers on the 15th and 26th, these all
being those of the second generation of the year.

The lifeshistory of the larvae which issued on the 20th
August was watched up to the roth November and the follow-
ing notes made, By the 1st September a very large number
had died off, The remaining ones were quite healthy: they had
reached the stage at which they cut off the green needle-like
leaves to use in enlarging their cases. The caterpillars had
by now assumed their mottled appearance, though they were
still only half inch in length. They, however, naturally varied
greatly in size. The needles are cut off and placed longitudi-
nally on the case side by side. The first of these larvee pupated
about the middle of October, and the cold weather is apparently
passed in this stage.

The larva is a heavy feeder and eats the needle-like leaves of
the Casuarina from top downwards to the base, or it may bite
through the needle (leaf) half-way down, the upper portion
falling to the ground, whilst it consumes the lower; it is a most
wasteful feeder.

Results of attack.

This insect when numerous would be capable of entirely
defoliating a plantation and, consequently, its life-history
requires to be well understood. Unless the defoliation is
very heavy, the insects’ attacks will probably remain un-
noticed ; and since the larva is very quickly alarmed (when it
immediately retires within its case), even if the defoliation is
noticed, it would not ordinarily be placed to the credit of the
apparently small dead bundles of sticks hanging from the
branches. From the large number of eggs laid by the females
which are more abundant than the males, as can be readily
distinguished from the fact that their cases are larger, itis evi-
dent that in adry, warm, favourable season the mortality amongst
the young larvz would be much less, and this would undoubtedly
lead to very severe, if not total, defoliation in the plantations.
It is not improbable that the death of trees attacked by the

CLANIA CRAMERI, Westwood.

wood-boring Arde/a caterpillar described on page 438 is accele-
rated by defoliation due to the lary of this Psychid, and it is
of importance that its life-history should be fully worked out
so that we may know how many generations it passes through
in the year, z.e., how many times in the year the trees run the
danger of being defoliated.

Protection and Remedies.

Undoubtedly the best method of reducing the attacks of
this pest is by the collection of the larval cases. Owing
to the thin light foliage of the tree these cases, once they
have been pointed out as the source of damage, are easily
recognisable and very easily seenin the plantations, Their
careful collection in years of serious infestation would
well repay the expenditure incurred, and would practically
stamp out the pest. The periods at which this collection should
be undertaken depend upon the number of generations passed
through in the year. Forthe June-July generations of larve
the best time would appear to be the latter half of June, and for
the October generation during December-January

Points in the life-history requiring further observation.

1. When the eggs of the first generation, 1.¢,, that
producing the June-July caterpillars, are laid.

2. How long the eggs of the first generation take to
hatch after they have been laid.

3. Time spent in the larval stage of the first generation.

4. The number of generations in the year. This is
extremely important, as it is necessary to know
how many times inthe year the trees may be
subject to this defoliation, Are there more than
two?

428
DUOMITUS LEUCONOTUS, Walker.

Plate XXV, figs. a-e.

References:—Hampson, F. B.I. Moths, I, 308 No. 660: Stebbing, J. A. S.
B. LX XIII, Pt. I, 225 (1904). :

Classification:—Order, LEPIDOPTERA... Sub-Order, HETEROCERA-
Family Cosside,

Tree attacked :—Cassia nodosa,

Duomttus leuconotus is one of the wood-boring moths ber
longing to the family Cossidz. Turning to Hampson’s Moths,
in Blanford’s Fauna of British India, we find that but six genera
of this family are at present known in India: Cossus, Duomt-
tus, Azygophleps, Eremocossus, Phragmatecia and Zeuzera.
This paucity in the known genera of the family is carried into
the described species of which a list of but twenty-five are
known, the numbers per family being as follows: Cossus 6,
Duomitus 6, Azygophleps 5, Zeusera 5, Phragmatzcta 2 and
Eremocossus 1. About the habits of the majority of these
species little is known. It is probable that most, if not all, of
the larvz live and feed in the wood of trees, and some of them
may spend several years in this manner before changing to
pupe. In most instances, however, neither the larve nor pupe
have yet been discovered and described. While, however, this
is the rule in the family, there are two notable exceptions, in
each of these cases the insects being of economic importance.
Duomitus niger, an insect closely allied to the species we are
considering in this paper, is the moth whose larva is known as
the ‘ Black-Borer ” of Coffee-planters, and has proved a source
of considerable loss on Coffee estates, whilst Zeuzera coffez, the
moth whose larva is known as the Red-Borer (called by
Hampson White-Borer),* commits great destruction in Southern
India and is a pest well-known to Coffee-planters. The life-
histories and habits of these two insects are more or less well
known. Of the other representatives of the family in the

* The real “ White Borer” is the larva of a Cerambyx beetle. Vide my
“ Note on the Sandal-wood-boring insects of Madras,” published inthe
Appendix Series of the Jndian Forester, Vol. X XIX, No. 7 (1903).

DUOMITUS LEUCONOTUS, Walker. 429

Indian Region we have, however, little on record save the des-
criptions of the moth, in some -cases both the @ and ? ofa
species having been described, in others the description of the
6 or the @ only being available. During the last few months
(1903) I have had an opportunity here in Calcutta of working out
a portion of the life-history of one of the other known species of
Duomitus, that bearing the name of .D. leuconotus, Walker, and
my observations are recorded below.

Description. *

Neither larva nor pupa appear to have been previously
described. ;

Larva (about half-grown ).—General tint, a dark flesh-colour
with brown head, yellow prothoracic segment edged in front with
black, with a few black specks behind ; canary-yellow mesothorax
and flesh-coloured metathorax. Following eight segments are
flesh-coloured, lighter at junction of segments. Last segment
is canary-yellow, becoming orange-yellow at extremity. The
head is dark chestnut-brown anteriorly, shining, chitinous,
ovate and large; mouth parts black, antennz short, 3-jointed,
yellow-brown. Posteriorly the head shades off into pale-
brown and yellow. It is followed by a large prothoracic shield
which is hard and chitinous and shining, slightly convex. The
chitin terminates at the sides, the under-surface of prothorax
being canary-yellow in colour and soft. The large chitinous
shield is ovate, anterior margin straight, posterior ovate-
elliptical. At the posterior edge of the thoracic plate is an
elliptical circle of small raised spikes or spade-like protru-
berances, doubtless used to shovel out of the way wood refuse
and perhaps for scraping purposes. They are set backwards
and are club-shaped. Behind these are a number of minute
black spots placed in a crescent-shaped manner on the meso-
thorax, the angles pointing forwards. The mesothorax is much
narrower and smaller and has a_ soft skia. The following
segments are equal in size, about a third less in diameter than

* The description and life-history here given are abridged from a
paper read by the Author before the Asiatic Society of Bengal and pubs
lished in the Journal, Vol LX XIII; Pt. 11, No.2, pa25, 1904.

430 DUOMITUS LEUCONOTUS, Walker.

the prothorax, and have a few scattered black tubercles on them,
each bearing a thin white hair. The last segment tapers to a
blunt point.

Mouth-parts pale-yellow beneath. Thorax beneath dark
canary-yellow and rest of segments dark-yellow. Thoracic legs
canary-yellow, pro-legs dark-yellow, flat and thick. Length
13 inch. Plate XXV, fig. a.

Pupa.—Sub-cylindrical, stout. Dark chestnut-brown to
almost black. Black ventrally. Segmental bands orange, as
also is front of thorax. Wing covers, eyes, antenne and legs
well marked on outer covering. Stigmata black, with a
circular orange edging. Nine dorsal segments plainly visible,
and 5 ventral ones.

Length 2 to 23 inches, Size very variable. See fig. 6.

The moth of which descriptions of both male and female are
given by Hampson in the Fauna is a large, stout, striking-
looking insect with a white thorax and greyish mottled wings
(see figure in plate XXV). Hampson gives the wing expanse in
the ¢ as varying from 98-128 millim., that of the ? being given
as 180 millims. The specimens obtained by me this year show
_ that there is a very much greater variation in size in both sexes,
The following dimensions of 32 moths, all taken from the same
tree, are, I think, well worthy of being placed upon record :—

Expanse of wings Expanse of wings

in ¢ in Q
80 millims. “ : 3 : « 116 millims.
110 ry) e e e ° e e 88 99
108 9 e e ° e e e 88 ”
go 9 6 ® = e e . 77 39
Sta. e ; ‘ : ‘ lOO iv
IS 2 ty ° . ° 2 . e 100 *
gO» ° . : e . e ==&Il5 ry)
95 9 e 2 e ° e 98 99
82 93 e . e e e 84 99
73. <9 [0 arte ‘ 96s,
40 Pires : ‘ : a _ . 108 3
85 on ° . ° . . . 125 f
FAC . : hls . 2 nO
99» ° ° ° ° 5 AS: oe
72 $9 « e e e e e 80 93
Oo 99 ® 6 ® e e e 85 39
g—7oto1lo », ® ° ° « § —77 to 125 ”

DUOMITUS LEUCONOTUS, Walker. 431

The above figures show the very great variation in size to
be found in both sexes.

Life-History.

The moths appear on the wing in the latter half of Septeme
ber, and are to be found during the remainder of that
month and on up to about the third week in October. They
are extremely sluggish during the daytime, but are powerful
fliers at night. In the day they are to be found clinging to the
bark of trees which their general colouration greatly resembles,
thus serving to protect them from the attacks of enemies.
The male lives but a few days and dies after pairing with the
female. The latter lays her eggs, which are small, yellowish
and deposited in irregular-shaped masses stuck together with
some siccable material upon the bark of trees, She dies as
soon as she has finished ovipositing. Examination of attacked
trees has shown that these eggs are laid anywhere upon the
woody parts of the tree, and that the young larve on hatching
out bore straight through the bark to the sapw ood and feed in
this for a time, subsequently going into the hard wood of the
stem or branch. The mortality amongst the young larva must
be very high, since it would be quite impossible for any one tree
to support the large number of larva the eggs of a single moth
give rise to, it being remembered that almost the whole of this
stage is passed feeding in the wood. The larve almost certainly
spends not less than two years feeding in the wood of the tree.
The evidence for this assertion was found in the case of a tree
which had practically been killed by the insects. Mature pupz
and moths were taken from this tree and also two half-grown
(or less) larvae. Since the moths only issue in September
October it is evident that these larve hatched from eggs laid at
the very latest in the year before.

The larva bores in an irregular manner in the wood, the
tunnel having apparently no regular or definite direction, The
tunnel increases in diameter with the growth of the grub,
finally measuring over half-an-inch across, It is packed with
the wood sawdust and excreta of the larva. When full-grown
the larva carries its tunnel to the outside, boring a hole through

492 DUOMITUS LEUCONOTUS, Walker.

the bark, and this hole will be observable on the outside owing
to the fresh sawdust to be seen just below it on the bark of the
tree. Having thus prepared an exit, the caterpillar backs
down its tunnel for a distance of 2-3 inches (this space being
kept quite free of wood particles) and spins stout web-like
series of strands of a cearse yellowish-brown silk across and
below the mouth, thus effectually preventing any intruder
entering the tunnel from outside getting near it, The larva
then pupates. These strands of coarse brown silk are very
characterstic of the pupation of this Duomitus. The pupal
stage is probably ashort one—at the most from six weeks to
two months. Pups were found fully mature and also but newly
changed from larve early in September, but they had ail issued
by the end of the third week in the following month. The hole
bored to the outside by the Jarva is more or less vertical, only
inclining to the horizontal just near the bark, so that the pupa,
when the moth is ready to emerge, creeps up the tunnel and
projects from it at an angle at right angles to the stem of the
tree. In doing this the pupa bends over at an angle, the
upper half being almost horizontal, whilst the lower portion
remains in the almost perpendicular tunnel (see fig. d). The
pupal skin then splits down at its anterior end, both dorsally
and ventrally as far as the posterior edge of the last thoracic’
segments, and the moth crawls out. Inthe cleavage the head
and antennal covering come away as one piece. |

Distribution.

This insect was taken in Calcuttain 1903; Hampson gives
the distribution as Simla, Sikhim, Calcutta, Ceylon.

DUOMITUS LEUCONOTUS, Walker. 43

—_—_———_—_ ------—- i eT

Relations to Forest.

It has been seen that the larvae live in the wood of living trees,
and observations have shown that they will desert trees which
have been cut down and the wood of which has consequently
begun to dry. On the 22nd September of this year (1903) my
attention was drawn to a small Cassia nodosa in the Indian
Museum compound, which was evidently in a dying condition,
the spring crop of leaves having all dropped and no new ones
having replaced them. Examination showed that the tree was
infested by the larvae of this moth, several holes with half-pro-
truding empty pupal cases being perceivable. The tree was
only 15 feet high with a girth of twenty inches at the base. It
was much branched all the way up and had a whippy spreading
crown. Lhad this tree cut down and placedin a large wire.
gauze cage. In addition to two half (or less) grown larve and
some live pup (taken to preserve in spirits) the following
moths were obtained from the stem as they issued on the dates
noted. [A portion of this stem, with the empty pupal cases
tn situ protruding from the bark, is now exhibited in the
Insect Pest Gallery at the Indian Museum: the other half has
been sent to the British Museum (Vide fig. e.).]

Date of issue. 3 ¥.
22nd September 1903 I t
23rd 5; % : 2 oe
24th ps Perce. 8
25th " 5 ; I E
26th 7 7 : 2
27th r 1 : I I
29th ”) ? s 4
30th ne 3 oe st 3
ard October 7 eee 2

Ath 7 an 2 I
8th 3 5 2 I
roth es 3 : 2
16th ; i} aon I

TOTAL : 16 16=32 moths.

434 DUOMITUS LEUCONOTUS, Walker.

In addition to these 32 moths there were two others which
never acquired their proper wings, on issuing, probably due to
the handling the chrysalids received. It is probable that at
least 40 moths left this tree during September and October.

In addition to the small Cassta nodosa iree, which may be
said to have been killed by this insect during 1903, a much
larger tree, some 35 feet high and 3 feet in girth, has been
attacked, more especially at its base, as evidenced by several
empty pupal cases protruding from the bark surface,

Protection.

The moth was noticed in various parts of Calcutta during
the above-mentioned weeks, and was evidently this year fairly
abundant. We have yet todiscover what other trees it infests -
in addition to the Cassta nodosa which Major Prain, who very
kindly identified the tree for me, tells me was originally sent
to the Museum from the Royal Botanic Gardens at Sibpur.

Points tn the life-history requiring further observation.
1. Length of time spent in the larval stage.
2, Number of eggs laid by the female insect.
3. The different species of trees infested.

435

ZEUZERA COFFEA, Neitner.
THE RED BORER.

Reference:—Nietn, Edin. New Phil. Journ, XV, 1862, p. 39; cC.& S.
No. 1588 ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. ii, pl. 143, figs. 1, 1a, b (larva)
Steb. Injur. Ins. Ind. Forest, p. 104, fig. 108.
Zeusera oblita, Swinh. Trans. Ent. Soc, 1890, p. 19
Zeusera, roricyanea, Wik, Journ, Linn. Soc., vi, p- 177
(1862).

Classification :—Order, LEPIDOPTERA. Sub-Order, HETEROCERa,,
Family, Cosside.

Tree attacked :—Santalum album.—The Sandal.

This is the well-known red borer of the Madras Coffee dis-
tricts and has always been supposed to be the chief sandal-wood-
borer. I give the following description of the larva made from
fresh living specimens :—

Large, stout, flesh-coloured to darkish red, Prothorax
smaller and hoodelike, yellowish with thin black blotches placed
triangularly upon it. Mouth-parts black. Dorsal surface of last
segment dark coloured. This segment is smaller than the
others and tapers bluntly. Larva is lighter coloured below.

Life-Histo ry.

This has been already described in J/njurtous Insects
(p. 104), and I need not recapitulate here. It may, howaver, be
mentioned that the moths appear on the wing in February and
the eggs are probably laid som2where about this time.

Results of Attack.—The eggs are laid upon the bark of the
branches or upon that of young saplings, and the boring cater-
pillar confines itself to these purts. It requires soft woody
tissue for its food and does not bore into the hard heart-wo0d of
older trees, as is the case with the Stromatium beetle (see p. 379
supra). It is a serious pest to young saplings, as these are either
killed outright under its operations or are so weakened as to be
thrown down by the wind, In boring the caterpillar hollows out
a large portion of the interiorof the branch and keeps the tunnel
quite free from wood particles and excreta. Its work is thus

436 ZEUZERA COFFEZ, Neitner.

unlike the longicorn borer, The difference between the work
of the two grubs is most marked.

The red borer attacks and kills young saplings. If the trees
get safely through this period of their life they will not be much
harmed by it subsequently, as it will confine itself to attacking
the branches only. |

The white borer probably only kills the tree when present
in numbers, It, however, invariably bores in the heart-wood,
and thus spoils its quality and reduces its value.

In addition to the actual amount of injury these borers are
capable of doing per se to the sandal, a further damage arises
from the fact that the external holes form convenient methods of
entrance to the interior of the tree for fungous spores and, con-
sequently, serious fungoid attacks may follow the insect ones. ~

Distribution.

North Coimbatore Sandal-wood areas and, perhaps, through-
out Mysore and Coorg.

Protection and Remedies.

In the case of the red borer undoubtedly the most effective
check will be to cut out all infested saplings,

The operations of this caterpillar are easily recognisable
from the outside owing tothe fact that it keeps its burrow
quite free of all wood particles, excrement, etc., and therefore
small heaps of sawedust like excrement are to be found at
the foot of the tree and beneath the entrance-hole and air-
holes. There will also usually be exudations of sap trickling
down the bark from these holes. When these exudations are
seen to be fresh and wet and when the saw-dust at the foot is
fresh the borer will be found inside. Such infested trees need
not be cut down at once as other moths may lay their eggs in
them (it is often noticeable that for some reason or another a
particular tree or trees are more favoured inthis way). A careful
watch must, however, be kept over them, and when the boring
inside appears to have ceased the tree should be cut down
chopped up and the borers or their pup killed. This should be

ZEUZERA COFFEA, Neitner. 437

done carefully. If anumber of young plants are cut out for borers
they should be stacked and burnt in one heap and not be cut up
at all. Every part should, however, be thoroughly burned. This
remedy should be vigorously put into force when bad attacks
similar to that cf 1891 in Mysore have to be coped with.

Points in the itfe-history requiring further observation.

1. The length of time spent in the larval stage, Is it
under or over a year? ‘I found some apparently
nearly, if not quite, full-grown larve in the first
week in August. These were brought to me as
the sandal pest. :

2. The period of emergence of the moth, Mr. Green
has stated that in Ceylon the moth does not
appear to issue at any one particular period of the

_ year. A moth was: bred: out in the Indian
Museum, Calcutta, on the gth February.

3. What predaceous and parasitic insects prey upon

this borer?

438

ARBELA TETRAONIS, Moore.

THE CASUARINA BARK-EATING CATERPILLAR,

Plate XXVI,.

References :—Moore, P. Z, S. 1879, p. 411, pl. a4, fig. 3; C. & S.
No. 1605, Hmpsn., Faun. Br. Ind. Moths, I, 315,
No. 675.

Classification :—Order, LEPIDOPTERA. Sub-Order HETEROCERA,
Family, Arbelide.

Tree attacked :—Casuarina equisetifolia. The Casuarina.

This is the insect whose caterpillar forms the well-known
winding covered-way galleries on the outside of the bark of
the stem and branches of Casuarina trees.

Larva.—Head black, witha few longish yellowish-white hairs
on it, Following three segments, which each bears a pair of
long legs, yellowish, this colour merging into pink on the third
These three segments are swollen and larger than the head.
The following segments are flesh-coloured except the last,
which is yellowish. Five pairs of short sucker legs are present,
one pair each on the sixth to ninth anda pair on the last
A few long scattered whitish hairs on each of the
segments. These nine segments are narrower than the first
three and taper off slightly behind, so that the twelfth segment
has only about half the diameter of the fourth. Length one
and-a-half inch. Width of thoracic segments 3th inch. Plate
XXVI, fig. a, shows the larva, side and dorsal view.

Pupa.—Yellowish-brown except in front, where it is very
dark-brown to black. Shining, circular in section and of
uniform thickness throughout, except for aslight swelling at
the anterior (head) end which is furnished with two small
spiny spikes. The wing covers are very short and reddish-
brown. The last five abdominal segments have transverse

segment.

circular rows of fine teeth on them, the first three segments —

bearing a double row on each placed close together, the last
two having butasingle encircling girdle situated near the

ARBELA TETRAONIS. 439

centre of the segment. The last segmentis blunt at the end
and furnished with small knobs and spines, Length 1 inch;
breadth 8th inch. Fig. 6 shows two views of the pupa, fig, ¢
an empty pupal case.

Moth.— 3. Forewings greyish, thickly irrorated with dull
brown spots which tend to form transverse bands; three large
velvety brown patches, one centrally, placed a little below
costa,a second near the base of wing, and the third (the
largest) alittle beyond it. Hind wings grey, irrorated with
a few ashy-coloured patches, Head and _ thorax covered with
long silky-brown hairs. Body greyish, Expanse of wings=
tdinch. @ about twice the size ofthe g. Fig.d shows the g
moth,

Life-Fistory.

The appearance of the moth on the wing is evidently
variable. In the Godavari district moths have been reported
as issuing during March, whereas in Ganjam a_ specimen
was bred out by Mr. C. E. C. Fischer in 1903 as late as the
3rd July. In 1904 Mr. Fischer obtained moths between the
7th and 25th June. In Cuddalore, on the other hand, nearly
mature pupz were taken on the ist June. from these data it
appears that the moth is to be found on the wing between March
and the beginning of July. I could find none at Chatrapur
towards the middle of this latter month (in 1903) though numbers
of the year’s empty pupal cases were visible upon the trees, It
is probable that the ¢ moths pair and lay eggs very soon after
issuing, since the members of this family have no mouth and take
no food in this stage of their existence. The eggs have not
yet been found, but they are laid upon the bark of the boles
and branches from a height of 2-3 feet upwards. In Chatrapur,
which receives the South-West monsoon, the larve hatch out at
the end of August and during September, but further south
down the coast, where the rain comes in October or November,
they may hatch out earlier. The present recorded months
in which caterpillars have been obtained are from September
to May in Chatrapur (with pupa in May-June and moths
in June-July) ; December in North Arcot (with pupa in June) ;
the same month in Godavari (with pupa and moth in March) ;

440 ARBELA TETRAONIS.

full-grown caterpillars and almost mature pupz on_ the
1st June in Cuddalore, and what appear to be nearly
_ mature caterpillars in June in Nellore.* In Chatrapur_ it has
been ascertained that the larva passes eight months in
this stage of its existence. It spends most of this time
feeding upon the bark, which it eats off the tree in patches
which are at times several inches wide. It does not. move
about the bark of the tree in the open but constructs
for itself a kind of covered. way, resembling a glorified
termite (white ant) gallery, consisting of particles of its excre-
ment bound together with a kind of close-woven felted silk,
Externally the appearance is simply that of a mass of excrement-
ous particles. These covered ways curl round and up or down
the tree and are very conspicuous (v7de fig. e), being about 4
to } inch in breadth and from 9 inches to as-‘much as 18 “inches
in length, They are reddish brown to, in parts, black in
colour and form raised galleries on the surface of the stem.
Sometimes the gallery completely encircles the stem, the
tree being then ringed; at others it is: taken ina spiral manner
up or down the tree. At times two or more covered ways
join together, but they are more usually, except in very badly
infested trees, separate. The bark beneath the gallery is
always eaten, either only the upper green living tissues being
consumed or the whole being removed down to the sapwood.
Oceasionally, as mentioned above, the bark is seen to he
eaten off the tree in irregular-shaped patches on either side
of the covered way. This may be done by the young larvee
living and feeding gregariously together before they construct
covered ways for themselves, or the caterpillar may leave the
covered way at night and eat off the bark in its vicinity.
These galleries or covered ways have a more or less uniform
width throughout their entire length, and from-their appear-
ance the larva would seem to add to them at the sides so-that
|

* Larvze have also been reported by Mr. H. ‘A. Latham on Casuarina. in
South Canara in August.
t Mr. Fischer has since shown that from the very first the larva constructs

a covered way made up of particles of its own excrement and bark jOined with
silk,

ARBELA TETRAONIS. 441

-_——

the internal chamber remains uniform in width throughout its
length. When full fed the larva bores straight into the wood
of the tree, generally retiring to the middle of its covered
way before commencing to bore in. From the observations
I have been able to make on attacked trees I have little
doubt that the caterpillar only enters the wood to pupate, and
does all its feeding upon the bark. The tunnel in the wood
is always straight, and does not ramify as it would do if the
grub were feeding in the wood.* There is generally a raised
lump on the covered way, the result of the addition of the wood
excrement thrown out, marking the place where the caterpillar has
gone into the wood (vdde fig. f). It enlarges the end of its
gallery and changes to the pupal state. We do not yet know
the time spent in this latter stage, but Mr. Fischer considers it
to be from 3-4 weeks. In my description of the pupa I have
shown that it is furnished with circular rows of spines; and by
means of these, when the moth is ready to emerge, it wriggles
and forces itself along the tunnel and pushes itself through the
mass of excrement which forms the covered way, from which it
remains protruding about a quarter of its length. After the
moth has left the pupal case, the empty skin of the latter may

*Inan article onthe “Casuarina bark-eating caterpillar (Avbela tetraonis),”
published amongst the Scientific Papers inthe Indian Forester, XXXI, (1905)
Mr. Fischer gives the following information upon this insect from observations
published since the above was written :—‘‘ The earliest date upon which the larvee
were observed was 26th August. They feed on the bark, restricting themselves
to the superficial layers when very young and gradually working in deeper as
they grow . . . Atanearly stage the larva constructs at one extremity
of the covered way a small chamber under the bark, preferring to locate it in the
upper angle formed by the junction of a twig with the bole. Here the grub
rests when not feeding. It emerges to feed upon the bark immediately surround-
ing the extremity of the ‘run’ which is built up further as the bark is eaten
around it. It apparently feeds at night, as 1 have never found it by day outside
the covered way, nor indeed anywhere but inthe chamber described. The larva
attains its full size in March or April, and then prepares the pupal chamber. Up
to this stage it has penetrated the bark alone except when an existing hole has
been used asaresting chamber. If such a suitable hole has been found this is
probably merely trimmed, otherwise the larva . . . bores into the wood and
excavates a pupal chamber about an inch in depth, and this it enters in May or
June, pupating with its head towards the orifice which is concealed by the
extremity of the covered way.”’

442 ARBELA TETRAONIS.

be seen projecting from the covered way. Therefore, when
this latter is visible, it may be taken for granted that the insect
which formed the particular covered way under inspection has.
left if;

Results of attack.

This insect appears to be fairly wide-spread throughout
the Casuarina plantations, and it has been reported to commit
considerable damage in some. Information is still far from
complete, but damage is undoubtedly committed in Ganjam |
North Arcot, Godavari, Cuddalore and Nellore.

In feeding upon the bark the insect in its younger stages
only consumes the more tender and greener portions of the
outer thin bark, but as it grows older it eats right down to the
sapwood and even irto it, either in a continuous ring or in small
irregular patches. Thus the trees are often seen to have holes.
and pits through the bark reaching to the wood beneath. These
“weather ’’ and at times coalesce. Inthe plantations I visited
I noticed that some trees were much more severely infested than
others, and in these the action of tne caterpillars had almost.
ringed the trees. There can belittle doubt that when thus badly
attacked the trees die, Both young and old trees are equally
subject to attack and the larva feeds equally upon the thicker
bark at the base of the tree and the thinner near the top. The
covered ways are, perhaps, shorter in the lower portion of the
tree.

Towards the end of 1900 the District Forest Officer of
North Arcot reported that these caterpillars had nearly ruined
the Anunundi Plantation. The plantation appears to be infested
in patche. In the Agusti Nowgam Plantation near Chatrae
pur, in Ganjam, where the insect would seem to have only recently
appeared (it being pointed out to the Divisional Officer by the
Conservator in December 1902), the attack was confined to one
patch of the area, the rest being entirely free. A private
plantation, about a couple of miles away, was unattacked,
whereas the Chatrapur Plantation, about 4 miles from the
Agusti Nowgam ene andamile or so from the private one

was badly infested in parts. The attack doubtless spreads

ARBELA TETRAONIS. 443
ree PE Nee PROC yy OM Baye 84 0

outwards from these infested areas and, in course of time, infects
the whole plantation.*

Summing up, therefore, we see that the damage is done
entirely by the caterpillar and that, as far as present observations
have shown, this latter feeds entirely on the bark, only entering

the wood of the tree to change tothe chrysalis state.
eer te ere Pe ei AE i og ee ey Le

* Ithas been already stated that the writer visited Chatrapur in July
1903. In his paper previously alluded to, Mr. Fischer tells the history of
the progeny of the moths whose empty pupa cases were seen so plentifully
in July. It is a most remarkable instance of a somewhat rare occurrence—
the swarming in large numbers of one of the wood -boring, and usually far
from common, Species of moths. Considering the rareness of this Arbela in
collections Mr. Fischer’s observations are little short of wonderful. Stating
that the larvz from che eggs laid by the June-July moths commenced to issue
at the end of August, he continued : —“ It soon became very obvious that
this fresh attack was far more intense than that of the previous year and had
Spread centrifugally from the site of the original attack !’” The curative
measures suggested by me that boys should be put on to search for the
covered ways and take out the insects from them and kill them were at
once put into force. Mr Fischer wrote, :—Almost from the beginning the
impossibility of destroying all the larvee became evident, as the flexibility
of the topmost branches prevented their being climbed. The destruction
was, however, persisted in for a time in the hopes of making a considerable
impression on the invading hordes. . . . When,earlyin October, after the
destruction of over 63,000 larvz no appreciable diminution in numbers had
Feen effected, the urgency for more drastic measures became apparent.
Sanction was obiained to depart from the provisions of the working plan by
abandoning the felling of the year’s coupe and cutting out all infected trees
wherever tound throughout the plantations.” The poles cut out were trans-
ported toa neighbouring lake and immersed for several days. Owing to
want of labour some difficulty was experienced in getting this work done
quickly, so that some of the iarvaz may have got back on to standing trees
at night. In all about 23,000 trees were felled. It was hoped that this
action had stamped out the attack. “In August 1904, however, the first
covered ways of the new generation were observed. At first this was put
down to a few trees attacked last year being overlooked, but this was soon
seen not to account for the entire fresh outbreak.’”? A patch of Casuarina
of about an acre in extent, belonging to villagers, is situated close to the plan=
tations, and this was overlooked in 1903 though attacked by the Arbela.
Mr. Fischer appears to think that the 1904 attack spread from this into the
Government plantations and he is probably correct as the moths probably
flew across the small intervening space to lay their eggs on the trees in the
large forests. The new attack, he stated, was not, however, very severe and
was soon restricted in its spread: and that this was so was undoubtedly due
to his prompt action the year previously.

H 2

444 ARBELA TETRAONIS.

Mr. Fischer has discovered that the larva feeds upon the
bark of many grove and avenue trees in the vicinity of the
attacked plantations in Chatrapur. He mentions the .
following :—Acacia leucophloea, Acacia arabica, Holarrhcena
antidysenterica, Anogeissus latifolia, Millettia auriculata and
Eucalyptus globulus (one).

Protection.—My inspection at Chatrapur enabled me to suge
gest a remedy to Mr. Fischer. We have seen that larve are
to be found between December and June, and that during
this period or portions of it they are to be found in covered
ways on the bark of the trees, only leaving these to bore down
jnto the wood to change into the chrysalis state. I would
suggest that the larve be searched for and killed during the
period they are feeding upon the trees. The covered ways
are very visible, and each fresh one should be carefully pulled
to pieces and the larva taken out and killed. Boys in charge
of a watcher could be put on for this purpose. The watcher
would first count the number of covered ways upon a tree and
then send up the boy to take out the caterpillars, and the
number of these latter should tally with the number of covered
ways counted and the boy be paid accordingly. The covered
ways should be pulled off the bark only after the caterpillar
has been taken out. Inthe cases where they coalesce the
operation should be done carefully, so as to make certain of
taking all the caterpillars. If any of these latter escape they
will soon construct a fresh. covered way and continue their
Cepredations. A kerosene tin with some kerosene mixed with
water at the bottom will form a convenient receptacle in which
to throw the caterpillars, This work should be started as soon
as the new covered ways are seento be making their appear-
ance on the trees; and if done carefully and systematically
throughout the plantations, I see no reason why it should
not be possible to stamp out this pest or reduce its numbers
to such proportions as will no longer endanger the plantations.*

—

* Since this was written Mr. Fischer has shown that this method is not
sufficient when the attack is on the scale of the 1903-04 one. Such, however,
will in all probability be very tare and ordinarily the above measures, if
undertaken in a thorough and efficient manner, should suffice to keep the
plantations clean,

ARBELA TETRAONIS. 445

eer eee

Points in the life-history requiring further observation.

1. Where the eggs are laid and how. Are they laid
singly or in patches. How many are laid by one
moth?

2. When do the caterpillars first hatch out from the
eggs in districts infected south of Ganjam ?

3. Length of time spent in the larval state south of
Ganjam.

4. Length of time spent in the pupal state.

s, The exact times of appearance of’ the moths in the
different plantations on the East Coast of Madras.

446.

DASYCHIRA sp.

Plate XXVII, fig. 1.

Reference :—Kindly identified by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon as Dasychira sp. The
specimen bred out was unfortunately deformed, the species
being therefore undeterminable.

Classification:—Order, LEPIDOPTERA. Sub-Order, HETEROCERA.
Family, Noctuidae.

Tree attacked :—Adzes Webbiana (Silver Fir).

Description,

Larva.—About 14 inch in length, densely clothed with
long fine silky hairs of adelieate green colour, These hairs
entirely conceal the head and abdominal segments of the cater-
pillar.

Pupa.—Formed within a covering composed of the green
hairs of the larva spun together with pale green floss silk.
The pupa is 1} inch long or a little over, thick anteriorly and
tapering posteriorly, being $rd inch across at its thickest part.
In colour a dirty white except at upper end, where the white
merges into a dark olive-green.

Moth.—A moderate-sized moth with the upper wings a
dappled grey with black markings, Lower wings a dark french ~
grey without markings. Pl, XXVII, fig. 1, shows the moth of this
species. :

Life-History.

The larva is full-grown towards the end of May, when it is
to be found feeding upon silver fir needles. It pupates about
this period, spinning a beautiful large silken cocoon of the
finest floss silk with which its own hairs are woven up. A
specimen which pupated in a glass-topped bex 34 inches x24
inches in size filled half the box with this silken covering, The
pupal stage lasts about three weeks, the moth issuing about the
middle of June.

_ It is possible that there is a second generation in the year,
but this has not yet been observed.

DASYCHIRA sp. AA]

A larva taken full-grown on the 22nd May changed to a
pupa on the 24th, and issued as a moth on the r5th June.

Locality from where reported,

This insect was found by the writer in the Jaunsar forests,
North-Western Himalayas. Elevation, 8,000 feet.

Relations to the Forest.

The larva feeds upon the needles of the silver fir, commence
ing at the apex and eating down to near the base. It appears
to attack the needles in patches, feeding upon leaves contiguous
Lo one another.

As yet it has only been found upon young saplings.

Potnts tn the life-history requiring further observation.

1. Where the eggs are laid.

2, When the larve found full-fed towards the end of May
hatch out from the egg. This will give the length
of time spent in this stage.

3, When and where the June moth lays her eggs.

4. Is there a second generation of the insect in the year?
If so, length of time spent in its larval, pupal and
imago stages.

5. Where and in which stage the insect passes the winter.

448

COSMIA OCHREIMARGO; Hmpsn;

Plate XXVII, figs. 2, 2a.

Classification :—Order, LEPIDOPTERA. Sub-Order, HETERCCERA.
Family, Noctuide.
Tree attacked :—Quercus semicarpifolia (Kharshu Oak).

Description.

Lavrva.—Head pale greyish-green, small, shining. Body a
bright apple-green. Two greyish-green patches on dorsal
surface of prothorax. Last segment greyish-green, as also are
thoracic and pro-legs. Two minute black spots mark the
spiracles (breathing openings) at sides of segments 1 to 11%
Segments 2 and 3 have a transverse row of minute brown spots
dorsally, and there are a few on the dorsal surface of segments
4-6. Length 14 inch.

Pupa.—Dark-brown to black, stout, rather shining. Five

abdominal segments visible. Skin anteriorly thick. Length
ith to 1 inch. Width at thoracic} end }thinch. The pupa is
shown in Pl. XXVII, fig. 2.

Moth—A stout yellowish-brown insect. Head yellowish-.
brown, hairy. Antenne filiform. Forewing brown, irrorated_
with grey, 3 wavy longitudinal dark lines in outer half with.
faint whitish blotches between; 5 black spots near anal angle,
placed one beneath the other. Under wing yellow with a palish.
broad brown band in upper half and two smaller blotches:

above it.
Under surface yellow, most of the interior of upper wing
brownish black, Vide Pl. XXVII, fig. 2a.

Life-ftstory.

The caterpillars of this moth become full-fed about the.

middle of July. They feed upon the older and larger leaves of

the trees, and probably spend some weeks in attaining their-

Anew OL anes

COSMIA OCHREIMARGO. 449:

full growth. They are, consequently, when in numbers, a serious
defoliating pest. The caterpillar pupates about the third week
in the month, and the moth issues some time in August—pro-
bably during the first half of the month.

It was found somewhat plentifully upon the trees in July
1902, accompanying the Tineid and numerous Tortrix defolia-
tors. Thelarva does not spin the leaves together to form a
shelter, as is the habit of the Tortrices.

Locality from where reported.

This insect was found at Deobam(Jaunsar forests) in the-
North-West Himalayas. Elevation, 9,300 feet.

Relations to the Forest.

The caterpillars of the Tineid and Noctuid moths were to
be found plentifully upon the Kharshu trees in July 1902
together with the several species of Tortrix, ete., described.
below. The defoliation caused by this coterie of larve was
serious, some trees having lost all, or nearly all, the new foliage.
of the year. Every part of the tree was infested.

Points in the life-history requiring further observation.

1. When the eggs are laid and where:

2. The length of time spent by the larve feeding upon.
the trees.

3. The number of generations of the moth in the year.

450

BISTON SUPPRESSARIA, Guen.

Plate XXVII, figs. 3, 3a, 38.
Reference :— Hampson, Fauna Br, Ind. Moths. III., 247, No. 3357:

Classification:—Order, LEPIDOPTERA. Sub-Order, HETERCCERA.
Family, Geometridae.

Trees attacked:—-Dodonza viscosa (sanatha); Carissa
diffusa (gorinda); Bauhinia vartegata ‘kuliar); Acacia
Catechu (khair); Acacia modesta (phulai), Rothra tinctorta
(kamila), Hampson also gives Cassia auriculata in the Fauna.

Description,

Larva.—Dark green, with dark bands on the segments anda
‘slight sub-lateral line; the spiracles are white, ringed with red and
with red centres ; the tubercle on the first segment, and the legs,
purple. The larva of the female is a paler green. Length
2-2} inch. Pl, XXVII, fig. 3, shows this caterpillar at rest on
a branch.

Pupa.—Dark reddish brown, short and thick with a blunt
posterior end. Length 1} inch. See fig. 3a.

Moth.—Grey irrorated with black ; head ochreous, the pro-
boscis well developed, frons not very hairy ; thorax and abdomen
with yellow bars. Fore wing with a waved yellow antemedial
band ; both wings with the outer margins non-crenulate and
with irregularly sinuous indistinct yellow medial line excurved
beyond cell of forewing; an ill-defined post-medial angled band,
with some yellow spots beyond it and often some black suffu-
sion at middle of outer margin of forewing ; a marginal series of

yellow spots. Exp. @60-70,2 74-80 millim. Fig. 34 shows
this insect.

Life-Histcry.}
The moth appears on the wing early in September, but it is
not at present known when the eggs are laid or where. The

1 The notes on the life-history of this pest, together with excellent speci-
mens of the larval, pupal and imago stages of the insect itself, were sent to
me by Mr. H. A. Hoghton, Conservator of Forests, at the time Deputy
Conservator of Forests in charge of the Rawalpindi Division. Mr.
Hoghton’s observations, extending over a period of three months, are most
valuable and have enabled me to form avery fair idea of the life-history
of thispest. The chief point remaining is to work out the March to June

“stages. :

BISTON SUPPRESSARIA. 451

caterpillar was first noticed in the thiddie of July, but it is not
unlikely that it is to be found at the beginning of the month or
An the latter portion of June. It isa voracious feeder, and bes
comes full-fed and pupates about the middle of August. About
‘three weeks are passed in the pupal stage, a moth having
been obtained on the roth September from a pupa found about
‘the middle of August.

It is not improbable that this may prove to be the second
generation of the pest inthe year. If this is so, the larve oi the
first would appear some time during April, pup perhaps at the
end of the month, and moths late in May. This first generation
would thus correspond to that of the Sal looper pest Bourmia
selenarta of the Siwaliks described in No. 1 of these notes at
p- 100. The second generation of the year of this latter pest is
as yet unknown, but information obtained is sufficient to make
‘it Certain thac there is one. As in the case of B. selenarta the
caterpillars of this insect are voracious feeders, and appear to
practically live and feed upon every species they meet, thus
completely defoliating whole areas,

Locality from where reported.

This insect has been reported from the forests of the Lower
Murree Hills, in the Punjab. Elevation, 3,000 to 4,000 feet.

Hampson gives Kangra, Sikkim, Assam, Calcutta and Ceylon
'.as the previously recorded localities in India.

Relations to the Forest.

This Geometrid appeared in large numbers in the brushwood
forests of the Lower Murree Hillsin July igo2 and committed a
«considerable amount ot defoliating damage. Mr. Hoghton says
that “the attack was first noticed about the middle of July, and
by the first week in August sanatha (Doponzxa viscosa), gorinda
(Carissa diffusa) ana kuliar (Bauhinia variegata) were almost
completely defoliated in large patches, the warmer and drier
southern slopes being most seriously affected. Khair and phulai
(Acacia Catechu and A. modesta), also kamila (Rothra tinc=
toria) and some other species, were also attacked, but not to

452 BISTON SUPPRESSARIA,

anything like the extent of the above.........6 Fortunately they
seem to pay most attention to the sanatha, which is of little
value and practically irrepressible.” A pest of this nature with.
its great feeding capabilities cannot be looked upon as other
than serious in small brushwood forests on dry slopes. The com-
plete defoliation has naturally a much more serious effect on
small growth than it would have on high tree forest, and it is pro--
bable that were the insect favoured by a series of dry favourable
seasons it would commit a very considerable amount of havoc
before it was finally again brought down to normal proportions
by predaceous animals and insects, etc.

Protection and Remedies,

Mr. Hoghton attributes the attack he reports, and I consider-
correctly so, to a great deficiency in the rainfall during the
preceding winter and up to the time of the appearance of the-
insects. This being so, however, it is curious that no mention
is made of the pest having appeared earlier in the year as an.
insect of this kind, living at the comparatively low elevation of-
these hills, would almost certainly have done. One good
feature noticed was the great flocks of birds which the presence
of so large a number of caterpillars collected together..
Mr. Hoghton remarks: ‘‘I was glad to see the starlings feeding
upon them heavily, I have never before seen such large flocks of
these birds in the Lower Murree Hills as I saw when visiting
the Daleh Reserve on the 1st August.”

No mention is made of any predaceous or parasitic insects.
having been observed preying upon either the larve or pupe.
We require to know something about these before it will be
possible to consider remedies. Also where the insect spends the-
winter and in which stage. It may prove possible to introduce-
measures to get rid of the eggs if the cold weather is passed in.
this stage.

Points in the life-history requiring further observation.
1. Where the eggs are laid and when.
2. Length of time spent in the larval stage by the July.
larve.

BISTON SUPPRESSARIA. 453

3. What becomes of the September moth? Does it lay
eggs at once, and do these eggs remain unhatched
throughout the winter, or do they hatch out at once?

4. If the eggs laid by the September moth hatch out at
once, is there an autumn (or third) generation ?

5, Isthere a spring or first generation, the caterpillars of
which would appear at the end of March or early
in April, the pupz and moths in May-June?

6. What predaceous and parasitic insects attack the grub
and pupal stages of the pest?

454

TINEA ? sp.

Pl. XXVII, fig. 4.
Reference :—Provisionally determined as a species of Tinea.

Classification :—Order, LEPIDOPTERA. Sub-Order, HETEROCERS,
Tree attacked :—Quercus semicarpifolia (Kharshu Oak).

Description.

Larva.—Pale-green or yellow-green in colour, smooth,
somewhat shining, flat with yellowish-green head. Length just
under 3th inch.

Pupa.—Pale green. Anterior end whitish-green, almost.
translucent. Eyes black, prominent beneath pupal skin, as also
are the rudimentary wings. 5-6 ventral abdominal segments
visible. Length 3 inch.

Moth—Head black with black filiform antenne. Wings
orange-yellow with large black blotches forming a kind of chess.
board pattern in them. Lower wings light chrome yellow,
Expanse of wings } inch. Pl. XXVII, fig. 4, shows the moth of
this species.

Life-History.

The moth appears on the wing at the end of July or early
in August. Partially-grown and full-grown caterpillars were
found upon the trees on the toth July. They feed upon the
young leaves spinning them together into a mass in which the
excreta and portions of eaten leaf are mixed up in the silk.
The larvze confine themselves to the young leaves and the
defoliation accomplished by them appears to be heavy. They
pupate towards the middle of July, and about a fortnight is spent.
in this stage. In pupating the larva spins a loose white
silken cocoon and then attaches himself by its anal segment to
the leaf and changes to the pupal state. The pupa thus lies
along the leaf attached at one end and enclosed in the silker
cocoon or covering.

Locality Srom ree reported.

‘This insect was found defoliating the Kharshu. oak at
Deoban, in the Dorn aek Himalayas. Elevation, 9,300 feet,

456

Parasite upon Tinea ? sp,

| METEONES sp.

Pl. XXVII, figs. 5, 5a.

Reference :—Identified as a species of Meteones by Dr. W. H. Ashmead ;
of the U. S. Museum,

Classification :—Order, HYMENOPTERA. Family, Ichneumonidae.
Parasitic upon Tinea? sp.

Description.

Pupal case glistening white, silky, elliptical, consisting of
“finely and closely spun white silk, Length ,%th inch. PI.
-XXVII, fig. 5, shows a pupal case or cocoon spun on to the back
~of an oak leaf,

Imago.—A small fly. Head, thorax and body black, shining.
Antenne black. Wings with a black patch in the upper
margin of upper wing. Transparent and irridescent. Length
4th inch. Pl, XXVII, fig. 52, shows the fly,

Life-History.
The grub feeds internally upon the Tineid caterpillar. When
’full grown it comes to the outside and spins on to the leaf an
elliptical cocoon, attaching it by one end, It then pupates
within this, The ichneumon fly leaves the cocoon by an opening
at the unattached end, A fly was obtained on the 15th July.
We have still to ascertain how long it spends in the larval or
pupal stages, and how many generations it passes through in
“the year.

457
TORTRIX sp. (No, 231).

Reference :—Provisionally named Tortrix sp.

Classification ;:—Order, LEPIDOPTERA. Sub-Order, HETERCCERA,
Family, Tortricide.

Tree attacked :—Quercus semicarpifolia (Kharshu Oak).

Description.

Larva.—Head dark brown to black, shining, with a white
transverse stripe about 3rds down from the anterior edge; this
stripe is also present upon the under surface, forming a collar.
Body adark yellow-green, almost olive. Thoracic legs black
and shining; pro-legs yellow-green, Ventral surface slightly
_ lighter. Some scattered yellow hairs over body. Length 4
inch.

Pupa.—A dark sepia brown in colour, moderately shining,
thick-set anteriorly, tapering posteriorly. Eyes and antenne of
future insect clearly distinguishable beneath the pupal skin.
Length just over 3ths inch.

Moth.—Small, with a fairly large wing area. Greyish brown.
Forewing truncate at outer angle, the brown merging into a
golden yellow tinge here. Hindwing silvery, with a narrow
fringe, Expanse of wings $ths inch. (Described from a poor
specimen which got damaged after it had been bred out.)

Life-History.

This moth is to be found on the wing in about the second
week of July or, perhaps, a little before. Caterpillars were
found seriously defoliating the Kharshu oak at the end of
June, and some were pupating on the goth of the month. The
larve roll up the young new leaves and feed inside the rolled up
portion, Pupation takes place in the rolled-up leaves, or the
jarva may take advantage of a depression in a leaf and pulla
corner of the leaf over this, fixing it down by means of silk, A
loose white silk covering is spun within this shelter, and the

caterpillar then changes to a pupa within it.
K

488 TORTRIX sf. No. 23i).

This caterpillar was accompanied in its attack by the
smallest of the Tortrices here considered (No. 230), and also by
No, 229.

@
Locality from where reported.

This insect was discovered in Tehri Garhwal, on the ridge
above Deota, in the North-West Himalayas. Elevation, 9,200 ft.

459
TORTRIX sp. (No. 264),

Plate XXVII, figs. 6, 6a.

Reference :—Provislonally named Tortrix sp.

Classification :—Order, LEPIDOPTERA Sub-Order, HETEROCERA.
Family, Tortricide.

Tree attacked :—Quercus semicarpifolia (Kharshu Oak).

Description.

Pupa-—Dark brown or yellowish; tapers posteriorly.
Length ,Uths inch. Vide Plate XXVII, fig. 6.

Moth.—Head and thorax brownish ; abdomen grey. Antenne
filiform. Forewing yellow; upper margin with a black edge
swelling out into thickened patches in two places ; costal angle
black. A wavy transverse diagonal bar about centre of wing
and a narrow one near outer edge. A spot equidistant between
these. A faint patch near inner angle. Lower wing greyish;
fringe narrow. Wing expanse }§ths inch, Plate XXVII, fig. 6,
shows the moth. .

Life-Htstory,

The larva feeds upon the Kharshu oak and spins itself up
into a leaf to pupate, at about the beginning of July. Pupation
lasts about 8 days. os
' Pupz were obtained from the leaves of the tree in the second
week of the month; but no moths were bred from larva, so it
is not certain as to which of the several Tortrix larve present
on the trees changes into this moth, It must have played a
large part in the very heavy defoliation the trees underwent
as the moths were very plentiful, fying around the oak trees
‘both during the day and night.

Locality from where reported,
This insect was found plentifully in the oak forests at
Deoban, North-West Himalayas, in July 1902. Elevation, 9,500
feet. K 2

460
TINEA? sp. (No, 230).

Plate XXVII, figs. 7, 74.

Classification :— Order, LEPIDOPTERA, Sub-Order, HETEROOERA, ;
Tree attacked:—Quercus semicarpifolia (Kharshu Oak),

Description.

_ Larvas—Head_ small, gamboge-yellow in colour, with a
canary-yellow transverse stripe separating it from the prothorax.
General colour of rest of grub is either canary-yellow or light-
green, Three longitudinal stripes run down the dorsal surface,
hiding most of the ground colour; a narrow median one and
two broader ones separated from it on either side by a narrow
yellow stripe. Analsegment greenish-yellow, Pro-legs yellow,
as also are the abdominal ones: but latter are lighter in colour.
‘There are scattered yellow hairs on the segments and head,
‘The larva varies much in colouration. In the bright green
varieties the gamboge markings are fainter, the head is nearly
_black and there is a nearly black transverse dorsal patch on the
prothorax, The anal segment is bright green. In others the
gamboge is almost madder-brown in colour. Length, full grown
fths inch, This colouration of the larva is practically a mixture
of the colours of the upper and under side of the oak leaves
which are bright green (when young) on upper surface and a
gamboge-yellow on the under,

Pupa.—Dark brown, shining, blunt at the anterior end,
pointed at the other. Length 4rd inch. The pupa is shown in
Pl. XXVII, fig. 7.

Moth—Small, silvery-grey. Large palpi. Head black and
blackish beneath; hind wings silvery grey, fringed. Vide Pl,

XXVII, fig. 7a.
Life-History.

This insect probably appears on the wing some time
about: the end of July. The caterpillars are full-grown

TINEA sp. (No. 230). 461

eR EF

towards the middle of the month, when they pupate. The
time passed in the pupal state is thus from 10 to 13 days.
Ido not know how long the moth spends on the wing in
the forest. before egg-laying, nor whether there is more
than one generation in the year. It is probable that
the eggs are laid upon the twigs of the treein the axils of the
buds. The caterpillars were found in company with other
species defoliating the Kharshu oak. They feed by eating irre-
gular patches out of-the leaf, usually rolling up the edge of leaf
and feeding within it. They apparently consume the young
new leaves of the year, and in moving about spin quantities. of
silk which envelopes the twigs in a network. If disturbed the
grub drops from the tree and remains suspended by its silken
thread. In feeding upon a leaf it does not touch the mid rib.
Its colouration undoubtedly serves as a protection to it whilst
upon the leaves,

Locality from where reported.

This insect was discovered in Tehri Garhwal (on Deota
Ridge), North-West Himalayas, at an elevation of about 9,000
feet.

462
YPSOLOPHUS ? sp, (271, A.)

Plate XXVII, figs. 8, 8a. ’
Classification :—Order, LEPIDOPTERA. Sub-Order, HETEROCERA.

Tree attacked:— Quercus semicarpifolia (Kharshu Oak).

Description.

Pupa-—Small tapering yellowish-brown, Length 8,ths inch.
Moth.—Small silvery-grey with long wing fringes. PI.
XXVII, figs. 8, 8a, show the pupa and moth of this insect.

Life-History. .
1 know little about this insect. It was bred out of some
leaves in the breeding-box from which the AMeteones sp.
parasitic fly mentioned above was obtained. It was either in
its minute caterpillar or pupa stage in the second weekin July
amongst the Kharshu leaves, and the moth issued soon after the
middle of the month,

Relations to the Forest,

The larve of these small moths are all defoliators and were
heavily defoliating the Kharshu oak in the Jaunsar Division in
June-July 1902. They work together or almost so, some appa-
rently maturing slightly before their companions, and the trees
rapidly become leafless under their attacks, So numer-
ous were the caterpillars that their droppings could be heard
pattering down like a shower of rain. There can be little
doubt that this heavy defoliation must havea serious effect upon
the vitality of the trees, and it is extremely probable that it ad-
versely affects the maturing power of the seed and consequently
of the regeneration of thistree. These smaller caterpillars were
more numerous upon the trees than their Noctuid companions.

Points in the life-history requiring further observation,

1. Where the eggs are laid, Is it in the axils of the
buds?

VPSOLOPHUS ? 3p. (271, A.)

2. Length of time spent in the larval stage.

3. When does the moth lay its eggs? Is the winter
stage passed through as an egg?

4. The number of generations in the year.

: 464

LASIOCAMPID LARVA.

Plate XXVII, figs. 9, ga.

Amongst the other defoliating caterpillars of the Kharshu
oak at Deoban I obtained a larva which evidently belonged to
the Lastocampide.

The following is a description of the caterpillar :—

Head large, black, Body black, covered with hair. Thoracic
and pro-legs black. Hair arranged in whorls of pencils round
the insect. On the first four segments the hairs are yellowish-
brown in colour. On the following six the pencils are white,
whilst on the last two the hairs are again yellowish-brown. In
addition to the pencils there are longer projecting black hairs.
Length #ths inch. The caterpillar is shown in Pl. XXVII, fig, g.

I endeavoured to breed moths from these larve, but all my
specimens were parasitised by the ichneumon flies described
below. Fig. g shows the larva and ga@ the dead skin of a
larva and a cocoon of one of the parasitic flies alongside of it on
the leaf.

The larva feeds upon the leaf by eating patches out of its
sides or it consumes the whole of the leaf tissue leaving only
the larger veins. It was taken on the 1oth July,

465

Parasites upon the above Lasiocampid Caterpillar.

TRIBE HEMITELINI-GENUS NOVUM,

Plate XXVII, figs. ga, to.

Reference :—Provisionally determined by Dr. W. H. Ashmead, of the U, S..
Museum,

Classification: —Order, HYMENOPTERA.

Parasitic upon the Lasiocampid Kharshu defoliating
caterpillar.

Description.

Cocoon.—The grub leaves its host when full-fed and pre-
pares a longish oval greyish-brown cocoon outside and pupates.
within this. See Pl. XXVII, fig. ga.

Imago.—A small slender fly. Head yellow. Eyes black,.
large. Antenne many jointed, not elbowed. Thorax and
peduncle yellowish-black. Abdomen orange-brown. Legs
long and slender, yellow. Wings membranous, irridescent,
with a moderate number of cells in them and a black marginal
patch (stigma) on upper one. Length ths inch. The fly is.
shown in fig, Io.

466

EULOPHUS sp.

Plate. XXVII, fig. 11.
Reference :—Provisionally determined by Dr. W. H. Ashmead, of the U.S.

Museum.
Classification :—Order, HYMENOPTERA.
Parasitic upon the Lasiocampid-oak-defoliating caterpillar.
Imago.—Much smaller than above. A minute fly, very
shining, and dark indigo-green in colour. Wings membranous

and irridescent. See Pl, XXVII, fig. 11.

Life-History, etc.

Both of these parasitic flies were bred out of the Lasio-=
campid caterpillars described above.

The larva of the larger one on becoming full-fed quits the
body of its host before it pupates and prepares a small greyish-
brown longish oval cocoon, }th inch in length, near the dead
caterpillar skin and attached to the food plant by some white
silk strands. In this it changes to the pupal state. The cocoon
opens by a little lid at one end to let out the fly when it is
ready to issue.

In the case of the smaller one the minute larve appear to
pupate within the insect, and not outside.

The larve of both these flies pupated during July, and the
adults issued some time in August,

It is probable that these parasites assist largely in keeping
down the lasciocampid larve.

467
FULGORID.

Classification:—Order, HEMIPTERA, Family, Fulgoride.
Tree attacked :—Casuarina equisetifolia.

The writer discovered this insect, which isa small black
shining “hopper,” clustered on the green branches of the tree
at the beginning of July. It was found fairly plentifully both at
Waltair and Chatrapur (Ganjam). The insect was in all stages
of development, from minute little green specks to larger shining
black insects ;th inch in length, but still wingless, to full-
fledged winged insects of a greyish-black appearance and $rd
inch in length. The insects feed entirely by suction, and from
youngest to oldest had their beaks, of which their mouth-parts
consist, embedded in the bark of the branches from which they
were engaged in sucking out the sap.

At present nothing more appears to be known about this
pest, which has not previously been reported. Observations
are required asto when it first makes its appearance in the year
and as to how longit is to be found in this manner in all
stages of its life-history upon the trees, There is no doubt
that it might develop into a serious pest in nurseries and young
plantations where, owing to its small size and inconspicuousnesss
it would probably escape notice for some time.

468

ICERYA sp.

Classification :—Order, HEMIPTERA. Family, Coccide.
Tree attacked :—Casuarina equisettfolia.

An examination of the pests at present known attacking
the Casuarina in Madras would not be complete without a short
mention of another insect discovered on trees in Waltair and
Chatrapur. This is a member of the family Coccide, which
contains so many pests to trees and plants. The insect is
white, and in its older stages has a mass of white fluffy
substance on its dorsal posterior surface, rendering it fairly

conspicuous upon the branches upon which it lives by sucking
out the sap.

469

3 MONOPHLEBUS sp.

Classification :—Order, HEMIPTERA. Family, Coccide.
Tree attacked :—Casuarina equisetifolia.

The genus Monophlebus may be said to be the forest genus
of Coccids, since all the species at present known confine their
attacks to woody plants. Both at Waltair, at Chatrapur, and
in the Botanical Gardens, Calcutta, a species of Monophlebus
has been obtained on the Casuarina. Itfeeds by sucking out
the sap of the green shoots, going down to the more woody
branches as it grows older, It was quite small at the beginning
of July, but had grown considerably by the third week in August.
Only the female has as yet been secured, so it is impossible
to say what the species is. The female is an oval white fleshy
scale, convex above and flat beneath, with three pairs of short
black legs and a pair of black antenna, The male will be a
small two-winged black fly. It has not yet been taken, and it is
therefore impossible to describe the species,

G. 1. C. P. O.—No. 2565 For. Ento. —8-2-1906.—1,o0oo~R. H.S.

£6. &:
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PLATE XX.

Fie. 1. OPHION AUREOLATUS, Cameron.—I, coccoon; 14a, coccoon with
fly issuing ; 15, mature fly.
»5 2. GLYPTA sp.
» 3. PIMPLA sp.
» 4 MASICERASp.
» 5+ PLATYSOMA DUFALI, Mars.—Dorsal and side view of the beetle.
6. PLATYSoMA, n, sp.—Dorsal and side view of the beetle.
3. 7. PAROMALUS, n. sp.—Dorsal and side view of the beetle.
8

. Dinoderus minutus, fabr.—8, larva; 8a, pupa; 83, dorsal and
side view of the beetle.

N.B.—The small numbers against the insects denote the numbers of times they are
enlarged.

ieee —_ ee. ees <4 eS — _ ae ce a

TMENTAL L NOTES ON I

' 8. B. Mondal, del. and Lith.

1. Ophion aureolatus,

2. Glypta sp.
Bea timplaysp:

Masicera.sp.

NSBOTS THAT AFFECT FORESTRY NO. 3.

Cameron. ie
6.
Ge
8.

_ ~* . a ee

PLATE XX.

Platysoma dufali, Mars.
Platysoma sp.
Paromalus sp.

Dinoderus minutus, Fabr.

PLATE XX].

Bamboos tunnelled into by the Bamboo borer (Dinoderus minutus).
I=4, attacked bamboos; 5, length of alarger bamboo opened out flat to
show the attacks of the insect ; 6, unattacked bamboo.

From a photograph by Captain A. McCormick, R.E.

late XXT,

try Ne

urvey of India Offices, Calentta, September 1905.

at affect fore

SScts th

Jepartmental Notes on In

Photogravure.

TUNNELLED INTO BY THE BAMBOO-BORER.

(

BAM 30

( DINODERUS MINUTUS )

Captain A.Me Cormick, R.E. Photo.

PLATE XXII.

Fic. 1. StrEx (?) sp.—Dorsal and side view of larva.

2, CARYOBORUS sp. 2, dorsal and side view of beetle; 2a, beetle
issuing from seed.

3. STROMATIUM (?) sp.—Dorsal and side view of larva.
4. XYLOTRECHUS (?) sp.—Dorsal and side view of larva.

5. CALANDRA SCULPTURATA, Gyll.—s5, larva; 5a, pupa; 58, dorsal
and side view of beetle; 5 ¢, acorn (with skin removed),
showing attacks of grubs.

6. CRYPHALUS INDICUS, n. sp.—Dorsal and side view of beetle.

7. XYLEBORUS Sp. PROX. PERFORANS, Woll. Dorsal and side
view of beetle.

Chramesus (?) sp.—Dorsal and side view of the beetle.

le 7

DEP

rw oe ee ee wee eee oe eee

8S. B. Mondal, del. and Lith.

Peepirex (7)'sp.
2. Caryoborus sp.

38. Stromatium (?) sp.

Sn es ey

ARTMENTAL NOTES ON INSECTS

.
‘
‘
‘
1

<< _ %

THAT AFFECT FORESTRY NO, 3, PLATE XXII

4 <xX2

wn we en eee eee ee ew wn oe ew ee eee eee =,

a a a et tS a se sco oe ss es ods on ny og
ew oe nn ny

1
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5. Calandra sculpturata, Gyll.
6. Cryphalus indicus, n. sp.

7. Xyleborus sp. prox. perforans, Woll.

nr gn ‘s JAN pe wy ee

my ©
ai

4
:
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[eT ae or

PLATE XXIII.

Fig, I, SPHAEROTRYPES SIWALIKENSIS, n. sp.—1, larva; 1a dorsal
view of beetle; 1 4, side view of beetle; 1c, inner side of a
piece of sal bark showing the egg galleries, larval galleries
and pupal chambers of the insect (in this drawing the one
entire design, the work of one female beetle and its larval

progeny, is shown complete).

2. SPHAEROTRYPES COIMBATORENSIS, n. sp.—2, larva; 2 a, dorsal

33
view of beetle; 2 0, side view of beetle.

3. Nironius ANDREWESI, Lewis. Dorsal and side view of
beetle.
»» 4. Ichneumon (?) sp.—Side view of fly.

N.B.—The insects are shown actual size and magnified.

PLATE XXIII,

‘TS THAT AFFECT FORESTRY NO, 3.

€

ES ON INSE(

PARTMENTAL NO

del. and Lith.

Mondal,

BSS.

1 Lewi

ewesl,

nonius Andr

3
4

1. Spherotrypes siwalikensis, n. sp.

(2)

umon,

chne

batorensis, n. sp.

2. Spherotrypes co

PLATE XXIV.

Fic, t CROSSOTARSUS CONIFER, n. sp.—Dorsal and side view of
beetle.

» 2. Crossotarsus piceze, n. sp.—Dorsal and side view of female ; 2a,
dorsal and side view of male.

» 3+ Diapus sp. prox. impressus.—3, dorsal and side view of male;
3a, dorsal and side view of female.

» 4 DIAPUS TALURZE, n. sp.—4, larva; 4a, dorsal and side view of
female ; 4 3, dorsal and side view of male.

» 5. DIAPUS HERETIERZ, n. sp.—Dorsal and side view of beetle.

ARTMENTAL NOTES ON INSECTS THAT AFFECT FORESTRY NO. 3.

coe,

S
A,

DEP

? PLATE XXIV.

ary,

CAN
daktuady A

S. B. Mondal, del. and Lith.

4. Diapus talurae n. sp.

1. Crossotarsus coniferae, n. sp.
5. Diapus heretierae, n. Sp

2. Crossotarsus piceae, n. Sp.

PT em 6TMNYreESSS. Y

~ aL

Os LOU Okan Oi Sei =

PLATE XXV,

DvuomITUs LEUcOoNoTUS, Walker.—a, dorsal and side view of a half-
grown larva; 4, side view of pupa; c, moth; d, empty pupa, case protruding
from tree showing method of escape of moth; e, portion of stem of a Cassza
nodosa tree severely attacked by this pest; the upper part in section shows
the pupal chambers in interior of the tree ; on the bark at the side and below
numerous protruding pupal cases may be observed (the stem is consider-
ably reduced in size).

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES ON INSECTS THAT AFFECT FORESTRY NO. Bh

PLATE XXV.

S. B. Mondal, del. and Lith,

Duomitus leuconotus, Walker.

yal
as ad
we ee

seid deren et fh Ns iS 70
a Sept Ot TA Gs at ha fee : ante i : ae :
: ; 5 5 : ’
he 7 <\) ee of i x
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PLATE XXVI.

ARBELA TETRAONIS, Moore (The casuarina bark-eating caterpillar),—a,
a dorsal and side view of caterpillar; 5, ventral and side view of pupa; c,
ventral view of an empty pupal case ; @, moth ; e, covered ways made on bark
of stem by the caterpillars (reduced) ; f, covered ways on a section of a stem
about two-thirds nat. size.

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gist to Govt. India.—Jan. 06.—1,000,

» porest. Eutomolo

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PLATE XXVII.

Fie. 1. DASYCHIRA’Sp.
2. COSMIA OCHREIMARGO, Hmpsu.—2, pupa; 2 a, moth.

» 3. BISTON SUPRESSARIA, Guen.—3, larva on atwig; 3a, pupa; 3

moth.
. Tinga (?) sp.

”

» 5+ METEONES sp.—5, coccoon on leaf; 5 a, fly.

. TORTRIX sp.— 6, pupa; 6a, moth.

. TinEA (?) sp.—7, pupa; 7a, moth.

. YPSOLOPHUS (?) sp. 8, pupa; 8a, moth.

. LastocaMPtD jlarva. 9, larva ; 9a, empty larval skin on leaf
with coccoon of a parasite of the tribe Hemiteléntz.

wo WNT DAn &

» 10. HEMITELINI.

» II, ENLOPHUS sp

SOA ee
PLATE XXVII. ee

; aS
ia VaR.
re

yy Vises

Wop spe

Mi ret)

S$. B. Mondal, del. and Iith.

1. Dasychira sp. 7. Timra (2) sp.
2. Cosmia ochreimargo, Hmpsn. 8. Ypsolophus (?) sp.
.38. Biston suppressaria, Guen. Ss Lasiocampid larva.
4. Tinra (?) sp. 10. Hemilelini.

5. Meteones sp. 11. Eulophus sp.
eet e im i

4S
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*EE=T Ou |

io 4 3S

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Full text of "Departmental notes on insects that affect forestry"

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