Historic, Archive Document
Do not assume content reflects current
scientific knowledge, policies, or practices.
aQL561
-N7H45
1991
United States
Department of
Agriculture
Agricultural
Research
Service
February 1992
'■ ' CL ! ' CSC ^
Heliothis/Helico verpa
Workshop: Revised
National Suppression
Action Plan
ARS-Wide Working Conference
San Antonio, Texas
September 16-19, 1991
Faust, Robert M. and James R. Coppedge,
eds . 1992. Heliothis/Helicoverpa
Workshop: Revised National Suppression
Action Plan. ARS-Wide Working Conference,
San Antonio, Texas, September 16-19,
1991. U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Agricultural Research Service, 74 pp .
This report is reproduced as supplied in
camera-ready form by the editors . It has
been edited for content only. While
supplies last, it is available in limited
quantities from:
Robert M. Faust
Room 336, Bldg. 005, BARC-West
10300 Baltimore Ave.
Beltsville, MD 20705
Table of Contents
Preface . i
Executive Summary . ii
ARS Mission and Needs for Environmentally Compatible
Insect Management . iii
Objectives and Charge to the Workshop . iv
Historical Perspectives of National Heliothis Suppression Plan . . vi
Action Area 1 - Host Plant Resistance . 1
5-Year Plan . 5
Action Area 2 - Chemical Control and Application Technology . 8
5-Year Plan . 12
Action Area 3 - Ecology and Population Dynamics . 16
5-Year Plan . 21
Action Area 4 - Behavior Modifying Chemicals . 27
5-Year Plan . 32
Action Area 5 - Biological Control . 39
5-Year Plan . . . 44
Action Area 6 - Genetics, Molecular Biology, and Basic
Physiology . 49
5-Year Plan . 56
Appendices
A. Committee Memberships . 63
B. Workshop Agenda . 64
C. ARS Scientists Working on Heliothis /He licover pa . 68
D. List of Attendees . 71
Preface
This Heliothis/Helicoverpa working conference report and National Action
Plan details an updated ARS fundamental and applied Heliothis /
Helicoverpa research program in cooperation with universities and other
state and federal agencies. A cooperative and cohesive team effort is
being structured to help solve specific national problems related to
this pest complex. This has required a detailed formulation of a
comprehensive action program that clearly defines and states program
goals and objectives, identifies each project relevance and role,
identifies activities to reach the objectives, establishes time frames
needed to reach objectives, and provides a basis for field participation
of ARS scientists and cooperators in planning the program. This
comprehensive plan should provide (a) focus and programmatic stability,
(b) a basis for monitoring and evaluating program progress, (c) a basis
for developing budget estimates and allocating resources, (d)
responsiveness to the technology and problem-solving needs of state and
federal action agencies, (e) identification of technology transfer
opportunities and (f) development of team players and teamwork. The
action plan contained herein should also provide an important foundation
for program strengthening and expansion, coordination, decision-making,
and implementation by the ARS National Program Staff.
The primary aim of the National Heliothis/Helicoverpa program is to
provide the necessary research and team effort that will continue to
yield environmentally and publicly acceptable, safe technologies for
area-wide management and suppression of this pest complex. The
technologies developed will continue to support the implementation of
state and federal action and regulatory programs. ARS is supportive of
the state and federal goals. The plan is designed to be dynamic yet
responsive to the needs and priorities of our stakeholders. Progress in
reaching goals will be reviewed on an annual basis. As the program
progresses, participants will play a significant role in redefining
essential activities when necessary, in eliminating some proposed
activities that may result from the inherent uncertainties of research,
and in assigning appropriate remaining activities or selecting new
activities to achieve goals. This is the dynamic nature of the plan.
The National Program Staff expresses its gratitude and appreciation to
all working conference attendees for participating in the organization
and proceedings of the conference and in formulating this comprehensive
action plan. We are especially indebted to the representatives from
APHIS, CSRS , universities, state agencies, and the representatives from
industry and commodity groups for their valuable interactions and
contributions .
Robert M. Faust James R. Coppedge
National Program Leader National Program Leader
Crop Protection Field Crop Entomology
r
Executive Summary
A major goal of the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) is the discovery
of new principles and development of safer methods for controlling
insects and other pests that infest agricultural commodities. Many
major insect pests have already developed resistance to a number of
current control methods that rely upon synthetic chemical pesticides,
and the safety of these chemicals is increasingly being questioned.
Research aimed at developing environmentally compatible and publicly
acceptable pest management systems is a high priority for ARS.
The Heliothis/Helicoverpa complex has a world-wide distribution and
contains some of the most serious pests to agriculture. H. virescens
and H. zea are pests on a wide variety of crops including cotton, corn,
soybean, lettuce, tomato, tobacco, ornamental, and other economic plants
in the U.S. These devastating pests of field crops cost growers about
$2 billion annually in yield losses and control costs. Currently, their
control is achieved almost entirely through the use of synthetic organic
insecticides. The desire to effectively manage Heliothis/Helicoverpa
spp. using integrated control strategies that reduce pesticide
dependency continues as a primary focus for ARS and others having a
vested interest. Research emphasis and priorities established for ARS
are: (a) host-plant resistance; (b) improved chemical control and
pesticide application technology; (c) understanding the ecology and
population dynamics of these pests; (d) behavior-modifying chemicals;
(e) biological control; and (f) genetics, molecular biology, and basic
physiology.
An ARS-wide working conference devoted to Heliothis/Helicoverpa was held
on September 16-19, 1991, in San Antonio, Texas. This report of the
conference contains an updated nationally coordinated 5-year action plan
for Heliothis/Helicoverpa research in ARS. At present, around 18 ARS
locations and about 90 ARS scientists are working on some aspect of
basic and/or applied research aimed at this pest complex. These efforts
involve entomologists, molecular biologists, organic chemists and
biochemists, engineers, and insect and plant physiologists, including
biocontrol scientists. Funding for this program amounts to some $4.98
million with much of the efforts involving extensive collaboration with
federal and state agencies, universities, and industry as outlined in
the action plan.
The action plan utilizes the adapted Convergence Technique for
Agricultural Research (ACTAR) and is organized into a series of arrays
to obtain the specified program objectives within the 5-year timeframe.
These include lead, safeguard, optimizing, and supplementary array
activities and will provide a basis for budget development and
monitoring progress of the program.
n
ARS Mission and Needs for Environmentally
Compatible Insect Management
The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) is the Department's principal
intramural research agency. It has long-standing working relationships
with the other research agencies in the Department, the State
Agricultural Experiment Stations, and the private research sector. The
ARS also works closely with the action agencies in the Department and
serves as the research arm for many of them. Interagency programs
within the Department are critical in such areas as soil and water
conservation, range improvement, control of plant and animal diseases,
and food safety.
The mission of the ARS is —
To plan, develop, and implement research that is designed to
produce the new knowledge and technologies required to assure the
continuing vitality of the Nation's food and agricultural
enterprise. As a Federal research agency, ARS (1) addresses
problems that are of legitimate national concern, (2) conducts
research that is appropriate for the Federal Government, and
(3) exploits the unique capabilities of ARS scientists and the
facilities they operate - a combination that forms an integrated
and coordinated national resource that is not duplicated by others
in the full U.S. agricultural research and development system.
During the past few decades the consumer public has insisted on
development of safer pest control methods to supplement and offset
extensive reliance on synthetic organic chemical pesticides. Progress
has been made in such areas as host plant resistance, expanded use of
predators, parasites and pathogens, semiochemicals (pheromones, plant
attractants, repellents, etc.), insect sterility, biotechnology,
cultural control and overall insect pest management. Although good
progress has been made at developing biologically-based methods of pest
control, synthetic chemical pesticides are still our major means of
protecting our food and fiber crops from pests. New, environmentally
compatible pest control technologies are slowly replacing synthetic
pesticides. This will be an even more critical issue as more registered
pesticides are banned. Increased research focus on host-plant
resistance, chemical control and application technology, insect ecology
and population dynamics, behavior modifying chemicals, biological
control, and insect genetics, molecular biology, and basic physiology is
needed, and is viewed as one of the high priority areas of research for
ARS in addressing agricultural problems caused by Heliothis/Helicoverpa.
iii
i
Objectives and Charge to the Workshop
The overall charge of the ARS-wide working conference was to update the
USDA-ARS action plan and will encompass fundamental and applied
Heliothis/Helicoverpa research in close cooperation with university
collaborators and state and federal agencies. The working conference
was specifically designed to provide a forum for expressing views,
generating ideas, and identifying gaps, needs and areas of cooperation
leading to technologies for area-wide management and suppression of
Heliothis/Helicoverpa insects.
Specific objectives were to:
1. Provide an opportunity for a research update and exchange of
research ideas and to facilitate cooperation between groups
currently involved in Heliothis/Helicoverpa research.
2. Develop an up-to-date comprehensive and nationally coordinated
action plan for Heliothis/Helicoverpa research in ARS .
3. Provide an opportunity for input into the development of the ARS
Heliothis/Helicoverpa research program by action and state
agencies .
4. Identify technology gaps in the ARS Heliothis/Helicoverpa research
program.
5. Establish priorities for Heliothis/Helicoverpa research.
The comprehensive action plan is divided into six major action areas,
each of which describe activities to be carried out over a 5-year time
frame. These activities are comprised of up to four arrays as outlined
by the adapted Convergence Technigue for Agricultural Research
(ACTAR)- ;
1. Lead array (LEAD) -- the main effort and includes activities
considered most plausible for successful achievement of a phase of
work.
2. Safeguard array (SAFEGD) — includes activities which are the most
likely substitute technical approaches to the activities in the
lead array; activities in this array constitute the essential
protection of the outcome of the program against the inherent
uncertainties of activities in the lead array.
3. Optimizing array (OPTIM) — are activities which could enhance or
optimize the potential of activities in the lead array to achieve
the intermediate objective of the phase of work.
iv
4.
Supplementary array (SUPPL) — activities for which the probability
of a positive contribution to the phase of work or objective is
unknown; the results, however, could bring about major changes in
the lead array. Some of these activities may be "high risk" or
"far out" applied research and some may be long range or
fundamental research. At least some of these activities are
essential to protect the lead array from uncertainties of outcome
and to encourage unusual technical approaches.
— ^Shea, K. R. and N. D. Bayley. 1976. A new approach for planning and
coordination of a large project. Office of the Secretary, USDA,
Washington, DC.
v
Historical Perspectives of National Heliothis Suppression Plan
Julius J. Menn
USDA, ARS, Plant Sciences Institute
Beltsville, Maryland 20705
It has been recognized by the entomological community that control of
the Heliothis /Helicoverpa complex is likely the most complex insect
management problem encountered in the field to date. The multi-host
range, long-distance migration potential, high fecundity, and adaptation
to chemical insecticides are some of the factors contributing to the
difficult economic management of this insect complex.
In 1985, E. B. Knipling, then Associate Deputy Administrator, National
Program Staff, appointed a coordinating leadership team consisting of
Julius J. Menn, Edgar G. King, and Charlie E. Rogers to develop a
unified National Heliothis Suppression Program (NHSP).
An exhaustive analysis of ARS resources, in 1985/1986, revealed that
there were 53 scientist years (SY's) in 25 research units, in 17
locations, in 12 states, and in Behoust, France, engaged in various
aspects of Heliothis research. Distribution of the research effort by
control approach in percent showed: 26% in biology; 24% in IPM; 17% in
host plant resistance; 13% in genetics; 9% in behavior; 7% in chemical
control and 2% in cultural methods.
A comprehensive plan was developed in consultation with all scientists
involved in these efforts. Research was divided into short- and
long-range research leading to suppression tests on a wide area and
directed to potential technology transfer to user groups. All inputs
were analyzed by use of the Program Evaluation and Review Technique
(PERT) . Based on this information, research was divided into short term
(< 5 years) and long term (> 5 years) activities.
In the short term, resources have been earmarked for research on:
biological-, chemical-, microbial-, genetic-control, and host plant
resistance (HPR) . In the long term, research was targeted towards
development of behavioral and non-classical biological control methods
including: .In vitro mass rearing technology for Heliothis /Helicoverpa
parasites, semiochemicals and attractants, fundamentals of pheromone
production and release in the insect and disruption of reproduction,
behavioral confusion and development of hybrid sterility technology.
vi
A comprehensive proposed action plan was submitted to E. B. Knipling in
January 1987 with recommendations including reallocation of Heliothis
research resources into six action areas:
1)
Heliothis movement and monitorinq
2)
Genetic control
3)
Chemical and microbiological
control
4)
Augmentation of predators and
parasites
5)
Semiochemicals
6)
Decision-making technology
With the reassignment of Julius Menn to the Plant Sciences Institute at
BARC, the NHSP assignment was transferred to the Field Crop Entomology,
NPL position. D. D. Hardee assumed that responsibility in April 1988,
during his tenure on NPS.
References :
King, E. G. and C. E. Rogers. 1987. ARS National Heliothis suppression
program (ARS-NHSP). To: Action Area Coordinators. Jan. 22, 1987.
Menn, J. J., E. G. King, and R. J. Coleman. 1989. Future control
strategies for Heliothis in cotton. In: Pest Management in Cotton.
Green, M. , B. Lyon, D. J. de (Eds.) pp. 101-121, SCI, Ellis Horwood Ltd.
Chichester, England.
1
Action Area 1 - Host Plant Resistance
Introduction
Numerous agricultural leaders over the past 25 years have emphasized the
need for nonchemical control of insect pests. However, Headley (1979)
predicted that chemical control would have a major role in pest
management in value crops until 1992 and then the trend for nonchemical
control methods would increase. Headley also predicted that resistant
cultivars would have a major role in controlling pests in crops from
1979 and that after 1992 the demand for their use would sharply
increase .
Plant resistance has been defined as "the heritable qualities of the
plant that influence the ultimate degree of damage done by the insect."
There are three mechanisms of resistance that may impact the damage done
by the pest insect: nonpreference, antibiosis, and tolerance. These
mechanisms may operate independently or together in a cultivar to lessen
insect damage and/or populations. The resistant cultivar may be used as
the sole method of control to limit insect damage on the farm or as a
foundation to other components of integrated pest management. Plant
resistance to insects, integrated with other biological strategies,
should be one of the principle means of nonchemical control of
Helicoverpa and/or Heliothis spp. In fact, most likely, plant
resistance as well as other components of integrated pest management
will be required to be used together before a significant impact can be
made on these pest insect populations.
Major Accomplishments
A number of resistant cultivars have been developed and recently
released: cotton; nectariless germplasm, MD 51 ne (Stoneville) ; 12
germplasm lines (Mississippi State) ; corn; 6 inbreds, 2 populations
(Tifton) ; soybeans; Lamar cultivar and 1 advanced breeding line,
D75-1069 (Stoneville); tobacco; advanced breeding line, 1-514 (Oxford,
Athens ) .
New sources of crop germplasm resistant to Helicoverpa and/or Heliothis
continue to be identified and/or factors or chemicals have been
introduced into existing germplasms (Ames, Columbia, Mississippi State,
Stoneville, Tifton, College Station, Albany, Oxford, Athens) .
Biological factors adversely affecting insect growth and development
have been described in corn (Tifton, Columbia, Ames); cotton
(Mississippi State, College Station, Stoneville); soybean (Stoneville);
tobacco (Oxford, Athens), and tomato (Albany).
Mechanisms of resistance and at least some of the basis of resistance,
including the genetics and biochemistry, have been described and/or
found: corn (Tifton, Ames, Columbia); tobacco (Oxford); cotton
(Mississippi State, Stoneville, College Station) ; potato (Albany) ;
soybean (Stoneville).
2
New and novel approaches are now being developed at College Station and
Mississippi State that include the use of transgenic plant development
and testing.
New and/or modified technology for use in plant resistance studies or
for developing new plant resistance cultivars and/or germplasms continue
to be reported, such as those for chemical or genetic assays. (Cotton:
Mississippi State, Stoneville, College Station; Corn: Tifton; Soybeans:
Stoneville; Tobacco: Oxford; Potato: Albany)
Basic studies have shown compatibility of corn plant resistance and an
insect pathogen, a predator, an insecticide, and inherited sterility as
components of integrated pest management (Tifton) .
Significance
Technological developments made by plant resistance scientists now
enable them to more effectively identify new resistant germplasm;
identify chemicals and genes conferring resistance; and to insert
foreign genes (Bt) into domestic plants. Cottons containing the Bt gene
are projected to be available by 1995. Experimental resistant corn and
cotton have shown population reduction by as much as 50-65%/generation.
Sufficient germplasm of all crops is available to reduce losses by
Heliothis/Helicoverpa spp. by as much as 5-10%. New technology and the
combination of plant resistance and other components of integrated pest
management should reduce losses by Heliothis/Helicoverpa spp. by as much
as 50%.
Cooperators/Co-investigators
Researchers involved with the direction of ARS research on Heliothis
and/or Helicoverpa studies have involved themselves, in some cases, more
closely with industry such as hybrid corn seed companies, cotton seed
companies, tobacco companies, and those biotech companies developing
transgenic plants and/or those involved in transfer of genes through
RFLP analysis.
Lead ARS Scientists
Code
Name
SY
Location
JAE
J.
A.
Eash
0.5
Albany, CA
CAE
C.
A.
Elliger
0.5
Albany, CA
ACW
A.
C.
Waiss
0.5
Albany, CA
RLW
R.
L.
Wilson
CN
O
Ames, I A
RFS
R.
F.
Severson
0.1
Athens, GA
MES
M.
E.
Snook
0.1
Athens, GA
DWA
D.
W.
Altman
0.7
College Station, TX
BDB
B.
D.
Barry
0.1
Columbia, MO
LLD
L.
L.
Darrah
0.1
Columbia, MO
JNJ
J.
N.
Jenkins
0.6
Mississippi State,
WLP
W.
L.
Parrott
0.9
Mississippi State,
DMJ
D.
M.
Jackson
0.6
Oxford, NC
LL
L.
Lambert
0.1
Stoneville, MS
WRM
W.
R.
Meredith
0.1
Stoneville, MS
MS
MS
3
REL
R.
E.
Lynch
0.1
Tifton,
GA
NWW
N.
W.
Widstrom
0.4
Tifton,
GA
BRW
B.
R.
Wiseman
0.5
Tifton,
GA
The scientists involved in Heliothis and/or Helicoverpa research
continue to utilize many other ARS scientists listed herein to broaden
their research scope and to increase the depth of their work as well as
numerous state and commercial scientists.
ARS Cooperators
Name
Location
D. W.
Ow
Albany, CA
L. M.
Poliak
Ames, I A
O. T.
Chortyk
Athens, GA
W. S.
Schlotzhauer
Athens, GA
W. W.
Cantelo
Beltsville,
MD
F. E.
Callahan
Mississippi
State,
MS
P. A.
Hedin
Mississippi
State,
MS
J. C.
McCarty
Mississippi
State,
MS
V. A.
Sisson
Oxford, NC
J. E.
Carpenter
Tifton, GA
L. D.
Chandler
Tifton, GA
H. R.
Gross
Tifton, GA
J. J.
Hamm
Tifton, GA
c. c.
Holbrook
Tifton, GA
M. G.
Stephenson
Tifton, GA
Non-ARS Scientists
Name
Ken Ziegler
Karl Espelie
George Teetes
Kenneth Sink
Albert Johnson
Robert Miller
Gary Reed
David J. Isenhour
Mark Nielson
George Wagner
John Foster
Tom Archer
Roy Creech
Randy Luttrell
Stan Surplick
Randy Deaton
Harry Collins
Keith Jones
Dirk Benson
W. D. Branch
Affiliation
Iowa State Univ.
Univ. of Georgia
Texas A&M Univ.
Michigan State Univ.
Clemson Univ.
Univ. of Tenn.
Oregon State Univ.
Pioneer Hi-Bred
Univ. of Kentucky
Univ. of Kentucky
Univ. of Nebraska
Texas A&M Univ.
Miss. State Univ.
Miss. State Univ.
Miss. State Univ.
RJR Tobacco Co.
Monsanto
Delta Pine Land Seed Co.
Delta Pine Land Seed Co.
Garst Seed Co.
Univ. of Georgia
Location
Ames, IA
Athens, GA
College Station, TX
E. Lansing, MI
Florence, SC
Greenville, TN
Hermington, OR
Johnston, IA
Lexington, KY
Lexington, KY
Lincoln, NE
Lubbock, TX
Mississippi State, MS
Mississippi State, MS
Mississippi State, MS
North Carolina
St. Louis, MO
Shaw, MS
Shaw, MS
Thomasville, GA
Tifton, GA
4
Robert McPherson Univ. of Georgia Tifton, GA
J. A. Mihm CIMMYT El Batan, Mexico
Research Gaps and Bottlenecks
1. Need a better marker selection method for identification of genes
to be used in commercial breeding programs.
2. Lack of knowledge in insect and plant behavior and physiology as
they relate to plant resistance studies.
3. Strong need for additional research on insect rearing to yield a
higher quality of insects for plant resistance research.
Research Constraints
1. To provide sufficient data to convince commercial breeders to
accept resistant cultivars.
2. Provide additional funds for evaluating germplasm and integrating
resistant cultivars into IPM.
LEAD Develop crop cultivars Identify crop cultivars Begin initial plans Continue as in yr 2 Continue as in yr 3 Release resistant
-Q 4-»
(- 3 CD
O CL <D
c o
4-* CD
<D
C Q.
CD
»♦- C/) -C
O 4J 4-»
c
(/) «D H-
CD — » O
CL
CO • —
C/3 CD CD CD CD C 4-»
cDEa>Eooo>4-*c
t-<AjQ(ACC>Cto
CO CO •*- CO <0 co E
>— »t_ C <-> V 'V y (Jj
•— Q-OflDCDCDOCDCD
4-* E \ -C 0) •— co
-'LTJU(/)(fl'*-COC
3aicai4iDH-ci(o
oo)coEt-c_a)c-E
E O E
CD
<0
CO "O
— ' C 03
a co o
CD E t-
4-< C_ CT> Q_
CO CD C
t- cd 4->
O -DC
q_ 4-» <u a>
l C flj E
O CD L a
<J 4-* _Q O
C CO — *
O CD
CD 4-» >
o cd c <d
4-» l. •— T3
>* o
>
CD •—
(0 4-*
o
<d cd
E — »
CO -O
c/> o
X GJ
>
CD •—
O CD
E — *
co -Q
< A O
>- cd
>
C/5
>* cd
>
< A —
co 4-»
o
0/ to
E —I
CO .D
C/3 O
c
TJ
— c
0) •—
s- cd
3 C
L.
E O
(A O
(0 H-
— • o o
CL ♦-*
E c/3
<-—> to
cd to o
CD > C
to co
t - -
D D) l/l
C CD
ra r l
E E
3 3
t- -O
C/3 4-» M— O
E O —
c/3 <D E — ’
co o c/3 o a/
— ' C t_ 1_ DC
Q. (O 0)
E 4-» JD
c_ CD E <D Q
CD — 3
CD CD C co CD
CD E >
CD co O
U T3 U
3
o
-C
13 CDT3 *D
C •»- CD C
CO .C t- co
3 3
_J 3
OC Z
“3 CL
31 — !
Q 3
< 31
3 c*
Q 3
«£ - </)
3 — I LU
q hi s;
CD
> 00 '
C/3 •— Q LU
CO 4-* CO <
O (_)
CD CD
E — * LU -
CO _Q <C —i
C/3 O —3 —1
CL
O 4-»
— » O C/3
CD CD •*—
> CL -C
O E 4->
T3 •*- H— O
o —
CO C/3
-n c
4-» O
\ o
*u
C C/3 •—
CO CD CD 4J
O O CO
^ C— C — •
H- 3 CO 3
•— O 4-»
4J C/3 C/3
C —
O 3 CD
-Q CD CD
— • C L.
Q. O
o o
Q. •*-
o u
CO CD
CLH-
E H-
<D •»— CD
41 to
CD CD CL
«— O Z «< •— •— •-
CD CD CO O — ' CD
C. 3 4-* \ 4-»
CD "D CD CD
c r-
>* C_ CD CO
CD C_ CO CD
C O > t_ L_
4-> CO
E co cd to >
i— L- _C -C
CD
E -c
CD O 4-» 4-»
4-> _Q — < CO
CD CO M— *4— 3 — ' *4—
Q — » O O O Q. O ■
3
cl 3:
CO CL
3
-3 -
CO
CO
(D CD — > — «3 Q Q.
C
CD CD 4-*
C > C
•r- CO
CL CL C-
E O CD
t- Q_ >
CD O
CD CD U
C •-
E 4-» 4-* (_ ‘*-
L. O CD O U CD
CD to ^ 3 Z
4-3 H- CD "O "D
CDH-CDCCDH-
Q CD L CD L o
Action Area 1 - Host Plant Resistance
03
Q.
O
c_
o
CO
c cd
<u c
Q- 4-*
(0
03 0)
4-* 4-*
tu
C —
— Q.
c- O
O 4-1
H- C >*
TJ o
O <0
X C 0>
4-» O C
0) — 03
UJ E 4-< CD LU
z o z
< Q -DC <
CO O TJ CD CO (/)
— » O — 4-*
03 t- 03 C
> 4-» £_ 03
D C O — ^
Q V4_ Q_
c
CO
CD
0)
E
OJ
CO
c
<0
03
03
3
c
c
o
LJ
6
ro
c
CO
03
0)
D
c
c
o
(_)
CO
n o t/i fli
— c x
c- "D O 4-»
>* D —
4-» 4-» TJ 4-*
c <o o c c
•— 03 0J 03
<D L — *
TJ
C
CO 4-» 0) 4-» Q_ 03 4-*
03 03 4-* (0 C
•— c oj 4-* co <u
OJ 4-» — Q_ C — > E
D — 03 03 C
C C <13 03 4-» ■*- O
•—•'-XX CO C_ L.
4-* 4-» 4-i ■— 03 •—
C TJ CO 4-* >
O C Cf o 0! C
CJ 03 O O t- E 03
03
C • 4-*
O <13 03
CM
CM
<13 CO "O O
X CO "O *4- 4-*
fl3 03 O 4J
C CO 4-*
<13 <13 C 4-i <13 C LU
C > 03 C Q.Q) Z
— — 03 E <— <
E 4-> CD C TJ <11 CO
£-<JCO<LlCDC-
03 03 •— Q_ 4-* 03 >*
+-» TJ E 03 C
03 TJ O <- 03 H-
O 03 CD U CD E O
CO
OJ
03
E
03
CO
CM
c
CO
03
03
D
C
C
o
C_)
c
03 CO
w 0.
CL C
03
3 CD
01
C 03
UJ U
Z 03 C
<t 4-* CD
(O 03 4J
D CO
OJ CO
> 03
UJ L.
CO
CD
OJ
E
CD
CO
c
CO CD
*— 03 4-»
— CO
t- TJ —
>• D 01 CO
4-» X OJ CO
C CO 4-* C - '
— 03
03 03 03 -
CO 4-* C X c_
OJ CD •— 4-» 03
LU — E 4-»
31 03 4-* L H_ (D
< D — 03 O E
CO C C 4-*
— — 03 CO 4J
4-* *U — C
C TJ <0 CD
O C O CD — »
U 03 p a
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
OJ 4-* 03
> C X
•— CD 4-»
4— ' — ’ O "O
U Q_ OJ
03 03 4-*
CD C 03
H- C O l—
03 •— D3 4J
C TJ 03 C
03 — C 4-» 03
X _Q CD C E
4-» E — 03
O 03 CD
03 U US- CD
c c o c
— H- CO 03
E O 4-» "O E
<- CO o
03 CO — X 4-*
4-> CO CO 4-J CO
OJ 03 OJ 03 03
O C C_ E Q.
CO
- 03
Z U I
OT <- C
3 3 0
O C
* CO
a. E
-J 3 0
3 at <—
C
3 >v CO
Ct. < H- 03
CQ 3 — C
Q 4-* 03 CO
* C CD Q_
—i - 03 O
Z _J "D H- L
“3 _J — O O
z oo
o Li¬
ar
a. -
3 a:
CD
z 3
“3 Z*
< *•
3 z
Ci or
3
OJ -Q
4-» CO 03
03 L. >- _Q
X D C- 4-» • —
4-» O O —
O ^ > O
CO TJ — CO
03 <U C 4-» 03
— X 03 O TJ
■0 4-* 03
D C
4-> L O H) CD
CO 03 — X L-
4-J 4-> 4-< <_
03 — * (J CD
4-* 03 OJ 03
CD l— O >» C
— TJ — c c —
4-i — ’ TJ CD CD 03
— ZJ X L.
C O M- C H- 03
— U O 03 O X
CL
-l ZE
I* a:
CD
Q -
co co co
OJ 4-> H- 03
>* •— O O 4J Q_
L T) OJ C
O D H- CO CD OJ
4-» 4-< H— C — ' X
<D CO 03 O Q_ 4-»
t_ -r-
O "O 03 4-* -D C
-Q — - C CJ 03 O
03 OJ — CD 4-*
— ' •— E C- CO CO
H- c_ 03 - - -
4-» 03 4-» CO CD
U L V C 0J — V
D O 03 - L L U
TJ ^ TJ 03 03
C TJ TJ 03 4-* CO
O C O C X CD C
<_> CD 4-> CO 4-» E —
I
I
I
!
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
CO
1- X
03 4-»
O
C 4-» —
— c
03 03
03 — 'OX
X Q. 4-»
4-* CD
v 03 Q
03 O CJ t_
C C 03
— CO 03 >
E C 4-* O
u O CO o
03 — •- —
4_< 4-> CO — '
03 U 03 03
Q <D <- X
TJ
03
4-»
03
L.
O)
l_ 03 4-*
03 *-> C
X C 03
4-* — E
O 03
H- CD
X O CD
4-» C
— CO 03
3 TJ E
O
• X 4-»
Q- 4-» CO
Q. 03 03
CO E Q.
JZ
Z CM
Q_ ■
o «-
2
03 c- C
COO
O H- —
— 4-» 4-»
C O CO 03
03 03 03 E
CD — ' C L_
CO 03 03 O
C CO CD H-
CD CO
L TJ 03 C
4-» c U OJ
CD C C-
Q. 03 *->
O CO *-*
— » 4-* CO 4-»
03 C — C
> CD CO 03
03 — '03 — '
Q Q.L Q.
I L_
4-» 4-» 03 C
CO 03 4-» O
</) p ro 4J 03
03 CJ X
L_ > C_ 03 4-*
CD O
4-» O M-H-
C — ' 4-* O O CO
CD O O >.
— ' C 03 03 03 CD
Q. X Q. co C c_
u E C- o t_
Q. 03 — D CD
O 4 O >v
-- TJ O C <-
03 03 — ' CD 03
> U O 0> X
03 C O X 4-»
Q 03 3 4-» O O
U
Z CM
CL ■
O *-
—I
CL •
CL «—
ZJ •
oo »—
CO
E co
CO —
O C 4-*
\ CD O
TJ X O —
C 0 4-*-^
CD 03 03
03 E 03 X
X •» U \
- - — * C 03
— 03 03 CD Q
03 CD U O 4 L
C O — — CO 03
— — E CO — >
E CD UJ > CO O
L. O X X 03 O
01 — ' O Q_ l_ ■ —
4-^0 0 0 --
03 •— — — H- 03
CJ -Q JZ _Q OX
Q_
Q.
CO
JAE, DM J , CAE, ACW , JNJ, SAME SAME SAME SAME
LL, NWW , WLP, BRW, RLW,
MES, RFS
Action Area 1 - Host Plant Resistance
7
in
CD -o
> <D
O *->
E Q-
03
o -o
4-» (D L.
O
CD O ^
C 4-* ' O
03 C C
— » •— fl3
Q_ CO
co co E uj
01 Q) L Ifl 2E
4-* C CD CD <
ro <D > — » to
•— 03 •— Q.
4-J E
•— CD — ' c_
C -c D CD
«- P U O)
03
CD
>-
C
CD
CD
0)
Z3
C
LU
Z
<
CO
ro
03 O) CD CD
3 O >*
CD O O
_C l— l— 03
4-> _C Q_ C
CD
CD
TJ
D (/) L d
03 <D 03 _l
- - T3 H-
4-» T3 C O'
— D 03
C 4-» 4-» l_.
— • CO (0 O
r\j
t_
03
CD
CD
CD
CO
CO
O C/3
l_ <D •*-
U ^ O £ (/)
C 4-* 4-» >n
CD <D — »
£ D l/l L (U
4^ cr c o c
<D O H- 03
a/co-r-
4-J _Q 4-» (D U
03 3(0Lt-
•— CO L 03 4-»
4-* CD CL CD
*«- “O C CD C
C C 01 L oi
•— « CD 03 Q_ 03
X
L_
03
CO
CO
CD
o
CD
c
o
<
3
a
- a.
3 -I
3 3
- 3
CD
CD
>-
CD
-C >> -C
4-» 03 CO CD
O •— >
Q_ — - — >
0 0 0.4-*
— ' C E O
CD -C O CD
> O O •— *
CD ID U D
O +-* 03 O
C CXL
3 3
O O'
<C CO
C/3 CO
CD CD
CD CD
E E
CD CD
CO CO
O C O C/3
•— CD w
4-> 4-» "O — '
CD C/3 C CD
C — 03 O
CD C/3 •—
03 (D CD E
1— — 'CD
CD CD SI
JZ CD •- CJ
4-* _C l—
4-» CD T3
CD 4-* CD
CH-CD-
•— O E H- CD
E •- c_
L (D P 4J O
CD ■— C C 4->
4-* CD CD CD O
CD 03 — *0 CD
Q £3 O ■ — H—
CD
3: nj
►— r\j
CL •
o <-
_Q
3E <M
l — C\J
CL •
O «-
—» ro
Q_ •
CL CM
Z> •
co «—
8
Action Area 2 - Chemical Control and Application Technology
Introduction
Suppression of Heliothis/Helicoverpa populations with chemical and
biological insecticides remains the major component in crop management
systems in most corn, cotton, peanut and soybean production areas.
Insecticides are most beneficial when used in conjunction with cultural
and biological management techniques. For example, several studies have
shown that timely application of insecticides can aid in Heliothis/
Helicoverpa management without severe disruption in beneficial insect
populations. However, problems do exist with insecticide-based
management programs. Insecticide resistance, lack of adequate
insecticide formulations, crop phytotoxicity, and environmental
contamination can create difficult management situations, but these
problems could be effectively managed with increased knowledge of the
systems in which Heliothis/Helicoverpa operate. Additional information
is needed to facilitate understanding of the Heliothis/Helicoverpa
ecosystem, and to provide technological advances for improved
insecticide-based crop management systems.
Major Accomplishments
Pest control.
Determined effects of volumes and rates of various insecticides on
Heliothis/Helicoverpa mortality ( Stoneville ) . Demonstrated that
pyrethroids mixed with non-EC oil and applied in irrigation water
provided longer residual control of H. zea on cotton than did
pyrethroids mixed with water (Tifton). Showed that ovicide efficacy is
dominated by mortality of neonate larvae rather than mortality of eggs
(College Station).
Demonstrated that pyrethroids applied in irrigation water provided
Heliothis/Helicoverpa control as good as that achieved with ground
applications (Tifton) . Observed no differences in control of
H. virescens using microencapsulated capsule suspensions of profenofos
when compared to an EC formulation of profenofos (College Station).
Determined that efficacy of polymeric controlled release formulations of
sulprofos on H. virescens was greater than with sulprofos and other
polymeric formulations (College Station) .
Evaluated and identified new insect growth regulators for H. zea control
(Tifton) . Demonstrated defensive role of mycotoxins and other fungal
metabolites against H. zea (Peoria) . Demonstrated the ability of H. zea
detoxification systems to respond to mycotoxins (Peoria).
Insecticide resistance.
Determined that no cross resistance to carbamates and organophosphates
was present in pyrethroid-resistant H. virescens (Stoneville).
Determined that inheritance of pyrethroid resistance in resistant
H. virescens strain was co-dominant and indicative of the presence of a
major metabolic detoxification mechanism (Stoneville) . Analyzed and
9
developed hypotheses concerning inheritance of resistance to methyl
parathion and EPN in H. virescens (Phoenix, Weslaco) .
Identified resistance to thiodicarb in H. virescens populations that
were resistant to pyrethroids ( Stoneville ) . Confirmed resistance to
pyrethroid, carbamate, and organophosphate insecticides (multiple
resistance) in H . virescens populations in Louisiana and Mississippi
(Stoneville). Determined season-long levels of resistance to
pyrethroid, carbamate and organophosphate insecticides in naturally
occurring H. virescens populations (Stoneville). Determined that no
resistance present to pyrethroids in H. virescens/H. zea populations and
no resistance present to methomyl in H. zea populations in south Texas
and northeast/northwest Mexico (Weslaco) . Observed variations in H. zea
resistance to organophosphates in Cental America, southwestern Chiapas,
Mexico, and south Texas (Weslaco) .
Application technology.
Determined that insecticide droplet size is a factor in the efficacy of
ovicides; some formulations are more effective with large droplets,
while others more effective with small droplets (College Station) .
Determined that efficacy of some pyrethroids was influenced by droplet
size; large drops increased efficacy on the leaf (College Station,
Stoneville) . Showed that insecticide formulations can cause differences
in droplet size distributions which can adversely affect efficacy
(College Station).
Investigated the use of air-assist atomizers for low volume ground
application of insecticides in water and oil diluents (Stoneville).
Developed improved drop-on-demand device (Stoneville). Developed new
application/measuring systems for conduction of droplet size
investigations (College Station, Stoneville, Tifton) .
Determined best irrigation nozzle packages for application of
insecticides ( insectigat ion) to control H. zea infesting corn (Tifton).
Determined effects of equipment, formulation, and operational variables
on size of spray droplets produced by aircraft delivery systems (College
Station) . Determined effects of aerial application variables on
insecticide deposition of spray drops in cotton (College Station) .
Significance
Information developed by scientists working in chemical control and
application technology has increased the efficiency of insecticides
recommended for Heliothis/Helicoverpa management, and has established
guidelines for selection of proper rates, formulas and spray volumes of
these insecticides. Studies have identified mechanisms involved in
H. virescens insecticide resistance and have provided baseline
information for the establishment of resistance management programs.
Additionally, research results have served as guides to industry for the
development, selection and proper operation of spray nozzles and
associated sprayer components for enhanced insecticide efficacy and
reduced environmental contamination.
10
Cooperators/Co-investigators
Lead ARS Scientists
Code
Name
SY
Location
LFB
L. F.
Bouse
CN
O
College Station
IWK
I. W.
Kirk
1.0
College Station
MAL
M. A.
Latheef
1.0
College Station
PFD
P. F.
Dowd
0.2
Peoria, IL
ACB
A. C.
Bartlett
0.1
Phoenix, AZ
TJH
T. J.
Henneberry
0.1
Phoenix, AZ
GWE
G. W.
Elzen
0.5
Stoneville,
MS
JEM
J. E.
Mulrooney
0.5
Stoneville,
MS
WPS
W. P.
Scott
0.4
Stoneville,
MS
ACW
A. C.
Womac
CN
O
Stoneville,
MS
LDC
L. D.
Chandler
0.4
Tifton, GA
HRS
H. R.
Sumner
0.5
Tifton, GA
DAW
D. A.
Wolfenbarger
0.9
Weslaco, TX
TX
TX
ARS Cooperators
Name
Location
S. D. Pair
Lane, OK
0. D. Daily
New Orleans,
LA
M. R. McGuire
Peoria, IL
B. S. Shasha
Peoria, IL
J . J . Hamm
Tifton, GA
J. E. Carpenter
Tifton, GA
J. R. Raulston
Weslaco, TX
Non-ARS Cooperators
Name
Affiliation
Location
Jerry B. Graves
Louisiana St. Univ.
Baton Rouge, LA
W. Harrison
Rohm & Haas
Camilla, GA
William R. Martin, Jr.
BIOSYS
Gainesville, FL
M. Firko
APHIS
Hyattsville, MD
Keith H. Griffith
Uniroyal
Orlando, FL
Leon B. Braxton
Dow/Elanco
Tallahassee, FL
Carroll D. Applewhite
FMC
Tifton, GA
Richard B. Chalfant
Univ. of Georgia
Tifton, GA
Gary A. Herzog
Univ. of Georgia
Tifton, GA
J. Norman
Texas A&M Univ.
Weslaco, TX
D. Riley
Texas A&M Univ.
Weslaco, TX
Alton N. Sparks, Jr.
Texas A&M Univ.
Weslaco, TX
M. Gonzalez
Ciba-Geigy
Torreon, Mexico
E. Martinez
CAT IE
Managua, Nicaragua
E. Salgado
INIFAP
Tampico, Mexico
11
Research Gaps and Bottlenecks
1. Research to extend field viability of biological insecticides (at
least 7 days) and develop improved biological insecticide
formulations .
2. Develop strategies for use of Bt's in field situations - develop
management strategies to eliminate population fluctuations, study
sublethal effects, application strategies, etc.
3. Develop simulated cropping systems to evaluate management
strategies .
4. Expand opportunities for research on natural products.
5. Expand studies on insect/insecticide genetics for determining
mechanisms of resistance.
6. Expand studies on insecticide-plant-insect interactions to include
biological insecticides.
7. Studies to integrate insecticide interactions, resistance
management, and transgenic plants.
8. Expanded cooperation with formulation chemists at regional labs.
9. Alternatives to pyrethroids.
10. Evaluation of band applications for ways to reduce insecticide
rates, etc. in ground application.
11. Earlier involvement of application technology in insecticide
evaluation.
Bottlenecks: (1) money; (2) personnel; (3) no insects to work on in
certain locations during certain years; (4) technology transfer.
Research Constraints
None
LEAD Identify effective Conduct laboratory and Select best candidate Integrate best candi- Continue as in yr 3 Continue as in yr
2.1 commercially avail- field experiments on compounds from both date insecticides with goal to have
12
O L.
t- o
4-» O Q
C — * l—
O 03 •*- 03
U O Q. >
03 O
"O — ' H— O
— - Q_ O
03
— c
03
— ' 03 4-* H-
03 03 OJ O
E 03 3
•— .x — * 4-*
4-* U CD CO
Q. 03 > 03
O Q.D v
ecu
o ■-
o tj
03 03
03 E
C_ 03
03 C
03 03
03 >
1- O
03 -Q
—> 03
C_
C
LU
Z
<
CO
(/)
03
03
3
C
C
o
c_>
ro tj
_c c
L_ 4-* 03
>* —
3 r-
C
•— Of OJ
4-*
C/) 03 CO
03 t- >v
UJ cn 03
Z 03 QJ L_
< 3 4-» L.
C/3 C C <
£ *" TJ
c "O oj c\j
o c <u •
(_) 03 — I f\J
03 U
O — - 03—* TJ U
*-> 03 0) Q_ QJ OJ
E 4-* Q_ > 4-* v4-
(/)•*- 03 03 O O
HI P L (_ C
Q_ 4-* H- Q. o V
TJ O CO O E — C
03
03 CO
C TJ
H- O
oj sz
t- CO
03
«• L_
0) -C
4-» 03
■— O
3 •*-
03
C O
O
— O
4-J •
CD _Q
03 .
4-* Q_— * 03
CO O O C
— * t- •— CO •— 03
O 03 4-» E C — * 03
4-» > C ■— O Q. C
C 03 O +-*•»— Q. CO
•*- TJ U *— 1 4-* 03 E
<J 03 4-* O
CO C
03 03
t- E
TJ -•
C 3
03 O
I— 03
03 4-» E
JC c
Q_ 03 — *
— * o
03 a L
C 4-»
•— 4-* C
T3 CO O
3 0 0
— * sz
U 03
CTJ U
•- c c
w CD CD
03
C TJ
•- C 3
4-* 03 03
CO 03 Q. C
03 C_ X
4-» 03 03 *4-
sz o
TJ I TJ
— ' "v C 03
03 CO CO 03 C
■*- I 03 — * •- C
03 "O 03 -V O CO
LU C •*- C "D CO 03
Z 03 O O 03 03 4-» 3
< 4~> 4-j (U O'
CO 03 CO U u C O •—
03 O 03 CD TJ •— C
4^ _Q 03 t_ - - • SZ
•— CO O L flj a U
C H— c •— 03 — Q. 03
— O •— _Q 3 H- CO U
CO
03
TJ
O
O 03
03 C
CO O
C —
03
— * L_
03 O
U ■ —
— -Q
E
03 TJ
sz c
U 03
03
03
4-* C 4-»
c
03 CD 03 03
3 T OJ L O 4-* H— CO
V-OJOPCDCOH-C
03 CO T3 03 0) •*-
C- •— 03 •*- “O
OM- 03 U TJ *»“ 03 03
C C C O C 4-»
TJ CO •*- CD CD •«— CD
CO c c
a. 03 •-
3 4-*
O -Q CO
l- 03 03
CO — * 4-»
CD 03 CO
4-* l_ 3
i oj cr
C 0.(0 *
C0 C0 4-*
E L 01
O
a 4-* E "D •—
03 CO O C- •— CO C OJ CD
03*— 4-*OJOJTJOJOJTJC
L.(OCO(fl4JC"DO)fl33
(J Ol 03 C 03 CD L L 10
CO t- -Q •- "O u o o Q. H-
LU
z
<
c/>
CO O CO
«- 03 03 E
•— CO
C- 73 H— •*-
>* 3 03 C
■M C CD
C co TJ o cn j
•— C C_ 03 ^
0303(0CflOC(0C0
CO 4-* C TJ 03 —
03 CD ■— 03 C 4-» 4J TJ 03
•*- E U 3 0) CO ■*■ C
OJWLCOCJIOIUO
3 ■*- 03 CD Q.L-^3 — *-
CC4-*4-*ECO 4-» 4-*
■-•i-0»WO4JC7)(J0J
*-> TJ •— O • C 03 t_
C 13 CO C •- CO o
OCO03'4-OC0C —
ucii^loc:'-!]
CO
4-*
H- U
O T3 03
CO C CO
>s-D CD C
o c •-
O CD D ><
•M U O C T3
•*“0.0 03
CO M- E — * ■»-*
CLH- O O O
O 03 O O 03
L. — *
U 03 03 _Q — *
C -* CD O
CO •- A — * o
D E CD i
O C - * O) ~0
•- 03 ■- C — *
C_ 4-» 03 •— 03
CD 03 > CO •*—
> TJ CO 3 m-
03
4-*
— «
TJ
o
03
O
03
c
TJ
— •
D
C—
03
03 H—
c
03
o
— »
o
c
4-»
CL
o
CD
CO
• w-
3
>* 4-*
03
4-*
o
c
CO
o
4-»
(—
<
C_
>
•»—
o
•— c
4-»
03
Q
O
TJ
03
— *
TJ
CO
4-> x:
o
*
H- O
H-
co
03
CO
4-*
03
03
C
03
CD 4-*
4-»
•4—
• t—
o
E
03
c
(_
4-»
03
U 03
0j
c
03 4-»
L_
Q-TJ
03
_l
C_
03
O
c
TJ
- 3
4-*
03
o TJ
03
C
4-»
<
O
• i—
\
03
CO
CO
D
— - CO
0J
E
TJ ZJ
TJ
CD
CO
Z
J3
CO
TJ
E
03
— *
4-*
CL w
(_
03
C TJ
o
03
03
C
•»—
TJ
03
CO
CL
C-
CD 03
4-»
4-» TJ
CO
*
— *
TJ
03
t_
c
03 C
•>
3
1-
03
C
LU
03
U
o
03
O
03
CO
03
cn
3
□3
3
4-*
CO
Q.
CL
• r-
4—*
03 ■-
U
CD
O) SZ
D
c_
O
c
CJ
O
03
O
X
4-»
4J
03
> CO
c
03
C O) TJ
CD
£_
D
•r-
— >
03
O
CD
o
03
E
3
4-*
cn
X
TJ
TJ
03
03
l_
4-»
L U TJ
CO O
CO
•
03
U
C
D
>
3
CO
O
• »-
CL 03
• »—
TJ
C c_
CO
c
i_
C_
Q
o
4->
03
03
c
• »—
c
E c-
ZJ
C
03 SZ
o
o
o
CL
u
CO
TJ
c
•—
•*“
Q. 03
OJ
CO 4-*
— »
c
H-
CO
03 w
CD CO CO
<j 03 — *
TJ CD
E —
03 u o o
TJ {-
C 03
03 4-*
03
* CO ID
<0 4-»
a C T
o CD C
• — 'CD
D
- E ^
CO •»- CO
C CD CO C
c
Q CD
O 03
03 03 t-
— * CO O
J3 C •-
03 ■— J3
03 4-»
cn c o
O ••- CO
-* T3 «-
O 03 p
•— 03 4-»
A H- 03
CO 4-* •— 03
Q_ 03
O 03
jQ
- >.
c o
CO
o
t- o *
O W co
Q- 4-*
E to 3
— Q. C
O CD
C L 03
O O Q.
— TJ
4-* CD
o co c 03 r\j
03 — * o _ j
CO 03 •*- CNJ
C C 4-* H—
- O 03 L O T3
— O O C
J *^ **• H- C CD
03 03 — * O
C C_ Q_ CO •*- «—
O Q. 03 4-» •
>*•— 03 3 CD CM
^2 CT 3SJ
•^- ^ C- CO
4-» CO O C E >*
C 03 'V. _C •— CO
03 "O TJ O 4-* L_
tj - c id a l
— • U CD 4-» O <
a
o *-
< •
CO CM
LFB, LDC , IWK, PFD, MAL LFB, LDC , IWK, PFD , HAL, SAME SAME SAME
JEM, ACW, HRS JEM, ACW, GWE, DAW, HRS
OPTIM Develop improved Identify and determine Continue as in yr 1 Continue as in yr 2 Continue as in yr 3 Conduct field tests
2.1.2a formulations of insecticide formulation and initiate small and begin integra- fully integrated into
candidate and carrier needs and plot tests on weed t i on into Lead Array Lead Array 2.1
13
N*
>4-
C
LLi
£
<
in
co
co
05
3
C
C
o
o
CO
CO
<u
3
C
C
o
CJ
fO
44 CNJ
C_ CO C
>* •*-* 05 CNJ
c ETJ
C 05 05 CD ~D
— E — 0/ C
Q. Ql — ! <0
(A
CO
05
05 >
3 05
c -o
CL
D C t-
C0 — •
o co
4— * Qj C/5
— >
v £ T3 "D HI
C v 4» D -
O •— C/5 L.
CJ 2 3 CO <
rO
(_
c
CO
C0
0)
3
C
C
o
CJ
05 (A
(A U) CO
O) CO TJ
C C C (A
— CO CO 05
TJ E
C C/5 "D
- - E 3
H- CD CD *-»
E t- CO
LU CD — U>
21 P ^ O QJ
< CD Q_ c_ 3 t-
(/> C- O Q. C
05 •— (_
4) O P P X
■M *-» c C
c c 05 o c
— — E o —
C -O
OCT)
— CD — * 05
*-> 05 N
CO —
E h- E >*
C- C/5 — 05
O l- 0> 4J o
H- >* 44 Q. -4
C CD O O
— c — c
— 44 O _C
05 — 44 <J
VD C 05
CD 0) 05 44
C_ > C
Q) 05 ~D — >*
05 — C 44 CD
4-» _d CD C/5 C_
CO 05 Q.
« CD CNJ 44 C/5
C C—
O 05 CO
C/5 CD —I
05 3 05
- -D ^
"D C CD ^
3 3 H- 05 3
4-* O 44 —
(A C- H- (D
05 H- "O C/5
05 O •— "D CO
4-» * c *o C a:
CD — ' 3 C 3 =C
- ID L CD O
44 •— o a. *
•- C- TJ E CJ
C 05 C H— O O
- CD CD O O —I
>>
c
C/5
CD
05
3
C
C
O
CJ
C/5
TJ 4-*
C C/5
CD O
>* r
t- O Q_
CD l- O
(U P L
c o
C— O LU
O O C. I
H- O <
C — . C/5
C/5 O CD
05 C/5 E
4-» CD
-(DC
C/5 C/5 O
C/5
CD
05
3
C
C
O
CJ
E
I o
>* — C-
L- TJ H-
CD C
C H- <0 CO
•-OUT*
E C
— C h— 3
— o o
05 —
l_ 4-i C/5
Q. CD 05
C 3
O C.
CL O
E
O C/5
O 3
O
•— E ■— 05 —
O) CD (/) 4» L
05 X 05 CD CD
CD Q> U T3 >
C/5
CD
05
3
C
C
o
CJ
“O
>* 05
t- c
CD 05 05
C — CO
— CO 05
E 05 r
— TJ 44
05 C/5 05
C- 05 44
Q- — CD CO
TJ 3 —
4-* 3 — CD
(J -M CD •—
3 CO > L
TJ 05 05
C _Q -M
O CD O CD
U — 4-» E
LU O U
“3 4» 05 4»
CO IM 05
- CO L -
LU 4J 05 CO *
3 C 4-* C
CJ 05 05 a o
E E O —
* — CD C- 44
Q L- l_ TJ —
Ll. 05 CD CO
CL Q. Q. 4-» O
x o Cl
■* 05 05 05 05
—i m C h- "O
< “3 4-» ■— s-
X H- CJ E CD *
3 L- 4-»
» «* "O 05 4-» H-
U 3 C 4 CD-
Q < O 05 £ L
—I Q CJ T3 4* "D
3
CJ
<
^ CO
3 cx
-O
05
4-*
O
3
T>
C
o
u
CO
05
-5
3
CO
o
CO
CO 05 C
C O O
~o co o c —
H- 05 05 •»- CD 4-*
CO O 4-» "D 4-» 4-» CD
05 O CD CO — '
— CO 05 O — •— 3
“O — • — ' 3 O CO Q.
30)0540.4050
4-» > CO O O C- Q-
C0 05 05 CL ~C
— O CO C 3 C
-Q 4J C 4-* CD O
CD 05 C £Z
— 4-» 05 05 CO "D
CD U L 4-» 05 05
053CO05OC —
4-» — 'CD H- 05 •»— L-
CD (D 4 (O H— CO E C—
— > Cfl CL- C L CD
4» 05 — 3 T3 — 05 U
— (0 O 4-»
CO05C_CM-Q5C0
— 4-* C_ 0)0 O T)-
C0 CO
05 —
"U CD
— C
o o
O CD
05 1—
CO O
C
— J3
05
• >* -C
I £— O 4-* 4-*
CD O — 3 —
OH- CD "O "O — ' O
— E 0) C - 4
-O — >>•- t- CD JD C
05 Q. 0)4 CD O
> CL O Q_ * *_Q
O CD —• O CO 4-* O C
t- O 05 H- C. o
Q. 05 T3 H- N •*— CL —
E -O O O — u 4-*
— — -C co *D "O —
O 4-» C 05 CO
Q-— 0) O 4 c (O o
O 44 E — 05— CD Q.4J
— > O 4-* — 05 05 05
0505CCDQ.CC--OCJ)
> CO O 05 O O O t_
05 C - C_C_— CH-CD
Q — 4-» O TJ 4» — 04-»
05 — H- 05 3 O
— > O CO —
TJ C C CO —
3 05 05 - - Q.
4-J 4-> CD Q.
CO 05 CD 05 C CD
C H- 4-» O
4-* — CD — CO CO
O E — TJ 4-. 3 E
3 L CD - CD O 05
TJ 05 4-» "O L_ — 44
C 44 C C O L. CO
O 0) 05 CD — CD X
U ~0 E <J jQ > co
05 05
U O
C C
CD CD
O 4-< 4-J
4-* H- CO CO
O — 05 —
(0 L CO C CO
05 O 05 05 — 05
— 05 CJ L. E C-
U JZ O l_
3 4 (D 05 05 05
4 4 44 "O 44 "O CO
CO CD — — 05 — E
t- <J "O O CO
44 Q. 05 - — —
CJ O -C 44 O 44 C
3 — C O 44 o CD
TJ 05 — 05 05 JZ
C > CO TJ CO O
O 05 h- C C C 05
CJ TJ O — CD — E
-O
X C\J
CL •
O CM
CD
—i ro
CL •
Q_
3 •
in cnj
-Q
-i ro
cl •
CL «—
3 •
in cm
GWE, DAW, ACB SAME SAME SAME SAME
SUPPL Conduct studies to Initiate studies Continue as in yr 1 Continue as in yr 2 Continue as in yr 3 Continue as in yr
2.1.3c develop insecticide designed to determine and increase emphasis and integrate
resistance management effects of various on evaluating new findings into optimal
14
CO
C 4) •
•--DU
JQ — 4-»
E o 43
O —
•— » O 4-»
E </) O
— C 43 43
O TJ
(A
C - - C (D
C -M
0(0-
O 4->
■0—0
43 — • 43
CO Q_ CO
<D 43
TJ "O
0» 43
CO C/)
c c
— — o
(0
(/) Q
0> t-
— <D
CT) >
43 O
4-* O
03 —
- - *
4-J 43
CL T3
>1-0 <0
— ' C 43
t- 43 — _l
X >
43 43 E
co w o
— D C_
O H-
(A 4-* t_
CO O 4-*
— » CO «-
<33 (0 43 •
3 O O VN
C CT) CT)
— CD 4-» >w
4-* -C -X O (0
C 4-» <J — » L.
0 CO — L.
CJ 3 Q. Q. <
C
CT)
C
CM —
4-* CO
C_ CO —> <U
>* t_ to —
CT) O E CD
C 43 4-* — 03
CL 03
O L.
C </)
CO •— <11
CO —
CO O (fl
0) — D C
D CT) 4-* - - -
C 43 (A E O
— -Q £- l_
•M -C 4) 4-*
CO *J p c
o c — 43 o
U 10 JTJ u
43
TJ
CO —
to P u
CO —
CO 4) 4-*
CD _Q (J
— 4)
*D OMA
3 C C
</)
CO CO 03
D 43 C
4) 4-> O
D «— 03 —
C TJ 4J
— U — CO
4-* > TJ t-
C CO
O C CO —
U — U -Q
(/) CO
C
co
H
E D
</>
o
c
(-3
4) O
4-*
• p-
4-»
c
o
X
<
4-* • —
O
4-»
c
%
o
43 —
to
U )
(/) l-
-Q
4)
03
4)
4-»
4-> 4-»
L_
4— '
L_
> 03
to
H-
(—
U
c
•
03 CO
CO
c
o
C/> >
— p
H-
«
4-»
l_
4)
o
T3 u
<
O'
4)
4)
CO
c
4)
E
4-*
— O
E
4)
c c
4)
4>
4>
CL
4)
4)
TJ —
TJ
•*—
— >
o o
-C
4)
E
U
O
C JQ
OJ
«p
£—
n
•p—
4-*
N
D
C
«
CO
*.
03
4)
z
4)
03
4-* -O
• *—
— <
o
0)
— •
43
U W
_J
LU
CL
— *
<0 — '
c
</)
O
o
M
CL 4-»
43
X
>r-
O 4)
• p-
03
>
■>—
CO
“O
C
4)
03
-C
(A
t_
O —
>
— * H-
L.
CL
>
CO
4)
<J
4-»
03
CL
o
E
CO
l_
4-*
O)
4)
(A —
TJ
L.
3
O
Cl 4)
4)
c_
4)
4)
CO
4-» 4-»
43
X
t— a
o
O)
0) -C
(A
Q-
— *
(_
CO
O O
•p—
TJ
c
4J
Q- 4-»
(A
CL
4)
4>
43 43
TJ
c
■ p—
2
O
OJ
L_
O
>
— <
H— (A
ZJ
r—
CD
o
(A
4) C
u
-C
v4-
<0
£_
o
43
v4“ C
4-*
•
Li-
(->
U
C —
o
4-»
o
o
u
Q3 —
(/)
CM
—3
.
c
L.
CO
CO
o
o
l CO
4)
43 >
•p—
■ »-
H-
TJ
• p— — p
(_
3 — *
C-
4-*
C
4-» CO
CO
4)
CT —
4)
CO
0)
<0
_p
u c
Q-TJ
— CO
<0
CT)
■O
CO
— p
43 O
E
•r-
C >
w
•»—
o
> 4-*
4-»
CO —
O
u
-C co
E
4)
-C
u
c
c
C 4J
o
•p—
o
>*
Q)
>
4J
CO
4)
43
— co
4-*
43 4-*
CT) -C=
O
4)
o
E
1_
l_
-Q
TJ
U
4-* CO
o
U
L_
E
• p—
C
(_
o
t —
rsj
c
4)
43
— #
CL
M-
o
13
03 —
a
•
CO
C/>
C JQ
o
E
C
H—
£_
U
o _Q
T—
« —
C
O
c
CT)
O
4)
•p—
•p—
■
p
4)
— O) _c
'W-
• r-
>
H—
E TJ
CM
c
4-» c
o
O
4-»
TJ
c
O
43 C
— s
CO —
4)
03
4)
4)
-C 03
co
CO
E
03
O N
4->
TJ
o
>
4-»
O
OJ
CO
c_
E
■p— •»—
C
• »—
O
c_
U
< A
4»
— «
4)
D
•
L_
4)
to
T3 43
43
43
4— 1
4-*
CL —
— •
O
o
Q-
CL
3
CL
43 TJ
E
E
4)
CL
Q- 4->
-Q
(_
4-»
CL E
O
E
CO —
OJ
03
O
O
co 3
co
CT)
4)
03
—
— '
—
D a
(O
CO
u_ csJ
< •
<o rvj
SUPPL Elucidate mechanisms Initiate lab studies to Continue as in yr 1 Integrate lab studies Continue as in yr 3 Continue as in yr
2.2.3 of insecticide transfer determine mechanisms with knowledge from
from plant surface to using select candidate other arrays to
I
I
I
15
LU
s:
<
CO
o -
C CO
o c.
— 0*00
4-» C •—
(U (D -M
0(0 <u
•—(DC/)—* •
— ' "O <U D O V)
Q- •— O E +-* Q-
Q_ O (0 (- <U 3
CT3 •— M- O
4— ' t_ Vr- »
a» o d co 3
m a) co a» c. c_j
(0 > o «c
E C 4-* O —
— — C t- t-
4-» (D Q. L. x
Q_ H - E (D UJ
O O Q_ O -3
<u
“O
o
o
Q)
(O
c
o ~
•M
o c
o cu
c --
<D Q-
+-»
CO C
— o
(0
C_ CD
CD TJ
CL-r~
W O
o o
a> <d
(0 CO
c c
16
Action Area 3 - Ecology and Population Dynamics
Introduction
The Heliothis/Helicoverpa complex has a world-wide distribution and
contains some of the most serious pests to agriculture. In most
regions, agroecosystems provide only transient habitats for these
highly-mobile pests, and a thorough knowledge of their ecology, behavior
and movement is critical for developing sound control technologies that
do not rely on the field-by-field application of "hard pesticides".
Four critical phases of research have been identified in ecology and
population dynamics.
Adult behavior, including 1) refinement of technology for determining
nocturnal adult behavior, 2) determination of post-emergence preflight
activities, and factors that affect these behaviors, and 3) behavioral
interactions between adults and plants used for either reproduction or
feeding sites, and plant-produced food attractants and feeding stimuli.
Long and short-range movement, including 1) development of technology,
2) determination of physical and biological factors that affect
dispersal, and 3) determination of intra- and interregional movement and
its impact on population dynamics.
Development of pest management decision aids, including 1) optimization
of cotton production and protection models, 2) implementation of
multiple pest-species interactions into existing models, and
3) integration of existing models dealing with cotton production and
cotton protection.
Population dynamics, including 1) identification and characterization of
source population zones, 2) determination of the impact of migrant
populations in recipient regions, and 3) determination of spatial and
temporal patterns of populations developing within different regions and
their interactions.
Major Accomplishments
Adult behavior. Recent research has defined the emergence behavior of
Helicoverpa zea under field conditions. These studies quantified the
adult emergence profile in maturing corn fields through the night as
well as their post-emergence activity patterns and behavior. Initial
flight activities, including boundary layer flight behavior and
pheromone trap responses of newly emerged moths dispersing in a
vegetable ecosystem, also were determined. This research resulted in a
demonstration that emerging moths could be killed prior to their initial
flight activity using feeding baits formulated with insecticide.
(College Station, TX; Weslaco, TX; Lane, OK)
Long and short-range movement. Refinement and application of radar
systems (airborne, and scanning and vertical groundbased) have resulted
in the quantification of events associated with migratory movement of
Helicoverpa zea. Scanning radars have been used to document the flight
17
of billions of corn earworm and fall armyworm moths from concentrated
source areas as well as flight over downwind areas. This research
quantified insect flux, vertical distribution and density, flight
altitude, orientation and nightly variation of insect flux during
emergence periods. Other entomological radar research has indicated the
feasibility of classifying airborne insect targets based on target size,
shape, and orientation. Development and use of the first airborne radar
in the U.S. has resulted in the quantification of downwind and crosswind
dispersal of migrating clouds of corn earworm leaving a source area.
The airborne radar was used to document a 1-night flight of insects
initiating flight from corn fields in the Rio Grande Valley of Texas and
northern Tamaulipas, Mexico, to San Antonio, Texas, a distance of over
400 km. Associated meteorological studies of nocturnal atmospheric
boundary layer characteristics during peak corn earworm dispersal
periods have shown that migrating adults layer at altitudes of low-level
wind maxima (nocturnal low-level jets), and that these low-level jets
significantly impact insect dispersal. Other meteorological research,
combined with airborne radar tracking, indicated a close fit between
projected moth cloud displacement based on atmospheric trajectories at
500 m and actual displacement. However, differences between the
atmospheric trajectory and successive insect cloud displacements
revealed significant spatial and temporal gaps in NWS rawinsonde data
and/or active moth flight affecting displacement distance and direction.
Meteorological research has also been used to "back track" resistant
tobacco budworm populations from recipient to donor regions. (Tifton,
GA; College Station, TX; Weslaco, TX)
Development of pest management aids. Over the past 3 years, an insect
management model ( rbWHIMS ) has been developed that aids in pest
management decisions. Presently, 9 pest species are incorporated into
the model. Data concerning the pest and crop status are entered into
the model, which subsequently generates a scouting report that includes
detailed information on the status of the crop and pests, as well as
recommendations for single-pest species and all pest species combined.
Extensive validation tests have been conducted on the model, and
revisions presently are being included.
A simulation model of insect spatial dispersion and density in cotton
has also been developed. This model has aided in the development of a
sampling plan for scouting cotton insects using Bayesian methods. This
research has resulted in the development of a scouting protocol for
cotton in the Midsouth that presents a unified sampling plan for the
principal pest species over the entire season. This scouting protocol
considers changes that occur in the pest complex relative to the growth
of the host plant, and can be used by consultants, extension personnel,
etc. (Mississippi St., MS) Other recent research has resulted in the
development and refinement of methods to detect and quantify adult
populations. This research has resulted in the development and
standardization of pheromone baits used for capturing males in pheromone
traps, and the development of electromechanical counting systems for
tabulating captures. These systems have been used to quantify capture
profiles of male Heliothis/Helicoverpa spp. through the night and
throughout the season. (Stoneville, MS; College Station, TX)
18
Population dynamics. Recent research on the population dynamics of
Helicoverpa zea has shown that fruiting corn is the major nursery crop
that produces adult populations which are available for local dispersal
and long-distance migration. These studies indicated that populations
of corn earworm developing on whorl-stage corn tended to remain
localized in specific corn-growing regions, producing the infestation on
fruiting corn. Regional surveys of populations in corn indicated that
up to 30,000 corn earworm adults could be produced per hectare of
fruiting corn. This research formed the basis of studies which
documented the long-distance migration of this insect and resulted in
the concept of suppressing populations in source areas prior to
migratory flights. Preliminary regional studies have shown that
standardized data collection within different cropping regions can aid
in determining the impact of migratory populations by characterizing the
chronology of populations developing between regions. These studies
also have indicated that a reverse fall migration of corn earworm from
more northerly latitudes also occurs. (Weslaco, TX; Tifton, GA; College
Station, TX)
Identification of pollens adhering to the bodies of corn earworm males
captured in traps in Oklahoma showed that the most northerly possible
origin of these adult populations was south Texas. A significant
percentage of the moths had citrus pollen adhering to their bodies.
These studies have shown that pollen identification can be used to
determine the plants that are attractive to moths and the possible
origin of spring populations within different regions. (College
Station, TX; Weslaco, TX; Lane, OK)
Research in Arizona has demonstrated the occurrence, initiation, and
termination of Heliothis virescens summer diapause and the influence of
high temperature on this diapause. These studies further demonstrated
the role of ecdysteroid titers in diapause, the phenology of summer and
fall diapause, and the degree-day requirements for larval development
and moth emergence. (Phoenix, AZ )
As part of a pilot test on pheromone trap calibration and mesoscale
movement, data were collected on the temporal occurrence of corn earworm
and tobacco budworm on corn and cotton. This research showed a
consistent pattern in the species composition of eggs collected from
cotton and a concentration of tobacco budworm associated with irrigated
cotton. Corn earworm populations decreased dramatically during August,
indicating the population was not producing successive generations in
cotton. (College Station, TX; Stoneville, MS; Tifton, GA)
Significance
Progress in the areas of population dynamics and ecology have provided
the basis of improved decision making capabilities, development and
implementation of area wide control strategies, and development of adult
control technology. Migration studies have elucidated the capabilities
and mechanisms for long distance movement, and provide a basis for
determining the impact of movement on regional population dynamics and
its influence on area wide suppression programs.
19
Cooperators / Co- invest igator s
Lead ARS Scientists
Code Name
RT
R.
Teranishi
KRB
K.
R.
Beerwinkle
PDL
P.
D.
Lingren
JDL
J.
D.
Lopez
TNS
T.
N.
Shaver
JKW
J.
K.
Westbrook
WWW
W.
W.
Wolf
MHG
M.
H.
Greenstone
SKN
S.
K.
Narang
SDP
S.
D.
Pair
RLO
R.
L.
Olsen
TLW
T.
L.
Wagner
JLW
J.
L.
Wil lers
ACB
A.
C.
Bartlett
DEH
D.
E.
Hendricks
JRR
J.
R.
Raulston
SY
Location
CM
O
Albany, CA
0.9
College Station,
TX
LO
O
College Station,
TX
0.5
College Station,
TX
o
to
College Station,
TX
o
00
College Station,
TX
1.0
College Station,
TX
00
o
Columbia, MO
CM
o
Fargo, ND
0.2
Lane, OK
0.2
Mississippi State
, MS
o
U)
Mississippi State
, MS
0.4
Mississippi State
, MS
0.2
Phoenix, AZ
00
o
Stoneville, MS
0.5
Weslaco, TX
Location
Ankeny, I A
College Station, TX
College Station, TX
Fargo, ND
Fresno, CA
Mississippi State, MS
Phoenix, AZ
Phoenix, AZ
Tifton, GA
Tifton, GA
Tifton, GA
Tifton, GA
Tifton, GA
Tifton, GA
ARS Cooperators
Name
W. B. Showers
L. F. Bouse
S. M. Meola
M. E. Degrugillier
P. V. Vail
J. L. Roberson
T. J. Henneberry
S. E. Naranjo
J. E. Carpenter
H. R. Gross
J. J. Hamm
R. E. Lynch
A. Simmons
B. R. Wiseman
Non-ARS Scientists
Name
V. Bryant
Roger W. Meola
M. Pendleton
Armon J. Keaster
Bob O. Cartwright
Don R. Rummel
Affiliation
NOAA/NCAR
Texas A&M
Texas A&M
Texas A&M
Univ. Missouri
NOAA
Oklahoma St. Univ.
Texas A&M
Location
Boulder, CO
College Station, TX
College Station, TX
College Station, TX
Columbia, MO
Idaho Falls, ID
Lane, OK
Lubbock, TX
20
K.
Boone
Miss. St. Univ.
Mississippi
State,
MS
R.
Bowden
Miss. St. Univ.
Mississippi
State,
MS
R.
G. Luttrell
Miss. St. Univ.
Mississippi
State,
MS
Wan Shin
Miss. St. Univ.
Mississippi
State,
MS
M.
R. Williams
Miss. St. Univ.
Mississippi
State,
MS
—
NOAA/NSSL
Norman, OK
J.
Cooke
Texas A&M
Temple, TX
G.
K. Douce
Univ. of GA
Tifton, GA
W.
R. A. Lambert
Univ. of GA
Tifton, GA
M.
Hardin
Univ. Alabama
Tuscaloosa,
AL
S.
Hobbs
Cranfield Inst.
Cranfield,
England
K.
Alsop
Cranfield Inst.
Cranfield,
England
F.
Pedraza
SARH-INIFAP
Abasolo, Tamp., Mexico
R.
Pena
SARH-INIFAP
Altamirano,
Guer . ,
Mexico
J.
Javier
SARH-INIFAP
Apatzingan,
Mich. ,
Mexico
J.
Mena
SARH-INIFAP
Calera, Zacatecas,
Mexico
R.
Bu j anos
SARH-INIFAP
Celaya, Guanajuato
, Mexico
R.
Garza
SARH-INIFAP
Chapingo, Mex., Mexico
J.
Loera
SARH-INIFAP
Rio Bravo,
Tamp. ,
Mexico
J.
Vargas
SARH-INIFAP
Rio Bravo,
Tamp. ,
Mexico
J.
Barron
SARH-INIFAP
San Louis Potosi,
SLP, Mex
A.
Palemon
SARH-INIFAP
Tampico, Tamp., Mexico
K.
Byerly
SARH-INIFAP
Torreon, Coahuila,
Mexico
S.
De La Paz
SARH-INIFAP
Zapopan, Jalisco,
Mexico
Research Gaps and Bottlenecks
1. Correlation of physiological mechanism with population processes,
2. Determination of the influence of pest control technology on
population dynamics,
3. Aerial sampling of beneficial arthropods that affect Heliothis
populations .
Research Constraints
Action Area 3 - Ecology and Population Dynamics
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year A Year
21
X (D
C E — '
— Q. O
M— O (—
— > 4-< <
4-» 01 C
— ' o — - _C
Q. 4-» 3 O
E C X QJ
— CD 4-»
E —
<U >
CO o
O <U
Q.
M— CJ)
4-J — • (0
C H- CD
QJ <L» 4-*
X c- —
•— Q- (/)
Q. co
QJ
>» —
CO 3 >*
01 X O)
C 03 O
H— 4-* O
C QJ
<D d v
^ E
03 Q. — •
L. O O
Ol — ' C-
<d <x» *->
•M > C
C ai O
- T3 U
«* 4->
03 03 03
<- E >
3 L.
O l— QJ
O QJ O CO
<- > H— _Q
Q. Q_ — O
O CO CO
- • 3 QJ — ■ UJ
>* Q) l_ (_ 03 S
M— > 4-» 3 C <
— QJ -Q X (- (/)
♦-* X O QJ 3
C i (J +-»
QJ X C O O
X C O C- O
« ra c Q. c
CO CO 03
QJ — >
(/) X L.
CO 0) 03
QJ CO
C m- JD CO
o o ai
03 —
QJ CO — 'CD
3 £ 03 O
■M C ^
co cn <- o
(O C 3 C
U (D
CO L. O O
(0 4-* O QJ
< (0 C
4-» > 4-»
L. _C
d d oi
rsi co —
— -Q — '
E O h-
v l d
Q_ O <-
O h- Q.
C CO
— e
QJ CO
CO 4-» Q_
OlCOO
C >- t_
— C/1 o
"O
C — 4-»
— o c
W- C_ Qj
E
QJ 4-» X
Q. 3 c-
ETJ O
« 03 4-
C 4-*
O 03
u x
QJ SI
o ai
C QJ —
do — >
3 C s-
— ' QJ QJ
H- CJ1 <—
C C_ Q_
— QJ
E C
0 0)0
C I >.
■- 4-< Ol 4J
E <0 C —
(- O — >
QJ Q.X —
4—* QJ 4-»
QJ H- QJ (J
Q O s- 03
E v4—
l_ —
QJ X
Os - - ■—
QJ
0»
o X > C
c d
QJ 03 QJ Ol
3 > (-
— • >*— qj
s - ' 4-» E
c d u d
— > 3
— X Q)
QJ 4-* o >
C CJ t- —
— 3 a 4-*
E X QJ O
1_ O <_ 03 CO
d L l £_ Q)
4-» Q. C 4-* 4-»
<11 QJ O 4-*
Q L c 03 C/1
C CD
H- CO 4-»
C 4-> QJ O — '
— CJ 4-» 4-> 3
3 — X C
d x cfl d co o
CO -- —
— t— Ol _Q X 4-»
E ac d d <0
(— <u - - - ai —
qj <- x — (- 3
4-* d id d Q.
<u *4- <u > e o
Q O H- d d Q.
(D
X C
c o
— o
QJ — »
4-> 3
0J X (0
1- CD E
O) QJ
QJ O 4-*
4-» 4-J CO
C C >*
— — CO
03
4-»
03
X
03 r « r
o 4-» o d
— CL-Q
QJ 4->
4-* C
ai co
o
H- O
■—c_aj<u-—
4-» O E 3 — »
C d <0 — • s—
a> *-> c_ s- d 3
X d CD C L ^
— E CL— 0.-3
QJ
c
— ' (0
CD C 4-»
o o —*
— 3
Ol CO X
QJ O QJ 03
C — ' o
— OCX
E £- QJ Q>
(-0 3 0)
QJ QJ — ' (-
4-* 4-* *4— QJ
QJ QJ C E
Q E — QJ
C CO
JO O 4-»
4-» — C
O CO QJ
E 3 —
*4— U
QJ S-
4-» H—
03 X M-
c c > o
o — X —
— o C-
CO Q_ X QJ
3 QJ x:
H- E 4-* Q_
H- O O CO
QJ
QJ CO CD CD QJ UJ
C QJ E 51
- - - CO 4— ' c <
E — QJ C O CO
L V u d L
QJ CD t— — •—
4-* — 3 X >
QJ O O E C
Q > CO CD QJ
CD 4-»
O O CO
— EC
ai o
QJ O Ol —
C - C 4J
— 0—0
E t- 4-» CD
<- O O (-
d d d d
Q. X
O "4—
QJ — »
> CD
QJ 3
O CT
QJ
-J 3
a ^
3 Q.
X
CD O
4-»
QJ 4-* CO
QJ C QJ
CO 03 — '
c — » —
O Q_ 4-*
Q. CD
CO X -
d d c o
Q <- d >
QJ
X
CO CO
CO 4-*
^ O C
C Q. CD
O 4— •
QJ — S- O
£ 4J O (D
4-* 03 (-
O C 4-* UJ
QJ — O 4-» 21
4-» H— — 03 «I
CD — 4-* CO
— 4-* CO 4-»
4-* C — ' — '
— QJ O 3
C X CO X
— • — — CD
O
— ' QJ
CD X
4—* 4-»
CD X C
O CD 03
E 4-»
X O
C 4-* 03
CD CD L
-C 4-< UJ
> 4-* s:
H- 03 CO <
— CO QJ CO
4-» 4-» 4-» o
C C — C
QJ CD 3 3
X X o
— Q- 03 CO
03
X
C CO
03 QJ
3
cl cr
o —
-- c
QJ JC.
> o
QJ QJ
CO
QJ 4-»
C --
— 3
m- X
<U <D 4-J
X c
H— 03
X O —
C Q.
CD C CO
O — C
QJ — CD O
C 4-» O —
— O O 4-*
E 03 — » CD
<_ l_ — *
QJ QJ .C 3
4-» 4-* 4-» Q_
QJ C — O
Q — J Q.
< rvj
UJ •
—i ro
LEAD Determine migratory Distinguish temporal Correlate differences Collect data Continue as in yr 3 Integrate findings into
3.3 and trivial flight differences between between migratory and assessments of impact
initiation and migratory and trivial trivial flight with of migration
termination flight adult physiological
22
O
o
CO
CO
c
o
CO
CO (A
CD L.
C QJ
— CL
H- (A
C O —
— ~o
H— (A
*-* c
LU QJ C O
x 4-» qj —
< (0 E ^
CO L. (A CO
CD CO — ’
0) 0) D
*-> (A Q.
C CO O
— CD Q.
0)
C/5 Q.
CD CO
C —
— T3
XJ m-
C O XJ
— c
H- CO CO
4-*
LU 0) C C
X 4-* Q> O
< co E —
CO l_ (D 4-*
CD C/5 CD
0> <I> 1—
4-* CO CD
C CO —
— CO E
o co
4-» C
CO O CD
CD —
C C C-
— O O
XI —
C 4-* C
••-(DO LU
^ C — X
— 4-» <
O E CD C/5
4-* I— — *
CD 0) D
— ' 4-» Q_
0)0 0
a T3 Q.
CD XJ
o c
— CD
4-* ai
C P CD
<D CD -M
“O — 'CD
•• - ’ T3 LU
O X
Q- O _£= <
O CO CO
<D (O — »
> >* _Q
qj qj d
Q ti¬
ro
ro
ro
LU
x
<
CO
CO
CD
Q)
ZJ
C
C
o
(->
CO
CD
LU
X QJ
< D
CO C
c
o
CJ
CO
CD
<D
3
C
C
o
C_)
CO
o
a>
f\l
CD
CD
XI
O
QJ
O
CJ
M- CD 4-*
dl U £
— CD XJ
O CD— C
_C O — ' CD CD
4-* — » H- C 4-*
O C O CD
LU O l— C O — LU XJ
X C O O — 4-* X
<C — Q) 4J CD < 4-»
CO E 4-* CO CD 4-* (O U
C_ 0) 4-* — C CD
Q) E C 4-* Q)
4-* <D — — — *
a> h- > c c- o
0 0 0—0 CJ
>-
c
CO
CD
0)
o
c
c
o
CJ
CO
CO
qj
o LU
c X
QJ <
c. co
qj
XJ
qj
(_
3
o
o
l_
Q. 4-*
\ c
Q. Q)
O E
-- a.
QJ —
> 3
aj cr
o qj
CD
CD
XJ
o
QJ
o
CJ
o
CD
I_
qj
Q.
o
o
O
c
Q)
XJ
XJ
c
CD LU
4-* CO
(J C
Q) QJ
<
CO
o
QJ
ac
o o
cj Q.
co
3 CL
3 O
3 CO
OC -J
CL O
—I CD
O CL
CL ^
t_ m
o ac
4- ^
CD ^
C "D 10 >•
- C TJ CD CL
4-* CD QJ O CL
CO QJ — ' -3
— X C O
X CD C 4-*
Q) O >* JC C 3
— ' H- CJ QJ ^
CO O — QJ E 3
CO C 4-» 4-* Q_
aj _c c — *
CO O QJ 3 D _l
co qj xi qj cr o
< 4J — C QJ CL
c
QJ 4-*
> r
QJ CD
~o
CO H- c
O CD
— 4-» C
CD O C O
0 0)0 —
>» — ' H- — 4-»
H- O H- 4-» CO
— L CD CD 4J
4-* O — C
C QJ 4-» 4-» QJ
QJ 4-» CD — — 3
XJ QJ -C C t_ ^
— i E 4J — O -3
CO
QJ
l_
D X
XJ XJ
QJ D
O 4-J
O CO
c_
Q. — '
JO CD
CO t_
— QJ
— >
XJ o
CD
4-» (_
CO O
LU H-
3 CD*
^ CJ
“3 <
H 31
H LU
3 O
— i Z CD
0^0^
CL CO ^
DC — ID.
CL O O
“3 -3 CO
QJ
4-* CO
CD L_
— O
l- C 4-*
Q. aj XJ cd
O — C C-
- - CD QJ
0.0 Q.
Q- Q_ CO O
CD CO
i- O CJ
>» O — CL
H- H- 4-» 4-* CL
— O — “3
4J (0 QJ D
C QJ — • i— *
QJ C — ' O _1
XI O O QJ Q
•— • N (J C_ Q_
XJ
c
CD
C
o
XJ
I c
c_ CD
CD
4-* > L_
C C— QJ
QJ XJ QJ >*
E t- C CO CD
a o <d xi —
— H— QJ O
D QJ > >*
OT >- > - - - £-
QJ O)— U CD CD
O 4-» CD L. XJ
Q_ —• CD 4-* O C
O 0 4-* — — IJ 4-»
— * c — ♦-* > o x:
Q) -C — ' C CD jQ CD
> U CD (D £ —
QJ QJ 3 3 QJ 4- ->
cz» 4-* O" 0"-Q O H—
O C
QJ O C
4-* O
QJ CO —
E 4-* 4-*
QJ C CD
£ZH-QJ —
4-» O > 4~* C
QJ — O
QJ QJ C —
C O — * — 4-»
— C CO CD
E Q) U 4J p
L. D — -C C
QJ —• CD CD QJ
4-* '4— O — —
Q) C — ' — * (—
Q — OH- O
o
CO CO
C C
— O
CD —
L. CD
o —
D
qj a.
c o
— a.
E
(- 4-*
QJ —
4-* D
QJ ID
Q CD
LU
CO
O
CD O
C C
O QJ
— c_
CD QJ
QJ H—
L. QJ CO
l_ QJ
CL —
O C L.
— QJ CD
QJ — • (-
> -- A
QJ O —
Q Q.— *
X CNJ
t- ro
CL •
O ro
—t ro
D. • CJ
cl ro < >$■
=> “ LU o
co ro — i ro
CJ
CJ «—
LU ■
u_ >*
< •
co ro
Action Area 3 - Ecology and Population Dynamics
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year
-C
o
23
in
>4
l_
C
C/3
03
03
3
C
C
o
CJ
X 4-» O
C — 4-* c
CD I O
CD •—
— ' C/3 4-» 4->
CD O) CD CD
O C X C-
■— ■— 03
03"0—'-«-
o o c cd e
4-i — . .r- O
CD O H— 't— Q_
C_ L. 03 O C/3
03 O C. O —
03 03 <D — ' &3 0>
4-* 4-* X O > "O
C 03 CD O 03 O
— • E C- 03 "D E
•— C/3
2 03 C O
COO
C/3 •*- •— • —
03 E -M X
C C- CD 03
- - - 03 — '31
X CD 4-» 3
C O 03 Q. C
— X O •—
H- 03 Q_
O O 03
LU 03 — ' 4-' H— C LU
x -mo o z:
C CD O C/3 Q. <
CO L 03 01 P O C/3
03 ■— O — '
03 • X CO 03
4-* C/3 3 Q. >
C - 4-* E 03
— ■ Z) c/3 — X
c
o >
C/3
03 — *
C O
X 4-»
C C
•— o
s- o
C/3
03 O) 03
4-» C —
CD ■— 03
«- > 03
03 O 4-»
03 t- CD
4-* Q. C_
C E 4-»
— • •— C/3
UJ
z:
<
to
o
C/3 4-*
03 CD
C t-
•— 03
X —
C E
v4— X
C
03 CD UJ
4-* c_ 3:
CD 03 O <
— ' C C/3
03 — >
t- TJ CD
t- 03 JC
O 03 O
U
X
c c •
(DO c_
— 03 C
— • 4-> 4-» 03
CD CD C 03
CJ E 03 •— 2
— C- C 4^
03 O — C 03
03 O h- E O _Q
4J -- C C—
CD O — 03 4-» CO
t_ l_ 4-» CD C
03 O C— 03 — ' O
03 03 CD X 13 • —
4-> 4-» X CL 4— >
C 03 CD O O O
— ■ E c- 4J Q. CD
K3
>-
c
CO
CD
UJ
z: 03
< 3
co c
C/3 ■ —
03 4-»
C C
O O
N CJ
f\J
f\J
CM
l_
C
c
c
C/3
CD
03
=3
C
C/3
CO
03
13
C
CD
LU X
21
< 4-*
CO CJ
03
C/3
CD
UJ
z: 03
< 3
CO c
c
o
cj
c
o
t_)
o
t_)
o
CJ
c
o
CJ
CD
4-»
CD
X
u
03
o
CJ
x
03
IM
03 X
C L.
•— CD
c/3 X
3 C
CD
CD 4-*
4-< C/3
CD C/3
LU X X 03
21 03 L
< *-* CL =3
CO CJ O "O
03 — * 03
— » 03 O
_- > O
O 03 L
CJ XJ Q-
> 4-»
03 CD
O C/3
— » C/3 C
O 4-» O
C C/3 •—
OT) O v
l C j: (D
-£Z CD O 03
CJ X O CJ C/3
X 03 — 'DC
UJ 03 03 Q. X O LU
z: c a a o) o - z
< ■- Q. o c i- 4-< <
co e o l t- a CD to
L L U Q.
03 O i Q- 4-> D
4-* C CD CD CL
0) H— O (— JO. o
Q O C 4-» 4-» D_
>*
03 CD
O 4-»
— ' CD
O X
c
o cj
03 03
C/3 O
C/3 U
03
C/3 X
C/3 C
< CD
UJ
z:
<
CO
ro
4-»
CD
X
03
>
C/3 4-»
03 CD
13 03 >
X CL X
03 O 3
O O 4-»
O O C/3
Q- CL c_
O O
JZ — ' H—
C/3 03
•— > C/3
— > 03 4-<
_Q X C-
CD O
' "O v+_
C/3 X H—
LU CD 03
C/3
C_
* o
3 CD 4-»
^ U CD
3 •— l_
03 03
* O Q.
Z —*0
IX O O
tO O O C/3
03 03
- X —
-i -I > C X
Q Q H- co D
CL ~3 •*- 4-»
4-* C/3 C/3
* * C 03
OL n: 03 C L
Of UJ X o o
-3 Q •— I N «4-
03
C O
C/3 CJ
C— a —
CL O Q. X
Q 4-* CD 03
CO (0 L I
1— 4-»
- 03 C/3
— I Q_ _C C/3
Q O C/3 O
CL O •— L.
O — * CJ
* -Q CD
_l CD
Q H- 4-» C/3
-3 •— C/3 E
4-* 03 03
- C 4J
OtL 03 X C/3
q: X C >.
-3 — • CD C/3
03
4-»
CD 4-<
U 5
CL U
O O
l_ t_ 03
— J Q- O l_
O CL ‘4-
“3 CD X C/3
>- C l-
- 03 03 CD O
-J CO 4-'
CJ — ' 03 CD
CL E O C (-
t- C — 03
* 03 -C 4-» Q.
QC 4-» O C/3 O Z
OC 03 03 03 O ^
-3 Q P (J tO
W CD
(— U
o —
4-» 03
CD O
t- >k
03 O X
Q. U D
O 01 p
O C/3
(J +-*
CJ U
03 O £3s:
— ' H— CL!
03 “3
4-» C/3 C/3
C 03 *
03 X C —I
X C O Q
•— CD IM Q_
03
U
£_
O 03
C
O
X 03 M
C N
CD — C
L- O
> 03 —
H— 4-* 4-*
•— U CD
4-» CD — - >
C (_ D
03 CD Q.
X -C O
•— U Q_
X
03
IM
X
l_
CD
X
C
(D
4-»
C/3
03
N
V)
c
03 C/3 O
C/3 C C •—
03 •— O 4-»
l- CL •— CO
Z3 CL 03 — •
X O 03 D
03 L C/3 L Q_
O O W H— O
O O — < 03 O Q.
L 03 C_ CD C
Q. — CJ O •»- X 03
Q- CD •»- E 03 C
03 •— _C C- O
C 4-» C/3 Q_ 03 — * CL
- - * E CD 4-» O O
— ' 3 0) L 03 C — •
CL E 4-* 03 X O 03
E C/3 O 1- >
<0 C >* 03 O JC 03
C/3 •— C/3 03 4-» OX
C
c c
•— 03 C/3
E C
C/3 CL O
C O —
O >*. — ■ • 4-»
■r- CD 03 CD
03 E > — '
03 03 U
t_ -*-» X Q_
CD O 03
03 JZ 03 Q_ C
CPU ■ —
•- C • c_
E O 03 t/3 Q_
1-0 3 • V)
03 - - -3
4-J X H- 03
<13 03 C P H
o z: — o 4-*
C/3
C
o
O 4-»
■— CD
4-» — -
03 C 3
C — CL
03 O
o) c a
o
03 - - -
rsi 4-* CD
> CD L
— ' — 3
CD L P
C CD ID
< > C
O 03
•M — '
C X
03 C/3 • —
— » 4-* C/3
— ' — ' C/3
0 3 0
CLX CL
CD
03 03
C C C
O ■—
E EC
C_ C/3 1— •—
03 X 03 03
P CD P
03 O 03 L
Q — ' X O
CD
21 f\J
X
C\J
o
PsJ
X
z: cnj
03
z: c\j
3— vt
£L •
o ro
Q- •
o m
3- vt
Cl •
o m
►- vt 3- vf
CL • CL
o m o m
SUPPL Develop DNA and Assess preliminary Refine technology Assess feasibility of Collect data Continue as in yr
3.4.3a cuticular hydrocarbon information to select determining population
analyses appropriate technology differences
SKN SAME SAME SAME SAME
SUPPL Develop efficient Identify possible Develop techniques Assess effects of Collect data Apply developed marking
3.4.3b marking techniques marking materials for non- obt rus i ve marks on moth systems to populations
for tracing moth marking of large behavior of adults for dispersal
CO
03 H—
X O
O
E 4-j
o
C CO
o a.
— E
4-* —
CO C/5
LU — ' C/5 -»-»
X D CO C
CO < Q. 0) CO
0) CO O CO L_
•— Q. C/3 03
X (0 —
D QJ E
4-> C/5 O E
C/3 Z5 4-J —
C/5
03 C/5
C — '
— <1/
c
03 O
CO 4-*
£— (0
03 — '
03 3
♦-» Q.
C O
— Q_
X
C
CO O)
c
4-* —
c c c
a/ — o
E H- — CO
o_ 03 4-> a»
— (0 —
D t- X
(X c- 03 D
a> o ■— 4-»
E c/3
LU <D
2: v (/) o>r
CO 03 C O
C/3 I— C L—
03 — 4-* CO
03 x co 03
4-* C C/3
C — X 03
•— * H- Qj C_
co
03
4-*
• r—
U — »
4-J
03 CO
• r—
— J CO
>
— » C_
O 03
4-J
O 03 CL
U
4-J CO
CO
- co —
E — • X
>*
03 03
L.
4-J 1- O
o
CO 4-J
4-»
LU
>*X
CO
LU
X
CO C CO
c_
X
<
CO 03
03 <
C/5
03 C
■ »—
C/5
C * —
— CO X
E
H- 4-J C
X
03 CO —
c
DC X v4—
co
CO
CO
t- o
03 4-J >*
a. t_
co 03 o
X 03 03
D u —
o e
— ’ X C/3
O C 03
CO O —
Q- 4-*
O C/3 4-*
-j u >
03 03 co —
> X Q. 4-j
0/ O E O
Q E — co
24
CO
4-J
CO
X
O
03
to
L_
>*
C
X
c
CO
c
03
E
Q. CO
to
X
c
CO
E
03 CO
C/3
CO
LU
a: 03
< 3
C/5 c
D CO
LU O' X
X 03
< 4-*
C/3 13 O
C 03
4-J 4-J C/3
C/3 CO CO
LU >* X LU
X C/3 X 03
< 4-* < D
C/3 03 O C/3 C
C 03 —
O
CJ
c
o
U
03 O
DC U
C
o
C_3
O 4--
4-J C
03 X
X E C
O) 03 CO
O >
—> O C/3
O E C/3 C
C CO
.C 03 O — CD
U -C — 03 4-J
03 4-J 4-J 03 (0
LU 4-J CO L X
X 03 — '
< CL D C 4-J
C/3 O CO Q. 03 O
— J X O 03 03
03 — CL 3 -J
> — * 4-J —J
0) <0 *4- 03 O
O > O _Q U
(A
E
03
4-J
C/3
C >*
•— CO
o
CO o
4-J 03
CO
LU X 4-J
X C
< 4-J 03
C/3 U L-
03 03
O —
C-3 X
X
c
CO
c
03
E
CL co
— 4-J
D co
iu cr x
X 03
< 4-J
C/3 03 (J
C 03
03 O
DC (J
C/3
03
L.
D
X
03
O
o
c_
CO Q.
4-J
CO C
LU X O
X —
< Q_ 4-J
C/3 O O
03
03 —
> — »
03 O
O O
>-
X 03
c o
CO —
o
CO C
4-J _c
CO O
LU X 03
X 4-*
< 4-*
CO O 03
03 C
O 03
C_3 C_
C/3
C
o
CO
c
c
o
c _ >
or (0 x
4-J (J O C
c — co
CO >. 03 03
4-» CO O C CO
CO -J O C
X 03 O E O
C C CO —
4-J ■— O 4-J
O E l- CO CO
03 L£4J-J
- 0) U CD
— » 4-J 03 Q.
O 0) v > o
O X O 03 CL
X 4-*
C CO Q_
co r -
+j r:
o co
— co c_
4-J L. O
o o >
•— 4-J —
-Q O >
co C—
LU 03 V- 3
X C CO
CO <t •— O
C C/3 E — 4-J
O C- 4-J O
— 03 O 03
03 4-J *4—
03 03 -Q v4-
L- Q CO CO
LU
X
<
00
CL 03 03
O v+— C C
— > O •— 4-J —
03 O _C H-
> C O) 03 03
03 L_ O i~ — C_
X O — 0) — '
H- 4-» X H- X
X O CO C C
C 4-J — O D >* LU CO 4-J
CO C C — I- X c
0) 04- (0 O < 0303
CO £ L. 03 4-J C/3 c_ E
CO Q. 4-J 4-J t- CO 13 Q.
03 — O C O L. U •«—
(0 3 01 03 0) O) O D
co xj — x Q- — o_ cr
< 03 03 — CO E 0.03
CO
L- >-
O 03
— o X
> -J D
CO o o
* -C C -J
— J 03 SI O
co x o x
O 03 03 C
■— * 4-» C CO
03 03 — ' ■ —
LU 4-J O CO L. >v — • LU
X CO — ' U CO X CO X
C CO—XD(04J<
C/3 •— LO)C04JL3(/)
X O O c- CO 03 o
t_ 03 — J Q.— J
O 4-» OX t- CO — '
O 03 O C O •— CO
C-) E 03 (0 4- x 4-
3
^ CL
CO
c
X O CL
c- •»- Q
CO 4-J CO C/3
X co 03
C - - - 4-J C
CO CO O 3 C O -J
Z 4-J 4- Q. 03 N O
3— CO O £- —i
CO Q. 03 — '
- £ 0) H- CO -
_J (0 L 0)4- (J _i
Q —DC — — Q
-3 — » X — X 03 CL
U 03 >s o
* co cj x n — <
a: 4-j o D 4-j o q;
CL CO 1- 4-J — O OC
—i LU Q. CO 3 03 -3
CO -C
03 - CO
— L_ Q-
4-J 4-J O Q
— — > CO
— j CO —
— 03 C >
-Q C 03 L_ _J
CO — X 3 O
Q. 4-J co “3
CO CO C
O E O 03
— — C -J3
Q. 4-» 4-J — O — I
O CO CD X CO CL “3
— '03 — 1 D 0)
03 D -J > * *
> L_ Q- CJ L O' 3
03 O O C D QC
Q H— Q_— O -3 t—
t- CO
O 4-J
H— CO
X
C L.
03 CO
E X
Q. co
— L_
3
cr 03 c
03 c o
Q_ 4-J 4-»
o co o
— E 03
03 O —
> 4J -J
03 3 O
Q CO O
c
03
CO CSC
03 DC
X -3
X)
—
^ CO
-3 CO
03
* H-
CQ
DC 4-»
^ U
D >>
• X X
3 CD
3 O 4-j
3 CJ CO
4-j X
C C _i
03 CO o
1- CL
I— >» CO
D 03 03
U O _£= 3
— (J 3
CO O CO 3
CO c o
03 _C c_
3 CO U CL 3 CO
3 CO 03 a. ^ DC
3 < 4-J CD -3 ^
c
03
(_
o
c
o
CO
4— (0 C
o c o
o —
4-j — 03
O 4-J 03
co co t_
Q. — '
E D 4-J
— CL C
O 03
03 Q- —
C Q-
co ECU
C_ CO 03
D 03 L L
CL 4-J 03
O 03 — C
CL Q E —
X
C v4—
CO O
— ' CO
CO C
— L.
4-J 03
(0 4-»
CL 4-J
CO co CO
Q. C
03 O
C — ' —
— CO 4-J
E L co
C— O — •
03 CL D
4-J E a
03 03 O
CJ 4-J Q.
>-
C 03
O O
4-» O
CO C
c
o
>- 4-J
4-J CO
— ' CO 03
— X —
A co E
— c_
CO L-
(0 L o
03 03 H-
H— -J ^
CL CO O
CO CL E C-
CO O 03 CO
0» X 4-» 03
CO CO CO
CO H- >» 03
< O (0 L
CO
CO
C— E
03 r: o
Q.4J L
CO O H-
— E
X 03
M- C
03 O — CO
N CO <0
— CO — 03
LULL
03 4-J CO CO
4-* 3
O A CO 03
CO — X U
L L 3 L
CO 4-* O D
_C 4-J — J O
U CO O <0
o
C 1/5
LU •
— J to
X CM
3— LA
CL •
O to
o
< vO
UJ •
— » to
Q
CJ «—
LU
U_ -O
< •
to
co
X OJ
^ >o
CL •
O to
OPTIM Develop and improve Develop equipment for Assess the influence Refine equipment and Continue as in yr 3 Collect intact specimens
3.6.2b aerial sampling collecting intact of collection system collect data and conduct comparative
technology specimens on moth avoidance physiological studies
25
"O to
c -a
— o
h- e
o c
4-* o
<0 —
c —
— e
03 C
>-5 <U
ID C U
D — O
■m h- E
< A
<D C
03 4-* O
D <0 —
C t- 4-»
— 03 CO
4-J d> t—
C 4-» 03
O C —
o — e
CL
E
C
<u —
Z3 4-*
c o
— 03
— ' "D 03
(DC C
O 03 O O
— 4-» N
U) —> L_
O 03 C/> 0)
— U O 4^
o — — c
U OT)'-
03 O D
— * 4J 03 4-»
4-» O C/3 4-» C
U t_ 03 <13
=3 O <_ T5 E
“O o 03 •— a;
C 4-> T3 — ' >
O O (D (0 O
(J E t- > E
"O
C
03
- C
03 03
■O E
O D
O O
c o
UJ “D
A ~D
— c
“O 03
O) A
C O 03
o — — c
— t- c_ O
03 O —
03 .C 4-» (A
t- Q. U c-
13 C/) 03 <13
(/) O •— * D.
03 £ 03 A
03 4-» <_ —
n ro 4-> "D
</)
c .c
03 4-»
03 O
3 E
03 •— <-
O C/> U O
— C 3 M-
03 O T3
O •— O 03 4-» UJ
— > 4-» i_ — t_ X
O U Q..Q O <
0) t- 03 03 Q- in
A O tA —• (A
a» 03 03 03 — c
(/) P 4J c (D (D
(A 11 C O > L
< E — N <D 4-»
03 (/)
— "D
D O
E J=
C_ 4-*
O 03
u. e
CL
o
03 03
> ~o
to o
Q E
C 13
03 03 C
E 4-> O
CL 03 —
— C 4-»
3—U
cr “o 03
03 t - -
— 03
Q.-D
03
-C 4-»
4-» 03
— T3
A 03
03 O
C —
O CD
N O
> O
03 4-»
— ' 03
<- E
03 —
> —
o o
* A
Q. to A
O 4-* 4-»
— c
03 "O 03
> c c
03 03 O
■o a
E
* V O ID
_c c ox
O 03 <
<- E E (/>
03 03 03
03 — ' 4-»
C/3 Q- C/3
03 E >*
CL — C/3
-Q 03
O U
O to
u. -O
03
A
A A
CD 13
to
~D to
c c
03
4-J
X c
H— 03
— E
*-» Q_
c —
03 D
"o cr
— 03
Cl 03
<u c
E o
N
~o
C 4-*
03 C
03
03 —
N CL
— ' 4 -»
03 C/3
c o
< -C
O O — •
D 03 3
£- C "O — J
4-» O O “3
CO — E
4-» -
>0-00
H- C 03 —I
— DO O'
4-» *4- C
C 03 *
03 "D H 3
-O C C _i
— cd a> t—
03
Q_
o
o
03 C
> —
03 03
L.
U 4-*
C C/3
03 C
O
> O
H-
— E
4-J 03
C 4-*
03 C/3
“D >*
•— <0
A O
c— a
03 A
4-J C I
03 03 '
E <- •■
03 4-* <
■o
O
E
03
E
Q. O U)
Q) 03 —
4-> — * A E
03 03 C
— 0—03
03 — C
l or -
t_ O 4-» <_
O — * — D
U O JD
CL nO
3 •
c^ ro
E —
— CD
O) O) CD
Q. O C
O — — 03
— O C O
03 C - L
> 03 M- D
03 r oj o
Q Q. "D A
3
—I
CL ■
CL nO
3 •
CO ro
D
■D
O
*-» <_ “a
CL O C
O H— CD
< r^
uj •
-j ro
03 C
o o
03 —
03 4-*
03 CO
■D O Z
c — —
CD — ^
CL CL 3
X CL _Q
UJ 03 L
Q 03
U- h-
C •
co ro
c 3
o JZ
T3 4-» 4-»
C C —
CO — X
Q. C/3
O "□ CD
— O 03
03 _C "O
> 4-*
03 03
C C
03 —
E 03
03 4-»
03 L.
03 03
C O
03 C
Q E *-» E Z3
Q -Q
O «-
u_ fs.
< •
<o ro
OPTIM Expand rbUHIMS to Obtain and evaluate Formulate rules and Encode, verify and Implement and test Continue as in yr
3.7.2a include all cotton data methods document
pests in Mid-south TLW, RL0, JLW SAME SAME SAME SAME
E
CD <—
c
>- L.
Q <D
03
□
Q.
O
TJ C
C O ^
<T3 •— <1>
4-» ~o
03 (D O
■M E E
03 L-
3 O 03
— ' H- Q_
03 C >*
> — -M
03 O
<1) 4-»
03 C E
> •— o>
03 03 4-»
t- CO
TJ 4-*
C CO CO
03 C TJ
O 03 C
>. U
03
03
— E
P 03 D
C +-* E •—
03 CO f— CO
T3 > O 03
— • C/3 H- ~D
O LU
03 — <5:
o c
C "O C/3
03 O
E O
03 •*— * 03
Q. C/3 Q.
E 03 —
•»— C — 4 — ' C/3 C/3
3 — ' 03 C
“O *■» 3 ■- O
C CD E O •-
03 03 03 4->
V4- <D Q. O
C “D C/3 CD
row d i c_
•— 3E — +-» 03
C/3 — ■ O C/3 4-*
TJ
C
C/3 03
03
4->
+-» 3
•— Q-X
-- C >-
•— C/3
-Q co
03 C/3 O
Q. x: cj
03 —
o 3: C
IS ■-
Q.
O 03 4-*
— ' C/3 3
03 3 Q.
> *->
03 O 3
O 4-» O
C/3 (J C/3
Z 03 O
— Q_ -C
n: E
Z* — C
o
Ql 4-*
O O 4-»
— ' — U
03 TJ 03
> 03 C/3
03 C- C
Q Q- —
C/3 C
03 4-» • —
— 3
4-» Q_ C/3
- C 03
— » •- 3
-Q ZI cu
CD >- >
Q. CO
CD C/3
O O
CD
Q.
O 03
— * C/3
03 3 z:
> tj ~
03 O C DI
Q P CD 3
3
Q-
co
tj
c
CD
03 o
4-* C_>
03 ^
c- 2C
03 >-
03 CO
4-> CO
26
•- C
3 03
E
"D a
03 o
03 --
O 03
o >
i- 0)
CL "D
03
CL 4-»
>* C/3
O TJ
t_ C
CL CD
a -
o >*
— • H—
03 • —
> L.
03 03
O >
3
TJ
C
TJ O)
C •-
CD CO
03
>TJ
•- E
P 03 P
C P CO
03 CO C
TJ >* O
— CO u
E
CO 03
03
— x:
to <
O CO
C. >
3 CO
o
CO 03
03 C
£_ • r—
a
c o
CD 03
4-» >
-Q 03
O TJ
TJ — C
c .c o
CD Q.—
(D 4-»
Q. L. CD
O 03 E
-- O C-
03 03 O
> 03 H—
03 C
£Z3 CO •«-
X C\J
j — oo
a. •
O ro
>-
c
03 (0
> -
•— o
4-» CJ
CD O
C 3
C_ O -I
03 L -3
4-* CL
CD 03 O
C _J
C — QC
03 — '
— CL -
co E 3
03 CD _J
03
l_
3
E TJ
3 03
E O
— O
4-» l_
CL CL
03 CL
> E
03 CD
C
CO 01
O) E
C 03
•— 03
TJ CD
C C
•— CD
H- E
>*
03 4-» 03
4-* CO O
CD 03 — '
L a o
03 C
03 O £
4-» 4-* CJ
C C 03
a: 3
“3 “3
— H- CO
-- 03
Q- CO CL
E 03
CD 3 03
CO O'—'
•— CL
4P C —
Q_ -C 4-*
CD CJ — *
TJ 03 3
C 4-» E
03
CD
4-» CO CD
•- 03 TJ
CL
E 03
-Q 03 o — - *
CD C C- Q_
Q_— H—
CD
CD
CD 03
E O
03 — C TJ
> 4-» CD 03
O CO TJ P
c- 03 C —
CL 3 E
EH--Q —
« O CD— <
Q CD
CJ «—
LU •
U- O
< •
c/3 ro
-C 03
O CO
0) 3
4-»
TJ
c _ -
03 03
v4— •»-
CO '4-
c
CO
c
X o
03 •—
(0 O 4-*
03 — ■
l O TJ
3 C C
TJ .£= O
03 O O
U 03
O p TJ
c_ — •
Q. 03 03
C •—
a— h-
O CO
-- 3 t_
03 03
> C- TJ
0) O C
0^3
03 C
O 03
-- 03
O 3
C 4-*
3 03
E XI
03
o> o
c c
•»— 03 CO
E L aj
«- 03 —
03 H— CJ
PH-0)
03 CL
Q TJ CO
4-* 03 03
03 CD CO
TJ > C
O 0) L 0)
£ P CD U
CD — »
0) •*- 03
EP - L
c — » —
Q. 03 CD >
O C- E
— » 03 CO
03
=1 i
Q.
O
0»
>
0)
TJ
<
TJ
03
c
Q.
E
> h- TJ
03 C H— •
Q TJ <0 O X|
Li- O
<t •
ro
sets using Bayesian procedures for evaluating
statistical concepts analyzing sampling statistical approach
data
TLW, RL0, JLW SAME SAME SAME SAME
27
Action Area 4 - Behavior Modifying Chemicals
Introduction
At least four long-range critical research needs have been identified.
These are:
Develop and implement methods for using kairomonal compounds derived
from plants to suppress Heliothis/Helicoverpa populations in cropping
situations via direct control of adults or indirectly through control of
oviposition;
Develop and implement methods for suppression of Heliothis/Helicoverpa
populations using: a) sex attractant pheromones to disrupt mating via
permeation of the atmosphere; b) combinations of pheromones,
plant-derived kairomones, and toxicants to kill adults; and/or
c) attract icide baits in traps to provide improved methods for
forecasting and predicting Heliothis/Helicoverpa populations;
Suppress Heliothis/Helicoverpa via interference with pheromone
biosynthesis, neuroendocrine, and olfactory systems; and
Develop and implement methods to use semiochemicals to enhance
performance of insect parasitoids as economically effective and reliable
control agents in management strategies for Heliothis/Helicoverpa
species .
These critical needs are extremely diverse, and progress or the lack
thereof in any one of these areas will not necessarily affect progress
in any of the other elements. However, certain of these critical
research needs are closely allied with other Action Areas and probably
should be included, at least in part, with these other areas.
Major Accomplishments
Over the past five years, interest in kairomonal compounds from plants
that affect attraction and oviposition behavior of Heliothis/Helicoverpa
has become intensified greatly. Recent results indicate that volatiles
emitted by plants are used by Heliothis/Helicoverpa to locate feeding
and oviposition sites. Isolation and identification of these chemicals
is in progress at several locations in ARS. Compounds that affect
attraction and oviposition behavior have been isolated and identified
from several cultivated hosts including cotton (Gainesville, FL; Albany,
CA) , corn (Albany, CA; College Station, TX; Tifton, GA; Athens, GA) ,
tobacco (Gainesville, FL; Tifton, GA; Athens, GA; Oxford, NC), alfalfa
(Albany, CA) , and red clover (Albany, CA) , and from wild hosts such as
guar (College Station, TX; Weslaco, TX) and beggar's tick (Gainesville,
FL) . Laboratory and field bioassays have been developed to support
identification of kairomonal components that attract moths to plants to
feed (Gainesville, FL; Albany, CA; College Station, TX; Weslaco, TX) and
oviposit (Gainesville, FL; Tifton GA; Athens, GA; Oxford NC), and also
to measure possible negative effects on attraction and oviposition
behavior (Gainesville, FL) . Plant kairomones present numerous
opportunities to manipulate and manage Heliothis/Helicoverpa populations
28
via direct control measures or indirectly through improved methods for
detection, monitoring, and prediction.
Female-produced pheromones have been identified for H. zea (Beltsville,
MD) and H. virescens (Gainesville, FL; Beltsville, MD), and
pheromone-related behavior has been investigated in the laboratory
(Gainesville, FL; Tifton, GA; Belstville, MD). Considerable research
also has been conducted on pheromone dispensing systems and trap designs
for surveying Heliothis/Helicoverpa populations (Gainesville, FL;
College Station, TX; Tifton, GA; Beltsville, MD; Stoneville, MS). Some
progress has been achieved for both species in relating captures of male
moths in traps to numbers of adult moths collected in fields at night
(College Station, TX; Tifton, GA; Stoneville, MS; Weslaco, TX), and to
numbers emerged in spring (College Station, TX; Tifton, GA; Stoneville,
MS, Weslaco, TX) and to rates of oviposition on crops (Gainesville, FL;
College Station, TX; Tifton, GA; Stoneville, MS; Weslaco, TX) .
In wind tunnel studies and field experiments, ( Z ) -11-hexadecenal was
shown to disrupt effectively Heliothis/Helicoverpa sexual communication
when evaporated at high dosages relative to the level released by an
individual female moth (Gainesville, FL) . Observations indicate that
the most effective mechanism of mating disruption appears to be trail
masking (Gainesville, FL) . Recent improvements in formulation
technology suggest that mating disruption could become a viable adjunct
to the present control strategy for Heliothis/Helicoverpa (Gainesville,
FL) .
Investigations of Heliothis/Helicoverpa pheromone biosynthesis in the
last five years have resulted in the discovery of a peptide produced in
the brain that turns on pheromone biosynthesis, a factor produced in the
bursae of aging virgin females that suppresses pheromone biosynthesis,
factors produced by males and transferred to females during mating that
suppress pheromone biosynthesis, and esterases, primary alcohol
oxidases, and other enzymes that regulate various steps in the pheromone
biosynthesis pathway (Gainesville, FL; Beltsville, MD). The potential
exists to develop agonists or antagonists for any or all of the various
factors involved in this critical process. Also, it may be possible to
alter or manipulate these systems via genetic engineering. Any
development of a practical method to alter or shut down pheromone
biosynthesis in Heliothis/Helicoverpa species would be extremely
valuable for control of these pests.
The ability of parasites and predators to control Heliothis/Helicoverpa
populations under certain conditions has been established. However,
this method of biological control cannot be relied upon to work
consistently. Additionally, this method is not always effective at low
host population densities when it would have the greatest impact. One
of the factors that greatly influences the effectiveness of parasites
and predators is their ability and motivation to locate their hosts.
Evidence strongly indicates that the host foraging behavior of
beneficial insects is regulated by semiochemicals and that these insects
can be conditioned to search for a particular host on a particular plant
at a time when they would have the greatest impact (Gainesville, FL;
Tifton, GA; Stoneville, MS).
29
Significance
The role of sex pheromones in the reproductive biology of Heliothis/
Helicoverpa spp. is widely acknowledged, if not yet fully understood.
Recent research also has shown that other semiochemicals , especially
plant-derived kairomones, are significant factors in the feeding and
reproductive behaviors of the Heliothis /Helicoverpa complex and their
parasitoids. This area has engendered considerable interest of late
with females of the species being the principal target. Thus,
pheromones and other semiochemicals — especially plant kairomones — offer
extraordinary potential for management of the Heliothis /Helicoverpa
complex on a variety of crops. If the development of pheromone
technology over the past 30 years is any indication of the progress that
might be expected in the area of behavior-modifying plant chemicals,
then the future indeed looks bright for the development of new and
innovative approaches for management of Heliothis /Helicoverpa spp. with
semiochemical-based technology.
Cooperators/Co-investigators
Lead ARS Scientists
Code
Name
SY
Location
SK
S. Kint
0.5
Albany, CA
DML
D. M.
Light
0.5
Albany, CA
RT
R. Teranishi
0.5
Albany, CA
WSS
W. S.
Schlotzhauer
0.1
Athens, GA
RFS
R. F.
Severson
0.6
Athens, GA
MES
M. E.
Snook
0.1
Athens, GA
AKR
A. K.
Raina
1.0
Beltsville, MD
KRB
K. R.
Beerwinkle
0.1
College Station
PDL
P. D.
Lingren
0.5
College Station
JDL
J. D.
Lopez
0.5
College Station
TNS
T. N.
Shaver
CO
o
College Station
JKW
J. K.
Westbrook
CN
O
College Station
RED
R. E.
Doolittle
0.1
Gainesville, FL
RRH
R. R.
Heath
0.2
Gainesville, FL
MSM
M. S.
Mayer
0.1
Gainesville, FL
JRM
J. R.
McLaughlin
0.3
Gainesville, FL
ERM
E. R.
Mitchell
0.3
Gainesville, FL
PEAT
P. E.
A. Teal
0.8
Gainesville, FL
FCT
F. C.
Tingle
0.8
Gainesville, FL
JHT
J. H.
Tumlinson
0.2
Gainesville, FL
SDP
S. D.
Pair
0.1
Lane, OK
DMJ
D. M.
Jackson
0.4
Oxford, NC
DEH
D. E.
Hendricks
0.2
Stoneville, MS
HRG
H. R.
Gross
0.1
Tifton, GA
WJL
W. J.
Lewis
0.3
Tifton, GA
JRR
J. R.
Raulston
0.2
Weslaco, TX
DAW
D. A.
Wolfenbarger
0.1
Weslaco, TX
30
ARS Cooperators
Name
Location
R. G. Buttery
Albany, CA
R. A. Flath
Albany, CA
0. T. Chortyk
Athens, GA
M. F. Feldlaufer
Beltsville,
MD
B. A. Leonhardt
Beltsville,
MD
L. F. Bouse
College Station, TX
H. Oberlander
Gainesville,
FL
J. C. Dickens
Mississippi
State, MS
V. A. Sisson
Oxford, NC
D. D. Hardee
Stoneville,
MS
M. L. Laster
Stoneville,
MS
G. L. Snodgrass
Stoneville,
MS
M. G. Stephenson
Tifton, GA
N. Widstrom
Tifton, GA
Non-ARS Cooperators
Name
Affiliation
Location
Thomas Kempe
Univ. of Maryland
College Park, MD
V. N. Vakharia
Univ. of Maryland
College Park, MD
Philipp Kirsch
Pacific Biocontrol
Davis, CA
Michael J. Pitcairn
Univ. of California
Davis, CA
Alberto Quisumbing
Hereon Enviro.
Emigsville, PA
Albert W. Johnson
Clemson Univ.
Florence, SC
John Knapp
Agrisense, Inc.
Fresno, CA
R. D. Miller
Univ. of Tennessee
Greeneville, TN
Keith Branly
MicroFlo
Lakeland, FL
B. Lingren
Trece, Inc.
Salinas, CA
Glen Prestwich
SUNY
Stony Brook, NY
Gary A. Herzog
Univ. of Georgia
Tifton, GA
T. Christensen
Univ. of Arizona
Tucson, AZ
J. G. Hildebrand
Univ. of Arizona
Tucson, AZ
Gabor Szock
Plant Protect. Inst.
Budapest, Hungary
Ade Rafaeli
Tel Aviv Univ.
Israel
Kinya Ogawa
Shin Etsu Chemical Co.
Tokyo, Japan
J. C. van Lenteran
Agric. Univ.
Wageningen, The
Netherlands
Research Gaps and Bottlenecks
Application technology is an important component of several lead arrays.
Engineering and formulation experts should be consulted in the early
stages of development of these programs.
Semiochemicals that may affect larval feeding and development (e.g.,
stimulants, deterrents, growth regulators) are not considered in the
proposed action plan. This is a potentially useful adjunct to future
area-wide management schemes for Heliothis/Helicoverpa.
Other gaps noted in the plan include:
1. Physiology, biochemistry, and biosynthesis of active compounds in
plants ;
2. Trap crop technology; and
3. Acoustic responses in the presence of behavior modifying chemicals
The following issues cannot be defined as gaps per se because some
scientists already may have considered them in their research plans.
1. Studies may be directed towards changing the insect's behavior as
to habitat. Chemicals might be used to reverse an insect's cue to
leave a non-suitable host (such as dry corn) to seek a more
suitable environment; thus, keeping the insect in a non-suitable
environment .
2. Potential pesticides such as IGRs, microorganisms, nematodes, etc.
may be used with attractants instead of conventional insecticides.
3. The feasibility and compatibility of combinations of attractants
and pesticides should be studied to seek a 'common' method of
control for several pests simultaneously, e.g., tobacco budworm,
corn earworm, boll weevil, pink bollworm.
LEAD Develop and implement Isolate and identify Continue as in yr 1; Synthesize and Continue as in yr 3; Conduct tests in large
CL.
c o
0)0 C/5
TJ 3 —
05 C 01 u
C/D - - - •— 05 3
>* 3 4-f _Q C/D C/D ^
O x: C •— O C ~J
CD C 4-> O 0) Q- • —
O O C 05 — CJ CO •-
4-» — O -C C 3 0>> X
H— ■— X •— — * Q. O c_ CL
C/D H— 4-* C <0 • CD LU
vCl-MTJOCMO)CT3
O C04-»C—O0/COC
— »05OCCD4-»m-TJ — O I-
Q. ■*-» Q_ 01 (D v ^ M U CJ
CO ■— l— » C C U (D P (1) u_
■03>Lj|^4|i^30WM
— • — ' O 0) C _Q > 4-* — * 0) 4-» *
0) CD 4-» O EC CO CO H- TJ CO “3
•— > H— oi—* OO 0/ > *4- C 0» X
H-O/OTJCOOUQ-O/O/COQ-O
05
c
C_
o
c
o
E
05 4-» c/D <
L C TJ CO
CD 05 O
Q- > -C
EC 4^
O O 05
u o E
TJ
c
CD
C
o
CD
3
E
t_
O C
H- O)
0» C/D
M 0)
— TJ
E
— Q.
4-» CD
CL L.
O 4-*
LU
<
(O
oj
c
(0
05
05
3
C
C
o
CJ
32
TJ
C
CD
•»— 05 M— >.
H- 4-» O I (-
C/D
CO
o
05
N
C/D
0)
C/5
CD
<D
L_
o
c
CD
05 C/D
•- -M TJ
4-* O C
C/5 05 (DC
CD H— - O
> H- C C/5 *
C 0/ O 4-* CO CO
— C 4-J 4->
05 4-J CO C C
— * •— 4-* CD CD
•-QCACJ—'t-
CO—OCD3C-
4-< c/5 Q_ t_ £ o>
o C/D •— 4-J ■— 4-»
— » O > 4-» 4-» OJ
Q. Q. O CD C/5 TJ
CD CD
— TJ
3 C
a o
o o
Q. CD C/5
C/5 4-*
TJ C/5
- TJ 0»
O C CL
4—* CD
C/5 C/5 CJ
CD C <D
LOW
CD C
Q- 4-» ■ —
QC
LU 05
c
CJ C/5
u- oi ro
4-*
* * TJ
-DO- o> c
X O 3 CD
O CO c
•— CM
«* * 4-»
CJ 3 C (0
CL ^ O L.
3: -3 CJ >-
C/5 4-»
C C
O CD
CD
\ C
4-» —
C _Q
CD E
4-> o
u u
CD
t- 0/
4-* C
4-J O
CD E
o
4-» C_
c/5 a>
05 SZ
V- CL
CL
O
4-* TJ
C
05 CD
C/5
C CO C
O 4-* o
LU Q. C • —
X C/5 CD 4-*
< 05 4-* CO
to L. CJ -r-
CO TJ
4- * C- CD
C/5 4-» C_
05 4-» (_
5— CO —
<D
>
U
CD
CD
0)
CD
3
•«* CO C
C/D 4-» O — *
TJ C C C - - -
C CO O 05 O 4-J CU CO
3 4-* — C — ■ * — E
OCJ4-»O4-»C0C/5C/)CD
Q. CD — — ' CD 05 O —
Et-C/JCDCCQ-CL.
O 4-* O — O ■»—■«— 4J
O 4-» Q. » _Q E >
(U — COEOOCOTJ
CD > 4-» O 1— 4-» — *
4-*05OCU0/05C05
CD 4-* CD _C 4-J 05 —
TJ CD t - C CL (TJ L 4-
— 3 0 3 — 3 L.
T S E _c 05 4-*
C CO TJ — TJ 4-J CD 4-» o
C0>C4-»C — >05— '
O05CDC0(0305~OQ.
K5
L_
>-
c
C/5
CD
05
3
C
C
O
CJ
fM
C
CD
4-» C/5
O C
CD O
4-* CD
CD — '
D
4^ E
C/5 L-
4) O
C/5
CD
LU
X 0/
< ZJ
CO c
c
o
CJ
c
o
>- •-
L_ 4-»
o •-
4-J C/5 “O
CD 0/ O C
1-05 Q_ CD
O CD 4- •»— «.
-Q CJ O > C/5 *
CD O 4-* C/5 C/5
— ' TJ C/5 C 4-» 4-»
-- >TJ CD C C
4-» CD CD CD 4-» CD <U
CJ C/5 4— ' CJ — ' C_
D H- C/5 CD CD D 0.
TJ CD — * L. E 01
C TJ O O 4-* •— 4-*
O C •»“ C/5 4-» 4-» 0>
U CD -Q •*- CD C/5 TJ
>*
— ' C/5
CD 0)
CJ 4-*
•— CO
05 — *
O O
LU — ' C/3
X O —
< •-
CO TJ 01
>
4-* ■ —
C/3 4-»
0) U
4— CD
C/5
CD
0)
U
c
c
o
CJ
»- Q-
CJ O
u- C/5
4-*
C
TJ
CD
CD
-i 3
—>
_J
—
X ^
CD
X
X
C
O -0
CO
o
o
TJ
c
CO
o
C/3
C/5
CO CO
C
o
4-»
>0—
4-<
4-»
•> •>
CO 05
*1
CD
• r-
c
4-J
c
C
CO _J
t_
c^
X
4-»
CD
•r-
CD
05
u- X
Q. D
U-
CL
05
—
4J
co
_ <
L_
at. a
O TJ
DL
LU
4-»
CO
o
o
ZJ
t_
05
CD
o
CD
Q.
E
05
o> a
o
— *
Q.
c.
4-*
CJ X
> o
3C
V-
O
4-*
>
4-*
05
QC CL
0/ L.
LU
CJ
CO
>
4-*
o
CO
TJ
=n lu
Q Q.
Q
“■
o
CD
CD
x;
CD
Q
4J
Cl
X
l_
• w—
c
CO
i-
c
0)
o
<D
3
o
— /
05
o
CO
4-* _C
0/
>
•p-
o
>
• p-
•*- 4-»
05
O
CO
4-»
o
o
4-»
JC
C O
CD
O
E <o
— TJ
4J
o
■p-
4-*
O TJ
c
• r—
C
0/
CO C
05
• *—
CO
• p—
E
CD
— -
•p—
4-» TJ CO
O CD
CO
c
— «
o
3
05
E
<D
CO 05 U
a
CD
05
a
O 05
or
CO
>* > •-
•— (0
L.
SL
•p-
CO
4-J CD
o
c
co — E
> ♦“*
CO
o
\
>
4-»
c
4-J
CO
o
1— 05
o c
4-»
4-»
CO
o
c
05 CD
• r-
• r—
O) 05 _C
CD
c
• p-
CD
C E
C/3
t:
4-<
C TJ U
a 4-»
CD
c
-C
0/
4-»
O
TJ
4-J
CD
•- o
o O
—•
o
4-»
c
O
E l.
O
o
Q. 4-» — *
— ' CD
3
E
o
CD
o o
-C
■ 0—
3
ac oi
0/ £—
E
• p-
-Q
t_
1- \
4-J
— >
Q.
O CD — *
> 4-*
■p—
i_
— *
E
4-»
0 5 TJ
OJ
05
O
t_ —t —i
05 4-»
4-»
o
0/
O
4-»
-C c
E
or
CL
O Q. CD
O CD
CO
H-
n:
CJ
CD
CL CD
O <U
4-» C/5 >
0/ O
C/5 C/5 O
TJ C • —
O O — *
.£= Q_ (L
4-* C/5 or
(U O N.
E o. C/5
c
o
Q_ <D -C
O 1- 4-*
— 'DO
0> CO •—
> CD — '
0 0/0/
Q E I
C •-
CD 4->
— * CD
CL —
TJ
O CD
C
O H- 4-*
V L O JC C
O 1- CD
C/5 _C C/3 O — '
TJ 4J -- j a
O O CD
^ t: o c x:
4-» 3 — — 4-*
O EO) —
E O O •- 3
C. SI L.
Q. •— O O 4J
O E O l.
— ' 1 _ - 4-* O
o o o c o
> 4-* — * CD C
O O — ^ ' o
o TJ CD Q. O
O
CJ T-
LU •
U_ «—
< •
00
X r\J _J ro
■— ■ Q- •
/— Q_ «—
CL • =5 •
O CO
source radiation to
attract Hel i oth i s/
He l i cover pa
Action Area 4 - Behavior Modifying Chemicals
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year
i r\
~G 0)
Q) 0)
CO
4-» Q
CL t-
0) 03 03
O -C CJ >
— * -* C O
E 0 0)0
OH- O C —
CO - - '
O 03 — > 0)
CJ "O — ' Z
G) O \
H— 03 •— O l_ CO
ZJ "O — * 4-»
*4 — » C •— 4-* C _£=
CJ CD CO .O CJ O 4-4
D > **-(0 0 0
T3 03 CO CO L. •—
C CO CD 4-4 C - -
o o O) 03 4-» o o)
C_) *-> C H- CO H— Z
<u
D
c
■»- —I
4-» O
C -a
O
O
0) —I od
•+ O d Od
(/) C Q. “)
C CO
O t- * -
- fl) 3 £D
p fl) ^ a
<U — * -3 id
— ' o
D - «*
ao. t w
O 3 S Z
Q. LU O H
4-* <D
C H-
(0 CO
C C
•- CU
_Q c_
E *->
O
O TJ
C
4-* CO
CO
<u c
-Q O >-
•— O)
>* *-* o
h- aj — *
- - - o
4-* 3 C
c E -C
ai £- o
■O O 0)
T3 TJ
C — ' Q_
CD 0) ZD
LU
(0 H-
0) a,
•— jC D
■O 4-* C
D •— —
4-> 2 4-»
CO C
0) O 03 LU
0) 4-4 O O X
4J <0 C <
0) L. • « CO CO
— > O) CO (-
a ai p (d
E *4 CO 0)
O C 0)
(J •— 4-» O
(0
0)
■O
o
CO
LU
3E
<
CO
33
ro 0)
o
c_ c
>- CO
(_
C 03
— (L)
CO o
03
Q.
03 Z>
D LU
c
— c
C O)
O 03
U -Q
c
(/)
03
O)
c
oj
D
C
C
H— O
o o
_J oc
Q QC
CO
<U
<L>
D
C
UJ
S
<
CO
4-* m
c
O L_
(J >-
O) •• 0)
c co o
•- c c
4-» O CD
(0 t-
<D 4-» 03
4-* 03 01
~0 D U
E
a> c- cl
•- o z>
U_ H- LU
3 a)
id a:
“3 ^
31 CO
Q t—
CO 0)
4-* -O
C •—
0)
CO
D
o <u
TJ h— TJ
C —
CO 4-» (0 CJ CO
— c — c
03 CO O 4-* O
N _Q ■— O •—
• — 4-* 03 4-*
(0 a 03 L 03
0)0 — * 4-J O
-C — » ZJ 4-4 • —
4-J 0) E 03 — »
C > L. CL
>- 0) O C CL
CO TJ H- •— 03
-j z:
Q QC
-3 LU
* * 44
J X E C
DEO 03 CO
o_ ar -3 c C
— O
* - * -Q —
3 co CO E •*-*
^ a n. O cd
—> id od o —•
o
* * * 44 E
TWO. (0 L
Z Z Q 0)0
Q »— CO 4— H—
03 0)
-Q 0) 4-»
^ _C CO
C
03
O
X
o
0)
4-*
03
D
03
>
LU
c —
■— c
•— 0)
CO o
c c
O >- 03
L. L.
4-* O 03
03 4-* 0)
— » 0J — »
D L. <J
E O
t- _Q a_
O 03 ZD
H- — • LU
Q <
-3 O
_i q:
Q Od
Q_ -3
o ^
Z CO
LU Z
Q »—
CO
CO o
4-» ~D
c —
03 O
CO TJ
<D C
»— 03
■- C
« — O CO
C_ 4-» 03
> IT3 U
O •—
C •— E
• — h- 0)
•— -C
CO U u
03 C
<1) <D
d) TJ >
3 ■— —
C 4-»
— CO
4-» — 03
C cn
O CD H-
C_) _Q O
CO CO
3 u_
t— o;
_j _j oc T3 —i
O JE QC — ' X
Q. o -3 Q) a
>— 3E Q. ^ >* 3:
U E Q Q. 03 QtC
U- LU CO O CO LU
— » CO
* ^ - O 03
-3 Z 3 > O I—
I E y 03 — U
a a ■) o U u-
co
03
— CO 3
O) 4-» Z <
03 — 3- Q
4-4 03
03 _Q - *
i- \ —I Od
4-» 4-J CO Q O'
CO C C -3“3
03 O
03 O — - -
C — 4-» —I 3
— X 03 Q ^
E O — 1 CL “3
C- 4-4 D
03 E - -
4-* t— (— Z ^
03 O O LU QC
Q H- H- O LU
CO
« — 4-4
c
l— 03
>* 4-4
O
C 03
CO 4-»
(0 0J
03 4-*
D CO
C 03
C TJ
O C
C_) CO
3
id
CD CO
4-» _c 4-»
C 4-4 _4
CO D
— < CO "D
Q_ 03 CO
c
03 O 4-4
4-» E o
03 O CO
— ' C- £- TJ
O — 4-4 03
CO 03 4-* 03
•— « Jd CO H—
»- x: *
U QC V
U- LU CO
3 Z Q_ Dd
2 a q a
Q QC (/) — 3
CO CO —I CO
Li- Z Z u-
a i- a a
o
O)
c
CO
03
>-
L- CO
O 4-4
4-* C
03 CO
L. U
o —
-Q X
0J o
“O CO
c o
03 —CO
** O) t_
_J 3 t_ o 03
Q < 03 E — ' 4-»
“3 Q 4-» D O 03
03 E — E
- * E — -Q co
—I Od O *-> c_ I—
Q QC *4 Q_ T3 03 C_)
Q. “3 U O C Q. Li-
03 CO
- * H- 0* O) -
I- 3 O C C X
U ^ — CO — Od
U- -3 C E C3 4-> LU
CJ) c_ M- co
- - •— 03 CO C-
Z :E CO 4-» 03 QC
LU QC 01 03 r O.QC
Q LU Q *D Q. O “3
4-4 CO
C Q
03 CO t-
E co 03
03 03 >
—4 l— O
CL CL U
E CL —
— ZJ --
CO 03
TJ
Q. CO SI
O TJ 4-<
— * O O
03 _d • —
> 4-* ^
03 03 03
O E Z
JZ co
4-4 — » 4-»
— CO — '
2 O 13
03 — TJ
CO "O E 03
03
O (J _C L_
o o
4-4 4-* O H-
co o — •
—» CO 03 CO
DC - -4-4
Q- 4-4 — < • —
O 4-4 CO CO
Q_ (O W _Q
> t-
(0 u o
4-» C H- \
C03 CO
CO •— CO •—
l. 4-» u CLx:
03 U <0 44
_C (0 H- C_ O
03 “a 4-4 03
Z 03 4-4
2 > CO 03
■— -C
03 L. 03 4-4
C 03 C
-TOO)
E • E u
1- 4-4 O C
03 C L. CO
4-4 <0 •— -C
0) — ' CO C
O Q-.X 03
JZ Z3 O
CL +-4 •—
Q. — '
H- C0 03
O _C
4-4 TJ 4-4 H-
03 C •- O
> CO C 4-* 2
•— CJ O CO >h 4-*
4-4 •*- — 2: 03 CJ C
CJ X 4-* 4-* L_ C CO
03 O CO 03 03 4-4
H— 4-* — < CO H- *r- O
H— D 4-* C_ O CD
03 —4 E —4 03 t—
CO t- O 4-4 H- 4-*
4-4 CJ O “D C H- 4-4
CJ •»- H- CD 03 CO
03 E
— - 0) TJ C- 4-4 CD 0)
03 C O O £ £
C/> O CO H- C 4-» 4-*
> cn
CO C
CO • —
CO 4-*
CO CO CO
O 03 4-4
44 C
_Q CO
C_ 4-*
-Q O CJ
CO H- CO
— > c_
—» 4-*
0-0 4-4
O O CO
—4 0 0
03 4-4 4-4
> O
03 L £
O Q. Q.
o
< CM
LU
-J >*
O CO
O r- 31 C\J
-Q
r\j
Li- C\J
< •
</) >4-
> — r\j
CL •
O St
I— OJ
CL •
O st
SUPPL Evaluate attractancy Preliminary screening Continue screening Continue screening and
4.2.3 of He l i oth i s/ of candidate integrate active
Hel icoverpa to non- chemicals compounds with Lead
plant synthetic Array 4.2
chemicals FCT, MSM SAME SAME
Action Area 4 - Behavior Modifying Chemicals
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year
TD
C
03
m
-4 o c
03 OX
1- (/) •— 03
O p 4J QJ
Q- O Q_ 4-»
E D D (0
(D C_ l_
•*—* CO -*-»
03 •— C/3
03 T3
CU CO 03 O
D - C L
03 03 4J C
> Q. 0J O
LU 73 E O
H- CO
O 4-*
X c
-O o
3 C
</> C
LU O LU
X 03 X
<C 3 71 7) <C
CO C 4-* 03 CO
— o —
4-* 4» O
C H- 03
O H- Q_
O 03 C/3
LU
X
<
CO
C/3
>t E
03
C_ 44
X c/3 X
X— '
C C/3 "O
•- C
— » 03
C/3 03
03 TJ L
O H—
03 E i
3 «-
C 03 03 C/3
- C (fl D
4-» •— D +-*
C H— CO
O 03 O 4-*
U L P cfl
34
o
<0
Q
C—
03
C/3 C/3 >
•— 4-» O
C/3 O O
03 (0 03 • —
03 X *4- — '
L_ Q. 03 H- 03
(D E £ 03 I
— ' 03 4-*
C- C/3
C X O) <0 —
■— P C 0) £
— — X 4—*
03 3 • O
pi (JO —
03 C/1 03 P — '
3 C- I 03
— ' O 4-» C_ X
03 O 03
> C 03 C
lu _Q OXO
C 4-*
O CO X CO
C X XI Q
X TJ 0>
H- C/3 03 >
•>- 03 P O
4-» •— O O
C O 03 —
03 03 Q_ — '
TJ CL E 03
• C/3 •— 3C
i CD
• « t— £— Q
fO O 03 L_
H- 4-» 03
t— C X >
X 03 C/3 C/3 •— jQ O
C 03 — » O
C — 0_0 4-*,r-
— Q- 7) O C C — '
O E 4-» CO 03 03
C/3 — - 03 E x
CD 0) P 03 0) 03 S.
> tO > O) > 7)
03 0) X-*- CO —
D T) c/l (0 E £
C o c- 4-*
— C — » — I TJ O
4-» — 03 “O 03 — » •—
C 03 XJ 03 C 03 — i
O 03 O *- O — 03
U U E Q. — < h— zn
—> m
X esc
o ^
3: </>
Q H-
03
c
r\j 03
03
C/3
C/3 —
03 — '
-Q
03 03
3 4-*
C C/3
- 0) w
4-» 4-»
CD O
o c — »
U 03 Q_
71
C/3 4-*
03 U
•- 03 P
O C/3 C/3
03 C 03
CL •— 4-*
C/3
H- O)
LU X O C
X 73 —
C •— 03 4J
C/3 _i — </)
X) — Xi T3
CD H- 03 — ’
p O £ 0)
Cfl L C •-
LU Q_ •*— H-
C 3
O O
— 03 03
4-* C/3 C/3
0J 3
E t-
C— O — '
O H- 03
H— 4-*
C X C LU
»— — 1-03 X
C_3 03 E C
U_ C C/3 ■— 4-* C/3
— C/3 C- —
* 03 03 03 E
a: p u a l
LU D 03 X 03
o O C 03 CL
CO — M - -
— 03 44 O
4-* > — —
— t- c — *
C 3 O 03
— c/3 E
XI
03 E
> O
•— o
44 CO o
4-4 4-* E C
O 44 4-* •— 03
CL
TJ
CO 03 O • — ' U —
-- CO 73 03 3
j p l c l p r
Q. (/) p O (_ Q. 4-*
O OP"- O 0J —
Q. E CO 4-» o U 3
C /3
C «
O QC 3
— ^ C
4-» < l
- C/1
C/3 03
C O)
O C
— 03
03 t-
03 l—
D O t—
C CL X
4-* O E
COO
O C C-
CJ — H-
C/l O
03 4-*
4-» C
OJ —
TJ
— 03
4-* TJ p ro
C/3 C 0J •
O (0 Lvt
E o O
CL X
03 03 L_ 03 LU
4-» C O t- X
co — o c- c
— ' C/3 C C C/3
3 — —
EE TJ
t- O TJ CD
O L. C 03
U- Q_ 03 —I
- C/1
C/3 03
C O)
O C
— 03
0J O
3
— * 03
0J *—
03 C_
: o l
C CL X
— L_
4-* O E
COO
O C L-
CJ — M-
LU
X
<
to
JZ 73
O 3
(- o
03 C —
03 — U
C/3 03 03
03 03 >
C— XI
03
£TJ C
C/3 C —
— CO 44
— ' CO
n to o
03 4-* — *
P O 03
(/) — ' >
LU Q. 03
TJ
C
03
C/3
TJ
C
03
— C/3
X) c
o
03 —
C 4-i
O CO
E ^
O 3
c- E
03 c-
-C o
Q. H-
LU
O
03 --
C CO
— O
C —
<D E
03 03
L- JZ
o o
C/3
03
X 44
L- CD
CO ~U
C —
— TJ
E C
— co
— ' o
JC 03
UJ L_ H-
O Q. O
TJ X
C 03
CO C/3
C/3 H—
TJ O
c
03 C/3
-4 c
X) O
03 44
44 (0
CO — »
3 3
— E
0J c-
> O
LU H-
C/3
03 H— C
C O —
O — »
E CO X C/3
O O U 03
l_ — t_ 03 —4
03 E O O CO C/1
£ 03 H- •— E 03
Q. x: p 03 C
O c/3 H- H- —
4-» P 03 44
C C— C TJ 44
<0 03 (0 O) C 03
44 _C 44 C co C/3
OPO —
CO O 03 Q. C/3 "D
C_ C— Q- 03 — '
P TJ P v0 —4 03
P C P CD —
CO CD 0J P E H-
QC CSC
“S LU
I— CD
CJ CSC
U-
-3 tO
O P-
DC _J X
^ Q 00
< Q. X
03
E
03
Q.
E 03
— C/3
3
TJ
C O
CO 44
CL C/3
O TJ
-4 O
03 -£=
> 44
03 03
Q E
03 03
• C Q
4-* — (_
CJ 03 03
03 CO >
oi c«p o c o
C 03 H - CO O
03 X) E —
44 C/1 03 — »
0J CO X— c— 03
E -4-4 0 3:
c — * 03 H- ^
03 O 03 L. C/1
c — o x —
o P — "o 03 SZ
E Q. E C 0» 44
O 3 O 03 44 O
t_ t_ C CO —
03 C/3 O 03 ( - '
X — O > 44 03
CL T3 03 — C/3 3:
C/3
03
o
03
CL
t/S
c_ £=
44 44
C/3 O
•D
03
03 3:
o
03
L- C
CO o
Q_ —
E 44
O 3
C_> X)
TJ
03
C/3 44
03 CO
— 03
TJ U L
C 03 44
0J Q_ i
tO 03
c
44 O
03 E
03 O
l_ £_
CO 03
44 c/3
• CL CO
C 03
O C t-
C — 0J
to
c
o
03
TJ 11 P
03 -4 CO
N XJ L
— — 03 C
C 44 CL —
CD CO O 44
a 3
E LXJ
O 03 —
U 3 c_
O 44
03
Q_ c/3 1 — C/3
OTJ O —
-* O TJ
03 X X
> P P L
03 03 — O
Q E X M-
co
3
E
"O
03
O
03
03
tO
03
44
0J
3
CD
>
LU
03
c
03 44
C C/1 CO
O CO E C/3
E 44
O C/3 — 4 C
C - * CO CO
03 CO — 44
x: O 44 Q_
CL— C 3
• E 03 c-
C 03 44 c/3
OXO —
C CJ CLTJ
c
03
E
03 03 O
-4 C P4
CL —
B to to
— 3-4
OJ
03
CL 7)
O TJ
^ O O
03 X —
> 44 £
03 03 03
Q E 73
E —
— 03
03 X
>
o o
73
03
o
03
a
73
O
Q- — »
E 03
3 4P
a o
o x.
CL 03
I o
I < hO
I UJ •
I -J vt
Q
CD «-
LU •
u- ro
< •
CO vfr
X CM
i- ro
CL •
O
_J ro
CL • O
cl m < >j-
3 • LU •
to — I >J-
Action Area 4 - Behavior Modifying Chemicals
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year
c
C/5
o c
O CO 4-»
L> O CO
I _ -
0 3 3
4-» 4-» Q_
CL O
4-» CO Q.
Q_ O
E -O
O _C — '
*->*-> Qj
4-» O —
C E
-I 3
Q ^
“0 “3
C
c
o
>
o —
4-» 4-* E O
O
O
Q-
■O T3
O 0)
E
O
CD 4-»
H- C/5
>*
C/5 Vi
D
O >.
o
4-* •«— C_ C/5
-C —
Q- C — •
— 01
05 Zj
C C V*
— O C/5
C/5 ■— —
35
O
D D CD >
T3 — > —
C CD — *
O O 4-*
c- D O
CL ID —
CL O —
D i- 0)
i/l Q.X
ro
O 0)
<u a* r
> r Q. -m
•— •*-» H- C/5
+■* — o c
0 5 05 —
CD O C
— » C — 4-»
O CD O "O C/5
C — E C O
— C_ O O 4-»
H (D L Q.
E v 0) (/) T)
O CD SZ O C
U E O-L ID
CD
C/5 4-»
o -- c
4-» CD O C/5
CD — t- E
D C_ O O
— • QJ — 4—*
CD
C/5
> CD —
E TJ C/5
H CO QC
k k a
-3^-3
O -O
4-* CD
C O
•o s:
C 4-»
co —
2 v*
o
3 C/5 >*
C +-•
- * >*
■M D CD
C Vi t-
O 41 L
U L <
*-» Q.
C/5 CD
O C-
E
OJ 0) 4-<
c > c
— — o
E -M E
L U 4)
o o o
4-* S- CD
o — •
O D
E
05 C_
c o
C/5 O
0/ 4-»
4-> CD
■o
"O —
— TD
O C
— CD
u_ O
Vi
O
TD
f~ — C/5
> 4-» C_
1-0.0
C O O 4-»
•->0.0
— CD
C/5 — » C_ M—
CO O O
T3 h- i_
0) a/
D Q. (✓) _C
C O E 4-*
- - o o
4— • 0) 4-»
C > Vi TD
O O >* C
U "O C/5 CO
C/5
— C/5
C "O
o o
05 SZ
CD 4-*
4-» O
C E
CD
Q.
C_ O
O — »
\ O
TD >
C O
CO TD
O O
4- +-*
O Vi
Vi CD D
O H- C_
c —
O >* >
05 C_ O
O — <
W 4-» D
Vi CD O
O — ' CO
C- D JD
Q. 05
X (0 C
0 > £_ —
C/5
C/5 O ——CO
>» C
O
C 05
— CO
4-» 4-» O CD
O CD 05 H-
O >*
3 H—
C —
— 4-»
4-» C
c o
o "O
cj —
3
>*CJT3 — H-
C_ O O O
O — ' l_ —
4-» _Q Q_ 4-» CT5
CD C C
-- O O — ■
3 — ' C "O C
05 — O — O
0/ 2 E —
t- O C O
4-»t_ —
C_ CD 0) 05 "O
O _C .C O C
H- 4-* Q. JD CD ’
U TD
o c
E CD
>^•0
>4- 0)
— -O
•u a/
o o
2: c
o c
4-> o
CD —
■O 4-*
— o
O CD
D
O C D
•m O -O
O E C 4-*
CO O O —
h- c_ o >
0) —
_C • » 4-*
Q- C/5 O
— CD
05 Vi
COO
O
t— — -C C-
O 4-» 4-» D
4-» CD C 4-»
Q- — ' >s O
O 3 (/) D D
O 05 O t- D
O O — 4-* 4-»
L L il W «
05 — *
>*
0
c
0
4-*
C CD
— •
0
E
CO
— O
— *
■r-
O
Z
c —
CD
—J
C/5
4-»
C-
4-*
O
O E
O
—
Q
0
CD
O
C
O O
“3
0
O
“3
D
D
JO.
\ C/5
O
c_ _c
t- C/5
CT 4-»
CL
— » 1_
E
0 0
•»
•>
O Q.
—
—
CD O
O
h-
Vi
—1
E CD
c
JD
SI
(— 4-*
C—
Z
0
Q
CK
Q£
E t-
O
-C
CD
4-»
3 O
O
C/5
“5
> 4-*
CL
LU
~ 3
O *-»
CL
0
JZ
■ r—
O CD
-C
■ f—
C- CD
0
0
2
C s-
a
C/5
CD T3
«.
•»
O
«
4-»
05
O
►—
c —
31
CQ
O — *
“5 Z
c
O
0
-C
<
— TD
CX
*-> -Q
Z cx
a
■ r—
Z
O
»4- CO
4-»
4-*
LU
E C
“3
”5
CD CD
O LU
0
£_
Q
CD
— c
CO
c
CL
— CD
D —
— >
D
H-
4-* O
— t
>
— ' 0
*
•>
- ' • r—
» «.
0
Vi
L.
C E
3
C^
0
0
C/5
C^
CO CD
3=. CD
>
CO
2Z
O
O C-
05
O
CL
(— H-
z:
Z
u_
> >
LU cel
0
0
QC
4-»
"U 0
O
X
O- O
0
1—
cx
LU CD
0 ^
0
E
LU
c
— • sz
£_
<
,
CD
CD
CD
O
a
O
Q
>
C/5
L_
>
c
C_
• *—
L.
4-»
4-»
O
0
0
0
4J
O
C/5
O
c
O
O
>
W
4-»
E
>
O
SI
O
> C/5
CD
-Q
4-»
O
c
O
0
CD 1
4-*
Q.
— E
— *
CD
O
0
C/5
O
i_
c
0
L- O
O
4-* O
Q.
C
3
—
—
“D -C
c
O
—
• «—
4-» — '
W
O 4-*
CD
4-»
— >
4J
O 4-»
si
— »
4-» O
O
D
O C/5
H-
O
—
O
CD
-C —
C_
CL
C/5
0
CD — »
4-*
O
'4— >
—
-Q
— »
4-* 2
O
—
z
£_
H- C/5
C/5
CD
\
3
0
O
H-
C/5
—
O CD
C/5
O
O
O
O
C/5
Q.
E 0
"O
O
O
'.n
C
_ •
O
•M
05
c
C
O
C_
c
-C
— *4—
CD
• r-
Q.
CL C
O
0
_C
CL
CL O
0
—a
4-»
JC
C/5
E O
O
E
O
O —
E
E
4-*
■S— ’
O
1
O
c
4-»
O
l_
• r—
O
“O
-- a
C_
O
0
'4-
— * L-
0
£_
>*
O
• p—
O Vi
E
C
O Q.
O
£_
■O
O
O O
l_
4-*
C/5
•c—
O
*-> Vi
O
O
Q.
> CD
4-»
• r-
0
— >
> 4->
3
c
O
— <
O
0 0
O
O
O t-
O
CD
Vi
0
c
O C
O
0
■ *—
0
Cl
Q C
O
O
— »
Q ♦-»
O
3
z
0
Q —
c
0
z
C/5
Ll_ -4-
< .
C/5 >4
»- vt
Q. •
o >*
Q. sj-
3 •
Vi >fr
Q.
Q.
Action Area 4 - Behavior Modifying Chemicals
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year
O
36
73 c /)
<L> TJ
*-> C
73
TJ — '
C CD
D i-
O U
CL 4-*
E 03
<1> •— CO CO
O C/3 4-*
— ' > C ID
<13 — « — ZJ
> Q- 4-*
03 CL O —
Q 0J 4-* (/)
03
ZJ C
O —
CL
E X
O 4-*
O —
>
CD —
4-» 4-*
03 O
*-> u
o —
a» tj
c
03 03
03
03 TJ
•— a»
03 O 4-»
O 73 O
— ' 03 CD
O (1) ^
E
O 03
JZ 71
03 Q_ —
C 71
— 03 CD
73 C .C
4-'
03 O C
<- C X
CL 03 (/)
CL _c O
ZJ C —
</3 03 _Q
7)
x o
JZ 4-» v
CL
X
Q_ 03
O (/)
— ' C/3
03 03
> O '
03 — '
O -Q
C/3
C/3
C/3 03
TJ JZ
C 4—*
ZJ C
O >s
CL 73
E O
O —
U T)
C/3 C C_
TJ 03 03
c oir
3 O 4-*
O—O
Q-.Q
E TJ
O 03 C
O C CD
C TJ 73
03 ZJ 03
03 — • T
I_ O •—
U- LT3
< •
C/3 >J-
E O
O 4-*
(— — '
> H— C CD —
03 2 O 03
JZ T3 O — JZ
03 JZ 03 4-*
4-J •— C/3 O
03
— I- CL 73
— TJ O O
4-* 4-» C •— H-
C CD 73
73 03 XX
03 "O 7) r P
TJ — 4-» Q_ —
— O >
4-» C 03 03 —
Q. 03 73 > 4-*
03 03 C 03 O
Q. _Q — JZ CD 03 .Q
TJ D
— E
O TJ
CD
E c/3 D
73 C O
O CL
TJ — E
C 4-* O
CD 0J O
D
X — ' TJ
C- 03 03
O > 4-*
4-* 03 CD
03 — '
L 03 D
O 03 TJ
— > C
4-» 03
CD 4-* — '
— ' O .Q
O 03
E H- £_ 73
C- H- O TJ
O 03 C
M— 73 D
4-* TJ O
CL 73 C CL
O O ZJ E
— ' E O O
03 Q_ O
> t- E
03 O O *4-
Q H- O O
t- 73
X o
E
C
— 03
c
73 —
CD E
C 03 4-* C
— TJ u —
4-» 03 _Q
CTJ4- E
O C *4- o
U ID 03 U
TJ 03
C >
CD —
— O
-Q
CD X
4-* 4-*
73 —
03—71
C U TJ
- C
D
O
CL CL
E E
o o
— 03 03 C
-Q m - - X
L. ZJ 73
» 0) Q. O
73 4-^ •*— •*—
C C C .Q
O •— 03
— E 03
o c
o
E
o
— CD 4-* (_
03
E 4-*
O 03
-C
73 4-»
4-* C
O X
03 73
*4— O
03
QUO
TJ
C
CD
CD X
O — ' 73
— CL «■ 03 •
4-» Q. 73 C '
U CD 03 — •
CD TJ E
1— O — CD
Q_ 4-» 4-»
CL U '
Q. 73 03 •— ■
O TJ CL C
O O 03
03 SI t_ C73
> 4-* ZJ O .
03 03 03 —
Q E C _Q
73
TJ •
C —
ZJ --
O 03
CL E
E
o
03
03 O 4-» 73
O 4-*
03 O ZJ 73
4-* — TJ 03
03 4-* C 4-*
03 O
ZJ JZ O
E 4-* —
1- C TJ CD
O X C U
U. 73 03 73
73
03 TJ
> C
— D
4-* O
O CL
CD E
o
03 U
N
JZ —
4-* E
C 03
X JZ
c
03
TJ 73
— • C_
O
TJ 4-*
c o
03 CD
H-
03
4-1 03
CO >
O 4-»
73 U
— CD
73
C 73 73
CD 03 4-*
— 1 U CD
CL C 4-»
CD —
4-* 4-* _Q
73 73 03
O -Q JZ
JZ 13
73 — '
C 03
03 L L
03 03 D ■
C- JZ 4-J
U 4-* <0
(/) o c
TJ 4J Q. D
C CD CL TJ
— jz zj o
H— 4J 7) L
4-* 03 O 03
a c
73 C 03 O
03 CD O E
— 4-* c O
O 73 CD c-
03 _Q JZ 03
Q. 13 C JZ
73 73 03 Q.
O 0) 73
4-* L_ 03
03 03 JZ
73 h— 4-* 4-»
TJ 03 L CD C
03 U 03 — ' X
— C 4-» D 73
4- CD C CL O
— 4 -» -r-
4-» 73 C -Q
CD O CD
03 ZJ 4-» E 03
TJ 7) C
— 73 t- O
03 4-» O E
c- > U O
03 •— 03 JZ t_
C P 7) 4J 03
4-» U C JZ
O CD •— 2 Q.
* • C v
4-* 4-* CD
C C 4-» 4-»
03 CD 73 U
E — ' -Q D
C CL D TJ
O 73 03
L. 03
3 •*“ C TJ X
> •— 03 CD
C TJ O E
03 3 J
— ' TJ 4-»
03 U O CD
JZ C l- JZ
4-» •«- Q_ 4-*
O 4-*
O 03 .
03
ZJ c
C TJ —
-OLD)
4-» C— 03 C
CD Q_h- —
1-0
3 01 01 3
03 C 4-* TJ
03 O C C
i— E — —
TJ
C
CD
73 73
03 D
TJ O
— C
4-* 03
CL 03
03 O
CLTJ
O C
1- 03 73
D t-
03 l- O
C 03 4-»
CD
CL U-V
13 •
C/3 n*-
X— 03 U
73 JZ —
73 Q. C — >
X 73 — 03
t_ 03 03 3Z
03 C C C X
> 03 — O 73
•— >73 — —
73 4-*
4-» 03 U 4-»
ZJ O
03 Q_ TJ •—
TJH-Q.O-'
C 4- Z L flj
ID 01 71 Q.Z
03 TJ
E C
Q- CD 73
O E
— » 73 03
TJ C 73
O
03 03 X
4J CD L
03 4-* 03
— C. >
CL CD —
E --
03 L.
E O
Q.H-
O
— ' 73
03 4-*
> 73
03 •—
TJ C
O
03 03
D CD
C 4-»
— C
4-» (D
73
C TJ
— O
03 j:
03 4-»
-Q 03
E
4-> 4-* t_ 73
71 C 03 4*
X 03 > 71
73 E — —
Q- — * C
03 O 03 O
E — TJ 03
X 03 CD
C M > l_ 4-*
O H- C Q3 O C
U O 03 TJ H- ID
X c
03 L.
C E O
— Q.M-
O
73 — » 71
CD 03 4-*
> 73
03 03
ZJ TJ
C
— c
X
C 03 4* N
O 03 c c
(_> -Q CD 03
O 03
03 E
N 03
— C
L- -r-
03 — '
CD C —
r O 73
O U 03
X JZ
03 73 4-*
p 03 C
CD E X
— X 73
O N O
73 C —
— 03 n
73
TJ
O
JZ X
4-* 03 73
03 JZ
E 4-* U
Q_ 4-» 4-»
O Q. CD
— ' ZJ E
03 1- X
> 73 N
03 — C
O TJ 03
< >o
UJ •
—I vj-
CD 03 C
Q. JZ O
CL —
U 4J
— 73 U
E V 73 J
O 03 03 TJ
t— j: C— o
03 4-» q. t_
jz c a cl
Q. X 3
73 73 03
03 O C
JZ — O O
4-* jQ 4-* E
Action Area 4 - Behavior Modifying Chemicals
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year
o
37
in
Q_ D
E —
TJ
tj —
m at
4 — 01
CO C X- >
ZJ
E
05
*->
CO
3
CO
>
LU
TJ
t- A C
O CO CD
X- 05
C >*
CO <L> t—
TJ > O
C — 4-*
D 4-* CO
O O C_
Q_ 05 O
E x— -Q
o h- ra
o o — »
o
(0
TJ
c/) C
—• CD
E C
05 O
CO •—
C/5 \
CD CO
X— 0)
O — ' XI
05 4-*
CO l- O
C/5 —
05 0) 10 — *
C TJ 0)
05 •— 3:
> O
QJ ■— 4-1 4-J
CD 4-* O 4-» — C/5
O) —
C -D
— c _c
co o c
0 0 05
O C/5 C U
0) CO — —
X- l_ CD — *
•4- CD CT> 05
05 Q. CD
05
A
tj
O
XI o
4-> >
05 —
E 4-* (0
O -D
Q. CD C
O 0
>* O
05 — Q_
> CL E
<D CL O
Q CD O
TJ
C/5 05
TJ 4->
O CD
XI — *
4-» 0
05 E
E t- to
O "O
CL x- C
O 0
— O
05 — • Q_
> a E
o> o. o
Q CD o
to
tj
c — »
05 0 — »
> O CD
— CL E
4-* E c/)
o o
CD O 4 -» CO
O 4-*
(DOIJC/)
4-* — tj 05
CD 4-» C 4-*
-> (U o
□ -C u 05
C TJ CD
> c o
CO CD C/5
— » m —
H C/5 C/1
O t_ 4-*
Ml) O
CL
05 TJ
C/5 CO — »
to to 05
a> —
05 l— H-
0 O
c c a>
«• 4-» 4-»
3C C TJ
LU O C X-
O CJ CD O
fNJ
L_
c
C/5
CD
05
0
C
C
o
C_)
CO
c
o <u
— >
CD 4-*
— o
0 05
E x—
l_ X-
o 05
X- CO
4^ “O
Q- co C
O O 0
— E O
a> q.
> C- E
05 o o
Q x- O
CO
CD TJ
> C
— 0
4-» O
O CL
to E
O
0) o
UJ N
3: •• - -
< 10 CD
co 0/ a
XI —
4-* E
C 05
>* -C
CO u
C/5 —
05 O C/5 I — * 0)
— 1 p flj D id r
co t- E o 4-*
o CO 0 C- —
C/5 4-* TJ O E 05
• C/5 0) X— 0) C
— ' <D O JC — C/5
I— — ' 4^ O O) O C CO
q: CD L C O - fl)
6 4-. Q_ •— —EC
- CO O >» E C_ QJ
_J — 'CD — ' GJ <L> >
H *-» Q. 4-* Q_ GO 4-» •—
Ok U CD Q. (D 4->
D "O Z3 CD -O "O O
*• "D — ' — ' 05 05
O c 05 CD L W TJ H-
LU O — > O CD C H-
a O'*- Oh-—/ cd 05
(A
~o
c c
05 D
05 O
t— CL
o E
C/5 O
O
■D
C 05 UJ
CO 4J 31
CD <
•m T3 (/>
U —
05 "O
-- C
05 CD
CO u
C/5
T3
C
3
o
4-* CL
C/5 E
O O H-
E O O
05 05 C/5 C/5
C > “O TJ
— — c c
E 4-» 0) D
t- O — * O
05 05 -Q Q.
4-» H- E
05 H- 1_ O
0 4)00
C/5
O
"O 4-»
c o
CD CD
H-
05
4J 05
CD >
O 4-*
C/) O
— CD
3E
O
Q.
C/5 i
C/) C — '
o
O CD 05 — CD
4-* O L. 4-* E
— 0)00.1 C0~OC/54-*
C/)E CH- OO— ^ W
*005 — 05— »— D 05 Q. 01
O _C C XI 05 E E — 04-*
-COO > 05 L S - *
4-> O — <A <D <A O 05 “O
oi — 4-» u ~a h- c > — »
EE — — 05 — 05 05
05T3 O •*>- » T3 —
Q.C/) C4-» 05— CD 05 S-
O O — W 4J O W •*
— < >^ O « CO O - DC005
0) — ' CD 05 05 E 4-» — »
>Q.l_C - H_ Q5 £_ c/) CD
aiaocDOiH-rooiu
QCD'4-Q.L-05 U'4-4-»C/)
(/)
>
CD CD
O C/)
— C/5
O) CD
O
O CD
•— O
( A —
>- E
_C 05
O- -C
o
Q_ O
o —
JD
05
> -o
05 C
Q CD
■o
c
CD
05
>
>* O
4-» CD
-O
CD >
C/5 —
05 — C/5
C -Q T3
— — C
E 4-» O
L- CD O
05 a a
4-» E E
0) O O
QUO
CD 4-* — >
— » C/5 05
Q. _Q 3:
D — *
4-» C/) (D v4-
<A u O
O L. D
05 4J C/5 05
-C CD 4-* >
C 4-* C CD O
(DO 4-» O
05 E — —
L-OOU-
O C t- CD 05
(/) (D *+- i: x
o o
05 C l_
a co o
C/5 4-»
(5) 05
-O O
Q| D C
(A CD
CL C
O
A —
C/5 4-»
05 O
C— D
Q-TJ
a o
D C-
(/) Ql
<
Ul
CL
LU
Q
o
C
05
O
UJ
-o
o
A
CD
c
O "0
05
E >
05 --
(/) O
>
>» c
05 —
A
>*-•
*4— CD
— O
4-» —
C E
05 05
TJ x:
— o
O 05
•* JC
Q) 4-» 4-*
C O
— 05 05 C
U) > H— —
CD — H—
1— 4-* 05 C/)
O U T5
4- 05 0 05 (D-<
^ U 05
T3 s- 4-j — —
— 05 C/5 E H—
O X 05 05
4-> Q. CD X *D
— O CO CD O C
C/) — * C/) D O CD
CO 05 CD — ' —
L > O CD E D
CD 05 — > 05 CD
Q-TJ D 0) (fl -»
05
CO
CD L. CD
•DOE
— M- 05
TJ X 4.* C
05 C O C/5 CD O
E CD 05 JC E CO
>- H- CO 4-* O —
N CO O CD t- CO
C 1— L_ CO 05 05
05 O CO 05 TJ -C x:
4-* C_ 4-» C Q- 4-»
C — 05 CO D C
05 _Q ^ 05 O >*
05—0 Q. U CO
i- _C O TJ E o O
o c — » c o —
CO — -Q CD O -Q -Q
• L. C
C— CO o
o o ^ —
— ' O) 4-i
CD X CD CO O
O — ' 4-» 4-» D
— Q. 05 C CO m- TJ
4-* Ql E to — O O
U CD > C L.
(D rsl -O—'Q.
t- O C CO O) O
Q. +J 0) L (0 L 1)
O 4-* c
Q. C0 L. 4J C_ C O
O TJ 05 — O O E
O > -Q O O
05 -C — — CO t_
> 4J — * x: 4-* t_ 05
05 05 05 C CO o x:
O E TJ — — 4- Q.
L > C X
05 CD O CD
-C E 4-5 — Z
CO 4-* _Q o 4-*
CD CD — 0 CO
— ' TJ 05 XI x: TJ 05 Q.
Q. C r 4j c o t-jz
CD 4J — C_ — 4-» O
05 4-* Q. 05 —
4-*C0CCC- XIC4-*
CD 05 — <D O 05 4* O 05
U) o E C x:
— Cc0C05Ox:c04-*
4-*CDL-OOECD4-*C
C04-»OL-CODO>^
G5C04-»— CD L O 05 (0
>DU>£C5LM-0
c 0 co c C r £ f- -
•— COH-Q5 05Q.4J05.Q
CD TJ 05
Q_ 4-» 05 > 05 CD
C O) O 05 > O Q
x- 05 C C — — C-
O E — CD £ 4-» — *05
05 CO £ O O O >
4-» — ' J C CD 05 L. O
C Q_ 05 X- 4-» O
05 E i- . O X- C —
E — O — ' 4-* 05 O — -
05 X- CD 05 O 05
O TJ O CO » 31
C cco — TJ-'-Q—
CD CD 05 E — (D Q CD 10
XI — 05 O O — O —
C Q. O) -C 4-» — — » — -C
UJ O05U-E0lO)4J
— »4-»OC0OC-OO
— - 05 CD — CD C — » —
CD >c_Et-OTJO— »
O 05 4-* 05 co O C — 05
— OCOCOQ.05CDXJ3:
E
05
Q
O «—
UJ •
LX. sO
< •
(/)
x r\j
^ vO
cl •
O sJ-
-j m
Q- •
CL vO
3 •
(Si vt
O
O
— O
E < N-
05 UJ •
(Si _J
evaluation methods
JHT, WJL, RFS SAME WJL SAME
SAFEGD Develop methods for Design wind tunnel Select or design Field evaluate Determine optimum Relate number of
4.7.1 using semi ochemi ca l s assay to measure the traps having maximum semi ochemi ca l distribution of parasitoids captured in
— C
CD O —
-Q
CA C
— ' & O Q.
a 3 4-* — o
a to 4-* t_
— t_ co o
E N
CP O — U
-C 4-* *-* CP
o — 4-»
O CA CA CP
— a<o o)
E H3 L L
cp c_ to <o
ca 4-» o_ 4-»
C (A t-
CP CO CD
DO) >
— * o
a» 4-* o — ca
4-» C — 3 "O ^
CO — 4-» —
O — 4-*
Q. — ' C
t- D Q)
O E E
CD — 4-*
C_ CA O
O) CD —
O — 0)0 - - »
C V D L (D flj
►h (A (D Q. Q. IX
— ' — » O)
— 3 c
-Q E —
CD •*- U)
cp cp cp cp
- - - > —
Z3 <D O O
CA CA t- ■—
CD O.H-
CP <*- E H-
X O — CP
OP
> CA
- L T) (A
4-* O C E
•— •— CO to
CA > C_
O CD O) O)
ax: c o
cp — c_
4-* _Q t— Q_
C CO
OP'D 0> O
E Oi J- CA
CP C CO
— ' t- O <D
a co 4-» —
E CP C CP
t- o
CA o CA
CP 4-» CD
CP
D C O)— *
*0 O C
a» E •— c-
O C-
OTJ DTJ
(- C ~D C
a co
cp
a cp
o o
o>
C U)
■— c
> -C CD CD
OP C OP a>
o cp — » t-
38
CA
C
o
D
E
O
X
4-* CA
— o-o
— * 4-* —
— 0-0
_o — 4-* a»
CD — » •— 4-*
D CA CP
0) E CD O)
x: — c_ c_
4-* 4-# to CD
CA a 4-*
0)
c_ 4-> C C CA
3 O — — "O
CA 01 CD X — *
CD — ' iJ 4J <U
o OP 01-
X CA t- 3 H-
O)
c
C- CA
CD OP
OP •*-
t- 0)0)
OP C
—I 3-0 4-* —
-3 O C co C
3 r CD L L
4-* CD
* CP 4-> CA OP
P— C <- — '
3= — O OP
“5 E a CA 4-*
L- CA CD O
* CP C OP CD
—3 4-* CD — * a — J
X 01 L OP E -3
Q Q 4-* C_ — 3
CA
O) "O
O C —
C — O
CD c_ 4-»
— o —
O 4-* CA
— — <0
v4— d C—
H- O CD
cp e a
CA
-O 1-
C D
CD O
O
c o
CP
x: o)
3 C
LU CP C
X C l_
< — CD
(✓) E CP
( _ -
CP
UJ
<
CO
CP o
o x
"O
CP
U — < CA
to cd a —I
— ' C CD -J
a o t- 3
— 4-*
O CA 4-» *
4-* — * C >. P-
CD CP CLP X
CA O > > “3
0-0— C l.
— E O D
CP O CP O CA P—
ca r c_p
C — O C 4-i u_
O (A O - U
Q. CD — X OP
CA c_ E 4-* CA -3
OP CD CP — C X
L QUA 3 - Q
CD
CA
L_
CP
a
CA
>-
C- -0-0
to 4-* c
E — » CD CP CD
— CD X X v4-
C_ 4-» 4-* 4-* * O (/)
a c x -o
CP ca o> u >* —
>. E CP O C 4-* O _J
H- C — -CO— 4-* -3
— O _Q CP — > — 3
4-* l_ CD ZJ O CP CA
c — - - — a) to
0) > L4-H- c L “3
"OCCDC^OtD X
►_ CP > — CD — ' Q_ Q
-o
CP
4-* U
CP O —
1- CP CA
r CD 3H- c
O O s- —
— (A X <D L
x: CP 4-*
3 D -O CA C
O C — —
CP CD
c — cn c_ —i
— to "O c CP CA “3
E o CP — _c c_ 3
c_ — C C 4J O
CP E C_ i_ O 4-*
4-* CP CD CD U P—
CP X CP CP > (D n=
Q O — » — * - _Q H- “3
“O
o
CA
CD
l_
CD
a ca
c
>* o
CP —
> 4-*
t- CD
D
CA D
a
o o
4-< a
4-* CA
O C_
CP o
4-» L.
H— CJ O
CP CD —
H- >
CP “O "O <D
x: u — C x:
4-» — O CD CP
CA 4-* _Q
CP C - - *
C — CA CD O)
— C. CD CA C
E4-*l_c_ —
L C CD Cl O)
cp — a a cd
4-* (A L
CP H— c — o
o o o "o v4—
4-* O)
o c
cp —
h— x:
H- o
CP c-
C to
CP O CP
x: ca
4-* O)
c -o >*
CP — — o
c c o c
— C_ 4-* CP
E CD — —
C- CP CA O
GJ — ' CD —
CP H- CD H-
o o a CP
X f\J
p— ^
CL •
o >*
—I PO
CL •
Cl
ZD •
CO ^
39
Action Area 5 - Biological Control
Introduction
Helicoverpa zea and Heliothis virescens , as a complex, are the most
costly agricultural insect pests in the United States. They attack a
wide range of crops and other plants and cause economic losses estimated
to exceed $1 billion annually (USDA 1976). Further, the extensive
frequent use of conventional pesticides for their control presents
serious environmental consequences. The need for effective and
environmentally safe control technology is urgent. Recent findings
regarding the contamination of ground water with pesticides, together
with emerging resistance problems for the limited remaining number of
effective pesticides, has greatly intensified this urgency.
In field crops, augmentation is an important part of biocontrol of
pests. Augmentation of entomophagous insects is considered among, if
not the leading, viable alternative to conventional pesticides.
However, the lack of critical biological information and methodology are
barriers to their use for control of many of our most serious
agricultural pests. A major research thrust to include field evaluation
is imperative to developing this important technology.
Major Accomplishments
Demonstrated increases in effectiveness of Bacillus thur inqiensis in
field control through development of new isolates, additives, and
formulations. (Oxford, NC; Stoneville, MS; Tifton, GA)
Broad spectrum nuclear polyhedrosis virus having infectivity to both
bollworm and budworm was recently isolated. (Columbia, MO; Fresno, CA;
Stoneville, MS; Phoenix, AZ)
Increased in vitro production of polyhedral inclusion bodies has been
accomplished through development of new lepidopteran cell lines.
(Columbia, MO)
Cage and field studies demonstrated potential efficacious use of
baculovirus in reducing adult bollworm and budworm emergence
early-season, providing the basis for a 100 sq mi area pilot test.
(Stoneville, MS; Sandoz)
Demonstrated increase in infectivity and environmental persistence of
baculovirus through the use of various additives or alkaline treatment;
demonstrated that an NPV was genetically stable over a 20-yr period by
propagation in insects. (Columbia, MO; Tifton, GA)
Discovered nonoccluded baculovirus that reduces vigor of M. croceipes
(Tifton) ; demonstrated that a venom from an ectoparasite arrested
molting in Heliothis /Helicoverpa and numerous other lepidopteran species
(Columbia) ; developed genetic information for parasite population survey
and for detecting resistance (Columbia). First PCR studies show that a
molecular genetic difference can be found between male and female
Microplit is croceipes (Fargo, ND; Columbia, MO). A dominant black-body
40
mutant marker of M. croceipes is available for parasite population
studies. (Columbia, MO)
Evaluation of new Bt strains, formulations, and application methods on
tobacco. Field evaluations (1988-91) of an NPV-autodissemination
technique for suppression of H. virescens in tobacco and H. zea in sweet
corn; low levels (significant) of control were demonstrated in both
cropping systems. (Oxford, NC)
Developed efficient methodology for mass producing Archvtas marmoratus
on greater wax moth (Tifton, GA) ; mechanized mass production procedures
have been developed for Heliothis virescens and its sterile hybrid
backcross, and for Helicoverpa zea (Mississippi State, MS); these are
used for in vivo production of Microplitis croceipes and commercial
level production of NPV. (Mississippi State)
Improved culture media for egg hatch and viability of Trichoqramma and
Chrysoperla ; in vitro culture of E. bryani is promising for large-scale
production (Kentucky, Weslaco, TX) ; a cell line already mass-produced
for baculovirus production can be used to support growth and development
of M. croceipes embryos in vitro (Gainesville, FL; Beltsville, MD); an
artificial oviposition substrate was developed for M. croceipes
(Gainesville, FL) ; molting of M. croceipes larvae is independent of host
hormones, but is dependent on a minimum critical parasitoid larval size
(Gainesville, FL) ; M. croceipes growth iji vitro is dramatically improved
by the presence of teratocytes. (Gainesville, FL; Lexington, KY)
Field application of Steinernema sp. resulted in high mortality of
Helicoverpa (Weslaco, TX). Developed a species- and instar-specific
ELISA for remains of H. zea fifth instars in predators stomachs (this
has been tested with spiders, stink bugs, and polistine wasps); adapted
a new immunoassay format, Immunodat, for predator stomach analysis which
may be used in foreign exploration for predators (Columbia, MO).
Demonstrated virulence of entomopathogenic fungi (e.g., Nomuraea rilevi )
in Heliothis /Helicoverpa due to complex profile of chit in-degrading
enzymes (Columbia, MO).
Insecticides applied to parasitized budworm larvae and to adult
M. croceipes showed that parasitoids tolerated certain compounds more
than others (Columbia, MO; Stoneville, MS).
Females of M. croceipes respond to volatile cues from host plants in
combination with a non-volatile host recognition kairomone (Gainesville,
FL; Tifton, GA) ; elucidated semiochemical mediated foraging behavior in
M. croceipes and Cotesia marqiniventris (Gainesville, FL; Tifton, GA) ;
experience and learning were found to play a key role in host foraging
in both species (Gainesville, FL; Tifton, GA) .
Established mechanized production procedures with current equipment to
produce H. virescens , H. zea. and Heliothis backcross to evaluate
proposed biological control concepts (Mississippi State, MS). Mass
rearing of the predator Geocoris punct ipes has been enabled by
development of a low cost artificial medium and rearing method. This is
being utilized by APHIS-S&T toward allowing augmentative releases of
41
Geocoris (Phoenix, AZ). Progress is being made in improving mass
propagation technology for Chrysoperla (Weslaco, TX) .
Use of an imported eriophyid mite for the control of Geranium dissectum,
a major host of first generation Heliothis/Helicoverpa spp. (Stoneville,
MS) .
Insecticides applied to Heliothis virescens that were parasitized by M.
croceipes and to adult wasps show that certain compounds favor survival
of the parasitoid. This information would be important in integrating
biological control into pest management strategies (Stoneville, MS).
Significance
Mass rearing technology for Heliothis/Helicoverpa spp. is advanced and
mechanized to the degree that large programs can rely on consistent
production of high numbers. (Need to give potential numbers). This
enables large-scale production of NPV, sterile hybrid backcross insects,
and parasitoids. Augmentation/suppression programs are being conducted
to evaluate feasibility and efficacy.
Cooperators /Co-investigators
Lead ARS Scientists
Code
Name
SY
Location
TAC
T. A. Coudron
0.2
Columbia, MO
MHG
M. H. Greenstone
0.8
Columbia, MO
CM I
C. M. Ignoffo
0.8
Columbia, MO
AHM
A. H. McIntosh
0.9
Columbia, MO
WCR
W. C. Rice
1.0
Columbia, MO
WWMS
W. W. M. Steiner
0.6
Columbia, MO
PW
P. V. Vail
0.3
Fresno, CA
SMF
S. M. Ferkovich
1.0
Gainesville, FL
PDG
P. D. Greany
0.5
Gainesville, FL
HO
H. Oberlander
0.1
Gainesville, FL
JHT
J. H. Tumlinson
0.2
Gainesville, FL
JLR
J. L. Roberson
0.3
Mississippi State,
ACC
A. C. Cohen
0.4
Phoenix, AZ
MRB
M. R. Bell
1.0
Stoneville, MS
GWE
G. W. Elzen
0.5
Stoneville, MS
DDH
D. D. Hardee
0.3
Stoneville, MS
JEP
J. E. Powell
1.0
Stoneville, MS
JEC
J. E. Carpenter
0.2
Tifton, GA
LDC
L. D. Chandler
0.2
Tifton, GA
HRG
H. R. Gross
0.6
Tifton, GA
JJH
J. J. Hamm
0.5
Tifton, GA
WJL
W. J. Lewis
0.5
Tifton, GA
EGK
E. G. King
0.1
Weslaco, TX
WCN
W. C. Nettles
0.1
Weslaco, TX
DAN
D. A. Nordlund
0.1
Weslaco, TX
JRR
J. R. Raulston
0.3
Weslaco, TX
42
ARS Cooperators
Name
Location
W. S. Schlotzhauer
Athens, GA
R. F. Severson
Athens, GA
T. J. Kelly
Beltsville,
MD
D. E. Lynn
Beltsville,
MD
E. P. Masler
Beltsville,
MD
G. N. El-Sayed
Columbia, MO
R. L. Roehrdanz
Fargo, ND
V. A. Sisson
Oxford, NC
T. J. Henneberry
Phoenix, AZ
E. Cabanillas (Res. Assoc.)
Weslaco, TX
R. R. Martec
Weslaco, TX
Z. N. Xie (Ciba-Geigy)
Weslaco, TX
Z. X. Wu (Ciba-Geigy)
Weslaco, TX
K. R. Hopper
Montpellier ,
F:
Non-ARS Cooperators
Name
Affiliation
Location
Peter Adler
Clemson Univ.
Clemson, SC
—
CIBA-GEIGY
Fargo, ND
Stefan Weiss
GIBCO
Grand Island, NY
—
Bactec Corp.
Houston, TX
Grayson C. Brown
Univ.
of Kentucky
Lexington, KY
Douglas L. Dahlman
Univ.
of Kentucky
Lexington, KY
Davy Jones
Univ.
of Kentucky
Lexington, KY
Gerald L. Nordin
Univ.
of Kentucky
Lexington, KY
Lee Townsend
Univ.
of Kentucky
Lexington, KY
Douglas W. Johnson
Univ.
of Kentucky
Princeton, KY
—
Sandoz Crop Prot. Inc.
Sacramento, CA.
—
Mycogen Corp.
San Diego, CA
A. Bratti
Univ.
of Bologna
Italy
P. Fanti
Univ.
of Bologna
Italy
E. Mellini
Univ.
of Bologna
Italy
Roger A. Farrow
CSIRO
Canberra, Australia
Stephen D. Trowell
CSIRO
Canberra, Australia
P. Porcheron
Univ.
Pierre &
Paris, France
Marie Curie
Research Gaps and Bottlenecks
1. Need increased persistence of microbials.
2. Lack of knowledge on efficiency of native and released beneficials.
3. Research on antogonistic organisms against natural enemies.
4. Lack of screening biological activity of natural substances
produced by entomopathogens and other natural enemies.
More emphasis needed on mass rearing and production (Increased
numbers, quality, etc.) when preparing for large area-wide
programs, including hosts/parasites/predators/pathogens.
5.
43
6. Increased research effort on monitoring impact and establishment of
released insects.
7. Increased emphasis on technology transfer and acceptance by general
public .
8. Lack of knowledge on genetic variation in adaptability.
9. Lack of network of exchange of active materials in biological
control .
10. Ultimate goal is area-wide suppression; area-wide basis is a gap.
Constraints
1. Money.
2. Research Associate program for 2 years (50 for 2 years; instead of
100 for 1 year), and avoid recency requirement.
3. Knowledge of systematics in biocontrol agents and hosts.
4. Coordination (lack of) foreign and domestic research on
Heliothis/Helicoverpa.
LEAD Develop technology Identify indigenous. Continue as in yr 1; Identify most Continue yr 3 Organize and develop
5.1 for managing exotic, or genetically application, formu- efficacious strategies techniques into pilot
0
4-» - 4-»
«J 3 CO CO
C_ 0 0 0
4-» C — Q.
CO O)
C v*— Qj H—
O O -M o
E 0
0 CO l— CO
*U 0 4-» O
•*- (fl 3
O — >4-* O' •*-*
4-* (0 — - — C
- - ' CO C 0
O) O — 4-* _C E
C t- _Q U O 0
•— 0 0 3 0 O)
•M E -Q “O -M CD
(/) E O O C
0 O l— l— C— CO
*-* O Q. Q_ O E
2 44
>* - » 3
O) > CD O
O CO — C
— ' _C 4-*
O 0 CO C
C XI CO (/)(/) 0 CO
r (D C CD 4-* CO
O E M- 0 O C 3
0 t_ O CT> TJ Q. O
4-* O CO O 0 •— X
H- 3 C _C 4-* — '4-* CD
LU 0 O O 4-* CO CO <J O UJ
2E C -O — — CO l- — D — * ^
< — 0O4-*Q.4-*O'OO <
CO Et-COUOCOl-O'O CO
C- — O3EC0C.O
0 3 — TJOOEQ.XI
*-> O' h- O 4-> E E 4-»
00H-C-C0OH-0
Q c_ 0 Q. 0 ~0 O — E
CT) >. O
i C O ■ r—
0—0 4-*
E 4-* O 0 *0
O CO — c c
4-» C_ 0 CO
"O C 4-* H- O)
C 0 CO 0 C
CO C >* O
0 0*0— 0**- C
rocoE— »0OcO4-*o
O 0 O -X 3 0 —
l_ XI "O — — N 4-*
>4-* H— — ' CO — ' — 0
UJ CO O (0 L u UJ
31 O >* C 4-* 4-» 4-* — 0— 31
<C 3 0 CO CO CO O 4-* H— <
(/) C — CJ)0O'OC-O— CO
— 4-»04-*E — 0CO4-*
V C r (0 "O E c_ c
C04-»0'OCE00
OTJlDCCCOOrT)
U — 0.0)0 o u o —
4-» 0
C -O
£_ 0 —
O O E 3
— H- O i “O
H— CD Q_ — '
— CO 0 O 0
O C C l- —
0 0 0 O H-
CL O) E
CO O 4-» 0
-£= L_ O >
O) 4-» o 3 —
C 0 "O 4->
— Q-— * C 0 CO
CO O O O L. 0
3 E t- O O —
O *-> CLU
c- 4-» C T3 o 3
O C O C O 4-*
v»_ 0 o 0 O CO
0 o
E E
h— o
— ' O 4-»
0 c
— CO 0
t- C
4-* O 0
•— 4-»
4-> 4— ' 0
U UTJ
3 3 —
T3 D T)
c o c
0 1-0
u Q. u
— CO
— E
0 0 C
E 4-» —
CO CO
>* 0
C CO CO
— 3
>.
CO L"D
c o — *
0 4-* 0
O) 0 —
O t- H—
-JZ o
4-> _Q L_
0 0 O
Q_— ' H-
... 0
CO TJ
C
0 0
>* c
o —
0 E
a.
o
0
>
0 TJ v4-
TJ c o
0 C-
~0 o 4-*
C E H- C 0
0 0 O O
i- 0 E C
CO C7> 4-* Q_ 0
TJ O 0 O 4-»
O f- Z3 — > CO
XI Q. — ' O —
4-» 0 > CO
0 U > 0 0
E O 0 TJ C_
Q. 4-» (_ C O
0
C
TJ —
-- E
0 0 "O
— X c
0 4— ' *+- 0 0
E o
O E
0 CO
4-* C
— ' o
0 u
3 "O
E TJ C
C 0
4-» O
O *
O O
4~* XI O
> c
CO 0 4-» 0 • > — 4->
CO 0 _C — 3 0
>•* 4-* C 4-J — ' — ' 3
l_C0 — 0 CO “O CO
*O0>0JDDCO0
CO 4J E — 4-» — TJ 0 l_ o
E 0—4J 0 4-*— O) Q_ —
0l_t_OD0>O 4-*
4-* O 0 0 — » Q- — x: CL u
CO TJ Q- h— 0 E "O 4-» O 0
>0XH->OC0t-C-
(O— *0000— Q.OQ.
— UJ
Z 3
U CD
TJ
O —
— CO
H— C
— O
o o
0
Q. co
CO C
0
4-* O)
o o
0 JZ
c
CO o c
0 — O
4-* 4-* 0 —
0 O — 4-»
■O D L. O
— -O 0 3
■O O 4-* TJ
C C_ — O
0 Q_ c_ c_
Q.
0
— » L_
0 D
— 4-*
4-* 3
C
0
0 C
C —
c- o
0
4-* t—
O O 0 O
Q. H— T H-
0
Q
0
cn
o
U) x:
C 4J to
— 00
co Ol~D
D O O
£ 4-J
• O 0
Q- 4-» E
Q. C 0
CO 0 C
CO
D
o
— CO ^
O CO CO
0 0 c
o E 0
— O)
H— (_ o
h- o x:
0 H- O) 4-* CO
C 0 0
CL CO — CL TJ
0-0 0 0 0
— « O 3 E 4-»
0 JC. "O O 0
> 4-* O 4-» E
0 0 L_ C 0
Q E CL 0 C
Q
CD t-
UJ •
U_ T -
< •
co in
OPT I M Improve efficacy Conduct laboratory Continue yr 1, and Determine broader Conduct small field Develop data need
5.1.2a through natural or studies designed to conduct studies characteristics of trials to compare expand candidate
genetic manipulation demonstrate increased toward fulfilling candidate entomo- efficacy of improved entomopathogen to
o
■M
~o
0)
D
~o
o
E TS
O C
O —
oj *
CD £Z Ik
4-» — Of)
— ' CD TD O 0)
CU TJ D — ■ CO
— - - - O i D
O "O O C 4-*
l- C C X CO H-
0) CU — O O O
E o <do
E - 4-* CO
O H- C/1 TJ C/1
O O C C C 0)
LU O O <U C
2: cu co — — a)
< C 4-J 4-* 4-» - >
(/) - U ID 03 CD -
E Q) — ' U ov
L Q. D - ID U
CD C/1 E — ><_<!»
4-» O L- Q. O H-
OJ l- O Q_ 4-» H-
Q O.H- CO </) <L)
LU
TJ
01
CLTi
O —
-- CD
h- qj —
o > h-
<D
00 TJ CD
CD 03
— > C_
4-» 03 CO
•— O — '
I t - - — •
c 4-» — o x
00 «1 UTJ O) tfl
C CU O D ->
O -Q XI O CD
E O 4-< —
0)t-0)JCt-
O Q- E 4-* 4-»
45
LU
3E
<
C/3
>s-
>*
gj
D
C
C
o
C_)
c
<D
CD
O
ro
£—
<TJ
CL
O
E
O
c
0)
<D
>
— 0)
U L U
TJ ID D) 3 O
-- c- C 4-* D
O 3 TJ
•— Q. Q_ H- O
M- O O 1— L_
O — 'COO.
1-0 0) —
O > C v4—
h- x <d TJ o o
03 TJ — —
</) D CO 4-» 03 LU
CO «* (DC 31
ID L Ifl O L ^ <
03 X O 4-< 4-» 4-» (/)
0 4-*-— (/) C
X “O <D •— <D
4-* <D D 4-J 03 4-»
CD CO 4-J CD 0) CD
Q. 3 1/1 TJ L Q.
<D
C
C
o
<_>
a; a«
4-« >
id r -
TJ DIP
— D <D
TJ O L
TJ C L QJ
— ' CU X Q.
<D O 4-* O
•— O
H— H— C O
o o
CD — ID
C 4-> TJ
- O ID -
E <D — '3
o O 3 i c/J
0) — E CL 4-*
4-» H- <_ O </)
<D H- O i— 0)
O 0) H- O 4-*
i CO
0.0)0 TJ
O _Q GJ <0 O
— * C/J X
0) CO D CO 4-*
* > 03 <— (D 0)
*— O) ID CO O Ik TJ E
CTJ ID TJ ^ U Q. C
t- •— 0) 4) 13 <D C/J
>*4-*>wt_4-»c/)a)0 3
LU ID C31 ID ID 0) (J I - - O
2 0)1-0 L P C D) (0
< 3 *j_/ C 4J ID ID OO
(/> C C O 1/1 TJ P P - <U
•— a> c c •— o. a; 4-» o
4-* OX4-* o TJ 0) 03 O —
ccocecoi-coh-
ooojoo/ojoajL.M-
c_) u v E TJ o id 4J a ai
o
4-* C/D TJ
0) c
(/) Q. ID C
E >* O
CU 4-j - — * —
4-» (/) ID 4J
* CO O C — <U
*- Ik — o t_ o
C/J H- •*— 0) —
C— — 4-* ID — '
MJ) U ID Q- C/3
LU C 0) — < • 03 Q. 0)
21 CD — Q. D C CU D
< D Q. C/3 E — OT
C/J CO L. L. TJ —
- • >* O — C C
4-» Q) — * H- D D X
C > Q. O' O O
O Q> Q_ H- 0) L- Q)
U T3 (D O C_ CT) 4-*
O
0) 4-»
O TJ
0) D H- 0) C CO
> "O O — * ID <U
— o TJ —
U L (/) ID (/) U
0J Q. TJ 4-j t_ C
C— O CL 0) ID
0) -X 0) X OJ
O. C/3 -M U U ID
OCOJOl-
O O E <U CO >.
LU O •— 0) i- LU
2 4-* TJ >* CO O 21
< X U L ID (D U <
</) O) (0 ID W L (0 (✓)
D L T) (/) --
O 0) C 0J 4-» D
c_ 4-» CU O C/3 03
X C 4-» O CD
I— •— C/3 _Q E £-
LU
21
<
C/3
<D
D
C
C
O
C_)
LU
<
C/3
V)
CU -M
4-* C
CU 0)
TJ E
O
JK C_
0) D
*4— cr
<U 0)
c/j <_
c
- o o
> • — —
C— •— 4-» H_
O <— CU •»—
4-» "O O 4-» — < o C/3
<U C 4-» 4-» D 0) C
<— CU cu E Q- 0) «—
O C/l C_ w 03
x * 0) O O f-
(U <1) CU 4-» H- L x >.
LU — ' C/3 ■— CU O P LU
21 D <- (— *4— H— CU 2E 0)
< 4-»04-»4-»0 Q_ C D
CO OX C/3 TJ O 00 c
OCT3C(00)E •—
TJ <D — ' O <D TJ O 4-»
C<D0)E4-»<D4-* C
O t- <D O <D C O
CJ03H-TJ-QC<D C_)
C/J
<D
C_
D
4-* T3 >- C
C/J <D C. (D
O O O 03 03
E O 03 O C
L-<DX-—
0) CL 4-» 4-* C
X CU CU •— >»
4-» OIO Q. E P
UJ — » O L_ •— LU
2: X E UJ > 2
C H- cu o o <
CO P CD P d) P CO
P CLD CTJ O
CO) 0) CD
0)0 0 1-0
T3 O O ^ O •—
>-> CU H- O H-
O
0)
0)
o
c
0)
- O — '
0) .r- C_ O
03 H— 0) L_
C — TJ P
CD 0) O C C
(- > 0) o o
i •- Cl o
4-» 4-* c/3 C/3
C/3 •*— C p
O C/3 *4- 0) C/3
X O O 03 0)
CL O CL
- C/3 X
>»C_0)4-»C—
4— » 0) 4-* ID O
— X ZJ CLm-
— - 4-i _Q O
<D O •»—
4-* L_
L TJ P
O C 4-*
E <U CD
E >>
O TJ
p* ZJ
C 4-*
0) C/3
2
<-)
C
TJ
H— 0)
O TJ
0)
C/3 0)
0) c
CL
>* c
4-» O
z
H— CD
4^ ZJ
C E
0) c-
TJ O
c
• <U
4-* 4-*
C TJ
(D O
Q. O
l C 4-* 4-»
4-» 0) O
C/3 03 CL 0)
O O H-
4-* c/3 0)
O CD C
•- Cl o E
h- O •- D
E p E
O O CD •*—
0) 4-* — > X
Q. C 0) <D
C/3 QJ S- E
C
OJ
TJ 03 03
— ' C O
- 0) •— X
>* *r- 4-» 4-»
L. H- — ' 0) CU
O CL D x a
4-* TJ O C/3 4-* O
ID C — * 0) E
L (0 OJ L H— O
O > '0 0 4-'
TJ * 0) >v 0) C
(D 0) TJ O) t/1 C 0)
— * C/3 O <0 O
D O — * 0) •*- O
4-» O 4-J O l_ 4-»
OX TJO — H-
ZJ C C/3 O C C/3
TJ 0) P X O O
C 0) C/3 4-» Q. 0)
O (- 0) 0) C 0) Q.
<_3 03 4J E •— TJ C/3
C/3
CD 4-*
0/ C
L QJ 01 P
CD E > C
Q- •— 0) -
4-» O 4-» E CJ
0) — ' ID Q. O
03 0) > •— —I
<- > O D
CD OJ CO¬
PT) C OJ V) uc
•— 0) ”3
O CD CD -J
- x tj o cr
H- 4-» C ^
•— CD P C UJ
OX CD X 3
0) 03 2 O O CD
CL ZJ 0) 0)
C/3 O C — ^ 4-* «• CO
t- CL CD 21
C X H- CL C_ CtL ZS
O 4P o <U O 1 3
C/3
>» 0) D
£— <— O
O (D-
p Q_ c_
<D E CD
c- o >
O O
T 3 s-
CD O O
— » 4-*
Ik
4-* C/3 O
O OJ CD
D — t_
TJ TJ D
C D O
O 4-* O
U C/3 CU
TJ
0)
-Q
O
C/3 03 C/3
0) C C
TJ — 0)
>s 03
>*(D O
03 C/3 X
O C/3 4-»
— * CD ID
O O CL
TJ — O
ODE
X o
4-» 1_ 4— '
0) o c
E v4~ 0)
21
C_3
E
D
CO
c
0)
03
O
CD
CL
O
E
O
4-J
c
0)
C — CD
O — ^ O CO
— 2 • C Ik
4-J O 0) CD
CO 4-J E 4-J TJ
-J CD TJ o CO
ZJ x 0—>4-*'.-fv-
E 4-» 4-J CD C CO
C_ •— CD c_ 4-J
O 0) H- w 0) CO
H— 03 4-J Q. CU
O D 4-J >* <D
Q-— » TJ CO O 0) — J
O O •— 0) CD >
— j C l- 4-» O O 4-*
0) X 4-J CD •— l_ CD
> O C 0) H- Q.
0) 0) O <_ H- E O
O 4-J O 03 <D •— 4-*
C —
O 4-* CO
— CL C
4-J O O
CD •—
O l— >* 03 >-
— ooc_0)i-
— > M- CU O 1- 4-J
CL OH- c
CL X— c_ D
CD 0)4- ID O
OH- • — » O
CL -J 0) O D
O O E O 0)
— » C TJ O — X
0) X — ' 4-J 4-J 4-»
>O0)C<-
0)0)—0)CDH-
C3 P H- w Q. O
CO
>*
TJ CD
0/ CO 03 CO
> (0 CH- c
O CD — O 0)
c- O C 03
Q- — — X O
E TJ E 4J x
— C_ — 4-»
TJ 0/ > CD
Q- C- 4-» — CL
O CD 0) 4-* O
-J TJ TJ O E
QJ C CD O
> CD L O P
OJ 4-J o — c
O CO H- _Q 0)
_J PO
CL •
CL »—
ZD •
C/3 L/3
LEAD Develop technology Develop plans for field Conduct field studies Repeat yr 2 or Implement management Repeat yr
5.2 for managing evaluation of native and with treatments redesign if no scheme with reduced
Heliothis/Hel i cover pa imported species of determined yr 1, differences seen; pesticide use
46
in
E
<o
<- "O
cn c
o <o
i_
Q. CO
E
CJ <11
O 4-»
CO >
4-» >* 4-*
D <0 —
o — »
CD
> C D
1- •— CD
L- H- Q_
<D CD CD
U "D U
O O
CD 4-»
L- CD
CD D
-c — *
<J CD
>
"D CD
C
CD XJ
LU C
2: X cd
< H-
co — o
c —
CD t-
xj <d
c
o
<d
Q.
O
o
o
CD
=3
c
c
o
u
LU
2:
<
GO
XJ
<D
■ «. CO rsl
E CD —
CD "O
t- "D >» <-
O) C OKU
O CD O *D
c- —• C.
Q. cn o n3
C C 4-»
CJ — _C <0
o t- o
CO CD CO
4-» <D 4-* CD
O C. E
o o
<D <0 O
C <D (D
l- — <D _Q
C_ *4 - -
CD CD ID 4-*
CJ <-£-••—
CL»
4-»
CD
3
CD
>
LU
C
o
CD
i_
<D
Q-
O
O
O
<D
3
C
C
O
CJ
a)
c
CO
>• CD
-Q 4-» CD
CD — *
4-» 4-» <D
3 — C-
Q. -D CO
C <D C 4-*
•-£ CD U
-C CD LU
0) U) 4-* CO 21
M C C <
•— •— l— •— CO
E 03 <D
•— CD -C <D
4-* C 4-» l_
Q. CD CD O
o e c- e
E
CD
l_
cn
o
l— <D
Q. CO
CD
CJ <D
a --
<D >.
4-4 l_ CJ)
3 O
O <D
> O
> O O
C— C- -C
L- Q. O
CD E <D
CJ •— 4-»
C- <D
O 4->
4-* CD
CD 1- <D
XJ <U XJ
<D Q_
c_ (D a
Q. co •—
4-»
XJ XJ CO
C C <D
CD CD Q. CO
4-» LU
CD l- 1- C 21
4-* <D <D <D C
■- -C XJ E CO
CO 4-* •— 4-*
CD <D CO CD
c. cn c <D
CD O O t_
Q. 4-* U 4-»
CD ID U >»
"O > CO CO o
C CD CD XJ <T3
CD "D 4-» O U
4-» JZ < —
CO XJ
c
<D CD
C
E QJ h-
CD E <D
•*- co cn <D — •
E XJ O CO CD
L. O L. ID E
CD _£= Q. <D • —
<D
Q
0) U CD
E o L
CL
O
CD
4-»
CD
3
CD
>
LU
LU
2:
<
cn
c
o
<D
CL
O
O
o
<D
13
C
C
O
CJ
c
o
CO
CD CJ)
C- CD C
4— < O CO •—
CO 4-* I 3
<D M- CD > O
4-* O X) — ■ l—
(D L CJ)
■«. >. L CD
"O 4-J Q_ CD CJ)
\ C
O — ' CD CO
4-* 4-* <D C—
■*- -Q ■»- CO 3 C
CO •— CO CD ~0 O
CD CO CD CD CO
L (0 - - • <0
CD <D CD ID C0| <D
CL H- Q_ l_ >| CO
CD
Q *
CL CD
cn
3E - ^
CO CJ CD
CO -
2: » u n
ZX CL U LU
3 O' < -3
CD •* — J Z
I h- “3 <
I x 3 O
cj z z
<c O -a CJ
i- z -j 3
Q. •- t- O
•-COC.
CU 3 O H- 4-»
— cr •— c
L CD 4J >v o
<D cd cn u
4-» CD E <D
— C O 4-* c
l— 4-* CD O
OH- 3 C— •*-
CD CD 4-* 4-*
CD l- CO CD
C L. C
* O Q_ —
E CJ h- O E
i-O — * (D
<D 4-» <D 4-*
4-> L. C > C
<D O CD <D O
Q h- E XJ O
* O
Z CL CD
< LU <-
0-3 CD
£1
- - O
CD li-
cn 2T XJ
X W C
CD
O' »— >.
-3-3 ■*- CD
4-' rsl
^ * C •-
CD ^ <D C_
X O *D <D
21 LU — * 4-*
- CO
CO 4-*
2: o
3 CD C
3 — • O
O •-
- L_ 4J
2: Q_ CJ
ZC CD
< <D
> L.
* CD
— ■ 4-* SI
2: CD 4-*
CJ C_ O
CD CO
* CL -C CD
CD > O U (U
X > O ■— L-
£ CL CJ 3 CD
CO
C_
o
4-»
CD
XJ
CD
L_
CL
cn \
C. CO
CD
CO 4-»
3 —
CO
• CD
a. c_
Q_ CD
CO Q.
CO C — CO CD
X) O O XJ XJ
O — <- O CD
XZ4-'4-»_£ZC_
4-* O C 4-* Q.
O CD D O CD ^
- ED U E (O
-Q O CD
CD CO L >* CD 4-*
4-» D Q- 4-* CO • —
COO CD CO
•— CO — * CD CD
Q_ O CO CD —* C—
O CD CD D CD CD
— ' O E cr C- Q_
CD •—
> h- i_ XJ X3 C—
CD h- O C C O
O CD H- CD CD H-
CO
CD CO
t •— t Q)
o o o —
CD ID L E
L Q. 4J Ol
CD CO C C
XI \ CD
CD-S
■Q ■— C CD CO
C CD CO L -
CD L. D SZ
4-* CD 4-» 4-»
>W co > CD O
H- •- C *r-
CD 4-» — -
4-» rsl CD "D CD
C — C CD 3=
XJ
C
CD
CO
>* u
o o ^
C 4-< ^
CD CD CD
•— h- ~a o
O O CD •—
C- E
H- CD Q. CD
H- O \ X=
CD C CO O
CD CD
<D 4-* 4-» x:
> co •— cn
O •— CO D
c_ CO CD O
Q_ L_ t_ l_
E fl) CD £
►— q. a. 4-»
O CD
CO r-
LU ■
li- Od
< •
co in
Q -D
CJ v—
LU •
14— C\J
< •
co in
CD
— ) m
CL •
Q_ CM
Z) •
co in
behavioral ecology MHG, WWMS, JHT , HRG, SAME SAME SAME SAME
and genetic manipula- JJH, WJL, ACC, EGK,
tion of parasites/ WJL, JEP
predators
!
LO
o
4-4 C
c o
( A Cn
£- O
>*-c
cd •—
u +j
en i_
0» CD
Ot c-
— ' -M
CO Oi
O 4-* >
— Cl C
cn a) —I —
c i—
— h— cn
t- at o c
CD 4-» •—
01 CD 0) t-
L- L cn CD
O TJ <D
(A Q. 01 L E
CO c - * Of
CD O 2 C/> 4-*
E o o cn cn
C C CD >*
co — E cn
u i
LU D
“3 CL
X —
•* 0) c
QC C- CD
-3 CL E
cn
«• "D O (-
O C 4-» o
3: CD 4-»
cn cd
- 4-* a» "o
CJ coo
Q CD C c_
CL —'(DO.
Ql 4-»
-» cn at
u- Z 0> _Q 4-»
z u cn o cd
co 3 3 cn —
LU
2:
<
CO
at
E
CD
CO
47
• c
— •- E
cn at
o cn 4j c_
Q. 4-» cn o
-C — C >» H-
4-» > cd cn
3 0—*
O DO
c- "O E c_
C7> C •— 4-*
CD 4-4 •»—
o
4-* cn
CO t-
D O
— ' 4-»
CD O
> CD
LU H-
cn >
- Cl
0
c
CO ••-I M—
c
0-0-0
•- c c
4-* CD CD
cn
C
CD
Ot
cn
cn
CD
E
LU
2E
<
i/i
o
4-» -o cn
CD C 0»
T5 CD •-
O U)
c_ oc at
Q- CL 4->
31 CD
Ot L.
4-» JZ 4-»
cd 4-* cn
L. >r-
cn 3 c_
Ot Ot
4-4 0) -C
c cn ♦-»
— DO
01
E
CD
CO
m
CD
at
>-
~o
• c
— CD
cn
o a>
a c
— o
> E
o o
01 —
N CD
•— -X
cn
at — «
-C CD
4-4 C
c o
>*•-
CO 4-4
c
H— o 0» _C 1—
O •*- N 4-* O
4-» 3
>*- cn o >
o cn at c - -
c o _c O) — *
0t Q_ 4-4 CD
•— ■— c — * o
O > XC0-—
— o cn > E >*
H- i_ at — »
H- — * • CD -C — '
a> co a» — - o cd
•— 4-4 o
0 o cd -o cn •—
> •— o c t_ U)
O H- 4-4 CO O O
C— cn 4-» — »
Q. 4-* _Q 0)0 O
Et-DO)C0 —
•— cd cn o s- _q
at
- o \
at c cn
— ' CD
— E jo
>* H— C— 4-*
XI OOO
>. C_ H- •-
cn Q_ c - -
cn cl* 00
L- 4-> >v Q_ 32
O (0 L
4-» L_ O — • — '
X
at
Q.
E
o
o
CD
Q
<D4-»4-»CDOC_
"O cn cn o t- <d
0t 4-» >
c- _c .c cn c o
Q. o 000
c- at — » o ■—
4-* CD H- O —
0t — O O 0)
u_ cn — • qj l< x
M- *
o cn cn
at C
4-» o o
c — —
a» 4-* 4-»
E o CD
cn cd o
cn l
CD Q_ N4—
lu cn •— "O
3: cn -o -o at
< CD 0 o "O
co 4-> e a»
■00 Ot
— ' Ot -c c
<U — ' 4->
•— a) •— cn
u. cn 3 cd
c\j
cn
o>
o •
c —
cn o) •— >
cn cn c v
— d) - - cl
CD O 4-* 4-> > O •— I
H- X O E
4-» o t_ cn
_c JD cn o CL tj ~o
4-* O 4-» E C •—
3 “O -C CD CD O
OOO 4-*
t- cn *0)*ojz«—
O) cd cn 4-» L> 4-»
OO CD 3
T3 — » C T3 3 O
C O — C O l_
CD - * CD 4-» O)
cn
— O <D
U) 4-» 4-*
O * (1) — -
— » cn • "O cd
O "O > O) c-
C O X) • — * o
d x: a» ocd —
E 4-» c_ c w o >
E O Q. O •— CD
•— E ■— cn cn -c
>s 4-» c_ o 0
a
o < —
(O 4-»
<u — c
> —1 o
a» lu "o
o ^ •—
Q. O — * X3 <
E 4-* O ^ CO
D cd c - cn
cn -o D c 4-»
c 0 E o cn
O i_ E — o
O Q.— 44 4J
o cn
0) (D
— • o
QJ —
cn 4->
o
"O co
C L.
co Q.
o
4-4 *r-
c o
o a>
-O CL
— cn
a>
_ _
-C
_ _
O
CD
4-»
—•
C
C
3
0
O
O
O
-Q 0
O
«
L.
-4 c
U
C_
4-»
Ui
-O -O
H— O
LU
cn
O
• »—
O C
c
—3
c
*4—
cn -0
O CD
•— cn
O
•r-
c
O
c
O
0
-C
«* (_)
>
L_
cn 0
Cl cd
-O cn
>- 4-4
4-»
O C_)
• r-
CD
c —
•*—
0 0
-0 x
3
3= <
>
O
CD 4-*
>
cn
0 0
D O
O
—» CD
r—
O
4-»
CL cn
4-4 O
C_
«. «.
C
Q_ 4-*
c
cn
cn 4-4
cn
O Z
—
O
C
L.
0)
CD
cn •—
CD
Q C_)
C_
CL O
CD
4-*
— «
e_ 4-»
• * t_
— •
CL 3
-0
■M
O E
O
CD
0
O
cn 0
CD
c
• <—
—» <u
>-
—
E
4-» 4-4
at 4-«
>
» <*
CD
>
at —*
— /
O
0 cn
c
l_
Ll. CD
a
u
> CL
0
cn
4-»
CD 0
•»- H-
CD
2E O'
X
C
c->
at e
c_
cn
H- _C
—4 O
— *
CO 3=
LU
—
<
0 •—
4-»
c
0
E
CJ
CD
£_
cn
— <
cn
0
H-
CD
0 H-
0
O
C cn
"O
O
C— O
•— CD
at
• w-
cn -0
a
4-»
c
4-4
cn
c
c
0
0
0
cn cn
CD
0
• r—
CD
3: cn
CD
•r—
QJ C
C_
C_
CL D
l_
4-4
O)
0
CD
cn
•—
Q-
CD
E -x
at
• r—
d»
QJ
cn
>
at cd
4-4
CO
c_
4-*
v4—
c c
— *
c_
C E
c
• r—
cn
O
cn
CD • —
O
O
at •
■»—
1
0
cn
c_
t_
N
i_
cn
c
(_
CD
O
cn
0
CL ■—
4-4
0
—• O
h- cn
LTV
4-*
C_
4-4
c
4-4
0 cn
c
c_
CD ■ —
0 E
•*—
CD
CD
•0-
CD
—4 CD
0
CL
C— cn
at
CD
>
CL ID
*0
O JC.
0
D •—
4-4 4-4
O
O
CD
at
> CL
0
-O
4-4 0
c- cn
£—
c
(_
<1>
(_
<U E
C
cd at
CD >-
<
-
O
CL
O'
a
O O
-Q
CD
c -0
Q. cn
c
XJ
0
0
— 1 ro
_J
ro
•t—
CL
■
o_
•
O
4-»
CL
r\J
CL
f\l
< m
O
3
■
3
■
LU •
<
CO
in
CO
in
_i in
SAFEGD Field assessment and Determine criteria for Make preliminary Based on yr 2, Continue refining Conduct test with
5.3.1 fate of artificially evaluating efficacy; release to determine revise strategy and techniques and defining specific program goals
48
c o
-C
o
<u
o
u
Q-
Q_
(0
<D
-Q
c/>
03
0t
0t
— ' 4-»
-Q —
D
■M O CO
CO L. (0
0t 4-»
^ E
TJ 0t
(DC.*-1
O) fO (/) LU
> X
03 CO CO <
t_ -o co
at ♦-* at
L U O P
(D E O (fl
a) D x: at
GET C (O 4-*
CL»
E
0t
O
</)
O
E C
— O
at o
c D
•- TJ
H- O
at <-
Q Q-
Ot
>
0t
C
o
CO 0t
CO — '
QJ _Q
L. • —
Ql CO
Q. <U
D at
CO
UJ
<c
00
at
O 4-» U
P C ID
0t Q_
CO CO
TJ O CO
o - - -
-C H— 0t CD
4-* E —
0> 0t •— C- LU
E 4-» a) x
a> 4-» <
0t > H- OJ co
co o o E
c i_
03 Q_ 0) "U
-C E (0 C
CJ •- ZJ 03
CD
d
c
c
o
CJ
at
c c
•- o * *
co E •— i co o'
C 1- CO Q_ c_ CXL —I
•— a> co o at x -a
C- 4-* dt — » 4-»
O 0) L at Qt H- «• •‘CL
TJ Q- > "O O >»— LU
•— Q. at > x -3
C D "D c Qt UJ 0.-3
O >* CO O 4-» Z
E cn • «» m- at >* •* co
OH-T3 H--Q - I Z
o_ — » o at co at 3E -3 3
oo 4-*“Ocnco u t 3
— ' C — ' CJ O C CD
at _c at oj.cz-— at
>U>Q.4-*C— • oiu J
at at at x at - at re ir — j
15 p — • Ot E E c. 103
TJ >
C CO CD
CD C- O
O
CO 4-* O
O O • —
•— (D _Q
E M-
o at
c ^ o •
O CD C CJ
0 p at p
at c d at
at ->
at E h- -
■m c c at
ca o •— 01
3 1- CD
— * — 4-» C.
CD > CD O
> c x: 4-»
LU at 4-* CO
rc CJ
LU LU
Q -3
>-
c_
CO — * c_
4-» CD CD X
C DOC -3
at c — co -a
u) c at o_
CD CD p P O «■
CD O C_ CO
O — ' D CD U OC
— CD — ' Q_ X
P V C CD E P
o — * o > •— c
•— t- — at at >0
_Q CD CO H- D > LU
at co o o' 0-3
>v at co at
— * O O Q_ t- CO - -
Q_ +-* U O 0) _Q CD CD
Q- C D c- > D X or
< "- 10 u O to X nr
TJ co
C C-
CD O
TJ 4P
at CO CD
(0 CD
cd at at
at CO t-
— ' O Q.
at _c
L P (0
v cd at
TJ Q_ p
at o -
— E co
— • O CD
Q_ 4-J L_
ac cd
cd at a
to
TJ
O C-
JZ o
P H- CO
at c_
E — ' C_ O
CD O 4-»
CO •— H- 03
C L_ "O
— at td at
C_ 4P c L.
CD CD CD Q.
at E \
(— CO CO
p c at
at co at p
> O Cl-
O _C O CO
£— -C CD
Q. C_ 4-» l_
E O CD CD
• H- Q_ Q.
TJ
TJ O
C Q-
CO O
t_
co x:
o h- c 4-»
>4- L. O at L
OO O) CD
c o
c at o .c — *
O > - P CD
•— >* 4P CD* —
P CO — ' CD CL O
O CO C- O O —
at at 03 — Ev+-
4P o at — * o at
00 Q. 4p c
a d >> o. c at
Q. CO _Q CD Ot jQ
X CM
»— ro
Q- •
O LTl
_i ro
CL •
a_ ro
3 •
C ✓) LO
49
Action Area 6 - Genetics, Molecular Biology, and Basic Physiology
Introduction
The tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens ) and the corn earworm
(Helicoverpa zea) are pests on a wide variety of crops including cotton,
corn, soybean, lettuce, tomato, tobacco, and other economic and
ornamental plants. Currently, their control is achieved almost entirely
through the use of synthetic organic insecticides. The desire to
effectively manage Heliothis /Helicoverpa spp. using integrated control
strategies that reduce pesticide dependency continues as a primary
thrust of ARS scientists. Insect genetics, molecular biology, and basic
physiology can provide major contributions to the discovery,
development, and refinement of alternative management approaches for
Heliothis /Helicoverpa spp. These contributions will be maximized if
future investigations involving genetics, molecular biology, and
physiology emphasize the following research areas: (1) the elucidation
of the mechanism responsible for backcross sterility in H. virescens and
the transfer of backcross sterility to H. zea, (2) the evaluation of
backcross sterility as a control concept for H. virescens in the
Mississippi delta area, (3) the crossbreeding of Helicoverpa spp. to
develop backcross sterility in H. zea, (4) the potential use of
inherited sterility as a control strategy for H. zea and H. virescens ,
(5) the development of genetic sexing systems for H. zea and
H. virescens to eliminate the production of females, and (6) the
elucidation of physiological and biochemical basis of development,
diapause and reproduction in Heliothis /Helicoverpa.
Major Accomplishments
Studies in genetics, molecular biology, basic physiology, and
developments in support science and technology have resulted in
significant accomplishments which should enhance future success in
developing control strategies for Heliothis /Helicoverpa spp. These
recent accomplishments are listed by location.
Catalogue of Noctuidae of the world; revision of Heliothis virescens
species group and higher classification of Helicoverpa . (Beltsville,
MD)
Improved methods and techniques for releasing Heliothis backcross
insects in area-wide release programs; determined that the attractancy
of H. virescens backcross females to wild males was not adversely
affected by continuous colonization in the laboratory. (Stoneville, MS)
Established mechanized production procedures to produce H. virescens ,
H. zea. and Heliothis backcross to evaluate proposed biological control
concepts. (Mississippi State, MS)
Developed a multiple-technique approach for fingerprinting genetic
structures of suspected migrants from Mexico and from U.S. resident
populations of H. virescens and H. zea . This includes use of
(1) isoenzymes, (2) mitochondrial DNA RFLP, (3) genomic DNA RFLP, and
(4) polymorphism in DNA sequences amplified by PCR (Polymerase Chain
50
Reaction) . Identified significant allele frequency differences of ADK,
CK and PGM loci among populations of H. zea. Cloned two EcoRI fragments
of mitochondria of H. virescens . Restriction digests of individual
moths probed with mtDNA showed polymorphism in feral populations.
Preliminary data suggest differences among geographical populations.
Restriction analysis of PCR amplified DNAs showed extensive polymorphism
in populations. Studies on limited samples showed interpopulational
differences. (Fargo, ND)
Demonstrated the presence of Rickettsia-like Organisms (RLOs) in the
testes of Heliothis virescens and FI and early backcross generations
(BC1, BC2 ) derived from the interspecific hybridization of H. virescens
X H. subf lexa. These bacteria-like organisms were also present in
testes of Helicoverpa zea and FI males derived from the cross H. zea X
H. assulta .
Determined that wild-type populations of H. virescens and H. zea have
microorganisms within the testes similar to those of laboratory-reared
moths except that they are enclosed by a bacterial-like cell wall.
Discovered that Virus-like Particles (VLPs) are present in spermatocyst
cell nuclei of all species of Heliothis and Helicoverpa examined to date
(H. virescens , H. subf lexa, Helicoverpa zea, H. assulta, H. punctiqera,
H. armiqera) , as well as in FI and backcross testes resulting from
crosses between some of the above species. The particles are more
abundant in older males (6 day adults), and appear in native moths as
well as in laboratory reared ones and are found among species of wide
geographical distribution (Korea, Pakistan, Australia). (Fargo, ND)
Identified the surface lipids of diapausing H. virescens pupae.
Discovered that these lipids were composed of equal amounts of
long-chain fatty aldehydes and the corresponding fatty alcohols, and
lesser amounts of wax esters. The was esters consisted of long-chain
alcohols esterified to saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. (Fargo,
ND)
Discovered novel very long-chain methyl-branched alcohols and their
acetate esters in the internal lipids of developing H. virescens pupae.
These compounds are essentially absent at the beginning and end of the
pupal stage. They reach a maximum level just prior to the midpoint of
the pupal stage and at this time are the lipids most actively
synthesized. (Fargo, ND)
Investigated molecular aspects of sperm development in Heliothis
virescens X H. subf lexa backcross hybrids. Cloned portions of the
H. virescens mitochondrial genome, discovered that four transcripts in
backcross hybrid testes are not polyadenylated. Isolated and
characterized mitochondrial chaperonin (hsp60) polypeptides; cloned and
sequenced a gene encoding a sperm-specific isoform which exists as a
unique net charge and/or molecular weight variant in all insect species
screened. (Gainesville, FL)
Purified and characterized hemolymph storage proteins from H. virescens ,
cloned and sequenced their cognate cNDAs . Discovered that the gene for
51
one of these polypeptides, "p82" , is also expressed in cells of the
testis sheath; also that the p82 polypeptide is transported into
differentiating spermatids and sequestered within their mitochondrial
derivatives. (Gainesville, FL)
Discovered that the p82 storage protein and lipophorin are hemolymph
riboflavin-binding proteins and determined various kinetic properties of
flavin binding. Developed a flavin affinity matrix for the purification
of this class of polypeptides and determined that several groups of
insects express homologous polypeptides. Also discovered that testes
and malpighian tubules contain large reserves of unbound riboflavin, and
further, that these pools are neither dependent upon dietary flavin nor
are metabolically interconnected with that in the hemolymph.
(Gainesville, FL)
Demonstrated the effects of substerilizing doses of radiation and
inherited sterility on Helicoverpa zea reproduction. Inherited
deleterious effects resulting from irradiation of males and females were
expressed for several generations. Laboratory and field studies on
reproduction and survival indicated that the use of substerilizing doses
of radiation and the resulting inherited sterility has a greater
potential as a selective management strategy for H. zea than does the
conventional 100% sterilizing dosage. (Tifton, GA)
Demonstrated the effects of substerilizing doses of radiation and
inherited sterility on H. zea behavior. Studies revealed that
irradiated (10 krad) and nonirradiated, laboratory-reared males released
in the field or in field cages were not significantly different in their
nocturnal behavior and mating propensity of females that had been mated
with irradiated (10 krad) and nonirradiated males was not significantly
different. (Tifton, GA)
Conducted a pilot test designed to study the efficacy of using inherited
sterility for suppressing seasonal population increases of H. zea.
Although data from this study have not been fully analyzed, preliminary
results revealed a positive correlation between the distance from the
release site of irradiated (10 krad) males and the number of wild males
captured. Also, seasonal population curves of wild males captured and
wild males estimated from mark-recapture data revealed that seasonal
increases of wild H. zea males were reduced where irradiated males were
released. (Tifton, GA)
Significance
Improved methods and techniques in Heliothis rearing and release
technology will provide significant savings in the conduct of area-wide
release programs to control Heliothis /Helicoverpa species. Pilot test
studies demonstrated the potential of inherited sterility to suppress
seasonal population increases of Helicoverpa zea. The discovery of
Rickettsia-like organisms (RLOs) and Virus-like particles (VLPs) in the
testes of backcross sterile males, and the characterization of
mitocondrial chapronin polypeptides and hemolymph riboflavin binding
storage proteins (both of which express in testis) should now enable
scientists to identify the mechanism of backcross sterility. The
52
development of baseline genetic information on mtDNA RFLP , allozymes and
PCR amplification profiles in H. zea and H. virescens should aid in
determining the origin of migrant moths and their contribution to
population dynamics in U.S. agricultural habitats.
Cooperators /Co- investigators
Lead ARS Scientists
Code
Name
RWP
R. W.
Poole
JSB
J. S.
Buckner
MED
M. E.
Degrugillier
CMK
C. M.
Krueger
SKN
S. K.
Narang
DRN
D. R.
Nelson
SGM
S. G.
Miller
HO
H. Oberlander
JLR
J. L.
Roberson
MLL
M. L.
Laster
JEC
J. E.
Carpenter
LDC
L. D.
Chandler
HRG
H. R.
Gross
BRW
B. R.
Wiseman
ARS
Cooperators
Name
D. L. Silhacek
A. Handler
D. D. Hardee
G. G. Hartley
SY
Location
0.3
Beltsville, MD
0.3
Fargo, ND
1.0
Fargo, ND
1.0
Fargo, ND
0.3
Fargo, ND
0.3
Fargo, ND
1.0
Gainesville, FL
0.1
Gainesville, FL
0.5
Mississippi State
1.0
Stoneville, MS
0.3
Tifton, GA
0.1
Tifton, GA
0.1
Tifton, GA
0.1
Tifton, GA
Location
Gainesville, FL
Gainesville, FL
Stoneville, MS
Stoneville, MS
Non-ARS Cooperators
Name
Affiliation
Location
Charles Mitter
Univ. of Maryland
Baltimore, MD
S. Conant
Univ. of Hawaii
Honolulu, HI
John C. Schneider
Miss. St. Univ.
Mississippi St.,
MS
Peter P. Sikorowski
Miss. St. Univ.
Mississippi St.,
MS
Gary J. Blomquist
Univ. of Nevada
Reno, NV
R. Feyereisen
Univ. of Arizona
Tucson, AZ
S. Sutrisno
Center of the Application
of Isotopes and Radiation
Indonesia
R. E. Teakle
Dept, of Primary Industry
Indooroopilly ,
Queensland, Austral
J. H. Brettel
Cotton Research Inst.
Kadoma, Zimbabwe
G. Fitt
CSIRO
Narrabri, N.S.W.
Australia
B. Napompeth
Kasetsart Univ.
Thailand
53
Research Gaps and Bottlenecks
Gaps
1. Molecular basis of insecticide resistance: This knowledge is
needed for use of insecticide resistance gene as a selectable
marker in high priority research including monitoring of feral
populations for insecticide resistance, development of genetic
sexing procedures and germline transformation methods. Bottleneck:
None identified.
2 . Quick and effective method for distinguishing eggs and larvae of
Heliothis virescens from those of Helicoverpa zea: Currently, it
is not possible to identify pest species (from eggs and larvae)
responsible for fresh infestations in the field. This knowledge is
necessary for rapid field identification of pest species, so that
appropriate control measures can be applied. (SM]
Bottleneck: None predicted
3. Automation of sexing (by genetic and molecular methods): The
purpose is to develop methods for accurate and rapid sexing of
pupae or adults (or of earlier developmental stages). This
research is an important requirement for developing technology for
mass propagation, processing and distribution of Heliothis and
Helivoverpa species. It would enhance the effectiveness of
backcross sterility and inherited sterility as a component of Area
Wide Integrated Pest Management Strategies. Genetic and molecular
approaches to sexing would involve cloning, characterization and in
situ localization of sex-specific genes, and establishment of
linkage groups and genetic maps of markers - mutants, allozymes and
polymorphic DNA sequences.
Bottleneck: Lack of germ-line transformation method for Heliothis
and Helicoverpa.
4. Quality control of mass-reared insects: Genetic (and other)
methods are needed for assessment of quality of mass-reared and
genetically altered moths (with inherited or backcross sterility)
to assure their interacting and competing with wild moths. The
quality assessment may include information on pheromone production,
post-treatment sterility, longevity, mating performance, mating
preference, flight and genetic variability.
Bottleneck: None identified.
5 . Rapid methods for estimating the spread of backcross sterility
factors (distinguishing backcross sterile insects and their progeny
from native insects) into the native population.
Bottleneck: None identified.
6 . Methods (genetic engineering) for achieving inherited sterility or
other deleterious effects without the use of irradiation: This
research is needed to avoid the damaging effects of irradiation
affecting quality of sterile insects. Non-radiation sterility
methods will enhance the effectiveness of genetic control as a
component of the Area Wide Integrated Pest Management Strategies.
54
Bottleneck: Germ-line transformation method for
Heliothis/Helicoverpa.
7 . Improved methods for synchronous rearing of Heliothis and
Helicoverpa species: There is a need to develop improved rearing
techniques for the purpose of providing sufficient numbers of
insects synchronized to the same stage(s) of development.
Availability of synchronized larvae and pupae of the same
physiological age is important for successfully conducting:
a) tests of plant germplasm for insect resistance;
b) comparative studies on hormonal regulation of key
physiological and biochemical processes responsible for:
1) storage and excretion of toxic nitrogenous waste
products ;
2) synthesis and deposition of cuticular lipids;
3) synthesis of novel methyl-branched alcohols in pupae.
Bottlenecks : None
Research Constraints
Scientists in the Genetics, Molecular Biology, and Basic Physiology
Action Area are involved in a diverse group of research projects and
therefore, confronted with a variety of constraints to achieving
research goals. Although insufficient funds and/or manpower are a
common constraint for many research projects, other more specific
constraints are as follows:
Rearing Heliothis/Helicoverpa spp. : Automated equipment and facilities
are limited and rearing costs are high.
Pilot Study on BCS: The pilot study will be conducted over a 9 mi. x
9 mi. area in the Mississippi Delta. Due to the high costs of rearing
and labor, appropriations do not permit replication of the release area
within years. Also, adverse weather conditions during the release could
seriously affect moth emergence.
Development of Helicoverpa BCS: The critical need is to import foreign
Helicoverpa species into the Stoneville Research Quarantine Facility to
conduct crossing trials and search for hybrid sterility. These exotic
species must be obtained through foreign exploration or through foreign
cooperators. Foreign cooperators have not been a good source, and it is
difficult to find a qualified person and support for conducting foreign
explorations. Expenses for one exploration, including salary, is
approximately $8,000.
Genetic Structure of Heliothis/Helicoverpa Populations: Though
circumstantial evidence overwhelmingly support the mass migration of
Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea, there are not suitable markers
which would allow distinction between migrant and local populations.
Attempts by investigators to identify the major origination habitats
(source populations and cropping systems) of immigrants have been only
partially successful. In addition, an estimation of the levels of
migration by indirect methods is difficult to interpret. Attempts to
determine the origin of migrants using trajectory analysis, have been
55
only partially successful. The impact of immigrant populations on pest
dynamics of local populations remains unknown.
Microbial Mechanism of BCS: Definitive proof of the role of microbials
in backcross sterility would involve mimicking the effect in backcross
males (i.e., destruction of the eupyrene sperm mitochondrial
derivative) . Techniques will have to be developed to transfer these
microorganisms inter specifically (egg injection, incorporation into
tests in culture, etc.).
Transfer of BCS to Helicoverpa: Although researchers in our laboratory
have found that male sterility is due to abnormal sperm production and
transfer, the nature of causative factors remains unknown. Nothing is
known on the mechanism of backcross sterility in Heliothis virescens .
Currently, it is not possible to induce backcross sterility in
Helicoverpa zea.
Strain-specific RLO Variants: Screenings of field populations would
require the establishment of an extensive collaborative network.
Action Area 6 - Genetics, Molecular Biology, and Basic Physiology
56
U)
CL
c
O
<*
—
— »
u
03
E
c_
TJ
c
>
03
C
03
L.
QJ
4-*
Q. CD
u
03
TJ
CO
H- —
cr
'+-
>*
O -C
03
03
CO
TJ
CO
CO
-Q
in
c
C
-X 03 C
O
CD
CD
>*
co c o
u
<
in
c_
L_
CD — —
o
03
z
4-»
JK
03
*-» E 4-*
E
Q
c_
CO
>
LU
l- CD
E
O
LU
CD
03
o
—
Z
03 03 — *
c
z
03
03
D
— *
— *
<
4-* 4-* 03
C
03
4-J
>-
C
o
03
in
03 03 C-
03
o>
in
03
• r—
C TJ
— ' TJ L
03
4-»
-C
CL 03
X
4-»
Q. JX
c
CJ
</>
E TJ 4-»
4-»
CO
E i-
o
QJ
CJ
O C C
03
o
o o
C_)
4-*
CO
CJ CD —
-Q
-C
CJ X
D)
c
TJ
— TJ
CDl
C
CO
O 03
m
03
H-
CD
c
c —
Nl|
— TJ
03
03 H-
c_
03 4-* 03
O
CJ
D —
>* O
3C|
O C >
_J
CO
TJ
O' 4-*
—1
C 03 L
a
4>
c
03 C
c
03 TJ 03
L_
CD
CO 03
• *-
O
D — CO
O)
■r-
TJ
03
4-»
O’ c
c
>
< —
CO
4-»
c
03 O O
o
CD
z
CD
CD
—
(0 4-» (J
E
■
X
Q CO
t-
•«—
LU
CD
Z| 03
LU
C
L-
CD
03
4-*
C_
z
03 CO O
— °
Z
03 O
>•
03
D
• »—
03
<
D — —
CO
H-
H—
<
4-* —
>~
c
c
*4-
in
C (OH-
c
o
-Q
CDl
in
CD U)
CJ)
—
—
CO
— > —
o
03
— 03
c
4-*
c
4-» — « O
CO
CO
m|
4-» L_
c
TJ
CD
C CD 03
O) CL
• «-
c_
o
C
l_
O C Q. 03
-J
•
•
C H—
D
CJ
CD
4-* 03
CJ CD CO
>
3:13:1
— O
TJ
C C
c o —
O — E
CO C_
co co a»
Qj 4-J
— E 03
TJ co TJ
3 C
4-J CD “D
C/5 l— C
4-» 03
CD
4-* H- (O
CD O O
— l
■*-* a > on
— TJ
c o
— E
O 3
t— TJ
E
a/ c
-C — CO
O 0)
O CO CO
— O CO
_Q — i a»
H- JC. t_
a» o
U
c c
— o
■M —
C 4-»
O CD
CJ N
CJ TJ E 03 O
-COL
E CD _C 3 C
o o o 03 ^
c c o o — _x o
o o — D 4-» — _l
x — _Q l_ cd — » oh
CD -M -M N i w
4~> CD - CO — CD
CJ L_ CD L — CO
O — CD L O (0 E
4-< H - ' 4-» 4-» CO
CD — 13 — ' CJ4-* —
— 4-» CJ D CD 03 C
4-* C 03 l_ -X <D
— <U — ' "O CD CJ CD
C TJ O C _C — t-
E cd u oc O
■— CO 4-» —
4-» 03—0
CO CD I
cj qjI
co n|
C— 0)
o> >
o
CO o
c —
CD — '
t- 0)
“O CO oc
CD
<D — ' H-
o o o
C L-
<D ^
D 0) CO
cr c c
CD — o
co E co
L O CO
CD CD Q. Q.
N (0 -J
>* a> c >
— 1 T3 OJ
CD L~ - o
C O 4-* C
< V v CD
CD
X
03
03 •
Q- 3l|v
E JO
O D
CJ O
CO 0)
E n|
c_
o •
3=1
c
— H-
o
03
Cj O
C -I
CD OH
3
cr c
03 o
co
c
< o
CO
• 03 C 03
3:1 4-» o — »
03 O
TJ — CO —
c 4-» 03 4->
cj c_
C CD
CD Q.
D
O’ 03
03 -X
CO —
CD —
c
CO —
CO
3 CL
C - 1
— >
> w
CO
CO H- C
CO O 03
03 CJ
C CO CO
T3 Q. 01
03 _ I C_
> —
CD >
-- tj
03 C • _Q
L CD X| D
O CO
— o
4-» — J
03 £*
c
03 H-
< •
</> vO
CO
TJ
• C
C| CD
CO 03
CD C 03
— E
DEO
4-* c_ C
— - 03 03
D 4-*
O 03
TJ
O)
CO
CO TJ TJ —
— C CO 03 CO
CD C > O
XI O — ' —
CO CO — O -Q
4-» O C7> > E
CO — J 0) c >>
LU OH t- — CO
T3 C
L. I C H- •—
>* -- CD O >
D CD
C CJ CO 03 — *
— O — ' '4—
03 _3 O O
CO 4-» OH t- -Q
CO CD —
— M- 03 C_ CO
03 4-» O C —
D — — C CO
C C CD E — 03
— —CL. _c
4-» — 03 CO 4-»
CD L vO CZ
O C D 03 -J >* CJ3
(_) co 4-* to a c co c/>
C co
03 C
E —
Q. CD
03 CO CL
> CL
03 4-» CO
TJ C
CD CO
03 — —
4-» _Q .H
co E 4j
— >* o
4-» CO —
— O — »
C CL 03
— CD DC
4-*
CO —
H— — — »
O CO —
O L-
^ — 03
CO -D 4-*
w E co
03
— CO CO
O CO
U c o
— u
03 O
C CO -X
— 03 CJ
E JQ CD
c_ O -Q
03 L-
■M O TJ
03 — C
Q E CO
— » 03
CD —
— TJ
O D
• C
CL 03
Q. a)
CO CDl O
03 1 (-
CO m| Q_
4-» C «
L- O
CD —
4-*
03 CD
4J C
CD —
— E
4-* 03
— CO
C C
c --
03 03
03 x=
03
CD C/>
X U
03 CD
4-» TJ TJ C_
03 C C O
U CO CD H-
I
LEAD Evaluate BCS as a Initiate a pilot test Repeat BC releases Evaluate data from Pilot test terminated. Expand technology
6.2 control concept for over a 9 mi x 9 mi as in yr 1. Continue pilot test Direct research to transfer programs
57
CO _C
CO • 0) O
-C 0) C •— L.
4-* TJ -C — •— cn to
•— CD 4-* C_ Q. O <D
X CD 4-* C — O CO — 'to
O CO — ' »p— X 4-* O CD
C CD O CO >. 4-» CD CD C I—
CD4-»C_4-»CnEOC_N_C
_C= 4-» C O CD 0 O — oc-
C C - - - «_ CO _Q — ' CD (D
CDOOCDOOJCCO — 4-»_C
us: c o - - *4-* 4-»
0(1) -d i— 3 Ui O
4-* CO — » O Q. < C C
3 CO • QJ Q O C- — O tU
>. U CO 4-> t_ C/) — QJ «-4-» CO X
C- TJ — E OJ D 4J 4J (D 4-» <
4-< CD cn CD (D H- U 4-» CD — * o CO
co — oc_>cot-3oc-30>
3 — ' ^ cn — c CD TJ -Q 4- — *
T3 Q.O O V (0£ O 4- CD O
C Q. — t_OC-^C_OH-COC-
— CO -Q Q. CD 4-* O Q. 4-* 0 3 Q.
tj -» _c
TJ CD CO CO 4-*
(D -M 4-J CO —
4-* l_ U CO L. X
CD O CD O flJ C >* O)
C — *1-0 CL— O) CO C
— » O) CD — COCDOE —
<0 — Z TJ CD — 4-* — > (D L
C CO > CD ~D C O L- CO
O (D CD - - — C O) CD
— TJ ■ -O 4-* _Q TJ CD_C O L_ CO
4-* >s — CO C Z O L_ <D
ID 1/1 L O 4J D (0 <DQ.< —
C_ CD 4-* 4-» CD CL 4-» OC_
CD > CO Q. OJ O) • l_(/)0
Q-— DC0EOCC04-»<DZ>4-»
O 4-» TJ 4-» O O — TJ C 4- CD
OCt-UCDQ.OC»COC_L.
4-» CD — O Q. -C c_ c CD O
CD — * 4- 1_“0— 4-* t_ CD _C JD OH
(D_D>^v+-OC-C<DZ3C_4-'CD _j
EOJD<Dv»-CDC0EO4-»O— ' -3
-C
u
4-*
T3
CD
CD
4-*
CO
CD
X
<D
4-»
C
• p-
u
CO
O
CO — »
X
0)
>*
CO
c
CD O
CD
>-
4->
CD
cn
C_
cn
E
CD
4-> l_
4J
cn
E
U
t_
c_
4-
o
o
CD
-C
4-»
c
o
CD
CD
o
CD
4-
—»
L.
— <
c_
C
4- C
• r-
— »
I_
CO
J3
4-»
O
o
a»
o
cn
CD
O O
CD
o
cn
c
CD
4-»
l
c
-C
c
o
O
Z
c
o
CD
c
4-»
JC
c_
O
QJ
L_
XI
•w-
o
O
u
Q_ 4-»
CO — »
u
CL
<
C
CL
QJ
QJ
D CD
•
QJ
Q
o
O
CO
4P
o
4 J
£_
>-
O
CO
4-J
L_
CO
4J
4-*
(0
t_
Ti —
E
o
=)
4-*
U
cn
4-»
"O 4-
4-*
cd cn
CD
CD
4-
U
CO
Fsl
c
— «
u
c
CO
CO
— o
l_
>
CO
3
CD
•w—
•p-
3
u
CD
c
D
— • — »
cn
■ »—
c
CD
TJ
•p—
— »
u
4-
CL
CD
TJ
CL O
o
4-»
CD
O
£_
•p-
CO
QJ
o
X
c_
C
CL —
c_
U
L.
4-»
l_
o
4-»
CD
CO
L_
UJ
4-»
•*“
CD _Q
CL
CD
4-»
o
Q. 4-*
3
c_
3
CL
cn
XJ
c
•
•
"O
CD
CO
• r—
CO
JZ
QJ
4-*
4-*
Q- TJ
u
4-*
C- u
CO
CL
o
a»
£_
cn
o
CD
O CD
o
•p-
-C
4-*
<D
c
4->
C
— . c_
u
-C
4-»
—
cn
CD —
CO
CD
4-*
4-*
£_
-C
CD
—
51 "U
CD
E
c
L_
O
CO
u
C
CO
>
o
CD
CD
CD
1—
o
CD
CD
• p-
— •
— *
L_
4-
x:
t_
CD
•p-
"O
. _Q
4-*
CD
C_
CO
4-*
CO
Q)
4-»
>
—
CD
CO
D
c
—
4-*
CD
CO
CD
CO
i- O
4-*
4-»
u
u
CD
X
U
O
t_
o
4-» 4-»
CD
Q. 01
£—
CD
t_
C_
0)
>
CO
a.
CD
Q.
c
4-»
CO
CO
O
CL
•V-
3 CO
E
O
CO
• p-
E
c
4P
4J
O
P TJ P
O
U
• p—
co
>-
co
•p*
CD
O
u
C L-
u
CD
TJ
4-*
cn
L.
L_
<D
4-»
CD
— O
c
o
cn <
o
«_
CD
• — i
4-
£_
TJ
TJ
— »
o
Q
XJ
•>—
0)
_Q
>^4-
o
C
C
CD
o
c_
C/>
CD
o
E
O
-Q CD
4-
CO
CD
Z
c
Q.
Z3
— '
CO
• CO
CM C CD c- O) CD 4-*
O O O C O U
t- — CD 3 CD 4- — O CD
>* 4-» CO TJ CO COUCO
U CD CD CD CO COQ-C
CD CD L. (U D "D 4J CD —
— TJ — ' c_ u CD CO U O CO
OCDOOCDC0<DO4-'tD>*
C0LL4-'Cf-CDl-L — 'CD
CD CL — 4- CD Q. CO .Q t-
UJ "DCO CD—* 4-*£4-»
3E CD CD — ' <D "D <D • TJ C <D
< 3 3 <D CO C — 1 L CO 4) CD CO O)
(/) CD-— COCDO • 4-*OECOC
— — 4- CD c_ TJ O C Q_ CD —
4-* 4-» O 4-» 4-* — * CD CD — C_
C — TJOcflCOcfl>3'D(D
OC-Cl-OO — CTJCTCCD
UCJCDQ.OU4-— CD 0) CD L
TJ
c
CD
X
X *->
cn —
o — '
— CD
CO O D
CO C D-
CD _C
E u cn
CD C
D) ♦-» —
c c
— cn - - *
> c CD o
O — 4-* l_
C- L_ C 4-»
CL CD — C
E CD CD O
— £- E O
-C CO CO
CO CO CO
CD — O
C D — • l_
o cr_o o 4-»
— —CD CD 4-* CO "D
4-* TJ C 4-* CO CD
acrcocoEDJco
3C0UUJCDCDCC0
— * CD — • 4-* — CD
CD O) 4-* CD CO — —
> C ■ c- ~0 <D
<D — Dir- CO C C_
CO C "D CD *
<D CD — c - ’ -X _C " D
3 CD C_ >* CD O — •
C — ' O — CD CD CD
— CD 4-* C 4- _Q O —
4-* t_ — — \ "O D 4-
C C -Q CD TJ
O4-OC0CDCDCD4-
U O E<D— '4- L-O
Ti E
CD <D
N 4-*
— CO
CL C >» C C _C C
O (D (0 (/) O O 4-» O
— ' jo. — * — O — — —
CD O CD X P P P X CO
> CD C O. O U C
UE-<D(OD(fl(D
O C— TJ <D TJ <D Q.
0) CD - O — O — X
— > CD <*£ t_ C_ t- 4-» CD
• XI c— o Q- O Q_ —
CO — (/) 4-* — « E
P P P □ V CD CD — CD
O CD U CJ I— l— _Q C—
<DQ-CD_c:<D03cocn
coEcopcoi3coao
COC—CCDCOCDC-
— U — X - CD U Q_
CJ C
CD — >>
4-» >v
cn co — cn
C CD — » co o
- - * CD CD — '
CO CD D c_ o
CD E O" D CO C
CD CD CO CO JZ
— • 4- ■ CD CD CD U
CD O) 4-* CD E CD
C- TJ C CD E 4-»
C — c- CD
>» flj l o —• jz cn
_Q Q. Q. O 4-* C
CO CO L L —
CD CD O 4-* O i-
<D — • QJ U C 4-* CD
C- CD -C C O C <D
CD E 4-» *— * U — 1-
D
cr
CD U CD —
CD > TJ —
CD C CO
CD CD
O O CD
4-# 4-» (0 — - -
CD TJ CD
•_ >* o (-
4-* "O _C
— D 4P L_
C 4P U O
■— CO E 4-
C CO CD
— CO TJ
C_ O —
—
C U
O CD
E -Q
CO
^ >*—> ‘
(0 L 4- CD
— CD — —
— ' 4— 4-» 4-»
i) cor c c
CD C 4-* CD QJ CO
4-» CD - TJ P CD
(0 L x - O -
UJ p CL OJ
CO o
>• CD P — ' — *
• cn— * to o
co o Q. >*— c
E — ' t- o _c
CD o C 4-» c_ u
i- C O CO CD O
cn _c — D E 4-»
O o p TJ E
c_ CD u C O 4-
Q_ 4J CD — O O
TJ
CD TJ
O C CD
4-» cn "O
— c
t_ CO CD
"O CD CO Q_
C 4- CD X
CD CO CD CD
Q. C p (0
X CD ID Q. L
UJ L P D O
4J </) O 4-
4-* E
• >< cn c
TJ mo o
cd o to r -
Q- — ' Z3
O O L u CD
—'Ct-CD^C-
<D jz <D <D TJ cn
> U _C CO o o
<D(D4-*<Dt-L_
tj p o l a a
>*
cn cn
CD co
CO
c
CD
u
CO
CD
CD
Q
CL
CL
CO
CO
CD
CD
c_
CD
c_ O
CD C CO
CD -C C
t- C U CD
O CD U
CO — 4-* CO
CO 4-* CD
CD CD O) L
<D Q. c_
>oo-
o ap i|
c_ —
Q- TJ C c-
E C O O
— • cd E 4-
Q
CJ
LU •
L»- CM
< •
(Ji nO
MLL , JLR SAME SAME SAME SAME
OPTIM Develop a genetic Isolate two Continue as in yr 1 Conduct linkage group Test the conditional Test the stability of
58
(A
C d) G)
•- DC
co c
t_ O) - -
4-4 C 4-> I
(A c e
l—OC—
D1 03 U (D C
CO) 0)0
X • O) 4-»
O E — D O O
4-4 4-4 H— 1—
4-» C— •— • C/5 03
0) 0) ID G) C d)
C “O C C (DC/)
0) C O •— c_ G)
O) D O M- 4-* L.
>* G)
o _c .Q
C -M
• TD >•
(A O C -Q
C _£= G)
CD 4-* <U £_
C 4-» C_ G) _Q O
(A 4-» E
•— C C/) -
G) C CO "O
C O JO G)
C — — Q.
D ~0 — » 4-» G) O
*-> • — •— H- •— i CD C — •
G) co TJ 4-» £- E E O G)
Ct-C</)~0-Q(-<- >
G) O G) C >> <D O M- <D
O) CO O 4-* CD JO O) H- ■— ~Q
0) ~0
O) (/) c
C CD
■ — (_
X G)
<D TJ (/) flJ
(ACC.
DOG)
O •— _C
•- C
C_ CD
CD E
O) t_
D C_) — C
O C CD
(A CD CD 0) G)
(A C C C (A
— .r- 0)
4-4 — ' H— — * l—
>*
C_
C
O "O c-
•— C X o
V (D -< S
•- G) -O
T) « tfl C
C Q) O CO
O C — »
0 0)0 - CD
O) •— JO
CD H- — »
(/) -C
d) <_> 4-» *D
•— 0) O 0)
"O — » 0) -X
D C
*-> — - <D •
(A CD <A — •
0)
0) O G) O
4-» <-* > D
0 0 0)1-
ID ETJ v
G)
0)
CD O
H—
G) O G) "O
D O •—
C C C t-
■- O G) -Q
4-* •*- D X
C 4-* CT.C
O CD G)
O M (/) CD
C
G) C •-
D 0) — »
Q. *-» O’ O) i C
0)0 ) E o
CD — ' C/) 1- t_ •
G) 0)0)4-'
O) “O O) -X O) CD
C C u E
•*— (D •— ID Gi L £
C U E D O O
■— * O CH-L.
CD t- O CD •— (A CD
4-' O 4-* C
C 4-* (A "O C CD
O O D C O L.
O E O CD U P
G)
O •»- G)
— H- D
O) — C
G) U •—
t- G) 4-»
Q_ C
OC— CC0t_(/)O •—
U CO 4-4 CO N O
4-4 •— 4-J X
C C- O G)
O 0) E (/) •
•— 4-» O
4-* O (- d) (/)
CD CD Q.JC w
<D E
C t_ _C
M- L_
(A CD
4-« U
G) C
— CD
G)
CD E C
O CD G) C 1- CD CO
C/)_C_Ch-G)G)C_G)
•— O 4-» O O) O) 4-*
C A »
C • I
O Q.l/1 Nl •—
•— Q . (A
4J r/i O •
t- 3:|
(A G) _C O
O G)
O >
O
G) O
D —
C —
•>- G)
4-4 00
c
O v4—
0) 4-4 (/) C UJ P
D O —
4-» O)
C C (D
O •—
O U —
0) •>-
"O 0) 4-<
C <- c
CD _Q D
O) ■ CD O
C TJ -Q —
■- G) CD L P
4-4 C 4-» O CD
— ' •— (AH- (-
D CD G)
(A 4-4 Q) GO C
G) _Q _c: cj 0)
C- O 4-» CO O)
_Q C/3 — *
> G) H -Q
JC •— G) CD
"O C -4
G) D •—
O 4-4 (A CD
C (/) CD >
CD
4-4 C 0)
C O C G)
O O c-
(_) 4-* — » CD
CD O G) L. c ^ — *
- ~D
—4 C
CD CD
G) 4-»
Q_ •—
G) *0
"O c
c o
•— o
CD 0)
0) G) E t-
O) Q. CD
(/) O G)
O (A —> (A
•>-0)0)0)
H- £_ > C_
•- CL G)
O X "O G)
G) 0) 4->
Q_ O) CD
(A SI C • —
i U ■— 4-*
X — t- —
G) x: D c
U) 3 "D «
o
W C
C J=
Q (/) P 4-»
C
=) o 3
O
G) U Q)
x: 0) c
4-4 C 4-4 •*-
O) CD T3
E •— •— G)
O G) 44 G)
C H- o C D CDl
•— H- •— A 0)
CD • 00 Nl|
4-4 Q. "O "O O
JD Q. C C i- •
O (A CD CD O JO\
G) C
P O T3 G)
(A C t—
>* (/) CD
•- — CD •-
_Q 4-4 G) 4-4
CD C CO
CD CT) •— M
4-» •— JC •—
CD 4-» 4-J "O
•»-C/)0,»-
4-4 0) •— c-
•>- > — 4 -Q
C C G) >
(A G)
>- O
(A (A
(/) x| Q. Q.
h- • a=|
o a.
a. c
CD (A —
c
•— CD CO
■O Q CJ
G) t- CQ
G) 0)
c_ > Q.
-Q O O
(/) U -4
(/)•>- G)
O -4 >
c_ G) G)
U X 13
CD C
E O
G) •- Q
4-4 4-4 C Q
C/) CD O (/)
>- M
(/) - C CD
O T3 o a
•— •>- l_
_Q t- 4-4 Q)
_Q CD >
C E O
■— jz t- a
CD O • —
4-4 "O M - •
_Q C C G)
O cd •— 3:
for future reference tionships between
Hel i coverpa spp.
and H. zea
I nheri ted Steri l i ty
(a D id
•— <1> _c c/>
t- .*_* <D
4-* •— O —
t— O)
T3 flJ r (D
O) > CO
03 C 4-*
3 — - *
C C O
4-» _Q L_ 4-*
c e ro c
O O 4-* O
O O CO O
59
CO
H- C
o —
03
>1-03
4 -* 4-» C
•— CO •—
— > (_
•— O) 03
-Q C <U
<0 I—
4-* X
co a» co co
CO CO c
03 03 O
J= O E —
4-» — 4-»
V L »>
4-* 03 03 "O
co c ~u c
03 0) c o
►— o) 3 a
> <-
i— TJ 03
03 0> JI C/3
C 4-* 4-» 03
o —
E t- O)
— 03 .C 03
03 CO C — 03
t_ — — 2 t-
Q- 03 4-*
— O) > C/3
01 L c 4J
4-* 4-* .p- —
03 C — ' O
— TJ — — t-
4-* — * _Q I— 4-*
— 03 E 03 C
C — O 4J o
*— • H— (J C/3 (J
CO
03 C.
•— C 03 CO
TD O JZ 03
3 — 4-> •--
4-» 4-» O O)
CO O 03
(_> OJ T3 P
Q jQ t_ -Q C 03
_J 03 03 03 03 t-
— 4-» 4-> 4-»
- C — > CO
o ro •— L. 4-*
CX 3 03 - - -
ac C 03 jo. — * o
— jz C ■— t-
« 4_» 4-» •*— L. 4-J
U C 03 C
LU O C H- 4-» O
”3 CJ O O GO O
CJ
O
!2
(X
OQ
TJ 03
— C TD h-
t- — O O
-Q -C —
> • p* C —
JZ E 03 O 03
t- E •— o
4-» 3 ■— 03 03 03 4-*
•- o T3 r "D r ct)C u 03
TJ — C C 4-» C 4-» O 03 L
C «J'f O 03 > — H- 13
O 43 03 O 4-4 H- u P (/) P
o c l. co > o roc—*
O p 03 03 U P E 01 D
03O)C0>4-*CCOt-t_O
JC. — 03 O 3 O 4-*
•M — O) 4-J C- — — t-H- 03
fl3Cooo4-*4-*co>3co
4-* JZ ■— 03 > — O CO C _Q GO 03
C/3 4-* X — * "U *4— C C 03 CO C
flJCJOJO)CH-:OLL-.-
| - * GO C/) 03 03 '4- O 4-> 04-*—*
— * GO
ro t_ c
C 03 o
O T —
— C P
ro
c_
03
03
C TJ C O >
O C O 4-*
ro > - *
GO GO 4-» — * O
0) L "D 03 L
— O C •• - * (- 4-*
T3 — 03 T3 — 03 C
D > 3 -Q p O
4-* 03 * P M O
G0 _C > C/3 4-* c/3
0) CD ro "O <- 03
Cl D O 03 Q. 03 dl —
4-* — * 3 E 4-* JZ O)
01 (D| O C O •- p 03
— * 03 — — o (- O 4-*
Q. n| CO P 03 03
E > C 03 _c TJ <-
O - -C O _C C C 4J
u i| Q. o p •*■ ro c/3
c_>
Q
"O GO
C > C 03
O 4-» 03 •—
— *D
(A — ’(AD
03 — 03 +-*
— H- L_ 4-* CO
TJ O 03 CO
D 4-* 03 _Q
4-* C/3 C/3 4-* 03
C/3 4-* —
o "O rol
03 03 03 Oil 03
4-* H— 4-* n| 4-*
<13 H- •— 03
— rot. ■ —
Q- ro 3:1 4P
E 03 JI —
O JZ c c c
C_J 4-* — O —
o
>
C 4-J
o - *
•< - - o
4-» •*- t_
O t_ 4-*
ro ro c
L_ 4-* O
ro c/3 o
4-* C/3
C TJ L 03
ro ro —
4-* JI 03
ro — 4-* ro
JI t_ o 4-*
4-* ro ro
r TJ l
C C C 4-*
o — ro (A
(J2
ex
c_>
Q. i
D C
O O
-X O
c
— c
— * o
4-* C/3
O 03
D ■-
tj -a
C 3
o *-*
(_3 w
TJ t- —
C>Ot-
03 — * > 03
03 TJ p
C/3 C/3 C O
03 O 03 03
C — ’ t-
ro o * ro
03 — _C
t- O O
— o o
ro h- — >ro
-c 3
4-* 4-* *D C
ro o ro •—
— * ro -X 4-*
c c
— * ro •- o
ro «-* y
Q.
O
t- TJ
Q. C
03
O 03 TJ
O —
C C t-
O 03 D
— 3 >
4-* or_c
ro ro
M CO 03
O t_
t_ ro
Q. 4-*
03
ro —
ro
03 "O
c
■- 03
03 C—
4-* O
C 4-»
o o
a E
03
- c
ro ro
U 03
c
03 L_
3 03
CT-X
ro t.
C0 03
E
O)
C 03
>
03
O
O
(A
>
r\j
C >* LTJ O >03
0'4-4-*0C4-* 4-* JZ C/3
o •*-•*- ro 4-* ro
C/3 — > C/3 '4 - * O • —
03 C — 03 *03 O'— 03
•- o t— _c >— t— jz ro
tj •— ro ro 03 "o > ro p p
3 4-* 4-* _q o 3 p p - ro
*-* O C/3 -* P 03 - C/l 3 L
C/3 03 ro|OC/3JI— 4-*
c- "O ro— 4-* 73 rol c/3
ro ro ro n | c/3 ro ^ ro rol
D 4-> pj >4-* ro •— 4-* m| —
c c — ■ £ (0 c P •*■ o
— — t- ac| CL — — (0 c- • t-
4-* 03 p E Q. 0) Z|p
crorTJTJ-flJEr c
OJZCCCCXOCCO
U 4-* — 03 03 — 03 O — — O
o
cx
C > C
O M- P O
O — 4-*
C/3 — * J= C/3
ro c — 03 ro
— O c_ — -u —
"O — 03 C TJ v+-
3 4-* 4-* 03 3 O
4-* O C/3 P->
C/3 03 03l > C/3 4-»
LTJ OP O
ro ro ro m| •— ro ro
4-* 4-» 4-* (A 4-* H-
03 C — • C 03 4-
— * — t- a:| ro — ro
Q_ 03 Q_ 4-*
E 03 JZ "O O — 03
o £: c c t- c j:
UP"- 03 Q_'— 4-*
>
P 03 C
— CO
— * — — C/3
— rsj 4-* ro
t_ •— 03 4-*
ro — * — c/3
4-* — TJ 03
C/3 L. 03 P
ro t_
TJ 4-* 03 1 LU
ro c/3 *+- rol 2:
p D O n| c
— 3 CO
t — C/3 C/3 •
ro ro 31 1
r TJ w
c c o c
— (0 TJ O
03
<- c
o
l_ •»-
> 4P
C "O
— c
o
C/3 O
03
ro
03 o
3 3
c TJ
— c
c
o o
(-3 4-*
ro
-C
* ro
C/3 4-*
4-* 03 "O
c — c
(OP®
4-* —
3 C C
E — O
03 O 03
^ > — *
4-* T3 O
03 C C/3
— to¬
co
H- C O
o o —
— V*_
C 03 —
0 03 0
— t- 03
4-* Q.
03 l- C/3
N O i
— 4-* X
L O C3
03 E (A
4-* o ‘
O U 03 C/3
03 Q. JZ w
f~ 4-» 03
03 03 C
r r 4- ro
O 4-» O O)
>
C/3 4-* C
4-* — O
O O — »
4-J 03 — 03 C
t_ c o
C/3 h- ro— —
ro ro 4-* n 4-*
— C/3—03
TJ ro — —
3 JZ TJ — TJ
4-* *-* 03 t- 03
(A P 0) L
ro — 4-»
03 C l— C/3 H—
4-* — 03 _Q O
03 E -C 3
— C- C C/3 C/3
4-* 03 — 03
•— 4-* "O GO
c ro m- c o
— T O 03 T
C/3
C/3
4-* 03
-C C C t-
03 O 03 03
Q- — 03 H—
- - - T3 O (A
jz h- c +-> c
C/3 CO 03 03
4-* T E t.
t_ C - L. 4-*
3 03 > 03
O 4-» Q_ E
O C_ — C/3 t-
o c/3 ro
03— c rol a.
ro > ro ro —3
M | CO Q- M|
JI O ~o
• ro t- . c
3:1 -Q Q. ac| (0
c^
4-»
o o
4-* 03
H—
C/3 H-
03 03
T 03
3 j: T
4-* 4-* ro
C/3 4-*
03 —
ci c t
4-* •— 03
03 E r
— t- c
4-» ro —
— 4-*
C OP
— TJ O
(A
O
TJ
=1 >
C —
O) O (A
TJ C C
C — C 03
03 N O Q.
— o
>— 4-* i_
P — 0J Q.
- 03 TJ P
— P (D £
C- GO t- 03
03 JD —
4-* 3 H - -
C/3 C/3 O H-
O •
> a
~U (AO
— C O CO —
i oj 03 — ro ro
x c H- t_ >
ro o » — Q. ro
CO — CO U X TJ
4-* 4-* 03 03
- — C Q_ 03
O P TJ 03 CO £ C
2 C C +-» i O —
4-*roo3x—t-
TJ U E «J £ 3
03 C CO 2 TJ
4_* ro *u — *
03 Q. 03 03 ro co >
— * ro -x j= c ro — * 4j
U OTC4-*OCC-C
UJ COC — 03— 030303
-a — • - * — o 03 ro E
3
u
03
o
2:
>
O)
> 03
CO
o
— 03
M - - t_
O — 4-*
C_ CO
03 03
CO P —
3 CO O
(— CD I
— tj 4-» rol
03 ro c m|
— 4-* o
4-* — o •
c 1— zc|
03 03 03
o
CL
C CO o
— 03 '4-
T> C-
03 03| O
4-i ro —
— Ml >
u (DC
03 • JI O
jc u=l ro —
C -D 4-*
— C O
O •* 3
<4- > TJ
O > 03 O
4-* O t-
C0 - - * CL
P - O 03
O — — (-
ro t_ co
ro > t
»4- 4-* SZ C
LU CO CL 03
— o c o
4 J M— —
03 EC
C E — o
ro ro — —
03
03
CO (J
03 > O 3
CO 4-* TJ
Q. O CO
o 03 ojI t_ ro
— c rol cl —
ro — m| 03
> X 03 E
ro ro • jz ro
o CO x| P 4-
o
<
LU •
-I nO
a
(j «-
LU •
u_ >4-
< •
co >o
Z fSJ
h-
CL •
O 'O
Action Area 6 - Genetics, Molecular Biology, and Basic Physiology
60
o
>3-
L_
c
in
CD
0 J
>-
CD
cd
Qj
o
c
c
o
CJ
Q.
D
o o
t- — c
CJ) 4-* Qj —
QJ -C
m c p T) i/i
CD 0) QJ L.
CD CJ) — - * •*- (U
-X — . H— QJ
C XJ CD •*“ >•
— C 4J
— ' CD C
O QJ
QJ CD "DC/)
4-* •— O) •*— D
QJ CD C O
— » >* •— C/)
Q. — ' Q. QJ >
E (D Q.C <D
O C (D QJ L.
u a) e o a
CD 4-*
QJ oj
o •- c
■— XJ QJ
4-» D CD
<D +-*
C CD H-
QJ O
CJ) O
O — C.
o
c qj
O C (/)
a* c/)
<L» CD d»
QJ CL Q.
— ' QJ
CL
E XJ
O C
CJ <D O
Q>
ro
L_
CD
a»
>-
c/>
CD
CD
3
C
ro
i_
CTJ I
CD |
I
I
C
o
CJ
xj c
CD CO
4-* CD
O >*
<D C 4-»
H- CD O •—
H- C •• - *
Qj ■— 4-» •— -
M CD C - '
QJ — CD CD
T3 4-» >
4-» •— CD CD •«-
t- C_ >
CD CD XJ l_
C 4-» H- CD U
CD O 4-* CD
E -Q
L D CD LT)
CD CD CD CD — •
4-* CD -C <D
CD M— O C •-
Q O XJ •*— *4—
CD
CD >
C •—
CD
Q.
E
O
- E
CD c_
CD CD
D Q_
CD CD
CL CD
CD "O CD
•»— C CD
XJ CD C
r\j
c_
CD
CD
>-
CD
CD
CD
ZJ
C
C
O
CJ
CD CD
CD E
C >*
CD N
CD O •
— ' O CD
XJ — ' -C 4-»
CD CD Q. C
C c- CD
O O O 4-»
— ' 4-» E D
CJ E
CD -O
CD > C — *
_C CD CD
4-» 4-» O
CD •— •—
CL — * O CD
CD CD O O
CD
CJ
CD
O C
-C XJ
CL C
i— ZJ
O O
E '4-
3 CD
CD *-*
C C
cd ro
CL 4-»
CD ZJ C_
Z E >
CD
N
CD
C
■- XJ
E <D
C— C
CD O
CD
C
o
•— (J 4-» — • iu CD
4-» CD CD O OC —•
CD C- XJ CD w U
C CD CD t— Q.
CD SI XJ -C CD O O
CD O C 4-* •*- Q.
CD CD JZ
CD «* H- CD Q. — •
D CD - O CJ C- CD
C C CD COC-
CD -C (D E Ol
4-» Q_ C O D >» H—
C Q. O ■— O" --
O CD — » _C CD O C
U E U J (D CL • —
CD
CD
C CD
CD 4-*
O CD CD
^ CL XJ CL O
0) CD C — » E
C E CD CD O C
CD O CJ O
CD O CD ■— —
4-* CD CD » 4-*
CD E O ^ CJ
D CD » CD D
CCDN0 4-»(_
•— CD O _C C 4-*
4-» CD — « CL CD CD
CO — ' C- 4-» C
O c_ (D O D O
CJ CJ w E E O
XJ
C CD
CD C
>4^ C
L CD 1
CD — » O
c_ O C
_Q CD -V
CD
CD •—
CD CD
CD
CD _C
CD 0) CL
C C E
•— CD CD
CD CD
D -C
CD
O D
•r- C
E —
O 4-»
C C
CD O
CD CJ
CD C Q CD
CD 0) O
C D CD
O CO
— » CD (_
O CD O
c
* o
CD CD •—
C (1) P D
•— CD CD C
E CD — CD
(_ CD 4-»
CD XJ O C CD CD
4 -» C O CD — * CD
CD (DLL _Q C
XJ Q. O O)
* H- L) CD
4-* - — > — ■ D
CD CD (D (D •*- XJ CD
£ > U V XJ
4-* •»— 'r— C •*“ -Q
4-» CD CD CD CD
CD O O E C O CD
CD D — ' Q. ■— CD O
C XJ O o Q_
<D O - - - i CD CD
CD L CD CD E C
Q- >s > L. XJ CD
C. <D JO Q) 0) C. i-
O L. Q. XJ CD CD 4-*
CD CD
4-* — *
C CD
— » CD SI
CD 4-» 4-*
C 3 CD
O E — '
4-* — < (D
CD >
XJ O —
XJ •— CD
CD CD CD
o a>
CD — • CJ
4-* O CD
CD JO L
Q.
O L XJ
CD O C
— E CD
CD
4-»
O
<L>
H—
*4- XJ
0) c
CD
CD
-O -
4-» X CD
CD -C
£ t/1 V
CD
— - C
—*0)0
_Q CD
CD CD 4-*
4 -» CD
CD • —
LU O XJ
>-
XJ C >s-
C O 4-> —>
CD •»— CD
>XJ 4-*
C4-»CC-
CD O ZJ O
C - - ' o E
•— 4-» •— CD
N CD L
CD •»- (D
-O — ' XJ 4-<
4-* •»— CD CD
C_ L.
0) CD XJ
C 4-* *4- CD
•— CD O 4-»
E XJ
L J CD L
CD CD CD QJ
4-* CD -£Z
qj h- o c
o o xj •—
c| QJ
o
CD 4-*
LUO
CJ CD J 4> CD
•— CD H- XJ CD
4-* _C C— C CD CD
QJ -OCDCOQJ-*
C CD — O CD C
QJ JO •— CD •—
CD (J I CJ O - O — '
O O C 1—
-C 4-» CD — * _C O U .£=
CD CD C CL •— CD
•— •*“ QJ L 4-< (J
— • 4-* EE O cd - - -
-O C L_ >*E — ’4-»_Q
CDCDQJN>3QJCD
V 4J *j O — ' Q_ C 4-»
CDDQJCDOOQJCD
LU EX- CL Q. CD QJ
CD
C CD C QJ
■- C
CD 4-* CD QJ
QJ O C- CD C CD
_Q CD — <•’—
C I- O CD CD
XJ O _Q CD U D
C *p- •— ■— O
CD 4-» — « >* CD
U QJ _Q O
O U v
CD t- CD CD O CD
Q. 4-» E — QJ L. QJ
D CD O v C QJ D
O C C — O 4-» o
L o 0) C— ' QJ L
CJ) CJ CD — . U JZ Q_
CD CD
QJ CD
CD QJ
C L.
CD CL
QJ CD
CD O
C XJ
O O
CL 4-* CD
C
QJ CD
L- C
XJ >
c
o
• D h—
z| CD O
CD
O -
CJ •— CD
O’— CD QJ CD
D) v O E 0)
CD CD — > O
-V C O N C
C QJ £ O QJ
— CD CL — ' D
- - - CT
XJ O CD QJ
x: C E CD
CD CD
CD •— H- CD C
C — » CD O 4-* Z
jd Cl c q
Cl CD X CD CD
CL 4-* O Q- 4-* XJ
CD CD l- CD D C
SI LU CD E E CD
CD
4-*
O M—
XJ QJ O
C s-
CD C
QJ O
CJ • —
•— O CD
4-* •— CD
QJ 4-» QJ
C QJ L
QJ C Q.
CD QJ X
O CD QJ
C Q. C
O QJ O
_i ro
a. •
CL >3-
3 •
(/> NO
QJ
E
O Q
C < in
QJ LU •
O -J O
Q
CJ »-
LU •
li- in
< •
in no
genetic markers, allozymes of various expression of by breeding, markers, gene mapping
gene mapping loci allozymes of various alkylating agents,
l oc i and radi at i on
OPTIM Characterize genes Isolate total RNA from Continue as in yr 1 Continue as in yr 1 Probe northern blots Complete developmental
61
U CO
— 03
H- c t-
— 03
U CD
03 c
Q.S- —
C 0 O
i (A
03 C 03
U O
C/5 •— 0)
C/5 C/5 3
•— CO C.
*-> <U —
>*
>*
C
c o
03
03
3
C
4-»
TJ CL C
C X O
03 03 U
c
o
u
C/5
0)
c
03
U 05
^ TJ
— QJ
<J C
0) o
Q. — •
C/5 O
ro
c_
><
c
(A
03
03 JC.
D 4-»
CO —
(A 3
4>
3
C
ro
c
Cfl
03
0;
3
C
4_. <
c*
o e
c
o
o
c
o
(3
C/5 QJ i 4-*
— 03 • 03 C
— ' 03 CO — ' dJ
D^CJOl-
03 (/) C C/5 03
4-* 03 — H-
C/5 — • CT> H—
03 03 C —
4-» l_ Z "D
TJ C O £X
C 0> H- E
03 E 0) O
Q_ 03 4-> L_ (A
- O — ' 03 H— d)
CM — * — — 3
OJ H- +J c (/)
TJ > O — O C/3
C OIL c
03 TJ Q. ■— +-» 4-*
TJ d)
i — c/5 •
O U 03 >* O
0) 3 (0 0) T3 - *
J It- O -Q CO
4-» 4-» O 03 -Q 03
C/5 •— C— <13 4-*
03 £_ 4-1 XI •—
N L 3 TJ 03 P (0
•—03 C S-
< - » t_ CD 03 O
03 3 O 03 C —
4-* — * <4— 03 XI — 4-*
O — * 03 4-* E 03
03 03 C/5 03 I- _C
L U 0) L E 03 4J
03 O <- O O 4-* C
-C — 3 4-» L. 03 >*
C_) _Q 4-* Cfl v+- TJ C/3
03
03 O
JZ 03
4-> S- 03 C/D
«— _C= < — '
TJ l. 3 +-» — ' O
C CO O CO >» _c
03 E H- M- JZ O
03 H- O 4-» O
- 4-* 03 O 03 — '
C/5 C/5 — * TJ E CD
t- CO C
O CO — — 03 — ' TJ
CO CO CO 03 03
L 0) C fl) to C£
3 E O -C TJ t- O
O >* Q. 4-J •— 03 C
03 M CO C Q_ 4-J 03
L. C 03 >* — C <_
CL 03 C- CO — ' — XJ
03 — *
i C *» CO 03
O — CO E C
033 TJ 03 E O L 03 M- I—
-C C- C XI L. — 04-»C_0 03 TJ
4-»4-»U03 4-*03 4-»C0C0O CO 4-» 03
CO— P 0) L >H- CO T3 C £
03 L 0) E 03 £ 3 CO — — — U
NL30)0'D+JU 03 CO Q. C
— 03 03 L. C 03 03 - *03 — 03 03
I - - C- C_ S- •»>»<— E -Q X= — XI L.
CQ 03300 >. Cfl Q.>- 4J 4-»_QcO
C/5 4-* — » H- 4-» 03 TJ O N CO C O) •— *
-3 O — ' CO CO O — - C C >* U H - O
03 03 CO 03 _Q _Q CO 03 O CO 030 >* XI
«• t- U 03 ~0 03 03 Q. v4— £ O
Z 03 _Q C- - - >4-<034-''O CO OJ C_"D4-'<J
Od £3300303£ — C 0) £ 3 C 03 - *
Q C_3C04-»03t-'4-4-»C003C_4-*C003E03
03
C
03
CO
"O
CO
05 03
c c
— o
CO — '
3 O
03 C
i 03 U i O — '
E— JZ CO — — 03
03 4-» M- Q. 4-* C
4-» £_ 03 — C_ L_ C
O 03 03 3 — I C003 — —
03 O) C- CO 03 O 4-* 03
l- CD 0J £--C Q.CXI t__0’4-
03 i- Q. H— 0)4-*E — 4->Q3CO
-C O E O _C O SZ 03
U4-*0 VO U-'T) v CO
C0UCOC'>s03CO03t-
"O O 03 03 > CD c- 03
C 03 •*— C O O C 03 TO
03 4-» CO 4-* — * C C CO — 4-» t_ CO
03 03 — 03 03 — ' 0.0(0 C/D
>L--(0lflLLfl3OCflO 4-* — J
H-330‘003t__C-C:C-_"0<-0
• — c Q_ — 4-* 3 4-» O0J — 03 03
L QJ o: E Q. Q. U U 4-4 Q. _c CO z
3NC-0 — OOH - ’ CO 03 4-- C QC
Q_— C7)U— '“O OO 03 03 J O — Q
03
03
O
03 x:
CD
OJ 4-»
H-
CD
L_
L_
C— 03
U 03
O L.
co x:
03
4-» CD
4-»
JZ
L.
CO Q_ H—
— >
4-»
03
E
o s-
cu
03 O
o
c
TJ
4J
4-» a
c
c_
c
O
CD
CD
O TJ
03
CD
c_
l_ • «
— C
4-*
c
03
D CO
4-* CD
c
CO
• p—
4-J
CO
03
• *—
CL
C/5
>- --
CO CO
o
CO
O
”3
s- O
O TJ
JZ
l_
TJ
— C
CL —
0)
o
0*
•r—
«.
L. CD
e a >
u
4-*
a
z
3 L-
o —
o
— •
CO
03
ac
Q. OJ
o —
c
CD
03
—i
o
03 L C "O
4— ' O C— 03
C H- 03 -M
0» -C 03
E -C -M 0J JZ — '
CL U C_ 4-» 4-* O
O — O 03 — CO
— c- C — "X —
03 C 4-»
> 03 03 — CO
0» L. C 4-» (0
TJ "D 03 — O 03
C CL -- C
v 03 0> T3 D 0J
C C- C CTD
03 » Q_ 03 CJ) ^
l- CO C T3 LH
03 03 - CO — 03 •
v4— 05 < 4-< _Q C nO
h- 03 Z O O O
— 4-» Od — * - - C
TJ (0 E -Q CL O —
03 >
"O (0 H-
cnoicoj —
C O) 0J 01 4J
— 03 —> C
E L >. 03 03 VV
— O *0 L TJ O
4-» 4-* O —
CO £3 4-J CO
03 C •«. 03
£ "O 4J 03 4-* L
4-» — 0J D — ' D
u h- cr □ 4-»
03 03 0J U U
C — » CO 03 D
— O 03 _Q c_
E — CL D 03 4-»
<- L D Cfl £ Cfl
03 D CL 4->
4-> CO 03
03 C 4-* C JZ
O O — — — 4-*
OJ C
C H- —
C — O 03
— Q- -c c_
O TJ
CO — ' C
TJ 03 CD
— >
Q. 03 -
— ID Cfl
— ^ C
OJ 03
c_ C O
OJ — CO
— » CO 03
DDL
O 03 —
— a >
4J OJ
3 — •
U T3 x|
<J —
I 03
OJ TD -C
C 03 4-*
O -C
- U TJ
c c
V 03 03
l_ L_
03 _Q CO
> • --
o
— ' >»x:
03 SI O
> 4-» (J
O 03 —
C E 03
CD
c
c_
03
4-*
c
— 03
03
03 CL
£1 D
4-» CL
C v4~
— O
CO CO
C— TJ
03 —
4— ’ CL
CO —
03 — '
CO
to
CD 1- •
Q. 03 (D Z| *
D £ — ' CD
OJ Q_ 4-» ZJ OJ v
C OCX
— c — — 03
E — H- 4-» C0 CO
>-
T3
c
CD 03
_C H-
Cfl 4-» O
— — D D t_
4-*OJ4-*OOJ • 0) £ O C (0
OJ C Q- 3E| > 4-i sz — -O
OJOJOJM-OJ 030 —
£ L TJ O - l - 'EOCOQ.
4-* O —
CO
03 CO •- 03 C CO
C >* L . — c
- UTJ D 03
E — O 4-* (A O
L L£ UTJ 10
03 O D — 03
CL <_
TJ O 03 — ' L_ —
03
CD 4-» — —
O O »4- CO — ' >
> C CD 03 — *
O — 4-»
C CD TJ CO — >
SI 03 03 CD
H- CJ £ C
O i U C_ (_
05 C — 03
TJ C CO 03 P
COL. XI c -
CD — ' -Q 4-* — Xl
03
OJ 03
t- C 03 D
— — -C CO
Q3 L 4J CO
£ D —
4-* "O H— 4-*
O
h- co TD
O C 03 C 4-»
O — 'CO¬
CO — O O
E co >»</) —
C— (A (J 4-* H-
03 03 O —
P L 0) 0) u
Q. H- CO 03
C X — C Q_
— 03 — » — CO
— CL
CD O i
o —• E
. — 03 O
O E > "O O 03
— 03 03 C TJ
(0 £ TJ CD CO —
JK U 3
x: o 4-* * co
CL— O 01 CD CD
_Q 03 CO 03
03 C0 3CC-
£ 13 C CD O CD
4-» C — Q. — 4-»
CD CD P *4- C
>* H- — O O 03
m - - O TJ D E
— CD TJ ^ 4i
p U CO •* O C 05
C — — 4-» 1— 03 CD
03 OJ CO C CL C C
TJ O (0 03 03 O CD
- '£ E l Q.E
CO
— * 03
CD CO
4P CO
C 03
CD <-
tj a
c
D — *
H- CD CO
O 4-*
>— O
p E QJ
— 03 CO
P£ C
c o —
03 O
TJ — C
— • JD —
CM
LTV
O
< vO
NO
-I >o
Q — ’
CD •
u_ sO
< •
c/J vO
OPTIM Characterize the key No activity With assistance of Continue as in yr 2 Continue as in yr 3 Continue as in yr
62
4-> C_
<D CD O
TJ -C
4-* O) CO •—
£- C TJ CO
O O — CD
CL _C
> O O CD
•r- 4-» 3 CO
CL CO
O E
— • <D Q.
a* 4->
> CO cd
O M
Q (/)■’-
CD O CO •— O
l— CO
CO O CO
£*♦-•*-
0) TJ
4-* <D
C/5 — * TJ
-Q C
C/5 •—
-d C/5 •—
3 » CO 4J L.
CD
E
>« -C
<d
C/5
C C O
O O 3
>* Q-— C C
•— u
to c
CD 3
O C N C/5 4-* O CD
O C CD O
C >4- —
c -a
>* c
C/5 CD
o
a> a> — « i
— . 4_» n: — -
O ID C >»
L- H— t_ _C C/5
CD 4-* TJ
— » O 4-* <!)••—
CD — C E CL
o — » •— •—
— o c — *
O) -Q — ' • —
O CD CD CD TJ
4-* > _C cd
O 05 O CJ XI
C * O
CO O) C
xtj a» c cd
xi c -c o i_
Q_ CD 4-» — ' _Q
•— c
o •—
o
C/5 C
C/5 CD
CD -I
CL
O I
CD — »
l— <D 4-> •
(J H- 4-»
n *c_oo
>* =3 CD
OJ CD O > L
XI 3 C/5 4-* CO
4-» XI •*- XI
4-» <D — ' CJ
ai cd x: —
Q. 4-j _Q * i
CO C 4-»
CD >* CD
E CO TJ
>. O
O >
4-» 0)
O TJ
O
TJ -
4-» CO
CO CD
O 4-»
CL CD
CO
>» CD
CO
o
C XI
<d
4-» 4-» CD CO
CD E > U
JO L. CD 3 .
4-» CD O
C 4-* TJ CD
> CD C C_
CO TJ CD Q_
<D
c —
CD CD _C
M TJ C
CD
C-
CO
CD
CD
x:
i
CD
sz
4-»
3
<D
4->
4-»
CD
CL
CD
XI
CD
H-
H-
3
C
H—
O
CD
L_
O
TJ
E
(D
CO
• «—
c
C
4-*
•*—
— »
o
CD
CD
c
CO
>-
o
-Q
o
4-»
-Q
4-»
CO
x:
•r—
CD
u
TJ
C
o
CL
CD
>
4-*
c
C
CD
4-»
c_
GO
■ »—
CD
3
3
O
O
“3
4-»
E
H—
O
TJ
E
O
CL
>-
CD
CD
*
CD
CD
TJ
E
CD
4-»
4-J
Z
-C
C
o
XI
CD
CD
DC
O
4J
CD
CJ
4-*
— »
E
O
z
o
CD
O
c
o
CO CD 4-» Vf- 3
E .c o O o
TJ <D 4-* C -r-
C 4-< 3 TJ 4-»
(D (0 LH- C D
> O CD O
— ' CO H- TJ
CD C TJ TJ
O CD CD •*— C
CD — ' O CD CO
CO U _Q CO CD TJ
O ■-
— ' E CO CO O CD Q.
O CD C CD •*— C
— XI O SZ C_ t_ — *
CO O CL 4-> 3 CD
> O CO C 4-*l_
_C= •— CD >» H- C CD
CL -Q C_ CO O - - -
CD •
>* — TJ
M CO C
C >s CD
CD XI
CL CO * CO
0) C CO i — '
r ci o t — ' o co
4-» _c ■«- 4-* ■— >. r 3 co
4-» ♦-* o Q.-C o O 4->
CD U CD — 4-» O C U
N TJ c CO — ' a» — ' CD 3
— C 3 C E CD CO TJ
C_ CD 4- — c_ O O
CD CD — * "O t_ t_
4-» CO — ' H- — ' CD <D4-» Q_
OEC0O3CXI —
CD CD O O C_ O C CD
C_ 4-» CD CD C 4-»
CD CO OJ4-*4-»4-* CD TJ CO
.CSKOCODCt— CCD
(_) CO — ' O •— JQ CD 3
C\i
>o
TJ
—i ro
CL •
Q_ -O
Z) •
GO nO
63
Appendix A. Committee Memberships
HELIOTHIS /HELICOVERPA WORKSHOP
CHAIRMAN - D. D. Hardee, Stoneville, MS
COORDINATOR OF WORKING PLAN - J. E. Powell, Brookings, SD
J. R. Coppedge, NPL
Beltsville, MD
R. M. Faust, NPL
Beltsville, MD
Steering Committee
D. D. Hardee
Stoneville, MS
A. C. Bartlett
Phoenix, AZ
P. D. Lingren
College Station,
H. Ober lander
Gainesville, FL
R. S. Soper, NPL
Beltsville, MD
H. M. Gross J. E. Powell
Tifton, GA Brookings, SD
T. J. Henneberry
Phoenix, AZ
Co-Coordinators
Action Area 1 - Host Plant Resistance
W. L. Parrott B. R. Wiseman
Mississippi State, MS Tifton, GA
Action Area 2 - Chemical Control and Application Technology
L. D. Chandler I. W. Kirk
Tifton, GA College Station, TX
Action Area 3 - Ecology and Population Dynamics
J. R. Raulston T. L. Wagner
Weslaco, TX Mississippi State, MS
Action Area 4 - Behavior Modifying Chemicals
E. R. Mitchell T. N. Shaver
Gainesville, FL College Station, TX
Action Area 5 - Biological Control
M. R. Bell S. M. Ferkovich
Stoneville, MS Gainesville, FL
Action Area 6 - Genetics, Molecular Biology, and Basic Physiology
J. E. Carpenter S. K. Narang
Tifton, GA Fargo, ND
Registration and Local Arrangements Committee
J. R. Coppedge
Beltsville, MD
J. D. Lopez
College Station, TX
TX
P. D. Lingren
College Station, TX
J. R. Raulston
Weslaco, TX
64
Appendix B. Workshop Agenda
Heliothis /Helicoverpa Workshop
Revise and Update National Plan
St. Anthony Hotel
300 E. Travis
San Antonio, Texas
September 16-19, 1991
Monday, September 16
1:00 - 7:00 p.m. Registration - Anacacho Foyer
7:30 - 9:00 p.m. Steering Committee, National Program Staff,
Co-Coordinators - LaFitte Room
Tuesday, September
7:00 - 12:00 Noon
8:30 a .m.
8: 35 a.m.
8: 40 a.m.
8:55 a.m.
9:05 a.m.
9:20 a.m.
9:35 a.m.
9:50 a.m.
10:00 a.m.
17
Registration - Anacacho Foyer
Opening Session - Anacacho
Moderator - D. Hardee
Introductory Comments - D. Hardee
Welcome - Earl King
Objectives and Charge to Workshop - J. Coppedge and
R. Faust
Historical Perspective of National Heliothis
Suppression Plan - J. Menn
Comments from Industry - D. Allemann
Comments from Consultants - R. Green
Comments from National Cotton Council - A. Jordan
Discussion
Break - Balcony
65
Action Area 1 - Host Plant Resistance
Moderator - W. Parrott
10: 30 a.m.
HPR in Corn - B. Wiseman
10:50 a.m.
HPR in Soybean - L. Lambert
11:10 a.m.
HPR in Cotton - W. Meredith
11:30 a.m.
HPR and Transgenic Plants - J. Jenkins
11:50 a.m.
Discussion
12:00 Noon
Lunch
Action Area 2 - Chemical Control and Application Technology
Moderator - I. Kirk
1:30 p.m.
History of Heliothis/Helicoverpa Control - J. Phillips
1:50 p.m.
Influence of Regulatory Agencies - P. Martin
2:05 p.m.
Chemigation - L. Chandler
2:20 p.m.
Application Technology - F. Bouse
2:35 p.m.
Status of Resistance - G. Elzen
2:50 p.m.
Discussion
3:00 p.m.
Break - Balcony
Action Area 3 - Ecoloav and Population Dynamics
Moderator - J. Raulston
3:30 p.m.
Biology and Ecology: Know and Don't Know - J. Graves
3:45 p.m.
Movement - W. Wolf
4:00 p.m.
Dynamics of Source Populations - J. Raulston
4:15 p.m.
Modeling: Know and Don't Know - T. Wagner
4:30 p.m.
Genetic Fingerprinting - S. Narang
4:40 p.m.
Experiences in Genetic Marking - A. Bartlett
4: 50 p.m.
Discussion
5:00 p.m.
Adjourn
66
Wednesday,
September 18 - Anacacho
Action Area 4 - Behavior Modifvina Chemicals
Moderator - E. Mitchell
8:30 a . m.
Pheromones - J. Tumlinson
8:45 a .m.
Plant Chemicals - T. Shaver and R. Teranishi
9:05 a.m.
Area-Wide Suppression with Attracticides - P. Lingren
9:20 a.m.
Traps - J. Lopez
9:35 a.m.
Kairomones - J. Lewis
9:50 a.m.
Discussion
10:00 a.m.
Break - Balcony
Action Area 5 - Biological Control
Moderator - S. Ferkovich
10:30 a.m.
Pilot Tests for 1992 - D. Hardee
10: 40 a.m.
Area-Wide Use of NPV - R. Bell
11:00 a.m.
Mass-Rearing - J. Roberson
11:20 a.m.
Nematodes - E. Cabanillas
11:35 a.m.
In-Vitro Rearing of Parasites - W. Nettles
11: 50 a.m.
Discussion
12:00 Noon
Lunch
Action
Area 6 - Genetics, Molecular Bioloqv, and Basic Phvsioloqv
1:20 p.m.
Moderator - S. Naranq
Taxonomy - R. Poole
1:30 p.m.
Basic Physiology - D. Nelson
1:40 p.m.
Molecular Biology - S. Miller
1:55 p.m.
Control of Sex Pheromone Production - A. Raina
2:10 p.m.
Inherited Sterility - J. Carpenter
2:25 p.m.
Backcross Sterility - M. Laster
A. Raina
67
2:40 p.m.
Backcross Sterility and Microbes: Molecular
Approach - M. Degrugillier
2:50 p.m.
Discussion
3:00 p.m.
Break - Balcony
Moderator - D. Hardee
3:30 p.m.
General Discussion, Instructions for Breakout Sessions
5:00 p.m.
Adjourn
6:00 p.m.
Attitude Adjustment
7:30 p.m.
Dinner - Georgian
Moderator - Ed King
Keynote Speaker - Ms. Gen Long, Vice-President for
Communications, American Ag Women, and Member,
Users Advisory Board, Mission, Texas
Thursday, September 19
8:30 a . m.
Breakout Sessions
Action Area 1 - Bowie
Action Area 2 - Alamo
Action Area 3 - LaSalle
10:00 a.m.
Break - Outside Bowie
10:30 a.m.
Breakout Sessions
Action Area 4 - Alamo
Action Area 5 - LaSalle
Action Area 6 - Bowie
12:00 Noon
Adjourn
1:30 p.m.
Working Session for Steering Committee, National
Program Leaders, Co-Coordinators - Prepare National
Plant (LaFitte)
Appendix C
ARS Scientists Working on Heliothis/Helicoverpa
ARS Area & Location
Beltsville Area
Beltsville, MD
Hidsouth Area
Mississippi State,
Stoneville, MS
Midwest Area
Ames, IA
Peoria, IL
Columbia, MO
Northern Plains Area
Scientist
Action Areas
Poole, R. W. 6
Raina, A. K. 4
MS Jenkins, J. N. 1
Olsen, R. L. 3
Parrott, W. L. 1
Roberson, J. L. 5 & 6
Wagner, T. L. 3
Willers, J. L. 3
Bell, M. R. 5
Elzen, G. W. 2 & 5
Hardee, D. D. 5
Hendricks, D. E. 3 & 4
Lambert, L. 1
Laster, M. L. 6
Meredith, W. R. 1
Mulrooney, J. E. 2
Powell, J. E. 5
Scott, W. P. 2
Womac, A. R. 2
Wilson, R. L. 1
Dowd, P. F. 2
Barry, B. D. 1
Coudron, T. A. 5
Darrah, L. L. 1
Greenstone, M. H. 3 & 5
Ignoffo, C. M. 5
McIntosh, A. H. 5
Rice, W. C. 5
Steiner, W. W. M. 5
Buckner, J. S. 6
Degrugillier , M. E. 6
Krueger, C. M. 6
Narang, S. K. 3 & 6
Nelson, D. R. 6
Total
SY
0.3
1.0
0.1
0.2
0.9
0.8
0.3
0.4
1.0
1.0
0.3
1.0
0.1
1.0
0.1
0.5
1.0
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.8
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.6
0.3
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.3
Fargo, ND
69
Pacific West Area
Phoenix, AZ
Albany, CA
Fresno, CA
South Atlantic Area
Gainesville, FL
Athens, GA
Tifton, GA
Bartlett, A. C.
Cohen, A. C.
Henneberry, T. J.
Eash, J. A.
Elliger, C.
Kint, S.
Light, D. M.
Teranishi, R.
Waiss, A. C.
Vail, P. V.
Doolittle, R. W.
Ferkovich, S. M.
Greany, P. D.
Heath, R. R.
Mayer, M. S.
McLaughlin, J. R.
Miller, S. G.
Mitchell, E. R.
Oberlander, H.
Tea, P. E. A.
Tingle, F. C.
Tumlinson, J. H.
Schlotzhauer , W. S.
Severson, R. F.
Snook, M. E.
Carpenter, J. E.
Chandler, L. D.
Gross, H. R.
Hamm, J. J.
Lewis , W. J.
Lynch, R. E.
Sumner, H. R.
Widstrom, N. W.
Wiseman, B. R.
Jackson, D. M.
2 & 3 0.3
5 0.4
2 0.1
1 0.5
1 0.5
4 0.5
4 0.5
3 & 4 0.2
1 0.5
5 0.3
4 0.1
5 1.0
5 0.5
4 0.2
4 0.1
4 0.3
6 1.0
4 0.3
5 & 6 0.2
4 0.8
4 0.8
4 & 5 0.4
4 0.1
1 Si 4 0.7
1 S< 4 0.2
5 Sc 6 0.5
2,5,6 0.6
4, 5, 6 0.8
5 0.5
4 Sc 5 0.8
1 0.1
2 0.5
1 0.4
1 Si 6 0.5
1 Si 4 1.0
Oxford, NC
70
Southern Plains Area
Lane, OK
Weslaco, TX
Pair, S. D.
King, K. G.
Nettles, W. C.
Nordlund, D. A.
Raulston, J. R.
Wolf enbarger , D. A.
3 & 4 0.3
1 0.7
3 & 4 1.0
2 0.2
2 1.0
2 1.0
3 & 4 1.0
3 & 4 1.0
3 & 4 1.0
3 & 4 1.0
3 1.0
5 0.1
5 0.1
5 0.1
3, 4, 5 0.7
2 & 4 1.0
College Station, TX Altman, D. W.
Beerwinkle, K. R.
Bouse, L. F.
Kirk, I. W.
Latheef, M. A.
Lingren, P. D.
Lopez, J. D.
Shaver, T. N.
Westbrook, J. K.
Wolf, W. W.
Grand Totals: 85 Scientists; 17 Locations; 44.7 SY's.
71
Appendix D. List of Attendees
HELIOTHIS /HELICOVERPA WORKSHOP
San Antonio, Texas
September 16-19, 1991
Don Allemann
Ciba-Geigy
P. O. Box 11422
Greensboro, NC 27409
Enrique Cabanillas
USDA, ARS
2413 E. Hwy 83
Weslaco, TX 78596
Al Cohen
USDA, ARS
2000 E. Allen Road
Tucson, AZ 85719
Dean Barry
USDA, ARS
Univ. of Missiouri
Columbia, MO 65211
Steve Calhoun
Dept, of Agronomy
Louisiana State Univ.
Baton Rouge, LA 70803
James Coppedge
USDA, ARS, NPA
Bldg 005, BARC-West
Beltsville, MD 20705
Allen Bartlett
USDA, ARS
4135 E. Broadway
Phoeniz, AZ 85040
Jim Carpenter
USDA, ARS
P. O. Box 748
Tifton, GA 31793
Tom Coudron
USDA, ARS
Res. Park, Route K
P. 0. Box 7629
Columbia, MO 65205
Ken Beerwinkle
USDA, ARS
Route 5, Box 808
College Station, TX 77840
Ray Carruthers
USDA, ARS
Tower Road, Cornell Univ.
Ithaca, NY 14853
Mo Degrugiller
USDA, ARS
P. O. Box 5674
Columbia, MO 65205
Marion Bell
USDA, ARS
P. O. Box 346
Stoneville, MS 38776
Frank Carter
National Cotton Council
P. O. Box 12285
Memphis, TN 38182
Bill Denton
938 E. Cromwell Ave.
Fresno, CA 93710
Fred Bouse
USDA, ARS
Route 5, Box 810
College Station, TX 77840
Bob Cartwright
Oklahoma State Univ.
WWAREC Box 128
Lane, OK 74555
Galal El-Sayer
USDA, ARS
Bldg. 467, BARC-East
Beltsville, MD 20705
Keith Branly
Pacific Biocontrol
719 2nd St . , No. 12
Davis, CA 95616
Jim Cate
USDA, CSRS
Room 330, Aerospace Bldg.
Washington, DC
Joe Ellington
Plant Path. & Weed
Science Dept.
NM State University
Las Cruces, NM 88003
Jim Brazzel
USDA, APHIS, S&T
Moore Air Base
Route 3, Box 1000
Edinburg, TX 78539
Larry Chandler
USDA, ARS
P. O. Box 748
Tifton, GA 31793
Gary Elzen
USDA, ARS, SIML
P. O. Box 346
Stoneville, MS 38776
James Buckner
USDA, ARS
1605 W College St.
P. 0. Box 5674
Fargo, ND 58105
R. Dean Christie
MOBAY Corp.
28003 Rocky Hollow
San Antonio, TX 78258
Ritchie Eyster
USDA, ARS
Route 5, Box 808
College Station, TX 77840
72
R. M. Faust
USDA, ARS, NPA
Bldg. 005, BARC-West
Beltsville, MD 20705
Harry Gross
USDA, ARS
P. O. Box 748
Tifton, GA 31793
J. Shane Jackson
USDA, ARS
Route 5, Box 808
College Station, TX 77840
Steve Ferkovich
USDA, ARS
1700 SW 23rd Drive
P. O. Box 14565
John Hamm
USDA, ARS
P. O. Box 748
Stoneville, MS 38776
Mike Jackson
USDA, ARS
P. O. Box 1555
Oxford, NC 27565
John Fortino
Mobay
6077 Barton Point Dr.
Auston, TX 78733
D. D. Hardee
USDA, ARS, SI ML
P. O. Box 346
Stoneville, MS 38776
Johnie Jenkins
USDA, ARS, CSRL
P. 0. Box 5367
Miss. State, MS 39762
Ed Gage
FMC Corp.
P. O. Box 380622
San Antonio, TX 78280
Aubrey Harris
Delta Brach Expt. Stn.
P. O. Box 197
Stoneville, MS 38776
Andy Jordan
National Cotton Council
P. O. Box 12285
Memphis, TN 38182
Jim Gaggero
Pacific Biocontrol
719 2nd St . , No. 12
Davis, CA 95616
Don Hendricks
USDA, ARS, SI ML
P. O. Box 346
Stoneville, MS 38776
Armon Keaster
1-87 AGRIC
University of Missouri
Columbia, MO 65211
Jerry Graves
Dept, of Entomology
Louisiana State Univ.
Baton Rouge, LA 70803
Tom Henneberry
USDA, ARS
4135 E. Broadway Road
Phoenix, AZ 85040
Earl King
USDA, ARS
7607 Eastmark Dr., Ste 230
College Station, TX 77840
Patrick Greany
1700 SW 23rd Drive
P. O. Box 14565
Gainesville, FL 32605
Gary Herzog
Dept, of Entomology
Univ. of Minnesota
St. Paul, MN 55108
Ed King
USDA, ARS, SARL
2301 S. International
Weslaco, TX 78596
Reed Green
P. 0. Box 590
Ag Services of Texas
Wharton, TX 77488
Marvin Hielman
UAP Seed Co.
2514 82nd St., Suite H
Lubbock, TX 79423
Buddy Kirk
USDA, ARS
Route 5, Box 808
College Station, TX 77840
Matt Greenstone
USDA, ARS
Research Park, Route K
P. 0. Box 7629
Columbia, MO 65205
Tom Holt
Sandoz Crop Protection
1906 Exeter Rd., Suite
Germantown, TN 38138
109
Phil Kirsch
Biocontrol Limited
719 2nd St. , Suite 12
David, CA 95616
Bill Grefenstette
USDA, APHIS
6505 Belcrest Rd.
Hyattsville, MD 20782
Joe Hope
Rhone-Poulenc
P. O. Box 12014
Res. Triangle Park, NC
27709
Amy Korman
Mississippi State Univ.
Drawer EM
Miss. State, MS 39762
73
Bill Lambert
University of Georgia
P. O. Box 1209
Tifton, GA 31793
Sid Mayer
USDA, ARS
1700 SW 23rd Drive
P. O. Box 14565
Gainesville, FL 32604
Bill Nettles
USDA, ARS
2413 E. Hwy . 83
Weslaco, TX 78596
Lavone Lambert
USDA, ARS
P. O. Box 346
Stoneville, MS 38776
Arthur McIntosh
USDA, ARS
P. O. Box 7629
Columbia, MO 65205
Sam Pair
USDA, ARS
P. O. Box 159
Lane, OK 74555
Marion Laster
USDA, ARS
P. 0. Box 346
Stoneville, MS 38776
John McLaughlin
USDA, ARS
1700 SW 23rd Drive
P. O. Box 14565
Gainesville, FL 32604
Bill Parrott
USDA, ARS
P. O. Box 5367
Miss. State, MS 39762
Ab Latheef
USDA, ARS
Route 5, Box 808
College Station, TX 77840
Julius Menn
USDA, ARS
NAL Bldg., BARC-West
Beltsville, MD 20705
Delvar Peterson
USDA, ARS
Route 5, Box 808
College Station, TX 77840
Joe Lewis
USDA, ARS
P. O. Box 748
Tifton, GA 31793
Bill Meredith
USDA, ARS
P. O. Box 386
Stoneville, MS 38776
Jake Phillips
Department of Entomology
University of Arkansas
Fayetteville, AR 72701
Doug Light
USDA, ARS
800 Buchanan Street
Albany, CA 94710
Stephen Miller
USDA, ARS
1700 SW 23rd Drive
P. O. Box 14565
Gainesville, FL 32604
Robert Poole
USDA, ARS
Bldg 046, BARC-West
Beltsville, MD 20705
Bill Lingren
Treci Inc.
P. O. Box 6278
Salinas, CA
Tom Miller
Dept, of Entomology
University of California
Riverside, CA 92521
Tom Popham
USDA, ARS
1301 N. Wester St.
Stillwater, OK 74075
Pete Lingren
USDA, ARS
Route 5, Box 808
College Station, TX 77840
Everett Mitchell
USDA, ARS
1700 SW 23rd Drive
P. O. Box 14565
Gainesville, FL 32604
Janine Powell
USDA, ARS
RR 3
Brookings, SD 57006
Ms. Gen Long
128 Rio Grande Dr.
Mission, TX 78572
Joe Mulrooney
USDA, ARS
P. 0. Box 350
Stoneville, MS 38776
Bert Quisumbing
Hereon Environ. Co.
Aberdeen Road
Emigsville, PA 17318
Juan Lopez
USDA, ARS
Route 5, Box 808
College Station, TX 77840
Karl Narang
USDA, ARS
P. O. Box 5674
Fargo, ND 58105
Ashok Raina
USDA, ARS
Bldg. 467, BARC-East
Beltsville, MD 20705
Paul Martin
Texas Dept, of Agric.
P. O. Box 12847
Austin, TX 78711
Dennis Nelson
USDA, ARS
P. O. Box 5674
Fargo, ND 58105
Jim Raulston
USDA, ARS
2413 E. Hwy 83
Weslaco, TX 78596
74
Jon Roberson
USDA, ARS
P. O. Box 5367
Miss. State, MS 39762
Ben Rogers
ICI Americas Inc.
1200 S. 47th St.
Richmond, CA 94804
Paul Schleider
USDA, ARS
Route 5, Box 808
College Station, TX 77840
Ray Severson
USDA, ARS
P. O. Box 5677
Athens, GA 30613
Ted Shaver
USDA, ARS
Route 5, Box 808
College Station, TX 77840
Bill Showers
USDA, ARS
Ankeny Res. Farm, Box 45B
Ankeny, IA 50021
John Simonette
Pacific Biocontrol
719 2nd St. , No. 12
Davis, CA 95616
Jim Smith
USDA, ARS
P. O. Box 5367
Miss. State, MS 39762
Gordon Snodgrass
USDA, ARS
P. O. Box 346
Stoneville, MS 38776
Bill Steiner
USDA, ARS
Research Park, Route K
P. O. Box 7629
Columbia, MO 65205
Roy Teranishi
USDA, ARS
800 Buchanan St.
Albany, CA 94710
Don Thomson
USDA, ARS
1700 SW 23rd Drive
P. O. Box 14565
Gainesville, FL 32604
Fred Tingle
USDA, ARS
1700 SW 23rd Drive
P. O. Box 14565
Gainesville, FL 32604
Jim Tumlinson
USDA, ARS
1700 SW 23rd Drive
P. O. Box 14565
Gainesville, FL 32604
Pat Vail
USDA, ARS
2021 S. Peach Avenue
Fresno, CA 93727
Terry Wagner
USDA, ARS
P. O. Box 5367
Miss. State, MS 39762
Tony Waiss
USDA, ARS
800 Buchanan Street
Albany, CA 94710
Mike Wallace
Texas Pest Mngmt. Assoc.
8000 Centre Park Drive
Austin, TX 78754
Ken Ward
USDA, ARS
P. O. Box 346
Stoneville, MS 38776
John Westbrook
USDA, ARS
Route 5, Box 808
College Station, TX 77840
Jeff Willers
USDA, ARS
P. O. Box 5367
Miss. State, MS 39762
Dick Wilson
USDA, ARS
P. O. Box 748
Tifton, GA 31793
Bill Wiseman
USDA, ARS
P. O. Box 748
Tifton, GA 31793
Wayne Wolf
USDA, ARS
Route 5, Box 808
College Station, TX 77840
Dan Wolfenbarger
USDA, ARS
P. O. Box 267
2413 E. Hwy 83
Weslaco, TX 78596
David Zimmer
USDA, ARS
P. O. Box 5677
Athens, GA 30613
-£U.S. Government Printing Office : 1992 - 311-368/60070
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11