Historic, Archive Document
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[sou
A-u-O* ited States
' ' » oartment of
Pg4^0 — " iculture
Forest Service
Rocky Mountain
Forest and Range
Experiment Station
Fort Collins,
Colorado 80526
General Technical
Report RM-GTR-290
/u^sf
Literature on Wildlife Research
in the Madrean Archipelago:
1800s— 1994
Michael L. Morrison, Paul R. Krausman,
Maite Sureda, and Lisa M. Fox
leceivedby: J$ O
Indexing Branch
Morrison, Michael L., Krausman, Paul R., Sureda, Maite and Fox, Lisa M.
1997. Literature on wildlife research in the Madrean Archipelago: 1800s-
1994. General Technical Report RM-GTR-290. Fort Collins, CO: USDA
Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 54 p.
Abstract: A literature search was accomplished on faunal studies conducted from the
1880s to 1994 in southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, northeastern Sonora,
and northwestern Chihuahua. The search was conducted at the Science and Engineering
Library at the University of Arizona, Tucson using Quick Search, a computer retrieval
system. Abstracts or comments for publications are presented for birds (514), mammals
(82), and amphibians and reptiles (21). Information is presented for taxonomic affiliation,
geographic distribution, natural history and ecology, conservation and management, and
ongoing studies.
Keywords: amphibians, Arizona, avifauna, Chihuahua, literature search, mammals,
Mexico, New Mexico, reptiles, Sonora.
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Cover art by Joyce Patterson
USDA Forest Service
General Technical Report RM-GTR-290
March 1997
Literature on Wildlife Research in the
Madrean Archipelago: 1800s - 1994
Michael L. Morrison, Paul R. Krausman, Maite Sureda, and Lisa M. Fox
Wildlife and Fisheries Science Program
School of Renewable Natural Resources
University of Arizona
Tucson, Arizona
SPONSOR:
USDA Forest Service
Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station1
' Headquarters is in Fort Collins, Colorado
Contents
Page
INTRODUCTION 1
METHODS 2
AVIFAUNA 2
TAXONOMIC AFFILIATION 2
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION 2
NATURAL HISTORY AND ECOLOGY 3
CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT 3
ONGOING STUDIES 3
MAMMALS 4
TAXONOMIC AFFILIATION 4
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION 4
NATURAL HISTORY AND ECOLOGY 5
CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT 5
AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 5
CONCLUSIONS 5
SELECTED REFERENCES AND ABSTRACTS FROM
BORDERLANDS STUDIES 6
AVIFAUNA (ARRANGED CHRONOLOGICALLY) 6
Geographic Distribution 6
Regional 6
Statewide 8
Species -Specific 9
Natural History and Ecology 11
General 11
Breeding 24
Conservation and Management 27
Grazing 27
Fire 28
Exotics 30
Riparian Systems -Water Issues 30
Cowbird Parasitism 30
Thick-billed Parrot 31
Gallinaceous Birds 32
Doves and Pigeons 33
Raptors 33
Other Topics 34
MAMMALS (ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY) 36
Lagomorpha 36
Rodentia 36
Carnivora 43
Artiodactyla 43
Exotic Species 49
AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 50
RECENT RELATED CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS 54
iii
Literature on Wildlife Research in the
Madrean Archipelago: 1800s-1994
Michael L. Morrison, Paul R. Krausman, Maite Sureda, and Lisa M. Fox
INTRODUCTION
Federal and state land management agencies, in
cooperation with local landowners, have initiated
an ecosystem program, the Borderlands Ecosystem
Management Program, on approximately 400,000
ha in the San Bernardino- Animas area of south-
eastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico.
The project area is a unique, relatively
unfragmented, landscape containing an unbroken
series of natural communities ranging from desert
grasslands to mixed conifer forests. This area has
been selected by the Coronado National Forest to
implement and demonstrate ecosystem manage-
ment strategies. Much of the information gained
from this project can be extended to management
of the larger Madrean Archipelago biogeographi-
cal region.
The Madrean Archipelago, a region having
exceptional biodiversity and great biogeographic
interest, is that portion of the Basin and Range
Physiographic Province south of the Rocky Moun-
tains and north of the Sierra Madre Occidental in
southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico,
northeastern Sonora, and northwestern Chihua-
hua. Lowlands of this region support Sonoran
Desert and thornscrub vegetation to the west,
Chihuahuan Desert to the east, and desert grass-
lands occupy much of the center of the region.
Depending on elevation, isolated mountain ranges
support oak (Quercus spp.) and pine (Pinus spp.) -
oak woodlands, pine forests, and, on the highest
ranges, spruce (Picea spp.) -fir (Abies spp.) forests.
The flora of this region is a diverse mixture of
endemic, Rocky Mountain, and Madrean species,
and is one of the most floristically diverse areas in
North America. Individual mountain ranges may
support up to 1,000 different native species.
The Borderlands Ecosystem Management
Program area is under multiple ownership and
administration. Fifty-three percent of the land is
privately owned, 23 percent is administered by the
states of Arizona and New Mexico, 17 percent is
administered by the Coronado National Forest,
and 7 percent is administered by the Bureau of
Land Management. As a result, this partnership
program represents a joint effort in ecosystem
management among private land owners and state
and federal entities.
An important component of this program is to
gather technical information on wildlife resources
in the borderlands area, relate this information to
soil, water, and vegetation resources, and use this
information as the basis for formulating and
designing a field experiment to evaluate wildlife
responses to different management treatments.
The proposed field experiment is conceptually a
replicated study performed on important vegeta-
tion-soil associations representative of the project
area. The experiment would answer questions
concerning the influence of a wide range of man-
agement activities including fire, grazing, herbi-
cides, supplemental fertilizers (carbon additions),
mechanical treatments, and climate changes (water
additions) on ecosystem responses. The treatments
examined by this study would be replicated on
several areas representing the most important
vegetation-soil associations on the project area.
Soil, plant, water, and wildlife responses to treat-
ment would be coordinated and studied simulta-
neously on all study sites, or on satellite areas
where special study design configurations are
required to more adequately evaluate a resource
response.
The above approach, while appealing, requires
careful development of a research plan that inte-
grates the many environmental factors that influ-
ence wildlife. The goal of this cooperative agree-
ment is to identify and prioritize current wildlife
research issues and develop an integrated plan for
1
conducting wildlife research in the borderlands.
This integration will be coordinated with similar
efforts developed for vegetation, watershed, soils,
and related resources.
METHODS
We conducted a literature search on faunal
studies performed in southeastern Arizona, south-
western New Mexico, northeastern Sonora, and
northwestern Chihuahua. The search at the Sci-
ence and Engineering Library at the University of
Arizona was accomplished using a computer
retrieval system called QuickSearch, which ac-
cesses numerous databases. We used 11 databases
when conducting our search: BIOSIS PREVIEWS;
Life Sciences Collection; Enviroline; Pollution
Abstracts; CAB Abstracts (formerly Common-
wealth Agricultural Bureaux); Environmental
Bibliography; NTIS (National Technical Informa-
tion Service); PASCAL; Zoological Record Online;
CA Search (Chemical Abstracts Search); and
SciSearch. These databases contained literature
current through approximately 1994.
BIOSIS PREVIEWS consists of research con-
ducted froml969 in the biological and biomedical
sciences. Life Sciences Collection includes abstracts
from worldwide research literature from 1978 in
biology, medicine, biochemistry, ecology, microbi-
ology, agriculture, and veterinary sciences.
Enviroline incorporates the world's environmental
related information from 1971 in areas such as
management, planning, technology, science,
geology, biology, and law. Pollution Abstracts
contains references from 1970 on environmentally
related technical literature on pollution, its
sources, and its controls. CAB Abstracts consist of
information on agriculture from 1984. Environ-
mental Bibliography involves periodicals on
human and animal ecology, air, energy, land
resources, water resources, and health and nutri-
tion from 1973. The NTIS incorporates summaries
from 1964 on United States government-sponsored
research development and engineering. PASCAL
contains physics, chemistry, life sciences, applied
sciences and technology, earth sciences, and
information sciences from 1973. Zoological Record
Online provides coverage from 1978 of the world's
zoological literature with particular emphasis on
systematic /taxonomic information. The CA Search
includes applied chemistry, biochemistry and
biology, and organic and inorganic chemistry from
1967. SciSearch is a multidisciplinary index to the
literature of science, technology, and biomedicine
covering 1974.
AVIFAUNA
TAXONOMIC AFFILIATION
Approximately half of the species-specific
papers were concentrated on 4 taxonomic groups:
hawks-owls (53 papers), gallinaieous birds (49),
sparrows and sparrow-like birds such as finches
and grosbeaks (41), and flycatchers (30). Hum-
mingbirds (25), doves-pigeons (25), and corvids
(17) were groups that also had high concentrations
of species-specific papers. Minimal work has been
conducted on warblers and vireos (11 total), which
is surprising considering conservationist concern
over the apparent declines of these species in
North America.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
We found approximately 100 papers primarily
concerned with the geographic distribution of
birds in Arizona. Of these, about 20 covered the
general statewide distribution of birds, which
included reference to the borderlands, 40 pertained
to distribution in the borderlands, and 40 con-
cerned the distribution of specific species in the
borderlands.
Workers began reporting bird distribution in the
1880s, although accounts were brief and scarce;
until 1920, less than 25 papers had been published
on bird distribution in the region. Likewise, only
about 15 papers were published during the 1930s
and 1940s. A substantial increase in publications
about distribution occurred in the 1950s and 1960s
with over 30 papers published. Phillips et al. (1964)
published their renowned "The birds of Arizona"
during this period. The general distribution of
most birds is now known due to the extensive
survey work done from the 1940s through 1970s.
Work declined after the 1970s, and post-1980s had
the lowest publication of distribution papers.
2
Key regional publications include Brandt (1951)
"Arizona and its bird life," and Friedmann et al.
(1950) and Miller (1957) both titled "Distributional
check-list of the birds of Mexico." Some species
lists, such as Osgood (1903) "A list of birds ob-
served in Cochise County, Arizona" and Smith
(1908) "Some data and records from the Whetstone
Mountains, Arizona" can be used as qualitative
comparisons with more recent survey data.
Important statewide works include Phillips et
al. (1964) "The birds of Arizona," Bailey (1928)
"Birds of New Mexico," and Swarth (1914) "A
distributional list of the birds of Arizona." There
have been no state or region-wide summaries
published since Phillips et al. (1964). However, the
Arizona Department of Game and Fish has orga-
nized a large volunteer effort designed to catalog
the breeding distribution of all birds in the state.
Scheduled for completion by 2002, this effort
should provide an excellent, albeit cursory, update
on the distribution of breeding birds. No similar
effort has been initiated in New Mexico.
The literature contains numerous first-sighting
observations, various extraliminal occurrences,
and a few notes on birds of recent management
concern (e.g., becard [Pachyramphus aglaiae], trogon
[Trogon elegans]). Major species (or groups of
species) receiving attention were cowbirds
(Molothrus spp.), thick-billed parrots (Rhynchopsitta
pachyrhyncha), gallinaceous birds, especially the
masked bobwhite (Colinus virginianus ridgwayi),
doves and pigeons, and raptors.
NATURAL HISTORY AND ECOLOGY
Slightly over 300 papers have been published on
avian natural history in the borderlands; about 75
of these primarily concern breeding biology.
Approximately 30 of these publications relate to
general natural history studies through the 1950s.
The record reveals extensive interest in describing
nest locations and egg description during the early
1900s; a notable paper is Marshall's (1957) "Birds
of pine-oak woodland in southern Arizona and
adjacent Mexico." A substantial increase in publi-
cation began in the 1960s and continues to date.
Most recent studies can be classified as ecological
in nature, rather than descriptive as typified earlier
work. Many papers have been published on
raptors (>50), sparrows (40), gallinaceous birds
(25), flycatchers (20), and hummingbirds (20).
CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT
Little was written about conservation and
management before 1920. Interest began to rise in
the 1920s and 1930s with publications concentrat-
ing on the status of quail and doves, and the
cowbird's impact on other species. There was a
large increase in publications during the 1960s and
1970s primarily due to interest in fire cycles and
gallinaceous birds and to changes in riparian
areas. The publication rate has continued to rise
with special interest in grazing, fire, and parrots.
Much of the recent interest in grazing and fire
can be attributed to publications by C. and J. Bock
based on their work concerning National
Audubon's Research Ranch Sanctuary near Elgin,
Arizona. Although the general ecological literature
contains many publications on grazing, fire, and
riparian issues, there are few studies specifically
aimed at these topics and their impact on birds.
There are no papers on fragmentation, corridors,
the role of exotic animals, disease, human distur-
bance, and the direct impact on birds.
Species-specific studies of rare and other species
of high interest (primarily game birds) predomi-
nate, although most publications are restatements
of problems or plans to conduct research or man-
agement. This is especially evident with the parrot,
Mearn's quail (Cyrtonyx montezumae) , and the
masked bobwhite.
ONGOING STUDIES
There is an effort by many public and private
agencies to determine the reasons for the apparent
decline of neotropical migrant birds, and to estab-
lish baseline data on abundances for future deter-
minations of number trends. The multiagency
organization, Arizona Partners in Flight (PIF), has
compiled the only current list of projects currently
underway in the state. We reviewed the 1995 list
(available from S. Sferra, Nongame Branch, Ari-
zona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix) for
projects currently conducted in the borderlands
region. The projects are divided into research (6),
3
monitoring (14), and management (2) topics by
PIF. The monitoring studies included several
major bird-counting efforts on the Coronado
National Forest; 3 concerned the southwestern
willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii), recently
listed under Endangered Species Act. No studies
were being conducted on the effects of grazing,
exotic species (plants or animals), fire, or fragmen-
tation on birds.
A compilation of ongoing studies has not been
completed for New Mexico. However, S. Williams,
New Mexico Department of Game and Fish has
initiated numerous studies in southwestern New
Mexico (S. Williams, pers. commun.), These stud-
ies include general breeding bird surveys, and
specific studies on elegant trogons, whiskered
screech owls (Otus trichopsis), grasshopper spar-
rows (Ammodramus savannarum) , and various
hummingbirds.
The Arizona Breeding Bird Atlas will soon
provide site-specific data on breeding birds and
establish a computerized database on statewide
distribution and abundance. The overall purpose
of the project (similar projects are being conducted
nationwide) is to identify the distribution and
relative abundance of breeding birds in Arizona,
and to document future range changes. This
information will provide direction for further
habitat assessments for selected priority species
and will increase our knowledge of breeding',
distribution, and areas of significant concentration.
MAMMALS
TAXONOMIC AFFILIATION
Eighty-two research papers addressed mamma-
lian fauna in the borderlands including a general
treatise by Mearns (1907). Of the other 81, 3 were
about lagomorphs, 33 were about rodents, 6 were
about carnivores, and 39 were about ungulates.
The subject of all lagomorph papers was the
black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus calif ornicus). One
compared densities between rangelands in fair and
good condition, 1 covered the contribution of
shrub pruning to litter input, and 1 discussed
diets.
Rodent papers concerned the genera Chaetodipus,
Dipodomys, Microdipodops, Neotoma, Onychomys,
Perognathus, Peromyscus, Reithrodontomys,
Sigmodon, and Spermophilus. Four papers ad-
dressed bird species simultaneously, 9 addressed
ants simultaneously, and 8 addressed interactions
among rodent species. Of the 33 rodent papers
(including those that addressed other species
simultaneously), 18 involved habitat use, trophic
relationships, and foraging strategies (topics with
considerable overlap). Five concerned spatial
distribution including 1 specifically on home range
size. Four were management oriented. Two in-
volved reproductive biology. Each of the following
were addressed by 1 paper: activity patterns, den
sites, paleoecology, population dynamics, and
methodology (measurement of granivory).
Four of the carnivore papers were exclusively
about coyotes (Canis latrans): 1 on the incidence of
leptospirosis, 1 on the activity patterns of differ-
ent-age pups, 1 on diet, and 1 on the response to
liquid bait devices. The fifth carnivore paper was
on the effects of predator (i.e., coyote, bobcat [Felis
rufus], red-tailed hawk [Buteo jamaicensis], great-
horned owl [Bubo virginianus]) exclusion on rodent
abundance. The sixth paper reviewed the status of
the jaguar (Felis onca) in the southwest.
Of the 39 papers written on ungulates, topics
included the use of sacaton grasslands by javelina
(Tayassu tajacu), habitat use of sympatric popula-
tions of bighorn (Ovis canadensis) and mule deer
(Odocoileus hemionus), and disease of Barbary
sheep (Ammotragus lervia), and bighorn. The
remaining 33 papers were about bighorn sheep: 5
on general management strategy; 4 on the status
of a herd; 3 on post-release study results; 3 on
habitat characteristics; 3 on conservation; 2 each on
social structure, fire, attitudes, extinction probabili-
ties, disease and parasites, and recreational use of
bighorn; and 1 each on reproductive strategy,
movement patterns, and habitat use.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
Recent mammalian study in the Southwest has
largely ignored the topic of geographic distribu-
tion. Of the 82 mammalian papers, only 4 con-
cerned distribution to a considerable degree, and
only 2 (Brown and Henry 1981, Mearns 1907)
covered distribution as the primary topic. Brown
and Henry (1981) discussed distribution of Coues
4
deer (Odocoileus virginianus couesi), and Mearns
(1907) provided historical reference for current
benchmark distribution data. Two bighorn studies
(Krausman et al. 1979, Watts 1979) focused on the
status of a herd and addressed the distribution of
the respective herd.
Papers are exclusively from studies in Arizona
and New Mexico. For general distribution data,
the best sources are books such as Mammals of
Arizona (Hoffmeister 1986), Mammals of New Mexico
(Findley 1975), Mammals of Chihuahua (Anderson
1972), and Leopold's (1959) midlife of Mexico.
NATURAL HISTORY AND ECOLOGY
Of the 82 mammalian papers, 43 were primarily
ecological and 18 dealt with natural history. The
most comprehensive natural history report was by
Mearns (1907). Species receiving the most atten-
tion in more recent times include the rock squirrel
(Spermophilus spp.) coyote, and bighorn. Included
among the natural history literature are 5 papers
about social structure and reproductive traits (4 on
bighorns) and 5 papers about movement patterns
(4 on bighorns). Diet and the presence of a disease
account for 3 papers each.
Ecologically oriented papers were most preva-
lent for rodents. A broad scope of rodent ecology
has been examined, especially from research sites
in southeastern Arizona. There is an emphasis on
the interaction of rodents and other species, niche
segregation, foraging strategies, and granivory
and its affects on the plant community.
CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT
Management literature was most predominant
for ungulates. The ungulate literature is composed
primarily of bighorn papers, and bighorn manage-
ment is the most common topic. Bighorn manage-
ment is the primary theme of 21 papers including
5 status reports for individual populations. The
broadest scope of management concern is in Neal
(1974) "Desert bighorn sheep in Arizona — in the
year 2000."
Some papers are not included among the 11
management papers but are related to manage-
ment. For example, Bavin's (1980) "Post-release
study of desert bighorn sheep in the Big Hatchet
Mountains, New Mexico" was classified as a
natural history paper because it focused on move-
ment patterns; however, it also documented a
management activity.
The 6 papers on carnivores were readily appli-
cable to management, and 1 of the jackrabbit
papers offered management implications. Manage-
ment papers from the rodent literature included 2
on livestock impacts (Bock et al. 1984, Heske and
Campbell 1991), 1 on the response to burning
(Bock and Bock 1978), and 1 on farming impacts
(Mellink 1985). The rodent literature seemed to be
the most abstract.
AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES
Only 22 papers addressed reptiles and amphib-
ians in the borderlands. Life history and habitat
papers dominated (10), while 12 papers covered
new species, species descriptions, venom charac-
teristics, parasites and disease, predation, coexist-
ence, hybridization, and changes related to habitat.
There was no single arena that authors concen-
trated on, and many of the published papers were
notes.
CONCLUSIONS
The history of faunal research in the border-
lands is similar to many wild animal studies. Early
(late 1800s to 1960s) work concentrated on deter-
mining what species occurred in the borderlands.
The majority of current work concerns various
aspects of ecology without particular emphasis in
any specific topic. An exception is work in estab-
lishing monitoring programs for tracking changes
in bird abundance over time. Ecological papers on
mammals have emphasized the interaction be-
tween rodents and other species, niche segrega-
tion, foraging strategies, and the effects of
grainivory on the plant community. If an area of
emphasis does exist for birds, it is the study of rare
and endangered species. Funding available
through Arizona Game and Fish Department's
Heritage program has stimulated work in this
area. Bighorn sheep, coyotes, and rock squirrels
have received the most attention in mammalia
natural history papers. Management papers for
mammals have focused on the states and propaga-
tion of bighorn sheep.
Concomitant with the general rise of the envi-
ronment movement during the 1970s was an
increase in conservation-related studies in the
borderlands. Although some early discussion
included the apparent negative impacts of live-
stock grazing on wildlife, little quantitative work
was conducted before the 1980s. Likewise, al-
though studies on fire began earlier than those on
grazing, little work was conducted before the
1980s. Outside of the literature on ungulates and
the general treatise of Mearns (1907), no papers
were found that were published before 1973. The
literature on ungulates includes several from the
1950s and 1960s on bighorns. Ungulate papers
have retained a steady presence in the literature
throughout the latter half of the 20th century. The
rest of the mammal literature reflects an increase
in research beginning in the mid-1980s and con-
tinuing to the present, with a proliferation of
rodent work.
There is an dichotomy within the mammalian
literature between the rodent and ungulate mate-
rial. Most rodent papers have been published in
Ecology, Journal of Mammalogy, or other similar
journals. Reflecting the preponderance of bighorn
literature in the ungulate material, the most preva-
lent forum for publication has been the Desert
Bighorn Council Transactions.
Efforts were initiated in the early 1990s to
develop statistically valid data bases about the
distribution and abundance of birds throughout
the region. Several major monitoring studies were
initiated on the Coronado National Forest, and the
statewide breeding bird atlas includes the border-
lands. State and federal agencies hope that these
monitoring projects will allow quantitative evalua-
tion of bird number changes in the future. In
addition, several monitoring efforts were initiated
on rare and endangered species, including the
Mexican spotted owl (Strix occidentalis lucida),
southwestern willow flycatcher, elegant trogon,
and buff-breasted flycatcher (Empidonax fulvifrons).
However, no detailed analyses are being con-
ducted on the influence of specific, human-in-
duced environmental modifications on birds,
mammals, or reptiles and amphibians. For ex-
ample, although our review found an increasing
interest in the effects of fire, grazing, and other
environmental perturbations on birds since the
1980s, no studies have been initiated during the
1990s.
Thus, the influence of changes in numerous
aspects of the environment on fauna need study.
The USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest
and Range Experiment Station, are instituting
studies to develop methods of restoring ecosys-
tems to conditions that existed during the early
1800s. As such, studies are needed to evaluate the
response of animals to varying successional pat-
terns. In addition, renewed efforts are needed to
determine the impacts of fire, grazing, exotic
plants, and animals (including feral), and other
impacts on animals at varying spatial scales. No
work has been conducted on the influence of
vegetation size, habitat fragmentation, or the
usefulness of corridors linking disjunct habitats.
The influence of human disturbance on animals,
especially rare and endangered species, needs to
be researched. These subjects should receive more
attention as ecosystem management evolves and
policy-makers are faced with decisions requiring
indicators of ecosystem health. The recent work by
De Bano et. al (1995) is a positive beginning to-
ward providing this important information.
SELECTED REFERENCES AND ABSTRACTS
FROM BORDERLANDS STUDIES
AVIFAUNA
(ARRANGED CHRONOLOGICALLY)
Geographic Distribution
Regional
1880s
Baird, S. F. 1859. Birds of the boundary. Report on
the United States and Mexican boundary survey
by W. H. Emory, Washington, D.C. 20(2):l-32.
Brewster, W. 1885. Additional notes on some birds
collected in Arizona and the adjoining province
of Sonora, Mexico, by Mr. F. Stephens in 1884,
with a description of a new species of Ortyx.
Auk 2:196-200.
Stephens, F. 1885. Notes on an ornithological trip
in Arizona and Sonora. Auk 2:225-231.
6
COMMENT: Running account of the birds observed
on a trip from Tucson to the Gulf of California.
Allen, J. A. 1893. List of mammals and birds
collected in northeastern Sonora and northwest-
ern Chihuahua, Mexico on the Lumholtz ar-
chaeological expedition, 1890-92. Bull. Amer.
Mus. Nat. Hist. 5(3):27-42.
1900-1920
Osgood, W. H. 1903. A list of birds observed in
Cochise County, Arizona. Condor 5:128-131.
COMMENT: Annotated list of 72 species; provides
abundance and residency status for a site near
Willcox in 1894-95.
. 1903. A list of birds observed in Cochise
County, Arizona. Condor 5:149-151. Annotated
list of 51 species.
Swarth, H. S. 1904. Birds of the Huachuca Moun-
tains, Arizona. Pac. Coast Avi. 4:1-70.
Willard, F. C. 1905. On bicycle and afoot in the
Santa Catalina Mountains. Condor 18:156-160.
COMMENT: A running account of birds observed
in May 1904.
Smith, A. P. 1908. Some data and records from the
Whetstone Mountains, Arizona. Condor 10:75-78.
COMMENT: Brief accounts of birds observed in
the summer months.
Swarth, H. S. 1908. Some fall migration notes from
Arizona. Condor 10:107-116.
COMMENT: Annotated list of 109 species of birds
observed in the Rincon and Huachuca Moun-
tains, Arizona.
Gilman, M. F. 1909. Some owls along the Gila river
in Arizona. Condor 11:145-150.
COMMENT: Observations on Bubo virginianus,
Aluco pratincola, Otus trichopsis {-Otus asio),
Speotyto cunicularia, Glaucidium phalaenoides, and
Micropallas whitneyi.
Still, D. A. 1919. Observations taken at Madera
Canyon, in the Santa Rita Mountain, between
June 1st and June 14th, 1919. Ool. 36:191.
1921-1940
Kimball, H. H. 1921. Notes from southern Arizona.
Condor 23:57-58.
COMMENT: Accounts of birds observed at Tucson,
the Chiricahua Mountains, Willcox, and Yuma.
Bailey, F. M. 1922. An Arizona feeding table. Auk
39:474-481.
COMMENT: Birds observed during the winter of
1920-21 at the foot of the Santa Rita Mountains.
. 1923. Birds recorded from the Santa Rita
Mountains in southern Arizona. Pac. Coast Avi.
15:1-60.
. 1923. Notable migrants not seen at our
Arizona bird table. Auk 40:393-409.
. 1924. An Arizona valley bottom. Auk
41:423-432.
COMMENT: Birds observed in the Santa Cruz
Valley near Continental, Arizona.
Swarth, H. S. 1929. The faunal areas of southern
Arizona: a study in animal distribution. Proc.
Calif. Acad. Sci. 4th ser. 18:267-383.
COMMENT: Accounts of 164 species and subspe-
cies of birds.
Van Rossem, A. J. 1930. Report on a collection of
land birds from Sonora, Mexico. Trans. San
Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 6:237-304.
COMMENT: Includes comments on Arizona
specimens.
Walsh, L. L. 1933. Notes from southern Arizona.
Auk 50:124.
COMMENT: Trogon ambiguus, Crotophaga
sulcirostris, Dendroica vixens are recorded.
1941-1960
Anderson, A. H. 1947. Birds notes from southeast-
ern Arizona. Condor 49:89-90.
COMMENT: Accounts of 9 species; Wood Duck is
new to the state list.
Friedmann, H., L. Griscom, and R. T. Moore. 1950.
Distributional check-list of the birds of Mexico.
Pac. Coast Avi. 29:1-202.
COMMENT: Mentions Arizona distribution in
many of the general accounts of species.
Brandt, H. 1951. Arizona and its bird life. The Bird
Research Foundation, Cleveland. 725pp.
COMMENT: Extensive observations, chiefly of
nesting, of southeastern Arizona birds.
Wallmo, C. O. 1951. Range, distribution and
wildlife inventory of species on Fort Huachuca
area. Ariz. Game and Fish Comm. Proj. 46-R-l,
job no. 3:1-30.
COMMENT: Includes a report on turkey and
various species of quail.
. 1951. General wildlife surveys of the Fort
Huachuca wildlife area. Ariz. Game and Fish
Comm. Proj. 46-R-2, job no. 2:1-10.
7
COMMENT: Data on populations and nesting of
band-tailed pigeons, turkey, and quail.
American Museum of Natural History. 1957. The
Southwestern Research Station of the American
Museum of Natural History, Portal, Arizona.
COMMENT: Contains a list of 200 species of birds
most from a list compiled by A. R. Phillips.
Miller, A. H. 1957. Distributional check-list of the
birds of Mexico. Pac. Coast Avi. 33:1-436.
George, W. 1958. Records of eastern birds from the
Chiricahua Mountains of Arizona. Auk 75:357-359.
COMMENT: An account of the observation of
birds in the Chiricahua Mountains of Arizona
while based at Silver Spur Ranch.
Tanner, J. T. and J. W. Hardy. 1958. Summer birds
of the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona. Amer.
Mus. Novit. 1866:1-11.
COMMENT: Accounts of 114 species.
Harrison, B. [= W. I.]. 1960. Winter bird-population
study at Ranch pond in arid country. Aud. Field
Notes 14:356.
COMMENT: Near Nogales, Arizona.
1961-1980
Elliott, B.G. 1961. An annotated checklist of spring
and early summer birds for the northeastern
quarter of the Chiricahua Mountains of south-
eastern Arizona. Chiricahua National Monu-
ment, Willcox, Arizona.
Harrison, B. [= W. I.]. 1961. Winter bird-population
study at Ranch pond in arid country. Aud. Field
Notes 15:372.
COMMENT: Near Nogales, Arizona.
Tucson Audubon Society. 1964. Birds of southeast-
ern Arizona. Tucson Audubon Soc. 32pp.
Lane, J. A. 1965. A birdwatcher's guide to south-
eastern Arizona. L. and P. Photography, Santa
Ana, Calif. 46pp.
Ligon, J. D., and R. P. Balda. 1968. Recent data on
summer birds of the Chiricahua Mountains
area, southeastern Arizona. Trans. San Diego
Soc. Nat. Hist. 15:41-50.
ABSTRACT: There are 167 species listed from 1964
to 1966 breeding seasons. Golden eagles and
prairie falcons decreased in numbers; harlequin
quail and several species of hummingbirds and
cavity-nesters increased in numbers. The eastern
bluebird was established as a breeding species
(as compared to Tanner and Hardy 1958).
Lammers, G. E. 1970. The Late Conozoic Benson
and Curtis Ranch Faunas from the San Pedro
Valley, Cochise County, Arizona. Ph.D. Thesis,
Univ. Ariz., Tucson. 193pp.
1980
Mead, J. I., E. L. Roth, T. R. Van Devender, and D.
W. Steadman. 1984. The late Wisconsonian
vertebrate fauna from Deadman Cave, southern
Arizona. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 20:
247-276.
Davis, W. A. 1990. Birds in southeastern Arizona.
Third ed. Audubon Society, Tucson.
COMMENT: Updates the accounts of species and
provides current suggestions on where to look
for popular birds, including Sonora, Mexico.
Statewide
1800s
Rhoads, S. N. 1892. The birds of southeastern
Texas and southern Arizona observed during
May, June and July, 1891. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila.:98-126.
COMMENT: Accounts of 126 species from Ari-
zona.
1900-1920
Swarth, H. S. 1914. A distributional list of the birds
of Arizona. Pac. Coast Avi. 10:1-133.
COMMENT: Contains 362 species and subspecies,
a hypothetical list of 24 species, and a bibliogra-
phy up to 1914.
1921-1940
Wyman, L. E., and E. F. Burnell. 1925. Field book
of birds of the southwestern United States.
Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 308pp.
Bailey, F. M. 1928. Birds of New Mexico. New
Mex. Dept. Game and Fish. 807pp.
COMMENT: Incidental mention of habits and
occurrence of several species of birds m Arizona.
McCabe, T. T. 1936. Endemism and the American
Northwest. Wilson Bull. 48:289-302.
COMMENT: Most of Arizona is included in the
region of greatest endemism.
Phillips, A. R. 1939. The faunal areas of Arizona,
based on bird distribution. M.S. Thesis, Univ.
Ariz., Tucson. 62pp.
8
1941-1960
Pitelka, F. A. 1941. Distribution of birds in relation
to major biotic communities. Amer. Midland
Nat. 25:113-137.
COMMENT: Some Arizona species are included in
the examples.
Smith, G. T. 1941. Birds of the Arizona desert.
Doubleshoe Publishing, Scottsdale, Arizona.
O'Connor, J. 1945. Hunting in the southwest.
Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 279 pp.
COMMENT: Information on habits and distribu-
tion of turkey, Gambel's quail, Mearn's quail,
white-winged dove in Arizona.
Phillips, A. R. 1946. The birds of Arizona. Ph.D.
Thesis, Cornell Univ. Ithica, N. Y., 498 pp.
Poor, H. H. 1946. Western habitats. Aud. Mag.
48:207-211.
COMMENT: A running account of birds from the
mountain peaks to the desert in Arizona.
Phillips, A. R. 1947. Records of occurrence of some
southwestern birds. Condor 49:121-123.
COMMENT: Some of the records pertain to New
Mexico.
Pitelka, F. A. 1948. Notes on the distribution and
taxonomy of Mexican game birds. Condor
50:113-123.
COMMENT: Includes measurements of Lophortyx
gambelii gambelii from Arizona and mentions
that Zenaida asiatica winters in southern Arizona.
Phillips, A. R. 1951. Complexities of migration: a
review with original data from Arizona. Wilson
Bull. 63:129-136.
1961-1980
Martin, P. S. 1961. Southwestern animal communi-
ties in the late Pleistocene. Pages 56-66 in L. M.
Shields and J. L. Gardner, eds. Bio-ecology of
the arid and semi-arid lands of the Southwest.
Symp. N.M. Highlands Univ. Las Vegas, N.M.,
1958.
COMMENT: Gives altitudinal records of 85 breed-
ing birds of the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona.
Monson, G., and A. R. Phillips. 1964. An anno-
tated check list of the species of birds in Ari-
zona. Pages 175-248 in C. H. Lowe, ed. The
vertebrates of Arizona, Univ. Ariz. Press, Tuc-
son.
Lowe, C.H. 1964. The vertebrates of Arizona. Univ.
of Arizona Press, Tucson.
COMMENT: Annotated descriptions of the distri-
bution and habitat affinities of vertebrates
throughout Arizona.
MacArthur, R. H. 1964. Environmental factors
affecting bird species diversity. Am. Nat. 98:387-
397.
COMMENT: The results were tested on the slopes
of the Chiricahuas and at Tucson but did not
always agree.
Phillips, A., J. Marshall, and G. Monson. 1964. The
birds of Arizona. Univ. Ariz. Press, Tucson.
220pp.
COMMENT: The most detailed summary of sight
and breeding records for birds in Arizona.
Cook, R. E. 1969. Variation in species density of
North American birds. Syst. Zool. 18:63-84.
COMMENT: High density in Arizona.
Species-specific
1800s
Brewster, W. 1881. Notes on some birds from
Arizona and New Mexico, with a description of
a supposed new Whip-poor-will. Bull. Nuttall
Ornith. Club 6:65-73.
Price, W. W. 1888. Xantus's Becard (Platypsaris
albiventris) in the Huachuca Mountains, south-
ern Arizona. Auk 5:425.
Poling, O. C. 1891. Groove-billed Ani (Crotophaga
sulcirostris) in Arizona. Auk 8:313-314.
COMMENT: One collected in May 1888 in the
Huachuca Mountains, Arizona.
Brewster, W. 1898. Occurrence of the Spotted
Screech Owl (Megascops aspersus) in Arizona.
Auk 15:186.
COMMENT: In the Huachuca Mountains, Ari-
zona.
Lusk, R. D. 1899. New nesting location of Rivoli
Hummer (Eugenes fulgens). Osprey 3:140-141.
COMMENT: In the Huachuca Mountains, Ari-
zona.
1900-1920
Breninger, G. F. 1901. The Painted Redstart. Con-
dor 3:147-148.
COMMENT: Observations in the Santa Rita and
Huachuca Mountains.
Loomis, L. M. 1901. An addition to the A.O.U.
Check-List. Auk 18:109-110.
9
COMMENT: Dendroica nigrifrons collected in the
Huachuca and Chiricahua Mountains.
Breninger, G. F. 1905. The English Sparrow at
Tucson, Arizona. Auk 22:408.
COMMENT: The first record at Tucson.
Brown, H. 1911. The English Sparrow at Tucson,
Arizona. Auk 28:486-488.
COMMENT: Account of its arrival and its habits.
Lincoln, F. C. 1927. Status of the Yellow-legs in
Arizona. Condor 29:164-165.
COMMENT: Totanus flavipes collected by E. A.
Mearns in 1892 at the San Bernardino Ranch in
southeastern Arizona.
1921-1940
Wetmore, A. 1935. The Thick-billed Parrot in
southern Arizona. Condor 37:18-21.
COMMENT: In the Chiricahua, Dragoon, Galiuro,
and Graham Mountains; notes on habits.
1941-1960
Blake, E. R. 1942. Mexican Dipper in the Huachuca
Mountains, Arizona. Auk 59:578-579.
van Rossem, A. J. 1942. Fuertes Red-tailed Hawk
in northern Mexico and Arizona. Auk 59:450.
COMMENT: In the Chiricahua Mountains.
Peet, M. M. 1948. The Prothonotary Warbler in
Arizona. Condor 50:134.
COMMENT: At Cave Creek in the Chiricahua
Mtns.
Phillips, A. R. 1949. Nesting of the Rose-throated
Becard in Arizona. Condor 51:137-139.
COMMENT: In the Santa Cruz River drainage.
Pulich, W. M. 1952. The Arizona Crested Fly-
catcher in Nevada. Condor 54:169-170.
COMMENT: Includes notes on Arizona distribu-
tion.
Salt, G. W. 1952. The relation of metabolism to
climate and distribution in three finches of the
genus Carpodacus. Ecol. Monog. 22:121-152.
COMMENT: Includes maps of breeding ranges of
C. cassinii and C. mexicanus.
Gibbs, R. H. Jr., and S. P. Gibbs. 1956. Rose-
throated Becard nesting in the Chiricahua
Mountains, Arizona. Wilson Bull. 68:77-78.
Thornburg, F. 1956. Rose-breasted Grosbeak in
Arizona. Condor 58:447.
COMMENT: Observed at Madera Canyon, Santa
Rita Mountains, and at Patagonia.
Binford, L. C. 1958. First record of the Five-striped
Sparrow in the United States. Auk 75:103.
COMMENT: At the mouth of Madera Canyon,
Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona.
Levy, S. H. 1958. A new United States nesting area
for the Rose-throated Becard. Auk 75:95.
COMMENT: In Guadalupe Canyon, Cochise
County, Arizona.
. 1958. A possible United States breeding area
for the Violet-crowned Hummingbird. Auk 75:350.
COMMENT: In Guadalupe Canyon, Cochise
County, Arizona.
. 1959. Thick-billed Kingbird in the United
States. Auk 76:92.
COMMENT: In Guadalupe Canyon, Cochise
County, Arizona.
Stophlet, J. J. 1959. Nesting concentration of Long-
eared Owls in Cochise County, Arizona. Wilson
Bull. 71:97-99.
COMMENT: Near Tombstone.
Zimmeran, D. A., and S. H. Levi. 1960. Violet-
crowned Hummingbird nesting in Arizona and
New Mexico. Auk 77:470-471.
COMMENT: In Guadalupe Canyon, Cochise
County, Arizona.
1961-1980
Westcott, P. W. 1964. Invasion of Clark Nutcrack-
ers and Pinon Jays into southeastern Arizona.
Condor 66:441.
Carter, D. L., and R. H. Wauer. 1965. Black Hawk
nesting in Utah. Condor 67:82-83.
COMMENT: Incidental mention of nesting at
Patagonia, Arizona.
Ohmart, R. D. 1968. Breeding of Botteri's sparrow
Aimophila botterii in Arizona USA. Condor
70:277.
Sheppard, J. M. 1968. Berylline and Violet-crowned
Hummingbirds in Arizona. Auk 85:329.
COMMENT: In Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca
Mountains, Arizona.
Ohmart, R. D. 1969. Dual breeding ranges in
Cassin Sparrow (Aimophila cassinii). Page 105 in
C. C. Hoff and M. L. Riedesel, eds. Physiological
systems in semiarid environments, Albuquer-
que, Univ. NM Press.
Phippips, A. R., S. Speich, and W. Harrison. 1973.
Black-capped gnatcatcher: a new breeding bird
for the USA with a key to the North American
species of Polioptila. Auk 90:257-262.
10
Tomlinson, R. E., S. H. Levy, and J. J. Levy. 1973.
New distributional records of breeding Mexican
ducks. Condor 75:120-121.
Gregg, G. G. 1977. Robins extending breeding
range into Tucson. West. Birds 8:103-104.
Zimmerman, D. A. 1978. A probable Nutting's
flycatcher in southwestern New Mexico. West-
ern Birds 9:135-136.
Rea, A. M. 1980. Late pleistocene and holocene
turkeys in the southwest USA. Nat. Hist. Mus.
Contrib. Sci. 330:209-224.
COMMENT: Late Quaternary turkey remains
from 17 southwestern sites are analyzed. The
living turkey (M. g. merriami Nelson) is a parallel
Mesoamerican component that was imported
and became feral with the breakdown of south-
western cultures that had occurred at least by
A.D. 1450.
>1980
Church, J. 1982. Southernmost nesting record for
the mountain bluebird. West. Birds 13:35.
Piest, L. A. and L. K. Sowls. 1982. Records of
American widgeon breeding in Arizona. West-
ern Birds 12:54.
Bowers, R. K., JR, J. B. Dunning, Jr. 1987. Nutting's
flycatcher (Myiarchus nuttingi) from Arizona.
Am. Birds 41:5-10.
COMMENT: Nutting's flycatcher is a common
inhabitant of thorn-shrub and open forest from
central Sonora south along the west coast of
Mexico and Central America as far as Hondu-
ras. Notes careful identification is necessary to
confirm presence or absence in Arizona.
Bowers, R. K. Jr. 1988. Three breeding records and
recent sightings of northern saw-whet Owls in
southeastern Arizona USA. Southwest Nat.
33:376-377.
Hubbard, J.P. and J. W. Shipman. 1994. Couch's
kingbird in New Mexico. NM Ornithol. Soc.
Bull. 22:8-12.
Natural History and Ecology
General
1800s
Scott, W. E. D. 1885. Winter mountain notes from
southern Arizona. Auk 2:172-174.
COMMENT: Running account of the birds ob-
served in the Santa Catalina Mountains from
November 26-29, 1884.
Poling, O. C. 1890. Notes on Eugenes fulgens. Auk
7:402-403.
COMMENT: In the Huachuca Mountains, Ari-
zona.
. 1890. The presence of McCown's and the
Chestnut-collared Longspur in southern Ari-
zona, near the Mexican border. Ornith. and Ool.
15(5):71.
COMMENT: At Fort Huachuca during February
and March.
Breninger, G. F. 1897. Barn Swallows in southern
Arizona. Osprey 2(9):117.
COMMENT: Nesting at Elgin, Santa Cruz County.
Willard, F. C. 1898. Quails going to roost. Osprey
2:134.
COMMENT: Scaled Quail near Tombstone.
Barrows, W. B. 1899. The English Sparrow (Passer
domesticus) in North America.
U.S. Dept. Agric. Div. Econ. Ornith. and Mammal.
Bull. 1:1-405.
COMMENT: Present at Camp Huachuca in the
summer of 1886.
Breninger, G. F. 1899. Gambel's Quail. Osprev
3:84-85.
COMMENT: Observations in southern Arizona.
Henninger, W. F. 1899. Note on the Spotted
Screech Owl (Megascops tnchopsis). Osprey 4:29.
COMMENT: In the Huachuca Mountains, Ari-
zona.
Howard, O. W. 1899. Some of the summer fly-
catchers of Arizona. Bull. Cooper Ornith. Club
1:103-107.
COMMENT: Observations on the Sulphur-bellied,
Olivaceous, and Buff-breasted Flycatchers.
1900-1920
Lusk, R. D. 1901. In the summer home of the Buff-
breasted Flycatcher. Condor 3:38-41.
COMMENT: Observations in the Santa Rita and
Chiricahua mountains.
Howard, O. W. 1904. The Coues Flycatcher as a
guardian of the peace. Condor 6:79-80.
COMMENT: Breeding habits in the Huachuca
Mountains, Arizona.
Smith, A. P. 1907. Summer notes from an Arizona
camp. Condor 9:196-197.
11
COMMENT: Accounts of 24 species of birds
observed at Benson and in the Whetstone
Mountains.
Swarth, H. S. 1909. Distribution and molt of the
Mearn's Quail. Condor 11:39-43.
Willard, F. C. 1909. Behavior of a young Rivoli
Hummingbird. Condor 11:102-103.
COMMENT: In the Huachuca Mountains, Ari-
zona.
Gilman, M. F. 1915. A forty acre bird census at
Sacaton, Arizona. Condor 17:86-90.
COMMENT: Notes on 21 species, most of them
nesting.
Law, J. E. 1917. Notes on the Arizona Spotted Owl.
Condor 19:69.
COMMENT: Specimens from the Chiricahua
Mountains.
Lincoln, F. C. 1917. Some notes of the birds of
Rock Canyon, Arizona. Wilson Bull. 29:65-73.
COMMENT: Contains remarks on 66 species and
subspecies of birds from the vicinity of the Santa
Catalina Mountains.
1921-1940
Bailey, F. M. 1922. Cactus Wrens' nests in southern
Arizona. Condor 24:163-168.
COMMENT: An important, detailed account of
roosting nests, their sites and construction, at
the north base of the Santa Rita Mountains.
. 1923. Fifteen Arizona Verdins' nests. Con-
dor 25:20-21.
COMMENT: Account of roosting nests found at
the foot of the Santa Rita Mountains.
Ligon, K. S. 1926. Habits of the Spotted Owl
(Syrnium occidentale). Auk 43:421-429.
COMMENT: Summarizes published nesting
records and discusses egg color.
Law, J. E. 1929. A discussion of faunal influences
in southern Arizona. Condor 31:216-220.
COMMENT: Notes difficulty in describing range
of birds in southeast Arizona because of abrupt
delimitations of faunal associations. Says it is a
mistake to assign faunal definitions to any
broad section (see also Swarth [1929] "Faunal
areas of southern Arizona." Proc. Calif. Acad.
Sci. 4th ser. 18(12):267-383).
Jacot, E. C. 1931. Notes on the Spotted and
Flammulated Screech Owls in Arizona. Condor
33:8-11.
Gorsuch, D. M. 1932. Report of Gambel Quail
investigation. Ariz. Wild Life 4(3):3-7.
COMMENT: Important data on behavior.
Huey, L. M. 1932. Note on the food of an Arizona
Spotted Owl. Condor 34:100-101.
COMMENT: In the Chiricahua Mountains.
Taylor, W. P., and C. T. Vorhies. 1933. The Black
Vulture in Arizona. Condor 35:205-206.
COMMENT: A summary of observations in the
Santa Cruz valley and westward.
Anderson, A. H. 1934. The Turkey Vulture in
southern Arizona. Wilson Bull. 46:264.
COMMENT: Notes on abundance.
Campbell, B. 1934. Bird notes from southern
Arizona. Condor 36:201-203.
Gorsuch, D. M. 1934. Life history of the Gambel
Quail in Arizona. Univ. Ariz. Biol. Sci. Bull. 2:1-89.
Phillips, A. R. 1935. Notes from the Santa Catalina
Mountains, Arizona. Condor 37:88-89.
Gorsuch, D. M. 1936. Banding records of Gambel
Quail. Condor 38:126.
COMMENT: On the Santa Rita Experimental
Range; two of the birds lived to be at least 5.5
years old.
Brandt, H. 1937. Some Arizona bird studies. Auk
54:62-64.
COMMENT: Observations on 6 species in the
Huachuca Mountains, Arizona.
Miller, A. H. 1937. Notes on the Saw- whet Owl.
Condor 39:130-131.
COMMENT: In the Sierra Ancha and Chiricahua
mountains, Arizona; description of call notes.
Vorhies, C. T. 1937. Inter-relationships of range
animals. Trans. 2nd North Am. Wildl. Conf.
March 1-4, 1937:288-294.
COMMENT: Discusses food of Roadrunner and
Marsh Hawk in Arizona.
Amadon, D., and A. R. Phillips. 1939. Notes on the
Mexican Goshawk. Auk 56:183-184.
COMMENT: In the Santa Cruz River bottoms
south of Tucson; description of nest, male
nestling, and food.
O'Connor, J. 1939. Game in the desert. Derrydale
Press, New York, N.Y. 298pp.
COMMENT: Data on turkey, quail, and dove
habits and habitats.
Arnold, L. W. 1940. An ecological study of the
vertebrate animals of the mesquite forest. M. S.
Thesis. Univ. Ariz., Tucson. 79pp.
12
COMMENT: Records 111 species of birds along
the Santa Cruz River south of Tucson.
1941-1960
Arnold, L. 1941. The mesquite forest and the
Whitewing. Ariz. Wildl. Sportsman 3(11)5-6.
COMMENT: Some early history of the Santa Cruz
Valley.
Monson, G. 1942. Notes on some birds of south-
eastern Arizona. Condor 44:222-225.
COMMENT: Accounts of 47 species.
Miller, L. 1943. Notes on the Mearns Quail. Con-
dor 45:104-109.
COMMENT: Remarks on osteology, breeding in
Arizona, and natural enemies.
Neff, J. A. 1944. Seeds of leguves eaten by birds.
Condor 46:207.
COMMENT: List of food items of White-winged
Dove in Arizona.
. 1947. Habits, food, and economic status of
the Band-tailed Pigeon. North Am. Fauna 58:1-
76.
COMMENT: Contains considerable data on Ari-
zona birds.
Peet, M. M. 1947. Violet-crowned Hummingbird in
Arizona. Condor 49:89.
COMMENT: From the Chiricahua Mountains.
Dixon, K. L. 1950. Notes on the ecological distribu-
tion of Plain and Bridled Titmice in Arizona.
Condor 52:140-141.
Brandt, H. 1951. Arizona and its bird life: a
naturalist's adventures with the nesting birds on
the deserts, grasslands, foothills, and mountains
of southeastern Arizona. Bird Res. Found.,
Cleveland, Ohio.
Miller, R., and H. E. Winn. 1951. Observations on
fish-eating by the Great-tailed grackle in south-
eastern Arizona. Wilson Bull. 63:207-208.
Phillips, A. R., and D. Amadon. 1952. Some birds
of northwestern Sonora, Mexico. Condor 54:163-
168.
COMMENT: Includes brief comments on some
Arizona specimens.
Sutton, G. M. 1953. Gray Hawk. Wilson Bull. 65:5-7.
COMMENT: Brief mention of Arizona habitat.
Swank, W. G., and S. Gallizioli. 1954. The influence
of hunting and of rainfall upon Gambel's quail
populations. Trans. North Am. Wildl. Conf.
19:283-297.
COMMENT: Winter rainfall limits abundance.
Good rains produce spring feed and more quail.
Day, G. I. 1955. Investigations of Whetstone area.
Ariz. Game and Fish Dept. Completion Rep.
Proj. W-53-R-6, work plan 5, job no. 18:1-9.
Greenwalt, L.A. 1955. Mobility of Gambel's quail
(Lophortyx gambeli gambeli) in a desert-grassland-
oak woodland in southeastern Arizona. M.S.
Thesis, Univ. Ariz., Tucson.
Day, G. I. 1956. Investigation of Canelo-Patagonia
Mountains. Ariz. Game and Fish Dept. Comple-
tion Rep. Proj. W-53-R-6, work plan 5, job no.
19:1-8.
Marshall, J. T., Jr. 1956. Summer birds of the
Rincon Mountains, Saguaro National Monu-
ment, Arizona. Condor 58:81-97.
COMMENT: Account of 71 species with an exten-
sive discussion of their environmental prefer-
ences.
Leopold, A. S., and R. A. McCabe. 1957. Natural
history of the Montezuma Quail in Mexico.
Condor 59:3-26.
COMMENT: Includes comparisons with Arizona
birds.
Marshall, J. T., Jr. 1957. Birds of pine-oak wood-
land in southern Arizona and adjacent Mexico.
Pac. Coast Avi. 32:1-125.
COMMENT: An extensive account of the vegeta-
tion and habitat preferences of the birds.
Senteney, P. 1957. Factors affecting the nesting of
Gambel Quail in southern Arizona. M.S. Thesis,
Univ. Ariz., Tucson. 42pp.
Anderson, A. H., and A. Anderson. 1959. Life
history of the Cactus Wren. Part II: The begin-
ning of nesting. Condor 61:186-205.
Knopp, T. B. 1959. Factors affecting the abundance
and distribution of Merriam's Turkey (Meleagris
gallopavo merriami) in southeastern Arizona. M.S.
Thesis, Univ. Ariz., Tucson. 58pp.
Anderson, A. H., and A. Anderson. 1960. Life
history of the Cactus Wren. Part III: The nesting
cycle. Condor 62:351-369.
Hungerford, C. R. 1960. The factors affecting the
breeding of Gambel's Quail {Lophortyx gambelii
gambelli Gambel) in Arizona. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ.
Ariz., Tucson. 94pp.
COMMENT: In the Tucson vicinity.
Klopfer, P. H., and R. H. MacArthur. 1960. Niche
size and faunal diversity. Amer. Nat. 94:293-300.
13
COMMENT: In Arizona 37.5 per cent of individu-
als are nonpasserine.
1961-1980
Dixon, K. L. 1961. Habitat distribution and niche
relationships in North American species of
Parus. Pages 179-216 in W. F. Blair, ed. Verte-
brate speciation, a University of Texas Sympo-
sium. Univ. Texas Press, Austin.
COMMENT: All Arizona species of Parus are
discussed.
Hardy, J. W. 1961. Studies in behavior and phylog-
eny of certain New World Jays (Garrulinae).
Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 42:13-149.
COMMENT: Includes important data on Mexican
Jays in the Chiricahua Mountains.
Selander, R. K., and D. R. Giller. 1961. Analysis of
sympatry of Great-tailed and Boat-tailed Grack-
les. Condor 63:29-86.
COMMENT: Map of distribution of Arizona races
of Caassidix mexicanus is included.
Anderson, A. H., and A. Anderson. 1962. Life
history of the Cactus Wren. Part IV: Develop-
ment of nestlings. Condor 64:199-212.
, and . 1962. Life history of the Cactus
Wren. Part V: Fledging to independence. Con-
dor 64:199-212.
McGregor, S. E., S. M. Alcorn, and G. Olin. 1962.
Pollination and pollinating agents of the
saguaro. Ecol. 43:259-267.
COMMENT: Includes birds that visit the saguaro.
Brown, J. L. 1963. Social organization and behavior
of the Mexican Jay. Condor 65:126-153.
COMMENT: Observations in the Santa Rita Moun-
tains.
Lanyon, W. E. 1963. Experiments on species
discrimination in Myiarchus Flycatchers. Amer.
Mus. Novit. 2126:1-16.
COMMENT: At Portal, Arizona.
Marshall, J. T., Jr. 1963. Rainy season nesting in
Arizona. Pages 620-622 in Proc. 13th Int. Ornith.
Cong. Ithaca, 17-24 June.
COMMENT: Discusses nesting of Abert's Towhee.
McGregor, S. E., S. M. Alcorn, and G. Olin. 1963.
Life history of the Cactus Wren. Part VI: Com-
petition and Survival. Condor 65:29-43
Westcott, P.W. 1963. Winter birds of the
Chiricahua National Monument. Chiricahua
National Monument, Willcox, Arizona. Bishop,
R. A. 1964. The Mearns Quail (Cyrtonyx
montezumae mearnsi) in southern Arizona. M.S.
Thesis, Univ. Ariz., Tucson. 57pp.
COMMENT: In Canelo Hills and Box Canyon,
Santa Rita Mountains.
Reynolds, H. G. and R. R. Johnson. 1964. Habitat
relations of vertebrates of the Sierra Ancha
Experimental Forest. U.S. Forest Serv. Res.
Paper RM-4:1-16.
COMMENT: Includes a list of 125 species of birds.
Anderson, A. H. and A. Anderson. 1965. The
Cactus Wrens on the Santa Rita Experimental
Range, Arizona. Condor 65:344-351.
Bishop, R. [A.], and C. R. Hungerford. 1965.
Seasonal food selection of Arizona Mearns'
Quail. J. Wildl. Manage. 29:813-819.
Rising, J. D. 1965. Notes on behavioral responses
of the Blue-throated Hummingbird. Condor
67:352-354.
COMMENT: In the Chiricahua Mountains, Ari-
zona.
Smith, W. J. 1966. Communication and relation-
ships in the genus Tyrannus. Nuttall Ornith.
Club Publ. 6:1-250. '
COMMENT: Tyrannus verticalis, T. crassirostris,
and T. voctferans were studied in southern
Arizona.
Balda, R. P. 1967. Ecological relationships of the
breeding-birds of the Chiricahua Mountains,
Arizona. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Illinois. 240pp.
COMMENT: 103 nesting species in the area are
recorded.
Grant, K. A. and V. Grant. 1967. Records of hum-
mingbird pollination in the western American
flora. III. Arizona records. Aliso 6:107-110.
COMMENT: Lists several species in mountain
areas.
Ligon, J. D. 1967. The biology of the Elf Owl,
Micrathene ivhitneyi. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Michi-
gan. 158pp.
Marshall, J. T., Jr. 1967. Parallel variation in North
and Middle American Screech-owls. West.
Found. Vert. Zool. Monog. 1:1-72.
COMMENT: An exhaustive study, including
Arizona species.
Smith, E. L. 1967. Behavioral adaptations related to
water retention in the Black-tailed Gnatcatcher
(Polioptila melanura). M.S. Thesis, Univ. Ariz.,
Tucson. 43pp.
Smith, W. J. 1967. Displays of the Vermilion Fly-
catcher (Pyrocephalus rubinus). Condor 69:601-605.
14
COMMENT: Includes observations in southeast-
ern and south-central Arizona.
Calder, W. A. 1968. The diurnal activity of the
roadrunner, Geococcyx calif vrnianus. Condor
70:84-85.
COMMENT: On the Santa Rita Experimental
Range activity decreased at midday.
Grant, K. A., and V. Grant. 1968. Hummingbirds
and their flowers. Columbia Univ. Press, New
York, N. Y. 115pp. 30 pi.
COMMENT: Includes all Arizona breeding spe-
cies.
Ligon, J. D. 1968. Observations on Strickland's
Woodpecker, Dendrocopos stricklandi. Condor
70:83-84.
COMMENT: Includes observtions on D. arizonae in
Arizona.
. 1968. Sexual differences in foraging behav-
ior in two species of Dendrocopos woodpeckers.
Auk 85:203-215.
COMMENT: Arizona Woodpeckers were studied
in Cave Creek Canyon, Cochise County, Ari-
zona.
. 1968. Starvation of spring migrants in the
Chiricahua Mountains Arizona. Condor
70:387-388.
COMMENT: Freezing weather (early May) re-
duced the insect population, which apparently
caused a decline in small insectivorous birds.
. 1968. The biology of the Elf Owl, Micrathene
whitneyi. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich.
136:1-70.
COMMENT: Field work chiefly in Cave Creek
Canyon, Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona.
Phillips, A. R. 1968. The instability of the distribu-
tion of land birds in the southwest. Pages 129-
162 in A. H. Schroeder. Collected papers in
honor of Lyndon Lane Hargrave. Papers
Archeol. Soc. New Mex.
COMMENT: Criticism of past and present ornitho-
logical studies; 85 titles in bibliography.
Robinson, M. D. 1968. Summer aspect of a high
coniferous forest in the Chiricahua Mountains,
Arizona M.S. Thesis, Univ. Ariz., Tucson. 55pp.
Balda, R. P. 1969. Foliage use by birds of the oak-
juniper woodland and ponderosa pine forest in
southeastern Arizona. Condor: 71:399-412.
COMMENT: Oak-juniper woodland: 36 species of
birds, 267 pairs per 100 acres; pine forest: 31
species, 336 pairs per 100 acres.
Lee, D. T., and E. Yensen. 1969. Winter bird-
population study: Riparian Woodland: Oak-
Juniper Association. Aud. Field Notes 23:538.
COMMENT: In Madera Canyon, Pima and Santa
Cruz counties, Arizona.
, and . 1969. Winter bird-population
study: Desert Scrub: Whitehorn Association.
Aud. Field Notes 23:543-544.
COMMENT: Near Continental, Arizona.
Ligon, J. D. 1969. Some aspects of temperature
relations in small owls. Auk 86:458-472.
COMMENT: Three species of owls from the
Chiricahua Mountains were used in the study.
Ohmart, R. D. 1969. Physiological and ethological
adaptations of the Rufous-winged Sparrow
(Aimophila carpalis) to a desert environment.
Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Ariz., Tucson. 58pp.
Poore, J. T. 1969. The effects of water deprivation
on the hypothalamic-hypophysial neurosecre-
tory system of the Black-throated Sparrow,
Amphispiza bilineata. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Ariz.,
Tucson. 19pp.
COMMENT: Birds from Nogales, Arizona, were
used.
Westcott, P. W. 1969. Relationships among three
species of Jays wintering in southeastern Ari-
zona. Condor 71:353-359.
. 1969. Relationships among 3 species of jays
wintering in southeastern Arizona. Condor
71:353-359.
Balda, R. P. 1970. Effects of spring leaf-fall on
composition and density of breeding birds in
tow southern Arizona woodlands.
COMMENT: In the Chiricahua Mountains: species
density greater in oak-juniper-pine woodland;
Chiricahua Mountains.
Viers, C. E., Jr. 1970. The relationship of calling
behavior of White-winged Doves to population
and production in southern Arizona. Ph.D.
Thesis, Univ. Ariz., Tucson. 47pp.
Roth, V. D. 1971. Unusual predatory activities of
mexican jays and brown-headed cowbirds
under conditions of deep snow in southeastern
Arizona. Condor 73:113.
Brown, J.L. 1972. Communal feeding of nestlings
in the Mexican jay (Aphelocoma ultramarina):
interflock comparisons. Anim. Behav. 20:395-403.
COMMENT: Observations were made on the
individuals that fed the nestlings at 6 nests in 4
color-banded flocks.
15
Tramontane), J.P. 1972. Summer foraging behavior
of sympatric Arizona grassland sparrows. Ph.D
Thesis, Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Austin, G. T., and E. L. Smith. 1974. Use of bur-
rows by brown towhees and black-throated
sparrows. Auk 91:167.
Carothers, S.W., R.R. Johnson, and S.W. Aitchison.
1974. Population structure and social organiza-
tion in southwestern riparian birds. Am. Zool.
14:97-108.
Banks, R. C. 1975. Plumage variation in the
masked bobwhite. Condor 77:486-487.
Mader, W. J. 1975. Biology of the Harris hawk in
southern Arizona, USA. Living Bird 14:59-86.
COMMENT: An intensive study was conducted
on the Harris' hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus supe-
rior) populations in Pima and Pinal Counties,
Arizona from 1971-1973.
Pulliam, H. R. 1975. Coexistence of sparrows: a
test of community theory. Science 189:474-476.
ABSTRACT: The study, in grasslands of southeast-
ern Arizona, supported the predictability of
current community theory. For each of the
habitats studied, the production of seeds and
the abundances of seed-eating winter-resident
sparrows was measured. The theory correctly
predicted the number of species supported in
each habitat. In both cases for which the predic-
tion was that only one species could be sup-
ported, the theory correctly predicted which
species should be present.
Cockrum, E.L., S.M. Russell, and C.H. Lowe. 1976.
Survey of the vertebrate fauna of Fort Bowie
National Historic Site, Arizona. Cooperative
National Park Resources Studies Unit, Technical
Report 2, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson.
COMMENT: An intensive field survey of verte-
brates conducted during 1975-76.
Mill, G. S. 1976. American kestrel sex ratios and
habitat selection. Auk 93:740-748.
ABSTRACT: Differential habitat use by the sexes
of wintering kestrels is widespread. Females are
more often in open, sparsely-vegetated habitats,
and males more often in habitats of denser
vegetation. Habitat separation in summer may
also be widespread, but perhaps not to the
extent as in winter.
Raitt, R.J., and S.L. Pimm. 1976. Dynamics of bird
communities in the Chihuahuan Desert. Condor
78:427-442.
Zimmerman, D. A. 1976. Comments on feeding
habits and vulture mimicry in the zone-tailed
hawk. Condor 78:420-421.
Glinski, R. L., and R. D. Ohmart. 1977. The popu-
lation habitat and diet of the black hawk in
Arizona and New Mexico. J. Ariz. Acad. Sci.
12:25.
Hoy, M. 1977. A list of birds for Fort Bowie Na-
tional Historic Site and Apache Pass, Fort Bowie
National Historic Site.
COMMENT: Chiricahua National Monument,
Willcox, Arizona.
Pulliam, H. R., and G. S. Mills. 1977. The use of
space by wintering sparrows. Ecology
58:1393-1399.
ABSTRACT: Differences in microhabitat utilization
by sparrows wintering in southeastern Arizona
may be sufficient to explain their coexistence.
The species either forage in different
macrohabitats or in the same habitat at different
distances from tree or shrub cover. Seed size
partitioning within habitats is sufficient to
explain coexistence only in 1 case where the
seed size distribution is bimodal.
Spofford, S. H., and L. H. Fisk. 1977. Additions to
the list of nectar feeding birds. West. Birds.
8:109-112.
Brown, D. E., C. L. Cochran, T. E. Waddell. 1978.
Using call-counts to predict hunting success for
scaled quail. J. Wildl. Manage. 42:281-287.
Pimm, S. L. 1978. An experimental approach to the
effects of predictability on community structure.
Am. Zool. 18:797-808.
Stacey, P. B., and C. E. Bock. 1978. Social plasticity
in the acorn woodpecker. Science 202:1298-1300.
ABSTRACT: Acorn woodpeckers in southeastern
Arizona exhibited 2 different types of social
organization, one of highly cooperative and
resident groups and another of birds that mi-
grated and formed only temporary male-female
pairs during reproduction. The occurrence of
both patterns in the same population indicates a
high degree of social flexibility in this species.
Zimmerman, D. A. 1978. A probable nuttings
flycatcher Myiarchus nuttingi in southwestern
New Mexico. West. Birds 9:135-136.
Brown, D. E. 1979. Factors influencing reproduc-
tive success and population densities in
montezuma quail Cyrtonyx Montezumae. J. Wildl.
Manage. 43:522-526.
16
Dixon, K.L., and D. J. Martin. 1979. Notes on the
vocalizations of the Mexican chickadee. Condor
81:421-423.
COMMENT: Vocalizations of Mexican chickadees
recorded in the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona,
are described with the aid of audiospectrograms.
Winkler, H. 1979. Foraging ecology of Strickland's
woodpecker in Arizona. Wilson Bull. 91:244-254.
ABSTRACT: Strickland's Woodpeckers (Picoides
stricklandi) were studied in the pre-nesting and
early nesting periods in the Chiricahua Moun-
tains of Arizona. This woodpecker prefers to
feed upon pines in the pre-nesting season, but is
less selective during the nesting season. In
contrast to earlier reports, an avoidance of,
rather than a preference for oaks was found.
Brown, J. L., and E. R. Brown. 1980. Reciprocal
aid-giving in a communal bird. Zeitschrift
Tierpsychol. 53:313-324.
Caraco, Tv S. Martindale, and T. S. Whittam. 1980.
An empirical demonstration of risk-sensitive
foraging preferences. Anim. Behav. 28:820-830.
Mills, G. S., J. R. Silliman, K. D. Groschupf, and S.
M. Speich. 1980. Life history of the five-striped
sparrow. Living Bird 18:95-110.
Pulliam, H. R. 1980. Do chipping sparrows forage
optimally? Ardea 68:75-82.
ABSTRACT: The abundances, weights, and han-
dling times of all of the common seeds found in
an oak woodland on The Research Ranch in
southeastern Arizona were estimated to test the
hypothesis that chipping sparrows maximize
their rate of energy intake while foraging.
Chipping sparrows do not maximize their net
rate of energy intake while foraging, but they
come close to doing so.
Taylor, C. 1980. The coppery-tailed trogon:
Arizona's bird of paradise. Borderland Publica-
tions, Portal, Arizona.
COMMENT: Personal observations of the elegant
trogon are described.
Trail, P.W. 1980. Ecological correlates of social
organization in a communally breeding bird, the
acorn woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus.
Behav. Ecol. and Sociobiology 7:83-92.
ABSTRACT: Acorn woodpeckers were studied
during 2 summers in the Chiricahua Mountains
to determine the ecological reasons for varia-
tions in group sizes, acorn caching behavior,
and home range.
>1980
Calder, W. A., III. 1981. Diuresis on the desert?
Effects of fruit-and nectar-feeding on the house
finch and other species. Condor 83:267-268.
Goldsmith, T. G., J. S. Collins, and D. L. Perlman.
1981. A wave length discrimination function for
the hummingbird, Archilochus alexandri. J. Comp.
Physiol. Neural Behav. Physiol. 143:103-110.
ABSTRACT: Free-flying black-chinned humming-
birds (A alexandri) at a site in southeastern
Arizona were attracted to artificial feeders
displaying narrow spectral bands of light (7 nm
half band width). Results are consistent with a
growing body of evidence suggesting that the
color space of birds may be more than 3-dimen-
sional.
Rusterholz, K. A. 1981. Competition and the
structure of an avian foraging guild. Am. Nat.
118:173-190.
ABSTRACT: Using data on microhabitat overlap,
the intensities of interspecific competition
experienced by 7 species of foliage gleaning
birds in a southeastern Arizona pine forest were
estimated.
Suring, L. H., and C. J. Ault. 1981. Flycatching
behaviour by American kestrels. Southwestern
Nat. 26:76.
Thiollay, J.M. 1981. Structure and seasonal changes
of bird population in a desert scrub of northern
Mexico. Pages 143-167 in Barbault, R., and G.
Halffter, eds. Ecology of the Chihuahuan Desert.
Instituto de Ecologia, Mexico, D.F.
ABSTRACT: The bird populations of the Mapami
Biosphere Reserve are summarized in terms of
their respective structures and changes within
seasons.
Walters, P. M. 1981. Notes on the body weight and
molt of the elf owl (Micrathene whitneyi) in
southeastern Arizona. North Am. Bird Band.
6:104-105.
Blancher, P. J. 1982. Food supply, predation, and
potential for competition between western and
cassin's kingbirds. DISS. Abstr. Int. (B)
43(5):1353.
Caraco, T. 1982. Flock size and the organization of
behavioral sequences in juncos. Condor
84:101-105.
ABSTRACT: The sequential organization of scan-
ning for approaching predators and pecking for
17
food was investigated by analyzing films of
yellow-eyed Juncos. For a given group size, the
probability that a bird scans after each peck was
a constant. However, this probability decreased
as flock size increased.
Conley, M. R. 1982. Apparent predation on horned
lark by loggerhead shrike. Southwest. Nat.
27:367.
Brown, C. R. 1983. Vocalization and behavior of
violet-green swallows Tachycineta thalassina in
the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona, USA.
Wilson Bull. 95:142-145.
Brown, J. L. 1983. Communal harvesting of a
transient food resource in the Mexican jay.
Wilson Bull. 95:286-287.
Elliott, B.G. 1983. Nocturnal moonlight calling by
elegant trogon in Arizona. West. Birds 14:53.
Gaddis, P. K. 1983. Differential usage of song
types by plain, bridled and tufted titmice. Ornis.
Scand.l4:16-23.
Maurer, B. A. 1983. Overlap and competition in
avian guilds. Am. Nat. 121:903-907.
Pulliam, H. R. 1983. Ecological community theory
and the coexistence of sparrows. Ecology 64:45-52.
ABSTRACT: Ecological community theory at-
tempts to predict the number and relative
abundance of coexisting species of consumers
based on resource use and availability. The
observed patterns of species coexistence appear
consistent with the Ecological Community
Model based on resource abundance and ag-
gressive interference. However, they are also
consistent with coexistence based on interspe-
cific partitioning by seed size.
Schultz, T.D. 1983. Opportunistic foraging of
western kingbirds on aggregations of tiger
beetles. Auk 100:496-497.
ABSTRACT: The author observed the kingbirds
feeding upon a pondside population of tiger
beetles (Cicindela sedecimpunctata) during the
peak abundance of the beetles around the pond.
Walters, P.M. 1983. Notes on the mist-netting of
seven elf owls (Micrathene whitneyi) and two
western screech-owls (Otus kennecotti) on 15 July
1982. North Amer. Bird Band. 8:13.
Blancher, P. J., and R. J. Robertson. 1984. Resource
use by sympatric kingbirds. Condor 86:305-313.
ABSTRACT: Resource use by Cassin's kingbirds
(Tyrannus vociferans) and western kingbirds (T.
verticalis) was studied during the breeding
season in southeastern Arizona. The former
nested predominantly in riparian creek habitat
while the latter nested in more open desert habitat.
Bowers, R.K., Jr., and J. B. Dunning, Jr. 1984. Nest
parasitism by cowbirds on buff -breasted fly-
catchers, with comments on nest-site selection.
Wilson Bull. 96:718-719.
ABSTRACT: The buff-breasted flycatcher
(Empidonax fulvifrons) is a small flycatcher of the
Mexican Highlands that regularly breeds in
limited numbers in the mountains of southeast-
ern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico.
Few details of its life history have been pub-
lished. Nest parasitism by cowbirds has not
been reported for this species. In the course of a
general life history investigation of this fly-
catcher, the author established that
brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) and
probably bronzed cowbirds (M. aeneus) parasit-
ize the nest of this species.
Brown, C. R. 1984. Light-breasted purple martins
dominate dark-breasted birds in a roost: Impli-
cations for female mimicry. Auk 101:162-164.
Clark, W. S. 1984. Agonistic 'whirling' by zone-
tailed hawks. Condor 86:488.
Freeman, C. E., W. H. Reid, J. E. Becvar, and R.
Scogin. 1984. Similarity and apparent conver-
gence in the nectar-sugar composition of some
hummingbird-pollinated flowers. Botanical
Gazette 145:132-135.
ABSTRACT: The data, primarily from southwest-
ern North America, define a range of nectar
composition, possibly representing the prefer-
ences of hummingbirds. The data support
assertations of adaptive convergence in the
sugar composition of nectar in hummingbird-
pollinated species.
Jennings, M. R. 1984. Predation on sonoran spot-
ted whiptails, Cnemidophorus sonorae (teiidae), by
the great-tailed grackle, Quiscalus mexicanus
(Icteridae). Southwest. Nat. 29:514.
Martindale, S., and D. Lamm. 1984. Sexual dimor-
phism and parental role switching in gila wood-
peckers. Wilson Bull. 96:116-121.
Parker, R. E., and E. G. Campbell. 1984. Habitat
use by wintering birds of prey on southeastern
Arizona. West. Birds 15:175-183.
Scott, N. J., Jr., and R. P. Reynolds. 1984. Pheno-
typic variation of the Mexican duck Anas
platyrhynchos diazi in Mexico. Condor 86:266-274.
18
VanderWall, S.B., and J.A. MacMahon. 1984.
Avian distribution patterns along a Sonoran
Desert bajada. J. Arid Environ. 7:59-74.
COMMENT: Avian population density, foraging
behavior, nest selection, and other aspects of
vegetation use are reported from the Organ Pipe
Cactus National Monument.
Brown, J. L., and E. R. Brown. 1985. Ecological
correlates of group size in a communally breed-
ing jay. Condor 87:309-315.
ABSTRACT: Local variation in size of social units
was studied in the Gray-breasted (or Mexican)
Jay (Aphelocoma ultramarina) throughout its
elevation range in the Chiricahua Mountains,
Arizona. At its lower limit (1,463 m), the ecologi-
cal distribution of the species ended where oaks
became rare, even though other large trees were
present. The upper limit of distribution (2,103
m) coincided with the beginning of the area
occupied by Steller's Jays (Cyanocitta stelleri),
and not with a decrease in the number of spe-
cies of Quercus or the availability of mast.
Clark, R. Gv and R. D. Ohmart. 1985. Spread-
winged posture of turkey vultures Cathartes aura
single or multiple function. Condor 87:350-355.
ABSTRACT: Turkey vultures appear to spread their
wings for at least two reasons: (1) to dry features,
and (2) to ameliorate the thermal gradient between
themselves and their environment, although the
two functions are not mutually exclusive.
Emlen, J. T., and R. R. Ogden. 1985. Nesting doves
and thrashers share close quarters. West. Birds
16:98.
Groschupf, K. 1985. Changes in five-striped spar-
row song in intra- and intersexual contexts.
Wilson Bull. 97:102-106.
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to
determine whether the Five-striped Sparrow
(Aimophila quinquestriata) note complex and song
type use and delivery within songs and bouts
were related to intra- or intersexual contexts.
Hutto, R. L. 1985. Seasonal changes in the habitat
distribution of transient insectivorous birds in
southeastern Arizona: competition mediated?
Auk 102:120-132.
ABSTRACT: The distribution and abundance of 26
migratory insectivorous birds were recorded
over an elevational habitat gradient in the
Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona for the spring
and fall migratory season.
Maurer, B. A. 1985. Avian community dynamics in
desert grasslands: observational scale and
hierarchical structure. Ecol. Monogr. 55:296-312.
[see also: Maurer, B. A. 1984. Environmental
heterogeneity and avian community structure in
southeastern Arizona semidesert shrub-grass-
land. Ph.D Thesis, Univ. Ariz., TucsonJ.
ABSTRACT: Peak bird densities and biomass in
mesquite savannah communities occurred
during May-June. Grassland communities
achieved highest bird densities and biomass
during July-August. This fluctuation corre-
sponds to the nutritional value of forage being
produced that in turn effects the insect popula-
tion upon which the avian community relies.
Pulliam, H. R. 1985. Foraging efficiency, resource
partitioning, and the coexistence of sparrow
species. Ecology 66:1829-1836.
ABSTRACT: Large species of sparrows were more
efficient than small species at handling large
seeds. Large and small sparrows were about
equally efficient at handling small seeds. Differ-
ent species of sparrows were likely to have
broadly overlapping diets whenever seeds were
scarce enough for the consumption of seeds by
one species to have much impact on the avail-
ability of seeds to another species.
Bock, C.E., and D. L. Larson. 1986. Winter habitats
of sapsuckers in southeastern Arizona. Condor
88:246-247.
Cully, J.F., Jr. 1986. Mobbing behavior of a pair of
elegant trogons. Condor 88:103-104.
Dunning, J. B., Jr., and R. K. Bowers, Jr. 1986.
Weights of North American birds, Arizona
sparrows. N. Am. Bird Band. 11:59-60.
COMMENT: Tables of weights and measurements
of birds banded in Arizona including many
southeastern Arizona species.
Edwards, T. C, Jr. 1986. Ecological distribution of
the gray-breasted jay, Aphelocoma ultramarina,
the role of habitat. Condor 88:456-460.
ABSTRACT: Habitat relationships of
Gray-breasted Jays (Aphelocoma ultramarina) in
southwestern New Mexico were investigated to
determine what factors might account for the
abrupt termination of this species' range. Re-
sults indicate that Gray-breasted Jays are tied
closely to the densities of mast-producing tree
species, and that not all sites seemingly capable
of supporting jays are occupied.
19
Gulliam, H. R. 1986. Niche expansion and contrac-
tion in a variable environment. Amer. Zool.
26:71-79.
ABSTRACT: When food is abundant, sparrows are
found in a great variety of habitats and appear
to specialize on particularly profitable types of
seeds. However, during periods of food scarcity,
each sparrow occupies a very narrow range of
habitats but consumes a great variety of seeds
within each occupied habitat.
Rosenzweig, M. L. 1986. Hummingbird isolegs in
an experimental system. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
19:313-322.
Bock, C. E. 1987. Distribution-abundance relation-
ships of some Arizona landbirds: a matter of
scale? Ecology 68:124-129.
ABSTRACT: The same species that were most
abundant locally in the Huachuca Mountains of
southeast Arizona were also most abundant on
Christmas Bird Counts across Arizona and
throughout the western United States. The
positive correlation between distribution and
abundance of winter landbirds appears to be an
intrinsic property of the species themselves.
Gaddis, P. K. 1987. Social interactions and habitat
overlap between plain and bridled titmice.
Southwest. Nat. 32:197-202.
Pulliam, H. R., and J. B. Dunning. 1987. The
influence of food supply on local density and
diversity of sparrows. Ecology 68:1009-1014.
ABSTRACT: Population densities of sparrows in
southeastern Arizona grasslands are only
limited during infrequent years of very low seed
production.
Strahl, S.D., and J. L. Brown. 1987. Geographic
variation in social structure and behavior of
Aphelocoma ultramarina. Condor 89:422-424.
ABSTRACT: The study of geographic variation in
social structure may reveal flexibility of social
behavior in a species and suggest correlations
with environmental factors. The authors report
observations on group size and composition from
a population of A. u. couchii inhabiting the Chisos
Mountains of Texas and compare them to pub-
lished results for A. u. arizonae gathered using
similar methods in the Chiricahua Mountains of
Arizona. In addition, they describe a vocaliza-
tion found in one population but not the other.
Valone, T. J., and S. L. Lima. 1987. Carrying food
items to cover for consumption: the behavior
often bird species feeding under the risk of
predation. Oecologia 71:286-294.
Horvath, E. G., and K. A. Sullivan. 1988. Faculta-
tive migration in yellow-eyed juncos. Condor
90:482-484.
ABSTRACT: The authors documented winter site
fidelity and spring movements between the
breeding and wintering grounds in a population
of juncos in the Chiricahua Mountains, Cochise
County, Arizona.
Medina, A.L. 1988. Diets of scaled quail in south-
ern Arizona. J. Wildl. Manage.: 753-757.
ABSTRACT: The authors examined diets of scaled
quail (Callipepla squamata) from 1982 to 1984 in
southern Arizona. Seeds of forbs and woody
plants composed >57% of the volume of quail
diets. Forbs were staple foods and composed
>39% of diets. Quail were most abundant in
areas with low perennial grass cover and high
forb cover.
Sullivan, K. A. 1988. Age-specific profitability and
prey choice. Anim. Behav. 36:613-615.
ABSTRACT: The author observed free-ranging
flocks of juncos foraging on mealworms at six
sites in the Chiricahua mountains of Arizona.
Mitchell, W. A. 1989. Informational constraints on
optimally foraging hummingbirds. Oikos
55:145-154.
Olin, G., S. M. Alcorn, and J. M. Alcorn. 1989.
Dispersal of viable saguaro seeds by
white-winged doves Zenaida asiatica. Southwest.
Nat. 34:281-284.
Sullivan, K. A. 1989. Ontogeny of time budgets in
yellow-eyed juncos: adaptation to ecological
constraints. Ecology 69:118-124.
Valone, T. J., and J. S. Brown. 1989. Measuring
patch assessment abilities of desert granivores.
Ecology 70:1800-1810.
Weathers, W. W., and K. A. Sullivan. 1989. Nest
attentiveness and egg temperature in the
yellow-eyed junco. Condor 91:628-633.
COMMENT: The junco's nest attentiveness pattern
appears to be a compromise between 2 conflict-
ing selection pressures; nest predation and egg
cooling.
Barrentine, C. D., C. E. Corchran, M. W. Lincoln,
L. R. Mewaldt, and P. M. Walters. 1990. Com-
parative age and sex ratios in Gambel's
white-crowned sparrows in relation to year and
latitude. North Am. Bird Band. 15:57-60.
20
Duncan, R. B., and R. Sidner. 1990. Bats in spotted
owl pellets in southern Arizona. Great Basin
Nat. 50:197-200.
Dunning, J. B., Jr., and R. K. Bowers. 1990. Lethal
temperatures in ash-throated flycatcher nests
located in metal fence poles. J. Field Ornithol.
61:98-103.
ABSTRACT: Nesting in metal fence poles has
allowed the ash-throated flycatcher to expand
its breeding range locally into areas where
natural cavities are absent; however, breeding
pairs using these nest sites appear to suffer low
nest success due directly or indirectly to high
nest temperatures.
Faaborg, J., and J. C. Bednarz. 1990. Galapagos and
Harris' hawks: divergent causes of sociality in
two raptors. In P. B. Stacey and W. D. Koenig,
eds. Cooperative breeding in birds: long-term
studies of ecology and behaviour. Cambridge
Univ. Press, New York.
Ficken, M.S. 1990. Vocal repertoire of the Mexican
chickadee. 1. Calls. J. Field Ornithol. 61:380-387.
. 1990. Vocal repertoire of the Mexican
chickadee. 2. Song and song-like vocalizations. J.
Field Ornithol. 61:388-395.
Gumbart, T. C, and K. A. Sullivan. 1990. Predation
on yellow-eyed junco nestlings by twin-spotted
rattlesnakes. Southwest. Nat. 35:367-368.
Koenig, W.D., and P. B. Stacey. 1990. Acorn wood-
peckers; group-living and food storage under
contrasting ecological conditions. Pages 413-453
in P. B. Stacey and W. D. Koenig eds. Coopera-
tive breeding in birds: long-term studies of
ecology and behaviour. Cambridge University
Press, New York.
ABSTRACT: Individual colonies of acorn wood-
peckers may have chosen group living and mate
sharing for different reasons including environ-
mental constraints to dispersal (all territories
occupied) and benefits to remaining in a high-
quality territory.
McKean, L.M. 1990. Differences in the foraging
behavior of individual gray-breasted jay flock
members. Studies Avian Biol. No. 13:284-287.
Miles, D. B. 1990. The importance and conse-
quence of temporal variation in avian foraging
behavior. Stud. Avian Biol. No. 13:210-217.
Stromberg, M. R. 1990. Habitat movements and
roost characteristics of Montezuma quail in
southeastern Arizona USA. Condor 92:229-236.
ABSTRACT: Movements, survivorship, covey size,
roosting behavior, and habitat use of
Montezuma Quail (Cyrtonyx montezumae), which
were marked with radio transmitters and stud-
ied in the foothills of the Huachuca Mountains
of southeastern Arizona from October 1986
through November 1987. Coveys used small
areas (0.09 to 6 ha) and, during midwinter, the
same small area would be used for long periods.
In late winter and early spring, coveys occupied
much larger areas by sequentially spending 3
tolO days on adjacent, nonoverlapping areas as
large as 50 ha. When compared to randomly
selected points in the oak savanna habitat, quail
preferred southeast-facing hillsides in tall
grasses for night roosts. Day-use areas were
selectively on north-facing hillsides. Areas used
by quail during the day were generally on
hillsides, about 16 m from the nearest oak tree
and had grass cover intermediate between
barren areas under oak trees and more dense
grass cover farther away from the oaks.
, and P. B. Johnsen. 1990. Hummingbird
sweetness preferences: taste or viscosity? Con-
dor 92:606-612.
ABSTRACT: Black-chinned hummingbirds re-
sponded to decreased sucrose concentrations by
increasing sampling behavior at feeders; at
increased sucrose levels, sampling behavior
decreased. Chemosensory mechanisms rather
than physical measures of viscosity are respon-
sible for the sensory evaluation and the subse-
quent selection of sucrose nectars.
Strong, T. R., and C. E. Bock. 1990. Bird species
distribution patterns in riparian habitats in
south-eastern Arizona. Condor 92:866-885. [see
also: Strong, T. R. 1987. Riparian bird popula-
tions of the Huachuca Mountains and vicinity,
southeastern Arizona. Ph.D Thesis, Univ.
Colorado, Boulder].
ABSTRACT: Cottonwood vegetation had the
greatest bird species richness, and both cotton-
wood and sycamore areas had high total bird
density during the breeding season. Upland
vegetation was more important during winter,
and plots in open grassland areas had greater
species richness and density. Widespread,
abundant species in the Huachuca Mountains
were also widespread and abundant in the
Western U.S.
21
Dawson, J. W., and R. W. Mannan. 1991. Domi-
nance hierarchies and helper contributions in
Harris' Hawks. Auk 108:649-660.
ABSTRACT: We examined dominance hierarchies,
mating relationships, and helping by individu-
ally marked Harris' Hawks (Parabuteo
unicinctus) at 64 nests in Arizona (1984-1988).
, and . 1991. The role of territoriality in
the social organization of Harris' Hawks. Auk
108:661-672.
ABSTRACT: We studied territoriality and sociality
in a population of Harris' Hawks (Parabuteo
unicinctus) in Arizona during breeding and
nonbreeding periods from 1984 to 1986. We
propose that water, an important resource
during the summer, may represent an ecological
constraint that favors group living in Harris'
Hawks in the Sonoran Desert.
Kuzmann, M. R., and R. R. Johnson. 1991. Unusual
behavior in a solitary vireo. Wilson Bull.
103:309-310.
Lamm, D. W. 1991. Lucy's warbler banding in
southeastern Arizona. North Am. Bird Band.
16:9-10.
Leary, J., and K. A. Sullivan. 1991. Intruders on
yellow-eyed junco territories. Wilson Bull.
103:292-295.
Lima, S. L. 1991. Energy, predators and the behavior
of feeding hummingbirds. Evol. Ecol. 5:220-230.
, and T. J. Valone. 1991. Predators and avian
community organization: an experiment in a
semi-desert grassland. Oecologia 86:105-112.
ABSTRACT: As cover increases, species with
cover-dependent escape tactics also increase,
while cover-independent species decrease
greatly. Some cover-independent species may
actively avoid cover-rich areas.
Sandell, C. I. 1991. Northern harrier attacks
Cooper's hawk. N.M. Ornithol. Soc. Bull. 19:9.
Valone, T.J. 1991. Bayesian and prescient assess-
ment: foraging with pre-harvest information.
Anim. Behav. 41:569-577.
ABSTRACT: Inca doves feeding in artificial re-
source patches exploited the patches in a man-
ner consistent with prescient foraging when
patch quality was temporarily predictable. The
same individuals exploited patches in a manner
consistent with Bayesian foraging when pre-
scient foraging would not be likely because
patch quality was temporally unpredictable.
Weathers, W. W., and K. A. Sullivan. 1991. Forag-
ing efficiency of parent juncos and their young.
Condor 93:346-353.
, and . 1991. Energy expenditure and
juvenile foraging efficiency: A major constraint
on passerine reproductive success. In B. D. Bell
et al., eds. Acta 20 Congressus Internationalis
Ornithologici. Christchurch, vol. 4, New
Zealand, Ornithological Congress Trust Board,
Wellington.
Young, E. 1991. Annual molts and interruption of
the fall migration for molting in lazuli buntings.
Condor 93:236-250.
COMMENT: Lazuli Buntings and Passerina amoena
interrupt their fall migration in the American
Southwest to undergo the major portion of their
fall molt.
Bibles, B. D. 1992. Is there competition between
exotic and native cavity-nesting birds in the
Sonoran Desert: an experiment. Ph.D Thesis,
Univ. Ariz., Tucson.
COMMENT: Near Tucson.
Block, W. M., and K. E. Severson. 1992. Habitat
associations of birds and herptofauna in south-
eastern Arizona. Pages 55-57 in Chiricahua
Mountains Research Symp. Proc. Southwest Parks
and Monuments Association, Tucson, Arizona.
COMMENT: Evaluation of the habitat associations
of birds in the mountains in southeastern Ari-
zona.
, J. L. Ganey, K. E. Severson, and M. L.
Morrison. 1992. Use of oaks by neotropical
migratory birds in the southwest. Pages 65-70 in
P. F. Ffolliott, G. J. Gottfried, D. A. Bennett, V.
M. Hernandez, C. A. Ortega-Rubio, and R. H.
Hamre, technical coordinators. Ecology and
management of oak and associated woodlands:
perspectives in the southwestern United States
and northern Mexico. USDA For. Serv. Gen.
Tech. Rep. RM-215.
COMMENT: The types, general distributions, and
macrohabitat associations of neotropical migra-
tory birds are examined.
Bock, C. E., and M. C. Grant. 1992. Effects of bird
predation on grasshopper densities in an Ari-
zona grassland. Ecology 73:1706-1717.
COMMENT: Birds clearly limited grasshopper
abundance in grasslands, but this had no appre-
ciable impact on vegetative cover or grass
species composition.
22
, A. Cruz, M. C. Grant, C. S. Aid, and T. R.
Strong. 1992. Field experimental evidence for
diffuse competition among southwestern ripar-
ian birds. American Naturalist 140:815-828.
ABSTRACT: Open-nesting bird species decreased
in abundance and cavity-nesting species in-
creased after nest boxes were added in 50
experimental areas as compared to an equal
number of control areas. This indicated that
community-wide (diffuse) competition is an
important factor influencing the distribution
and abundance of birds in riparian ecosystems.
Brown, J. L., and E. R. Brown. 1992. A long term
study of the Mexican jay in the Chiricahua
Mountains. Pages 1-5 in Chiricahua Mountains
Research Symp. Proc. Southwest Parks and
Monuments Assoc., Tucson, Arizona.
ABSTRACT: The behavior and ecology of the
Mexican jay are reported after 25 years of study.
Longevity, reproduction, dispersal, mating
system, and sociality are described.
Duncan, R. B., and J. D. Taiz. 1992. A preliminary
understanding of Mexican spotted owl habitat
and distribution in the Chiricahua Mountains
and associated sub-Mogollion Mountain Ranges
in southeastern Arizona. Pages 58-61 in
Chiricahua Mountains Research Symp. Proc.
Southwest Parks and Monuments Assoc.,
Tucson, Arizona.
COMMENT: A review of Mexican spotted owl
habitat and distribution in southeastern Ari-
zona.
Ganey, J. L., R. B. Duncan, and W. M. Block. 1992.
Use of oak and associated woodlands by Mexi-
can spotted owls in Arizona. Pages 125-128 in P.
F. Ffolliott, G. J. Gottfried, D. A. Bennett, V. M.
Hernandez, C. A. Ortega-Rubio, and R. H.
Hamre, technical coordinators. Ecology and
management of oak and associated woodlands:
perspectives in the southwestern United States
and northern Mexico. USDA For. Serv. Gen.
Tech. Rep. RM-218.
ABSTRACT: In Arizona, Mexican spotted owls are
year-round residents of the Madrean oak-pine
forests, encinal woodlands, and ponderosa pine-
gambel oak forests, while some spotted owls
winter in pinyon-juniper woodlands.
Hampton, R. R., and D. F. Sherry. 1992. Food
storing by Mexican chickadees and bridled
titmice. Auk 109:665-666.
Snyder, N. F. R., and H. A. Shyder. 1992. Biology
of North American accipters in the Chiricahua
Mountains. Pages 91-94 in Chiricahua Moun-
tains Research Symp. Proc. Southwest Parks
and Monuments Assoc., Tucson, Arizona.
COMMENT: Three species of hawks are discussed
in reference to their biology and habitat require-
ments.
Valone, T. J. 1992. Information for patch assess-
ment: A field investigation with black-chinned
hummingbirds. Behav. Ecol. 3:211-222.
ABSTRACT: Hummingbirds apparently combine
prior information on the distribution of re-
sources within patches with current patch
sampling to increase foraging efficiency. Indi-
viduals using prior information foraged more
efficiently than those that did not.
Williamson, S. L. 1992. The eared trogon in Ari-
zona: behavior, ecology, and management.
Pages 98-101 in Chiricahua Mountains Research
Symp. Proc. Southwest Parks and Monuments
Assoc., Tucson, Arizona.
COMMENT: Sighting of the eared trogon in the
Miller Peak Wilderness of the Coronado Na-
tional Forest is discussed.
Aguilar-Valdez, B. C, R. Miranda-Salazar, and S.
G. Salazar-Hernandez. 1993. Fauna silvestre de
la unidad forestal no. 6 El Salto, Durango,
Mexico. In S. Fernandez, and C. Aguirre compil-
ers. Curso sobre manejo integral de fauna
silvestre en ecosistemas forestales. Instituto
Technologico Forestal no. 1, El Salto, Durango,
Mexico.
COMMENT: Lists important wildlife species
found in the forests of the Sierra Madre Moun-
tains, with brief descriptions of their characteris-
tics and habitat requirements.
Ellis, D. H. and S. Brunson. 1993. 'Tool' use by the
red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis). J. Raptor
Res. 27:128.
Holdermann, D. A. and C. E. Holdermann. 1993.
Immature red-tailed hawk captures Montezuma
quail. N.M. Ornithol. Soc. Bull. 21:31-33.
Stahlecker, D. W., and T. G. Smith. 1993. A com-
parison of home range estimates for a bald eagle
wintering in New Mexico. J. Raptor Res. 27:42-45.
Bennett, P. S., and M. R. Kunzmann. 1994. Sup-
pression of saguaro cactus flower-bud formation
by roosting vultures in Arizona. Southwest. Nat.
39:200-203.
23
COMMENT: Found only localized problems.
Powers, D. R., and T. M. Conley. 1994. Field
metabolic rate and food consumption of 2
sympatric hummingbird species in southeastern
Arizona. Condor 96:141-150.
ABSTRACT: We compared the field metabolic rate
(FMR) and behavior around sugar-water feeders
of sympatric territorial and nonterritorial hum-
mingbirds in the Chiricahua Mountains of
southeastern Arizona during July 1987 and
1989.
Breeding
1800s
Bendire, C. E. 1873. Nest, eggs and breeding habits
of the Vermilion Flycatcher (Pyrocephalus
cephalus rubineus var. Mexicanus). Amer. Nat.
7:170-171.
COMMENT: In southern Arizona.
. 1878. Breeding habits of Geococcyx
californianus. Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club 3:39.
COMMENT: Twenty nests found in southern
Arizona in 1872.
Bryant, W. E. 1881. Nest and eggs of the Painted
Flycatcher (Setophaga picta). Bull. Nuttall Ornith.
Club 6:176-177.
COMMENT: From the Santa Rita Mountains.
Bendire, C. E. 1887. Notes on a collection of birds'
nests and eggs from southern Arizona Territory.
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 10:551-558.
COMMENT: Eight species from the vicinity of Fort
Huachuca.
Ridgway, R. 1887. Trogon ambiguus breeding in
Arizona. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 10:147.
COMMENT: In the Huachuca Mountains, Ari-
zona.
. 1887. The Coppery-tailed Trogon {Trogon
ambiguus) breeding in southern Arizona. Auk
4:161-162.
COMMENT: In the Huachuca Mountains, Ari-
zona.
Price, W. W. 1888. Nesting of the Red-faced War-
bler (Cardellina rubrifrons) in the Huachuca
Mountains, southern Arizona. Auk 5:385-386.
Bendire, C. E. 1890. Notes on Pipilofuscus
mesoleucus and Pipilo aberti, their habits, nests
and eggs. Auk 7:22-29.
Poling, O. C. 1890. Nesting of the Arizona Jay.
Ornith. and Ool. 15:139.
COMMENT: In the Huachuca Mountains, Ari-
zona.
. 1890. On the nesting habits and eggs of the
Vermilion Flycatcher. Ornith. and Ool. 15:140.
COMMENT: Near Fort Huachuca.
Price, W. W. 1895. The nest and eggs of the Olive
Warbler (Dendroica olivacea). Auk 12:17-19.
COMMENT: Observations in the Huachuca,
Chiricahua, Graham and White Mountains.
Breninger, G. F. 1897. Coues' Flycatcher. Osprey
2:12.
COMMENT: A nest in the Huachuca Mountains,
Arizona.
. 1899. A nest of the Blue-throated Hum-
mingbird. Osprey 3:86.
COMMENT: In the Huachuca Mountains, Ari-
zona.
Willard, F. C. 1899. Notes on Eugenes fulgens.
Osprey 3:65-66.
COMMENT: Nesting in the Huachuca Mountains,
Arizona.
1900-1920
Howard, O. W. 1900. Nesting of the Rivoli Hum-
mingbird in southern Arizona. Condor 2:101-102.
COMMENT: In the Huachuca Mountains, Ari-
zona.
. 1902. Nesting of the Prairie Falcon. Condor
4:57-59.
COMMENT: In the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona.
Breninger, G. F. 1903. Nests and eggs of Coeligena
clemenciae. Auk 20:435.
COMMENT: In the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona.
Childs, J. L. 1905. Eggs of the Olive Warbler
(Dendroica olivacea). The Warbler, 2nd ser.l:17;
pl.I.
COMMENT: From the Huachuca Mountains,
Arizona.
. 1906. Nest and eggs of the Blue-throated
Hummingbird (Coeligena clemenciae). The War-
bler 2:65; pl.IV.
COMMENT: From the Huachuca Mountains,
Arizona.
Willard, F. C. 1908. An Arizona nest census.
Condor 10:44-45.
COMMENT: Brief accounts of the nesting of 14
species of birds at Tombstone.
. 1908. Huachuca notes. Condor 10:206-207.
COMMENT: Elevations of nests of some species of
birds differ on the east and west sides of the range.
24
. 1908. Three vireos: nesting notes from the
Huachuca Mountains. Condor 10:230-234.
. 1909. Nesting of the Arizona Junco. Condor
11:129-131.
COMMENT: In the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona.
. 1909. The Flammulated Screech Owl. Con-
dor 11:199-202.
COMMENT: Breeding in the Huachuca Moun-
tains, Arizona.
. 1910. Nesting of the Western Evening
Grosbeak (Hesperiphona vespertina montana).
Condor 12:60-62.
COMMENT: In the Santa Catalina and Huachuca
Mountains, Arizona.
. 1910. The Olive Warbler (Dendroica olivacea)
in southern Arizona. Condor 12:104-107.
COMMENT: Observations on nesting.
. 1911. The Blue-throated Hummingbird.
Condor 13:46-49.
COMMENT: Breeding in Huachuca Mountains,
Ariz.
. 1912. Breeding of the Scott Sparrow. Con-
dor 14:195-196
COMMENT: In the Huachuca Mountains, Ari-
zona.
. 1912. Nesting of the Rocky Mountain
Nuthatch. Condor 14:213-215.
COMMENT: In the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona.
. 1913. Late nesting of certain birds in Ari-
zona. Condor 15:227.
COMMENT: Observations on 7 species in the
Huachuca Mountains, Arizona.
. 1913. Sharp-shinned Hawk nesting in
Arizona. Condor 15:229.
COMMENT: In the Huachuca Mountains, Ari-
zona.
. 1913. Some late nesting notes from the
Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. Condor 15:41.
Gilman, M. F. 1914. Breeding of the Bronzed
Cowbird in Arizona. Condor 16:255-259.
Willard, F. C. 1916. The Golden Eagle in Cochise
County, Arizona. Ool. 33:3-8.
COMMENT: Notes on nesting, with photographs.
. 1916. Nesting of the Band-tailed Pigeon in
southern Arizona. Condor 18:110-112.
COMMENT: In the Huachuca Mountains, Ari-
zona.
. 1918. Evidence that many birds remain
mated for life. Condor 20:167-170.
COMMENT: Gives many Arizona examples.
1921-1940
Willard, F. C. 1923. The Buff-breasted Flycatcher in
the Huachuchas. Condor 25:189-194.
COMMENT: Nest and eggs collected in May 1907.
. 1923. The Mexican Cliff Swallow in Cochise
County, Arizona. Condor 25:138-139.
COMMENT: Nesting at Fort Huachuca.
. 1923. Some unusual nesting sites of several
Arizona birds. Condor 25:121-125.
Ray, R. C. 1925. Discovery of a nest and eggs of
the Blue-throated Hummingbird. Condor 27:49-51.
COMMENT: In the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona.
Kimball, H. H. 1935. Elf Owls. Ool. 52:95-96.
COMMENT: In the Tucson and Chiricahua Moun-
tains; sets never contain more than 3 eggs.
Monson, G. 1936. Nesting of the Black Hawk in
Arizona. Wilson Bull. 48:313-314.
COMMENT: In Arivaipa Canyon.
Neff, J. A. 1940. Notes on nesting and other habits
of the Western White- winged Dove in Arizona.
J. Wildl. Manage. 4:279-290.
1941-1960
Allen, A. A. 1944. An Arizona nest of the Coppery-
tailed Trogon. Auk 61:640-642.
COMMENT: In the Santa Rita Mountains.
Carr, W. H. 1947. Trailing desert owls. Nat. Hist.
56:468-473.
COMMENT: Notes on nesting of Great Horned
Owls in southern Arizona.
Peterson, R. T. 1948. Arizona Junco. Wilson bull.
60:5, with frontispiece of Arizona Junco in color.
COMMENT: Brief notes on habits and relation-
ships.
Gross, A. O. 1949. Nesting of the Mexican Jay in
the Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona. Condor
.51:241-249.
COMMENT: Extensive notes on nest building,
incubation, and growth of young.
Wallmo, O. C. 1954. Nesting of Mearns Quail in
southeastern Arizona. Condor 56:125-128.
Stophlet, J. J. 1958. Hooded Oriole nesting under
eaves of house. Auk 75:221-222.
COMMENT: Near Tombstone, Arizona.
Miller, A. H. 1960. Adaptation of breeding sched-
ule to latitude. In Proc. 12th Int. Ornith. Cong.
2:513-522.
COMMENT: Cyrtonyx montezumae and Amphispiza
bilineata in Arizona are discussed.
25
Zimmerman, D. A. 1960. Thick-billed Kingbird
nesting in New Mexico. Auk 77:92-94.
COMMENT: Three pairs observed in the Arizona
portion of Guadalupe Canyon, Cochise County,
Arizona.
1961-1980
Ohmart, R. D. 1968. Breeding of Botteri's Sparrow
(Aimophila botterii) in Arizona. Condor 70:277.
COMMENT: At Ophir Gulch, Santa Rita Moun-
tains, Pima County, Arizona.
Stair, J. L. 1970. Chronology of the nesting season
of White-winged Doves Zenaida asiatica mearnsi
(Ridgway) in Arizona. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Ariz.,
Tucson. 69pp.
Johnson, A. R., and J. C. Barlow. 1971. Notes on
the nesting of the Black-bellied Tree Duck near
Phoenix, Arizona. Southwest. Nat. 15:394-395.
Ligon, J. D. 1971. Notes on the breeding of the
sulfur-bellied flycatcher in Arizona. Condor
73:250-252.
Davis, C.A., and G.K. Sintz. 1973. Nesting of
mourning doves at San Simon Cienga, south-
western New Mexico. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Rep.
265, N.M. State Univ., Las Cruces.
COMMENT: Nesting of mourning doves.
Snyder, N. F., and H. A. Snyder. 1973. Experimen-
tal study of feeding rates of nesting Cooper's
hawks. Condor 75:461-463.
Ligon, J. D. 1974. Green cones of the pinon pine
stimulate late summer breeding in the pinon
jay. Nature 250:80-82.
ABSTRACT: Reports field and experimental
evidence that in southwestern New Mexico,
reproductive activity of Gymnorhinus
cyanocephalus is triggered in late summer and
autumn by the presence of large quantities of
green cones of Pinus edulis. The cones indicate
that adequate food, in the form of pinon seeds,
will be available to young birds in the winter.
Eberhardt, K. C, and R. W. Skaggs. 1977. Nesting
peregrine falcons in the Gila National Forest, New
Mexico, 1977: behavior and ecology. Chihuahuan
Desert Res. Inst., Contribution 39. 43pp.
ABSTRACT: Three peregrine falcon (Falco
peregrinus) eyries in the Gila National Forest,
New Mexico were monitored for a year. Obser-
vations were made on 13 individual peregrines
including 7 young that fledged from the 2 eyries
occupied by adult pairs. Peregrine prey species
should be analyzed for pesticide residues and
heavy metals, and trailbikers and low-flying
aircraft should be restricted from the nesting
area.
Brown, D.E. 1979. Factors influencing reproductive
success and population densities in Montezuma
quail. J. Wildl. Manage. 43:522-526.
Eltaher, H. 1980. Acceptance and rejection of
parasitic eggs by the road-runner female
Geococcyx californianus and the gambel's quail
female Lophortyx gambeli. J. Coll. Sci. Univ.
Riyadh 11:85-94.
>1980
Smith, D. G., A. Devine, and D. Gendron. 1982. An
observation of copulation and allopreening of a
pair of whiskered owls. J. Field Ornithol.
53:51-52.
Stacey, P.B., and T. C. Edwards Jr. 1983. Possible
cases of infanticide by immigrant females in a
group-breeding bird. Auk 100:731-733.
Bowers, R.K., Jr., and J. B. Dunning Jr. 1984. Nest
parasitism by cowbirds on buff -breasted fly-
catchers, with comments on nest-site selection.
Wilson Bull. 96:718-719.
ABSTRACT: The buff -breasted flycatcher
(Empidonax fulvifrons) is a small flycatcher of the
Mexican highlands that regularly breeds in
limited numbers in the mountains of southeast-
ern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico.
Few details of its life history have been pub-
lished. Nest parasitism by cowbirds has not
been reported for this species. In the course of a
general life history investigation of this fly-
catcher, the author established that
brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) and
probably bronzed cowbirds (M. aeneus) parasit-
ize the nest of this species.
Huels, T.R. 1985. Cave swallow paired with cliff
swallows. Condor 87:441-442.
Webb, E. A. 1985. Distribution, habitat, and breed-
ing biology of the Botteri's sparrow. M. A.
Thesis, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder.
ABSTRACT: Botteri's sparrow are tall-grass spe-
cialists that breed in small, isolated colonies in
several types of semi-desert grassland and oak
woodland in southeastern Arizona. They are
most common in relatively undisturbed Sacaton
26
grassland. They nest following the commence-
ment of summer rains (July). This is in response
to a bloom of grasshoppers, their primary
summer food source. The breeding cycle is short
with high nestling mortality. Their populations
appeared stable.
Baltosser, W. H. 1986. Nesting success and produc-
tivity of hummingbirds in southwestern New
Mexico and southeastern Arizona. Wilson Bull.
98:353-367.
. 1986. Nesting success and productivity of
hummingbirds in southwestern New Mexico
and southeastern Arizona USA. Wilson Bull.
98:353-367.
ABSTRACT: Predation was the major source of
nest failure for hummingbirds studied in south-
western New Mexico and southeastern Arizona,
accounting for nearly 80% of all failed nest
attempts. Predation on eggs was responsible for
just over 70% of all losses attributed to preda-
tion; predation on nestlings accounted for <30%
of the losses. Nest failures resulting from aban-
donment, structural failure, and infertility were
low and similar to that found in other studies
dealing with altricial young.
Blancher, P.J., and R. J. Robertson. 1987. Effect of
food supply on the breeding biology of western
kingbirds. Ecology 68:723-732.
ABSTRACT: The author studied the breeding
ecology and behavior of Western Kingbirds in
relation to abundance of flying insects in an area
of sympatry with Cassin's Kingbirds in south-
eastern Arizona. Kingbirds did not appear to
reduce significantly the local abundance of
flying insects, which calls in question the impor-
tance of competition for food in determining
local habitat separation.
Clark, C. F. 1988. Observations on the nesting
success of Bell's vireos in southern Arizona.
West. Birds 19:117-120.
Maurer, B. A., E. A. Webb, and R. K. Bowers. 1989.
Nest characteristics and nestling development of
Cassin's and Botteri's sparrows in southeastern
Arizona. Condor 91:736-738.
ABSTRACT: In southeastern Arizona, the Cassin's
Sparrow (A. cassinii) and the Botteri's Sparrow
(A. botterii) breed together in similar habitats.
Nest placement, nest size, clutch size, and
nestling development were studied to provide
some insight into the ecological adaptations of
each species. This paper compares aspects of the
nesting biology of these two species in an area
where they occur sympatrically and examines the
possible significance that the patterns of inter-
specific variation have for the ecological and
evolutionary relationships between the species.
Brown, J. L., and E. R. Brown. 1990. Mexican jays:
uncooperative breeding. Pages 267-288 in P. B.
Stacey and W. D. Koenig eds. Cooperative breed-
ing in birds: Long-term studies of ecology and
behaviour. Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
Dawson, J. W., and R. W. Mannan. 1991. Domi-
nance hierarchies and helper contributions in
Harris' hawks. Auk 108:649-660.
ABSTRACT: We examined dominance hierarchies,
mating relationships, and helping by individu-
ally marked Harris' Hawks (Parabuteo
unicinctus) at 64 nests in Arizona (1984-1988).
Mays, N. A., C. M. Vleck, and J. Dawson. 1991.
Plasma luteinizing-hormone, steroid-hormones,
behavioral role, and nest stage in cooperatively
breeding Harris' hawks. Auk 108:619-637.
Weathers, W. W., and K. A. Sullivan. 1991. Growth
and energetics of nestling yellow-eyed juncos.
Condor 93:138-146.
Sullivan, K. A., and W. W. Weathers. 1992. Brood
size and thermal environment influence field
metabolism of nestling yellow-eyed juncos. Auk
109:112-118.
Conservation and Management
Grazing
1900-1920
Brown, H. 1900. The conditions governing bird life
in Arizona. Auk 17:31-34.
ABSTRACT: This study blames overgrazing for
causing widespread faunal changes, which were
made much worse by the severe drought of
1892-93. The distribution and nesting habits of
several species were changed as a result.
>1980
Brown, R. L. 1982. Effects of livestock grazing on
Mearns quail Cyrtonyx montezumae mearnsi in
southeastern Arizona. J. Range Manage.
35:727-732.
27
ABSTRACT: Grazing by domestic livestock does
not limit production of food supplies for Mearns
quail (C. m. mearnsi) in southeastern Arizona.
Grazing available forage in excess of 55% by
weight can nearly eliminate local quail popula-
tions by removing their escape or hiding cover
just before the nesting season. This eliminates
the breeding population itself. The 46 to 50%
level of utilization by weight appears to be
marginal for maintaining optimum quail popu-
lations.
Bock, C. E., and J. H. Bock. 1984. Effects of long
term livestock exclusion in a semiarid grassland.
Pages 123-133 in P. G. Rowlands, C. VanRiper
III, and M. K. Sogge, eds. First conference
proceedings on research in Colorado Plateau
National Parks. USDI Natl. Park Serv., Center
for Colorado Plateau Studies, Northern Arizona
Univ., Flagstaff.
ABSTRACT: Montezuma quail, Cassin's sparrow,
Botteri's sparrow, and grasshopper sparrow
were common breeding birds on ungrazed
areas, whereas scaled quail, horned larks, and
lark sparrows were the most abundant nesting
species on grazed lands. Canopy cover of
perennial grasses was higher on ungrazed areas.
, , W. R. Kenney, and V. M.
Hawthorne. 1984. Responses of birds, rodents,
and vegetation to livestock exclosure in a semi-
desert grassland site. J. Range Manage. 7:239-
242.
ABSTRACT: A protected, ungrazed upland site
supported 45% more grass cover, a comparatively
mixed group of grass species, and 4 times as many
shrubs as an adjacent grazed site. The grazed
area supported a significantly higher number of
birds during summer, whereas numbers did not
differ between sites during winter.
, and B. Webb. 1984. Birds as grazing indica-
tor species in southeastern Arizona. J. Wildl.
Manage. 48:1045-1049.
ABSTRACT: Managers of national forests and
rangelands are required, through the National
Forest Management Act, to identify and monitor
wildlife "indicator species," whose populations
"are believed to indicate effects of management
activities on other species of a major biological
community." Horned larks (Eremophila alpestris),
Cassin's sparrows (Aimophila cassinii), and
grasshopper sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum)
are abundant summer birds in the semidesert
grasslands of southeastern Arizona. The authors
compared densities and habitats of these species
on grazed vs. ungrazed sites.
Anderson, E. W., D. L. Franzen, and J. E. Melland.
1990. Regrazing to benefit watershed-wildlife-
livestock. Rangelands 12:105-111.
Allen, L. S. 1992. Livestock-wildlife coordination in
the encinal oak woodlands: Coronado National
Forest. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-
218:109-110.
COMMENT: History of livestock management in
southeast Arizona is presented. Needs for
coordination of management are recommended.
Bock, C. E., and J. H. Bock. 1993. Cover of peren-
nial grasses in southeastern Arizona in relation
to livestock grazing. Conserv. Biol. 7:371-377.
ABSTRACT: Total grass canopy cover was greater
on ungrazed grasslands. Eight bunchgrass
species grew taller on ungrazed areas; 2 short
stoloniferous species were the only taxa sub-
stantially more abundant on grazed areas.
Livestock grazing appeared to be an exotic
ecological force that was destructive of certain
components of the native flora and fauna.
Fire
1941-1960
Marshall, J. T., Jr. 1960. Land use and native birds
of Arizona. Ariz. Acad. Sci. 2:75-77.
COMMENT: Advocates controlled burning of
grass and forest litter to improve water capture
and open the forest stands.
1961-1980
Marshall, J. T., Jr. 1963. Fire and birds in the
mountains of southern Arizona. Pages 134-142
in Proc. 2nd Ann. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf.
. 1963. Land use and native birds of Arizona.
Ariz. Cattlelog 19(6):14-15.
COMMENT: Advocates controlled burning to
promote grass and water capture.
Bock, C. E., and J. H. Bock. 1978. Response of
birds, small mammals, and vegetation to burn-
ing of sacaton grassland in southeastern Ari-
zona. J. Range Manage. 31:296-300.
ABSTRACT: Fire appeared to benefit indigenous
plants and wildlife of sacaton communities, as
28
long as a mosaic of different aged stands were
maintained. Burning reduced the height and
extent of sacaton itself and stimulated growth of
other grasses and forbs. Summer fires created
more bare ground and encouraged a greater
density and variety of annuals than winter fire.
Bird populations were greatly increased as a
result of summer fires; however, total small
mammal populations were reduced.
>1980
Bock, C. E., and J. H. Bock. 1988. Grassland birds
in southeastern Arizona: impacts of fire,grazing,
and alien vegetation. In P. Goriop, ed., Ecology
and conservation of grassland birds. Tech. Publ.
No. 7, Int. Counc. Bird Preservation, Cam-
bridge, England.
ABSTRACT: Twenty-five bird species are common
in the grasslands of southeastern Arizona.
Burning temporarily increases herb growth and
seed production, especially in Sacaton grass-
land. Doves, quail, and sparrows respond
positively to these changes. Lovegrasses
(Eragrostis spp.) are native to Africa and have
been planted in Arizona in an attempt to reveg-
etate degraded rangelands. Compared to
ungrazed native grasslands, these plantations
are ornithologically sterile, probably because
they produce fewer seeds and insects. Dominant
birds on ungrazed areas are grassland specialists,
while common species on grazed lands are those
typical of relatively open and xeric areas. Cassin's
and grasshopper sparrows are the most abun-
dant upland breeding birds on ungrazed areas;
they are uncommon on heavily-grazed pastures.
The Botteri's sparrow is a Sacaton specialist.
Horton, S.P., and R.W. Mannan. 1988. Effects of
prescribed fire on snags and cavity-nesting birds
in southeastern Arizona pine forests. Wildl. Soc.
Bull. 16:37-44.
ABSTRACT: This study compared the number and
characteristics of dead trees before and after
broadcast, understory fires in a ponderosa pine
forest. The study described snags used by birds
for nesting and compare the availability of
similar snags before and after prescribed fires;
and compared breeding populations of cavity-
nesting birds before and after the fires to iden-
tify species that were affected in the first year
after treatment.
Aid, C. S. 1990. Changes in breeding bird density
after prescribed burning in an Arizona semi-
desert grassland. M.A. Thesis, Univ. Colorado,
Boulder
Bock, C. E., and J. H. Bock. 1990. Effects of fire on
wildlife in southwestern lowland habitats. Pages
50-64 in J. S. Krammes, tech. coord. Effects of
fire in management of southwestern natural
resources. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-
191.
ABSTRACT: Prescribed burning can benefit most
wildlife in semidesert grasslands especially if
used to create fine-scale mosaics of native
vegetation including some unburned stands.
Fire is likely to negatively affect vegetation and
wildlife in Sonoran desert scrub, Chihuahuan
Desert grassland, and riparian woodland.
Severson, K.E., and J.N. Rinne. 1990. Increasing
habitat diversity in southwestern forests and
woodlands via prescribed fire. Pages 94-104 in J.
S. Krammes, tech. coord. Effects of fire manage-
ment of southwestern natural resources. USDA
For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-191.
ABSTRACT: Prescribed fire has been used histori-
cally as a management tool to create habitat
diversity in all upper elevation vegetative types
in the region. Research is suggested on the
feasibility of using this tool in riparian systems.
Bock, C. E., and J. H. Bock. 1992. Response of birds
to wildfire in native versus exotic Arizona
grassland. Southwest. Nat. 37:73-81.
ABSTRACT: Measured vegetation cover and bird
abundances on 25 native and 25 exotic grassland
plots in southeastern Arizona between 1984 and
1990. A wildfire in 1987 completely burned 11
native and 11 exotic plots. The fire reduced
grass and shrub cover and increased herb cover
for 2 post-fire years in both grassland types.
Numbers of fall birds increased dramatically on
burned plots in both habitats for 2 years, prob-
ably in response to increased seed production
and availability. Fire effects were ephemeral in
native and exotic habitats for most plants and
birds, and there was no evidence that burning
facilitated the permanent return of native spe-
cies to depauperate plantations of exotic grasses.
However, fire may have rendered exotic grass-
lands more suitable to certain summer birds by
reducing otherwise heavy accumulation of litter.
29
Exotics
>1980
Bock, C. E., J. H. Bock, K. L. Jepson, and J. C.
Ortega. 1986. Ecological effects of planting
African lovegrasses in Arizona. Natl. Geogr.
Res. 2:456-463.
COMMENT: Summarizes research conducted
under a NGS grant.
Riparian Systems-Water Issues
1941-1960
Webb, E. L. 1958. Water development evaluation.
Proc. 38th Ann. Conf. West. Assoc. State Game
and Fish Comms.:251-255.
COMMENT: Effect on Gambel's Quail populations.
1961-1980
Manes, R. R. 1968. The fatal future. Threatened
species doomed. Wildl. Views 15(4):4-9.
COMMENT: Plans of the Corps of Engineers to
destroy the habitat along the San Pedro River.
Schimmel, B. [=R.]. 1968. The fatal future. Part TV.
The Santa Cruz River. Wildl. Views 15(6):24-27.
COMMENT: Discusses the disaster to wildlife if
the streamside vegetation is removed.
Reynolds, H.G. 1972. Wildlife habitat improve-
ments in relation to watershed management in
the southwest. Ariz. Watershed Symp. 16:10-17.
Ames, C.R. 1977. Wildlife conflicts in riparian
management: grazing. Pages 49-51 in R. R.
Johnson, D. A. Jones, tech. coord. Importance,
preservation, and management of riparian
habitat: a symposium. USDA For. Serv. Gen.
Tech. Rep. RM-43.
COMMENT: Reports that grazing has a negative
affect on riparian systems; these systems consti-
tute a small but critically important part of the
range resource.
Stevens, L.E., B.T. Brown, J.M. Simpson, and R.R.
Johnson. 1977. The importance of riparian
habitat to migrating birds. Pages 156-164 in R. R.
Johnson and D. A. Jones, tech. coord. Impor-
tance, preservation, and management of ripar-
ian habitat: a symposium. USDA For. Serv.,
Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-43.
COMMENT: Seven pairs of study sites in riparian
and adjacent nonriparian habitats were
censused for spring migrant passerines to
determine the importance of each area.
>1980
Shafer, D. M., P. F. Ffolliott, and D. R. Patton.
1982. Management of riparian vegetation for
southwestern wildlife. USDA For. Serv., South-
west. Reg., Albuquerque, N.M.
ABSTRACT: This paper presents a compilation
and review of literature on riparian vegetation
and its associated wildlife in the southwest.
Emphasis is on the natural and man-made
factors that limit or alter the effectiveness of
riparian communities for wildlife. Five commu-
nities are discussed and specific management
recommendations are given.
Bock, C. E. 1984. The importance of sycamores to
riparian birds in southeastern Arizona. J. Field
Ornithol. 55:97-103.
ABSTRACT: Among the mid-elevation riparian
trees, sycamores are of potential value to birds
because of their large size and substantial dead
wood. They also appear to be one of the most
threatened tree species. Prevention of livestock
grazing is insufficient to regenerate sycamores.
Cowbird Parasitism
1900-1920
Gilman, M. F. 1909. Red-eyed Cowbird at Sacaton,
Arizona. Condor 11:173.
COMMENT: Just beginning to occur in southeast
Arizona.
1921-1940
Friedmann, H. 1933. Further notes on the birds
parasitized by the Red-eyed Cowbird. Condor
35:189-191.
COMMENT: Arizona Hooded Orioles at Tomb-
stone and Oracle, Arizona are listed as victims.
. 1934. Further additions to the list of birds
victimized by the Cowbird. Wilson Bull. 46:25-36.
COMMENT: Adds Tyrannus vociferans,
Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus, Toxostoma
bendirei, Vireo belli arizonae, and Vireo solitarius
plumbeus from Arizona.
. 1934. Further additions to the list of birds
victimized by the Cowbird. Wilson Bull. 46:104-
114.
30
COMMENT: Includes the Pyrrhuloxia, Rufous-
winged Sparrow, and Song Sparrow from
Arizona.
Phillips, A. R. 1937. Avifauna in Mexico. Pages 69-
74 in H. K. Buechner and J. H. Buechner, eds.
The avifauna of northern Latin America. A
symposium held at the Smithsonian Institution
13-15 April 1966. Smiths. Inst. Press. Wash. 119 pp.
COMMENT: A brief comment (p. 71) that Cowbird
parasitism has caused local disappearances of
some species in Arizona.
1941-1960
Friedmann, H. 1943. Further additions to the list of
birds known to be parasitized by the Cowbirds.
Auk 60:350-356.
COMMENT: Vermilion Flycatcher parasitized by
the Dwarf Cowbird at Nogales, Arizona.
1961-1980
Friedmann, H. 1963. Host relations of the parasitic
Cowbirds. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 233:1-276.
COMMENT: Contains numerous references to
Arizona species of birds parasitized by the
Cowbirds.
. 1966. Additional data on the host relations
of the parasitic Cowbirds. Smiths. Misc. Coll.
149:1-12.
COMMENT: Contains several records from Arizona.
Johnson, R. R., and B. Roer. 1968. Changing status
of the Bronzed Cowbird in Arizona. Condor
70:183.
COMMENT: Extending breeding and wintering
ranges north of Tucson and increasing in num-
bers throughout core of range.
>1980
Miles, D. B. 1986. A record of brown-headed
cowbird (Molothrus ater) nest parasitism of
rufous-crowned sparrows (Aimophila rvtficeps).
Southwest. Nat. 31:253-254.
Thick-billed Parrot
1900-1920
Lusk, R. D. 1900. Parrots in the United States.
Condor 2:129.
COMMENT: Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha observed
in the Chiricahua Mountains.
Smith, A. P. 1907. The Thick-billed Parrot in
Arizona. Condor 9:104.
COMMENT: Observed in the Chiricahua Moun-
tains.
Law, J. E. 1918. Report of Thick-billed Parrots in
Arizona. Condor 20:100.
1921-1940
Vorhies, C. T. 1934. Arizona records of the Thick-
billed Parrot. Condor 36:180-181.
COMMENT: In the Chiricahua Mountains.
1960-1980
Monson, G. 1965. A pessimistic view-the Thick-
billed Parrot. Aud. Field Notes 19:389.
COMMENT: Brief mention of Arizona occur-
rences.
>1980
Clubb, S. L. 1991. Thick-billed parrots. Homecom-
ing for a native U.S. parrot. Psitta Scene 3: 7-9.
Johnson, T. and N. Snyder. 1987. A return to the
thick-billed parrot. Wildl. Views 30:8-10.
Snyder, N. F. R. and M. P. Wallace. 1987. Reintro-
duction of the thick-billed parrot in Arizona.
Pages 360-384 in Anon. ed. Proc. Jean Delacour/
IFCB Symp. on breeding birds in captivity.
[Publisher & place of publication not given.]
Tashijan Hanson, J., and N. Synder. 1987. Wel-
come back!! The thick billed parrot returns to
Arizona. West. Tanager 53:1-3.
Snyder, N. F. R. and T. V. Johnson. 1988. Reintro-
duction of thick-billed parrot Rhynchopsitta
pachyrhyncha in Arizona. Dodo no. 25:15-24.
Johnson, T. B., N. F. R. Snyder, and M. A. Franks.
1992. Thick-billed parrot reintroduction project
progress report of 12-23-91. Am. fed. Avic.
Watchbird 19:53-54.
Snyder, N. F. R. and T. B. Johnson. 1992. Reintro-
duction of the thick-billed parrot in the
Chiricahua Mountains. Pages 87-90 in
Chiricahua Mountains Res. Symp. Proc. South-
west Parks and Monuments Assoc., Tucson,
Arizona.
COMMENT: History of reintroduction attempts of
the thick-billed parrot.
31
Gallinaceous Birds
1800s
Allen, J. A. 1886. The Masked Bob-white (Colinus
ridgwayi) of Arizona and its allies. Bull. Amer.
Mus. Nat. Hist. 1(7), art. 16:273-290.
COMMENT: Contains history, bibliography,
habits, and distribution.
1900-1920
Brown, H. 1904. Masked Bob-white (Colinus
ridgwayi). Auk 21:209-213.
COMMENT: History, distribution, and observa-
tions on habits; believes extinct in Arizona.
1921-1940
Weekes, R. W., ed. 1927. What makes Turkeys
wild? Ariz. Wild Life l(4-5):9.
COMMENT: Turkeys released in the Chiricahuas
became tame.
Vorhies, C. T. 1928. Do southwestern Quail require
water? Amer. Nat. 62:446-452.
COMMENT: Evidently they do not.
Anonymous, ed. 1938. Masked Bob White released
in forest. Ariz. Wildlife Mag. 7(8):16.
COMMENT: In Coronado National Forest grass
area, 66 released.
1941-1960
Griner, L., et al. nd. Investigational report and
proposed Quail management plan for Cochise
County, Arizona. (An activity of Ariz. Fe. Aid
Proj. 9-R) Ariz. Game and Fish Comm. 19 pp.
Scheffler, W. J. 1941. Mearns' Quail numerous in
Arizona. Condor 43:208.
Ligon J. S. 1952. The vanishing Masked Bobwhite.
Condor 54:48-50.
COMMENT: Brief notes on the attempt to intro-
duce the species in Arizona.
Hungerford, C. R. 1955. A preliminary evaluation
of Quail malaria in southern Arizona in relation
to habitat and quail mortality. Trans. 20th N. A.
Wildlife Conf. March 14, 15, and 16, 1955:209-
215.
Swank, W. G., and S. Gallizioli. 1958. The effects of
hunting on Gambel Quail populations. Trans.
23rd N. A. Wildl. Conf. March 3, 4, 5, 1958:305-
319.
Towell, W. E. 1958. Report of endangered species
of wildlife committee. Pages 35-44 in 48th Conv.
Int. Assoc. Game, Fish and Conserv. Comms.
COMMENT: Mearns' Quail habitat improvement
required in Arizona, p. 36.
1961-1980
Bishop, R. [A.]. 1964. Population figures of
Arizona's Mearns' Quail. Proc. 3rd Ann. Meet-
ing Wildl. Soc. New Mex.-Ariz. Sec. Feb. 7, 8,
1964:58-61.
COMMENT: In the Santa Rita Mountains and
Canelo Hills.
Gallizioli, S. 1964. Results of a brief investigation of
the Masked Bobwhite in Sonora, Mexico. Ariz.
Game and Fish Dept. Spec. Rep. 15 pp.
COMMENT: Includes a summary of efforts to
restock this bird in Arizona.
Walker, L. W. 1964. Return of the Masked Bob-
white. Ariz.-Son. Desert Museum, Spec. Bull
7pp.
COMMENT: Describes an attempt to re-establish
the species in Arizona.
. 1964. Return of the Masked Bobwhite.
Zoonooz 37(1):10-15.
COMMENT: A summary of the preliminary
attempt to establish this species in the vicinity of
Tucson, Arizona.
Levy, S. H., J. J. Levy, and R. A. Bishop. 1966. Use
of tape recorded female Quail calls during the
breeding season. J. Wildl. Manage. 30:426-428.
COMMENT: In southeastern Arizona, male Harle-
quin, Gambel's and Scaled Quail responded to
the recorded calls.
Gallizioli, S. 1967. Mearns' Quail, Arizona's finest
upland game bird. Wildl. Views 14(6):4-7.
, S. Levy, and J. Levy. 1967. Can the Masked
Bobwhite be saved from extinction? Aud. Field
Notes 21:571-575.
COMMENT: They are hopeful that it can be re-
established in Arizona.
Tomlinson, R. E., and D. E. Brown. 1970. Our
Bobwhites come home. Wildl. Views 17(3):4-11.
COMMENT: Report on recent introductions in
Arizona.
Ellis, D. H. and J. A. Serafin. 1976. A research
program for the endangered masked bobwhite.
J. Wild Pheasant Assoc. 2:16-33.
32
Goodwin, J. G., Jr. and C. R. Hungerford. 1977.
Habitat use by native Gambel's and scaled quail
and released masked bobwhite quail in southern
Arizona. USDA For. Serv. Res. Rep. No. RM-197.
ABSTRACT: A program to reintroduce the masked
bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus ridgwayi) to
its original mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) /grass-
land habitat is reported. Conditions have
changed since the bird disappeared from the
area in 1900, and it is in possible competition
with Gambel's quail (Lophortyx gambelii) and
scaled quail (Callipepla squamata). Preferred
habitats of the 3 species and their use of open
water are described; there was some overlap
between Gambel and bobwhite habitats. Fre-
quency of the most common causes of mortality
was also investigated (predators, weather, etc.).
Management recommendations for improving
bobwhite habitat are outlined and include
irrigation and control of grazing by livestock.
Ellis, D. H., S. J. Dobrott, and J. G. Goodwin Jr.
1978. Reintroduction techniques for masked
bobwhites. 345-354, illustr. Pages 345-354 in S.
A. Temple, ed. Endangered birds: management
techniques for preserving threatened species.
Univ. Wisconsin Press, Madison.
Finnley, D., ed. 1978. Masked bobwhite recovery
plan approved. Endangered Species Tech. Bull. 3:3.
>1980
Stromberg, M. R., C. E. Bock, and J. H. Bock. 1986.
Potential role of the Research Ranch in the
masked bobwhite recovery program. In M. R.
Stromberg, T. Johnson, S. Hoffman, eds. Proc. of
a symp. on the biol. and conserv. of the masked
bobwhite. Arizona Game and Fish Dep., Phoe-
nix, Arizona, and National Audubon Society.
ABSTRACT: Only a small area of the Audubon
Research Ranch (near Elgin) might be suitable
for the masked bobwhite. If a release does occur,
it must be clearly stated as experimental and
secondary to the primary release site.
Willging, R.C. 1987. Status, distribution, and
habitat use of Gould's turkey in the Peloncillo
Mountains, New Mexico. Ph.D. Thesis, N.M.
State Univ., Las Cruces.
Dahlquist, F. C, S. D. Schemnitz, and B. K. Flachs.
1990. Distinguishing individual male wild
turkeys by analyzing vocalizations using a
personal computer. Bioacoustics 2:303-316.
ABSTRACT: The system has proven to be a valu-
able tool in determining census data and move-
ment information on the male Gould's wild
turkey in southwestern New Mexico. Plans for
future use are for the differentiation of subspe-
cies, identification of individual females, and the
analysis of specific turkey cells.
Carpenter, J. W., R. R. Gabel, and J. F. Goodwin, Jr.
1991. Captive breeding and reintroduction of the
endangered masked bobwhite. Zoo Biol. 10:439-449.
Schemnitz, S. D., D. E. Figert, and R. C. Willging.
1991. Ecology and management of Gould's
turkeys in southwestern New Mexico. Pages 72-
83 in W. M. Healy and G. B. Healy, eds. Proc.
Nat. wild turkey symp., 6. Nat. Wild Turkey
Fed., Edgefield, S. Carolina.
Doves and Pigeons
Neff, J. A. 1940. Range, population, and game
status of the Western White-winged Dove in
Arizona. J. Wildl. Manage. 4:117-127.
1941-1960
Allen, F. H. 1941. Conservation notes. Auk 58:288.
COMMENT: Comments on the "critical" situation
of the White-winged Dove in Arizona.
Baker, J. H. 1941. Help for the White-winged Dove.
Aud. Mag. 43:68,71.
COMMENT: Remarks on its scarcity in Arizona.
1961-1980
Evans, T. R. 1966. Annual report of the Migratory
Birds Committee. 56th Conv. Int. Assoc. Game,
Fish and Conservation Comms. 34-43pp.
COMMENT: White-winged Dove breeding popu-
lation estimated at 1,250,000 in Arizona, p. 39.
Schimmel, B. [=R.]. 1967. Return of the Bandtails.
Wildl. Views 14(5):22-26.
COMMENT: Brief notes on banding, with map of
range in Arizona.
Raptors
1921-1940
Griscom, L. 1931. Notes on rare and little known
neotropical Pygmy Owls. Proc. New England
Zool. Club 12:37-43.
COMMENT: Includes comments on Glaucidium
gnoma in Arizona.
33
1961-1980
Hubbard, J. P. 1965. Bad days for the Black Hawk.
Aud. Field Notes 19:474.
COMMENT: Comments on the destruction of its
cottonwood bosque habitat.
Zimmerman, D. A. 1965. The Gray Hawk in the
southwest. Aud. Field Notes 19:475-477.
COMMENT: Comments on habitat destruction.
Hubbard, J. P. 1974. The status of the gray hawk in
New Mexico. Auk 91:163-166.
Glinski, R. L. 1977. The gray hawk in Arizona: its
population, habitat, breeding ecology, and
status. J. Ariz. Acad. Sci. 12:30.
Mader, W. J. 1977. Chemical residues in Arizona
Harris hawk eggs. Auk 94:587-588.
COMMENT: Eggshell thinning did not occur and
chemical residues were minor.
Snyder, H. and R. L. Glinski. 1978. Black hawks
and mining on Eagle Creek, Arizona. Ariz.-Nev.
Acad, of Sci. 13:29.
ABSTRACT: Black hawks (Buteogallus anthracinus)
occur along select riverine habitats in Arizona
and New Mexico and are dependent on perma-
nent surface water for successful breeding.
Eagle Creek presently sustains a dense nesting
population of this rare raptor because the
waterflow in much of this drainage is supple-
mented by the mining activity of the Phelps-
Dodge Copper Company in Morenci, Arizona.
Water for mining is pumped from the Black
River watershed into a tributary of Eagle Creek
and allowed to flow naturally down Eagle Creek
to near Morenci, where it then is piped uphill to
the mining plant.
>1980
Bednarz, J. C. 1984. The effect of mining and
blasting on breeding prairie falcon (Falco
mexicanus) occupancy in the Caballo Mountains,
New Mexico. Raptor Res. 18:16-19.
Hector, D. P. 1987. The decline of the aplomadao
falcon in the United States. Am. Birds 41:381-
384.
Kimsey, B. 1992. Peregrine falcons are now less in
peril. N.M. Wildl. 37:22-24.
Bednarz, J. C. and T. J. Hayden. 1994. The effects
of human activities on the productivity of birds
of prey in the Los Medanos area, New Mexico.
Raptor Res. 28:52-53.
Other Topics
1900-1920
Breninger, G. F. 1905. Are the habits of birds
changing? Auk 22:360-363.
COMMENT: Unusual nesting sites of several
species in southern Arizona.
1921-1940
Vorhies, C. T. 1934. The White-necked Raven, a
change of status? Condor 36:118-119.
COMMENT: The Ravens disappeared when the
garbage dumps were removed.
Brooks, A. 1935. Are small birds decreasing? Bird-
Lore 37:199-200.
COMMENT: Includes Arizona.
Vorhiew, C. T. 1935. A blot on G. P. A. activities.
Ariz. Wild Life 6(9):1.
COMMENT: Condemns a campaign offering
bounties on hawks, crows, and roadrunners.
1941-1960
Kimball, T. L. 1949. Southwestern game manage-
ment problems. Proc. 29th Ann. Conf. West.
Assoc. State Game and Fish Comms. June 14, 15,
16, 1949:57-60.
Hastings, J. R. 1959. Vegetation change and arroyo
cutting in southeastern Arizona. Jour. Ariz.
Acad. Sci. 1:60-67.
COMMENT: An important paper on early condi-
tions that affected animal life.
1961-1980
Levy, S. H. 1964. What has happened to the Mexi-
can Duck? Aud. Field Notes 18:558-559.
COMMENT: Its habitat in the San Simon Cienega
is threatened.
Kerr, R. M. 1966. Quack comeback. Our Public
Lands 16(2):4-5.
COMMENT: The population of the New Mexican
Duck is estimated to be about 20 in Arizona.
Martin, S. C. 1966. Will you see any game today?
Prog. Agric. Ariz. 18(4):30-31.
COMMENT: Brief account of surveys on the Santa
Rita Experimental Range, Arizona.
Erickson, R. C. 1968. A federal research program
for endangered wildlife. Trans. 33rd North Am.
Wildl. and Nat. Resour. Conf. March 11-13,
1968:418-433.
34
Bristow, B. 1969. The fatal future. Part V. Statewide
summary. Wildl. Views 16(5):13-21.
COMMENT: The clearing of phreatophytes endan-
gers Arizona wildlife.
Ligon, J. D. 1969. Factors influencing breeding
range expansion of the Azure Bluebird. Wilson
Bull. 81:104-105.
COMMENT: Scarcity of nest sites important.
Hubbard, J. P. 1977. The status of Cassin's sparrow
in New Mexico and adjacent states. Am. Birds
31:933-941.
Zimmerman, D. A. 1978. Eared trogon immigrant
or visitor: the story of the appearance of
Euptilotis-neoxenus in the mountains of south-
ern Arizona USA. Am. Birds 32:135-139.
>1980
Germano, D.J., R. Hungerford, and S. C. Martin.
1983. Responses of selected wildlife species to
the removal of mesquite from desert grassland.
J. Range Manage. 36:309-311.
ABSTRACT: Activities of selected wildlife species
were observed from September 1976 to June
1978 in an undisturbed velvet mesquite (Prosopis
juliflora var. velutina) stand, on range cleared of
mesquite and in a mesquite stand with spot
clearings on the Santa Rita Experimental Range
near Tucson, Ariz. More black-tailed jack-rabbits
(Lepus californicus), antelope jackrabbits (Lepus
alleni), and Gambel's quail (Lophortyx gambelii)
were seen in undisturbed mesquite and mes-
quite with clearings than on mesquite-free
range. Likewise, more bird calls were heard in
the undisturbed and partially cleared mesquite
than on mesquite-free range. Apparent differ-
ences in bird and mammal populations between
the undisturbed stand and the partially cleared
stand were insignificant and generally small.
Hakes, W. A. 1983. Nest boxes as a coppery-tailed
trogon management tool. USDA Gen. Tech. Rep
99-RM:147-150.
O'Brien, G. P. 1983. Power pole damage to acorn
woodpeckers in southeastern Arizona. USDA
For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-99T4-18.
Rea, A. M. 1983. Once a river: bird life and habitat
changes on the middle Gila. Univ. Ariz. Press,
Tucson.
COMMENT: Discusses the history of the Gila
River, concentrating on negative impacts caused
by lowering of the water table and associated
riparian vegetation.
Bahre, C.J. 1985. Wildlife in southeastern Arizona
between 1859 and 1890. Desert Plants 7:190-194.
COMMENT: Discusses the status of wildlife
during the indicated period.
Rosenberg, K. V., S. B. Terrill, and G. H.
Rosenberg. 1987. Value of suburban habitats to
desert riparian birds. Wilson Bull. 99:642-654.
[Note: not conducted in study region but an
appropriate paper.]
ABSTRACT: Bird populations were monitored
over 20 consecutive months in suburban Tempe,
Arizona. Compared to native riparian habitats
(cottonwood-willow and mesquite), the subur-
ban plots appeared to support significantly
higher total bird densities in every month. Ten
native species occurred in significantly higher
density on the suburban transects than in
outlying riparian habitats in at least one season.
Absence of other riparian species from the
suburban sites may be attributed either to
interference by abundant, urban-adapted spe-
cies or an inability to exploit normative tree
species. Other suburban sites containing native
willows and cottonwoods support populations
of several obligate riparian species not found in
Tempe. Well-vegetated suburban habitats have
much potential in mitigating against the rapid
loss of native riparian vegetation in the South-
west.
Deecken, T. 1988. Wildlife management. Pages 77-
78 in P. F. Ffolliott, and J. D. Hasbrouck, eds.
Oak woodland management: proceedings of the
workshop. School of Renewable Nat. Resour.,
Univ. Ariz.
COMMENT: Wildlife management practices of the
USDA Forest Service in the oak woodlands of
southeastern Arizona are discussed.
Kerpez, T. A. and N. S. Smith. 1990. Competition
between European starlings and native wood-
peckers for nest cavities in saguaros. Auk
107:367-375.
ABSTRACT: European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris)
have recently invaded Arizona and breed in
some areas but not in similar areas nearby. In
Arizona, European Starlings commonly nest in
cavities in saguaro cacti (Carnegiea gigantea) but
do not excavate these cavities. We found that
European Starlings compete with Gila Wood-
35
peckers but not with Northern Flickers. This
competition decreases the number of Gila
Woodpeckers that nest in areas where European
Starlings nest. Starlings did not use Northern
Flicker nest cavities and we found no relation-
ship between the number of European Startling
nests and the number of Northern Flicker nests.
Taylor, J. P. and R. E. Kirby. 1990. Experimental
dispersal of wintering snow and Ross' geese.
Wildl. Soc. Bull. 18:312-319.
Ellis, D. H., D. G. Smith, and F. B. P. Trahan. 1994.
Should we terminate an "artificial," tree-nesting
raptor population in Arizona. J. Raptor Res. 28:56.
MAMMALS
(ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY)
Lagomorpha
Daniel, A., J. Holechek, R. Valdez, A. Tembo, L.
Saiwana, M. Fusco, and M. Cardenas. 1993.
Jackrabbit densities on fair and good condition
Chihuahuan desert range. J. Range Manage.
46:524-528.
ABSTRACT: This study, conducted on the
Chihuahuan desert range near Las Cruces in
southcentral New Mexico, was to determine the
relationship of blacktailed jackrabbit (Lepus
californicus) densities to good and fair range
condition. Jackrabbit densities on the fair condi-
tion range were higher than those on the good
condition range. This difference is attributed to
the fair condition range containing more protec-
tive cover and preferred forage than good
condition range. Jackrabbits preferred grass-
shrub mosaic habitats more than shrubland and
grassland habitats. The need for diverse food
sources and protective cover were apparently
major determinants of habitat selection by
jackrabbits. The good condition range contained
greater grass cover and less shrub cover than the
fair condition range. Results indicated that main-
taining Chihuahuan desert ranges in good to
excellent condition is the best means of achiev-
ing lower abundance of jackrabbit populations.
Fatehi, M., R. D. Pieper, and R. F. Beck. 1988.
Seasonal food habits of blacktailed jackrabbits
{Lepus californicus) in southern New Mexico.
Southwestern Nat. 33:367-370.
Steinberger, Y., and W. G. Whitford. 1983. The
contribution of shrub pruning by jackrabbits to
litter input in a Chihuahuan desert ecosystem. J.
Arid Environ. 6:183-187.
ABSTRACT: Jackrabbits {Lepus californicus) prune
stems from creosote bushes {Larrea tridentata)
during the dry winter months. They eat the
previous season new woody stems and allow
the leaves and old wood to fall to the ground.
This unconsumed material was 66 kg /ha /year
of stem and 35 kg/ha/year of leaves; approxi-
mately one-fifth of the quantity of shrub litter
input by natural infall. Jackrabbits preferentially
pruned stems of shrubs with higher tissue
moisture content and tended to prune stems
from the same shrubs in successive years.
Rodentia
Bock, C. E., and J. H. Bock. 1978. Response of
birds, small mammals, and vegetation to burn-
ing sacaton grasslands in southeastern Arizona.
J. Range Manage. 31:296-300.
ABSTRACT: We studied the impact of fire on an
ungrazed sacaton grassland community at The
Research Ranch in southeastern Arizona. Sum-
mer fires created more bare ground and encour-
aged a greater number and variety of annuals
than winter fires. The fires had the effect of
reducing total small-mammal populations and
greatly increasing bird populations. Raptors and
most game birds, particularly mourning doves,
were most abundant on one-year-old burns.
Seed-eating birds {Fringillidae) preferred burned
over unburned areas. Cotton rat {Sigmodon
hispidus) populations were greatly reduced by
the fires, while populations of seed-eating
pocket mice {Perognathus), and kangaroo rats
{Dipodomys) increased, especially on the summer
burns. Sacaton grasslands recover rapidly even
from summer burning, at least in the absence of
livestock. Results of this study suggest that fire
is beneficial to the indigenous plants and wild-
life of sacaton communities, as long as a mosaic
of different aged stands is maintained.
, , W. R. Kenney, and V. M.
Hawthorne. 1984. Responses of birds, rodents,
and vegetation to livestock exclosure in a semi-
desert grassland site. J. Range Manage. 37:239-242.
36
ABSTRACT: Livestock have been excluded from a
3,160-ha range in southeastern Arizona since
1968. In 1981 to 1982, when compared to an
adjacent continuously grazed area, a protected
upland site supported 45% more grass cover, a
comparatively heterogeneous grass community,
and 4 times as many shrubs. Grama grasses
(Bouteloua spp.) were equally common in and
outside the exclosure, while a variety of other
species, especially plains lovegrass (Eragrostis
intermedia) and Arizona cottontop (Trichachne
calif ornicum) , were much more abundant on the
protected site. The grazed area supported
significantly higher numbers of birds in sum-
mer, while densities did not differ in winter.
Rodents were significantly more abundant
inside the protected area. Grazing appeared to
favor birds as a class over rodents.
Bowers, M. A., D. B. Thompson, and J. H. Brown.
1987. Spatial organization of a desert rodent
community: food addition and species removal.
Oecologia (Berlin) 72:77-82.
ABSTRACT: We examine the patterns of micro-
habitat use relative to vegetative cover by 11
rodent species. The results show that: 1) removal
of the largest seed-eating species, Diplodomys
spectabilis, produced the most pervasive and
dramatic shifts in micro-habitat use by the
remaining rodent species; 2) adding seeds or
removing ants had little affect on the spatial use
of micro-habitats by rodents in this community;
and 3) nongranivores were just as likely as
granivores to shift microhabitat use when other
granivores were removed. We believe these
results indicate that food and foraging
microsites are limited but the relegation of
subdominant species to less-preferred micro-
habitats by the large Dipodomys spectabilis is the
major factor underlying the spatial organization
of this community.
, and E. T. Heske. 1990. Temporal changes in
a Chihuahuan Desert rodent community. Oikos
59:290-302.
ABSTRACT: We used time series analysis of 10
years of monthly census data to assess the
responses of individual species and an entire
community of rodents to a fluctuating desert
environment. Autocorrelation analysis revealed
different patterns of intra-annual fluctuation
among the 11 species. The timing of annual and
the pattern of inter-annual fluctuations also
differed among species. However, two results
suggest that several species responded similarly
to long-term environmental variation: 1) popu-
lation densities of 4 species and total rodent
biomass and numbers were positively correlated
with the densities of annual plants; and 2) many
pairs of species exhibited positively correlated
population dynamics over the 10 years.
Brown, J. H., and J. C. Munger. 1985. Experimental
manipulation of a desert rodent community:
food addition and species removal. Ecology
66:1545-1563.
ABSTRACT: Monitoring with live traps revealed
that: 1) the addition of seed at the rate of 96
kg.plot-l.yr-1 resulted in an increased density of
the largest granivorous rodent species
(Dipodomys spectabilis), decreases in the densities
of the 2 next-to-largest species (D. merriami and
D. ordii), and no detectable changes in the
densities of other rodents; 2) the removal of D.
spectabilis, as well as other experimentally
induced changes in the abundance of this
species, resulted in reciprocal shifts in the
densities of the 2 congeneric species, D. merriami
and D. ordii, and no significant changes in
densities of other rodents; and 3) the removal of
all 3 Dipodomys species resulted in large in-
creases in density of 4 of the 5 species of smaller
seed-eating rodents, but had no affect on two
species of insectivorous rodents. Taken together,
these results indicate that limited food resources
and interspecific competition play major roles in
regulating the density of rodent populations
and determining the organization of desert
rodent communities.
, and D. W. Davidson. 1986. Reply to
Galindo. Ecology 67:1423-1425.
, and Z. Zeng. 1989. Comparative population
ecology of eleven species of rodents in the
Chihuahuan Desert. Ecology 70:1507-1525.
ABSTRACT: Comparisons of mark-recapture data
on life histories and population dynamics of 11
of the commonest species of nocturnal desert
rodents inhabiting our experimental study site
in the Chihuahuan Desert of extreme southeast-
ern Arizona permitted assessment of the role of
evolutionary relationships and ecological factors
in the coexistence of these species. The species
varied greatly in population density, extent of
37
interannual variation in abundance, timing of
reproduction, extent to which reproduction was
seasonal, rate of disappearance of marked
individuals, frequency and distance of lifetime
dispersal movements, but perhaps less in death
rate and maximum longevity. Most of the
species showed positively correlated year-to-
year fluctuations in population density, suggest-
ing that they responded similarly to interannual
variation in precipitation, primary production,
and availability of food resources. In contrast,
there were positive and negative correlations in
seasonal patterns of reproductive activity and
population density. Lifetime dispersal move-
ments were inversely related to body size,
suggesting that energy constraints cause the
smallest species to move among rich patches in
a coarse-grained manner.
Brown, J. S. 1989. Desert rodent community struc-
ture: a test of four mechanisms of coexistence.
Ecol. Monogr. 59:1-20.
ABSTRACT: Four mechanisms of coexistence are
considered that may contribute to the diversity
of desert granivorous rodent communities. In
the first, bush/open microhabitat selection,
coexistence is possible if there is a trade-off
between foraging efficiency in the bush and
open microhabitats. In the second, temporal
variation in resource abundances, coexistence is
possible if there is a trade-off between foraging
efficiency and maintenance efficiency. In the
third, spatial variation in resource abundance,
coexistence is possible if there is a trade-off
between foraging efficiency and the cost of
travel. The first species forages patches to a
lower giving-up density (the density of resource
at which a forager ceases foraging), while the
second can inexpensively travel between
patches with high resource abundances. In the
fourth, seasonal rotation in foraging efficiencies,
coexistence is possible if there is a trade-off
between the costs of foraging during different
seasons. The species that is the more efficient
forager changes seasonally.
. 1989. Mechanisms underlying the organiza-
tion of a desert rodent community. J. Arid
Environ. 17:211-218.
Davidson, D. W., R. S. Inouye, and J. H. Brown.
1984. Granivory in a desert ecosystem: experi-
mental evidence for indirect facilitation of ants
by rodents. Ecology 65:1780-1786.
ABSTRACT: Two major groups of desert
granivores, ants and rodents, coexist as perma-
nent residents of local desert habitats in south-
western North America. At our Sonoran Desert
study site, both of the major taxa exhibited
short-term increase in density when the other
taxon was experimentally removed. Over the
longer term, density compensation continued at
a relatively constant level for rodents in the
absence of ants. In contrast, beginning about 2
years after initiation of experiments, ant popula-
tions on rodent removal plots showed a gradual
but significant decline relative to densities on
control plots.
, D. A. Samson, and R. S. Inouye. 1985.
Granivory in the Chihuahuan Desert:
inteactions within and between trophic levels.
Ecology 66:486-502.
ABSTRACT: We investigated the effects of
Chihuahuan Desert granivores on 3 seasonal
classes of plant resource species, the effects of
these resource classes on one another, and the
ways in which interactions through plant re-
sources affect the abundances of seed consum-
ers. In general, our experiments showed that,
despite the climatic variability and
unpredictability of desert environments, popu-
lations respond to the steady deterministic
processes of competition and predation. Never-
theless, comparison of the results of similar
experimental studies in the Sonoran and
Chihuahuan Deserts demonstrates how climate
and seasonality can alter the structure and
intensity of interactions in ecosystems.
Frank, D. H., and E. J. Heske. 1992. Seasonal
changes in space use patterns in the southern
grasshopper mouse, Onychomys torridus torridus.
J. Mammal. 73:292-298.
ABSTRACT: Radiotelemetry studies of Onychomys
torridus torridus in the Chihuahuan Desert
revealed that the home ranges of breeding
males were twice as large as those of breeding
females. Further, home ranges of females over-
lapped only slightly, whereas home ranges of
males overlapped extensively with those of both
females and other males. Radiotelemetry data
collected at the same site during the
nonbreeding season showed that home ranges
38
of nonbreeding: 1) adult males were signifi-
cantly smaller than those of breeding males; 2)
adult females did not differ in size from those of
breeding females; 3) males and females did not
differ significantly in size. Home-range overlap
among neighboring females also was greater
during the nonbreeding season, and many
individuals of both sexes shared day burrows at
this time. In total, these patterns support hy-
potheses that males compete among themselves
for reproductive females.
Galindo, C. 1986. Do desert rodent populations
increase when ants are removed? Ecology
67:1422-1423.
Heske, E. J. and M. Campbell. 1991. Effects of an
11 -year livestock exclosure on rodent and ant
numbers in the Chihuahuan Desert, southeast-
ern Arizona. Southwestern Nat. 36:89-93.
ABSTRACT: We censused rodents, counted ant
colonies, and measured vegetative structure
along 11 pairs of transects at a Chihuahuan
Desert study site in southeastern Arizona. One
member of each pair of transects was inside and
1 was outside of a 20-ha livestock exclosure that
had been in place for 11 years. Vegetative
structure did not differ between transects ex-
posed to or protected from cattle grazing, but
significantly more rodents were captured inside
and outside of the exclosure, indicating that ants
are more resistant than rodents to trampling
and potential competition for food with cattle.
, J. H. Brown, and Q. Guo. 1993. Effects of
kangaroo rat exclusion on vegetation structure
and plant species diversity in the Chihuahuan
Desert. Oecologia 95:520-524.
ABSTRACT: Long-term (1977-90) experimental
exclusion of 3 species of kangaroo rats from
study plots in the Chihuahuan Desert resulted
in significant increases in abundance of a tall
annual grass (Aristida adscensionis) and a peren-
nial bunch grass (Eragrostis lehmanniana). This
change in the vegetative cover affected use of
these plots by several other rodent species and
by foraging birds. The mechanism producing
this change probably involves a combination of
decreased soil disturbance and reduced preda-
tion on large-sized seeds when kangaroo rats
are absent. Species diversity of summer annual
dicots was greater on plots where kangaroo rats
were present, as predicted by keystone predator
models.
, , and S. Mistry. 1994. Long-term
experimental study of a Chihuahuan Desert
Rodent community: 13 years of competition.
Ecology 75(2):438-445.
ABSTRACT: An experimental study of competi-
tion between kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spp.)
and other sympatric desert rodents using
exclosures with "semipermeable" fences has
been continuously maintained at a site in the
northern Chihuahuan Desert since 1977. A new
set of experimental manipulations begun in 1988
at the same site repeated this study. The con-
tinuous presence of competition between small
granivores and kangaroo rats over the 13-yr
study despite large, species-specific fluctuations
in abundances suggests that competition is
pervasive within this community.
Inouye, R. S. 1981. Interactions among unrelated
species: granivorous rodents, a parasitic fungus,
and a shared prey species. Oecologia 49:425-427.
ABSTRACT: Granivorous rodents and a parasitic
fungus in the Sonoran Desert utilize a common
prey species, Erodium cicutarium, a desert annual
plant. Experimental removal of rodents from
field exclosures resulted in significantly higher
densities of E. cicutarium. Fungal infection was
significantly higher in the absence of rodents,
suggesting that, while they do not interact
directly, rodents and the fungus affect each
other's densities by their use of a common prey
species.
MacKay, W. P., and S. A. Elias. 1992. Late quater-
nary ant fossils from packrat middens (Hy-
menoptera: Formicidae): implications for cli-
matic change in the Chihuahuan Desert. Psyche
99:169-184.
ABSTRACT: Packrat (Neotoma spp.) middens in
rock-shelters provide important paleoecological
records for the desert regions of North America.
Specimens of various arthropod species accu-
mulate in the middens and are cemented into a
black, tarry mass by packrat urine.
We collected a variety of ants in packrat
middens from the Chihuahuan Desert. Our data
suggest a climatic change in the Chihuahuan
Desert from mesic to arid during the past 45,000
years. The coniferous forest, oak-juniper wood-
land of the early Holocene changed to desert-
39
grassland about 8250 radiocarbon years before
present (yr BP), with a corresponding shift in
ant species composition. By about 7500 yr BP,
the presence of several arid adapted species
suggests the establishment of desert environ-
ments. After about 2500 yr BP, we see the
occurrence of primarily desert adapted ant
species in the Chihuahuan Desert, although
mesic adapted species continue to occur in
moist "islands" within the area.
McAuliffe, J. R. 1990. Paloverdes, pocket mice, and
bruchid beetles: interrelationships of seeds,
dispersers, and seed predators. Southwestern
Nat. 35:329-337.
ABSTRACT: Seed dispersers and seed predators
present a diverse array of benefits and risks to
ground beneath parent trees. This avoidance
may represent a behavioral adaptation in re-
sponse to the normal rapid collection and burial
of seeds by heteromyids.
M'Closkey, R. T. 1978. Niche separation and
assembly in four species of Sonoran Desert
rodents. Amer. Nat. 112:683-694.
ABSTRACT: Current ecological theory predicts
limits to the closeness of species packing. In-
creased competition from more competitors
should result in greater average niche separa-
tion. This idea was tested for locally sympatric
heteromyid rodents in part of the Sonoran
Desert of Arizona and the predictions were
verified. As a consequence of diffuse competi-
tion, niche separation increased with species
diversity, and rodent species showed separation
on both niche dimensions quantified in this
study (seed-size collection and habitat utiliza-
tion). However, when local diversity is low
(Dipodomys merriami-Perognathus penicillatus),
rodents were very similar in their overall utiliza-
tion of both dimensions. As diversity increases,
first seed-size differences then subsequently
seed-size and habitat differences were apparent.
Therefore, the pattern of niche separation and
diversity demonstrated niche dimensionality in
this fauna.
. 1981. The principle of equal opportunity: a
test with desert rodents. Can. J. Zool. 60:1968-
1972.
ABSTRACT: A basic assumption of the theory of
niche overlap and limiting similarity is that the
use of limited resources by coexisting species is
proportional to resource availability. I provide a
test of this assumption with desert rodents
using microhabitat structure as a resource.
Utilized and available microhabitat frequencies
were compared in 4 desert rodent species. Some
rodent species departed significantly in utilized
microhabitats from that expected on the basis of
availability. However, cumulative utilization
frequencies for all other rodent species corre-
sponded closely to the frequency of available
microhabitats. Therefore, the assumption of
constant ratios of utilization/ availability of
resources (microhabitats) was not falsified for
the entire guild, although individual rodent
species used some microhabitats disproportion-
ately.
Mellink, E. 1985. Agricultural disturbance and
rodents: three farming systems in the Sonoran
Desert. J. Arid Environ. 1985:207-222.
ABSTRACT: Rodent data were obtained from 3
agroecosystems and their 'natural' equivalents
in the Sonoran Desert. These data were treated
by use of Brillion's diversity index, and the
Shannon- Weaver index was computed using
biomass. The values obtained were analyzed
using 3 habitat diversity indexes, Sorensen's
similarity coefficient, and by mapping the
trapping stations on vegetation maps. The key
factor in high abundance and diversity of ro-
dents in 2 of the agroecosystems, was the pres-
ence of colonizing plant species in disturbed
areas.
Moorhead, D. L., F. M. Fisher, and W. G.
Whitford. 1988. Cover of spring annuals on
nitrogen-rich kangaroo rat mounds in a
Chihuahuan Desert grassland. Am. Midland
Nat. 120:443-447.
ABSTRACT: Species composition and cover of
spring annual plant communities on banner-
tailed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis)
mounds in a northern Chihuahuan Desert
grassland differed from those on intermound
areas. After seasons of adequate precipitation,
cover of annual plants was greater on mounds
than on adjacent areas; dominant species on
mounds were those known to increase with
nitrogen fertilization. Soil nitrogen content was
consistently higher in mound soils than in
intermound soils; however, plant cover on
mounds was not different from intermound
40
areas following periods of limited precipitation
despite differences in nitrogen levels. Patterns of
species composition and cover of annual plants
on kangaroo rat mounds are attributed to
differential species responses to water and
nutrient availabilities.
Moroka, N., R. F. Beck, and R. D. Pieper. 1982.
Impact of burrowing activity of the bannertail
kangaroo rat on southern New Mexico desert
rangelands. J. Range Manage. 35:707-710.
ABSTRACT: The impact of burrowing activity of
the bannertail kangaroo rat (Dipodomys
spectabilis) on southern New Mexico desert
rangelands was investigated. The study was
conducted on black grama (Bouteloua eriopoda),
dropseed (Sporobolus spp.), and mesquite
(Prosopis glandulosa) grassland vegetation types.
Mound density was highest in the black grama
type, somewhat intermediate in the dropseed
type, and lowest in the mesquite-grassland type.
The surface area occupied by mounds averaged
2% over all vegetation types in the study area.
Plant cover was generally greater off mounds
than on mounds. Annual plant cover was
greater on mounds than off mounds, suggesting
that activities of bannertail kangaroo rats pro-
mote the presence of annuals.
Ortega, J. C. 1987. Den site selection by the rock
squirrel (Spermophilus variegatus) in southeastern
Arizona. J. Mammal. 68:792-798.
ABSTRACT: Physical and vegetational characteris-
tics of rock squirrel {Spermophilus variegatus) den
sites were investigated during 1983, 1984, and
1985 at the National Audubon Society's
Appleton-Whittell Biological Research Sanctu-
ary in southeastern Arizona. Relative to habitat
availability, rock squirrel den sites occurred in
greater than expected frequencies in oak sa-
vanna and riparian habitats. A comparison
between 56 den sites and 40 control locations in
rock squirrel-occupied habitat revealed signifi-
cant differences (P < 0.002) for 12 (52.2%) of 23
physical and vegetational variables. Compared
to control locations, dens were located 1) on
steeper slopes, 2) in shadier sites, 3) closer to
oaks, Quercus spp., 4) closer to washes, 5)
associated with prominent potential lookout
points, 6) in areas with less ground cover, and 7)
associated to a lesser degree with more north-
erly facing slopes. Discriminant function analy-
sis correctly classified 81.3% of den locations
and control sites using only 2 variables; percent
shade and angle of slope.
. 1990. Home-range size of adult rock squir-
rels (Spermophilus variegatus) in southeastern
Arizona. J. Mammal. 71:171-176.
ABSTRACT: Home-range sizes of adult rock
squirrels (Spermophilus variegatus) were studied
in southeastern Arizona. Twenty-eight adult
rock squirrels were radiocollared for various
periods from 28 May 1986 to 7 November 1986
and from 15 May 1987 to 19 June 1987. Home-
range size was determined by the 95% mini-
mum-convex-polygon method. Data were
analyzed monthly and according to reproduc-
tive condition. Ranges of adult males were
largest during the breeding season (May and
June) and generally decreased in size during the
remainder of the year. Home-range size of adult
females did not vary significantly according to
month when all individuals were considered.
Also, there was considerable intra- and inter-
sexual overlap of home ranges.
. 1990. Reproductive biology of the rock
squirrel (Spermophilus variegatus) in southeastern
Arizona. J. Mammal. 71:448-457.
ABSTRACT: Rock squirrels (Spermophilus
variegatus) were studied in an oak (Quercus
spp.) savanna in southeastern Arizona. The
mating period lasted approximately 9 weeks,
and the timing of the mating period was associ-
ated closely with heavy summer rains, as juve-
niles first emerged shortly after the beginning of
the rains and the concomitant increase in pro-
duction of vegetation. Compared to many other
ground-dwelling squirrels, rock squirrels in
southeastern Arizona had a long breeding
season. This seemed to be associated with the
extent of the summer rainy season and the
absence of a relatively early, cold winter, which
limits above ground activity of many North
American ground squirrels during autumn and
winter.
Parmenter, R. R., J. A. MacMahon, and S. B.
VanderWall. 1984. The measurement of
granivory by desert rodents, birds and ants: a
comparison of an energetics approach and a
seed-dish technique. J. Arid Environ. 1984:75-92.
ABSTRACT: The relative importance of granivo-
rous rodents, birds and ants in 4 North Ameri-
41
can ecosystems was examined. The following
conclusions were made:
1) Rodents were more important energetically
than birds on the Sonoran, Mojave and Inter-
mountain Basin study sites, but birds were of
equal or greater importance as rodents on the
Chihuahuan study sites. 2) Birds removed far
fewer seeds from seed-dishes than predicted
from their PDEBs. 3) Rodents, birds, and ants
removed more millet and used more seed-
dishes containing millet than those containing
the native-seed mix. (4) Seed-dish data should
be interpreted with caution, due to differential
responses by rodents, birds, and ants. (5) An
energetics approach to desert granivory can
provide reliable information about granivore
impacts on seed reserves, but requires large
data sets and biologically realistic estimators to
produce accurate, high-precision results.
Price, M. V., and N. M. Waser. 1985. Microhabitat
use by heteromyid rodents: effects of artificial
seed patches. Ecology 66:211-219.
ABSTRACT: We describe studies showing that: 1)
microhabitat distinguished by heteromyids in
nature differ in seed abundance, soil particle
size, and soil density, all of which are features
that have been shown to influence heteromyid
foraging efficiency; 2) 4 coexisting species differ
in their preferences for artificial seed patches in
a large laboratory foraging arena, and differ-
ences in the properties of preferred and
nonpreferred patches correspond qualitatively
to differences in the attributes of preferred and
nonpreferred microhabitats in nature; and 3)
microhabitat use in nature, as measured by
livetrapping, can undergo rapid shifts that track
the location of preferred artificial seed patches
placed either in open spaces or under vegeta-
tion. These results suggest that divergent micro-
habitat specializations of coexisting heteromyids
are in part functions of divergent preferences for
the particular combinations of seeds and soils
found in various microhabitats.
Reichman, O. J., and K. M. Van De Graaff. 1973.
Seasonal activity and reproduction patterns of
five species of Sonoran Desert rodents. Am.
Midland Nat. 90:118-126.
ABSTRACT: Activity patterns of 5 species of
Sonoran Desert rodents (Dipodomys merriami,
Perognathus amplus, P. intermedins, P. baileyi and
Peromyscus eremicus) were closely related to
temperature fluctuations, the heaviest species
being most affected by high temperatures. There
was a direct correlation between low ambient
temperature, body weight, and inactivity, with
the lightest rodent, P. amplus, being the least
active in the winter. D. merriami had 2 reproduc-
tive peaks (June and October) during the year.
The 3 species of Perognathus reproduced only in
the early summer. Young Peromyscus eremicus
were consistently trapped through the summer
and autumn.
Thompson, D. B., J. H. Brown, and W. D. Spencer.
1991. Indirect facilitation of granivorous birds
by desert rodents: experimental evidence from
foraging patterns. Ecology 72:852-863.
ABSTRACT: To quantify the response of birds to
experimental manipulations of seed availability
and densities of granivorous rodents and ants,
we counted granivorous birds and measured
diurnal and nocturnal seed removal on 24 plots
during winter months in the Chihuahuan
Desert. Removal of single, widely spaced millet
seeds provided a reliable measure of bird and
rodent foraging activity. Avian foraging activity
increased in response to supplemental seeds,
but decreased in response to long-term removal
of all rodents and all ants. Although birds
potentially compete for seeds with rodents and
ants, these results suggest that, in the long term,
indirect facilitation dominates the interactions
among all 3 taxa. The positive effect of the other
granivores on birds may be mediated through
changes in habitat structure (e.g., reduction in
the density of annual plants). The increase of
avian foraging in response to seed addition and
the high spatial and temporal variance in the
patterns of seed removal by birds indicated that
in desert habitats granivorous birds use their
mobility to find and exploit high concentrations
of seeds.
Valone, T. J., and J. S. Brown. 1989. Measuring
patch assessment abilities of desert granivores.
Ecology 70:1800-1810.
ABSTRACT: We developed 2 criteria for measur-
ing patch assessment ability. First, we examined
the ability of foragers to equalize benefits and
costs at manipulated resource patches. Second,
we compared patch utilization patterns of 4
possible foraging strategies (prescient, fixed
42
time, Bayesian, and rate assessor) with actual
foraging patterns. Experiments with several
desert rodent and avian species suggested that
Merriam's kangaroo rat may obtain the best
estimate of patch quality, followed by the
round-tail ground squirrel and Arizona pocket
mouse. Kangaroo rats exhibited a prescient and
Bayesian strategy. Pocket mice and ground
squirrels exhibited a fixed-time and Bayesian
strategy. Gambel's Quail appeared to be the
least sophisticated forager and exhibited only a
fixed-time strategy.
The fixed-time strategy was observed most
frequently in the low variance environment
where patch differences were relatively minor.
In general, increased patch variation led to poor
patch estimates but allowed employment of
sophisticated foraging strategies. Avian group
foragers did not obtain better estimates of patch
quality than solitary foragers.
, J. H. Brown, and E. J. Heske. 1994. Interac-
tions between rodents and ants in the Chihuahuan
Desert: an update. Ecology 75:252-255.
Zeng, Z., and J. H. Brown. 1987. Population ecol-
ogy of a desert rodent: Dipodomys merriami in
the Chihuahuan Desert. Ecology 68:1328-1340.
ABSTRACT: We show that the extremely flexible
life history and other facultative behaviors of the
kangaroo rat, Dipodomys merriami, facilitate
adult survival and enable this small mammal to
maintain remarkably stable populations despite
wide, unpredictable fluctuations in its desert
environment. Mark-recapture methods pro-
vided data on population density, growth,
reproduction, dispersal, and survival for a
population of D. merriami in the Chihuahuan
Desert of southeastern Arizona from 1978 to
1984. Population density showed both annual
and interannual fluctuations, but varied only
from about 3 to 15 individuals/ha.
Carnivora
Bock, C. E., and J. H. Bock. 1994. Effects of preda-
tor exclusion on rodent abundance in an Ari-
zona semidesert grassland. Southwestern Nat.
39:208-210.
Brown, D. E. 1983. On the status of the jaguar in
the Southwest. Southwest. Nat. 28:459-479.
ABSTRACT: Historical records of jaguars (Felis
onca) in Arizona and New Mexico show that the
jaguar ranged widely throughout a variety of
habitats from Sonoran desertscrub upward
through subalpine conifer forest. The last record
of a jaguar killed in New Mexico and Arizona
was 1905 and 1971, respectively. The jaguar was
eliminated from the Southwest by control
measures concurrent with settlement and the
development of the livestock industry.
Drewek, J. Jr., T. H. Noon, R. J. Trautman, and E. J.
Bicknell. 1981. Serologic evidence of
leptospirosis in a southern Arizona coyote
population. J. Wildl. Dis. 17:33-37.
ABSTRACT: Histologic examination of kidney
tissue from a morbid coyote (Canis latrans)
suggested a leptospiral infection. Sera from 9
wild coyotes captured subsequently in the same
general area were tested by therapid plate
agglutination method. Four of 9 sera contained
antibodies to Leptospira canicola, while 1 serum
also contained antibodies for L.
icterohaemorrhagiae. Epidemiology and morbidity
are discussed.
Ortega, J. C. 1987. Coyote food habits in southeast-
ern Arizona. Southwestern Nat. 32:152-155.
. 1988. Activity patterns of different-aged
coyote (Canis latrans) pups in southeastern
Arizona. J. Mammal. 69:831-835.
Stolzenburg, H. W., and V. W. Howard, Jr. 1989.
Activation of liquid bait devices by coyotes in
southern New Mexico. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 17:306-312.
Artiodactyla
Allen, R. W. 1955. Parasites of mountain sheep in
New Mexico, with new host records. J. Parasitol.
41:583-587.
ABSTRACT: Historical accounts of parasites in
bighorn sheep are discussed. A post-mortem
study of 9 bighorn sheep found 9 different
species of parasites, with pinworms being most
prevalent. Each animal harbored 1 or more
species of parasites.
, and C. B. Kennedy. 1952. Parasites in a
bighorn sheep in New Mexico. Proc.
Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 19:39.
ABSTRACT: An adult male bighorn sheep was
examined 1 h after death for internal and exter-
43
nal parasites. The ram was heavily infested with
the winter tick (Dermacentor albipictus). Other
parasites found included the spinose ear tick
(Otobius megnini), Cystericercus tenuicollis, and
the nematodes Nematodirus spathiger, Trichuris
spp., and Skrjabinema spp.
Bavin, B. 1980. Post-release study of desert big-
horn sheep in the Big Hatchet Mountains, New
Mexico. Desert Bighorn Counc. Trans. 24:12-14.
ABSTRACT: The post-release movements of 14
bighorn sheep held for 4 months in a 44-acre
enclosure were documented. Soon after the
release, the herd was joined by 4 rams from the
indigenous population. Ewes returned to the
area of the release for lambing. Introducing
sheep in an uninhabited portion of the range
caused an expansion in home range of some
indigenous rams.
Bock, C. Ev and J. H. Bock. 1979. Relationship of
the collared peccary to Sacaton grassland. J.
Wildl. Manage. 43:813-816.
Brown, D. E. 1972. The status of desert bighorn
sheep on the Papago Indian Reservation. Desert
Bighorn Counc. Trans. 16:30-35.
ABSTRACT: There are less than 50 bighorn sheep
on the Papago Indian Reservation. Bighorn
sheep habitat is available but lack of water,
because of depletion by man, has led to the
concentration and reduction of sheep, which
may lead to their extermination.
, and R. S. Henry. 1981. On relict occur-
rences of white-tailed deer within the Sonoran
Desert in Arizona. Southwestern Nat. 26:147-
152.
ABSTRACT: Extirpations of local populations of
white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus couesi)
within the Sonoran Desert in Arizona are dis-
cussed. Seasonal drought is thought to exclude
this animal from western Arizona. The recent
elimination of isolated populations at the west-
ern periphery of the species range is thought to
be due to an increase in the incidence and
variability of spring drought since 1950. Ob-
served survival rates of white-tailed deer fawns
correlated significantly with spring (June) and
autumn (November) drought indices.
Elenowitz, A. S. 1982. Preliminary results of a
desert bighorn transplant in the Peloncill Moun-
tains, New Mexico. Desert Bighorn Counc.
Trans. 26:8-11.
ABSTRACT: Twelve ewes from Arizona and 10
rams from a captive population at the Red Rock
Wildlife Experimental Area, New Mexico were
captured and released into a 40-acre holding
paddock in the Peloncillo Mountains. The ewes
were held for 7 months and the rams for 2
before their release. An additional 6 rams were
free-released following the paddock release.
Post-release mortality, behavior, and move-
ments of the bighorn sheep are detailed.
Etchberger, R. G, P. R. Krausman, and R.
Mazaika. 1989. Mountain sheep habitat charac-
teristics in the Pusch Ridge Wilderness, Arizona.
J. Wildl. Manage. 53:902-907.
ABSTRACT: Mountain sheep (Ovis canadensis
mexicana) in the Pusch Ridge Wilderness (PRW),
Santa Catalina Mountains, Coronado National
Forest, Arizona, have abandoned 206 km2. We
used univariate analyses to quantify differences
of physiographic and vegetation variables
between abandoned habitat and habitat cur-
rently used by mountain sheep. A discriminant
function model characterized differences be-
tween the 2 areas. Habitat still used by moun-
tain sheep has less human disturbance, is more
open, and has more side oats grama (Bouteloua
curtipendula) , red brome (Bromus rubens), brittle
bush (Encelia farinosa) , and forb cover, but less
ground cover, bush muhly (Muhlenbergia
porterii), and turpentine bush (Haplopappus
laricifolius) than habitat abandoned by mountain
sheep. Fire is important for maintaining high
habitat visibility. Human disturbances should be
minimized in mountain sheep habitat.
, , and . 1990. Effects of fire on
desert bighorn sheep habitat. Pages 53-57 in P.
R. Krausman and N. S. Smith, eds. Managing
wildlife in the Southwest symposium Arizona
Chap. The Wildl. Soc, Phoenix.
ABSTRACT: We examined the effects of a natural
fire on vegetation in desert bighorn sheep (Ovis
canadensis mexicana) habitat in the Pusch Ridge
Wilderness (PRW), Santa Catalina Mountains,
Arizona. We sampled vegetation seasonally on
burned and unburned areas. All vegetation
except succulents were burned by the fire. Most
vegetation recovered to pre-burn levels within 6
months. Forbs showed the greatest effects from
fire. Thermal cover was reduced. Fire is impor-
tant for this population because it reduces tall
44
vegetation that can obstruct vision by sheep.
Fire could be an important tool for restoring
abandoned desert bighorn sheep habitat in
PRW.
Gionfriddo, J. P., and P. R. Krausman. 1986. Sum-
mer habitat use by mountain sheep. J. Wildl.
Manage. 50:331-336
ABSTRACT: Summer habitat use by mountain
sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) was examined
in the Pusch Ridge Wilderness (PRW), Santa
Catalina Mountains, Arizona, during 1982 and
1983. Diurnal sheep activity was concentrated in
areas <50 m of escape terrain. Sheep selected
nonprecipitous open oak (Quercus spp.) wood-
land associations. Slopes of 59-79% and eleva-
tions of 1,098-1,341 m were selected on upper
slopes of drainages or on the tops of ridges or
mountains. Ewe-juvenile groups selected more
precipitous areas than ram groups and mixed
groups. Groups with lambs used steeper and
lower areas 7that groups without lambs.
Gordon, S. P. 1953. Age classification, sex ratio and
reproduction of bighorn sheep. New Mexico
Dep. Game and Fish, Fed. Aid Proj. W-68-R-1.
ABSTRACT: In the Big Hatchet Mountains, New
Mexico, lambing season ran from late October to
May.
Gross, J. E. 1960. Investigation of seasonal sheep
and deer habitat factors. New Mexico Dep.
Game and Fish, Fed. Aid Proj. W-100-R-1.
ABSTRACT: The Big Hatchet Mountains big game
range may be classified as a multiple use habi-
tat. The area is used by wild populations of
mule deer, bighorn sheep, and javelina, and by
domestic populations of cattle, horses, and pigs.
The relationship that occurs between sheep,
vegetative succulence, and moisture conditions
during various seasons of the year furnished
important data concerning water development.
The satisfying of water requirements through
metabolism or vegetative succulence depends
directly upon forb and browse growth. During
periods when summer and winter rains are
inadequate or do not occur, such as in 1954 and
1956, moisture storage in the soil is low and forb
growth is retarded. Succulence and metabolized
water may then be inadequate, and if sufficient
free water is not available, a physiological water
shortage occurs. The first factor to be compro-
mised is reproduction. This shortage of early
spring moisture occurred in 1954 and 1956 when
the apparent lamb crop failures were noted.
When summer rains failed as they did in 1956,
the breeding activities may also be affected.
Harris, L. K., and W. W. Shaw. 1993. Conserving
mountain sheep habitat near an urban environ-
ment. Desert Bighorn Counc. Trans. 37:16-19.
ABSTRACT: We documented the attitudes and
beliefs regarding mountain sheep management
options of homeowners adjacent to the Pusch
Ridge Wilderness (PRW) near Tucson, Arizona.
Homeowners within 1.6 km of the PRW prima-
rily enjoyed passive recreational use of the
wilderness (i.e., viewing the wilderness), and
were aware that mountain sheep lived in the
area. They supported management options
including: 1) the elimination of dogs within
PRW; 2) planned burns to improve mountain
sheep habitat; and, 3) closing all or parts of PRW
to protect the long term viability (>100 years) of
the sheep population.
, P. R. Krausman, and W. W. Shaw. 1995.
Human attitudes and mountain sheep in a
wilderness setting. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 23:66-72
ABSTRACT: We studied human attitudes related
to conserving mountain sheep (Ovis canadensis
mexicana) that inhabit the Pusch Ridge Wilder-
ness, in Santa Catalina Mountains adjacent to
Tucson, Arizona. We interviewed 403 visitors
(94% response) that used the wilderness for
recreation from May 1990- April 1991. Visitors
were primarily male (57%), young (83% were
20-49 years old), well educated (66% had at least
a college degree), and 92% were Caucasian. Most
respondents (83%) had previously visited the
wilderness, and the recreational experience it
provided was important to them. Hiking was
the primary purpose of the respondents recre-
ational outing, and watching animals enhanced
their experience; 79% watched wildlife (exclud-
ing birds) and 26% were birdwatching. Only
15% observed mountain sheep in the wilder-
ness, but 93% were aware that sheep were in the
area. Most respondents (67%) favored restricting
dogs completely from the wilderness. Almost
half (46%) favored planned burnings to improve
mountain sheep habitat, and most (59%) visitors
were willing to give up activities to protect the
sheep population from human pressure. Future
management likely can successfully include
45
enhanced dog control, prescribed burns, and
selected area closures.
Jacobsen, R. D., and L. O. Wilson. 1972. Habitat of
the Mexican bighorn sheep in the Big Hatchet
Mountains of New Mexico. Desert Bighorn
Counc. Trans. 16:36-46.
ABSTRACT: Three vegetative types occur in the
Big Hatchet Mountains: creosote-mesquite,
desert shrub, and pinyon-juniper. The major
plant species in each vegetative type are listed.
The availability of water, cover, and living space
for bighorn sheep are discussed. Potential
limiting factors include competition for forage
by livestock and deer, drought, lack of cover,
disease, parasites, insects, and predation.
Krausman, P. R., W. W. Shaw, and J. L. Stair. 1979.
Bighorn sheep in the Pusch Ridge Wilderness
Area, Arizona. Desert Bighorn Counc. Trans.
23:40-46.
ABSTRACT: Bighorn sheep distribution in the
Santa Catalina Mountains has declined since 1936
due to roads, trails, and human activity. The
population is now restricted to the northwest
and southwest portions of the range. From annual
aerial surveys and ground counts, the popula-
tion, estimated at 70 to 100 individuals, appar-
ently is stable and healthy. Between 1962 and 1978,
72 permits were issued for hunting bighorn sheep
in the Santa Catalina Mountains and 22 mature
rams were shot. Body measurements and exami-
nations of 12 harvested rams indicate that these
sheep are heavier than other rams in Arizona.
The mean field-dressed weight is 68 kg. Long-
term effects of man on this sheep population are
unclear. Tucson lies at the base of the Santa
Catalina Mountains and photographers, hikers,
birdwatchers, hunters, and other recreationists
frequently use the Pusch Ridge Wilderness Area.
. 1993. The exit of the last wild mountain
sheep. Pages 242-250 in G. P. Nabhan, Counting
sheep. Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson.
COMMENT: The conflict between humans and
mountain sheep in the Pusch Ridge Wilderness
is explored.
, W. W. Shaw, R. C. Etchberger, and L. K.
Harris. 1995. The decline of bighorn sheep in the
Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona. Pages 245-
250 in De Bano, L. F., P. F. Ffolliott, A. Ortega-
Rubio, G. J. Gottfried, R. H. Homre, and C. B.
Edminster, tech. cords. Biodiversity and manage-
ment of the Madrean Archipelago: the sky islands
of southwestern United States and northwestern
Mexico. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GTR-264. Fort
Collins, Colo. U. S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv.
ABSTRACT: Desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis
mexicana) are an important component of the
biodiversity in the Pusch Ridge Wilderness
(PRW), Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona. The
population has decreased from approximately
<200 in 1926 to <20 in 1994, and their distribu-
tion is limited to <50 km2 in the PRW. The
population decline has been attributed to hu-
man activities including the development of
roads and trails, housing and resorts, hiking,
dogs, and fire suppression. Fire suppression
effectively has altered vegetation so parts of the
PRW are not suitable for bighorn sheep. Human
encroachment into the remaining areas has been
too severe for the population to increase. Dis-
ease, predation, and hunting may have contrib-
uted to the recent decline, but their influence
has not been evaluated. Before any reintroduc-
tion efforts, managers should understand the
factors that have caused the decline. The public
is supportive of management options including
those that restrict the use of areas and prohibit
dogs from bighorn sheep habitat. However,
human intrusion into bighorn habitat may be
too severe for recovery efforts to be successful.
, G. Long, and L. Tarango. 1996. Desert
bighorn sheep and fire, Santa Catalina Moun-
tains, Arizona. In P. F. Ffolliott and B. Hamre,
eds. Effects of fire on the Madrean Province
ecosystems. USDA For. Serv. In Press.
ABSTRACT: We studied the influence fire had on
visibility for desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis
mexicana) in Pusch Ridge Wilderness, Arizona.
We mapped fires that occurred from 1956 to 1987
and randomly selected burned and unburned
sites for visibility measurements. Over time visi-
bility decreased when the areas were not burned.
Increased vegetation in areas that were not burned
may be detrimental to desert bighorn sheep
habitat. Land managers should allow wildfires to
burn in and adjacent to desert bighorn sheep
habitat if fire enhances visibility for the species.
. 1996. The effects of scale on desert bighorn
sheep. In J. A. Bissonette, ed. A primer on
landscape ecology. Springer- Verlag, New York,
NY. In Press.
46
COMMENT: The sheep population in Pusch Ridge
Wilderness are used as a model to demonstrate
the influence of single population management
in a "metapopulation" system.
_ , R. C. Etchberger, and R. M. Lee. 1996.
Mountain sheep population persistence in
Arizona. The Southwest. Nat. In Press.
ABSTRACT: We used data for mountain sheep
(Ovis canadensis) in Arizona to examine the
theory that populations with <50 individuals
will become extinct.
Larsen, P. A. 1971. Bighorn sheep management in
New Mexico. Trans. North Am. Wild Sheep
Conf. 1:16-21.
ABSTRACT: The 2 populations of bighorn sheep
in New Mexico total 200-275 animals. The
history and status of herds in the San Andres
and Big Hatchet Mountains are discussed. The
New Mexico Game and Fish Department's
bighorn sheep management program is summa-
rized. This includes plans for the development
of a sheep rearing facility and future reintroduc-
tions into the Guadalupe Mountains. Early
sightings (1540-1946) of bighorn sheep in the
state are referenced.
Lee, L. 1960. The possible impact of Barbary sheep
in New Mexico. Desert Bighorn Counc. Trans.
4:15-16.
ABSTRACT: A warning is raised about possible
diseases and parasites that may be transmitted
by Barbary sheep to native ungulates.
Lenarz, M. S. 1978. Intra-specific variation in the
social structure of Ovis canadensis. M.S. thesis,
New Mexico State Univ., Las Cruces. 34pp.
ABSTRACT: Two hypotheses were tested with
respect to the influence of forage availability on
the social structure and reproductive strategy of
bighorn sheep in the Big Hatchet Mountains.
The hypotheses are: 1) the periodicity and
predictability of forage production is related to
the reproductive strategy, and 2) temporal
variation in forage availability is related to social
structure. Breeding in the population was
nonseasonal, differing from the hypothesis
prediction. The social structure in the Big
Hatchet Mountains also differed from that of
bighorn sheep populations in temperate-alpine
areas. These differences reflect the reproductive
strategy and not the temporal variation in
forage availability. The populations' reproduc-
tive strategy may be a response to a low popula-
tion density and relatively abundant high-
quality forage. Differences in the social structure
may be the result of ecological variables, with
the ecological strategies being the proximate
selective force.
Lenarz, M. S. 1979. Social structure and reproduc-
tive strategy in desert bighorn sheep (Ovis
canadensis mexicana). J. Mammal. 60:671-678.
ABSTRACT: Hypotheses have been made that
predictable, periodic plant productivity set birth
seasons for bighorn sheep and shortened birth
and rutting seasons. The hypothesis relating
timing and duration of breeding seasons to
periodicity and predictability of forage produc-
tion is not supported. Eighty percent of the
lambs were bom outside the predicted lambing
season during periods when precipitation was
low and forage production was unpredictable.
The absence of seasonal breeding may imply a
"gambling" strategy where young are produced
throughout the year and only those born during
periods of forage production survive. In the Big
Hatchet Mountains, the association of rams with
ewe groups is not limited to predicted mid-
winter rut. Because of the low density of this
population and the nonseasonal breeding
behavior of some ewes, rams would increase
their fitness by accompanying ewe groups for
longer periods. Segregation of ewe and ram
groups from January to June coincided with a
period when most births occurred, which maxi-
mized individual fitness by reducing energetic
requirements of ewes and minimizing the
potential of intraspecific competition.
Lenarz, M. S , and W. Conley. 1982. Reproductive
gambling in bighorn sheep (Ovis): a simulation.
J. Theor. Biol. 98:1-7.
ABSTRACT: Bighorn sheep in deserts, which live
in an unpredictable environment, have been
hypothesized to use reproductive gambling, by
which they increase fertility by continuous
breeding. Seasonal and gambling strategies
were simulated with survival schedules gener-
ated as a function of precipitation. The seasonal
strategy had a higher finite rate of increase even
though annual per capita fertility was increased
under the gambling strategy. Unless the sur-
vival of lambs born outside the optimum period
is substantially increased, reproductive gam-
bling is not an ecologically stable strategy.
47
Levy, S. H. 1963. Bighorns and Papagos. Desert
Bighorn Counc. Trans. 7:114-119.
ABSTRACT: The Papago Indian Reservation
occupies 3 million acres in southcentral Arizona
and is the second largest Indian reservation in
the United States. Bighorn sheep occur in most
of the major mountain ranges but are not man-
aged and face an uncertain future unless a
management program is established.
Mazaika, Rv P. R. Krausman, and R. C.
Etchberger. 1992. Forge availability for moun-
tain sheep in Pusch Ridge Wilderness, Arizona.
Southwest. Nat. 37:372-378.
ABSTRACT: We estimated seasonal forage avail-
ability and quality for mountain sheep (Ovis
canadensis mexicana) in Pusch Ridge Wilderness
(PRW), Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona. We
measured available forage in PRW with a
double sampling technique and measured
consumption of forage by 2 captive mountain
sheep. Mountain sheep were not limited by
forage quantity or quality in PRW in 1987 to
1988. Forage availability was greater for April to
September than for October to March. Habitat
management or mountain sheep in PRW should
concentrate on factors other than the availability
or quality of forage.
Mearns, E. A. 1907. Mammals of the Mexican
boundary of the United States, Part I. U.S.
National Museum Bull. 56:1-530.
ABSTRACT: Distributions and descriptions are
provided for bighorn sheep (O. c. mexicanus). A
new species is suggested; the Gaillard bighorn
(O. c. gaillardi). A description of the type and
comparisons are made with O. C. mexicanus.
Monson, G. 1966. The place of refuges in desert
bighorn management. Desert Bighorn Counc.
Trans. 10:21-23.
ABSTRACT: Refuges are important for preserving
bighorn sheep habitat. Competing uses can be
strictly controlled and special efforts made for
increasing the carrying capacity of bighorn
sheep habitat. Research is encouraged on ref-
uges. Refuges are also a reservoir for restocking
depleted ranges. Other benefits include many
recreational activities.
Neal, K. S. 1974. Desert bighorn sheep in Ari-
zona— in the year 2050. Desert Bighorn Counc.
Trans. 18:28.
ABSTRACT: Problems confronting bighorn sheep
in Arizona are discussed; problems include
politics, technology, and population growth.
Powell, L. E. 1967. Public domain and Arizona
bighorn sheep. Desert Bighorn Counc. Trans.
11:13-15.
ABSTRACT: The 1964 Classification and Multiple
Use Act changed the direction of the Bureau of
Land Management from that of disposal of the
public domain to retention and management.
The Bureau has recommended retention of
mountainous regions of western Arizona known
to contain bighorn sheep. Increased manage-
ment of those mountain ranges and of sheep in
general is contemplated. The paper is a general
discussion of the Bureau's objectives as they
related to sheep management in Arizona.
Purdy, K. G. 1981. Recreational use of desert
bighorn sheep habitat in Pusch Ridge Wilder-
ness. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Ariz., Tucson.
ABSTRACT: This study examines the recreational
uses and users of natural bighorn sheep habitat
in Pusch Ridge Wilderness. The majority of
visitors, using lower canyon sites, present little
threat to the bighorn sheep. Back country
visitors, their activities, and lengths of stay pose
a great threat to bighorn sheep. The presence of
dogs with back country visitors are an addi-
tional threat. A list of recommendations are
made for the management of Pusch Ridge with
regard to recreational use.
, and W. W. Shaw. 1981. An analysis of
recreational use patterns in desert bighorn
habitat: the Pusch Ridge Wilderness case. Desert
Bighorn Counc. Trans. 25:1-5.
ABSTRACT: The article reports on the results of a
study designed to examine recreational uses of
bighorn sheep habitat in a wilderness area.
Objectives of the study were to determine
numbers and activities of recreators in the
wilderness area, preferences and perceptions of
the wilderness areas by users, degree of interac-
tion between recreators and bighorn sheep, and
to evaluate recreational impacts on sheep. Data
were collected using trail counters, unmanned
survey stations, questionnaires, telephone
surveys, and direct observation. Back country
users appear to pose the greatest threats to
sheep. A number of recommendations are made
48
to help mitigate the impacts of human-sheep
conflicts.
Watts, T. J. 1979. Detrimental movement patterns
in a remnant population of bighorn sheep (Ovis
canadensis mexicana). M.S. Thesis, New Mexico
State Univ., Las Cruces. 185pp.
ABSTRACT: High lamb mortality was attributed
to bighorn sheep movements 4 km south of the
Big Hatchet Mountains to Cairn Hills. Move-
ments occurred due to mineral craving, espe-
cially for sodium. A model that related in-
creased forage potassium levels in emergent
vegetation to increased loss of fecal sodium, and
thus a sodium craving, was used to explain the
temporal periodicity of bighorn sheep movements
to Cairn Hills and mineral lick use. The majority
of the movements occurred during the primary
growing season, July through October. Sheep at
the Big Hatchet Mountains were independent of
free water sources year-round. An adaptation to
surviving in a historically waterless habitat may
be increased seasonal use of cactus. There was an
approximate 50% decline in the population during
the project, to 10 adults and 3 lambs by June 1978.
. 1979. Status of the Big Hatchet desert sheep
population, New Mexico. Desert Bighorn
Counc. Trans. 23:92-94.
ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to deter-
mine the status of the population. In the late
1950s the population declined from approxi-
mately 125 to 150 individuals to approximately
20 to 25 animals and remains in fluctuation
around this low number. Herd distribution was
reduced from its former range. During the
decline, population size was reduced 40% and
adult mortality nearly reached 50%. Excessive
lamb mortality was directly related to abnormal
movement patterns across creosote-bush flats.
This was probably in response to a craving for
supplemental sodium. This remnant population
is describe by aperiodic estrous, an extended
breeding period, regular movement across flat'
country, and an apparent independence from
free-standing water. Prickly pear, a possible
alternate water source, comprised 53% of the
June diet.
, and W. Conley. 1981. Extinction probabili-
ties in a remnant population of Ovis canadensis
mexicana. Acta Theriol. 26:393-405.
ABSTRACT: The population of bighorn sheep in
the Big Hatchet Mountains had a 50% decline in
its adult component between 1976 and 1978
(from 22 to 13). Computer simulations were
conducted and determined the probability of
extinction of the 1978 population to be 12%. The
observed decline increased the extinction rate
from 0% to 12% and decreased the potential
population size after 18 years by 42%. Using
computer simulations, hypothetical reductions
in the population and hypothetical supplemen-
tal introductions to the population were tested
to determine their affects on the probabilities for
survival or extinction of the population.
Wilbanks, J. M. 1959. Patrol and protection prob-
lems. Desert Bighorn Counc. Trans. 3:34-36.
ABSTRACT: Violations involved with bighorn
sheep management are discussed; they are
poaching, shooting illegal rams, and smuggling
shot sheep into the United States from Mexico.
Exotic Species
Allen, R. W. 1960. Diseases and parasites of Bar-
bary and bighorn sheep in the southwest.
Desert Bighorn Counc. Trans. 4:17-22.
ABSTRACT: Barbary sheep were collected along
the Canadian River, New Mexico in 1955, and
bighorn sheep were collected in the Big Hatchet
Mountains, on the San Andres Refuge, and in
the Sandia Mountains, New Mexico in 1954,
1951, and 1959, respectively. Bighorn sheep
were collected on the Kofa Game Range, Ari-
zona in 1953 and 1954. Bighorn sheep from the
Kofa Game Range showed the only evidence of
gross pathology. Ear ticks were found only on
sheep from the San Andres Refuge and the Big
Hatchet Mountains. Blood parasites were not
found. All sheep, with the exception of 1 ram
from the Kofa Game Range, had worm para-
sites. The most harmful parasite found was the
large stomach worm in Barbary sheep and
bighorn sheep from the Big Hatchet Mountains.
Pinworms were the most prevalent parasites.
Lungworms were only found in bighorn sheep
from the Sandia Mountains. Sheep from the Big
Hatchet Mountains were parasitized primarily
by nematodes. Sheep from the Kofa Game
49
Range were infected with tapeworms but had
no nematodes except pinworms.
Hansen, R. M. 1976. Foods of free-roaming horses
in southern New Mexico. J. Range Manage.
29:347.
ABSTRACT: Seasonal foods of free-roaming wild
horses were determined in southern New
Mexico by microhistological analyses of fecal
samples. The most important forages consumed
annually by wild horses were Russianthistle
(29%), dropseed (21%), mesquite (16%), and
Junegrass (12%). Seasonal differences in the
percentages of the diets were found for mes-
quite, Junegrass, and saltbush.
AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES
Bowker, R. W. and B. K. Sullivan. 1991. Bufo
punctatus and Bufo retiformis (red-spotted toad,
Sonoran green toad), natural hybridization.
Herp. Rev. 22:54.
Case, T. J. 1990. Patterns of coexistence in sexual
and asexual species of Cnemidophorus lizards.
Oecologia 83:220-227.
ABSTRACT: The lizard genus Cnemidophorus
(family Teiidae) contains sexual as well as
parthenogenetic species. The theoretical two-
fold fitness advantage of asexuality does not
translate into any obvious distributional or
numerical superiority of the parthenogenic
species in the southwestern U.S. and northern
Mexico where their ranges overlap. I tested the
prediction that the genetically diverse sexual
species should have a higher between-indi-
vidual niche width than a similar sympatric
asexual species by studying prey in the stomach
contents of sympatric and allopatric populations
of C. tigris (sexual) and C. sonorae (asexual) in
southern Arizona. The expectation proved true
for niche breadths based on prey length and
prey taxa categories. The within-individual
component of niche breadth was not different
between species.
Duncan, R. B. 1992. Lampropeltis pyromelana
(Sonoran Mountain king-snake) predation.
Herp. Rev. 23:81
Germano, D. J. 1992. Longevity and age-size
relationships of populations of desert tortoises.
Copeia 1992(2):367-374.
ABSTRACT: Based on minimum estimates of
longevity of desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii)
that died in the field, few individuals live past
50 years. Approximately 29% of tortoises from
the Sonoran Desert, 11% of tortoises from the
eastern Mojave Desert, and approximately 5%
of tortoises from the western Mojave Desert
were estimated to be over 25 years. The greatest
estimate of longevity for any individual was 48
to 53 years and came from the eastern Mojave
Desert. The oldest individual from the western
Mojave Desert was estimated to be 32 years, and
the oldest individual from the Sonoran Desert
was estimated to be 35 years. Comparisons of
carapace length to age showed the highest rates
of growth (0 to 25 years) for tortoises from the
western Mojave Desert and Sinaloan habitats.
Of the 4 major regions within the range of the
desert tortoise, rates of growth were lowest in
the eastern Mojave and Sonoran deserts.
, and C. R. Hungerford. 1981. Reptile popu-
lation changes with manipulation of Sonoran
Desert shrub. Great Basin Nat. 41:129-138.
ABSTRACT: The diversity and abundance of
reptiles were studied in 3 vegetation types on
the Santa Rita Experimental Range, Arizona.
Total reptile sightings were greatest in undis-
turbed mesquite and mesquite with irregularly
shaped clearings. No zebra-tailed lizards
(Callisaurus draconoides) or desert spiny lizards
(Sceloporus magister) were seen, and significantly
fewer western whiptails (Cnemidophorus tigris)
were in the mesquite-free area. Only the Sonora
spotted whiptail {Cnemidophorus sonorae) was
significantly more abundant in the mesquite-
free area than in the undisturbed mesquite. In
an effort to increase grass production for cattle
in mesquite grasslands, it is preferable to clear
irregularly shaped areas rather than to attempt
total mesquite removal, if reptiles are to be
considered.
Glenn, J. L. and R. C. Straight. 1990. Venom char-
acteristics as an indicator of hybridization
between Crotalus viridis viridis and Crotalus
scutulatus scutulatus in New Mexico.Toxicon
28:857-862.
ABSTRACT: One hundred and thirteen venoms
from 46 populations of Crotalus viridis viridis
were screened by immunodiffusion for protein
toxins antigenically similar to the phospholipase
50
A2 (PLA) toxin 'Mojave toxin', using a
polyclonal antibody to it's basic PLA subunit.
Goldberg, S. R., C. R. Bursey, and N. Zucker. 1993.
Gastrointestinal helminths of the tree lizard,
Urosaurus ornatus (Phrynosomatidae).
ABSTRACT: The gastrointestinal tracts of 205
Urosaurus ornatus were examined for helminths:
117 from Aguirre Spring, New Mexico; 73 from
Doha Ana Mountains, New Mexico, and 15
from southern Arizona. Spauligodon giganticus
was the most prevalent helminth (prevalence
24.8%, mean intensity 5.6) and occurred in all 3
samples. The Aguirre Spring sample had signifi-
cantly higher prevalences of S. giganticus
(38.5%) than the other 2 samples. In addition,
third-stage larvae of Physaloptera spp. (preva-
lence 4.2%, mean intensity 3.5) and Oochoristica
spp. (prevalence 4.2%, mean intensity 1.6) and
tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides spp. (prevalence
3.2%, mean intensity 103.8) were recovered from
the New Mexico samples. The finding of
Mesocestoides spp. within skeletal muscle in 1
specimen is noteworthy because it demonstrates
that this parasite can migrate out of the body
cavity. All findings represent new host records.
Gonzalez-Romero, A., A. Ortega, and R. Barbault.
1989. Habitat partitioning and spatial organiza-
tion in a lizard community of the Sonoran
desert, Mexico. Amphibia-Reptilia 10:1-11.
ABSTRACT: The spatial structure of a desert lizard
community located in the state of Sonora, N.E.
Mexico, was studied in October 1982 and June
1983. The community is composed of 17 species,
and we analyzed the habitat partitioning and
microhabitat utilization of 12 species recorded
along 2 transects. We found that habitat and
microhabitat selection plays a determining role
in organizing this lizard community and its
ecological meaning is discussed.
Iverson, J. B. 1989. The Arizona mud turtle,
Kinosternon flavescens arizonense (Kinosternidae),
in Arizona and Sonora. Southwestern Nat.
34:356-368.
ABSTRACT: Fieldwork in Arizona and Sonora in
1981, 1982, and 1984 revealed 44 new localities
for the Arizona mud turtle (Kinosternon
flavescens arizonense), verified the presence of the
turtle at or near 16 of the previously known 21
localities, demonstrated the microsympatry of
this turtle with the Alamos mud turtle
(Kinosternon alamosae), and provided the first
information on habitat, growth, and reproduc-
tion. Multivariate statistical analysis confirmed
the distinctiveness of the taxon and revealed
very little microgeographic variation among
river basin populations. Despite its relatively
small range in Arizona and Sonora the species is
not considered threatened.
, E. L. Barthelmess, G. R. Smith, and C. E.
deRivera. 1991. Growth and reproduction in the
mud turtle Kinosternon hirtipes in Chihuahua,
Mexico. J.Herp. 25:64-72.
ABSTRACT: Growth and reproductive data from a
single population of Kinosternon hirtipes in
Chihuahua, Mexico are reported. Males grow
faster and are larger than females by age 5 or
younger. Females mature in 6 to 8 years at 95 to
100 mm carapace length. Ovulation occurs from
at least early May to late September. Given the
lengthy reproductive season, evidence from
multiple sets of corpora lutea and enlarged
ovarian follicles suggests an annual production
of 4 clutches. Egg width and mass correlate
positively with body length and mass, and
negatively with clutch size when the effects of
carapace length are removed. Clutch size based
on corpora lutea averages 3 eggs (range 1 to 6).
Clutch size correlates positively with body
length and mass. Relative clutch mass (clutch
mass/body mass minus clutch mass) averages
7.1% and is independent of body size. Compari-
sons are made with other kinosternine turtles.
Jennings, M. R. 1984. Predation on Sonoran spot-
ted whiptails, Cnemidophorus sonorae (Teiidae),
by the great-tailed grackle, Quiscalus mexicanus
(Icteridae). Southwestern Nat. 29:514.
Mahrt, J. L. 1987. Lizard malaria in Arizona: island
biogeography of Plasmodium chiricahuae and
Sceloporus jarrovi. Southwestern Nat. 32:347-350.
ABSTRACT: Plasmodium chiricahuae gametocytes,
which infect the lizard Sceloporus jarrovi, were
compared from 5 montane islands in southern
Arizona. The biogeography of S. jarrovi in its
most northern distribution is clearly that of
disjunct populations on montane islands. There
were no significant differences in gametocyte
size in lizards between the islands. Differences
in lizards within areas were highly significant.
The time (estimated at 8,000 to 12,000 years)
since isolation of this host-parasite system may
51
have been insufficient to demonstrate change in
evolutionary patterns. Alternatively, differences
in gametocyte size may not be a sensitive
enough measure of coevolution.
MacKay, W. P., S. J. Loring, T. M. Frost, and W. G.
Whitford. 1990. Population dynamics of a playa
community in the Chihuahuan Desert. South-
western Nat. 35:393-402.
ABSTRACT: Population responses of desert playa
organisms were examined following 2 separate
rain storms (spring and late summer-fall) that
flooded a playa and stock tank located in south-
ern New Mexico. Tadpoles of 2 species of
anurans, the spadefoot toad (Scaphiopus
multiplacatus) and the true toad (Bufo cognatus)
occurred in the playa following spring flooding.
Tadpoles of Bufo cognatus were not collected
after the late summer rain. Tadpoles, particu-
larly spadefoot toads, preyed on other tadpoles
and fairy shrimp (Anostraca). Apparently, both
biotic and abiotic factors were important in the
population dynamics of playa organisms. Biotic
interactions appeared more important during
the second flood when the population densities
of most species were higher.
McCloskey, R. T., R. J. Deslippe, and C. P. Szpak.
1990. Tree lizard distribution and mating sys-
tem: the influence of habitat and food resources.
Can. J. Zool. 68:2083-2089.
ABSTRACT: We examined the distribution of an
insectivorous iguanid lizard (Iguanidae:
Urosaurus ornatus, tree lizard) in the Sonoran
Desert of Arizona in 1984, 1986, and 1987. In dry
washes, tree lizards occupied mesquite (Prosopis
jul flora) trees, whereas in flatland habitat they
lived in mesquite trees and other sites (dead
mesquite and saguaro cactus, Carnegeia
gigantea). Lizards were more abundant in dry
washes than flatland habitat. The lizard mating
system was variable and a greater proportion of
males were polygynous in wash (33 to 67%)
compared with flatland (7 to 33%) habitat. In the
flatland, home ranges in which females ovipos-
ited could be distinguished from vacant sites by
soil hardness, shrub cover, and the presence of
wood rat (Neotoma albigula) nests. Arthropod
abundance did not differ between female home
ranges and nearest vacant site nor between
habitats and among male territories. Therefore,
food resource distribution does not appear to be
a determinant of either female distribution or
territory quality in male tree lizards.
, C. P. Szpak, and R. J. Deslippe. 1990. Ex-
perimental assessment of factors affecting the
distribution of adult female tree lizards. Oikos
59:183-188.
ABSTRACT: In the Sonoran Desert of southeastern
Arizona, we conducted transplant experiments
with adult female tree lizards (Urosaurus
ornatus) to test the hypothesis that the presence
of conspecific females plays a role in their
settlement and home range use. The selection or
use of home ranges by adult female tree lizards
is not determined simply by the presence of
other females. Cuing on conspecific females,
even if present, is not sufficient for transplanted
females to establish residence at unfamiliar sites.
Mendelson, J. R. Ill and W. B. Jennings. 1992.
Shifts in the relative abundance of snakes in a
desert grassland. J. Herpetol. 26:38-45.
ABSTRACT: Distribution, diversity, and relative
abundance of snake species on roads through
desert grasslands in Arizona and New Mexico
were compared to data in a previously pub-
lished survey conducted about 30 years ago. We
found a significant shift in the relative abun-
dance of snake species: Thamnophis marcianus
and Crotalus atrox have increased in relative
abundance and C. scutulatus has decreased.
These changes are correlated with succession of
local Semidesert Grasslands to Chihuahuan
Desertscrub. Analysis of distributions of
Crotalus revealed that C. atrox was more com-
mon than C. scutulatus in scrub habitat while C.
scutulatus was more common in the remaining
grasslands.
Platz, J. E. and J. S. Frost. 1984. Rana yavapaiensis, a
new species of leopard frog {Rana pipiens com-
plex). Copeia 1984(4):940-948.
ABSTRACT: Rana yavapaiensis, a distinctive new
species of the R. pipiens complex, occupies lower
elevation aquatic habitats in the western third
and southern half of Arizona and adjacent
Sonora, Mexico. It is similar to but distinguish-
able from R. chiricahuensis and R. magnaocularis.
The new species is sympatric over part of its
range with R. chiricahuensis. Where they occur
together the production of Fl hybrids was low
and presumed backcross individuals were not
detected. Comparisons of preserved specimens
52
of the new species with type specimens of both
R. onca and R. fisheri indicate that R. yavapaiensis
is distinct from each of these as well.
Sullivan, B. K. 1985. Sexual selection and mating
system variation in anuran amphibians of the
Arizona-Sonoran Desert. Great Basin Nat.
45:688-696.
ABSTRACT: Mating system variation in anuran
amphibians of the Arizona-Sonoran Desert was
reviewed. Male density and breeding period
duration were negatively correlated in 7
bufonids and pelobatids. Variation in male
mating behavior and ability of females to freely
select their mates unhindered by active-search-
ing males also was related directly to male
density. These observations support hypotheses
relating ecological factors to mating system
organization. It is suggested that male calling
behavior, and anuran lek mating systems in
general, may be significantly influenced by
predation on vocalizing males.
Tanner, W. W. 1985. Snakes of western Chihua-
hua. Great Basin Nat. 45:615-676.
, 1987. Lizards and turtles of western
Chihuahua. Great Basin Nat. 47:383-421.
Woodward, B. D. 1987. Clutch parameters and
pond use in some Chihuahuan Desert anurans.
Southwestern Nat. 32:13-19.
ABSTRACT: Clutch parameters of anurans breed-
ing in temporary and permanent ponds in the
Chihuahuan Desert differ and appear to reflect
the selective regime within each pond type.
Permanent ponds contain many predators and
the tadpoles appear to be good at avoiding
predators. Females using these ponds produce
large clutches containing many small eggs.
Temporary ponds appear to be areas of intense
larval competition and females using these
ponds produce small clutches composed of few
relatively large eggs. Strong, divergent selection
pressures in temporary and permanent ponds
appear to be responsible for determining the
breeding pond type each species uses in the
Chihuahuan Desert.
Wygoda, M. L. and C. M. Chmura. 1990. Effects of
shell closure on water loss in the Sonoran mud
turtle, Kinosternon sonoriense. Southwestern Nat.
35:228-229.
53
RECENT RELATED
CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
De Bano, L. F., P. F. Ffolliott, A. Ortega-Rubio, G.
J. Gottfried, R. H. Hamre, and C. B. Edminster,
tech. coords. 1995. Biodiversity and management
of the madrean archipelago: the sky islands of
southwestern United States and Northwestern
Mexico. General Technical Report. RM-GTR-264.
Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agricul-
ture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and
Range Experiment Station. 669 p.
ABSTRACT: This conference brought together
scientists and managers from government,
universities, and private organizations to exam-
ine the biological diversity and management
challenges of the unique sky island ecosystems
of the mountains of the southwestern United
states and northwestern Mexico. Session topics
included: floristic resources, plant ecology,
vertebrates, invertebrates, hydrology and ripar-
ian systems, aquatic resources, fire, conservation
and management, human uses through time,
and visions for the future.
•fc U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1997- 574-557/65028
54
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank Leonard De Bano and William M. Block, USDA Forest Service,
and the School of Renewable Natural Resources, University of Arizona for
supporting this project. The effort of Sue Klein, who typed numerous
drafts, is also appreciated.
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in its programs on the
basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs and marital or familial
status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative
means for communication of program information (braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact the
USDA Office of Communications at (202) 720-2791 (voice) or (800) 855-1 234 (TDD).
To file a complaint, write the Secretary of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington,
D.C. 20250, or call (800) 245-6340 (voice) or (800) 855-1234 (TDD). USDA is an equal employment
opportunity employer.
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