Historic, Archive Document
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Cj(. FOREST SURVEY RELEASE NO. 52
Zf7(o
FOREST STATISTICS
APRIL 1958
fjMn,
'o, 5;
L ; i'J A A: V 1
JUN9
tooi
FOR THE
SJL Su OEFWrmKNT OF MRIiW •
MOUNTAIN REGION OF VIRGINIA, 1957
by
Mackay B. Bryan , Forester
Division of Forest Economics Research
U. S. Department of Agriculture
Forest Service
Southeastern Forest Experiment Station
frodeph 3. Pechanec, director
in cooperation with the
Virginia
Department of Conservation and Development
Division of Forestry
Qeorge IV. Jbean, State 3oreiter
FOREWORD
Through the Me Sweeney-McNary Act of 1928, Congress authorized
the Secretary of Agriculture to conduct a comprehensive survey of the
forest resources of the United States. The Forest Survey was organized
by the Forest Service to carry out the provisions of the Act through
the Regional Forest Experiment Stations. In the southeastern states
the Forest Survey is an activity of the Division of Forest Economics
Research, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, North
Carolina.
The fivefold purpose of the Forest Survey is (l) to make a field
inventory of the present supply of standing timber, (2) to ascertain the
rate at which this supply is being increased through growth, (3) to de-
termine the rate at which it is being reduced through industrial and
domestic uses, fire, and other causes, (4) to determine the present con-
sumption and the probable future trend in requirements for forest prod-
ucts, and (5) to interpret and correlate these findings to aid in the
formulation of private and public policies regarding forest land manage-
ment.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Southeastern Station received material assistance on the
field phase of the Survey and wishes to acknowledge this cooperation.
The Virginia Division of Forestry furnished personnel and equipment for
one field crew, and the pulp and paper companies listed below contributed
funds through Virginia Forests, Inc., to finance a second crew.
Chesapeake Corp. of Virginia
Continental Can Company
P. H. Glatfelter Company
Johns -Manville Products Corp.
Mead Corporation
National Container Corp. of Va.
Union Bag-Camp Paper Corp.
West Virginia Pulp and Paper Co.
Personnel of the George Washington National Forest, the Jefferson
National Forest, and Region 7 Timber Management Surveys cooperated in
collecting field data on national forest lands. The Station also wishes
to acknowledge cooperation of the Tennessee Valley Authority in conduct-
ing the field work in Russell, Smyth, and Washington Counties.
The Division of Forest Economics Research at the Southeastern Sta-
tion is under the direction of J. F. McCormack. Collection of field data
was supervised by Ronald C. Froelich, and aerial photo interpretation was
done by W. H. B. Haines. Other staff assistance was as follows:
Field inventory
Office compilation
Thoms R. Bellamy
Hubert H. Broyles
Frank H. Hawley
Philip L. Howard
Davie L. Hunt
Herbert A . Knight
P. F. Lawson, Jr.
Wm. A. McElfresh
Joe P. McClure
Early G. Page
Robert F. Petracca
Clyde D. Steel
Woodfin Black
Eunice Gamble
Agnes Nichols
Louise Shuford
Sammy Wenningham
Camilla Young
CONTENTS
Page
THE PRESENT FOREST SITUATION AND RECENT CHANGES 1
TABLES FOR THE VIRGINIA MOUNTAINS, 1957
AREA
1. Gross area by broad use class ----------------------- 7
2. Ownership of commercial forest land -------------------- 8
3. Commercial forest area by forest type and stand-size class -------- 9
NET VOLUME OF SAWTTMEER (in million board-feet)
4. By species and stand-size class. Mountain Region ------------- 10
5. By species and diameter class. Mountain Region -------------- 11
5a. By species and diameter class, northern subregion ------------- 12
5b. By species and diameter class, southern subregion ------------- 13
6. By forest type and stand-size class -------------------- l4
7. By species group, log grade, and tree-size class ------------- 15
NET VOLUME OF ALL TIMBER (in thousand cords)
8. By species and stand-size class, Mountain Region ------------- 16
9. By species and diameter class. Mountain Region -------------- 17
9a. By species and diameter class, northern subregion ------------- 18
9b. By species and diameter class, southern subregion ------------- 19
10. By species and class of material. Mountain Region ------------- 20
10a. By species and class of material, northern subregion ----------- 21
10b. By species and class of material, southern subregion ----------- 22
11. By forest type and stand-size class. Mountain Region ----------- 23
11a. By forest type and stand-size class, northern subregion ---------- 24
lib. By forest type and stand-size class, southern subregion ---------- 25
NET VOLUME OF ALL TIMBER (in million cubic feet)
12. By species and diameter class ----------------------- 26
13. By species and class of material --------------------- 27
AVERAGE VOLUME PER ACRE
14. Of saw-timber by forest type, species group, and stand-size class ----- 28
15. Of all trees by forest type, species group, and stand-size class ----- 29
GENERAL
16. Number of trees by species group, diameter class, and quality ------- 30
17. Stocking on commercial forest land by forest type and tree-size class - - - 31
NET ANNUAL GROWTH
18. By species group and unit of measure ------------------- 32
19. Growth percentages by species group and unit of measure ---------- 32
AVERAGE ANNUAL TIMBER CUT
20. Of savrtimber and growing stock by tree- size class and species group - - - - 33
NET ANNUAL CHANGE
21. In sawtimber and growing stock volume by species group. Mountain Region - - 34
21a. In sawtimber and growing stock volume by species group, northern subregion 35
21b. In sawtimber and growing stock volume by species group, southern subregion 36
22. In volume per acre by stand size and forest type ------------- 37
TABLES FOR COUNTIES, 1957
23. County area by broad vise class - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - 38
24. Ownership of commercial forest land -------------------- 39
25. Net volume of sawtimber by species group ----------------- 40
26. Net volume of sawtimber by broad species group and diameter group ----- 4l
27. Net volume of all timber by species group and diameter group ------- 42
28. Average annual cut of sawtimber by species group ------------- 44
29. Average annual cut of growing stock by species group ----------- 45
DEFINITION OF TERMS 46
RELIABILITY OF FOREST SURVEY DATA 50
HOW THE FOREST INVENTORY IS MADE - - 52
i.
I
ii
Figure 1. — Counties and independent cities in the Virginia Mountain
Region.
FOREST STATISTICS FOR THE MOUNTAIN REGION OF VIRGINIA, 1957
The Mountain Region of Virginia includes 31 counties in the west-
ern part of the State within the Appalachian Mountains. Its total area
is a little over 9 million acres. The Blue Ridge runs the full length
of the region along the eastern edge, and the Cumberlands extend into
the southwestern portion where the State borders on Kentucky. Much of
the region is made up of valleys and numerous small ridges forming the
headwaters of several major rivers. The region is more than half for-
ested, hut such sections as the Shenandoah Valley and the Winchester
area are well known for their livestock farms, apple orchards, and other
agriculture . For purposes of analysis the Mountain Region is divided
near Roanoke into northern and southern subregions known as Survey
Units 4 and 5 3 respectively (fig. l).
Late in the spring of 1956, a forest resource survey of Virginia
was begun to obtain current statistics on forest area, timber volume,
and timber growth and cut. The survey was started in the coastal plain
and progressed through the piedmont to the mountains, where the field
work was completed in June 1957* This is the final progress report to
be issued by physiographic region. A statistical report for the entire
State will be published later this year.
During 19^-0, a similar survey was made of Virginia's forest re-
sources. Certain comparisons of area and volume determined by the two
surveys are presented in the next few pages to point out changes that
have occurred during the 17-year period.
THE PRESENT FOREST SITUATION AND RECENT CHANGES
Land-use pattern has changed materially. — Total forest area has
increased by 650,000 acres, or 13 percent, in the Virginia mountains
since 19^-0 (fig. 2). During that period the land actively cultivated
Figure 2. — Comparison of
land areas by class of
use, 19^0 and 1957»
in field crops and orchards dropped 860,000 acres to a little less
than half the former area. Some of this land has been converted to
improved pasture, while other areas are idle or abandoned and gradually
reverting to forest. A more strict interpretation of the definition
for nonproductive forest land on national forests is the principal
reason for a buildup of almost 60 percent in area of noncommercial
forest. Some extremely steep slopes and heads of drains were added
to this classification because harvesting of timber would subject the
land to excessive erosion and increase the occurrence of land slides.
Expansion of the system of highways, spreading urban areas, and subur-
ban development accounted for an increase of nearly 3r percent in non-
forest and nonagricultural land uses.
Forest ownership pattern little changed since ±9^0. — Forest
area by class of ownership apparently has changed only slightly in
the past 17 years, but differences in sources of ownership data for
the two surveys make precise comparisons impossible. Comparison of
Census of Agriculture figures shows a small increase (3 percent) in
farm woodland area between 1939 and 195^-* Few significant changes in
public ownership have taken place during recent years in the Virginia
mountains .
The re survey reveals that approximately one -half of the commer-
cial forest land is on farms (fig. 3)* Wood-using industries hold only
one percent of the commercial forest, and miscellaneous other private
owners have 27 percent. The latter group owns one-third of the commer-
cial forest land in the southern subregion, where mining companies have
large holdings. National forests account for 22 percent of the commer-
cial forest land and one percent is in State, county, or municipal owner-
ship. More than two-thirds of the national forest land is in the northern
subregion, where about 35 percent of the forest land is in public owner-
ship.
OWNER THOUSAND ACRES
PUBLIC 1172
FARM 2554
WOOD-USING 39
INDUSTRY
OTHER 1378
PRIVATE
TOTAL 5143
WOOD-USING INDUSTRY 1%
Figure 3 •-“Ownership of commercial forest land, 1957*
2
Proportion of area in hardwood types has increased. --The hard-
wood types, which predominated with 77 percent of the commercial for-
est area in 1940, have spread to 82 percent in 1957* The Virginia pine
type has almost doubled in area during the past 17 years, hut the
white pine-hemlock type has dropped about one-half and the shortleaf
pine type (including pitch and Table-Mountain pine) has decreased by
one-fourth (fig. 4). The net change in area of softwood types amounted
to a drop of 11 percent, while hardwood types expanded l6 percent.
This may have resulted as much from increased stocking of hardwoods in
mixed stands as from the removal of softwoods from such stands by cut-
ting. Comparisons were made using 1940 forest type definitions, which
included pine-hardwood types with pine types.
Volume of each species group increased between surveys. — Cubic
volume of sound trees 5«0 inches d.b.h. or larger increased in all four
of the broad groups of species. Yellow pines made the modest climb of
8 percent, while other softwoods increased 49 percent, soft hardwoods
79 percent, and hard hardwoods 40 percent (table A). Closer examination
- 3 -
of the yellow-pine data reveals that the increase was all in Virginia
pine, amounting to 38 percent, as the other yellow pines decreased 4
percent. An encouraging detail in the hardwood situation is the rapid
expansion of yellow-poplar growing stock. Cubic volume of that species
has more than doubled in the past 17 years. It now makes up over half
of the soft hardwood volume, compared to about 43 percent in 1940.
Table A. — Comparison of volumes—' in all trees 5«0 inches d.b.h.
or larger, 1940 and 1957
Class of material
and species group
1940
1957
Change
Million
cu. ft.
Million
cu. ft.
Million
cu. ft.
Percent
Growing stock:
Yellow pines
236
255
+19
+8
Other softwoods
132
197
+6 5
+49
Soft hardwoods
303
542
+239
+79
Hard hardwoods
1,495
2,089
+594
+40
All species
2,l66
3,083
+917
442
All live trees :
Softwoods
4l8
573
+155
+37
Hardwoods
2,466
3,856
+1,390
456
All live trees
2,884
4,429
+1,545
454
l/ Species computation procedures have been used to elimin-
ate differences resulting from changes in standards and defini-
tions between surveys. Thus, estimates shown will not agree with
other published figures.
Figure 5 points out the volume supremacy of hardwoods over
softwoods in the Mountain Region and shows the rapid gain made by
hardwoods in recent years. Enormous volume increases occurred in
hardwood poletimber, and a fairly large gain extended up through the
l8-inch diameter class. Only slight decreases appear in the larger
diameters. Softwood growing stock changed little except for a mod-
erate increase in the smaller diameters.
- 4 -
Figure 5. — Comparison of growing stock volume by tree diameter,
19^0 and 1957.
Sawtimber volume is 2 6 percent above the 19^0 level. — All the
major species of the Virginia Mountain Region have increased in board-
foot volume since 19^-0. The increase ranged from 2 percent in yellow
pines to Qk percent for ye How- poplar, with an overall change of 26
percent (table B) .
- 5 -
Table B. --Comparison of sawtimber volumes, 1940 and 1
Species group
1940
1957
Change
Million
Million
Million
Percent
bd. -ft.
bd. -ft.
bd. -ft.
Yellow pines
613
625
+12
+2
White pine
353
425
+72
+20
Oaks
3,285
3,761
+476
+14
Yellow-poplar
463
854
+391
+84
Other species
1,761
2,517
+756
+43
Total
6,475
8,182
+1,707
+26
1 / See footnote 1, table A.
The average saind-tree volume per acre of commercial forest land
now runs 1,726 board-feet, 645 cubic feet, or 8.8 cords in the Mountain
Region. Average volumes vary by ownership from 710 cubic feet per acre
on public lands to 64l on farms and 600 on other private ownerships.
The softwood component in the stands is 22 percent of total cubic volume
on public lands, 12 percent on farms, and 13 percent on other private
lands .
Nine -tenths of the annual volume increase is in hardwoods. — The
net increase in cubic -foot volume of growing stock is about 2.4 percent
per year, with nine-tenths of the volume gain in hardwoods (table 21).
Annual growth after reduction for mortality amounts to more than twice
the present rate of cutting. The ratio of growth to cut, however, is
far less favorable in the species and sizes in demand commercially.
Much of the volume increase is in trees that are small, of poor quality,
or of species with little value.
- 6 -
Table 1. --Gross area— ^ by broad use class, 1957
Area
Class of use
Mountain
Northern
Southern
Region
subregion
subregion
Thousand
Percent
Thousand
acres
Percent
Thousand
acres
Percent
acres
Forest land:
Commercial
5,143.0
56.4
2,398.0
55-7
2,745.0
57.0
Noncommercial :
Product ive-reserved
117.6'
1.3
103.4
2.4
l4 .2
0.3
Unproductive
345.9
3.8
275-2
6.4
70.7
1.4
Total forest
5,606.5
61.5
2,776.6
64.5
2,829.9
58.7
Nonforest land:
Agriculture
3,217.3
35.3
1,384.7
32.1
1,832.6
38.1
2/
Urban and other—'
267.9
2.9
136.5
3.2
131.4
2.7
Total nonforest
3,485.2
38.2
1,521.2
35.3
1,964.0
40.8
Total land area
9,091.7
99-7
4,297.8
99.8
4,793.9
99.5
3/
Total water area^
30.8
0.3
8.1
0.2
22.7
0.5
All classes
9,122.5
100.0
4,305.9
100.0
4,816.6
100.0
1 / From U. S. Bureau of the Census, 1950.
2/ Includes urban, suburban residential, and rural industrial areas,
rights-of-way, cemeteries, schools, etc.
3/ Includes 19,800 acres of water reported by the U. S. Bureau of the
Census in 1950 and 11,000 acres reported as land by the Bureau of the Census
but defined as water by Forest Survey.
- 7 -
Table 2 . --Ownership of commercial forest land, 1957
Commercial forest land
Class of ownership
Mountain
Region
Northern
subregion
Southern
subregion
Thousand
acres
Percent
Thousand
acres
Percent
Thousand
acres
Percent
Public land:
National forest
1,114.3
21.6
799-1
33.3
315.2
11-5
Indian
--
--
--
--
--
--
Other Federal
3.1
0.1
1.8
0.1
1-3
(1/)
Total Federal
1,117.4
21.7
800.9
33-^
316.5
11.5
State
26.3
0.5
7.2
0.3
19.1
0.7
County and municipal
28.2
0.6
23.3
1.0
4.9
0.2
Total public
1,171.9
22.8
831.4
34.7
340.5
12.4
Private land:
Farm
2,554.1
49.6
1,089.8
45.4
1,464.3
53-3
Wood-using industries
39-2
0.8
4.1
0.2
35.1
1-3
Other
1,377*8
26.8
472.7
19.7
905.1
33-0
Total private
3,971.1
77.2
l, 566.6
65.3
2,404.5
87.6
All classes
5,143-0
100.0
2,398.0
100.0
2,745.0
100.0
l/ Less than 0.05 percent.
- 8 -
Table 3« — Commercial forest area by forest type and stand-size class, 1957
(in thousand acres)
MOUNTAIN REGION
Forest type^/
Large
sawtimber
stands
1
sawtimber
stands
Pole-
timber
stands
Seedling
& sapling
stands
Poorly
stocked
stands &
unstocked
areas
All
stands
Softwood types:
Shortleaf pine
20.0
86.1
217.5
55-4
4.0
383.0
Virginia pine
--
36.1
155.5
51.0
16.9
259-5
White pine
34.2
29.4
24.2
3-9
4.0
95-7
Total
54.2
151.6
397-2
110.3
24.9
738.2
Hardwood types:
Oak-pine
14.7
40.9
187.0
39.0
--
281.6
Maple -bee ch-birc h
20.4
10.0
14.8
—
2.8
48.0
Oak-hickory
858.2
757-6
1,858.0
435.3
114.4
4,023.5
Oak- gum- cypre s s
18.5
—
11.0
11.0
11.2
51-7
Total
911.8
808.5
2,070.8
485-3
128.4
4,4o4.8
All types
966.0
960.1
2,468.0
595-6
153.3
5,143-0
Percent
18.8
18.6
48.0
11.6
3.0
100.0
NORTHERN
SUBREGION
Softwood types:
Shortleaf pine
14.0
53.3
153.8
25.1
4.0
250.2
Virginia pine
--
27.5
100.9
32.3
12.5
173.2
White pine
22.4
11.0
6.4
—
—
39-8
Total
36.4
91.8
261.1
57-4
16.5
463.2
Hardwood types:
Oak-pine
11.4
13.0
148.0
21.6
--
194.0
Maple-beech-birch
5-3
—
3.6
--
--
8.9
Oak-hickory
330.7
399-2
805.7
129.3
42.8
1,707.7
Oak- gum- cypre s s
13-9
--
3-4
3.4
3-5
24.2
Total
361.3
412.2
960.7
154.3
46.3
1,934.8
All types
397-7
504.0
1,221.8
211.7
62.8
2,398.0
Percent
16.6
21.0
51.0
8.8
2.6
100.0
SOUTHERN
SUBREGION
Softwood types:
Shortleaf pine
6.0
32.8
63.7
30.3
--
132.8
Virginia pine
--
8.6
54.6
18.7
4.4
86.3
White pine
11.8
18.4
17.8
3-9
4.0
55-9
Total
17.8
59-8
136.1
52.9
8.4
275.0
Hardwood types:
Oak-pine
3-3
27.9
39-0
17.4
--
87.6
Maple-beech-birch
15.1
10.0
11.2
—
2.8
39-1
Oak-hickory
527.5
358.4
1,052.3
306.0
71.6
2,315.8
Oak-gum-cypress
4.6
--
7.6
7.6
7-7
27.5
Total
550.5
396.3
1,110.1
331.0
82.1
2,470.0
All types
568.3
456.1
1,246.2
383.9
90.5
2,745.0
Percent
20.7
16.6
45.4
l4.0
3-3
100.0
1 / See description of forest type and stand- size class under "Definition of Terms.
9
Table 4. --Net volume^/ of sawtimber by species and stand-size class,
Mountain Region, 1957
(In million board-feet)
2 /
Species—'
Large
sawtimber
stands
Small
sawtimber
stands
Pole-
timber
stands
Seedling
& sapling
stands
Poorly
stocked
stands &
unstocked
areas
All
stands
Softwoods :
Short leaf pine
93-2
247.2
209.7
16.1
3-5
569.7
Virginia pine
19-3
95-8
60.0
0.4
--
175.5
Total
112.5
343.0
269.7
16.5
3-5
745.2
White pine
236.2
152.1
37-1
2.6
—
428.0
Hemlock
3^2.7
39.3
10.7
—
—
392.7
Redcedar
--
21.6
2.1
--
--
23.7
Total sftwds.
691.4
556.0
319.6
19.1
3-5
1,589.6
Hardwoods :
Blackgum
70.9
50.2
18.5
3.2
0.6
143-4
Yellow-poplar
552.3
224.7
83.6
7-8
—
868.4
Soft maple
71.1
37-5
23.6
5-2
—
137.4
Basswood-cucumber
179.6
71.8
32.6
1.9
--
285.9
Other soft hdwds.
150.9
17.8
35.2
—
2.4
206.3
Total
1,024.8
402.0
193-5
18.1
3.0
1,641.4
White oak
356.2
291.4
151.5
7.4
1.9
808.4
Other white oaks
657.8
398.8
269.8
17.8
6.3
1,350.5
Northern red oak
550.1
186.2
76.0
0.4
--
812.7
Other red oaks
557-7
405.8
194.4
13-3
6.6
1,177.8
Hickory
549.6
222.9
120.5
29.1
1.4
923.5
Ash
40.2
11.9
12.2
—
--
64.3
Hard maple
105.9
36.2
14.7
2.7
—
159.5
Black walnut
48.3
36.1
11.6
2.3
2.2
100.5
Other hard hdwds.
154.1
48.5
33-9
1.5
9-5
247.5
Total
3,019.9
1,637.8
884.6
74.5
27-9
5,644.7
Total hdwds.
4,044.7
2,039.8
1,078.1
92.6
30.9
7,286.1
All species
4,736.1
2,595-8
1,397-7
111.7
34.4
8,875.7
Percent
53.4
29.2
15.7
1.3
0.4
100.0
1 / Log scale. International l/4-inch rule.
2 / See '’Definition of Terms" for species combined with others.
10
Table 5 •--Net volume—' of sawtimber by species and diameter class.
Mountain Region, 1957
Species
10-12
inches^/
l4-i8
inches
20-24
inches
26+
inches
All diameters
Million
bd. -ft.
Million
bd. -ft.
Million
bd. -ft.
Million
bd. -ft.
Million
bd. -ft .
Percent
Softwoods :
Shortleaf pine
299-5
226.1
44.1
--
569.7
6.4
Virginia pine
.148.7
23.4
3-4
--
175.5
2.0
Total
448.2
249-5
47.5
--
745.2
8.4
White pine
l4l.l
174.2
105.3
7-4
428.0
4.8
Hemlock
43.2
75.3
95.7
178.5
392.7
4.4
Redcedar
17.7
6.0
--
--
23.7
0.3
Total sftwds.
650.2
505.0
248.5
185.9
1,589.6
17.9
Hardwoods :
Blackgum
24.0
74.7
32.7
12.0
143.4
1.6
Yellow-poplar
196.3
472.5
l4o.6
59.0
868.4
9-8
Soft maple
51.4
67.7
18.3
—
137.4
1.6
Basswood- cucumber
72.5
182.0
31.4
--
285.9
3.2
Other soft hdwds.
35.6
104.2
44.6
21.9
206.3
2.3
Total
379.8
901.1
267.6
92.9
i,64i.4
18.5
White oak
169.0
432.5
171.8
35-1
8o8.4
9-1
Other white oaks
319.9
674.0
273.4
83.2
1,350.5
15.2
Northern red oak
108.8
419.2
219.3
65.4
812.7
9.2
Other red oaks
334.0
644.3
149.3
50.2
1,177.8
13.3
Hickory
234.0
522.1
132.6
34.8
923.5
10.4
Ash
18.5
37-7
8.1
--
64.3
0.7
Hard maple
26.2
86.8
27.2
19.3
159.5
1.8
Black walnut
24.2
68.6
7-7
--
100.5
l.l
Other hard hdwds.
49.9
131.8
58.4
7.4
247.5
2.8
Total
1,284.5
3,017.0
1,047.8
295.4
5,644.7
63.6
Total hdwds.
1,664.3
3,918.1
1,315.4
388.3
7,286.1
82.1
All species
2,314.5
4,423.1
1,563.9
574.2
8,875.7
100.0
Percent
26.1
49.8
17.6
6.5
100.0
--
1 / Log scale. International l/4-inch rule.
2 / Ten- inch hardwoods are not included since they are below sawtimber
size.
11
Table 5a. --Net volume^ of sawtimber by species and diameter class.
northern subregion, 1957
Species
10-12
inches^/
l4-l8
inches
20-24
inches
26+
inches
All diameters
Million
bd.-ft.
Million
bd.-ft.
Million
bd.-ft.
Million
bd.-ft.
Million
bd.-ft.
Percent
Softwoods :
Shortleaf pine
210.1
126.3
29.1
--
365.5
8.3
Virginia pine
105-5
18.0
3-4
--
126.9
2.9
Total
315.6
144.3
32.5
--
492.4
11.2
White pine
64.6
120.5
58.2
7.4
250.7
5-7
Hemlock
13.8
38.8
35.1
106.5
194.2
4.5
Redcedar
--
--
--
--
--
--
Total sftwds.
39^.0
303.6
125.8
113.9
937.3
21.4
Hardwoods :
Blackgum
6.7
20.8
12.1
12.0
51.6
1.2
Yellow-poplar
62.2
207.9
20.3
17.0
307.4
7.0
Soft maple
25.5
10.8
6-3
--
42.6*
0.9
Basswood-cucumber
17.9
25.6
9-7
—
53.2
1.2
Other soft hdwds.
12.5
51.8
22.5
--
86.8
2.0
Total
124.8
316.9
70.9
29.0
541.6
12.3
White oak
98.1
287.4
108.0
18.8
512.3
11-7
Other white oaks
231.3
456.4
175.8
64.8
928.3
21.2
Northern red oak
39.4
161.1
69.2
6.7
276.4
6.3
Other red oaks
184.6
308.9
89.4
24.6
607.5
13.9
Hickory
103.9
243.9
51.7
--
399.5
9-1
Ash
6.6
18.0
--
--
24.6
0.6
Hard maple
9.6
41.5
5-6
—
56.7
1-3
Black walnut
17.1
33*5
—
--
50.6
1.1
Other hard hdwds.
11.4
36.9
--
--
48.3
1.1
Total
702.0
1,587.6
499-7
114.9
2,904.2
66.3
Total hdwds.
826.8
1,904.5
570.6
143.9
3,445.8
78.6
All species
1,220.8
2,208.1
696.4
257.8
4,383.1
100.0
Percent
27.8
50.4
15.9
5.9
100.0
--
1 / Log scale. International l/4-inch rule.
2 / Ten- inch hardwoods are not included since they are below sawtimber
size.
12
Table 5b. --Net volume^'' of sawtimber by species and diameter class.
southern subregion, 1957
Species
10-12
inches^/
l4-l8
inches
20-24
inches
26+
inches
All diameters
Million
bd. -ft.
Million
bd.-ft.
Million
bd.-ft.
Million
bd.-ft.
Million
bd.-ft.
Percent
Softwoods :
Shortleaf pine
89.4
99-8
15.0
204.2
4.5
Virginia pine
43.2
5.4
--
—
48.6
1.1
Total
132.6
105-2
15.0
--
252.8
5.6
White pine
76.5
53-7
47.1
--
177.3
4.0
Hemlock
29. 4
36.5
60.6
72.0
198.5
4.4
Redcedar
17.7
6.0
--
--
23.7
0.5
Total sftwds.
256.2
201.4
122.7
72.0
652.3
14.5
Hardwoods :
Blackgum
17.3
53.9
20.6
--
91.8
2.0
Yellow-poplar
134.1
264.6
120.3
42.0
561.0
12.5
Soft maple
25.9
56.9
12.0
—
94.8
2.1
Basswood-cucumber
54.6
156.4
21.7
—
232.7
5-2
Other soft hdwds.
23.1
52.4
22.1
21.9
119.5
2.7
Total
255.0
584.2
196.7
63.9
1,099-8
24.5
White oak
70.9
145.1
63.8
16.3
296.1
6.6
Other white oaks
88.6
217.6
97-6
18.4
422.2
9.4
Northern red oak
69.4
258.1
150.1
58.7
536.3
11.9
Other red oaks
149.4
335-4
59-9
25.6
570.3
12.7
Hickory
130.1
278.2
80.9
34.8
524.0
11-7
Ash
11.9
19.7
8.1
--
39.7
0.9
Hard maple
16.6
45.3
21.6
19.3
102.8
2.3
Black walnut
7.1
35-1
7.7
--
49.9
l.l
Other hard hdwds.
38.5
94.9
58.4
7.4
199.2
4.4
Total
582.5
1,429.4
548.1
180.5
2,740.5
61.O
Total hdwds.
837.5
2,013.6
744.8
244.4
3,840.3
85.5
All species
1,093.7
2,215.0
867.5
316.4
4,492.6
100.0
Percent
24.4
49.3
19.3
7.0
100.0
--
1 / Log scale. International l/4-inch rule.
2/ Ten- inch hardwoods are not included since they are below sawtimber
size .
- 13 -
Table 6.
--Net volume^/ of sawtimber by forest type and stand-size class, 1957
(in million board-feet)
MOUNTAIN REGION
Forest type
Large
sawtimber
Small
sawtimber
Pole-
timber
Seedling
& sapling
Poorly
stocked
stands &
All
stands
stands
stands
stands
stands
unstocked
areas
Softwood types:
Shortleaf pine
57-9
224.6
130.8
8.1
__
421.4
Virginia pine
--
114.3
68.6
0.4
--
183.3
White pine
1+21.2
88.1
11-3
--
--
520.6
Total
479-1
427-0
210.7
8.5
-
1,125.3
Hardwood types:
Oak-pine
63.3
85.2
89.5
1.0
—
239.0
Maple-beech-birch
64.0
19.1
5-7
--
0.2
89.O
Oak-hickory
4,039-5
2,064.5
1,090.8
102.2
34.2
7,331-2
Oak- gum- cypr e s s
90.2
--
1.0
--
--
91.2
Total
4,257.0
2,168.8
1,187.0
103.2
34.4
7,750.4
All types
4,736.1
2,595.8
1,397-7
111.7
34.4
8,875.7
Percent
53-4
29.2
15-7
1-3
0.4
100.0
NORTHERN
SUBREGION
Softwood types:
Shortleaf pine
35.4
127.2
95-4
3-5
—
261.5
Virginia pine
--
90.9
45.1
0.4
--
136.1+
White pine
267.5
28.6
2.4
—
—
298.5
Total
302.9
246.7
142. 9
3-9
-
696.4
Hardwood types:
Oak-pine
49.2
27.4
74.3
1.0
—
151.9
Maple-beech-birch
9-7
—
--
--
—
9.7
Oak-hickory
1,699.5
1,126.9
573-6
46.7
9.0
3,455.7
Oak- gum- cypress
68.4
--
1.0
--
--
69.4
Total
1,826.8
1,154.3
648.9
47.7
9.0
3,686.7
All types
2,129.7
1,401.0
791.8
51.6
9.0
4,383.1
Percent
48.6
31.9
18.1
1.2
0.2
100.0
SOUTHERN
SUBREGION
Softwood types :
Shortleaf pine
22.5
97.4
35-4
4.6
--
159.9
Virginia pine
--
23.4
23-5
--
—
46.9
White pine
153.7
59-5
8.9
--
--
222.1
Total
176.2
180.3
67.8
4.6
--
428.9
Hardwood types:
Oak-pine
l4.l
57-8
15.2
—
—
87.I
Maple-beech-birch
54.3
19.1
5-7
--
0.2
79-3
Oak-hickory
2,340.0
937-6
517.2
55-5
25.2
3,875.5
Oak- gum- cypre s s
21.8
--
--
—
--
21.8
Total
2,430.2
1,014.5
538.1
55-5
25.4
4,063.7
All types
2,606.4
1,194.8
605.9
60.1
25.4
4,492.6
Percent
58.0
26.6
13.5
1-3
0.6
100.0
- l4 -
1 / Log scale, International l/4-inch rule.
Table 7* --Net volume of sawtimber by species group, log grade, and
tree-size class. Mountain Region, 1957
YELLOW PINES
Log grade
10 - l4 inches^/
l6+ inches
All trees
Grade 1
Million
bd.-ft.
Percent
Million
bd.-ft.
Percent
Million
bd.-ft.
Percent
Grade 2
10.6
1.8
6l.O
38.3
71.6
9.6
Grade 3
472.1
80.6
62.4
39.1
534.5
71.7
Grade 4
103.1
17.6
36.0
22.6
139.1
18.7
Total
585.8
100.0
159.4
100.0
745.2
100.0
OTHER SOFTWOODS
Grade 1
29.3
5.3
29.3
3-5
Grade 2
--
--
34.2
6.2
34.2
4.0
Grade 3
249.0
85.2
379-3
68.7
628.3
74.4
Grade 4
43.3
l4.8
109.3
19.8
152.6
18.1
Total
292.3
100.0
552.1
100.0
844.4
100.0
SOFT HARDWOODS
Grade 1
85.3
9.7
85.3
5.2
Grade 2
75.3
9.9
223.5
25.4
298.8
18.2
Grade 3
112.0
14.7
115.3
13.1
227.3
13.8
Grade 4
574.2
75.4
455.8
51.8
1,030.0
62.8
Total
761.5
100.0
879.9
100.0
i,64i.4
100.0
HARD HARDWOODS
Grade 1
« am
655.9
21.4
655.9
11.6
Grade 2
105.8
4.1
493.5
16.1
599-3
10.6
Grade 3
389.5
15.1
655.9
21.4
1,045.4
18.5
Grade 4
2,084.5
80.8
1,259.6
4i.i
3,344.1
59-3
Total
2,579.8
100.0
3,064.9
100.0
5,644.7
100.0
l/ Ten- inch hardwoods are not included since they are below sawtimber
size.
- 15 -
Table 8. --Net volume^ of sill timber by species and stand-size class.
Mountain Region, 1957
(in thousand cords)
GROWING STOCK
Species
Large
sawtimber
stands
Small
sawtimber
stands
Pole-
timber
stands
Seedling
& sapling
stands
Poorly
stocked
stands &
unstocked
areas
All
stands
Softwoods :
Shortleaf pine
261
953
1,267
66
33
2,580
Virginia pine
101
425
i,o4i
5
6
1,578
Total
362
1,378
2,308
71
39
4,158
White pine
479
590
189
17
1
1,276
Hemlock
665
191
63
--
—
919
Redcedar
3
78
64
—
--
145
Total sftwds.
1,509
2,237
2,624
88
4o
6,498
Hardwoods:
Blackgum
226
198
177
30
2
633
Yellow-poplar
1,714
932
1,057
31
1
3,735
Soft maple
4l4
228
374
19
—
1,035
Basswood-cucumber
589
293
294
5
—
1,181
Other soft hdwds.
453
149
376
--
10
988
Total
3,396
1,800
2,278
85
13
7,572
White oak
1,151
1,504
1,389
37
6
4,087
Other white oaks
2,293
2,474
3,203
63
23
8,056
Northern red oak
1,632
745
896
44
—
3,317
Other red oaks
2,o47
1,901
3,047
70
24
7,089
Hickory
2,197
1,105
1,317
107
5
4,731
Ash
256
i4i
93
—
—
490
Hard maple
374
237
143
10
l
765
Black walnut
154
156
159
49
8
526
Dogwood, holly
37
12
36
5
—
90
Other hard hdwds.
725
297
536
34
31
1,623
Total
10,866
8, ?72
10,819
419
98
30,774
Total hdwds.
14,262
10,372
13,097
504
111
38,346
All species
15,771
12,609
15,721
592
151
44,844
Percent
35.2
28.1
35*1
1.3
0.3
100.0
OTHER MATERIAL
Sound culls:
Softwoods
57
147
709
90
49
1,052
Hardwoods
3,267
2,269
5,662
759
336
12,293
Rotten culls
496
365
504
83
11
1,459
Total other material
3,820
2,781
6,875
932
396
l4,8o4
l/ Sound wood and bark.
- 16 -
Table 9* --Net volume— 7 of all timber by species and diameter class.
Mountain Region, 1957
(in thousand cords)
GROWING STOCK
Diameter class
All
Species
6
8
10
12
14-18
20+
diameters
inches
inches
inches
inches
inches
inches
Softwoods:
Shortleaf pine
242
516
550
542
631
99
2,580
Virginia pine
462
553
300
193
62
8
1,578
Total
704
1,069
850
735
693
107
4,158
White pine
io4
246
172
199
360
195
1,276
Hemlock
36
97
54
84
174
474
919
Redcedar
62
3^
25
l4
10
—
145
Total sftwds.
906
1,446
1,101
1,032
1,237
776
6,498
Hardwoods :
Blackgum
71
66
69
94
232
101
633
Yellow-poplar
373
550
623
566
1,197
426
3,735
Soft maple
240
189
182
183
194
47
1,035
Basswood-cucumber
103
100
237
206
465
70
l,l8i
Other soft hdwds.
60
188
168
136
288
l48
988
Total
847
1,093
1,279
1,185
2,376
792
7,572
White oak
428
715
583
601
1,231
529
4,087
Other white oaks
1,264
1,525
1,178
1,176
1,977
936
8,056
Northern red oak
391
396
300
368
1,160
702
3,317
Other red oaks
1,050
1,333
1,257
1,128
1,835
486
7,089
Hickory
471
789
825
783
1,469
394
4,731
Ash
44
91
l66
61
108
20
490
Hard maple
67
159
79
94
249
117
765
Black walnut
52
60
111
87
197
19
526
Dogwood, holly
67
23
—
—
--
—
90
Other hard hdwds.
334
236
315
186
378
174
1,623
Total
4,168
5,327
4,8l4
4,484
8,6o4
3,377
30,77^
Total hdwds.
5,015
6,420
6,093
5,669
10,980
4,169
38,346
All species
5,921
7,866
7,194
6,701
12,217
4,945
44,844
Percent
13.2
17.5
16.0
15.O
27-3
11.0
100.0
OTHER MATERIAL
Sound culls:
Softwoods
218
232
269
l64
116
53
1,052
Hardwoods
1,553
1,567
1,699
1,338
3,345
2,791
12,293
Rotten culls
153
173
257
56
320
500
1,459
Total other material
1,924
1,972
2,225
1,558
3,78l
3,3^4
l4,8o4
1 / Sound wood and bark.
17 -
Table 9a. --Net volume^' of all timber by species and diameter class,
northern subregion, 1957
(in thousand cords)
GROWING STOCK
Diameter class
All
Species
6
8
10
12
l4-l8
20+
diameters
inches
inches
inches
inches
inches
inches
Softwoods :
Shortleaf pine
177
427
400
365
354
65
1,788
Virginia pine
3^6
350
208
138
48
8
1,098
Total
523
777
608
503
402
73
2,886
White pine
43
97
73
99
245
113
670
Hemlock
20
27
9
33
91
235
415
Redcedar
17
28
--
--
--
--
45
Total sftwds.
603
929
690
635
738
421
4,016
Hardwoods :
Blackgum
38
38
4o
26
66
53
261
Yellow-poplar
52
69
131
185
527
79
1,043
Soft maple
60
90
145
90
31
16
432
Bas swood- cucumber
ll
31
30
50
70
22
2l4
Other soft hdwds.
43
69
69
48
139
54
422
Total
204
297
415
399
833
224
2,372
White oak
251
403
378
350
817
324
2,523
Other white oaks
823
949
751
853
1,340
631
5,347
Northern red oak
221
198
217
134
452
189
l,4ii
Other red oaks
6i4
880
768
612
895
277
4,046
Hickory
239
356
251
348
684
125
2,003
Ash
23
54
92
23
50
—
242
Hard maple
26
62
4o
34
122
15
299
Black walnut
24
21
55
61
94
--
255
Dogwood, holly
24
--
--
--
--
--
24
Other hard hdwds.
100
9
100
43
107
--
359
Total
2,345
2,932
2,652
2,458
4,561
1,561
16,509
Total hdwds .
2,549
3,229
3,067
2,857
5,394
1,785
18,881
All species
3,152
4,158
3,757
3,492
6,132
2,206
22,897
Percent
13-8
18.2
16.4
15.2
26.8
9-6
100.0
OTHER MATERIAL
Sound culls:
Softwoods
135
132
178
95
73
14
627
Hardwoods
831
718
762
676
1,712
1,173
5,872
Rotten culls
93
102
65
30
116
167
573
Total other material
1,059
952
1,005
801
1,901
1,354
7,072
1 / Sound wood and bark.
18
Table 9b* — Net vol
of all timber by species and diameter class,
southern subregion, 1957
(in thousand cords)
GROWING STOCK
Species
Diameter class
All
diameters
6
inches
8
inches
10
inches
12
inches
14-18
inches
20+
inches
Softwoods :
Shortleaf pine
65
89
150
177
277
34
792
Virginia pine
n6
203
92
55
l4
--
48o
Total
181
292
242
232
291
34
1,272
White pine
6i
149
99
100
115
82
606
Hemlock
1 6
70
45
51
83
239
504
Redcedar
45
6
25
l4
10
--
100
Total sftwds.
303
517
4n
397
499
355
2,482
Hardwoods :
Blackgum
33
28
29
68
166
48
372
Yellow-poplar
321
481
492
381
670
347
2,692
Soft maple
l8o
99
37
93
163
31
603
Basswood-cucumber
92
69
207
156
395
48
967
Other soft hdwds.
17
119
99
88
149
94
566
Total
643
796
864
786
1,543
568
5,200
White oak
177
312
205
251
4i4
205
1,564
Other white oaks
44l
576
427
323
637
305
2,709
Northern red oak
170
198
83
234
708
513
1,906
Other red oaks
436
453
489
516
940
209
3,043
Hickory
232
433
574
435
785
269
2,728
Ash
21
37
74
38
58
20
248
Hard maple
4l
97
39
60
127
102
466
Black walnut
28
39
56
26
103
19
271
Dogwood, holly
43
23
—
—
--
—
66
Other hard hdwds.
234
227
215
143
271
174
1,264
Total
1,823
2,395
2,162
2,026
4,043
l,8l6
14,265
Total hdwds.
2,466
3,191
3,026
2,812
5,586
2,384
19,465
All species
2,769
3,708
3,437
3,209
6,085
2,739
21,947
Percent
12.6
16.9
15-7
l4.6
27.7
12.5
100.0
OTHER MATERIAL
Sound culls:
Softwoods
83
100
91
69
43
39
425
Hardwoods
722
849
937
662
1,633
1,618
6,421
Rotten culls
60
71
192
26
204
333
886
Total other material
865
1,020
1,220
757
1,880
1,990
7,732
1 / Sound wood and bank.
19 -
Table 10. — Net volume^ of all timber by species and class of material,
Mountain Region, 1957
(in thousand cords)
Growing stock
Other material
Species
Sawtimber trees
Pole-
Total
Sound
Rot, ton
Saw- log
Upper
timber
sound
culls
culls
portion
stems
trees
trees
Softwoods :
Shortleaf pine
1,282
540
758
2,580
364
10
Virginia pine
4l4
149
1,015
1,578
524
10
Total
1,696
689
1,773
4,158
888
20
White pine
788
138
350
1,276
42
4
Hemlock
608
178
133
919
103
2
Redcedar
35
l4
96
145
19
12
Total sftwds.
3,127
1,019
2,352
6,498
1,052
38
Hardwoods :
Blackgum
301
126
206
633
436
50
Yellow-poplar
1,726
463
1,546
3,735
249
26
Soft maple
303
121
611
1,035
800
108
Ba s swood- cucumb er
617
124
44o
1,181
175
59
Other soft hdwds.
402
170
4l6
988
510
28
Total
3,349
i,oo4
3,219
7,572
2,170
271
White oak
1,632
729
1,726
4,087
817
85
Other white oaks
2,835
1,254
3,967
8,056
4,i42
208
Northern red oak
1,622
608
1,087
3,317
703
106
Other red oaks
2,423
1,026
3,640
7,089
1,092
110
Hickory
1,875
771
2,085
4,731
762
82
Ash
134
55
301
490
64
2
Hard maple
331
129
305
765
344
79
Black walnut
214
89
223
526
77
15
Dogwood, holly
Scrub oak£/
“ “
90
90
79
349
2
23
Other hard hdwds.
529
209
885
1,623
1,694
438
Total
11, 595
4,870
14,309
30,774
10,123
1,150
Total hdwds.
14,944
5,874
17,528
38,346
12,293
1,421
All species
18,071
6,893
19,880
44,844
13,345
1,459
Percent
40.3
15.4
44.3
100.0
90.1
9.9
1 / Sound wood and bark.
2 / Includes noncommercial species.
20
Table 10a. --Net volume^ of all timber by species and class of material,
northern subregion, 1957
(in thousand cords)
Species
Growing stock
Other material
Sawtimber trees
Pole-
timber
trees
Total
sound
trees
Sound
culls
Rotten
culls
Saw- log
portion
Upper
stems
Softwoods :
Shortleaf pine
8^5
339
6o4
1,788
239
10
Virginia pine
288
ll4
696
1,098
310
6
Total
1,133
453
1,300
2,886
549
16
White pine
1+50
80
l4o
670
26
--
Hemlock
300
68
47
415
34
—
Redcedar
--
—
45
45
18
12
Total sftwds.
1,883
601
1,532
4,016
627
28
Hardwoods :
Blackgum
106
39
116
261
131
17
Yellow-poplar
621
170
252
1,043
72
11
Soft maple
91+
43
295
432
215
17
Basswood - cucumber
ll6
26
72
214
46
4
Other soft hdwds.
169
72
181
422
l46
20
Total
1,106
350
916
2,372
610
69
White oak
1,038
453
1,032
2,523
519
51
Other white oaks
1,9^8
876
2,523
5,347
2,618
130
Northern red oak
548
227
636
l,4li
354
46
Other red oaks
1,243
541
2,262
4,046
665
59
Hickory
810
347
846
2,003
338
30
Ash
53
20
169
242
4o
l
Hard maple
120
51
128
299
87
22
Black walnut
107
1+8
100
255
4l
—
Dogwood, holly
—
--
24
24
15
--
Scrub oak2/
—
--
—
—
187
21
Other hard hdwds.
io4
46
209
359
398
ll6
Total
5,971
2,609
7,929
16,509
5,262
476
Total hdwds.
7,077
2,959
8,845
18,881
5,872
545
All species
8,960
3,560
10,377
22,897
6,499
573
Percent
39-1
15.6
45.3
100.0
91.9
8.1
l/ Sound wood and bark.
2 I Includes noncommercial species.
21
Table 10b. — Net volume^/ of all timber by species and class of material,
southern subregion, 1957
(in thousand cords)
Species
Growing stock
Other material
Sawtimber trees
Pole-
timber
trees
Total
sound
trees
Sound
culls
Rotten
culls
Saw- log
portion
Upper
stems
Softwoods :
Shortleaf pine
437
201
154
792
125
—
Virginia pine
126
35
319
48o
214
4
Total
563
236
473
1,272
339
4
White pine
338
58
210
606
16
4
Hemlock
308
110
86
504
69
2
Redcedar
35
14
51
100
1
--
Total sf twds .
1,244
4l8
820
2,482
425
10
Hardwoods :
Blackgum
195
87
90
372
305
33
Yellow-poplar
1,105
293
1,294
2,692
177
15
Soft maple
209
78
316
603
585
91
Bas swood- cucumbe r
501
98
368
967
129
55
Other soft hdwds.
233
98
235
566
364
8
Total
2,243
654
2,303
5,200
1,560
202
White oak
594
276
694
1,564
298
3^
Other white oaks
887
378
1,444
2,709
1,524
78
Northern red oak
1,074
381
451
1,906
3*+9
60
Other red oaks
1,180
485
1,378
3,043
427
51
Hickory
1,065
424
1,239
2,728
424
52
Ash
81
35
132
248
24
1
Hard maple
211
78
177
466
257
57
Black walnut
107
4i
123
271
36
15
Dogwood, holly
—
—
66
66
64
2
Scrub oak2 /
--
--
—
—
162
2
Other hard hdwds.
425
163
676
1,264
1,296
322
Total
5,624
2,261
6,380
14,265
4,86l
674
Total hdwds.
7,867
2,915
8,683
19,465
6,421
876
All species
9,111
3,333
9,503
21,9*17
6,846
886
Percent
41.5
15.2
43.3
100.0
88.5
11.5
l/ Sound wood and bark.
2 / Includes noncommercial species.
22
Table 11. — Net volume^ of all timber by forest type and stand-size class.
Mountain Region, 1957
(in thousand cords)
GROWING STOCK
Forest type
Large
sawtimber
stands
Small
sawtimber
stands
Pole-
timber
stands
Seedling
& sapling
stands
Poorly
stocked
stands &
unstocked
areas
All
stands
Softwood types:
Shortleaf pine
234
939
993
4 3
--
2,209
Virginia pine
—
525
1,083
10
7
1,625
White pine
980
457
133
5
—
1,575
Total
1,21k
1,921
2,209
58
7
5,409
Hardwood types:
Oak-pine
253
524
1,213
7
--
1,997
Maple -beech -birch
219
67
81
—
3
373
Oak-hickory
13,758
10,097
12,174
522
111
36,692
Oak- gum- cypre s s
327
—
4l
5
—
373
Total
l4, 557
10,688
13,512
534
l44
39,435
All types
15,771
12,609
15,721
592
151
44,844
Percent
35.2
28.1
35.1
1-3
0-3
100.0
OTKER MATERIAL
Softwood types:
Shortleaf pine
Virginia pine
White pine
OO i CO
OJ 1 e-
184
75
96
383
386
43
23
45
12
39
19
625
545
236
Total
101
355
812
68
70
l,4o6
Hardwood types:
Oak-pine
31
49
434
60
--
574
Maple-beech-birch
84
63
98
--
7
252
Oak-hickory
3,568
2,314
5,468
790
316
12,456
Oak- gum- cypre s s
36
--
63
l4
3
116
Total
3,719
2,426
6,063
864
326
13,398
All types
3,820
2,781
6,875
932
396
l4,8o4
Percent
25.8
18.8
46.4
6.3
2.7
100.0
1 J Sound wood and bark.
Table 11a. --Net volume^ of all timber by forest type and stand-size class,
northern subregion, 1957
(in thousand cords)
GROWING STOCK
Forest type
Large
sawtimber
stands
Small
sawtimber
stands
Pole-
timber
stands
Seedling
& sapling
stands
Poorly
stocked
stands &
unstocked
areas
All
stands
Softwood types:
Shortleaf pine
149
583
775
14
--
1,521
Virginia pine
--
394
640
10
7
1,051
White pine
600
121
28
—
--
749
Total
749
1,098
1,443
24
7
3,321
Hardwood types:
Oak-pine
212
219
985
7
--
1,423
Maple -bee ch-b ir ch
46
--
10
—
—
56
Oak-hickory
5,817
5,727
5,957
260
61
17,822
Oak - gum- cypr e s s
262
--
8
5
--
275
Total
6,337
5,946
6,960
272
61
19,576
All types
7,086
7,044
8,403
296
68
22,897
Percent
30.9
30.8
36.7
1-3
0.3
100.0
OTHER
MATERIAL
Softwood types:
Shortleaf pine
20
122
267
6
12
427
Virginia pine
—
52
246
21
25
344
White pine
6l
64
--
--
--
125
Total
81
238
513
27
37
896
Hardwood types :
Oak-pine
27
9
379
12
427
Maple -bee ch-b ir ch
26
--
7
--
--
33
Oak- hickory
1,446
1,216
2,516
230
266
5,674
Oak- gum- cypr e s s
36
--
3
3
42
Total
1,535
1,225
2,902
245
269
6,176
All types
1,616
1,463
3,415
272
306
7,072
Percent
22.9
20.7
48.3
3.8
4.3
100.0
l/ Sound wood and bark.
- 24 -
Table lib. --Net volume^/ of all timber by forest type and stand-size class,
southern subregion, 1957
(in thousand cords)
GROWING STOCK
Forest type
Large
sawtimber
stands
Small
sawtimber
stands
Pole-
timber
stands
Seedling
& sapling
stands
Poorly
stocked
stands &
unstocked
areas
All
stands
Softwood types:
Short leaf pine
85
356
218
29
--
688
Virginia pine
—
131
443
—
--
574
White pine
380
336
105
5
--
826
Total
465
823
766
34
--
2,088
Hardwood types:
Oak-pine
4l
305
228
--
--
574
Maple-beech-birch
173
67
74
—
3
317
Oak-hickory
7,941
4,370
6,217
262
80
18,870
Oak-gum- cypress
65
—
33
--
--
98
Total
8,220
4,742
6,552
262
83
19,859
All types
8,685
5,565
7,318
296
83
21,947
Percent
39.6
25.4
33.3
1-3
0.4
100.0
OTHER MATERIAL
Softwood types:
Shortleaf pine
Virginia pine
White pine
3
17
62
23
32
ll6
l4o
43
1
H CVJ 1
14
19
198
201
111
Total
20
117
299
4i
33
510
Hardwood types:
Oak-pine
4
40
55
48
--
147
Maple-beech-birch
58
63
91
--
7
219
Oak-hickory
2,122
1,098
2,952
560
50
6,782
Oak- gum- cypre s s
--
--
63
11
--
74
Total
2,184
1,201
3,i6l
619
57
7,222
All types
2,204
1,318
3,460
660
90
7,732
Percent
28.5
17.0
44.8
8.5
1.2
100.0
1 / Sound wood and bark.
- 25 -
Table 12. — Net volume—1 ' of all timber by species and diameter class.
Mountain Region, 1957
(in million cubic feet)
GROWING STOCK
Species
Diameter
class
All
diameters
6
inches
8
inches
10
inches
12
inches
14-18
inches
20+
inches
Softwoods :
Shortleaf pine
15-9
34.4
38.2
40.7
50.8
8-3
188.3
Virginia pine
29.1
36.9
21.2
15.0
5-0
0.7
107.9
Total
^5.0
71.3
59-4
55.7
55.8
9-0
296.2
White pine
7.3
18.4
13-4
16.9
31.6
18.3
105-9
Hemlock
2.8
6.6
4.4
7.2
15.7
45.9
82.6
Redcedar
4.4
2.4
1-9
1.3
0.9
—
10.9
Total sftwds.
59-5
98.7
79-1
81.1
io4.o
73-2
495.6
Hardwoods :
Blackgum
4.2
4-3
5-0
7-2
18.5
8.3
47.5
Yellow-poplar
25.0
35-7
44.5
43.1
95-3
35.3
278.9
Soft maple
16.5
11.8
13-3
13.9
15.7
3-8
75.0
Basswood- cucumber
6.3
6.4
16.6
15.9
37.3
5.8
88.3
Other soft hdwds.
4.8
11.2
12.4
10.4
23.1
12.0
73-9
Total
56.8
69.4
91.8
90.5
189.9
65.2
563.6
White oak
27.9
46.0
42.7
44.6
98.6
43.6
303.4
Other white oaks
76.6
98.8
86.0
87.8
157.8
77.8
584.8
Northern red oak
24.0
25.0
22.6
27.6
93-3
57.9
250.4
Other red oaks
63.0
86.5
92.4
84.9
144.8
40.2
511.8
Hickory
30.2
51.2
60.0
60.2
115.4
32.4
349.4
Ash
3.4
5.8
11.8
5.0
8.4
1.6
36.0
Hard maple
5.0
10.3
6.1
7-0
20.1
9-7
58.2
Black walnut
3-3
3.8
8.1
6.5
15.9
1.6
39.2
Dogwood, holly
4.1
1-5
—
—
—
—
5-6
Other hard hdwds.
26.1
l4.4
23-3
13.6
30.7
14.3
122.4
Total
263.6
3^3-3
353-0
337-2
685.0
279.1
2,261.2
Total hdwds.
320.4
412.7
444.8
427.7
874.9
344.3
2,824.8
All species
379-9
511.4
523.9
508.8
978.9
417-5
3,320.4
Percent
11.4
15-4
15-8
15.3
29.5
12.6
100.0
OTHER MATERIAL
Sound culls:
Softwoods
12.7
15.7
19.0
12.7
9.5
5.0
74.6
Hardwoods
94.1
102.4
122.4
101.7
268.3
230.7
919.6
Rotten culls
10.7
13.0
17.9
7-3
24.7
4i.6
115.2
Total other material
117.5
131.1
159.3
121.7
302.5
277.3
1,109.4
1 / Excludes bark.
26
Table 13. --Net volume^-' of all timber by species and class of material,
Mountain Region, 1957
(in million cubic feet)
Species
Growing
stock
Other material
Sawtimber trees
Pole
timber
trees
Total
sound
trees
Sound
culls
Rotten
culls
Saw- log
portion
Upper
stems
Softwoods :
Shortleaf pine
98.7
39-3
50.3
188.3
25.5
0.7
Virginia pine
31.2
10.7
66.0
107.9
35.5
0.7
Total
129.9
50.0
116.3
296.2
6l.O
1.4
White pine
70.5
9.7
25.7
105-9
3-4
0.3
Hemlock
57.3
15.9
9.4
82.6
8.9
0.2
Redcedar
3.5
0.6
6.8
10.9
1.3
0.9
Total sf twds .
261.2
76.2
158.2
495.6
74.6
2.8
Hardwoods :
Blackgum
24.5
9.5
13.5
47.5
33*9
4.1
Yellow-poplar
138.8
34.9
105.2
278.9
18.5
2.3
Soft maple
23.6
9.8
4l.6
75-0
57-4
7.7
Basswood-cucumber
48.6
10.4
29.3
88.3
13.4
4.8
Other soft hdwds.
32.2
13-3
28.4
73-9
37-6
2.3
Total
267.7
77-9
218.0
563.6
160.8
21.2
White oak
129.3
57.5
116.6
303.4
63.9
6.6
Other white oaks
224.3
99-1
261.4
584.8
313.3
16.8
Northern red oak
129.1
49.7
71.6
250.4
55-3
8.5
Other red oaks
191.5
78.4
241.9
511.8
80.6
8.4
Hickory
149.1
58.9
l4i.4
349.4
55-4
6.4
Ash
10.8
4.2
21.0
36.0
4.6
0.2
Hard maple
26.7
10.1
21.4
58.2
26.0
6.1
Black walnut
17.1
6.9
15.2
39*2
5-9
1.3
Dogwood, holly
—
--
5.6
5.6
5.0
0.3
Scrub oak 2/
--
—
—
—
23.5
2.2
Other hard hdwds.
41.2
17.4
63.8
122.4
125-3
34.4
Total
919.1
382.2
959.9
2,261.2
758.8
91.2
Total hdwds .
1,186.8
460.1
1,177.9
2,824.8
919.6
112.4
All species
1,448.0
536.3
1,336.1
3,320.4
994.2
115.2
Percent
43.6
16.2
40.2
100.0
89.6
10.4
1 j Excludes bark.
2 ] Includes noncommercial species.
- 27 -
Table i4. --Average volume—' per acre of sawtimber by forest type, species
group, and stand-size class. Mountain Region, 1957
(in board-feet)
Forest type
and
species group
Large
sawtimber
stands
Small
sawtimber
stands
Pole-
timber
stands
Other
stand
sizes
All
stands
Shortleaf pine
Softwood
2,657
2,392
570
136
1,021
Hardwood
235
220
31
--
79
Virginia pine
Softwood
--
2,392
312
6
522
Hardwood
--
771
129
--
184
White pine
Softwood
10,836
2,684
469
--
4,8i4
Hardwood
1,496
303
—
—
628
Oak-pine
Softwood
1,302
1,027
253
25
389
Hardwood
2,989
1,053
226
--
46o
Maple-beech-birch
Softwood
51
--
--
--
22
Hardwood
3,086
1,921
381
80
1,832
Oak-hickory
Softwood
288
188
48
24
122
Hardwood
4,419
2,537
540
224
1,700
Oak- gum- cypre s s
Softwood
50
__
--
--
18
Hardwood
4,840
--
87
--
1,745
All types
Softwood
Hardwood
716
4,187
579
2,125
129
437
30
165
309
1,417
l/ Log scale. International l/4-inch rule.
Table 15. --Average volume^/ per acre of all trees by forest type, species group,
and stand- size class, Mountain Region, 1957
(in standard cords)
Forest type
and
species group
Large
sawtimber
stands
Small
sawtimber
stands
Pole-
timber
stands
Other
stand
sizes
All
stands
Sound
trees
Cull
trees
Sound
trees
Cull
trees
Sound
trees
Cull
trees
Sound
trees
Cull
trees
Sound
trees
Cull
trees
Shortleaf pine
Softwood
7.1
0.1
9-2
0.6
3-7
0.9
0.6
0.3
4.6
0.7
Hardwood
4.5
1.0
1.8
1.5
0.9
0.9
0.2
0.3
1.1
1.0
Virginia pine
Softwood
--
--
9.5
1.6
5-0
1.6
0.1
0.8
4.3
1.4
Hardwood
--
--
5-0
0.4
2.0
0.9
0.1
0.4
1*9
0.7
White pine
Softwood
20.9
0.5
13-6
0.1
2.2
0.5
0.6
0.4
12.2
0.4
Hardwood
7.8
1.8
1.9
3.1
3.4
1-3
—
2.0
4.2
2.1
Oak-pine
Softwood
6.8
0.3
3-7
(2 />
2-3
0.7
0.2
0.6
2.5
0.6
Hardwood
10.3
1.8
9.1
1.2
4.2
1.6
(2 /)
0.9
4.6
1.4
Maple-beech-birch
Softwood
0.4
0.2
—
Hardwood
10.3
4.1
6.7
6.3
5-7
6.6
1.0
2.4
7-6
5.3
Oak-hickory
Softwood
0.6
(2/)
0.7
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.1
Hardwood
15-4
4.1
12.6
3.0
6.2
2.9
1.1
1.9
8.7
3.0
Oak- gum- cypre s s
Softwood
0.2
0.8
0.1
--
Hardwood
17.6
2.0
--
—
3-7
5-7
0.2
7.2
2.2
All types
Softwood
Hardwood
1.6
l4.8
0.1
3.9
2.3
10.8
0.2
2.7
1.1
5.3
0.3
2.5
0.2
0.8
0.2
1.6
1.3
7-5
0.2
2.7
l/ Sound wood and bark.
2/ Less than 0.05 cord per acre.
- 29
Table l6. --Number of trees—' by species group, diameter class, and
quality, Mountain Region, 1957
(in thousand trees)
SOUND TREES
D.b.h.
class
Yellow
pines
Other
softwoods
Soft
hardwoods
Hard
hardwoods
All
trees
2
71,55^
39,980
182,655
656,032
950,221
4
44,506
23,046
77, 521
304, 594
449,667
6
23,595
7,948
27,753
125,208
184,504
8
16,271
6,270
13,811
69,284
105,636
10
7,811
2,307
9,382
38,656
58,156
12
4,057
1,700
5,413
22,448
33,618
l4
1,525
762
3,366
13,785
19,438
16
5 66
544
1,434
6,890
9,434
l8
128
248
980
4,362
5,718
20
95
265
413
2,056
2,829
22
45
109
197
1,159
1,510
24
--
102
50
568
720
26
--
22
30
265
317
28
—
31
50
127
208
30+
—
87
19
145
251
Total
170,153
83,421
323,074
1,245,579
1,822,227
CULL TREES
2
25,324
8,024
236, 506
834,771
1,104,625
4
10,039
2,016
26,920
185,463
224,438
6
8,066
1,293
13,449
57,754
80,562
8
3,985
526
4,8o4
27,621
36,936
10
2,540
201
4,329
16,630
23,700
12
874
208
1,698
8,523
H,303
l4
28l
42
1,486
5,324
7,133
16
123
46
652
4,il4
4,935
18
22
19
682
3,o4o
3,763
20
—
23
399
1,808
2,230
22
—
28
195
1,560
1,783
24
—
—
86
902
988
26
—
6
47
382
435
28
—
24
58
319
4oi
30+
—
—
26
270
296
Total
51,254
12,456
291,337
l,l48,48i
1,503,528
1 ] All trees 1.0 inch d.b.h. or larger.
- 30 -
Table 17- --Stocking on commercial forest land by forest type and
tree-size class. Mountain Region, 1957
(in thousand acres)
GROWING STOCK OF ALL SIZES
Forest type
Non-
stocked
0-9$
Poor
stocking
10-39$
Medium
stocking
40-69$
Good
stocking
70-100$
Total
area
Shortleaf pine
4.1
71.1
157.6
150.2
383.0
Virginia pine
l6.8
45.5
52.2
145.0
259.5
White pine
4.0
4.1
15.4
72.2
95.7
Oak-pine
--
49.1
79.7
152.8
281.6
Maple-beech-birch
1.0
7-1
11.1
28.8
48.0
Oak-hickory
84.7
615.1
1,396.0
1,927.7
4,023.5
Oak- gum- cypr e s s
7-7
ll.O
23.7
9.3
51.7
All types
118.3
803.0
1,735.7
2,486.0
5,143*0
Percent
2.3
15.6
33.8
48.3
100.0
SAWTIMBER GROWING STOCK
Shortleaf pine
139.6
205.9
30.6
6.9
383.0
Virginia pine
178.2
57-7
19.0
4.6
259.5
White pine
27.5
28.4
20.4
19.4
95-7
Oak-pine
162.6
106.5
6.7
5.8
281.6
Maple-beech-birch
17.7
25.1
5.2
--
48.0
Oak-hickory
1,690.9
1,769.4
493.9
69.3
4,023.5
Oak-gum- cypre s s
33-3
9.2
4.5
4.7
51.7
All types
2,249.8
2,202.2
580.3
110.7
5,143-0
Percent
43.7
42.8
11.3
2.2
100.0
- 31 -
Table l8. — Net annual growth by species group and unit of
measure. Mountain Region, 1957
Species group
Sawtimber
Growing stock
Million
Million
Thousand
bd.-ft.
cu. ft.
cords
Yellow pines
25.8
11.5
179
Other softwoods
32.1
7.3
93
Soft hardwoods
98.5
30.9
458
Hard hardwoods
206.0
88.0
1,344
All species
362.4
137.7
2,074
Table 19. — Net annual growth percentages by species group and
unit of measure. Mountain Region, 1957
Unit of
measure
Yellow
pines
Other
softwoods
Soft
hardwoods
Hard
hardwoods
All
species
Board-feet
3.46
3.81
6.00
3.65
4.08
Cubic feet
3.89
3.63
5.48
3.89
4.14
Standard cords
4.30
3.97
6.05
4.37
4.62
- 32 -
Table 20. --Average annual timber cut by tree-size class and species group,
Mountain Region
SAWTIMBER (in million board-feet)
Tree-size class
Yellow-
pines
Other
softwoods
Soft
hardwoods
Hard
hardwoods
All
species
Small savrtimber
4.0
7.4
10.4
28.5
50.3
Large sawtimber
6.0
24.8
36.3
113.8
180.9
All trees
10.0
32.2
46.7
142.3
231.2
GROWING STOCK (in thousand cords)
Pole trees
42
4
18
108
172
Small sawtimber
16
19
33
92
160
Large sawtimber
11
45
83
289
428
All trees
69
68
134
489
760
GROWING STOCK (in million cubic feet)
Pole trees
2.5
0.3
1.1
6.5
10.4
Small sawtimber
1.2
1-7
2.5
6.9
12.3
Large sawtimber
1.0
4.3
6.8
23.7
35-8
All trees
4.7
6.3
10.4
37.1
58.5
- 33 -
Table 21. --Net annual change in volume by species group,
Mountain Region, 1957
SAWTIMBER (in million board-feet)
Item
Yellow
Other
Soft
Hard
All
pines
softwoods
hardwoods
hardwoods
species
Net volume, Jan. 1, 1957
745.2
844.4
1,641.4
5,644.7
8,875.7
Total growth
32.0
38.4
106.7
247.8
424.9
Mortality
6.2
8.3
8.2
41.8
62.5
Net growth
25-8
32.1
98.5
206.0
362.4
Timber cut
10.0
32.2
46.7
142.3
231.2
Loss or gain
+15.8
-0.1
+51.8
+63.7
+131.2
Net volume, Dec. 31 > 1957
761.0
844.3
1,693.2
5,708.4
9,006.9
Percent change
+2.1
0.0
+3.2
+1.1
+1.5
GROWING
STOCK (In thousand cords)
Net volume, Jan. 1, 1957
4,158
2,340
7,572
30,774
44,844
Total growth
208
108
483
1,515
2,314
Mortality
29
15
25
171
240
Net growth
179
93
458
1,344
2,074
Timber cut
69
68
134
489
760
Loss or gain
+110
+25
+324
4855
+1,314
Net volume, Dec. 31 > 1957
4,268
2,365
7,896
31,629
46,158
Percent change
+2.6
+1.1
+4.3
+2.8
+2.9
GROWING STOCK (in million cubic feet)
Net volume, Jan. 1, 1957
296.2
199.4
563.6
2,261.2
3,320.4
Total growth
13.6
8.5'
32.9
101.0
156.0
Mortality
2.1
1.2
2.0
13.0
18.3
Net growth
11.5
7.3
30.9
88.0
137.7
Timber cut
4.7
6.3
10.4
37.1
58.5
Loss or gain
+6.8
+1.0
+20.5
+50.9
+79.2
Net volume, Dec. 31, 1957
303.0
200.4
584.1
2,312.1
3,399.6
Percent change
+2.3
-HC.5
+3.6
+2.3
+2.4
- 34 -
Table 21a. --Net annual change in volume by species group,
northern subregion, 1957
SAWTIMBER (in million board-feet)
Item
Yellow
pines
Other
softwoods
Soft
hardwoods
Hard
hardwoods
All
species
Net volume, Jan. 1, 1957
492.4
444.9
541.6
2,904.2
4,383.1
Total growth
21.3
18.0
34.6
125.1
199.0
Mortality
4.1
3-3
2.7
21.5
31.6
Net growth
17.2
14.7
31.9
103.6
167.4
Timber cut
8.7
6.0
20.9
72.2
107.8
Loss or gain
+8.5
+8.7
+11.0
+31.4
+59-6
Net volume, Dec. 31, 1957
500.9
453.6
552.6
2,935.6
4,442.7
Percent change
+1.7
+2.0
+2.0
+1.1
+1.4
GROWING STOCK (in thousand cords)
Net volume, Jan. 1, 1957
2,886
1,130
2,372
16, 509
22,897
Total growth
147
49
139
792
1,127
Mortality
20
7
8
91
126
Net growth
127
42
131
701
1,001
Timber cut
60
16
54
254
384
Loss or gain
+67
+26
+77
+447
+617
Net volume, Dec. 31, 1957
2,953
1,156
2,449
16,956
23,514
Percent change
+2.3
+2.3
+3.2
+2.7
+2.7
GROWING STOCK (in million cubic feet)
Net volume, Jan. 1, 1957
204.3
97.7
176.2
1,191.9
1,670.1
Total growth
9.5
4.0
9.6
52.2
75.3
Mortality
1.4
0.6
0.7
6.8
9.5
Net growth
8.1
3.4
8.9
45.4
65.8
Timber cut
4.1
1.4
4.3
19.0
28.8
Loss or gain
+4.0
+2.0
+4.6
+26.4
+37.0
Net volume, Dec. 31, 1957
208.3
99-7
180.8
1,218.3
1,707.1
Percent change
+2.0
+2.0
+2.6
+2.2
+2.2
- 35 -
Table 21b. — Net annual change in volume by species group.
southern subregion, 1957
SAWTIMBER (in million board-feet)
Item
Yellow
pines
Other
softwoods
Soft
hardwoods
Hard
hardwoods
All
species
Net volume, Jan. 1, 1957
252.8
399.5
1,099.8
2,740.5
4,492.6
Total growth
10.7
20.4
72.1
122.7
225.9
Mortality
2.1
3-0
5.5
20.3
30.9
Net growth
8.6
17.4
66.6
102.4
195.0
Timber cut
1.3
26.2
25.8
70.1
123.4
Loss or gain
+7.3
-8.8
+4o.8
+32.3
+71.6
Net volume, Dec. 31, 1957
260.1
390.7
l,l4o.6
2,772.8
4,564.2
Percent change
+2.9
-2.2
+3.7
+1.2
+1.6
GROWING STOCK (in thousand cords)
Net volume, Jan. 1, 1957
1,272
1,210
5,200
14,265
21,947
Total growth
6l
59
344
723
1,187
Mortality
9
8
17
80
ll4
Net growth
52
51
327
643
1,073
Timber cut
9
52
80
235
376
Loss or gain
+43
-1
+247
+4o8
+697
Net volume, Dec. 31, 1957
1,315
1,209
5,447
14,673
22,644
Percent change
+3-4
-0.1
+4.8
+2.9
+3.2
GROWING STOCK (in million cubic feet)
Net volume, Jan. 1, 1957
91.9
101.7
387.4
1,069.3
1,650.3
Total growth
4.1
4.5
23.3
48.8
80.7
Mortality
0.7
0.6
1.3
6.2
8.8
Net growth
3.4
3.9
22.0
42.6
71.9
Timber cut
0.6
4.9
6.1
18.1
29.7
Loss or gain
+2.8
-1.0
+15.9
+24.5
+42.2
Net volume, Dec. 31, 1957
94.7
100.7
403-3
1,093.8
1,692.5
Percent change
+3.0
-1.0
+4.1
+2.3
+2.6
- 36 -
Table 22. --Average annual change in volume per acre by stand size and forest type
Mountain Region, 1957
Stand size
and
forest type
Sawtimber (in board-feet)
Growing
stock (in
standard cords)
Growth
Mortality
Timber
cuti/
Net
change
Growth
Mortality
Timber
cutl/
Net
change
Sawtimber stands :
Yellow pine
136
11
125
0
0.50
0.06
0.54
-0.10
White pine
286
88
394
-196
.82
.16
.87
-.21
Oak-pine
134
17
71
44-6
.62
• 05
.27
+ .30
Oak-hickory^/
154
28
118
+8
• 53
.08
• 33
+ .12
All types
156
29
131
-4
• 54
.08
• 37
+ .09
Poletimber stands :
Yellow pine
28
3
8
+17
.37
.06
.08
+ .23
White pine
39
—
--
+39
• 55
--
—
+ •55
Oak-pine
35
—
9
+26
.48
.02
.10
+ .36
Oak-hickory—'
38
5
10
+23
.44
.02
•05
+ •37
All types
37
4
9
+24
.43
.02
.06
+ •35
Other stands:
Yellow pine
1
12
14
-25
.03
.04
• 07
-.08
White pine
--
--
--
--
.04
—
--
+ .04
Oak-pine
2
+2
.01
--
--
+.01
2/
Oak-hickory—'
27
3
5
+19
.08
.04
.02
+.02
All types
21
4
6
+11
.07
.04
.02
+.01
All stands:
Yellow pine
46
7
4l
-2
.33
.05
.20
+.08
White pine
200
57
253
-110
.69
.10
.56
+.03
Oak-pine
50
5
25
+20
.44
.03
• 13
+ .28
Oak-hickory^/
83
14
53
+l6
.42
.05
.16
+ .21
All types
79
i4
56
+9
.42
.05
.18
+ .19
1 / Excludes timber removed in clearing land.
2/ Includes volume in maple -beech-birch and oak- gum- cypress types.
37 -
Table 23« — County area by broad use class, 1957
County
Total
areal/
Nonforest area
Forest land
Land
Water
Non-
commercial
Commercial
Thousand
Thousand
Thousand
Thousand
Thousand
acres
acres
acres
acres
acres
Alleghany
288.6
37.5
0.6
30.4
220.1
76.4
Augusta
631.0
278.5
0.1
63.O
289.4
45-9
Bath
3^5.6
42.0
0.8
46.7
256.1
74.3
Bland
236.2
64.3
--
5.8
166.1
70.3
Botetourt
351.4
96.5
0.8
26.7
227.4
64.9
Buchanan
325.1
47.8
--
--
277.3
85.3
Carroll
318.7
159.4
2.2
6.0
151.1
47.7
Clarke
111.3
75.2
0.9
--
35.2
31.9
Craig
215.0
42.8
--
13*2
159.0
74.0
Dickenson
214.4
27.3
--
1.4
185.7
86.6
Floyd
245.1
133.5
--
2.4
109.2
44.6
Frederick
276.5
130.5
0.2
1.8
144.0
52.1
Giles
232.3
64.3
2.2
8.3
157.5
68.4
Grayson
291.2
150.6
1.9
5.4
133.3
46.1
Highland
266.3
69.9
--
9-7
186.7
70.1
Lee
280.3
136.3
0.1
16.1
127.8
45.6
Montgomery
252.8
96.0
0.5
2.9
153.4
60.8
Page
202.2
72.7
0.6
46.8
32.1
40.7
Pulaski
217.6
95.7
9.7
6.3
105.9
50.9
Roanoke
176.6
67.7
--
2.6
IO6.3
60.2
Rockbridge
386.6
133.4
0.6
27.4
225.2
58.3
Rockingham
556.2
246.9
1.9
78.0
229.4
41.4
Russell
309.1
165.1
0.7
--
143.3
46.5
Scott
345.0
151.1
1.2
5-0
187.7
54.6
Shenandoah
324.5
138.2
0.5
18.3
167.5
51.7
Smyth
278.4
115.8
0.1
4.0
158.5
57.0
Tazewell
334.1
144.8
--
0.3
189.0
56.6
Warren
l40.2
55.5
1.1
l4.o
69.6
50.0
Washington
370.6
197.3
2.4
0.5
170.4
46.3
Wise
265.6
64.1
0.4
13.5
187.6
70.7
Wythe
294.4
144.9
1.3
7.0
l4l,2
48.2
Entire Region
9,082.9
3,445.6
30.8
463.5
5,143-0
56.8
1 / Gross area from the Bureau of the Census, 1950. Excludes independ-
ent cities.
- 38 -
Table 24. — Ownership of commercial forest land by county, 1957
County
Private
Public
National
forest
Other
Federal
State
County,
city,
town
Total public
Thousand
Thousand
Thousand
Thousand
Thousand
Thousand
Percent
acres
Percent
acres
acres
acres
acres
acres
Alleghany
116.6
53-0
101.3
--
--
2.2
103.5
47.0
Augusta
149.6
51.7
139.5
--
0.1
0.2
139.8
48.3
Bath
128.3
50.1
127.8
--
--
a/)
127.8
49.9
Bland
146.5
88.2
19.0
--
0.6
--
19.6
11.8
Botetourt
163.0
71.7
52.7
--
—
11.7
64.4
28.3
Buchanan
277.3
100.0
—
--
--
(1/)
(i/>
--
Carroll
146.0
96.6
4.3
--
—
0.8
5-1
3.4
Clarke
35-0
99-4
—
(1/)
(1/)
0.2
0.2
0.6
Craig
60.2
37-9
98.8
—
--
(1/)
98.8
62.1
Dickenson
177.1
95.4
8.6
—
--
--
00
ON
4.6
Floyd
109.2
100.0
—
--
(1/)
--
(i/)
—
Frederick
141.3
98.1
2.7
--
--
(1/)
2.7
1-9
Giles
108.1
68.6
48.2
—
1.2
(i/)
49.4
31.4
Grayson
121.6
91.2
11.6
--
—
0.1
11-7
8.8
Highland
139.1
74.5
47.6
—
—
—
47.6
25.5
Lee
118.7
92.9
9.0
--
—
0.1
9-1
7.1
Montgomery
135.6
88.4
14.8
0.8
2.2
<!/)
17.8
11.6
Page
64.2
78.2
17.9
—
--
--
17.9
21.8
Pulaski
73.6
69.5
16.9
0.2
15.0
0.2
32.3
30.5
Roanoke
96.2
90.5
1.6
0.1
6.8
1.6
10.1
9.5
Rockbridge
173.1
76.9
46.1
—
0.3
5-7
52.1
23.1
Rockingham
126.3
55.1
101.4
--
—
1.7
103.1
44.9
Russell
143-2
99-9
--
—
(i/)
0.1
0.1
0.1
Scott
157.4
83.9
30.3
—
—
—
30.3
16.1
Shenandoah
110.0
65.7
57.5
—
--
(i /)
57.5
34.3
Smyth
99.2
62.6
59.1
--
0.1
0.1
59.3
37.4
Tazewell
184.0
97.4
5-0
--
—
(i /)
5.0
2.6
Warren
63.7
91.5
4.2
1.7
--
--
5.9
8.5
Washington
153.9
90.3
16.2
0.3
(1/)
(i /)
16.5
9.7
Wise
159.1
84.8
26.9
—
--
1.6
28.5
15.2
Wythe
94.0
66.6
45.3
--
(i /)
1.9
47.2
33.^
Entire Region
3,971.1
77-2
1,114.3
3.1
26.3
28.2
1,171.9
22.8
- 39 -
1 / Less than 50 acres.
of sawtimber by county and species group, 1957
Table 25. --Net volumi
ei/
(in million board-feet)
County
Sof twoods^/
Yellow-poplar,
basswood, and
cucumber^/
Oaks and
other hard
hardwoods
All
species
Alleghany
42.1
1.7
167.8
211.6
Augusta
57-8
17.3
356.7
431.8
Bath
77-3
14.1
303.2
394.6
Bland
36.8
19.6
153.7
210.1
Botetourt
115.6
124.0
281.3
520.9
Buchanan
16.2
205.7
240.5
462.4
Carroll
105.7
21.8
168.5
296.0
Clarke
9.5
28.5
25.5
63.5
Craig
55.9
30.9
132.8
219.6
Dickenson
7.7
i4i.9
258.0
407.6
Floyd
49.3
36.0
75-6
160.9
Frederick
24.2
19.0
208.4
251.6
Giles
12.1
26.7
168.9
207.7
Grayson
14.9
16.7
159.7
191.3
Highland
87.2
33.6
293.6
4l4.4
Lee
19.1
42.0
113.3
174.4
Montgomery
34.7
26.8
110.1
171.6
Page
26.5
10.6
94.5
131.6
Pulaski
59.5
13.8
26.5
99.8
Roanoke
41.9
17.4
47.2
106.5
Rockbridge
120.4
137.2
357.2
6l4.8
Rockingham
234.1
52.3
371.9
658.3
Russell
4.0
85.7
156.1
245.8
Scott
46.2
86.9
132.2
265.3
Shenandoah
4l.l
25.8
217.1
284.0
Smyth
39.6
46.3
165.7
251.6
Tazewell
6.5
44.0
220.5
271.0
Warren
3.7
29.2
47.0
79.9
Washington
76.7
82.1
192.6
351.4
Wise
78.3
185.8
266.0
530.1
Wythe
45.0
18.0
132.6
195.6
Entire Region
1,589.6
l,64l.4
5,644.7
8,875.7
1 / Log scale, International l/4-inch rule.
2 / Includes white pine, hemlock, and redcedar.
3 / Includes other soft hardwoods.
-bO -
Table 26. --Wet volume— ' of sawtimber by county, broad species group,
and diameter group, 1957
(in million board-feet)
County
Softwoods
Hardwoods
9.0-14.9
inches
15.0-18.9
inches
19.0+
inches
11.0-14.9
inches
15.0-18.9
inches
19.0+
inches
Alleghany
37.9
4.2
_ _
6l.4
64.4
43.7
Augusta
43.8
--
14.0
201.0
90.1
82.9
Bath
36.8
9.4
31.1
132.3
109.6
75-4
Bland
22.7
6.5
7.6
91.1
42.5
39.7
Botetourt
51.7
45.8
18.1
188.6
119.2
97.5
Buchanan
6.4
3.2
6.6
188.5
135.1
122.6
Carroll
43.5
11.3
50.9
101.0
56.5
32.8
Clarke
0.8
1-3
7.4
29.0
14.2
10.8
Craig
37-1
13-8
5-0
88.3
47.3
28.1
Dickenson
4.6
3.1
--
136.1
124.9
138.9
Floyd
49-3
--
--
65.3
29.4
16.9
Frederick
24.2
—
--
93.2
54.5
79.7
Giles
12.1
--
--
101.5
57.1
37.0
Grayson
14.9
—
—
95.6
70.1
10.7
Highland
46.1
35.1
6.0
175.2
105.1
46.9
Lee
19.1
--
--
73.3
52.5
29.5
Montgomery
32.5
2.2
--
63.7
49.3
23.9
Page
25.1
1.4
--
52.3
33.8
19.0
Pulaski
31.3
18.4
9.8
21.8
13.7
4.8
Roanoke
30.7
3-4
7.8
25.5
20.6
18.5
Rockbridge
72.2
29.7
18.5
240.2
184.8
69.4
Rockingham
77.6
24.7
131.8
198.6
147-7
77.9
Russell
2.2
1.8
--
94.1
75.9
71.8
Scott
5.9
--
40.3
9^.5
77-7
46.9
Shenandoah
35-0
6.1
--
125.1
61.8
56.0
Smyth
24.4
12.0
3.2
106.6
59.2
46.2
Tazewell
6.5
--
--
95.4
52.6
116.5
Warren
3.7
--
--
52.1
15.4
8.7
Washington
39.4
20.3
17.0
127.1
87.0
60.6
Wise
2.8
16.2
59.3
149.0
144.5
158.3
Wythe
37.8
7.2
--
73.9
44.6
32.1
Entire Region
878.1
277.1
434.4
3,341.3
2,241.1
1,703.7
l/ Log scale. International l/4-inch rule.
- 4l -
Table 27. --Net volume^-/ of all timber by county, species group, and diameter group
1957
(in thousand cords)
GROWING STOCK
County
Yellow
pines
Other softwoods
Soft hardwoods
Hard hardwoods
All
species
5 - 12
inches
13+
inches
5 - 12
inches
13+
inches
5 - 12
inches
13+
inches
5 - 12
inches
13+
inches
Alleghany
109
25
23
13
51
--
526
401
1,148
Augusta
284
34
30
29
57
30
1,376
688
2,528
Bath
150
4l
28
55
143
24
1,196
627
2,264
Bland
76
38
28
11
135
27
526
334
1,175
Botetourt
186
94
34
83
177
222
942
579
2,317
Buchanan
--
—
7
31
403
427
6ll
505
1,984
Carroll
85
6
135
121
157
36
678
335
1,553
Clarke
9
3
—
12
42
60
123
4l
290
Craig
215
76
20
—
77
59
515
278
1,240
Dickenson
19
8
8
—
315
283
484
577
1,694
Floyd
45
—
206
24
118
66
180
136
775
Frederick
208
12
12
4
90
43
730
467
1,566
Giles
25
12
--
6
89
33
547
351
1,063
Grayson
2
—
24
14
38
47
610
336
1,071
Highland
135
30
78
83
155
57
1,033
627
2,198
Lee
8
—
36
6
144
73
398
244
909
Montgomery
155
22
89
6
no
43
492
247
1,164
Page
136
8
21
6
45
26
396
189
827
Pulaski
156
80
7
11
49
32
227
55
617
Roanoke
180
25
36
17
106
32
231
103
730
Rockbridge
194
48
65
107
106
290
931
792
2,533
Rockingham
277
54
88
262
150
106
928
821
2,686
Russell
2
3
6
2
189
159
329
345
1,035
Scott
19
--
28
72
259
172
363
289
1,202
Shenandoah
296
20
3
13
42
50
988
439
1,851
Smyth
90
46
25
8
175
85
580
316
1,325
Tazewell
13
10
2
4
215
78
547
479
1,348
Warren
32
5
8
--
74
58
472
70
719
Washington
118
4o
39
69
266
145
602
429
1,708
Wise
5
10
15
132
363
375
644
621
2,165
Wythe
129
50
26
12
64
30
588
260
1,159
Entire Region
3,358
800
1,127
1,213
4,4o4
3,168
18,793
11,981
44,844
1/ Sound wood and bark.
k2
of all timber by county, species group, and diameter group
1957 (continued)
Table 27. — Net vol
urn
(in thousand cords)
OTHER MATERIAL
County
Yellow pines
Other softwoods
Soft hardwoods
Hard hardwoods
All
species
5 - 12
inches
13+
inches
5 - 12
inches
13+
inches
5 - 12
inches
13+
inches
5 - 12
inches
13+
inches
Alleghany
44
5
--
--
24
35
279
360
747
Augusta
10 4
—
20
14
24
6l
322
392
937
Bath
26
—
—
7
35
4o
482
323
913
Bland
31
—
5
4
11
21
93
219
384
Botetourt
25
5
12
5
18
3
151
185
4o4
Buchanan
2
5
--
—
66
129
322
537
1,061
Carroll
7
—
8
—
47
18
271
93
444
Clarke
5
2
—
--
10
3
50
21
91
Craig
52
—
—
—
5
27
208
207
499
Dickenson
--
—
—
—
12
58
129
220
419
Floyd
42
—
6
—
90
20
33
147
338
Frederick
23
—
--
—
4
—
89
92
208
Giles
19
6
3
25
72
33
213
219
590
Grayson
—
5
—
—
101
35
196
no
447
Highland
12
—
19
—
36
32
324
301
724
Lee
--
—
--
—
90
57
149
69
365
Montgomery
84
4
3
2
24
16
113
117
363
Page
30
—
7
—
3
--
31
49
120
Pulaski
47
--
1
—
70
25
53
21
217
Roanoke
36
6
—
--
18
33
100
72
265
Rockbridge
3^
17
4
--
n4
34
341
319
863
Rockingham
30
18
2
—
28
28
272
353
731
Russell
—
--
1
1
32
39
54
44
171
Scott
32
—
3
15
63
114
244
311
782
Shenandoah
69
13
—
--
15
13
196
147
^53
Smyth
—
—
--
--
14
26
4l
76
157
Tazewell
7
4
--
--
85
47
297
282
722
Warren
9
--
--
—
24
12
51
21
117
Washington
2
1
--
6
18
20
45
84
176
Wise
2
—
9
--
4l
114
151
201
518
Wythe
35
8
—
--
44
no
229
152
578
Entire Region
809
99
103
79
1,238
1,203
5,529
5,744
i4,8o4
l/ Sound wood and bark.
Table 28. --Average annual volume of sawtimber cut by county
and species groupi^
(in million board-feet)
County
Yellow
pines
Other
softwoods
Soft
hardwoods
Hard
hardwoods
All
species
Alleghany
0.2
1.2
— _
3.9
5.3
Augusta
—
—
4.3
22.7
27.0
Bath
--
--
--
--
--
Bland
--
--
--
2.6
2.6
Botetourt
0.6
--
11.2
7.9
19.7
Buchanan
--
--
1.0
5.2
6.2
Carroll
0.6
16.2
--
1.4
18.2
Clarke
--
--
--
l.l
1.1
Craig
—
--
--
—
--
Dickenson
--
--
0.7
--
0.7
Floyd
0.3
5.0
1.3
7.0
13.6
Frederick
5.6
0.2
0.9
18.8
25.5
Giles
__
—
l.l
1.4
2.5
Grayson
—
2.6
13-7
5.7
22.0
Highland
--
--
—
2.8
2.8
Lee
—
--
--
--
--
Montgomery
--
--
—
—
--
Page
—
—
1.3
4.9
6.2
Pulaski
--
--
--
8.8
8.8
Roanoke
0.2
1.2
3.2
3.4
8.0
Rockbridge
0.2
--
--
2.6
2.8
Rockingham
--
--
--
l.l
l.l
Russell
--
—
1-5
4.4
5-9
Scott
--
1.2
2.8
5.7
9.7
Shenandoah
1.7
3-4
—
--
5-1
Smyth
0.4
1.2
1.8
0.9
4.3
Tazewell
--
--
1.6
20.1
21.7
Warren
0.2
—
—
3.0
3.2
Washington
--
—
0.3
5.2
5-5
Wise
—
--
--
0.4
0.4
Wythe
—
--
—
1.3
1.3
Entire Region
10.0
32.2
46.7
142.3
231.2
if Estimates of timber cut by county are less accurate than inven-
tory volumes, and use of individual county statistics should be avoided.
For general use, data for a minimum of 10 counties should be combined.
- 44 -
Table 29. --Average annual volume of growing stock cut by county
and species groups ~
(in thousand cords)
County
Yellow
pines
Other
softwoods
Soft
hardwoods
Hard
hardwoods
All
species
Alleghany
9
3
_ _
31
43
Augusta
--
--
10
66
76
Bath
1
--
1
2
Bland
--
- -
_ _
9
0
Botetourt
4
--
26
31
6l
Buchanan
--
--
5
15
20
Carroll
3
28
1
7
39
Clarke
--
--
_ _
3
3
Craig
5
2
—
4
11
Dickenson
--
--
2
_ _
2
Floyd
3
12
4
24
43
Frederick
l4
1
3
55
73
Giles
--
--
4
8
12
Grayson
--
5
33
34
72
Highland
--
--
--
9
9
Lee
--
--
—
Montgomery
--
--
--
3
3
Page
--
--
4
16
20
Pulaski
--
--
--
21
21
Roanoke
3
4
11
9
27
Rockbridge
5
—
--
10
15
Rockingham
--
--
—
3
3
Russell
—
--
4
14
18
Scott
--
4
16
21
4l
Shenandoah
17
6
--
1
24
Smyth
1
3
4
2
10
Tazewell
2
--
4
59
65
Warren
2
--
--
15
17
Washington
--
--
3
l4
17
Wise
--
--
--
1
1
Wythe
--
--
--
3
3
Entire Region
69
68
13^
489
760
l/ Estimates of timber cut by county are less accurate than inven-
tory volumes, and use of individual county statistics should be avoided.
For general use, data for a minimum of 10 counties should be combined.
- 45 -
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Land-Use Classes
Forest land: Includes (a) lands which are at least 10 percent stocked
with -trees of any size and capable of producing sawtimber or other wood
products, and (b) lands from which the trees described in (a) have been
removed to less than 10-percent stocking but which have not been devel-
oped for other use; subdivided into the following classes:
Commercial : Forest land which is (a) producing, or physically
capable of producing, usable crops of wood (usually sawtimber),
(b) economically available now or in the future, and (c) not
withdrawn from timber use.
Noncommercial : Forest land (a) withdrawn from timber utiliza-
tion through statute, ordinance, or administrative order but
which otherwise qualifies as commercial forest land, or (b) in-
capable of yielding usable wood products (usually sawtimber) be-
cause of adverse site conditions, or so physically inaccessible
as to be unavailable economically in the foreseeable future.
Nonforest land: Includes land under cultivation or in pasture where the
timber has been cleared to less than 10 percent stocking, idle or aban-
doned agricultural land, marsh land, and land in urban, residential, or
industrial areas, school yards, cemeteries, roads, railroads, and other
rights-of-way.
Water: Includes lakes, bays, and estuaries over 40 acres in size, and
streams, canals, and sloughs at least one-eighth of a mile in width
which are classed as "inland water" by the Bureau of the Census. Small-
er lakes and ponds between one acre and 40 acres in size, and waterways
between 120 feet and 660 feet in width, which are classed as land area
by the Bureau of the Census, are also included as water areas.
Forest Types
Forest type is determined on the basis of cubic volume for all
stand sizes except seedlings and saplings (stand size 4), in which case
the number of stems is the criterion.
Yellow pine types: Forests in which 50 percent or more of the
cubic volume or number of stems in the stand is loblolly, pond,
shortleaf, or Virginia pine. In mixtures the predominating
species determines the type.
White pine-hemlock type: Forests in which 50 percent or more
of the cubic volume or number of stems in the stand is white
pine or hemlock.
Hardwood-pine type: Forests in which 50 percent or more of the
stand is in hardwoods, but in which southern yellow pine species
make up 25 to 49 percent of the stand.
- 46 -
Oak-hickory type: Upland hardwood forests in which 50 percent
or more of the stand is composed of upland oak, hickory, yellow-
poplar, soft maple, and other associated hardwood species, except
in cases where yellow pines make up 25 to 49 percent and the
stand would he classified as oak-pine.
Maple-beech-birch type; Upland hardwood forests in which 50 per-
cent or more of the stand is sugar maple, beech, or yellow birch,
singly or in combination, except where yellow pines make up 25 to
49 percent of the stand.
Oak-gum- cypress type: Bottomland forests in which 50 percent or
more of the stand is tupelo, blackgum, sweetgum, ash, lowland oak,
elm, soft maple, cypress, and other associated species, except
where pines comprise 25 to 49 percent of the stand. In the moun-
tains, flat areas of forest bordering streams may be given this
classification. River birch, sycamore, willow, and alder are
characteristic of such areas.
Stand-Size Classes
Sawtimber : Stands containing at least 1,500 board-feet net volume per
acre, International l/4-inch log rule, in sound, live, softwood trees
9.0 inches d.b.h. or larger, or hardwood trees 11.0 inches d.b.h. or
larger. Two classes of sawtimber stands are recognized:
Large sawtimber: Stands of sawtimber having more than 50 percent
of the net board-foot volume in trees 15.0 inches d.b.h. or larger.
Small sawtimber : Stands of sawtimber having 50 percent or more of
the net board-foot volume in trees smaller than 15.0 inches d.b^h.
Pole timber : Stands failing to meet the minimum sawtimber specifications,
but at least 10 percent stocked with trees 5*0 inches d.b.h. or larger and
with at least half the minimum stocking in pole- size trees.
Seedlings and saplings: Stands not qualifying as sawtimber or pole timber
stands, but having at least a 10-percent stocking of trees of commercial
species and with half the minimum stocking in seedlings and saplings.
Nonstocked and other areas: Forest areas not qualifying as sawtimber,
poletimber, or seedling and sapling stands.
Diameters
D.b.h. (diameter at breast height): Stem diameter in inches, outside
bark, measured at 4-1/2 feet above the ground.
Diameter class : All trees were tallied by 2-inch diameter classes, each
class including diameters 1.0 inch below and 0.9 inch above the stated mid-
point, e.g., trees 7.0 to and including 8.9 inches are included in the 8-
inch class. Corresponding limits apply to other diameter classes.
- 47 ~
Timber Quality Classification
Growing Stock
Sawtimber trees: Live softwood trees 9*0 inches d.b.h. or larger
and hardwood trees 11.0 inches d.b.h. or larger, with a sound vol-
ume of at least 50 percent of the gross board-foot volume up to the
point of minimum saw-log merchantability. To be considered sound,
a saw log must be at least 8 feet long, must be at least 50 percent
sound, and must meet the following additional requirements:
Softwood logs^/ must have a scaling diameter of 6 inches or
more, and sweep or crook must not exceed one-third of the
scaling diameter per 8 feet of log length.
Hardwood logs must have a scaling diameter of 8 inches or
more and must pass specif ications2/ for standard lumber
logs or tie and timber logs.
Sound poletimber trees: Straight-boled trees between 5.0 inches
d.b.h. and sawtimber size that can be expected to become sawtimber.
Sound saplings: Trees 1.0 inch to 4.9 inches d.b.h. which show
promise of growing into sawtimber.
Other Material
Sound cull trees: Live trees of all sizes that are unmerchantable
for saw logs now or prospectively because of species, poor form,
excessive limbiness, or other sound defect.
Rotten cull trees: Live trees of all sizes that are unmerchantable
for saw logs now or prospectively because of rotten defect.
Species Groups
Yellow pines: Includes shortleaf, pitch, Table-Mountain, and Virginia
pine.
Other softwoods: White pine, hemlock, spruce, fir, and eastern redcedar.
Soft hardwoods : Blackgum, yellow-poplar, sweetgum, cottonwood, soft
maple, basswood, willow, elm, hackberry, sycamore, and black cherry.
Hard hardwoods: All the oaks, hickories, ash, beech, hard maple, river
birch, black walnut, black locust, honeylocust, mulberry, sourwood, dog-
wood, holly, and persimmon.
l/ For detailed specifications of log grades, see "Interim log
grades for southern pine." Southern Forest Expt. Station, l8 pp. 1953*
2 / For detailed hardwood log grade specifications, see "Hardwood
log grades for standard lumber: proposals and results." U. S. Forest
Products Laboratory, D1737* 1949*
- 48 -
Volume Estimates
Board-foot volume : The volume in board- fee t, measured by the International
l/4-inch rule, exclusive of defect, of that portion of sound sawtimber trees
between the stump and the upper limit of merchantability for saw logs.
Volume in cords: For sound trees the volume in standard cords (including
bark) of the sound portion of trees 5.0 inches d.b.h. or larger, between
stump and a minimum top stem diameter of 4.0 inches inside bark. Similar
volumes are given for cull trees.
Volume in cubic feet: Cubic-foot volume of the same material shown in
cords except that bark is not included.
International l/4-inch log rule: A rule for estimating the board-foot
volume of 4-foot log sections, according to the formula V = .905
(0.22D2 - 0.71D). The taper allowance for computing the volume in log
lengths greater than four feet is 0.5 inch per 4-foot section. Allowance
for saw kerf is l/4 inch.
Standard cord: A stacked pile, 4x4x8 feet, of round or split bolts,
estimated to contain, on the average, about 7^ cubic feet of solid wood.
Growth and Timber Cut
Net growth. --The growth on trees that were of volume size at the begin-
ning of the year and the ingrowth resulting from smaller trees growing
into volume size during the year, minus the partial loss of growth on
trees that died or were cut during the year and the loss of volume in
trees dying from natural causes during the year. Net growth is based
on growth of sound trees. Growth on "Other material" is not included.
In board-feet: The change during the calendar year in sawtimber
volume resulting from growth, ingrowth, and mortality losses.
In cubic feet or cords: The change during the calendar year in
the volume of all sound trees 5*0 inches and larger resulting from
growth, ingrowth, and mortality losses.
Timber cut. --The volume of timber cut is based on the measurement and
tally of stumps found on regular ground sample plots. Stumps of all trees
cut during the past 3-year period are recorded and the measurements are
converted into equivalent tree volume. The average yearly volume of tim-
ber cut for the 3-year period is then taken as the annual estimate. Board-
foot volumes include the saw-log portion of all sawtimber- size trees which
were cut. Estimates in cubic feet or cords include the entire stem from
stump to 4.0-inch top of all sound trees 5*0 inches in diameter and larger.
Timber cut from cull or dead trees is not included.
- 49 -
Stocking
Stocking is the extent to which growing space is effectively-
utilized. by trees. The number of stems present by d.b.h. classes was
used as a basis for stocking classification. Areas having the minimum
numbers of trees listed below, either in a single diameter class or pro-
portionately in any combinatiors of diameter classes, were considered
fully stocked.
D.b.h.
Minimum number
trees per acre
Seedlings
1,000
2 inches
800
4 inches
590
6 inches
4oo
8 inches
240
10 inches
155
12 inches
115
14 inches
90
RELIABILITY OF FOREST SURVEY DATA
In general, the errors which affect the accuracy of Forest Survey
area and timber volume estimates arise from two sources. These may be
described as (l) sampling errors which result from using sampling pro-
cedures rather than making a complete inventory or canvass, and (2) non-
sampling errors which arise from human mistakes in judgment, measurement,
recording, or arithmetic.
In Forest Survey work a diligent effort is made to maintain a high
degree of accuracy in the collection and compilation of data. The samp-
ling errors are held to a specified minimum through survey design and
sampling technique. These errors are the only measurable errors involved
in computing the reliability of the data. The non-sampling errors are
minimized or eliminated through training, supervision, field check cruises,
and complete editing and machine verification in compiling the data.
Preliminary estimates of area by land-use class were based on exami-
nation of about 68,200 points systematically spaced on aerial photographs of
the Virginia Mountain Region. Subsamples of 1,727 photo points classified
as forest and 678 in other land uses were established as sample plots on the
ground. These ground plots provided adjustments for changes in land use since
the date of photographs, and supplied detailed measurements and observations
needed in evaluating forest conditions.
- 50 -
Forest area. --The sampling intensity of the 1957 survey provided
an estimate of the total forest area with a standard error of +0.6 per-
cent. The probabilities were two out of three that the actual forest
area was within +0.6 percent of the estimated acreage. The standard er-
ror per million acres was +1.4 percent.
Cub i c volume ♦ - - The standard error of the net cubic-foot volume
estimate was +2.7 percent, or ±4.9 percent per billion cubic feet. Here
again, the probabilities were two out of three that the actual volume did
not vary from the estimated volume by more than these percentages. The
error of the volume in cords was not computed, but it should have been
approximately the same as for cubic volume.
Board-foot volume. --The standard error of the total board-foot
volume estimate was f3*8 percent.
Growth. --Estimates of timber growth were based on measurements
of radial growth on 2,758 sample trees, and on mortality data taken on
sample plots. Because of technical problems involved, no attempt was
made to compute the sampling error of growth estimates.
Timber cut . --Estimates of the amount of timber cut were based on
the number, size, and species of stumps tallied on cutover plots. Stumps
of all trees cut during the 3~year period preceding the date of inventory
were included, and the measurements were converted into tree volume. The
average volume of timber cut for the 3-year period was taken as the annual
estimate. The standard error for the total volume of growing stock cut
was ±12.7 percent, or ±3.0 percent per billion cubic feet.
Use of county data. --The tables showing forest area, timber vol-
umes, and timber cut by county are included to permit grouping of the
data in any desired area combinations. In designing the survey, provi-
sion was made for controlling the range of sampling error on a county
basis. However, comparison or use of individual county statistics should
be avoided because of the possibility that they may be subject to consid-
erable error. It is recommended that area or volume data for a minimum
of five counties be combined, and that at least 10 counties be used when
working with data on timber cut.
The actual range of errors in county data are as follows:
Percent
of error
Item
Low
High
Forest area
±0.8
+6.6
Growing stock volume
+10.1
+18.4
Board- foot volume
+14.4
+24.7
- 51 “
HOW THE FOREST INVENTORY IS MADE
The present system of inventory is a two-step method which includes
land-use classification of points on aerial photographs followed by the
cruising of ground sample plots. The county is the basic work unit. The
detailed procedure is as follows :
1. Preliminary estimates of the acreage of
land in forests and other land-use classes
are obtained by classifying points printed
on every third aerial photograph in alter-
nate flight lines within a county. The pro-
portion of points falling in each class is
used to estimate the acreage. This estimate
is later checked and revised through the use
of ground plots .
2. Ground sample plots are selected in a
systematic manner from the forest land clas-
sifications made in Step 1, using an interval
which will provide sufficient plots to meet
established limits of error per billion cubic
feet of timber. This results in a proportion-
al sample of all existing timber stands. Tim-
ber cruisers make a detailed description and
tally of the ground plots to obtain data on
timber volume, quality, stocking, mortality,
and timber cut. Samples of agricultural and
other photo classifications are also checked
on the ground to verify or adjust the area
estimates based on these classifications.
3- Growth estimates are based on increment
borings taken proportionally from sample trees
of various diameters and species in each for-
est type and stand class. The volume of tim-
ber cut is computed from a tally of the stumps
of trees cut on the plots during a specified
period.
4. All field data are sent to
Asheville for editing and are
placed on punch cards for ma-
chine sorting and tabulation.
Final estimates are based on
statistical summaries of the
data.
- 52 -
Southeastern Forest Experiment Station
P. 0. Box 2570, Asheville, N. C.
Forest Survey Reports Published Since 19^-5
Forest Statistics:
No. 25 - Forest Resources of the Lower Coastal Plain of South Carolina
No. 26 - 1946 Commodity Drain by County from South Carolina Forests
No. 28 - South Carolina’s Forest Resources, 19^7
No. 30 - Forest Resources of Northeast Florida, 1949
No. 31 - Forest Resources of Central Florida, 19^9
No. 32 - Forest Resources of Northwest Florida, 1949
No. 33 - Forest Resources of South Florida, 1949
No. 34 - Timber Production and Commodity Drain from Florida’s Forests, 1948
No. 36 - Forest Statistics for Florida, 1949
No. 37 - Forest Statistics for Southwest Georgia, 1951
No. 39 - Forest Statistics for Southeast Georgia, 1952
No. 40 - Forest Statistics for Central Georgia, 1952
No. 4l - Forest Statistics for the Southern Coastal Plain of North Carolina, 1952
No. 42 - Forest Statistics for North Central and North Georgia, 1953
No. 44 - Forest Statistics for Georgia, 1951-53
No. 45 - Forest Statistics for the Northern Coastal Plain of North Carolina, 1955
(out of print)
No. 46 - Forest Statistics for the Mountain Region of North Carolina, 1955
No. 48 - Forest Statistics for the Piedmont of North Carolina, 1956
No. 49 - North Carolina’s Timber Supply, 1955
No. 50 - Forest Statistics for the Coastal Plain of Virginia, 1956
No. 51 - Forest Statistics for the Piedmont of Virginia, 1957
Pulpwood Production:
No. 21 - 1945 Pulpwood Production by County in the Carolinas and Virginia
No. 23 - 1946 Pulpwood Production by County in the Southeast
No. 27 - 1947 Pulpwood Production by County in the Southeast
No. 29 - 1948 Pulpwood Production by County in the Southeast
*No. 35 - 1949 Pulpwood Production in the South (out of print)
*No. 69 - Pulpwood Production in the South, 1950
*No. 38 - 1951 Pulpwood Production in the South
*No. 72 - 1952 Pulpwood Production in the South
*No. 43 - 1953 Pulpwood Production in the South
*No. 76 - 1954 Pulpwood Production in the South
*No. 47 - 1955 Pulpwood Production in the South (out of print)
*No. 80 - 1956 Pulpwood Production in the South
Other Reports
Southern Forests as a Source of Pulpwood. Forest Survey Release No. 22
Southern Pulpwood Production and the Timber Supply. Forest Survey Release No. 24
Virginia Forest Resources and Industries, 1949* U. S. Dept. Agr. Misc. Pub. No. 68l
The Timber Supply Outlook in South Carolina, 1951- U. S. Dept. Agr. Resource Report
No. 3
The Timber Supply Situation in Florida, 1952. U. S. Dept. Agr. Resource Report No. 6
The Timber Supply Situation in Georgia, 1956. U. S. Dept. Agr. Resource Report No. 12
*Published in cooperation with the Southern Forest Experiment Station, New
Orleans, La.
Agriculture — Asheville
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