Foreign animal disease report

Historic, Archive Document

Do not assume content reflects current
scientific knowledge, policies, or practices.

Foreign Animal
Disease Report

"USH

United States pv
Department of A&rieulv are

j ; *f- I

Animal and Plant
Health Inspection Service

TetSrlnUigr Servloes

Number 14-3

In This Issue GUKREHl • «. .c.GoRbS

Emergency

Programs

Fall 1986

Avian Influenza, 1986

World Animal Disease Roundup

Caliciviral Disease Update

Avian Imports Studied

Approved Disinfectants

FAD Report Editorial Committee

Current Events

Avian Influenza, On January 8, 1986, avian influenza (AI) virus (H5N2) was

1986 // isolated from a chicken flock in Snyder County, Pennsylvania.

During the next 12 weeks, 13 additional Pennsylvania flocks were
found infected, as were four commercial operations in New Jersey,
one in Massachusetts, and one in New York. These infections
apparently resulted from either direct or indirect contact with
live poultry markets in New York City and New Jersey. On
February 1, H5N2 virus was first isolated from a live bird market
in New York City. By early March, the virus had been isolated
from 26 live bird markets in New York City, 12 in New Jersey, and
3 in New England. These isolations came in the wake of a survey
that was initiated by Veterinary Services (VS) in the
northeastern States on February 18, and completed on March 5,
1986.

Objectives of the survey were to: (1) Determine the extent of
the live bird marketing system in the VS Northern Region, with
emphasis on the New York City metropolitan area, (2) determine
the value of live bird marketing as an AI surveillance tool, and
(3) determine how the live bird industry may be operated to
minimize the risk of maintaining and disseminating avian
influenza virus.

It was learned that poultry, which includes ducks, turkeys,
guinea fowl, chickens, and geese, change ownership 2 to 5 times
between the first buyer and the consumer, when these birds are
destined for live bird markets in the northeastern States.
Components of the live bird marketing system include:
producers — -commercial Integrators, backyard hobbyists, duck
farms, etc.; auction markets and concentration points, dealers,
wholesalers in New York and New Jersey, and retailers.

Poultry crates, trucks, and other equipment were moving avian
influenza virus back and forth between producers and retailers
until control procedures were initiated with industry cooperation
in early February. The procedures were designed to ensure that

the cycle of infection that was moving H5N2 virus through the
marketing system (i.e., from producer to market and vice versa)
was broken. Actions taken included the cleaning and disinfecting
of crates, trucks, and other equipment, and the depopulation of
infected poultry.

Both sodium hypochlorite solutions and One-Stroke Environ were
used as disinfectants. One-Stroke was considered superior to
sodium hypochlorite for the situations encountered. (See article
on Approved Disinfectants, in this issue.)

New Jersey, Rhode Island, and Connecticut eliminated H5N2 virus
from their few contaminated markets by depopulation, followed by
cleaning and disinfection.

Initially 26 of 41 New York City markets were found to be
contaminated with H5N2 virus. Host market operators were
reluctant to remain free of birds for longer than 24 hours at a
time. By following a regimen of 24-hour depopulations, followed
by cleaning and disinfection, all markets eventually were cleaned
up. Then during the week of June 23, all markets were again
sampled. Four were again found to be contaminated with H5N2
virus. Evidence suggested that the latest infection reflected
new introductions of the virus and that the virus had not
persisted within the components of the marketing system beyond
the dealers who were delivering poultry to the markets.

A survey of live bird marketing in the VS Southeastern Region was
completed April 3, 1986, and extensive live bird marketing was
found in Miami, Florida. Sales of live birds in the Miami area
are made from "botanicas ," rather than traditional live bird
markets. Botanicas sell voodoo paraphernalia, including all
varieties of birds for sacrificial purposes. They purchase their
chickens, guinea fowl, turkeys, quail, pheasants, pigeons, and
exotic birds from dealers, as well as from each other. An
estimated 50 botanicas maintain birds on their premises. Birds
are also held on farms, some of which are operated by botanica
owners. Poultry dealers purchase chickens directly from
commercial producers or, more often, from other dealers in
Georgia and other southeastern States. Poultry sampled at 8 out
of a total of 18 dealers and botanicas inspected in the Miami
area were found to be contaminated with H5N2 virus.

Similar poultry marketing surveys conducted in the VS Central and
Western Regions did not disclose the presence of H5N2 AI virus.

None of the H5N2 viruses isolated during 1986 have met the
criteria established for highly pathogenic avian influenza virus
(see 12-2). Indeed there have been no isolations of highly
pathogenic H5N2 virus in the United States since the spring of
1984. All isolates in the VS Northern Region and Florida this
year have been characterized as nonpathogenic or low pathogenic
by the National Veterinary Services Laboratories. Veterinary
Services' involvement in the 1986 H5N2 incidents has been
strictly limited to the provision of diagnostic, epidemiological,
and technical assistance to the affected States.

3

Further definition of Federal, State, and industry participation
in avian influenza control and eradication is expected following
the International Symposium on Avian Influenza, to be ,held in
Athens, Georgia, September 3-5, 1986. (Dr. Robert R. [Ormiston,
301 436-8065) /&0

World Animal Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD). A resurgence of outbreaks caused

Disease by type A,. and one outbreak of type 0 FMD have been recently

Roundup reported in Italy. Type A^ had been responsible for many

outbreaks dating from late November 1984 through the summer of
1985. Since November 1985, type C has been found responsible for
the majority of outbreaks affecting swine. With three types of
FMD virus to contend with, the situation is quite serious.

Foot-and-mouth disease in cattle was reported in Spain on June
16, 1986. Of 42 cattle on the affected farm, three had clinical
signs of FMD. Proper sanitary measures were applied. No
evidence of spread has been found. The source of the outbreak is
unknown. The virus has been identified as A,,. Ten outbreaks of
type A,. FMD were reported in cattle and goats during the period
January-August 1983.

African swine fever (ASF). Since the initial outbreak of ASF in
the Netherlands on March 30, 1986, and another on April 1, 1986,
no further outbreaks have been reported. Clinical signs and
postmortem lesions were consistent with the subacute form of the
disease. The mortality rate was reported to be approximately 19
percent. A total of 6,641 swine has been destroyed, of which 196
originated from the two positive premises. Illegal feeding of
uncooked garbage appears to have been reponsible for the
introduction of the virus.

Four outbreaks of ASF have been confirmed in Namibia, involving
more than 1,300 swine. All swine either died or were destroyed.
The disease was previously reported in Namibia in October 1982.
During March 1986, an outbreak of ASF was reported along the
Zambia-Malawi border.

African swine fever continues to be reported in Italy (Sardinia),
Spain, and Portugal.

ASF appeared last year for the first time in the Netherlands and
Belgium. This points out the importance of constant surveillance
for all countries in preventing the introduction and spread of
ASF.

Hog cholera (HC). Since the outbreak of HC in Great Britain on
April 10, 1986, nine other occurrences have been reported. Most
of these were traced to a livestock market in the Midlands of
England that received infected animals from a primary source
outbreak. The latest diagnosis was confirmed on June 25, 1986,
in an area distinct from the previous locations and not traceable
to livestock markets. A total of 7,675 swine has been
slaughtered in efforts to eliminate the disease. Great Britain
had been free of HC for 15 years prior to the current epizootic.
Feeding swine contaminated household scraps appears to be the
cause of the outbreaks.

4

Rinderpest (RP). Cases of RP were reported in Saudi Arabia among
cattle imported from Turkey via Iraq. The animals reportedly
were vaccinated in Turkey approximately 4 months earlier and
revaccinated upon arrival in Saudi Arabia.

Three outbreaks of RP were reported in Uganda and one in Burkina
Faso (formerly Upper Volta).

4

Caliciviral Disease
Update f f

Tillamook calicivirus (TCV) was first isolated from three dairy
calves in Tillamook County, Oregon, in the fall of 1981. This
proved to be a new serotype of calicivirus that persistently
infected calves and caused vesicular lesions in inoculated swine
under experimental conditions. These lesions were similar to the
vesicular lesions of foot-and-mouth disease, vesicular
stomatitis, swine vesicular disease, and vesicular exanthema.
Neutralizing antibodies to TCV were found in California sea lion
sera collected in 1983 and 1984, and in Stellar sea lion sera
collected in 1976 and 1985. The antibody prevalence for these
two species was 10/228, or 4.4 percent. Antibody titers using a
serum neutralization test (positive at 100 percent endpoint with
100 tissue culture infective doses of virus and a lowest serum
dilution of 1:20) ranged from 1:20 to 1:80. Seropositive seals
were widely dispersed along the Pacific Coast from Southern
California to the Bering Sea. Northern fur seals, walrus, phocid
seals, and cetaceans tested negative from these same general
geographic locations.

Serum samples randomly collected from cattle in the Pacific
northwest were tested for antibodies against a number of
calicivi ruses of known ocean origin. Approximately 2 percent of
the total serums tested reacted to two of these viruses. Sera
were screened at 1:20 final dilution using 100 percent endpoints
(4 wells in a microtiter system) and 100 TCID^^ (100 tissue
culture 50 percent infectivity endpoint dose) of virus. These
findings suggest that the cattle had exposure to ocean sources of
calicivirus .

Experiments were then designed to examine the effect of two virus
types in 4-month-old calves. The first, San Miguel sea lion
virus type 5 (SMSV-5), did not produce overt disease. However
the second, SMSV-13, caused vesicles at sites of intradermal
inoculation on the nose and tongue. Secondary vesicular lesions

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBP) was recently reported
responsible for the deaths of several hundred cattle in Nigeria.
Reports of the disease continue to come from Portugal and
Namibia. Based upon serological surveys and regular abbatoir
inspections of carcasses, it now appears that CBP is no longer
being encountered in France and Spain. (Dr. James T. Cavanaugh,
301 436-8285)

This report updates information in the September 1983 Foreign
Animal Disease Report (see 11-3). The 1983 information is still
current, and although outbreaks of vesicular disease in domestic
livestock due to calicivirus have not been recognized or
reported, new and pertinent information needs to be added to the
1983 document.

5

appeared within 96 hours on the feet (interdigital). A single
uninoculated pen contact calf also developed vesicular lesions on
the feet. The virus was isolated from the clear fluid aspirated
from these lesions. Three pen contact swine remained clinically
normal .

These studies were repeated by researchers at the U.S.

Department of Agriculture Plum Island Animal Disease Center using
cattle about 18 months of age. Pen contact cattle remained
normal. Pen contact swine developed clinical vesicular lesions.

A total of 31 calicivirus serotypes have been identified,
excluding the feline and canine serotypes: 13 vesicular exanthema
of swine virus (VESV) types, 12 SMSV types, and 6 other serotypes
including the Tillamook, virus. In 1984 the newest of the
serotypes was isolated from large vesicles on California sea
lions. This agent is the SMSV-13 reported above. Under
experimental conditions, it is far more virulent in swine than
most of the 13 serotypes of VESV originally isolated from swine.

Serological surveys of marine mammals show that SMSV-13 has been
present for at least 11 years. During the 14 years that sea
lions have been intensively studied, SMSV-13 was not seen to
cause severe vesicular disease until 1984. Our observation is
that SMSV-13 carries a virulence factor for mammals that was
first expressed in 1984.

For several years. Stellar sea lions have been known to carry
antibodies against certain calicivirus types. Calicivirus SMSV-6
was recently isolated from a Stellar sea lion pup on the Oregon
coast by scientists at the Oregon State University College of
Veterinary Medicine. Stellar sea lions range from southern
California north into the Bering Sea. The virus was first
isolated from a California sea lion in 1976 and from fish in
1977.

The 1983 report on caliciviral disease presented five reasons for
believing that the caliciviruses of ocean origin have a potential
to cause disease in man, even though no such disease had been
confirmed. Then in December of 1985, a researcher at Oregon
State University developed over 30 blisters on the palms of his
hands and the soles of his feet. These lesions appeared
concurrently with flu-like symptoms at a time when flu was quite
active in the community. Direct electron microscopy of vesicular
fluid aspirated from the lesions disclosed the presence of
particles identical to calicivirus. The virus was isolated from
the fluids and typed as SMSV-5. This serotype was originally
isolated from a Northern fur seal taken in the Bering Sea in
1973. The infected researcher seroconverted to SMSV-5; however,
secondary contacts (family) and others did not. There had been
no known exposure to the virus, although it had been used in the
laboratory. The blisters, which ranged in size from 2 to 5 mm,
were quite deep and painful but were completely healed within 14
days. No additional health problems have been attributed to this
virus up to the time this report was prepared, 6 months after
infection. (Dr. A. W. Smith, Oregon State University, College of
Veterinary Medicine, 503 754-2318)

Avian Imports
Studied

Approved

Disinfectants

According to a recent APHIS study, the risk of an introduction
of exotic Newcastle disease into the U.S. poultry industry by
commercially imported exotic birds has been reduced to an
acceptable level by Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
(APHIS) quarantine procedures. The study also showed that while
dropping current quarantine procedures for individually imported
pet birds would increase risk only slightly, some regulation is
necessary to keep the risk of infected birds from entering the
country at an acceptable level. The risk is particularly acute
with small volume importers and smugglers. The study concluded
that smuggled birds constitute the biggest risk of introducing
exotic Newcastle disease into the U.S. poultry industry.

The study established an analytical framework for assessing the
risk posed by imported exotic birds potentially infected with
velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease virus. Effects of the
current quarantine system on this risk were then quantified, and
the change in risk that would result if the system were
terminated was estimated.

Details of the study may be obtained by writing to the Policy
Analysis and Program Evaluation Staff, APHIS, USDA, Room 234,

6505 Belcrest Road, Hyattsville, MD 20782.

Veterinary Services maintains the following list of disinfectants
that have been approved by the U.S. Department of Agriculture
(USDA) for use in its animal disease control and eradication
programs. New disinfectants are tested and approved from time to
time and are then added to the list by the Emergency Field
Operations Staff, Hyattsville, Maryland.

Approved disinfectants are announced in the Federal Register.

Sodium carbonate with sodium silicate is the only disinfectant
approved for use on aircraft.

Additional information on approved disinfectants may be obtained
from the Emergency Field Operations Staff, Domestic Programs,
Veterinary Services, 6505 Belcrest Road, Hyattsville, MD 20782,
telephone area code (301) 436-8087.

7

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9

FAD Report

Editorial

Committee

Editorial Committee membership has been changed. The current
members are: Dr. E. I. Pilchard, Chairman; Dr. M. P. Dulin,

Dr. R. R. Orraiston, Dr. L. J. King, Dr. M. J. Gilsdorf,

Dr. J. T. Cavanaugh, Ms. Anita McGrady, and Ms. Betsy Moriarty.

Questions about the FAD Report may be sent to:

Dr. E. I. Pilchard
APHIS, USDA
Veterinary Services
Room 801, Federal Building
6505 Belcrest Road
Hyattsville, MD 20782

Thirty days before moving, send
address change and, if possible, mailing
label from latest issue to:

Information Management Branch
APHIS, USDA

Room G-187, Federal Building
6505 Belcrest Road
Hyattsville, MD 20782

10

* U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFF I CE : 1 986- 4 90-9 1 6 : 40623/APH I S