CROSSOSOMA
Journal of the Southern California Botanists, Inc.
Volume 35, Number 2
Fall-Winter 2009
Southern California Botanists, Inc.
- Founded 1927 -
http://www.socalbot.org
CROSSOSOMA (ISSN 0891-9100) is published twice a year by Southern Cali-
fornia Botanists, Inc., a California nonprofit organization of individuals devoted
to the study, conservation, and preservation of the native plants and plant com-
munities of southern California.
SCB Board of Directors for 2009
President Gary Wallace
Vice President Naomi Fraga
Secretary Carrie Kiel
Treasurer Alan P. Romspert
Webmaster Naomi Fraga
Editors of Crossosoma Scott D. White and Michael Honer
Editor of Eeaflets Kerry Myers
Directors-at-large
David Bramlet Gilberto Ocampo
Sara Baguskus Einda Prince
Elizabeth Delk Gina Richmond
Erica Gardner Fred Roberts
Charlie Hohn Darren Sandquist
Diane Menuz Allan Schoenherr
Orlando Mistretta Jonathan Snapp-Cook
Bart O’Brien Sula Vanderplank
and Katie Vinzant
Ex officio Board Member Sula Vanderplank (Past Presi-
Articles, book reviews, or other items for submission to CROSSOSOMA can be sent to
the editor Scott White (scottbioservices@verizon.net) or 201 N. First Ave., #102, Upland,
CA., USA, 91786. Electronic submission is preferred. Please see our website, www.
socalbot.org, for format guidelines. Notices of a time-dated nature (field trips, work-
shops, symposia, etc.) to be included in the newsletter Eeaflets should be submitted to
Kerry Myers, Editor of Eeaflets, kerrymyers@fs.fed.us, or mail to; Kerry Myers, Botanist,
SBNF Mountaintop Ranger Dist., 42300 North Shore Dr., Fawnskin, CA 92333-04004.
Views published in CROSSOSOMA are those of the contributing author(s) and are not
necessarily those of the editors, the membership of Southern California Botanists, Inc., or
the SCB Board of Directors, unless speciflcally stated.
Copyright © 2009 by Southern California Botanists, Inc. All rights reserved.
Permission to reproduce items in CROSSOSOMA, in whole or part,
should be requested from the Editor.
Crossosoma Volume 35 , Number 2
Fall-Winter 2009
Published February 2010
CONTENTS
DEDICATION: Alan Romspert, 1945-2009
Allan Schoenherr 61
Lichens and Lichenicolous Fungi of the Northwestern
Santa Ana Mountains
Kerry Knudsen and Jana Kocourkovd 66
New Records of Lichens and Lichenicolous Fungi
for California I.
Jana Kocourkovd, Kerry Knudsen and Othmar Breuss 82
Cost and Effectiveness of Small-Scale Foeniculum vulgare Control Methods
Abigail Gwinn 87
Noteworthy Collection 96
Cover:
A saxicolous lichen community on sandstone in Weir Canyon. In center of
picture, Candelariella rosulans (yellow) growing with Caloplaca squamulosa
(orange) with Lecanora muralis (light gray) directly to left and right.
Photograph by Rolf Muertter.
Ai Roinspert in Madagascar, June 2006. Plioio: Allan Schoenherr
Crossosoma 35(2), Fall-Winter 2009
61
DEDICATION:
Alan Romspert (Roms), 1945-2009
One of California’s premier desert botanists, Alan Romspert, passed away on
Wednesday, August 19, 2009. I will miss him dearly. Roms and I traveled and
camped together for years. We collected plants, backpacked in the mountains,
fished, and explored the southwest deserts. When I was still teaching at Fullerton
College, I would stay at his house about once a week. We would sit on his front
porch, drink whiskey, and solve the world’s problems. He would smoke a cigar. It
was kind of like Alan Shore (James Spader) and Denny Crane (William Shatner) of
the television show “Boston Legal.” We, of course, carried this ritual to campfires
on our many camping trips .
I first met Roms in the early 1970s when he was freshly back from Viet Nam.
We both took a class in Desert Biology at California State University, Fullerton.
He went on to get his Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees there. Even though we
most often thought of Romspert as a Botanist, he did his early research on the
physiology of Amphibians, and he published two scientific papers on water
relations in Amphibians. He also coauthored a paper with Jack Burk on the plants
of the Algodones Dunes in Imperial County.
Alan was a member of Southern California Botanists since the early 1970s. Over
the years, he held every office except secretary. He served as Treasurer for the last
30 years, during which time Board members will agree (or perhaps admit) that he
was the glue the held the organization together. Alan kept the records, he balanced
the books, wrote checks, reported our financial dealings to the IRS and kept up
our non-profit status. He printed the mailing labels for Leaflets and Crossosoma,
dutifully highlighting the expiration date of errant members. To save a bit of
postage, he hand-delivered copies to members he knew. He sorted the mail by
zip code and delivered it to the Post Office. He kept the membership records and,
like a badger, he pursued members who hadn’t paid their dues on time. Most of
Southern California Botanists’ records, materials and archives were kept in boxes
at Alan’s house. When it came time to distribute research grants, Alan headed the
committee that read the proposals.
Roms took care of records and finances his own way. Nobody else understood it,
but it always got done. He was a bit set in his ways and rarely saw reason to change
them (though he did finally upgrade his ancient membership data base to a system
compatible with 2U‘ century computers). He could be a curmudgeon at board
meetings, sometimes frustrating the other Directors, but entertaining to at least
some (the Directors stifling their laughter or hiding it behind their paperwork).
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Crossosoma 35(2), Fall-Winter 2009
The Southern California Botanists symposium is our single, important social,
scientific, and fund-raising event each year. Most of our members look forward to
the long day of botany, and chance to meet new and old friends and colleagues,
and maybe meet afterwards for beer. The Symposium is now in its 34**’ year.
Without Romspert’s efforts, the Symposium would never have lasted. Each year,
Roms reserved the Ruby Gerontology Center and made sure that campus security
opened the doors at 7:00 am so we could start setting up. He kept track of early
registrants. He would borrow a pickup truck, and sometimes single-handedly
transport large folding tables from storage to the symposium site. He made the
coffee, heated water, set up cold drinks, pulled tea bags, sugar, cream, napkins, hot
cups, cold cups from storage, and bought doughnuts on the day of the symposium.
We then set up tables and displays featuring SCB field trips, publications, and
T-shirts. During the speakers’ presentations he often remained outside to continue
sales and welcome late-comers. He wrote receipts and tallied up the sales. He also
organized and mediated the silent auction where funds for the Susan Hobbs grant
were gathered. Romspert’s annual symposium punch is legendary. It consisted of
the sodas, bottled drinks, and powdered drinks left over from his year’s camping
trips, supplemented with ice and a few jugs of fmit punch or fizzy water on
clearance at the market. When it was all over, Roms reported to the Board on
attendance, sales, and expenses, detailing every line item to the exact penny.
In 1976, when the program started, Roms began a 23 year stint with the Desert
Studies Center at Zzyzx in the Mojave Desert near Baker. His contributions to
the Center are immeasurable. He was instrumental in all aspects of building or
restoring the physical facilities, which were in a state of disrepair (they were
originally obtained from an evangelist who ran a rehabilitation facility there,
on public land, but without the permission of the BLM). As an expert on the
desert flora, his knowledge was unrivaled. It was joked that he personally knew
all the plants, calling them by name, “Joe,” “Sally,” etc. Through his botanical
collecting, specimen preparation, and curation work, he produced for the Center
the best herbarium in California’s Mojave Desert. He collected extensively in the
Panamint Mountains with the idea in mind that ultimately he would publish a flora
of that mountain range. The Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Herbarium now
houses nearly 600 of his specimens collected in the Panamints.
At the Desert Studies Center Roms taught numerous courses sponsored through
Cal State San Bernardino and other universities. I shared teaching duties with him
numerous times, including recent years when he and I co-taught the “Flora of
Joshua Tree National Park,” offered as an extension course through the University
of California, Riverside.
Crossosoma 35(2), Fall-Winter 2009
63
Among the groups to which he belonged he always was a leader. He was on
the board of directors of the Desert Explorers, where his nickname was “Flower
Child.” Desert Explorers sponsors 4- wheel drive excursions to desert locations.
Roms and I lead together many of their field trips, always incorporating natural
history into them. He also organized the highly successful Silent Auction at the
Desert Explorer Rendezvous. And he was active in The Ancient and Honorable
Order of E Clampus Vitus (the Clampers), a service group that establishes and
builds historical monuments throughout the state. Alan’s love for the desert, bad
roads, remote camps, and quirky sites and celebrations, may have made him an
archetypical Clamper.
Alan Romsperl loading Ills plant press, Mojave Road, 1992, Pliolo: Slieny Sehmidl
We shall be telling Romspert stories for years. He was a skinflint and a collector.
Besides plants, he collected bottles of hot sauce, and he had a huge stamp
collection. I don’t think he threw anything away. He saved everything including
bottle caps. He clipped coupons from the “Penny Saver,” and dutifully submitted
receipts and rebate coupons. On desert trips he picked up discarded bottles and
aluminum cans which he turned in for refunds.
Many of us remember his “thrifty” ways. He would drive out of his way to save
64
Crossosoma 35(2), Fall- Winter 2009
a few pennies on gasoline. One of the great stories goes back a number of years,
when Roms was part of a group that was camping in the Avawatz Mountains at
Sheep Creek Springs. He had left a pair of his shoes at a microwave tower on the
south road to Death Valley. He talked the group into piling into a single vehicle
and driving back to retrieve his shoes. It was farther than anyone expected, but he
kept reassuring them it was just a little bit farther. As it turns out it was many miles
away and took about a half day of driving to retrieve his pair of nearly worn out
“flip-flops.” That experience, among his friends, led to a new unit of measurement
known as a “Roms,” an unknown distance that is probably farther than you think.
“How far is it to Grinderswitch Spring?” “I’m not sure. I’d say it’s about three
Roms!!”
In spite of his apparent thriftiness and gruff exterior Roms was a caring and
generous person. He would loan money to a hapless friend, never expecting to
be repaid. He would buy something, usually at a swap meet, and then give it to
a friend he thought could use it. Once, knowing I was building a new deck, he
bought for me 15 gallons of the old, oil -based formula Thompson’s Water Seal,
and never would tell me how much it cost.
His friends will remember his famous salsa. About once a year he would buy flats
of tomatoes, onions, and chiles and spend two days cooking and canning. While
Dave McClanahan most often helped with the process, I will never forget the
tear-streaked hours, crying, while I chopped onions. Traditionally, at Christmas,
he distributed jars of salsa to anyone who would take them. Nearly everyone did.
In his honor, I may never open my last jar of salsa.
It was in May of 2007 when the specter of cancer reared its ugly head, Roms and I
were sitting around a campfire in Catavina. We were on our way back from Cabo
San Lucas, traveling in his black Nissan. Roms asked me about a lump under his
left ear, covered by his beard. It turned out to be non-Hodgkins lymphoma. He
was treated with chemotherapy and radiation and subsequently was cleared of any
cancer, but apparently the chemotherapy had taken a toll on his heart. He began to
experience shortness of breath and congestive heart failure was diagnosed. He had
been receiving treatment for that problem, but the shortness of breath continued
and in recent months he lacked energy. It didn’t stop him. He continued his
activities including his now famous roll-over on the road to Catavina in 2008, and
in his “newest” Nissan he accompanied the Desert Explorers on the Neal Johns
trip to Baja in May 2009. In fact, Roms went fishing on Friday, August 14, two
days before his long-time girl friend, Linda Harris, took him to the hospital for the
last time. Once in the hospital he deteriorated rapidly. Associated with his weak
heart and low blood pressure, blood supply to vital organs became diminished.
Crossosoma 35(2), Fall-Winter 2009
65
ultimately leading to kidney failure and reduced liver function. Life support was
removed about noon on Wednesday and he was gone by 12: 15 PM.
Alan Romspert was my friend. We traveled, botanized, camped, and hiked
together. I shall never forget him, one of the best friends I or anyone could ever
have.
by Allan Schoenherr
Roms at Caiavina, Baja California, May 2007. Plioto: Alian Schoenlien
66
Crossosoma 35(2), Fall -Winter 2009
LICHENS AND LICHENICOLOUS EUNGI OE THE NORTHWESTERN
SANTA ANA MOUNTAINS
Kerry Knudsen
The Herbarium, Dept, of Botany & Plant Sciences, University of California,
Riverside, California 92521
kk999@msn.com
Jana Kocourkova
Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague,
Kamycka 129, CZ-165 21 Praha 6 - Suchdol, Czech Republic
kocourkovaj@fzp.czu.cz
ABSTRACT: 169 taxa are reported for the northwestern Santa Ana Mountains,
comprising 156 lichens and 13 licheni colons fungi. Sarcogyne plicata H. Magn. is
removed from synonymy with Sarcogyne privigna (Ach.) A. Massal.
KEYWORDS: Biodiversity, California, Fremont Canyon, Floristics, Orange
County, Weir Canyon.
Fig. 1 . Fremoat Canyon. Photo: Janet Good.
Crossosoma 35(2), Fall-Winter 2009
67
INTRODUCTION
The Santa Ana Mountains are among the Peninsular Ranges in southern California
extending over 64 km (40 miles), roughly from the Santa Margarita River in San
Diego County to Santa Ana Canyon in Orange and Riverside counties. The highest
peak in the range is Santiago at 1734 m (5,689 ft) (Lathrop & Thorne 1978; Boyd
et al. 1995). The known vascular flora of the range consisted of 1044 known taxa
in 1995 (Boyd and Roberts 1995).
The northwestern end of the Santa Ana Mountains is in Orange County along the
Santa Ana River west of Sierra Peak and in the foothills and valleys bordering
Santiago Creek on the edge of the coastal plain. Sandstones predominate. Oak
Fig. 2. Weir Canyon sniidstotie slabs. Photo: Rolf Miiertter
woodlands, grassland, chaparral, coastal sage scrub and riparian woodlands
cover the hills and valleys. Two major canyons, Fremont Canyon (Fig. 1) and
Weir Canyon on the Irvine Ranch (Fig. 2), were surveyed in 2006-2008. The
elevational range of the study area was approximately 252 meters (827 feet) to
600 meters (1968 feet).
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Cross os oma 35(2), Fall -Winter 2009
This was the first professional lichen inventory in Orange County. We collected
597 specimens of lichens and lichenicolous fungi, which were curated and
databased at the Herbarium of the University of California at Riverside (UCR).
Weir Canyon was surveyed in 2006. Fremont Canyon was surveyed in 2007 and
2008 after fire devastated the canyon in early 2006, and this part of the study was
twice interrupted by the Weir Canyon fire in February 2007 and the Santiago fire
in October 2007. Over 60 days were spent in the field. Collecting was intuitive
and subjective. Some days no collections were made due to the devastation caused
by the Fremont Canyon fire, which incinerated many acres of all lichens (Fig. 3).
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was performed on selected specimens by J. C.
Lendemer (NY) and J. A. Elix (CANB).
Fig. 3. Upper Fremont Canyon Fire hnmed Heheiis olf many boulders.
Photo: Janet Good.
Corticolous or lignicolous lichens occur on bark or wood, even fence posts, and
can be specific to certain vascular genera. Saxicolous lichens occur on various rock
substrates and some species specifically occur on calcareous or acidic substrates
(Fig 4). Terricolous lichens occur on soil. Some lichens are parasitic on other
lichens, usually as juveniles, but become eventually independent and are termed
lichenicolous lichens. Lichenicolous fungi are non-lichenized microfungi that are
symbiotic with lichens and have co-evolved with them and are often host specific
Crossosoma 35(2), Fall-Winter 2009
69
Fig. 4. L ecauora nunalis^ a eo mil ion sax [colons lichen on sandstone
Fliolo: Roll'MncrUc] ,
on the species or genus level. More information can be found on most species in
the three volumes of the Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region
which has excellent but incomplete coverage of Southern California (Nash et al.
2002, 2004, 2007) or in the literature cited in this paper. More detailed information
on individual collections is available online at the UCR Herbarium website (http://
sanders5.ucr.edu/lichensflat_index.php). Abbreviations are used for Fremont
Canyon (F) and Weir Canyon (W) . Frequency is based on subjective observations.
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Crossosoma 35(2), Fall-Winter 2009
CHECKLIST OF THE LICHENS AND LICHENICOLOUS FUNGI OF
THE NORTHWESTERN SANTA ANA MOUNTAINS
Acarospora badiofusca (Nyl.) Th, Fr. Saxicolous. Common (F & W).
Acarospora fuscata (Schrad.) Arnold - Saxicolous. The authority for this species
needs investigation. Rare (W).
Acarospora hassei Herre - Saxicolous. Infrequent on small granite pebbles and
on sandstone outcrops (W) .
Acarospora obnubila H. Magn. - Saxicolous. Frequent. (F).
Acarospora obpallens (Nyl. ex Hasse) Zahlbr. - Saxicolous, Terricolous. Often
densely pruinose. Common (F&W).
Acarospora robiniae K. Knudsen- Saxicolous. A coastal species. One population
was found on top of a sandstone outcrop (F).
Acarospora rosulata H. Magn. - Saxicolous. Treated as A. bullata Anzi, which
we no longer recognize as occurring in North America. (Knudsen 2007;
Knudsen et al. 2010). Rare (F).
Acarospora schleicheri (Ach.) A. Massal. - Terricolous. Once common in
southern California (Hasse 1913). Rare on alluvium on sandstone
outcrop on north ridge of Fremont Canyon (F) .
Acarospora socialis H. Magn. - Saxicolous. Common (F & W).
Acarospora terricola H. Magn - Terricolous. Infrequent (F & W).
Acarospora thelococcoides (Nyl.) Zahlbr. - Terricolous. Endemic to California
and Baja. Type collected by Orcutt in San Diego. Rare on alluvium on
sandstone slabs. (F).
Acarospora veronensis A. Massal. - Saxicolous. Infrequent on small stones (W).
Aspicilia confusa Owe-Larss. & A. Nordin - Saxicolous. Common gray species,
described from Tenaja Canyon in Santa Ana Mountains (F & W).
Aspicilia glaucopsina (Nyl. ex Hasse) Hue - Terricolous, Saxicolous. Persisting
on sandstone outcrops. Infrequent (F & W).
Aspicilia pacifica Owe-Larss. & A. Nordin - Saxicolous. Maritime species.
Infrequent (F&W).
Aspicilia phaea Owe-Larss. & A. Nordin - Saxicolous. Only found on small
stones scattered in chaparral on ridge of Fremont Canyon (F).
Buellia badia (Fr.) A. Massal. - Saxicolous, lichenicolous. Common (F & W).
Buellia punctata (Hoffm.) A. Massal. - Corticolous. Common especially on old
or dead branches of Adenostoma fasciculatum. Salvia mellifera and
Sambucus mexicana (F & W) .
Buellia ryanii Bungartz - Saxicolous. Only found on small stones of granite or
rhyolite washed out of the sandstone. Infrequent (F & W).
Buellia sequax (Nyl.) Zahlbr. - Saxicolous. Common (F & W).
Buellia tesserata Kdrb. - Saxicolous. Maritime species. Rare (F).
Crossosoma 35(2), Fall -Winter 2009
71
Caloplaca arenaria (Pers.) Miill, Arg. - Saxicolous. Common (F & W).
Caloplaca atroflava (Turn.) Mong. - Saxicolous. On concrete. Rare (W).
Caloplaca bolacina (Tuck.) Herre - Saxicolous. Maritime species. Frequent (W).
Caloplaca citrina (Hoffm.) Th. Fr. - Saxicolous. Wetmore’s concept of this species
is heterogeneous and includes a common saxicolous leprose taxon found
in Riverside County (Wetmore 2007). It is unclear whether this taxon is
C. citrina s. str. Caloplaca taxonomists in Europe are skeptical that C.
citrina even occurs in North America (Vondrak , pers. comm.) Rare (W).
Caloplaca crenulatella (Nyl.) Oliv. - Saxicolous. Common (F&W).
Caloplaca decipiens (Arnold) Blomb. & Forss. - Saxicolous. Frequent (F).
Caloplaca epithallina Lynge - Lichenicolous fungus common on saxicolous
crustose lichens (F & W).
Caloplaca microphyllina (Tuck.) Hasse - Corticolous. Abundant on one
Quercus agrifolia (W) .
Caloplaca nashii Nav.-Ros., Gaya & Hladun - Saxicolous. Common (F & W).
Caloplaca pyracea (Ach.) Th. Fr. - Corticolous. This name is tentatively used in
California for those species treated by Wetmore on bark as Caloplaca
holocarpa (Wetmore 2007; Amp 2009). Common on Quercus agrifolia,
chaparral and old coastal sage shrubs (F & W).
Caloplaca saxicola (Hoffm.) Nordin - Saxicolous. Infrequent (F).
Caloplaca squamosa (B. de Lesd.) Zahlbr. - Saxicolous. Frequent (F).
Caloplaca subsoluta (Nyl.) Zahlbr. - Saxicolous. Rare (W).
Candelaria pacifica Westberg - Corticolous, occasionally saxicolous. Common
on Quercus agrifolia, chaparral and coastal sage shrubs (F & W).
Candelariella aurella (Hoffm.) Zahlbr. - Saxicolous. Common (F & W).
Candelariella rosulans (Miill. Arg.) Zahlbr. - Saxicolous. Infrequent (F).
Candelariella vitellina (Hoffm.) Miill. Arg. - Saxicolous. Frequent (F & W).
Carbonea latypizodes (Nyl .) Knoph & Rambold - Saxicolous . Common (F & W) .
Cercidospora caudata Kernst. - Lichenicolous fungus infrequent on apothecia of
Caloplaca squamosa (F) .
Chyrsotrix candelaris (L.) J.R. Laundon - Corticolous. Probably heterogeneous
in California and needs to be revised. Abundant on occasional Quercus
agrifolia (W) .
Cladonia acuminata (Ach.) Norrlin - Terricolous. This specimen contained
norstictic acid. The specimen was poor and could not be identified
positively by morphology and our identification awaits verification by
further collections. If positively identified the species would be new state
record. (Tucker & Ryan 2006). Rare (W).
Cladonia chlorophaea (Flbrke ex Sommerf.) Spreng. - Terricolous. Infrequent
(F&W).
72
C rosso soma 35(2), Fall -Winter 2009
Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr. - Terricolous and sometimes ligni colons. Infrequent
(W).
Cladonia hammeri Ahti - Terricolous. Endemic to southern California and
Baja. Infrequent (F & W).
Cladonia nashii Ahti - Terricolous. Common (F & W).
Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hoffm. - Terricolous. Infrequent (F).
Cladonia scabriuscula (Delise) Nyl. - Terricolous. Commonly found on detritus
beneath chaparral (F & W) .
Cladonia subfirnbriata Ahti - Terricolous. Infrequent. (W).
Collema tenax (Sw.) Ach. - Terricolous, sometimes saxicolous on sandstone.
Frequent (W).
Dermatocarpon americanum Vain. - Saxicolous. Rare, though often common in
southern California (F).
Dimelaena radiata (Tuck.) Miill. Arg. - Saxicolous. A dominant maritime species
which occurs inland at scattered locations to Bautista Canyon at base of
San Jacinto Mountains. Infrequent (F & W).
Diploicia canescens (Dicks.) A. Massal. - Corticolous. A maritime species. This
is the farthest from coast it has been collected in southern California.
Rare on Malacothamnus fasciculatus and Quercus agrifolia. (W).
Diploschistes actinostomus (Ach.) Zahlbr. - Saxicolous. Common on sandstone
on upper ridges of Fremont Canyon (F) .
Diploschistes muscorurn (Scop.) R. Sant. - Terricolous, lichenicolous. Common
lichen parasitic on Cladonia species (F & W).
Diploschistes scruposus (Schreb.) Norman - Saxicolous. Common (F & W).
Diplotomma alboatrum (Hoffm.) Flot. - Saxicolous. Syn. Buellia alboatra. The
genus placement is still open to question and the species is in need of
revision. One locally abundant population on sandstone (F).
Endocarpon loscosii Mull. Arg. - Terricolous. Frequent but often sterile,
spreading by anastomosing rhizohyphae (F & W).
Endocarpon pallidulum (Nyl.) Nyl. - Saxicolous. Infrequent (F & W).
Endocarpon pusillum Hed. - Terricolous. Common (F & W).
Elavopamielia baltimorensis (Gy el. & Foriss) Hale - Saxicolous. Locally
abundant on shaded sandstone slab on a north-facing slope of Weir
Canyon ( W) .
Elavopamielia caperata (L.) Hale - Corticolous. Frequent on Quercus agrifolia
(W).
Elavopunctelia flaventior (Stirt.) Hale - Corticolous. The most common
macrolichen on Quercus agrifolia (F & W) .
Elavopunctelia soredica (Nyl.) Hale - Saxicolous, corticolous. Rare (W).
Euscopannaria coralloidea F. M. J0rg. - Terricolous. Rare (W).
C rosso soma 35(2), Fall -Winter 2009
73
Gelatinopsis acarosporicola Kocourk. & K. Knudsen -Lichenicolous fungus
on Acarospora socialis described from and currently only known from
Fremont Canyon (Kocourkova & Knudsen 2009). Rare (F).
Hyperphyscia adglutinata (Fldrke) H. Mayrh, & Poelt- Corticolous. Abundant
on scattered Quercus agrifolia (F & W).
Intralichen baccisporus D. Hawksw. & M.S. Cole - Lichenicolous fungus
infrequent on apothecia of Caloplaca species (F).
Lecania brunonis (Tuck.) Herre - Saxicolous. Common (F & W).
Lecania cyrtella (Ach.) Th. Fr. - Corticolous. Rare on dead branches of Salvia
mellifera (W) .
Lecania hassei (Zahlbr.) W. Noble - Saxicolous. Syn. Lecania brattiae.
Common (F & W).
Lecania naegelii (Hepp.) Diederich & v.d. Boom. - Corticolous. Rare on
Malacothamnus fasciculatus (W).
Lecania toninioides Zahlbr. - Terri colons, rarely saxicolous. Rare on sandstone
(F).
Lecanora caesiorubella Ach. - Corticolous. Rare on Qurcus agrifolia (W).
Lecanora gangaleoides Nyl. - Saxicolous. Frequent (F & W).
Lecanora hagenii (Ach.) Ach. - Corticolous, saxicolous. Frequent on sandstone
and concrete (F & W) .
Lecanora munzii K. Knudsen & Lendemer - Corticolous. On dead weathered
chaparral wood on ground. Recently described from Claremont (Knudsen
& Lendemer 2009). Rare (W).
Lecanora muralis (Schreb.) Rabenh. - Saxicolous. Common (F & W).
Lecanora pseudistera Nyl. - Saxicolous. Common (F & W).
Lecanora simeonensis K. Knudsen & Lendemer - Lignicolous. On wood of
Adeno stoma fasciculatum. We recently described this species from San
Simeon (Lendermer & Knudsen 2009). The thallus was leprose and no
fertile specimens were seen. This report extends the range south from
Montana de Oro in San Luis Obispo County. Infrequent on chaparral
(W).
Lecanora subimmergens Vain. - Saxicolous. Common (F & W).
Lecidea cinerata Zahlbr. - Saxicolous. Rare California endemic originally
described from the Santa Monica Mountains on the slope below the
Hollywood sign (Hasse 1913). Rare (F).
Lecidea fuscoatra (L.) Ach. - Saxicolous, terricolous. Common (F & W).
Lecidea laboriosa Mull. Arg. - Saxicolous. Common (F & W).
Lecidea tessellata Fldrke - Saxicolous. Common montane species above 6000
feet. Rare in survey area (F).
Lecidella asema (Nyl.) Knoph & Hertel - Saxicolous, rarely terricolous.
Common (F & W) .
74
Crossosoma 35(2), Fall -Winter 2009
Lecidella stigmatea (Ach.) Hertel & Leuckert - Saxi colons. Infrequent (F).
Lepraria adhaerens K. Knudsen, Elix & Lendemer - Saxicolous, terricolous.
Common (F & W).
Lepraria borealis Lohtander and Tdnsberg - Saxicolous. Rare on moss and
sandstone. (W).
Lepraria caesioalba (B. de Lesd.) J.R. Laundon - Coticolous, saxicolous,
terricolous. Two chemotypes. Frequent (F & W).
Lepraria santamonicae K. Knudsen & Elix - Saxicolous, terricolous. Frequent
(F&W).
Lepraria texta K. Knudsen, Elix & Lendemer - Saxicolous, terricolous.
Frequent (F),
Lepraria xerophila Tpnsberg - Terricolous. Common maritime species.
Rare (W).
Leptogium arsenei Sierk - Saxicolous. Rare (W).
Leptogium palmatum (Huds.) Mont. - Terricolous. Rare (W).
Leptogium plicatile (Ach.) Leight. - Saxicolous. Single small population on wet
shaded calcareous sandstone in oak woodland. Rare (W).
Leptogium tenuissimum (Dicks.) Kdrb. - Terricolous. Rare (W).
Lichenoconium lecanorae (Jaap) D. Hawksw. - Lichenicolous fungus on
apothecia of Lecanora muralis. Frequent (F).
Lichenoconium lichenicola (R Karst.) Petrak & H. Sydow - Lichenicolous
fungus infrequent on Physcia dimidiata (F).
Lichenostigma cosmopolites Hafellner & Calat. - Lichenicolous fungus frequent
on Xanthoparmelia species (F).
Lichenostigma rugosum Thor - Lichenicolous fungus frequent on Diploschistes
species (F).
Lichenostigma subradians Hafellner, Calat. & Nav.-Ros. - Lichenicolous fungus
frequent on Acarospora socialis (F).
Micarea microccoca (Kdrb.) Gams ex Coppins - Corticolous. Rare on mature
bark of old half-dead Sambucus mexicana (F).
Miriquidica scotopholis (Tuck.) B.D.Ryan & Timdal - Saxicolous. Common
(F&W).
Peltula bolanderi (Tuck.) Wetmore - Saxicolous. Rare (W).
Peltula euploca (Ach.) Poelt - Saxicolous. Infrequent (F).
Peltula obscurans var. hassei (Zahlbr.) Wetmore - Saxicolous. Infrequent (F).
Peltula obscurans (Nyl.) Gyeln. var. obscurans - Saxicolous. Rare (W).
Phaeophyscia hirsuta (Mereschk.) Essl. - Corticolous. Infrequent on Quercus
agrifolia (W).
Phaeophyscia sciastra (Ach.) Moberg - Saxicolous. Rare (W).
Physcia adscendens (Fr.) H. Olivier - Corticolous, infrequently saxicolous.
Common on Quercus agrifolia, chaparral and coastal sage shrubs
(F&W).
Crossosoma 35(2), Fall-Winter 2009
75
Physcia biziana (A. Massal) Zahlbr. - Corticolous. Rare on Adenostoma
fasciculatum (W) .
Physcia dimidiata (Arnold) Nyl. - Saxicolous. Common (F & W).
Physcia tribacia (Ach.) Nyl. - Saxicolous. Infrequent (F & W).
Physconia isidiigera (Zahlbr.) Essl. - Corticolous, saxicolous. Frequent on
sandstone and Quercus agrifolia (F & W) .
Placidium lacinulatum (Ach.) Breuss -Terricolous. Common (F & W).
Placidium squamulosum (Ach.) Bruess - Terricolous. Infrequent (W).
Placopyrenium noxium Breuss - Saxicolous. Second known population in
California (Breuss 2009). Rare (F).
Placynthiella hyporhoda (Th. Fr.) Coppins & R James - Terricolous. Infrequent
(W).
Placynthiella uliginosa (Schrad.) Coppins & R James - Terricolous, saxicolous.
Frequent (W).
Polysporina simplex (Davies) Vezda - Saxicolous. Common (F & W).
Polysporina subfucescens (Nyl.) K. Knudsen & Kocourk. -Lichenicolous fungus
common on saxicolous crustose lichens (F & W).
Psora calif ornica Timdal - Terricolous. Infrequent (F & W).
Psora luridella (Tuck.) Fink - Saxicolous, Terricolous. Frequent (F & W).
Psorothicia montinii (A. Massal.) Forss. - Saxicolous. Infrequent (W)
Psorotichia schaereri (A. Massal.) Arnold - Terricolous. Infrequent (W).
Rinodina species - Terricolous. Endemic to California and will be described by
John Sheard. Rare (F & W).
Rinodina gennarii Bagl. - Saxicolous. Maritime species, infrequent on concrete
of old flood control wall and on rhyolite (F & W).
Rinodina intermedia Bagl. - Terricolous. Infrequent (F & W).
Sarcogyne arenosa (Herre) K. Knudsen & Standi ey - Saxicolous. Common
(F&W).
Sarcogyne plicata H. Magn. - Saxicolous. The name Sarcogyne privigna (Ach.)
A. Massal. was applied to this taxon (Knudsen & Standley 2007) and S.
plicata, described from Upland, was treated as a synonym (Knudsen &
Lendemer 2005). Recent unpublished molecular analysis of specimen
from Fremont Canyon showed it was not conspecific with S. privigna
in Fennoscandia (Westberg, pers. comm.) In this paper we resurrect S.
plicata, but it may not apply to all taxa in California. Frequent (F & W).
Sarcogyne reebiae K. Knudsen - Saxicolous. Described from Weir Canyon
(Knudsen & Standley 2007). Infrequent (W).
Sarcogyne regularis Kdrb. - Saxicolous. Infrequent (W).
Sarcogyne similis H. Magn. - Saxicolous. Common (F & W).
Strangospora deplanata (Almq.) Clauz. & Cl. Roux - Corticolous. Rare on
mature bark of old half-dead Sambucus rnexicana (F) .
76
Crossosoma 35(2), Fall-Winter 2009
Stigmidium fuscatae (Arnold) R. Sant. - Lichenicolous fungus on Acarospora
obpallens. We will revise this taxon in southern California. Rare (F).
Stigmidium squamariae (B. de Lesd.) Cl. Roux & Triebel - Lichenicolous fungus
on apothecia of Lecanora muralis. Infrequent (F).
Stigmidium xanthoparmelium Hafellner - Lichenicolous fungus on
Xanthopamelia species. Infrequent (F).
Teloschistes chrysophthalmus (L.) Th. Fr. - Corticolous. Rare on Malacothamnus
fasciculatus (W).
Thelomma mammosum (Hepp ex Hartung) Tibell - Saxicolous. Coastal
species. Infrequent (W).
Thelomma santessonii Tibell - Saxicolous. Maritime species. A single population
was discovered on ridge of Fremont Canyon (F).
Toninia tristis (Th. Fr.) Th. Fr. - Saxicolous. Infrequent. (F).
Trapelia coarctata (Turner ex Sm.) M. Choisy - Saxicolous, terricolous.
Frequent (F & W) .
Trapelia glebulosa (Sw.) J.R. Laundon - Saxicolous, terricolous. Frequent
(F& W).
Trapelia placodioides Coppins & R James - Saxicolous, terricolous. Locally
common, but probably rare in survey area after the Weir Canyon fire
because it occurred on slope within dense chaparral (W).
Trapeliopsis bisorediata McCune & Camacho - Saxicolous, terricolous. Rare on
sandstone (W).
Trapeliopsis flexuosa (Fr.) Coppins & R James - Lignicolous. On dead and old
burnt wood (F & W) .
Trapeliopsis glaucopholis (Nyl. ex Hasse) Printzen & McCune - Saxicolous,
terricolous. Frequent (F & W).
Trapeliopsis steppica McCune & Camacho - Saxicolous, terricolous. This is the
second population discovered in Santa Ana Mountains. Rare (F).
Umbilicaria phaea Tuck - Saxicolous. Infrequent. (F).
Verrucaria calkinsiana Servft - Saxicolous. Common (F & W).
Verrucaria furfuracea (B. de Lesd.) Breuss. - Saxicolous. Frequent (W).
Verrucaria fusca Pers. ex Ach. - Saxicolous. Frequent (F & W).
Verrucaria fuscoatroides Servft - Saxicolous. Infrequent (W).
Verrucaria memnonia (Flot. ex Kdrb.) Arnold - Saxicolous. On small hard
granite rocks washed out of sandstone deposits. Infrequent (F & W).
Verrucaria onegensis Vain. - Saxicolous. Rare (F).
Verrucaria turgida Servft - Saxicolous. Rare (F).
Verrucaria viridula (Schrader) Ach. - Saxicolous. Infrequent (F).
Xanthoparmelia amableana (Gyeln.) Hale - Saxicolous. Infrequent (F).
Xanthoparmelia cumberlandi (Gyeln.) Hale - Saxicolous. Common (F & W).
Xanthoparmelia lineola (E.C. Berry) Hale - Saxicolous. Infrequent (F).
Crossosoma 35(2), Fall-Winter 2009
77
Xanthoparmelia mexicana (Gyeln.) Hale - Saxicolous. Common (F & W).
Xanthoparmelia neotartica Hale - Terricolous. Infrequent (F & W).
Xanthoparmelia novomexicana (Gyeln.) Hale - Saxicolous. Infrequent (F).
Xanthoparmelia subplitti Hale - Saxicolous. Infrequent (F).
Xanthoparmelia verruculifera (Nyl.) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Elix, D. Hawksw.
& Lumbsch - Saxicolous. Rare (F).
Xanthoria polycarpa (Hoffm.) Th. Fr. ex Rieber - Corticolous. Infrequent on
Malacothamnus fasciculatus and Adenostoma fasciculatum (W).
Xanthoria tenax L. Lindblom - Corticolous. Common on willows and chaparral
before the Weir Canyon fire (W).
CONCLUSIONS
We report 169 taxa in 56 genera for the northwestern Santa Ana Mountains,
comprising 156 lichens and 13 lichenicolous fungi. Two species were described
new to science, Sarcogyne reebiae from Weir Canyon (Knudsen & Standley 2007)
and Gelatinopsis acarosporicola from Fremont Canyon (Kocourkova & Knudsen
2009) . Four recently described species have paratype locations in Fremont Canyon
and Weir Canyon: Lepraria adhaerens (Knudsen et al. 2007), L. santaemonicae
(Knudsen & Elix 2007), L. texta (Knudsen & Elix 2007), and Lecanora munzii
(Knudsen & Lendemer 2009). John W. Sheard (SASK) is currently in the process
of describing the terricolous Rinodina species included in the checklist which is
also known from the Santa Monica Mountains. Previously Carbonea latypizodes
(Knudsen et al. 2008), Cercidospora caudata (Etayo et al. 2007), Lichenostigma
rugosurn (Knudsen & Kocourkova 2008) and Trapelia placodioides (Knudsen
2006) were reported new for California from Eremont Canyon and Weir Canyon.
We believe the total species diversity would have been higher if Eremont Canyon
had been surveyed before the devastating fire. Some lichens considered rare in
Weir Canyon may have been locally extirpated by the fire of 2007, especially
species on bark and wood.
While the authors consider plants and animals the most important biological
resources on public lands, lichens are a significant resource in relatively
undisturbed habitats. Over 1500 taxa of lichens, lichenicolous fungi, and allied
microfungi have been reported from California (Tucker & Ryan 2006) and the
numbers of known taxa increase regularly, despite any reductions of numbers
through taxonomic advances. Eor instance, based on continuing research, 298 taxa
occur in the Santa Monica Mountains (Knudsen & Kocourkova 2009) and 387
taxa on Santa Rosa Island (Knudsen unpublished). The lichens and lichenicolous
fungi we report in this paper may comprise fewer than half of the species that
occur in the Santa Ana Mountains. We expect the total diversity of lichens and
78
Crossosoma 35(2), Fall-Winter 2009
lichenicolous fungi to be at least 280 species, over one fourth of the total diversity
of the vascular flora (which includes native and non-native plants). All lichens and
lichenicolous fungi reported here are apparently native to the range.
Only one floristic study of lichens has been published on the Santa Ana Mountains,
based on a short survey of the Santa Rosa Plateau (Weber & Bratt 1987). Many
of that paper’s taxonomic concepts and species concepts are now archaic due
to rapid advances in lichen taxonomy spearheaded by the Sonoran lichen flora
project (Nash et al. 2002, 2004, 2007). Weber and Bratt reported approximately
78 species. Without a revision of the specimens and based on our knowledge
of the Santa Rosa Plateau, approximately 49 species they reported also occur in
the northwestern Santa Ana Mountains. The main difference is the lichen flora
on oaks is more diverse on the Santa Rosa Plateau because of apparently higher
relative annual humidity (particularly from fog incidents) and the occurrence of
Engelmann oaks and scrub oaks besides Quercus agrifolia. Our checklist can be
used as the foundation of a preliminary checklist of the whole range as well as
for Orange County. This paper represents the first installment of our continuing
floristic study of the Santa Ana Mountains. Our next paper will be a study of the
Santa Rosa Plateau.
Before grazing and the dominance of invasive plants, the valley grasslands in
Fremont Canyon and Weir Canyon may have supported more extensive biological
soil crusts of lichens and bryophytes, native grasses and annuals. Terricolous
lichens were probably common in biological soil crusts and included species
extirpated from study area like Aspicilia praecrenata (Nyl. ex Hasse) Hue. Most
terricolous lichens are now rare or infrequent. Tenicolous lichens now subsist
as relics in microhabitats on thin-soiled slopes, on decaying sandstone, or on
consolidated soil in pockets on sandstone outcrops. The most common terricolous
lichen we found in Weir and Fremont Canyons was the pioneering Cladonia
nashii, which can grow on slopes of loose alluvium and road cuts as well on
decaying or re-consolidated sandstone.
The Tecate cypress {Cupressus forebesii) grove was visited before the Fremont
Canyon Are devastated it. The trees did not support lichens.
Two lichens, Lecanora miinzii and L. simeonensis, were collected in upper Weir
Canyon. These species are lignicolous, growing on the wood of older chaparral
and coastal sage shrubs. They are rare, like Cypheliurn brachysporum Nadv.
(Fendemer et al. 2008) described from Murrieta, probably because more frequent
fires are reducing mature stands where their substrates are found. Both these
species may have been extirpated from Weir Canyon by the Are of 2007 and were
Crossosoma 35(2), Fall -Winter 2009
79
not documented from Fremont Canyon.
A number of maritime species, common on the coast of southern California
and on the Channel Islands, occur in the northwestern Santa Ana Mountains,
approximately 14-17 miles (22-27 km) inland from the coast. All were rare or
infrequent.
We only report 13 species of lichenicolous fungi. The number of lichenicolous
fungi reported here does not include at least five taxa probably new to science we
discovered in Fremont Canyon (after the fire) which were all rare. We were unable
to collect sufficient material for descriptions. The first, Endococuus thelommae
Kocourk. & K. Knudsen, has been accepted for publication in Germany in a
forthcoming volume of Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Sufficient type material was
finally collected on Santa Rosa Island.
Lichens grow very slowly, especially in Mediterranean climates based on our
observations, with most lichens growing only micro-millimeters in an average
rain year and probably not at all during drought episodes. The recovery of the
lichen biota in the northwestern Santa Ana Mountains will be a slow process
taking decades. It is tragic that both of these fires were caused by humans, the
Weir Canyon fire by arson and the Fremont Canyon fire through mismanagement
of a controlled bum.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank our reviewers, Brendan Hodkinson (DUKE) and Caleb Morse (KANU).
We thank for their help with identifications Othmar Breuss (Austria), Jack Elix
(Australia), J.C. Lendemer (NY), Christian Printzen (Germany) and John Sheard
(Canada). We thank ecologist Trish Smith (Nature Conservancy) for her constant
support of our research. This project was supported by grants from The Nature
Conservancy.
LITERATURE CITED
Amp, U. 2009. The Caloplaca holocarpa group in the Nordic countries, except
Iceland. Lichenolo gist 41 : 111-130.
Boyd, S., T.S. Ross and F. M. Roberts, Jr. 1995. Additions to the vascular flora
of the Santa Ana Mountains, California. A/Ao 14(2): 105-108.
Boyd, S., T.S. Ross and D. Bramlett. 1995. Vascular flora of the San Mateo
Wilderness Area, Cleveland National Forest, California. Aliso
14(2): 109-139.
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Breuss, O. 2009. A synopsis of the lichen genus Placopyrenium
(Vermcariaceae), with descriptions of new taxa and a key to all species.
In: Biodiversity and ecology of lichens - Liber Amicorum
Harrie Sipman.
Aptroot, A., M. R. D. Seaward and L. B. Sparrius (eds.) Bibliotheca
Lichenologica 99 : 93-112. J. Cramer, Berlin & Stuttgart, 2009.
Etayo, J., J. Kocourkova and K. Knudsen. 2007. New records of lichenicolous
fungi for California. Bulletin of the California Lichen Society
14(2): 37-39.
Hasse, H. E. 1913. The lichen flora of southern California. Contributions from
the United States National Herbarium 17 : 1-132.
Knudsen, K. 2006. Noteworthy collections: Lichens and lichenicolous fungi.
Crossosoma 32(1): 31-33.
Knudsen, K. 2007. Acarospora. In: T. H. Nash, III, C. Cries and E. Bungartz
(eds.) Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Volume 3,
pp. 1-38, Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe.
Knudsen, K. and J. A. Elix. 2007. A new Lepraria (Stereocaulaceae) from the
Santa Monica Mountains in southern California. The Bryologist 110 ( 1 ):
115-118.
K. Knudsen and J. A. Elix. 2007. Lepraria. In: T. H. Nash, III, C. Cries and E.
Bungartz (eds.) Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region.
Volume 3, pp. 384-390, Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University,
Tempe.
Knudsen, K., J. A. Elix, and J.C. Lendemer. 2007. Lepraria adherens: a new
species from North America. Opuscula Philolichenum 4: 5-10.
Knudsen, K. and J. Kocourkova. 2008. New records of lichen and
lichenicolous fungi from California. Crossosoma 34(1): 37-39.
Knudsen, K. and J. Kocourkova. 2009. Lichens, Lichenicolous and Allied
Eungi of the Santa Monica Mountains, Part 4: Additions and
Corrections to the Annotated Checklist. Opuscula Philolichenum 7 :
29-48.
Knudsen, K. and J. C. Lendemer. 2005. Changes and additions to the checklist
of North American lichens - III. Mycotaxon 93: 277-281 .
Knudsen, K & J. C. Lendemer. 2009. Two new species of Lecanora with
gyrophoric acid from North America. Opuscula Philolichenum
7 : 21-28.
Knudsen, K., B. Owe-Larsson, J. A. Elix, J. C. Lendemer and J. Kocourkova.
2008. Lichens and lichenicolous fungi of the Santa Monica
Mountains, Part 3: additions and corrections to the annotated checklist.
Opuscula Philolichenum 5 : 53-60
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Knudsen, K., V. Reeb, M. Westberg, R. Srikanthaand D. Bhattacharya. 2010.
Acarospora rosulata in Europe, North America and Asia.
Lichenologist 42(4): not assigned.
Knudsen, K. and S. M. Standley. 2007. Sarcogyne. In: T. H. Nash, III, C. Gries
and F. Bungartz (eds.) Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert
Region. Volume 3, pp. 289-296. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona
State University, Tempe.
Kocourkova, J. and K. Knudsen. 2009. Gelatinopsis acaarosporicola
(Helotiaceae), a new lichenicolous fungus on Acarospora socialis from
western North America. The Bryologist 112 ( 2 ): 363-361 .
Lathrop, E. W. and R. F. Thorne. 1978. A Flora of the Santa Ana Mountains,
California. 9(2): 197-278.
Lendemer, J.C. and K. Knudsen. 2009. Two new usnic acid-containing species
of Lecanora from western North America. Opuscula Philolichenum 6 :
73-80.
Lendemer, J.C., J. Kocourkova and K. Knudsen. 2008. Studies in lichens and
lichenicolous fungi: notes on some taxa from North America.
Mycotaxon 105 : 379-386.
Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries, and F. Bungartz (eds.) 2002. Lichen
Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region, Vol. 1, Tempe, Arizona:
Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, 532 pp.
Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, R Diederich, C. Gries, and F. Bungartz (eds.) 2004.
Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region, Vol. 2, Tempe,
Arizona: Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, 744 pp.
Nash III, T.H., C. Gries, and F. Bungartz (eds.) 2007 (2008) . Lichen Flora of the
Greater Sonoran Desert Region, Vol. 3, Tempe, Arizona:
Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, 567 pp.
Tucker, S.C. and B.D. Ryan. 2006. Constancea 84 : Revised Catalog of Lichens,
Lichenicoles , and Allied Fungi in California (http://ucjeps.berkeley.
edu/ constancea/84/). Acccessed May, 2009.
Weber, W. A. and C. Bratt. 1987. Lichens and bryophytes of the Santa Rosa
Plateau Nature Conservancy Reserve, Riverside County, California.
Evansia 4 : 21-25
Wetmore, C. M. 2007. Caloplaca. In: T. H. Nash, III, C. Gries and F. Bungartz
(eds.) Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Volume 3,
pp. 179-220. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe.
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Crossosoma 35(2), Fall -Winter 2009
NEW RECORDS OF LICHENS AND LICHENICOLOUS FUNGI
FOR CALIFORNIA I.
Jana Kocourkova
University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences,
Department of Ecology
Kamycka 129 165 21 Praha 6 - Suchdol, Czech Republic
e-mail: kocourkovaj@fzp.czu.cz
Kerry Knudsen
The Herbarium, Dept, of Botany & Plant Sciences,
University of California, Riverside, California 92521
kk999@msn.com
Othmar Breuss
Naturhistorisches Museum, Botanische Abteilung,
Burgring 7, A- 1010 Wien, Austria
obreuss@bg9.at
ABSTRACT: Three species of lichens, two which occur in intertidal zone, and
three lichenicolous fungi are reported new for California: Arthonia epiphyscia,
Dactylospora saxatilis, Rhizocarpon effiguratum, Unguiculariopsis lettaui,
Verrucaria prominula, and Wahlenbergiella striatula.
KEYWORDS: Biodiversity, Collemopsidium, rising sea levels.
INTRODUCTION
In 2008 we began studying the intertidal zone for lichens in southern and central
California with Othmar Breuss of Austria. We are concerned with what species
occur in California and the impact of rising sea levels on their diversity. So far
lichens are rare in the intertidal zone in southern and central California, with algae
winning the competition for intertidal space. The cyanolichen Collemopsidium
sublittore (Leighton) Grube & B. D. Ryan is the most common species. In this
paper we report two new records of intertidal lichens for California.
Lichenicolous fungi are a successful and diverse group of fungi which are growing
on the thallus and apothecia of lichens . Generally they occur in habitats that have
long ecological continuity. Over 1500 species of lichenicolous fungi species are
known to science (Lawrey and Diederich 2003). In 2008 we recognized 108
described species of lichenicolous fungi as occurring in California (Kocourkova
Crossosoma 35(2), Fall -Winter 2009
83
& Knudsen, unpublished), excluding lichenicolous lichens, some allied fungi and
dubious reports that we have not verified (Tucker & Ryan 2006). In publications
of this year, including this paper, we reported 13 species new to California of
which 6 were new to North America (Lendemer et al. 2009; Kocourkova 2009;
Kocourkova & Knudsen 2009c; Knudsen & Kocourkova 2009) and described
5 new species which occur in California (Knudsen et al. 2009; Knudsen &
Kocourkova 2009; Kocourkova 2009; Kocourkova and Knudsen 2009a & 2009d)
for a total of 127 species. We expect the reported diversity of lichenicolous fungus
species for the state to at least double in next ten years. Taxa new to science are
still easily found in California and we are in the process of describing over a
dozen species from the state, with three already in review or press. Our good
friend and colleague Paul Diederich of Luxembourg will probably describe at
least three new species from central California.
The Species
1 . Arthonia epiphyscia Nyl. has a widespread distribution and is known from
Africa, Asia, Europe, and North and South America, and is restricted to species
of Physcia (Kocourkova 2000; Grube 2007). It has distinctive superficial black
ascomata that are easily seen on the white thallus of Physcia species. Though
the host Physcia adscendens is one of the most common lichens in California on
coastal sage shrubs and chapaiTal as well as oaks, A. epiphyscia is proving to be
rare. The collection was made during the Bioblitz held by the San Diego Natural
History Museum in 2009.
Specimen examined: San Diego Co.: San Diego, Mission Trails Regional Park,
Visitor Center Loop Trail, 32° 49’ 18” N, 117° 03’ 18” W, 84 m, on Physcia
adscendens on Artemisia calif arnica. May 1, 2009, Knudsen 10970 (UCR).
2 . Dactylospora saxatilis (Schaerer) Hafellner is alichenicolous fungus widespread
on Pertusaria species in Europe, North America, Asia and Africa (Hafellner 1979,
2004). It has black lecideine apothecia with dark brown one-septate ascospores
and asci with an external gelatinous sheath which is 1+ blue (euamyloid). It was
rare on Pertusaria on Santa Rosa Island, but Skyttea pertusariicola Diederich &
Etayo was frequent.
Specimen examined: Santa Barbara County: Santa Rosa Island, Channel Islands
National Park, hillside above Beecher’s Bay, 33° 59’ 13” N, 120° 01’ 13” W, 46
m, on Pertusaria flavicunda, Oct. 15, 2006, Knudsen 7496.2 (UCR).
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Crossosoma 35(2), Fall-Winter 2009
3 . Rhizocarpon effiguratum (Anzi) Th. Fr. is a lichen which is often parasitic on
Pleopsidiumflavum (Bellardi) Korb. (which is a yellow lichen common on granite
in southern California above 6000 feet). Previous reports from California were
questionable (Tucker & Ryan 2006) and it is currently known from southwestern
North America only from Arizona in the San Francisco Peaks and Mt. Baldy in the
White Mountains (Feuerer & Timdal 2001) . Rhizocarpon effiguratum was rare on
the top of Santa Rosa Mountain.
Specimen examined: Riverside County: Santa Rosa Mountain, ridge toward Toro
Peak, 33° 32’ 11” N, 116° 27’ 24” W, 2416 m, Jul. 18, 2009 Knudsen 11499 w/
Tom Chester et al. (UCR, MIC).
4 . Unguiculariopsis lettaui (Grummann) Coppins is a parasymbiotic or slightly
parasitic fungus often forming galls on the fruticose lichen Evernia prunastri.
It is wide-spread in Europe and Macronesia (Diederich & Etayo 2000). It was
recently reported new from North America from a single collection from Oregon
(Diederich 2002). We report the second collection from North America from
Marin County. The black ascomata have distinct appendages and simple hyaline
ascospores 6-8 x 3^ pm.
Specimen examined: Marin County: Point Reyes National Seashore; Earthquake
Trail across road from the Bear Valley Visitors’ Center, near wood bridge over
brook, 38° 04’ N 122° 79’ W, 3 1 m, on Evernia prunastri on bark of Alnus rubra,
July 10, 2008, Kocourkovd & Knudsen, lAL Excursion (PRM 915120).
5 . Verrucaria prominula Nyl. was collected on Point Loma in the upper littoral
zone on sandstone, where it is rarely submerged. It is distinguished by its relative
small ascospores and relatively large perithecia with thick involucrellum and is
known from Asia, Europe, North America and Tasmania (Orange et al. 2009). It
is new to California.
Specimen examined: San Diego County: Point Loma, Cabrillo National
Monument: tidepools, 32° 40’ 8” N 117° 14’ 42” W, 0.5 m, July 30, 2008,
Knudsen 10685 w/ Kocourkovd (UCR).
6 . Wahlenbergiella striatula (Wahlenb.) Gueidan & Thus occurred in the intertidal
zone with red algae, green seaweed, and barnacles on basalt on the western tip
of West Anacapa below Rat Rock and has a subgelatinious greenish-black thallus
with black spots or ridges. Though cosmopolitan (Orange et al 2009), it is new
for California.
Crossosoma 35(2), Fall -Winter 2009
85
Specimen examined: Ventura County: West Anacapa Island, Channel Islands
National Park, below Rat Rock 34° 0’ 50” N 119° 26’ 32” W, 0 m, on basalt, Nov.
19 2008, Knudsen 10685 w/ Kocourkovd (UCR).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank Sarah Chaney (NPS botanist) for guiding us on our exploration of West
Anacapa Island. The work of Jana Kocourkova was supported by the University
of Life Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
The work of Kerry Knudsen was supported in part by a co-operative agreement
between Channel Islands National Park and the University of California at
Riverside.
LITERATURE CITED
Diederich, P. 2002. New species and new records of American licheni colons
Herzogia 16: 41-90.
Diederich, P. and J. Etayo. 2000. A synopsis of the genera Skyttea, Llimoniella, and
Rhymbocarpus (lichenicolous Ascomycota, Leotiales). Lichenologist
32(5): 423^85.
Grube, M. 2007. Arthonia. In: T. H. Nash, III, C. Gries and F. Bungartz (eds.)
Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Volume 3, pp. 39-
61, Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe.
Feuerer, T. & E. Timdal. 2004. Rhizocarpon. In: T. H. Nash, III, C. Gries and
F. Bungartz (eds.) Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region.
Volume 3, pp. 456^66, Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University,
Tempe.
Hafellner, J. 1979. Karschia. Revision einer Sammelgattung an der Grenze von
licheni si erten und nichtlichenisierten Ascomyceten. Nova Hedwigia,
Beih.62: 1-248.
Hafellner J. 2004. Dactylospora. In: T.H. Nash, III., B. D. Ryan, P. Diederich, C.
Gries, and F. Bungartz, F. (eds.), Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran
Desert Region, Vol. 2, pp. 645-648. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State
University, Tempe, Arizona.
Knudsen, K. and J. Kocourkova. 2009. Lichens, Lichenicolous and Allied Fungi
of the Santa Monica Mountains, Part 4: Additions and Corrections to the
Annotated Checklist. Opuscula Philolichenum 7: 29-48.
Knudsen, K., Kocourkova, J. and J. Etayo. 2009. A new species of
Sphaerellothecium (Mycosphaerellaceae) on Placidium lacinulatum.
Opuscula Philolichenum 6: 41^4.
86
Cross os oma 35(2), Fall -Winter 2009
Kocourkova, J. 2000. Licheni colons fungi of the Czech Republic (The first
eommented checklist). Sbornik Ndrodniho Musea v Praze, Rada B
55(3^): 59-169.
Kocourkova, J. 2009. Observations on the genus Neolamya, with the description
of the new speeies N. xanthoparmeliae (Ascomycota, genera incertae
sedis). Opuscula Philolichenum 6: 137-148.
Kocourkova, J. and K. Knudsen 2009a. Gelatinopsis acarosporicola (Helotiaceae),
a new liehenicolous fungus on Acarospora socialis from western North
Ameriea. The Bryologist 112(2): 363-361 .
Kocourkova, J. and K. Knudsen. 2009b. Stigmidium epistigmellum
(Mycosphaerellaeeae), a lichenieolous fungus from maritime Caloplaca
in North America. The Bryologist 112(3): 578-583.
Kocourkova, J. and K. Knudsen. 2009c. Three Lichenieolous Fungi new for North
America. Evansia 26(3): 148-151 .
Kocourkova, J. and K. Knudsen. 2009d. A new species of Stigmidium
{Mycosphaerellaeeae, Ascomycetes) from western North Ameriea.
Czech Mycology 61(1): 73-80.
Lawrey, J. D. and R Diederich. 2003 . Lichenieolous fungi: interaetions, evolution,
and biodiversity. The Bryologist 106: 81-120.
Lendemer, J. C., J. Kocourkova and K. Knudsen. 2008: Studies in liehens and
lichenieolous fungi: more notes on some taxa from North America.
My cotaxon 108: 491^97.
Orange, A., D. L. Hawksworth, P. M. McCarthy and A. Fletcher. 2009. Verrucaria.
In C.W. Smith, A. Aptroot, B. J. Coppins, A. Fletcher, O. L. Gilbert,
P.W. James and P. A. Wolseley (eds.) The Lichens of Great Britain and
Ireland, pp. 931-957, Slough, United Kingdom: Richmond Publishing
Company.
Tucker, S. C. and B. D. Ryan. 2006. Revised catalog of lichens, lichenicoles, and
allied fungi in California. Constancea 84: 1-275 -r 1-52.
Crossosoma 35(2), Fall-Winter 2009
87
COST AND EFFECTIVENESS OF SMALL-SCALE FOENICULUM
VULGARE CONTROL METHODS
Abigail Gwinn
2 Walker Ct. Soledad, CA 93960
abigail_gwinn@csumb.edu
ABSTRACT
Information on effective methods of controlling invasive plants is crucial to
land managers and others who seek to restore their lands to a more natural state.
Much of the literature on invasive plant removal techniques focuses on large
invasions and explores the methods appropriate for those situations. However,
information regarding small invasions and effective control methods utilizing the
limited materials available to individuals and small organizations is less widely
available and often anecdotal. This study, conducted during the summer of 2006
at two sites in Salinas, California, examined three methods of controlling a small-
scale infestation of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) to identify which would be most
effective and economical. The methods were: digging out individual plants with
a shovel, chopping the plants repeatedly with a machete, and chopping the plants
and immediately spraying the stumps with the herbicide Rodeo. Digging up each
plant was the most effective method; chopping and spraying was a close second.
Chopping repeatedly without herbicide treatment was not effective, resulting in
apparent mortality rate very similar to that seen among untreated plants. Of the
two effective methods, chopping and spraying was the least expensive. Digging
the individual plants was the most time consuming and the most expensive. My
recommendation for controlling F. vulgare based upon these results is to chop and
spray when soils are hard and herbicide application is permitted, and to dig up
each plant when soils are soft or where herbicide use is not an option.
KEYWORDS Foeniculum vulgare, fennel, anise, small-scale invasions,
glyphosate. Rodeo, herbicide, invasive plants, cost-effectiveness
INTRODUCTION
Invasive plants are defined as non-native plants that have been introduced to an
area and are able to produce reproductive offspring at considerable distance from
the parent plant, creating the potential to spread extensively (Richardson et al.
2000). Estimated economic costs associated with invasive species in the United
States include $97 billion in damage to agriculture, forestry, and the environment
by 79 species between 1906 to 1991 (Pimental et al. 2000) and $125 billion spent
88
Crossosoma 35(2), Fall-Winter 2009
on control per year (Myers and Bazely 2003). Though some plant expansion
beyond native environments occurs naturally due to climate and habitat changes,
invasions have been caused by intentional or unintentional introduction by human
activity (Luken and Thieret 1997; Pysek et al. 2004). Invasive plants are estimated
to occupy over 100 million acres in the United States and to be spreading at a rate
of 3 million acres per year (Myers and Bazely 2003).
Foeniculum vulgare Miller, commonly known as fennel, sweet fennel, aniseed,
anise or sweet anise, was introduced to California from the Mediterranean region
at least 120 years ago (Klinger 2000). It generally occurs in open, disturbed
areas or along roadsides (Brenton and Klinger 2002). Foeniculum vulgare has
some value as an agricultural crop (Brenton and Klinger 2002) and has likely
escaped from cultivation several times (Klinger 2000). The California Invasive
Plant Council ranks F. vulgare high on the California Invasive Plant Inventory
Database, reflecting the species’ level of adverse ecological impact in California
(California Invasive Plant Council 2009). Foeniculum vulgare is a perennial herb
that grows rapidly and spreads by seed or re-growth from its root crown (Klinger
2000). A single F. vulgare plant can produce thousands of seeds during its first
growing season, and hundreds of thousands of seeds during the plant’s seeond
year (Erskine Ogden and Rejmanek 2005). Foeniculum vulgare may compete with
other plants for resources (Holloran et al. 2004) or exclude them altogether by
creating nearly monotypic stands (Bell et al. 2008). It successfully competes with
native perennials in coastal sage communities, probably due in part to its ability
to grow during the summer when most native species are dormant (Weber 2003).
The ability of F. vulgare to re-sprout from its root stock can hinder determination
of plant mortality because seemingly dead plants may resprout the following year,
as illustrated in Bell et al. (2008).
The purpose of this project was to test three F. vulgare control methods to
determine which worked most effectively and economically at two locations in
Salinas, California: Natividad Creek Park and Upper Carr Lake. Klinger (2000)
recommended controlling light infestations by digging out individual plants.
However, in heavy clay soils, as found at both sites, digging up each plant is
labor intensive. Several studies of large-scale F. vulgare control on Santa Cruz
Island, California, have included controlled bums and aerial herbicide application
(Brenton and Klinger 2002; Erskine Ogden and Rejmanek 2005), neither of
which is appropriate for small-scale infestations in public parks within city limits.
Herbicides that have been effective in controlling F. vulgare are: amine and ester
formulations of triclopyr (Garlon 3A and Garlon 4), and glyphosate as Roundup
(Klinger 2000).
Crossosoma 35(2), Fall-Winter 2009
89
I partnered with Return of the Natives (RON) to use two of their restoration areas
as study sites. Return of the Natives also provided the tools and materials used in
this project. Return of the Natives is a non-profit restoration and education project
that has been working to restore native habitats by removing invasive plants and
planting natives at Natividad Creek Park since 1995 and Upper Carr Lake since
2003.
METHODS
Study Area
Upper Carr Lake includes a large pond frequented by water birds, a bike path,
and several restored areas, including the hillside near a county yard. This hillside
is the location of one Foeniculum vulgare invasion in the park and served as one
study site. Natividad Creek Park contains common city park facilities as well as
several open fields with a mix of native and exotic plant life. One of these fields
and an adjacent hillside, bordered by Freedom Boulevard and Nogal Drive, is
another E vulgare location, selected as my second study site.
Each site was approximately one acre in area, with widely spaced, typically
young F. vulgare individuals spread throughout. Clumps of F. vulgare tended to
be small, with the plants widely dispersed. When measured on 26 June 2006,
most specimens were taller than 120 cm. Plant circumference was measured at
20 cm above the ground; most plants in the study had a circumference of 10 to 40
cm. The soil at both sites was very hard-packed, and the surrounding vegetation
consisted of non-native annual grasses with a few native bunch-grasses and young
oak trees (Quercus sp.), coyote brush {Baccharis pilularis), and other native trees,
shrubs, and grasses that were planted as part of a restoration program for the park.
Other invasives, such as curly dock {Rumex crispus), bristly oxtongue {Picris
echioides), and English plantain {Plantago lanceolata), were also present.
Experimental Design
I randomly selected 50 Foeniculum vulgare plants at Natividad Creek Park and 50
plants at Upper Carr Lake. Each selected plant was randomly assigned to one of
four different treatment methods, with 25 plants per method. Treatment began on
10 July 2006. The methods were:
• Control : No treatment other than removal of any flower heads to prevent
seeding.
• Chop Repeatedly : Plants were chopped with a machete to 20 cm or less
above the ground. They were revisited every two weeks to chop any new
growth.
90
Crossosoma 35(2), Fall -Winter 2009
• Chop and Spray : Plants were chopped with a machete to 20 cm or less
and then immediately sprayed with the herbicide Rodeo. This was the
only treatment method with two people working together on the same
plant. These plants were not retreated.
• Dig : Plants were dug up with a shovel to remove as much of the root and
rootcrown as possible.
Time spent on each plant for all methods except the control was recorded
to calculate the cost of labor (Results section, below). For the chop and spray
treatment I used 25 ml of Rodeo mixed with water and no surfactant in a standard,
one-liter spray bottle. Half of the mixture remained after treating all 25 plants in
the treatment group.
Treatment was halted on 4 September 2006, after a final round of chopping and an
assessment of all plants. The plants were visually evaluated and placed into one
of three categories:
• Apparent mortality : Plants showed no new growth and any remaining
foliage was brown and shriveled. Actual mortality could not be
confirmed, as a longer monitoring period would be needed to establish
true mortality (Bell et al. 2008).
• Stressed : Plants were obviously unhealthy, often with yellowed, drooping
leaves.
• Alive : Plants were green or showed signs of healthy new growth.
Data Analysis
I computed the total time spent per plant, as well as the mean time per method.
This was converted into mean cost per plant for each method by assuming a pay
rate of $10 per person-hour based upon the pay rate for a Return of the Natives
“Weed Warrior.” I also created a tally of the survivability per method in Microsoft
Excel and then imported that data into SPSS where I ran a chi-squared {x^) test on
the survivorship versus the method used. I calculated the cost of Rodeo used by
assuming a price of $60.00 per gallon.
RESULTS
Control Efficacy
The most successful method I tested, which resulted in 100% apparent mortality,
was digging the individual plants out. Chop and spray was a close second with
96% apparent mortality. The method of chopping repeatedly was ineffective.
Crossosoma 35(2), Fall-Winter 2009
91
resulting in survivability very similar to that of the control plants {x^ - 67.706,
p<.001)(Fig. 1).
Survivorship of Fennel Plants
Control Chop Repeatedly Chop and Spray Dig
Treatment Method
I I Alive
Stressed
■ Apparent
Mortality
Fig. 1 - Cumulative Foeniculum vulgare survivorship in each of the four treatment
methods. *Two plants listed as dead in the chop repeatedly method could not be
located during and after a re-treatment day on 21 August 2006.
Cost
The most expensive method was digging, with an average cost of $3.49 per
stressed or apparent dead plant (based on estimated labor cost of $10 per hour
per person) . The least expensive was chop and spray, with an average labor cost
for two people of $0.16 per plant ($0.08 per person per plant) and an average
herbicide cost of less than one cent (0.79) per plant. Chopping repeatedly was also
fairly inexpensive (Table 1). These costs only include time spent at each plant and
excludes all travel and preparation time.
Table 1 - Cost average and range per-plant, by treatment method.
Chop Repeatedly
Chop and Spray
Dig
Average Cost
$0.22
$0.16
$3.49
Minimum Cost
$0.06
$0.06
$0.36
Maximum Cost
$0.77
$0.31
$11.33
92
Crossosoma 35(2), Fall-Winter 2009
DISCUSSION
Chopping and spraying each Foeniculurn vulgare plant with herbicide was the
least expensive and second most effective method, even with the added cost
of Rodeo and the labor costs for two people. Herbicide use was determined by
subtracting the amount of the solution remaining from the initial amount. Rodeo
costs US $50.00 - $60.00 per gallon, depending on the source. Assuming a cost
of $60.00 per gallon, the cost of the herbicide used was about 79/100 of a cent,
or less than a penny, per plant. Though Roundup is a more common glyphosate
formulation than Rodeo, I chose Rodeo because it was already available through
Return of the Natives. Furthermore, Rodeo is preferable for use in riparian or
aquatic sites because the surfactant in Roundup (and often added to Rodeo) has
shown deleterious effects upon amphibians (Relyea 2005; Trumbo 2005). All
herbicide applications for this work were on upland sites and no surfactants were
used.
Digging was the most effective method of controlling F. vulgare, but was labor
intensive, averaging about 20 minutes for each plant. One notable plant took 68
minutes to dig out. The time may be reduced by using a different tool, such as
a Pulaski or mattock instead of a shovel, however in my experience, it is very
difficult to judge how much of the root has been removed with the Pulaski, since
the tool is well suited to chopping away at the root but it is not very precise
in digging. I used a shovel so that removal of the large, fleshy part of the root
could be reliably determined. None of the plants had their entire root removed;
once the large, bulbous portion of the root was dug up, fibrous parts of the root
remained which I was unable to fully extract. Holloran et al. (2004) suggests that
removing the top three to six inches of the root crown will kill the plant if the
entire root cannot be removed. The monitoring portion of my study was too short
to conclusively demonstrate if the small root fragments left behind after digging
were enough to permit re-sprouting.
Based upon my results, for small populations of F. vulgare I recommend digging
up each plant when soils are soft, such as during the rainy season. During the
summer, when the ground is too hard to dig up each plant quickly, I recommend
chopping and spraying. Ideally, most removal of small and scattered populations
of F. vulgare would take place in conditions where digging is the appropriate
method. Unfortunately F. vulgare is often more visible during the summer, after
it has sent up fiower stalks, which necessitates a viable alternative to digging in
hard soils.
Crossosoma 35(2), Fall -Winter 2009
93
The tools used in this project, particularly the machete for chopping and shovel
for digging, were chosen from personal experience, and for their appropriateness
to the methods I was testing. Aside from the alternative digging tools already
mentioned, loppers could also be used in place of the machete. The F. vulgare
at my study sites were too widely spaced to justify the use of mowing, though
brush cutters could be a possible alternative. However, Brenton and Klinger’s
(2002) study on Santa Cruz Island found that cutting the plants before herbicide
application did not lead to a greater reduction in F. vulgare, possibly because the
fallen stems intercepted the spray. In comparison, my study was much smaller
and focused upon widely spaced individual plants instead of plots with dense
F. vulgare stands. I was able to clear the stalks and other cuttings from the cut
section and apply herbicide directly to the exposed cut.
The team of Bell et al. (2008) intensively studied herbicide control of F. vulgare
and found more success with broadcast application as opposed to spot spray
applications, though again their study site was much larger than mine and
supported a denser F. vulgare infestation. Their results also showed that initial
assessments of F. vulgare mortality can be misleading as the percent control
decreased over time. Triclopyr and a mixture of glyphosate and triclopyr were
more effective than glyphosate alone, especially low dosages of glyphosate.
Flaming was discarded as a method since Erskine et al. (2005) indicated that
burning the plants was only useful in removing the previous year’s dead stalks
and Klinger (2000) reported that burning is not an effective control method by
itself. I observed that F. vulgare quickly regenerated from its root crown after fire
and was one of the first plants to re-emerge in a field that burned in June 2006 next
to the Natividad Creek Park site (Briscoe 2006). I did not find any references in
the literature that documented the effect of fire upon the seed bank of F. vulgare.
The disappearance of two plants in the chop repeatedly group partway through
the study was particularly curious as they had been reliably located during three
previous re-treatments. Anecdotally I observed a F. vulgare plant in a different
part of the park yanked underground, possibly by a California pocket gopher, and
it’s possible that the two plants in my study were preyed upon in a similar manner.
Studies on gopher depredation of F. vulgare would be interesting. Further studies
on how much root needs to be removed to prevent F. vulgare from re-sprouting
and seed bank viability of F. vulgare after fire would be particularly useful.
94
Crossosoma 35(2), Fall -Winter 2009
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to thank Return of the Natives for providing the tools and materials
used in the project, Deanne Gwinn for field assistance, Suzanne Worcester and
Laura Lee Lienk for review of the project and early versions of the manuscript, as
well as Scott White and Robert Klinger for very helpful reviews of this manuscript.
LITERATURE CITED
Bell, C. E., T. Easley, and K. R. Goodman. 2008. Effective fennel (Foeniculum
vulgare) control with herbicides in natural habitats in California. Invasive
Plant Science and Management 1: 66-72.
Brenton, R.K. and R.C. Klinger. 2002. Eactors influencing the control of fennel
{Foeniculum vulgare Miller) using Triclopyr on Santa Cruz Island,
California, USA. Natural Areas Journal 22(2): 135-147.
Briscoe, A. 2006 June 16. Winds fan Are in North Salinas. The Monterey County
Herald Sect Al.
California Invasive Plant Council. California Invasive Plant Inventory Database
http :Hwww.cal- ipc.org! ip/inventory /weedlist .php
Accessed 2009 September 22.
Erskine Ogden, JA. and M. Regmanek. 2005. Recovery of native plant
communities after the control of a dominant invasive plant species,
Foeniculum vulgare: Implications for management. Biological
Conservation 125: 427-439.
Holloran, R, A. Mackenzie, S. Earrell, and D. Johnson. 2004. The Weed Worker’s
Handbook: A Guide to Techniques for Removing Bay Area Invasive
Plants. The Watershed Project and California Invasive Plant Council,
Richmond, CA.
Klinger, R.C. 2000. Foeniculum vulgare. Pages 198-202 in C.C. Bossard, J.A.
Randall, and M.C. Hoshovsky (editors). Invasive Plants of California’s
Wildlands. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.
Luken, J.O. and J.W. Thieret. 1997. Assessment and Management of Plant
Invasions. Springer, New York, NY.
Myers, J.H. and D.R. Bazely. 2003. Ecology and Control of Introduced Plants.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Pimental, D., L. Each, R. Zuniga, and D. Morrison. 2000. Environmental and
economic costs of nonindigenous species in the United States. BioScience
50(1): 53-65.
Pysek, R, D. M. Richardson, M. Rejmanek, G. L. Webster, M. Williamson, and
J. Kirschner. 2004. Alien plants in checklists and floras: towards better
communication between taxonomists and ecologists. Taxon 53: 131-143 .
Crossosoma 35(2), Fall-Winter 2009
95
Relyea, RA. 2005. The lethal impact of Roundup on terrestrial and aquatic
amphibisins. Ecological Applications 15(4): 1118-1124.
Richardson, D. M., R Pysek, M. Rejmanek, M. G. Barbour, F. D. Pannetta, and C.
J. West. 2000. Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: concepts and
definitions. Diversity and Distributions 6: 93-107.
Trumbo, J. 2005. An assessment of the hazard of a mixture of the herbicide Rodeo
and the non-ionic surfactant R-11 to aquatic invertebrates and larval
amphibians. California Fish and Game. 91(1): 38-46.
Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plant Species of the World: A Reference Guide to
Environmental Weeds. CABI Publishing, Cambridge, MA.
96
Crossosoma 35(2), Fall-Winter 2009
NOTEWORTHY COLLECTION
RIVERSIDE COUNTY, CALIEORNIA
Cynanchum utahense (Engelm.) Woodson (Asclepiadaceae) - Riverside County.
Duncan S. Bell 273 (RSA, duplicates to be distributed) 19 April 2009. Palen/
McCoy Wilderness Area, west side of the Arica Mountains. Collections taken
from sandy wash at 34.010° N, 114.939° W, ca. 1280 ft. elev. Large population
of Cynanchum utahense observed in main drainage wash on the west side of
the mountain range over a linear distance of about 300 m. All plants in flower
with approximately 30% of plants with both flowers and fruit. Growing with
Ambrosia dumosa, Androstephium breviflorum, Hesperocallis undulata, Larrea
tridentata, Loeseliastrum matthewsii, Malacothrix glabrata, Oenothera deltoides,
Psorothamnus spinosus, Rafinesquia neomexicana, Stephanomeria exigua.
Previous knowledge. Cynanchum utahense occurs from southwestern Utah,
through the Mojave Desert across southern Nevada, western Arizona, to the
Sonoran and Mojave deserts in California (Munz 1974, Flora of Southern
California, UC Press, Berkeley; Cronquist et al. 1984, Intermountain Flora Vol.
IV, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY; McLaughlin 1993, Jour. Arizona-
Nevada Acad. Sci. 27:169-187). Most collections of Cynanchum utahense in
California have been from San Bernardino County; many of these are from the
southwestern section of the Twentynine Palms Marine Corps Base. It is on CNPS
List 4.2, that is, a plant of limited distribution (watch list), fairly endangered in
California {cnps.site.aplus.net/cgi-bin/inv/inventory.cgi, visited 1 Nov 2009).
The Consortium of California Herbaria {ucjeps.berkeley.edu/consortium/, visited
1 Nov 2009) reports ten collections from San Diego County, mostly within the
Anza-Borrego area, and only one collection from Imperial County, at Coyote
Wells, south of Anza-Borrego Desert State Park. It reports two collections from
Riverside County, one of which has incorrect location data, and was actually
collected in San Diego County (K. Brandegee, April 1899, San Felipe). The only
reported C. utahense collection made within Riverside County is Theo Glenn’s
no. 91-84; May 8, 1991 (UCR) from the Sonoran Desert, Big Maria Mtns., north
of Blythe. Except for Glenn’s one specimen, there is a wide gap in C. utahense ’s
apparent distribution between western Arizona and all collections from other
California counties.
Significance. This collection documents a large population (more than 500
individuals) from a broad geographic area where only one other specimen is
reported. This occurrence suggests that there may be other C. utahense populations
in unexplored or under-collected desert washes and canyons.
-Duncan S. Bell, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden,
1500 N. College Avenue, Claremont, CA 91711
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Membership, Subscriptions, and Back Issues
Individual and Family Memberships in SCB are $25 per calendar year domes-
tic, and $35 per year to foreign addresses. Membership includes two issues of
CROSSOSOMA, and 5 or 6 issues of Leaflets, the newsletter of SCB. Leaflets
provides time-dated information on activities and events that may be of interest to
our membership. A subscription to CROSSOSOMA is available to libraries and
institutions at the domestic rate of $35 per calendar year, and $45 to foriegn in-
stitutions. Back issues (Volume 35 - present) are available for $7 each, postpaid.
Volumes 18-34 are available at $6 each. Prior to 1990, CROSSOSOMA included
time-dated notices to the membership and was published six times a year. These
back issues of Volumes 1 - 17 are $0.50 each, postpaid. Some back issues that are
out of stock may be provided as photocopies.
Available SCB Special Publications
No. 1 A Flora of the Santa Rosa Plateau, by Earl W. Lathrop and Robert F. Thorne,
30 pp $7.00
No. 3 Endangered Plant Communities of Southern California, Proceedings of the
15* Annual SCB Symposium, edited by Allan A. Schoenherr, 114 pp $12.00
No. 4 Flora and Ecology of the Santa Monica Mountains, 194 pp $40.00
The following article has been reprinted separately, with covers, and is available
for plant collecting workshops:
Herbarium Specimens as Documents: Purposes and General Collecting Tech-
niques, by T. S. Ross [from Crossosoma 22(1): 3-39, 1996]
$3.95 each; 10 for $22.50
Prices include California State sales tax, handling, and domestic postage.
Applications for membership, requests for purchases of Special Publications and
back issues, name or address corrections, and requests for replacement of lost or
damaged CROSSOSOMA issues should be sent to:
Southern California Botanists, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden
1500 North College Avenue, Claremont, CA. 91711, USA
Consult our website for current contact information: http://www.socalbot.org
Make checks out to Southern California Botanists, or SCB.
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