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THE FIELD MUSEUM LIBRARY

3 5711 00092 4994

(from tHefiprary of

Charles Valentine Riley

Entomologist

1843-1895

(presented to

The Chicago Natural History Museum
8lj His widow

End Hie Gonyefman ft fey

THE

BUTTERFLIES OF NORTH AMERICA

WILLIAM H. EDWARDS

THIRD SERIES

BOSTON AND NEW YORK
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY
Cbe Kibcrsttoc Press, Cambrige

“ When Jupiter and Juno's wedding was solemnized of old, the gods were all invited to the feast,
and many noble-men besides : Amongst the rest came Crysalus a Persian prince, bravely attended,
rich in golden attires, in gay robes, with a majesticall presence, but otherwise an asse. The gods
seeing him come in such pompe and state, rose up to give him place, ex habitu hominem metientes ;
but Jupiter perceiving what he was, a light, phantastick, idle fellow, turned him and his proud
followers into butter-flies : and so they continue still (for ought I know to the contrarie) roving about
in pied coats, and are called Chrysalides by the wiser sort of men : that is, golden outsides, drones,
flies, & things of no worth.”

Democritus Junior, The Anatomy of Melancholy. 5th ed. 1638.

PREFACE.

Of the fifty and one Plates in the present volume, two — Parnassius and
Chionobas XIII. — were drawn on the stone by Mrs. Peart ; the rest, save one, by
Mr. Edward A. Ketterer. The figures of the early stages of the species treated
of are all after the original drawings by Mrs. Peart. As in the preceding Vol¬
ume, I have received aid in obtaining eggs or larvse from many correspondents,
whose names are mentioned, but have been especially indebted to Mr. W. G.
Wright and Mr. David Bruce, who have sent rare species, obtained at much
expense, severe labor, and often real hardship.

Nearly half of the Plates are devoted to the sub-family of the Satyrinse, and
most of these to the genera which have naked pupae ; nearly all alpine or sub¬
arctic. Indeed, every authenticated North American species of Chionobas, ex¬
cept the Labrador and Alaska Taygete , is figured. Until these Plates appeared,
no Erebia, and no Chionobas, except Semidea, either in Europe or America, was
known in its preparatory stages; now the stages of twelve, and one stage of a thir¬
teenth Chionobas are figured, besides Erebia and Neominois.

From the National Academy of Science an unsolicited grant of five hundred
dollars was generously made towards the publication of this volume ; and two
grants, in all amounting to three hundred and fifty dollars, from the Elizabeth
Thompson Science Fund.

It is nearly twenty-nine years since the First Part of Volume One was issued,
as an experiment. What might follow no one concerned could conjecture ;
certainly no one looked beyond a possible single volume. At first there was
difficulty in finding an artist who could faithfully portray the butterfly on stone,
and two were tried, who were far from satisfactory. With Part Two (Argynnis
VI.) came in Miss Mary Peart, who has supported the work to this day. I was
fortunate from the start also in securing the cooperation of two such accom-

PREFACE.

plished colorists as Mrs. Bowen and Mrs. Leslie, who had served their appren¬
ticeship with Audubon, — both of them now gone.

“ And now we are ariued at the last
In wished harbour where we meane to rest ;

And make an end of this our iourney past :

Here then in quiet roade I think it best
We strike our sailes and stedfast Anchor cast,

For now the Sunne low setteth in the West.”

WILLIAM H. EDWARDS.

Coalburgh, \V. Va., 1 st January, 1897.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Anthocharis Genutia . .

Plate.

Page.

Chionobas Gigas . .

Plate.

Page.

369

Lanceolata .

a a

384

Pima .

“ Iduna

381

Rosa . . .

“ Jutta ....

307

Apatura

Flora ....

175

“ Macounii

361

Argynnis Adiante .

127

“ Nigra

350

Alberta

119

“ Norna

347

Alcestis . . .

109

“ (Eno . .

333

Aphrodite (stages

of) 14

105

a a

395

Astarte

115

u Peartiae .

407

Atossa ....

125

“ Semidea .

349

Callippe . . .

—

100

“ Subhyalin a .

341

Coronis . . .

u Uhleri

293

Carpenterii . .

137

i( Varuna .

303

Cybele (stages of)

138

u u

389

Egleis ....

129

Coenonympha Californica .

219

Halcyone .

103

“ Eryngii

220

Lais ....

“ Galactinus

219

Liliana

“ Haydenii .

251

Nausicaa . . .

135

Colias Amorphas ....

Nitocris .

“ Autumnalis .

—

Chionobas Alberta .

403

“ Barbara ....

Assimilis

334

“ Bernardino . . .

Brucei

325

“ Chrysomelas .

Calais . . .

291

“ Eriphyle ....

—

Californica .

385

Eurydice ....

Chryxus . . .

277

u Harfordii ....

291

Debis Portlandia

185

Crambis . . .

321

Erebia Brucei ....

261

—

329

“ Discoidalis . . .

255

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Plate.

Page.

Plate.

Page.

Erebia Epipsodea . . .

. 36

257

Papilio Ajax . . . .

“ Fasciata ....

. 35

253

Papilio Americus

. 3

“ Magdalena . . .

. 34

247

Brucei . . .

. —

Geirocheilus Tritonia . .

. 33

245

Nitra . . . .

. 1

Grapta Comma (stages of)

. 23

167

Pilumnus . .

. 2

“ Interrogationis

. 23

153

Zolicaon (stages

of)

. 3

Melitaea Baroni ....

. 21

145

Satyrodes Canthus . .

. 26

193

“ Rubicunda

. 22

149

Satyrus Alope . .

. 30

229

Neominois Ridingsii

. 37

267

Charon . . .

. 32

237

Neonympha Areolatus .

. 28

213

Meadii . . .

. 31

231

“ Gemma

. 27

205

Pegala . . .

. 30

225

“ Henshawi

. 27

210

Silvestris . .

. 32

243

Note. — The Plates and Pages of the bound Volume may be numbered in
pencil according to this Alphabetical Index.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX

Heading of Plates.

Numerical
Order of
the Plates.

Papilio I .

. . 1

Papilio II. .....

. . 2

Papilio III .

. . 3

Parnassius I .

. . 4

Anthocharis I .

. . 5

Anthocharis II .

. . 6

Colias I .

. . 7

Colias II .

. . 8

Colias IV .

. . 9

Argynnis I .

. . 10

Argynnis II .

. . 11

Argynnis III .

. . 12

Argynnis IV. ......

. . 13

Argynnis V .

. . 14

Argynnis VI .

. . 15

Argynnis VII .

. . 16

Argynnis VIII .

. . 17

Argynnis IX .

. . 18

Argynnis X .

. . 19

Argynnis XI. .

. . 20

Melitaea I .

. . 21

Melitaea II .

. . 22

Grapta I .

. . 23

Apatura I .

. . 24

Debis I .

. . 25

Satyrodes I .

. . 26

Note. — This Index will enable

Numerical

Heading of Plates. Order of

the Plates.

Neonympha 1 . 27

Neonympha II . 28

Coenonympha 1 . 29

Satyrus 1 . 30

Satyrus II . 31

Satyrus III . 32

Geirocheilus 1 . 33

Erebia 1 . 34

Erebia II . 35

Erebia III . 36

Neominois 1 . 37

Chionobas 1 . 38

Chionobas II . 39

Chionobas III . 40

Chionobas IV . 41

Chionobas V . 42

Chionobas VI . 43

Chionobas VII . 44

Chionobas VIII . 45

Chionobas IX . 46

Chionobas X . 47

Chionobas XI . 48

Chionobas XII . 49

Chionobas XIII . 50

Chionobas XIV . 51

Binder to arrange the Plates.

ADVERTISEMENT.

I have concluded to begin a third Volume of the “ Butterflies of North
America,” and have made such arrangements that at least ten Plates may be
expected to appear in each year. It may be found advisable to give sixty Plates
instead of fifty, as in preceding Volumes, and probably three or four will contain
figures of eggs exclusively, for I desire to make it clear at a glance that a natural
genus is indicated quite as decidedly in the shape and ornamentation of the egg
as in the imago. The drawings on stone will be made under the supervision of
Mrs. Mary Peart, and the preparatory stages of the species treated will be illus¬
trated more fully, if anything, than in Vol. II.

Some surprise has been expressed that Vol. II. should have been so great an
advance on Vol. I. in the matter of these early stages ; but the explanation is
simple. When Vol. I. was undertaken, in 18G8, nothing was known by myself or
any one else, of eggs, larvae, or chrysalids, except of the more common butterflies.
As an egg or larva could but rarely be traced back to a particular female, it was
impossible that much knowledge could be gained of the life histories. Scarcely
any advance in this respect had been made, in fact, since the time of Abbot,
about 1800, and I said as much in the Advertisement which appeared with Part I.
Abbot represented nothing but the mature larva and pupa. His larvas, as I have
been told by Mr. Titian Peale, who knew him at Savannah, were brought in by
boys, white and black, and generally what they were was made known when the
butterflies came from chrysalis.

But in 1870 I discovered an infallible way to obtain eggs from the female of
any species of butterfly, namely, by confining her with the growing food-plant.
If the eggs are mature they will be laid. The first experiment was made with
Papilio Ajax, and seasonal tri-morphism established. Three described species of
Papilio then and there resolved into one tri-fonned species. The same summer,
the seasonal di-morphism of Grapta Interrogationis was determined ; and soon
after, of Grapta Comma. And from that day to the present I have so obtained
eggs at will, besides receiving others, of many species, from correspondents, got

ADVERTISEMENT.

in the same manner, and have reared larvae without end. In this way, many cases
of polymorphism have been established, and the position of many doubtful forms
settled. A light has also been thrown on the limits of variation in species. In
every case, I have preserved descriptions of the several stages, and many of them
have been published. Of a large proportion, also, Mrs. Peart has executed colored
drawings, magnified when necessary, and my albums contain nearly one thousand
figures.

In 1868, Coalburgh was inaccessible from the East, except by stage-road across
the Virginian Alleghanies, and the journey to Philadelphia was a matter of four
days; therefore it was next to impossible to get larvae to the artist. Had that state
of things continued, very few larval drawings could have been given in Vol. II.
But the opening of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, in 1870, changed all that.
Now, every part of North America which can be reached by railway — Florida,
Arizona, Southern California, and even Vancouver’s Island and British Columbia —
is tributary to these Volumes.

And so, in this Christmas time of' 1886, I commend Vol. III. to the good
will of the friends who have made my small audience for so many years.

WM. H. EDWARDS.

Coalburgh, W. Va., December 25, 1886.

T SINCLAIR $. SON. LI TM PM I LA

NITRA . 1.2. 6, 3.4. 9 ,

PAPILIO I.

PAPILIO NITRA, 1-4.

Papilio Nitra (Ni'-tra), Edwards, Papilio, III., p. 162. 1883.

The sexes alike in color and markings.

Male. — Expands 3 inches.

Upper side black, spotted and banded with yellow after the manner of the
Asterias group ; the sub-marginal spots of primaries rounded next apex, the
rest ovate, of secondaries semicircular, the one next inner margin sub-crescent ;
the common discal band composed of long separated spots, the anterior ones on
primaries lanceolate, the others truncated and not definite on the basal side ; an
oval spot in the subcostal interspace and a crescent bar inside the arc of cell ;
on secondaries the band covers about one fourth the cell ; the spot at anal angle
yellow, on which is an orange ring about a round black spot ; on the extra-discal
black area loose clusters of black scales entirely across the wing.

Under side pale black, the markings repeated, pale ; the extra-discal area on
secondaries dusted lightly with yellow scales, and above these blue scales about
a rather dense nucleus of same, particularly in the median interspaces ; the anal
ring deep orange-fulvous.

Body black, the wing-covers yellow, the abdomen showing a slight lateral
stripe from base of wing to last segment ; legs and palpi black ; the frontal hairs
black, yellow at the sides; antennse and club black. (Figs. 1, 2.)

Female. — Expands 3.3 inches.

Spotted and banded as in the male, the upper spots of discal band sub-ovate ;
the yellow paler ; under side without orange in the interspaces except the median.
(Figs. 3, 4.)

Nitra was described from a single pair taken by Wm. M. Courtis, M. E., in
Judith Mountains, Montana, July, 1883. Mr. Courtis wrote me that he saw

PAPILIO I.

several other examples, but took only the two, not supposing the species to be
new or rare. I ventured the conjecture that 'Nitra would be found in British
America, and this hasK happened. At different times three examples have been
sent me for examination by Mr. James Fletcher, two of them taken in the Rocky
Mountains, at Canmore, 26th June, 1885, on the summit, in company with
P. Zolicaon ; and the third, at Regina, N. W. Terr., by Mr. N. H. Cowdry. And
Mr. Fletcher states that a fourth is in the Geddes collection, at the National
Museum, Ottawa.

PI LUMNU S , 1.2 ^ 3.4$.

PAPILIO II.

PAPILIO PILUMNUS, 1-4.

Papilio Pilumnus , Boisduval, Spec. Gen., I, p. 340. 1838 ; Men£tri£s, Cat. Mus. Petr., II, p. 110, pi. 7,

fig. 2. 1857 ; Mead, Report on Diur. Lep. of Wheeler Expedns., p. 741. 1875 ; Strecker, Lep., p. 13,

pi. 2, figs. 3, 4, J. 1873.

Size and general form of Daunus ; secondaries with three tails.

Male. — Expands from 3.8 to 4.25 inches.

Upper side either bright yellow or dark yellow, banded with black much after
the pattern of Daunus , but there is one band less on primaries ; the bands, ex¬
cept the marginal, are also much heavier ; costa of primaries black, the space
between the nerves mostly yellow ; a narrow band covers the bases of wings and
the inner margin of secondaries, widening gradually from the median nervure,
and ending squarely a little above the marginal band ; a second proceeds from
costa against the middle of the cell, is broad at first, tapers very gradually on
primaries, rapidly on secondaries, and ends evenly with the inner band, the two
being connected by a narrow stripe ; the third lies on arc of cell, and has a more
or less macular extension to the lower median nervule ; the fourth is short, and
lies across the subcostal nervules to the discoidal ; hind margins bordered by
a broad band as in Daunus , within which, on primaries, is a narrow stripe of
yellow, divided into spots by the nervules, and near the inner edge a macular line
of yellow scales ; on secondaries are five lunate submarginal yellow spots, the
two posterior ones washed with red-brown ; above the angle the margin is ex¬
cised and edged with red-brown ; above this, and also in the next interspace, is a
cluster of metallic blue scales, under which, in the outer interspace, are separated
scales both blue and yellow ; in the second median interspace is a large loose
cluster of yellow, with a few blue at top, and some individuals have small clus¬
ters of blue to the costal margin ; some also have a yellow streak or small spot
in the uppermost interspace in this same line ; the exterior tail is long and
narrow, the tip pointed, somewhat convex on the outer side, edged yellow on
that side near tip and on all the inner side, the yellow more or less washed red-

PAPILIO II.

brown ; the other tails are entirely black, rounded at end ; the lengths of the
three are about as 63 ; 30 ; 22 ; fringes of primaries yellow, of secondaries same
in the emarginations, the rest black.

Under side yellow, the black markings repeated, paler ; the submarginal yel¬
low stripe broader, and now a continuous band ; the line of scales more definite ;
the interior of the second band yellowish-black through its length ; the spots
on secondaries much enlarged, all washed red-brown ; above each the ground is
dusted yellow, with increasing density towards the top, and the series ends in an
elongated narrow metallic blue spot, above which the clear black ground shows
in a small lunation ; the yellow on disk next the marginal band in the median
and subinedian interspaces washed red-brown.

Body above black, a yellow stripe passing along thorax from head to insertion
of wings ; beneath, thorax yellow ; abdomen yellow, with a ventral black band
and lateral line; legs black ; palpi yellow; antennae and club black. (Figs. 1, 2.)

Female. — Expands 4 to 4.5 inches.

Like the male, the red-brown on upper side darker. (Figs. 3, 4.)

Nothing is known of the early stages of this species, nor of the food plant, but
probably the larvae feed on plum, cherry, and, in general, the same plants as
Daunus.

One or two examples of Pilumnus were brought from New Mexico by the
Wheeler Expedition of 1871, as Mr. Mead relates. But what the locality was is
forgotten. And the late Mr. H. K. Morrison took one male in Arizona, in 1882,
on Graham Mountain, as is believed. I know of no other instance in which the
species has been taken within the United States. Its home is in Mexico and Cen¬
tral America. Hearing that Professor Edward T. Owen of Madison, Wisconsin,
had seen Pilumnus in Mexico and captured many examples, I wrote him for what
information he could give me, and his reply was as follows : “ My experience with
Papilio Pilumnus is limited to the region about Jalapa, in the state of Vera Cruz.
Some years ago, I took several, mainly at the summit of a sharp hill of two or
three hundred feet elevation above the surrounding country. This summit, dur¬
ing the months of February and March, was a trysting place for quite a number
of species of butterflies. They seemed possessed with an instinct for mounting,
and on reaching this hill would rise along its slope to the summit. Once there,
they circled about till the end of the entomological day. Most species showed

PAPILIO II.

such fondness for the place that they might be relied on to return even if fright¬
ened off by an unsuccessful stroke of the net ; Pilumnus, however, showed more
discretion, and once missed by the net, took permanent leave. While watching
a beautiful male, as he flitted round the regular course which each species under
such circumstances quickly adopts, it occurred to me to utilize the habit of salu¬
tation which prevails throughout the butterfly tribe. Accordingly, I took from
my box a battered specimen recently caught, and pinned it through the thorax
to a switch about five feet long, trimmed to the greatest possible Inconspicuous¬
ness. With this wand I danced my butterfly up and down, so as to imitate, though
feebly, natural flight, and to prevent too easy discovery of its condition. With
left hand thus occupied, the right grasping the handle of the net, jealously kept
behind me, I watched for a moment when the new-comer’s back was turned, and
took position on his beat. As he swung down upon me, the thump of my pulse
apparently furnished enough appearance of vitality to my decoy ; for he started
rapidly toward it, settling on it before I was ready with the net. The few
seconds, however, necessary to demonstrate the sex of the decoy, enabled me to
bag my prize with ease, and without injury to his perfect tails. In this way I
caught seven males that day. After this, I kept a damaged specimen on hand,
during the rest of my trip, and I rarely missed a butterfly of that species.

Later, at Queretaro, I tried the same plan successfully with P. Daunus ; and
later still, in Colorado, I caught Daunus with a Turnus decoy. I intend in future
to carry pasteboard and water colors, with a view to imitating, even if clumsily,
any rare species which I may find especially difficult to catch. Only males were
taken in this way. The females of all these species are more easy of capture on
account of their heavier flight and mental preoccupations.” I spoke of this

mode of taking Papilios to Mr. David Bruce, and he told me he had used paper
decoys with success.

In Papilio IV. p. 100, is a description of what purports to be the mature larva
and chrysalis of Pilumnus , but there is some mistake in the matter, the stages as
described belonging to. the Pctlamedes group, and probably to Palamedes itself.

I have seen the identical pupa which was so described, in the collection of Mr.
Henry Edwards, and it is of the form and peculiar character of Troilus. Cer¬
tainly the pupa of Pilumnus would be of same character as that of Daunus .
Rutulus, and Turnus.

PAPHM®

AMERICUS, 1.2 cJ, 3.$.

ZOLI C AON,

a 99 magnified f. Larva , mature, after f^mlt.nat. size .

b . Larva, young „ f> # „ btucJc van

ff1 to 3rd moult..*

c— e.

/y ^ T'i i c n 7 7 sJ

PAPIL10 III.

PAPILIO AMERICUS, 1-3.

Papilio Americus, Kollar, Denkschr. Akad. Wissensclir. Wien, Math. Nat. Cl., Vol. I., p. 350. 1850 ; Stau-

dinger, Exot. Sckmett.

Saclalus, Lucas, Rev. Zool., 1852, p. 133, pi. 10, fig. 4.

Male. — Expands about 3 inches.

Upper side of primaries black, marked and spotted with yellow, of secondaries
yellow in the middle area from margin to margin, black next base, and on the
outer limb in a broad belt ; primaries have a sub-marginal row of eight small,
equal, rounded spots and a discal of eight, separated, sub-oval, small on anterior
half ; a narrow bar crosses the cell next inside the arc, and there is a patch at
the base of the second sub-costal interspace. Secondaries have a sub-marginal
row of small equal crescents ; in the interspaces above these are clusters of blue
scales ; above the anal angle an orange ocellus with black pupil ; fringes of both
wings black at the ends of the nervules, yellow in the interspaces.

Under side much as above, the colors paler ; the marginal spots enlarged ;
secondaries sometimes have the basal area solid black, in which case the yellow
band corresponds in width to that of upper side, but sometimes the yellow ground
extends to base, and is there more or less dusted with black scales ; on both wings
the marginal spots and the outer parts of the discal bands are tinted, or quite cov¬
ered, with orange.

Body black, the shoulders yellow ; on the abdomen two sub-dorsal rows of yel¬
low spots, and another on either side (as in the Astericis group), and more or less
of a row on last segments on either side of the ventral line ; legs and palpi black,
as are also the antennas and club. (Figs. 1, 2.)

Female. — Expands from 3 to 3.25 inches. Closely like the male in color and
markings. (Fig. 3.)

The male figured was received by me from one of the Wheeler Exploring Ex-

PAPILIO III.

peditions, about twenty years ago, labeled “ Camp Apache.” So far as I know,
the species has not been reported as within the United States since. It is much
paler in color than specimens I have seen from Central America. These latter
also have the basal area on under side of secondaries deep black. The female was
loaned me by the American Entomological Society, and belongs to its collection.
Its locality is given as “ United States of Colombia,” and it is deeper colored on
upper surface than the male, but less so than the Central American examples
spoken of. On the under side the yellow extends to base of secondaries, and the
black dusting lies pretty thick on the basal area and down the inner margin. A
female loaned me by the late Henry Edwards, and labeled, “ Mt. Bach, Bogota,
9,000 feet elevation,” is very near in the shade of yellow on both surfaces to the
Arizona male. The yellow on under side of secondaries reaches the base, and it
is very little dusted black. Arizona is far away from the usual habitat of the
species, which lies from southern Mexico to Ecuador. Of the habits of Americus
I know nothing, but as belonging to the Asterias group, it would behave much
like the other members, its larvae feeding on umbelliferous plants.

PAPILIO III.

PAPILIO ZOLICAON, a-g.

Papilio Zolicaon, Boisduval, Edwards, Butt. N. A., Yol. II., pi. 6, p. 25. 1875.

Preparatory Stages.

Egg. — Spherical, flattened at base, smooth; color yellow-green. (Fig. a.)
Duration of this stage about ten days.

Young Larva. — Length, at twelve hours from the egg, .1 inch; cylindrical,
thickened from 3 to 5, tapering gradually on dorsum and sides to 13; color deep
black ; on 8 a gray-white dorsal patch, which partly covers 7, sometimes much
broken into spots ; high on the side, on 2, 3, 11, 12, are white points, but often
in part or altogether wanting ; the surface covered quite thickly with short fine
black hairs ; armed with three rows of black tubercles above the spiracles,
three on either side, running from 2 to 13, one to each segment, a dorsal,
sub-dorsal or upper lateral, and mid-lateral ; those of the dorsal row are very
small, sub-conical, each with a single black hair or process at top (Fig. 67) ; on 2
in front and within is another similar but smaller tubercle ; those of the upper
lateral row are large, conical, largest on 2 to 5 and 11 to 13, smallest on middle
segments ; at the summit of each a long tapering clubbed process, and around
the sides, rising from low tuberculations, are several shorter, similar processes, on
2 twelve such ; on 3 and 4 eight ; on the middle segments five and six (Fig. 66) ;
those of the next row are nearly similar, but are smaller, and bear three and four
processes on their sides ; on 2 to 4, in line with the spiracles, or nearly, is a
demi-row, like those above ; in the same line, in front of 6 to 10, are two short
hairs to each, placed vertically ; below the spiracles is another full row, ex¬
cept on 2, less pointed, rounded, each bearing two to four processes, on 2 re¬
placed by two hairs ; along base are short hairs, one to the segment on 2 to 4,
three on 5 and 6, four on 7 to 12; also over each pro-leg are four ; on the shield
are four long hairs on either side, directed backward ; all tubercles and processes

PAPILIO III.

black, except on the dorsal patch, where they are concolored ; the tentacles of 2
red ; head sub-cordate, broader than high, black ; on each lobe are ten low coni¬
cal tubercles, with tapering process ; there are also two others within the frontal
triangle ; in all twenty-two, arranged in nearly regular cross rows ; one on fore¬
head, of four ; one running with the apex of the triangle, of eight ; one placed
obliquely between the second and the ocelli, taking in the two on the triangle, of
eight; and one behind the ocelli. (Figs, b to 65.) Duration of this stage be¬
tween three to five days, at Coalburgh, W. Ya.

After first moult: length, at twelve hours, .16 inch; shape very much as be¬
fore ; color black-brown ; the saddle patch of 8 extends well down the side, and
over dorsum of 7, sometimes broken into separate spots on 7 ; some examples
had a single wThite spot on the sides of 10 and 11, one had three spots on 11 and
one on 10 ; the fine hairs over surface as before ; the tubercles and processes
much as before ; the latter more numerous (Fig. c3, sub-dorsal) ; the tubercles of
the dorsal row orange at base ; the upper laterals usually black to base, but some¬
times there is a narrow ring of orange on the first and last segments ; the second
laterals black ; the infrastigmatal row mostly black, if any are orange it is on the
anterior and last segments ; surface of body covered with short stiff black hairs ;
head very much as before, shining black ; on the sides of the triangle near apex
appeared traces of the white spots developed at next stage. (Figs, c to c4.) To
next moult from two to three days.

After second moult : length, at twelve hours, .3 inch ; shape as before ; color
black ; the patch more extended, covering the rear of 6 ; small white spots on
the rear of 2 and of 3, and sides of 10, 11, 12; the fine hairs over surface as be¬
fore ; the tubercles generally as at second stage, but with a greater number of
processes about the sides ; the upper laterals show a little red-orange at base ; the
mid-laterals sometimes orange at base, sometimes black ; those of the lowest row
broadly orange at base and nearly to tips ; head as before ; an inverted cordate
white spot at the apex of the triangle. (Figs, d to d 3.) To next moult about
two days.

After third moult: length, at twelve hours, .54 inch; shape as before; color
black-brown ; the patch is broken into irregular and separated spots, more or less
yellow stained ; on the side are several white spots, one on rear of 2, two or three
on 11, two on 12 ; a spot now appears over each foot and pro-leg, as well as on
5, 6, and 11, in the same line ; the fine surface hairs as before ; the tubercles nearly
as before ; those of the dorsal row mere points after 5, largest on 4, a little

PAPILIO III.

smaller on 3, still smaller on 5 ; those of the upper lateral row black to base ; of
the middle row mostly with a little red-orange at base ; in the lower row all are
orange from base to tip ; head as at third stage, but a white stripe appears on
the cheek. (Figs, e to e3.) As the stage progresses, the spots on 7 and 8 change
to yellow, as also does the cordate spot on front face ; all other spots remain
white. Duration of this stage four to five days.

After fourth moult : length, at twenty-four hours, .9 inch ; banded black and
light blue-green, the base greenish white ; the spots gamboge-yellow ; the tuber-
culations very slight and in part wholly lost ; the dorsal row appears only on 3
to 5, and is scarcely distinguishable, sometimes wholly wanting ; the tubercles of
the upper lateral row are low, broad, blunt-tipped ; of the next row are wanting
except on 3 to 5, and here are small ; the lower row shows slight rounded eleva¬
tions on the anterior segments only. As the stage proceeds, the green bands
on the fronts of the segments become more yellow, and the spots first deep yel¬
low, then orange. At from four to six days from the moult was fully grown.

Mature Larva. — Length 1.8 inch ; breadth about .3 inch ; cylindrical,
stout ; when in motion nearly even-sized from 3 to 11 ; at rest, thickened on 3
to 5, and sloping very gradually to 12 ; the surface much covered with exceed¬
ingly short fine black hairs, hardly more than points ; color green and black, in
transverse bands, green on front and rear of each segment, velvet-black in mid¬
dle ; the front is yellow-green, the rear blue-green, the anterior edge of this last
tinged with yellow ; the base white, and the green shades gently into the white
on the side ; 13 nearly white ; the junctions of the segments pale dull black ; 2
has in front a square ridge, compressed, the top arcuate, the corners a little
rounded, yellow along the top, orange at the corners and on sides; on the front
are two round orange spots in line with the middle and lower row on the rest of
the body ; 3 is sometimes wholly without orange spots, but sometimes there are
three, more often one, on the lower row, the upper ones, if present, very small ;
after 3 are three spots to the segment, nearly equal, nearly flat, the whole form¬
ing three longitudinal rows . to 12 ; these are placed on the black band, sometimes
entirely within, sometimes quite to the front and open there ; along base are two
black spots from 5 to 12, over the pro-legs large, oval ; the legs tipped with
black ; feet black, at base of each a black patch ; 13 has a black crossbar on the
front, broken into three ; another along base of the leg ; the shield black ; under
side dull black ; the tuberculations are still less conspicuous than in the early
part of the stage ; head obovoid, narrowing upwards, depressed at the suture ;
yellow in front, whitish yellow at side ; from the suture at top a black tapering

PAPILIO III.

band runs to the outer end of the mandibles, another from the top passes down
the side ; the frontal triangle black ; ocelli blaok, on a black patch. (Figs. f9 f 2.)
From fourth moult to pupation seven to eleven days.

Black Variety. — One of several larvas reared came up black at fourth moult,
though previously it did not differ from its fellows ; at the junctions of some of
the middle segments were narrow stripes of yellow ; the spots along base white.

(Fig./3.)

Chrysalis. — Length 1.2 ; breadth across mesonotum .33, across abdomen
.4 inch ; greatest depth .35 inch ; shape of Machaon and Asterias groups ; the
surface throughout rough, wrinkled, corrugated, and especially on all ridges and
prominences ; head case produced, narrow, ending in two sub-pyramidal pro¬
cesses, a little divergent, the ridges carinated, the space between angular, the
angle varying in individuals ; a low rounded tooth on either slope near the
angle (some examples are as in figure gs, but others have the slope finely and
irregularly toothed throughout, while the prominence next the angle is large and
compound) ; mesonotum prominent, sub-pyramidal, blunt-topped, directed for¬
ward ; the process at base of wing also sub-pyramidal, in some examples the
three ridges distinct and carinated, terminating in a blunt point, in others the
one of the ridges in the direction of the process on head is suppressed, and in
such case the summit is a carinated and curving ridge ; abdomen conical, moder¬
ately arched on the dorsal side, nearly as much on the ventral ; between the
bases of the head processes are two fine tubercles, corresponding to the dorsal
rows of the larva, and on either side of the abdomen is a row of small blunt ones,
of the upper lateral larval row ; also on 4 is one on either side from the mid¬
lateral row, and on 6 and 7, on middle of the side, is one each of the infra-
stigmatal row ; on the ventral side are six black points in longitudinal row be¬
tween the antennae and tongue cases ; and in the hind margin of wing case, close
to the edge, in the spaces between the nervules, are ten more points, the ninth
opposite the apex, the tenth up the costal margin ; color either brown or green ;
if the former, of two shades, a pale wood color, or blackish, the ventral side of
thorax darker ; a dark stripe along side from end to end ; if green, the ventral
side is yellowish, the side stripe wanting ; the dorsum bright, with all tubercles
and granulations yellow. (Figs, g, g 2, </3.)

Comparing the chrysalis of Zoliccton with a long series of Machaon and of
Asterias, I see no points of difference except that in part of the Machaon, the
processes at top of head are often short, whereby the angle between is enlarged,
sometimes reduced to almost nothing. But the general features of these, though

PAPILIO III.

they belong to two sub-groups, are the same, even to the minute tubercles on the
margin of the wings.

The figure of the adult larva in Volume IT. was done from a colored drawing
sent me by Mr. Stretch, but the chrysalids were from life by Mrs. Peart, and the
figures may be studied in connection with those now given. The minute wing
tubercles are distinctly shown, whereas on the present Plate they have inadver¬
tently been omitted.

I have nothing to add as to the territory over which Zolicaon flies. Its range
is from Montana to Colorado and westward to the Pacific, and from southern
British Columbia to Arizona.

The statement before made as to there being but one larval brood in the year
may now be corrected. The butterflies from over-wintering chrysalids appear in
southern California early in March, and the imagos in descent from these are out
during the last days of May and in early June. The third brood of the butterfly
is coming from chrysalis during all of September, at Berkeley, according to dates
given me by Professor J. J. Rivers. Part of the chrysalids of each brood hiber¬
nate, and all of those of the last one. There is exceedingly little variation in
the markings of the butterfly throughout its range.

I first received eggs of Zolicaon on 3d March, 1883, from Mr. W. G. Wright,
at San Bernardino, Cal., laid on carrot ; but none hatched. On 2d April
after, nine eggs came. On 5th, the first larva came out, and during 6th and
7th, several. I saw one of them thrust out its tentacles at some affront from its
fellow. This I mention, because an impression seems to have prevailed among
many lepidopterists that a larva has not the use of these organs until one of the
later stages. In other species the young larva discover them, and probably the
habit is general throughout the genus. On 10th April, two passed first moult ; on
13tli several passed second ; on 15th the first passed third, and the same one
passed fourth on 19th. Others passed fourth from 20th to 27th. The first pu¬
pation occurred 30th, and the last of the lot pupated 3d May. One female imago
came out on 1st June, and the rest went over the winter, to give butterflies early
in the spring. The larval period was twenty-four days, that of the egg ten.

On 4th June, 1887, egg s were received, which failed to hatch, but they were
laid by a female of the second brood of the year.

On 5th April, 1890, another lot of eggs was received. These began to hatch
on the 8th. On 11th some of the larvae passed the first moult ; on 13tli, the sec¬
ond ; on 15th, the third ; on 20th, the fourth ; the first pupa formed on 27th, the
last one on 30th April. In this case the larval period was but nineteen days,
that of the egg nine. All the chrysalids went over to spring of 1891, before
giving butterflies. Of six, one was green, five brown.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Americus, 1, 2 $ ; 3 9-

Zolicaon, preparatory stages of, the earlier ones magnified.
a Egg.

b Young Larva; b 2 head ; b3 outline, side view ; bA dorsal ; bb head, showing the processes ; J6 a tuber¬
cle of segment 5, sub-dorsal row ; b7 of dorsal row.
c Larva at first moult ; c2 dorsum of 7 and 8 ; c3 sub-dorsal tubercles of 4 and 5 ; c4 head.
d Larva at second moult ; d2 dorsum of 7 and 8 ; d3 head.
e Larva at third moult ; e2 dorsum of 6, 7, 8 ; e3 head.
f Mature Larva, natural size ; f 2 head ; f 3 black variety.
g-g3 Chrysalids, showing the three shades of color.

PAPILIO IY.

PAPILIO BRUCEI (no plate).

Papilio Brucei , Edwards, Canadian Entomologist, Yol. XXVII., p. 239. 1895.

This species is the result of the union of P. Oregonia and P. Bairdii, both
figured in Volume II of this work. It originated therefore as a hybrid, but to¬
day is a fixed form, and is certainly entitled to a specific name. In Volume
XXV., Can. Ent., p. 253, 1892, I published a paper, “Notes on a Polymorphic
Papilio,” in which it was stated that Mr. David Bruce, for two or three years
past, in southwest Colorado, had been taking P. Bairdii in company with P.
Oregonia, and also with a form which I had described as P. Hollandii, Can. Ent.,
Vol. XXIV., p. 50, 1892, which in general is like Bairdii, but has the abdomen
either with a broad lateral band of yellow or almost completely yellow, instead
of black, with rows of yellow spots as in Bairdii and all the Asterias sub-group.
In other words, while the wings are those of Bairdii, the body is that of Ore¬
gonia and the Machaon sub-group. From what he had seen on the ground,
Mr. Bruce had become satisfied that all these forms, in the locality specified,
were members of one species. In 1892, he obtained eggs from a Bairdii $ con¬
fined over Artemisia dracunculoides, which he had discovered accidentally was
the food plant of the larva. The larvae from these eggs were brought to Mr.
Bruce’s house, at Brockport, N. Y., and from them were obtained five healthy
pupae, three of which gave P. Bairdii, in the spring of 1893, and two Oregonia.
In 1893, Mr. Bruce was again upon the ground, and sent me eggs which he had
obtained from a female Oregonia, and the outcome of them was six Bairdii.

In 1894, I accompanied Mr. Bruce to Colorado, and to Glenwood Springs, on
the Grand River, which is one of the headwaters of the Colorado River, with
the purpose of investigating this case of hybridism carefully, and on a consid¬
erable scale. We reached the Springs June 29th. On 3d of July, Mr. Bruce
brought in a female of the so-called Oregonia, which he bagged over Artemisia,
and which, within the next two days, laid eighty-one eggs. Another female,

PAPILIO IV.

taken on 10th, laid seventy eggs. On 6th, two Bairdii were found to have laid
seventy-six and one hundred and seventeen eggs respectively ; and another,
confined on the 9th, laid seventy. In all, by the 11th, we had two lots of the
so-called Oregonia eggs, and four of Bairdii. When the females were bagged,
Mr. Bruce and I were in all cases together, and both examined the plants to see
if perchance a stray egg had been previously laid on them. When the bags
were opened, I attended to the eggs myself, clipped them off the stems, and put
each lot in a box by itself. Thenceforward all the eggs and larvae were in my
room at the hotel, and were attended to solely by myself. So that there was
nowhere a chance for error, or of mixing eggs or larvae. The bits of stem which
bore the eggs were placed in glass tumblers, labelled, and, when the larvae
hatched, fresh stems were given, and these were changed daily. As the larvae
grew, they were shifted to tin cans covered wTith cloth and overlaid by squares of
heavy glass, to prevent escape, as well as to afford light. Treated in this way
there was but a very small percentage of loss.

On 15th July, Mr. Bruce left me for Denver and the high peaks of the front
range, and, some days after, I divided the larvae and sent him, at Denver, one
brood of the so-called Oregonia and two of Bairdii. He returned to Glenwood
Springs on 28th July, but I had no more to do with his share of the larvae. On
10th August, we left the Springs for Denver and home. My larvae were now
nearly full grown, and a few had suspended for pupation. I put the three lots
into three boxes with fresh Artemisia for such larvae as were still feeding ; and I
had a large tin box made and filled it with the plant. I kept the boxes by me
throughout the journey to Coalburgh, W. Va. When there, after the Artemisia
failed, carrot and fennel were substituted, but many of the larvae died from
this unaccustomed food.

The imagos began to come forth at eleven and more days from pupation, but
many pupae hibernated, some to give imagos in April, 1895, and an occasional
one in May and June, while several went over to 1896.

The results in fall of 1894 were : —

1. From Oregonia eggs, 3 Oregonia : 1 $ , 2 9 •

8 Bairdii : 7 $ , 1 9 •

2. From Bairdii eggs, 1st lot, 20 Bairdii : 18 $ , 2 9 •

No Oregonia.

From Bairdii eggs, 2d lot, 2 Bairdii : 1 $ , 1 9 •

No Oregonia.

The results in spring of 1895 were : —

1. From Oregonia eggs, 5 Oregonia: 3 <? , 2 9 •

4 Bairdii : 2 $ ,2 9 •

PAPILIO IV.

2. From Bairdii eggs, 1st lot, 11 Bairdii : 8 $ , 3 9 .

1 Oregonia : 1 $ .

From Bairdii eggs, 2d lot, 3 Bairdii : 2 $ , 1 9 .

1 Oregonia : 1 $ .

Result in fall and spring : —

1. From Oregonia eggs, 8 Oregonia: 4 $ , 4 9 •

12 Bairdii : 9 $ , 3 9 .

2. From Bairdii eggs, both lots, 36 Bairdii : 29 $ , 7 9 •

2 Oregonia : '1 $ .

In all, 10 Oregonia : 6 <? , 4 9 . |

48 Bairdii : 38 <? , 10 9 • )

The proportion of Oregonia to Bairdii nearly as 1 to 5.

On the 8th of July, 1895, there were nineteen living pupse left, 5 Oregonia , 14
Bairdii. These mostly died before the spring of 1896, but in March and April
of that year there emerged 1^,3? Bairdii, all from eggs of Bairdii. Of the
entire number of pupae (77), forty per cent, gave butterflies in the fall of 1894,
thirty-two per cent, in the spring of 1895, and twenty-eight per cent, went to¬
wards 1896, though very few survived the winter. In natural state no doubt
many of these pupae live through two winters, and the same is true in the case
of other Pacific Papilios, Rutulus, Daunus, and Zolicaon, as I know from having
bred all of them.

Mr. Bruce sent me a statement of the results obtained in 1894 and 1895 from
the pupae he brought home from Colorado. Thus : —

1. Oregonia pupse gave —

1. In fall of 1894, 5 Bairdii : 4 $ , 19.

2 Oregonia : 1 $ , 1 9 •

2. In spring of 1895, 9 Bairdii : 6 <? , 3 9 •

7 Oregonia : 4 $ , 3 9 •

2. Bairdii, first brood —

1. In fall of 1894, 7 Bairdii : 5 $ , 2 9 •

2 Oregonia : 2 9 •

2. In spring of 1895, 8 Bairdii : 6 $ , 2 9 •

4 Oregonia : 4 9 •

3. Bairdii, second brood —

1. In fall of 1894, 3 Bairdii : 3 9 •

1 Oregonia : 1 <? .

1. In spring of 1895, 5 Bairdii : 3 $ , 2 9.

4 Oregonia : 2 $ , 2 9-

From Oregonia, fall and spring : 9 Oregonia, 14 Bairdii.

From Bairdii, fall and spring : 11 Oregonia, 23 Bairdii.

Total : Oregonia, 20 ; Bairdii, 37. Oregonia being to Bairdii as 1 to 1.85.
More Oregonia in proportion than came from the three broods I had.

PAPILIO IV.

It appears that each of the six broods described, 2 of Oregonia, 4 of Bairdii,
gave examples of imago of its own form, and also of the other form.

Some of the examples taken at Glenwood Springs were typical Bairdii ; that
is, they cannot be distinguished from examples taken in Arizona, where there
are no Oregonia and can be no intermixture. But most differ in varying degree
from the type, no two being quite alike; they are gayer, and especially so be¬
neath, running off to Ilollandii, which seems to be the extreme of variation.

Scarcely any of the so-called Oregonia taken or bred agree fully with the type,
which flies where there are no Bairdii, in Washington and British Columbia.
They are modified in the direction of Bairdii in several particulars. The typical
male Oregonia, on the upper side, has the basal area of the fore wings thickly
dusted with yellow scales. The submarginal black band on both wings also
much dusted yellow. Beneath, the base of cell on fore wings is always gray-yel¬
low ; the nerves and branches of both wings are lightly edged with black ; the
submarginal band is largely covered with yellow scales, and the blue on hind
wings is azure. The abdomen on ventral side is yellow, with a thin ventral line ;
another such line, subventral, on the last three or four segments ; the ventral line
forks as it nears the thorax, leaving a yellow space between the forks.

The female has the base of fore wing as thickly dusted, perhaps more so ; the
submarginal band more dusted. Beneath, like the male ; the cell nearly solid
yellow, there being two black bars, one about middle, the other half way be¬
tween this and the arc. The ventral side of abdomen is either marked by two
fine black lines, or these are wholly wanting ; on the side a narrow stripe.

1. A male, so-called Oregonia, bred from eggs laid by a female Bairdii, is very
black above, a thin dusting of yellow scales at base of fore wing scarcely de¬
tracting from the general blackness ; and the submarginal band is free from yel¬
low scales. On the under side the cell from arc to base is black, except for a
narrow transverse bar just inside the arc, and another at two fifths the distance
from arc to base. The nervures on both wings heavily edged with black ; the
blue not azure, but dark (as in Bairdii). The lines of black on abdomen are
stripes rather, and next the thorax are diffused, making a broad black area.

2. A male, so-called Oregonia, bred from egg laid by a female of same type.
This is blacker than No. 1, the yellow dusting more scanty. On under side the
cell solid black, excepting the two yellow crossbars at and near the arc ; the
nerves and branches heavily edged with black ; the blue dark ; the black stripes
of abdomen confluent next thorax.

In a female corresponding to No. 2, the ventral side of the abdomen is nearly
solid black ; in one corresponding to No. 1, the four stripes are heavy, but not
quite confluent.

PAPILIO IV.

The above description answers for all the examples of so-called Oregonia
which I have bred from either same type of female or from Bairdii. But I
have a female nearer the true type Oregonia that Mr. Bruce bred from egg
laid by Bairdii , 1892, and which came out of pupa in March, 1893 ; spoken of
in Can. Ent., XXV., 254. This has the base of fore wing and the submarginal
band much dusted yellow ; the base of cell beneath, gray-yellow, ending near
middle of the cell in rays, and altogether as in typical Oregonia ; the nerves
and branches lightly edged black ; the submarginal band on fore wings densely
dusted, making it a yellow band rather ; and the blue is azure. This is the
nearest example to true Oregonia of all the bred hybrids which I have seen.

From what has been said, it must be evident that the so-called Oregonia of
Glenwood Springs is not the true Oregonia. It is more black, less dusted yel¬
low (on both sides) ; the cell of under fore wings black (an important character) ;
the veins beneath all more heavily edged with black ; the blue, dark instead of
azure ; the abdomen rather black than yellow on the ventral side. That is not
Oregonia , but a distinct type of butterfly, which, if it had been brought in from
Arizona by the Wheeler Expedition, would have been pronounced a species. It
may be supposed that it originated in the mating of true Oregonia with true
Bairdii , at some period in the past. Whether these two species, pure type, now
mingle in that region, I cannot say, because I have not seen a pure Oregonia
which was taken there. As to Bairdii , it varies so much, even where no Ore-
gonias fly, and where there is no suggestion of intermixture, that we cannot say
what the pure form is. These butterflies, as they now appear at Glenwood
Springs, may have begun their career as hybrids fifty, or one hundred and fifty,
or five hundred years ago, — no one can guess when ; there has been evolved
a distinct form, allied to Oregonia. This form, so far as appears a permanent
one, I called Brucei. The so-called Bairdii are not true Bairdii , but at pres¬
ent it is impossible to fix upon their type, because, as before said, no two of them
have been found alike.

The larvae from eggs of the Bairdii , as well as those from eggs of the Brucei ,
were of the Asterias pattern ; in the first three stages black, or brown-black,
with white saddle-patch on 7, 8, 9, and dots and small spots of white irregularly
placed on dorsum or upper part of side, no two individuals being quite alike in
this respect. After third moult, green, with a black band across the middle of
each segment, in which are set rounded yellow or orange spots; the junctions of
the segments also black. The green of Brucei after fourth moult was bright
yellow-green, the black bands narrow, the spots a rich chrome. Of Bairdii , a
much darker green, the black bands wider, the spots pale yellow, let, on look¬
ing over a large number of the larvse of each form, some of the Bairdii were

PAPILIO IV.

as brilliant as the others, and in all points were like them. This might be ex¬
pected of hybrid larvae. As to the pupae I could see no difference in shape, and
all were in general as in the Asterias group.

Eggs of Brucei laid 5th July, hatched 10th. The first moult was passed
14th and 15th; the second, 19th and 20th; the first to pass third was on 23d;
to pass fourth, 30th July; the first pupa, 9th August; the first imago, 22d
August

Length of the egg stage, 5 days.

Length of first larval stage, 4 days.

Length of second larval stage, 5 days.

Length of third larval stage, 4 days.

Length of fourth larval stage, 7 days.

Length of pupa stage, 13 days.

From laying of egg to imago, 38 days.

Eggs of Bair dii laid 8th July, hatched 12th. The first moult was passed
17th; the second, 23d; the third, 27th; the fourth, August 2d; pupation, 12th
August. The first imago, 31st August.

Length of egg stage, 4 days.

Length of first larval stage, 5 days.

Length of second larval stage, 6 days.

Length of third larval stage, 4 days.

Length of fourth larval stage, 6 days.

Length of pupa stage, 19 days.

From laying of egg to imago, 44 days.

It becomes of importance to know the distribution of P. Bairdii and
Oregonia, as well as P. Brucei. I have never seen an Oregonia from Arizona,
but have received many Bairdii from that Territory ; some from the Wheeler
expeditions, some from Mr. Morrison’s catch. On the other hand, Oregonia
flies in British Columbia, east of the Cascade Range, and perhaps in other dis¬
tricts.

The only locality that I have been able by correspondence to discover, where
Bairdii and Oregonia have both been found, is in Squaw Canon, Sioux County,
Nebraska. Professor H. G. Barber, of the University of Nebraska, at Lincoln,
wrote me that an Oregonia wras taken in Squaw Canon in 1893, and an example
of Bairdii in July, 1892 ; in different years it will be noticed. Another specimen
of Oregonia, Mr. Barber says, was taken on Lodge Pole Creek, in S. E. Wyo¬
ming, in 1893, but no Bairdii. Professor C. V. Piper, of the Washington Agri-

PAPILIO IV.

cultural College, at Pullman, Wash., sent me several typical Oregonia taken
there and in the near-by district in Idaho; but he had seen no Bcdrdii.

We were exceedingly desirous of obtaining eggs from the female of Hollandii ,
that the position of this form might be established. Mr. Bruce brought in one
female on 3d July, but it laid no eggs, and died in confinement. No other ex¬
ample was taken, and only two males. Therefore we learned nothing respecting
Hollandii , and it may be a hybrid, or it may be a species. Many years ago,
I received a female of it from southern Arizona by one of the Wheeler expe¬
ditions, but no duplicate of it or male of it was thereafter seen until Mr. Bruce’s
explorations in Colorado. Although Oregonia does not fly in southern Arizona,
Zolicaon does, and Hollandii may be the result of hybridism between that
species and Bairdii. I hope that Mr. Bruce may yet determine as to this.

PAPILIO V.

PAPILIO AJAX (no plate).

Papilio Ajax, Linnaeus. Forms : Walshii, Edwards ; Telamonides, Felder ; Marcellus, Boisduval.

In Volume I, I gave all the history of Ajax and its forms, at that time, 1872,
known to me. During the years that have followed, I have repeatedly bred the
larvse from eggs laid by the females in confinement over the food plant, and
now give some of the observations thus made ; also a statement of the effect
which has been produced on the emerging butterflies by subjecting the chrysalids
to a low temperature.

The summing up of the observations of 1871 was, that Walshii produced all
three forms the same year ; that Telamonides produced Marcellus the same sea¬
son ; that Marcellus produced successive broods of Marcellus the same season,
and occasionally Telamonides, and that its latest eggs produced Walshii and
Telamonides in the following spring ; and that, whenever any chrysalids of either
of the broods of Marcellus pass the winter, they produce the other two forms,
and probably sometimes Marcellus.

I would now modify this statement as follows: Walshii produces Marcellus
the same season, and Walshii and Telamonides the next ; Telamonides produces
Marcellus the same season, and Walshii and Telamonides the next ; and the
over-wintering chrysalids of Marcellus produce both the other forms, and some¬
times its own form.

Marcellus appears in the early days of June, but in some years fresh individ¬
uals are to be seen in numbers the entire month. I consider the first brood,
therefore, to embrace all the June butterflies of this form. Those of the first
part of the month are the direct descendants of the early Walshii butterflies,
those of the later part of the month have come from the late Wcdshii and the
early Telamonides, and are of mixed parentage. The second brood of Marcellus
butterflies begin to appear about the middle of July, and fresh examples are
coming from chrysalis up to the end of the first week in August. It is in direct

PAPILIO V.

descent from the later Telamonides and the first individuals of the first brood
of Marcellus, and is of mixed descent. The third brood of Marcellus appears
in September, and the first one directly descended from Marcellus. It is greatly
restricted in number, because, as the season progresses, a larger part of the
chrysalids hibernate. So it is that a typical Marcellus is comparatively rare,
and is reached by successive gradations from Telamonides.

Marcellus, of all broods, produces Marcellus the same season, but occasionally
a typical Telamonides has been taken (never bred) in the fall, and must have come
from Marcellus. One instance only is recorded of Walshii having produced its
own form the same year, and one only of Walshii having so produced a Tela -
monides. But eight Marcellus are recorded as having in the spring emerged
from hibernated chrysalids. One typical Marcellus was taken on the wing in
April. Walshii, whether sprung from its own form, or from either of the other
forms, is (1) true to its type, — the tips of the tails squarely white, with other
points; (2) the tips and a little way up the sides white, after the manner of Tela¬
monides, other points between Walshii and Telamonides, but nearest the former.
The typical Walshii, therefore, passes by one grade into Telamonides. Tela¬
monides, from whatever parents, is rather more true to its type than is Walshii.
The early Marcellus, from Walshii and Telamonides, are smaller than the
later, less melanic, and are nearer to Telamonides. The typical Marcellus comes
from its own form. There is a regular gradation therefore from typical Walshii
to typical Marcellus.

As to periods of flight, the earliest and latest dates, in a course of years, at
which the several forms have been observed at Coalburgh, W. Va., are : —

1. Walshii. From 1872 to 1893, with the exception of three years, the first
appearance was recorded ; in many years, the last individual seen was made
record of.

EARLIEST.

LATEST.

1871

May 14th.

1872, April 11th.

1873, April 8th.

1874, April 27th.

1875, April 7th.

May 19 th.

1877, March 23d.

May 15 th.

1878, February 28th.

May 15 th.

1880, early iu March.

May 30th.

1881, April 19th.

1882, April 2d.

1883, April 20th.

1885, April 28th.

1886, April 9th.

May 21st.

PAPILIO V.

1887, April 9th.

1888, April 4th.
1889

May 3d.
May 15 th.

1890, early in April.

1891, April 13th.
1892

May 6th.

1893, April 7th.

2. Telamonides.

EARLIEST.

LATEST.

June 9 th.

• 1871, May 24th.
1872, April 29th.
1874, May 14th.

June 6th.

May 30th.

1875, May 27th.

1877, May 18th.

1878, May 3d.

1880, May 19th.

1886, April 29th.

1887, April 23d.

1889 June 14th.

1893, April 26th.

3. Marcellus.

EARLIEST.

1871, June 1st.

1872, June 5th.
1874, June 6th.

1880, May 30th.

1881, June 7th.
1893, June 2d.

Therefore Walshii, during about twenty years, has been seen on the wing as
early as 28th February, and as late as 30th May ; Telamonides, as early as 23d
April, and as late as 14th June. In one case there has been a range of ninety-
one days, in the other of fifty-two. The first appearance of Walshii depends
altogether on the state of the weather. If a few fine days come in March, some
individuals will surely appear ; but these early comers are almost invariably cut
off by the severe weather, cold, with snow or rain, which follows. The food
plant, Anona triloba, Pawpaw, does not put forth the first flower or leaf-bud
before the last of April. The flower precedes the leaf, and, though I have
never observed that the larvae eat the flower, eggs are sometimes to be found
on it, and even on the woody stems of the plant, before the opening of the
leaf-buds.

Telamonides emerges from chrysalis after the weather is comparatively set-

PAPILIO V.

tied, and, though its extreme period has been fifty-two days, in any one year it
has not been more than a month. The Walshii brood laps over on the Tela -
monides, and the latter on the Marcellus. But the abundance or otherwise of
Marcellus butterflies in June depends on what proportion of the chrysalids of
the other forms hibernate. In 1893, out of forty-five chrysalids from eggs laid
by Walshii in April, forty went over to the next year. Out-of-doors the pro¬
portion must have been much the same, because there were almost no Marcellus
in June. But, as will presently appear, often nearly all the chrysalids of the
early forms give butterflies.

While naturally Walshii precedes Telamonides, it has been, and continues
to be, a puzzling fact that, from hibernated chrysalids of the three forms, Tela¬
monides butterfly emerges nearly, and often quite, as early as Walshii. For
several years I was in the habit of keeping all chrysalids during winter in a cool
room in the house ; but as it seemed possible that the air of the house might
exercise a forcing influence on them, I tried keeping the chrysalids out-of-doors.
But the result was the same, and the fact remains unexplained. I give the out¬
come of a lot of chrysalids in 1884, bred from eggs laid by Walshii in April,
1883: —

Emerged March 11th, 3 Walshii $ .
Emerged March 13th, 1 Walshii $ .
Emerged March 17th,

Emerged March 20th,

Emerged March 21st,

Emerged March 24th,

Emerged March 25th,

1 Telamonides $ .

1 Telamonides $ , 1 ? .

1 9-

Result: 10 butterflies, 4 Walshii g ; 4 Telamonides S , 2 $ .

From a lot of chrysalids in 1892, bred from eggs of Walshii laid in April,
1891, emerged, —

March 25th, 1 Walshii <? .

March 26th, 1 Walshii $ .

March 27th, 2 Walshii $ .

March 28th, 1 Walshii $ .

March 29 th, 1 Walshii 9 •

April 3d, 1 Telamonides 9 •

April 11th, 1 Telamonides 9*

Result : 6 Walshii, 5 S , 1 $ ; 2 Telamonides $ .

From a lot of chrysalids in 1882, bred from eggs of Telamonides laid 22d
May, 1881, emerged, —

April 6th, 1 Walshii $ .

April 7th, 1 Walshii 9 •

1 Telamonides 9 •

PAPILIO V.

April 8tb, 1 Walshii 9 .
April 9th, 2 Walshii 9 .
April 10 th,

April 13th,

April 14th, 1 Walshii $ .
April 15th,

April 17 th,

April 18 th,

April 19th,

April 22d,

April 24th,

1 Telamonides $ .

2 Telamonides 9 •

1 Telamonides $ .

1 Telamonides d , 4 9 •
1 Telamonides <? , 1 9 •

1 Telamonides $ .

2 Telamonides 9 •

Result : 22 butterflies, Walshii, 2^,4$ ; 16 Telamonides, 6 S , 10 $ .

From a lot of chrysalids in 1889, bred from eggs laid by Telamonides, 28th
May, 1886, emerged, —

April 9th, 1 Walshii $ .

April 10 th,

3 Telamonides 9 •

April 11th, 1 Walshii 9*

1 Telamonides 9 •

April 15 th,

1 Telamonides <? .

April 19 th,

1 Telamonides 9 •

April 2 2d,

1 Telamonides 9 .

1 butterflies : 2 Walshii, IS, 1 $ ;

7 Telamonides, IS, 6 c? .

Many observations have established the fact that as a rule, with bred chrysalids,
the Walshii butterflies emerge first, and the Telamonides last ; but there are
exceptions, and an occasional Telamonides will appear between two Walshii.

As to the forms of the butterfly produced by hibernated chrysalids : —

1. Walshii chrysalids, —

Of 1871, produced in 1872, no Walshii, 13 Telamonides, 2 Marcellus.

Of 1886, produced in 1887, 11 Walshii, 6 Telamonides.

Of 1887, produced in 1888, 12 Walshii, 3 Telamonides.

Of 1891, produced in 1892, 6 Walshii, 2 Telamonides.

Of 1893, produced in 1894, 15 Walshii, 20 Telamonides.

2. Telamonides chrysalids, —

Of 1870, produced in 1871,
Of 1880, produced in 1881,
Of 1881, produced in 1882,
Of 1888, produced in 1889,
Of 1889, produced in 1890,

3. Marcellus chrysalids, —

Of 1871, produced in 1872,
Of 1885, produced in 1886,
Of 1887, produced in 1888,

io Walshii, 16 Telamonides.

1 Walshii, 6 Telamonides.
6 Walshii, 16 Telamonides.

2 Walshii, 11 Telamonides.
1 Walshii, 36 Telamonides.

no Walshii, 36 Telamonides, 3 Marcellus.

1 Walshii, 2 Telamonides.

16 Walshii, 32 Telamonides.

PAPILIO V.

Therefore five lots of Walshii chrysalids have produced 44 Walshii, 44 Tela-

monides , 2 Marcellus.

Five lots of Telamonides chrysalids have produced 29 Walshii, 24 Telamon-
ides , 2 Marcellus.

Three lots of Marcellus have produced 17 Walshii, 70 Telamonides, 3 Mar¬
cellus.

The two united forms tend to produce their own forms, and this is more
decided in Telamonides than in Walshii. And Marcellus tends to produce
Telamonides.

As to the proportions of the several broods that hibernate : —

1. Walshii : —

Of 70 chrysalids from eggs laid April, 1871, 62 gave butterflies the same year, 1 died, 7 hiber¬
nated.

Of 31 chrysalids from eggs laid May 23, 1871, 17 gave butterflies the same year, 14 hibernated.

Of 20 chrysalids from eggs laid April 22, 1883, 6 gave butterflies the same year, 14 hibernated.

Of 27 chrysalids from eggs laid April 20, 1891, 12 gave butterflies the same year, 15 hibernated.

Of 45 chrysalids from eggs laid April 26, 1893, 5 gave butterflies the same year, 40 hibernated.

2. Telamonides : —

Of 6 chrysalids from eggs laid May 16, 1870, 6 gave butterflies the same year.

Of 23 chrysalids from eggs laid June 2, 1870, 22 gave butterflies the same year, 1 hibernated.

Of 17 chrysalids from eggs laid May 27, 1871, 7 gave butterflies the same year, 10 hibernated.

Of 10 chrysalids from eggs laid May 28, 1871, 4 gave butterflies the same year, 6 hibernated.

Of 26 chrysalids from eggs laid May — , 1881, 4 gave butterflies the same year, 22 hibernated.

Of 15 chrysalids from eggs laid May 29, 1887, 14 gave butterflies the same year, 1 hibernated.

Of 12 chrysalids from eggs laid May 22, 1888, 2 gave butterflies the same year, 10 hibernated.

Of 38 chrysalids from eggs laid June 7, 1889, 1 gave butterfly the same year, 37 hibernated.

Of 24 chrysalids from eggs laid June 14, 1891, 9 gave butterflies the same year, 15 hibernated.

3. Marcellus. 1. First brood.

Of 76 chrysalids from eggs laid June 1 to June 4, 1871, 36 gave butterflies the same year, 40 hi¬
bernated.

Of 5 chrysalids from eggs laid June 7, 1870, 4 gave butterflies the same year, 1 hibernated.

Of 14 chrysalids from eggs laid July 1, 1870, 8 gave butterflies the same year, 6 hibernated.

Of 32 chrysalids from eggs laid June — , 1886, 1 gave butterfly the same year, 31 hibernated.

Of 50 chrysalids from eggs laid June — , 1887, 4 gave butterflies the same year, 46 hibernated.

2. Second brood.

Of 19 chrysalids from eggs laid early in July, 1887, 6 gave butterflies the same year, 13 hiber¬
nated.

Of 42 chrysalids from eggs laid July 29, 1871, 13 gave butterflies the same year, 29 hibernated.
Of 2 chrysalids from eggs laid early in August, 1870, 1 gave butterfly the same year, 1 hiber¬
nated.

PAPILIO V.

3. Third brood.

Of 57 chrysalids from eggs laid in September, 1885, 57 hibernated.

Therefore, of chrysalids of Walshii in several years, 102 gave butterflies the
same year, 90 hibernated. Of chrysalids of Telamonides, 69 gave butterflies the
same year, 102 hibernated.

Of chrysalids of Marcellus of first brood, IT gave butterflies the same year,
84 hibernated ; of second brood 20 gave butterflies the same year, 43 hiber¬
nated ; of third brood, all (57) hibernated.

The foregoing statement explains why, in some years, Marcellus abounds in
June, and why, in others, few examples are to be seen. In 1893, Walshii was
unusually abundant during the last three weeks of April, and resorted to the
lilacs and wild-plum trees, all which were in full bloom. On 26th, I took
eight females, and 28th, nine more, and confined them all for eggs. Most of them
were killed, however, by a two days’ cold rainstorm ; but about threescore eggs
in all were laid, from which in time came 45 chrysalids. From these chrysalids
only five butterflies came that year. Out-of-doors there were scarcely any Mar¬
cellus to be seen during June, and the wild pupae of the early forms must nearly
all have hibernated. Of course this state of things restricted the number of
Marcellus flying later in the year.

As to color of chrysalids of the different forms : —

1. Walshii.

Of 36 chrysalids 3 were green, 33 brown.

Of 15 chrysalids 5 were green, 10 brown.

Of 31 chrysalids 4 were green, 27 brown.

Of 20 chrysalids 7 were green, 13 brown.

Of 14 chrysalids 6 were green, 8 brown.

Of 46 chrysalids 12 were green, 34 brown.

Therefore, of 162 chrysalids 37 were green, 125 brown ; or 23 per cent, were
green, 77 per cent, brown.

2. Telamonides.

Of IS chrysalids 7 were green, 6 brown.

Of 19 chrysalids 2 were green, 17 brown.

Of 38 chrysalids 2 were green, 36 brown.

Of 14 chrysalids 6 were green, 8 brown.

Therefore, of 84 chrysalids 17, or 20 per cent., were green ; 67 or 80 per cent.,
brown.

PAPILIO V.

3. Marcellus, —

Of 50 chrysalids 3 were green, 6 per cent. ; and 47, or 94 per cent., brown.

When the winter forms emerge from chrysalis, the eggs are unformed in the
ovaries. On the other hand, when Marcellus emerges in June and later months,
the eggs are fully formed, though not hard, and in a very few days are ripe for
laying. The females are paired almost at once on escaping from chrysalis, and
while the wings are yet limp. In every instance where I have taken a pair in
copulation, the male has been old and worn. During the period of emergence,
the males may be seen in numbers coursing up and down in the thickets close to
ground, in search of the females, and several males may be seen fluttering about
one female. The young males stand no chance at all in competition with the
older ones. The former are for some hours limp of wing and weak, and before
their wings are dry the eager crowd of elderly suitors have carried off the prize.
It must result that many males never have the opportunity of pairing, and these
live after the rest of their generation have disappeared.

I have in several years made experiments on the effect of cold applied to the
chrysalids of Ajax, originally led thereto by Dr. August Weismann’s observa¬
tions on seasonal dimorphism in his Studien zur Descendenz-Theorie, 1875. My
observations were published in the Canadian Entomologist, Vols. VII., 1875, and
IX., 1877 ; also in Psyche, Vol. III., 1880. Mr. Raphael Meldola, in his transla¬
tion of Dr. Weismann’s work, London, 1880, Part I., Appendix 2, has recited so
much of these as were found in the Can. Ent. As many readers of the Butter¬
flies of North America have seen neither the papers spoken of nor Mr. Meldola’s
book, I will give here the substance of the observations made.

In June, 1875, 122 chrysalids were obtained from eggs laid by Telamonides
females late in May. These, as fast as formed, were placed on ice in the refrig¬
erator in a wooden box, and were so kept till 20th July. I then had to leave
home for a few weeks, and sent the box to the ice-house with directions to place
it on the surface of the ice. This it seems was not done, but it was set on straw
near the ice, with the result that the chrysalids were subjected to a less degree
of cold than was desirable. I returned 20th August, and learned that the ice
in the house had just failed. The chrysalids had been subjected to a low degree
of cold in the refrigerator for three or four weeks, and in the ice-house to a
lesser degree, and which must have been daily diminishing as the volume of ice
decreased. That the severity of the cold had not been sufficient to prevent the
emerging of the butterflies was apparent when I opened the box, for there were
discovered a number of dead ones, which had died as soon as they had come out,
the wings being unexpanded. But one butterfly was alive, just out of its chrysa-

PAPILIO V.

lis, and this proved to be a typical Telcimonides. The remaining chrysalids were
brought in-doors, and the next day three Telamonides emerged. By 4th Septem¬
ber, fourteen of the same form had appeared. After that date a few Telamoni¬
des came at intervals up to 20th September ; but, out of twenty-six butterflies
between 4th and 15th, twelve were intermediate between Telamonides and Mar-
cellus (that is, they were incompletely changed by the cold), some approaching
one, some the other, more nearly. On 4th September, the first example wholly
Marcellus appeared, and one such followed on each day, the 6th, 8th, 13th, and
15th ; a single example between Telamonides and Walshii appeared 3d Septem¬
ber, the tails squarely white-tipped, but in size and other points a Telamonides.
From 15th September to 3d October, ten Marcellus appeared, and two which
were between that form and Telamonides. The last emergence was on the 16th
October. So that the whole period of emerging after the box was brought from
the ice-house was fifty-seven days, and it had commenced some time before that
occurred, as was evident by the dead butterflies. The natural period of the
chrysalids of such examples of Ajax as emerge the first season is about eleven
days, save that occasionally, but very rarely, a butterfly has been known to come
out after a period of from four to six weeks. In the present case the cold had
produced great irregularity in the duration of the stage. In all, fifty butterflies
emerged between the 20th of August and 16th October, as follows : —

Telamonides , typical, 22

Between Telamonides and Walshii , 1

Between Telamonides and Marcellus, — nearest the former, 7

Between Telamonides and Marcellus, — nearest the latter, 9

Marcellus, 1 1

Great uniformity was observable in the size of all these butterflies, their aver¬
age being that of the usual Telamonides. The Marcellus , in addition to the
somewhat reduced size, had almost invariably shorter and narrower tails than in
the type ; and, instead of the single crimson anal spot, nearly all had two spots,
often large. Most of the chrysalids which survived the season died during the
winter (and that was due to the cold they had been subjected to, for chrysalids
of this species do not die in the winter), and there was but one emergence in the
next spring, a male Walshii, on 2d March.

It seemed a proper conclusion from this experiment that the butterflies which
emerged from the chrysalids subjected to cold would have done so in their natu¬
ral state, and that the effect of cold was not to precipitate the emerging of any
which would have slept till the next spring. And, as all which would naturally
have emerged the first season would have taken the form Marcellus, the cold had
changed a large part of them to Telamonides, that is, to a spring form. The

PAPILIO V.

intermediate examples were probably from chrysalids which had experienced a
lesser degree of cold ; and several chrysalids experienced cold enough to retard
their emergence of the butterfly, though not enough to change the form.

In May, 1878, I placed many chrysalids from eggs laid by Walshii in the ice¬
box, temperature about 33° Far. The youngest were but ten to fifteen minutes
from pupation and were still soft ; others were added at intervals up to twenty-
four hours from pupation ; and others at two and three days, and so on to eight
days. (The chrysalis in this species becomes hard at about twelve hours.) All
were removed from the box at the same time. The exposure had been from
five days to nineteen days. I wushed to determine if possible whether, in order
to effect any change, it was necessary that cold should be applied immediately
after pupation, or if one or several days might intervene between pupation and
icing. Inasmuch as no color begins to show itself in the imago till a few hours,
or at most but a day or two, before emergence, I thought it possible that cold
applied shortly before that time might be quite as effective as if applied earlier,
and particularly very soon after pupation. The result was that more than half
the younger chrysalids died ; one which had been exposed at ten minutes, two
at one hour, one at two, two at three hours. On the other hand, one exposed
at fifteen minutes, one at two hours, and one at twelve hours, gave butterflies.
On the fourteenth day after removing the chrysalids, a Telamonides emerged
from a chrysalis placed in the ice-box three days after pupation and exposed
sixteen days. On the 19th day, emerged one Telamonides near to Walshii from
a chrysalis placed in the box twelve hours from pupation and kept there eleven
days. On the 19th day, also emerged a Walshii out of a chrysalis two hours
old, on the ice eleven days. All the rest emerged unchanged Marcellus , but at
periods prolonged in a surprising way : —

One on 43d day, exposed at 15 minutes.

One on 46th day, exposed at 2 hours.

One on 53d day, exposed at 24 hours.

One on 62d day, exposed at 6 days.

One on 63d day, exposed at 4 days.

One on 66th day, exposed at 7 days.

One on 77th day, exposed at 4 days.

One on 81st day, exposed at 12 hours.

One on 91st day, exposed at 5 days.

One on 96th day, exposed at 19 hours.

Five chrysalids hibernated, and all produced Telamonides the next spring.

PAPILIO V.

In June, 1879, I obtained eggs of Marcellus , and in due time had one hundred
and four chrysalids. Of these, thirty-five were placed in the ice-box at from
twelve to twenty -four hours after pupation, dividing them into three lots, — first,
nine chrysalids, which were kept on the ice fourteen days ; second, twelve kept
on ice twenty days ; third, eleven on ice twenty-five days. Of the sixty-nine
not exposed to cold, thirty-four gave butterflies at from eleven to fourteen days
from pupation ; and one only had the stage protracted, and that to about twenty-
two days beyond the usual period. I reserved these chrysalids in order to com¬
pare the butterflies that might come from them with the butterflies from the iced
ones. From the first lot emerged four females at eight and one half to nine and
one half days after removal from the ice, and five chrysalids hibernated. Two
of these females were clearly Marcellus ; one was intermediate between that form
and Telamonides ; the fourth was a cripple, unexpanded, and was rejected. From
the second lot came one male and five females at eight to nine days, another
female at forty days, and five chrysalids hibernated. Three of these butterflies
were Telamonides, one Marcellus, two intermediate. From the third lot, ex¬
posed twenty-five days, came four females at from nine to twelve days, another
male at fifty-four days, and six chrysalids were killed. Two of these butterflies
were typical Telamonides in everything but shape, and that was Marcellus ; two
were cripples.

In shape all the butterflies of the three lots were Marcellus, the wings pro¬
duced, the tails long. It appeared that the chrysalids exposed twenty-five days
gave butterflies that were fully changed ; of those exposed twenty days, three
were fully changed, two partly, one not at all. At fourteen days, one was partly
changed, two not at all. Comparing the butterflies from the iced chrysalids with
those which came the same season from chrysalids not iced, the former had the
colors more intense, the black deeper, the light more decidedly green, the black
bands narrower, the green bands wider ; the marginal green lunules on the hind
wings larger ; the crimson spot generally large, double, and confluent, and some¬
times edged on the basal side by white. All these changes were in the direction
of the winter forms, and especially of Telamonides.

That the effect of cold was not simply to precipitate the emergence of the
winter forms, making the butterflies which in natural state would have left their
chrysalids in the succeeding spring to emerge in the first season, is evident from
the fact that the shape was always that of the summer form, or Marcellus, while
the markings and coloration were of the winter forms. On the other hand, those
iced chrysalids which hibernated gave butterflies of the winter form, as if they
had not been subjected to cold, one Walshii, six Telamonides. The longer the
exposure under a low temperature the more decided was the change, but twenty-

PAPILIO V.

five or thirty days proved sufficient in many cases. Changes were produced at
twenty, sixteen, and eleven days, but none where the exposure was less than
eleven. But exposure at eight days and less tended to prolong the chrysalis
period in some cases. The longest interval between pupation and exposure to
the cold when any change resulted was three days ; in all instances beyond that
time there was no change. The shortest interval when any change resulted was
two hours, and in this one case the butterfly came out Walshii, which is a
change more extreme than to Telamonides. Most chrysalids exposed so early,
however, were killed ; but after about twelve hours, at which time the chrysalis
has become hardened, and up to twenty-four hours, seems to be the best time for
application of cold.

f fk ft % ;iV ;#W i*1

1 '%^'jf $**
p- wtFT?

jf %L‘ ■%

f A

4*: ■ '*y*

Drawn by Mary Peart

SMINTHEU S - HE RMODUR: W, 2 .3 9 4 9 var SMINTHEUS.5

a — a2. Egg SMINTHEUS, magnified

b — bs L anra , yoiin g „

c — f ,, J'rt to 3rd moults

f ■ Larva . 4 th m It.- g adult nat. sixe .
3—9* ,, *, magnified,

h — h . Chrysalis: i-i* Periplast

PARNASSIUS T.

PARNASSIUS SMINTHEUS, 5 ; VAR. HERMODUR, 1-4.

Parnassius Smintheus, Doubleday and Hewitson ; W. II. Edwards, Butt. N. A., \ol. T., pi. 5-<, p. 21. 1872;

id., Papilio, Yol. III., p. 1 3(». 1883; id., Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XVII., p. 61. 1885.

Var. Hermodur, Henry Edwards, Papilio, I., p. 4. 1881.

Description of the early stages of Smintheus.

Egg. — Echinoid-shaped, broad and low, the sides much curved, the top a little
depressed, the base flattened ; the upper surface completely incrusted with close
elongated granulations (like seeds or grains), imperfectly hexagonal ; in some
cases there appears to be a little hole at each angle of the grain through the
incrustation (as shown in Konopicky’s figure of the egg, in Volume I.), but most
often this feature is wanting ; in the depression the grains diminish in five or six
rows concentric about the micropyle, which is in the centre of a flattened rosette
of five-sided cells; color ivory-white, a little stained green, most so on the top.
(Figs, a, dr.) Duration of this stage irregular, some eggs giving larvae the same
season, others in the following spring.

Young Larva. — Length .08 inch ; sub-cylindrical, broadest at base, tapering
very gradually on both, dorsum and side from 3 or 4 to 13, the last segment nai-
rowing rapidly and ending roundly ; color black, covered with long black hairs
(in Figure b, it was necessary to make these light, to show them against the dark
surface) ; on the dorsum are four rows of these hairs, two on either side the mid-
dorsal line, each springing from a little tubercle ; on 2 to 4 they are arranged in
cross-rows, on the middle of the segments, and on 2 they are equidistant fiom
each other, but on 3 and 4 there is a wider space between the second and third
than elsewhere ; also on 2 is another cross-row of four, near the front, each
tubercle of each pair placed a little to the outer side of the corresponding tu¬
bercle of the hinder row ; segments 4 to 13 have the hairs arranged differently,
those of the two inner rows falling on the anterior part of each segment, while

PARNASSIUS I.

those of the two outside rows are at the extreme rear ; the hairs on the anterior
segments are curved and turned forward, those of 2 falling over the head ; from
5 to 10 they are nearly erect, on the last segments are turned back; high on
the side is a row of large flattened and rounded, sub-oval, tuberculous spots from
2 to 12, and partly outlined on the front of 13, from each of which spring four
divergent hairs, from separated tubercles set almost in rectangle ; on 2 to 4 is a
demi-row of three hairs, small, short, in triangle, and in line with the spiracles,
and this row is represented on the front of 13 by a single hair ; along the base,
from 2 to 13, are two hairs to each segment, their tubercles close together, the
hinder one of the two always a little above the other ; just over the feet and
legs, and from 2 to 13, are two short, fine hairs to each; under side and legs
greenish brown, the feet black ; head obovoid, long, broader than high, depressed
at the suture, the vertices rounded ; color black, the surface rough ; on each lobe
eight short black hairs, two across next the vertices ; six in cross line with the
apex of the frontal triangle ; six across the middle of the triangle, and one on
each side near base ; over the mandibles a fringe of six hairs. The larva from
the first is able to project a lumpy brown-yellow mass from its osmaterium, but
this does not bifurcate into tentacles till the next stage. (Figs- b to b5.) Dura¬
tion of this stage in May, at Coalburgh, five days.

After first moult: length, at twenty-four hours, .18 inch; shape very nearly
as at first stage, rather more cylindrical, the elevation anteriorly somewhat
greater, and the dorsal slope more decided ; color black, the base and under
surface greenish brown ; the processes much as before, but instead of single
tubercles over dorsum, there are now four corresponding rows of small, glossy
black, flattened tuberculations, each from 3 bearing four short divergent hairs,
separated at their bases ; on 2 are two rows each, corresponding to the minute
tubercles on same segment at first stage, each bearing a single hair ; the upper
lateral tuberculations as before but larger, and decidedly oval, and they bear
from six to eight hairs each ; there is now an infra-stigmatal row of same nature,
small, one to each of 2, 3, 4, with fine hairs, from 5 two to each, smaller, nearly
touching, the hinder one always higher than the other, and these bear four
hairs ; except on 13, on which is but a single hair, from a reduced tubercle ; the
hairs vary in length on each tubercle over the body ; there are also many short
black hairs between the tuberculations, as shown on c4 ; from 2 to 13 inclusive,
in line with the upper lateral tuberculations, is a chrome-yellow oval or rounded
spot, on the rear of each segment, and above, in line with the sub-dorsal row of
tuberculations, is to each a small and paler yellow oval ; head nearly as before,
broader in proportion to the height, the hairs much more numerous. At this

PARNASSIUS f.

stage the tentacles are forked, but are short. (Figs, c to c5.) Duration of this
stage, in May, at Coalburgh, five days.

After second moult: length, at twenty-four hours, .28 inch; same shape as at
the second stage ; color black, the under side chocolate-brown ; the same flattened
tuberculations as before, but the hairs from these are shorter, and scarcely
longer than the hairs which cover the body, and which are more numerous than
before ; the sub-dorsal light spots are oval, the long axis running with the length
of the body, the lateral row as before, yellow, but sometimes pure white ; head
as before, the hairs more abundant. (Fig. cl) Duration of this stage, in June,
four days.

After third moult : length, at twenty-four hours, .4 inch ; scarcely differs in
color and markings from the last previous stage. (Fig. e.) The duration of the
stage I am unable to give, as all the larvae in my charge died before fourth
moult. In the next stage I was dependent on larvae sent from Colorado and
Montana.

After fourth moult (some days) : length .56 inch ; shape and color as before ;
the tuberculations have disappeared, and the whole surface is covered with short,
stiff black hairs of uniform length.

Mature Larva. — Length .9 to 1.1 inch ; nearly cylindrical, a little flattened,
slender, of even size, or very nearly, from 4 to 1 1 ; color black-brown, the under
side and legs chocolate-brown, feet black; surface thickly covered with short,
stiff black hairs ; marked by two rows of chrome-yellow, sometimes white, spots,
on either side, one sub-dorsal, one lateral ; the number of spots of each row
varies; sometimes there are two from 4 to 11 or 12, in the sub-dorsal row, one
on the middle of the segment, a smaller one on the rear ; but sometimes, as seen
in y, there is only one spot ; the lateral row has three spots from 3 to 12, two on
2, four on 13, but sometimes there is but one on 2, and two on the others ; the
tentacles on 2 are short, tapering, truncated, light yellow ; head obovoid, broader
than high, deeply depressed at the suture, the vertices rounded ; color black ;
surface rough, and bearing many short hairs. (Fig. /, natural size, from Colo¬
rado ; Figs, y, y2, enlarged, from Montana, and belonging to the var. Hermodur.)

Chrysalis. — Length, .6 inch ; breadth at mesonotuin .22, at abdomen .26
inch ; cylindrical, the ventral outline moderately arched, the dorsal largely ; head
case short, narrow, rounded both ways ; mesonotum not very prominent, dome¬
shaped, with no carina; the depression slight; a short pyramidal projection at

PARNASSIUS I.

base of wing ; the wing cases bat slightly raised ; abdomen conical, tumid; at
the end bluntly rounded ; cremaster without hooks or bristles ; “ almost com¬
pletely aborted, being reduced to a broad semicircular tumescence involving the
pupal rectum, and to two small tubercles, corresponding to the anal legs of the
larva, directed forward and a little outward, situated at the divergent extremities
of two short and low ridges forming together a V opening forward” (Scudder) ;
whole surface, except the smooth wing cases, finely granulated ; color y ello\v-
brown with a tint of green. (Figs, h to A4.) When about to pupate, the larva
draws a leaf or leaves together by a few threads, making a pseudo-cocoon ; but,
as will hereinafter appear, Mr. Albert Koebele found a pupa on the ground,
beneath a bit of wood, and with no appearance of threads or web. The length
of this stage I am unable to give.

Mr. Henry Edwards described var. Heemodur thus : “ $ ; the whole upper sur¬
face of the primaries is of a smoky-black hue, slightly transparent, the usual
bands being lost in the ground color of the wing. The present insect expands
only 2.3 inch. Southern Colorado.” I have had in my possession this type
female. It is nothing like so melanic as the examples now figured, and is
smaller than most of the females received from Montana. In the Judith Moun¬
tains this black form is common, and grades into the smoky-black hue of the type.
In the darkest examples there is no yellow whatever on primaries, and very little
on secondaries, being limited to a narrow irregular discal band or stripe on the
basal side of the red spots. But others have more or less yellow in the cell of
primaries, and over most of secondaries. Between the extremes there is every
degree of variation. The red spots are in excess, both as to number and intensity
of color, but in some the spots are yellow, as in var. Behrii. The greater number
of the females are large, expanding from 2.8 to 3.2 inches (Fig. 5). Fig. 2, of
Plate II. of Parnassius, in Volume I., represents well the lighter examples of the
female from Judith Mountains, and comes near the type of Ilermoclur. I gave it
the name Sayii, and Ilermoclur would seem to be a melanic Sayii. However, I
am very willing to accept the name given by Mr. Henry Edwards, and to extend
his definition so as to cover all the black examples of the species. In most Mon¬
tana examples the red is more solid and deeper colored than in the typical Sayii.

The males from Mt. Judith are usually large, expanding three inches, but I
find no point in the color or markings in which they differ from the males of
Smintheus , in Colorado. Several of both sexes observed were undistinguishable
from a pair of P. Intermeclius , sent me by Dr. Staudinger as Menetries’ Interme-
dius, from Siberia. These are not at all melanic, and the marginal borders are
transparent. I have a female of this form which was taken on Mt. Bradley,
California, by Mr. James Behrens.

PARNASSIUS I.

Probably dark Hermodur will be found in certain localities in Colorado, and 1
formerly received a single example from New Mexico that was nearly as black
as any from Montana, and on wliicli the red spots were large and intense. But
in size it was very small. Mr. Mead had noticed, in 1871, that occasionally, at
high elevations in Colorado, the females were melanized and small, while at low
elevations they were white and large.

1 have seen great numbers of the Montana Smintheus from Mt. Judith, by the
kindness of Mr. Wm. M. Courtis, M. E., and of Mr. W. G. Wright, both of whom
collected at Maiden.' The climate there is severe. Mr. Courtis wrote, 1883, that
snow fell during every month of the year. “ The season is very short. I think
all the butterflies come at one time, like the flowers. Spring and fall flowers
are only a week or two apart. The Parnassians come about 1st July, and now,
28th July, have almost entirely disappeared.” Mr. Wright says, 20th June,
1890 : “ 1 have been here nearly a week, and have had very bad weather ; rain
every afternoon or night, the days more or less cloudy ; no bottom land ; high
hills, sometimes rocky, sometimes smooth and grassy ; some pine clad ; all about
as steep as rock and soil will be, say 35° to 45°. ” Owing, probably, to these con¬
ditions, the larvae and pupae being subject to cold and wet in greater degree than
in the main Rocky Mountain range, the Judith females have become melanic,
and the habits of the butterflies have come to differ somewhat from Smintheus
proper. How far to the north Smintheus flies is unknown, but Mr. Bean takes
it at Laggan, Alberta. All the examples I have seen from that locality are white
and small.

Efforts were made for several years by different observers to discover the food-
plant of Smintheus. Mr. Courtis wrote, 4th July : “ A few days ago 1 took a walk
and saw hundreds of the Parnassians, and caught ten or twelve, all males except
one. To-day 1 went out and took nearly fifty, and have several pairs tied up
under netting, with sedUm. One pair have mated in the net.” On July 8th :
“ 1 went out this morning, and took twenty or more pairs, and watched the
females. They all seem to fly to the ground, and either lay their eggs on the
ground or in the grass roots. I could not find eggs, though I saw them drop. I
have a large number of females now tied up. Some which were let loose, after
refusing to lay in confinement, laid at once on the grass and anywhere. The
species is common, by hundreds on every hillside.” In one letter Mr. Courtis
sent me 140 eggs, and wrote : “ Most of these came from females that mated
after I caught them. I think they lay at the roots of plants, as they always
drop to the ground, then climb the stalk and fly away. Those in confinement
climbed sticks, and the window frames, laying eggs as they went, putting one
on everything they touched, except the seclum. 1 made one lay on this by

PARNASSIUS I.

keeping her moving, but she seemed very much excited. As soon as I put her
on grass and sticks she laid every few moments.” Again: “I noticed a female
alight on sedum, drop to the ground, and climb up. She certainly laid an egg,
though I could not find it.”

Mr. Wright was at Maiden nearly three weeks. He says : “ One cannot go far
without seeing pairs in copulation, during the short season of pairing and on the
limited areas on which the newly emerged imagos appear. Copulation takes
place immediately on the emergence of the females, often while the wings are
still limp, . . Afterwards the males fly away, and are seen far beyond the breed¬

ing grounds, but the females remain there. Most of the females I take start up
at my feet, and till the eggs are laid the female rarely flies. But the males are
continually on the wing, hovering low to detect the female in hiding, or as she
suns herself on a bare spot of ground. It is nearly impossible to discover them
when hidden, even though one may know within a few inches where they are.
When a female is started by the male she flies straight and rapidly, and suddenly
drops into the grass. Apparently this action is for the purpose of misleading or
eluding the male. In life, especially at pairing time, both sexes have a strong
odor that, on taking them from the net, 1 often found very disagreeable. I have
seen the females lay eggs on grass, wild rose, blackberry, and one of the Com¬
posite, but never on sedum.”

As related in Volume I., Mr. Mead had observed Smintheus, in 1871, and
obtained eggs on sedum. He says : “ Yesterday, Mr. B. brought me a female
with an egg adhering to the ovipositor, and said that it had deposited several
eggs on ( a tuft of grass.’ On further inquiry he was not sure what the ‘ grass ’
might be, and I conjectured it might be sedum. . . . Accordingly, on searching,
I found two empty eggshells on the plant, apparently punctured by some insect.”
Five daj^s later : “ The Parnassians lay freely. 1 have about one hundred eggs,
laid indiscriminately on the box, or the cloth covering it, within which I had
inclosed a female with the sedum. Very few were on the plant itself.” On 21st
August : “ I opened an egg to-day and found a half-developed larva inside, appar¬
ently in a natural state.” Six days later : “To-day I dissected an egg carefully
and found a completely formed caterpillar.” Some of these eggs were dis¬
covered, on the 10th January following, to have hatched, but when was unknown.
All were dead.

Mr. Bruce wrote, 9th June, 1886 : “ I think the food-plant is neither sedum
nor saxifrage, but Castelleia integra, a singular red-blooming plant. The butter¬
flies seem attracted to the plant, and are always present where it occurs.” On
June 25th : “I have watched the females lay their eggs and find that they also
lay on Artemisia, but the Castelleia is the favorite. I dug up several of these last

PARNASSIUS I.

to send you, and on the first I touched were two eggs.” On July 22d : “ I have
several times seen the females laying eggs on Castelleia, but I watched lots of
them yesterday, and they laid on everything they happened to be on, even dry
grass and stones. Sedum carpeted the rocks, and Castelleia was plentiful, and no
doubt if the larvm feed on either plant they would soon find their own. I saw a
female with limp wings climb a dry stem of Castelleia, and I searched for the
pupa skin, but could not find it.” On 21st September : “ During the last week
1 have in vain searched for larvce of Smintlieus. I believe they must partly
feed up in the fall, for the snow is hardly off the ground in the spring before
the insects are flying.”

The late Mr. W. S. Foster, at Salida, Colorado, wrote me, 17th July, 1888 : a I
was at Marshall Pass, elevation 11,000 feet, on 15th, and saw a female Smin -
theus alight in a clump of grass, crawl down to the middle of it, and lay an egg
on a stem. There was no sedum in this clump, though S. stenopetalum grew
close by. Probably the female lays her eggs anywhere, and leaves the larvae to
find their food-plant.”

Up to this time, no one had seen either larva or pupa of Smintlieus , but July
11, 1889, Mr. Bruce wrote : “ I send you to-day five larvae. The Sedum steno¬
petalum is really the food-plant, and 1 have seen the larvae eat nothing else.
They bury themselves in the earth at night, and wriggle out early in the morn¬
ing, as soon as the sun warms the ground ; then eat voraciously for three or
four hours, and bask for the rest of the day on a stone, or leaf, or on the ground.
1 am sorry to say that most, if not all, the larvae sent are probably ichneumon-
ized. I found thirteen larvae, but a rat, or some other of the numberless vermin
that infest the mining shanties, got the net off, and carried away or ate half of
them. One larva had commenced a cocoon of leaves on the bottom of the tin,
and unfortunately I disturbed it. I can find larvae easily now that I know their
habits. Thev do not touch Saxifrage aizoides, though that is abundant. I sat
down several times and watched the larvae eating the sedum, so there can be no
mistake about that food-plant. The full-grown larvae hide in the earth like cut¬
worms. 1 have seen them partially buried several times, and have found them
by pulling up sedum. The soil on the slopes is fine and friable, easily bored
into by a larva. On disturbing one of them, it will sometimes curl up and
remain quiet; but at other times they will run very fast and hide in the grass,
and bury themselves quickly. I cannot say that they go deep into the ground,
but far enough for concealment.”

From Hall Valley, altitude 11,000 feet, 3d July, 1890: “ Tuesday was a fine
morning, so I walked up Gibson Gulch to my cabin on Bullion Mountain. About
noon, a hailstorm came up, changing to a furious snowstorm which lasted all the

PARNASSIUS I.

afternoon. I got to the cabin about five o’clock, cold, wet, and hungry. The
next day opened cold but bright, and after the sun rose, the snow soon dis¬
appeared. I went out, and in a little time found four larvae, which I send you.”
On 15th July : “I found a Smintheus larva basking on a rock, near sedum. It
has now spun a slight web in the box, and is preparing to pupate. I would not
trust these larvae in anything that has so much as a pinhole in it, for they will
somehow contrive to squeeze out. I found one nearly through a piece of wire
gauze, it having elongated itself like a leech. I laid on the grassy slope and
watched the butterflies retiring for the night. Smintlieus would drop lightly
on the grass with wings fully extended, and there lie a long time, the legs not
being used at all. As daylight faded, they gradually closed their wings and
slipped down into the grass. On the other hand, the Argynnids and Melitseas
hung on the under side of leaves and flowers, sometimes in clusters of twenty or
more.” On 20th July: “ Smintheus was flying on Bullion to-day literally by
thousands, but very few were females. It is a singular characteristic of this
species that one never sees two of them flirting or chasing each other, as other
butterflies do. A Colias or Pieris will chase or circle round a Smintheus, but the
latter gets away as fast as possible, and seems not to have the idea of playing. In
Colorado, Smintheus is abundant for three months, and 1 have seldom found them
in copulation. This 1 understand is different from the experience of observers in
Montana, and perhaps the rougher and colder climate there shortens their lives,
and they are compelled to propagate as quickly as possible. But early in June
l have taken several pairs in copula, at Palmer Lake (south of Denver), and
earlier than elsewhere. The species occurs there in immense numbers, and I have
caught two hundred examples in a very short time. These first comers are
large and white, nothing melanic about them. The conditions at that lake are
favorable to an early development and a protracted seasonal life of the species ;
a long, deep, and fertile valley, very high and well-timbered mountains on the west
side, the peaks attaining the highest altitude ; on the east, rough undulating
hills, with strangely formed sandstone ridges; plenty of vegetation everywhere,
sedum often completely carpeting great areas of ground. The snow lies late
in places, but in the valley proper it is sheltered and quite warm. Smintheus is
here on the wing fully four months, from last of May to last of September. I
have no doubt these late individuals come from the higher levels. There are
gullies and gulches that butterflies will enter, and, never turning back, will keep
right down the mountain till an open tract is reached. Here flowers abound,
and butterflies of many species, as well as other insects, swarm.”

On 22d July : “ I send you this day several larvae, the result of a hard day’s
work. I went to the very top of Mt. Hayden, one of the highest of the Front

PARNASSIUS I.

range, 14,000 feet, and as I had hoped, I found insects and vegetation two weeks
behind the lower region. All these larvae were on sedum. I watched them eat-
imr it several times. One adult I found on a rock near sedum.”

From Denver : “ I have two females Smintheus confined, and they are very
amusing creatures. They are in a large tin with a clump of blooming sedum, a
yellow saxifrage, and some roots of grass, and stand on the sill of the open win¬
dow — of course inclosed in a net. They will now and then crawl round the
net and deposit an egg on it ; they sun themselves on the sedum, sucking at
the blossoms. I have watered the plants with a fine rose, and the instant the
insects feel the spray, they luirry-skurry and scpieeze down among the plants so
that they cannot be seen at all, their habit doubtless during the frequent moun¬
tain storms.” From Hall Valley, 27th September, 1890 : “ All is brown and deso¬
late ; sharp frosts at night and bright yet cold days have burned the vegetation ;
except in sheltered nooks not a butterfly is to be seen. I embraced the chance
of a ride through the timber with a jack train that was hauling to the mines,
and went up the Gibson. All I saw were two Colias Scudderii, half a dozen
Colias Meadii , rather more Argynnis Eurynome, and about a dozen Smintheus.
Of these last I saw but one female, and she was pouchless, and apparently not
long out of pupa. The males were also fresh and very handsome. I think
these late fresh examples come from eggs laid where the snow does not melt till
July, and there are thousands of acres through the mountains in this condition.
Did you know the males can use their claspers as a defensive weapon ? It is so
indeed. I had, on one occasion, filled the cyanide bottle with insects, at Gibson,
and sitting down to lunch at my favorite spring, just above timber, I pinned my
captures, turning out what were worthless. Among them was a male Smin¬
theus , just taken. I saw that the omnipresent ants at once found the dead insects
and tried to lug them off. (In Colorado, ants are the pest everywhere, on the
prairies, the mountain-top, and in the crowded street ; they will catch live but¬
terflies right before one’s eyes, and when the net incloses them.) The Smin¬
theus was recovering from the effect of the poison, and I saw it struggling with
an ant. Presently it turned its abdomen under, opened the claspers, seized the
ant by the middle, compelling it to let go its hold, and then flew away with it.”

Mr. Reakirt, in Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., 1866, had said of Smintheus : u Mr.
Ridings captured this fine species in July, solely within the mountain districts,
usually when settled upon the flowers of some tree, and always near the edge
of a water-course. It is abundant, but of difficult capture, not only from the
natural obstacles interposed, but from its very quick and high flight, this
commonly ranging from four to eight yards above the head.” On this Mr.
Bruce says : “ As applied to Smintheus, nothing can be more erroneous. But

PARNASSIUS I.

I think the account was intended for Limenitis Weidemeyerii, which it suits very
well.”

Mr. Albert Koebele, 1890, found Smintheus in east Washington, and wrote :
“ At Easton, I got fresh females as well as males. They came out from about
12 m. to 3 p. m. It was interesting to see the males swarming, often thirty or
forty at a time, and each in search of a mate. This is all they do. Seldom
have I seen any feeding except worn ones. The females look like a different
species on the wing, flying much faster. If engaged in ovipositing, they run
very fast over the ground and through various plants, to find a suitable place in
which to leave their eggs. I never saw one lay on sedum, but always on some
other plant, or on wood, chips, etc. Old and partially dried moss is a favorite
place ; so is almost any plant that is growing amidst sedum, as pentstemon or
bunches of grass. Yet I cannot say that they do not lay on sedum also.”

These extracts from letters written on the spot from day to day by expert
observers give one an idea of the time and labor required to attain a tolerably
complete history of the life and habits of some of our butterflies. It has taken
twenty years to bring the history of Smintheus from nil to its present condition,
and much still remains to be learned. It is clear that the eggs are laid any¬
where, and on anything, but in the neighborhood of sedum, so far the only
known food-plant of the larva. Most of the eggs hibernate, and do not hatch
till the snow leaves them, but part are hatched the first season, and the larvae
are more or less advanced before cold weather sets in.

On 13th July, 1883, I received 140 eggs of Smintheus-Hermodur from Mr.
Courtis, at Maiden, and they were kept in a cool place through the rest of the
year, but not subjected to any degree of cold that would retard their hatching.
They began to hatch the last day of January, 1884. I put some of the larvae
on the species of sedum common here, ternatum, and two days later found that
the leaves had been nibbled a little. On 12th one larva passed its first moult,
and by 16th three others had passed the same. But scores of the larvae refused,
to eat, and died. On pressing one in the first stage with the side of a pin on dor¬
sum, it would protrude its scent-organ, a mere shapeless lump, pale yellow-
brown. But after first moult tentacles have appeared, two stout stubby prongs,
green-yellow with a tint of brown. On 27th February the oldest larva passed
the second moult, but soon after died. No other reached that moult.

June 13, 1886, twenty eggs, laid on Castelleia integra in confinement, were
received from Colorado. In August, none having hatched, these were sent to New
York to go in a refrigerating house. They came back, 21st March, some just
hatching, but the larvm refused to eat and died. On 3d April, 1890, a lot of eggs

PARNASSIUS I.

and newly hatched larvae came back from New York. The larvae were placed
on Sedum stenopetalum (from Colorado). On 4th two were observed feeding.
They bored round holes the size of their heads in the thickest part of the fleshy
leaf, and ate out the substance of the leaf, leaving an empty shell, as the larvae
of species of Lycaena and Tliecla do. Later I saw others eating at the edges of
the leaves without burrowing. One of the lot reached third moult, and died ;
the others had fallen by the way.

July 6, 1890, Mr. Wright, at Maiden, sent eggs of Hermodur. I left them in
my room, where they were exposed to much hot weather and in October dis¬
covered that most had hatched. Many were dead, but a few were not, and evi¬
dently just out. As soon as sedum was given these they began to feed. By 14th
October half a dozen seemed very near the first moult, and a day or two later
tried to pass it, but died with their skins half shed, not having vitality enough to
get through.

July 25, 1889, I received ten advanced larvae and three pupae from Mr.
Bruce. The pupae had formed en route. I put the larvae on S. ternatum, and
three small-leaved species of sedum which I had bought from a florist. All these
were attacked and the larvae fed ravenously. They were surprisingly active on
their legs, running like Arctian larvae. Most of this lot were parasitized, a grub
of a large Tachina fly coming from them. Of one sent Mrs. Peart, she wrote
later : “ The larva is lying on the bottom of the glass, drawn up, not curved
much. 1 see a few threads fastened to a stick near it, and about the stems of
the sedum are others, making a slight inclosure. Another larva pupated on
a bit of cloth. There is some silk spread about on the cloth, and a few threads
draw the edges together, forming a sort of cradle.”

With the eggs received July, 1890, from Mr. Wright, came two mature larvae
of what would have produced Hermodur , somewhat larger than any I had seen
from Colorado. They are figured, enlarged, g, y2, so as to show distinctly the
yellow spots, and as will be seen these vary in number in the two larvae.
Neither of them pupated.

Mr. Koebele wrote, July, 1890, that he had found a Smintheus pupa, at Spo¬
kane Falls, under a piece of wood, on the ground, with no web about it.

On 13th July, 1893, 1 received a larva past third moult from Mr. Arthur J.
Snyder, and taken by him at Park City, Utah.

As appears, I have found it impossible to rear the larva from the egg, at Coal-
burgh. One reached the third moult, a very few the second, more the first.
Probably a thousand larva) have hatched, and fully ninety-five per cent, have died
in the first stage, generally soon after leaving the egg, refusing food. But as larvae
after both third and fourth moult have been sent me, 1 have been able to see

PARNASSIUS I.

every stage, and Mrs. Peart has made drawings of them all. Most of the larvae
have hatched in winter and early spring, but some in the fall of the year in
which the eggs were laid, and this supports Mr. Bruce’s opinion that some larvae
. in natural conditions feed in the fall, and give the earliest spring butterflies.

Smintheus flies from the eastern side of the Rockies through Colorado, Wyo¬
ming, and Montana, as far to the west as eastern California and eastern Wash¬
ington, its territory overlapping that of P. Clodius. I hope some day to be able
to give a Plate showing all the stages of Clodius. Some of these I have the
requisite drawings of .now. The egg is quite distinct in shape and incrustation
from that of Smintheus, low, broad quite at the base, and sloping up to the nar¬
row and depressed summit. Mr. Scudder has suggested as descriptive of this
form the word “ spatangoid,” from spatangus, a genus of sea-urchins ; the egg of
Smintheus being called u echinoid,” from echinus, another genus of same family.
Instead of being covered by a mosaic of separate grains, as in Smintheus, this egg
has a smooth crust, much indented. The young larva differs in ornamentation
from Smintheus.

How the keel or pouch seen in the females of different species of Parnassius is
formed, and what purpose it serves, has been a matter of conjecture. In Volume
I., I gave all the information then obtainable. In 1886, Mr. Elwes published a
paper in Proceedings of the Zoological Society, “ On the Butterflies of the Genus
Parnassius,” in which some new observations, mostly by Mr. Arthur Thomson,
on the making and character of the pouch were related. Mr. Thomson had sev¬
eral imagos of P. Apollo emerge from pupae at the Zoological Gardens. He says
that he put the insects in a large gauze cage as soon as they were ready after
emerging, and copulation between several of them immediately took place ; that
the first pair were in connection three and one quarter hours ; the second three
and a half hours ; in each case the pouch developed perfectly, and the females
began to lay eggs within five minutes of separation. Watching the formation of
the pouch in the first pair with a glass, it “ appeared to be about three six¬
teenths inch long, and not quite one eighth broad, with a very slight central
depression the whole length, of a dark green color, and with minute transverse
corrugations. This I found to be a membranous covering attached to the abdo¬
men of the male, containing a dark green fluid. This membrane entirely cov¬
ered the true pouch of the female, as I observed that the male appeared to be able
to contract it, and did several times, so as to expose the pouch of the female, which
was then quite white ; and it has since occurred to me that this exposure of the
pouch might be for the purpose of hardening it a little, as the pouches are quite
soft during copulation ; and this leads me to think that this membranous cover-

PARNASSIUS I.

ing is the mould in which the pouch is formed.” The seventh pair were in cop¬
ulation about three hours, when “ I separated them forcibly. The pouch was
quite soft. ... I then examined the membrane of the male, and found that by
squeezing the abdomen, and holding up the membrane with a pin, a white,
opaque, gelatinous substance issued from that part of the abdomen where the
pouch of the female would be during copulation. Some of this substance I was
able to pull out, but it began to harden immediately on exposure to the atmos¬
phere, and became quite brittle and of a yellowish color. From this I am led to
think that the male supplies the material of which the pouch is made, and that
the female has really little to do with the making.” As will appear presently,
Mr. Thomson was not mistaken in this conjecture.

Professor Howes undertook the task of dissecting and examining the specimens
sent him by Mr. Thomson, and is quoted as saying that Von Siebold believed the
secretion was derived from the male, and to be functional in prolonging the
coitus, adding : “ I cannot agree with him that this is the case, the adhesion of
the copulating individuals being assured by the hook-like claspers of the male.
The pouch is densest in the vicinity of the female genital orifice, and its detailed
structure conforms internally to the ventro-lateral parts of the male genital fun¬
nel. In view of this, the fact that it is impossible, in dissecting of specimens pro¬
cured during copulation, to remove the pouch without bringing away the internal
generative apparatus of the female, points to my mind to a direct connection
between that apparatus and the pouch itself. It suggests the probability of an
origin of the same from the body of the female, and not of the male, as is gener¬
ally supposed.” Messrs. Thomson and Howes therefore differ diametrically as to
the principal point in question.

I now come to the observations of Mr. David Bruce, on Smintheus. He Avrote
from Denver, 9th June, 1886 : u I have lost a whole day watching a pair in cop¬
ulation, and anxiously waiting for them to separate. They had been together
twenty-four hours, and as it was evening, and I was very tired, I gently pulled
them by the closed wings, when they separated, and nothing of the pouch
appeared on the female. I watched carefully with a glass from daylight in the
morning till I separated them, and these are my conclusions. The pouch is
entirely formed from the male. I have read Mr. Thomson’s account. What he
terms the ‘ membranous covering ’ is the true pouch itself. There is certainly
some peculiar organ of the male under the pouch (or membranous covering).
The semi-transparent nature of the membrane enabled me to see this, a Y-shaped
organ, which showed itself as nearly white through the semi-transparent sheath.
It struck me as like the widely cleft point of a quill pen ; occasionally, the male
would work this organ back and forth, one branch of it having a piston-like

PARNASSIUS I.

movement in each division of the pouch, and the pouch was soft and elastic and
yielded to the motion. On separating the pair, to my surprise, instead of the
pouch remaining on the female, the whole affair belonged to the male, and was
visible for a moment or two, when it gradually withdrew into the abdomen of the
male and disappeared. On separating, a large drop of green fluid came from each
of the pair. This dries and leaves a stain on paper. The membranous cover¬
ing yielded to the motion of the organ, yet enveloping it closely, and had a
laminated or folded appearance. The green fluid, when I separated the pair,
prevented my seeing very distinctly the true state of things, and by the time I
had turned to the table and taken a piece of blotting-paper, the whole, pouch and
organ, had disappeared. The fluid, I believe, was merely a lubricating secretion.
I think the retractile organ is connected with the clasping apparatus. It seemed
to me that something was abnormal about the protracted coitus in this case, and
that the pair were unable to separate voluntarily. I have thought it possible
that the reason for the existence of these pouches in Parnassius is found in the
fact that they are additional safeguards for preventing premature separation by
the violent storms so prevalent in the regions where these insects live.”

Mr. Wright, at Maiden, says : “ The pouch is positively absent in the virgin
females. 1 have watched several cases of voluntary copulation, and find that the
pouch begins to be visible soon after connection as a web of exceeding thinness.
Later on it thickens and enlarges, becoming like tissue paper by the time the
copulation ends; then gradually, and in course of an hour or two, it becomes
like a shaving of horn, and finally brown or black, and rigid.”

I consulted Mr. Scudder about these matters, as related by Mr. Bruce, and
proposed to get fresh examples of Smintheus and Clodius, if he would dissect
them, in order to discover what the organs were which had been observed at
work moulding the pouch. He kindly offered to assist, and in due time received
dry examples. Both Messrs. Bruce and Wright undertook to forward living ex¬
amples of the males, and during 1892 such were mailed from Colorado and Cali¬
fornia, but all arrived dead, and so dried that Mr. Scudder found no advantage in
dissecting them. In June, 1894, Mr. Bruce and I were in Colorado together, and
we mailed some twenty males of Smintheus, but Mr. Scudder happened to be
absent from home on their arrival, and the experiment failed. After that we
never had an opportunity to take Smintheus.

Mr. Scudder published his observations on the organs of male Smintheus in the
Transactions of the Entomological Society, London, for January, 1893, and I
will now give an abstract of his paper. “ Mr. Edwards having placed in my hand
abundant dry material during the past winter, I soon reached a conclusion which
seemed to throw new light upon the matter. . . . My dissections were almost en-

PARNASSIUS I.

tirely of Smintheus, but as they left many points still unexplained, I was anxious
to examine living examples. . . . Mr. Bruce sent me males of Smintheus, and
Mr. Wright one lot of living males of Clodius, from California. Unfortunately
none reached me alive except a single moribund example of Smintheus, too far
mme to be useful. The structure of the male Parnassian is remarkable for hav-

mg, as in the genus Anosia (Danais), the sides of the eighth abdominal segment
expanded and posteriorly extended, forming a kind of false claspeis conceal¬
ing the greater part of the genitalia proper ; in Smintheus and Apollo embrac¬
ing also the inferior surface of the true claspers, and thus giving that segment a
length twice as great along the ventral as along the dorsal line (Fig. f). It is
beneath these ‘ klappen,’ or false claspers, that Yon Siebold sa}^s the secretion is
poured forth, and he is certainly right, for all the crevices between the inner
surface of this expansion and the outer surface of the organs beneath, which it
closely clasps, are often filled completely, in all specimens I have examined to
some extent, with a coagulated secretion, which, when compared under the micro¬
scope with a fragment from the pouch of the female, is of essentially the same
character as it.

“ In Cloclius and Mnemosyne and other species, the false claspers do not embrace
the under surface of the true claspers, which are thus not at all concealed on an
inferior view ; and therefore there is in these species considerable modification
of the parts I am about to describe, which are based wholly upon an examination
of Smintheus . If the eighth abdominal ring is carefully removed, bit by bit
. (Fig. r), which can hardly be done without rupturing some of the coagulated
secretion, but often leaves broad sheets intact, all the accessory organs of gener¬
ation are exposed to view, and a second striking feature is revealed ; for it will
then be seen that the sternal portion of the ninth (last) segment, to which are
attached the claspers proper, is split along the median line and sends two pos¬
terior shafts side by side to the uttermost edge of the overlapping eighth seg¬
ment. Directly beneath it, in the sense of toward the middle line of the body,
i. e., lying between the lower posterior ensiform process of the ninth segment
and the lower surface of the true claspers, is a pair of lamellate scimitar-shaped
organs diverging at tip, and so closely connected with the sheet of* coagulated
secretion, and of so nearly the same color and texture as it, as to appear a part
of the same. It is only when the processes of the ninth segment are in their turn
removed that the form and structure of these parts can be made out ; it is then
seen that they have a membranous or tendonous structure, hardly chitinous, and .
certainly not the same as the hardened jelly-like substance of the secretion
which is continuous with their edges and permeates the crevices in the region
about. By uncovering the parts in front, it is seen to be formed mainly of two

PARNASSIUS I.

slender blades curving in opposite senses (Fig. iz, i4), which lie under the pro¬
tection of the inferior processes of the ninth segment, but when they pass for¬
ward dilate into triangular expansions which nearly fill the lozenge-shaped space
left vacant between the curved base of the inferior processes of the ninth seg¬
ment (following the similar curve of the eighth) and the slightly emarginate
apex of the seventh ; at their base appear to be attachments of the seventh ; the
opposite sides of the triangular basal expansion are thicker than the middle, as
if there were a two-branched basal attachment connected by a slight membrane,
to give greater support and rigidity to the attachment.

“ This organ, which, so far as I know, has no homologue whatever among Lepi-
doptera, seems to me to be in just the place and of just the form to serve as the
apparatus for moulding on its interior the abdominal pouch of the female out of
the secretions which flow either from it, or through it, or around it, from glands
in close connection with it ; and consequently I suggest for it the name of peri¬
plast, indicative of its use. The attachments and the mechanism by which it
may act, together with the precise position and relation to it of the adjoining
secretory glands, can of course only be told from fresh specimens, and such spe¬
cimens would doubtless serve also to correct in some particulars this preliminary
description.

“It will perhaps be found that the membrane mentioned by Thomson, contain¬
ing a dark green fluid, is an evaginable gland extended from near the base of the
false claspers, and that when it protrudes beyond the tip, as Thomson’s descrip¬
tion would seem to imply, it secretes from its inner surface the material of which
the pouch is formed, which is then moulded into shape in its inner surface by the
scimitar-shaped periplast, which must have an extensile movement surpassing
even that of the true claspers. This is a point which only an examination, first
of living males, and then of pairs in union, can fully satisfy.”

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Sminthf.us, 5,9 (from Montana) ; var. Hermodur, 1 $, 2, 3 9> 49-
a, Egg ; a2, micropyle.

b to 1", Young Larva ; b\ head; b 5, outline of head and segment 2.

c to c2, Larva at 1st moult; c4, side view of segments 7, 8 ; c6, tentacles on segment 2; c3, head.

d, Larva at 2d moult.

e, Larva at 3d moult.

f Adult Larva, natural size.

g, A second adult, enlarged ; g 2, a third, still more enlarged ; g", head ; g 4, tentacles.

h, Chrysalis, in its pseudo-cocoon ; A2, outline of, h 3, side view of, last segment ; /t4, front view, show¬

ing the cremaster.

i, The last segments of the male butterfly; i2, r, same, with envelope removed, exposing the peri¬

plast, i\

NEOPHASIA I.

NEOPHASIA MENAPIA, Felder (no plate).

Edwards, Butt. N. A., £, Vol. I., p. 27, pi. 8. 1871; 9, id., Suppl. Notes. 1872; Henry Edwards, Proc. Cal.
Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. V., p. 165. 1873; Mead, Report Wheeler Expedn., Vol. V., p. 743. 1875; Stretch,

Papilio, Vol. II., p. 103. 1882; Hagen, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Yol. XXH., p. 134. 1882 ; Fletcher,

Rep. Agric., Canada, 1895, p. 126.

This butterfly, through its larvae, infests the pine woods of the Pacific Slope,
and is found in small numbers as far east as the eastern or front range of the
Rocky Mountains. Mr. Stretch observed the species in July, 1882, in Wash¬
ington Territory, near Spokane Falls, finding the larvae and the pupae “ on the
trunks of pine-trees in immense numbers, say not less than from two to three
hundred within six feet of the ground.” A few days later he discovered in
another locality that the butterflies were emerging from chrysalis. “ I took
probably seventy specimens in a few minutes, and over one hundred and fifty in
course of the day, and it would have been easy to make the number fifteen
hundred.” At Brown’s “ the air was alive with butterflies.” The area visited by
the party of which Mr. Stretch was a member “ extends about twenty-five miles
north and south, and in this region all the yellow pines have been nearly or
totally stripped of their foliage, as well as many of the smaller species of coni-
ferae.” It looked as if “ fire had scorched the tops of the trees, so brown and
withered did they look,” etc. “ The butterfly, when just out of chrysalis, is one
of the most beautiful of its race, and fragile in the extreme, soon losing its fresh¬
ness. Copulation takes place almost directly after emergence, often before the
wings are dry. A female found in copula in the morning was imprisoned about
two o’clock on a pine fascicle, and by six o’clock had laid sixteen eggs in a con¬
tinuous row. These were pale green, ovate, with a small white coronet or
raised circular ridge at the top.” Mr. Stretch was assured that the butterflies
seen by him were the earliest of the year, but whether there was a second brood
or not he could not tell.

NEOPHASIA I.

Mr. W. G. Wright, in 1891, observed Menapia in northeastern California, and
sent me eggs which were laid on 29th August. In the regions described by both
these gentlemen there must be two annual broods. The eggs are laid on the
pine leaves from a few to as high a number as thirty-two (according to Mr.
Stretch).

Mr. James Fletcher, in his Report, says that he encountered Menapia on or
about the 21st July, 1895, in southern British Columbia, the caterpillar feeding
on the foliage of Pinus ponderosa. He remarks that on Vancouver’s Island the
species is equally abundant, and more injurious apparently on the Douglass Fir,
Pseudotsuga Douglasii. In the Okanagan Valley these butterflies were seen in
countless numbers flying around the Douglass firs. The caterpillars let them¬
selves down from the tops of tall trees by means of silken threads, some of which
must have been of the length of one hundred feet or more. The chrysalids were
found on the undergrowth, ferns, shrubs, etc., in large numbers. Fortunately,
a parasitic ichneumon fly, Theronia fulvescens, was seen depredating on the
larvae.

Mr. Wright sent me many eggs of Menapia which were laid 29th August. I
supposed that, as in the case of all the Pierid eggs I had made the acquaintance
of, they would hatch presently; but as they did not, after some weeks had passed,
I put them out-of-doors for the winter. They were brought into the house 24th
of March next, and certainly were then alive. The larvae in a few days could
be seen through the now transparent shells, but every one died without chipping
the egg. I had better success with the eggs which Mr. Fletcher sent me, and
which he wrote were laid 29th July. They were exposed to the weather, under
an open shed, and hatched April 5th to 7th, 1896. I gave the larvae Scotch pine.
They fed in clusters, as many as could lie close together encircling the leaf, their
heads making a ring of black beads ; and others were clustering close below.
They eat the fleshy part of the leaf, leaving the fibre or core. After the first
moult the entire leaf was eaten. This gregarious habit holds to the last stage.

Egg. — Flask-shaped, with rounded bottom ; the height
to the breadth nearly as 1 to 2 ; thickest a little below
the middle, the bottom very slightly flattened ; sloping
evenly to the top, which is narrow, depressed ; marked by
from twenty to twenty-two slight, thin, vertical ribs, run¬
ning from the top to about one sixth the distance from the
bottom, and there disappearing ; around the top is a circle
of porcelain-white bead-like knobs, varying in number from
eight to eleven; color emerald green. (Cut a, eggs as laid
on leaf; b , egg enlarged; c, knobs at top.)

NEOPHASIA I.

Young Larva. — Length, at one day from the egg, .12 inch ; cylindrical, the
anterior segments thickened, and tapering much from 2 to 5, after which slightly
to 12, then rapidly to 13, which is somewhat flattened and ends roundly ; on 2 an
olive, chitinous, slightly corrugated patch, cut in two on the mid-dorsal line ;
each half irregularly trapezoidal ; the anterior side longest ; on each of the halves
three tubercles and hairs in triangle, two to the front, the other at the extreme
rear ; on 3 and 4, on middle of each, a cross row of four tubercles and hairs,
dorsal and sub-dorsal ; lower down, two lateral tubercles on 3 (as there were also
on 2), but only one on 4 ; after 4 the tubercles are placed in triangles, the dorsal
one near the front of the segment, the sub-dorsal near the rear, the lateral mid¬
way between the other two ; below the spiracles, a row of smaller tubercles, and
finer, shorter hairs, one on 2 in line with the two laterals, one on 3 and 4 each,
lower down, and in middle of the segment; this line is continued to 13, but after
4 there is a second tubercle back of the other and higher up ; over each foot one
minute hair, and on 13 three such at base of the anal leg ; all the body tubercles
black, conical, the hairs from them tapering, black ; around each tubercle an
outer circle of olive color, slightly raised above the surface ; color of body yellow-
green, with a tint of brown ; head considerably broader than 2, lathei high in
proportion to its width, obovoid, with tubercles and hairs similar to those on
body, seven on each lobe ; color black, shining.

Mrs. Peart writes of the young larva : “ It has a larger head in proportion to
the body than any Pierid I have seen ; the hairs in number and arrangement
same as in Anthocharis Genutia. The tubercles, however, are smaller at base
than in that species ; the hairs taper to the tip, where there is a slight broad¬
ening, making a blunt ending.5 Duration of this stage, about eight days.

After first moult: length at one day, .15 inch; nearly same shape; all the
body thickly covered with fine tubercles and hairs ; 13 ending in two short, blunt
projections, the space between deeply incurved (this form of 13 holds to the last
stage) ; color yellowish with a tint of brown ; feet black ; head honey-yellow,
clouded black on the upper half. Duration of this stage, about six days.

After second moult : length at eighteen hours, .26 inch ; same shape ; same
tubercles and hairs ; color yellow-green ; traces appear of a white sub-dorsal
stripe and basal band ; under side paler green ; feet black ; at base of each pro¬
leg a black patch ; head shaped as before, brown-green or yellow-green. Dura¬
tion of this stage, about six days.

After third moult : length at one day, .4 inch ; same shape ; 13 now ends in

NEOPHASIA I.

two short, blunt tails, the space between a little incurved ; color yellow-green ;
the basal band broad, white ; the sub-dorsal half as broad, also white ; head
yellow-green. Duration of this stage five and six days.

After fourth moult : length, .75 inch ; shape as before. In about seven days
was fully grown.

Mature Larva. — Length, one inch ; head breadth of 2 ; body cylindrical, the
last segments curving to 13, which ends in two short, blunt tails, the space
between incurved ; color dark green, with a narrow sub-dorsal and a broad
lateral white band ; under side nearly as dark green ; feet black ; pro-legs
yellow-green, a small black, chitinous, rounded spot outside each ; head obovoid,
somewhat elongated, and is pushed forward below when the larva is at rest; color
yellow green, sometimes a blackish patch on either lobe near vertex. From
fourth moult to pupation, about eleven days.

Chrysalis. — Length, .7 inch; greatest breadth, .07 ; depth, .07 inch; cylin¬
drical, slender, the head case prolonged into a straight, slender, conical spur;
the eyes prominent ; mesonotum low, rounded, and carinated, followed by a slight
depression ; abdomen slender, conical ; wing cases prominent and rounded down
to the abdomen ; color dark green, striped white ; a dorsal narrow stripe from
posterior base of mesonotum the length of the abdomen ; near it a sub-dorsal
stripe, a little broader, from end to end ; a lateral twice as broad as the sub¬
dorsal from wing to end, sending a narrow spur up and along the dorsal edge of
the wing case. To imago eleven days. This chrysalis more resembles that of a
Colias than any other Pierid known to me, but is much more slender than
Colias.

All the pupae obtained were green ; but several which Mr. Stretch sent me in
alcohol were brown, striped like the green ones. In his paper he saj^s that the
normal color of the pupa was pale green. “ All those pupating on the needles of
the young pines or shrubby plants in the underbrush were of this color, a close
search failing to reveal an exception, while the larger proportion on the bark of
the large trees were blackish brown. An examination of a number of these
makes it probable that they are all diseased.” Mr. Stretch notices that pupae
were found suspended on their threads, — that is, that pupation had taken place
in midair, — the larval skin shrivelled up around the last segment of the pupa.

LANCE OL AT A . 12. A, 3.4 9.

GE NUT IA . 5. A,

.2T Chry salts

a, - a* Egg

magnified, f - f" Larva (mature) mag.

b. Larva, (young) „

d,e, ,, E)2n-d,Sr-dmU „

h* - h3 '. Chry s airs

h. Chrysalis
rnag d

aat . sixe.

h //

ANTHOCHARIS I.

ANTHOCHARIS GENDTIA, 5.

Anthocharis Genutia, Fabricius ; Edwards, But. N. A., II. , p. 83, pi. 17. 1878.

Egg. — Long, narrow, thickest in middle, curving moderately towards the base,
which is broad and flattened, towards summit more rapidly, so that the upper
half is cone-shaped ; the top depressed, the micropyle surrounded by minute
irregularly hexagonal cells ; ribbed vertically, the number of ribs about sixteen,
half of which reach the summit and curve to the depression, the others ending
not much short of summit, the spaces between crossed by numerous fine ridges ;
color yellow-green. (Figs, a to a3.) Duration of this stage about four days.

Youxg Larva. — Length .05 inch; cylindrical, tapering very gradually from 2
to 12, curving roundly on dorsum of 13, ending squarely; color greenish-yellow;
running longitudinally are three rows of rounded tubercules on either side, from
each of which proceeds a short straight hair, which tapers from the base, and is
thickened at the end, the end usually covered by a globule of fluid (Fig. 54) ; the
tubercles are concolored with body, the hairs light ; on 3 and 4 stand in cross
row, sometimes with a little irregularity; after 4 to 12 in triangle, the dorsal
tubercle being on the front of the segment, the sub-dorsal on the rear, and the
lateral a little before the middle ; on 2 the upper two are near together on the
front, and corresponding with the lateral row below is a very small one, and a
hair without tubercle close to and under it ; there is also a third one behind and
between the upper two equal to either in size ; on the front of 13, the three
tubercles are in triangle as with the preceding segments, and at the rear is a
cross row of four, the two middle ones being dorsals, the others smaller and
apparently of the lateral rows ; at the extreme end, on either side a small
tubercle ; along base a row of short hairs, two on 2, and from 5 to 12 ; one on
13, and on 3 and 4 one each, from a tubercle ; head a little broader than 2,
sub-globose, depressed at top ; on each lobe three tubercles like those on body

ANTHOCHARIS I.

in triangle, so placed that the bases make a cross row of four on forehead ; a
few smaller ones scattered about ; color pale brown. (Figs, b to 53.) Duration
of this stage two to three days.

After first moult : length .14 inch ; same shape ; color light-green, or green-
yellow, glossy ; no dorsal or basal stripe ; the tubercles present, but conical with
broader bases, and disposed as before, the hairs similar but shorter ; the surface
is now thickly covered with little round very pale brown spots, from the centre
of each a minute and very short black hair ; head much as before but broader in
proportion to the height, light brown, a little greenish, tuberculated as before, but
more thickly, one on the front of each lobe much larger than any other ; color
green with a tint of brown. (Figs, c to c3.) Duration of this stage two days.

After second moult : length .27 inch ; color yellow-green, glossy ; a yellowish
mid-dorsal band begins to appear indistinctly, and a more distinct band of white
along base ; the tubercles present, with same arrangement, each broader at base
and flattened there, a little more brown than before, the hairs similar but still
shorter ; the rounded spots much as at second stage, not so pale brown ; head as
last described, but much more tuberculated, two on each lobe being now con¬
spicuous ; color pale green with two brownish discolorations on front. (Figs.
cl to dz.) To next moult two days.

After third moult: length .38 inch ; color dull yellow-green, glossy; a yellow
dorsal band not always clear, except on anterior segments, and a whitish, or yel¬
lowish-white basal band ; the tubercles about as at next preceding stage, but
darker, as are the spots ; head still more tuberculated, all being small except the
two mentioned before, and a third one over the ocelli ; color of face pale green,
the sides whitish, a cloudy brown patch on each lobe. (Figs, e to e4.) To next
moult two days.

After fourth moult : length .6 inch ; in three days was full-grown.

Mature Larva. — Length .92 to .95 inch; cylindrical, slender, the head broad
as 2 ; color dark yellow-green, glossy ; under side, feet and legs lighter ; a yellow
mid-dorsal band from 2 to 13, a broader white band along base; upper surface
furnished with six longitudinal rows of shining black tubercles, low, conical, the
bases broad and flattened, each giving a short black hair or process, which tapers
slightly and is thickened at end ; on 3 and 4 these tubercles are arranged in
straight cross row, on 2 in cross row, but the middle one on each side is a little

ANTHOCHARIS I.

in advance, and an additional one behind makes a triangle with the upper pair ;
from 5 to front of 13 in triangle, the dorsal tubercle being on front of the seg¬
ment, the sub-dorsal on rear, the lateral a little before the middle ; the shield on
13 is black and on it is a large dorsal tubercle on either edge of the band, with
a lesser one behind, besides two minute ones across the band at the end, in all
twelve black tubercles on this segment ; below shield are several white tubercles
with white processes ; from 3 to 13, on the’ lower edge of the white band, is a
small black tubercle to each segment ; all the cross ridges are thickly set with
very fine, short black hairs, some of which, especially on the anteiioi segments,
come from minute black tubercles, but most rise from a pale black loundcd spot,
without tubercle ; the under side whitish, outside feet and legs yellow-gieen,
above to the band less yellow, more green ; head sub-globose, broad as high, nar¬
rowing at top, and a little depressed at suture, broad at base ; color white and
pale green, with a pale black patch on the forehead on either lobe, and one below,
crossing the triangle ; on each upper patch is a triangle of large black tubercles
and on lower one two on either side the suture ; many small white tubercles
cover the face. (Figs, f to^/V) From fourth moult to pupation about live days,
from laying of egg to pupation about nineteen days.

Chrysalis. — Length .72 to .78 inch ; slender, the abdomen long, round, taper¬
ing to a point, the head case surmounted by a long tapering process, so that alto¬
gether the shape of the two ends is much the same ; in some examples the dorsal
outline is regularly arcuated as in Fig. h / in others the mesonotum is slightly
prominent, and the outline is less regular, as at W ; on ventral side the thoracic
segments form a prominent sub-triangular projection, compressed laterally, and
covered by the wing cases ; color generally of a pale yellow-brown, with a reddish
tint, mottled with white and darker brown about mesonotum, the process at head
brown ; the wing cases more or less dotted and streaked black ; on abdomen a
dorsal row of black dots, two to four on a segment, varying ; and a sub-dorsal
row of dots or points. (Figs, h 2, h3, much enlarged, h showing the natuial size
in outline.) The chrysalis passes the winter, and the butterfly comes forth the
following spring.

In Volume II. 1878, I gave all the particulars I had been able to learn of this
species. No one was known to have bred it, and nothing was reported of its pre¬
paratory stages, except that Mr. Boll, in Texas, had seen the female layin O ®C5G>k
on Cardamine. Of late years, however, some of the Washington lepidopterists had
become acquainted with the full history, and Mr. Henry F. Schonborn, of that
city, kindly undertook, in 1886, to supply Mrs. Peart with eggs, larvae, and food

ANTHOCHARIS I.

plants, and did so, until the full set of drawings was made, sending day after day
one stage or other or the plants. I myself saw none of those larvae, but received
three pupae from Mrs. Peart which had formed about 22d May. From one of
them came a male butterfly 7th March, 1887. The periods of the earlier stages
of one example were thus: larva hatched 27th April; 1st moult 30th April; 2d,
4th May; 3d, 9th; 4th, 12th; pupated 22d ; at Philadelphia. The plant was
Sisymbrium Thaliana, described in Wood as growing among rocks and in sandy
fields from Vermont to Georgia, and westward to Kentucky, with a stem 4-12'
high.

The present year, 1888, Mr. Schonborn supplied me with eggs and plants, and
I immediately found the same plant abundant close by my house. I believe, at
one time or other, I had confined females Genutia upon every cruciferous plant
in the neighborhood but the right one, and had never obtained an egg. This
butterfly is rare here, however. The eggs are laid on the flower-stalks, and Mr.
Schonborn writes that he has never found more than one egg on a plant, nor
more than one larva. He says : “ I never found a larva in open fields, although
the plant grows there in abundance in large patches. I always found them on
isolated plants growing in places sparingly covered by large oaks, hickories,
cedars, and other trees/’ The young larva feeds on the flowers and buds, and
as these pass away, on the seed pods, usually beginning at the end of the long,
slender pod and eating towards the stem. (kSee Fig. g.) After the plant has gone
to seed, Mr. Schonborn says it utterly disappears, and the larva? never pupate on
the plants, but go to the trunks of the nearest trees and there change in the
cracks of the bark, or other protected places. The color of the pupa is such that
on an oak it would be almost undistinguishable.

I kept my larvae on growing plants set in a flower-pot and covered by a muslin
bag kept upright by sticks, and one morning chanced on a larva in the act of
pupating, almost done, while another was just about to begin. Both were at¬
tached by buttons of white silk and by girdles to the same stick. The second one
at this time was curved from end to end, the head almost touching the stick.
(See cut, 2.) Presently it straightened itself and a creeping movement passed
from tail to head in a way to loosen the skin from the body, the larva convul¬
sively throwing itself against the girdle, then to the support (3). These throes
soon burst the skin at top, exposing the head over which the process was bent
down, flattened and small (4). When the cast reached the last segment it was
thrown to the ground by a rapid twisting movement of the pupa, and afterwards
the same continued for nearly a minute, accompanied by a vigorous pushing
downward. This double motion fixed the hooks securely in the button, which
was forced into a cup shape, so that it quite sheathed the end of the segment

ANTHOCHARIS I.

and afforded a firm support (7 magnified). I have not noticed this peculiarity in
the shape of the button in any other species. It would be useful, considering
that nearly a year must pass before the butterfly will issue. Immediately after

the skin dropped the thorax was a little prominent (4) — no indication of this
had been given by the larva — and it enlarged almost imperceptibly, while the
dorsum remained arched. This was the attitude up to fifteen minutes. At
twenty the depth of thorax was .14 inch ; the process .1 inch long, .03 wide at
base, partly raised, semi-translucent (being hollow, a thin shell), not yet rounded
(5) ; the abdomen and all the dorsum still retained the larval colors, even to the
yellow band, every tubercle and spot having its corresponding pale black spot
or point ; the wing cases and under side of head and the process dark brown. As
the depth of the thorax increased the girdle was tightened, and the dorsum bent
in; and when at thirty minutes the projection touched the stick the dorsum was
bent in at an angle which fell a segment below the girdle. The pupa had thus as¬
sumed its final shape (6), the process meanwhile having straightened, and rounded,
becoming .18 inch long and .06 broad at base. The depth of thorax was now .1 /
inch. At about twenty-four hours the pupa had assumed its final colors, losing
the resemblance to the larva. Fig. 1 represents the attitude of the larva for a
time before pupation began.

■

ANTHOCHARIS I.

ANTHOCHAKIS LANCEOLATA, 1-4.

Anthocharis Lanceolata, Boisduval, Annales de la Soc. Ent. de France, 2me Ser., X. p. 284, 1852; Mead,
Psyche, II. p. 183, 1878. Etlwardsii, Behr, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., II. p. 304, 1869.

Male. — Expands 1.4 to 1.8 inch.

Upper side white, the apical and upper marginal nervules of primaries edged
with brown scales; on the arc of cell a sub-oval or crescent black spot ; the bases
of wings dusted black ; fringes white, on primaries brown at ends of nervules.

Under side white, the apical area finely streaked across the interspaces with
brown ; the discal spot crescent. Secondaries streaked over whole surface with
graj^-brown, green-tinted, most densely on costal area, lightly over the outer third
of wing ; near outer angle an oblique pure white band from costal edge to cell.

Body covered with gray hairs beneath, the thorax white, abdomen yellowish ;
palpi white, the front hairs brown at end; antennas whitish, club gray-black, yel¬
low at tip. (Figs. 1, 2.)

Female. — Expands 1.7 to 1.9 inch.

Similar to the male ; the nervules more widely edged brown, forming long ser¬
rations from the margin ; across the sub-costal interspaces a loose band of same
color. (Figs. 3, 4.)

Mature Larva. — “ Length 1.25 inch ; body rather elongated, tapering some¬
what posteriorly from the sixth segment; upper side apple-green, shading off
laterally into pale blue, which is bounded by a distinct bright yellow line just
above the spiracles ; next this line is a slightly broader one of pure white ;
under side and legs apple-green, the former bluish along middle ; each segment
is covered with fine black points arranged in transverse rows ’ (that is, on the
cross ridges of the segments) ; u on each also are six minute black tubercles,
each with fine black bristle, arranged in triangle ; head rounded, pale green,

ANTHOCHARIS I.

thickly dotted with black.” (Mead, Psyche, II. 183, 1878.) The tubercles with¬
out doubt are disposed in same way as in Genutia, in straight cross rows on 2-4,
in triangle after. Mr. Mead was of the opinion, when the above was written,
that this larva was Lanceolata. He says: “At different times during June, I
found, in the Yo Semite Valley, a few caterpillars which I feel certain are those
of A. Lanceolata .” He describes their chrysalids as having “ the long palpi
case bent around backward into a sickle shape,” and this identifies the species.
No other Californian Anthocharis has that shape of the chrysalis, and I believe
the chrysalids of all except one very rare species are now known. Those bred
by Mr. Mead died during the winter, he informs me.

Chrysalis. — Length about one inch; slender, the abdomen tapering to a
point, the head case surmounted by a long tapering process, which in all exam¬
ples observed is much recurved ; on ventral side the thoracic segments form a
prominent rounded projection, compressed laterally and covered by the wing
cases ; color brownish-yellow, immaculate. (Fig- *.)

Lanceolata flies in the hills of Marin, Sonoma, and other Counties in north¬
ern California. Mr. 0. T. Baron found it most abundant in Shasta County. He
also took examples near Summit, July 6, 1888, the elevation being 8000 feet.
At Bear Valley, altitude 4000 feet, he took a female while ovipositing on Arabis
perfoliata. Mr. Baron tells me that ten years ago he took this species in Men¬
docino County early in April, and in Shasta County, at elevation of only 3000
feet, at the end of June, and he believes it to be double-brooded. That is the
more probable, as several other of the Pacific species of this genus are known to
be double-brooded, as Hyantis , Ausonides, and JLeaJcirtii, Sara being the second
brood of the latter. The late Mr. H. K. Morrison brought examples of Lanceo¬
lata from Nevada, and it has appeared in collections from Arizona, but I am
unable to give the localities in either region.

•*V

AMfM©CIIAEIIg

ROSA. 1.2.d, 3.4. $) O LYMPIA . 5. d,
P I MA . 6 .7.6, 89. 9 ,

ANTHOCHARIS II.

ANTHOCHARIS ROSA, 1-4.

Anihocliaris Rosa , Edwards, Papilio, II, p. 45. 1882.

Male. — Expands 1.2 inch.

Upper side of both wings pure white, the bases pale black ; costal margin of
primaries sometimes immaculate, sometimes much streaked with black ; near
apex a short straight black bar, turned back obliquely, another bar at the end of
upper median nervule ; the apical area between these almost immaculate, a few
scattered black scales only lying near costa ; on the arc a narrow black bar, bent
or a little sinuous.

Secondaries of thinner texture, discovering the markings of under side;
fringes black at the ends of the two sub-costal nervules, otherwise white, as also

on primaries.

Under side white, with a pink tint over costa of primaries and all of second¬
aries anterior to the sub-costal nervure, deepest next base ; the bar on costa
repeated, much reduced, the black scales largely replaced by yellow ; the bar on
hind margin suppressed, but indicated by a patch of yellow ; the upper sub-cos¬
tal nervules yellow, and at the end of each a black streak running with the edge
of costa ; the discal bar much reduced, paler, and cut by the yellow arc.

Secondaries have three cross bands of luteous-yellow, densely covered with
black scales, with some open spaces or patches showing clearly the yellow
ground ; the anterior band narrow, making a circle about base not always com¬
plete ; the second, or discal, sends a short stout branch along median to the
third, and is attenuated on inner margin ; the third has a triple fork on hind
margin, is very narrow in middle, and broad on inner margin ; at outei angle a
wedge-shaped bar ; the nervures and branches on middle of the wing yellow.

Body covered with long light-gray hairs, the abdomen gray-white, beneath, the
thorax with white hairs, at the sides yellow, abdomen white, faintly tinted yel¬
low ; legs pinkish, the femora clothed with long white hairs ; palpi white, with

ANTHOCHARIS II.

pale gray hairs at top and sides ; antennae white above, yellowish below ; club
white above, yellow below and at tip. (Figs. 1, 2.)

Female. — Expands 1.4 inches.

Color of male on both surfaces, and similarly marked ; between the ends of
the apical bars are black scales in considerable number, suggesting a cross band,
and next apex are more such scales than in male. (Figs. 3, 4.)

Rosa was described from 3 £ 3 ?, sent me by the late Jacob Boll, and taken
by him on one of his expeditions to the extreme west of Texas, in 1878. He
informed me, in answer to inquiry, that he took several more, and all were of
the same type, particularly having reference to the markings about the apices
of fore wings. The species is very near to Olympia, figured in Vol. II of this
work. In Rosa the apical area is immaculate in the male, except for a few
loose scales next costal margin, a little distance from the apex. In the female
there are somewhat more of these scales, and a nebulous connection of the two
marginal bars. (In the Plate, Fig. 3, this last feature is a little too pronounced,
the flecking in the insect being no heavier in this than next the apex.)

The first known examples of Olympia, 1 s 1 $, were taken at Coalburgh, W.
Va., April, 1871. The description soon after published in Transactions of the
American Entomological Society, III, p. 266, mentions “ a large gray patch at
apex, partly replaced by white,” — that is, a gray patch with one or more in¬
terior spots or patches of white. Nothing is said of a definite bar on either
margin. In the insects, which are now before me, the inner edges of the gray
patch are somewhat blacker than the rest, especially next the margins, but there
is nothing of a definite bar. The description in Volume II was rewritten, and
gives the apex as covered by a gray sub-triangular patch, “ terminating on either
margin in a small spot of darker color ; ” and the figure of the male accompany¬
ing shows a pale patch filling the apical area limited on the margins by spots or
clusters of scales of darker color.

Since 1871, Olympia has been taken in all the States lying west of West Vir¬
ginia, to Nebraska, and in Colorado. The species seems particularly abundant
at Whiting’s, Lake County, Indiana, and I have seen many from that locality.
One of these is represented in Fig. 5, and all the Indiana examples which I have
seen have been near to this, showing a patch of solid pale black with a small
white interior patch next costa in the direction of the base.

In both the descriptions of Olympia spoken of, I mentioned a single male as
being in the Museum of Comparative Anatomy, at Cambridge, Mass., also from
Texas, and by Mr. Boll. This was taken at Dallas, and I considered it to be the

ANTHOCHARIS II.

same as Olympia. I have recently asked Mr. S. H. Scudder to look at this insect
and compare with the figure of Rosa. He replies : “ It is almost precisely like
your Fig. 1, with the sole exception of the position of the dusky flecks at the
extreme tip of the wing, those in Figs. 1 and 3 showing a little bar parallel to the
one within, while these were at the very apex itself.” From which the Dallas
example would seem to be Rosa.

It may be that these are properly but forms of one species, Olympia the
northern, Rosa the southern form. As yet not much is known about either,
and of Rosa nothing but what I have given above. Doubtless they are com¬
mon in many localities, but flying at the same time with the white Pierids,
they are unobserved.

ANTHOCHARIS II.

ANTHOCHARIS PIMA, 6-9.

AnthocTiaris Pima (pee'ma), Edwards, Canadian Entomologist, XX, p. 158. 1888.

Male. — Expands 1.75 inch.

Upper side of both wings yellow, the bases pale black ; primaries have the
basal half of costa white, crossed by irregular black streaks ; the apex edged
white on both margins, and within this is a series of five large, elongated black
spots, almost confluent, filling the interspaces to second median nervule, each
projecting a spur to the margin ; on the arc a broad, rectangular bar, the area
between this and the spots and costal edge intense orange.

Secondaries of thinner texture, discovering the markings of under surface ;
fringes whitish, a few black hairs at the end of each nervule on secondaries, and
many on primaries.

Under side of primaries yellow, the costal margin as above, the apex white,
green-tinted, the lower three black spots of upper side indicated by yellow-
green, and finely dusted black, the bar repeated, the orange also, but paler and
diffused over cell and second median interspace.

Secondaries yellow-white, largely covered by broad patches of yellow-green,
which form four irregular, connected, transverse bands between hind margin and
base above median nervure ; below median to inner margin crossed b}7 stripes of
similar color, unequal, mostly wedge-shaped.

Body covered with long gray hairs, which are yellowish at extremity, the
abdomen yellow-gray ; beneath, the thorax white, abdomen yellow-white ; the
femora white, other joints buff ; palpi white, black at tip, and with black hairs
at sides ; antennae imperfectly annulated white and black above, white below ;
club black above, orange beneath and at tip. (Figs. 6, 7.)

Female. — Expands -1.7 inch.

Same yellow as male ; the apical spots larger and completely confluent, the

ANTHOCHARIS II.

orange narrower, paler, the bar less rectangular, broadest on sub-costal ; under
side as in the male. (Figs. 8, 9.)

Four examples of this species, 2 &, 2 ?, were taken early in April, 1888, by
Oscar T. Baron, in Arizona, Pima County, on the barren plains between Pontano
and Tucson. It is the only known American Antbocbaris in which both sexes
are yellow.

T Sinclair &. Son lith PVnla

EURYD ICE .VAR. BERNARDINO 1. 2 cf, 3 ? ;VAR. AMORPH^E 49.

a Egg magnified,

b. Larva (young) „

e .. /? tu 3r,f mou It.

f. Larva , mature nat. sixe .
q h „ mature vurs.

4. Chrysalis .

k Food plant.

COLIAS I.

COLIAS EURYDICE, 1-4.

Colias Eurydice (Eu-ryd'-i-ce), Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1852. Edwards, But. N. A., Yol. I., pi. 16,
p. 53. Form. Amorph.e, H. Edwards, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1876.

What I supposed was the typical form of Eurydice was figured in Volume I.
Boisduval says : “ The yellow (of Ccesonia) is replaced by a vivid orange, and the
fore wings have a violet reflection.” It is impossible to represent in colors
the peculiar reflection. It is also variable, some examples having scarcely any
violet, others an excess, and my figure was made from one of the last. Mr.
Henry Edwards called attention, in the paper above referred to, to the difference
between the spring and autumn generations of this species, and regarded the
former as the type. “ The butterflies of spring make their appearance in April
and May ; the secondaries of the male are wholly bright orange, without any
spots or marks on the margin, except some brown dots to note the termination
of the nervules, while the female is immaculate. The autumn brood, however,
appearing in July and August, have the secondaries of the male with a black
marginal border, and the females have the margins distinctly marked with brown¬
ish patches, and rarely with a black sub-median band, composed of clouded
patches, crossing the wing.” (Fig. 4.) To the autumnal form Mr. Edwards
gave the name Amorph^. In same paper, mention is made of an example
of Eurydice from Mendocino County, in which the “ dog’s head ” is suffused
with the richest purple.

From Mr. W. G. Wright, at San Bernardino, I have received many examples
of the butterfly, and they are characterized by small size, and absence of any de¬
cided violet reflection. Often there is no reflection at all, and the color of the
dog’s head varies from a pale to a deep or indian yellow. From the same lot of
eggs I have bred the larvae to imago, and obtained these varieties. It is this
small form, with yellow primaries, that I call var. Bernardino. The females have
a large, deep brown or brown-black, discal spot on primaries, and often there are

COLIAS I.

traces of sub-marginal spots on same wings ; on the under side the sub-marginal
clusters of scales on both wings are usually conspicuous. (Figs. 1-3.) The pre¬
paratory stages of Eurydice are thus described : —

Egg. — Fusiform, thick in middle, tapering to a small rounded summit ; the
base flat ; ribbed longitudinally, the number of ribs about eighteen, four or five
of which end at nearly three quarters the distance from base to summit ; they
are low, narrow, of even height and width throughout, the spaces between flat
and crossed by many fine horizontal ridges ; the micropyle (Fig. a2) in centre of
a rosette of five hexagons, outside of which is a ring of cells of same shape but
irregular; color yellow-green. (Fig. a.) Duration of this stage about five days.

Young Larva. — Length .1 inch ; cylindrical, thickest on 2 and 3, tapering
slightly to 12 ; each segment several times creased, and on the ridges so made
are many black points, each giving a short black hair ; scattered among these
points are black tubercles, some with long black hairs, but most with white
clubbed appendages (Figs, b 3, 64) ; on front of 2 is a cross row of the hairs, five
on either side, running from dorsum to base ; on 3 and 4 are four each, also in
front, but from 5 to 12 there are three of the white appendages on the side of
each segment, a subdorsal one on the front ridge, an upper lateral on fourth
ridge, a lower lateral on second ridge, or between second and third ; these form
three longitudinal rows, and the subdorsal extends over 4 ; 13 has three hairs in
triangle on either side, and from 4 to 12, below spiracles, are two hairs each, the
front one always a little below the other ; color dull yellow-green ; feet and legs
same ; head rounded, a little depressed at top ; on either side of face are seven
rounded tubercles, and two in the triangle, in all sixteen, each with long de¬
pressed black hair; color of head pale yellow-brown. (Figs, b, b2.) Duration of
this stage about four days.

After first moult: length .14 inch; rather more tapering, the ridges thickly
set with black points, each with black hair ; among these are small tubercles of
same color, mostly on middle of each ridge and nearly equidistant, with longer
hairs (Fig. c3) ; color yellow-green ; head nearly as before, somewhat broader in
proportion across lower half ; the tubercles and hairs much more numerous than
before ; color pale yellow-green. (Figs, c, c2.) As this stage proceeds a yellowish
basal stripe begins to show itself. To next moult four to five days.

After second moult : length .22 inch : color deep green ; the points and tuber¬
cles as in previous stage ; the basal white band distinct; just over it, on 3 and 4,
on middle of the segment, a black, vitreous, round process, almost a hemisphere ;
head yellow-green, more thickly beset with tubercles than before, mostly small,
but twelve, scattered among the others, are of larger size. (Figs, d, d 2, ds.) To
next moult three days.

COLIAS I.

After third moult : length .4 ; same color ; in addition to the black processes
on 3 and 4 is often a similar but much smaller one on each of the succeeding
segments, but they are variable in number ; the band has now an ochreous yellow
discoloration at its lower edge, which deepens as the stage proceeds, becoming
yolk-of-egg color; head as before. (Figs, e, e2.) To next moult three days.

After fourth moult : length .6 inch ; orange now appears in the band. To
maturity about three days.

Mature Larva. — Length 1.1 inch; cylindrical, of nearly even thickness from
3 to 11 ; thickly covered with small black tubercles, each of which gives a very
short, fine black hair; along base from 2 to 13 a narrow white band, through the
lower part of which runs an orange stripe, often macular ; on 3 and 4 each, over
the band, on middle of the segment, is a vitreous, hemispherical process, black,
with purple reflection ; from the centre springs a very small hair, and around
base is a cluster of minute black points (Fig. y2) ; these processes on 3 and 4 are
constant ; often smaller processes of same character are found on part or all the
succeeding segments to 9 or 10, the posterior sometimes greatly reduced ; a
ring of points similar to those about the glassy processes surrounds each hair on
the mature larva (as the artist has endeavored to show in the enlarged segment,
Fig. e2); color dull green ; under side blue-green; feet and legs same; head
round, slightly depressed at top, much covered with fine black points, each with its
short black hair. (Figs./, /2,/3.) From fourth moult to pupation about six days.

There is some variation in the markings at last two stages ; one larva had a
narrow black band on middle of each segment, including 2 and 13 (as shown in
Fig. h). Another had black beads sprinkled about as follows : on 2, one sub¬
dorsal ; on 3, three high on side ; on 4, two high on side ; on 5 and 6, one sub¬
dorsal ; on 8 and 10 each a short bar ; in this last example, as occasionally hap¬
pened with others, there were black lunate spots beneath the band, such as is
commonly seen in Eurytheme and Philodice.

Another larva had spots from 3 to 11, most with an oblique black dash on
lower side. (Fig. g.)

The larval measurements were taken at or near twelve hours from the egg and
several moults.

Chrysalis. — Length .8 inch; breadth across mesonotum .19; across abdomen,
.2 inch ; greatest depth .28 inch ; compressed laterally ; the thorax on ventral
side prominent and forming a narrow ridge ; abdomen tapering, conical ; meso¬
notum less prominent than in Eury theme or Philodice, low, rounded, with a slight
carina, followed by a small excavation ; head case produced to a point, a little
curved upward, with a regular slope on both dorsal and ventral sides, angular
laterally ; color apple-green ; a white stripe often marks the side of abdomen.
(Fig. i.) Duration of this stage nine or ten days.

COLIAS I.

The food plant of Enrydice is Amorpha Calif ornica. (Fig k.) I have several of
these from Mr. Wright, and they are growing in my garden. I also have received
eggs and larvae through the mails. The first sent reached me 2d April, 1883. The
larvae began to pass first moult 4th April ; the second, 9th ; third, 12th ; fourth,
15th ; to pupate, 23d ; and the first imago appeared ten days later. Whole
period from laying of egg to imago about 33 days.

On 4th May, 1884, I received larvae of all ages, about seventy. The black
spots over the band varied greatly. All the mature larvae had one each on 3
and 4. Of 37 examples, 23 had no other spots. One had spots from 3 to 9 ;
another 3 to 10 ; but in both cases none on 5 ; four had spots from 3 to 10, five
from 3 to 11, two from 3 to 12. These larvae were attacked by a fatal disease,
and I lost nearly all. A black speck would appear on middle segments and soon
extend over the body. So pupae that were at first apparently healthy died in
same manner. Mr. Edwards, in the paper referred to, speaks of losing many
chrysalids from a similar disease. I tried in vain, in 1883, to make the laivae eat
white clover (which several species of Colias will eat, though they may refuse red
clover), but, in 1884, I succeeded, and on this plant the larvae went to pupation.
The habits, at all stages, are similar to those of Eurytheme and Philodice. When
first hatched, they eat furrows in the surface of the leaf ; after first moult, they
eat the leaf ; and they lie extended on the upper side along the mid-rib.

When the plate in Volume I. was published, 1870, little was known of the dis¬
tribution of Eurydice. I quoted from Mr. Edwards, that the insect was rare and
local; that its chief home was in Marion County, about thirty miles from San
Francisco. It is now known to inhabit several counties of California from north
to south. Mr. Henry Edwards writes : “ I do not know how far south the spe¬
cies may fly, but certainly not as far as San Diego, the many collections I have
seen from the neighborhood of that city containing not a single specimen. It is
however quite probable that it may reach nearly as far. To the north, it is
taken in Mendocino County, but not in Oregon, Nevada, or British Columbia.
The food plant, Amorpha Californica, grows throughout Oregon, and, I think,
even as far as Vancouver’s Island, and it is somewhat odd that the range of the
species should stop short, as it apparently does, about half way between San Fran¬
cisco and the Oregon line. It is most common in the counties of Napa, Sonoma,
and Mendocino, and never more than fifty or sixty miles from the coast. It fre¬
quents the lower ranges rather than the mountains, and I have never seen it in
any part of the Sierra Nevada. I should say that its home is limited to about
400 miles at the utmost from north to south, and about sixty miles inland from
the seaboard. It must therefore be regarded as an extremely local species.
The mature larva and chrysalis described by Mr. H. Edwards, in Proc. Cal.

COLIAS I.

Acad. Nat. Sci., June 5, 1876, were much larger than any San Bernardino exam¬
ples, the larva measuring 1.45 inch, the chrysalis .95 inch.

The several stages from egg to pupa are closely like other Coliades described
in these Volumes. There is no generic difference whatever observable in any of
these stages between Eurydice and Philodice. So far as I am acquainted with the
butterflies, there is no case where a natural genus does not show its distinctive
characters in the preparatory stages, either in all of them, or part. Hence 1 have
declined to accept the genus Megonostoma, created by Reakirt, in 1863, to ac¬
commodate Ccesonia and Eiwydice. There is no more natural genus than Colias,
and it seems to me quite enough that the differences in the imagos, which are
trifling at best, should be indicated by Groups, as I have treated them in my Cata¬
logues.

•

■

•

CD ML HAS o

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COLIAS II.

COLIAS HARFORDII, 1-9.

Colias Harfordii, Henry Edwards, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., February 5th, 1877. (Vol. VIII.)

C. Barbara , id., 9, 1. c. VII., 1877. W. II. Edwards, Papilio, IV. 2, 1884.

Primaries produced apically, the hind margins slightly concave or slightly
convex.

1. Form Harfordii.

Male. — Expands 1.5 to 1.9 inches.

Upper side lemon-yellow, often lemon-chrome, the bases of wings not at all,
or very little, blackened ; the marginal borders of primaries of medium width,
or narrow, black, dusted with yellow atoms, cut by the yellow nervules nearly
to outer edge, of even width, extending but little way on either costal or inner
margin, the inner edge more or less erose ; discal spot pale yellow in a sub-oval
black ring.

Secondaries have the borders varying in width like the primaries, and ending
at lower median nervule ; discal spot orange, pale to deep ; fringes rose-pink,
yellow at inner angles of primaries and outer angles of secondaries.

Under side pale to deep yellow ; the discal spot of primaries as above ; of
secondaries, small, pearl-white, in a narrow red-brown ring; at base a few pink
scales; no patch at outer angle ; traces of sub-marginal spots, mere points, and
not in complete series, often altogether wanting ; the surface not dusted with
dark scales, but immaculate ; but some examples show a slight dusting, and
some have a few scales at outer angle, suggestive of a patch.

Body above black, with long gray hairs, beneath yellow, the hairs on thorax
tipped with roseate ; collar same ; legs same ; palpi yellow, roseate at tip ; an¬
tennae and club brown-red above, more red below, the club tipped with ferrugi¬
nous. (Figs. 1, 2.)

Female. — Same size.

COLIAS II.

Color delicate lemon-chrome ; the border usually narrow, and of slight texture,
scarcely wider at apex than elsewhere ; but sometimes it is wider and heavier,
with loose scales and points on the inner side, and advanced on costal margin
about as in the male ; in all cases it crosses the wing from margin to margin.

Secondaries either have no border, or there are a few black scales along outer
angle, or small clusters on the anterior nervules ; discal spot either wanting, or
orange, pale to deep. Under side as in the male, slightly dusted. (Figs. 3, 4.)

2. Form Barbara.

Male. — Color of form Harfordii, varying like that, a little black at base ;
the under side much dusted ; the sub-marginal markings varying from mere
points to conspicuous spots, a small patch at outer angle ; the discal spot
often large, usually in a broad ring, or double ring, and sometimes duplex.
(Figs. 5, 6.)

Female. — Color clear, pale, yellow (originally described as canary-yellow),
the border slight, very narrow, and extending across the wing, but little wider
at apex than elsewhere. Under side thickly dusted, the sub-marginal spots
variable ; the patch and discal spot as in male. (Figs. 7, 8, 9.)

These types run through both sexes ; that is, the Harfordii male, as originally
described, is matched with a female as immaculate as itself, and the Barbara fe¬
male, as described, is matched with a male as much dusted and spotted as itself ;
and between the two extremes are intergrades. (Figs. 1 and 5 show the ex¬
tremes of color in the males.)

Egg. — Fusiform, thick in middle, tapering to a small rounded summit ; the
base flat; ribbed longitudinally, the number of ribs being about twenty, four or
five of which end at three quarters and more the distance from base to summit ;
they are low, narrow, and the spaces between are flat, and crossed by many fine
horizontal striae; the micropyle (Fig. a 2) is in centre of a rosette of five cells,
hexagons, outside of which is a ring of cells, of same shape but irregular ; all
these roundly excavated ; color yellow-green, in a short time changing to crimson,
as do all Colias eggs. (Fig. a.) Duration of this stage about four days.

•

Young Larva. — Length .12 inch; cylindrical, a little thickest on 2 and 3;
each segment several times creased, and on the cross-ridges so formed are many
black points, each giving a short, black hair ; scattered among these are long,

COLIAS II.

white, clubbed appendages ; color brown-green ; feet and legs green ; head
rounded, a little depressed at top, thinly furnished with black tubercles, each
with black hair, longer than the hairs on body ; color yellow-green. Duration of
this stage about four days.

After first moult : length .16 inch ; the ridges thickly set with black points,
each with its short, black hair ; there are also many white processes, which form
five or six longitudinal rows on either side, those on dorsum and down to about
mid-side, broad and thin at top, paddle-shaped, on remainder of side, and on front
ridge of 2, long, tapering, club-shaped ; on 2, longest and more numerous, and
directed forward ; head rounded, somewhat depressed at top, with black tuber¬
cles and many of the white clubbed processes. (Figs, b b2.) To next moult about
four days.

After second moult: length .28 inch ; color dark green, very much as at pre¬
vious stage ; along base a yellow-white stripe ; the white processes more numer¬
ous than before, less broad, rather club than paddle-shaped. (Figs, c c2, c3.)
To next moult about three days.

After third moult : length .4 inch ; color darker green ; the basal stripe wider,
with a yellow stain on middle of each segment ; later a red streak appears on
part or all the segments within this stripe ; the white processes now replaced by
short black hairs from conical tubercles, and around base of each is a ring clus¬
ter of black specks. Head as before, lighter than body. (Figs, d d 2.) To next
moult about three days.

After fourth moult : length .55 inch ; color dark green ; the band white, with
a macular red stripe. (Fig. e, natural size, e2, e3 magnified.) In three days from
the moult the larva reaches maturity.

Mature Larva. Length 1.1 inch : cylindrical, thickest from 4 to 8; on the
flattened ridges of each segment are many small, black, conical tubercles, each
giving a short fine hair (as d2 ; the same form of tubercle prevails through the
last two stages, but they are more numerous in the final stage); on dorsum these
hairs are gray, on sides and beneath, white ; color light green ; feet and legs
pale green ; along base, from 2 to 13, a white band through middle of which
runs a red stripe, almost filling it, the ground below the stripe stained yellow ; in
one example, on segments 4 to 10 inclusive, was a small black patch to each
under the band, but in all others there was no trace of this ; head sub-globular,
a little depressed at top ; color green, somewhat lighter than the body, covered
with black tubercles, the same size as on body, with black hairs. (Fig. /, mag¬
nified.) From fourth moult to pupation about five days.

COLIAS II.

CriEYSALis. — Length .75 inch; greatest breadth .18 inch, depth .2 inch ; com¬
pressed laterally, the thorax prominent ; the head case pointed, beak-like, rounded
on the ventral side, less so on dorsal ; mesonotum rounded, rising to a low carina ;
color yellow-green, the abdomen more yellow, and granulated with paler, and
along its side a bright yellow band, through which runs a red or an orange stripe ;
on ventral side, also, a row of small ferruginous spots ; head case on ventral side
at extremity and for a little way down the lateral ridges bright yellow ; on middle
of wing case a blackish dot, and a series of sub-marginal ones, one on each inter
space. One example, instead of the ventral spots, had a reddish band across
three segments. (Fig. g.) Duration of this stage nine to eleven days; of the
larval stages about eighteen days ; from laying of egg to the imago about thirty-
one days.

C. Harfordii was described by Mr. Henry Edwards, 18/7, from seven males,
no female being mentioned ; and in same paper C. Barbara was described fiom
two females, the male said to be unknown. A year later, Mr. Edwards says that
he is inclined to think Barbara is the female of Harfordii. In 1882 and 1883,
Mr. W. G. Wright, at San Bernardino, several times took Harfordii males in
copulation with Barbara females, as well as with females of their own type, and
became satisfied that the two represented but one species.

In July, 1883, Mr. Wright obtained eggs by confining the females over Astrag¬
alus crotalaria. As these females were afterwards sent me, I was able to iden¬
tify them all as Barbara. The first lot of eggs, ten in number, were six days in
the mail, and, the heat not having been extreme, all but two had hatched on ar¬
rival, 13th. Next day came thirty-one young larvae. I fed these on white
clover, red clover being refused, but many died at every stage to pupation, either
from change of food or climate, so that I got but two butterflies, a female on 6th
August, a male on 8th. The female is the one figured Nos. 3, 4, Harfordii type.
The male was of same type. From the result of this breeding, and Mr. Wright s
observations in the field, it seems to me possible that the species may be sea¬
sonally dimorphic, Barbara representing the earliest brood of the butterflies
from hibernating larvae, Harfordii the later, or midsummer, but not so defi¬
nitely as is the case with many species of butterflies. I have in vain endeav¬
ored to learn more about this matter by breeding, the distance and the heat
in July making it almost impossible to transmit any eggs which will hatch on
middle of the journey. The larvae are pretty sure to die. Lots of eggs sent in
’84, ’85, failed to give me one larva. Mr. Wright got twenty larvae of all sizes
on the food plant, as late as 24th December, 1883, but of course it would have
been of no use to transmit larvae in winter, as I could not feed them.

COLIAS II.

As to the distribution of this species, it is common in the region about San
Bernardino. Mr. Henry Edwards gives Santa Barbara and Santa Clara counties
as localities ; also Kern County.

Writing recently, Mr. Edwards says: “ C. Harfordii was taken by me first
near San Francisco, in Contra Costa County, which is as far to the north as I
have ever heard of it. Its home seems to be in the southern part of the State,
or rather from Santa Clara to San Bernardino.”

Mr. Edwards also says: “The descriptions of these forms were read before the
Academy, February 5th, 1877, but were only published in my extra advance
sheets. The Academy stopped its publications with the 7th volume, and are
only now about to renew them. My paper on Colias cannot therefore be re¬
ferred to as being in the Proc. of Cal. Acad., though it will appear within a few
months in Vol. 8.”

The males of extreme Harfordii type come near the males of C. Interior , as
will be seen by the Plate next following. This is a smaller species, — that is, no
Interior are as large as the largest Harfordii, — with a much rounded apex to
fore wing and a rounded hind margin. The border is wider, and extends far¬
ther along costal margin and it is deeply incurved. So that, while there is some
resemblance in this sex there is more divergence. But in the females, the dif¬
ferences are emphatic. In Interior, the border is apical, as in the Pelidne sub¬
group, broad at apex, gradually narrowing on the margin, ending at some dis¬
tance above the inner angle. It is a triangular border, in fact, as distinguished
from a marginal border, such as Harfordii presents, and which is characteristic
of other sub-groups in the genus. One species cannot be mistaken for the
other.

So far as relates to the ornamentation of the under side, Barbara is nearest to
the Eurytlieme sub-group. So that the species in certain points resembles spe¬
cies belonging to two distinct sub-groups, a fact suggestive of the descent of all
from a more or less remote common ancestor.

COLIAS III.

COLIAS EURYTHEME, FORM ERIPHYLE (no plate).

Colias Eury theme, form Eriphyle (E-riph'-y-le).

Eriphyle, Edwards, Can. Ent., Vol. XIX., p. 218. 1887 ; id., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. V., p. 202. 1876 ;

Hayden Bulletin, Vol. IV., p. 514. 1878. Hagenii , Edw., Papilio, Vol. III., p. 160. 1883; id., Can. Ent.,

Vol. XIX., p. 170. 1887. Var. Autumnalis, Cockerell, West Am. Scientist, Vol. IV., p. 42. 1888.

(

Summer Form. — Male. — Expands from 1.5 to 2 inches.

Upper side either canary-yellow or sulphur yellow, not unfrequently with an
orange tint ; the marginal borders and discal spots as in Eury theme. Under side
either pale yellow or deep yellow, marked as in Eurytheme.

Female. — Expands from 1.6 to 2 inches.

Upper side greenish yellow, often more or less orange-tinted ; the marginal
borders as in female Eurytheme, that is, broad on primaries and enclosing a series
of well-defined yellow spots ; on secondaries the border extends from the outer
angle two thirds the way to inner angle, and is usually broad enough to partially
enclose a series of yellow spots.

Var. Autumnalis. — “ Smaller, with narrower borders and the hind wings
more grayish green.” Cockerell. This form flies in the fall and also in the
spring, in Colorado, and corresponds to the Ariadne form of the orange
Eurytheme.

In the Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. cited, Eriphyle was described from thirty indi¬
viduals of both sexes, taken at Lake Lahache, B. C., by Mr. G. R. Crotch. I con¬
sidered them near to Philodice, but differing in some important particulars, and
except in color, as being close to Eurytheme. It was stated that Mr. T. L. Mead,
in 1871, had brought a Colias from Colorado, like this Eriphyle except in color,
the latter being canary-yellow, the others sulphur, and that examples like the
Coloradan had come from Montana.

COLIAS III.

Later Hcigenii was described to include the Rocky Mountain form. Except in
being yellow it was said to be like Eurytheme.

Through Mr. H. W. Nash, of Pueblo, Colorado, I was able to obtain eggs of
this yellow butterfly, laid by females in confinement, with results as follows

(published in Can. Ent., Vol. XTX., p. 171) :

1. On May 11, 1884, received eggs of the first brood of butterflies of the year.
From these came, between June 8th and 15th, 14 butterflies, 10 S , 4 $ ; all yellow.

2. June 7, 1884, received eggs of the second brood of the year. From these,
between 6th and 9th July, 15 butterflies, all Eurytlieme (orange), 11 6 , 4 $ ;
three of the females being albinos.

3. June 7, 1884, received eggs. Result 12 butterflies, 8 of them Eriphyle, 3
5 $ ; 4 Eurytlieme $ .

4. August 29 and September 3, 1884, received eggs. Result, 1st to od October,

5 Ei'iphyle , 2 <$ , 3 $ .

5. June 27th, received eggs of the orange Eurytheme. Result, 9 butterflies,

6 being Eurytheme, 3 S , 3 $ ; 3 Eriphyle, 2 6 , 1 $ •

6. May 18, 1885, received eggs of the first brood of butterflies of the year.
Result, 13th to 18th June, 35 butterflies, all Eripliyle, 20 6 , 15$. These
females were very large and most of them deep yellow, approaching orange.

7. July 31, 1886, received eggs of Eriphyle. Result, 28th to oOth August,

3 6 , 2 $ , all Eriphyle, of the form autumnalis.

8. May 11, 1887, received eggs of the first brood of Eriphyle or autumnalis.

Result, 9th to 14th June, 22 Eriphyle, 15 6 , 7 $ .

9. June 24, 1887, received eggs of Eriphyle, of the second brood of the year.
Result, July 16th to 22d, 16 butterflies, 3 6 , 13 $ , all Eriphyle.

10. July 5, 1887, received eggs of Eriphyle, of the second brood of the year.
Result, July 27th to 29th, 18 butterflies, 17 being Eriphyle, 14 $ ; 3 $ ; 1 Eury¬

theme $ .

I therefore bred nine broods of butterflies from eggs of Eriphyle, and one
brood from eggs of Eurytheme, and the result was sometimes unmixed, all the
progeny being of the same form as the mother, at other times mixed, partly
yellow, partly orange. The species Eurytheme theretofore known as tri-morphic
(see Plate IV. of Colias, Volume II.), became tetra-morphic, Eriphyle being the
fourth form.

The synonymy is as follows : —

Colias Eurytheme,

COLIAS III.

4. Winter form Autumnalis

5. Summer form Eripiiyle
I spent the month of July and part of June and August, 1894, in Colorado,

and during most of the time was at Glenwood Springs, on the Grand River, in
the west. Eriphyle was not uncommon there, especially about the alfalfa fields,
but I never saw an orange Eurytheme. Nor have 1 seen any of the orange forms
alive. Mr. Bruce says that the orange is certainly much scarcer than it was six
or seven years ago, when he first went to Colorado. “ It is seldom seen now,
where formerly the yellow form was the exception.” He accounts for the change
by the spread of alfalfa, this having taken the place of the indigenous food plants.

The form Keewaydin was figured on Plate IV. of Colias, Volume I., 1869, and
Figure 7 on that Plate represents a male Eriphyle. In the text it is stated that
Mr. Henry Edwards, then living at San Francisco, had observed that the males
of Keewaydin varied in color from “deep orange to lemon-yellow,” and that
“ the male is constantly subject to run into this lemon-yellow variety.” This is
the first notice of the yellow form by any observer. Mr. Edwards afterwards
came to be of the opinion that these yellow examples of Keewaydin were not
connected with the Eurytheme species, but were what he had described as C.
Hcirfordii. In that he was wrong. C. Harfordii is figured in the present
volume, and belongs to a different sub-group of the genus from Eurytheme.

In the text of C .Philodice, in Volume II., Plate III. of Colias, there is described
and figured an orange male which was taken in copulation with a yellow female,
supposed to be a Philodice, in Illinois. Other instances of orange examples of
one or both sexes, supposed to be Philodice, were mentioned in the same paper,
or have been reported in the entomological journals.

Nearly all cases of albinism in the genus Colias are confined to the female
sex, and exceedingly few albino males have been reported. But a fine albino
male of Philodice was sent me by Mr. H. E. Wilford, of Batavia, New York,
in 1891, and was mentioned in the Canadian Entomologist for March, 1892,
Vol. XXIV., p. 49.

(DCDILILs^o

GHRYSOMELAS . 1.2 tJ, 3.4 9 , VARS o 5.6.7. 9 6.9.

C0L1AS IV.

COLIAS CHRYSOMELAS, 1-9.

Coltas Chrysomelas (Chry-som'-e-las), Henry Edwards, Pacific Coast Lepidoptera, Feb., 1877.

Male. — Expands 2 to 2.4 inches.

Upper side greenish-yellow, not much obscured at base ; the marginal border
of primaries very broad, black, more or less dusted with yellow scales, cut nearly
to the outer edge by the yellow nervules, usually even-edged within, or slightly
erose, but sometimes roughly dentated, curving roundly at the apex, but little
advanced on costal margin, and on inner margin projecting a rather long spur ;
discal spot small, sub-ovate, black.

Secondaries also have a broad border, cut to the outer edge by the two median
nervules; not dusted yellow; the discal spot usually wanting, but sometimes
orange, or indicated by a slight orange tint ; fringes of both wings pink, yellow at
inner angle of primaries.

Under side of primaries lemon-yellow, deeper colored along costal margin, and
orange-tinted over apical area, often deeply; except on inner margin and to
middle of cell, thickly dusted with fine brown scales ; the discal spot repeated, a
slight oval ring with yellow or sometimes pink-tinted interior; costal edge pink;
submarginal patches are sometimes present in the median interspaces, a small
cluster of black scales to each, but oftener there is no trace of these.

Secondaries entirely orange-yellow, thickly dusted ; the discal spot pearl-white,
or perhaps roseate throughout or about the edge, in a red-brown, broad ring ; at
base a small patch of pink ; at outer angle a cluster of brown scales, never large,
often a mere trace; some examples have submarginal patches in the median
interspaces only. Body covered with greenish-yellow hairs, the collar dull pink ;
under side yellow ; legs pink ; palpi yellow, pink at tip ; antennse and club
brown above, elsewhere pink, except that the end of the club is ferruginous.
(Figs. 1, 2.) Very rarely examples are of a deep yellow, as Fig. 5, and the mar¬
ginal borders narrow and as in Fig. 7.

COLIAS IV.

Female. — Expands 2.2 to 2.5 inches.

Either bright yellow, or of the tint of the male, or paler, a whitish yellow ; the
marginal border of primaries broad, of nearly even width except at apex, pale
dusky black, completely inclosing a series of yellow patches that cross the wing ;

discal spot as in the male, occasionally orange.

Secondaries have the border much narrower and limited to upper half the
wing ; often represented by a few scales or patches ; the discal spot either pale
orange, solid, or an orange ring with pale centre. (Figs. 3, 4, 8.) Fig. 9 repre¬
sents a curious variety, in which the border of primaries takes the form of a series
of long triangles, one on each nervule.

So far as at present known, Chrysomelas is limited to Northern California.
Nevada has been thoroughly searched for butterflies, and this species has not been
taken there. The original examples from which -Mr. Edwards made his descrip¬
tions were from Napa County. Mr. James Behrens has for several seasons taken
many at Shasta, Shasta County, and at Soda Springs, Siskiyou County.

There is no doubt that Chrysomelas is nearly allied to C. Occidental is, Scudder,
figured in Yol. I. pi. 18, described on page 57, a species found over N. W. Br.
America, from Vancouver’s Island to Lake Saskatchawan, but not in the Rocky
Mountains or at high elevations. The two form a distinct sub-group, cliff eiing
from- any other in the character of the border of the fore wing in the female. I
have thought Chrysomelas might be a southern form of Occidentalism and so put
it in my Catalogue, 1884. On the other hand, Mr. Henry Edwards has been
familiar with both these forms in the field, and is positive that they are distinct
species. At the end of his description he says : “ I have no doubt whatever of
the distinctness of this species. It is most nearly allied to C. Occidentalism Scud.,
the original types of which are now before me. It differs in the extreme width
of the marginal band, equally broad on primaries and secondaries, and always
distinctly cut by the nervules on both wings ; by its much larger size, and by the
paler ground color of the female, with more pronounced marginal border. The
usual absence of the discal spot of primaries is also a strongly marked character.”
This was in 1877. Ten years later, June, 1887, Mr. Edwards writes me : “ I am
fully of the opinion that Chrysomelas is quite distinct from Ocddentalis. There
is a difference between the two that cannot be expressed m words, but any one
who has taken the two forms on the wing, as I have, must he of my opinion.
Chrysomelas is from the Coast Range, a different region from the home of Occi-
dentalis. My first specimens of the former were from the foothills of Napa
County. I afterwards got it from Mendocino County, and Mr. Behrens takes it
at Shasta. These localities are part of the same range of mountains, the Coast

COLIAS IV.

Range. Now Occidentals is found on Vancouver’s near the sea-level, and thence
across the continent at low elevations to western Canada.”

I have thought it best, therefore, to give Chrysomelas as a species, for the
judgment of an experienced lepidopterist, familiar with both these butterflies in
life, is of weight. Whether there are two species or two forms of one species
must hereafter be determined by breeding from the egg.

Mr. Scudder described the female of Occidentals, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
IX., 109, 1862, as white, with a greenish tint, with margins like those of C.
Eurytheme , Boisd. It is said that three females were under view. This de¬
scription does not cover the yellow female, an example of which is figured on
the Plate in Vol. I., but applies to the albino Fig. 5, which I now believe to be
Eurytheme, and quite out of place on that Plate. Hr. Hagen called attention to
this some years ago, and on examination I allow that he was right. Striking out
this albino, the true type of the female is represented by Figure 3. I have never
seen an albino female Occidentals or of Chrysomelas.

T. Sinclair & Son.lUh. Fhila.

NITOCRI S 1.2.0" 3.4.9

ARGYNNIS I.

ARGYNNIS NITOCRIS, 1-4.

Argynnis Nitocris (Ni-to'-cris) Edwards, $, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., V., p. 15, 1874 ; Mead, Rep. Wheeler
Expedition, V., 751, 1875. 9, Edwards, Can. Ent., XL, p. 82, 1883 ; 9 aberr. Nokomis, Strecker, Rep.

Ruffner Expedition, p. 1853, 1878.

Male. — Expands 3 inches.

Allied to JSf okomis. Upper side bright fulvous, much obscured from base to
middle of disk, except upon a portion of the cell of primaries; both wings
bordered by two parallel black lines, which, on secondaries, enclose a rather
bioad cleai fulvous space, on primaries a narrow space cut by the black nervules;
anteiior to these lines, on primaries, a series of black lanceolate spots, the an-
tei ioi ones connected and touching the inner line ; on secondaries the spots are
lunular, separated, and do not touch the line; the extra-discal spots on primaries
are irregular in size and shape, rather sub-quadrate and lanceolate, on second¬
aries minute ; the markings to base as in Nohouiis , heavy on primaries, light on
secondaries, the cliscal band on the latter being broken into small, separate, sub-
lunular spots ; fringes fulvous, on primaries black at tips of the nervules.

Under side of primaries red from base to hind margin, and over whole wing
except a small area near apex, where it is bright ochre-yellow ; a brown patch
on middle of this area ; the black markings repeated ; the upper five sub-
marginal spots enclose silver, and there are three silver spots on the patch.

Secondaries deep ferruginous-brown from base to the outer edge of the second
low of spots, between this and outer row a clear ochre-yellow space ; the hind mar¬
gin same color as the disk, with an obscure appearance of fulvous between the
nervules; all the spots well silvered ; the seven sub-marginal are narrow segments
of ciicles, and are edged broadly on anterior side by ferruginous-brown ; those
of the second low are rather small, mostly rounded, the one next inner margin
sub-lunate ; the third row consists of three large spots, the outer ones sub-lunate,
the other rounded, and edged on posterior side by black ; all the spots of the
two lows edged heavily on basal side by black; in cell a round spot, and below

ARGYNNIS I.

cell, an oval, both ringed with black ; a silver patch at base of cell, and another
at base of sub-costal interspace ; shoulder and inner margin lightly silvered.

Body above fulvous, beneath same with many black and gray hairs; legs
fulvous ; palpi same, buff at the sides ; antennae fuscous above, fulvous below ;
club black, the tip fulvous or ferruginous. (Figs. 1, 2.)

Female. — Expands 3 to 3.25 inches.

Upper side blackish-brown, darker than female Nokomis , the black markings
from base to middle of disk nearly lost in the dark ground ; the light spots as in
Nokomis , and of a pale yellow color, except the small sub-marginal, which are
whitish ; the light spots of secondaries narrower than in most examples of Noko¬
mis, owing to the broad edging of brown upon each nervule ; they are also much
dusted brown, particularly on the basal portion.

Under side of primaries deeper red than in the male, the sub-apical area
clearer yellow. Secondaries of a darker brown, dusted ferruginous next base, the
belt of a brighter yellow, divided into spots by the broad edging of the nervules;
the silver spots generally as in the male. (Figs. 5, 6.)

I have not seen a male other than the one in my collection. This was taken
in the White Mountains, northeast Arizona, in 1873, by Lieut. Henshaw, of the
exploring expedition under Lieut. Wheeler.

Several females have been taken in Arizona, Colorado, and Nevada. Probably
the species will be found in abundance in some of the valleys of southwest Colo¬
rado, and south Utah.

\ .

LAIS 1.2. c/3. 4. 9

ARGYNNIS II.

ARGYNNIS LAIS, 1-4.

Argynnis Lais (La'-is) Edwards, Can. Ent., XV., p. 209, 1883.

Male. — Expands 2 inches.

Upper side bright red-fulvous, somewhat obscured at base ; both wings bor¬
dered by two parallel lines, the spaces between cut by the black nervules ; the
markings as in the allied species, but all slight ; the common discal band broken
into spots, which, on secondaries, are very small ; fringes yellow-white, black at
ends of nervules.

Under side of primaries cinnamon-red, paler next inner angle, the apical area
buff ; the upper sub-marginal spots enclose silver and there are two or three silver
spots on the sub-apical patch.

Secondaries from base to outer side of the second row of spots dark brown mot¬
tling a yellowish ground ; the belt beyond these spots pale yellow; all the spots
small and well silvered, the outer row sub-crescent, the second row mostly oval.

Body above fulvous, beneath pale fulvous with many gray hairs ; legs fulvous ;
palpi same, with black hairs at sides ; antennse black above, fulvous below, club
black, ferruginous at tip. (Figs. 1, 2.)

Female. — Expands 2.2 inches.

Upper side less bright, the base more obscured ; the markings all heavier ; the
marginal lines more or less confluent on primaries ; the discal band, in many
examples, connected on primaries, but on secondaries as in the male.

Under side as in the male. (Figs. 3, 4.)

This pretty species is found in N. W. Terr., and was discovered by Captain
Gamble Geddes, in 188o, at Edmonton, early in July. It was common and asso¬
ciated with Cybele. In 1884, Captain Geddes took it at Calgarry, in the foot-hills,
flying with Atlantis. Also at Morley, in Kicking-horse Pass, in July and begin¬
ning of August, and at Laggan, at the summit of same Pass.

ARGYNNIS II.

Mr. Thomas E. Bean, writing from Laggan, 13th September, 1886, says : “ As to
Lais, I can only speak of this region and McLean, 600 miles east of this. Here
Lais appears not to fly at all. At McLean, it is the single common species of the
larger Argynnis. It appeared quite freely along the railroad and about the sta¬
tion buildings. But its native haunts I found to be among the openings of the
little groves of poplar and willow. I have the idea from the localities Captain
Geddes gives that he took his specimens chiefly on the Red Deer River, and that
is far to the west and north of McLean. Also he called it rare, fiom which I
should consider that he was collecting away from its metropolis. I think that
may be in the region about McLean.”

LILIANA l:2.d? 3.4. $.

ARGYNNIS III.

ARGYNNIS LILIANA, 1-4.

Argynnis Liliana, Henry Edwards, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., VI., 1876.

Aberr. Baroni, W. H. Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., IX., 3, 1881.

Male. — Expands 2.2 inches.

Upper side either deep red-fulvous, or pale, varying ; the black markings as in
the allied species, but slight, the spots small ; the mesial band on secondaries con¬
tinuous ; the fulvous spots on same wings, both marginal and discal, often paler
than the ground color ; fringes on both wings yellowish, black at the ends of the
nervules.

Under side of primaries yellow-buff ; the basal area, and to hind margin below
median, brown, with buff in the median interspaces ; some examples, however,
are red-brown at base, and the nervules are edged red ; the outer half of cell
yellow-buff, the P-shaped spot as the base ; the two or three spots on the sub¬
costal brown patch and the five uppermost marginal spots well silvered, the sixth
spot partially so.

Secondaries brown, very little mottled with buff; the band narrow, brown-
ochre ; the spots large and well silvered ; the sub-marginal triangular, those of
second row, except the small ones, fourth and seventh, oval or sub-oval, narrowly
edged black on basal side ; of third row, the three spots are oval, pyriform, and
crescent, with intermediate dashes of silver in some examples, and a streak on
inner margin, also edged black ; a round spot in cell and three at base ; shoulder
and inner margin well silvered.

Body above covered with red-brown hairs ; below, the thorax with hairs which
are gray at base, yellow to reddish without ; abdomen buff ; legs red and buff ;
palpi yellow at base, red without and at tip ; antennse pale black above, red-
brown below ; club black, tip ferruginous. (Figs. 1, 2.)

ARGYNNIS III.

Female. — Expands 2.35 inches.

Upper side pale fulvous ; the marginal spots of both wings lighter. Under side
as in the male, the basal area and nervules of primaries red. (Figs. 3, 4.)

Aberr. Baroni. The two marginal lines very heavy, and in place of the sub¬
marginal lunules a broad band crossing the wing ; the row of round black spots
is represented by a band from costa to upper median nervule, with two round
spots in the median interspaces, the two spots usually found in the next inter¬
spaces wanting; on the under side, the marginal silver spots of primaries aie
changed to a solid bar, and the corresponding lunules on secondaries are changed
in same manner ; so the three spots of second row next costa are confluent, mak¬
ing one great spot. This fine aberration is in the collection of B. Neumoegen,

Esq.

Egg. — Conoidal, truncated, depressed at summit, marked vertically by twenty-
two or twenty-three ribs, which are as in the other species of the genus ; the
outline of this egg is much as in Eurynome , Yol. II, pi. 23, the base being broad,
the top narrow, and the height not much more than the breadth ; color yellow.
(See Plate V of Argynnis, Fig. a.)

I'oung Larva. — Length .08 inch ; cylindrical, marked as in the genus by
tuberculous patches, with hairs the same in number, but somewhat different from
some other species in the sub-dorsal rows ; there are here two hairs from each
tubercle, but instead of being nearly equal in length, the anterior one is much the
shorter, and inclines toward the head, while the other stands up straight, or leans
a little towards the tail ; color of body light brown ; head as broad as 2, sub-
globose, somewhat pilose; color black-brown. (Plate Y, Fig. b)

Liliana flies in northern California and Utah. The examples taken by Mr.
Henry Edwards, from which the description was made, were from Napa County.
Mr. 0. T. Baron supplied collectors during- the years 1878 to 1880 from Lake
County and elsewhere, and on 12th July mailed me eggs just then laid by a
female confined over violet. The eggs hatched 24th July, or at about 13 days
from the laying, and the larvse at once went into lethargy. Later in the season,
I sent them to Maine for safe-keeping through the winter, but none survived.
(By an oversight the egg and young larva were not figured on the present Plate,
but will be given on Plate Y of this series of Argynnis.)

T Sinclair^: Sort lith.Pkila

CORONIS 1.2. <$ 3.4. ?

AEGYNNIS IV.

ARGYNNIS CORONIS, 1-4.

Argynnis Coronis (Co-ro'-nis), Behr, “ No. 2,” Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., II., 173, 1862; Edwards, Proc.
Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 435, 1864. Juba, Boisduval, Lep. de la Cal., 60, 1869; 9 Nevadensis, Edw., But. N.
A., I., pi. 33, figs. 3, 4, 1871.

Primaries long, narrow, moderately arched, slightly concave on hind margin.

Male. — Expands 2.15 to 2.3 inches.

Upper side yellow-fulvous, but varying, many examples reddish ; hind margins
bordered by two parallel lines, which enclose narrow fulvous spaces between the
black nervules ; the sub-marginal lunules narrow, serrate or lunular ; the extra-
discal rounded spots small ; the mesial band rather heavy on primaries, light on
secondaries ; the other markings as in the allied species ; fringes luteous, black
at the ends of the nervules.

Under side of primaries pale buff with a red or yellow tint, varying, the base
and the median nervules red-brown, often much diluted ; the sub-apical patch
brown, with three silver spots, the upper four or five spots within the marginal
lunules silvered.

Secondaries yellow brown from base to outer edge of second row of spots,
mottled in shades, the band beyond clear and of the lighter shade ; the spots
large, well silvered ; the outer row sub-serrate, edged above with red ; the
second row mostly sub-ovate, slightly edged above with black ; the third row so
edged ; a round spot in cell, sometimes duplex, ringed black ; three spots at base
in the several interspaces ; shoulder and inner margin well silvered.

Body above dark fulvous, beneath, the thorax gray-fulvous, the abdomen
yellowish ; legs red, yellowish on inner side ; palpi yellow, ferruginous at tip and
in front ; antennas black above, ferruginous below ; club black, ferruginous at
tip.

Female. — Expands 2.7 to 3 inches.

Same color ; the markings heavier ; the marginal lines confluent on primaries ;
the sub-marginal lunules on same wings enclose paler, often nearly white spots.

ARGYNNIS IV.

Under side red-brown at base, the upper- outer part of cell and extra-discal

area to margin yellowish ; silver as in male.

Secondaries buff, mottled with ferruginous-brown, the band narrow, buff, the

spots large, well silvered.

This is the type of Coronis, Behr, but there is a great variation in the species
in the coloration of under side. Examples from Gilroy, California, where Co -
ronis seems to be abundant, are of the type form. From Mt. Shasta, the males
are lighter, rather cinnamon color, the females a pale brown, or often fawn
color over secondaries and apical area of primaries. Examples from Washing¬
ton Territory, taken by Mr. Morrison, are nearly like those from Shasta ; sev¬
eral from Mt. Judith, Montana, are almost same ; so a male from the North¬
west Territory, taken by Captain Gamble Geddes. A male from Nevada, taken
by Morrison, has the under side decidedly yellow, the mottling pale gray, while
a male from Utah, sent me by Mr. B. Neumoegen, has almost no mottling, but is
nearly clear yellow over secondaries and all of primaries, except just at base,
where the red is greatly diluted.

The species has a very extended distribution, ranging from Kern County, Cal¬
ifornia, to Washington Territory; from Utah to Montana and the Northwest Ter¬
ritory (Belly River and Crow’s Nest). I have not seen it from southern Cali¬
fornia, below Kern County, nor from Colorado.

Dr. Behr described Coronis in the paper before referred to as “ No. 2,” in a
series of descriptions of the Californian Argynnides, not being then (1862) able
to say whether or no the species had been described elsewhere. He says it is
very similar to Callippe Boisduval, “ but differs by the upper side being colored
in the usual way of the genus, and not showing the pale lunulae and spots of the
disk like Callippe , which resembles in this respect more an Euptoieta than a true
Argynnis ; ” and in his Latin description, he says of the under side of seconda¬
ries, 11 posticae subtus fuscae usque ad fasciam macularem intermediam partim
dilutiores.” Dr. Behr, about that date, sent me a sheet of colored figures of
eight of the species described by him, and by this I am able to fix the type.
In the paper in Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., 1864, referred to, I gave an abstract
of Dr. Behr’s paper, and by his consent the name Coronis was applied to the

“ No. 2.”

Dr. Boisduval described Juba in 1869 ; and added, “ This species has so close
a connection with Callippe that it may be but a local variety. The fore wings
above are of a vivid fulvous in both sexes, while in the male Callippe they are of
a pale blackish-fulvous. The under side does not offer notable differences. Mr.
Lorquin, who has taken a number of examples of Juba, considers it a distinct
species.” In Boisduval’s Latin description of Juba, he says, “ posticae subtus

ARGYNNIS IV.

flavescentes.” Now in his description of Callippe, he says, “ posticse subtus
cinereo-fuscm. This does not agree with the color of Juba as given, nor with
what Dr. Behr says of Coronis (“fusca”). But I have the type male of Juba,
sent me by Dr. Boisduval, and named and marked “type” in his own hand, and
this is not “ flavescens,” but the color of Behr’s type. However, as I have’ said
above, the species varies from red-brown to yellow on under side. Callippe is
figured in A ol. I., But. N. A., and the differences between these species are really
great, though they belong to the same sub-group, which also includes Liliana
and Semiramis, both figured in the present Volume.

The female figured in Vol. I., Plate 33, as A. Nevadensis is Coronis of a pale-
colored under-side variety. When that Plate was published, 1871, 1 followed the
instructions of Mr. Henry Edwards, who had taken what he supposed to be the
females of Nevadensis, at Virginia City. Later, 1878, Messrs. Mead and Mor¬
rison collected in Nevada, and brought back numbers of both Nevadensis and
Coronis.' The female of the former is always green. I concluded from the evi¬
dence laid before me at that time that A. Meadii, figured in Vol. II., Plate 24,

must be an extreme variation of Nevadensis, in which the green is dark and
lustrous.

ARGYNNIS CALLIPPE.

Argynnis Callippe , Boisduval ; Edwards, But. N. A.,Vol. I, p. 77, pi. 25.

Mr. W. G. Wright, at San Bernardino, says of this species : “ Its range, in this
region, is from near the sea level to the altitude of 2500 feet. It is found m the
low valleys, where the hills shut off the winds, and the hot sunshine makes a torrid
temperature. Its season is short, only about five weeks, and I have had no evi¬
dence of a second brood. When the males first appear, about 20th May, the bottom
of the valley and adjoining hillsides are green with grass, and gay with flowers ot
various plants. These males are restless, alighting on the flowers but for a mo¬
ment, and seem incessantly occupied in searching for their mates. Almost always
I have had to take them on the wing. The females appear about 1st June, an
should be searched for among the dead twigs and branches of the small bushes
which dot the hillsides, such being the spots to which they resort to lay their
eo-gs. Under these bushes, a few violets have grown in early spring, and by
June, their dead leaves may be seen. The violets never grow at the bottom of
the valley, and the female never approaches green violets, some bunches o
which are to be found, in June, at a higher elevation. Her instinct leads her to
the dead plants. Among the twigs about these, and upon the rubbish at t e
ground, she flutters and crawls, and having found a satisfactory place, pushes her
abdomen down into the rubbish as far as possible and drops an egg. Perhaps
puts another near the first, and then flies to another place. The young larvae
come from the eggs in about twelve days, and must be in lethargic state till the
beginning of the next season. I have never been able to find the larvae in

sprint, though I have searched diligently.” .

In "the region about San Bernardino, there are but three species of Argynnis,
namelv, Liliana, Callippe, and Semiramis, and the last two have the same habits
in disposing of their eggs. According to Dr. Behr, as stated in Volume I., Callippe
is distributed throughout the State, and is the most common species about San

Francisco, but it is everywhere one-brooded.

In the text concerning Callippe, in Vol. I., some doubt was expressed as to
what form Dr. Boisduval applied that name, his description not being definite.
But I afterwards received from him the type male (the Callippe of my P a e).

NEVADENSIS 1.2 9, HALCYONE 3.4 9.

APHRO D I TE .

a a2 Egg magruJied

b — g. Larva, the early stage* »

h Chrysalis .

r£t V

ARGYNNIS Y.

ARGYNNIS NEVADENSIS, 1, 2.

Argynnis Nevadensis , Edwards, (not 9), But. N. A., Vol. I, p. 93, pi. 33. 1871 ; Geddes, Can. Ent., Vol.

XIX, p. 232. 1887.

Female. — Expands from 2.2 to about 2.6 inches.

Upper side pale yellow - fulvous, often very light; the submarginal spots
paler than the ground, as are often the spots on secondaries which correspond
to the second silvered row beneath.

Under side of primaries as in the male, but often quite red at base and along
inner margin ; the apical area and hind margin, and all of secondaries, mottled
with pale olive - green on yellow ground ; the silver spots large. (Figs. 1, 2.)

At the time the Plate in A olume I was published, 1871, scarcely anything
’was known of this species, beyond the fact that Mr. Henry Edwards had taken
a few examples in Nevada, about Virginia City and Lake Washoe. The female
figured was sent by him as belonging to the male, but was afterwards found to
be of A. Coronis , which is illustrated in both sexes in the present Volume.

Nevadensis proves to be a widespread species. Mr. H. K. Morrison brought
gieat numbers of it from Nevada, Wyoming, and Montana ; I received ex¬
amples from the boundary line, Montana, by Dr. Coues ; also from Douglass
County, Washington, and from Utah ; and Captain Gamble Geddes also reports
it at Calgarry, N. W. Territory.

AEGYNNIS V.

ARGYNNIS HALCYONE, 3, 4.

Argynnis Halcyone, Edwards, But. N. A., Yol. I, p. 83, pi. 28. 1869.

Female. — Expands from 3 to 3.25 inches.

Closely like the male in color and markings, as described ; but some examples
are of a deep brown-red. The silver spots are large. Those of the second row
round or broad oval mostly. (Figs. 3, 4.)

Halcyone was described twenty years ago from two examples of the male
sent me by the late B. D. Walsh, which had been taken somewhere in Colorado
by Dr. Yelie. It was many years before I saw another, on Mr. Morrison’s return
from a collecting trip in southern Colorado. From him I had a few specimens,
mosth females. Some years ago, Mr. E. A. Dodge sent me a male taken in
the same State, but with no note of locality. And in 1886, Mr. David Bruce
sent a male from Golden. The species is still a very rare one in collections, but
I think somewhere in the south or southwest of Colorado and the adjacent parts
of Ltah and Arizona it will some day be found in abundance.

ARGYNNIS V.

ARGYNNIS APHRODITE, a-h.

Argynnis Aphrodite, Fabricius ; Edwards, But. N. A., Yol. I, p. 71, pi. 22. 18G8; id., Can. Ent, Yol. VI,

p. 121. 1874 ; Fernald, But. Maine, p. 39. 1884 ; French, But. East. U. S., p. 157. 1886 ; Scudder, But.’

N. E., p. 563, pi. 4, figs. 1, 2. 1889.

Both sexes of Apiirodite tire figured in \ olume I. The preparatory stages
have nevei been described or figured, with the exception of the egg, young larva
and chrysalis, in But. N. E. I now give the complete history.

Egg. — Conoidal, truncated and depressed at top ; in general like Ciybele, but
nai rower at base, or higher in proportion to the width ; marked by about
eighteen prominent, vertical, slightly wavy ribs, part of which extend from base
to summit and form about the latter a serrated rim, the others ending irregu¬
larly at three fourths or more the distance from base ; the rounded spaces
between the ribs crossed by nearly ec[ui-distant fine ridges ; micropyle in the
centre of seven minute five-sided cells, about which are two or three rows of
larger cells, irregular, but mostly five-sided. (Figs, a, a2.) Duration of this sta^e
15 to 22 days.

\oung Larva. Length, at twelve hours from the egg, .06 inch ; cylindri¬
cal, somewhat stoutest in middle; color dull green, semi-translucent; marked by
eight longitudinal rows of dark, sub-triangular, flat, tuberculous spots, three of
which are above the spiracles on either side and one below ; these bear small
tubeicles, in the upper or dorsal row two, in the next two rows one, in the
lowest row four, each giving out a long, tapering, clubbed hair ; on front of 2
is a large dorsal spot, sometimes divided into two, bearing three tubercles on
either side the mid-dorsal line ; on the two following segments the three spots
are nearly in vertical row; on 5 to 13 those of upper row are near the fronts of
the segments, of the next row to the rear, of the third row a little in front of
the middle ; color yellow-green ; under side, feet and legs, more green ; head a
little broader than 2, rounded, flattened frontally, a little bilobed, with many long

ARGYNNIS V.

hairs ; color black-brown. (Figs, b, 52.) The larva hibernates at this stage,
direct from the egg.

After first moult : length, at twelve hours, .14 inch; shape of Cybele ; color
gray-green, mottled with olive-green and brown ; spines as in the genus, black
from greenish bases, each ending in a short black spinule, and with seveial otheis
abouUhe sides ; under side more green ; feet black, pro-legs brown-green ; head
sub-cordate, the vertices rounded; at top of. each, to the front, a little conical
process; furnished with many black hairs; color shining black-brown, (fig- c.)
To next moult seven to ten days.

After second moult : length, at twelve hours, .2 inch, color dark greenish-
brown, mottled in shades ; the spines black, and also the bases, except that the
upper row have a little yellow on the outer side, the lower row, and those of
middle row on 3 and 4, a little yellow all round ; under side brown green ; head
shaped as before, shining black. (Fig. d.) Duration of this stage five to eight
days.

After third moult : length, .36 inch ; color dark brown, the spines black; those
of lower row and the anterior two of middle row, dull reddish-yellow at base, the
rest of both rows very slightly tinted same ; head as at previous stage, black,
with many long hairs. (Fig. e .) To next moult six or seven days.

After fourth moult : length, .55 inch ; color dull black ; all spines black, the
lower row dull yellow at base ; head as before, but dull black over front, reddish-
yellow behind. (Fig. /.) To next moult about six days.

After fifth moult : length one inch. Reached maturity in about seven days.

Mature Larva. — Length, at rest, 1.6 inch, in motion, 1.9 inch; cylindrical,
slenderer than Cybele , somewhat thickest in middle segments, each segment well
rounded ; color blackish-brown, with a velvet black patch about base of each spine,
making six longitudinal macular velvety bands ; the spines of dorsal rows on
2 no longer than others, a little turned forward ; all spines slender, beset with
black bristles ; the bases of lower row dull reddish-yellow, the others black, but
those on anterior segments greenish; under side dark brown; feet black, pio-legs
brown ; head small, as broad as high ; sub-cordate, the front flattened, the back
much rounded, the vertices sub-conic, each on its anterior side bearing a small
conical process ; the face much covered with black hairs of irregular lengths ;

ARGYNNIS Y.

coloi of fiont dull black, of back reddish-yellow. (Fig. cj.'j In five or six days
from maturity the larva suspends, and in from thirty-six to sixty hours pupates.
Time from fifth moult to pupation twelve to fourteen days.

Chrysalis. — Length one inch, breadth at wing cases .35, at abdomen .32
inch; greatest depth .4 inch ; cylindrical, a little compressed laterally; shape of
Cyhele, rather more slender, the head case a little narrower; head case, and
antennae and tongue cases, shining brown-black, the first of these a little mottled
with brown-yellow ; the wing cases light yellow-brown, crossed by very many
fine dark brown streaks, and with a patch of same color near shoulder, another
on disk, and a large, broad patch near to and along hind margin ; abdomen gray
and brown in transverse bands ; on dorsum the gray area is serrated, the points
reaching the front of each segment ; on sides and beneath the brown and gray

areas are about equal, the gray in rear. (Fig. h.) Duration of this stage seven¬
teen to twenty days.

Another chrysalis was olive-brown, the anterior parts much covered with dark
brown dashes ; the wing cases pink-tinted, and dark next hind margin, the whole
finely reticulated with dark brown streaks; the anterior part of each abdominal

segment black, in a cross band, the posterior edges irregular, rather erose than
serrated.

In the text to Argynnis Diana , Yol. II, p. 147, 1876, I gave a general account
of raising larvae of Aphrodite. I have since then several times bred the species
from eggs obtained at Coalburgh, W. Va., carrying the larvae through the winter
in a refrigerating house. In all cases they went into lethargy direct from the

egg-

in 1888, 1 obtained eggs from a female confined over violet, on 23d September.
These hatched 15th October, and the larvae were sent to Clifton Springs, New
York, whence I received two survivors, 16th April, 1889. These were placed at
once on a plant, set in flower-pot, and covered by a muslin bag. One was seen
no more, but the other fed and passed its first moult 24th April; the second.
1st May ; the third on 6th, the fourth on 12th, the fifth on 18th ; suspended
30th, and pupated 2d June. The imago came forth 19th June, a female, after
seventeen days in pupa. The only peculiarity I noticed in this larva was, that
when about to pupate, it made for itself a tent of the leaves of the plant by
weaving them loosely together, so low down that when in suspension it would
nearly touch the ground. Not knowing what was going on, I pulled one leaf
off and the larva fell. The same afternoon it had fixed itself under another leaf,

ARGYNNIS Y.

five inches above ground, and with no attempt to bring other leaves about it.
There it pupated. It may be that the making of a tent for pupation is the usual
habit of the species in natural state, and it may also be a habit of the genus.
But in confinement I have not before observed it in any species. Usually my
Argynnis larvae have suspended from the sides or top of the bag.

Since the Plate of this species was given in Yol. I, 1868, much has been
learned of its distribution. It is not common in the Kanawha Yalley, West Vir¬
ginia, where Cybele is abundant. I never have seen it in June, when many
Cybele are flying, but every year I see a few examples in September. To the
eastward of my home, some fifty miles, among the mountains, elevation 2000
feet and more, I have reason to think it is common enough, and perhaps re¬
places Cybele; for some years ago, Professor Julius E. Meyer brought several
Aphrodite and no Cybele from a day’s collecting in Fayette County. Probably it
is found in the mountains all the way to southern North Carolina. Mr. E. M.
Aaron has taken it at Asheville, and has received it from Macon County, in same
State. He has taken it, he tells me, in various parts of middle and eastern
Tennessee, and knows of its having been taken in northern Alabama. How far
to the westward it flies is uncertain, because it has been confounded by myself,
Mr. T. L. Mead, and others, with Arg. Cipris , Edw., a nearly allied species that
abounds in the Rocky Mountains from New Mexico and Arizona, through Colo¬
rado and Montana into British America ; and with another, A. Alcestis, Edw.,
which inhabits Illinois and beyond, to Nebraska. It therefore happens, from the
confusing three species together, that the western limits of Aphrodite are as
yet undetermined. In Papilio, Yol. Ill, p. 161, 1883, I gave Judith Mountains,
Montana, as a locality, but I had Cipris in view. So I think it possible that
Cipris was the species taken by Captain Geddes, at Edmonton, Alberta, and
by Professor Dawson, at Woody Mount, Assiniboia. Aphrodite is stated by Mr.
Scudder to be common in parts of Ontario, and in Quebec, along the lower
St. Lawrence ; also in Nova Scotia ; but is wholly absent from the White
Mountain region of New Hampshire, being replaced there by Argynnis Atlantis.

ALCESTIS. 1.2. d\ 3.4. $ ,

a . magnified

b . Larva, young „

r d. „ and 3™* moults „

e . Larva, 4th mlt nat. size .

f. „ 5. „ mature.

g. Chrysalis .

ARGYNNIS YI.

ARGYNNIS ALCESTiS, 1-4.

Argynnis Alcestis, Edw., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., V., p. 289. 1876. Id., Can. Ent., Vol. XII., p.

Worthington, Can. Ent., Yol. X., p. 37. 1878. French, Butt. East. U. S., p. 158. 1886.

Butt. N. E., Yol. III., p. 1802. 1889.

69. 1879.

Scudder,

Male. — Expands about 2.8 inches.

Upper side bright fulvous, but slightly obscured at base ; hind margins bor¬
dered by two parallel lines, the spots on inner side of which, on primaries, are
lunate next apex, elsewhere serrate, on secondaries lunate, small ; other mark¬
ings as in Aphrodite ; the mesial band, on both wings, broken into separated
spots, which on secondaries are very small ; fringes of primaries alternately fus¬
cous and yellowish, in equal parts, of secondaries yellowish, with fuscous at the
tips of the nervules.

Under side of primaries bright cinnamon-red from base to margin, the apical
aiea of same hue as the hind wing, varying as that varies ; the black markings
repeated ; the upper five, and often the sixth, submarginal spots silvered, and
two or three silver spots subapical.

Secondaries of one color from base to margin, either dark chocolate-brown, as
in Idalia , or deep ferruginous-brown, with no mottling on the disk, and therefore
in contrast with the allied species Aphrodite and Cipris ; occasionally, in the
middle of the space between the two outer rows of silver spots is a narrow strip
or a streak which shows a pale subcolor, but washed by the prevailing color of
the wing ; the spots well silvered ; the seven of the outer row sub-triangular,
edged on basal side with darker ferruginous ; the second row has the first three
and fifth and sixth nearly equal, sub-ovate, the fourth small, sub-triangular, the
seventh and eighth sub-lunate, the eighth sometimes wanting, or obsolescent ; in
the third row are five spots, the first sub-rotund, the second and fifth small, loner
oval, the third sub-pyriform, large, divided, with a black edging on the basal
side of the outer segment, the fourth rather small, lunate ; all these, as well as
the spots of the second row, heavily edged with black on basal side ; in the cell
are either one or two round spots, and below cell an oval, all ringed black ; a
spot without black at base of cell, and another at base of subcostal interspace ;
also at the origin of costal interspace is an elongated silver spot edged with
black, and frequently the costal margin next base has very little or no silver ;
inner margin lightly silvered.

Body above red-fulvous, brown tinted ; beneath, the thorax buff with fulvous

ARGYNNIS VI.

hairs ; legs reddish buff ; palpi buff, fulvous in front and at tip ; antennae black,
fulvous beneath ; club black tipped with ferruginous. (Figs. 1, 2.)

Female. — Expands about 3 inches.

Upper side darker, more red, much more obscured at base ; the marginal lines
heavy and on primaries more or less confluent ; on same wings the submarginal
spots are heavy and rest on the lines; all the markings and inscriptions heavy
the mesial band connected ; on secondaries this band is either made of separatee
spots, or the posterior half is connected, the rest separated. .

Under side of primaries fiery red, the apical area as on the lnnd wing, the
silver spots large; the sixth spot more or less silvered, and sometimes the sev¬
enth partly; often there is a dash of silver on the basal side of the rounded
spots in the lower three interspaces, and narrow, lanceolate spots of silver are in
the lower subcostal and both discoidal interspaces between the marginal and
discal rows (this excess of silver is very unusual in the genus) ; secondaries, as
described for the male, of either olive or dark red-brown, solid color ; the silver
spots as in male in number and shape, enlarged ; the costal and inner margins
more extensively silvered. (Figs, o, 4.)

Egg. — Conoidal, truncated, and depressed at top ; in general like Aphrodite,
but taller than broad, and taller in proportion to the width at base, the sides ess
convex (comparing some of the allied species, in Alcestis the breadth is to the
heio-ht as 80 to 96, in Aphrodite as 80 to 90, in Cybele as 80 to 80) ; marked by
eighteen prominent, vertical, slightly wavy ribs, about half of which extend from
base to summit, and form around the latter a serrated rim ; the remainder end
irregularly at three fourths and upwards distance from base to summit, some¬
times squarely at one of the cross ridges, but usually curve towards and unite
with the long ribs ; the rounded interspaces separated by nearly equidistant
fine cross ridges ; color when first laid greenish yellow (Fig. a). Duration of
this stage twenty-five to thirty days.

Young Larva. — Length at twelve hours from the egg .08 inch ; cylindrical,
stoutest anteriorly, tapering backward, the dorsum sloping considerably , co or
brownish green, semitranslucent ; marked by eight longitudinal rows of dark,
sub-triangular, flat, tuberculous spots, three of which are above the spirac es on
either side, and one below ; these bear small tubercles ; in the upper, or dorsal,
row two, in the next two rows one, in the lowest row four, each giving ou a
lono> tapering, clubbed hair ; on front of 2 is a large blackish dorsal spot bearing
three tubercles on either side of the mid-dorsal line, and below it, in line with
the third row, is a small spot with two short hairs ; and near the front, against
the spiracle are two points, each with very short hair ; on 3 and 4 the spots of

ARGYNNIS VI.

the three upper rows are in vertical line, but from 5 to 13 they are in triangle,
those of the dorsal row near the fronts of the segments, the next row to the
rear, the third a little in front of the middle ; at the end of 13 is a large spot, or
double spot, with several hairs ; the spots of the infra-stigmatal row are placed
on the middle of the segments, and still lower, in a line along the base of the
legs, are single points, with a fine hair each, but two on 2 ; under side, feet and
legs less brown, more green ; head a little broader than 2, rounded, slightly bi-
lobed, with many hairs; color dark brown (Fig. b). Most of the larvae became
lethargic direct from the egg, but about ten per cent proceeded to first moult
and farther. The first moult was reached at eighteen days from hatching.

After first moult: length .15 inch; shape of Aphrodite; color yellow-green,
the dorsum mottled with brown, especially about the bases of the spines ; spines
as in the genus, long, tapering, black, beset with short and fine black bristles,
those of the second row rise from either pale yellow or greenish tubercles, all
others from black ones ; head sub-cordate, the vertices rounded ; at top of each,
to the front, a little conical process ; color black, the hairs black. To next
moult, in the Fall, five to seven days, in the Spring, fourteen to twenty-three.

After second moult : length .22 inch ; shape as before, color black-brown, the
sides paler than dorsum ; the spines black ; the bases of the dorsal rows pale buff
on outer side, but black on the dorsal side, those of second row black, of third
buff ; the intermediate ones on 3 and 4 yellow ; head shaped as before, black
(Fig. c). To next moult, in the Fall, six days, in the Spring, seven to twelve.

After third moult ; length .3 inch ; color velvety black, with a tint of brown ;
the outer side of bases of dorsal spines now dull yellow ; those of second row
have very little yellow, and of third have yellow at base and a little way up the
stem ; color of front head shining black, but the back is yellow (Fig. d). To
next moult, in the Spring, eleven to fourteen days.

After fourth moult : length .5 inch ; color as at last previous stage ; spines
black, both dorsals and those of the second row very slightly reddish yellow at
base ; those of the third row and the intermediate spines of 3 and 4 are all
orange at base and nearly halfway up ; head as before, black in front, orange at
back. At ten days after the moult: length .9 inch; not changed in color, the
spines now deep red (Fig. e). (The length mark on the plate represents the
length at the moult, not at ten days after, when the drawing was made, and should
not have been present). To next and the last moult fourteen and fifteen days.

ARGYNNIS VI.

After fifth moult : length 1 inch ; at from fourteen to twenty days from the
moult was fully grown.

Mature Larva. — Length 1.4 inch at rest; greatest breadth across middle
segment, .3 inch ; cylindrical, of even thickness from 5 to 11, each segment
rounded ; color velvety black ; the spines disposed as in the genus, long, slender,
tapering ; the dorsals on 2 directed forward, but are not longer than the others ;
all are beset with many short black bristles ; those of dorsal rows are greenish
brown at base, except on 3 and 4, where they are dull yellow ; those of second
and third, as well as the intermediate row, are dull yellow at base and halfway
up, the tops black ; under side and prolegs brown, the feet black ; head sub-cor¬
date, flattened frontally, the back rounded, the vertices conical, each at top bear¬
ing a little process or sharp tuberculation which is turned forward ; on the face,
many fine, short, black hairs ; color black, the back either reddish yellow or dull
yellow, individuals varying (Fig./) . From fifth moult to pupation from twenty-
two to thirty-three days. The length of the several stages depends somewhat
on the state of the weather.

Chrysalis. — Length 1 inch, breadth across mesonotum .33 inch, across
abdomen .3 ; greatest depth .36 inch ; cylindrical, somewhat compressed later¬
ally ; general shape of Aphrodite, but more slender ; head case nearly flat at
top, rounded, the curve being almost equal on dorsal and ventral side, a minute
sharp tuberculation at each corner, the sides incurved ; mesonotum prominent
(as in the sub-group), carinated, the sides convex, followed by a deep rounded
excavation ; the wing cases flaring at base, compressed in middle dorsally, ele¬
vated ventrally, curving to the abdomen ; this is conical, and shows two rows of
tubercles which correspond to the dorsal tubercles of the larva, and extend to
mesonotum and head case ; a row of small ones on side, and another, more or
less complete, below the spiracles ; the whole surface finely corrugated ; color
red-brown, irregularly mottled black, the wing cases black along the nervules, and
with a black patch on disk (Fig. g). Duration of this stage about twenty days.

Alcestis flies in southern Michigan, northern Indiana, and Illinois, in Iowa
and Nebraska. It seems to be limited to a narrow belt of latitude, and is there¬
fore vastly more restricted in its range than the allied species Cyhele and Aphro¬
dite, with which it associates. Mr. Worthington, in the paper above cited, says it
is abundant on the prairie west and north of Chicago, in July and August, but
seems to be local, “ as examples taken a few miles north, in a timbered region,
are almost uniformly Aphrodite .” He adds, “ I have been greatly surprised at

ARGYNNIS VI.

the readiness with which a strong Aphrodite upon the prairie can be distin¬
guished, while on the wing, from the surrounding Alcestis, owing mainly to a
s ight difference in its manner of flight, which resembles that of Cybele .” It may
be distinguished also from the western Aphrodite by its intense red color, and
by the hue of its under surface. This is often olivaceous like Idalia, and unlike
any other North American Argynnis, of whatever sub-group, and the color is
solid on secondaries from base to margin, with no submarginal band or any mot¬
tling of yellow on the disk, such as seen in Aphrodite and Cipris ; at times the
ground color is blackish ferruginous, also solid. In all the earlier stages, from ego-
to chrysalis, there are distinct differences from Aphrodite.

I have twice bred the larva; of Alcestis to imago, the eggs having been ob¬
tained by confining the females over violet. The first eggs were received 26th
September, 1876, from Mr. Thomas E. Bean, then at Galena, Illinois. The larvfe
hatched 14th October, and at once went into lethargy. 1 carried them through
the winter, at Coalburgb, but with much loss, not yet having discovered the
advantage of a snowbank for hibernating larva). During January, 1877, they
began to feed, and by 1st February, some had passed their first moult • on 15th
the second ; on 27th, the third ; on 10th March, the fourth ; 25th March, the
tilth ; and pupation took place 16th April, the imago appearing 7th May.

In 1877, I received another lot of eggs from Mr. Worthington, at Chicago,
which began to hatch 23d September. A second lot received later hatched 1st
October. All the larvae at once went into lethargy, and were kept in as cool a
room as I could give them. Several were alive during January, and some were
feeding ,n February, but one after the other died, and none reached the first

Ill 1878, Mr. Worthington sent more eggs, and these were hatching 6th Sep¬
tember. Several of the larvae fed at once, and some were passing their first
moult on 25th September. I never saw that happen with any larva; of the
arger Argynnis in my possession except in this one instance. But as I have
related under Cybele, m this Volume, Mr. Siewers had known a larva of that
species to feed and pass its second moult, and had found one wild that was
deemed to have passed its third. On 1st October, some were passing the second
moult, on the ith of same month, the third moult. I was absent from home two
weeks just after this, and on returning, 5th November, I found but one of these
aige arvse living, and it seemed in lethargy. But ten days later it had died.

w i 10 t lat, hibernated from tlle eSg> two were found to be alive on 5th

lebi nary 18,9, and one passed first moult on 11th February, the other 18th.
m oldest passed second moult 4th March; the third, 11th March ; the fourth,

sent to Mrs P t’ l fT'’ “d PUpated 12th Ma^ The other I had
sent to Mrs. Peart, and had no record of its changes.

a. a2 Egg , ALBERTA.
b Larva , young

m agn ifted

ARGYNNIS VII.

ARGYNNIS ASTARTE, 1-4.

Ajynnis Aslarte , Doubleclay and Hewitson. Mditma A start,', Doubl. and Hew., Genera of Diurnal Lepi-

doptera pi. o3 fig 5. Argynnis Aslarte, id., Vol. I„ p. 181 (footnote ■). 1848. Victoria, Edwards, Canadian

Entomologist, Vol. XXIII., p. 198. 1891.

Male. — Expands two inches.

Upper side pale fulvous; primaries a little obscured next base, secondaries
largely, the dark area covering nearly half the wing ; the black markings on
both wings rather heavy ; a common black marginal border, narrow on prima¬
ries, one third wider on secondaries ; a common series of small sub-marginal
spots, sub-oval on primaries, crescent on secondaries, on neither wing touching
the marginal border ; the rounded spots largest on primaries ; the discal angular
band heavy on primaries, light on secondaries ; a bar on arc of cell of primaries,
another crossing the cell a little within, a rounded elongated spot depending
from sub-costal nervure, and a crescent near base ; in the sub-median interspace
an angular cross-bar ; on secondaries a Y-shaped spot at the end of cell.

Under side of primaries faded fulvous, brownish over the basal part of cell ;
small patches of orange-ferruginous in the sub-costal interspaces ; the markings
lepeated, reduced, pale ; secondaries orange-ferruginous, deepest next base; a
marginal black line, within which is a heavier parallel one ; next this on each
interspace a small yellowish patch, which crosses the inner line nearly or quite

The footnote referred to reads: “Melitsea Aslarte , t. 23, fig. 5, is an Argynnis. I was misled by the
markings of the under surface, which resemble those of the first species of the present genus (Melitma
Maturna) , Ochs. On page 175 is given “No. 16, Argynnis, n. sp., Rocky Mountains, North America.”

r. . S. Skinner, who has kindly looked this matter up for me, says: “ The species is figured only as to its
upper side.. It is not mentioned in either the Argynnis or the Melitsea lists in the work, but in a footnote, on

ffge Jqoq111 fine Pimt UnJer Melita3a> is the mention I quote above.” Mr. Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
LJec. 1889, says: “ Aslarte is an almost unknown species, which was discovered in some part of British
Co umbra, perhaps in the Cascade Mountains, many years ago, by some of Lord Derby’s collectors. The

\pe is in t ic ntish Museum.” Where this information was obtained does not appear; but Doubleday evi¬
dently knew nothing of it in 1848.

ARGYNNIS VII.

to the margin, and on basal side of it are a few black scales, which, in the two 01
three posterior interspaces, take crescent shape ; the round spots of upper side
repeated ; close above these is a narrow transverse band of connected yellow-
white crescents, not well defined, each with scattered black scales at the top ;
across the disc, a broad angular band of yellow-white, with something of a mar-
garitaceous sheen, edged on both sides rather heavily by black ; this band may be
considered a chain of spots, as the separating nervules are black, and the one in
the cell is prolonged nearly to the yellow band, and cut almost in two by the
black bar on the arc of the cell; the deep orange space beyond the band dis¬
covers no spot except a small whitish triangle in the cell ; at the base, whitish
patches at the tops of the interspaces, which are dusted with black, the posterior

ones also edged without by black.

Body red-brown above, the abdomen beneath gray-yellow ; legs red ; palpi
have long red frontal hairs, among which are a few black ; antennas fuscous above,
red below; club black, tip ferruginous. (Figs. 1, 2.)

Female. — Expands 2.1 inches.

The black markings heavier, the inner marginal line of the male has become
diffuse, — a band ; color as in the male. (Figs. 3, 4.)

This species was described by me, in 1891, as A. Victoria, from a single male
furnished by Mr. Bean. He did not suspect that it could be Astarte of Double¬
day, which, though attributed to the Rocky Mountains by that author, was cata¬
logued by Mr. Kirby, in 1871, as belonging to Jamaica. Double day had not
described Astarte, but gave a figure of the upper side only, which m the genus
Aro-ynnis is not the distinguishing side. Moreover, he had taken it at first for a
Melitsea. The type, however, was in the British Museum, and on sending an
example of Victoria, which was furnished by Prof. Edward T. Owen, and taken
by him at Laggan, in 1893, to Mr. A. G. Butler, he compared it with the type,
and pronounced the two to be one species beyond a doubt. It is remarkable
that the single specimen should have been taken so long ago as 1848, and
how much earlier is not known ; and that no other example of the species should
have been noticed till 1888. Astarte is not closely related to any other North
American species of Argynnis, though it has affinities with the Charicleci sub¬
group in the discal band of the utider side of secondaries.

° Mr. Bean writes me of the localities and habits of this species as follows : —
a Astarte is at present known only from the mountains on the eastern face of
the Rocky Mountain central range, in the Bow Valley, on the western edge of
Alberta Province, latitude 51° 25'. It occurs on two mountains near Laggan,

ARGYNNIS YU.

one of them three miles southwest, in the main range, the other a low smooth
mountain directly north of Laggan. Upon each Astarte has two established
resorts, the two highest and most definite summits. These summits, on the
mountain first mentioned, are respectively at 8,500 feet and 8,000 feet. On the
mountain north of Laggan the two peaks have altitudes of 8,000 and 7,600 feet.
On the inferior summit of this mountain I found the species, in 1888. On either of
these four high points males may be seen on most fine days in the proper season.
The mountain south of Laggan proves to be the better locality. The male has the
same preference for ultimate peaks so observable in the male of our local alpine
Chionobas near to Subhyalina , Curtis (figured on the plate of Chionobas VIII. as
Subhyalina), but it is noticeable that while the Chionobas is often content with
almost any knife-edge or rock-waste on a mountain ridge, if above 7,500 feet, for
Astarte nothing will answer except the tops of the peaks. A subordinate sum¬
mit, if sufficiently isolated, may attract a few, but the crown of the highest peak
will be the permanent play-ground of the male, year after year. The flight of
the male is exceptionally swift. He surges up over the edge of the peak in a
wild lush, with vings in constant racing action, and takes a whirl or two across
the plateau, rousing into transient vigor every sleepily careened Chionobas. His
curiosity and nervous energy satisfied, he executes an expert half-turn in mid¬
air, and dashing off at a tangent, drops out of sight over the cliff wall, while
each somnolent Chionobas settles down again upon his chosen boulder, and, with
closed wings, tilted at an angle of 45 , leans sidewise, like a ship under a press of
sail.

Astarte seems always on the lookout for an entomologist, whose advent is
carefully noted, and at any approach of such a monster nearer than about fifteen
feet, its wings lise to half-mast, vibrate there a doubtful instant, and away goes
the butterfly, making sure of its safety while it is safe. (This necessarily refers
to the male.)

“ The altitude range for this species, so far as observed, extends from 6,700
to 8,500 feet. The former figure is closely the altitude of Agnes Lake, where
both sexes of Astarte occurred in 1892. At 8,500 feet, also, the female has been
found, and it is at that altitude the male is most frequently seen. When I have
met with either sex at elevations intermediate between these extremes, it has
usually been along some stony gully or rocky ridge leading from the crest of
the mountains.

u The Bow Valley timber line being 7,000 feet, and that of Colorado averaging
at least 11,000, shows a margin of 4,000 feet at timber line. Considering only
latitude as a cause of difference, acting uniformly at all altitudes, then 8,500 feet
here equals an altitude of 12,500 in Colorado. * But it is my belief that the
climatic difference between the two districts increases rather abruptly at a cer-

ARGYNNIS VII.

tain altitude. For there is a secondary cause of difference in the vastly greater
area of permanent alpine snow-fields here than in Colorado, and this cause would
act much more powerfully at 8,000 feet and above than at timber line. The
consequence of this would be, and I believe is, that the habitable belt does not
extend so high above timber line here as in Colorado. I think it likely that
8,500 feet here would be equivalent to an altitude in Colorado of 14,000 feet.”
(It would appear by this that Argynnis Helena of Colorado, which frequents the
loftiest peaks, and Astarte in Alberta, live at equivalent altitudes ; so also Chio-
nobas CEno , in Colorado, and C. Subhyalina , in Alberta. Mr. Biuce tells me
that the habits of Helena are very much the same as Mr. Bean describes those of
Astarte. W . H. E.) Mr. Bean continues : “ There seems to me little doubt that
the usual home of this butterfly is among the boulder-strewn ledges on the upper
slopes of the mountains, and chiefly within a few hundred feet of the summit
altitude. This is indicated by the fact that the males, though not flying about
the peak tops so freely at midday as during the morning hours, often become
active again later in the day, and seem as abundant toward the end of the after¬
noon as in the morning. It is my impression that but few of these butterflies
are matured in a season upon any one mountain, and that nearly all the males
are very frequent visitors to the summits in their vicinity. The female has no
apparent preference for these extreme heights. She does not devote her valu¬
able time to racing madly across windy summits for the mere nonsense of the
thing.

“ The male appears most freely during the last week in July, and two or three
days in August. New females have been found July 24th, 31st, August 2d and
3d, also September 17th. Females much worn were taken August 2d and Sep¬
tember 17th, indicating emergence respectively about August 12th to 15th, and
September 5th to 10th. My dates, including both sexes, show a term of emer¬
gence lasting from thirty to about sixty days, according to the season.

“ The food plant is not known, but it is probably not violet, or the butterfly
would have been noticed in those parts of the lower slopes where the yellow
violet grows; and there my collecting has been through the last twro seasons.

“ Examining my Astarte series, selected to illustrate the biological method of
the species, I find a basis for the following statements : —

“ Melanochroism does not occur.

“ The figure-pattern is not differentiated for sex ; marked uniformity obtains,
especially among the males. The females are usually moderately larger than
the males, and a little more variable in expanse of wing.

“ Non-typical tendencies in figuration appear to be somewhat rigorously sup¬
pressed. The fixed lines of pattern are maintained with approximate precision,
variation being restricted to narrow limits, so that throughout the series the
figure pattern is extremely formal, definite, and uniform.”

ARGYNNIS VII.

ARGYNNIS ALBERTA, 5-8.

Argynnis Alberta, Edwards, Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XXII., p. 113. 1890.

Belongs to the Cliariclea sub-gronp.

Male. — Expands 1.9 inch.

Upper side pale yellow-fulvous ; the markings closely as in A. Helena , but
reduced, pale black; the mesial stripes on both wings interrupted, macular; the
extra-discal rounded spots on primaries minute, the sub-marginal crescents want¬
ing, represented by small clusters of scales at the summits only, leaving a clear
space to the margin, which is edged by an even stripe ; on secondaries the
rounded spots are larger, and so are the clusters of scales; the marginal border
is extended on each nervule so as to encroach on and make narrow the clear
space.

Under side of primaries pale red-brown, uniform throughout ; the black mark¬
ings obsolescent or altogether wanting. Secondaries brown, the extra-discal
area paler, with an indefinite yellow-white stripe next above the rounded spots ;
the sub-marginal lunules yellow-white and confluent ; across the disc a belt of
same form as in Chariclea and Helena, pale yellow-brown, obscured in the median
interspaces. (Figs. 5, 6.)

Female. — Same expanse.

Upper side brown, dusky, obscure, sometimes of a slaty hue rather than brown,
and always with a peculiar smooth surface suggestive of grease imperfectly
removed; the markings pale, diffuse ; the mesial stripe on primaries has here
become a broad band, and the clusters of scales are merged in a continuous
stripe ; on secondaries all the markings about the base and on the disc are obso¬
lescent ; the outer clusters of scales large and diffuse, and the margin is edged
by a crenated band. Under side as in the male. (Figs. 7, 8.)

ARGYNNIS VII.

Egg. — Conoidal, much rounded at base, the top truncated and a little de¬
pressed ; the breadth and height almost equal, broadest at about two fifths the
distance from base, the sides much arched, after the middle narrowing upwards
rapidly, the top rather less than half the breadth below ; marked by about forty
vertical ribs, thin, but slightly elevated, often straight, sometimes slightly sinu¬
ous, eight or ten of them ending at from one third to two thirds from base, there
joining the long ribs ; the ends at top do not form a serrated rim as in many
species ; between the ribs the rounded depressions are crossed by many low hori¬
zontal ridges ; the micropyle is in the centre of a rosette of flattened five-sided
cells, and beyond are three or four rows of irregularly five-sided large shallow
cells to the rim; color when first laid, pale yellow. (Figs, a, a2.) Duration of
this stage ten days.

This species discovers a greater number of ribs than any which I have ob¬
served. Freya comes next, with 36 ; Choriclea, 30 to 34 ; Helena , 32 ; while
Montinus has but 25 ; Frigga, 20 to 22 ; Bellona, 21 or 22 ; Triclaris, 26 ;
My rina, 15 or 16.

Young Larva. — Length, .06 inch.

Cylindrical, of even size from 2 to 8, then tapering on both dorsum and side
very gradually to 13 ; each segment well rounded ; color yellow-brown, pale in
line of the spiracles ; marked by eight longitudinal rows of dark, flattened, tuber¬
culous spots, three above and one below the spiracles on either side ; the spots
sub-triangular, or oval or rounded, in the upper rows bearing two small blackish
tubercles, from each of which springs a long, tapering hair, thickened at the
end ; on the anterior segments these hairs are turned forward, on the middle are
nearly upright, on the last are turned back ; on dorsum of 2 is a long and broad
oval spot corresponding with the four uppermost rows, with four hairs along the
front and one behind and between each pair of these ; the spot on this segment
of the third row has two hairs, but the next two have three, and these three
spots are a little below the line ; on 2, also, in front of the spiracle, are two short
hairs in vertical line ; the spots below the spiracles are rounded, and, except that
on 13, have four divergent hairs on each from 4 to 12, three on 3 and 4 ; along
the base is a line of minute tubercles with very short hairs, on 2 and 13 two
each, on the rest but one ; under side pale yellow-brown ; feet and legs color of
body ; head obovoid, bilobed, dark-brown, shining, with many short hairs. (Fig.
b.) The larvae went into lethargy at once from the egg, and died during the
winter.

This species was discovered by Mr. Thomas E. Bean, who has kindly written
for me an account of its habits and localities as follows : —

ARGYNNIS VII.

“ Argynnis Alberta occurs on the mountains, near Laggan, with Colias Wastes,
Chrysophanus Snowi, Argynnis Astarte, and the alpine Chionobas near SubhycL
Una, Curtis. In 1890, I took one pair on a mountain near Hector, B. C., twro
miles west of the Alberta Province line. On that mountain lives Chionobas
Brucei, never yet observed at Laggan, only nine miles distant. Alberta fre¬
quents the upper slopes and slides of the mountains, at strictly alpine elevations ;
the females often being found higher on the inclines than the males. When
suddenly disturbed, the female is liable to rise high and convey herself tumultu¬
ously half across a mountain. Habitually, however, and unvexed, her flight is
deliberate, and she alights frequently. She has a certain dignity of manner
wdiich commands respect. An air of speculation marks her, denoting a mind
preoccupied with problems. The male spends much of his time flying slowly
and searchingly down the slides, so close to the ground that he almost seems
gliding on the surface. He is less easily caught than the female, except when
at flowers. Both male and female fly very low, and on alighting rest with wings
spread flat on the ground, which is the approved mode among our local species
of Argynnis and Parnassius. Even Astarte follows the prevailing fashion, but it
is far more wary and alert than Alberta. Considering relatively these two spe¬
cies, the comparison is suggestive in view of their community of habitat and
their respective relationship to other species in the genus. In habits of flight,
and in topographical preferences, they are distinctly unlike. They differ greatly
in regard to pictorial differentiation for sex. And it seems about a proved fact
that one of these species is diverse from the other in important details of devel¬
opment, Alberta having a biennial imago, appearing in the even-digited years,
while Astarte presents the imago yearly. According to my experience, Alberta
is on the wing only in alternate years. I have searched its territory during six
summers, 1888 to 1893 inclusive. In 1888 it was first found, and was met "next
in 1890, and then in 1892; but in the intermediate seasons, 1889, 1891, 1893,
none were seen.. I find no mention of any other butterfly conditioned by a simi¬
lar lapse of the imago with the exception of Chionobas Aello. The species seems
to be characterized by a twice-hibernating larva, and meanwhile conditioned in
its secular progress by causes which restrict its cycles of development to one
unvarying periodicity. This undeviating periodic mode results in ‘ off-years ’ for
the imago. As an illustration : the females of 1888 will have laid their ego-s
and died, before winter. The young larvae hibernating under the ample protec¬
tion of the snow, the larvae feed during the summer of 1889, and hibernate still
another winter. In the summer of 1890 they mature, and in quick succession
follow chrysalis and imago. Again, during a few brief days, Alberta flowers out
m its dark beauty along the alpine escarpments, and passes the time of day with

ARGYNNIS VII.

the commonplace every-year butterflies, and hides away her eggs shrewdly heie
and there for the benefit of posterity. Thus is one cycle completed and another

established.

u I am reluctant to assert the strictly biennial imago as a demonstrated fact,
yet its probability is greatly supported by careful observations made in 1891 and
1893, as also by the fact that I had no difficulty in finding the butterfly in 1890
and 1892. According to this view, the species has a triennial cycle of development
and is subject to an astonishing fixedness of habit, by force of which an archaic
periodicity is steadily and exclusively maintained, resulting in restriction of the
secular progress of the species to a single stream, and thereby limiting the imago
to a biennial flight. Admitting an imago strictly biennial, the restrictive perio¬
dicity seems unavoidably implied. It is difficult to understand why, in a long
series of considerably variant summers, Alberta should not have been able in
some favoring season to steal a march on fate by maturing a few individuals
earlier than the mass, thus capturing for the imago the barren years, and start¬
ing a supplementary stream of secular progress in cycles of development begin¬
ning and ending on the odd years, as 1891, 1893, etc.

«° Alberta inhabits a very limited altitude range, and this is the only fact known
to me which helps to explain why the species may have remained permanently
subject to such limitations as have been suggested. Species which range from
the larch groves at 6,800 feet to the mountain tops at 8,000 or 8,500 feet, as
most of our alpine lepidoptera do upon occasion, could not permanently maintain
such inflexible routine. Sooner or later the individuals maturing near the lower
levels would deliver such a species from its disability. But Alberta has not this ^
resource. Its ordinary range is between 7,400 and 7,900 feet, and it frequents
most the steep slopes and slides at 7,500 feet and above, not flying far below its
usual range, and manifesting no partiality for extreme altitudes. I have not

noticed it below 7,200 feet, and seldom so low.

“ Of the early stages the egg and first larval stage only are known. The food
plant has not been ascertained ; certain indications render it somewhat piobable

that this will prove to be Dryas octopetala.

“ A series of Alberta consisting of thirty males and twenty-five females justi¬
fies the statement that while a majority of females are conspicuously melano-
chroic, and only an occasional individual is lacking that tendency, among the
males, on the contrary, melanochroism is not found.

(( Should further research result in certain proof that Alberta flies only in the
even years, the fact will strengthen the probability that others of the alpine
butterflies likewise develop in three-year cycles. These species, however, owing
to more mobile customs of growth, advance the secular progress in two periodic

ARGYNNIS VII.

lines, the sequence of one line of advance being alternate to that of the other
ftuch a species would traverse the centuries in two processions, one bavin- a
jear the start of the other, so that a cycle of development in the one procession
completes its course a year in advance of the correspondent cycle in the other
But the wayfaring children of Alberta apparently all travel in one caravan.”

T fIr9?ean,Seo"t “eorten eggso£ Alberta, laid on Dryas octopetala in confinement,
July 20 and 21, 1890. There were some other plants in the can, he wrote
on which a few eggs were laid, but nearly all were on the leaves and stems of
the plant first mentioned. The eggs hatched on 30th and 31st July, or after ten
ays. The larvae at once went into hibernation, and died in course of the winter.
Mr. Bean told me that the larvae with him were lost in the same way.

C~J

ARGYNNIS VIII.

ARGYNNIS ATOSSA, 4-6.

Argynnis Atossa, new species.

Male. — Expands 2.5 inches.

Upper side bright yellow-fulvous, the base very lightly dusted brown ; hind
margins of both wings bordered by a single line, and that is the inner one of the
two usually seen in the group, there being no trace of the outer line ; no black
sub marginal spots on either wing, except on primaries, in the lower three inter¬
spaces, in each of which is a small spot representing the apex of the usual ser-
ration , nor aie there the usual rounded black extra-discal spots, except on the
lower four interspaces of primaries, and of these, the middle pair only are de¬
cided black ; the black subapical patch is also wanting ; the discal and cellular
markings on primaries are light, and very much as in Adiante ; on secondaries
the mesial band is reduced to a series of abbreviated narrow bars, widely sepa¬
rated ; the S-shaped spot at end of cell is slight ; fringes pale yellow throughout.

Under side of primaries very pale fulvous at base to middle of cell, and in the
P-shaped spot, and the basal part of the median interspaces ; on this area the
black markings are repeated, reduced ; all the rest of the wing, in the cell and
to apex and hind margin, pale yellow-buff, the markings obliterated.

Secondaries wholly pale yellow-buff, the basal area to the inner side of the
second row of spots scarcely darker than the rest ; all the spots faint, and with
no trace of silver, their inner edges slightly dusky.

Body above concolored with the basal part of the wings ; beneath, the thorax
yellow-buff, the abdomen reddish-buff; legs reddish on the fronts, yellow be¬
hind ; palpi yellow, the long hairs in front red ; antennae fuscous above, ferru¬
ginous beneath; club black, ferruginous at tip (Figs. 4, 5).

Female. — Expands 2.6 inches.

Upper side of same hue as the male, a little paler next apex of primaries, with

ARGYNNIS VIII.

a gray edge to the costa and around the apex ; the hind margins bordered by a
single line, as in the male, with no diffusion at the nervures ; the markings of
both wings as in the male.

Under side of primaries deeper fulvous about base ; otherwise as in the male
(Fig. 6).

Something more than twenty years ago I came into possession of a strange
Argynnis, which I was told was North American, but beyond that could get no
information whatever. No one knew where it came from, but it was said to be
surely American. I had never seen anything like it, and believed it must be a
foreign species, but kept it in my collection, hoping one day to learn moie
about it. This was the male figured on the Plate. In January last (1890), Mr.
H. K. Burrison, of Boston, Mass., sent me a few Argynnides for name, taken by
him, in 1889, in south California and Arizona, and among them was a female
exactly corresponding to the male spoken of. On asking where it came from,
Mr. Burrison replied as follows; u It was taken at Tehachipe, south California.
I stopped there only a few days, from July 4th to 8th, and this and anothei female
were found in a little valley about four miles from town, by a small stream. I
saw others, but caught only the two. If I remember rightly, the elevation was
about 4,800 feet. I was in haste to reach Arizona to meet by appointment the
friend with whom I traveled there, and did not have time to examine the tops
of the mountains about Tehachipe, so can say nothing as to the height at which
the species may be found.”

I myself have seen but the pair figured, but Mr. Burrison reported to me the
points of the second female, which agree with those of the one sent me, and now
figured. All three examples are characterized by the peculiar yellow color on
upper side, by the absence of the outer marginal line, and of the usual marginal

and discal black spots.

That so striking a species could have been unnoticed in a region supposed to
be thoroughly explored by lepidopterists, gives reason for the belief that many
species of Argvnnis yet undiscovered exist within the United States and Canada.

ARGYNN1S YIII.

ARGYNNIS ADIANTE, 1-3.

Argynnis Adiante, Boisduval, Lep. de la Cal., p. 61. 1869.

Male. — Expands from 2.3 to 2.4 inches.

Upper side red-fulvous, lightly dusted with brown at base; marked and spotted
\\ ith black after the usual manner of the group ; hind margins bordered by two
parallel lines, resting on which, on primaries, are small serrated spots ; on
secondaries the corresponding spots are lunate, and most or all fail to reach the
lines ; the rounded spots very small on both wings ; the other markings as in
the group, but slight, and on secondaries extremely so, the mesial band being
reduced to little more than a line, often macular; fringes yellowish, fuscous at
the ends of the nervules on both wings.

Under side of primaries pale fulvous over basal area, and along inner margin,
taking in the basal half of the cell, and half the remainder along and next the
median nervure : on this part of the wing the black markings are repeated,
reduced ; the rest of cell, and a space beyond cell on the subcostal and upper
median interspaces yellow-buff, the apical area pale brown-buff; the marking
obliterated.

Secondaries have the basal area to the inner side of the second row of spots
pale brown-buff, limited without by a faint brown stripe, corresponding to the
mesial stripe of upper side, the hind margin bordered by same color; the rest of
the wing the extra-discal area — pale yellow-buff ; the spots, which in most
species are silvered, are here entirely without silver, yellow-buff in color, faintly
edged with brown on the basal side.

Body above and below concolored with the basal part of the wings ; legs red¬
dish ; palpi yellow, with red hairs in front ; antennae fuscous above, ferruginous
below ; club black, tip ferruginous (Figs. 1, 2).

Female. — Expands 2.3 to 2.6 inches.

Both sides as in the male, and the markings similar ; in some examples the

ARGYNNIS VIII.

basal area of primaries beneath is fiery red, in others it is paler, and as in the
male (Fig. 3).

The male figured on our Plate is the original type of Dr. Boisduval, sent me
by himself, and bearing his label as « type” Adiante. In his description of this
male lie says : “ The four wings on upper side are of a vivid fulvous with the
black spots disposed nearly as in the neighboring species. ... The female re¬
sembles the male. This beautiful Argynnis was taken in some numbers by M.
Lorquin, on the edges of woods, in the eastern part of California.”

Of late years Adiante has not been a very common species in collections, owing
to its local habits, apparently. Professor J. J. Rivers writes me that “ it is found
above Los Gatos in the Santa Cruz Mountains. It also occurs at several locali¬
ties in the same range, and in Santa Clara and San Mateo counties ; but it does
not appear to be found farther south than about nine miles north of Santa Cruz
city.” Apparently Dr. Boisduval was mistaken in the locality.

Dr. Behr writes, March 15, 1890 t Adiante is found in the Santa Cruz Moun
tains, near Searsville, extending to Los Gatos Creek and farther south. I do not
know its southern limit. If you strike the right time, it is common near the
sawmill on the upper Los Gatos Creek, and in an hour you may catch several
dozens. It is very constant, and unlike many of the California Aigynnides,
develops neither variations, nor aberrations, nor races.

IKa

E GEE IS 1.2. <f .3.4. $

5 VAR. <?,

a Egg

b ht Larva (young/

magnified. c i/a /ure larva , n at svxe

c* c 3 „ „ , parts mag':'

d. Chrysalis .

ARGYNNIS IX.

AEGYNNIS EGLEIS, 1-5.

Arqynnis Egleis (Eg-le'-is), Boisduval, Lep. de la Californie, p. 59, 1869.

“ No- 5>” Behr, From Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., II., p. 174, 1862.

Montivaga, Edw., Syn., 1872 (not Behr).

9 Mormonia, Bois., 1. c., p. 58.

Male. — Expands 1.8 to 2 inches.

Upper side bright fulvous, a little obscured at base ; marked and spotted as in
the allied species ; double lines along hind margins, the mesial band on second-
aiies continuous and all the markings of both wings light 5 fringes of primaries
alternately fulvous and black, or nearly all black, with a little fulvous in middle
of each interspace, of secondaries, either wholly fulvous, or with black just at
ends of nervules.

# Under side of primaries yellow-buff apically, pale red at base and to hind mar¬
gin below median, or just at base, and along the median nervules, in which last
case the interspaces are buff ; the black markings repeated ; the sub-marginal
spots either buff altogether, or the upper four and the two on the brown sub¬
costal patch are imperfectly silvered..

Secondaries yellow-buff, the belt between the two outer rows of spots clear
colored and immaculate ; the remainder of wing to base washed with diluted
brown, through which the yellow ground appears more or less clearly ; the sub¬
marginal spots narrow, and sometimes well silvered ; the other spots as in the
allied species, but small, never, so far as observed, perfectly silvered, but varying
much in this point ; the spots of second and third rows rather heavily edged with
black on the basal side.

But many examples are reddish-buff on under side, and the brown on second¬
aries is darker than in the type.

Body brown above, with long fulvous hairs, buff below 5 legs fulvous and buff \
palpi fulvous ; antennas black above, fulvous beneath ; club black, tip ferrugi¬
nous. (Figs. 1, 2.)

ARGYNNIS IX.

Female. — Expands from 1.8 to 2.1 inches.

Upper side less bright than in the male ; the markings no heavier ; but ex¬
amples occur which are darker fulvous, and others which are much obscured
over basal areas, and the fulvous is everywhere washed with brown ; on the
under side the base of primaries is more red than in the male ; in the darker
examples the disk and base of secondaries are more covered with brown or
brown-ferruginous ; and the spots of both wings are silvered, but not so per¬
fectly as in many species. (Figs. 3, 4.)

There is much variation, and one of the common varieties is represented by
Fig. 5. In this there is no trace of silver, and the spots are clear yellow-buff,
color of the ground of the wing. I have seen no female of this type.

Egg. — Conoidal, truncated and depressed at top, rounded at bottom ; the
breadth to the height nearly as 8 to 9 ; marked by 18 thin, elevated, vertical ribs,
slightly sinuous or bent, one half of them running from base to summit, the
others but about two thirds the distance, then uniting with the first ; the ends
forming a serrated rim ; between the ribs the rounded depressions are crossed by
many very low horizontal ridges ; color yellow. (Fig. a.)

Young Larva. — Length .06 inch, at 12 hours from egg ; cylindrical, of even
size from 2 to 10, each segment a little rounded ; color greenish-white (changing
in a few days to greenish-brown) ; marked by eight longitudinal rows of dark
tuberculous spots, three being above the spiracles on either side, and one below ;
these spots are flat, oval or sub-triangular, and bear one or two small conical
tubercles, from each of which springs a long tapering hair ; under a high power
these hairs are seen to be barbed, and knobbed at the ends ; on dorsum of 2 is a
bar, corresponding to the four dorsal and sub-dorsal spots of other segments, and
on its front are six hairs, on the rear four shorter ones ; the spots of the dorsal
rows are sub-oval, each with two hairs ; of the sub-dorsal rows triangular and
smaller, each with but one hair ; of the third or mid-lateral row sub-oval, on
2, 3, 4 with two hairs, on following segments but one ; the spots of the fourth, or
infra-stigmatal, row are rounded, and except on 2 and 13, each of which has two,
have four divergent hairs ; along base, on 3 to 6, and on 11 to 13, is a line of
tubercles, one to each segment, with short hair, but on 2 in same line is a spot
like those of upper rows, small, with two hairs ; the hairs of the dorsal rows on
the three anterior segments are bent forward, on the middle segments are nearly
upright, on the last four are turned back ; it is almost the same with the sub¬
dorsal row, but in the mid-lateral the two hairs on 2, 3, 4 are turned in opposite
ways, and after 4 are bent down ; in the fourth row, the upper two on each spot

ARGYNNIS IX.

from 3 to 9 or 10 are quite divergent and are turned up, and the lower pair, just
as divergent, are bent down ; after 10 all are turned down ; feet and legs color
of body ; head obovoid, bi-lobed, dark brown, shining, much covered with short
hairs. (Figs, b to 64.)

After first moult: length .1 inch; color grayish, mottled and specked with
black ; body furnished with six rows of spines (as is the rule in this genus, from
first moult to last) ; these spring from shining black tubercles and are black, stout
at base, tapering to top, and beset by many short black hairs ; head obovoid,
black, with black hairs. The duration of this stage was seventeen days and up¬
wards, in February and March.

After second moult: length .16 inch; the tubercles of the lower row dull
orange ; color of body dark gray, mottled with black ; on either side the medio-
dorsal line a gray stripe, and along base a gray band ; head as before. Duration
of this stage 11 days and upwards.

After third moult : length .22 inch ; scarcely different ; the spines of lower
row now yellow nearly to tips. To next moult nine days.

After fourth moult : length .4 inch ; the lower spines yellow as before, and
the dorsals of 2 also yellow ; color of body black-brown mottled with gray-white ;
the gray dorsal lines as before. To next moult 9 days.

After fifth moult : length .6 inch ; in about twelve days reached maturity.

Mature Larva. — Length 1.2 inch ; cylindrical, thickest in middle segments,
tapering pretty evenly either way ; color gray-brown, mottled and specked ; run¬
ning with the dorsal and sub-dorsal spines is a black stripe, edged on either side
by a sordid white line ; between the dorsals a yellowish band cut in middle by
a black line, and specked with brown ; the spines small at base, and rather short
for the size of the body, the bristles very short ; the dorsals dull white, the other
rows dull yellow, and all with black tips ; the dorsals on 2 turned forward, but
not longer than others of the same rows ; feet and legs pale brown ; head sub-
cordate, the vertices being rounded, the front flattened ; color black on front, dull
yellow behind, much covered with black hairs of irregular length. (Figs, c, c2, c3.)

Chrysalis. — Length .8 inch ; shaped as in other members of the genus ;
head case square, transversely rounded, a little depressed at top ; mesonotum

ARGYNNIS IX.

prominent, carinated, followed by a deep excavation ; the tubercles on abdomen
very small, scarcely visible ; color dark brown, mottled in shades, and with more
or less yellow-brown, particularly on the abdomen, on dorsal side of which the
darker shade makes a serrated border to the front of each segment ; the wing
cases dark and glossy. The only chrysalis died before pupation. (Figs, d, d ".)

This species was first described by Dr. H. Behr, without a name, but designated
as “ No. 5 ” in his paper on the Californian Argynnides, 1862 ; and it is compared
and contrasted with his u No. 4,” which later he called Montivaga. Dr. Belli says
that No. 5 is much more common than the other, and u is easily recognized by
the black bordering of the spots of the intermediate fasciae (the second and thiid
rows), their oval, not quadrangular, shape, and the rounded (lunular) form of
the marginal spots.” In 1869,. Dr. Boisduval described the species as Egleis,
Dr. Behr not having meanwhile applied a name to it, but included in it, I appre¬
hend, the Montivaga , Behr, and certainly the distinct species Irene. He calls
attention to this last as a variety which he had taken to be a species, but says
that after having compared more than a hundred examples he finds that one
runs into another in such a way that they cannot be separated. After eliminat¬
ing Montivaga and Irene , there still remains a wide amount of variation be¬
tween the forms which yet pass under the name Egleis. One of these is figured
on the Plate (5). Examples from Mt. Bradley, California, are often very dark,
not fulvous but brown, the females well silvered. Mormonia is not distinguish¬
able in the original description from Egleis, and in the Latin synopsis of charac¬
ters at the head of each description the same words are used for both, except
that for Egleis the spots of the under side are said to be silvered or pale, whereas
in Mormonia they are said to be silvered only. Dr. Boisduval sent me the male
of Egleis and female of Mormonia, and there is no more difference between the

two than would belong to different sexes.

The species is widespread, occupying northern California, and especially
Nevada. It flies also in Utah, near Salt Lake, and in northern Colorado, though
it seems nowhere to be common in this last-named State. Mr. Mead took large
numbers in 1878, at Summit, Nevada, and the same year Mr. Morrison also col¬
lected in Nevada. I had the opportunity of examining all the variations m both
collections. Besides the Nevada examples, I have at different times received
many from Mts. Bradley and Shasta, from Mr. Behrens.

Mr. Mead (1878) sent me from Summit several eggs of Egleis, laid on violet
by a female in confinement, and they hatched on or about the 18th August.
The larvae at once went into lethargy, as is the case with all the larger Argynmd
larvae of the later generation, or all larvae where there is but one annual genera-

ARGYNNIS IX.

tion. I kept them in a cool room till last of January, 1879, when the survivors,
three in number, were brought to a warm room and placed on violet. By 5th
February they were seen to be feeding. On 18th February, one passed first
moult, the second moult 5th March, the third 16th, and was that day accidentally
killed. The second larva passed third moult 15th April, the third larva the same
moult 17th April. This last died before another moult, but the second passed
fourth moult 26th April, the fifth 7th May; suspended 20th and pupated 21st
May ; but died before imago. The general history is therefore similar to that of
Cylele, Atlantis , and the other larger species, but unlike that of Myrina and the
species of Group II.

T SINCLAIR fcSON.UTM PM. LA

NAUSICAA. 12.A3 4.?;

ARGYNNIS X.

ARGYNNIS NAUSICAA, 1-4.

Argynnis Nausicaa (Nau-sic'-a-a), Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., V., 104, 1874 ; id., Papilio, II., 6, 1882 ;

Mead, Report, Wheeler Exped’n, Y., 752, 1875.

Male. — Expands 2.5 inches.

Upper side deep red-fulvous, the bases much obscured ; hind margins edged by
two lines almost confluent ; the submarginal spots lunular, separated, the other
markings as in the allied species, light; the mesial band of secondaries broken,
not continuous ; fringes yellowish in the interspaces, black at the ends of the ner-
vules.

Under side of primaries almost wholly bright red-brown, less red next apex ; a
little buff in the middle of the sub-costal interspaces ; the submarginal spots
lanceolate, the lower ones black, those next apex brown, the upper six imperfectly
silvered ; one or two sub-apical silver patches.

Secondaries dark brown, often ferruginous, mottled with buff; the band
between the two outer rows of spots narrow, much encroached on by the ground
color, sometimes clear buff, sometimes more or less dusted with brown scales ; all
the spots small and well silvered ; those of the submarginal row narrow, broader
next outer angle, all edged above with brown or ferruginous ; those of the second
row narrow, heavily edged above with black ; the third row consists of three sub-
lunate spots, also edged black ; in the cell one or two often minute spots in black
rings, and three patches at base ; the shoulder and inner margin silvered. Body
dark fulvous, beneath, gray-brown on thorax, the abdomen buff ; legs buff ; palpi
buff at sides, brown in front and at tip ; antennas fuscous above, brown below ;
club back, the tip ferruginous. (Figs. 1, 2.)

Female. — Same size.

On the upper side the marginal lines are confluent on primaries, and the lunules
are joined to them, these latter inclosing pale fulvous spots inclining to white
next apex ; the spots of the mesial band small, mostly lunular. Under side of
primaries deeper red, the buff spaces more extended, and covering the upper

ARGYNNIS X.

outer corner of the cell ; secondaries darker, more mottled, the band more re¬
stricted ; the silver spots a little larger. (Figs. 3, 4.)

This species was described from 1 J 2 9 taken by Mr. Henshaw, member of
Lieut. Wheeler’s Expedition, 1874, at Rocky Canon, Arizona. The late Mr.
Morrison brought a few examples, all males I believe, from Arizona in 1882, but
I know not the exact locality. Up to the present year, 1887, these were the
only ones to be found in collections. It was reserved for Rev. George D. Hulst,
of Brooklyn, New York, to make us better acquainted with the species, and I have
to thank him for the examples figured on the Plate, and for the interesting ac¬
count I am able to give of locality and habits. Mr. Hulst writes: “ About the
middle of last June (1887), I started on a summer vacation to California and Ari¬
zona, going first to California. On the way home I stopped at Prescott, Ariz.,
and thence went twelve miles south to Maple Gulch, in the mountains, at the
head-waters of the Hassayampa River. I reached this place July 1st, and had
eleven days’ collecting. It was in the rainy season, and, with one exception, it
rained every day, more or less, while I was there. I took specimens of Aigynnis
Nausicaa each day of my stay, mostly males, the first females appearing only the
day before I left.

« The country there is extremely broken and mountainous, with the little brooks
at the head of the river running through rocky canons, up the steep sides of
which the mountains rise from 1,000 to 2,000 feet. Along the beds of these biooks,
where the dampness is constant, are found white-stemmed violets, the same or
very nearly related to the eastern Viola Canadensis. \Yhere these were found,
and never at any great distance from them, this butterfly was found ; so that,
probably, the violet is its food-plant. The species was very local, only found in
the bottoms of the canons, at 6,000 to 7,000 feet altitude, and within an area of
not more than one by three miles. And with a single exception all that I saw
were on the north side of the divide. That one was on the south, but the condi¬
tions were the same, though I did not see the violets. The butterflies were very
quick on the wing, and rarely alighted. The few taken on flowers were on
Asclepias tuberosa. Some were taken on the ground, sipping moisture where the
bright sunlight reached the beds of the streams. Except when alighted they
were very difficult to catch, as there are neither roads nor paths in that wild
country ; heavily thorned shrubs were plentiful, and not a square rod of level
surface was to be found.”

Mr. Hulst thinks it probable that this species is to be found in central and
southern Arizona, in the mountains where violets grow, but it must be local and
much restricted. It is the most southern species of its genus, and its affinities are
with the Aphrodite sub-group.

4 L\L\LJL M U li

Geo.S.HarrisBc Sons, Li tit Phi la

CYBELE

VAR.CARPENTERII, 12 c?. 3.4.9;

a. L'gg, Cybele magnified

b. Larva ,, (young) „

c- g.

Larva,

1st to 5**' rdoult .

i. Chrysalis .

mature ,

ARGYNNIS X[.

ARGYNNIS CYBELE, 1-4.

Argynnis Cybele, Fabricius ; Edw., But. N. Am., I, p. 67, pi. 21. 1868 ; id., Can. Ent., VI, p. 121. 1874; xii,

p. 141. 1880; Scudder, But. N. E., p. 589, pi. 4. 1889. Carpenterii, Edw., Tr. Am. Ent Soc Y p
204. 1876. ’’ ’

Var. Carpenterii.

In Volume I, I gave what information was at that date attainable respecting
the distribution and habits of Cybele. Examples of the species have since come
from Montana, locality unknown, but supposed to be Helena, and from Fort
Niobrara, Nebraska. These are the extreme western limits recorded. Mr.
Scudder states that it has been taken, at the north, in Alberta ; at the east, at
Cape Breton. His map, Plate 21, showing distribution, draws the western line
through middle of Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas ; and the southern line with
the south line of Virginia and Kentucky. But I have seen examples from the
collection of Mr. E. M. Aaron, which were taken at Maryville, east Tennessee.
Mr. Aaron reports Cybele also from Highlands, Macon County, North Carolina,
the extreme southwest of the State ; also that he has taken it in considerable
numbers at Elizabeth City, at the lower end of the Dismal Swamp. The species
is so far unknown in the Gulf States and Texas.

Mr. Scudder says, p. 559, that in New England Cybele is scarcely larger than
Aphrodite. Examples from Maine which I have seen are often very small, dark
above, and the under side of hind wings is usually quite dark brown, the
females especially so. Those taken in West Virginia, on the contrary, are large,
with heavy black lines on upper side, and the hind wings beneath are red-
brown. In Nebraska and Montana, the size is about same as at the east, but
the fulvous color is brighter, more red, and the under side is very light, near to
cinnamon-red, — so far as the examples seen by me show.

I described Carpenterii as a distinct species, near to Cybele , and was influenced
in the determination by the fact that Cybele was not known to fly within hun-

ARGYNNIS XI.

dreds of miles of New Mexico. The examples, two males, one female, were taken
by Lieut, (now Captain) W. L. Carpenter, U. S. A., in New Mexico, above timber
line. I wrote, in 1887, for further information, and Captain Carpenter replied :
“ The Argynnis Carpenterii were collected on Taos Peak, about 12,000 to 13,000
feet elevation. I saw several others at same time. I had collected the preceding
year, in Colorado, above timber line, without seeing it.” On reading this, I
wrote Prof. F. H. Snow, who has collected butterflies extensively and during
several seasons in New Mexico, Colorado, and Arizona, to ask if he had ever seen
this butterfly, or Cybele, in those regions. To which he replied that he had not,
but had never been on Taos Peak. I have also inquired of every person I knew
of as having collected among the high peaks of Colorado, Messrs. Bruce, Snow,
Mead, Nash, particularly, but no one had seen the species in that State. Just so
as to Arizona. The case therefore is peculiar. A colony of a strictly northern
butterfly is evidently imprisoned on the summit of a lofty mountain far to the
southwest. In New England and New York, as well as in Virginia, Cybele does
not fly at even moderate elevations, but in the lowlands ; on the higher ground it
is replaced by Aphrodite. If this colony on Taos Peak could descend, we may be
sure they would do so. That they do not shows that either the climate forbids
or their food plant is wanting. Violets are common plants among the mountains
of Colorado and Arizona, and both States are remarkably rich in species and
individuals of Argynnis. The conditions are plainly unfavorable to the spread of
Cybele to the south and southwest, and that it has not done so is the more singu¬
lar, inasmuch as the largest and handsomest examples are those found near the
southern limit. Probably it cannot live or perpetuate its kind on the hot sandy
soil of the extreme south, or the burning plains of Texas. We may infer that
this colony in New Mexico was cut off from the main body when the climate
was changing, and the species was retreating to the north, after the manner so
graphically described by Messrs. Grote and Scudder in the case of Chionobas
Semidea, a species which was left stranded on the summit of the White Moun¬
tains of New Hampshire.

These specimens of Carpenterii in coloration as well as size most nearly re¬
semble their congeners from the extreme east of New England, and differ widely
from western examples.

DESCEIPTIOX OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF CYBELE.

Egg. — Conoidal, truncated, and depressed at top, broad at base, the breadth
equal to the height ; marked by about eighteen prominent, vertical, slightly
wavy ribs, half of which extend from base to summit, and form around the latter
a serrated rim ; the others end irregularly at two thirds to three quarters the

ARGYNNIS XI.

distance from base ; the broad, rounded spaces between crossed by nearly equi¬
distant low ridges ; micropyle in the middle of three rows of small rounded cells,
outside of which are rings of cells of irregular sizes, mostly five-sided ; color
yellow. (Figs, a , a2.)

Young Larva. Length at 12 hours from egg .07 inch ; cylindrical, stoutest
m middle, the last segments tapering rapidly ; color dull green, translucent ;
marked by eight longitudinal rows of dark subtriangular tuberculous spots, three
being abo\e the spiiacles on either side, and one below ; these spots are flat and
bear small conical tubercles, those of the upper, or dorsal, row two, of the next
two iovs, one, of the infrastigmatal row four, and each tubercle gives out a long
tapering clubbed hair; on 2, on either side, is a large spot, corresponding to the
spots of the upper two rows of other segments, and bearing three tubercles and
hairs ; the dorsal spots are near the front of the segment, the subdorsal beyond
the middle to the rear, the lateral a little in front of the middle, and the lowest
row on the middle ; under side, feet and legs green ; head a little broader than 2,
rounded, slightly bi-lobed, with a few hairs from fine tubercles; color black-
brown. (Figs, b to 63.)

After 1st moult: Length .13 inch; stoutest in middle; color dull green mot¬
tled with brown, the latter taking the form of macular longitudinal stripes;
spines disposed as in the genus, tapering, black, rising from black tubercles,
except those of the lateral row, which have yellow tubercles ; each spine ending
in a short black spinule and beset by several others about the sides ; feet black,
pro-legs greenish-brown ; head sub-cordate, the vertices rounded, at top of each,
on the front side, a little conical black process, the front flattened, and showing
many black hairs; color shining black-brown. (Fig. c.) To next moult eight
to twelve days.

After 2d moult : Length .24 inch ; color chocolate-brown, the lateral spines
pale yellow at base and for one third up ; the upper rows have the bases more *
indistinctly yellow and then mostly on the outer sides, the inner being nearly or
quite black ; spines otherwise shining black, the bristles black ; head as before ;
color shining black. (Fig. d.) The next moult four to nine days, according
to the state of the weather.

After 3d moult : Length .4 inch ; color dark velvety brown ; the spines black ;
all of the laterals yellow at base and for about one third up ; the subdorsals dis¬
tinctly yellow at base on the anterior segments, the yellow gradually fading to

ARGYNNIS XI.

the last segments; the dorsals also distinctly yellow on anterior segments, the
last wholly black ; the dorsal spines on 2 are directed forward, but are no longer
than others ; head as at next previous stage, black in front, but yellow behind ;
all yellow is reddish, or honey-colored.

At this stage there was some variation in individuals in the color of the spines.
One had all yellow at base except the dorsals on 2 and 12, which were black.
(Fig. e.) To next moult five to eight days.

After 4th moult: Length .6 inch ; color velvet-black; lateials wholly blight
yolk-yellow ; subdorsals same on anterior half, the remainder duller yellow ;
dorsals bright yellow on anterior half, but after 6 less so, and on 9 to 12 black ;
in line with the dorsal spines on segments from 3 to 11 two gray dots; head as

before.

Another larva had all three rows of spines largely reddish-yellow fully half¬
way up from base; the last two pairs of dorsals shading into biown. (Fig.y.)
To next moult four to eight days.

After 5th moult : Length 1.1 and 1.2 inch. (Fig. g-) Reached matui it} in
six to eight days.

Mature Larva. — Length 1.8 inch at rest, 2 inches in motion; greatest
breadth at rest .35 inch ; color velvety black, under side chocolate-brown ; be¬
tween each pair of dorsal spines from 3 to 11 two gray dots transverse; the
spines throughout slender, beset with short black bristles ; the bases of all spines
reddish-yellow, and for about two thirds up, the rest shining black; the spines of
2 vdiolly black, a little recurved, directed forward, but no longer than other doi-
sals ; the longest dorsals .14 inch; feet and pro-legs black; head small, .14
inch wide, and equally high, subcordate, the front flattened, finely tuberculated,
the back much rounded, the vertices sub-conic, and each on its anterior side
giving a small black conic process ; the face much covered with black hairs
•of irregular length; color of front dull dark brown, of back reddish-yellow.
Several larvae were as described, others showed much less y ellow on the spines ;
the laterals alwrays largely yellow, the subdorsals much less so, the dorsals a
little yellow at base from 3 to 6, after that less and less, changing gradually to
brown, and on 11 to 13 black. In from two to three da_ys aftei matuiit\ the
larvae suspended, and in about twrenty-four hours pupated. (Fig. h.)

Chrysalis. — Length 1.1 inch ; breadth at wing-cases .4, of abdomen .36
inch ; cylindrical, a little compressed laterally ; head case prominent, nearly
square at top, the vertices being but very slightly elevated, transversely rounded

ARGYNNIS XI.

to the ridge at summit, the sides bevelled; mesonotum moderately prominent,
rounded, cannated ; followed by a deep rounded depression ; the wing cases with
prominent conical processes at base, much elevated above surface of body, the
outer edges flaring, the middle part depressed ; on the abdomen two rows of
small tubercles corresponding to the dorsal spines of the larva, and which extend
to the head case ; one row of minute tubercles on each side ; the whole surface
finely corrugated ; color variable, being sometimes glossy dark brown, with a
fine mottling of reddish-orange, not distinct, over wing cases and anterior parts •
or dark brown mottled with drab, this last prevailing on the wing cases ; or dark
brown mottled with lighter brown, most distinctly light at margins of wing cases,
where they pass down to surface; or almost wholly dead-leaf brown, a little
obscure on wing cases ; the anterior abdominal tubercles usually black in front,
yellow behind, the posterior tubercles wholly black. (Fig. i.) Duration of this
stage sixteen to twenty days.

In the text to Argynnis Diana, page 147, Volume II, 1876, I gave a general
account of raising larvae of Cybele from egg. In the Canadian Entomologist,
II, p. 14o, 1880, I gave farther observations, and related that up to the preced¬
ing winter I had always lost most of the larvae of this species, as well as Diana
and Aphrodite. They died off during the winter, or during the stages in spring,
or in chrysalis, and I had been unable to contrive any successful mode of
carrying the larvae through. But, in fall of 1879, it occurred to me that freez¬
ing them solid might be the proper thing, and I sent several larvae of Cybele
to Professor Fernald, then at Orono, Maine, to be placed in his ice-house. They
were in small paper pill-boxes, the unglazed sides of which afforded foothold.
These were put in a flat tin box and deposited in frozen sawdust under the ice. as
Professor Fernald informed me. Five months later, on 5th March, 1880, I re¬
ceived the boxes by mail. The larvm were nearly all alive, and when first’ seen,
several showed some movement, though only three days from the ice. Others
were lethargic some hours longer, but next day all had left the boxes and be¬
taken themselves to the plants of violet among which I had laid them. They
crawled to the stems and down to the bases in the hollows, and there rested
vlien not feeding. On 10th March, one was found to have passed the first
moult, several days in advance of any other, and this one continued in advance
to maturity, passing second moult 18th, third 27th, fourth 4th April, fifth 12th.
suspended 23d, pupated 24th April, and gave a female imago 14th May. The
whole period from ice to imago was seventy-three days. The other larvae passed
first moult 19th March, second 29th March to 2d April, third from 4th to 6th

ARGYNNIS XI.

April, fourth 11th to 12th, fifth from 16th to 19th April, and the butterflies came
out from 12th to 27th May. After the first moult I lost no larvae. Before that
there had been some loss, mostly, I thought, from their having been brought to
a warm room too soon after I received them. These imagos were all of large
size, equalling any ever seen here in the field. Comparing the stages of these
frozen larvae with others which in previous year I had carried through winter in
a cool room : —

Iced Laryje.

Time from removal to 1st moult, 8 to 18 days .

“ 1st moult to 2d, 8 to 12 days . .

... 17

“ 2d “ to 3d, 4 to 9 days . . .

... 11

“ 3d “ to 4th, 5 to 8 davs . . .

... 12

“ 4th “ to 5th, 4 to 8 days . .

... 14

((

5th “ to chrysalis, 9 to 12 days

... 12

“ chrysalis to imago, 16 to 20 days

... 24

((

Total period, 73 to 86 days .

... 134

Brought from Cool Room.

44 days and upwards.

Evidently the freezing served as a tonic, and the larvae subjected to it were
in a healthy condition. Since 1880, I have been in the habit of freezing hiber¬
nating larvae of all species, and have been very successful in rearing them to
imago.

The early brood of Cybele appears here about the first of June. In some
seasons they are quite abundant, but in others rare. For twenty years I have
recorded the first appearance. The earliest date for the male has been 19th May,
the latest, 17th June; the females always a few days later than the male. Soon
after 1st July they are all gone. About 15th August, fresh males appear again,
and then the females, and both are exceedingly plenty in September, the males dis¬
appearing about middle of the month, the females, some of them, living till frosts
come in October. Eggs can always be got during September, by confining the
females over violet. In one instance, 219 eggs were laid by a single female.
When several are confined together, the bag and plant and earth are sprinkled
with eggs. It would seem as if there must be two broods of the imago, one in
June, the other in August, but two months do not give sufficient time for eggs to
be laid and larvse to mature and for the pupa stage. The shortest period for the
egg has been twelve days, for the larval stages and pupa seventy to eight}’.
Of course, the hot weather between June and September might accelerate all
stages, if eggs were laid in June. I never saw a mature egg in any female dis¬
sected in June, nor could eggs be obtained in confinement. In June, 1887, the
species was plenty, and I shut up nine females on 29th ; but failed to get an egg,

ARGYNNIS XI.

and dissection showed no formed eggs, nothing but fatty masses. In 1874, I en¬
deavored to find out how long after the females of the fall brood appeared, mature
eggs were formed. The first one was seen 16th August. On 20th, I dissected
three, and in all, the eggs were soft and unformed ; on 26th, they were soft, but
had form ; on 3d September, were firmer; on 17th, were fully mature, and a day
or two after, many were laid. So that nearly a month seemed to be required
for eggs to mature. At Coalburgh, all the larvae have gone into lethargy at once
on leaving the egg. But the late Mr. C. G. Siewers, of Newport, Kentucky, a
first-rate observer, with whom I corresponded about the peculiarities of Cybele,
wrote me, 30th October, 1877, that two eggs gave two larvae, one of which fed
up to and past second moult, and had gone to the base of the plant to hibernate.
In 1881, 28th October, he wrote that he found a larva, ten days before, under
rotten wood ; that it was one half inch long (which would make it past third
moult). To see if it would feed, he trimmed a violet stock and laid it by the
larva. On 26th, he went again to the woods and found the larva, which had eaten
holes in two leaves and then hidden itself in a crevice so that only its spines
protruded. It may be, therefore, that some larvae in West Virginia, from eggs
fiist laid, pass three or four stages in the fall, and so begin the next year a month
in advance of the main body of the species. This will account for the early
butterflies. But why June females have not laid eggs is not easy to conjecture.
Mr. Siewers wrote in 1876, that, on 24th June, he took a pair in copulation ;
they separated in the net ; he kept the female five days, and till she died, got no
eggs, and found none in the abdomen. On 25th June he caught another pair,
which separated after three hours, and the result was the same.

As I have said, females are often to be seen flying late in the fall, and until
frosts destroy them. This is long after all males have disappeared, I believe
these females to be barren, or who have not had an opportunity to mate, and so
live much longer than the rest of their sex, for the females of all species of
butterfly die very soon after their eggs are exhausted.

I have rarely seen a larva of Cybele in natural state, but on two occasions
found one hibernating at the top of the root of a violet plant which I had dug
up to set in pot for my larvae. Once, in March, I found one on under side a grass
leaf in a bit of sod I had taken up, and it must have spent the winter there.
On 16th May, 1888, a mature larva was found on the under side of a lath
which was lying on the ground. This larva died, but had it pupated, the imago
would have come out about 10th June.

The caterpillars feed on every kind of wild or cultivated violet or pansy, and
the flowers are eaten with avidity. In moulting, the skin bursts below the head,
along 2 to 4, and the three pairs of legs are extricated first, the head being bent

ARGYNNIS XI.

back by the tension of the skin on dorsum,. so that the legs are lifted up in the
air, with much struggling to free the head and to burst the skin along dorsum.
The spines lie flat and back and rise slowly as the skin slips off them, and the
bristles, which are in pencil, separate slowly as they dry. At first every spine is
yellow to base and the head also dull yellow, but all become dark in a few hours.
The June butterflies are particularly fond of asclepias flowers, and may often be
picked off by the finger, seeming besotted with the liquid they feed on, in the
same way as Turnus and other Papilios.

Mr. Scudder says, But. N. E. p. 561, that Cybele is single-brooded in New Eng¬
land, appearing the last of June ; that the eggs are laid about middle of August,
and the insects are on the wing till middle of September, or occasionally later.

B AR ONI 1 2cf .34.$ VAR.. 5 6 ?i

a L'gg

6-6 + Lar\'a,(youjig J
c-c3 .. f*? moult

mag /lifted.

d. Spine at 2nd mlt. magnified.

_ e3 Mature larva,, e 3 natural sixe
/: Chrysalis.

MELITiEA I.

MELIT.EA BARONI, 1-5.

Melitoea Baroni, Henry Edwards, Papilio, I., p. 52, 1882; W. H. Edwards, Can. Ent., XI., p. 129, 1879.

Male. — Expands from 1.5 to 1.8 inch.

Upper side black, spotted with red and pale ochrey-yellow, mostly in common
transverse rows ; the spots of the marginal row red, well separated ; of the second
row yellow, often quite small on primaries, or mere lines ; of the third row, yel¬
low on primaries, red on secondaries ; the fourth is bifid on median nervure of
primaries, the two branches running to costa, the outer -one partly red, partly
yellow, the inner one yellow ; from median to inner margin either yellow, or yel¬
low and red, the outer half each spot being red ; on secondaries the spots of this
row are yellow and large ; from outside arc of cell of primaries to base four bars,
red and yellow alternately ; a yellow patch below the origin of the lower median
nervule ; the basal area and costal margin much dusted yellow, the shoulder
red ; secondaries have a fifth, but demi-row, from costa to median, red, some¬
times wholly wanting, and four yellow spots on basal area, two in cell, one below
cell, one on costal margin ; fringes of both wings yellow, black at the ends of the
nervules.

Under side red, primaries dull, secondaries bright ; both wings have broad mar¬
ginal borders ; the yellow spots of second and third rows of primaries repeated,
the former much enlarged ; a large yellow sub-triangular patch on the sub-costal
interspaces ; the yellow spots in and below cell repeated ; secondaries have the
yellow spots of second and fourth rows repeated, enlarged, forming two confluent
bands, the outer one lightly edged black above and below, the other or discal
always edged with black on the basal side, but not always on the marginal side ;
the third row is of red spots, each wholly but lightly edged wTith yellow, except
on the marginal side ; between the third and discal row is an intermediate nar¬
row stripe of red from lower branch of sub-median to upper branch of sub-costal,
and this is often confluent with the yellow discal band ; but sometimes a black

MELITiEA I.

line partly separates them ; in some examples this red stripe is suppressed, or
absorbed by the spots of the third row, and in this case there is a black edge on
marginal side of the discal band ; the basal area red, the four yellow spots re¬
peated, all edged with black ; a fifth spot on costal margin ; shoulder and inner

margin yellow.

Body black with long gray hairs on thorax, the collar red ; beneath, thoiax
buff, abdomen buff, red laterally ; legs red ; palpi red, yellow at base ; antenna?
either annulated red and buff, alternately and equally, or red only ; the under
side black ; club black, tip ferruginous. (Figs. 1, 2.)

Female. — Expands 1.6 to 1.9 inch.

Upper side black, and nearly as in the male ; or there is an excess of red, all
the red spots being much enlarged. Beneath as in male. (Figs. 3, 4, 5.) Many
females have scarcely any black edging to the spots of the second and third rows
on secondaries, and contrast strikingly in this respect with Hubicunda and the
other species of the group. (Fig. 5.)

Egg. _ Conoidal, rounded at base and there marked by many shallow indenta¬

tions ; the sides ribbed vertically, the ribs about twenty in number, straight, low,
the spaces between a little excavated ; the top truncated, a little depiessed ;
color yellow-green. (Fig. a.)

Young Larva. — Length .08 inch ; cylindrical, of nearly even thickness from
2 to 10 ; the segments rounded \ on each segment low conical tubercles, each
of which gives a long tapering hair ; under a high power these hairs are seen to
be thickly set with barbs ; (Fig. 64 ;) the tubercles form six longitudinal rows, on
either side one dorsal, one sub-dorsal, one lateral ; on 2 the three are in straight
line on the front, and on rear of same segment is another row of four, two on
either side, and lying between those of front row ; on 3 the row is straight,, on
the front ; on 4 the two dorsal tubercles are on front, the others a little behind,
so as to form a curved row ; from 5 to 12 inclusive the two dorsals are in front,
the 1st and 6th a little back, the 2d and 5th either on middle of the segment or
more to the rear ; on 13 are six in front, the 2d and 5th a little back, and behind
these six in two longitudinal rows to extremity ; in general the hairs of an¬
terior segments are turned a little forward, those on posterior half back ; below
spiracles is a row of smaller tubercles, with shorter hairs, one each on 2, o, 4, on
the rest two, on 13 three, the hairs all bent down, the hindmost one of each
pair placed a little higher than the other : color of body greenish-brown ; head
rounded, a little broader than high, a little depressed at suture, the vertices

MELITiEA I.

rounded ; color black ; on the front are small tubercles and hairs, seven on either
lobe. (Figs, b, b 2, bs.)

After first moult : length .15 inch; color greenish and pale brown, mottled ;
body now furnished with seven rows of spines, which are present at each stage
to maturity (as in all species of this genus), one row being dorsal, three lateral
(two above, one below spiracles) ; these spines are long, tapering to a point, and
thinly beset with long tapering black hairs, the one at extremity recurved some¬
what ; the dorsals run from 5 to 12, and are yellow ; the first laterals from 3 to
13, black; the second laterals from 3 to 13, black; (there are four spines on
13, two on front, two on rear, and the front ones may be considered to belong
to the first laterals, the other to second;) the lower row from 3 to 11, black;
there are also low rounded yellow tubercles, two on 2, one just above the other,
below the line of the spiracles, with two short hairs ; on 3 and 4 one, in line
with spiracles, with four hairs ; and along base a row, one on 2, 3, 4, 5, 11, 12,
13, with four hairs ; from 6 to 10 inclusive two with two hairs ; on dorsum of
2 are three small tubercles on either side in front, and one behind, four in all,
each with one long hair turned forward ; head as at first stage, the tubercles
and hairs disposed in same way, with an additional one on either lobe making
eighteen. (Figs, c, c2, c3.)

After second moult : length .22 inch ; color black ; all spines black, except of
dorsal row, which are yellow, as before ; in shape as at second stage, but the
hairs are more numerous and the one from apex is straight. (Fig. d.)

After third moult : length, in hibernation and therefore contracted, .3 inch ;
color as before ; the spines more thickly beset with hairs, which are more diver¬
gent, and make a dense covering.

Mature Larva, probably after fifth moult. — Length 1 inch ; cylindrical ;
color velvet-black, dotted on the rear of each segment with white tubercles ;
spines long, tapering, thickly beset with long, tapering, divergent hairs, a
straight one from summit ; the dorsal row and the row along base yellow, all
others black ; under side smoky-brown ; feet black, pro-legs brown ; head sub-
cordate, the vertices rounded, thickly covered with low tubercles, each of which
gives a short black curved hair; color black-brown. (Figs, e, e 2, e3.)

Chrysalis. — Length .65 inch ; cylindrical ; head case short, narrow, exca¬
vated at sides ; mesonotum moderately prominent, rounded, followed by a shal-

MELITiEA I.

low depression ; abdomen stout, furnished with several rows of sharp, conical,
short tubercles (corresponding to the larval spines) ; the wing cases a 1 e
flaring at base, depressed in middle ; color blue-gray, the whole surface much
marked with black ; wing cases buff, more or less tinted red ; with a black pate 1
from base almost to hind margin, the nervules within it being orange, a mar¬
ginal row of serrated spots, and another submarginal ; head case and mesonotum
largely black; the tubercles more or less enclosed with black; behind the or-
sals are four small spots each, forming with the tubercle a triangle ; similar spots
on sides. But there is much variation in extent of the black markings, (big./.)

In 1876, Mr. Oscar T. Baron, then at Mendocino, California, sent me several
mature (or’ nearly) larvae of the present species by mail. They were twelve days
out and but one was alive on arrival. From this the drawing given on the Plate,
Fig. e, was made. Several larvae had pupated, but were more or less eaten, and

I suppose the single larva had kept itself alive in that way.

On 16th December, 1878, 1 received from Mr. Baron, then at Navarro, abou
twenty of the same larvie, in hibernation. Mr. Baron wrote that the eggs were
laid June 29th, in clusters, one large and several small, the former containing
sixty or more eggs, the latter from five to twenty. The larv* hatched 20th
July or after 21 days. Their first care was to spin a common web, and this was
occupied (of course, with additions, as needed) until the time for hibernation
approached. Then some lame left the common web and spun for themselves
among the wilted leaves of the food plant. Mr. Baron thought this plant was a
species of Castelleia, but it was not identified. These larvm did not survive the
winter. I was able to get a description of the stage after third moult, and had
to depend on alcoholic specimens for the earlier stages and the egg. ...

On 18th May, 1879, I received from Mr. Baron several chrysalides which 1a
come from the same lot of lame, and from them obtained six butterflies, between
22d and 31st May. One of these was the red variety, female, shown by i> igs. 0, b.

Not much is known of the early stages of the American species of the group
of Melifeea to which Baroni belongs. It is a difficult group to separate, and this
makes it the more important that the preparatory stages of the several species

should be studied.

T.SINCLAIR l SON, LITM.PMILA.

RUBICUNDA. 1.2. cT , 3.4. 9, 5. VAR. <?

« •*

i / .

MELITiEA II.

MELITjEA RUBICUNDA, 1-5.

Melitcea Rubicunda, Henry Edwards, Papilio, I., p. 52. 1882.

Male. — Expands 1.7 to 2 inches.

Upper side black, spotted with deep red and ochrey - yellow, pale or deep,
mostly in common transverse bands ; the spots of the marginal rows small, well-
separated, red ; of the second row, either red or yellow, or the red is partly re¬
placed by yellow, always small, often altogether wanting, in which case there is
a broad, black, common band, as shown in Fig. 5 ; of the third row, yellow on
primaries, red on secondaries, the latter large ; the fourth low, on pumaries, is
bifid from median nervule to costa, the outer branch and main row usually
wholly red, but sometimes the spots are more or less edged yellow on basal side,
the inner branch yellow ; in cell four transverse bars, red and yellow alternately
from arc to base ; also a yellow bar below cell ; secondaries have a red stripe
from costa to median across end of cell, red, sometimes macular or wanting,
though usually a small spot is left at outer end of cell ; four yellow spots neai
base, three in straight row from costa to sub-median, the fourth outside in cell ;
fringes of primaries mostly black, white or pale yellow in the median interspaces,
of secondaries, a little black at the ends of the nervules, the rest light.

Under side red, of nearly the same shade as above ; the yellow spots repeated
on primaries, enlarged and distinct; on secondaries all spots are repeated, en¬
larged ; the red ones of third row each lightly edged yellow, except on marginal
side; above this is a bit of the black ground, and next a narrow red stripe from
costa to sub-median, separated by a black line from the fourth or discal band of
yellow ; (in many of the allied species this stripe is yellow and is in part con¬
fluent with the discal band ;) on the basal area a fifth spot on costa; shouldei
and inner margin yellow.

Body black, brown above, the collar red ; beneath, the thorax covered with
long yellow hairs, which within are gray, the abdomen red ventrally, on the
sides red ; legs red ; palpi red, yellow at base ; antennae red on upper side, with
fine rings of black, black below ; club black, tip ferruginous. (Figs. 1, 2, 5.)

MELITiEA II.

Female. — Expands 2 inches.

Upper side as in the male; often there is an excess of red, the yellow spots
being mostly replaced by red. On the under side the red spots of third row are
more decidedly edged yellow. (Figs. 3, 4.) Of the preparatory stages of Rubi-
cunda nothing is yet known. What I described as the larva and chrysalis of
Rubicunda, Can. Ent., xv. 119, 1885, were of another species, M. Taylori, of
Vancouver’s Island.

\ T

Rubicunda was originally described by Mr. Henry Edwards as possibly but a
variety or form of M. Quino, Behr. Curiously enough, no one, not even Dr.
Behr himself, to-day, knows what M. Quino is or was intended to be. The
types were lost, and the published description fits no known species or variety.
It certainly was not what Mr. Edwards understood it to be when he compared
both Baroni and Rubicunda with it. He says of the latter, that u red is the
prevailing tint, and the sub-marginal bands of secondaries are simply bands of
red,” etc. Since this was written, Rubicunda has been taken in great numbers
by Mr. James Behrens, at Mendocino, California, and I have received from him
many more than a hundred examples. There is much variation among these ;
one type, and that the most common, having nearly all the upper side spots
small, so that a large part of the black surface is exposed. (Fig. 1.) Another,
having the second common row obsolescent, or wanting altogether, so as to
present a conspicuous black band there. (Fig. 5.) In another, the red spots of
third row are very large ; and in another still, red prevails over the marginal
half of each wing, and it was this which Mr. Edwards had in view in making
his description.

Respecting this species, Mr. Behrens says : u My catch of 1884 and 1887 was in
the Comptche District of Mendocino (Comptche, name of old Indian chief). This
district is the highest ridge of the County, all deepest redwood forest, Sequoia
sempervirens, 1600 to 2000 feet above ocean-level, and twenty-five miles inland
from the coast. I caught all the males in the timber flying with Chionobas
Iduna, and they have the same habits as that species, flying high and settling on
the sandy road in the sunshine. It also alights on the leaves of a tan-bark oak,
a small species, growing not much over twenty feet high. There are no visible
flowers in these dense forests, and I am totally at a loss to mention the food-plant
of the larvae. I was all the time on the lookout for it. It must have surprised
you that during six weeks so few females were taken by me, in all less than a
dozen, while I took hundreds of the males. But I did capture three of .the
females in an open uncultivated field a few miles away. If you could form an
idea of this mountainous and rough region you would hold me excused for not

MELITiEA IT.

diving down the precipices on one side the county road, or climbing the heights
on the other, with all the impediments of bramble and underbrush, and that at a
temperature never under 80° Far., all June 100°, and now again in August, 100°
every day. Both Iduna and Rubicunda females seem to avoid the flight up
from the deep gulch.” Mr. Behrens notices that the males adhere tenaciously
to the net, by reason of the strength of the claws or feet, more so than other
Meliteeas he was accustomed to take.

No doubt the food-plants of Rubicunda are same as those of the allied species,
Scrophularia, Penstemon, Castelleia, etc., which grow either in the gulches or the
open fields, and there is where the females would congregate.

Mr. Henry Edwards writes : “ The home of Rubicunda is Mendocino County.
This is in the coast range of mountains, about one hundred miles from San
Francisco, north. It is mostly pine forest, and it would appear that it is not a
rich butterfly country, as this species and Chionobas Iduna are the only things
of importance found there.”

On looking over old letters of Mr. O. T. Baron, I find several mentions of
Rubicunda. °On 11th May, 1880, he writes from Mendocino: “For the first
time I have the caterpillars of Rubicunda and Baroni side by side for compari¬
son. They resemble each other much, but still if they were mixed up I would
pick either kind out without a single mistake.” On November 20th : “ Rubi¬
cunda I caught in Eden Valley, Mendocino County ; also fifteen miles north of
Ukiah, the county-seat, and on the head waters of the Big River, eighteen miles
west of Ukiah. Eden Valley is about 3000 feet above the level of the sea ; the
other places mentioned have about 1500 feet elevation. I have also raised two
or three specimens of the same insect from caterpillars found on two different
plants, the one, I think, a species of Castelleia, the other I do not know. The
caterpillar is certainly distinct from that of Baroni and feeds on different plants.
I shall be able to give you the whole history in the coming spring, and also
send the larva, pupa, and probably eggs.” Unfortunately, I never received any
of these stages, Mr. Baron soon after having left that region.

Mr. Morrison took Rubicunda on Mt. Hood, Oregon.

INTERROGATIONIS. 1. d, 2.Q-.

„ CHANGED BY COLD . 3 .4 . C? , 5.9;

a Egg . magnified.

b . L arvas ( young J . „

c Egg , Comma „

d. Larva (young) . ,,

GRAPTA I.

GRAPTA INTERROGATIONS, 1-5.

Grapta Interrogation is, Fabricius.

Form Fabricii, Edw., But. N. A., I, pi. 39, p. 115. 1872 ; Scudder, But. N. E., I, p. 319. 1889.

Form Umbrosa, Lintner ; Edw. 1. c., I, pi. 38, p. 111. 1872 ; Scudder, 1. c. 1889.

The preparatory stages of this species were but imperfectly described in Yol.
I, and therefore I now give them fully.

Egg. — Conoidal, the base flattened and rounded ; marked by from eight to
eleven thin vertical ribs, which near the base are low, but from about the middle
begin to rise, increasing gradually, and terminate around the rim of the summit
with an incurved slope ; these ribs have their sides scooped in grooves perpen¬
dicular to the surface, the grooves enlarging as the rib deepens ; micropyle in
centre of a rosette of six minute pentagonal cells, outside of which are two and
partly three rings of larger cells, irregularly five-sided; color pale green. Dura¬
tion of this stage three to four days in summer, in April and May about ten
days, depending on the weather. (Figs, a to a4.) (The egg of Umbrosa, Fig. b,
pi. 38, Yol. I, is not good, nor even of proper shape, though drawn by so excel¬
lent an artist as Mr. Konopicky.)

Young Larva. — Length, at 24 hours from egg, .1 inch ; cylindrical, even
from 2 to middle, then tapering slightly to end, the dorsum falling rapidly on
the last segments ; on 2 is an oval chitinous patch on which are eight tubercles,
four on either side the mid-dorsal line, three in front, and one behind and
between the upper pair, each with long, tapering black hair, turned forward
over the head ; on each segment from 3 to 13 are six conical tubercles, forming
as many longitudinal rows, three on either side, a dorsal, sub-dorsal, and lateral ;
on 3 and 4 they are nearly in cross line, the lower one on each and the cor¬
responding one on 2 replaced by a pair of minute ones close together, on 2 a
little above the line ; but from 5 to 13 in triangle, the dorsal one standing on
the front ridge, the sub-dorsal on the rear, the lateral a little before the middle

GRAPTA I.

of the segment, all these except the laterals on 2 to 4 with long tapering hairs,
those on front segments turned a little forward, on the middle upright, after 6
more or less recurved; the hairs on 2 to 4 are short, turned down and for¬
ward ; on 2 to 13 is a row of minute tubercles running with and behind the spir¬
acles except on 2, two to the segment on 2 to 4 and on 13 ; on 2 the pair stand
before and a little above the spiracle, oblique to the line, and the hairs of these
are unequal, the upper one being one third as long as the other, turned down
and forward ; the other hairs of this row are turned down and back ; along base
from 2 to 12 is a row, also minute, two to the segment, the middle ones nearly
in horizontal line, on other segments the hinder one a little elevated, the hairs
short, depressed ; at base of each pro-leg a fine depressed hair, on 13 four such
in line ; on 3 and 4 similar hairs, but from minute tubercles ; on 13 a chitinous
sub-oval shield on which are eight tubercles and hairs, two dorsals in front, two
on rear, two at each side, corresponding with the sub-dorsal and lateral rows ;
color of body at first whitish-yellow, semi-translucent ; feet and legs same ; some
examples have the dorsum crossed by brownish patches alternating with the
yellow of the intermediate segments ; as the stage proceeds the color changes to
red-brown with white on dorsum of 4, 6, 8, and 10, individuals varying, how¬
ever ; head rounded, very little broader than high, the top depressed slightly ;
color shining black ; furnished with several small black tubercles, in four pretty
regular cross rows ; one row near top of four, of which the largest is in front
on the middle of the lobe, the other round the side ; one across middle of eight,
one below this of six, all these minute ; and one over mandibles of four, still
small; each tubercle with its short black depressed hair. Duration of this stage
three days in May, two in summer. (Figs. 6-64.)

After 1st moult: Length .14 inch soon after the moult, in 24 hours .20 inch;
slender, even ; color red-brown, with indistinct whitish lines ; of these, a wavy
line runs with second laterals ; from base of each first lateral is an oblique line
outward to the front of the segment, and from each dorsal are two such lines,
one on either side ; armed with seven rows of spines, one dorsal, and three on
either side, as in the genus ; these are short, stout, black, beset near top with
short branches, with some spinules on the sides ; on dorsum of 2 is a transverse
row of four short, simple spines ; as the larva approaches second moult, the bases
of the dorsal and first lateral spines become white or yellow, or reddish-yellow,
while the color becomes more red, and the lines become more distinct; legs and
feet dark brown ; head rounded, depressed at top, the vertices a little produced,
each bearing a stout, thick, black process, with conical spine at top, and shorter
ones around the base of this ; color black, with many black hairs. Duration of
this stage from two to three days.

GRAPTA I.

After 2d moult : Length .24 inch ; color black, the lines as before, with the
addition of one running with lower laterals, more distinct, often macular ; spines
as before, but variable in color ; in some examples, all are black except the
dorsals and first laterals on 4, 6, 8, 10, where they are reddish-yellow ; some
have the spines on these rows light, except on 9, 11, and 12 ; usually the second
laterals are black and the lower row is pale yellow ; in all cases the tips are
black ; as the stage proceeds the color of body changes to olive-brown, and the
lines become more conspicuous ; head as before, much covered with white simple
spines. Duration of this stage from two to three days.

After 3d moult: Length .5 inch; color black, with cream-white lines, quite
macular ; spines very variable ; some examples have every spine of the upper
five rows reddish to reddish-yellow, the lower laterals pale yellow ; some have
the dorsals and first laterals from 3 to 11 red, the rest and all of second laterals
black ; some have the body color vinous instead of black, with no black spines,
the upper nwvs very red anteriorly, the lower laterals yellow ; the lines yellow ;
head either deep brown red, or decided red in the vinous larvae, the processes
red, with spines both red and black ; the spines on face yellow or white. Dura¬
tion of this stage two to three days.

After 4th moult : Length .9 inch. In two to three days is fully grown.

Mature Larva. — Length 1.3 to 1.5 inch ; cylindrical, stout ; the color very
variable ; some are dull black with white, yellow, and red tubercles on the cross
ridges, and longitudinal lines and bands of red and yellow ; there being a band
along the basal ridge, a stripe running with second laterals, an oblique line from
base of each first lateral outwards to the front of the segment, and one from
either side of each dorsal also to the front of the segment ; some are very black,
the tubercles yellow, no lines or stripes above the basal ridge ; some are russet,
the lines and stripes obliterated, the tubercles yellow and red ; and there are
intermediate variations ; under side black-browm ; spines long, slender, tapering,
with several spinules at top, one being a continuation of the spine, the others
arranged somewhat irregularly ; these are of about equal length in the several
rows ; others, which are shorter, are found on the sides of the spines, and are
particularly numerous on the upper rows of the anterior segments ; the dorsals
have five main spinules, the first laterals six, the second and lower laterals four
and five ; in most examples the dorsals and first laterals are red, except on 3,
where they are red with black bases, and on 11 and 12, where they are usually
black, the red being deepest on anterior segments ; the second laterals are some¬
times all red, and the lower row is always yellow (but in the varieties of this

GRAPTA I.

larva there is great variation in the color oh the spines from deep led to yellow) ,
over the feet from 2 to 10 is a simple red spine ; on 2 is a dorsal row of six
simple black spines; spiracles conspicuous, black in white rings; head obovoid,
rather flattened, deeply cleft, the vertices high, and each bearing a stout and
black process, ending in a long spur, with five others about its base, each hair-
tipped ; the face covered with simple spines and tubercles, some minute; on each
side below vertex are four long spines, black, the rest are mostly white, each
with hair; color either deep red-brown or red, about the ocelli a large black
patch. From 4th moult to pupation, five to six days.

Chrysalis. — Length 1 inch, greatest breadth .3 to .o2 inch; cylindrical,
head case prolonged, compressed transversely, at each vertex a long conical
process; mesonotum elevated, the carina prominent, thin, nose-like, more rounded
on the anterior side than in Comma , followed by a deep depression ; wing cases
raised, flaring at base, compressed in middle, with a prominent point on the
margin on dorsal side ; on the abdomen three rows of tubercles, those corre¬
sponding to the dorsal row of the larva minute, to the first laterals laige and
conical, °he pair in the middle of the series particularly prominent; those in the
excavation gilded ; color variable, in shades of brown from light yellow to dark,
often clouded with olivaceous or lilac ; sometimes a dark green stripe on the side
of abdomen beyond wings. Duration of this stage from seven to eleven days,

according to the weather.

Interrogations is both sexually and seasonally dimorphic. Mr. Scudder,
But. N. E., I, 329, has thus spoken of this peculiarity : “ The two forms differ so
greatly and constantly from each other, not only in coloring but in the form of
the wings, and even in the abdominal appendages, that they have been consid¬
ered distinct species ; in each form, too, the sexes differ considerably in the
coloration of the under surface of the wings, so that the species includes four
sets of individuals, which may be distinguished quite as readily as a great many
acknowledged species of the best studied faunas. Also, page ol l . Heie is an
insect where there are two very distinct forms in each sex, and in each of which
the sexes are readily distinguished by the coloration of the wings ; they differ in
the brightness and variegation of the lower surface of both wings, and the ob¬
scurity of the upper surface of the hind pair, . . . not only differ in the mark¬
ings of the wings, but also in their form, and in the structure of the genitalia.

Part 9, Volume I, which contained the two Plates of this species, appeared early
in 1872. I had established the fact of seasonal dimorphism the preceding summer
by raising larvse of the June and July broods from eggs laid by the form Um-
brosa, in both cases finding the two forms among the resulting imagos. In the

GRAPTA I.

Canadian Entomologist, X, p. 69, 1878, I gave a statement of farther observa¬
tions to date, and said that, at Coalburgh, W. Va., there were three broods of
the imago annually in descent from the hibernators, and an effort, more or less
successful, towards a fourth, depending on the temperature in the fall months
and the consequent length of the mild season. That some individuals hiber¬
nated, and the females surviving laid their eggs in the last days of April or early
in May. From these eggs came butterflies the last of May or first of June.
That the second laying occurred in June and the butterflies therefrom appeared
early in July ; that the third laying took place the last of July and the butter¬
flies appeared in September, some as early as the first, others late in the month.
That females of this brood, which is the third of the year, laid eggs about the
middle of September, and the butterflies from them came out in October. But
that the larvae were now liable to be caught by cold weather and destroyed, or
the food plant was cut off, and so they starved, the result being that few could
reach chrysalis and imago. And that I was inclined to think that the butterflies
of the third brood did not hibernate, and the continuance of the species here
depended on the few individuals which survived from the earlier imagos of the
fourth brood. In no other way could I account for the scarcity of this species in
spring as compared with G. Comma. There then followed a statement of the
several lots of eggs I had bred from up to end of 1877.

Four years later, in same magazine, XIV, p. 201, 1882, I brought the history
to date, and stated that the hibernating form was Fabricii , but that I had seen
one Umbrosa flying so early in the year that it also must have hibernated.
That on the only occasion on which I had been able to get a hibernated female
of Fabricii to lay eggs in confinement, the result was wholly the other form,
Umbrosa. That eggs laid by the females of Umbrosa of the first brood in
descent from the hibernators had produced either a mixed brood or all Umbrosa.
That eggs laid by the females of Umbrosa of the second brood in descent from
the hibernators had also produced a mixed brood, with a greater proportion of
Fabricii than in the preceding brood ; and that eggs laid by Umbrosa of the
third brood, or larvae found late in the year, had in all cases produced Fabricii
only. Also that all the butterflies so far seen late in the year had been of the
form Fabricii.

I now bring the observations spoken of together, and supplement them with
others to end of 1888. As will be seen, the eggs, save in one instance, have
been laid by Umbrosa females. That is because in all these years (since 1870)
I have found no Fabricii females to breed from, while from July to September,
in every year, Umbrosa is in abundance. Nearly all the Fabricii I have seen
have been late in the fall, though the result of breeding in summer shows that
there must be many Fabricii flying.

GRAPTA I.

First Brood: Eggs laid by Fabricii.

1877 28th April, obtained eggs from $ Fabricii in confinement. Kesu ,
about 4th June, 21 Umbrosa. This was the only $ Fabricii I have ever
been able to take and breed from. (Where the word “ about is used, a few
days before and after the given date is meant.)

Second Brood.

1871, 4th June, eggs laid by $ Umbrosa in confinement. Result, about 1st
July, 11 Umbrosa, 6 Fabricii.

1869, 5th June, found larvae. Result, about 25th June, 26 Umbrosa.

1873?, June, found larvae. Result, last of same month, 19 Umbrosa. . ^

187o’ 4th July, found eggs. Result, 10th August, 1 Umbrosa, 2 Fabricii.

1878, 27th May, obtained eggs from $ Umbrosa m confinement. Result,
about 2 2d June, 54 chrysalids, from which came 38 Umbrosa, 11 5 27 $ ,

and 16 Fabricii, 14 5 2 $ . . 91

1879, 3d June, eggs from $ Umbrosa in confinement. Result, about 2 s

June, 16 pupae, which were placed on ice. From these came but 3 J 4 $ ,
till Umbrosa.

1879, 20th to 28th July, found eggs and larvae. Result, 65 Umbrosa, 28 J

37 $ , 4 Fabricii, 3 £ 1 $ . ^

1879, 20th July, eggs from $ Umbrosa in confinement. Result, 21 Umbrosa,

7 5 14$.

1881, 7th July, found larvae. Result, 8 Umbrosa, 2 5 6 $ .

1887, 23d June, eggs from $ Umbrosa in confinement. Result, about 13t
July, 41 pupae, from which 22 Umbrosa, 12 5 1 $ , 9 Fabricii, 8 5 1 $ .

1888, 24th July, eggs of $ Umbrosa in confinement. Result, about 9ti

August, 10 Umbrosa, 9 5 1 $ .

That is, 11 Umbrosa to 6 Fabricii.

26
19
1
38

65
21

22 “

“ 2 “

“ 16

« 4 «

“ 9 “

Total, 228 Umbrosa to 37 Fabricii ;

GRAPTA I.

or of the former 86 per cent., of Fabricii 14 per cent. Of the eleven broods
six produced Umbrosci only, five both forms.

Third Brood.

1870, 1st August, found larvae. Result, about 13th September, 6 Umbrosci , 16
Fabricii.

1871, 29th July to -5th August, confined several 9 9 Umbrosci. Result, about
1st September, 63 Umbrosci, 34 Fabricii.

1877, 15th August, found larvae. Result, about 22d September, 2 Umbrosci.

9 Fabricii.

1878, 16th August, eggs from 9 Umbrosa in confinement. Result, about 19th
September, 1 9 Umbrosa, 20 Fabricii, 7 J 13 $ .

1881, 2d and 3d August, found eggs and larvae. Result, about 1st September,
46 Umbrosa, 17 $ 28 $ , 6 Fabricii, 5 $ 1 9 .

1887, 10th to 15th August, found larvae. Result, from 15th to 22d September,
6 Umbrosa, 9 Fabricii.

That is, 6 Umbrosa to 16. Fabricii.

63 “ “ 34 “

2 “ “ 9 “

1 “ “ 20 “

46 “ “ 6 “

6 “ “ 9 “

Total, 124 Umbrosa to 94 Fabricii ;

or Umbrosa 57 per cent., Fabricii 33 per cent. Every lot produced both
forms.

Fourth Brood.

1872, 10th October, found larvae past third moult. Result, 8th to 18th Decem¬
ber, 4 Fabricii.

1879, 1st September, eggs from 9 Umbrosa in confinement. Result, to 8th
October, 25 Fabricii, 10 J 15 $ .

1879, on 19th and 26th September, 2 J Fabricii.

1887, 8th October, from three found larvae, 3 Fabricii, 2 $ 1 9 •

1878, 8th September, found larvae. Result, about 3d October, 10 Fabricii,

6 £ 4 9 .

That is, 4 Fabricii.

3 “

Total, 44 Fabricii, no Umbrosa.

GRAPTA I.

This goes to show, therefore, that in the first brood from the hibernators the
form Umbrosa was produced to the total exclusion of Fabricii. Although this
brood was raised but in one instance, we may conclude with much probability
that the result in several instances would be the same, inasmuch as where the
species is but two-brooded, the first in descent from the hibernator is Umbrosa,
with very rarely an exception. In the second brood Umbrosa preponderated
largely, as 86 to 14, and six lots produced that form only, five lots both forms.
In the third brood there were fewer Umbrosa, 'the proportion being as 57 to 43,
and every lot, whether raised from eggs or from found larvae, was made up of
both forms. In the fourth brood all were Fabricii.

I think it probable that some few of the later individuals of the third brood
hibernate. This would account for an occasional Umbrosa seen late in the year
or early in the spring, and which therefore would be a hibernator. Also it would
preserve the species when the fall is cold and unpropitious for the production of
a fourth brood, as it apparently sometimes is. The season of 1888, at Coalburgh,
during all September, was cold and wet, and the leaves of Elm and Hackberry
fell early in October, so that no larva of a fourth brood could have reached pupa
on those plants — and in the fall there are no other food plants. If the species is
not extinct the coming spring (1889), it would seem to be because some imagos
of the third brood were able to hibernate.

In Florida there must be at least four full broods of Interrogationis, as the
season is much longer at each end than in West Virginia. On 28th September,
1880, I received twenty-five half-grown larvae from Indian River, sent by Dr.
Wm. Wittfeld. These were passing the fourth moult on 8th October, and be¬
tween the 12th and 17th November, 16 Fabricii came out, and no Umbrosa.
(By an oversight, in Can. Ent., XIV, p. 206, this is stated as 25 instead of 16.)

Individuals sometimes occur which are intermediate between the two forms
of this species. One such I liaVe seen from the collection of Miss Morton, and
another I am told is in the collection of Mr. Neumoegen. The shape is of
Fabricii, and the color of under surface as well, but the hind wings on upper
surface have the black of Umbrosa.

It is interesting to compare the history of a species like the present in several
localities, especially with the more northern. In the lowlands of New York,
Interrogationis seems to be three-brooded. Miss Morton says there are three
broods at Newburgh. On June 11, 1886, 15 to 20 larvae, one third grown, were
found. All the butterflies from these, coming out from July 7 tli to 20th, were
Umbrosa. This was the first brood. All butterflies seen on the wing the last
half of August were Umbrosa, and Miss Morton considered them to be the second
brood. All seen the last part of September and in October were Fabricii, the
third brood.

GRAPTA I.

Professor Lintner, in Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., II, p. 315, 1869, says of the
species: “During the first week of July, 1861, there were brought to me, at
Schoharie, N. Y., 14 larvae and chrysalids. The larvae were mature and in a day
or two pupated. The imagines proved to be every one of the ‘ black variety ’
( Umbrosa ), 3 $ 11 $ This of course was the first brood. “ About the middle
of July several other seemingly identical larvae were taken by me, which,
emerging the last of the month, gave the ordinary Interrogationis ( Fabricii ).”
This would be the second brood. “ I collected, on August 10th, two chrysalids
and twenty larvae from one half inch to nearly full size. During the ensuing two
weeks many additional larvae were taken by me,” etc. As the result, about 110
Interrogationis ( Fabricii ) were obtained and not a single Umbrosa. These
would be the third brood. In the same paper, Mr. Lintner speaks of the rarity of
Umbrosa , and says “ it seldom falls into the hands of a collector. This was at
Schoharie, in the heart of the Hop region, and was written before the seasonal
dimorphism of the species was known, and when the two forms were recognized
as distinct species.

Mr. Scudder, But. N. E., I, p. 330, says there are but two broods in New
England. “ The eggs laid by the hibernating females produce nearly but not all
Umbrosa , and the eggs of the last brood almost invariably only Fabricii .” And
he gives the experience of Professor Carl Braun, of Bangor, Maine, as decisive.
But the experience of Mr. F. H. Sprague, in eastern Massachusetts, also given,
seems to show that in that State there are three broods. “ Mr. Sprague’s expe¬
rience tells the same story, excepting in 1887, when, he writes me, ‘ the August
brood was mixed, about evenly divided between the two forms.’ He adds that
the later ones, which he looks on as a third brood, were Fabi'icii , though an
Umbrosa was reared the last week of August; so, too, I bred, about the middle
of October, a single male of the form Umbrosa .” Mr. Sprague’s observations go
to show that the first brood is Umbrosa , the second mixed, the third Fabricii.
Mr. Lintner’s second brood came out all Fabricii, and Miss Morton’s all Umbrosa.
It is much to be wished that a series of careful observations of this species, with
breeding from the egg, could be made in the region of three broods, as in New
York, for satisfactory comparison with those to the north and the south, the two
and four-brooded regions.

I wrote Professor Braun for the particulars of the broods raised by him at
Bangor. On the 12th June, 1886, he shut up a female Fabricii, and by 19th
(keeping the insect alive by feeding it molasses) there were 110 eggs. These
hatched from 27th to 30th June, and the larval stages required 17 days, the
pupal 5. This brings the emergence of the imagos to middle of July. The
result was Umbrosa, except 2 J Fabricii. This was the first brood in descent.

GRAPTA I.

Professor Braun writes that the same year, by 10th August, he had 24 eggs
laid by Umbrosa, and the butterflies from them came out between the 20th and
25th September, and were all Fabricii. He adds : “ There are only two broods
of this insect in Maine.”

As stated, Mr. Scudder had an Umbrosa from pupa in October.- Miss Morton
saw a fresh Umbrosa in northeastern New Jersey, 14th October, 1888. I
myself have seen an Umbrosa, at Coalburgh, which had hibernated. But these
are exceptions to the rule that the last brood of the year from Maine to Florida,
in regions where there are two, three, and four broods, is Fabricii.

According to Mr. Scudder, Inter rogationis is very rare north of the boundary
line of the United States, and then only in Ontario and Quebec, in the latitude
of New England. So that nowhere in its territory is the species represented by
a single form.

Where a species is already two-brooded and the length and warmth of the
season permits a third brood, the original hibernating form would seem to be the
one to lay eggs from which would come the hibernating imagos. In the present
case, Fabricii being the hibernator where there are but two broods, the first in
descent will be Umbrosa , the second Fabricii , this last hibernating. If theie
are to be three broods, the Fabricii would seem to be the form to lay eggs, and
these might be expected to produce Umbrosa as the hibernators. If a fourth
brood was reached, Fabricii would be the hibernator as it was at first, when the
species was two-brooded. That is, we should expect the odd broods to be Um¬
brosa , the even Fabricii. But it is found that in all latitudes, in New England,
in Virginia, in Florida, the original winter form remains the winter foim, and
the middle one of three broods, or the second and third of four broods, are made
up of both forms. These interior broods seem to be interpolated betwreen the
original summer and winter broods. Apparently, the heat of summer disposes
to Umbrosa, while the tendency to alternate produces Fabricii, and the result is
a mixed brood. But late in the season, one tendency overcomes the other, and
the last brood everywhere is Fabricii.

In Vol. I, I gave the food plants as Hop, Elm, Nettle, and Boehmeria. To
these I add Hackberry, Celtis, of any species, but the preference is for the two
first-named, Hop early in the season, Elm in August and September. I have
near my house a preserve of Elm sprouts which are cut down in July, to be
soon replaced by a fresh growth. It is on the tender terminal leaves of these
that the female prefers to lay her eggs, usually on the under side of the leaf,
either singly or in strings of two to eight. I had supposed the number of ribs

GRAPTA I.

in all eggs laid by one female was the same, but Mrs. Peart found that in a string
I sent her the topmost egg had eleven ribs, while all the rest had but nine, as
shown on the Plate, Fig. a\ The young larvae do not consume their egg shells,
as many species do. They eat holes in the leaf, each for itself, and during the
first two stages feed about the margins of these. During all stages they are
unprotected, except as they lie beneath the leaf. They are not gregarious as a
rule, though doubtless where the species is abundant, and the food plant local,
their numbers may suggest gregariousness. But so many as are hatched on the
leaf keep together for two or three stages, then scatter about the plant.

•

GRAPTA INTERROGATIONS.

ON THE EFFECT OF COLD APPLIED TO THE CHRYSALIDS OF GRAPTA

INTERROGATIONS.

Interrogations has proved susceptible to the influence of cold. In Psyche,
Vol. Ill, p. 15, 1880, I related this at length. The same account was given in
the Appendix to Weismann’s “ Studies in the Theory of Descent,” Part I, p. 149,
1880, London. I have thought it well to publish Plates of the species affected,
showing the changes brought about, and the present is the first of the series.
Figs. 1, 2, show the upper sides of the normal male and female. Figs. 3, 4 $ 5 ? ,
changed examples. Eggs of form Umbrosa were obtained from females in con¬
finement, June, 1879. As the chrysalids formed, at intervals of from six to
twenty hours after pupation, they were placed in the ice-box. At fourteen
days, all but five were removed, these being left six days longer. Several were
found to be dead at the end of the fourteen days. The temperature most of the
time was about 35° Fahr. (1.7° C.), but a little higher each day, as the ice melted,
reaching then 40° to 45° Fahr. (4° to 7° C.). From the first lot were obtained
seven perfect butterflies, 3 J 4 $ , from the twenty-day lot five, 4 $ 1 $ . All
were form Umbrosa, and nearly all had been changed in one striking particular.
In the normal Umbrosa of both sexes, the fore wings on upper side have, on the
costal margin next inside the broad border of the hind margin, and separated
from it by a considerable space of fulvous, a dark patch which ends a little
below the discoidal nervule ; inside the same border, at inner angle, is a similar
patch, lying on the submedian interspace. Between these two patches, across
all the median interspaces, the ground is fulvous, but very slightly clouded with
black, often so slightly that it would not be noticed. Now, in all four of the
females exposed to cold for fourteen days, there is present a broad black band
which crosses the entire wing, continuous, of uniform shade, covering the two
patches as well as the intervening clear space, and almost confluent with the
marginal border from end to end, only a streak of obscure fulvous anywhere

GRAPTA INTERROGATIONS.

separating band and border (Fig. 5). The other spots on same wing are not
at all changed.

In the fifth female, the one from chrysalis exposed twenty days, the band is
present, but while it is broad and crosses the space between the patches, it is not
continuous, but includes on its outer side a series of obscure fulvous lunules.
While it may have been changed, there is no certainty of it, because individuals
are sometimes bred or taken having the same peculiarity. One such is figured
in Vol. I (Fig. 3, PI. 39).

In all the males, the patches are diffused, those at the apices almost coalescing
with the borders. In the three from fourteen days’ exposure the patches are
connected by a narrow band (Fig. 3). In the four from twenty days this band
is macular but decided (Fig. 4). As in the females, all the change is limited to
the extra-discal area of fore wing. In the females no change was noticed on
under sides. In the males, perhaps none also in the markings, but it was stated
in the first account that the colors of all were intense, with more red than in a
series of natural examples. But the delicate shades are evanescent, and to-day
I do not see the peculiarities I noticed two years ago. For this reason no figure
of the under side is given.

It appeared, therefore, that fourteen days was as effective in producing changes
as a longer period. In fact, the most decided change was found to have taken
place in the females which were exposed the shorter period. Also that cold, in
case of this Grapta, changed certain markings only, and that the females were
most susceptible to the influence.

In 1878, I had put chrysalids of Grapta Comma on ice at from ten minutes to
six hours after pupation, some therefore being quite soft and none fully hard¬
ened, and lost every one of them. This led me to expose the Inter rogationis in
1879, at from six to twenty hours from pupation, after hardening had taken

place.

One object I had in view in these experiments was to learn whether exposing
the summer chrysalids would result in producing the winter form of the butter¬
fly ( Fabricii ). But all were Umbrosa.

I should have continued these experiments in subsequent years, but at Coal-

burgh we rarely have ice.

GRAPTA I.

GRAPTA COMMA.

Grapta Comma , Harris.

Form Harrisii, Edw., Can. Ent., V, p. 184. 1873; Comma, Edw., But. N. A., T, 101, pi. 38. 1871 ;

id., Can. Ent., XIV, p. 189. 1882; Fernald, But. Maine, p. 52. 1884 ; French, But. Eastern U. S.,

p. 185. 1886 ; Scudder, But. N. E., I, p. 332. 1889.

Form Dryas, Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Ill, p. 17. 1870 ; id., But. N. A., I, p. 109, pi. 37. 1871 *

Scudder, 1. c. 1889.

TnE stages of this species also were imperfectly described in volume I.

Young Larva. — Length, 12 hours from egg, .08 inch ; in shape and clothing
in all respects like Interrogationis , as before described ; color whitish-green ; feet
and legs green ; head rounded, the top depressed slightly ; color dark brown.
(Fig. cl.) Duration of this stage, four days in April, two days in July.

After 1st moult : Length .13 inch ; color either brown-black, or black with
whitish lines at the junction of the segments ; the spines short, stout, black, and
set with short divergent bristles ; in the individuals which have white lines, on
segments 4, 6, 8, 10, the spines spring from whitish tubercles, on the other seg¬
ments from black ; in the black examples all tubercles are black ; on 2 are
four small spines in cross row on the chitinous band ; a row of small spines over
legs and feet ; feet black, pro-legs olivaceous ; head round, depressed at top, the
vertices a little produced, each bearing a short, thick process with short spines
at top ; color of head and processes dark brown ; many black hairs over face

GRAPTA I.

springing from black tubercles. Duration of this stage, three days in April, two
in August.

After 2d moult : Length .3 to .33 inch ; same shape ; color dark olive-brown
or black-brown or reddish-brown, individuals varying ; the spines longer, and at
one third from the top give off branches ; the posterior end of each segment
after 2 crossed by two or three fine white lines ; in front of the medio-dorsal
row of spines are two oblique divergent whitish bars, and one such bar from base
of each spine in first lateral row on outer side ; the spines vary largely in color,
some larvae having all the spines black, some have the dorsal and first lateral
rows on 5th, 7th, 9th segments white, the rest black ; some have white from
4 to 11 ; some have white on 9 only ; on 2 a collar of black simple spines ; head
broader than high, the top rather square, not much depressed, the processes
larger, but similar to preceding stage, crowned with six points, one in middle,
the rest about it ; surface glossy black, with many simple spines, of different
sizes, usually all black, but some examples show a few white among the black ;
each with long hair. To next moult, in May three days, in August two days or
somewhat less.

After 3d moult : Length .38 to .4 inch ; color black, crossed on the posterior
end of each segment with two or three lines or stripes of white, sometimes more
or less macular and varying much in width ; the oblique marks on dorsum as
before, more conspicuous ; a yellow band runs along base in line with lower
lateral spines, and the posterior part of each segment above this band shows an
oblique bar, and some white spots and points ; the spines as before ; the medio-
dorsal row always white ; those of first lateral row usually white, but sometimes
on 3 are black, or partly black ; some examples have the second lateral row
wholly black, others white, or some of the last spines are parti-colored ; head as
before, the white spines predominating largely. To next moult, in May three
days, in August two days or somewhat less.

After 4th moult : Length .8 inch ; in three days reaches maturity.

Mature Larva. — Length 1 inch ; cylindrical, stout ; the color varies much,
some examples being cream-white, some greenish-white, with almost no mark¬
ing’s, or the marking’s are obsolescent ; others are velvet-black, the dorsum
crossed by white stripes on the posterior edges of the segments, with two white
divergent bars meeting at a small angle in front of each dorsal spine and run¬
ning to the anterior edge of the segment, and with a similar oblique bar from
each spine of the first lateral row on the lower side of it ; along base is a raised

GRAPTA I.

yellow ridge, and from this np to second laterals the ground is crossed by abbre¬
viated white stripes or patches, particularly on the last half of the segments ;
above this the side is black ; but individuals vary in the extent of this black
area, and sometimes the same area is vinous-red ; the spiracles black in broad
white rings ; at the bases of the second laterals, from 9 to 11 or 7 to 11, is
usually a fulvous or orange patch, varying in extent ; the spines long, tapering,
each with from three to five spinules a little below the summit and one which is
the prolongation of the spine itself ; those of the dorsal and upper lateral row
are largest and longest, each with five spinules, besides one or two lower down,
and some very small ones nearer base ; those of second lateral row are of medium
length, with four branches ; and those of the lower row are shortest and have
three and four branches ; in the green and white varieties all the spines and
branches are whitish or yellow, in the black, the spines are }rellow, mostly black-
tipped, but those of first lateral row are sometimes black to their bases, those of
second row sometimes wholly, sometimes but partly black ; 2 has a collar of six
simple spines, and two others are on each side ; under side either greenish or
brown-yellow ; head rather square, higher than broad, with high vertices ; in
the light examples the color of head is dull pink, in the dark ones black, shining,
sometimes with a forked whitish stripe down front ; on each vertex a short, stout
process, cylindrical, compressed in the middle, broad at the top, crowned by five
equal, blunt-tipped spines around a sixth in the middle ; each with hair ; these
processes are black in the black larvse, and in the light ones either red or red
with black tops ; face and whole head thickly covered with simple white spines of
variable length, all white, except that sometimes there are one or two of the
longer ones on side face below the vertex which are black, or black and white ;
along back of head and down the sides is a row of these spines close set. From
fourth moult to pupation five days.

Chrysalis. — Length .8 to .9 inch ; greatest breadth .24 to .26 inch ; cylin¬
drical ; head case high, compressed transversely ; at each vertex a long, conical
process; the mesonotum elevated, the carina very prominent, thin, nose-like,
followed by a deep excavation ; wing cases raised, flaring at base, compressed in
middle, with a point on the margin ; on the abdomen three rows of tubercles,
those corresponding to the dorsal row of the larva small, to the first laterals
large and conical, the pair in the middle of the series particularly prominent, and
those in the excavation silvered, gilded, or bronzed, varying ; color variable,
many examples being dark brown, with lighter or with yellow-brown, and much
reticulated with dark lines ; others are dead-leaf brown ; others are light, up to
dead-white, shaded slightly w7ith yellow-brown, with a bronze lustre over the wing
cases and anterior dorsal parts. Duration of this stage about seven days.

GRAPTA I.

The two forms of this species were figured and described in Volume I as
distinct. In Canadian Entomologist, V, p. 184, 1873, I gave the result of
breeding larvae from eggs laid by a female Dryas , at Coalburgh, the same year.
Among the imagos both Comma and Dryas appeared, and seasonal dimorphism
was established. In Vol. VI, p. 157, 1874, I showed that eggs laid by Comma,
later called form Harrisii, produced Dryas. So that either form produced both
forms. In Vol. X, p. 69, 1878, 1 gave a statement of all observations to date, and
said that at Coalburgh there were three broods of the butterfly annually, and
the individuals of the third hibernated. That the hibernating females deposited
their eggs last of April or early in May, and the first brood of the butterflies
came from chrysalis about 1st June; but should the weather be cold during
May, then from middle to last of June. That the second laying of eggs took
place in July, between 15th and 30th, and the butterflies from these appeared
last of August or early in September. That the third laying of eggs occurred
in September, and the butterflies from them came out in October. That, so far
as appeared from breeding, or from observations in the field running through
many years, the last laying of eggs produced Harrisii only, and that the series
began in the spring with eggs laid by females of that form exclusively. That
the result of the eggs laid by these hibernating Harrisii had in all cases been
Dryas, with a single exception, when a male Harrisii appeared. That the next
brood of the season, the eggs having been laid by Dryas, had sometimes con¬
sisted wholly of Dryas, but in others of both forms, Harrisii considerably out¬
numbering Dryas. That the third brood, eggs laid by Dryas, had given Harrisii
only and closed the season.

In same magazine, XIV, p. 189, 1882, I brought the history down to date.
It appeared that in different years there was variation of at least a month in the
laying of eggs by the hibernating females, depending largely on the state of
the weather, and consequently nearly or quite a month’s difference in the ap¬
pearance of the first brood of the butterflies of the year.

I now bring together all these observations, with others to end of 1887.

First Brood : Eggs laid by Harrisii.

1869, 18th June, from chrysalis came 1 $ Harrisii.

1871. Between 10th and 18th May, found larvae. Result, from 20th May to
2d June, 7 Dryas.

1873, 20th May, found larvae. Result, about 20th June, 4 Dryas.

1874, 10th May, obtained eggs from female in confinement. Result, about
27th June, 34 Dryas.

GRAPTA I.

1875, 14th May, obtained eggs as last described. Result, about 18th June,
19 Dry as.

1882, 17th April, obtained eggs, etc. Result, about 22d May, 12 Dryas.

1886, 16th May, found larvae. Result, 1st June, 2 Dryas.

That is, 78 Dryas to 1 Harrisii.

Second Brood : Eggs laid by Dryas.

1870, July, found larvae. Result, 2 Dryas.

1878, 30th July, obtained eggs from female in confinement. Result, about 1st
September, 6 Dryas , about 50 Harrisii .

1876, 29th July, obtained eggs, etc. Result, about 14th August, 5 Dryas.

1886, 25th July, came from chrysalis, from found larvae, 2 Harrisii, 1 Dryas.

That is, 14 Dryas, 52 Harrisii.

Third Brood : Eggs may have been laid by either form.

1870, last of September, found 70 larvae. Result, in October, all Harrisii.

The butterflies of the first brood then have come from chrysalis from 20th
May to 18th June, in different years. Of the second brood, from 25th July to
2d September ; of the third, about middle of October.

The caterpillars vary much, as shown on the Plates in Volume I, some being
very black at maturity, others greenish-white. But the color does not indicate
the form of the imago. From one lot of larvae in June came 19 Dryas, though
eleven of the larvae were black, eight white.

Comparing the behavior of the species with what is in New England ; accord¬
ing to Mr. Scudder, the first brood comes from chrysalis at the end of June and
to middle of July, the second from about 25th August to last of September.
This may be regarded as the history in northern New England. In the Catskills
of New York, at Hunter, elevation about 2000 feet, I have found two broods,
from about 20th August, all the individuals seen being Harrisii, in midsummer
Dryas. In the lowlands of New York, I think there are three broods, but no
one seems to have carefully observed about this. Mr. Lintner, at Schoharie, took
both forms 24th July, when, if there were but two annual broods, only Dryas
should have been flying.

The winter form Harrisii is found as far to the north as Fort Simpson, Mac¬
kenzie River, whence I formerly received several examples (as stated in Vol. I),
in a large collection of butterflies made during one or two seasons by Mrs. Ross.
As no Dryas appeared, it is to be presumed that this form did not fly there, and
that the species was one-brooded only. And, according to Mr. James Fletcher,
the recent collections made under the auspices of the Canadian Government

GRAPTA I.

give evidence in the same direction.1 It appears also that in Maine, at least in
the interior and beyond, only Ilarrisii is found. Professor Braun tells me that
neither he nor any collector known to him in the vicinity of Bangor has ever
taken or seen Dryas, though Ilarrisii is not uncommon. And he did not rec¬
ognize examples of Dryas which I sent him. Professor Fernald, in his Butter¬
flies of Maine, speaks of the species as two-brooded, but he writes that he is not
now certain of that, and has himself never known a Dryas to have been taken
in Maine.

In Vol. I, I gave the food plants as Hop, Nettle, and false Nettle (Boehmeria).
To this I add Elm and cultivated Gooseberry, on which last plant I saw a female
lay an egg, 14th April, 1886. According to Mr. Scudder, Professor Packard also
gives Currant and Basswood (Tilia). But at Coalburgh the eggs are almost
always laid on Hop and Boehmeria, and either singly or in small clusters, more
or less of them in strings of from two to half a dozen or more (on one occasion,
a female confined in a bag over Hop laid forty-eight eggs, nearly all in strings,
one of nine, two of eight, one of seven, and others of less number), standing at
rio-ht an°*les to the surface of the leaf. The under side of the terminal, tender

O O

leaves is selected, but on Hop, the stem also. The newly hatched larva eats a
hole in the substance of the leaf, and during the first stage feeds about this. For
the first two stages it is exposed just as the larva of Inter rogationis is, but at the
second moult behaves differently from that species, which makes no shelter for
itself at any time. In August, 1882, I watched three larvae of Comma to learn
at exactly what stage they began to protect themselves, placing them as soon as
hatched on a plant of Boehmeria set in flower-pot and in my room. Very shortly
after the second moult they had got to the bases of the third pair of leaves from
the top, two on one leaf, one on the other, and were engaged in drawing the
edges of the leaves, next base, down with silk spun. To effect this, they had
bitten off the principal rib on either side the mid-rib, very near the edge of the
leaf, and had also cut across to the edge. This leaf naturally curves the other
way, so that the caterpillars were working at a disadvantage on the convex
side. But notwithstanding this, they had, in course of an hour, bent down the
edo'es and bound them together for one half inch from base. Next morning all

1 Mr. Scudder, But. N. E. p. 338, makes this re¬
mark respecting the occurrence of Comma on Mac¬
kenzie River : “ In the north, Edwards records it from
Fort Simpson, Mackenzie River, which is too far in
advance of its ordinary range to be probable ; as he
had butterflies from the fort of the same name on
Albany River, and Jenner Weir reports it from Moose
Factory near there, the more southern fort is the prob¬
able locality meant.” To this I would say that I once

received a few butterflies from Rupert House, three or
four Macliaon-Aliaska, and one Chionobas Calais, car¬
ried overland by Mr. Drexler in his note-book, and
from no other quarter in northern British America.
The Comma came from Mackenzie River. Mr. Bernard
C. Ross afterwards told me, when in New York, that
the summer at Fort Simpson was hot, even if short,
and that melons had ripened within the walls of the
fort.

GRAPTA I.

were resting under their completed awnings, two under one, as at first, and had
fed off the tip end of the leaf. I had to transfer them to a larger plant, and the
next day found two under one leaf, which had been brought together during the
night. The third larva was on the upper side of its leaf and had closed that
next base. Later, this larva had drawn down the top of the plant and was con¬
cealed very much after the manner of the larva of P. Atalanta , which uses this
same plant. Here it passed the fourth moult. By which it appears that these
larvae can adapt themselves to circumstances. I noticed that at the older stages
the ribs were not bitten, nor were the edges of the leaf cut, the larva being able
to draw down the edges and sides without that aid. When lying under the
shelter they are at the inmost part, and are curled up much like figure 6. I
have occasionally found two larvae under one tent on Hop. So far as I know,
pupation does not take place under the tent, but the larva seeks a suitable and
protected place at a distance.

The nearest ally of Comma is G. Satyrus, figured with its larva in Yol. I,
pi. 40, a species common in the Pacific States to the Rocky Mountains, and
which has occasionally been taken as far to the east as Montreal, Canada. An ex¬
ample has also been taken in the Adirondacks of New York, by Mr. W. W. Hill.
I received a large number of chrysalids of Satyrus , perhaps fifty, from Mr. H. K.
Morrison, sent from Olympia, W. T., and not one gave imago. Each was filled
with multitudes of dipterous larvae. If this pest is found elsewhere as at
Olympia, it would seem that the Grapta has a severe struggle for existence.
Satyrus, like Comma, is seasonally as well as sexually dimorphic, the second
form being Marsyas, figured in Yol. II, pi. 34. The larvae much resemble those
of Comma and protect themselves in precisely the same manner. These are the
only American species of the genus known to have this peculiar habit.

I placed twenty-six chrysalids of Comma, at from ten minutes to six hours
from pupation, on ice, and kept them at a low temperature for eighteen and
twenty days. All were killed, and since then, for want of ice, I have been
unable to repeat the experiment. Perhaps better results would have been
obtained had the pupce been from twelve to twenty-four hours old.

■

FLORA. 1.2 6 , 3.4 9

a . magnified

b . Larva, young ,,

c e . „ Ist to 3rd moults ,j

f. Larva , 4th mlt. nat . size .
a 5 th

y • jj ^ ■ // v

h h? Chrysalis .

APATURA I.

APATURA FLORA, 1-4.

Apatura Flora, Edwards, Canadian Entomologist, Yol. XIII., p. 81. 1881; ? var. Clyton, Edw., Butt. N.

A., Yol. II., p. 247. 1876.

Male. — Expands 1.9 to 2.1 inches.

Upper side of primaries, over basal half, and all of secondaries, ferruginous,
either bright or dull, the base and inner margin of secondaries covered thickly
with long brown hairs ; the apical area of primaries deeper colored, blackish in
the interspaces; the hind margins dark brown, with a common submarginal
black stripe ; on the disk of primaries a transverse sinuous series of seven large,
rounded, yellow-ferruginous spots, two of them in the submedian interspace, and
sometimes confluent ; outside these is a second series of five spots, besides a
macular stripe next inside the black stripe from upper median nervule to the
angle ; in the cell, two black sinuous bars, often joined at upper end so as to
give a horseshoe-shaped spot ; secondaries have an extra-discal row of six
rounded black spots, disposed as in Clyton , with sometimes a seventh paler one on
costa ; these are without rings and stand on the clear ferruginous ground ; the
basal area is separated from the discal, on the anterior half of the wing, by a mac¬
ular blackish stripe; fringes of both wings white, at the tips of the nervules
fuscous.

Under side of primaries yellow-brown next base, limited on the disk by a sinu¬
ous fuscous stripe ; beyond this a large gray-brown patch covers the subcostal
interspaces, the median interspaces ferruginous ; the spots are repeated, pale
yellow ; the marginal edge brown, the stripe repeated, narrower, the apical part
of it replaced by brown, and the rest edged on either side narrowly by pale yel¬
low-brown ; secondaries brownish buff over basal area, limited without by a wavy
and irregular fuscous stripe from margin to margin ; beyond this is a narrow
space of yellow-buff, followed by a broader one of brown-buff, a shade darker
than the basal area, the outer edge of it parallel with the margin, the inner edge
irregular, and running nearly with the black stripe before mentioned ; on this

APATURA I.

the spots are repeated in deep red-brown, with traces of light ferruginous rings,
more or less complete, always very narrow, often almost made up of separated
scales ; in the centre of each a little elongated black bar, on which are scales of
metallic green or blue ; the margin as in primaries, the stripe reduced to a line,
fuscous ; in some examples there is a Series of narrow ferruginous crescents on
the basal side of this line.

Body both above and beneath concolored with bases of wings ; legs yellow-
buff; palpi same; antennae fuscous above, ferruginous below; club black, the
tip greenish yellow. (Figs. 1, 2.)

Female. — Expands from 2.25 to 2.75 inches.

Upper side rather lighter colored, no examples under view being so dark as
some of the males ; the markings similar. On the under side there is a slight
gloss of purple over the basal half of primaries and all of secondaries ; the yellow
area on secondaries either washed with or replaced by brown ; in the last case,
the whole outer limb is brown, with a darker cloudy area running with the
ocelli; these are nearly lost, represented usually by a sordid yellow central bar,
without metallic scales. (Figs. 3, 4.)

Egg. — Nearly spherical, very little higher than broad, somewhat flattened at
base, the top flattened and a little depressed ; marked by sixteen slightly promi¬
nent vertical ribs, and by many fine, horizontal, equidistant cross ridges; the
micropyle is in the centre of a rosette of irregularly five-sided cells, outside
which are two or three rings of cells quite similar ; color yellow-green. (Figs, a,
a2.) Duration of this stage six to seven days.

Young Larva. — Length .08 inch ; cylindrical, segment 2 a little broader than
3, then tapering gradually to 13, the end of which is rounded ; furnished with
small conical tubercles in three longitudinal rows above the spiracles, dorsal,
subdorsal, and lateral, as is common in the family, each tubercle giving out a
rather long tapering hair ; on 2, 3, 4, the tubercles are in vertical row, but on
2 are a pair of smaller ones to the front, making with the dorsal tubercle a tri¬
angle, and a third is in front of the spiracle ; also in front of the lowest tubercle
on 3 and 4 is a second in same row ; on succeeding segments the three tubercles
are in triangle, as in the family ; on the rear of 13 is an additional triangle, and
a fourth tubercle back of same ; along the base, below the spiracles, are two fine
tubercles with short hairs on each segment except 13, which has but one, in
nearly horizontal line ; and over the feet and prolegs is a fine hair to each, on 13
two ; color pale green ; under side, feet and legs green (Figs, b, b3) ; head sub-

APATURA I.

conic, broad at the ocelli, narrowing rapidly upwards, the sides rounded, rounded
frontally, most so on lower half, depressed at top, the vertices rounded ; the sur¬
face thickly and shallowly indented ; on either lobe eight minute tubercles, or
sixteen in all, each with its tapering hair ; of these, four are in cross row near
the top, six in a second row in line with the apex of the frontal triangle, four in
a third row half way between the second and the ocelli, and one behind the
ocelli; color yellow-brown. (Fig. b2.) Towards the last of the stage, a dark
green mid-dorsal line appears, and another high on the side, almost sub-dorsal,
the area between being whitish green. To first moult six days.

After first moult : length .14 inch ; a little broadest at 2, then slightly com¬
pressed, thickening again . at 7 and 8, and tapering beyond ; ending in two short
conical tails, which meet at base ; the surface closely covered with yellow and
yellow-white tubercles, arranged in longitudinal and also regular cross rows,
stout at base, sub-conic, irregular in size, and from top of each is a short white
hair ; on mid-dorsum a dark green stripe free from tubercles, another on upper
part of side ; the area over dorsum occupied by two bands, one on either side
the dorsal stripe, each band composed of two rows of tubercles, the outer one
whitish, the inner one yellow ; on the side is another similar band, and as the
stage progresses, these separate, and a dull green line, or narrow stripe, lies be¬
tween them ; the tails are rough with tubercles, and each tail has a straight short
bristle from the end ; under side, feet and legs yellow-green (Figs, c, c2) ; head
large; broader than 2, sub-quadrate, the sides well rounded, the front but little,
the top incurved ; the whole surface shallowly indented and covered with a short
yellow down ; color greenish white, with dark brown spots and patches ; a large
brown triangle over mandibles, a small one at top, the two sometimes meeting
on mid-face ; a crescent patch at the base of each vertex and another on middle
of the side ; the ocelli black on brown ground ; on each vertex, a short, com¬
pound, whitish, fleshy process, and single white spurs along the back and down
the sides of the head, all much covered by long fine white hairs. (Fig. c3.) To
next moult about four days.

After second moult : length .26 inch ; stouter, thickest in the middle, both
sides and dorsum tapering in either direction ; the tubercles as before, but
broader, and flattened somewhat ; colored as at second stage ; the two rows of
each dorsal band a little separated, showing a green imperfect line, the side stripe
widened and darker ; under side, feet and legs yellow-green (Fig. d) ; head nearly
as before, rather more square, broader at top, the sides less rounded, the depres¬
sion more angular; color behind pale green; the front darker green, the middle

APATURA I.

brown patches much as before, the one at base of vertex extended down the
front, the one on the side broadened ; the principal processes lengthened, cylin¬
drical next vertices, evenly forked at top, each fork tapering, rounded bluntly ; at
the base is a spur turned forward, and along the back and sides are spurs ; so,
along the back of the head at top and sides are spurs in line, the upper ones
longest, the rest diminishing as they descend, the upper ones bent down ; all, as
well as the processes, pilose. (Fig. d 2 ) To next moult about three days.

After third moult : length .38 to .4 inch ; scarcely differs from third stage ;
head a little higher in proportion to the breadth ; the stripe from vertex reaches
the end of mandibles and the side patch is confluent with the ocellar patch.
(Figs, e, e3, e2.) To next moult about five days.

After fourth moult : length .6 inch, greatest breadth .14 inch; same shape
as at close of last preceding stage, and banded in the same way ; six days alter

the moult the larva was fully grown.

Mature Larva. -Length, *, 1.2 inch, ?, 1.4 inch; greatest breadth t .18
inch, ? .2 inch ; body sub-cylindrical, broadest at base, the under side flattened,
the sides sloping to dorsum ; stout, in some cases almost of the same thickness
from 2 to 8, then tapering rapidly to end, in others the middle segmens are
larger and the slope is regular either way, 2 being of even diameter with ;
ending in a pair of short, sub-conical tails, which are divergent from their bases
and are rough with tuberc ulations ; surface covered with irregular sub- cornea ,
separated tubercles, some minute, others conspicuous, each with its short, sti
white bristle ; general color bright yellow, or gamboge-yellow, a little whitene
alono' the edges of the dorsal area ; the mid-dorsal stripe scarcely more than a
line,°indigo-blue or black, greenish on the anterior segments ; on the side two
broad o-reen stripes, the upper one darker, separated by a narrow stripe oi ye -
low; under side, feet and prolegs dull green (Figs./,/2); head sub-quadrate,
higher than broad, about as 7 to 6, the sides rounded, the front moderately so,
the top depressed at a slight angle; the surface thickly and shallowly indente ,
and covered with a yellow down ; color pale green, with black markings , . t lere
is much variation in the pattern, as partly illustrated by Figs. / to / , | le

darkest examples a large triangle of black meets anothei from the ma^ 1 es’
and a broad stripe from base of vertex reaches the end of mandibles, while an¬
other passes down the cheek and coalesces with the ocellar patch ; in some cases
the black is partly or wholly replaced by gray-green, or blue-green, as shown in
the figures; on each vertex, a short, stout process, black in front, bearing at top
two equal, short, tapering, bluntly rounded, black prongs, at the base in front a

APATURA I.

third, and on the inner side near front, a fourth ; the back is green, and on it at
top and sides are four other similar prongs, but green ; along the back of the
head at top and down the sides are greenish spurs, slender, the upper ones long,
the others diminishing in length gradually and bent down ; all these spurs and
prongs much covered by long fine white hairs. From fourth moult to pupation
about eight days.

Chrysalis, after fourth moult. — Length, $ .7 inch, ? .85 inch; greatest
breadth, across mesonotum .26, across abdomen .22 inch ; greatest depth, same,
.3 inch ; compressed laterally, the outline of ventral side convex, a regular curve
from top of head case to end of wing cases ; the abdomen prominent dorsally,
much arched, sharply carinated, the sides very little convex, and near the keel
slightly incurved, the anterior edge of each segment on the keel a little pro¬
duced and thickened, and marked on either side by a shining black dot ; the
thoracic segments depressed at an angle of about 45° from the end of the keel,
and their sides excavated ; mesonotum low, rounded at summit, with a slight
carina, the sides convex ; the head case sub-conic, the ocellar projections promi¬
nent, three-sided, bluntly pointed, the space between their bases concave ; from
the end of each a low ridge runs back, the two meeting at base of mesonotum,
the intervening space being almost flat ; color green, finely streaked and specked
with light buff over head case, mesonotum, and wings, the abdomen only
specked; the neuration of the wings distinct in yellow or buff; a buff line
passes along the keel and mesonotum, forking to the ocellar projections ; another
passes along the posterior edge of wing case, and is joined by a wavy line down
the side of abdomen ; on the middle of each abdominal segment, on the dorsal
side, is an oblique faint buff line pointing down and forward, ending in a little
buff spot. (Fig. h, $, outline, natural size, color as h2.) Duration of this stage
seven and eight days.

Some of the larvse passed another moult.

After* fifth moult: length .84 to .9 inch; greatest breadth, at segment 8, .18
inch, 2 and 3 being each .16 ; essentially same as at fourth moult in coloration.

(Fig. g.)

Mature Larva. — Length 1.7 inch, greatest breadth .28 inch; broadest in
middle segments, highest on 8 and 9, with a long slope to head, and a rapid one
to 13 ; very stout, the bands and stripes all stretched in width, and the tubercles
reduced and scattered ; in coloration similar to mature larva after fourth moult.
(Figs, g2, g3, section of 7 and 8, g\) From fifth moult to pupation, in August,
eight days, in May, ten days.

APATURA I.

Chrysalis, after fifth moult. — Length 1.06, 9, depth .46 inch; breadth across
mesonotum .31, across abdomen .26 inch; in coloration as before described.
(Fig. A2.) Duration of this stage eleven and twelve days, at Coalburgh ; at
Indian River, Florida, sixteen days, in February and March.

Flora flies in middle and north Florida, but how far to the south is to me un¬
known. Also in parts of Texas, and it is stated by Mr. Aaron, Papilio, iv. 1 i 9,
to have been found “ moderately common ” near Corpus Christi. Therefore it
is probably an inhabitant of the Gulf States, one and all. . Mr. Aaron speaks of
Clyton as rare in the same district. It flies in north Florida, but Dr. Wittfeld,
in many years’ collecting at Indian River, has not taken Clyton. Flora is not a
common species, but every year, and throughout their season, a few are to be
found in the neighborhood of Dr. Wittfeld’s residence. It is nothing like so
abundant as Alicia. The presence of both is determined by their common food-
plant, Celtis integerifolia, a tree nowhere in that region abundant, and con¬
fined to a few localities.

I described Flora, in 1876, as a possible variety of Clyton, but expressed the
opinion that it would eventually be found by breeding to be a good species.
And this has been the case. I have several times raised the larvae from egg to
imago, and the differences between them and the larvae of Clyton are conspicu¬
ous "and persistent. Through all the larval stages after the first, the processes
on the head are of another type from those of Clyton, being short, stout, with
equal branches, those of the other long, tapering, with unequal branches. The
markings and coloration of the body also are of a different pattein. In the
Northern States, Clyton is a one-brooded species ; what it may be in the Gulf
States, I am unable to state. But Flora has three annual broods of the
imago at Indian River, the larvae from the last brood hibernating after the sec¬
onder third moult. The early butterflies from these hibernating larvae emerge
from chrysalis in March ; the second flight takes place early in June, the third
in August and September. Dr. Wittfeld writes : “ There are certainly three
broods! I have seen the butterflies first in March, and as late as October,. on one

occasion, in November.”

Both Clyton and Celtis, as related in Volume II., pass the winter in large com¬
pact clusters on the under sides of leaves, entirely unprotected except as the leaf
shelters them. On 21st September, 1880, I found 165 larvae of Clyton on one
leaf, at Coalburgh. As to Flora, I received the following account from the late
Miss Annie M. Wittfeld, written 30th August, 1884. “ This morning, while cut¬

ting leaves for my Alicia larvae, I discovered two leaves sticking together. I
picked and opened them, and what should I find but a larva of Flora! I

APATURA I.

looked again and found what I took to be a spider’s nest, but it contained three
more Flora. I continued the search, and found eighteen, all in little houses of
leaves fastened tightly together, one leaf lying across another obliquely. I found
in none more than three, mostly but one.”

The eggs are laid in clusters, after the habit of the genus. Dr. Wittfeld says :
“ Flora has a peculiarity in common with Alicia , that is, it often deposits its
eggs yards away from any foliage. I have seen them do this on the trunk of
the tree, ten feet from the nearest leaf ; also on the Spanish moss which was sus¬
pended from the branches of their tree. Many young larvse out of eggs fail to
find the leaves, and so perish.” From this habit of the female in depositing her
eggs, and from the falling of the larvse to the ground with their leaves, it is a
wonder that not only Flora , but the allied species, all of which in larvse fall to
the ground in large part, are not exterminated. I have stated in Volume II.,
under Celtis, that I believed that species must survive mainly through larvse
hidden among the corky ridges of the bark of the tree, in my own neighborhood,
at least.

Dr. Wittfeld obtained eggs of Flora by confining a female in bag over a
branch of Celtis, and some of them were sent me by mail, 1 1th July, 1880.
They were eight days on the road, and had hatched before I received the pack¬
age. I was told that about 225 eggs, in one cluster, had been laid. The larvse
fed readily on leaves of Celtis occidentalis. The first moult was passed 24th
July, the second 28th, the third on 3d August, the fourth 5-6th August; sus¬
pension took place 14th, pupation twelve hours later. On 22d August, two
males came out, on 24th two females, on 26th and 28th, each, two females. So
that but four moults were passed, and both sexes were represented in the imagos.

But, in 1881, I received another lot of larvse, from same hand, also hatched
on the road ; and all that reached maturity, namely four, passed five moults.
The first took place on 3d August, the second 7— 8th, the third 12th, the fourth
18th, the fifth 24-25th August; the first suspension was on 1st September,
pupation the evening of the same day. Another larva passed fifth moult 29th
August, and pupated September 6th. Mrs. Peart, who was feeding two of same
lot, and making drawings at each stage, wrrote me 25th August that both had
passed fifth moult. Both sexes here also were present in the resulting imagos,
and the difference in the number of moults, in the two years, was therefore not
sexual.

Miss Wittfeld sent me 9th January, 1884, some of the hibernating larvae which
she had found in August, as before related. She wrote: u I send six of the
sleeping Flora. Three of ours are out, and are trying to eat old dry leaves,
for we have nothing else for them. It surprised us to see them come out in this

APATURA I.

cold weather, the mercury falling to 34°.” Dr. Wittfeld had spoken of the same
thing a few days before : “ To-day the mercury stood at 36°, and two Flora
came out of their hibernation and crawled on the glass, without sun or stove
heat ” I placed the six larvae in the ice-house. They were pink colored, like
Clyton, shortly after awaking from hibernation. On 22d April I brought them
into the house. On 29th they were observed moving, and left their cases. By
1st May were changing to green, which, as in the northern allied species, is done
without a moult. The first moult was passed 1st May ; the second, on 11th.
By 20th, all had passed three moults. These larvae were of great size, .9 at fifth
moult, some of them reaching 1.7 inch. The first pupated 30th May. After
eleven and twelve days 1 $ 2 9 ? appeared, the latter very large, measuring
2.75 inches in expanse of wing, and one fourth inch more than any female after

five moults in the fall.

Miss Wittfeld gave me the times of the last brood of larvae of the year at
Indian River, thus: eggs laid 10th October; hatched 16th; first moult 19th,
second moult 24th, third moult 30th ; by November 10th all were in hiberna¬
tion ; all were out by 14th January ; the fourth moult took place 25th Jan¬
uary, the fifth 4th February; were full-grown by 10th February, pupated 18th,
and the imagos had come out by 6th March. As stated, the larvae which I had
passed three moults after hibernation.

The process of moulting, not only of Flora, but of the group, is as fol¬
lows: the second segment swells enormously, and the mask of the old face
is pushed forward. When the skin begins to pass off, owing to its extreme
tenuity, and the resemblance of the new coat to the old, it is difficult to see
that it is moving. Only by watching the gathering of the folds at the end of
the body could I make sure of what was going on. As the mask is dropped, the
new head is seen to be square at the top without projections or processes of
any sort. But in about eighty seconds the vertex process parts from the side of
the head, where it has lain folded down, and thin as paper. At thiee minutes
it is half up, a mere membrane and covered by a mass of long hairs, the points
brought together in pencil. Then the spurs along the back of the head, which
also have been folded close down, begin to lift. At five minutes the points had
separated, at eight were filled out, and at ten they, as well as the spurs, had
assumed their final shape. Up to this time, the whole head, processes, and spurs
have been greenish white, the ocelli and mandibles black ; but at twelve minutes
there is a darkening of all the parts which finally are to be black, at first be¬
coming darker green ; at fifteen minutes gray-green. At twenty-five the white
portions of the face are pure color, the gray is blackish ; at forty-five, all the
dark parts are pale black ; at seventy the black is deep, and the change is

complete.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATE.

Flora, 1, 2, $ , 3, 4, 9.

a Egg ; a2 micropyle.
b Young Larva; ft'2 head.

b 3 Young Larva, showing the tubercles and processes.
c Larva at 1st moult ; c2 side view ; c3 head.
d Larva at 2d moult ; d2 head.

e Larva at 3d moult ; e segment 8, dorsal view ; e2 head.
ff2 Larva at 4th moult ; /*, 4, 6 heads in var.
g Larva at 5th moult ; natural size.

g2, g 3 Adult Larva, after five moults, natural size ; g 4 section of segments 7, 8.
h Chrysalis, after 4th moult, natural size, $ .
h 2 Chrysalis, after 5th moult, natural size, 9-

T6INCLAIR A SON.IITM.PHOA

PORTLANDIA 12tf,34.$i

a. Egg
b Larva >

(go/A/,gj

magnified c-f 1st to f lh m/.t magnified

„ g 5th mou/ 't ' . n at . size

i . Chrysa lis .

DEBIS I.

DEBIS PORTLANDIA, 1-4.

Debis Portlandia, Fabricius, Spec. Ins., II, p. 82, 1781 ; Boisduval and Leconte, Lepid. de 1 Araer., p. 226, pi.

58, 1833; Morris, Lepid. N. Am., p. 79, 1862; Edwards, Can. Ent., XIV, p. 84, 1882; Fernald, But.

of Maine, p. 70, 1884 ; French, But. of East. U. S., p. 29, 1886.

Andromacha, Hubner, Samml. Ex. Schmett., I, 1806-1816 ; Say, Amer. Ent. II, pi. 36, 1825; Morris, 1. c.,

p. 78, 1862.

Male. — Expands from 1.9 to 2.2 inches.

Upper side yellow-brown, or wood-brown, individuals varying in depth of
color ; the extra-discal area paler, more yellow, variable ; on this a row of four
oval or rounded blind ocelli, sometimes unequal throughout, sometimes the pos¬
terior pair very large, equal ; often the spot on lower discoidal interspace want¬
ing, or reduced to a point ; these ocelli are of a soft brown hue, and each lies
within a pale yellowish ring which fades into the ground ; on primaries, owing to
the transparency of the wing, the outer edge of the basal area is dark, paiticu-
larly next costa, and projects in an angle, often double-toothed, on upper median
nervule; a similar dark edging is sometimes to be seen on secondaries, but usu¬
ally there is nothing of this ; secondaries have also a series of five ocelli, unequal,
the middle one often very small, sometimes altogether wanting ; sometimes the
upper pair are very large, equal ; both wings bordered by two fine parallel dark
lines ; fringes brown at the ends of the nervules, gray or whitish in the inter¬
spaces.

Under side paler brown, with a slight violet reflection ; the basal areas edged
without by a common dark stripe, sinuous, projecting considerably against both
cells and on inner margin of primaries ; halfway between this and base a similar
stripe, nearly straight, bending upwards on lower median interspace of seconda¬
ries and joining the outer stripe on sub-median nervule ; on the arc of each cell
a dark stripe ; the extra-discal area of primaries lighter, of secondaries same as
the basal, with a dull yellow or whitish diffuse band passing entirely round each
series of ocelli ; these have now small white pupils, and each is within a definite

DEBIS I.

yellow ring, pale or bright ; on secondaries there is a duplex sixth ocellus next

inner angle, each part very small, elongated.

Body above yellow-brown, beneath yellow-white, the abdomen lightest ; legs
brown-yellow, the tibiae whitish; palpi white within, with long black hairs in
front ; eyes brown-black ; antennae blackish above, ringed with white, red-brown
below ; club black, the tip red-brown. (Figs. 1, 2.)

Female. — Expands from 2 to 2.25 inches.

Very much as the male ; the ocelli varying in same manner, perhaps, however,
never so small as in some males. (Figs. 3, 4.)

Egg. — Semi-ovoid, a little higher than broad, the base slightly rounded and
arched at the middle ; surface smooth ; color greenish-white. (Fig. a.) Dura-
tion of this stage from four to six days.

Young Lakva. — Length .13 inch, cylindrical; tapering slightly on both dor¬
sum and sides from 2 to 13 ; ending in two short conical tails ; color at first yel¬
low, somewhat tinted brown, after two days changing to yellow-green, more
green on dorsum ; on each segment from 3 to 12, above spiracles are six cornea

tubercles forming as many longitudinal rows, three on either side, a dorsal, sub-

dorsal, and lateral ; on 3 and 4 they are
nearly in cross line, but from 5 to 12 are
in triangle, the dorsal one standing on the
front ridge, the sub-dorsal on the rear,
the lateral on the second ridge or a little
before the middle of the segment ; from
each of these a long, slender, tapering
hair, the end thickened (Fig. 66) ; on 2
are three tubercles and hairs corresponding to the three rows, though not all in
line with them, and behind and between the upper two an additional one,
against spiracle, to the front, is a fine hair, and just over it a shorter coarser
one ; (see cut ; on the Plate, figs, b and V fail to show the sub-dorsal tubercle
on 2 ; on 13 are twelve tubercles, three on each side in the upper two rows, two
in the lateral row, two at the ends of the tails, and two short hairs in the con
cavity between the tails; below the line of spiracles is a row of short, coarse
hairs, not thickened at ends, two to each segment, except on 3, 4, 13, w
have but one; head at first nearly twice as broad as 2 at two days from the
egg one-fourth broader only; ob-ovoid, truncated, slig y epresse
suture ; on each vertex is a small sub-conical protuberance, from the top of

DEBIS I.

which comes a long, tapering hair; a few hairs over the front. (Figs, b to h\)

Duration of this stage, six to eight days. ,

After first moult : length .26 inch ; the dorsum arched, on 3 and 4 depressed ;

13 ending in two long, tapering tails ; color bright green ; densely covered wit 1
low, sharp, whitish tubercles, which are disposed in longitudinal rows, one of
which edges either side the dark green mid-dorsal stripe, and another lies be¬
tween this and the sub-dorsal narrow yellowish stripe, which itself is crowc e
with tubercles; below this stripe there are four somewhat irregular rows and
then the yellowish basal stripe ; each tubercle gives a very short white hair ;
under side, feet, and pro-legs paler green, head higher than before, the sides less
curved, depressed somewhat more ; on each vertex a high, conical process, which,
as well as the whole face and back, is thickly covered with whitish sub-conical
tubercles, each with its short white hair ; color green, the ends of the processes
red. (Figs, c to c3.) Duration of this stage, seven to eight days.

After second moult : length .44 inch ; shape as at second stage ; tubercu-
lated in same way ; the sub-dorsal and basal stripes as before ; head same, the
processes more red. (Fig. d.) To next moult about nine days, but, like all
stages, the duration depends on the weather.

After third moult: length .52 inch, scarcely different. (Fig. e.) To next
moult, in a single instance, six days ; all other larvae hibernated at this stage.

After fourth moult, in spring : length .6 inch ; shape nearly as before, the
abdominal segments arched, the others level ; tails long ; color yellow-green ; a
darker mid-dorsal band, a green line next above the yellow sub-dorsal stripe, and
another on mid-side ; the basal stripe yellow ; head narrower at -top, the bases o
the processes meeting at the suture ; color green, the ends red. (Figs../ o j ■)
To last moult eleven days ; in one instance sixteen, in another twenty days,

owing to cold weather.

After fifth moult : length 1 inch ; in about ten days the larva was full-grown.

Mature Larva. — Length, i , 1.2 inch, greatest breadth, on middle segments,
.16 inch ; ? , 1.4 inch, breadth .17 inch ; cylindrical, slender, the dorsum arched,
and sloping about equally either way from the middle ; 13 ending in two long,
slender, tapering tails ; color yellow-green ; on mid-dorsum a dark green band,
on the edge of dorsal area a narrow yellow stripe to the tail, and on upper side
of it a dark green line, another such line on mid-side, and a yellow stripe along

DEBTS I.

base ; all the cross-ridges thickly set with fine whitish tubercles, each giving a
very short fine hair ; tails red-tipped ; under side, feet, and legs pale green ;
head ob-ovoid, broad on lower front, narrowing rapidly upwards, well rounded on
front and sides ; on each vertex a long, tapering process, their bases meeting at
the suture ; these processes, as well as the rest of the head, are rough, with large
rounded equal tuberculations, each with its short, stiff white hair ; color yellow-
green, the processes red, all tubercles white ; the ocelli brown, the largest green
with brown rim. (Figs. From fifth moult to pupation about fifteen days.

The position when suspended is shown by Fig. h.

Chrysalis. _ Length .6 inch, greatest breadth across both mesonotum and

abdomen .22 inch ; cylindrical, the abdomen conical ; head case short, bevelled on
both sides equally to a rather broad, sharp ridge, with sharp, triangular corners,
at top a -little excavated, the sides roundly excavated ; mesonotum prominent,
angular, the apex rounded, followed by a shallow depression ; wing cases flar¬
ing at base, very little constricted in middle ; color delicate green, sometimes
with a bluish tint ; the ventral side of abdomen paler ; the top of head and
dorsal edges of wing cases cream-white ; surface smooth, glossy. (Figs, i to i3.)
Duration of this stage in May, thirteen to fourteen days.

Portlandia flies throughout the Atlantic States and Mississippi Valley. It is
abundant in the South and West, but how far to the West it flies I am unable to
say. I have received it, however, from Fort Niobrara, Nebraska. It is believed
to be nowhere a common species in New York or New England, and is occa¬
sionally taken as far east as Halifax, Nova Scotia. Prof. C. H. Fernald informs
me that at Orono, Maine, the late Mr. Anson Allen used to find it in some
numbers through the summer on a road through a growth of spruce trees. I
learn from Mr. H. H. Lyman, of Montreal, that Mr. E. C. Trenholme, of that
city, has found this species tolerably common on the Western and Little Moun¬
tains, above Montreal, on one occasion having “come upon a flock of a dozen,
flitting about near the ground.” Mr. Lyman writes that he has received two
specimens taken at East Selkirk, Manitoba, lat. 50° 10', the most northern
locality probably so far noted.

In Say’s time, about 1825, Portlandia was known only as southern, and that
author states that it had never been taken so far north as Pennsylvania. Very
likely the species has spread to the north and east during the last sixty years,
as many species of birds are known to have done. Mr. Philip H. Gosse, in
his “ Canadian Naturalist,” London, 1840, p. 246, speaks of seeing a single

DEBIS I.

example in Canada. The same author, in “ Letters from Alabama,” London,
1859, pao>e 122, gives an interesting account of the habits of the species, unc ei
the name of Hipparchia Andromacha, which I copy here. “ It is interesting
from its social and gamesome habits. A particular individual will frequent the
foot of a particular tree for many successive days, contrary to the roaming
habit of butterflies in general. Hence he will sally out on any other passing
butterfly, either of his own or of another species, and after performing sundry
circumvolutions, retire to his chosen post of observation again. Occasionally 1
have seen another butterfly of the same species, after having had his amicable
tussle, take likewise a stand on a neighboring spot, and after a few minutes rest,
both would simultaneously rush to the conflict, like knights at a tournament,
and wheel and roll about in the air as before. Then each would return to his
own place with the utmost precision, and presently renew the 4 passage of arms,
with the same result, for very many times in succession.” I have myself never
had an opportunity of observing the habits so well described, nor can I lear o
others having done so. But a butterfly restricted to forests in which was no
undergrowth, like the pine forests of the South, would of necessity have the habit
of restino* on trees. The late Mr. James Ridings collected butterflies in Georgia,
a few years ago, and informed me on his return that Satyrus Pegala alighted
on the bark of trees in the pine forests, and returned persistently to the same
spot, and as he compared the habit with that of Portland ia, probably he had
noticed the latter species in the same district. I know of no other of the North
American Satyrinse which do this, unless it be the Chionobas of the Gig as group.

The species is not a common one in the region in which I live, but every year
I see a few individuals flying near the ground about the edge of the wood, or
among the trees and shrubs near my house. They are also to be seen in the
depth of the forest. On one occasion, in June, I visited an unopened coal seam
at least a mile from any clearing, and at five hundred feet elevation above the
creek, where the coal was exposed to view, owing to its being between two
ledges of rock, a little sulphur-tinctured water trickled upon the base rock, and
here were several Portlandia and that rare butterfly, Eudamus Cellus, m a clus¬
ter, eagerly sucking. On the way down the creek, the wheel of the wagon
struck a small, decayed, moss-covered stump at the foot of the hill, and quite
a flock of Portlandia , which had been resting on the stump, were flushed. 1
caught eight, four of them with one sweep of the net, all males fresh from
chrysalis. Near the same place, several summers ago, Mr. Ridings took a num¬
ber of specimens. He told me that this butterfly was infallibly attracted by
any excrementitious matter, and he had only to wait near a spot where such
was to be found to get all the individuals he wanted.

DEBIS I.

Mr. Lewis Ullrich, of Tiffin, Ohio, wrote in August, 1881, that shortly before,
he had taken some hundred and fifty good examples of Portlandia, and rejected
many more as imperfect, in a certain piece of woods near by, and remarked that
the species seemed to be confined to this particular spot, and, so far as he knew,
was not to be found elsewhere in the County. Two or three years later I ap¬
plied to Mr. Ullrich for specimens, and learned that the old hunting-ground had
been cleared of undergrowth and cattle turned in, to the utter destruction of

these butterflies.

The larvae, like all the family, eat grasses. I first obtained one egg of Portlan¬
dia by confining a female on grass under a net, August 22, 18TB, but it failed
to hatch. Several other experiments were unsuccessful, until August 15,1877,
when I got seven eggs. These hatched on 21st, and on 27th, the larvae began to
pass the^first moult; on 3d September, the second moult, on 12th, the third, and
soon after, all became lethargic, and were left in a cool room for the winter. On
February 17, 1878, they were brought into a warm room, and the same day
were seen to be moving. On 26th February, one passed the fourth moult, and
died soon after from injuries received on the way to Philadelphia, for its portrait.
Meanwhile all the rest had died. That is a sample of the bad fortune which often
happens in rearing butterfly larvae, and it has not unfrequently taken me several

years to get at a complete life-history of a species.

On September 5, 1881, I received twelve eggs from Mr. Ullrich. These
began to hatch on 8th; on 15th the larvae were passing first moult, on 23d, the
second. On 8th October, one passed the third. The moults were irregular,
several days intervening between the passage by the first and last larva of same
stage. On 24th October, one passed the fourth, but died soon after ; the others
were in lethargy by 1st November. Early in February, 1882, these larvae were
brought into the house, and on 24th, were observed to be in motion ; by 1st
March all were feeding. The fourth moult was passed from 16th to 23d March;
on 31st, one passed the fifth, and the last passed same on 4th April. The first
chrysalis formed 13th April, and this gave imago 29th. Two that passed fifth,
5th April, pupated 20th, and the butterflies came out 4th May.

The hibernating larvae, therefore, pass three moults in the fall, and two in
spring ; but it is probable that the number of moults of a summer brood is but
four, as with some of the allied species.

While the larva is at rest the head is bent under so that the horns are turned
forward, and the back part is in line with dorsum, as seen in Fig. g. When a
moult takes place, as the old face is cast off, the new horns are seen folded down
over the face and flattened, and it is several minutes before they begin to rise
and fill out, and fully ten before they are erect. These organs are not solid, but

DEBIS I.

hollow shells merely. I noticed one larva as it was passing the second moult,
and another at the fourth, and the behavior was the same in both cases. As the
tails were disengaged from the old skin, they stood apart at a right angle foi
some time, and in about ten minutes began slowly to approach each other and
get in line with the body. The first movement of the larva was to turn around
so as to get at and devour the cast skin. In suspension the figure is very differ¬
ent from N. Gemma , but is like N. Sosybius , and nearly same as m Satyrus

Alope. (Fig. h.) ,

I have taken Portlandia at Coalburgh, W. Va., as early as 18th May, and

fresh examples in June, July, and August. There must here be at least two
annual generations, possibly three. If three, the first in May, the second middle

of July, the third late in August. _

This is the only species of its genus accredited to the Americas, but under the
supposed synonymical name of Lethe, Marshall and De Niceville, in The Buttei
flies of India,” describe thirty-four species, which they divide into four groups,
principally inhabiting the Eastern Himalayas and Assam. Nothing is said ot the
early stages of these species, and it remains to be seen from comparison of egg,
larva, and pupa, whether either of the groups or any one of the species is really
congeneric with Debis Portlandia or not. It is highly probable that they are
not, and that Portlandia properly forms a genus by itself.

Say describes the caterpillar briefly as “ downy and mueronate behind, —
mucronate, in his glossary, meaning “terminating in a sharp point Of the
chrysalis he says, “ It is angulated, bi-mucronate on the front ; which is not a
correct description, as the head case is without points or processes. Boisduva
and Leconte give a fair representation of the chrysalis after Abbot but the
caterpillar is bad as can well be. The description in the text is drawn from the
figure and not from nature, and it is said that the two points which surmount
the head spring up in the form of ears (s’elevent en form d’oreilles) as indeed
they do in the figure. The same authors copy from Abbot’s unpublished figures
what perhaps is the Georgia type of the butterfly, large, with very large and
nearly equal ocelli over both wings.

Note. _ Since this paper was printed I have received a letter from Mr. L. Ullrich, before mentioned, and
to whom I had written to ask if he had observed the gamesome habit described by Mr. Gosse. Mr. U1 nc is
an Experienced collector of lepidoptera ; he is also Cork of Seneca County, Ohio, and was so engrossed y
his official duties that he could find no time for an earlier reply. Hence this note. The lettei saj . ^

not recollect of ever seeing Portlandia flying antagonistically at other species, but to see them sitting on
side of a tree or stump head downward, the wings closed over the back, was a common occurrence. The
many butterflies I found in 1881 - and I took hundreds of them - were all from an area of about one acre m
extent within a small piece of woods. Here was an open patch on which grew a certain kind of giass
food of the caterpillars! and joining it was a half acre of open second-growth of hazel, maple, and other trees
from fifteen to twenty feet high. When the sun shone clear it was usual to find a score or more of Portlandia

DEBIS I.

about one tree, sitting on the trunk, flying up and away a few feet, and returning to same tree, apparently
playing with each other. At the same time the great body of the butterflies seemed content with resting in
the full sunlight on the tops of the leaves.

“ Some trees seemed to have more attraction than others. I remember a certain hickory where I could
always find some of the butterflies sitting on the trunk.

“ Plenty as Portlandia was there, not one did I ever find outside this acre, not even in the piece of wood in
which it was enclosed, or in any other part of Seneca County.”

I also have had a few lines from Mr. Behrens, in which lie asserts that the larger Cliionobas of the Pacific
coast have no such habit of settling on the trunks of trees, as I had conjectured might be the case from an
expression in one of his old letters.

DEBIS I.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Portlandia, Figs. 1, 2 $, 3, 4 ?.
a Egg, magnified.

b Young Larva, side view ; b 2 back, magnified.

b3 head ; b 4 segment 2 ; bh last segment ; b 6 hairs, magnified.

c Larva after 1st moult ; c2 head; c3 dorsal view of one of the middle segments, magnified.
d Larva after 2d moult.
e Larva after 3d moult.

/ Larva after 4th moult ; f2 head ; /3 middle segment ; /4 end of 13, magnified.
g Mature Larva after 5th moult, nat. size.
g 2 head of same, magnified.
h Larva suspended for pupation.
i i2 i3 Chrysalis.

b-f.

C A.N T H U S . 1.2 6, 3.4 ?

Z99

magnified. g. Larva.,

Larva. , young to 4th moult g -2 4

h. Chrysalis.

6 VAR .

b^rnoult m ature nat . sixe .
head and segts magnified.

SATYRODES I.

SATYRODES CANTHUS, 1-5.

„ . , . 1T , , > r ;nn ^ ipn l’Ampr d1 60. 1833. Westwood-Hewitson,

Satyrodes Canthus, Boisduval and Leconte (not Linn.), Lep.de 1 .,p

Gen. Di. Lep., II., p. 375. 1851. Edwards, Can. Ent., XY., p. 64. 1883. Id., XVII., p. 112. 1885. ler
nald, Butt. Maine, p. 70. 1884. Frencli, Butt. East. U. S., p. 232. 1886.

Boisduvallii, Harris, Ins., p. 305, fig. 128. 1862. , .„Bq

Eurydice, Scudder (not Linn.), Butt. N. E., I., p. 193, pi. 1, g. 1 , P • ’ =>'

Male. — Expands from 1.6 to 2.2 inches. .

Upper side gray-brown, the outer third of both wings light, but varying muc 1
in individuals ; the darker portion of primaries limited without by a fuscous ( 1 -
fuse stripe from subcostal to second or third median nervule, bending outward
on the upper median nervule at nearly a right angle ; on secondaries there aie
traces more or less distinct, of a similar stripe, but narrowed ; primaries have an
extra-discal, nearly straight, transverse row of small, round, fuscous spots, usually
four in number, standing on the two discoidal and the median interspaces ;
sometimes a fifth spot is present on the lower subcostal interspace, out of line
with the rest, turned towards the base ; these spots vary in size usual y the
lower two being largest and equal, the upper two a little smaller and equal ; t le
fifth spot minute ; all surrounded by a narrow ring, paler than t le gioiuH co 01 ,
but often there is nothing of this ; sometimes the lower spot has a white centra
dot: secondaries have a corresponding row of six spots, sometimes all large, at
others small as the spots of primaries, either without rings or with decided
rim-s of brown-yellow, the uppermost spot, which is usually the largest o
series, always without ring, and the spot next angle always minute ; fringes gray-

b‘ Under side yellow-brown, the outer third of each wing paler; the two areas
separated by a dark brown stripe, which in some examples is ^

throughout most of its course, sometimes sinuous ; each wing has a su da ^
covering the arc of cell, and there is a common stripe crossing both cell-
interspaces; the spots repeated, enlarged, each in a brown-yellow ring, u n

SATYRODES I.

itself is surrounded by a dark ring and a pale halo, and each has a white pupil ;

the anal spot duplex, with double pupil.

Body above color of wings, beneath, the thorax and abdomen yellow-white, or
in the darkest winged examples, brown-yellow; legs yellow-brown above, whitish
below ; palpi yellow-white with brown hairs in front ; antennae fuscous above,
narrowly ringed yellow or whitish, beneath red-brown; club fuscous, the top
red-brown. (Figs- 1? 2, var. 5.)

Female. — Expands from 1.7 to 2.4 inches.

In general like the male, but of paler hue ; the spots larger ; on the under
side the inner rings are more yellow, and each series of spots is inclosed by a
pale elongated ring; but the uppermost spot on secondaries is separated from the
restand has its own set of rings. (Figs. 3, 4.) Examples from Colorado are
larger than any from New England, and somewhat larger than from Michigan
or Illinois. There is everywhere great variation in the color and markings of
this species, but I have never seen an example, nor is there one recorded, that is
without the rounded spots on upper side.

Egg. — Subglobular, much flattened at base, as broad there as high ; surface
slightly rough, but without definite markings even under a pretty high power ;
but increasing this, there are. to be seen small shallow cells, and a resemblance to
eggs of the Neonymphse; color greenish-white. (Fig. a). Duration of this stage

about seven days.

Young Larva. — Length .09 inch ; cylindrical ; segment 2 rounded and some¬
what prominent ; from 3 to 11 tapering very gradually, 12 and 13 abruptly, and
ending in two short pointed tails ; color at first yellow-white, in a few hours
changing to pale green ; the upper surface shows six longitudinal rows of low,
conical, black tubercles, each of which gives a short, thick, black bristle, thick¬
ened at the end ; on 3 and 4 these are in cross line, on middle of the segment ;
on 2, the tubercles of the upper rows are advanced to front, and behind and be¬
tween is an additional tubercle ; that of the lateral row is above the line and in
middle of the segment, and is without bristle, and below, in front of the spiracle,
is a smaller tubercle and hair, and under it a hair without tubercle ; on 4 to 12 the
tubercles are in triangle, as in Neonymphas ; on 13 is a triangle at the front, two
at base of tail corresponding to the upper rows, and longer than elsewhere ; at
the end of the tail a still longer bristle ; along the base of the body is a row of
short hairs, two on 2 and from 4 to 12, one on 3, 4, springing from tubercles and
longer and tapering, one on 13 ; still another row of very short, tapering hairs

SATYRODES I.

over feet and legs, three on 2, one on 3 to 6 ; two on 7 to 10, one on 11, 12, one
on front of 13, and three over the anal legs ; feet and pro-legs green ; head con¬
siderably broader than 2, obovoid, truncated, the top depressed, the vertices low,
conical, excavated at summit, and in the cavity a small tubercle and tapering hair
(Fig. b 3) ; other tubercles arranged in cross rows, the upper row of two and
largest, the next of six, the next of four, and the lower row of two, those of the
second and third rows next suture without hairs ; other short hairs over man¬
dibles : the surface shallowly indented : color light brown ; ocelli reddish-brown.
(Figs, b, b\)

At three days from the egg, length .18 inch ; color pale green, showing three
whitish longitudinal lines, one near middle of dorsum, one on the verge of dor¬
sum, one on middle of side. As the first moult approaches, the body becomes
broad as the head, vitreous-green, the white lines distinct. (Fig. b°.) Duration
of this stage about eight days.

After first moult : length .26 inch ; slender, slightly thickest in middle seg¬
ments ; the tails longer in proportion than at first stage, slender, sub-conical,
pink-tinted, rough with white pointed tubercles and short bristles ; on the trans¬
verse ridges of all segments are fine, sharp, white tubercles, each with its short
white hair, or process ; color at first greenish-yellow (Fig. c), later changing to
pale green (Fig. c3) ; on middle of dorsum a dark green stripe free from tuber¬
cles, on either edge of this a line of white tubercles ; another line of tubercles,
sub-dorsal, a third along base ; between the last two are two other fine white
lines, and one such between the dorsal and sub-dorsal ; feet and legs green ; head
a little broader than 2, obovoid, the sides more sloping, less rounded, than in
the first stage ; on each vertex a long, tapering process or horn, tuberculated,
brown-tipped, and marked in front by a reddish stripe which is extended down
the side of the face to the ocelli ; surface finely tuberculated ; color of face and
head yellow-green. (Fig. c2.) To next moult six to nine days.

After second moult: length from .34 to .4 inch; same shape; color yellow-
green ; the same tuberculated lines ; head as before, but narrower and higher,
the horns longer and nearer together, striped as before, but the upper part pink ;
color of face pale green. (Figs, d to d3.) To next moult fourteen to eighteen
days.

After third moult : length .55 inch ; shape and color, at first, as at preced¬
ing stage ; but a few hours after the moult, in nearly all the examples, the
color changed to brown and buff; at twenty-four hours from the moult, length

SATYRODES I.

.57 inch ; on middle of dorsum a broad brown stripe, on either side of which is a
band of reddish-buff, passing into greenish-buff on the outer side ; on the side
another buff band, through the middle of which runs a brown line ; the basal
ridge buff ; head and horns as at preceding stage (Figs, e to e 4). A few days
later the buff larvae became lethargic.

But one of the green larvae proceeded to fourth moult without change of
color. From third to fourth moult, in the Fall, twenty-six days.

After fourth moult, in Fall : length .6 inch ; color green ; but twenty-four
hours after the moult had changed ; color now yellow-buff and red-brown ; the
mid-dorsal stripe pale brown, the bands on either side of it greenish-yellow ; the
side brown, with a dull green line running through it ; head shaped as before,
the face green, stripes reddish-brown. This larva became lethargic a few days
later, but died during the winter.

After hibernation, in Spring : the color gradually changed from buff to green ;
wholly dull green, with a darker mid-dorsal stripe ; a yellow sub-dorsal line from
horn to tip of tail ; two obscure yellow side lines ; along base yellow ; tails green
to tips ; head pale yellow, the stripes brown. Twenty-two days after the end of
hibernation passed fourth moult.

After fourth moult in Spring : length .62 inch ; color pale green, the mid-dorsal
stripe dark green ; the dorsal bands yellow-white ; the two lines on side and the
basal stripe same hue ; head emerald-green, the horns reddish, the stripe dark
brown. (Figs./ to/3; /4 is the natural size a few days after the moult.) Dura¬
tion of this stage thirty days.

After fifth moult : length one inch ; color green, striped with whitish ; in
about twelve days was fully grown.

Mature Larva. — Length 1.2 inch ; long, slender, segments 2 and 12 of
equal diameter, the dorsum arched on middle segments, sloping evenly both ways,
ending in two long tapering tails, which are roughly tuberculated ; each segment
creased transversely so as to make six ridges, the front one, from 3 back, twice
as broad as any other and flattened, the rest a little rounded ; whole surface
covered with fine sharp tubercles, each of which gives a fine short hair; color
of body green ; a darker, mid-dorsal stripe, and on each side of this a pale green
dorsal band, on the outer edge a yellow-green stripe ; the side covered by a pale
green band through which runs a yellow line ; along base a yellow stripe ; feet

SATYRODES I.

and legs pale green ; head obovoid, high, the top narrow, on each vertex a long,
tapering, conical process or horn, the two meeting at base; whole surface lough
with fine tubercles, each with fine, short hair; color yellow-green, the horns
red ; down the front of each horn from near the top, a biown stupe, which
passes alongside of face to the ocelli, tapering to a line. (Figs, g natural size, g
to y4 magnified.) The length of the period from last moult to pupation I am
unable to give, but it is probably about ten days.

Chrysalis. — Length .62 inch; breadth across mesonotum .16, across abdo¬
men .17 inch; cylindrical, slender; the edges of wing cases prominent; head
case a little produced, beveled transversely to a sharp edge, excavated veiy lit¬
tle at the sides, the top incurved, the corners sharp ; mesonotum prominent, the
■ anterior side forming almost a right angle with the dorsal side, carinated, the
sides flat and sloping ; color green ; the top of head case and dorsal edges of
wing cases buff, a buff mid-dorsal stripe, and on either side of this another ; also
a faint lateral stripe on abdomen of same color. (Figs, h, A2, magnified.)

Canthus flies in the northern States from Maine to Wisconsin, at least, and
from New Jersey and northern Pennsylvania to Iowa, Nebraska, and Colorado.
In the latter State it has been observed only in the northeastern part. Mr. David
Bruce writes : “ It occurs near Estes Park. This region is of about 5,000 feet
elevation, and is well watered by the Big Thompson and Cache la Poudre rivers,
and is full of small lakes and reedy flats where many of the small waterfowl
breed in numbers. In this locality Canthus flies in abundance. The Colorado
examples are of large size, exceeding any eastern ones, the males reaching 2.2
inches in expanse of wing, the females 2.4 inches, but they do not differ in other
respects from their congeners.

Until recently, this species has not been reported in the southern States, or
south of the Ohio River. But, in Psyche, Vol. V., p. 348, May, 1890, Mr. El¬
lison A. Smythe, Jr., of Columbia, South Carolina, relates as follows : “ While col¬
lecting Catocalas, in September, 1889, in a thick swTamp, in Clarendon Co., S. C.,
near the Santee River, I came to a spot where a ray of sunlight penetrated the
thick foliage far overhead, and there, in the glow, were a great number of Debis
Portlandia, having a game of i hide and seek with one another. I stood watch¬
ing their gambols for some time, until I thought that one of then numbei seemed
smaller and otherwise different from the rest ; in a moment he lit close to me,
and I saw to my surprise that it was something entirely different, and at the mo¬
ment I could not place it. That was enough, however, and I started to capture

SATYRODES I.

it. But the game was not in my own hands. At the first movement, off he went,
jerking in and out among the cypress knees and live oak buttresses, for some dis¬
tance, becoming invisible when he lit. Capture on the wing seemed the only
possible means of securing him, and so off I dashed, into tree trunks, splashing
through water, occasionally falling flat in the mud over a concealed root ; but the
last time I fell, my net was over my prize, which proved to be Canthus. After con¬
siderable beating about, I started another, whose final capture was effected after
a repetition of my first chase. These were the only two seen, though I hunted
the same swamp for the next day. • This capture seemed strange, for that espe¬
cial swamp has been a favorite of mine for over eight years, and has been
searched thoroughly by me. It is the only instance, to my knowledge, of the oc¬
currence of the species anywhere in the southeastern States.”

On reading this, I wrote Mr. C. Troxler, Senr., of Louisville, Kentucky, a col- ’
lector of experience, but the reply came that he had never known Canthus to
have been taken in Kentucky. Nevertheless, from the secluded habits of the
species, it may perhaps haunt many a spot in the South.

In British America, the species ranges from Nova Scotia to Hudson’s Bay, and
westward nearly to longitude 85°, perhaps farther. Mr. Scudder speaks of a
colony far to the north, at Great Slave Lake. It is said to be not uncommon in
the Adirondacks of New York, but I have never seen it in the Catskills, in the
same State. Mr. Scudder tells us that, in New England, it lives in elevated,
moist meadows, and “ is so restricted to them that one may sometimes find it in a
spot but a few acres in extent, and search in vain beyond.” Dr. Holland writes :
“I found it very abundant at Saratoga, New York, in the grassy meadows near
the lake. It seemed to hide among the tall drooping tufts of marsh grass, and by
beating these, I succeeded in startling forth a large number of fresh specimens,
male and female.”

Mr. Bruce, at Brockport, western New York, says : “ Canthus is common near
here, in a genuine bog by the side of the Erie Canal. Another station in this
State is near Syracuse. I never met with it on open, dry places.”

Mr. James Fletcher, Ottawa, Canada, says “ It is a common species here,
found in many places. I have never taken it before 28th J une, nor after August
2d, that I remember. It flies with a slow, drooping flight, very much like that
of Satyrus Nephele. Notwithstanding this, however, it is very difficult to catch,
being quicksighted and wary. It has, when settled, the same habit as Debis
Portlandia, of facing round and watching as you approach. It always flies in
wet meadows, or swamps, and nearly always over water. I got the larvm by
beating beds of Scirpus eriophorum in the beginning of June. They will feed on
any of the coarse Cyperacese. I have also found the larvsn on Carex bromoides.

SATYRODES I.

It seems to be an early feeder ; I have never found larvae feeding in a state of

nature after five o’clock in the morning.”

Superintendent I. N. Mitchell, of Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, writes : “ Canthus
occurs here, but my knowledge of its habits is entirely from meeting it in south¬
ern Michigan. I have taken many specimens there in two neighboiing spots, in
Cass County. One of these is a large meadow on the border of a lake, the
meadow being covered with high grass. In some parts also thickly covered with
trees and shrubs, but in others only partially with clumps of willow and shrubs,
leaving open spaces of grass. It is in this last part that Cantlius is most com
mon, though it flies in all parts, and among the trees. It usually starts out of
the grass near a clump of willow, flies among the bushes, in and out, dodges
around them, where Eurytris flies through them. Canthus is much more easily
taken than the other species. The second spot referred to is a small marsh,
bordered by an abrupt hill which is wooded with beech and maple. In the maish
are grasses three or four feet high, willows, tamarack, sumac, and shrubs scat¬
tered about. I often started Canthus from the leaves of the beeches on the
edges of the marsh, but never very far from the marsh. They usually made
toward it when disturbed, and often settled near the upper ends of the grass
stems, but low enough below the tops to be well hidden. They often alight on
the trunks, limbs, or leaves of trees or bushes growing in the marsh, and I
have started them out by throwing clods. Occasionally I took them on the
stump of a recently felled maple, attracted by the sweet sap, and then in
company with Graptas and Yanessans.

Professor Edward T. Owen, at Madison, Wisconsin, says : “ I take Canthus in
large numbers in and about our swamps. It is quite rare even a quarter of a
mile from them. The tall swamp grass is its favorite haunt.”

Mr. Edward A. Dodge, of Louisiana, western Missouri, writes : “ Canthus
was a not uncommon insect in both Illinois and Nebraska. So far as I know
from eighteen years’ experience, it was to be found only in grassy and weedy
sloughs, flying weakly, close to the ground, and alighting on the grass stems.”

Mr. Worthington writes from Chicago : “ Canthus is equally abundant in open
dry woods, dense ridges, or swamps. About the Calumet Lakes, on the wooded
ridges, in swamp land, it is abundant. It also flies in the open oak woods on the
hio-h sand hills further north and east. North of the city, in the wooded lands,
thirty to fifty feet above the lake, it is quite common. I remember the species
distinctly as taken near and north of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where all the land is
hio-li and rolling. From its habit of visiting the prairie morning and evening, I
judge it may breed there ; but a flight in the open in broad day is certain death,

as they are an easy prey to the dragon-flies.

SATYRODES I.

Mr. Fletcher says he received an example of Ccinthus from Rev. W. A.
Burman, at Griswold, Manitoba, taken “in a shady ravine.”

Professor French writes : “ My observations are that this species flies in dry
orass lands, and in the edge of low brushy places. I did not find it in swamps at
all. But I never saw it flying except in one locality, in northern Indiana, where

I was staying a few days.”

I see no reason why the species should not frequent upland and dry places, or
dry, open woods, as well as wet meadows, though from the testimony it is most
often found near water. But in confinement, the larvae eat lawn grass, and, of
course, could eat any grass in a state of nature, though they seem to have a
preference for coarser sorts, and such as grow in wet places.

Mr. Worthington sent me the first eggs I obtained, laid 11th to 13th July,
1879, by females tied in a bag over grass. When they reached me, on 20th,
some were still unhatched. The first moult was passed 27th July, the second, 2d
August, the third, 16th August ; but at each stage some larvae lagged, so that
the third moult came on at various dates up to 2d September. The color of
all the larvae was green till after the third moult, when the first which had
passed that moult, in course of twenty-four hours after same, changed to buff
and brown, and on 31st August, these were evidently beginning their hiberna¬
tion. But two, which passed third moult latest, went to fourth, one of them
having changed to buff and brown, and passed that moult on 19th September,
the other retaining its original color. This last passed fourth moult, 17th Sep¬
tember, and during the day after, had also changed color. I lost all the larvae

of this brood.

On 25th July, 1881, I again received eggs, this time from Mr. W. C.
Gallagher, then at Whitings, Lake County, Indiana, and another lot on 1st
August. From one cause or other, the most efficient being minute spiders in
the sod, I had but three larvae left on 30th August, all past the third moult.
All changed from green to buff and brown shortly after that moult. One was
sent to Mrs. Peart, in Philadelphia. By 10th September, the other two were in
lethargy, but it was observed that they had moved several times up to 4th
December. One died during the winter, the other I brought into a warm room,
13th February, and placed in the sun. In about fifteen minutes it moved, and
soon after, was feeding. When brought in, it was much smaller than when it went
into lethargy ; then measuring .6 inch, now less than .4 inch. By 25th February,
it had reached .5 inch, and by 2d March, its former length, .6 inch. Early m
March it began to change color, and by 6th inst., had become green again. It
reached .66 before the fourth moult occurred, 24th March. I sent it to Mrs.
Peart, for drawing, and there it passed 5th moult, 25th April ; and continued to
feed, by 7th May becoming full grown. After this, it seemed to be at rest all

SATYRODES I.

the time, and finally died, 2d July, before pupating. So that the egg which
had been laid in middle of July produced a larva which had not pupated 2d of

July the year after.

The larva which was sent Mrs. Peart in the Fall behaved differently, going on
to fourth moult, which it passed 17th October. This lived in lethargy through

the winter, but escaped before its fifth moult.

The chrysalis figured I received from Mr. Fletcher, 22d August, 1884. Mr.
Fletcher writes, 4th February, 1890 : “ I generally feed and get the pupae of a
dozen or so Canthus every spring. All my larvae have been green, not drab.
When the larva is at rest, it lies extended along the leaf, generally beneath the
blade, and also alongside the midrib, the horns of the head and tails in a line
with the body, and it is very hard to detect it when at rest. My observa¬
tions are to the same effect, that when at rest, these larvae have their heads
turned down and under, so that the horns are nearly in same plane with the
body, after the manner of larva* of Apatura, also of Neonympha. But when feed¬
ing, "the tails are elevated. Mrs. Peart has well shown this in figure /4. When
in this position, one extremity in profile is almost the same as the other, and the
dorsum, being elevated in middle segments and sloping equally either way,
makes the beholder uncertain at first view which is the head and which is the

other extremity.

The species Canthus, Portlandia , Gemma , and Areolatus, placed in three
genera, have some points, in the early stages, in common, and in others a curious
interrelationship. The shape of the egg is the same in all ; in Portlandia , the
surface is smooth, even under a high power ; in Canthus, it is smooth, but a high
power brings out reticulations similar to those of the remaining two species,
which are nearly alike. The heads of the young larvae of Portlandia and Can¬
thus are ovoidal, truncated, of Areolatus, ovoidal, but approaching a circle in out¬
line, in Gemma more decidedly circular ; Canthus has on each vertex a depres¬
sion, out of the middle of which rises a low cone ; Portlandia has the cone with¬
out 'the depression ; Areolatus has an ovoid knob ; while Gemma begins with a
pair of high, divergent, conical horns. At first moult, Portlandia shows a pair
of widely separated, high, conical processes or horns on head; Canthus a pair much
resembling, but coming near together at base ; Gemma long, tapering, divergent
horns ; Areolatus has a low cone on each vertex ; and in each species the pecu¬
liar style of process runs through all the larval stages. As to the appendages on
the bodies of the young larvse, Canthus, Gemma, and Areolatus are very nearly
alike, in Portlandia they are everywhere longer. In maturity, Portlandia and
Areolatus are rather stout, Gemma and Canthus quite slender ; and all four have
long, slender, tapering tails. As to the chrysalids, Portlandia and Areolatus are
very much the same shape, while Gemma and Canthus differ from them consider-

SATYRODES I.

ably, but less between themselves. In the imagos, Canthus is midway between
Portlandia and the other two. It has the habit of alighting on trees, like Port¬
landia , and according to Mr. Fletcher, of facing about, and watching an ap¬
proaching entomologist, also like that other species, but in the others there is
nothing of this. Both Portlandia and Canthus are attracted by sweet fluids, but
I have never observed this in the other two. Canthus has d lifted about fiom
one genus to another in the Catalogues, being of late years classed with Neo-
nympha. Mr. Scudder has done well to separate it, and give it a distinct genus,
which I have adopted, as it is largely based on the preparatory stages.

Note. — Eurydice is not a North American butterfly, as I will show. A
species of that name was published by Linnaeus, 1 / 64, and its name was changed
by him, in 1767, to Canthus, Syst. Nat., 13th edition, p. 768, No. 129. “ Alis

integerrimus fuscis : subtus primoribus ocellis quatuor, posticis senis. Papilio
Eurydice, Hab. in Amer. Sept.”

Fabricius, Syst. Ent., p. 486, No. 191, says : “ Canthus ; alis integris, supra fus¬
cis, immaculatcB. P. Eurydice, Linn., Hab. in Amer. Boieali. Alai omnes
supra fuse®, immaculate,” etc. In Ent. Syst., III., p. 157, he again describes
Canthus, “ omnes immaculate,” etc., in same words as before, but gives as syno¬
nym, Arganthe, Cramer, pi. 204, fig. C. D., besides Eurydice, Linn. Arganthe
is a South American species, without spots on upper side. The mistake in the
habitat was a common occurrence in the earlier days. The insect perhaps was
received from New lrork or Philadelphia and credited accordingly.

Godart follows Linnaeus and Fabricius, translating their descriptions. The dis¬
tinguishing character of Canthus, Linn, and Fab., is that the uppei side beais
no spots ; it is immaculate.

We first come on our Canthus in Boisduval’s Lep. Amer., where it is well
fio-ured. My copy has no text to this and half a dozen other plates, and how
this happened I never knew. But it is to be supposed that the text had been
duly printed when the plate appeared. Dr. Harris first called attention to the
fact that Canthus, Linn., was not our species. He says : “ This butterfly is figured
in Dr. Boisduval’s Hist. des. Lep. de l’Amer., under the name of Canthus, Linn, and
Fab., but as it does not agree with the description of Canthus, of Linn, or Fab.,
I have thought it entitled to a new name,” and he accordingly calls it Boisdu-
vallii. I myself prefer to call it Canthus, Bois., the more, as since Boisduval’s
publication, 1833, the species has usually been known, and most often treated of,
by that name. However, if Eurydice, Linn., had been the same species, I would
not at this late day substitute that name for Canthus. A name in use should
never be changed for an obsolete name, and the neglect to observe this common-
sense rule has worked a great deal of mischief.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Canthus, 1, 2, 3, 4 9 , 5 var. $.

a Egg.

b Young Larva; b2 head; b 3 process on vertex;

b5 section of side, segments 7 and 8 ; all magnified.

b4 showing the tubercles and processes.

c Larva at 1st moult ; c2 head ; c3 side of 7 and 8 ; all magnified.

d Larva at 2d moult; d 2 head ; d3 side of 7.

« Larva at 3(1 moult ; e1 head ; e dorsal view of 7 ; e< last segment; all magnified.
f Larva at 4th moult; /’ head ; /» dorsal view of 7 ; all magnified; /* larva natural s.ze

near the end

of the stage.

g Mature Larva, natural size ; / head ; <? side of 7 and 8 ; g< dorsal view of 7
magnified.

h, h 2 Chrysalis, somewhat enlarged.

the last three figures

MBs® ifis a .

T Sinclair & Son. lith PKiIa

GEMMA . 1. 2 <f,

3. 4. 9.

HE N SH AWI

5. 6. S 7. 8. 9

a. Egg . magnified .

b . Larva (young) „

c. d Is*, 2*? moult „

h. Chry&a. Lis , nat

e. f. I jarva, mature magnified
g. „ „ nat . size,

i . Eqg . i 2 nua opyle may ^
size h2 mag ^

NEONYMPHA I.

NEONYMPHA GEMMA, 1-4.

Neonympha Gemma , Hiibner, Zutr. Exot. Schmett., I, figs. 7, 8, 1818; Boisduval and Leconte, Lepid.
de l’Amer., pi. 62, 1833; Edwards, Can. Ent., XI., 31, 1879; French., But. of East. U. S., p. 235, 1886.

Male. — Expands 1.25 inch.

Upper side uniform gray-brown ; secondaries have four small black spots on
middle of hind margin, in pairs on the interspaces, often more or less obsolete ;
fringes concolored with the wings.

Under side lighter, with a yellowish tint, through which the dark ground
shows in fine streaks, particularly over basal areas ; primaries crossed by three
brown crenated lines, two of which limit the discal band, the other midway
between this and margin, running towards apex ; these discal lines are continued
on secondaries, but are more widely separated, heavier, more irregular, the outer
one projecting a sharp spur on second sub-costal nervule, reddish-brown ; there
is also a trace of a sub-marginal line next anal angle, the margin there reddish-
brown ; on middle of hind margin a large sub-oval patch of red-brown thickly
dusted with yellowish scales, so as almost to conceal the ground, and within this,
next margin, four velvet-black spots in pairs, each bearing an inverted T-shaped
silver mark ; the interspaces to outer angle each with two dashes of silver, and
the second median interspace with an interrupted silver serration, the sub¬
median with a dash.

Body above color of wings, beneath, the thorax gray and brown, abdomen yel¬
lowish ; legs gray-brown ; palpi same with many black hairs ; antennas fuscous
above,' brown below, ringed with yellowish; club ferruginous, black on upper

side.

Female. — Expands 1.3 inch. Scarcely differing in any respect from the male.

Egg> _ Sub-globular, as high as broad, the base flattened ; surface under a

low power smooth, but under a high one seen to be reticulated throughout in

NEONYMPHA I.

irregular hexagons, the sides of which have broad flanks that occupy neaily all
the interior, leaving but a light point in centre of each ; color yellow-green.
(Fig. a.) Duration of this stage from three to six days, according to the

temperature.

Young Larva. — Length .12 inch; cylindrical, a little thickest in middle,
tapering very gradually to 13, which ends in two conical tails, from the end of
each of which proceeds a long bristle, the space between the tails concave ; color
yellowish-white ; the upper surface presents six rows of low, conical tubercles,
each giving out a short process ; those on upper part club-shaped, slightly thick¬
ened at extremity ; low on either side is another row, of same thickness through¬

out; on 2, 3, 4, the upper processes are
nearly in cross line ; on 4 to 12 they are
differently arranged, each three being in
triangle, the dorsal one lying on front of
the segment, the sub-dorsal at the rear,
the other a little before the middle ; on
13 there are eight, in two rows of four, the front consisting of the pair of dorsals
and pair of laterals, the hinder row of the dorsals and sub-dorsals, besides a pair
of sub-dorsal long bristles in the rear, and a pair of short ones in the concavity
between the tails ; in the lower row, on each segment from 2 to 13, are two

shorter processes, nearly in horizontal line, the hinder one always a little below
the other ; on 7 to 10 each, and on 13, over the pro-legs, is a pair of very
short hairs, in horizontal line; head one half broader than 2, broad as high,
flattened frontally, a slight angular depression at top ; on each vertex, a coni¬
cal, divergent horn, somewhat curved forward, in three sections, each smaller
at the junction than the top of the next below ; at the end a bristle, and another
on the middle, on the inner side ; a few shorter ones scattered over face ; color of
head and horns black-brown. In about two days from the egg the color gradually
changes to pale green, and stripes appear, a white sub-dorsal, and two on mid-side.
(Fig. b, 62.) Duration of this stage, six days in April, August, and October.

After first moult : length .18 inch ; nearly the same shape, somewhat thicker
in middle, the dorsum more arched ; the tails longer, more slender, and brown-
tipped ; each segment five times creased, and on the ridges so caused a row of
white tubercles, irregular, conical, each with a short white hair; color dark
green, marked longitudinally by white ; on mid-dorsum a clear green stripe, and
the ground on either side of it is whitish, owing to the numerous tubercles there ;
on the verge of dorsal area a white stripe, another along base of body, and
between these, on side, are two contiguous white lines; under side bluish-green,

NEONYMPHA I.

feet and legs green ; head sub-pyriform, truncated, higher and narrower in pro
portion than before, the horns longer, more tapering, less divergent, slightly
curved forward, about as long as the face ; the space between them not angular,
but concave ; color of head and horns brown, pale on front face, and green-
tinted ; from base of each horn a dark stripe passes down the side of face, and
there is a second such stripe in front. (Figs, c, c2.) Duration of this stage, in

August five days, in October ten, in May seven.

After second moult: length .34 inch; nearly the same shape, the tails longer;
color pale green, the stripes as before ; head nearly as at second stage, the horns
more divergent ; color of front face deep green, the back of head dull green,
the stripes and horns reddish-brown. (Figs, d, cP.) Duration of this stage, in
August five days, in May eight.

After third moult, in autumn : length .55 inch; same shape ; color soiled white,
greenish on dorsum next head ; the dorsal stripe dark, the sub-dorsal and basal

brown.

At four days from the moult : length .72 inch ; color now drab on dorsum, the .
median and sub-dorsal stripes darker ; sides red-brown, the two lines buff ; basal
stripe yellow-buff ; under this, a broad black-brown stripe the length of body ;
tails drab, reddened at tips.

Mature Larva. — Length .96 inch; slender, the dorsym slightly arched;
ending in two long, conical, sharp-pointed tails, which meet at base ; the whole
surface finely and sharply tuberculated, most of the tubercles giving out a short
white hair ; color buff and reddish-gray in bands and stripes ; a narrow gray
mid-dorsal stripe, then a broad buff band to verge of dorsal area, and edged by a
reddish line ; next a broad gray lateral band, with a narrow buff stripe below ;
the basal stripe yellow-buff ; beneath this a partly obsolete blackish band ; tails
drab, red at tips ; feet and legs brown ; head sub-pyriform, truncated, on each
vertex along, conical, pointed horn, but little divergent, the space between the
two at base concave ; color drab, both back and face ; horns drab behind, black-
brown in front and between ; a broad black-brown stripe down the front face,
and a narrow one on side from base of horn. (Figs, y, natural size, f, f , f >
magnified.) In August, ten days from third moult to chrysalis.

Mature Larva, in May, from eggs laid in April: color light yellow-green, the
dorsal stripe darker, the sub-dorsal and lateral lines and basal stripe yellow ; tails
pink-tipped ; head sordid greenish-white front and back, the stripes brown, horns
red-brown. From third moult to pupation five and six days. All the larvie,
ten in number, of this April and May brood were green. (Fig. e, magnified.)

NEONYMPHA I.

Chrysalis. - — Length .46 to .52 inch : greatest breadth, at abdomen, .14
inch ; cylindrical, abdomen conical ; head case scarcely produced beyond ineso-
notum, narrow, excavated at sides, ending in two sharp, divergent projections,
the depression between angular ; mesonotum prominent, carinated, angular, the
summit rounded ; followed by a shallow depression ; wing cases flaring on
dorsal side ; color of abdomen and dorsum from buff larva sordid yellow-buff,
the wing and antennae cases and the projections all more yellow ; the surface
finely streaked brown, irregularly and mostly longitudinally ; from posterior
base of mesonotum to 13 a brown band ; the wing case shows an irregular, wavy,
brown stripe on disk, and a stripe on costal margin ; each nervule ending in a
blackish dot. (Figs, h, h, natural size, A2, magnified.)

From oreen larvae green chrysalids ; blue-tinted, the dorsum and abdomen
streaked with whitish; wing cases without stripe; the dorsal edges of wing
cases carmine, and top of head case cream-color. Duration of this stage, in May,
eight days.

The attitude of this larva in suspension is peculiar. From 13 to 5, the body
hangs almost straight, the dorsum incurved ; the anterior segments bent at right
angle, the head turned down on 2. When at rest, in all the later stages, the
larva holds the head bent under, so that the horns are nearly in the dorsal plane.
(Fig. d.)

Gemma is quite a common species in certain localities near Coalburgh, W. Va.,
but altogether wanting in others which would seem equally favorable for it. It
is abundant in the grassy streets of a small village, and there are stretches of
road through the woods, or near the creeks, where one is sure to find it during
its season. I have never seen it on the hillsides. It has a slow, tremulous
flight, near the ground, rests frequently, and returns to its haunts.

There are here three annual broods : the butterflies appearing in April and
May, in June and July, about 20th August and through September. The late
larvse hibernate. They feed on grasses, and eggs are easily obtained by confin¬
ing the females over grass set in flower-pot. Eggs laid 21st April gave butterflies
from 2d June. Eggs laid 7th August hatched 11th. The larvae were mature
3d September, and pupated 5th. On 23d August, I got sixteen eggs. Several
of the larvae were placed in alcohol, but the remainder were mature, though in
a lethargic condition, 20th November. I failed to carry these through the
winter. Another female, 30th September, gave two eggs. From these, I raised
one larva, which was lethargic and mature 24th November. This was kept in
the house, and at intervals moved a little and fed ; finally pupated 4th February.
As described above, the larvae of the spring brood have all been green, those of
the later broods brown.

NEONYMPHA I.

Gemma flies in southern West Virginia, and in the same latitude to Illinois ;
is common in the mountains of North Carolina and eastern Tennessee, and in
the northern parts of Georgia, and Alabama. It does not seem to fly fai fiom the
streams. Rev. W. J. Holland writes that it was found in great numbers at the
foot of Bald Mountains, Madison County, N. C., near the French Broad River.
“ The whole country here stands on end, and is a mass of piled up rocks and
tilted strata. Here in the gullies and clefts Gemma abounded, in company with
N. Sosybius. I never saw it in the lowlands of the State.”

Mr. E. M. Aaron writes: “JV. Gemma I took in swampy woods around Mary¬
ville, east Tennessee, and at several points in western North Carolina. In fact,
through all the river and creek bottoms of east Tennessee and w estern North
Carolina it is moderately common. I have received it from the northern parts
of South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. My brother took quantities of it along
the river bottoms of the Gulf coast of Texas, and one specimen at Monterey,
Mexico. When taken on the mountains of Tennessee, it was never at any
altitude, and when far from running water was always badly worn.”

NEONYMPHA I.

NEONYMPHA HENSHAWI, 5-8.

Neonympha Henshatoi, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., V.f 205, 1876.

Male. — Expands 1.5 inch. -

Upper side dark brown, often with a russet tint over the extra-discal areas o

both wings; some examples have an ill-defined patch of russet on the median
interspaces of primaries, and there is usually a russet edging to hind margin o
secondaries next anal angle ; on middle of same margin two small black spots,

not always present ; fringes dark gray.

Under side either brown or russet, thickly dusted with yellow-white scales,
more vellow beyond the discal band of secondaries; the whole surface finely
streaked and dotted with red-brown ; primaries crossed by three wavy red-brown
lines two of which enclose the discal band, the other lying nearly midway
between the band and margin, often macular ; some examples have a demi- me
crossing cell to median ; the discal lines are continued across secondaries, the
outer one often projecting roundly on second sub-costal nervule ; a short sinuous
line at anal angle; on middle of hind margin a large sub-oval patch, the ground
of which is dark brown, sprinkled with whitish scales; wit in is, PP
median and discoidal interspaces, a pair of velvet-black spots each with an
inverted T-shaped patch of silver; in the interspaces towards outer angle a p
of silver dashes each, and in lower median a silver serration, and a bar in sub-

m<Body above dark brown, beneath gray-brown; legs same ; palpi gray with
many black hairs ; antennm blackish, annulated with light ; club black above,
ferruginous at tip and beneath. (Figs. 5, 6.)

Female. — Expands 1.7 inch ; russet, brown about the margins ; spots on
secondaries as in male. Under side of primaries russet, of secondaries yellow-
brown ; marked like the male. (Figs. 7, 8.)

NEONYMPHA I.

j]qq — Sub-globular, broader than high, about as ( to 6, tlie base flattened ;
wholly covered, when seen under a high power, with a flat network of irregular
hexagons ; a fine rosette about the micropyle. (Figs, i, f2.)

This species seems to be common in parts of New Mexico, Arizona, and Colo¬
rado. It was first taken by Mr. H. W. Henshaw, of the Wheeler Exploring
Expedition, 1874. Mr. Morrison afterwards brought examples from Arizona,
and Mr. B. Neumoegen from Oak Creek Canon, Colorado. In 1881, Mr. Doll
sent me eggs from Arizona, by which I was enabled to get the drawing, but
none of them hatched. The resemblance of Henshciwi to Gemma is close so far
as regards the markings.

i B

’

A Ft EOL AT U S

1.2. d\ 3 .4 . 9 > 5 VAR . 9 >

-a, . Egg

b. Larva (young]

rruig niflecL . c - f .
„ A

h . Chrysalis

L^arva Ist to Ltf‘ m,lts . Taag .
„ mature nat.svx'-e .

NEONYMPHA II.

NEONYMPHA AREOLATUS, 1-5.

Neonympha Areolatus, Abbot and Smith, Insects of Georgia, I. pi. 13, 1797 ; Boisduval and Leconte,
Lepid. de l’Amer., pi. 63, 1833; Edwards, Can. Ent., XIY. p. 163, 1882.

Male. — Upper side brown, immaculate ; fringes concolored. Under side
paler, with a gray tint ; hind margins edged by a common ferruginous stripe, a
little before which is a second, narrower on primaries, often broader on seconda¬
ries ; on the basal areas two such stripes, not always reaching costa of primaries,
nearly parallel, the outer one somewhat sinuous ; this outer stripe on secondaries
unites at the angles with the second marginal one, and forms an irregular oval
ring, within which, in each interspace from the upper discoidal to submedian
inclusive, is a sub-oval, mostly long and narrow, dark brown spot in yellow ring,
and dotted with metallic bluish points or minute clusters of scales ; there is much
variation in these spots ; the upper one is small and sometimes wanting, and the
lower one, or fifth, is much smaller than either of the other three. Occasionally
there is a sub-oval ring on primaries also, enclosing one or two small ocelli in the
middle interspaces.

Body above, color of wings ; beneath, the thorax gray-yellow, abdomen gray-
brown ; legs brown ; palpi buff, with dark brown hairs in front and at tips ;
antennae dark above, buff below, club ferruginous. (Figs. 1, 2.) Fig. 5 repre¬
sents a variety of the male on which the bands of secondaries are diffused.

Female. — Expands 1.7 inch.

Both sides colored and in general banded and spotted as the male, but often
the oval ring on primaries and the small spots are present. (Figs. 3, 4.)

Egg. — Sub-globular, as high as broad, the base flattened; surface under a low
power smooth, but under a high one seen to be reticulated in irregular shallowly
excavated hexagons ; the micropyle in centre of a rosette of minute cells, five-
sided ; color pale yellow-green. (Figs, a, a2.) Duration of this stage about six
days.

NEONYMPHA II.

Young Larva. — Length .12 inch ; cylindrical, the thoracic segments equal,
then tapering on dorsum and sides to 13, which ends in two short conical tails,
from the end of each of which proceeds a long bristle, the space between the
tails angular ; color delicate green ; the upper surface presents six rows of low,
conical 'black tubercles (Fig. 64), each giving out a short black bristle or process,
thickened at the end ; on 2, 3, 4, these are nearly in cross line, on 4 to 12 in
triangle, the dorsal one on front of the segment, the sub-dorsal at the rear, the
lateral a little before the middle; on 13 there are eight, in two rows of four on
front and rear, besides the pair at ends of tails ; on 2 the cross line is to the front,
and behind and between the upper pair is an additional one ; also m front ot
spiracle is a small tubercle, and just below it a fine hair; along base of body is a
row of fine short hairs, two on each segment from 2 to 13 ; feet and pro-legs
green; head about twice as broad as 2, sub-globose, flattened frontally, a slight
angular depression at top ; on each vertex a low semi-ovoid process, at the top
idvino- two divergent black hairs; just below vertex is a similar smaller process,
and two others in vertical line at side face, each of these with a single hair ;
color black. (Figs, b to U\) Towards the end of the stage the color changes to
decided green and several longitudinal stripes appear ; on either side of the green
mid-dorsal one is a whitish stripe, and others on middle of side, and along base.
(Figs, b, V.) Duration of this stage about eight days, but depending on the

weather.

After first moult: length .22 inch; slender, the dorsum slightly arched, the
tails longer, tapering ; color of body green, the tails tinted red ; surface thickly
covered with fine yellow tubercular points, partly arranged in longitudinal rows,
ten in all, one on either side being next the mid-dorsal green stripe, one sub¬
dorsal, two on side, one along base, each point giving a fine short whitish hair ;
under side, feet and legs green ; head rather ovoidal, truncated, and depressed at
too • on each vertex a low compound process, made of a central cone, and others
about its base, each with its bristle; surface of face rough with sharp tubercles
of varying size, each with short bristle ; color of back of head and the front
triangle d°eep green ; the rest of the front and the processes on vertices red-
brown, with two green patches one on either side the suture ; ocelli emerald-
crreen. (Figs, c, c2.) But some larvae have the head wholly green, the vertex
processes reddish ; one had a brown band across forehead, the rest green; another
had the front face except the triangle brown, the cheeks green. To next moult

about nine days.

After second moult : length .3 inch ; shape as before ; color yellow-green ;
stripes as before ; head as at last previous stage, sometimes wholly green, some-

NEONYMPHA II.

times partly brown ; one example had one cheek brown, the other green. (Figs.
d, d2.) To next moult about seven days.

After third moult : length .7 inch ; color yellow-green. (Figs, e, e2.) In all
examples bred by myself this was the closing stage. But Mrs. Peart carried one
larva to fourth moult, the length then .96 inch. (Fig. /.)

Mature Larva (whether after third or fourth moult). — Length 1.1 to 1.3
inch ; slender, the dorsum well arched, the slope either way from middle equal ;
tails slender, conical, divergent ; color yellow-green ; the surface covered with
fine sharp tubercles, most dense in certain longitudinal rows, one of which is on
either side of the mid-dorsal dark green stripe, one sub-dorsal running from head
to end of tail, two on the side, and a broad one along base ; tails reddish ; under
side, feet and legs green ; head obovoidal, truncated, the top depressed angularly ;
on each vertex a small conical process about the slope of which are several
minute tubercles, each giving a short bristle ; surface rough with fine green
tubercles among which are scattered a few white ; ocelli emerald-green. (Figs.
g to <74.) The attitude in suspension is that of figure 6, quite unlike that of
N. Gemma, before described.

Chrysalis. — Length <j .48 inch, breadth at both mesonotum and abdomen .18
inch; ? (probably) .54 inch, breadth .2 inch ; cylindrical, abdomen conical ; the
wing cases a little raised on dorsal side; head case very short, scarcely projecting
beyond mesonotum, bevelled transversely to a sharp edge, roundly excavated at
the sides, the top very little incurved ; mesonotum rounded, carinated, the sides
flat or a little excavated ; color green, the edges of carina, wing cases and top of
head cream color ; surface much covered with dots and small patches of whitish,
not distinct enough to affect the general green hue. Duration of this stage
about ten days, in summer. The late larvae doubtless hibernate when half giown.

Areolatus, so far as at present known, is restricted to the Gulf States, and
part of Tennessee, and to the southern Atlantic States. A fewr examples have
been taken as far north as Atlantic City, New Jersey. Mr. E. M. Aaron has
found the species among the mountains of east Tennessee, and probably it would
fly in west North Carolina also. It is difficult to get information about the lo¬
calities of butterflies from the southern States, so few persons are interested in
such matters. Its habits are similar to those of its near ally, Gemma. I have
never seen it on the wing.

I have had greater difficulty in bringing larvae of Areolatus to pupation than
almost any species of the genus I have experimented with. For several years I

NEONYMPHA II.

fed them on lawn grass, which nearly every Satyrid larva in my hands has
eaten readily. The eggs of this species in nature are laid on coarse grasses, and
at last I found that by selecting one such — Dactyloctenium iEgyptiacum — I
did better. The first eggs received came 17th August, 1877, from south Geor¬
gia, some twenty, and were hatching on arrival. Part of the larvas got through
two moults, but by 30th September all had died.

In 1881, 1 received three young larvae from Dr. Wittfeld, Indian River, Florida,
but all died before first moult.

In 1882, 30 to 40 eggs came, 12th May, from Mr. J. Elwyn Bates, Florida.
On 29th May, two passed first moult ; on 30th, of four which endeavored to
pass second but one got through, the others dying during the process. By 4th
June, there remained eight larvae in second stage. On 15th, the sole survivor
passed second moult, and I sent it to Mrs. Peart, at Philadelphia. This larva
passed third moult July 3d, the fourth July 15th, and pupated 28th. This
chrysalis died, but was probably female, measuring .54 inch in length against
.48, one which produced a male.

The same year I received from Dr. Wittfeld a dozen larvas in first stage.
These I fed on the coarse grass as before said. The first moult was passed 20th
July, the second 29th, the third 5th August, and two larvae pupated 17th August,
another 20th. The last of these gave a male butterfly 30th August. Dr. Witt¬
feld has written me that* this species moulted but three times.

Kirby’s Catalogue, 1871, calls Areolatus a variety of Phocion, Fabricius. In
the same way N. Gemma is there put as a synonym of Cornelius , Fabr. The
descriptions in both cases are insufficient of themselves to determine what species
were meant, and may be applicable to a dozen as well as to those under view,
and there are no figures to serve as guide. As regards Gemma , I believe it is
generally agreed among lepidopterists to begin the history with Hiibner s figures
and name. As to Phocion, as described, it is quite another thing from Areolatus.
In Sp. Ins. II. p. 138, 1781, the text translated from the Latin reads: “Wings
above fuscous, immaculate ; hind wings beneath with yellow (flavis) stripes and
three oblong ocelli. Habitat - ” (that is, unknown) ; “ fore wings be¬

neath fuscous, immaculate ; hind wings with four yellow (flavis) stripes, whereof
the second and third unite at either end, and between them are three much
elongated black spots in yellow (flava) rings, and with many silver (argenteis)
points.”

The bands of Phocion are yellow, and the same word is used as for the yellow
rings of the spots ; the spots or ocelli are three in number ; the points on the spots

NEONYMPHA II.

are silver ; and the under side of fore wings is immaculate. Whereas in At eo
lotus the bands are ferruginous, while the rings are yellow, the ocelli are five,
the points are metallic blue, and the fore wings are not immaculate, but crossed
by the pair of common ferruginous bands, and ocelli are often present. Tn the
female there is an increase in the number of bands on fore wing, and ocelli are
present. And whether JPhocion came from Asia, Africa, or America, was un¬
known. Abbot figured Areolatus ninety-one years ago (1797), and Boisduval
and Leconte again in 1833. As Areolatus the species has been known to this
day. In any case, very much less than ninety years of possession, especially
when the title begins with an undoubted description or reliable figuie, is suffi¬
cient against all claimants. To surrender in favor of a doubtful 01 f 01 gotten
name, accompanied by an inapplicable description, and with no locality, is not
to be thought of. I reject Phocion , therefore, and have no idea that Areolatus
is a variety of what Fabricius had in view, or that one name is a synonym of the
other.

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GALACTINUS 1.2

T. SINCLAIR «.«•*. LITM ^MILA

!FORM CALIFORNIUS 5.6 d\ 7. 8 $i
i. ERYNGII 9 9;

magnified .

CCENONYMPHA I.

CCENONYMPHA GALACTINUS, 1-9.

Ccenonympha Galactinus, Boisduval, Annales de la Soc. Ent. de France, 2d Series, X., 309, 1852; W. H

Edwards, Can. Ent., XVIII., 201, 1886. . .

Form California, Westwood- He witson, Gen. Diurnal Lep., 398, pi. 67, 1851. Cahformus , Boisd., 1. c.

X., 309, 1852.

Var. Eryngii, Henry Edwards, Pacific Coast Lepidoptera No. 24, Feb y, 1877.

Form Galactinus.

Male. — Expands 1.2 to 1.4 inch.

Upper side sordid yellow-white, with a dusky shade over secondaries caused by
the dark under surface ; immaculate ; the base more or less obscured by black
scales, but some examples have nothing of this ; fringes long, color of wings.

Under side gray-brown, darkest over basal half of secondaiies, the hind mar¬
gins of both wings lighter, a yellowish-gray ; the inner margin of primaries either
whitish or tinted brown ; a pale ray crosses the disk beyond cell to lower median
nervule, and on the basal side of this the dark scales are dense and make a sinuous
or crenated edge; secondaries have a similar ray, angular, inteirupted on upper
median interspace, broadest between this and costa; primaries have neai apex a
small black ocellus, in pale ring, with white centre, but often there is merely a
black dot, and sometimes this is wanting ; secondaries have from one to four sub¬
marginal ocelli in the median and disco-cellular interspaces, differing in indi¬
viduals as to distinctness.

Body above, color of wings, beneath, the thorax is covered with long dark gray
hairs; legs and palpi dark gray; antennae same above, yellowish below; club
gray, tip ferruginous. (Figs. 1, 2.)

Female. — Expands 1.45 inch.

As in the male, the under surface rather darker ; the ocelli more pronounced,
sometimes a second one in the second median interspace of primaries. (Figs. 3, 4.)

Form California.

CCENONYMPHA I.

Both sexes are lighter colored than Gcilactinus , nearly white, there being no
dark shade over upper surface, and no black at base ; beneath, the general color
is yellowish, the extra-discal areas being nearly or quite free from black scales;
the basal half of secondaries pale brown, slightly dusted black ; the ocelli same.

(Figs. 5-8.)

Var. Eryngii.

This variety differs from California simply in being of a more yellowish hue
on both surfaces, the basal areas on under side scarcely darker than the rest;
and in the absence of ocelli, which is usually total; some examples, however,
have traces of ocelli, as seen in Figure 9.

— Conical, truncated, the flat top covered with a low netwoik of inegu-
lar meshes, very fine about the micropyle ; the lower part well rounded, with a
netted and indented surface ; the sides ribbed vertically, the ribs low, narrow, in
number about forty, of which several end at from one third to four fifths the dis¬
tance from base; color yellow-green, with ferruginous specks here and there.
(Fig. a, micropyle a2.) Duration of this stage about thirteen days.

Young Lvrva. — Length .1 inch ; from 2 both dorsum and sides slope regularly
to 13, which ends in two short, conical tails, at the end of each of which is a piocess
like those on dorsum; color pale yellow-green, the under side less gieen, more
yellow ; on mid-dorsum a brown line, and on either side three such, one sub¬
dorsal, one on middle, less distinct, and a third running with the spiracles; on
each segment are six white processes, each process from the summit of a conical
brown tubercle, forming six longitudinal rows, three on either side ; those of the
dorsal rows are club-shaped, much thickened at end, of the sub-dorsal rows are
more slender, of lower row, which is just above the spiracles, of equal thickness
throughout ; on 2, 3, 4, the processes are nearly in cross line, but on 4 to 12, they
form a triangle on each segment, the dorsal one being on the front, the sub-dorsal
on the rear,°the other on second ridge ; on 2 the processes of the two upper
rows are on front, and between them on the rear is a third ; in front of the spira¬
cle are two, the upper one short, and like the others of the lower row, but the
second one is long and tapers like a hair; on 13 are fourteen processes, six
being dorsal, three to each row, and four lateral, two to either side ; two at the
ends° of the tails, and two in the hollow between the tails ; (in Fig b one process
on 13 is by oversight omitted ; its place is near front of the segment in the lat¬
eral row ;) along the base is a row of very short processes, two on 2, one on 3 and

CCENONYMPHA I.

4, two each from 5 to 12, one on 13; also over the pro-legs, 7 to 10, are two hairs
each, but on 13 there are three, besides two clubs ; the processes of the upper
rows are recurved, except on 2, where they turn forward, those of the basal row
bend down and back ; feet and pro-legs yellow-green ; head broader than 2,
rounded, narrowing toward the top, a little depressed ; color carnation ; over the
face a few short clubbed processes, thick like the dorsals. (Figs, b to b1.) Dura¬
tion of this stage twelve to eighteen days.

After first moult: length .19 inch; stouter; the dorsum less sloping, curving
rapidly from 11 to end ; color yellow-green ; the mid-dorsal stripe dark green, the
three side lines paler, and not very distinct, the upper one edged .on its lower
side by whitish-green: the basal ridge yellowish; tails red at end ; surface co\ered
thickly with low rounded tubercles, each with its short, bent, slightly clubbed
white process; feet and legs green; head sub-globose, broader than 2; color
dark green; the face much covered with fine white tubercles with short pro¬
cesses. (Figs, c— c3. ) Duration of this stage about seven days.

After second moult: length .32 inch; scarcely differing from last previous
stage ; the tubercles finer, much more numerous, rounded, the processes short,
straight, and of uniform thickness. (Figs, d-d3.) To next moult ten days.

After third (and last) moult: length .56 inch; shape as before; color yellow-
green. But soon after the moult some of the larvae began to change color, and
within four days had become red and buff.

Mature Larva. — Length .84 inch ; slender, scarcely arched dorsally, of even
height and width from 3 to 7 or 8, then tapering gradually to 13 ; ending in
two short conical tails, which meet at base and are rough with tuberculations ;
color yellow-green, striped longitudinally with yellow, there being two nanow
stripes near together on mid-side, and a heavier and deeper colored basal stripe ;
on mid-dorsum a dark green stripe, edged by pale green ; the tails red at tip ;
under side, feet and legs bluish-green ; whole upper surface thickly covered with
fine sub-conical white tubercles, each of which gives a fine short white process ;
these are either tapering, or slightly clubbed, or cylindrical, the effect being to
give a downy coat ; head broader than 2, sub-globose, narrowing toward top, de¬
pressed at suture ; much covered with fine tubercles and short processes. (Figs.

e-e3.)

Or the body was reddish with a buff tint, the stripes yellow ; the under side

CCENONYMPHA I.

red-brown ; head greenish-yellow, with a tint of brown over face. (Fig. /.)
From third moult to pupation about twelve days. (The larval measurements
were taken at from 12 to 24 hours from the egg or moult.)

Chrysalis. — Length .36 inch; breadth at mesonotum .14, at abdomen .16
inch ; very much as in Satyrus Alope, the ventral side straighter, the abdomen
more swollen, less tapering; cylindrical, stout, the upper end truncated, the
abdomen conical ; head-case narrow, ending in a sharp cross ridge which is a little
arched at top, the sides roundly excavated ; mesonotum prominent, arched, the
carina rounded transversely, the sides slightly convex, followed by a shallow
depression; color — from green larva — yellow-green, over dorsum and abdomen
finely specked with white ; marked by nine black stripes of irregular length , of
these, there is one on dorsal edge of each wing-case from base to inner angle ; a
curved stripe on middle of same reaching the hind margin ; a short one on hind
margin on ventral side, two parallel short ones on the antenna? cases, and a larger
on ventral side between the wings ; there is also an imperfectly colored black
stripe on either side of 13 (in the figures this is too black and distinct); top of
head case whitish with a dash of black below on dorsal side.

From buff larva ; color pinkish brown, no decided marks, but the curved wing
stripes appear in a deeper shade of brown. One chrysalis from a buff larva was
green, but the wing cases were buff ; and it was fully striped black. Another,
also from buff larva, was pinkish at first, with three darker stripes on dorsum in
addition to the nine before described, which last were faint brown; the three
were, one on mid-dorsum below the excavation, and one on either side this ; in a
day or two the chrysalis had changed to full green, with the nine distinct stripes
as usual, but the three additional ones had disappeared.. Another was wholly
green, with no stripes or traces of them. (Fig. 9.) Duration of this stage eleven

and twelve days.

The two forms Galactinus and California, or Californius, are of one species, as
has been proven by breeding from the egg, Galactinus being the winter, the other
the summer form/ And although California, Westwood-Hewitson, has the prece¬
dence of one year, yet I call the species Galactixus, because the winter form of
a dimorphic species is regarded as the primary form, the only form when the
species was single-brooded, and the summer form as secondary and derived from

the other.

On 1st May, 1885, I received thirteen eggs laid by Galactinus in confinement,
from Professor J. J. Rivers, at Berkeley, California, and which had been mailed
23d April. They began to hatch 5th May. On 7th May, I received a second

CCENON YMPHA I.

lot of eggs from Professor Rivers. By 11th inst., all had hatched. On l<tli
May, the first moult was passed by some of the larvae, the second on 21th May,
the third on 3d June. The first pupation took place 15th June, and the first
butterfly came out 26th June. From laying of eggs to imago, 65 days, the egg
stage having been 13, the larval 41, the chrysalis 11. The butterflies were all
of the form California. The larvae fed on any species of lawn grass. The egg
much resembles that of the genus Satyrus in shape, but there are twice as many
ribs as in S. Alope, and the network on summit is much finer. The egg differs in
all respects from any species of the genus Neonympha with which I am acquainted.
The larva and chrysalis are very like Alope, but the processes at the first laival
stage are widely different from Alope, or other true Satyrus. The arrangement
of the tubercles and processes on the young larva are almost exactly as in Neo¬
nympha Gemma, except that in the latter the processes are more of the nature
of hairs. As in Gemma also, there were but three moults, which is exceptional

with butterflies.

Mr. Henry Edwards writes of Galactinus : “ It is almost the earliest butterfly
of the year in California, making its appearance on warm days even in March,
and becomes abundant in April, continuing so throughout May. It is always
found upon grassy plains and meadows, and in the open ; has a slow and lather
irregular flight, alights very often, and is fond of settling upon flowers. If a
storm comes on, or the sky becomes much obscured by clouds, it at once clings to
the 'stems of grasses or other plants, and folds its wings to rest. It is remarkably
common about the Bay of San Francisco, and I have taken it in the mountains up
to 5000 and 6000 feet. It is certainly found in Nevada, though I never saw it in
that State. I took it in Oregon and Washington Territory, but not on Vancouver s
Island. It seemed there to be replaced by C. Ampelos .” Professor Rivers says :
“ Galactinus affects open places in the vicinity of woods or in the canons, or on
the slopes of the foothills of the Coast Range. It is common at Berkeley at from
two to four hundred feet above the sea-level ; also in Napa and Sonoma Counties,
and is found both in the valleys and on elevated hillsides where there are open
places associated with trees and bushes. Its mode of flight is a short and low up
and down movement, sometimes drifting with the wind, but always making shoit
stoppages on the lowest herbage. It remains with us here till the latter pait of
October.” The habits as described are similar to those of the Neonymphae.

Kirby catalogues some two dozen species of this genus, and they are found
throughout the north temperate zone in Europe, Asia, and even in Northern
Africa. In North America there are seven or eight species. The mature larvae
and chrysalids of two species are figured in Buckler s u Larvae of British Buttei-
flies,” (London, 1886,) and in both cases these stages are closely like those of
Galactinus.

PE GALA 1.2 <5. 3.4 9, 5 9, VAR.

ALOPE VAR . 6.7 6, 8 9 .

SATYRUS T.

SATYRUS PEGALA, 1-5: 8.

Satyrus Pegala (pe-ga'la), Fabricius, Syst. Ent., p. 494. 1775. Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., Vol. VI,

p. 195. 1866; id., Can. Ent., Vol. XII, p. 5. 1880.

Alope? var., Boisduval and Leconte, Lep. de l’Amer., pi. 228, p. 59. 1833.

Form Pkgale, J. B. Smith, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., Vol. A I, p- 128. 1884.

Male. — Expands from 2.4 to nearly 3 inches.

Upper side dark brown ; hind margins bordered by two fine darker paralle
lines, a little within which is a stripe of same color; primaries have an extra-
discal deep ochre-yellow transverse band, broadest anteriorly, incised on basal
side at the upper median nervule ; on this is a single black ocellus, lying aci o^
the discoid al interspaces, with a small central cluster of blue scales, a few of
which are often replaced by white ; occasionally there is a black dot, or even a
small blind spot, suggesting a second ocellus, in middle of second median intei-

space. - _ .

Secondaries have a black ocellus on second median interspace, in yellow nng,

with small white, or blue and white, pupil ; fringes of both wings concolored.

Under side yellow-brown, with a gray tint, most decided on apical area of
primaries and beyond disk of secondaries; the band repeated, paler; the ocellus
repeated, a little enlarged, the cluster of scales enlarged, often elongated into a
blue nebulous streak, having, in the end toward base, a solid nucleus of white ;
the marginal lines and stripe conspicuous; the brown area covered densely with
abbreviated dark streaks, which over bases and disks form somewhat concentric
broken rings, limited without by a common dark stripe; this on primal ies edges
the band, on secondaries is irregularly sinuous, throwing out a rounded projec¬
tion against cell, followed by a rounded sinus on second median interspace ; the
ocelli are six, in twTo groups of three* each on a patch of clear dark brown, one
across the lower subcostal and discoidal interspaces, the other across the median ;
these are either round or oval, individuals varying, the middle one of each group

SATYRUS I.

largest; each in yellow ring, and with blue' or blue and white pupils, the clusters
varying sometimes as described on primaries.

Body concolored with wings; legs and palpi dark brown; antennm brown,
finely annulated with white ; club ferruginous. (Figs. 1, 2.)

Female. — Expands about three inches.

Upper side color of male; the band broader; the ocellus sometimes large,
with large central cluster; some examples have an additional spot, like some
males, and occasionally there is a second ocellus quite as large as the first, and
as conspicuously pupilled. Under side more gray, sometimes very light on sec¬
ondaries; there is also a trace of a brown stripe on same wings near base, par¬
ticularly across cell. (Figs. 3, 4, vars. 5, 8.1)

This species varies in respect to the ocelli of both surfaces. In my paper
referred to, in the Canadian Entomologist, I stated that I had before me twenty-
nine examples, being all I had in my own collection, or could borrow from cor¬
respondents. Of these, twenty-one were males, eight females. Of the males,
fourteen had one ocellus on fore wing, two had an ocellus and a small black
spot, six had the ocellus and a mere point. Beneath, seventeen had six ocelli on
hind wing, three had five, and one had five on one wing and six on the other.
All had the ocellus on upper side of hind wing.

Of the females, five had one ocellus only ; one had one and a small spot, while
two, one of which is figured on the Plate (5), had two large, equal, and conspic¬
uously pupilled ocelli. On under side, six had six ocelli, one had five, and
one had five on one wing and six on the other. “ The uniformity of these char¬
acters — the ocellus at inner angle always present, and the number of small
ocelli, which are scarcely ever less than six and never less than five — in so
many examples brought from various quarters, contrasts strikingly with the
great variability of Alope and Nephele in the same points ” (p. 54).

One of the two-eyed examples seems to have been figured by Boisduval and
Leconte, after Abbot, for Alope . Dr. Boisduval says in the text that he regards
Pegala as a one-eyed variety of Alope . In my copy of the work, the larva is
represented as having the dorsum green, the side white, divided longitudinally
by a narrow gray band. This white may have originally been colored yellow,
as Mr. Smith says his copy of the book shows yellow, with green over the gray
band. But all this is quite unlike Alope , and its co-form Nephele , as may be

1 Fig. 8, on the Plate, represents a fore wing of Pegala, variety,
incorrect.

from Florida, and the reading at bottom is

I i

SATYRUS I.

seen on referring to Volume II, Plate 41, Fig. h. The whole surface here is
green, except a narrow stripe of yellow along base, and a subdorsal faint yellow
fine. The larva of Alope, form Olympus, Plate 42, Fig. a, is green but has the
subdorsal line developed into a stripe as conspicuous as the basal. _ The chrysalis
of Boisduval’s plate has two ocellar prominences, much as in Neonymp la
Gemma, while the head case of Alope is truncated and rounded, with no pro-

'^Thave tried in vain for years to obtain eggs of Pegala, in order to become
acquainted with all the preparatory stages. Until we know to the contrary,
suppose the coloring of the larva and the shape of the chrysalis, as given by
Abbot, must be regarded as correct. Though I only know ot these by Bo ..

duval’s figures spoken of. . (

I was informed by that veteran lepidopterist, the late Mr. James Ridings o

Philadelphia, who collected one season in Georgia, after I became acquamtei
with him, that, in its habits, Pegala differed considerably from Alope flying m
the pine forests and alighting on the bark of trees. When disturbed, it wo
fly about for a while, and eventually return to the same spot. It seemed to him

to resemble Debis Portlandia in habits rather than Alope.

Mr. William H. Ashmead, when a resident of Jacksonville, Florida, wrote me.
“Pegala is quite common in hummocks, along fences, and in the outsku ts of
forest from about the middle of July to October. When chased they fly h.g
and alight on the side of a tree, and are seldom seen m open fie ds (Alope
Nephele fly slowly and low, and I have never heard of their alighting on trees.)
Dr A W Chapman wrote from Appalachicola : “ Pegala is or was common in
the open pine woods back of this city. It seemed to like a hot, sandy exposure
but I never saw one in my garden or in the fields. Tiey a ways a lg i on
naked bodies of the pines, with head up, down, or sideways.

This species seems to be very nearly restricted to the sout lern par o ie
Gulf States. It has been taken in a single instance by Mr. T. L. Mead, in mu c
Florida, at Oviedo, Orange County. He sent me a male caught in his peach
orchard the present year (1889); and writes as follows: “The only examples
seen were the one sent you and one other. I saw them in the orchard on the
fallen fruit. When disturbed, and at other times, they hid in dense foliage of
the orange trees. In company with them were some Limemt.s Eros and an
Apatura.” So far as I know, Pegala has not before been taken much to t
south of Jacksonville. How far to the northward, along the coast it fl.es, _ .

not advised. I formerly received examples from St. Simon s Island, Georg D •
What I spoke of as “ a diminutive Pegala (as if from a starved caterp 11a.)
in Can. Ent XII, 52, sent me by Professor Lewis R. G.bbes, of Charleston, ,.

SATYRUS I.

Carolina, I now believe to have been a variety of Alope. Rev. Dr. John G.
Morris told me, in 1880, that lie had never known Pegala to have been taken
along the coast of Virginia or Maryland. At the same time, Professor C. V. Riley
made inquiries of lepidopterists in Washington, and all agreed that the species
was unknown there. A similar inquiry made the present season received a
similar reply. I could not hear that it was found in middle and northern
Georgia or in north Mississippi, on corresponding with collectors. And the late
Messrs. Boll and Belfrage, long resident in Texas, and professional collectors,
could give me no information about Pegala, though Mr. Belfrage said that Alope
was common where he lived, in Bosque County. Mr. Heiligbrodt, at Bastrop,
said that, at times, Alope had been common, but he did not know Pegala. But,
on the other hand, Mr. Otto Meske, of Albany, N. Y., wrote that, in 1876, he
received a single Pegala from Bastrop, the only one he ever saw from Texas.
This may have been a one-eyed Alope, for occasionally an Alope with but one
ocellus is taken in the Northern States.

But, on the other hand, Mr. William H. Ashmead writes me that he saw two
examples of Pegala, the present season, at Alum Springs, Rockbridge County,
Virginia, “ one of which alighted on the side of an oak tree not four feet from
me, and I had a most excellent opportunity for seeing it. It astonished me to
see this species so far north, and I pointed it out to my little daughter, who
was walking with me at the time, and said : ( See, there is a beautiful butterfly,
like what we have in Florida.’ ” The locality is about 150 miles southwest of
Washington, among the mountains. It is almost impossible to get information
about butterflies, at the present day, in any of the Southern States, except
Florida and Texas. Fifteen and even ten years ago, there were several persons,
in different States, to whom I could apply for information. Now I do not know
of one. The late H. K. Morrison lived among the mountains of North Carolina,
and year after year made collections of butterflies for sale, but I have never
heard that he took Pegala anywhere, certainly, in his own State. I have no
idea that this species is found from Alum Springs southward, or that its presence
in the locality mentioned is other than accidental.

What, then, is the form which bas been taken somewhat abundantly in certain
parts of New Jersey ; by Mr. E. M. Aaron, at Mt. Holly, in 1882, by Mr. J. B.
Smith, “ in the pine barrens,” 1883, and by Dr. Henry Skinner, at Cape May,
1889? It is small (Figs. 6, 7), the size of Alope-Maritima, and looks like that
form. But many examples have but one ocellus; others have one and a point in
place of the second. Dr. Skinner writes that there are all sorts of intergrades
up to undoubted Alope, and they fly together. He has sent me a male, on which
the band is yellow, not ochraceous. On fore wing there is a single ocellus, and on

SATYRUS I.

under side of hind wing there is also but a single ocellus. The absence of more
or less of these ocelli on hind wing is a peculiarity of Alope, but not of Pegala.
In the former, a large percentage of individuals have but one, two, and three
ocelli, and many indeed none at all. I regard these New Jersey examples as
strictly variations of Alope . If the whole group, in North America, has sprung
from Pegala , as I consider probable, these cases of single ocellus appearing at
the east, in the territory of Alope, or, at the west, in that of Anane, are owing
to reversion. But I have spoken of this matter at length in Volume II, and need

say no more here.

SAT"2TF

SATYRUS II.

SATYRUS MEADII, 1-4.

_ . ri . q Vnl TV n 70. 1872 ; id. Can. Ent., Vol. XII., p. 94.

Scityrm Meadii, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., V°L IV., P- 1878>

1880; Mead. Report Wheeler Exped., V ol. V., p.

Mate _ Expands from 1.5 to 17 inch. . . , .

upper side blackish-brown; primaries have an obscure --bmargma stnpe,

two large black ocelli, placed as is usual m the group, each with ‘
nunil • these are surrounded by a russet halo, more or less diffused, the two °
meet' also the interspaces between the ocelli to the arc of cell are russet, bu
of a deeper shade ; secondaries have a similar stripe, and a small ocellus in russ
rLg on the lower median interspace ; fringes of both wings fuscous at the tips

of the nervules, gray in the interspaces.

Under side of primaries paler, the apical area gray, the russet paler, diffuse ,

the basal area, and the cell, much crossed by abbreviated black streaks t
area is limited without by a blackish line which starts on subcostal nervure half-
way between the arc of cell and the ocellus, runs obliquely back to the upp
branch of median, then crosses the interspaces, curves around the lower ocellus
and on to costa, parallel with the margin; next outside tins a submaigina g .y
band • the ocelli repeated, the russet hue diffused over the outer part of cell.

Secondaries dark brown, more or less gray next base and over the dak, beyon
the belt decidedly gray, especially on the upper hal of the wing ; th whole
surface streaked black; the belt limited on either side by a blackish stripe on
the basal side not always distinctly ; it is narrow on costal margin projects
broad double tooth opposite cell, after which is a narrow sinus ; on the basal side
the course is nearly straight to median, a little sinuous, then bends at a right
ancle on median, and at the origin of the lower median nervule turns obliqu y
to°the submedian nervule ; the ocellus repeated ; sometimes a second one in

submedian interspace.

Body fuscous beneath, the abdomen gray-brown ; legs gray-brown , palpi

SATYRUS II.

yellow-brown, the long hairs on the front black ; antennre fuscous, annulated
with whitish above, whitish below ; club black above, ferruginous below. (Figs.
1, 2.)

Female. — Expands from 1.55 to 1.8 inch.

Closely like the male, but the russet area is more extended. The ocelli are
larger, and the encircling rings broader. (Figs. 3, 4.)

Egg. — Conoidal, truncated, the summit a little rounded, depressed in middle,
the sides convex, the bottom rounded ; marked by about twenty low, rounded,
vertical ribs, which are slightly sinuous, and most of them consideiably curved
next base ; the spaces between the ribs shallow, and crossed by many ecjui
distant fine, raised threads, which are often lost in the middle part ; the micro-
pyle in the centre of a flat rosette of five-sided cells, outside of which are three
rows of similar cells, gradually increasing in size ; the remainder of the summit
occupied by large, irregularly five and six sided cells, deeply but irregularly
excavated, and having thin, sharp edges; color lemon-yellow. (Figs, a, ci2.)
Similar to the egg of Alope, but with a greater number of ribs, and more convex

sides.

Youxg Larva. — Length .08 inch ; similar to Alope ; tapering on both dor¬
sum and sides from 2 to 13, the last three segments curving roundly on dorsum
to the extremity ; this is nearly square, a little incurved, and bears a conical
tubercle at either side ; on each side of the body are three rows of low, coni¬
cal tubercles, one sub-dorsal, one to the segment, on 2 to 4 placed on the
middle of the segment, after 4 on the front; one high on the side and near
the sub-dorsal row, except on 2 to 4, where the distance is greater, one tu¬
bercle to the segment, those on 2 to 4 in the middle, after 4 on the rear ; the
third row a little above the spiracles, one to the segment, on the middle ; on
3 and 4, behind the tubercles of the third row, is a minute one in same line,
bearing a very short, clubbed process ; on 2, behind and between the upper
two tubercles, and also between the second and third, is an additional one, and
there is a smaller tubercle in front of the spiracle ; every tubercle bears a white,
appressed process, nearly of even thickness, tapering from the base but very little,
ending bluntly (Fig. h 5) ; those of the upper row longest, of the second row a little
shorter, of the third a little shorter than of the second ; all these processes from
2 to 4 are bent forward ; after 4, all in the upper two rows are turned back ;
those of the third row to 13 are bent forward, on 13 back ; at the rear of 13 are
two tubercles and processes on the side, belonging to the two lower rows, and

SATYRUS II.

the tubercles at extremity also have similar processes ; between these last are
two smaller ones with short processes ; along the base of the body are minute
tubercles, with short and line, tapering hairs, two on 2, one each on 3, 4, two
on each from 5 to 13 ; and there is one still liner and shorter hair over each of the
legs ; color pale pink with a red-brown mid-dorsal line and three others on each
side, the lower one running with the tops of the spiracles ; under side, feet and
legs, a shade paler ; head sub-globose, one half broader than 2, about as high as
broad, narrowing upwards, a little depressed at suture, the front well rounded ;
surface thickly and shallowly indented ; on either lobe ten fine tubercles, each
with its short process, bent down ; of these, four are in cross row near the top,
six are in line with the apex of the frontal triangle, six are in line a little above
the top of the ocelli, and two are behind the ocelli ; color pale yellow-brown, the
ocelli green. (Figs, b, b 2 to 66.) Hibernation began at once from the egg.

As soon as the larvae began to feed in the spring, the color changed to
green. From the awakening to first moult, in April, at Coalburgh, about twenty
days.

After first moult : length, at twelve hours from the moult, .18 inch ; the ante¬
rior segments thickest, the dorsum arched ; ending in two conical tails which
meet at base, and are rough with tuberculations ; each segment several times
creased, and on the ridges so caused are yellow tubercular points, each of which
gives out a short, whitish clubbed process bent back close to the surface, except
on 2, where all are bent forward ; color pale green ; a mid-dorsal darker green
stripe, and two similar ones on mid-side, close together ; the basal ridge yellow ;
tails red ; under side, feet and legs bluish-green ; head nearly the same shape as
before, thickly covered with fine whitish tuberculations, with short hairs ; color
bright green. Duration of this stage about fifteen days.

After second moult : length, at twelve hours, .28 inch ; same shape ; color
dark yellow-green, the tails red ; armed as before ; the mid-dorsal stripe dark
green ; high on the side a line of yellow tubercles ; the basal ridge yellow ; head
as before, emerald green. To next moult about fifteen days.

After third moult : length, at twelve hours, .44 inch ; very closely as at last
previous stage ; the upper line pale-yellow, and heavier, a narrow stripe rather ;
head as before, same color. To next moult about nine days.

After fourth moult : length, at twenty-four hours, .64 inch ; in about five days
was full grown.

SATYRUS II.

Mature Larya. — Length, s, .85 inch, 9, 1 inch; cylindrical, thickest in middle,
the dorsum arched and tapering evenly either way ; ending in two short conical
tails, which meet at base ; color yellow-green, the surface thickly covered with fine
yellowish tubercles, each of which gives a short whitish tapering process bent back
(Fig. c3) ; on mid-dorsum a dark green stripe, next which the ground is rather
more yellow than elsewhere ; high on the side a narrow, yellow-white stripe ; the
basal ridge bright yellow; the tails red from base to tips; under side, feet and
legs less yellow, more green ; head sub-globose, rounded frontally, as high as
broad, broader towards the top than in the earlier stages, narrowing upward
but very little, slightly depressed at the suture ; thickly covered with fine whitish
tuberculations, each of which bears a very short, whitish tapering process ; color
emerald green. (Figs, c natural size, 9, c2 side view, greatly enlarged, c4 head.)
From fourth moult to pupation, eighteen days in May and June ; again, thirteen
days in June, at Coalburgh. The attitude of the larva in suspension is that of
Fig. 6, as in the genus.

Ciirysalis. — Length $, .49 inch, 9,. 54 inch; breadth at mesonotum, .17 to .18
inch, at abdomen .18 to .19 inch (in several examples the breadth at both points
was equal, .18 inch) ; cylindrical, the abdomen conical ; the ventral outline from
top of head case to end of wing cases strongly arched, about as much so as is
the dorsal below the depression ; the wing cases elevated, beveled down to the
abdomen ; head case short, the top narrow, square or very little concave, the
sides excavated ; mesonotum rather prominent, rounded lengthwise, carinated,
the sides a little convex ; followed by a shallow depression ; cremaster long, taper¬
ing, compressed transversely, rounded at extremity, and armed with stout hooks,
varying in length and in form (Figs. cP, d3) ; color throughout light yellow-green,
everywhere finely granulated with dull white, the dorsal region and the abdomen
in dots and minute patches ; the top of head case and the dorsal edges of wing
cases cream-white. (Fig. d, a little enlarged, 9.) Duration of this stage about
eleven days.

Satyrus Meadii was named from Mr. Theodore L. Mead, who first introduced
it to notice, in 1871. He himself says, in his Report upon the Collections of
Diurnal Lepidoptera, made (by the Wheeler Expeditions) in Colorado and other
Territories : “ While riding along the South Park road, this species was discov¬
ered near Bailey’s ranch, about forty-five miles from Denver, and two specimens
were taken on the 26th of August. None were to be found a few miles on either
side of this point, so I returned and spent a week in observing the species and
noting its habits. It must be very local, since, though not at all uncommon

SATYRUS II.

where first met with, none were seen elsewhere during the season. It evidently
first appears about the last of July, since nearly all the specimens were dilapi¬
dated, the males especially so. The species in mode of flight much resembles S.
Charon, often alighting on dry bare spots in the grass and walking a few steps,
then, after resting a few moments, flying off to some flower or other bare spot.”
The original description was made from these somewhat dilapidated examples,
and the general color was given as light brown, whereas fresh examples are very
dark.

Mr. Bruce has written for me the results of his observations on this species
during the last few years : “ S. Meadii is quite common at Buffalo Creek, in
Platte Canon, Colorado, from the middle of July until the beginning of Septem¬
ber. It is a gentle, unobtrusive species, seldom flying more than a few inches
from the ground. It is extremely partial to flowers, especially the Composite.
A tall species of Senecio grows abundantly by the side of the Platte that is very
attractive to butterflies, and during August the bright yellow flowers of this plant
are literally swarming with S. Meadii, accompanied by several species of Argyn-
nis and Chrysophani. But the Meadii always outnumber them all, and they are
generally so engaged with the sweets that I have frequently filled my collecting
bottle with selected examples without using the net. They are fond of places
where the timber has been burned, and individuals will attach themselves to a
fallen charred tree, and flit leisurely around it, and backward and forward through
the limbs for some minutes, then alight on the trunk and promenade with wings
half extended for several minutes more. The species seems very local. I have
met with it nowhere else in Colorado but in this district, which is about forty
miles from Denver, and between 6,000 and 7,000 feet in altitude. It does not
ascend the mountains, but keeps to the gullies and water courses where grasses
and flowers abound. It has a more direct flight than S. Charon, that species
continually flying in a series of circles, but Meadii goes straight from flower to
flower a long distance, and will then return and repeat the performance over
almost the same track. The first year I visited Colorado, I lived at Buffalo
Creek from July 15th to August 15th. I saw Meadii daily, and took a large
number of examples. One fine female had the bright russet on fore wings en¬
tirely replaced by white. Except in this case, I have seen very little variation
in color. Eggs are easily obtained in confinement, the females laying on any
sort of grass.”

This species, as Mr. Bruce says, seems to be very local, and few collectors
have met with it. Somewhere in Montana, Mr. H. K. Morrison took it, but
the exact locality is not known. I can hear of it in Colorado, after correspond¬
ing with several persons who have collected butterflies in that State, only in the

SATYRUS II.

region mentioned by Mr. Bruce. Prof. F. * H. Snow writes : “ I first took the
species in July, 1878, near Dome Rocks, in the South Platte Canon, about twenty-
five miles from Denver; and subsequently in New Mexico, in the Water Canon,
west from Socorro, August, 1881. It was represented in both these places by
comparatively few individuals.” S. Meadii may be common in some parts of
Arizona, but the only locality known to me is in the vicinity of Prescott. Mr.
Fletcher says that it has never been reported as taken in Canada. Apparently
it is a southern species, ranging from Montana perhaps into Mexico. Examples
from Arizona are larger than those from Colorado. This is in contrast with
Satyrus Charon, which swarms from Colorado to Alberta Terr, all through the
mountains, and the most northern examples are largest.

I first received eggs of Satyrus Meadii from Mr. Jacob Doll, at Prescott, Ari¬
zona, 12th August, 1881. The larvae were hatching on arrival, the package
having been twelve days in the mail, and they speedily died.

In 1886, Mr. Bruce sent me several eggs from Denver, laid 2d and 3d Au¬
gust. These began to hatch 17th, and the larvae at once became lethargic, and
were soon sent to New York, to go into a refrigerating house. I received them
again 31st March, 1887, nearly all alive, and two or three days thereafter they
were observed to be feeding. On 12th April they began to pass the first moult,
on 27th the second, by 6th May eight had passed that moult, on 12th May one
passed the third, and on 24th the same larva passed the fourth moult. All
had passed the fourth by 27th May. On June 10th the first pupation took
place, on 11th and 12th others. The first imago came forth on 21st June, after
eleven days in pupa.

On 18th August, 1889, I again received eggs from the late William S. Foster,
at Buffalo Creek, Colorado. These hatched, and the larvae went at once into hi¬
bernation, as before. On 2d April they came back from New York ; on 4th some
were feeding. On 21st one passed the first moult, on 16th May the second, on
24th the third, on 1st June the fourth, on 13th June pupated, and the imago
came forth June 14th, at a little less than eleven days. They were fed on Poa
pratensis, Blue grass, growing in pots, and, like all the genus, were easy to rear.

CHAR O NT

.1.2 6,3. 4 9 :

VAR .

SILiVE STRI S . 5

o .

a — a2.

Egg

magnifier! .

f-f*

Larva , 4th moult to

adult ■

b-h*

Larva , young

g- y 5

,, ,, „ -part.

S' magnified .

c— e .

1st to

3rd moults >/

h-he

Chrysalis ,

SATYRUS III.

SATYEUS CHARON, 1-5.

Satyrus Charon, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. IV., p. 69. 1872 ; id., Can. Ent., Yol. XII., p. 94.

1880. Mead, Rep. Wheeler Exped’n., Yol. V., p. 773. 1875.

Var. Silvestris, Edwards, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Pliilad., 1861, p. 163.

Male. — Expands from 1.5 to 1.9 inches.

Upper side blackish brown ; hind margins edged by a black line, anterior to
which is a second, usually more or less macular, often wanting ; on primaries
a conspicuous black sexual dash ; a sub-apical black ocellus, without pupil, with
or without a pale yellowish ring or nimbus, and variable in size in individuals ;
in the second median interspace a second small ocellus, but often wanting ; on
secondaries there is occasionally a small blind ocellus near the anal angle;
fringes concolored with the wings, but sometimes on primaries brown is alter¬
nated with gray.

Under side of primaries brown with more or less of a yellow tint, the apex
mottled with dark gray ; the basal two thirds crossed by many fine, abbreviated
blackish streaks ; the black marginal lines distinct, the inner one wavy or cre¬
mated ; the ocelli repeated ; the second one nearly always present, sometimes
large and equal, usually the upper one large, the other small, but often this is
reversed ; always surrounded by yellowish rings and having minute white pupils.

Secondaries darker, mottled with gray on the extra-discal area, and sometimes
on the basal ; across the disk a rather obscure band, with deep black edges, the
basal side not defined next costa, deeply incised in the cell and again in the sec¬
ond median interspace ; but often the band is entirely merged in the color of the
base ; the outer side is very irregular, incised on costal margin, projecting two
long and broad, converging and pointed teeth opposite the cell ; but the band is
often more or less lost, sometimes completely, as seen in Figure 5 (var. Silvestris ) ;
the ocelli are minute, from one to six in number, with or without white pupils,
and stand on cloudy black patches.

SATYRUS III.

Body, legs, and palpi dark brown ; antennae brown with fine cretaceous annu-
lations on the upper side, altogether cretaceous beneath ; club pale fulvous.
(Figs. 1, 2, var. 3.) . I

Female. — Expands from 1.7 to 2 inches.

Paler colored than the male, but similarly marked. (Figs. 3, 4.)

Egg. _ Conoidal, truncated, the summit flattened, the sides convex, the bot¬

tom rounded ; marked by twenty-four to twenty-eight straight, sharp, vertical
rido-es, which start from the edge of the base and end at the rim of the summit ;
the° spaces between the ribs roundly but not deeply excavated, and crossed
by many equidistant fine raised threads; the micropyle is in the centre of a flat
rosette of five-sided cells, outside of which are several irregularly concentric rows
of five and six-sided depressed cells, increasing in size and distinctness to the
edge of the summit, and having thin, sharp edges ; color at first lemon-yellow.
(Figs, a, a2.) Duration of this stage twelve days, at Coalburgh, W. Va., in August.

Young Larya. — Length .08 inch; similar to S. Meadii , tapering on both
dorsum and sides from 3 to 13, the last three segments curving roundly to the
extremity; this is nearly square, a little incurved, and bears a conical tubercle
at either side ; the tubercles on the body as in Meadii , those on 2 and lo longei
than elsewhere ; each bears a white process, cylindrical, slightly tapering, and
ending bluntly, appressed, 'turned forward or back as m Meadii ; color pinkish
yellow, with a red-brown mid-dorsal stripe, and three others on either, side, the
upper two nearer together than the second and third ; another brown line below
the basal ridge ; the head as in Meadii, and the tubercles and processes the
same in number and position as in that species ; but the processes do not taper,
and some of them are a little thickened at the extremity. (Eigs. b to b .) T le
larvoe went into hibernation at once from the egg.

After first moult : length, at twenty-four hours from the moult, .15 inch ; the
anterior segments thickest, the dorsum arched posteriorly; the last segment
ending in two conical tails, the space between their bases roundly excavated ; .
the body covered thickly with minute tuberculations from each of which arises
a white clubbed and appressed process ; these vary in length everywhere, but
are longest on 2 and 13 (Figs, c2 to cG) ; turned back, except on 2, on that seg¬
ment forward ; color green ; a pale brown mid-dorsal line, two such lines on the
side, near together, and a third next above the yellow basal ridge ; under side
whitish green ; feet and legs pale green ; head sub-globular (closely as at first

SATYRUS III.

stage), a little broader than 2 ; emerald-green, the tubercular points white, the
processes, like those of body, bent down. (Figs, c to cG.) Duration of this stage
about eleven days.

After second moult ; length, at twenty-four hours, .3 inch ; nearly the same
shape as before, the dorsum more arched over the middle segments, ending as
before ; the tubercles smaller, the processes reduced, irregular in length and
shape, some of them cylindrical ; the tails red from base to tip ; color of body .
bluish or gray green ; the mid-dorsal line deep green, edged with yellow ; the
sub-dorsal line and the basal ridge yellow ; head as before, the tubercles and
processes smaller. (Figs, d to dc\) Duration of this stage about eleven days.

After third moult : length, at twenty hours, .4 inch ; the shape as at last pre¬
vious stage ; color yellow-green, the tails red ; the tubercles and processes as
last given, but still farther reduced ; the lines or stripes as before ; head as be¬
fore, the processes smaller. (Figs, e to e4.) Duration of this stage about twelve
days.

After fourth moult : length, at eighteen hours,. 54 inch. (Fig. /, natural size.)
In about twelve days was fully grown. (Fig. /2, midway between the moult
and adult, greatly enlarged.)

Mature Larva. — Length S , .94, $, 1.02 inch; greatest breadth, .16 to .18
inch ; cylindrical, thickest in the middle, tapering on dorsum and sides evenly
either way ; ending in two short conical tails which meet at base at a small angle ;
covered with fine white conical tuberculations, each giving a small white pro¬
cess, either tapering to a point, or cylindrical, or a little thickened at the end (the
greater number tapering), and all slightly appressed ; color yellow-green over
dorsum, below the sub-dorsal stripe green (but sometimes whitish green through¬
out) ; the mid-dorsal stripe dark green a little edged with yellow ; the stripe
and ridge of equal width, yellow, or in the paler larvae green-yellow ; the tails
pale red ; under side, feet and legs, whitish green ; head sub-globular, broadest
near base, a little depressed at top ; color bright green ; more thickly covered
with tubercles than at last previous stage, and these are reduced as are also the
processes. (Figs. /3, f*, natural size ; g to y5, parts magnified.) From fourth
moult to pupation, at Coalburgh, eighteen days.

Chrysalis. — Length S , .4 to .45 inch ; breadth at mesonotum, .16 to .18; at
abdomen, .2 inch ; $ , .5 to .6 inch ; breadth at mesonotum, .18 to .2 inch, at

SATYRUS III.

abdomen, .2 to .22 inch ; cylindrical, abdomen conical ; the ventral ontlme from
top of head case to end of the wing cases not so much arched as in Meadii ;
head case short, the top narrow, square or a very little incurved, the sides exca¬
vated ; mesonotum rather prominent, rounded lengthwise, carinated, the sides a
little convex ; followed by a shallow depression ; cremaster long, tapering, com¬
pressed transversely, rounded at extremity, and armed with many stout hooks ;
color very variable, as thus : —

A : pale yellow-green throughout, the dorsal side from the head case, and all
of the abdomen, thickly dotted and finely mottled with yellow-white ; three nar¬
row whitish stripes from head case to 13, one mid-dorsal, one sub-dorsal on either
side; the dorsal edges 'of the wing cases also white; the ventral side from top
of head case to end of wing cases granulated with white ; on the wing cases are
three stripes of green, the largest being on mid-wing and reaching the hind mar¬
gin, the others short and stopping within the margin.

B : altogether whitish green ; no bands on dorsal side, no stripes on wing

CtlSBS.

C : greenish black throughout ; finely dotted over the dorsal side and abdo¬
men with yellow-white ; the three bands as in A ; the wing cases striped with

black

D : black with no tinge of green ; the light stripes either yellow-white, or
white with a pink tint. (Figs, h to he.) Duration of this stage ten to fourteen

days.

To Mr. Theodore L. Mead is due the first notice of Satyrus Charon, in 1871.
In his Wheeler Expedition Report, he says : “ This species was first met with
near Twin Lakes, on the 9tli of July. It was quite abundant in the sage-brush,
and on flowers at the edge of the Lake. Later in the season, it was found in
both the South and Middle Parks, though not so abundantly as in the Arkansas
Valley, whence the expedition also brought specimens. Altogether one hundred
and thirty-one specimens were taken by me. In August, females were obtained
and inclosed with grass; several eggs were laid — very similar to those of

Charon flies in the Rocky Mountains from New Mexico to British America,
and beyond the mountains to eastern California. I saw it at Glenwood Springs,
Colorado, along Grand River, in July, 1894, but it was less common than S.
Paulus , or S. Ariane. Mr. David Bruce has found it abundant m other parts of
that State, and has kindly written the following notes respecting its localities and
habits : “ Charon is common and generally distributed in dry grassy places, from
the foothills to about 10,000 feet elevation. It flies rather briskly at a few

SATYRUS III.

inches above the ground, stopping a moment at almost every composite flower,
and circling around every bush and herb, in a deliberate manner, as if look¬
ing for a mate, or for a suitable place in which to deposit its eggs. Late in the
season, when these objects have been accomplished, I have seen the species in
the narrow canons of the Platte and Clear Creek, frequenting the sunflowers in
numbers, a dozen or more sometimes on the disk of one flower, associated with as
many agrotid moths, and the whole party under the narcotic influence of the
sweets they are imbibing, so as easily to be picked off. But though a lover of
flowers, it is just as much pleased with the juices of a decaying carcass, or the
fresh droppings of cattle and horses ; and it will gather in crowds on the damp
sand.

“ I have seen it in the South Park district from June 20th till August 28th ;
at Palmer Lake, in the pleasant grassy meadows of the ‘ Divide,’ as late as Sep¬
tember 1st. These last fliers were light colored arid worn, and passed most of
their time on the flowers of Sedum stenopetalum, which grows there in profusion.
Earlier in the season, its favorite haunts are the grassy slopes partially covered
with dwarf oaks. In such a place it is difficult to capture despite its slow flight
and frequent stoppages, for it dodges under and through the scrub, and winds
around in the shadows in such a way that with its obscure coloring it is soon lost
to view, — although it never hides like the species of Neominois and Chionobas.
It is a quiet insect in the net, and the female will lay eggs freely in confine¬
ment.”

In California, Nevada, Utah, and Montana, Charon flies with the allied species,
S. CEJtus , Boisduval.

I received twenty eggs of Charon, August 4, 1884, from Mr. H. W. Nash, at
Rosita, Colorado, laid 30th July. These began to hatch 11th August, or twelve
days after the laying. Most of the larvae at once went into hibernation, but
one of them ate a little and changed from pinkish yellow to green, as the larvae
change in the spring after feeding. But it hibernated before the first moult.
This is the only instance in which I have known a larva of the genus Satyr us to
feed in the fall. All the species have gone into hibernation direct from the egg.

These larvae were sent to New York, to a refrigerating house, and I received
them again March 7, 1885, with very little loss. The next day some were
observed feeding, and had changed color to green. (Fig. 62.) On 29th March,
one larva passed the first moult, two on 31st, and so at intervals until the fifteenth
and last larvae passed the moult on 15th April. Therefore the difference in time
at the first moult was seventeen days.

On 9th April, the first larva passed its second moult, or at eleven days from

SATYRUS III.

the first ; the last of ten larvae (some having died, and some having been put in
alcohol) passed this moult 21st; the difference being twelve days.

The first larva passed the third moult 21st April, the last of nine the same
moult 7th May ; the difference being sixteen days.

Number one passed its fourth moult May 3d, and pupated 21st, or at eighteen
days from the moult ; the pupa gave a male imago 2d June, at twelve days.
The last of nine larvae passed its fourth moult 6th J une, or thirty-four days after
the first larva had reached the same point. Some of the mature larvae and pupae
were preserved, so that only four butterflies were obtained from this lot. Of six
pupae, two green ones and a black produced males. A whitish green one gave a
female. The history of these larvae shows how it happens that butterflies fresh
from chrysalis may be found for several weeks in one locality.

On 2d September, 1888, I received from the late Mr. William S. Foster, at
Salida, Colorado, several eggs of Charon. They began to hatch 11th, or at four¬
teen days from the laying of the eggs. The larvae hibernated as before, were
sent to New York, and came back 16th April, 1889. The first one passed its
first moult 25th April, or eight days after beginning to feed ; its second moult
5th May, at ten days; its third 11th May, at six days; its fourth 20th May, at
nine days; suspended 31st, and pupated June 1st. From fourth moult to pupa¬
tion twelve days. The last of the larvae pupated June 8th. The first pupa gave
a male imago June 15th, or after fourteen days. The last imago, a female,
came out June 18th, after but ten days. In all stages the temperature hastens
or retards more or less. There were seven pupae, four of them green, three
black and white. It is ascertained that the sex of the imago is not indicated by
the color of the pupa.

Again in 1889, August 13th, eggs were received from Mr. Nash, at Pueblo.
The larvae came back from New York, 2d April, 1890, but I did not follow the
changes carefully. About 1st June there were three pupae, two green, one black
and white.

In October, 1891, I sent young larvae of Charon to Mr. Fletcher, at Ottawa,
together with larvae of several other species of Satyrids. The former were almost
the only ones that survived. The species has in each case proved quite hardy,
the loss during the winter having been very small.

These larvae, as I believe are all Satyrid larvae, are grass feeders, and they
flourished on Blue-grass, Poa pratensis. In feeding, the larva stands astride the
edge of the leaf, and beginning at the top eats vertically in two rapid cuts down,
followed by two more, and so on to the farther side, the second segment stretched,
but the feet and legs are not moved. When quite across, the larva backs down
far enough to enable it to repeat the process.

SATYRUS III.

I have reared larvae of several species of the genus Satyrus, Alope and Nephele,
Aricine, Boopis, but none have shown other than green chrysalids except
Charon, and in a single instance Aricine. This individual was marked with dark
clouds and stripes, but not to the extreme represented in the Plate.

The var. Silvestris was described as a species from California. It is Charon
bandless on under hind wing ; and this variation is not uncommon wherever the
species is found.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Chaiion, 1,2 $, 3, 4 9, var. Silvestris $, 5.

a , Egg ; a2, micropyle.

b, Young Larva just from egg ; b 2, after feeding; b3, one of the middle segments, dorsal view; b 4,

head ; b 5, process of body.

c, Larva at 1st moult ; c2, last segment; c3, head and second segment ; c 4 to cc, style of processes.

</, Larva at 2d moult, side view segments 7 and 8 ; d2, dorsal view of same ; d3, head ; d4 to d 6, processes
of body.

e, Larva at 3d moult ; e2 to e4, processes. .

f Larva at 4th moult, natural size ; f2, midway between fourth moult and maturity.
f’/4, Adult Larva, slightly enlarged, dorsal and side view; g2, dorsum of 7 and 8 ; g 4, head; g" to gr’,
processes of body.

h, Chrysalis, green variety, h3, black var., natural size ; h ‘2, same much enlarged ; A4, cremaster, side
view ; A5, same, front ; Ae, hooks of cremaster.

GEIROCHEILUS I.

GEIROCHEILUS TRITONIA, 1-4.

Geirocheilus Tritonia, Edwards, 5, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., V, p. 18. 1874.

Male. — Expands 2 to 2.3 inches.

Upper side velvety blackish-brown, changing to brown on hind margin of
primaries, with an olivaceous tint at apex ; costal edge of primaries near apex
yellow-white ; beyond disk a transverse row of four small white spots set in the
middle of the discoidal and median interspaces, the lower one smallest and some¬
times wanting ; secondaries have a broad dull ferruginous marginal band, run¬
ning from outer to inner angle, sometimes ending abruptly at lower sub-costal
nervule ; this band encloses next the margin a series of broad crenations of
darker color, the interior of each paler than the edges ; on the basal side of the
band, and a little within, some examples show two or three white points in the
middle interspaces, one to each ; fringes of primaries black at the tips of the
nervules, yellow-white in the interspaces, of secondaries nearly all black, or
brown-black, there being but a few light hairs in each interspace.

Under side smoky-brown; the white spots repeated, enlarged, each forming the
pupil of a large rounded black ocellus ; secondaries have the band repeated, but
the red is brighter and variegated with lilac in nebulous clusters in and next the
nervules mostly, and over the posterior half are scattered yellow scales ; in the
sub-costal interspaces the red is mostly suppressed, and ground is nearly brown ;
on the basal edge of the band, upon clear red spaces, is a row of yellow points
and spots, commencing with a point on the lower sub-costal interspace, and end¬
ing at sub-median nervure, just before which are two points. The three spots in
the median interspaces are crescent or Y-shaped, varying in individuals ; the
crenations repeated, edged on the basal side by brown, ferruginous elsewhere,
and more or less dusted yellow.

Body black-brown, beneath same, abdomen gray-brown ; legs brown on upper
side, all the joints whitish beneath, the last joint of the front pair entirely white,

GEIROCHEILUS I.

a little dusky on upper side ; palpi whitish, the long hairs in front and at tip
brown ; antennae brown, grayish towards end, gray below, club yellow. (Figs.
1,2.)

Female. — Expands from 2 to 2.3 inch.

Similar in color and markings to the male. (Figs. 3, 4.)

Tritonia was first made known by Mr. H. W. Henshaw, of the Wheeler Ex¬
pedition, 1873, a few examples having been taken among the White Mountains
of Arizona. Later, I received others from near Prescott, Arizona. Neither Mr.
Morrison nor Mr. Doll, in their collecting trips to that region, fell in with this
species, nor was it seen by Mr. Wright or Mr. Baron. It probably is confined to
special localities. Of its habits I know nothing, but Mr. Baron writes me of the
allied species, G. Patrobas, which he took in Mexico, that it flies at an elevation
of 6,000 feet, among pine and oak timber, and a thick growth of coarse grass.
Its habits may be similar to those of Satyrus Pegala, in south Georgia.

These two species constitute the genus. I have a pair of Patrobas , sent by
Mr. Baron. It is a considerably larger insect than the other, in general similarly
marked. The white spotg are smaller, the crenated marginal band much wider,
occupying fully one half the whole ferruginous area, the ocelli below and their
pupils are larger ; on the fore wings there is a filaceous sub-apical nebula, not
found in the other ; on hind wings the variegated area is narrower, more red,
less lilac, and becomes obsolescent on the upper half or third to costa ; and the
spots of the yellow series are smaller and more regular.

EREBIA I.

EREBIA MAGDALENA, 1-4.

Erebia Magdalena (Mag-da- le'na), Strecker, Bulletin of the Brooklyn Ent. Soe., III. p. 35. 1880.

Male. — Expands about two inches.

Upper side blackish-brown, glossy, with a tint of purple. Under side nearly as
dark, paler along inner margin of primaries.

Body, color of wings; legs brown ; palpi black-brown ; antennae black above,
annul ated with gray-white, under side gray-white ; club ferruginous above, black
beneath. (Figs. 1, 2.)

Female. — Same size.

Paler colored. (Figs. 3, 4.)

Egg. — Ovoidal, the base and top almost equally rounded ; marked by about
forty somewhat sinuous ridges from end to end ; these are highest in the mid¬
dle, and decrease gradually either way ; a cross section at the middle would
show the elevations and depressions to be about equal, the tops a little rounded,
the sides sloping, and at the bottom a very narrow flat space ; the micropyle in
a depression, in centre of a rosette of half a dozen concentric rings of small in¬
dented cells; color yellow-brown. (Figs, a, a2.) Duration of this stage, about
twelve days.

Ioung Larva. — Length .1 inch, shape of E. Epipsodea ; thickest anteriorly,
tapering on back and sides to 13, which ends roundly ; marked by three longi¬
tudinal rows of dark sub-conical tubercles, each of which gives out a white pro¬
cess ; these rows are dorsal, sub-dorsal, and lateral ; on 2 there is an additional
tubercle back of and between the dorsal and sub-dorsal, and another a little be¬
low and behind the latter ; and there are two in front and a little above spiracle ;
on 3 and 4 the three are nearly in vertical line, but after 4 to 12 inclusive they
are in triangle, the dorsal on front, the sub-dorsal at rear, and the lateral a little

EREBIA I.

before the middle of the segment ; on 13 are six in two rows made up of the dorsal
and sub-dorsal, which fall nearly into line, a lateral on either side in front, and
six around the end, these last smaller and with shorter processes ; the processes
on 2 are decidedly club-shaped (Fig. c) ; on the other segments to 12 scarcely
clubbed (Fig. c3) ; on the sides of all moderately clubbed, and short (Fig. c2) ; on
13 the four uppermost are cylindrical and long (Fig. c4) ; along base a row of
minute tubercles with short hairs, two to each on 2, 7 to 13, one on each of the
rest ; color at first pink-white, with a brown mid-dorsal stripe, and three brown
lines on the side ; a few days later the dorsum had a green tint ; later the ante¬
rior half became greenish, the rest pink-white ; under side, feet, and legs paler ;
head a little broader than 2, ob-ovoid, the top a little depressed ; color black-
brown, surface granulated ; marked by a few low tubercles, each giving a white
process. (Figs, b-b2.) This larva died before a moult.

Very few examples of this Erebia are to be found in collections, and all, so fai
as I know, have been taken by that indefatigable lepidopterist, Mr. David Bruce,
of Brockport, New York. Mr. Bruce wrote me, July 15, 1887 : “I have just got
in from the mountains after a hard struggle. The rainy season has commenced
a month earlier than usual, and consequently there is no depending on anything.
I have been on Bullion Mountain, 14,000 feet, for nearly two weeks, have taken
five Magdalena, a good series of C. Bore, also of Semidea. I send you two eggs of
Magdalena” These were laid 10th July, and one hatched on 22d. The other
was put in alcohol, that its likeness might be drawn. The larva at first seemed
lethargic, and I thought it would sleep as the larvae of the genus Satyrus do,
and so pass the winter. But on 26th I noticed that it had eaten of the glass
on which it rested, and had changed color, as small larvae usually do after feed¬
ing. On 28th I sent it to Mrs. Peart, at Philadelphia, and learned that it died
there a few days later, and before a moult, attacked by mould.

Later, Mr. Bruce kindly wrote out his observations on this species, thus:
“ E. Magdalena is found in the most uninviting - looking spots it is possible
for a naturalist to explore. Black, barren, detached rocks, that look as if an
immense peak had fallen and split into fragments ; hardly a blade of grass or
a patch of lichen to relieve the utter desolation. Yet even here, animal life
is found in plenty, and fitted for such a dwelling-place. All day long can be
heard the singular ‘ keek ’ of the 4 Little Chief ’ Hare, Lagomys princeps, and
until the animal is seen, the stranger is puzzled to know if it is the voice of a bird
or an insect, on the earth or in the air ; yet the little ventriloquist is sitting on a
rock probably within a yard of his feet. A loud shrill whistle announces the

EREBIA I.

presence of the large Mountain Marmot, who may be seen on the topmost rock,
keeping a good lookout. A few pairs of the Mountain Linnet or Gray-crowned
Finch are sure to fly from the rocks, where they are breeding, to the nearest
snowbank, and are soon busily engaged searching for seeds that have blown from
below or washed from above. The sun gleams out, and, awakened into activity
by its beams, comes Erebia Magdalena, flitting leisurely, like the rest of its fam¬
ily, then suddenly taking an upward flight, it soars around, more like a Limenitis
than an Erebia. Another of same species springs up from the rocks, the usual
skirmishing chase ensues for a few minutes, the sun is again obscured, and the
insects disappear as if by magic, and will not be seen until it is bright again. I
have never found this species but among such broken rocks, varying from 12,000
to nearly 14,000 feet elevation. The females fly to the nearest grasses to deposit
their eggs. They alight on the ground, and crawl into the tuft of grass quite to
the root, and it is difficult to find them, while no amount of beating or brushing
will make them fly out. I saw one drop into a tuft which I could cover with my
hat, and searched for her for ten minutes in vain. It was only by pulling the
tuft entirely in pieces that at last I found her. It was this female that laid the
two eggs in confinement which I sent you. I have never seen the males fly be¬
yond the rocks at all. Magdalena when fresh has a beautiful satiny gloss, which
in the males has a purple tint, but they soon become worn and brown and lose
this tint. As far as my experience goes, this is the most difficult to capture of
all our native butterflies, not because of its rapid flight, but from the nature of its
habitat. The collector cannot follow it, and when it is at rest on the black rocks
it is almost invisible. Owing to its habits the species will always be rare in col¬
lections. I have met with it from June 28th to July 18th, on the front range
of the Rocky Mountains, Park County, Colorado.”

Magdalena on upper side is exactly like the Arctic-American species, E. Fas-
ciata, Butler, the same size, shape, and color even to the club of antenna. But
Fasciata is conspicuously banded beneath across both wings. Our Coloradan
must have descended from the same stock with Fasciata, if it be not an offshoot
of that species. Usually Erebia Epipsodea is distinctly banded beneath, but in¬
dividuals are found in Colorado with no more of a band than Magdalena shows.
So far as known by Mr. Bruce this absence of a band in the present species is
constant.

It may be a very long time before more is known of the early stages of Mag¬
dalena than what I have related. I find it almost impossible to rear larvae of
these high alpine species, and in cases where larvae have reached maturity they
fail to pupate.

I asked Mr. Bruce, if, considering the great elevation at which this species

EREBIA I.

lives, and the frosty nights even during the short period of its alpine summer, it
would require three seasons for the larva from egg to reach imago, the first win¬
ter being spent by the larva in its first stage, the second either when mature or
in pupa. He replies : “ As to the three year theory, I do not think it is so at
all. You have no idea of the forcing and invigorating influence of the air, and
the effect on everything that has life, both animal and vegetable. You may
leave the barren-looking cold hills for a week and return to find them carpeted
with flowers, in many cases actually pushing through the snow. Where the sun
catches, in early spring, the snow soon melts, and the hibernating larvae feed and
grow rapidly. I can only form my ideas from hibernating Arctian (Heterocera)
larvae ; these hibernate when very small indeed, come out very early, will freeze
and thaw as the cold or heat predominates, yet keep growing all the time. I
have no reason to think the diurnals do very differently. I think there is plenty
of time for Erebias to feed up and be out on the wing by the middle of June.
The mountain larvae are all very partial to basking on the stones in the sunshine,
feeding little till the afternoon and evening, but then they feed voraciously.
The temperature gets down to 30° Fahr., or lower, every night during the sum¬
mer months ; a thin ice frequently forms on the small lakes in July even. Yet I
believe the grass feeders do not get into a torpid state after vegetation once
starts, for the soil and stones retain heat where the sun has struck for any length
of time. Yet the air is so cold that moths do not fly by night at all, the Noctuids
and Bombyces, at these elevations, being day-fliers.”

EREBIA I.

EREBIA HAYDENII, 5-6.

Erebia Haydenii, Edwards, Hayden’s Report, Survey of Montana, 1872, p. 467 ; id., Trans. Amer.

Ent. Soc., Y. p. 19. 1874.

Male. — Expands 1.6 inch.

Upper side blackish-brown, immaculate ; under side paler, dusted with gray
scales ; secondaries have a complete series of black-brown ocelli along hind mar¬
gin, each ringed with rust-red, and having a small white pupil ; on primaries two
or three black points, the margins edged by a narrow rust-red stripe.

Body, color of wings ; legs yellow-brown ; palpi black-brown ; antennae yellow-
brown, annulated white; club ferruginous. (Figs. 5, 6.)

Female, at present unknown.

This species was described fifteen years ago from two much worn and badly dam¬
aged males, brought in from Yellowstone Lake by Dr. Hayden’s Expedition, and
until recently I had not known of another example in any collection. Nothing
whatever was known of the species except what the dried insects discovered. To
call attention to the species I concluded to figure the male only. After the Plate
was done, I accidentally learned that Prof. S. A. Peabody, of the University of
Illinois, had taken Haydenii in 1887, and he kindly sent me two pretty fresh
males, and gave the following account of their capture : “ I send you two males
Haydenii, I have no females. These were taken in the immediate vicinity of
the Falls of the Yellowstone, on the grassy slopes west of the canon, and at an
altitude of about 8,000 feet, or, say, between 7,700 and 8,000. I see that in the
Trans. Ent. Soc., V. 19, this species is reported at Yellowstone Lake, which is
about 15 miles from the Falls. I did not go there. The altitude of the lake is
not materially different from that of the upper fall. I did not see any females.
I was at the Falls, Aug. 3d and 4th. On 5th, I passed over Washburn Mountain

EREBIA I.

to Yancey’s, on horseback. I went to the mountain with a company and a
guide, and could not stop to take insects. From the summit I was alone, and on
a pretty good trail, but as I had yet twenty miles to go before nightfall, you
may understand that I did not delay very much. The next day’s travel was over
an arid and parched country, and mostly under cold and rainy sky, where nothing
flew. These Erebias were on sunny slopes, covered with the wild flowers of the
country, few of which were known to me. Every other butterfly seemed to be
Argynnis.”

EREBIA II.

EREBIA FASCIATA, 1-3.

Erebia Fasciata, Butler, Catalogue of Satyridae in British Museum, p. 92, pi. 2, Fig. 8. 1868. Edwards,

in Report on the Diurn. Lepa. collected in Alaska, by E. W. Nelson. Washington, 1887.

Male. — Expands 2.2 inches.

Upper side black, immaculate ; fringes concolored. Under side of primaries
brown, with a tint of ferruginous over cell ; on the extra-discal area a broad
ferruginous transverse band from costa to middle of sub-median interspace, both
edges crenated ; on the costal margin the color of this band is less distinct,
rather passing into brown ; the discal area, lying between the band and the pale
base, takes the shape of a band common with that of secondaries, but very pale ;
apical area dusted gray.

Secondaries have at base from costa to middle of cell an obscure gray space,
the rest of basal area blackish-brown and confluent with a broad discal band of
same color which crosses the entire wing, its outer edge irregularly crenated ;
beyond this a dark gray narrower band, gray scales on brown ground, the outer
edge also irregularly crenated ; the margin bordered by brown, slightly dusted
gray.

Body black-brown throughout ; legs brown ; palpi black-brown ; antennae
black above, gray below ; club black above and (apparently so) on under side.
(Figs. 1, 2.)

Female. — Expands from 1.9 to 2.2 inches.

Upper side paler brown, the discal area of primaries dull ferruginous over the
median and half of sub-median interspaces and lower outer part of cell, nearly as
in Discoiclalis. Under side of primaries very pale ferruginous, the discal band
distinct, the apical and costal area to cell hoary. Secondaries have the whole
basal area dark cinereous, the discal band blackish, the band beyond whitish-

EREBIA II.

^ cinereous, the border brown, the exterior part hoary. Antennae whitish above,
ferruginous below, club black above, ferruginous below. (Fig. 3.)

Another female, from Kotzebue Sound, shows a narrow dull ferruginous band
above, corresponding to the extra-discal band beneath ; on the under side the
red is nearly lost, a mere tint ; on secondaries the similar band is much nar-
. vower than in the male, and the marginal border is proportionately broader, dark
gray except a black stripe along its anterior edge ; antennae as in the other
female.

Mr. Butler described this species from nine examples, giving “ Arctic America ”
as the locality. He speaks of the antennae as varying, “ black, rarely ferrugi¬
nous.” As I have said above, the antennae of the single male examined are
black, of the two females gray and ferruginous. Mr. Butler sent me two of the
Museum examples, by authority of the Trustees, many years ago, and from those
the figures on the Plate have been drawn.

The second female is smaller, and shows some variation from the type. Was
taken by Mr. E. W. Nelson, at Kotzebue Sound, 14 July, 1881, caught, as he
says, in his hat. As Mr. Nelson reports butterflies to have been numerous in
that region, Fasciata is probably a common species there. I have never seen it
in other collections. The resemblance of the upper side of the male Fasciata to
Magdalena is evident.

EREBIA II.

EREBIA DISCOIDALIS, 4-6.

Erebia Discoidalis , Kirby, 5, Fauna Boreali- Americana, IV, p. 298, pi. 3, figs. 2, 3. 1837.

Male. — Expands 1.8 inch.

Upper side dark brown ; primaries have a large castaneous patch, which covers
half the sub-median and all the median interspaces, as well as lower outer part
of cell ; costa next base freckled gray and brown, towards apex two or three
small gray patches ; secondaries immaculate ; fringes gray, on primaries brown
at ends of nervules.

Under side of primaries brown, the castaneous patch repeated ; some examples
have this patch diffused so that nearly the whole wing is red ; over the hind
margin a gray bloom, which becomes strong next apex ; the whole costa mottled
brown and gray-white ; secondaries brown over basal half, mottled and streaked
in light and dark, beyond to margin gray, with many transverse brown streaks
interiorly ; at outer angle a gray-white patch, a smaller one a little nearer base,
another on the inner edge of the gray area in discoidal interspace.

Body brown, the abdomen underneath gray ; the fore legs brown, the femora
of the middle and hinder pair brown, other joints yellow-brown ; palpi brown ;
antennae imperfectly annulated red and gray, gray beneath ; club brown, fer¬
ruginous below. (Figs. 4, 5.)

Female. — Expands 2 inches.

Similar to the male. (Fig. 6.)

Discoidalis was described by Kirby from Cumberland House, lat. 54°, sev¬
eral specimens having been taken. In 1863, I received perhaps twenty ex¬
amples from Mrs. Christina Ross, wife of Bernard C. Ross, Hudson Bay Company
agent at Fort Simpson, Mackenzies River, and I do not remember having seen
the species since, though many collections on both the west and east coast of
America have been submitted to me. Mr. James Fletcher tells me that but a
single example has been brought in by the late Canadian Government Expe¬
ditions, and that was from Fort Simpson.

si n *' ^
rJ , i r

rnr ptc a

ffll.

EREBIA III.

EREBIA EPIPSODEA, 1-7.

Erebia Epipsodea, Butler, Catalogue of Satyridie of British Museum, p. 80, pi. 2, fig. 9. 1868 ; Mead, Re¬
port Wheeler Expedition, Vol. V, p. 776. 1871.

Rhodia, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. Ill, p. 273. 1871.

Var. Brucei, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc., London, 1889, Part II, p. 326.

Male. — Expands 1.6 to 1.9 inch.

Upper side dark velvety-brown ; primaries have a submarginal patch of bright
red-fulvous, broad on the lower subcostal and discoidal, narrow on the median,
interspaces, containing from two to four black ocelli, one being in each of the dis¬
coidal interspaces, one in the second median, and if there be a fourth, it is in the
upper median ; the third and fourth, one or both, are usually mere dots ; some¬
times the larger of these ocelli are pupilled with white, but often all are blind.

Secondaries have a submarginal row of fulvous patches, four or less, some¬
times immaculate, at others with a central black dot in one or more of them;
but sometimes with pupilled ocelli as large as the lower one on primaries.
Fringes concolored.

Under side of primaries dark brown, often with a faint tint of fulvous over the
disk ; the patch repeated, the spots also, the upper pair, one or both, usually
enlarged.

Secondaries brown, with broad discal band of darker hue, the inner edge
of same irregularly sinuous, the outer sinuous, partly crenate ; the basal and
marginal areas paler, with a sprinkling of gray-white scales, as shown in the
figure of the female, 4 ; in many examples the entire wing is nearly of one
shade, and the markings are obsolescent as in Fig. 2 ; the spots of upper side
repeated, each within a slight ring of fulvous.

Body brown-black ; palpi same ; fore legs same, the others gray-buff ; antennm
brown above, gray-white below; club brown above and below, the sides and tip
fulvous. (Figs. 1, 2, 5.)

EREBIA III.

Female. — Expands 1.8 to 2 inches.

Similar to the male in color and markings, except that the ocelli are enlarged,
and are often very conspicuous (Fig. 5); the tint of fulvous of under side is
often a decided color ; occasional examples show five ocelli on primaries, the
fifth being in submedian interspace ; in one under view, the upper pair and the
fourth spot are large, the third is small, and the fifth is of half the diameter of
the third, and all five have white pupils. (Figs. 3, 4.)

Var. Beucei. This differs from the type in having no ocelli on either wing ;
and the under side of secondaries of nearly uniform shade, with little or no trace
of a band. But in some examples which show no ocelli on upper side of pri¬
maries, there are black points on one or both surfaces, in the discoidal inter¬
spaces. (Figs. 6, 7.)

Egg. — Sub-ovoidal, a little flattened at base, the top depressed and a little
convex; broadest just above base, narrowing towards summit; about one fifth
higher than broad ; marked by about thirty-five vertical, somewhat sinuous,
ridges, most of which extend from base to the rim of summit, but a few from
base one third to one half up, or from summit as far down, and join the main
ridges ; these are high, narrow at top and flattened or rounded, the sides sloping,
a little incurved, the bottom of the depression rounded ; the micropyle is in the
centre of a rosette of several concentric rings of minute cells ; color chalk-
white. (Figs, a , a2.) Duration of this stage about twelve days. The egg resem¬
bles that of Magdalena in sculpture, but is less regularly ovoidal, and the base
is flattened.

Young Larva. — Length, at twenty-four hours from the egg, .11 inch; thick¬
est anteriorly, tapering very gradually on back and sides to 7 or 8, then more
rapidly, the dorsum arching to 13, which ends bluntly, without tails; furnished

with three rows of blackish, sub-conical
tubercles, each of which gives a white
process ; these rows are dorsal, sub¬
dorsal, and lateral ; on 2 there is an ad¬
ditional tubercle back of and between
those of two upper rows, and another a
little below and behind the lateral ; and
there are two in front, in vertical line,
a little above the spiracle ; on 3 and 4
the three tubercles are nearly in vertical line, but from 5 to 12 they are in tri¬
angle, the dorsal one in front, the sub-dorsal at rear, the lateral a little before

EREBIA III.

the middle of the segment ; on 13 are two rows with six tubercles, made from
the dorsal and sub-dorsal, which here come nearly into line, a lateral on either
side, in front, and six around the end, projecting horizontally (Figs. 63, 64);
the interior four small, with somewhat shorter processes ; the processes on 2
are thickly clubbed (Fig. fr5), on the following segments to 12 are longer and
scarcely clubbed (Fig. b6), on 13 cylindrical, and still longer (Fig. b') ; along
base a row of minute tubercles with short hairs, two to each segment on 2 and 5
to 13, one on each of the rest ; color greenish-white, with a mid-dorsal brown
line, and three similar equidistant lateral lines, the space between the second
and third specked with black or dark brown; under side, feet and legs paler;
head a little broader than 2, subglobular ; covered with shallow pits, marked by
a few low subconical tubercles, blackish, each with light hair. (Fig. b ; cross
section, middle segments, 62.) Duration of this stage six to seven days.

After first moult : length, at twelve hours, .2 inch ; nearly same shape, thick¬
est at 2, tapering gradually to 11, then rapidly, curving roundly to extremity,
13 ending in two short conical tails (Fig. c3) ; the tubercles similar to those at
first, stage, but much more numerous, bent, arranged irregularly in both horizon¬
tal and cross lines, those on 2 decidedly, on segments to 12 slightly, club-shaped
(Fig. c4), on 13 nearly cylindrical, gradually thickening towards end (c5) ; color
greenish-yellow, as are also the under side, feet and legs ; a mid-dorsal blackish-
brown stripe, on the side three narrow, equidistant, brown stripes ; the basal ridge
yellowish, and under it a brown line ; head as before, subglobular, pitted, with
many fine tubercles, and short processes and hairs ; color green-yellow. (Figs,
c, c2, section of side and dorsum, segment 7.) To next moult about ten days.

After second moult: length, at twenty-four hours, .28 inch; shape as before,
tails as before ; the tubercles and processes much more numerous ; color green¬
ish-yellow ; a mid-dorsal heavy brown stripe, three light ones on side, equidis¬
tant ; the basal ridge more yellow, and beneath it another brown stripe ; under
side, feet and legs pale green ; head as before, yellow-green. (Fig. d ; d 2, cross
section.)

After third moult : length, at twenty-four hours, .38 inch ; scarcely differs
from the last preceding stage, the tubercles still more numerous, bent close to
the body. (Fig. e, section of side of segment 7 ; e2, across dorsum of same.)

Some weeks after the moult, one of the larvrn having reached the length of .6
and twTo of about .5 inch, they became lethargic, and were taken to Clifton
Springs, New York, and placed in the refrigerating house there, the temperature

EREBIA III.

of which is supposed to be about 40° Far., the year round. I received them
again 5th April following, two alive and healthy. During the night of 14th-
15th April, one passed a moult.

At fourth moult: length, twelve hours after, .65 inch; color over dorsal area
brownish-green, the sides pale brown-yellow ; the mid-dorsal band intense black ;
a pale black, almost faded out, sub-dorsal line, a stripe of pale black on middle
of side ; the basal ridge more yellow, and under it a macular black line ; gradu¬
ally, as the stage progressed, the brown passed away, and by the sixth day from
the moult, the body was decidedly green, as shown in Fig./2. At about twelve
days from fourth moult, the larva was fully grown.

Mature Larva. — Length one inch ; body stout, thickest in middle, arched
dorsally, the last segments curving rapidly; 13 ends in two short bluntly
rounded sub-conical tails (Fig./4), the space between nearly a right angle;
whole surface densely covered with fine, sharp, conical tubercles, each giving a
short tapering process (Fig./6) or hair; color a delicate yellow-green, the under
side more green, as are also the pro-legs; the legs brown-yellow; the mid-dorsal
band narrow, widest on middle segments; high on the side, a rather indistinct
yellowish stripe ; the basal ridge greenish ; head sub-globose, covered with shal¬
low brown pits (the lithographic artist has represented the face in/3 as if cov¬
ered with raised tubercles, and the mistake was not noticed in time to correct it) ;
color pale yellow-brown, the ocelli black. (Fig./, side view as in/2). From
fourth moult to pupation about seventeen days.

Chrysalis. — Length .48 inch; breadth across inesonotum .16, across abdo¬
men, .18 inch; cylindrical, abdomen stout, conical, the ventral outline nearly as
much curved as the dorsal, ending in a short spur, which is furnished at and
near the bluntly rounded tip with a few very short, straight bristles (Figs. /,
/, /) ; head case short, projecting little beyond base of inesonotum, but pro¬
duced on ventral side considerably, so that the ventral outline from summit to
middle of wing cases is much excavated (the entire ventral outline, from sum¬
mit to cremaster forms a double curve) ; the top narrow, a little convex, the sides
notched ; mesonotum low, scarcely at all carinated, rounded both ways, followed
by a shallow excavation ; color whitey-brown, much specked with brown-yellow,
especially on dorsal side ; the head case and mesonotum marked by abbreviated
brown streaks, the most conspicuous of which are three converging on the
carina and sides of mesonotum ; the antennae and tongue cases also indicated by
black lines ; the wing cases have eleven or twelve black longitudinal streaks,

EREBIA III.

reaching the hind margins; the abdomen crossed by brown lines at the junctions
of the segments, and dotted longitudinally with black in dorsal and lateral lines,
two dots to the segment. (Figs, g , ^r, g\ enlarged.) Duration of this stage ten
days.

Epipsodea was first known to me by examples taken by Mr. T. L. Mead, in
Colorado, 1871. He says, in Report of the Wheeler Expedition This species
inhabits the mountains of Colorado below timber line. Specimens were brought
from Fairplay by the Expedition. It begins to appear about the first week in
June, is common by the middle of that month, and remains until the last of
July.”

Several examples were received in 1883, by Mr. William M. Courtis, from
Judith Mountains, Montana, at about 4,000 feet elevation, in July. From Mr.
Ernest Stevenson, at Walla- Walla, southeast Washington, came some unusually
large specimens, late in June, 1885; others from Spokane Falls, in east Wash¬
ington, by Dr. W. J. Holland. I have also received this species from St. Michaels
and Nushagak, Alaska; and have received eggs from Mr. Thomas E. Bean, at
Laggan, Alberta. On the other hand, I have not seen Epipsodea from south
Colorado, or New Mexico, or Arizona, or Utah, nor from the Sierra Nevada range
anywhere. So far as appears, it is confined to the Rocky Mountains from middle
Colorado northward to the Arctic sea, but flies over the lowlands in its northern¬
most range, and may there have a wide distribution. Many examples from
Colorado are small, the wings expanding less than any seen from Alaska ; and
the largest have come from Washington. Throughout its territory the two
principal varieties seem to be found, the banded and not banded.

Mr. Butler described the species from two individuals “ from Rocky Moun¬
tains,” but the locality was not stated.

Mr. Bruce writes : “ I first met with Epipsodea in Platte Canon, Colorado, at
about 9,000 feet elevation. It frequents damp and boggy places where the grass
grows rank and coarse. In such situations, up to nearly 12,500 feet, I found it
rather common. In one place, at the highest altitude named, a small stream of
muddy water from a mine had been conveyed in wooden troughs which emptied
into a basin-like depression ; in this place, being always moist, the grass and
flowers grew luxuriantly, and many species of butterflies were in profusion.
Epipsodea was plenty, and in almost all the examples I captured here, the ocelli
on upper wings were absent. Many had none on lower wings, others showed
black points more or less minute.

“ This variety, which Mr. Elwes has called E. Brucei, I see, is probably pecul¬
iar to these high stations, where I have found it during three seasons, for, in the

EREBIA III.

valley below, there was a narrow, boggy tract, more than a mile long, where
Epipsodea was plentiful; but I found none of the variety spoken of. The only
variation there was marked by the absence of the band on under side hind wings,
and this was confined to few individuals.

“Epipsodea has a rather quick, jerky flight. *It is not very readily captured,
for, although it never appears to be in a great hurry, it flies close to the ground,
and is always just ahead, dodging under every bush, and around every grassy
hummock, as if in earnest search of something. It takes long flights without
going far away, and seldom alights on flowers. Directly the sun is obscured, it
dives in the grass, like almost all the mountain diurnals. All the Erebias, as
well as the alpine species of Chionobas, ‘ play possum/ and pretend to be lifeless
when captured, and will lie in or under the net, or on one’s hand, some moments
in that condition. I have found Epipsodea from June 9th to the end of August,
in the front Range, in Colorado ; at the latter date it was badly worn.”

Mr. Elwes says, Tr. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1889, Part II, p. 334: “I have a sin¬
gle specimen, and Mr. Godman has a similar one, collected by Bruce in Cashier
Valley, Summit County, Colorado, at 12,000 feet, which are considered by Bruce
and W. II. Edwards to be a variety of Epipsodea, though it is so different from
it that, had I more specimens, I should be inclined to consider it a different
species, more especially as Epipsodea does not appear to extend to such great
elevations, or to vary much ; though its range of altitude is very great. I have
taken it in Idaho at about 2,000 feet elevation, and in the Yellowstone Park at
5,000 to 6,000 feet, and have it from Colorado, taken by Bruce, as high as 9,500
feet. The specimens above mentioned are somewhat smaller, and with rounder
wings, than the average of Epipsodea, but are best marked by the entire ab¬
sence of ocelli on either wing or on either surface, and the partial disappearance
of the red band.” In the Synopsis of same paper, page 326, Mr. Elwes puts this
under the species name as “ ? Var. Brucei.”

Mr. Bean writes : “ At Laggan, Epipsodea is moderately common in June and
early July, frequenting open, grassy flats of the Bow River valley, at an altitude
of about 5,000 feet. It is, in my experience, rarely found on the mountains, but
I took a single male, the past season, on a mountain ridge, at 7,800 feet, or about
500 feet above the tree line. This specimen does not differ from those of the
valley, 3,000 feet below. The form you mention [Brucei), which partly lacks
the eye spots, I do not find.

“ Epipsodea occurred at McLean, altitude 1,900 feet, in 1884, though not so
common as it is at Laggan, and the localities were open grassy flats.”

The eggs sent me by Mr. Bruce, in 1888, were laid by a female of this var.
Brucei, not wholly destitute of spots, there being two or three black points on

EREBIA III.

fore wings, as in Fig. 6. The outcome was a single male, true type Epipsodea,
scarcely banded beneath, out of chrysalis 12th May, 1888. This is shown on
the Plate, Fig. 1. The eggs were laid 8th July and hatched 20th. On 25th,
there were seven young larvae. The first one passed first moult 27th July, the
second moult 4th August, the third moult 28th August. The others lingered
in their stages, but by 15th September, five had passed third moult. They were
at all times kept out of doors, and cool weather now coming on they ceased
feeding gradually. On 29th October, I found but three larvae, all in lethargy,
two of the five having disappeared. In November, I took them to Clifton
Springs, as before stated. On 5th April, 1888, I received them again, two alive
and wide awake as I opened the box. These were at once placed on grass, and
in five minutes thereafter were feeding. On 15th April, one passed its fourth
moult, the other on 1/th. On 30th April, 1 noticed that one was bringing
together leaves of the grass and forming a sort of loose cylinder. It was in the
middle of a pretty dense tuft, the leaves of which were three to four inches long.
On one of these the larva rested, holding by its prolegs, and was spinning a few
threads and drawing the leaves down and about it. Before night the inclosure
was complete. Nearly a score of leaves were held, mainly by threads at top
and bottom, that is, above and below the larva, making a pretty close covering,
but open by spaces so that most of the side, and the head, were exposed to view.
The larva rested head up, back arched. Mr. Scudder, in But. N. E., has well
characterized this structure as “ an imperfect cocoon.” Pupation took place on
the night of lst-2d May. Some hours after, when the chrysalis had hardened,

I cut away the leaves one by one. There were fifteen of them, and the pupa
rested upright, its lower end one and a half inch above ground, in an angle
formed by three leaves. As I cut one of these, it turned over and fell, showing
itself to be unattached. In fact, the cremaster was found to be furnished with
but straight bristles, very short (Fig. y5), and there were no hooks by which
attachment could be had. As before stated, a male of the typical form came
from this chrysalis on 12th May.

I had received young larvae of this species from Mr. Bean, at Laggan, 25th
1&86, they having hatched en route. I lost all but one of these. It passed
first moult 2d August, the second moult 10th August, and soon after became
lethargic. I kept it at Coalburgh, and brought it into the house middle of Janu-
1887, apparently healthy. But a month later it unaccountably disappeared.

Mr. Bruce had also sent eggs from Colorado which reached me 28th July,
1886. From these, five larvas reached second moult, and went into hibernation,
and died during the winter. From the behavior of the different lots of larvse, it
appears that hibernation may take place at either second or third moult.

EREBIA III.

This, therefore, is the complete history of an Erebia from egg to imago, and,
so far as I know, the first such that has ever been published of one of the genus.
To get drawings of the several stages, it was necessary to send them to Mrs.
Peart, at Philadelphia, through the mails, some five hundred miles, with risk of
loss or damage. Indeed, the second larva was in Philadelphia in its last stage,
and being returned to me, imperfectly pupated on the way, and died.

The genus Erebia comprises many species, nearly all of which are European
and Asiatic. Dr. Staudinger, in 1871, enumerated forty-eight, many of them
boreal, others alpine, the latter found as far to the south as the Pyrenees, Alps,
Caucasus, and Himalayas. Great Britain is credited with three species, and, in
Buckler’s Larvae of British Butterflies, Yol.I, on Plate VI, are figured the mature
larva and pupa of one of these, E. Blandina, and the young larva of another, E.
Cassiope. In the text, Mr. Buckler relates that he raised the larva of Blandina
from the egg, obtaining pupa and imago ; and a brief description of the several
stages is given, that of the larval being imperfect, as nothing is said of the sev¬
eral moults. Nor is it told how the larva pupated. Nevertheless, the plate rep¬
resents the pupa resting nearly upright on a tuft of grass, but not at all inclosed.
It looks very much like the pupa of Epipsodea. So an incomplete description is
given of the stages of Cassiope, but how pupation took place is not told, nor is
there a figure to show. The young larva as figured has forked tails, and there¬
fore, I apprehend, it must have been drawn after the first moult.

In North America are eight or nine species, three at least of which are said to
be old world, namely, Tyndarus, Discoidalis, and Disa. One species heretofore
erroneously credited to North America, on the authority of Doubleday, E.
Vesayus, belongs to the Andes, in South America.

The group is a very interesting one, and together with Chionobas, and some
others, embraces those members of the Rhopalocera, or Diurnals, which are near¬
est the Heterocera, or Moths, allied to them in important characters in each of
the four stages. The resemblances of the larvse and pupae are particularly strik¬
ing. The latter are destitute of cremastral hooks in Erebia, in Chionobas, even
of bristles, and pupation takes place, sometimes on the bare ground, sometimes in
or on the sod, in one case, as we have seen, in an imperfect cocoon ; sometimes in
a real cocoon beneath the surface of the ground ; or the larva goes into the
ground and pupates naked, in a cavity made by the movements of its body, after
the manner of nearly all the Sphingidse. Before this Volume closes, I propose
to illustrate these phases, in several species, and to make it plain that in the ar¬
rangement of the Diurnals the Satyrinse are naturally at the bottom of the series,
instead of at the top, where some recent systematists have, without sufficient
ground, placed them.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Epipsodea, 1, 2 <?, 3, 4 9, 5 £ ; var. Brucei, 6, 7 £.
a Egg; a2 micropyle, magnified.

b Young Larva ; b2 dorsum of two segments, magnified.
b3 12th and 13th segment, side view ; b 4 dorsum of 13.
b process of 2d segment, b 9 same of middle segment.
b 7 same of 13.

c section of segment 7, after 1st moult, side; c2 dorsum.

e8 dorsal view of 13 ; c4 process of dorsum, middle segment; c6 of 13.

d Larva at 2d moult, magnified ; d2 section of middle segment across dorsum ; d3 side view of
13 ; cl process on dorsum, middle segment.

e section of segment 7 after 3d moult, side ; e2 dorsum ; es process on dorsum, middle segment.
j -Larva at six days after 4th moult, magnified.

/ Mature Larva, natural size ; f3 head ; /4 dorsal view of 13 ; /5 side view same; /6 tuber¬
cle and process of dorsum.

g Chrysalis, as formed in tuft of grass, a little enlarged ; g\ g3 same, considerably enlarged ;
g cremaster, side view ; g 5 same, under side ; g 6 processes on cremaster.

Note. — Since the foregoing paper was printed, I have seen the Canadian Entomologist for
December, 1889, and learn therefrom (Vol. XXI, p. 238) that Dr. Henry Skinner has received
examples of Epipsodea caught in Assiniboa, about 325 miles west of Winnipeg ; and with them
one of the var. Brucei, mentioned as var. sine-ocellata.

■

RIDINGSII EARLY FORM 1

2 (5, 3 9 : LATE FORM. 4 ^ 5. 6 9

a a? Agg magnified,

b -e . Lar va , young t o 3rd moult

f. Larva, m ature . magnified.

g. Chrysalis . ^ same

NEOMINOIS I.

NEOMINOIS RIDINGSII, 1-6.

Neominois (Satyrus) Ridingsii, Edwards, 9, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., Vol. IY. p. 201. 1865; Reakirt, $
1. c., Yol. YI. p. 145. 1867 ; Strecker, $, 9, Lepid. No. 4, p. 29, pi. 4, fig. 6, 9. 1873 ; Mead, Rep!
Wheeler Expedition, Yol. V. p. 774. 1875 ; (Neominois) Scudder, Bulletin Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. II.

p. 241. 1875.

Male. — Expands 1.6 to 1.8 inches.

Early Form : Upper side dusky gray-brown, pale over the basal areas, be¬
yond to margin dark 5 a common extra-discal series of buff spots, on primaries
separated in the lower discoidal interspace ; the four above this confluent, their
outer extremities lanceolate, and bearing on the upper discoidal interspace a
white-pupilled black ocellus ; the fifth spot is long oval, narrower than the inter¬
space the upper median; the sixth is sub-oval, broad, and carries a second
ocellus, usually equal to, but sometimes a little smaller than the other ; the next
two spots are sometimes completely confluent, and are about half the length
of the sixth ; on secondaries the spots form a continuous band of nearly even
width, the upper three more or less incised on the basal side ; the outer ends
serrate, or partly lanceolate ; a small black patch near the outer edge of the spot
in lower median interspace ; occasionally a minute pupilled ocellus is present on
the lower sub-costal interspace of primaries, outside the line of the principal
ocelli, as seen in Figure 4 ; fringes fuscous, yellowish at the tips of the nervules.

Under side paler ; the cell of primaries and the basal and marginal areas of
both wings covered with fine abbreviated dark streaks ; the spots and ocelli of
primaries repeated ; the buff band of secondaries rarely clearly repeated, but the
position of the outer edge of it is indicated by a black serrated line ; the mar¬
ginal inscriptions usually extend across this line well toward the mesial band ;
this band is closely as in the allied genus Chionobas, light within, dark near and
along both edges ; the elbow without rectangular on the lower discoidal inter-

NEOMINOIS I.

space, with equal serrations from the angle to costa (though sometimes the
lower two are much prolonged, acuminate) ; on the basal side a small angular
sinus on the sub-costal nervure, and a large rectangular, or sometimes rounded,
projection on the median.

Body dusky gray-brown; beneath light and concolored with the wings;
femora light gray, the tibise red-brown ; palpi whitish, with many black frontal
hairs ; antennae fuscous above, cretaceous below ; club red-brown beneath and
at tip. (Figs. 1, 2.)

Female. — Expands from 1.8 to 2 inches.

Very like the male ; some individuals have a small ocellus on the upper
median interspace. (Fig. 3.)

Late Form : A little larger than the other ; paler colored, especially beneath,
where the inscriptions are faint and the space which on the upper side is occupied
by the buff band is scarcely outlined ; the mesial band but a shade darker than
the basal area. (Figs. 4, 5, 6.)

Egg. — In general like the egg of Chionobas Uhleri ; sub-conic, the base and
top flattened and about equally rounded ; broadest at two fifths the distance
from base, towards the top narrowing gradually, the sides considerably arched ;
marked by nineteen and twenty vertical ribs, nearly straight, occasionally one
branching ; these are rounded, somewhat broader than high, broader than in
Uhleri, the bases finely incised, making pretty regular crenate edges ; the
interspaces rather narrow, nearly flat, very slightly convex, crossed by many
horizontal, equidistant raised threads ; the micropyle is in the centre of a flat
rosette of irregular hexagonal shallow cells, the walls of which are slightly
raised ; outside of these are two rows of similar larger cells ; the remainder
of the area varies ; some examples, as in the figure, resembling C. Jutta,
showing shallow rounded cells, irregular in size and position, separated by
welts or cushions somewhat raised in the middle and rounded ; others are as
in C. Uhleri and C. Brucei, covered with low knobs from which radiate thread¬
like spurs ; in some examples the ends of the ribs come nearer the rosette,
and are depressed, with short spurs from one to the other ; color chalk-white.
(Figs, a, a2.) Duration of this stage eleven to thirteen days.

Young Larva. — Length, at twelve hours from the egg, .13 inch; shape of
Chionobas ; thickest anteriorly, tapering from the head on both dorsum and side
to 13, ending in two sub-conical tails which meet at base (as in C. Jutta and

NEOMINOIS I.

others, but not as in C. Brucei) ; furnished with three rows of pale black, low
conical tubercles on either side above the spiracles, a dorsal, sub-dorsal, and
lateral ; one tubercle to the segment in each row from 3 to 12 ; on 2, four at
the front, near together and equidistant, standing in a line somewhat obliquely
back from the top ; a process in front of and above the spiracle, and under it a
tapering hair ; on 3 and 4 each a second process in front of the lateral one ; the
tubercles on these segments are in vertical row, on the middle of the segment,
after 4, in triangle; on 13 is a second triangle, the apex of which is at the tip
of the tail ; also on the inner side of the tail, a little below the tip, is a smaller
tubercle ; each bears a clubbed and bent white process ; these are at least twice
as long as the height of their tubercles, and become longer after 11 (much longer
than in any species of Chionobas viewed) ; under the spiracles is another row of
minute tubercles, two on segment 2, one on 3 and 4 each, two on 5 to 12, one
on 13, with similar processes ; over each foot is one short hair, over the pro-legs
two, the anal leg, one ; color at first pale whitish green, with no stripes, the
under side nearly the same ; but after about twenty-four hours from the egg
appeared two dorsal lines close together, and a sub-dorsal line, all pale brown, a
lateral stripe a shade darker, the basal ridge buff, with the faintest tint of red ;
at three days from the egg the general hue had become yellow-green ; head sub-
globose, a little broader than high, broader than 2, narrowing upward a little,
depressed at the suture ; surface covered with shallow indentations, and showing
a few tubercles like those on body, each with its clubbed and bent glassy white
process, the proportions of which to the tubercles are closely as in figure bh ; of
these four are in cross row near the top of the face, six in a line with the apex
of the frontal triangle, four a little higher than the upper ocellus, one a little in
front of and above the largest ocellus, and two behind each group of ocelli ; in
all twenty, ten on each lobe ; color at first pale green, later decidedly green.
(Figs, b to b°.) Duration of this stage about twenty days.

After first moult: length, at twenty-four hours, .17 inch; nearly of same
shape as before, the tails same ; color greenish white, with a tint of gray over
the dorsal area ; the mid-dorsal stripe pale green, edged on either side by a brown
line; outside of this is a narrow whitish space; the sub-dorsal line brown; the
lateral band pale green, much blackened, especially after 5; the basal ridge
buff ; the whole upper surface thickly covered with fine conical tubercles, each
with its short, appressed clubbed process or hair ; under side, feet and legs gray-
green ; head very much as before, the surface covered with rather deep rounded
indentations, between some of which are minute tubercles and processes ; from
back to front six nebulous brown stripes, one following the suture on either lobe,

NEOMINOIS I.

another outside of this, reaching nearly to the ocelli, the third short, at the
side (these are as in Chionobas, and the middle stripe is continuous, as in C.
Jutta, and not broken, as in C. Brucei ) ; ocelli brown ; color pale yellow-green.
(Figs, c to c§.) To next moult, about fifteen days.

After second moult : length, at twelve hours, .24 inch ; shape as at second
stage ; the tubercles and processes essentially the same ; color yellow-buff, the
sides pale green ; the buff dorsal area shows a tint of green, and is considerably
flecked with brown ; the mid-dorsal stripe green, and as before ; the lateral band
as before ; the spiracular greenish band dusted brown • basal ridge yellow-buff ;
under side, feet and legs gray-green ; head as before. (Figs, d to d 4.) To next
moult, thirteen days.

After third moult : length, at eighteen hours, .32 inch ; same shape and color
as at third stage, except that the buff is darker. (Figs, e to e3.) To next moult,
twenty-three days.

After fourth moult : length, at eighteen hours, .52 inch ; reddish buff, lighter
next the pale black mid-dorsal stripe ; the sides pale green. (Fig. /2.) In
twenty-nine days from the moult the only larva observed reached maturity.

Mature Larva. — Length, .96 inch ; stout, obese, tapering rapidly from 5 to
head, and from 8 to 13, ending in two short sub-conical tails which meet at
base ; surface thickly covered with small pointed tubercles of irregular sizes, each
bearing a rather long, clubbed and appressed whitish process (but these are of
irregular length) ; color reddish buff, the sides pale green ; banded and striped
as in Chionobas ; the mid-dorsal stripe pale black, the buff dorsal band a shade
darker than the adjoining upper lateral band, the sub-dorsal line which in the
early stages was distinct is now obsolete ; the mid-lateral stripe or band much
obscured by black, especially next its upper edge ; the green spiracular band
dusted brown ; basal ridge buff ; below this a narrow space of green-buff which
shades into the gray-green of under surface ; feet and legs gray-green ; head
small, sub-globose, well-rounded frontally ; surface covered with pretty deep in¬
dentations, between some of which are glassy processes like those on body,
those on the lower half of the face longer ; color brown-yellow ; across the
top six not very distinct brown stripes, less strongly presented than in Chi¬
onobas, the brown color being only in the bottom of the pits, three on either
lobe ; the inner one follows the suture half-way down the triangle ; the second
is narrower and ends nearly at the ocelli ; the third is at the side, short ;

NEOMINOIS I.

these stripes and other peculiarities are closely as in Chionobas. (Figs. f,r,
/4.) From fourth moult to pupation, in the only example observed, forty-four
days.

Chrysalis. — Length, .45 inch; breadth, at mesonotum, .18, at abdomen,
.22 inch ; cylindrical ; the ventral outline arched from 13 to base of head
case, the dorsal outline of abdomen strongly
arched; head case short, projecting but little
beyond the mesonotum, compressed transversely,
the summit rounded both ways, the sides not
excavated (Fig. y4) ; along the posterior edge
of the pro-thoracic spiracle a small flattened
cylindrical process, perhaps serving as a guard
or protector to the spiracle (Fig. y5) ; on either
side of head case two small clusters of exceed¬
ingly fine processes shaped much like what is
called an Indian-club, the thicker portion beset
with sharp, tapering spurs (Fig. y6) ; one cluster
being near the centre of the exposed portion of
the eye case, one in the middle of the side of 'the pronotum just in front of
the spiracle ; a third on the extreme side of the metanotum, and a fourth on
the mesonotum just in front of the third (the position of these clusters is shown
on the cut (a), and the shape of the processes in the second figure) ; mesonotum
rather prominent, highest posteriorly, narrow at summit and rounded, but with¬
out carina, the sides sloping, very little convex ; followed by a slight excava¬
tion ; the wing cases solnewhat elevated, bevelled down to the abdomen ; this
last sub-conical, tumid ; the cremaster small, bluntly rounded, compressed, the
ridges not prominent, naked, without hooks or bristles; color red-brown, dark¬
est anteriorly, the divisions of the abdomen green ; wing cases green, around
the margins brown. (Figs, g2, g3.) Pupation took place at about a half inch
under the surface of the earth, in a cavity made by the larva by pressure and
of about twice the diameter and one fourth greater length than the pupa.
(Fig. g.) Nothing of the nature of a spun cocoon was present.

Ridingsii was named in honor of Mr. James Ridings, who first made known
the species. He had taken a few examples at Burlington, Boulder County, Col¬
orado, in 1864, but gave no information as to habits. We are indebted to Mr.
Theodore L. Mead, who, in 1871, spent some months in Colorado in collecting
and observing, butterflies, for our first knowledge on this point. In his Report

NEOMINOIS I.

of the Wheeler Expedition he says of Hidingsii : “ About the first of June, on
the plains near Denver, a few specimens were found hiding in the short, parched
grass, and flying up when disturbed, exactly as is the habit of Drasteria among
the moths. The color of these butterflies harmonizes excellently with that of
the dry herbage, and renders them quite difficult of detection, even when near
at hand. It appears to be a rare species about Turkey Creek, but in the sage¬
brush country, about Twin Lakes (Arkansas Valley, 8,000 feet elevation), is very
abundant in July, appearing there in company with Satyrus Charon. It is, how¬
ever, much less partial to flowers than is the case with that species, and has
almost entirely the habits as well as the appearance of Chionobas rather than
Satyrus.”

Mr. David Bruce, who has enlarged our knowledge of so many species of Col¬
oradan butterflies, writes me on Hiding sii : u It seems to occur in plenty in suit¬
able locations throughout eastern Colorado, certainly as far as Salida, which is at
the geographical centre of the State. Around Denver, especially on the prairie
land to the north of the city, are a number of ponds (they are dignified by the
name of lakes, because it sounds better, but most of them are mere mudholes
in a dry season). About these places flowers are plenty, and of course insects
are abundant. On the dryer uplands in the immediate vicinity, on and among
the short grass, cacti, and sage-brush, Hidingsii is sure to occur, from 5,000 feet,
the elevation of Denver, up as high at least as 7,000 feet. It is not partial to
damp spots where the herbage grows high and rank, but to a dry soil more or
less covered with bunch-grass. This is its favorite home. On the lowlands the
snow soon melts, and this butterfly is flying there by the end of May or begin¬
ning of June. Eggs from the early females produce a second brood of the
imago in August and September, the examples of which are paler and slightly
larger than the spring brood. In higher localities, they appear about the end of
June. I found them on the Arkansas Divide, 8,000 feet, July 11th, in fine con¬
dition and very active. At the same place, twelve days later, they were still
plentiful, but worn, mostly ragged, and sat sluggishly on the flowers of Rud-
beckia and other composite with Satyrus Charon and Melitaea Minuta , which
two species were also common and the worse for wear. Hidmgsii is an easy
species to catch, and the collector may, with care, secure almost every one he
sees. When disturbed, it takes a short, springing flight, so like the leap of a
gray species of Orthoptera which frequents the plains that I have often been
deceived. After it has been flushed two or three times in succession, it becomes
thoroughly alarmed, and will then take a long flight and drop suddenly. If it
alights on grass, it dives to the roots and hides ; if on the bare ground, it lies
flat on one side, motionless and as if dead. It is then very apt to be overlooked.

NEOMINOIS I.

I have been surprised at the difficulty in detecting them when I have seen
them alight, and after a vain search, I have only discovered them by violently
fanning the earth with my net. The motion of the air would turn the insect
over and render it visible. While thus shamming, it may be picked up with no
effort on its part to escape, or even a sign of life. I have never found this
species above 9,000 feet, and then in but one place, near Granite, in the central
part of the State. It closely resembles Chionobas Cliryxus and C. Uhleri in
geneial habits. I have taken it flying with the latter species, the two pursuing
each other and indulging in a mild flirtation.”

Mr. Wright says : “At Maiden, Montana, I got one female Riding sii, no other
one seen. It was near the top of a rather low peak, at the altitude of about
4,500 feet, higher peaks and low valleys about in all directions. The soil was
gravelly to rocky, with much grass and small flowering plants growing among
the stones, and a few small trees scattered about. Upon starting up the
Riding sii, it flew rapidly, low, just above the grass, and suddenly dropped among
some stones. I cast the net over the spot, but I had much trouble to find the
insect, so completely was it concealed. I searched the hilltop many times after¬
ward, hoping to find another, but in vain.”

Mr. Fletcher writes that the species is not to be seen in Canada, so far as he
is aware.

Mr. Mead says : “ Specimens were brought from southern Utah by the Expe¬
dition.” Undoubtedly the species found in Utah is Dionysius, Scudder, now
known to inhabit western Colorado as well as parts of Arizona.

I first received eggs of Ridingsii from Mr. H. W. Nash, at Rosita, Colorado,
4th August, 1884. The females that laid them were taken on the mountains
near the town, at about 9,000 feet. The eggs began to hatch on 8th, and the
larvae were not observed to eat, and soon died. But, 10th August, Mr. Nash
sent other eggs, which were hatching 17th. On 28th August, one larva passed
the first moult ; on 3d September, the second, and was asleep a few days later.
This was the only larva that advanced so far as the second moult, and it died
during the winter.

On 17th June, 1886, I received eggs from Mr. Bruce, at Denver, laid on 12th.
These were hatching on 25th. A few of the larvae appeared to eat nothing, and
in course of next two days had disappeared. I thought they had gone down to
the base of the plant, but could not find them. One larva passed first moult on
19th July, a second passed same moult on 21st, and a third on 25th. On 7th
August, number one passed its second moult ; on 20th, the third moult ; and on
13th September, the fourth. On 18th September, I sent it to Mrs. Peart for its
portrait. But this larvae failed to reach pupa.

NEOMINOIS I.

On June 23, 1888, the late William S. Foster, at Salida, elevation 7,000 feet,
sent eggs which were laid on 17th. These began to hatch 29th. One larva
passed the first moult 10th July, another 14th. Number one passed its second
moult 25th July, the third 6th September, and then went into hibernation. One
of this lot, at Philadelphia, passed the second moult 12th August, the third 3d
September, and then hibernated. Both died during the winter. The rest of the
brood had died in the early stages.

On 5th March, 1889, I received from Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell, at West Cliff,
Colorado, altitude 7,500 feet, a hibernating larva, which I recognized as Bidingsii,
past the second moult. It had been found under a stone. I left it out of doors,
and 4tli April, discovered that it had recently passed its third moult. On 13th
April, it passed the fourth. On 13th May was changing color, becoming blue-
green, and was evidently approaching pupation. On 14th, it had disappeared.
I searched for it, 18th, and found it half an inch below the surface, where it had
made a little hollow for itself in the leaf mould which had been provided in
anticipation of this mode of pupation. The same day it pupated. Its likeness
is given on the Plate. Unfortunately, it died before imago.

The same year, 1889, I again received eggs from Mr. Bruce, at Denver, laid
12th. These began to hatch 25th. On 9th July, some of the larvae passed their
first moult; one reached the second on 19th. None went beyond this, and all
had become lethargic by 8th August. I have therefore failed to rear any one
larva from the egg to pupa ; yet, at one time and another, every larval stage
has been reached. The only pupa observed came from a larva which had hiber¬
nated on its native peak. The species has proved as difficult to rear as any of
the Chionobas.

It appears that larvae from Denver, 5,000 feet, from June eggs, of the earliest
flight of the imago, reached the fourth moult the same season ; that other larvae
from same place, also from June eggs, reached the second moult in July, and
then hibernated ; that two larvae from June eggs, Salida, 7,000 feet, reached the
third moult, and hibernated ; and one from Rosita, 9,000 feet, from egg laid
early in August, hibernated after first moult. The larva found at West Cliff,
7,500 feet, had hibernated after second moult. There were also young larvae
which apparently went to ground immediately from the egg. These observa¬
tions favor Mr. Bruce’s view that at the lower elevations this species has a
second brood of the imago in the fall, while at the higher elevations there
is but one brood of the imago, though freshly emerged individuals make their
appearance for some weeks, because of the different ages at which their laivm
had o-one into hibernation.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Ridingsii, early form 1, 2 <$,3 9 ; late form 4 <$ , 5, 6 9.
a Egg ; a2 micropyle.

b, b 2 Young Larva ; b3 last segments ; 64 process on body; b5 head.

c, c2 Larva at 1st moult ; c3 head.
d, d2, d3 Larva at 2d moult ; d* head.

e, e2 Larva at 3d moult ; e8 head.
f 2 Larva at 4th moult, enlarged ; f3 process on body ; f 4 head.
f Adult Larva, greatly enlarged.

g2 Chrysalis, enlarged ; g showing mode of pupation in the ground ; g3 side view of cremaster
gi ventral view of head case ; g 6 flattened cylindrical process next pro-thoracic spiracle
gG one of the minute processes on head case, pronotum, and metanotum.

• _ •

C HR.XXU S . 1.2 6,3

if. Larva , young to 9th 7n.0u.lt

mayn

4^,5 VAR $ ,

g. g Larva , mature, nat.svze.

h. Chrysalis. mag d .

CHIONOBAS I.

CHIONOBAS CHRYXUS, 1-5.

Chionobas Chryxus, Doubleday, Westwood and Hewitson, Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera, Yol. II., p. 383, pi.

64, fig. 1. 1851. Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., Yol. III., p. 82. 1863. Scudder, id., Yol. V., p. 5.

1865. Mead, Report Wheeler Expedition, Vol. I., p. 777. 1875.

Var. Calais, Scudder, 9, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., Vol. V., p. 7. 1865.

Male. — Expands from 1.8 to 2.25 inches.

Upper side either red-brown or yellow-brown,1 individuals varying much be¬
tween these extremes; primaries have three fifths their surface from base either
a dark or a pale brown, often with spurs along the nervules, an especially
prominent one lying on the upper branch of median ; often also the basal color
is continued along all the nervules to the marginal border, which is either broad
or very narrow, and colored as the base ; across the nervules the red or yellow
ground forms a narrow band, on which are black ocelli, either pupiled or blind,
never large, sometimes minute, from one to three in number ; if but one is pres¬
ent, it is on the upper discoidal interspace, if a second, it is usually on the second
median interspace ; these may be equal, or the upper one the larger; if a third
is present, it is usually on the upper median interspace, and is always small ; but
sometimes the arrangement is quite different, as seen in Fig. 1, there being a mi¬
nute ocellus on either side of the upper spot, the lower one wanting ; the costal edge
streaked transversely gray and brown ; behind and encroaching a little on the
cell is the dusky sexual band, scarcely to be discovered in the darker examples.

Secondaries of nearly uniform color, but sometimes, owing to the thinness of
the membrane, the mesial band of under side appears indistinctly, darkening the
disk ; the marginal border either broad or narrow, brown ; a small ocellus in
lower median interspace, often a mere point ; fringes of both wings yellow-white
in the interspaces, fuscous at the tips of the nervules.

Examples from Banff, Alberta Terr., have the red clear and bright ; all, except one individual which I
have seen from Colorado, have the red obscured — that one showing as bright as any from Canada.

CHIONOBAS I.

Under side of primaries reddish or yellowish, the cell pale, the apical area
more or less gray-white, and both cell and apex finely streaked with brown ; the
arc of cell covered by a dark brown stripe, and inside cell, near outer end, is an
imperfect transverse bar of same hue ; the disk is crossed by a brown stripe, cor¬
responding to the outer limit of the dark area of upper side, nearly straight
from costa to upper branch of median, on which it bends inward at a sharp angle,
then runs to the submedian nervure, which it strikes at three fifths the distance
from base ; hind margin streaked brown, limited by a macular blackish stripe
on inner side ; the ocelli repeated. Secondaries gray-white, or a pale yellow-white,
clouded with pale brown, much covered with dark brown abbreviated streaks ;
the mesial band varying in width, sometimes very broad, the edges almost black,
the outer nearly parallel with the margin, irregularly crenated, with a project¬
ing tooth that is either single or double on the discoidal nervule, and two promi¬
nent and equal rounded crenations in the median interspaces; but these last
are often cut squarely off ; the inner edge angular on median, and with a large
rounded projection on sub-costal.

Body dark brown, beneath, the thorax black, the abdomen yellow-brown ; legs
gray, the long hairs of the femora dark brown ; palpi yellow-brown, the front
hairs black ; antennae reddish above, somewhat annulated with gray below ; club
black, on under side gray-yellow. (Figs. 1, 2.)

Var. Calais. This was originally described from a single female, which forms
part of my collection. The color above is dull reddish brown, and the basal area
as well as the discal is remarkably dusky, the outer limits of this portion black¬
ened so as to form a rather diffuse stripe. There is an interior similar stripe
across the cell of the fore wing, which is continued less definitely to the inner
margin, and these two include a dusky band that corresponds with the mesial
band on under side. The hind wing shows nothing of the interior stripe. On
the under side, the ground of primaries is reddish, the markings not differing
from the usual Chryxus ; of secondaries is reddish from base to the outer limit
of the band, beyond that sordid yellow ; the basal area is well covered with
heavy streaks of dark brown, and so is the interior of the band ; the extra-discal
area to margin is but finely streaked, and with paler brown ; the band is very
broad, in general as in Chryxus ; the discoidal projection is double toothed, and
the teeth are equal and sharp ; the median crenations are cut off and show erose
edges. I have seen no example of Chryxus female so conspicuously marked on
upper side, but occasionally one approaches this Calais. The female hereafter
spoken of, taken by Mr. Bruce in September, fresh from chrysalis, comes very
near it. On the under side, some of the Banff males are closely like the Calais

CHIONOBAS I.

female at all points. My conclusion, after seeing the new material lately sent
me by Mr. H. K. Burrison, 3£, 1?, taken at Laggan and Banff, and by Professor
E. T. Owen, 16 A, 17?, taken at Banff, all in June, 1890, is that Calais and
Chryxus are one species. There is a perceptible difference between a series of
examples from Colorado and these from Canada, as, for example, the northern
males have narrower fore wings, as a rule, and so far as at present observed, the
larvae at every stage have the light bands of deeper hue, and the stripes heavier
and darker, and this strongly suggests a difference of species. But so far as I
am able to determine from the examples of the butterfly under view, the species
is Chryxus, and Calais is a variety, and perhaps the extreme northern form.

Female. — Expands from 2 to 2.25 inches.

The upper side never so dark as in some of the males, either reddish brown,
or yellow-brown, individuals varying much in the shade ; the disk and base
much obscured or scarcely at all ; in some, there is an absence of any stripes or
definite markings, in others the outlines of the mesial band of under side of
primaries are indicated by black stripes ; the ocelli on primaries sometimes two,
more often three, and occasionally four, varying much in size, as is shown in the
figures on the Plate ; under side as in the male ; one example under view shows
five ocelli, though but four on the upper side ; some have the mesial band of
primaries as distinctly outlined as that of secondaries, others show scarcely a trace
of it ; there is wide variation. (Figs. 3, 4, 5.)

Egg. — Similar to egg of C. Ivallda (Yol. II., pi. 45) ; sub-conic, the base flat¬
tened, but somewhat rounded ; broadest at about two fifths the distance from
base, the upper part narrowing slightly, the top flattened ; marked by nineteen
vertical ribs, somewhat sinuous, narrow at top and rounded, the sides a little
convex, the interspaces not deep (a cross section would show the hollows to be
equal to, and in outline very like, the elevations) ; the micropyle is in the centre
of a rosette of five-sided cells, outside which are two or three rows of similar
cells, gradually increasing in size ; color dead-white. (Figs, a, a2.) Duration of
this stage fourteen and fifteen days.

(Note. — In the description of the egg of C. Ivallda, it is stated that the
sides of the ridges are excavated, which is erroneous. They are slightly convex,
and a cross section would give an outline similar to that of Chryxus, as above
described.)

Young Larva. — Length, at twenty-four hours from the egg, .12 inch;
thickest anteriorly, tapering from 2 slightly and regularly on dorsum and sides,

CHIONOBAS I.

but after 8, rapidly on dorsum, the last segments curving to 13, which ends in
two short, sub-conical tails, not quite meeting at base ; furnished with three rows
of blackish, conical tubercles, on either side, above the spiracles, a dorsal, sub¬
dorsal and lateral, One tubercle to the segment in each row from 3 to 12 ; on 2
there are four tubercles at the front, placed near together and equi-distant, not
quite in vertical line, but obliquely back, the third and fourth falling a little
below the sub-dorsal row ; there is also a process in front of and above the spir¬
acle, and below it a tapering hair ; on 3 and 4, each, is a second one in front of
the lateral ; those of 3 and 4 in vertical row, on the middle of the segment, on
the remaining segments in triangle ; 13 has the three on front part, and a second
three to the rear, one of them being at the tip of the tail ; also between the tails,
a little below the tip, on either side is a smaller tubercle and process ; each
tubercle from 3 to middle of 13 gives out a very short, thickly-clubbed, bent
white process (Fig. bb) ; those on 2 and at the rear of 13 are longer, slenderer
near base, less heavily clubbed at top (Fig. 66) ; under the spiracles is another
row of smaller tubercles, 2 on 2, 1 on 3 and 4 each, 2 from 4 to 12, and one on
13 ; also over the feet is a short hair to each, over the prolegs two, and over the
anal leg three (this arrangement of tubercles and style of process is character¬
istic of the genus, so far as observed) ; color, at first pinkish white, in a few
hours changing to slate-blue, in about two days to gray-green ; marked by longi¬
tudinal dull red lines, a mid-dorsal, and three on either side ; in the more north¬
ern examples, the mid-lateral line is heavy and dark colored and the mid-dorsal
broad (Figs, b, b 2) ; in the southern these are pale, and the upper one slight
(Fig. b3) ; in all, the sub-dorsal (upper lateral) is slight, and so is the lower lat¬
eral, but it is sometimes confluent in part of its course with the broad one above
it ; under side, feet and legs pale green ; head broader than 2, sub-globose, the
front well rounded, broadest below, narrowing upward, depressed at the suture ;
surface covered with shallow indentations, and showing a few tubercles like those
on the body, those of the upper two rows brown, the others concolored with
the face, each with an exceedingly short, slightly clubbed and bent white pro¬
cess (Fig. b8) ; of these there are ten on each lobe or twenty in all (as shown on
the accompanying cut), four being in cross row near the top, six in
a second row in line with the apex of the frontal triangle, four in
a third row a little higher than the top of the ocelli, one a little
in front of and above the largest ocellus, and two behind the ocelli,
the lower one of which is slightly longer and more slender than the other (the
processes in both body and head are exaggerated in the outline figures in order
to show them distinctly ; actually they are scarcely longer than the supporting
tubercles) ; color of head pale green, the ocelli black. (Fig. b7.)

CHIONOBAS I.

As the larva grows, attaining .18 or .2 in length, the color of the body changes
to gray with a reddish tint ; the lines distinct, and in addition to those first dis¬
covered is another over the feet and legs ; under side grayish white. Duration
of this stage thirteen to nineteen days.

After first moult: length, at twenty-four hours, .22 inch; nearly the same
shape, more slender, the dorsum a little depressed at 5 and 6, the curve on
posterior segments less strong ; the tails more slender, and somewhat longer in
proportion ; color pale buff ; the mid-dorsal stripe is pale black with a vinous tint,
narrow, and through each of the buff dorsal bands runs a fine red line ; the lateral
stripe is broad, deeper colored than the dorsal, and extends to the tip of the
tail ; next below is a yellow line, and a narrow pale vinous stripe running with
the spiracles, then the yellow basal ridge, and under it another stripe ; surface
thickly covered with fine conical tubercles, each with a short, upright, whitish,
clubbed and bent hair or process ; under side, feet and legs, yellow-green ; head
more globular, very little broader at base than above, a little depressed at top,
the surface thickly covered with rather deep rounded indentations, between
some of which are minute tubercles with processes similar to those on the body ;
from back to front six nebulous dusky stripes, caused by a dark brown or black
coloring at the bottom of the pits, one following the suture on either side,
another outside each of these, coming nearly to the ocelli, the third short, at the
side ; color yellow-buff, the ocelli black. (Figs, c, c2.)

In the darker examples, the mid-dorsal stripe is nearly as wide as the drab
dorsal band, and the lateral stripe is blackish with a red tint.

Duration of this stage from five to seventeen days.

After second moult : length, at twenty-four hours, .32 inch ; shape and color as
before, except that the buff is more yellow (Figs, d, d2 dorsum of 7 and 8) ; the
tubercles and hairs, or processes, still clubbed, slender, thickening gradually from
base to top, and bent (Fig. d3); head as before, color yellow-green. (Fig. c?4.)

In the darker examples, the lateral stripe is deep black along the edges, pale
within.

Some larvoe went into hibernation at this stage, soon after the moult ; others
to maturity. With these last, the duration of the stage was from eight to six¬
teen days.

After third moult: length .5 to .53 inch; scarcely different in shape, the dor¬
sum somewhat more arched ; the stripes deeper colored and rather heavier ; the
buff area green tinted. (Fig. e.) The hairs, or processes, have become tapering,

CHIONOBAS I.

and the same form holds in the succeeding stage ; so the tubercles are more
sharply conical. To next moult, eleven to fifteen days.

After fourth moult : length .74 to .86 inch ; in about ten days was fully
grown.

Mature Larva. — Length .96 to 1 inch ; stout, obese, thickest in middle, the
dorsum much arched, most so on 7 to 11; ending in two short, sub-conical tails
which meet sharply at base ; surface closely covered with small pointed tubercles,
of irregular sizes, each with a short, stiff, tapering, whitish hair, or piocess
(Fig. /); color buff in shades, and striped longitudinally with black; on mid¬
dorsum a narrow stripe, somewhat macular, edged on either side by a yellow-buff
line ; on mid-side a broad stripe, partly replaced by yellow ; the area between
these two stripes is banded, next the dorsal by brownish buff, next the lateial by
reddish buff, the latter cut longitudinally by a reddish line ; beneath the lateral
band is a yellow line, followed by a brown-buff stripe running with the spiracles ;
then the yellow basal ridge, under which is a narrow stripe of brown - buff ;
under side, feet and legs yellow-brown ; head small in proportion to the size
of the body, sub-globose, well rounded frontally; the surface thickly covered
with pretty deep indentations, between some of which are very small tuber¬
cles, bearing processes or hairs like those of the body; color yellow-brown;
across the top six brown stripes (characteristic of the genus, so far as observed),
three on either lobe ; the inner one follows the suture halfway down the triangle,
the second is parallel with the first, narrower, and tapers to a point well down
the front ; the third is on the side over the ocelli ; the indentations covered by
these stripes are of a dark brown or black, at bottom, and this gives a mottled
appearance to the latter ; the frontal triangle dark brown, or black, at base, the
mandibles a shade lighter ; ocelli black. (Figs, g, g 2 natural size ; y3 section of 7,
/ of 7 and 8, gG head, all enlarged.) In the darker variety, the lateral stripe is
broad and black, and the spiracular one is nearly as conspicuous. (Fig./, greatly
enlarged.) From fourth moult to pupation, in the only instance observed, thirty-
one days.

Ciirysalis. — Length .5 inch ; breadth at mesonotum .19, at abdomen .2 inch ;
cylindrical, stout, the ventral outline much arched from end to end, the dorsal
from the thoracic depression to end still more so ; head case truncated, dome¬
shaped at top ; mesonotum without carina, rounded every way, curving from its
summit to the top of the head ; the depression rather deep, angular ; abdomen
sub-conical, obese ; wing cases somewhat elevated, beveled down to the abdomen

CHIONOBAS I.

on the margin ; the cremaster consists of a simple blunt, but somewhat trifid
ridge, the two outer lobes representing the anal projections of the larvm, and the
central lobe the intermediary tip ; anal orifice and plate well defined (the shape
differs in the several species of the genus, as far as observed), naked, there being
neither hooks nor straight bristles ; color of head and wing cases brown, with
darker stripes corresponding to the cell and interspaces of the wings, also with a
dark marginal border, a dark patch at the shoulder ; the antennm and tongue
cases black ; some dark stripes across the head ; mesonotum dark yellow-brown ;
abdomen light yellow-brown, dotted with black points or very short streaks,
mostly two to each segment, and in longitudinal rows ; there are a dorsal, sub¬
dorsal, and mid-lateral row, and others on the ventral side. (Figs, h, h 2.) The
only pupa observed died before imago.

Chrvxus is found throughout the Rocky Mountains from Colorado to British
America. The first account of locality and habits appears to be that given by
Mr. Mead, who spent several weeks in Colorado, in 1871. He says, Rep.
Wheeler Expedn., V. 777 : “ This Chionobas was found in more elevated regions,
still keeping below timber line.1 It was brought by the Expedition from Gray’s
Peaks. My first specimens were taken July 8th, on the Arkansas divide, in
company with Colias Meadii and other rare mountain species. It was not very
uncommon by the roadside. It seems to be found in small numbers through
all the mountain region around the South Park, rarely, however, below 9,000
feet. None were seen after July.”

Mr. David Bruce has kindly written for me the result of several years’ observa¬
tions on this species. He says : Chryxus is a true mountain insect. I have
never seen it below 8,000 feet elevation. Although it is not an abundant spe¬
cies, it is by no means uncommon in its favorite haunts. At the lower levels, it
is usually found on gravelly or bare tracts, on the mountain side. The trails
and wagon roads in the canons, the prospecting holes and ‘ dumps’ of the mines,
are also much frequented. It has a peculiar habit of taking short walks on the
ground or rocks, leisurely pacing around or across the spot several times, then
remaining quiet for a long time. When disturbed, it flies swiftly for a short dis¬
tance, alighting on a stone, or the earth, and after a few minutes is apt to
return to its first starting place, which seems to be selected as a post of observa¬
tion. It frequently alights on flowers, remaining a long time, the yellow blos-

1 Mr. Bruce : “ Timber line in Colorado is between 11,000 and 12,000 feet. On Mount Gibson, the timber
stops as abruptly as a picket fence around a garden ; then come low but luxuriant willows, etc., for another
1,000 feet, and these stop, and the true alpines and grasses are all you meet with, — but these are abundant.
The region of ‘eternal snows ’ is never attained in Colorado.”

CHIONOBAS I.

sorns of Potentilla being especial favorites. On a cloudy or showery day I have
often taken them from the plants with my fingers.

“ At the higher elevations CJwyxus takes long flights when startled, and the
wind generally assists in carrying it beyond the reach of the collector. The
females are more addicted to grassy places, and will take longer and higher
flights when alarmed, dropping suddenly into the grass and often hiding so
closely as to prevent capture. I have thus many times lost individuals when I
saw the exact places at which they dropped. Chryxus has the habit of lying flat
on the ground, with wings closed, as if dead. When in this position on the dis¬
integrated granite, it is very difficult to detect it. C. Uhlerii and C. Semideci or
the insect which passes by the name of Semidea, but which seems to be different
from the White Mountain form, do the same thing. C. Bore 1 does not frequent
the ‘ barrens,’ and therefore the habit is not so noticeable in that species. But
H. Biding six does so persistently. I believe this is for the purpose of conceal
ment ; the insects remain perfectly still in the presence of danger. They appear
to know when they are observed, for they are off the moment the eye catches
them. The marbling of the under side so harmonizes with the color of the ground
or rocks that I have many times failed to detect them after careful search, and on
laying my net down, they would spring up, perhaps within an inch of it.

“ Although Chryxus has not the excursive, bustling flight of many butterflies,
it is strong-winged and active, always on the alert, requiring quick action of eye
and hand to capture it. The species occurs from about 8,000 feet to the very
tops of the mountains of the front range, 14,000 feet. I found it not uncommon
on all the peaks near South Park, at this altitude generally in company with C.
Semidea. Individuals taken on the summits are usually more yellow than those
found below. The dark red ones I have in most cases found in the open places
among burnt timber, and therefore at a low elevation, and they are rare. The
species flies from the middle of June until the middle of September. My first
recorded date of capture is June 13th, and a female taken September 10th
was quite fresh and bright colored, evidently just from pupa. I am decidedly
of the opinion that examples taken in September are produced from eggs laid
the same year. I have taken fresh examples in the same locality in which I
had taken others three months earlier, and I believe these late flyers, to have
descended from the early ones. Many times I have obtained eggs from the
females confined over grass which was planted in a can, but my experience is

1 This species is not really Bore, as was pronounced, in 1886, by Dr. Staudinger, on seeing a single example.
He informs me now, after seeing several examples, that it would seem to be a gray variety of Crambis Freyer
= Also, Boisd. It appears to me to be a distinct species, and I have named it Chionobas Brucf.i. (See
Can. Ent., XXIII., February, 1891.)

CHIONOBAS I.

that they are very uncertain in the matter of laying eggs in such circum¬
stances, laying two or three in a day, and often none at all. I have found this
so with all the species of this genus. I should say that Chryxus was a rather
long-lived insect. One individual which was easily recognized by an aborted fore
wing frequented a small rocky patch for fifteen days, at least. The place was
always damp from the gradually melting snow above, and was a favorite resort
for many species of butterflies.”

Mr. Fletcher informs me that Chryxus (but whether the typical form, or the
variety Calais, is not known to me) was taken by Professor J. Macoun, at Kana-
naskis, in the Rocky Mountains, 24 June, 1886, at the altitude of 4,100 feet;
also that Mr. J. M. Macoun found it at Sproal Landing, British Columbia, at
1,375 feet, and at Deer Creek, in same region, 1,380 feet.

Professor Owen writes me : “ The railway guide puts Banff at 4,500 feet. All
my captures varied but little from that height. Some ran perhaps 500 feet
higher, but only a few, and those on a hill about 1,000 feet above the valley.
The species was most abundant in open timber near the Sanitarium Hotel, was
scarce in thick timber higher up, as also in the open, rocky ground above the
timber.”

Mr. Bean is a resident of Laggan, and therefore has been able to note the
characteristics of this species with precision. He writes : “ I have compared the
Colorado pair of Chryxus you sent with the Laggan material. I find one female
which, on the under side of the hind wings, is a copy of the female sent. Above,
it is of the same color, but shows stronger contrasts by the fact of the dark shades
being darker than in your specimen ; but they are practically alike. I had a Col¬
orado female from you years ago, and that also I find one or two sufficiently near
to. But the rest of my females do not compare very exactly wTith the Colorado
specimens that I have. There is one male which is a little less red than the male
you sent ” (I had sent Mr. Bean one of the dark males, like that shown by Fig. 1),
“ but otherwise it is practically a copy of it. The prevailing style at Laggan in
both sexes chiefly occurs at about 5,000 feet. Those found above timber, or at
timber line, are duller. But the species I have only on three occasions found
above timber line, and then at about 7,800 feet. At the line there appeared
quite a colony last year (1890), and the pattern tended away from that of lower
elevation.”

The type Calais was taken by Mr. C. Drexler, at Albany River, Hudson’s Bay,
1861. In the drawings sent me by the late Philip Henry Gosse, representing but¬
terflies taken by him, in 1832, near Carbonear, Newfoundland, was one of the
under side of a species that agreed well with Calais. It is evident, therefore,
that Chryxus and its variety inhabit the continent, in Canada, nearly from ocean
to ocean.

CHIONOBAS I.

I first received eggs of Chryxus from Mr. Nash, then at Rosita, Colorado, 2d
August, 1884 ; these began to hatch on 8th, the larvae nibbling through the
shell, not entirely around the top, which lifted to permit egress and fell in place
again. The first moult was passed 23d August, the second on 2d September.
By 12th, two of the larvae had gone into lethargy, but the third, which had been
sent to Mrs. Peart, passed the third moult 13th September, and the fourth
9th October. This one was mailed to me, and died on the road. The other two
were sent to Clifton Springs, New York, and died before I received .them
again, in March following. The experiment so far had shown that the larvae
differed in habit, some hibernating after the second moult, some going to the
fourth and last. I fed these larvae, as I do all the Satyridae, on blue-grass,
Poa pratensis, and I find it preferred to all other sorts.

On 27th June, 1886, I again received eggs from Mr. Nash, at Rosita,
which were hatching 6th July. The larvae began to pass their first moult
on 20th, one passed the second on 25th, the third August 10th, the fourth
23d. Soon after, this one ceased feeding and was left out of doors. The others
of this lot had died by the way. Meantime, two larvae from eggs sent by Mr.
Bruce, at Denver, had been feeding. These had hatched 1st August, passed the
first moult 17th and 18th, the second 26th and 27th, the third on 3d and 6th
September. One passed fourth on 14th September. They became fully grown
in September, but were feeding a little up to 11th October, and showed no dis¬
position to go into hibernation. But a disease attacked them, the head turning
black and then the adjoining part of the body, and both died 21st October.

The one which had hibernated was brought into the house 13th January, the
weather being at that time quite warm. It was not observed feeding until 9th
February. Early in March was full-grown, became pale in color, rested for days
deep down in the sod, and I was confident that pupation was close at hand.
But on attempting to clear away the grass with scissors in order to get a clear
view, I wounded the skin and the larva soon died.

There was still another lot of three larvae, from eggs sent by Mr. Bean, laid by
a female of the dark variety, and which began to hatch 17th July, 1886. The
larvae passed their first moult 5th August, the second on 22d August. These
soon after became lethargic, and were sent to Clifton Springs, to go in the refrig¬
erating house. When I received the box again, 21st March, one larva was alive,
and then moving about. As soon as it was placed on a sod, it began to eat. It
passed its third moult 9th April, fourth on 24th, and ten days later was mature.
For two months thereafter it eat nothing, was seen lying on or in the sod, or on
the ground, or sometimes had climbed high up the net that covered it, or it
rested for hours on one of the supporting sticks. I supposed it would pupate,

CHIONOBAS I.

and knowing nothing of its habit, prepared soft earth and covered it with moss,
also laid piles of stones. But all was in vain, and the larva lingered till 4th July,
and that day died.

A year later, on 10th June, 1888, eggs were again received from the late
W. S. Foster, then at Salida, Colorado. They began to hatch 17th June, to
pass the first moult 30th, the second 11th July, the third 19th. On 31*st, one
passed the fourth, and two others the next day. A fourth larva had fallen
asleep after third moult, was placed in the cellar, and died there. On 1st Sep¬
tember, one of the larvae was found to have just pupated, at thirty-one days
from the last moult. It was low down in the sod, on its side, and of course un¬
attached, as there are no hooks to the cremaster. This pupa was sent to Mrs.
Peart, and is figured on the Plate. It died before imago. The other two
larvae were sent to New York, to be received again, 16th April, 1889. One
only was alive, and was wide awake when I opened the box. I laid it on a bit of
sod in a flower-pot, neglecting to tie a net over it, and went on with the ex¬
amination of larvae of other species. In less than five minutes I returned to
the Chryxus, but it had run away and I was unable to find it. I could not have
looked for such behavior in a larva so naturally lethargic. So ended my ex¬
periments and adventures with this Chionobas running through five years. It is
a sorry account of loss, partly due to my own carelessness, partly to causes un¬
controllable by me. Yet I did reach the pupa, and got a history of all the
stages, which lacks only the duration of the pupa stage to make it complete.
Sandberg gives the length of the pupa stage of C. Bore as about six weeks, in
Lapland ; Mr. Scudder, that of the only C. Semidea pupa which formed in his
possession, and gave imago, as nineteen days. Mr. Fyles found the pupa stage
of C. Jutta to be forty and forty-one days, as he informs me ; while one of the
same species in Mrs. Peart’s charge gave imago after twenty-one days.

The larvae are sluggish at all stages, moving very slowly, resting in one
place for a long time. I never saw a quick movement, and therefore the run¬
ning away of the larva, as before related, surprised me. In the younger stages
they rest mostly on the leaf* heads up or down, but as they become heavy,
they lie on or in the sod, and ascend to feed. I never saw one curled in a
ring, as is the habit of Arge Galatliea , but when in the sod they are often
bent nearly double, or the head and anterior parts are curved down. Seen
indistinctly through the grass they have a very reptilian look, like a section of
a small, slender snake, not uncommon hereabout. Like all the Satyridse, they
eat at the top of the grass leaf, mowing down the edge in as wide a swathe as the
mandibles will take in, and in successive cuts till the leaf is eaten through ;
then they back down and repeat the process.

CHIONOBAS I.

The larvae from Canada were all of the dark variety, represented by figures
h b2 and f those from Colorado were always light, with narrower dorsal and

lateral stripes. _ _

The larvm from Canada hibernated after second moult, and pupation would

naturally occur early in the following summer, or perhaps in May. All the exam¬
ples of the imago from Banff before spoken of were taken on or about 20th
June The Colorado larvm in part hibernated after the second, also the third
moult, and these would probably reach the imago stage in June. Others went
on to maturity and hibernated fully grown. Such larvm would pupate early m
the spring and give the earliest butterflies. One larva pupated the same season,
in September, and this supports Mr. Bruce’s opinion that fresh butterflies fly
late in the season, out of eggs laid in the previous spring. There would be an
appearance, in Colorado, as of three distinct broods of the imago, early, mid¬
summer, and late, and so Mr. Bruce has found it.

All persons who have attempted to rear larvm of this genus discover that
it requires time and patience, and any degree of success is reached throng
many failures. Several of the most experienced breeders of larvse in the United
States and Canada have tried their skill on C. Macouni, with hundreds of eggs
distributed among them, but scarcely has a larva got beyond the second moult.
One only reached the fourth, and that died before imago. For this reason, ex¬
ceedingly little has been published of the early stages of any Chionobas, whether
American or European, and that little is imperfect and scrappy, except in the
case of Julia, in which Rev. Mr. Fyles succeeded in rearing the species from
eao- to imago, as related by him in the Canadian Entomologist, Vols. XIX.

OO O 7

and XXI. , , , . ,

I have dealt with five lots of Chryxus larvae, and the duration of the several

stages was as follows : —

Time from e<rg to first moult 15, 14, 17, 13, days, Colorado ; 19, Canada.

« “ first to second moult 10, 5, 9,12, “ Colorado ; 1 7, Canada.

“ “ second to third moult 8, 16, 8, “ Colorado.

« “ third to fourth moult 16, 11, 12, “ Colorado; 15, Canada.

« “ fourth to pupation 81, “ Colorado.

By which it appears that not only have the Canada larvae hibernated at one
stage earlier than the Colorado, but that each stage of the former was pro-
longed.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATE.

Chryxus, l, 2 $ , 3, 4 9 ; 5 Var- ?•
a Egg ; a2 micropyle.

b, b 2 Young Larva, dark variety, b3 the light var. ; b 4 outline showing the processes ; u process on
13 and on front of 13, 66 same, on 2 and rear of 13 ; b 7 head, b8 process on same.
c Larva at first moult ; c2 head.

d Larva at second moult ; d2 section of dorsum, 7 and 8 ; d3 process on 3 to 13 ; d4 head.
e Larva at third moult.

/ Adult Larva, dark variety, enlarged.

g g 2 Adult Larva, light variety, after four moults, natural size ; g 3 side view 7 ; g 4 dorsal of 7, 8 ;
process on body ; g 6 head.

h Chrysalis, enlarged ; h 2 end of last segment, showing the cremaster.

V-

CHRYXTJS, 1.2 6 var.:

3.4 5 CALAI S, type ,•

569 SAME FORM

CHIONOBAS II.

CHIONOBAS CHRYXUS, 1-6.

Yar. Calais, Scudder. Female, type.

I deemed it best to give a Plate to Calais, for the reason that the individual
named by Mr. Scudder nearly thirty years ago still remains unique, and it may
some day be of importance that its likeness is preserved. (Figs. 3, 4.) Figs.
5, 6, represent a female Chryxus, from Banff, which, on the under side, and in
the outlines of the band, agrees well with Calais. I have been unable to find a
male with a band in same style.

Figs. 1, 2, represent a form of male Chryxus sometimes found in Colorado,
though never of such size as in this male from Banff, sent me by Mr. H. K.
Burrison. Similar males were taken at same place by Prof. E. T. Owen, 1890.
The dark upper side, with pale extra-discal area, agrees well with the Calais.
On the under side, the band stands out in high relief, and what Mr. Bean calls
“ the color areas ” are contrasted conspicuously.

I asked Mr. Bean to look over his large collection of Chryxus , taken at Lag-
gan, and tell me how they compared with the figures on Plates I., II. ; and he
obligingly writes as follows : “ Comparing my materials with your figures, I find
as follows, beginning with the females, and the upper side : my examples are
chiefly of the type of Figs. 3 and 5, PI. I. About three quarters are of this type,
but varying from light to rather dusky brown. About one in five tend away
from that type, and in various degrees approach Fig. 5, PI. II. I have none with
the upper side of the hind wings showing such a contrast of color as in Calais
female, Fig. 3, PI. II., though several have the fore wings pretty close to that of
this figure.

“ As to the under surface : while I have females which come nearer to Fig;. 4,
Calais , than does Fig. 6, yet I have not one quite of the detail shown in Fig.
4. Most of my examples are nearer to the pattern of Fig. 6.

“ As to the males : on the upper surface of the fore wings my males are much
of the pattern of Fig. 1, PI. II., showing a strong contrast of color between the

CHIONOBAS II.

basal and sub-marginal areas. On the under side the majority range somewhat
near, in pattern of the hind wing, band, etc., to Fig. 2, PI. I. ; and differ from Fig.
2, PI. II. An occasional specimen has an unusual amount of rich dark brown
throughout the wing, and this makes a striking contrast in coloration.

“ There remains a minority of more dull contrasts and more sombre coloring.
These mostly occur above timber line. The under side of the hind wing is more
definitely separated into color areas, instead of being mottled or wavy through¬
out. The band is ordinarily made more conspicuous because the areas next to it
on either side are dull and pale. But these two styles are not separable by any
hard and fast limitations. Both tendencies are presented in various degrees, and
they combine in many individuals. The small female you sent me from Hall
Valley, Colorado, is more unlike the prevailing style of Laggan female than is the
Calais.

“ I find no evidence to support the view that Calais is a species distinct from
Chryxus ; but it is possible that Calais of Hudson’s Bay may be that exceedingly
rare thing in nature, — a true variety. Chryxus is a sparsely but widely dis¬
tributed species, the very opposite of a local species.”

UHLERI : EARLY FORM ,1.2 <* ; 3 . 4 9 ; 5 VAR. 6 . LATER FORM . 6 ? .

a a? Egg

magnified. f . Larva,

mature .

nat. size .

b-e. Larva , young

to 3rd moult f'-f J ^

magnified

h-}r Chrysalis

CHIONOBAS III.

CHIONOBAS UHLERI, 1-6.

Chionobas Uhleri, Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., Yol. VI., p. 143. 1866 ; Strecker, Lepidoptera, p. 28, pi. 4.

1873 ; Mead, Report Wheeler Expedition, Yol. V., p. 776. 1875.

Early Form.

Male. — Expands 1.8 to 2 inches.

Upper side reddish brown, the depth of color varying ; the darker examples
have the base of the cell of primaries brown, and all the nervures and branches
heavily edged with brown ; so are the apices of primaries and the hind margins
of both wings ; the basal half of costal margin of primaries densely sprinkled
with grayish yellow ; on the extra-discal area there is usually but a single ocellus,
which is small, black, and with or without a minute white pupil ; this is placed
on the upper discoidal interspace ; but occasionally there is a second ocellus, on
the second median ; and very rarely there is a third, which lies on the second
discoidal interspace.

Secondaries more or less mottled in darker shades, owing to the thinner tex¬
ture of the membrane, the markings of the under surface appearing ; often
without any ocellus, but sometimes one, small, black, with or without pupil, is
placed on the lower median interspace, and occasionally there is a second, on
the lower sub-costal, and more rarely, a third, on the upper discoidal ; fringes of
both wings fuscous at the ends of the nervules, sordid white in the interspaces.

Under side of primaries paler, the hind margin and apex flecked with brown
on a gray-white ground ; the cell much covered with fine brown transverse
streaks ; faint traces of such streaks over the disk ; the ocelli repeated ; in one
example under view in which there is one ocellus above, there is a second below,
on the second discoidal interspace ; in one which shows two ocelli above, there
are three below, and in another with two above, there are four below ; but most
often where there is one ocellus above, there is but one below.

Secondaries gray-white, with a tinge of yellow, much covered with transverse

CHIONOBAS III.

dark brown streaks, usually most dense on the basal half, but often pretty uni¬
formly distributed over the whole wing, though on the basal area they are more
confluent, taking the form of irregular concentric bars, limited without, on the
middle of the disk, by a nearly continuous heavy stripe ; this begins on the costal
margin, takes a more or less sinuous course to the upper branch of median just
outside the cell, bends roundly, almost at a right angle, and in a sinuous but in
general a straight course, strikes the middle, of the inner margin ; next outside
this basal area is often a narrow whitish belt, but frequently there is no appear¬
ance of this, by reason of the fine brown streaks ; beyond to margin are either
fine separated streaks, or they partly coalesce so as to make submarginal nebu¬
lous patches ; the ocelli repeated, but varying in number ; in one example in
which there are two ocelli above, there are three below ; in another there are
one above and three below ; in another there are three above and five below ; in
three which have no ocellus above, there are none below.

Body above concolored with primaries, beneath, usually dark brown, but some¬
times the abdomen is yellowish ; legs yellow-brown ; frontal hairs of the palpi
dark brown ; antennas gray-white, finely annulated with fuscous ; club fuscous
above, ferruginous below and at tip. (Figs. 1, 2.)

Var. Obscura. — Upper side dusky brown ; in the figure on the Plate there
appear to be three ocelli on upper side of primaries, and three on secondaries;
but in the insect this was intended to represent there is but one on one wing and
two on the other, the appearance of the additional spots being caused by the
transparency of the wing ; on the under side there are four small ocelli on pri¬
maries, and three points on secondaries. (Fig. 5.)

Female. — Expands 1.8 to 2.2 inches.

Upper side red-brown, the shade varying in individuals, as in the male ; the
under side as in the male ; there is much variation in the number of ocelli on
both wings ; one example under view has no ocellus on either wing above, and but
one beneath, on upper discoidal interspace of primaries ; another has two on pri¬
maries, three on secondaries, beneath three and three ; another has one and three
above, beneath three and two ; another, and this is represented by Figure 5, has
on upper side four large pupilled ocelli, besides a small blind one placed on the
lower subcostal interspace, and five large ones, nearly equal and all pupilled, on
secondaries ; beneath, all the large ocelli are repeated, but the small one is lost.

Later Form. — Upper side, in both sexes, pale ochraceous ; beneath pale
yellow-white ; the brown streaks on under side of secondaries reduced in number,

CHIONOBAS III.

the wing being rather flecked than streaked, the predominating color white.
(Fig. 6 9.)

In no example have I seen a definite band, such as is the rule with most
species of the genus ; there is often the suggestion of such a band as shown in
Figures 2 and 4, but the inner side is lost in the markings of the basal area.
Indeed, these figures represent as near approach to a band as I have been able
to discover. In many examples, especially those of the later flight, there is no
trace of the outer limit of a band, and the dark markings are largely obliterated
over the whole wing.

With regard to the number of ocelli on upper side : —

Of 14 $, 3 have 4 on primary, 3 on secondary,

2 “ 2 “ “ 2 “ “

2 “ 1 “ « 4 « «

7 « 1 « a Q « u

Of 129, 1 has 5 on primary, 5 on secondary,

3 have 4 on primary, 5 on secondary,

2 “ 4 “ “ 3 “ «

2 “ 1 “ “ 3 « «

2 “ 1 “ « 0 “ “

Egg. — Conical, narrowing but little upwards, truncated at top, the sides mod¬
erately curved ; marked by nineteen or twenty vertical rounded ribs (of a large
number of eggs, one only had twenty ribs, all the others nineteen), nearly
straight, about as high above the surface as broad, each ending in a rounded
prominence at the rim of the summit ; the interspaces nearly flat, crossed by
very fine equidistant creases (they seem to be creases rather than ridges) ; the
micropyle in the centre of a flat rosette of five-sided, shallow cells, the walls of
which are raised, threadlike, on the surface ; outside of these are one or two
rows of similar larger cells, and beyond a network of ridges radiating from cen¬
tral rounded prominences ; these last are not all alike, and are not regularly
formed, some being long, and sometimes a small one is so close to a large as to
make part of it ; the rays stand out boldly at the origin, but fall rapidly, and
rarely cross the entire space between the elevations ; color chalk-white. (Fig. a,
micropyle and summit a2.)

Duration of this stage about thirteen days.

Young Larva. — Length, at twenty-four hours from the egg, .1 inch ; thickest
anteriorly, tapering from 2 slightly and regularly on dorsum and sides, but after
8 rapidly on dorsum, the last segments curving to 13, which ends with two short,
sub-conical tails, not quite meeting at base ; furnished, on either side above the

CHIONOBAS III.

spiracles, with three rows of blackish, low, conical tubercles, a dorsal, sub-dorsal,
and lateral, one tubercle to the segment in each row from 3 to 12 ; on 2 there
are four, on the front, near together, equidistant, not quite in vertical line ; there
is also a process in front of and above the spiracle, and below it a tapering hair ;
on 3 and 4 each is a second process in front of the lateral ; those of 3 and 4 in
vertical row on middle of the segment, on the remaining segments in triangle ;
13 has the three on the front part, and a second three to the rear, one of them
being at the tip of the tail ; also between the tails, a little below the tip, on
either side is a smaller tubercle and process ; each tubercle from 3 to middle of
13 gives out a very short, thick, clubbed, bent white process (b5) ; those on 2 and
rear of 13 are longer and less heavily clubbed ; under the spiracles is another
row of smaller tubercles, two on 2, one on 3 and 4 each, two from 4 to 12, and
one on 13 ; also over the feet is a short hair to each, over the pro-legs two, and
over the anal leg three, two near together at the rear, one towards the front (in
figure 64 by mistake four are given, the second from the front should have
been omitted) ; color of body at first gray-green, in two days less gray, more
green ; marked by longitudinal red-brown lines, one mid-dorsal, one sub-dorsal,
and these two are of equal breadth ; one mid-lateral, broad ; and a fine line runs
with the spiracles ; (this is macular, and indeed merely a row of pale dots) ; the
basal ridge yellowish ; under side, feet and legs pale yellow-green ; head
broader than 2, sub-globose, the front well rounded, broadest below, narrowing up¬
wards, depressed at the suture ; the surface covered with shallow indentations,
and showing a few tubercles like those of the body, each with an exceedingly
short, slightly clubbed and bent white process ; of these there are ten on each
lobe, or twenty in all, disposed as in Cliryxus ; (the processes on both body and
head are exaggerated in the outline figures, in order to show them distinctly ;
actually they are scarcely longer than the height of the supporting tubercles) ;
color of head greenish with a brown tint ; the ocelli dark brown. (Figs, b to bG.)
Duration of this stage ten to thirteen days.

This larva in its first stage is as closely as possible like that of Cliryxus in
shape and in the number, arrangement, and form of the tubercles and processes.

After first moult : length, at twenty-four hours, .18 ; nearly the same shape,
more slender ; the tails sub-conical, meeting at base ; color whitish yellow on
dorsum, pale greenish yellow on sides ; the basal ridge less green ; the mid-dorsal
stripe narrow, red-brown ; the sub-dorsal line same color ; the lateral stripe broad,
pale brown, with a greenish tint anteriorly, the edges dark brown ; a brown line
runs with the spiracles, and another is under the yellowish basal ridge ; surface
thickly covered with fine conical tubercles each bearing a short clubbed and bent

CHIONOBAS III.

process ; under side, feet and legs yellow-white .; head more globular, very little
broader at base ; the surface thickly covered with rather deep rounded indenta¬
tions, between some of which are minute tubercles with processes similar to those
on the body ; from back to front six nebulous dusky stripes, as in Chryxus, and
which seem to be chaiactenstic of the genus ; (these stripes were not visible for
some hours after the moult) ; color yellow, with a brown tint. (Figs, c to c3.)
Duration of this stage about fourteen days.

After second moult : length, at twelve hours, .36 inch ; shape as before, color
nearly, the dorsum and sides slightly buff-tinted, and through these areas run
fine, abbieviated, red-brown streaks ; the basal ridge pale yellow; the upper two
stiipes daikest on the edges, greenish buff within ; the lateral blackish on the
edges, the interior dusted with same ; the processes still clubbed, slender, thick¬
ening gradually from base to top, and bent ; under side, feet and legs, greenish
white; head as before, color brown-green. (Figs, cl to d3.)

Some larvae went into hibernation at this stage, soon after the moult; others
continued to feed. With these last, the duration of the stage was about fifteen
days.

After third moult : length, at eighteen hours, .45 inch ; shape as before ; the
color more decidedly buff, more heavily streaked ; the stripes, especially the mid-
doisal and lateral, very dark, nearly black ; the basal ridge pale yellow, the brown
stripe beneath it as before ; under side, feet and legs, greenish white ; the pro¬
cesses have lost the club shape and have become tapering ; the head closely as in

next succeeding stage. (Figs, e to e3.) Duration of this stage about seventeen
days.

After fourth moult : length, at twelve hours, .6 inch ; in eight days was fully
grown (in the only larva which went to pupa).

Mature Larva; — Length 1.05 inch; stout, thickest from 4 to 8, the dorsum
on these segments nearly level, but sloping rapidly from 4 to 2, and from 8 to
lo ; ending in two short, sub-conical tails, which meet at base ; surface thickly
covered with small pointed tubercles, of irregular sizes, each with a short, stiff,
tapering, whitish hair or process ; color buff in shades, and striped longitudinally
with black ; on mid-dorsum a rather broad stripe, continuous from 2 to 13, nar¬
rowing at either end, black ; the sub-dorsal narrower, gray-black ; the lateral
broad, black, running from 2 to end of tail, narrowing on the anterior segments
to half the width on middle, and tapering posteriorly to a line on 13 ; with the

CHIONOBAS III.

spiracles a greenish buff stripe ; under the buff basal ridge a narrow blackish
stripe ; between the dorsal and sub-dorsal, and the sub-dorsal and lateral stripes
is a band of greenish buff, through which run abbreviated longitudinal black
streaks ; under side, feet and legs, greenish buff ; head small, sub-globose, well-
rounded frontally ; the surface thickly covered with pretty deep indentations,
between some of which are very small tubercles, bearing hairs or processes like
those of the body ; color brown ; across the top six broad dark brown stripes,
nearly occupying the whole front, three on either lobe ; the inner one follows
the suture somewhat more than halfway down the triangle ; the second is but
little narrower and tapers to a point very close to the ocelli ; the third is on the
side, and also nearly reaches the ocelli ; the indentations covered by these stripes
are blackish brown at bottom ; the frontal triangle brown, with fine dark streaks
arranged like an inverted W ; ocelli black. (Fig.y, natural size ; f2 to f5, greatly i

enlarged.) From fourth moult to pupation, in the only instance observed, seven¬
teen days.

The attitude of the larva before pupation is shown by figure g ; down in the
sod, on its back, unattached.

Chrysalis. — Length .5 inch; breadth at mesonotum .18, at abdomen .19
inch ; cylindrical, stout (but somewhat less so than Chryxus ) ; the ventral outline
much arched from end to end, the dorsal from the thoracic depression to end
still more arched ; head case truncated, dome-shaped at top (rounding both
ways) ; mesonotum rather more angular than Chryxus, but without carina and
rounded both ways, curving from its summit to top of the head ; the depressions
rather shallow, less deep than in Chryxus; the wing cases slightly elevated,
bevelled down to the abdomen on the margin ; abdomen conical, tumid ; the
cremaster somewhat less produced than in Chryxus, but of essentially similai
form ; naked, there being neither hooks nor straight bristles ; surface smooth, !

but on the wing cases are very fine granulations, and the top of head case shows
a more decided roughening ; color yellow-brown, the abdomen a shade darker
than the head and mesonotum ; the wing cases slightly green-tinted. (Fig. h,
life size ; A2 to A5, enlarged.) The only pupa observed died before imago.

As may be seen by the foregoing description, the early stages of Uhleri, with
the exception of the egg, are in no essential respect different from the same
stages of Chryxus.

Uhleri was described, in 1866, by Mr. Reakirt, from examples brought from
north Colorado by the late James Ridings, who was the first lepidopterist to col¬
lect in Colorado, so far as recorded. Mr. Ridings went by overland stage to

CHIONOBAS III.

Denver, and that early in the season, but his trunk was lost, and with it his col¬
lecting apparatus, and did not come to hand for several weeks, or until August.
And so it happened that all the butterflies he took were of the later flight. The
original description of Uhleri therefore is taken from the pale form, which, in the
words of Mr. Reakirt, is “ dull ochraceous yellow ; ” the under side of hind wings
“ marbled with irregular markings . . . sometimes congregated into spots, at
others disposed in transverse lines, the darkest portion near the base. . . . The
waves from the outer border of the transverse band ” (i. e., up to base) “ are so
interlaced and contiguous, as to preclude all possibility of tracing any inner outline
to this band : the outer is more distinct, yet not nearly so well or clearly defined
as in the allied species ; the reticulations appear to be diffused over the whole
surface.” Mr. Reakirt was correct in his definition ; as I have before remarked,
this species is specially characterized by the absence of a discal band on hind
wings.

Mr. Theodore L. Mead followed Mr. Ridings, and spent most of the summer
of 1871 in collecting butterflies in Colorado. By that time the railways had
been opened to San Francisco. Mr. Mead says in the Report cited : “ C. Uhleri
was abundant in the lower mountain regions of Colorado, inhabiting grassy
spots, and making only short flights when disturbed or otherwise, soon alighting
and being lost to yiew in the short dry grass. It may be found during the
months of June and July. Seventy-three specimens were taken.” The author
notices the variation in the number of the ocelli, as also the ornamentation of
the under surface : “ In some specimens there is but a single ocellus — on the
primaries; in others, four are present on the fore wings, and five upon the
secondaries. . . . Some indication of the median band may generally be seen,
but in some specimens the hind wings below are uniformly mottled with blackish
transverse streaks,” etc. Mr. Mead mailed me all his collection as fast as made,
and I therefore was able to examine it. The specimens with four and five ocelli
were females ; nearly all the males had but one ocellus on primaries, and none
or but one on secondaries.

Mr. David Bruce has kindly written for me his observations on this species,
made during the last five seasons, thus: “ About the middle of May, before the
snow has disappeared from the ravines, Uhleri makes it appearance in Colorado.
It is the first of its genus to be on the wing. My earliest specimens bear date
18th May, at Clear Creek Canon, elevation 6,000 feet. All these early examples,
at this low altitude, were females of dark color, with both wings well furnished
with ocelli. The first males appeared May 26th. By the middle of June, both
sexes are rather common on the mountain sides where vegetation is rather
scanty. They are fond of settling in damp places on the roads. At such times,

CHIONOBAS III.

when disturbed, they fly a short distance up to the rocks and presently return.
They have not the sudden, headlong flight -of Chryxus when disturbed, and are
more easily captured. I have often taken several individuals at one cast of the
net when so engaged. I once saw a Papilio Indra, a Lemonias Nais, and several
Pamphilas, in company with two or three Uhleri, sipping with great enjoyment
from a depression in the gravelly road, after a thunder-storm. Such times and
places are the lucky chances of the collector, $s the insects are then so intent on
their occupation that they may be quietly observed, and captured at leisure.
Like Cliryxus , Uhleri has the habit of lying flat on the ground with closed
wings, motionless, and is then thoroughly concealed. It is not so partial to flow¬
ers as is Chryxus , but a gravelly spot among burnt timber is its special haunt.
At such a place, in the Platte Canon, near Kenosha summit, where the timber
had been burned several years ago, and grass had grown in bunches here and
there, I captured, on 28th June, more than fifty examples in two hours. The
altitude was 9,200 feet. These specimens were all rather light colored, and few
had more than one ocellus in each wing, while many were entirely without.
About the end of July, Uhleri disappears, but towards the end of August and as
late as 3d of September, I have taken a few pale colored individuals, which I
am convinced proceeded from eggs laid the same year. These late ones are
generally females, and I have failed to get eggs from them,^md concluded they
could not have been impregnated. On the other hand, the females of the early
brood will readily lay eggs when confined over grass.

“I have taken Uhleri on the foothills near Golden, at the entrance to Clear
Creek Canon, elevation 5,500 feet, and it is found in some numbers at Hall
Valley, Park Co., at 10,000 feet; but above this very rarely.”

It would appear from this relation by Mr. Bruce that the dark form of the species
is first to appear. This would be the outcome of the larvae which have hiber¬
nated full grown, and changed to pupae in the first warm days of spring without
feeding. At the higher elevations, the larvae would hibernate at an earlier stage,
and pupation would only be reached some weeks after spring had opened. There
would thus be a difference of from four to six weeks in the appearance of the
imago. There would be an early flight in May and first of June, and a second
in July. These last are lighter colored than the others.

Some larvae from eggs laid by the May females reach pupa and imago the
same fall, as Mr. Bruce has taken fresh examples as late as 3d September.
Others reach maturity and hibernate as larvae. The species is therefore in part
double-brooded as to the imago.

I can find no evidence that Uhleri is found north of Colorado, nor in the south
of that State, nor to the west, in Utah. But probably it may yet be taken in

CHIONOBAS III.

Wyoming. In Montana and northward into Canada, it seems to be replaced
by Varuna. Mr. Fletcher sent me several examples of supposed Uhleri from
different localities in Canada, but they were Varuna.

I first received eggs of Uhleri from Mr. Bruce, 18th July, 1886, laid 13th. The
larvae began to hatch on 23d July, or at ten days from the laying of the egg.
I put them on grass, in a flower pot, covered with a bag. Day after day there
were fewer in number, until on 5th August the last one had disappeared. I have
had the same trouble with some other species, without being able to discover
what it was owing to. But sometimes minute spiders are in the sod, and prey
on the small larvae, sometimes heterocerous larvse come out of and return to the
ground, and are as mischievous as spiders. And the young Chionobas larvae have
a tendency to leave the plant and wander, and so are lost. I have succeeded
better when for the first few days they have been confined in a tube, or a tin
box, instead of trusting them to the plant as soon as hatched.

Early in June, 1889, 1 again received eggs from Mr. Bruce, laid 27th and 28th
May. These hatched at thirteen days. The larvae began to pass the first moult
20th June, the second moult 4th July. All had passed second by 8th July. One
passed third moult 1st August, another on 6th, a third on 9th, and this last one
went at once into lethargy. On 22d, I missed another, and on cutting away
every leaf of the grass, and opening the roots, I found the larva had burrowed
into the ground about one third inch below the surface, and had begun its winter
sleep. I sent it and the first one spoken of to Clifton Springs, New York, to go
into the refrmeratino; house.

But one of this brood passed its fourth moult, 27th August, and I sent it to
Mrs. Peart, at Philadelphia. This was the one from which the adult figures on
the Plate were drawn. It came back to me 10th September, and pupated 13th
September, in the attitude shown on the Plate. Unfortunately the pupa was
wounded in the process of formation, and after taking its portrait, it was found
best to put it in alcohol. This was the only pupa obtained, and therefore the
duration of that stage remains unknown. It appeared therefore that from eggs
laid by a female of the earliest flight, one larva went to pupation the same season,
while the rest hibernated after third moult.

The same year, on 22d June, thirty-five eggs were received. On 22d August,
several larvse of this lot were living, but except two, all were in hibernation after
second moult. The two passed third, and then slept.

In 1890, five eggs were received on 15th July, and hatched 19th. The first
moult occurred 1st August, and I sent the larva to Mrs. Peart. It passed the
third moult middle of September, the fourth on 1st October, and though appar-

CHIONOBAS III.

ently well, and feeding after the moult, it died on 14th October. The other
and only remaining larva passed the second moult 20th August, the third, 4th
September, seemed to become semi-lethargic after a few days, would occasionally
feed a little, and at last died the 29th October. The conditions for this brood
were not natural, and doubtless on the peaks of Colorado the larvm would have
gone into winter quarters after second or third moult.

These results from breeding the larvae sustain Mr. Bruce’s view, based on
observation of the imago, that the late butterflies come from eggs laid by the
females of the earliest flight, and that the species is in some degree double-
brooded ; while the hibernation of some larvae at the third, others at the second
moult accounts for the appearances of fresh butterflies in succession during early
and mid-summer.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Uhleri, 1,2 J, 3,4 9, earliest flight; 5 var. $ ; 6 9 latest flight.
a Egg ; a2 micropyle.

b, b2 Young Larva, bs, b 4 last segments ; b5 process on 3 to 13 ; b& head.

c, c2 Larva at 1st moult ; c3 head.

d, d 2 Larva at 2d moult ; segments 7 and 8 ; d3 head.
e, e2 Larva at 3d moult ; segments 7 and 8 ; head.

f Adult Larva, natural size.

p Same, enlarged ; /* dorsal view of segments 7 and 8 ; process on body ; /5 head.
g Larva when near pupation.

h Chrysalis, natural size; h2, h3 same, enlarged ; A4 side view of last segment; h5 front view of the
cremaster.

T1!

.7oVfc->)

CHIONOBAS IV.

CHIONOBAS VAKUNA, 1-7.

Chionobas Varuna, Edwards, Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XIV., p. 2. 1882.

Male. — Expands 1.6 to 2 inches.

Upper side brown, varying from reddish to dusky, the basal half of both
wings darker ; in many examples the dark area is limited without by a blackish
stripe, which on secondaries corresponds to the outer border of the mesial band
of under side ; throughout this wing the markings of the under side reappear ;
costal edge of primaries gray-white dusted brown, apex pale fuscous, and the
hind margin is bordered with same ; the ocelli small, black, one to four in
number, usually blind j occasionally there is a fifth, minute, on the lower sub¬
costal interspace ; secondaries have a narrow fuscous marginal border ; the ocelli
run from two to five, most often five, never large, often minute.

Under side of primaries paler, over costa, apex and hind margin gray-white,
dusted brown ; the cell much crossed by brown streaks ; along the hind margin,
in the middle of each interspace, is a little patch of white ; the ocelli repeated, en¬
larged, sometimes all pupilled ; secondaries gray-white or yellow-white, sometimes
very largely covered with brown, which is dark next base and on the mesial
band, pale beyond this to margin ; or the prevailing color is white, with dark
brown transverse streaks over basal area, and with a narrow space of nearly clear
white against the band ; the band is often quite solid, darker along both edges,
but sometimes it is broken, made up of dark streaks on a light ground ; on the
inner side its general course is circular, with a rounded sinus on the posterior
part of the cell ; without it is also circular, the two sides being nearly parallel,
with a rounded, or sometimes angular prominence opposite the cell, and a slight
incision on or a little above the sub-costal nervule ; but, in some examples, the
inner edge of the band is present only for a little space on each margin ; the
extra-discal area more or less streaked brown, sometimes most densely in the line
of the ocelli, as seen in Fig. 6 ; along the margin little white spots or patches, as
on primaries ; the ocelli almost always five, but occasionally four or three.

CHIONOBAS IV.

Body black-brown, beneath, the thorax black, abdomen gray-brown ; legs
light brown, the femora dark ; palpi brown, the long frontal hairs mostly black ;
antennae gray-white, narrowly fuscous on upper side ; club orange below and at
tip, above blackish. (Figs. 1, 2; 5, 6 ; 7.)

Female. — Expands from 1.8 to 2.2 inches.

Closely like the male ; the ocelli on primaries from one to four, on secondaries
nearly always five ; in one example under view four, in another three (Fig. 3) ;
the two sexes scarcely differ in regard to the ocelli. Under side as in the male,
but usually of a darker hue. (Figs. 3, 4.)

Varuna flies in northern Montana and Dacota, and so far as appears, in Can¬
ada near the Boundary Line, north of those States. It is allied to Uhleri, but
may be readily distinguished by its dusky coloration, the excess of ocelli in
both sexes, and by the definite band on under side of hind wings. It was ori¬
ginally described from examples taken by the late H. K. Morrison, who wrote :
“ This Chionobas was taken in Dacota Terr., on my way to Montana, in May
(1881). It was found on the plains, elevation about 1,200 feet, and in all about
100 were taken. All the Uhleri I have taken were in mountains, never at less
than 5,000 feet elevation, and from that to 11,000 feet,” etc. I had 4 S , o $ from
Mr. Morrison, and have them here still, though they now^ form part of Dr. Hol¬
land’s collection. All are smaller than the average of Montana examples before
me, and they are less dusky than these, though one of the females is as dark
as any from Montana. For several years after 1881 nothing was heard of
Varuna, till Mr. W. G. Wright, in 1890, rediscovered it in northern and cen¬
tral Montana. Mr. Wright says: “ Varuna inhabits the foothills of all the low,
isolated mountains, namely, Bear Paw, High wood, Little Belt, Great Belt, Snow,
Little Rocky, and Judith. I have never seen it flying west of the Missouri
River, nor on any of the spurs of the chief Rocky Mountain chain. None
of the mountains named reach timber line, nor have much watei, oi open
glades or meadows. Varuna flies only on the lower slopes, say at 1,000 feet
or so above the level land. I saw noneon the level plains. They frequent gi assy
slopes, and little dells or valleys, among scattering oak and pine trees in open
glades. But I never saw them in the forest, or even in shaded places, such as
butterflies of the genus Satyrus prefer. They sit on bare spots among the
grass, ready to fly up and follow any passing butterfly of another species,
chasing it a few yards or rods, and then perhaps returning to the old place ;
or, if too far away, gently settling on a new spot, but with a hesitating way,
with wings upraised, ready to give a strong stroke, in case a lizard or a snake

CHIONOBAS IV.

should be lying in wait for it. In no case did I see one feeding on flowers. The
flight of all species of Chionobas observed by me is gentle and leisurely, and for
short distances, and they are easy to capture.

Varuna seemed to be on the wing but about two weeks, namely, from the 10th
to 27th June. I was in the region before and after these dates, but saw none of
the butterflies except within the period mentioned.”

Mr. Wright sent me his whole catch of Varuna for inspection, 33 6 , 5 ? . Of
the males : —

1 has 5 spots on fore wing, 5 on hind wing.

16 have 4

((

has

1 spot

r-H

4 “

5 “

4 “

3 “

4 “

5 “

2 “

Of the females : —

3 have 4 spots on fore wing, 5 on hind wing.

1 has 3 “ “ “ “ 3 “ « «

1 “ 2 “ “ “ “ 5 « ic u

Of four males by Mr. Morrison : —

1 has 4 “ on fore wing, 5 on hind wing.

2 have 2 spots “ “ “ 5 « “ “

1 has 1 spot “ “ u 5 u u “

3 $ have 4 spots “ “ “ 5 “ “ «

Of five males from Canada : —

3 have 4 spots on fore wing, 5 on hind wing.

1 has 4 spot “ “ “ 4 “ “ «

1 li 1 “ “ (( u ^ U (( u

Summing up : Of forty-two males, twenty-two have five and four ocelli on fore
wing, five and four on hind wing ; twenty-six have five on hind wing ; twenty-

eight have four or more on each wing ; while but four have only a single spot

on fore wing, and these have three to five on hind wing. This is in strong con¬
trast to Uhleri.

JUTTA . 1.2

magnified .

magnified. /- — f*Larvct, mature
young to 3nl moult . g~g 3 Chrysalis.

a -.a * Egg
t>—e Larva

(D3II H (0) S3T CD MJkm

CHIONOBAS Y.

CHIONOBAS JUTTA, 1-6.

Chionobas Jutta , Hiibner, Samml. Eur. Schmett., Yol. I. p. 25, figs. 614, 615. 1806-1819 ; Moschler, Wien.

Ent. Monatschr. , Vol. IV. p. 342. 1860 ; Scudder, Proc. Ent.. Soc. Phil., Yol. V. p. 3. 1865 ; id., Butt. N.

England, Vol. I., p. 149. 1890 ; Fernald, Butt. Maine, p. 75. 1884.

Balder , Boisduval, leones Hist. Lep., p. 189, pi. 39, figs. 1-3. 1832.

Male. — Expands about 2.2 inches.

Upper side yellow-brown, the marginal borders, especially on secondaries,
darker ; primaries have a broad dark brown sexual band, a small part of which
lies within the cell, the remainder across the median interspaces ; on the extra-
discal area are two or three black ocelli, if two, placed on the upper discoidal and
lower median interspaces ; these are small, usually blind ; if a third is present
it is on the upper median, minute ; all these stand on diffuse brownish yellow
rings ; sometimes but one ocellus is present, the upper one of the series, and the
position of the others is indicated by yellow patches ; secondaries have a single
small ocellus on the lower median interspace, and there is often (not always) a
small yellowish spot on ea.ch of the interspaces above the ocellus to the outer angle,
next the marginal border ; fringes white, less pure next inner angle of primaries.

Under side of primaries paler brown, with a yellowish tint over the extra-
discal area ; the costa crossed by fine, alternate streaks of dark brown and yel¬
low-gray ; the apical area gray, with abbreviated transverse brown streaks ; the
ocelli repeated, usually enlarged and pupiled ; secondaries sordid gray-white,
more or less streaked writh blackish brown, finely and transversely ; in some
examples there is an absence of the mesial band, as shown in Fig. 6, but gen¬
erally this is distinct ; sometimes the outer limb is lighter, more gray, than the
basal area, especially just outside the band ; the band is broad, bends at a right
angle on the median nervure, and is narrowly bordered on both sides by black,
while within it is streaked like the rest of the wing, though usually the darker
shade prevails ; the outer edge is twice and deeply crenated next costa, then
projects considerably and sharply on the upper discoidal interspace, to be fol-

CHIONOBAS V.

lowed by a shallow angular incision, and then runs to the inner margin in a
straight course, slightly crenated in each interspace; the inner border has a
slight angular incision on the costal interspace, followed by a rounded promi¬
nence on the nervure, and a deep angular sinus in the cell, then irregularly wavy
to margin ; the edges on the posterior half of the band are nearly parallel, and
this part is broad, while the anterior half is comparatively narrow, and very
irregular ; the ocellus often wanting ; in some examples there is a row of yellow
points in line with the ocellus and to the outer angle. (Fig. 6.)

Body above dark brown, beneath, the thorax black, abdomen sometimes black,
sometimes dull gray -yellow ; legs dark brown, the under side yellow-brown ; palpi
furnished with long black hairs ; antennas fuscous above, finely annulated whitish,
red-brown below ; club red-brown above, testaceous below. (Figs. 1, 2, 6.)

Female. — Expands about 2.25 inches.

Upper side colored as the male ; the ocelli usually three in number, large, with
white pupils, or small and unpupiled, sometimes round, but generally ovate, and
the middle one is smallest ; sometimes there are one or two more, minute, on the
lower sub-costal and lower median interspaces ; each larger ocellus is surrounded
by a yellow, sometimes red-brown, nimbus, and these are often diffuse and con¬
fluent, thus forming a broad band, as seen in Fig. 5. Secondaries have a large
or small ocellus, pupiled or blind, and sometimes one or two additional minute
ones; in one example from Quebec there is a second pupiled ocellus on the
upper median interspace ; sometimes the sub-marginal yellow or fulvous area is
much extended, and takes the form of large cuneiform spots, but other examples
show nothing: of this, the light color being limited to a nimbus about the ocellus.
Under side as in the male, varying in the same manner; the larger proportion
of the examples under view have the band distinct, but others show very little
of it. (Figs. 3, 4, 5.)

Egg. — In general as in C, Cliryxus, somewhat narrower in proportion to the
height, the breadth to height being nearly as 1 to 1.15; the base flattened,
rounded ; broadest at about one fourth the distance from base, narrowing up¬
wards very gradually till near the top, the sides not much arched, the top flat¬
tened ; marked by vertical ribs varying in number from sixteen to twenty-one ;
in part these are quite straight, in part a little sinuous, occasionally one branch¬
ing either at top or bottom ; narrow at the summits and rounded, the slopes
nearly flat, each slope with many irregular horizontal narrow excavations with
intervening little ridges ; the micropyle is in the centre of a rosette of five-sided
cells, outside of which are three or four rows of similar cells, gradually enlarging ;

CHIONOBAS V.

beyond these to the ends of the ribs the flattened space presents shallow cells of
irregular sizes, sometimes confluent, oftener separated (Fig. a2); in some exam¬
ples this flat area is much restricted, the ends of the ribs coming nearer the ro¬
sette ; these ends are depressed and send short spurs toward each other, so that
the interspaces make low, cushion-like welts ; color yellow-white (Fig. a). Du¬
ration of this stage from ten to sixteen days.

Young Larva. — Length, at twenty-four hours from the egg, .11 inch ; shape
of Chryxus and Uhleri; the tubercles and processes the same in number, posi¬
tion, and shape as in those species (Fig. b3, process from 3 to middle of 13) / color
gray-white with a pink tinge ; the stripes as in the allied species named, yellow-
brown, the mid-dorsal one rather heavy, illy defined, the sub-dorsal a line, the
lateral bioad, clearly defined ; a pale brown line runs with the spiracles, and
another underlies the dull white basal ridge ; under side, feet and legs yellow-
green (Figs, b, b2) ; head as in the other species, and tuberculated in same way ;
color yellow-green with a tint of brown (Fig. 64). Duration of this stage twelve
to fifteen days.

After first moult : length, at twenty-four hours, .23 inch ; nearly the same
shape as before, and as in the species mentioned ; the tubercles and processes
as in those species, the latter being short, upright, clubbed, and bent ; color vari¬
able, some individuals being light gray-green, others wholly light green, others
still green-yellow ; through the light ground run exceedingly fine and abbrevi¬
ated longitudinal streaks of red-brown; the dorsal stripe of the general hue, edged
on either side by a whitish line ; the sub-dorsal line red-brown ; the lateral band
dark on both edges, and either vinous or dark brown within, but greenish on
the anterior segments ; a brown line runs with the spiracles, and another lies
under the pale yellow or buff basal ridge ; under side, feet and legs green-
yellow (Figs, c, c2) ; head as in the other species, indented in same way, with
similar tubercles and processes, and nebulous dusky vertical stripes ; color pale
green-yellow, sometimes with a brown tint (Fig. c3). Duration of this stage
twelve to fourteen days.

After second moult : length, at twenty-four hours, .34 inch ; shape as in the
second stage ; color very much the same, but the brown streaks are more decided ;
the lateral band as before ; the sub-dorsal, spiracular, and sub-basal lines red-
brown ; the ridge buff ; under side yellow-green (Figs, d, d2) ; head as before
(Fig. d 3). To next moult six days, in the fall.

CHIONOBAS V.

After third moult : length, at twenty-four hours, .5 inch ; shape as before ;
color greenish buff ; on mid-dorsum traces of a blackish band now appear, con¬
sisting of dark patches at the junctions of the segments ; the brown streaks take
the form of rather indistinct continuous lines ; the sub-dorsal stripe blackish, and
below it, on the light area, a brown line ; the lateral band as before, more de¬
cidedly black on the edges ; the processes nearly as in the last two preceding
stages, rather more slender, the top less clubbed ; head as before (Figs, e to e4).
To fourth and last moult twelve days in the fall, sixteen in spring.

After fourth moult: length, at twenty-four hours, .65 inch ; shape as before;
color brown-buff; the mid-dorsal stripe broken by definite black spots at the
junctions of the segments; the lateral band black on its upper edge; the basal
ridge yellowish. One larva differed from all others observed, in that on the
dorsal area of 4 to 7 appeared three longitudinal rows of pale black rectangular
spots, arranged in checker. In about twelve days from the moult the larvae
were full-grown.

Mature Larva. — Length, 1.1 inch; shape of Chryxus and Uhleri, stout,
obese, thickest in the middle, the dorsum much arched, sloping rapidly from 4 to
the head, ending in two short, sub-conical tails ; surface thickly covered with
short, stiff, tapering red-brown hairs or processes, from sharp, conical tubercles
(Fig./3); color greenish buff in shades, the sides more green than dorsum;
striped longitudinally as in the allied species mentioned ; the mid-dorsal stripe
pale green, broken by sub-rectangular blackish spots at the junctions of the seg¬
ments, which spots are incised deeply at either end ; the lateral band broad,
running from 2 to end of tail, pale green, the upper edge blackened ; basal ridge
yellowish ; under side, feet and legs greenish buff ; head sub-globose, well-
rounded frontally ; the surface thickly covered with shallow indentations, be¬
tween some of which are very small tubercles, bearing hairs, or processes like
those on the body ; across the top six dark stripes, as in the allied species men¬
tioned (and probably present throughout the genus). (Fig./ slightly, /2 greatly
enlarged). In several cases the adult larvae have hibernated, and in the spring,
without feeding, have pupated ; in other cases the hibernation has taken place in
first larval stage, and after both first and second moults. But no pupa has been
reached in the same season in which the egg was laid.

Chrysalis. — Length, .6 inch ; breadth at mesonotum .18 inch, at abdomen
.2 inch ; the ventral outline arched, the dorsal, from the thoracic depression to
the end, very much so ; head case closely as in Chryxus , truncated, dome-shaped

CHIONOBAS V.

at top ; mesonotum nearly as in Chryxus, more rounded longitudinally, and less
angular than in Uhleri , without carina, rounded transversely, followed by a
slight depression ; the wing cases but little elevated ; beveled down to the ab¬
domen on the margin ; abdomen conical, tumid ; the cremaster consists of a two-
coned ridge (Fig. g ,3 the tip of the cone g% naked, there being neither hooks nor
ristles ; surface smooth, but on the wing cases are very fine granulations • color
yellow-green, the wing cases more green, less yellow ; the abdomen dotted with
brown points, sub-ventral and lateral, in longitudinal rows, and dorsal, extending

from the extremity to the mesonotum (Fig. g). Duration of this stage, accord"
mg to Mr. Fyles, about thirty days.

Jutta inhabits the boreal regions of both hemispheres. In North America it
ranges from the eastern coast of Labrador to and beyond the Rocky Mountains
possibly to the Pacific. According to authorities quoted by Mr. Scudder it oc
curs even in Greenland, and on the main land as far to the north as lat. 58°
west of Hudson’s Bay. I formerly received examples from Godbout, Province
ot Quebec, on the lower St. Lawrence. Mr. Fletcher has taken it at Nepigon
Mr. Bean at Laggan, Alberta Terr., Captain Geddes at Emerald Lake, near Lag-
gan, and Mr. Burrison at Ottertail, twenty-four miles west of Laggan, so far the
most western locality noticed. The most southern localities recorded are Ottawa,
Quebec, and Bangor, Maine. Following Mr. Scudder: “ In Europe it was long
supposed to be confined to points north of lat. 61°, in Norway, Sweden, Lapland,
and Finland, but has latterly been found in isolated spots about Stockholm St
Petersburg, and in the neighborhood of Riga, lat. 56° 30'. In Asia, it apparently

occurs throughout the whole breadth of Siberia, as it is found on the northern
banks of the Amur River.”

As will be seen, the habits of this butterfly in Europe and America, as re¬
corded by several observers, are different in some important respects.

The only person, so far as I know, who has, up to the present time, reared
Jutta from egg to imago, is the Rev. Thomas W. Fyles, of South Quebec, Prov¬
ince of Quebec ; and he relates his experience, first, in the Seventeenth Annual
Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1887, p. 10 ; later, in the Cana¬
dian Entomologist, XX. p. 131, 1888, and XXI. p. 12, 1889. He visited the
Gomm swamp, near Quebec, on 31st May, and in its inner recesses, after wading
through deep sphagnum moss and water, doubting whether he “ might not sink
bodily out of sight in the treacherous bog,” noticed at a distance a growth of
young bushes which seemed to indicate a drier spot. With great difficulty he
reached that, and found it to be a ridge thrown up for drainage purposes.

CHIONOBAS V.

“ Suddenly a fluttering brown object arose before me, made a short flight, and
then settled down a few yards away. I noticed the mottling of the under wings,
brought down my net, and captured my first specimen of Jutta. Soon a second
specimen arose, but a king-bird, Tyrannus Carolinensis, gave chase to the but¬
terfly, and, after much doubling and twisting, caught it. It was long before
another specimen rewarded my search, but at length a third did make its ap¬
pearance, and I had the good fortune to secure it.

Mr. Fyles made another expedition to the swamp, June 12th, and captured
two or three females. On the first trip, he says he noticed what grasses grew
in the swamp. “ I found several all rooted in the sphagnum. I took home roots
of every kind, and potted them in sphagnum. I placed the pots containing these
in a box, and filled up the interstices to the level of the rims of the pots, with
sphagnum. I then made an arched lattice over it, and covered this with a piece
of netting.” The females captured, as related, he placed in this cage. “ On
17th, I found a number of eggs, not laid on the blades of grass, but scattered
over the netting. When the larvaD appeared, by means of a camel’ s-hair brush
I placed a few of them on each plant ; but I soon found that they congregated
on the sedge (Carex oligosperma, see Plate). This, then, I concluded, was their
favorite food plant. I kept the cage on the seat of an open window, and when¬
ever it rained removed the covering of the box and let the larvae have the bene¬
fit of the shower. In dry times, I occasionally sprinkled them at sunset with soft
water.”

In August, he noticed that they were seriously decreasing in number ; discov¬
ered a wounded larva, and on thoroughly examining the sphagnum, pulling it in
pieces, found 11 several very well-grown specimens of the Myriapod, Lethobius
Americanus ” (said by Packard to feed on insects and earthworms). “ On the ap¬
proach of winter the care of the larvae became perplexing, the more so as I was
about to leave for England. I at length resolved to place the case near a win¬
dow in an outer passage leading to a dairy. I left the larvae abundantly supplied
with sedge growing in well-soaked sphagnum. On my return in February, only
six of the larvae remained. They were torpid, but fresh and plump. A mild
day came, and one of them revived, but the mild day was followed by a bitter
night, and the adventurous larva perished. When the others began to revive, I
removed the cage into a room where the temperature could be better regulated.
Of the remaining larvae, one afterwards died, four went to chrysalis. The chrysa¬
lids were naked, unattached, and lay on or partly below the surface of the sphag¬
num. One of them I sent to Mr. Edwards, and one I preserved as a specimen.
The other two produced butterflies 31st May and 1st June.” The chrysalis sent
me is the one represented on the Plate.

CHIONOBAS V.

In Can. Ent., Mr. Fjdes gives the period of the several stages thus : eggs laid
17th June, hatched 1st July, 14 days; first moult, 6th July, 5 days; second
moult, 30th July, 24 days; third moult, 14th August, 15 days; fourth moult, 1st
September, 17 days; pupation, 21st April; emergence of the two imagos, 31st
May and 1st June, or at 30 and 31 days. Therefore, from laying the egg to the
fourth moult was 75 days; the egg stage 14 days; the larval, to fourth moult,
61 days ; the pupal about 30 days. Mr. Fyles, on his return, supposed that a
fifth moult had taken place during his absence. He recently has written me :
“ I noticed changes in color which led me to suppose the larvae had again moulted,
but increased knowledge of the Satyrinae has shown me that this could not have
been the case.”

The recital in Can. Ent. XX. ends with these words : “ The perfect insect
appears in this locality from May 31st to June 15th.” The conditions under
which these larvae were bred seem therefore to have been natural, and the but¬
terflies apparently came forth in the very days they would have, had they grown
in the swamp. And it is to be inferred that the earliest Jutla butterflies come
from larvae which hibernate full grown. It is remarkable that all the larvae that
survived the earlier stages reached the adult stage the same season in which the
eggs were laid.

Mr. Fyles continues : “ You may wish to know something of the habits of
Jutta in its native haunts. I have never found this insect before the 31st of
May, nor after the 15th of June. Through the first week in June, it may be
met with at its best, but even then one seldom sees the slightly hoary appear¬
ance which is found in the bred specimens, the down which gives this appearance
is so soon lost. Jutta delights in sheltered nooks on the margin of the swamp. I
know several such, in which, during the season, I am very sure to meet with it.
I find it resting on the surface, usually on sedge, or on Vaccinium, not on trees.
I have never seen it settle on the swamp spruces that surround the marsh, nor
even upon the Kalmia and other shrubs. It is with us (I say 4 with us,’ for
Holmgren speaks of Jutta congregating around, and settling on, trees) decidedly
a ground insect. It may easily be taken, if approached warily, and under cover
of a bush, but when it takes to flight it is in vain to follow it. It is very pugna¬
cious, and is sure to rise and give chase for a few moments to a passing butterfly.
I have often watched the flight of a stray Vanessa or Grapta, knowing that Jutta
would rise and betray its position to me.”

I inquired of Mr. Fyles as to his visits to the swamp later than 15th June, and
whether he could say that there was no late flight of Jutta to correspond with
the difference in the age of the larvae at hibernation. He replied : “ The late
Mr. George J. Bowles informed me of this locality for Jutta, and said that the

CHIONOBAS V.

species was on the wing from 1st to 15th June. He gave me directions and a
rough map which enabled me to find the spot. It is a sphagnum swamp many
acres in extent, such as is commonly called by the French Canadians a ‘ savane.’
It is surrounded for a considerable distance by a thick growth of swamp laurel
(Kalmia), Labrador tea, black spruce, tamarack, etc., and the whole district is
popularly known as ‘ the Gomin.’ I have for some years past visited this swamp
regularly two or three times a week, in favorable weather, from the beginning
of May to the beginning of October (the whole season with us), and the earliest
appearance of Jutta which I have witnessed was on the 31st May. I have never
seen it on the wing after the loth of June. I have looked most carefully, year
after year, for a second flight, but have never seen a sign of it.”

On page 155, Butt. N. E., Mr. Scudder asks: “ Where, in a morass mostly
under water, can the half-grown larvae find a suitable place to hibernate, and
where, in the still higher waters of spring, can the caterpillar securely pupate ? ”
To this Mr. Fyles replies : “ The sphagnum rises with the water and is never
submerged.”

I will now give my own experience with the larvae of Jutta. In 1886, I re¬
ceived ten eggs from Mr. Bean, at Laggan, laid 29th and 30th June. The larvae
hatched on lltli and 12th July, and at once went into hibernation. In August,
they were sent to Clifton Springs, N. Y., to go into the refrigerating house there,
but came back dead the following spring.

In 1889, I received four lots of eggs from Mr. Bean, between 26th June and
2d July, laid from 20th to 25th June. The oldest ones hatched 1st July, the
youngest, 7th July. On 14th, the first larvae began to pass their first moult; on
20th August, one passed its second ; and 8th August, this larva died while trying
to pass its third moult. All the other larvae hibernated after the first moult, and
died during the winter.

In 1890, I again received eggs from Laggan, laid 1st July. They hatched
11th ; on 26th, the larvae began to pass the first moult. On 23d October, there
were living five larvae, all in hibernation after the second moult. Mr. Bean wrote
me, 15th October, that he had more than forty larvae from the same lot of eggs,
all then past the second moult and about to hibernate. Therefore, larvae from
Laggan, in different broods, have hibernated direct from egg. after the first
moult, and after the second.

In 1888, I received five eggs from Mr. Fletcher, at Ottawa, laid 3d July. The
female was caught fully two weeks later than Mr. Fyles has ever seen Jutta at
the Gomin, and probably came from a larva which had hibernated in second or
third stage. The eggs hatched 19th and 20th July. On 4th August, one larva
passed its first moult, on 15th, its second. I had sent one to Mrs. Peart, at

CHIONOBAS V.

Philadelphia, where it passed its second moult, 25th August, and was returned to
me. Both were asleep in September, and were sent to Clifton Springs. One of
the two came back alive, 16th April, 1889. On 20th, was feeding ; on 10th
May, passed the third moult; on 26th May, the fourth moult. A few days
later it had changed color, from yellow-buff to pale yellow-green. It became
full grown by 10th June, and by 13th showed signs of approaching pupation.
It was on a sod of blue grass, Poa pratensis, set in a large flower-pot, and
around the plant was sphagnum moss. The larva would disappear in the moss
for hours, then for hours be wholly or partly in view. I saw it last on 18th
June, and as it did not come out I supposed it had gone down to pupate. On
23d, I searched the moss and then the earth, and found no trace of the larva ;
but did find a newly-made pupa of a noctuid, and concluded, inasmuch as a noc-
tuid larva had been caught in the act of devouring an adult larva of Erebia
Magdalena, that the Jutta had gone in the same way. From the day that this
larva began to feed in the spring to its third moult was 20 days ; from third
moult to fourth, 16 days; from fourth moult to maturity, 15 days; total from
first feeding to maturity, 51 days. Had pupation occurred by 20th June, the
imago might have been expected to appear 25 or 30 days later, or about middle
of July.

In 1891, Mr. Fyles sent me forty-three eggs, which were received 18th June.
They began to hatch 22d. Four larvas passed the first moult, 18th July, but
another passed the second on the same day, and another had passed its second
on 16th. This last one, A, passed the third moult, 22d July. On that day one
larva passed its first moult. Larva A passed the fourth moult, 2d August. By
1st September, it had ceased feeding and changed from buff to green, had become
very stout and smooth, the creases on the segments were quite obliterated, and
there was every appearance of speedy pupation. The sod was surrounded by
wet sphagnum, and on this or in the grass the larva would lie motionless for two
or three days at a time, and then, when I confidently looked for a pupa, I would
find the larva had moved, or perhaps climbed up the netting. Finally I sent it
north to be subjected to a cool, even temperature, but it died during the winter.

The periods of larva A were thus: from egg to first moult, 15 days; from
first moult to second, 11 days; from second to third, 6 days; from third to
fourth, 11 days ; from fourth to maturity, about 25 days. These changes, up to
fourth moult, had been rapid, only 43 days intervening between hatching and
the fourth moult.

At the time larva A had reached its full growth, another, B, which Mrs. Peart
had, was equally advanced ; changed color, and was obese and smooth. This
larva behaved just as A had done, did not pupate, and finally died 20th Decern-

CHIONOB AS V.

her. It had been supplied with moss, and during the last weeks seemed to be
favorably hibernating. Another larva, C, died 5th August, while trying to cast
its skin for the fourth moult. A fourth, D, got through that moult, but being
unable to get rid of the old face, its jaws became deformed, so that after I had
got the face off, the larva could not feed, and died. Thus four of this lot of larvae
passed fourth moult. A few others hibernated after only one moult, and were
mailed to Mr. Fletcher. When Mr. Fyles sent the eggs to me he overlooked a
single one, and from it obtained a larva which proceeded to its second moult and
then hibernated, and he wrote me, 23d February, 1892, that it was then alive
and healthy looking. If any of these small larvae run their full course, it seems
certain that their butterflies should show themselves at least a month later
than 15th June; and I do not understand why there is not a second flight.

While these Quebec larvae were feeding I had in hand a brood hatched from a
lot of twenty-five eggs sent me by Professor Braun, at Bangor. The eggs were
laid from 7th to 9th June ; began to hatch 18th. One larva, E, passed first
moult, 1st July, and by 9th, four more had passed the same moult. On 14th
July, E passed its second, on 20 th, the third, on 2d August, the fourth. On 1st
September, E looked like A from Quebec, had changed color in same way,
and was obese and smooth. On 21st September, had lain motionless nearly
three days, and I felt sure now of a pupa. But I was disappointed, and this
larva also was sent north, and died there. Another larva, F, passed the first
moult, 3d July; the second, 15th; the third, 23d ; the fourth, 4th August, and

soon after died. So it is that I have never obtained a pupa of Jutta, though

several larvae were reared to maturity.

Larva A was but thirty-five days from hatching to fourth moult ; B was thirty-
seven days ; and in both cases there was plenty of time for pupation, and the
emergence of the imago the same season, before cold weather set in.

Professor Braun wrote me, December 14, 1891, that of a large number of

Jutta eggs which he sent out, the preceding season (besides those sent me), so

far as he could learn, all the larvae died before or shortly after the first moult.
But that he carried one hundred and twenty larvae to the bog, and put them on
sedge which had been planted in pots, set in a box, and bedded in the sphagnum.
He visited them weekly, and gave new plants when necessary. “ About half of
them died when quite young ; about fifty passed the first moult, and thirty-six
the third, and were rolled up for hibernation at my last visit to the place, 24th
September. I intend to take off the cover of leaves and moss as soon as the snow
goes, that is, about the time the young plants begin to leaf. My other experiment
at home was not successful. Of about fifty young larvae I only succeeded in
getting three to the second moult, and one of them to the third ; but all three
lingered and died.”

CHIONOBAS V.

. 0n Ma^ 2d’ 1892> he wrote again : « About a week ago, I was at the bog, and
investigated the larvae. The spring is very late here, and the plants are but
just coming out. I found the larvae curled up among the moss. Some have
died, but I counted fifty-eight live ones. They have eaten all the small sprouts
of sedge which were inside the box, and even of the moss. It seems to me that
this is the only way of rearing these larvae successfully.”

I wrote Mr. Braun also to ask if he was certain there was no second flight of
Jutta’ and his answer was : “ Since 1882, I have taken Jutta every season.^ It is
found in the Stillwater bog only, about five miles from Bangor. The road to
Stillwater goes through the bog, which is about one half mile long and one quar¬
ter mile wide, and is surrounded by spruce mixed with birch and juniper. The
insect flies in numbers only on the left side of the road leading to Stillwater, for
the reason, no doubt, that the food plant of the larva is found only on that side.
The bog is covered with a luxuriant growth of long, soft brown moss, through
which, among a variety of shrubs and plants, sprouts up the Juncus articulata,
which is the food plant of Jutta. In 1884, the first week in May, while looking-
for the earlier Geometridae, I found a full-grown larva which I then supposed to
be a noctuid, but which I now know to have been of Jutta , on a blade of this
plant. I have never found any larvae since, in spite of diligent search, and I
conclude that they feed only at night, and hide in the moss by day. I can say
with certainty that this insect has only one brood or one flight here. The but¬
terfly appears in small numbers in the last week of May. All are males, no fe¬
males being seen until about five days after the first male makes its appearance.
The first week in June, I have found both sexes, and sometimes pairs in copula¬
tion have risen from the moss at my approach. At the end of the second week
m June, they gradually disappear. I have never taken a fresh specimen later
than 10th June. A very few worn ones linger to the third week, when they
all suddenly are gone. I visit the bog several times during the collecting season,
from 1st May to 1st October, in search of Geometridse and Noctuidm, but Jutta
I do not find. If there were a second brood or second flight I should certainly
see it, even though there were very few individuals. In no other part of the
State, so far as I can find out, does Jutta exist, and when the Stillwater bog is
drained, as it will be in a few years, this butterfly will become extinct in Maine.
Jutta has a low, jerky flight, and alights suddenly when pursued, vanishing under
the eyes of the collector. It drops into the moss, and it is useless to search for it ;
but, if let alone, it will soon rise again and come back to the place from which it
started. This is the only time to catch it, for it is not to be caught by running
after it. The flight of the female is not so quick as that of the male. On my
trips in former years, this butterfly was not so shy as it is now. Of late years

CHIONOBAS V.

they have been persistently hunted by myself and a few of my young students,
and have learned to take more care of themselves. Jutta is not common by any
means. I think the entire flight of any one year will not exceed two hundred
individuals, about one quarter of which we take. The last two seasons I have
tried a different plan of capture. On tying a battered live female to a plant, the
Labrador tea, two or three males will very soon appear, and can easily be taken.
We only preserve good specimens, releasing unhurt all that are worn. To get
eggs, I Pot one ^ie ^ooc^ P^ants> cover if with a neL an(i introduce one or more
females. I keep these alive by feeding with molasses, a few drops of which are
sprinkled on the net, and to this the insects come regularly. Each fresh female
will lay from seventy-five to one hundred eggs in course of a week, which is as
long as she will live in such confinement. Dissection has shown that rarely are
all the eggs laid.

“ As regards the females resting high in trees, as you tell me Menetries and
Holmgren state, it seems to me like a fable. In ten years’ collecting I never
saw one on bush or tree. They fly still lower than the males. I believe I have
once or twice seen a male alight on the trunk of a little juniper-tree, about three
feet from the ground, after I had stirred it up several times from the moss and
persistently pursued it. I ought to know the movements of this butterfly, having
had years of experience in studying its habits. I have taken with the net about
three hundred specimens. As Mr. Fyles says, ‘ it is a ground insect,’ and of that
there can be no doubt whatever.”

Mr. Scudder accompanied Professor Braun to the swamp, in 1890, and writes
me : “ The only Jutta I saw settled right at my feet, and my net was over it in
an instant. It was much as if it came at my bidding.”

Mr. Fletcher took a single example of Jutta , a female, in his garden, at Ot¬
tawa, and another at Nepigon. This latter “ was flying past very quickly. I
struck at it, and it almost immediately dropped to the ground and I threw my
net over it.” As to the other ; u it flew over a fence into the garden, and after
flying backwards and forwards three or four times, like a Grapta, which, strange
to say, I took it for at first, it settled on the leaves of some low beans. I ap¬
proached it quietly, and then it flew off to the ground, and lay over so that the
wings were almost horizontal with the ground, and thus I caught it by putting a
glass bowl over it, for I had no net.

“ There is a small bog within half a mile of this garden, but I never could find
the butterfly there. Within ten miles there is another very large bog, and the
railway runs through it, the trains stopping at a station within two hundred
yards of where I took this specimen. Is it possible it might have flown into a
passing train ? ”

CHIONOBAS V.

Captain Gamble Geddes, at Toronto, writes that the single specimen of Jutta
taken by him, 1884, near Emerald Lake, Alberta Terr., elevation about 6,000
feet, was in a dried-up swamp through which the trail he was following ran.' It
was a female, and the time was the first week in August, the appearance of the
species being delayed according to the elevation.

Mr. Burnson says of the single Jutta which he took at Ottertail, elevation
3,700 feet, the date 1st July : “ On my way from Banff to Glacier, I found, on
reaching Ottertail, that the train would have to be held some little time while
the bridge over the Wapta, or Kicking Horse River, was being repaired. I whiled
away the moments, never daring to get far away, by netting what butterflies I
could. The road ran near the river and through a bog, and on the edge of this,
either on a low plant or directly on the moss, I took this Jutta”

All records of the habits of this species therefore agree in this, that it is only
to be found in bogs or morasses, and Mr. Scudder thinks it is confined “ even to
very limited stations within them. Holmgren calls particular attention to this,
stating that it is found on the rocky islands, near Stockholm, only where sphag¬
num abounds, and that a quarter of a mile therefrom in a marshy area of about
fifty acres, he has searched in vain for it.” M. Menetrids, Enum. Acad. St. Pe¬
tersburg, p. 107, says: “ Mr. Bremer has taken a great many examples of Jutta
in a marsh about twenty-five versts north of our capital.” On p. 108: “ This
butterfly is found at the end of May in marshes, often inundated, where grow
here and there small and stunted pines ; it is upon the trunks of these that the
insect rests, its color so resembling the bark that it is difficult to discover it. It
is necessary to shake or beat the branches to cause it to fly.”

Mr. Scudder quotes Holmgren : “ When it alights, it is generally upon the tree
trunks, and, in the pairing season, the female usually rests high up in the tree,
and ifffis in this search after the females that the males fly around and up the
trees. M. Menetries got this at second-hand, but the account is supported by
Holmgren from his own observation, and it indicates a curious difference in
habit from that of the American Jutta. As to this habit of hiding in and rest¬
ing on tiees, farther observations are much to be desired.

Note. — As I am revising the proofs of this paper, I am able to add the follow¬
ing particulars: Professor Braun writes, May 19th, “ I visited the bog on 14th,
and found that about one half the larvge looked as if they would pupate in a few
days. I changed them to another spot where the plant was abundant, and have
no doubt that by the middle of next week most will have pupated.”

On 29th : “ I was at the bog Saturday, 21st, and found five chrysalids of Jutta.
Seventeen larvas had fixed themselves for pupation among the grass stems and
next the net ; the rest were still feeding. One of the five pupm gave a male

CHIONOBAS V.

butterfly this morning, and the others will do likewise by to-morrow. These
pup£e were quite soft when I found them, and must have formed on 20th, which
would make seven days for the length of the pupa stage.”

On 30th: “ I was at the bog last Saturday, 28th, and found to my dismay
that somebody had destroyed my poor Jutta. The frame and covering were
broken and torn, and trampled into the moss. All the larvae were gone, but I
found fifteen that had been killed, apparently in the act of pupating, and six
crushed pupae. This is the end of the work which had given me so much de¬
light. Some boys have done this.” The last sentence explains the situation.
Just so the arboreal ancestors of these boys behaved among the primeval birds’
nests.

I have also a letter from Mr. Fletcher, of June 30th: “ I went to the peat
bog, twelve miles from Ottawa, on 23d, to search for Jutta. I had the good for¬
tune to disturb one example, which I secured. This confirms the fact that my'
specimen, taken July 1st, 1888 (as herein related), was bred near here, and not
brought in moss to the gardeners, as Mr. Fyles has suggested.”

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Jutta, 1, 2 & (from South Quebec), 3, 4 J , bred, from same loc., 5, 9 > from Bangor, 6 var. £ i Quebec.
a Egg ; a2 micropyle.

b b2 Young Larva ; b3 process on 3 to middle of 13 ; b 4 head.
c Larva at 1st moult ; c2 dorsum of segments 7 and 8 ; c3 bead.
d Larva at 2d moult ; d2 dorsum of 7 and 8 ; d3 bead.

e Larva at 3d moult ; e2 dorsum of 7 and 8 ; e3 form and proportions of processes from 3 to 13 ; e4 head.
/ Adult Larva, after 4th moult, a little enlarged ; f3 process of dorsum ; / 4 head.
f 2 Adult, after change of color.

g Chrysalis, much enlarged ; g3 ventral view of cremaster, g2 side, view of one o£ the cones of the
cremaster.

The plant is Carex oligosperma.

msosj ©ibj^So

CRAMB IS: 1.2 rf. 3.4$. B RU C E I ; 5 6 o,

BRUCEI magnified f-fs Larva, mature,

b~& Larva, young to 3rd moult „ g-g 3 Chrysalis, .

7 8$.
magnified

CHIONOBAS VI.

CHIONOBAS CRAMBIS, 1-4.

Chionobas Crambis, Freyer, Neuere Beitrage zur Schmetterlingskunde, Vol. V. p. 99, pi. 440, figs. 3, 4. 1845;

Butler, Cat. Diurn. Lepid., Satyridse, p. 163. 1868 ; Staudinger, Cat., p. 27. 1871.

Also, Moschler, Wein. Entom. Monats. 1863.

Oeno and Also, Scudder, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., Vol. V. p. 113. 1865 ; Kirby, Cat., p. 70. 1871.

Male. — Expands 1.8 to 2 inches.

Wings somewhat translucent ; upper side dark brown ; costa of primaries a
little streaked with gray-white ; on the upper discoidal interspace a small black
ocellus, not always present ; on each subcostal interspace a yellow point ; fringes
yellowish, pale fuscous at the ends of the nervules. Under side of primaries
nearly of the same color as above, the costal margin and apex dusted brown ;
the ocellus, if present, pupilled with white.

Secondaries variable ; one example under view has the area from base to outer
side of the mesial band dark brown (the inner edge of the band undefined),
everywhere slightly mottled with gray-white, but the dark color greatly pre¬
dominates ; the space beyond the band sordid gray-white, finely streaked with
brown, rather more densely next the margin : another example (Fig. 2) has the
band boldly defined on a gray ground that without makes a belt nearly half as
broad as the band ; beyond to margin light brown, streaked with dark brown ;
on the other side of the band the clear gray space is narrow, but gray a little
streaked occupies part of the costal interspace ; the rest of the basal area brown ;
the edges of the band are dark, the interior gray and brown ; the inner edge
shows an angular incision in the costal interspace, followed by a slight promi¬
nence on the sub-costal nervure, and by a sinus between this and the sub¬
median, nearly square at the bottom ; the exterior edge projects a little on costa,
after which is an angular incision to the discoidal nervule, then an arch, doubly
crenated, to the lower branch of median, from which to the margin, in one ex¬
ample, the course is straight, in the other, with a double even crenation in
the lower median interspace.

CHIONOBAS VI.

Body black above and below ; the femora black, tibiae red-brown on upper
side, gray underneath ; palpi black ; antennae fuscous above with a little cretaceous
at the joints, and the same hue along the under side ; club red-brown above,
tipped black, cretaceous below. (Figs. 1, 2.)

Female. — Expands 2 to 2.25 inches.

Wings opaque ; upper side darker than the male ; costa of primaries rather
gray than brown, dusted and streaked with black-brown ; the ocelli vary ; one
example has a single black point on a yellow spot on the lower median in¬
terspace, and a small yellow spot on each interspace above, making a row of six
spots (Fig. 3) ; another has a similar black spot, on the under side pupilled
with white, but the yellow spots are wanting ; a third has two rather large equal
black ocelli, the upper one on the upper discoidal interspace, and both are pupilled
beneath. Secondaries, in all the examples, have a complete extra-discal row of
five yellow spots (repeated in white beneath), and the hind margin is edged by
a series of blackish serrations, either obscure or well-defined ; in all the examples
the band on under side is defined on both edges, and is about one fourth broader
than in the male. (Figs. 3, 4.)

From 2 S , 3 $ , from Labrador, sent me as Crambis by the late H. B. Moschler,
who made a specialty of Labrador insects.

I know nothing whatever of the present species beyond the fact that it is
credited to Labrador, and, according to Moschler, flies in July and August. In
my Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera of America north of Mexico, 1884, I gave
as localities for Crambis , Labrador, boreal America, Alaska, Colorado, and New
Mexico. But what was then supposed to be Crambis in the Rocky Mountains
is Bracei. Crambis is a larger species than Brucei , of a different color, trans¬
parent in a less degree, and only in the male, and is conspicuously marked by
ocelli, and common rows of yellow points ; while Brucei is equally transparent in
both sexes, and is without ocelli or points. I have been unable to see Freyer’s
book, and know of but one copy in the United States, and that is inaccessible.
But Mr. Butler, Cat. p. 163, pronounces his figures “not good.” Mdschler gives
Crambis as a synonym of Also , Boisduval. I have in my possession Dr. Holland’s
copy of Boisduval’ s leones, in which are figured and described both C. Also and
C. Oeno. I have no doubt whatever that Oeno is Semidea, Say. The figure
agrees as closely as is possible with Semidea insects from Labrador and the White
Mountains of New Hampshire (but copies of the leones vary in respect to the
figures of Oeno , and some of them are very badly colored). As to Also , it is more
like Brucei than Crambis in coloration and appearance of upper surface, and the

CHIONOBAS VI.

text says that the author thinks it is the same species as Eritiosa , Harris, from
the White Mountains, a mistake for Semidea, Say. It does look more like Semi-
dea than Crambis. But on the under side it is not like either of the species
named. Moreover, Boisduval says his drawing and description were made from
a Siberian example. I think, therefore, Also may be dismissed as no American
species. Mr. Mbschler sent me these insects labelled “ Crambis ,” after the date
of his paper referred to, and probably he had seen reason for changing his mind
about the identity of Crambis with Also.

Note. — As I was writing the description of Crambis above given, having
occasion to examine closely the insects, I discovered, adhering to a leg of one of
the females, a good eggshell, compressed, but not flattened so as to injure the
side ribs. Mrs. Peart will be able to make a figure of this egg, which shall be
given on a subsequent Plate. That egg, with the insect, has been in my cabinet
more than twenty years, unnoticed, of course.

CHIONOBAS VI.

CHIONOBAS BRUCEI.

Chionobas Brucei, Edwards, Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XXIII. p. 154. 1891.

Male. — Expands 1.8 to 1.95 inches.

Wings semi-transparent ; upper side uniform gray-brown ; costa of prima¬
ries sordid white, streaked transversely with dark brown, the light color much
predominating ; fringes of both wings yellow-white, fuscous at the tips of the
nervules. Under side of primaries nearly of same color as above, a shade lighter ;
sometimes the whole wing is flecked with brown scales, but often the area behind
the cell is immaculate y: in all cases the cell is so flecked, in varying degree,
and the apical area is both specked and streaked brown on a dull gray-white
ground ; the costal margin much as above, but the dark streaks are heavier. In
no example viewed is there an ocellus on either wing, or a trace of one.

Secondaries gray-white, sometimes with a tint of yellow over disk and to
margin ; next base nearly black, with whitish scales sparsely scattered through
this ; on the basal side of the band is a strip of nearly- clear ground, but little
dusted brown ; beyond the band a broader area of clear color, similarly dusted,
and gradually the dusting increases, and fine streaks come in, reaching a maxi¬
mum near the margin, where the dark color takes the form of loose patches in
the interspaces ; the band is prominent, both edges black, the interior more or
less densely covered with black scales and streaks on the whitish ground ; the
inner edge shows a narrow crenation on or just below the costal nervure, followed
by a rounded prominence on sub-costal, and by an angular sinus between sub¬
costal and sub-median, square at the bottom, or sometimes erose ; the exterior
edge projects a sharp tooth on costa, which is followed by an angular sinus reach¬
ing to the discoidal nervule, then a slight arch to lower median interspace, and
arching again to inner margin ; but sometimes the curved part is crenated to
margin.

Body blackish above, black below, with some gray hairs near and at the ex-

CHIONOBAS VI.

tremity ; the femora black, tibiae red-brown on npper side, gray-white underneath ;
palpi black ; antennae fuscous above, alternated with cretaceous, which last covers
the under side on lower half, the upper half red-brown ; club cretaceous above,
red-brown below, a little darkened at tip. (Figs. 5, 6.)

Female. — Expands 1.8 to 2 inches.

Transparent as the male ; closely like the male on both sides, and in the color
areas of the under side of secondaries. (Figs. 7, 8.) I have had ten examples of
both sexes under view in drawing up the foregoing description, and none of them
show an ocellus on either wing. I applied to Mr. Bruce to examine his collection
as to this point, and he writes that, of ninety-three examples present, none show
an ocellus. Apparently the absence of ocelli is a feature characteristic of this
species, in contradistinction to both Crambis and Semidea.

Egg. — Sub-conic, the breadth to height nearly as 1 to 1.15, the base flattened,
rounded ; broadest at about one third from base, narrowing upward considera¬
bly, the sides much arched ; marked by about twenty vertical ribs, very nearly
straight, occasionally one branching either at bottom or top ; these are narrow
at the summits and rounded, and the depressions are shallow and rounded, the
slopes excavated much as in Jutta , but are not so decided in the shape and char¬
acter of the spurs ; the top flattened ; the micropyle is in the centre of a rosette
of five-sided cells, outside of which are three or four rows of similar, less regular,
larger cells ; beyond these is a confused mass of flattened ridges, broken up, lying
in every direction, and not a continuation of the ribs ; color dull white. (Figs.
a, a2.) Duration of this stage about eleven days. This egg resembles that of
Semidea at all points more closely than any of the species observed.

Young Larva. — Length, at twenty-four hours from the egg, .08 inch ; shape
of Chryxus , Jutta, Semidea ; segments 2 to 4 nearly equal, arched dorsally, then
tapering regularly on dorsum and sides to 11 and more rapidly to 13, which ends
in two short and stubby projections, — scarcely to be called tails, — which are
separated by an angular sinus at base (closely as in Semidea) ; the tubercles are
brown, the processes from them white, and both are the same in number, position,
and shape as in the other species named, and indeed in all the species of the
genus observed (Fig. 65, process on dorsum from 3 to 13) ; color pale greenish
white ; a dorsal stripe and sub-dorsal line of pale brown, and a lateral band of
same hue ; under side dull white ; feet and legs translucent, whitish ; head
broader than 2, sub-globose, broadest below, depressed slightly at the suture;
surface covered with shallow indentations ; a few tubercles like those on the body

CHIONOBAS VI.

are present. (Figs, b to b5.) The number and position of the head tubercles is
the same as shown by the cut accompanying the text of Chryxus.

At about ten days from the egg the color becomes greenish gray, and the

stripes are more distinct, the lateral one broader and darker. Duration of this
stage fifteen to eighteen days.

After first moult: length, at twenty-four hours, .15 inch; nearly the same
shape as before, the anterior segments arched in the same way ; the projections
at extremity very short, blunt ; surface thickly covered with fine conical tuber-
cles, each bearing a short, cylindrical, and bent process (Fig. c3) ; color of body
pale buff ; the mid-dorsal stripe gray with illy-defined dark spots at the junctions
o the segments, the ends of these spots more or less incised ; the sub-dorsal
me red-brown ; the lateral band pale black on the posterior half, greenish gray
anteriorly, dusted black, edged below by a whitish line; the basal ridge yellow-
white ; under side greenish buff ; feet and legs translucent, white, but there is a
break in the middle stripe on either side (a feature observed in no species except

. errydea) > head closely as before, pale green-yellow, with six vertical stripes as

in the genus, pale brown. (Figs, c to c3.) Fig. c* shows the usual attitude of the

laiva at rest, during the earlier stages. To next moult, thirteen to seventeen
days.

After second moult : length, at twenty hours, .26 inch ; shape as in the second

stage ; processes same ; color buff ; the mid-dorsal stripe gray-green, with brown

not well-defined, spots at the junctions, as before, edged on either side by a

whitish line ; the belt between this and the red-brown sub-dorsal line is gray-

green, streaked finely and longitudinally with red-brown ; the belt below the

sub-dorsal line light buff, bisected by a fine brown line ; the lateral band pale

black, darker posteriorly, edged below by a whitish line, and that by a brown

one ; another brown line on upper, and one on under, side of the yellow-white

basal ridge ; head as before. (Figs, d to d\) To next moult, thirteen to twenty
days. J

After third moult : length, at twelve hours, .35 inch ; shape as before ; the
processes as at last previous stage; color buff; the dorsal area obscured by
blackish, abbreviated longitudinal streaks ; the mid-dorsal stripe gray-green, the
spots at the junctions as before, but darker ; the sub-dorsal line obsolete ;’ the
middle of the buff belt next below streaked with brown ; the lateral band nearly
as before ; the basal ridge yellow-buff ; head as before. (Figs, e to e3.) To next
moult, seven to ten days.

CHIONOBAS VI.

After fourth moult : length, at twenty hours, .5 inch ; the processes consider¬
ably longer in proportion than in the previous stages. (Fig./3.) In about eight
days was full-grown.

Mature Larva. — Length, .9 inch ; stout, indeed obese, thick in the middle,
tapering rapidly from 5 to head, and from 9 or 10 to 13, ending in two short,
blunt projections ; surface thickly covered with fine conical tubercles of irregular
sizes, each bearing a cylindrical, slender, bent process ; color buff, in shades ; the
mid-dorsal stripe gray-green, with a rectangular spot, incised sharply at either
end, at the junctions, edged on either side by a whitish line ; the dorsal area
gray-buff, obscured by blackish longitudinal streaks, which are confluent on the
lower edge at the junctions ; the buff area below this is cut in the middle by
two brown lines ; the lateral band broad, deep black, paler on the anterior seg¬
ments, edged below by a light buff line ; the spiracular band dark gray ; basal
rido-e light buff, with a gray stripe beneath it ; under side, feet and legs gray-
buff ; head small, scarcely broader than 2, sub-globose, broadest below, narrowing
towards the top, slightly depressed at the suture ; the surface thickly covered
with shallow indentations, between some of which are small tubercles with pro¬
cesses like those on the body ; color greenish yellow, with a brown tint ; across
the top six dark brown stripes, as in the allied species, but the middle one on
either side is broken. (Figs. / to/5.) No larva bred by me reached pupation ;
but Mr. Bruce sent a dead pupa, from which Mrs. Peart was able to make the

outline figure given.

Chrysalis. — Length, .5 inch ; breadth at mesonotum .2, at abdomen .22
inch; cylindrical, stout, the ventral side arched ; the dorsal, from the thoracic
depression posteriorly, much more so ; head case truncated, closely as in Semidea
and Ulderi , less than in Juttci , dome-shaped at top ; mesonotum without carina,
rounded every way ; the depression slight ; abdomen sub-conical ; wing cases
bevelled down to the abdomen on the margin ; cremaster naked, without hooks
or bristles, the ridges V-shaped, converging but not attingent, elevated, com¬
pressed. (Figs, g to /.) The cremaster resembles that of Semidea rather than
any of the allied species so far observed.

C. Brucei inhabits certain lofty peaks of Colorado, and Mr. Bean reports find¬
ing it at Laggan, Alberta Territory. He says, Dec. 29, 1890 : u I have only
found it as yet on one mountain, and scarcely any are to be had there. Prob¬
ably, therefore, the species lives in Montana, though I have not heard of an
example being taken in that State. Mr. David Bruce has kindly written an

CHIONOBAS VI.

account of its habits, times of flight, and localities, as observed by himself, as
follows : “ C. Brucei is found on most of the mountains around South Park, at
between 12,000 and 13,000 feet elevation, but I have never seen it in such
numbers anywhere as on Mts. Bullion and Hayden, which are twin mountains,
and may be called one locality. South Park proper is on the south of these
mountains, and is a succession of grassy valleys, surrounded by a broken range
of varying altitude. Every mountain and peak, as well as every gulch and creek,
has a name, not all found on the maps, but well known to the miners and cattle¬
men. For convenience, I call it all the South Park District. I first took this
species on the opposite side of the valley from Bullion, two or three worn ex¬
amples, in the month of August. But I have never found it at the same place
since, and I think these were blown across the valley. I have never seen Brucei
at a lower altitude than 12,000 feet. It does not fly to the tops of the rocky
peaks, like C. Semidea , nor does it frequent the same localities anywhere as that
species, but is confined to grassy depressions on the sides of the mountains. It
is of a gentle flight and playful habit, and may be seen in companies of a dozen
or moie, circling around and pursuing each other, or hovering about a tuft of
grass, where probably a newly emerged female is drying her Avings. If ap¬
proached suddenly, it is apt to be alarmed, and will make a wild, dashing flight
foi a shoit distance, and then dive into the herbage, where it will elude search
by holding itself perfectly still ; or it may make a succession of short, leaping
flights, and is then very difficult to capture. When caught, it will lie in the net
as if dead ; but this trick is practiced by all the species of Chionobas and Hip-
parchia that I have had experience with. On the eastern side of Bullion Moun¬
tain Brucei is very abundant, though local. The entire slope of the mountain is
well coveied with grass and wild flowers, but from the peculiar position of the
surrounding peaks the greater part of this mountain meadow lies in shadow until
the afternoon; but one central spot, about an acre in area, feels the uninterrupted
rays of the sun all the day. On this favored place C. Brucei and Pyrgus Cen-
taui ice absolutely swarm. By standing still I have frequently taken scores in a
few minutes. Sunshine is a necessity with the Brucei. The thinnest cloud will
stop their flight, but the moment the sun is out again they are up and busy.
The air at this altitude cools rapidly Avhen the sun’s rays are absent, and a few
minutes’ cloudiness is sufficient to chill the collector. If the insect is on the
wing when the cloud covers the sun, it drops at once into the grass. The moun¬
tain storms, that often occur without a minute’s warning, are thus instinctively
guarded against.

“My recorded captures are from June 10th to August 20th, but I have not
taken fiom one of these dates to the other in any one year. In some years the

CHIONOBAS VI.

ground is covered with snow to the middle of June, and again, by August 12th,
I have known sharp frosts and driving snow to cut off everything ; but it gener¬
ally rains about this time of the month, followed by a few weeks of fine weather.
In 1889, frost and snow occurred in August, and everything was apparently
killed, yet through September, when the weather was fair, plenty of butterflies
were to be found, many of which had doubtless emerged before the cold snap,
but had not paired then. But by 20th August, generally, the Brucei are old and
so worn as to be almost unrecognizable, and will sit in a listless way on the
flowers as if waiting for death. These late individuals are always females, and I
have never seen a male later than July. As the snow lies on the very spot on
Bullion where this species occurs until late in May, in the most favorable seasons,
it is evident that the larvae, or part of them, must mature the first year. I found
a pupa of Briicei, 22d July, 1889, while I was searching at the roots of Sedum
for the larvae of Parnassius Smintheus. It was buried in the light soil near the
surface ; was apparently alive and about to disclose the imago, as the markings
of the wings were plainly to be seen through the transparent skin. But the
imago died in the pupa, and in this condition was sent to Mr. Edwards. I have
examined several hundreds of Briicei (I have certainly taken as many as three
hundred), and never found any variation in color or markings worth mentioning.

“ There are few or no birds on these high stations to destroy the larvae or catch
the butterflies, but mice, ground squirrels, spiders, and predaceous beetles are
legion. Parasitic diptera and ichneumon flies are as numerous as on the lower
levels ; a large gray Asilus, too, is ever present like an evil spirit, capturing
Brucei without the least effort. It is therefore surprising that so frail a butterfly
should hold its own so persistently.”

A few examples of Brucei have been taken the present year (1892) near Pike’s
Peak, and one near Gray’s Peak, both localities having an elevation above 13,000
feet.

Mr. Bruce, then at Hall Valley, Colorado, sent me eggs of C. Brucei, which
were received on 14th, 18th, and 21st July, 1890. The first lot began to hatch
on 18th ; on 3d August, three larvae passed the first moult ; on 16th, one passed
the second, another on 19th ; on 29th August, one, A, passed the third moult,
and another, B, the same moult, in Philadelphia. On 8th September, A passed
the fourth moult, and B had done likewise on 6th ; on 15th September, a third
larva, C, also passed the fourth. A and C, at Coalburgh, were feeding as late as
8th October, but had become very stout, and were evidently full-grown. A few
days later they seemed torpid, but on 18th October, A died. A month later there
remained C, adult, and two which had passed the third moult, all in hibernation.
B was reported as also hibernating, but soon after died. I left the larvse out of

CHIONOBAS VI.

doors, on a shaded porch, and up to the middle of February they seemed to be
healthy, but shortly after all died. The largest one had been attacked by a
fungoid growth on one side, at the spiracles. So I failed to get a pupa. Many
of the hatched larvae died when quite young, or disappeared unaccountably. But
the five that passed the third and fourth moults proceeded as satisfactorily as
any Satyrid larvae from the lowlands could have done. One nearest allied species,
Semidea , on the other hand, is exceedingly difficult to rear, indeed almost im¬
possible. The food, Poa pratensis, agreed with my larvae. The advanced ones
became excessively stout, and segment 2 was so large, and rose above the head
so high and abruptly, that it seemed as if the pupa must have taken form within,
and would shortly appear.

In 1891, I again received eggs from Mr. Bruce, at the same place, and they
began to hatch 28th July. On 13th August, two larvae passed the first moult,
others soon after ; on 29th, two died in trying to pass the second moult ; a third
passed second, in Philadelphia, 5th September, and presently died. All the other
larvae stopped at first moult, and were sent to Canada to hibernate in a snowbank,
but died before I received them in the spring.

These attempts seemed to show that larvae hatched in the early part of the
summer may reach the adult stage the same season, if the weather conditions are
favorable, but that those hatched some weeks later will pass only the earlier
moults. Others may probably hibernate direct from the egg. The first would
pupate as soon as the melting of the snow had uncovered them, which would be
late in May, and from these would come the butterflies of middle June. The
larvae which have hibernated after third, second, first moults, or from the egg,
reach lma^o in successive detachments up to the middle of July, or some¬
what later. In this way the appearance of the species on the wing for so long a
period as seventy days, as testified by Mr. Bruce, is accounted for.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Ckambis, 1, 2 6, 3, 4 9.

Brucei, 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, 9.

a Egg ; a1 micropyle.

b, b2 Young Larva ; b8, b 4 last segments ; 65 process on 2 to 13 ; b 6 head.

c, c2 Larva at 1st moult, ; c8 process; c4 attitude during the younger stages ; cB head.
d Larva at 2d moult ; d 2 segments 7 and 8 ; ds head.

e Larva at 3d moult ; e2 segments 7 and 8 ; e8 head.

f Adult Larva, a little enlarged ; / 2 greatly enlarged ; f 8 segments 7 and 8 ; f* process ; / 6 head.
g Chrysalis, enlarged ; g 2 side view of last segments ; g8 front view of the cremaster.

•

. -

■ *

ASSIMILIS: 7 9 8 d intermediate ■

CRAMBIS; a a? Egg

CHIONOBAS VII.

CHIONOBAS (ENO, 1-8.

Chionobas (Eno, Boisduval, leones, Yol. I. p. 195, pi. 39, figs. 4 to 6. 1832.

Yar. Assimilis , Butler, Cat. of Satyridse, p. 163, pi. 2, fig. 10. 1868.

Wings somewhat translucent, as in C. Semidea.

Male. — Expands from 1.8 to 2.1 inches.

Upper side from livid-brown to yellow-brown ; costa of primaries yellow-white,
streaked brown and black ; occasionally there is a small blind ocellus on the
upper discoidal interspace ; secondaries disclose more or less distinctly the mark¬
ings of the under surface ; fringes of both wings yellow-white, fuscous or brown
at the tips of the nervules.

Under side of primaries paler ; in some examples the larger part of the wing
is sprinkled with dark scales, in others is densely covered by fine, abbreviated,
transverse brown streaks, most so in the cell ; the apical area more or less gray.
Secondaries yellow-gray, mottled and streaked with dark brown, pretty equally
distributed from base to margin ; but sometimes the basal area has the ground
gray-white, and outside the band is a narrow space of same color ; the band well
defined on its outer edge, which in the main is arched, but sometimes made angu¬
lar by the prominence of the serration on upper median interspace, the anterior
half in narrow serrations, sometimes sharp, sometimes rounded, the posterior half
crenated ; the inner edge most often not clearly defined, and the mottling of the
basal area is continued through the band ; but when this edge is distinct, the
course from costal margin to about one third across the cell is straight, then is
incurved, or makes a sinus in the cell and submedian interspace, and crenated or
erose to inner margin ; midway between the band and hind margin is a row of
whitish points, one on each interspace.

Body fuscous above, black below ; the upper half of the femora black, the rest
and the tibiae yellowr-brown ; palpi yellow-white with the frontal hairs black ;

CHIONOBAS VII.

antennee fuscous above, paler below, and ringed with cretaceous ; club cretaceous
below, red-brown above. (Figs. 1, 2, 6.)

Female. — Expands from 2 to 2.1 inches.

Like the male, but usually more yellow ; the ocellus on primaries present, and
sometimes there are three small whitish spots on the lower interspaces, in line ;
on secondaries a small blind ocellus sometimes appears in the lower median inter¬
space, the under side of primaries sometimes much streaked at apex and over the
basal two thirds of the wing, with an obscure mesial band, the outer side of which
is irregularly crenated, and throws a sharp projection along upper branch of
median. (Figs. 3, 4, 5.)

Yar. Assimilis. — The band is wanting, or there is scarcely more than a sug¬
gestion of it. (Figs. 7, 8.)

(Eno flies in Labrador, at least along the coast ; also at Fort Chimo, Davis
Straits, in Ungava. Two examples were taken by Mr. Ludwig Kumlein, Natu¬
ralist of the Howgate Polar Expedition, 1877-78, at Quickstep Harbor, Gulf of
Cumberland, lat. 66° ; and were mentioned by me in Bulletin 15 of the U. S.
National Museum as Semidea, Say. Mr. Butler gives Repulse Bay, which is of
about the same latitude, but several degrees to the west, as a locality. The
species is also found in Colorado, inhabiting the tops of the loftiest peaks. It
has been taken in New Mexico, though I do not know the locality, as is evidenced
by a pair formerly received by me from one of the exploring expeditions. I am
not informed that Eno has been taken to the northward of Colorado. In that
State and in Labrador the variety Assimilis accompanies the parent form.

About twenty years ago, a collection of butterflies made by Lieutenant \V. L.
Carpenter, U. S. A., in Colorado, was sent me, and among them were two pairs
of (Eno which had been caught in copulation. They had been killed and put in
envelopes without separation, and in this condition I found them. These are
before me as I write. Both males are dark ; in one the band is distinct on both
edges, in the other the outer edge is defined, the inner lost. One female is dark,
the other very yellow, and in this last the band is wanting ; that is, it is the
variety Assimilis. In the dark example the band is faint throughout. I sent
Mr. Butler an example similar to the one shown on the Plate, figure 7, and
another like 8, and he replied that both were Assimilis. An excellent uncolored
figure of this form is given in the Cat. Satyr., and the description reads : “ Under
side color of Eno, but the band is less distinct.”

Mr. Bruce has kindly furnished me with notes on the localities in Colorado

CHIONOBAS VII.

inhabited by CEno, and its way of life : “ The tops of the Front Range of the
Rocky Mountains are generally irregular plains sloping towards the west. On
these comparatively little snow lies, as they are swept by the violent west winds
which blow throughout the winter and spring months. Owing to this the snow
accumulates in immense rolls and wreaths just on the extreme verge of the eastern
side of the mountain, and extends downward in vast fields. These accumulations
melt slowly, but by the middle of June, in ordinary seasons, the upper levels are
nearly free, except in depressions and on rocky declivities. On the very rim of
these mountains, as the snow recedes, a bare space of gravelly earth, or decom¬
posed granite, occurs, the result of constant attrition by the elements; and it is
this narrow belt, entirely clear of vegetation, on the upper side of the snow fields
which still clothe the mountain side, that CEno frequents. There it can be
found from the middle of June until the end of August, or during a period of
fully six weeks. Though during August the snow all disappears except in deep
chasms, the butterfly holds to its favorite haunt, occasionally straying a few
hundred feet downward where the character of the surface accords with that of
the belt. It is a strong-winged and vigorous species, shy and wary. By watch¬
ing where it alights and approaching with caution, however, it may easily be
covered by the net ; but when on the Tying it is useless, indeed impossible, for
the collector to follow it. It sweeps over the mountain edge and across the snow
with a bold dash, and takes a long excursion, but generally returns in a short time
and alights as suddenly as it started. I took several fine examples on a warm
and still July morning this year (1893) by sitting quietly on a rock in one of
the favorite haunts. The butterflies played around me and apparently fought
for a position, — a jutting point on the edge of the snow. On this they would
walk a few inches in their jerky manner, stop a few seconds and begin an almost
imperceptible gliding, then stand quiet a moment, and walk again,— about which
time a rival would appear, and the usual skirmish in the air would ensue ; and
I generally improved the occasion by catching both of them. Like the ’allied
species, it lies flat on closed wings, especially if the wind is blowing. About mid¬
day they take short flights on the plateau, the females apparently for the pur¬
pose of depositing their eggs, and the males to feed on the flowers, preferring
spots where the rocks crop up through the scanty vegetation. For shelter during
storms they return to the mountain verge. I once took quite a cluster of them
in a crevice under a huge overhanging rock where I had taken refuge during a
furious hailstorm. I have found this species at all elevations above 12,000 feet
in Park and Summit counties. It is found, as I have said, at the highest points

attainable and is common ; yet from its frequenting such inaccessible localities,
collectors have not often captured it.

CHIONOBAS VII.

“ CEno, on its belt, seems to be on the constant watch for intruders, and will
even chase the rufous humming-bird, which is common in the same region.
Erebia Magdalena , Melitceas Anicia and Falla, Pieris Occidentalis, Colias Meadii,
Vanessa Calif ornica and Chrysophanus Snowi, all inhabit the higher slopes and
levels, and CEno 1 is on the alert for every individual of them that crosses its
domain. This habit is observed in the whole genus Chionobas, but appears to be
more developed in CEno, which is a bolder and stronger species than some of its
congeners. C. Brucei is far more quiet ; a little playful dancing in the air is
occasionally indulged in by half a dozen at once, but they take no such flights as
CEno does. As Brucei lives on the grassy places on the slopes and plateaus, the
habitats of the two species sometimes overlap, and they may be found in com¬
pany. I have now and then seen C. Chryxus with CEno, though as a rule this
species lives at a lower altitude.”

Chionobas CEno was described by Dr. Boisduval, sixty years ago. He says of
the under side of the hind wings : “ Marbled with black and white, crossed
in the middle by a blackish band which is crenated on its posterior edge and
is sometimes entirely lost in the marbling of the base.” That agrees with the
species as it is known to-day from Labrador and Colorado. The figure agrees
with the description in Dr. Holland’s copy of the leones, which he has kindly
loaned me for examination, except that the outer edge of the band represents
an aberration in which the crenations are flattened except the three on the disk,
and the upper two of these are serrated rather than crenated. This is a pecul¬
iarity sometimes seen in other species of the genus, even in quite a different
group, as in C. Californica. But all copies of the leones have not the plates so
well colored as the one before me, for one was sent me which had unintelligible
black lines disposed over the region of the band so as to destroy that feature.
Therefore it is safest to follow the description, which is drawn with Dr. Boisduval’s
usual felicity.1 2 He speaks of having under view several examples, and goes on :

1 In the text of C. Brucei (Chion. VI.), Mr. Bruce says of that species : “ It does not fly to the tops of the
rocky peaks like C. Semidea .” This should have read “ like C. CEno," which was the species Mr. Bruce had
in mind.

2 I copy the description from the leones : —

“ Ses ailes sont d’une texture mince et assez delicate. Le fond de leur couleur est en dessus d’un gris-bru-
natre-livide mele de jaunatre. Les superieures sont presque transparentes pres de l’extremite, qui est un peu
plus jaunatre que le reste de la surface, avec la pointe apicale et le bord marginal charges de quelques petits
atomes noiratres.

“Les ailes inferieures sont k-peu-pres du meme ton que les superieures, et leur transparence est telle, que
Ton voit a travers tout le dessin du dessous. Leur extremite est un peu plus claire, avec quelques atomes
noiratres condenses vers le bord marginal.

“Le dessous des ailes superieures est un peu plus jaunatre que le dessus, avec le sommet et le bord de la
cote grisatres et piques de brunatre.

“ Le dessous des ailes inferieures est varie et marbre de noiratre et de blanchatre, traverse au milieu par

CHIONOBAS VII.

“ It is very rare in collections ; is found in Russian Lapland. I have also a
female which I received from M. Eschscholtz as coming from Siberia. M. Som¬
mer has sent me two others which do not sensibly differ from the type, and
which were taken in Labrador.” In view of the language of the leones, it is
singular that no two later authors have agreed as to what CEno was. It has
usually been confounded with Semidea, Say, and Crambis, Freyer. With these
is mixed up Also, Bois., described in the leones next to CEno. The late Mr. H.
B. Moschler, in a paper on the genus Chionobas, 1863, gave the series thus : —

1. Also, Bois. = Crambis, Freyer.

2. CEno, Bois.

He says nothing of Semidea, but in later years sent me Labrador examples
of CEno with the labels “ Semidea ,” and therefore must have changed from his
first view.

Mr. S. H. Scudder, Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., Vol. V., 1865, says: —

1. CEno, Bois. = Also, Bois. = Crambis, Doubleday’s Gena.

2. Semidea , Say = Also, Bois.

In the Butt. N. England, 1889, Mr. Scudder does not mention CEno, but gives
Semidea, with Also, in part, as a synonym.

Mr. A. G. Butler, Cat. Satyr., 1868, says of the sub-group: —

1. Crambis, Freyer.

2. CEno, Bois. = Also, Bois.

3. Assimilis, Butler.

4. Semidea, Say.

5. Subhyalina, Curtis.

Mr. W. T. Kirby, Cat., 1871, says : —

une bande noiratre, crenelee sur son cote posterieur, qui quelquefois se perd presque completement dans les
marbrures du fond. L'extremite offre pres du bord quelques petits groupes d’atomes noiratres un peu plus
serres, et formant une raie maculaire peu prononcee.

“ La frange est blanche, entrecoupee de noiratre. Le corps est brunatre. Les antennes sont d’un jaune-
testace pale, avec la base d’un gris brunatre.

“Les superieures (de la femelle) sont plus arrondies, et leur sommet offre souvent un tres petit mil a peine
visible.

“ Les dessous de ses ailes superieures est plus jaunatre, plus fortement saupoudre d’atomes noiratres ; le
sommet et la cote sont plus blanchatres ; la cellule discoidale parait traversee par deux legeres trainees
d’atomes noiratres, formant comme deux raies tres peu distinctes. Au-dela de la cellule, on voit une autre
trainee noiratre, coudee en angle aigu comme dans les especes, et tres peu marquee.

“ Les dessous des ailes inferieures offre a-peu-pres le meme dessin que dans le male ; mais il est un peu plus
varie de blanchatre, et la bande transverse est mieux dessin^e.”

CHIONOBAS VII.

1. CEno , Bois. ; var. a. Also, Bois. ; var. b. Crambis, Freyer.

2. Semidea, Say = Also, Bois. (but this last is plainly a mistake for Bootes,
as the reference shows).

Dr. 0. Staudinger, Cat. 1871, says : —

1. Crambis, Freyer.

3. Semidea, Say = CEno, Bois. =Also, Bois.

In my Synopsis of N. Am. Butterflies, in Vol. I., 1872, I followed Kirby, as the
latest authority, having myself but a very slight acquaintance with some of these
forms, and none at all with others. At that date no collection in America had
all of them, and very few individuals of any, even of Semidea. It was not till
Mr. Bruce explored the peaks of Colorado that it became possible to understand
what CEno was, and the limitation of Brucei made clear the position of Crarnbis.

In my Catalogue, 1877, I gave : —

1. Semidea, Say =CEno , Bois. = Also, Bois.

2. Crambis, Freyer = Assimilis, Butler.

3. Subhyalina, Curtis; and the same in the Revised Cat. of 1884.

To-day, 1893, I give the series : —

1. Crambis, Freyer.

2. Brucei, Edw.

3. CEno, Bois.; var. Assimilis, Butler.

4. Semidea, Say.

5. Subhyalina, Curtis.

This is very nearly as Mr. Butler gave it, as stated above.

As to C. Also, I reject it altogether as American. The description of the
under side hind wing says : “ It is brownish beyond the middle, with some gray¬
ish atoms and small marbling of same color near the outer border. The posterior
third is of a whitish gray which has something of violet, with streaks, atoms, and
little undulations of blackish. The band is present as in the other species, but
the inner side is lost in the basal color.” I suppose by “the other species ” the
author meant either CEno, next preceding, which has a crenated band, or CEno
and Balder (the second preceding and which has a dentated band, as the de¬
scription says). The whole description of Also is too general to differentiate any
species, and the figure is evidently poorly drawn and poorly colored and gives no
help. The band on the outer side is irregularly wavy, totally unlike either of
the species spoken of, and the inner edge for half its course is indicated by a

CHIONOBAS VII.

heavy incurving black line, whereas it should be “ totalement fondue avec la
couleur de la base.” I have never seen an insect like that figure, and the de¬
scription is valueless. Boisduval says he described from a single male which came
to him from Siberia, and adds: “I have received from Mr. John Leconte, under
the name Eritosa, Harris [a mistake for Semidea, Say], an example taken in the
White Mountains of New Hampshire, which seems to me to belong to this
species.” That is all ! He has seen a single example of Semidea from America,
which “me parait appartenir a cette espece,” just described from a single ex¬
ample from Siberia. It is only now, after the lapse of more than half a century,
that the species of this sub-group can be distinguished and limited, and to accept
the conjecture of even Dr. Boisduval, great naturalist though he was, as if it
were a scientific and final determination, based on the inspection of one Semidea
and one insect from Siberia, is out of the question. Whether Also is to-day
anywhere received as a species I am not informed, but, in 1871, Dr. Staudinger,
Cat., doubted whether there was such a Siberian species.

CRAMBIS.

Egg. — Nearly as in C. Brucei, but the sides less arched, and the top nearly as
in C. Jutta ; subconic, the base flattened and rounded; broadest at about one third
from base, narrowing upward considerably, the sides moderately arched ; marked
by twenty-two vertical ribs, very nearly straight, occasionally one branching
either at bottom or top ; these are narrow at the summits and rounded, and the
depressions are shallow and rounded ; the slopes with many irregular horizontal
excavations, with little intervening ridges (closely as in Brucei) ; the top flat¬
tened ; the micropyle is in the centre of a rosette of six-sided cells, outside of
which are three or four rows of similar, less regular, larger cells ; beyond these
to the ends of the ribs the flattened space presents shallow rounded cells of
irregular sizes, but in general the smallest are next the micropyle ; these are
much as in Jutta , but they are more numerous, and often run together ; color
dull white. (Fig. a.) The egg here described was found attached to the leg
of a female Crambis , from Labrador, as stated on a previous page in a note under
the head of that species.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

CEno, 1, 2, $, from Colorado ; 3, 4, 9 ; same loc.

5 9 > from Labrador ; 6 $, same loc.

"Var. Assisiilis, 7 9 ; 8 $, intermediate; both from Colorado.

- • /•• *

NORMA- 6 6,7 8

CHIONOBAS YIII.

CHIONOBAS SUBHYALINA, 1-5.

Chionobas Subhyalina, Curtis, in Appendix to Ross’s Narrative N. W. Passage, p. 68. 1835 ; Edwards, Cana¬
dian Entomologist, Vol. XXV., p. 137. 1893 ; Beanii, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 476. 1893.

Male. — Expands from 2 to 2.1 inches.

Shape of C. Brucei and C. Uhleri, and fully as transparent as the former ;
primaries narrow, produced apically and pointed, the hind margin sloping inward
more than in Semidea or CEno. Upper side pale gray-black; primaries some¬
times have a faint sexual stripe, oftener no trace of it; one example under view
shows two light sub-apical points, transverse, pupils of incomplete ocelli; costal
edge whitish, freckled next base with black ; fringes of both wings yellowish
white, dusky at the ends of the nervules.

Under side of primaries paler, the costal and apex gray-white, or yellowish
white, streaked and mottled with brown ; in some examples the rest of the wing
is free from markings (as shown in Fig. 1) ; but in others the extra-discal area
and the costal half of the cell are covered with transverse, abbreviated streaks of
brown, more or less distinct (as shown in Fig. 4).

Secondaries vary much, some showing a distinct though faint mesial band
(Fig. 2), others almost none at all (Fig. 3), with intermediate grades; sometimes
there is no more than a suggestion of the band in cloudy patches on either mar¬
gin ; where the band is complete, the edges are darkened and definite, the outer
one crenated from the elbow on upper branch of median to costa, and wavy or
erose from elbow to inner margin ; on the inner edge there is a prominent pro¬
jection on the sub-costal nervure, either angular or rounded, followed by a nearly
rectangular sinus in the cell ; the whole wing is covered with whitish or luteous
scales, intermingled with which are brown ones more or less grouped into fine,
abbreviated streaks, especially over the basal area and along the inner margin ;
sometimes there is a narrow space of nearly clear white just outside the band ;
on the edge of hind margin a pale dot in the middle of each interspace, and often

. •

CHIONOBAS VIII.

an obscure series of diffused yellow-white patches halfway between the band and
margin. (Fig. 3.)

Body black ; the femora black ; tarsi brown, with red spines ; palpi black ;
antennas pale black above, ringed beneath with cretaceous; club black. (Fi^s
1, 2, 3.)

Female. — Expands from 2 to 2.2 inches.

All the wings broader than in the male, the apex of primaries more rounded,
the inward slope of hind margin less and the arch of same margin greater. Up¬
per side as in the male ; the yellowish patches on disk of secondaries beneath
reappear above, obscure, diffused, in some examples ; under side of primaries as
in the male, but the brown streaks are more conspicuous and more extended ; in
one of three examples under view there is a straight, extra-discal row of four
small, oblong, whitish spots in the discoidal and median interspaces, and a corre¬
sponding row of four whitish spots on secondaries, which are more distinct, irreg¬
ular, and unequal ; in all three the band is faint, and on the inner side is more or
less lost in the dark hue of the basal area. (Figs. 4, 5.)

The description by Curtis is as follows : —

“ Subhyalina. Wings semi-transparent, fuscous, costa freckled with black and
white, two small black spots towards the apex with white pupils, most distinct on
the under side.

“ Expansion one inch, eleven lines.

“ Male black, antennaa ochreous, the club elongated ; wings semi-transparent,
pale fuscous, nervures ochreous, costa black, freckled with white ; two indistinct
white dots towards the apex with blackish ocelli, cilia whitish, spotted with
black; under side of superior wings similar to the upper, but the ocellated spots
are distinct, and the surface, excepting the disk, is mottled with ochre and pale
black, lightest at the apex ; inferior wings spotted and mottled with black and
dirty white, forming a waved and curved pale line beyond the middle, with
three or four whitish dots beyond it.

“ A single male was preserved, and probably was taken with the last species
(H. Rossii), of which, at first sight, I thought it had been only an old and faded
specimen, but on examination it proved to be in good condition.”

This description was published in 1835, and the insect was taken in 1830. It
remained in the collection of Mr. Curtis, and after his death, together with his
other Arctic specimens of butterflies and moths, was purchased by Mr. Henry
Doubleday, and presented by him to his friend M. Guenee. After the death of
M. Guenee, his entire entomological collection passed to Mr. Charles Oberthur.
Mr. Elwes claims to have had before him the original Subhyalina, the type, loaned

CHIONOBAS VIII.

him by Mr. Oberthur, and from this single example determines Subliyalina to be
synonymous with two species which are quite distinct from each other, namely,
C. Crambis and C. CEno, besides Assimilis, which he speaks of as a species,
though as I have hereinbefore shown, it is but an unbanded form of CEno. Now,
I refuse to believe that the insect in M. Oberthur’s collection is the type in¬
sect of Curtis, and in proof thereof offer in evidence Curtis’s name and descrip¬
tion. He described a nearly transparent insect, using the strongest word the
language affords to express that peculiarity in selecting the name “ hyaline,”
which means crystalline, like glass, transparent. “ Subhyaline ” means almost
transparent, and the wings of the insect should permit the label on the pin to be
distinctly seen through them, as is the case with C. Brucei. He says it is black,
and to express the shade of black, uses the word “ fuscous,” — “ pale fuscous.”
This word is applied both to blackish brown and to gray-black ; but his use of the
word “ black,” unqualified, in the beginning of the description, fixes the color he
intended to signify. He also says that it had an old (which implies worn) and
faded appearance, but that nevertheless, “ on examination, it proved to be in good
condition ; ” that is, the normal appearance of the insect was as one old, or worn,
and faded. Now Crambis is a red-brown (the red decided), and the wings are
semi-opaque. It is not hyaline in the least degree, but exactly the reverse.
CEno , with Assimilis, is not transparent at all, but a little translucent. Trans¬
parent and translucent mean very different states. As to color, CEno is a livid
brown, or a yellow-brown, individuals varying. It is not black of any shade,
and therefore not fuscous, as Curtis uses that term. Boisduval, in describing
CEno in the leones, says it is of a “ gris-brunatre-livide mele de jaunatre.” The
plates of CEno in Part 14, and of Crambis in Part 13, show the coloration of
these widely different species. They are both so antagonistic to the description
of Curtis that the claim that one or both are his species really does not deserve
serious consideration. When an alleged type does not agree with the descrip¬
tion, and especially if it is antagonistic, reliance is to be placed on the description
alone. That is the rule in entomology. It is manifest that the type of Curtis,
during the fifty years since it left the Curtis collection, must have been de¬
stroyed, and the label has been attached to another insect, near, or pretty near,
the original, so far as the owner of the collection could remember. M. Guenee
was not a student of butterflies, but of moths, — the Heterocera in general. Mr.
Curtis may not have labeled this type insect, or Doubleday may have done it,
and incorrectly. M. Guenee may have lost the insect, and then attached the
label to another, as near to it as he could remember. Whatever it was, in pass¬
ing through four hands in the years since 1835, the type Subliyalina must have
been lost or destroyed. Type specimens were not valued half a century ago as

CHIONOBAS VIII.

they are to-day. Insects in cabinets have a hundred enemies, and the chances
are largely against the survival of any particular specimen for so long a time.
Museum pests, mould, careless handling, or other accident, do their work. Loss
•of types in entomological collections is a frequent occurrence, and loud com¬
plaints have come from the Museum of the treatment which such collections as
the Linnman, and that of Stephens, have been subjected to in this particular.
Three years after the Stephens collection came to the Museum, Mr. J. F. Daw¬
son, Ent. Ann., 1858, wrote: “Suppose the Stephens collection, instead of com¬
ing to us direct from the hands of its compiler and owner three years ago, had
become antiquated, like the Linnsean ; or suppose the question of the types to he
discussed some sixty or seventy years hence , with no more definite knowledge to
assist the inquirer than the Stephensian types and the Stephensian descriptions
would supply, might it not be argued that the types , in the instances under dis¬
cussion, must he ignored, as they never were intended to represent the true Loppa
pulicaria, Steph., because they are antagonistic to the descriptions ? ” Mr. McLach-
lan, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 443, says: “Before the Linnaean collection
was placed in its present quarters, it was so maltreated by additions, destructions,
and misplacement of labels, as to render it a matter of regret that it exists at
all. Any evidence it now furnishes is only trustworthy when confirmed by the
descriptions.”

Mr. Elwes, having found the label of Curtis attached to an example of either
Cramhis, or CEno , or Assimilis, proceeded to rename the Laggan species, to which
I had recently applied the name Suhhyalina , Curtis, as Beanii. The description
of Curtis applies well to this Laggan form. It is remarkably transparent, it is
pale fuscous, and it has the peculiar old and faded appearance called for, to a
greater degree than any other member of the genus as yet known to live on this
continent. In the lesser details given by Curtis, the description fits well. And
I hold that this form is the real Suhhyalina of Curtis.

The locality or date of capture of Suhhyalina by the Ross Expedition is not
given, nor is the locality of H. Bossii, though the capture of the latter is set
down as having occurred on 18th and 20th July, 1830, and 14th July, 1831.
Apparently these butterflies were taken at about long. 75° and lat. 70°, in the
region named Boothia Felix by Captain Ross. From that day to a recent date
nothing more was heard of Suhhyalina, We owe its rediscovery to Mr. Thomas
E. Bean, at Laggan, Alberta, Canada, and he has kindly furnished me notes as
follows : —

“ Suhhyalina is known in this district as occurring on one alpine summit, at
Hector, B. C., two miles west of the Alberta line, and on two such summits near
Laggan ; one of these in the central range, three miles south of the Bow River,

CHIONOBAS VIII.

the other on an isolated mountain, three miles north of the river. The relative
position of these ascertained localities, the constancy of the occurrence of the
butterfly, year by year, and the degree of its abundance are sufficient indica¬
tions that it is of general occurrence on the alpine summits of Bow Valley. •
Its observed range of altitude extends from 7,300 feet, for occasional stragglers
(timber line, at Laggan, being 7,000 feet), to 8,500 feet,1 the latter height
regardless of the food plant, as the males habitually frequent rock-wastes at the
points and ridges of the peaks. The females seldom reach such localities, but
chiefly inhabit sedgy slopes in a belt of altitude between 7,500 and 7,800 feet.
The larva is not known beyond the first stage. The butterfly appears chiefly
during the last half of July ; the earliest captives being on July 7th (in 1888,
an early season), both sexes. In 1892, a late season, five males were taken
August 4th.” Mr. Bean wrote me February 18th, 1891 : “ I can say now, that
my lot (of Subhyalina) are all one form, differing chiefly in degree of definition
of the band beneath the hind wing.” Mr. Bean was satisfied, in 1889, that
“ this mountain-top Chionobas,” as he calls it in letter of 20th April, was neither
Semidea nor any of the allied eastern species, and says : “ It is a subhyaline edi¬
tion of Jutta, of a primitive pattern, totally devoid of fulvous areas or fulvous
suffusion ; the entire under side of secondaries marbled gray and black, the cen¬
tral dark band obscure in most, but defined in a few. I could not obtain fertile
eggs of it last summer, though I made great efforts. It is a big task to go after
these mountain insects ; the labor is something tremendous. The right method
would be to go up into the mountain for a time and live there. In that way
something might be accomplished worth the effort; a thorough mountain-top
campaign would be the thing.” Shortly after, Mr. Bean became satisfied that
this species was the Subhyalina of Curtis and as such sent it abroad.

1 8,500 feet at Laggan is equivalent to 12,500 feet in Colorado, at which C. (Eno flies. Both Subhyalina
and (Eno are summit species, inhabiting the loftiest peaks in their districts.

CHIONOBAS VIII.

CHIONOBAS NORNA, 6-8.

Chionobas Noma , Thunberg, Diss. Ent. Nov. Ins. Suec., Part II., p. 36, pi. 5, fig. 11. 1791; Esper, Eur.

Schmett., pi. 108, fig. 4. Boisduval, leones, p. 185, pi. 36, figs. 4-6. 1832; Edwards. Can. Ent., Vol.

XVIII., p. 16. 1886.

Male (from Finland). — Expands 2.2 inches.

Upper side dusky brown, somewhat translucent ; on primaries a blackish sex¬
ual dash ; two small black, blind ocelli, each with a pale, restricted nimbus, in
the upper discoidal and second median interspaces, and in each of the two inter¬
vening interspaces a pale patch ; on secondaries a series of yellowish diffused
patches corresponding to the definite spots of under surface ; fringes of both
wings luteous, dusky at the ends of the nervules.

Under side of primaries paler ; the costal edge sprinkled with gray and black,
the hind margin and apex mottled gray, and on costa above the ocellus a gray
patch ; the ocelli repeated, and pupilled white. Secondaries brown, mottled with
gray-white along the basal edge of the band, and from the band to base along
the costal margin, also for a narrow space outside the band, and again along the
hind margin ; the rest of the extra-discal area brown on a gray ground ; the
series of spots is sordid white, except the one in second median interspace, which
is pure white ; the band dark brown, scarcely at all dusted gray, narrow next
costal margin and for two interspaces, then abruptly expands on the outer side to
nearly twice the first width, and so continues to inner margin ; the outer edge in
its general course is arched, with rounded crenations in the interspaces ; the inner
edge has a small prominence on the cell next sub-costal followed by a rounded
sinus on median, thence wavy to the margin. (Fig. 6.) Out of several exam¬
ples of this species from Finland and Lapland, sent me for examination by Dr.
Holland, I find the Finland males come nearest the Alaska females in my collec¬
tion, and thinking it probable that males of this type will hereafter be taken at
Nushagak I have given the figure on the Plate.

CHIONOBAS VIII.

Female (from Alaska). — Expands 2.2 inches.

Upper side dusky brown, with a common extra-discal broad yellowish band ;
on this, on primaries, are three black, white pupilled ocelli, and two minute black
spots, one in the loWer discoidal, the other in the sub-median interspace ; on
- secondaries a small pupilled ocellus in the lower median interspace, and a second,

smaller but still pupilled, in the interspace preceding; fringes yellow-white,
dusky at the ends of the nervules.

Under side of primaries much streaked with dark brown, even upon the yellow
band ; the three ocelli repeated. Secondaries mottled with pale black and gray-
white, darker next base ; the extra-discal spots yellowish ; the mesial band black
a little dusted with yellow-white, in general as described in the male, but the
outer edge is serrate, followed by an incision on lower discoidal interspace, then
crenated to the margin; the basal side as in the male. (Figs. 7, 8.)

In 1885, I received three females of Noma from Nushagak, one of which was
sent to Dr. Staudinger, as mentioned in my paper in the Canadian Entomologist ;
the other two remain in my collection, or rather form part of that of Dr. Holland,
as all of this collection has passed over to him. These are the only examples of
the species known to me to have been taken on this continent. In Europe,
Noma flies in Scandinavia ; Boisduval says, in the high mountains. Mr. Elwes
says, “It is found all over Scandinavia, as far south as Jemtland, where I have
taken it in open marshy forests;” and speaks of it as having been taken in
Siberia, in the Altai Mountains, Revision of CEneis, p. 469, 1893. I find nothing
recorded of its habits of flight, or respecting its early stages.

SIBIIKDMOIBAS

tic

• % . ^*P*amfh»

SEMIDEA. 1.2 6, 3.4 $,
7 <J. (PIKE'S PEAK.) . VAR

5 6 , 6 J , VAR . NIGRA.8(J, (white mts)
9 10 9 (HUDSON STRAIT.)

a a* 7////

£ Larva , young

magnified. c .Larva, Is ^ moult e magni fied .

d dtl‘ v mature //

^ . Chrysalis .

■ CHIONOBAS IX.

CHIONOBAS SEMIDEA, 1-10.

Chionobas (Hipparchia) Semidea, Say, American Entomology, Yol. III., pi. 50. 1828 ; Harris, Ins., 3d edition,

p. 304, fig. 126. 1862 ; Chionobas Semidea , Scudder, Boston Jl. Nat. Hist., Vol. VII., p. 621, pi. 14. 1863 ;

id., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., Vol. V., p. 20. 1865 ; French, Butt. East. U. S., p. 294, fig. 72. 1886; CEneis

Semidea , Scudder, Butt. N. E., Vol. I., p. 124, pi. 1, fig. 9. 1889.

Male. — Expands from 1.8 to 2 inches.

Wings slightly translucent ; upper side brown-black, with a tint of ochraceous ;
costal edge of primaries yellow-white transversely streaked and specked with
black ; in the upper discoidal interspace is often a minute blind black ocellus ;
the hind wings immaculate, save that in some examples there appear sub-mar¬
ginal elongated dusky patches, suggestive of a stripe ; fringes brown, darker at
the tips of the nervules.

Under side of primaries paler, often a gray-brown ; the apical area and upper
half of the hind margin gray, flecked with black ; sometimes the dark shade is in
rather large patches, and the surface is mottled ; some examples show a dark
stripe running obliquely back from costa, beyond the cell, ending at the upper
branch of median ; often there is a dark stripe across the cell near the arc, and
the cell is more or less streaked transversely ; the ocellus, if present above, is
repeated, and has a central white point.

Hind wings, in most cases, much covered with brown-black, but in others the
gray prevails, except within the mesial band ; in the darker examples the area
next base is nearly black, shading outwardly into a belt less black, and along
the band becoming clear gray, or nearly clear ; outside the band about half the
area to margin is, first, pure gray for a narrow space, then gray lightly streaked
with black, and beyond much streaked and specked, with patches next the margin
suggestive of a stripe ; in others there is scarcely any gray on the basal area,
and there is very little difference in color between the base and disk, while
towards the margin the dark shades prevail ; the mesial band is broad, bent
exteriorly at about 60° on the upper branch of median (Fig. 2), from which point

CHIONOBAS IX.

to costa the edge is irregularly serrated ; occasionally at the bend a sharp and
much prolonged serration is present (Fig. 5) ; towards the inner margin the
general course is concave, with two broad crenations in the interspaces; not
unfrequently, however, there is no angle, but this outline is a curve from margin
to margin, either nearly even and slightly erose, or crenated throughout ; on its
inner edge the band throws an angular projection on the sub-costal nervure, or
just below it, in the cell, followed by a sinus of about 45° on median, thence a
straight course to margin.

Body above brown-black, beneath black ; legs dark brown ; palpi black ;
antennae fuscous above, red-brown beneath, sometimes cretaceous, and most so
next base ; club red-brown. (Figs. 1, 2, 5, 6, 7.)

Female. — Expands from 1.8 to 2 inches.

Wings a little broader than in the male, the apex of primaries more rounded,
and the inward slope of the hind margin less ; on the apical area are often two
black dots with more or less of a pale nebula ; under side as in the male, the
band varying in same manner. (Figs. 3, 4.)

Vak. Nigra. — Under side of secondaries deep black, the mesial band nearly
or quite lost ; a little specked with gray over the outer limb. (Fig. 8, S •) In
New Hampshire this variation is not rare in both sexes.

Egg. — Shaped nearly as in C. Brucei and C. Crcimbis, but broader in pro¬
portion to the height, the sides less arched ; sub-conic, the base flattened and
rounded, broadest at about one fourth the distance from base to top, narrowing
upwards slightly till the upper fourth is reached ; marked by from twenty-four
to twenty-eight vertical ribs, some straight, some sinuous or abruptly bent, some
broken, and so not reaching from end to end ; these ribs are narrow, rounded at
the summit, the sides rounded and not spread at the base, as in the two species
before named (the ribs are much like cotton threads laid on the face of the egg),
separated by a wider space than in Brucei or Crambis , which space is flattened
and crossed by numerous horizontal slightly raised striae (this feature resembles
C. Uhleri ) ; the top flattened, the micropyle in the centre of a rosette of five¬
sided cells, outside of which are three or four rows of larger similar cells of
irregular sizes ; beyond these to the ends of the ribs the area is occupied by
shallow rounded excavations, small, the outer ones largest, arranged in almost
confluent and nearly regular strings, which are separated by comparatively broad
spaces ; these excavations are very much more numerous than in Cra?nbis or any

CHIONOBAS IX.

other of the species which are subject to this style of ornamentation ; color sordid
gray-white. (Figs, a, a 2.)

The egg, as appears, differs in several respects from any of the species of the
same sub-group, so far as has been observed. The egg of C. CEno, the species
most closely allied to Semidea, I have not seen.

Young Larva. — Length .08 inch; shape of Brucei ; segments 2 to 4 nearly
equal, arched dorsally, then tapering regularly on dorsum and sides to 11, and
more rapidly to 13, which ends in two slight projections, rounded, between which
is a shallow depression (these are less prominent than in Brucei , and in that
species the sinus is angular) ; the tubercles dark brown, their club-shaped pro¬
cesses white, translucent, and the same in number, position, and shape as in
Brucei and Jutta (shorter than in Uhleri) ; color pale whitish green, the basal
ridge same ; a dorsal stripe of red-brown, not clearly defined and diffuse ; also
a sub-dorsal line of same hue ; the lateral band pale black ; feet and legs whitish,
translucent; head broader than 2, broadest below, sub-globose, depressed at the
suture ; the surface covered with shallow indentations ; a few tubercles and pro¬
cesses like those on the body (disposed as in the genus) ; color yellow-green
with a tint of brown. (Figs, b to b 6.) Duration of this stage, at Coalburgh,
W. Va., about eighteen days.

After first moult : length, at twenty hours from the moult, .14 inch ; nearly the
same shape as before, and like Brucei; the projections at extremity very short,
coming to a blunt point, the space between rounded ; surface thickly covered
with fine conical tubercles, each bearing a short cylindrical process ; color pale
green, the whole dorsal area specked, or streaked longitudinally, with vinous
red ; the mid-dorsal greenish stripe is edged on either side by a buff line : a
dusky patch on the front of each segment within this stripe ; the lateral band
pale red, darker along the upper edge ; under it a buff line, and, next, the pale
green, red-specked, spiracular band ; basal ridge yellowish, and below another
red stripe ; under side, feet and legs whitish green ; head scarcely different from
the previous stage, pale yellow-green with a brownish tint ; the six vertical stripes
now appear, and as in the genus. (Figs, c to c3.)

After second moult : length, at about twenty hours, .21 inch ; nearly the
same shape as before, same tubercles and processes ; color reddish buff ; the mid¬
dorsal stripe light buff ; at the junction of each pair of segments a pale black spot
lying about half on each segment, at each end deeply incised (making double
Y-shaped spots) ; the dorsal area is divided into two equal bands, the upper one
reddish, the other light buff ; the lateral band has both edges black, the interior

CHIONOBAS IX.

pale black on a red ground ; the spiracular band reddish buff ; basal ridge yellow¬
ish, and under it a red stripe ; head as before. (Not figured.)

The third moult was not observed, nor was the fourth.

Adult Larya (after fourth moult). — Length, at rest, .93 inch; stout, thick in
middle, tapering rapidly from 5 to head, and also posteriorly ; ending in a pair
of blunt, sub-triangular projections which meet at a rounded right angle at base ;
surface thickly covered with small, sharp, conical tubercles, of irregular sizes,
each bearing a slender, tapering, nearly straight hair or process (much as in
Chryxus, shorter than in Jutta, different from Brucei , in which the process is
cylindrical) ; color variable, some examples being dusky green, others red-
brown ; the mid-dorsal and sub-dorsal stripes black, interrupted, the former
giving either oblong and rectangular spots, or oblong and deeply incised at either
end ; the sub-dorsal is narrower, rather a series of oblique dashes, each cleft
or forked posteriorly ; a green example under view had the rear half of each
segment of a paler color, making a complete series of cross bands, reaching to
the base, most definite on dorsum, the fronts of the segments dusky ; outside the
sub-dorsal line the band is gray-green, immaculate ; the lateral band is dusky,
the rear of each segment paler, as lying within the cross bands ; in this band is
a black dash to the front on the upper edges of the segments ; the spiracular band
gray-green, immaculate, the spiracles brown or black ; under side, feet and legs
dusky green ; head small, not so broad as 2, broadest below, sub-globose, flattened
somewhat frontally, the surface covered with shallow indentations, between whicli
are many fine tubercles with their short, straight hairs or processes ; color dark
brown; across the top six vertical stripes, as in the genus, blackish. (Figs.
d, d\)

The other larva under view was red-brown, the cross bands pale ; the lateral
band edged on either side by a thin black line, the front half of each segment
dusky, inclining to black along the upper angle ; the spiracular band and the
ridge dark brown on the fronts, pale dusky green on the rears ; under side, feet
and legs brown-green ; head reddish brown, the stripes reddish. (Figs, d3, d 4
to d1.)

Mr. Scudder, Butt. N. E., p. 138, describes the larva as pale yellowish green,
tinged with faint reddish brown at the apical half of each segment ; on the sides
also considerably tinged with reddish brown ; the spiracular band grass-green,
with a flush of roseate ; the under surface pale grass-green. It is evident that
the adult larvae of this species differ in coloration and markings more than any
others of the genus so far observed.

CHIONOBAS IX.

Cheysalis. — Length .53 inch; cylindrical, stout, the ventral outline mod¬
erately arched from end to end, the dorsal considerably arched from the thoracic
depression posteriorly ; head case truncated (as much as in Chryxus , somewhat
more than in Brucei), dome-shaped at top ; mesonotum without carina, rounded
every way ; the depression rather shallow ; abdomen sub-conical, obese ; wing
cases somewhat elevated, beveled down to the abdomen on the margin ; the
cremaster consists of a projecting blunt bifid ridge, corrugated on under side, the
anal orifice well defined, as are also the two outer lobes which represent the anal
projections of the larva ; naked, furnished with neither hooks nor bristles ; color
dead-leaf brown, the anterior parts darker, including the upper parts of the
wing cases, mesonotum, and head case ; on the anterior part of each abdominal
segment a cross row of black dots, and on the posterior a row of black dashes.
(Figs, e to e4.) Duration of this stage, in an instance mentioned by Mr. Scudder,
seventeen days. The figures were made by Mrs. Peart from a dead chrysalis
furnished by Mr. Scudder, and were colored after his directions.

To Mr. Scudder we owe the larger part of the knowledge thus far gained of
Semidea, and in the Butterflies of New England, he has treated of its geographi¬
cal distribution, habits, and life-history, so far as observed in the White Moun¬
tains of New Hampshire. He says : “ Semidea was first discovered about half a
century ago, and described by Say from specimens sent him by Dr. Pickering
and Mr. Nuttall, of Boston. Very few specimens seem to have been taken since
that time, until 1859, when I made my first considerable collections in the White
Mountains. Ascending the highest peak, on July 8th, for the express purpose
of finding this butterfly, I secured my first specimen at about a mile from the
summit, near the then footpath from the Glen. On ascending they became
more abundant, and over forty were taken, and a friend even captured seven in
his hands. Less than a week afterwards fifty-nine were taken.

u The butterfly is found most abundantly about one quarter to three quarters
of a mile from the summit of Mt. Washington, or at an elevation of from about
5,000 to 6,200 feet above the sea. It often alights on the flowers of Silene
- acaulis, Linn., as well as upon some of the Ericaceae, particularly on a species of
Vaccinium, and is also fond of the flowers of Arenaria Groenlandica ; but the
best collecting places are the sedgy plateaus of the northeastern and southern
sides of the mountain.

“ I have made several experiments in obtaining eggs, but only twice success¬
fully. In the first place, a single egg was obtained lying on the ground ; in the
last, twenty, by imprisoning females in a lace bag over a pot of growing sedge
on the very summit of the mountain. No eggs were laid upon the sedge itself,

CHIONOBAS IX.

but three or four on dead roots and sticks ; most were laid on the netting, and a
couple on the wire that supported it. It seems probable that the eggs are laid
in nature near the base of the clumps of sedge which stud the plateau thickly.
With all my watching, I have never been able to detect the females in the act of
laying, but one often starts them up from deep down in the sedge.

“ I have repeatedly taken the caterpillar feeding upon Carex vulgaris.

“ In the east, Semidea is entirely confined to the White Mountains of New
Hampshire.”

Of the flight of this species, the author says : “ One would suppose that insects
whose home is almost always swept by the fiercest blasts would be provided with
powerful wings, fitting them for strong and sustained flight ; but the contrary is
true. They can offer no resistance to the winds, and if they ascend more than
their accustomed two or three feet above the surface of the ground, or pass the
shelter of some projecting ledge of rocks, they are whirled headlong to immense
distances until they can again hug the earth ; their flight is rather sluggish and
heavy ; they are easily captured, though they fly singly, never congregating,
and have their devices to escape pursuit. One is, when alarmed, or indeed at
most times, they fly up and down the slopes, rarely along them, rendering pur¬
suit particularly difficult. Another is, they will rise in the air to get caught
by the wind, which often takes them out of sight in a moment. One will set¬
tle on the ground at a little distance from a crevice in the rock-piles, and as you
cautiously approach you will see it edge away afoot, in its spasmodic fashion, to
the brink of the crevice and settle itself ; then if you come nearer, it will start
as if to fly away, but close its wings instead and fairly drop down the crevice,
where you may see it but not reach it ; to repeat the process, and get farther
down, if again alarmed by the removal of the upper rocks. It rests on the
ground, or on the leeward side of rocks, as I have often found it on a cloudy day,
when it had not been upon the wing. As soon as one alights, it tumbles on one
side with a sudden fall, but not quite to the surface, exposing the under side of
the wings with their marbled markings next the gray rock mottled with brown
and yellow lichens, so that an ordinary passer-by would look at them without
observing their presence. It is an obvious case of protective resemblance. . . .
If at rest for the night, or the wind be sweeping fiercely, the costal edges of all
the wings are brought together. In walking, it moves by a series of spasmodic
starts.”

Mr. Scudder is of the opinion that the species is single-brooded. “ It usually
begins to appear on Mt. Washington the first week in July, becomes abundant
before the middle of the month, and continues till about the second week in
August. . . . They apparently lay most of their eggs during the last week of

CHIONOBAS IX.

July. Caterpillars have been found by several persons nearly full grown be¬
tween 20th July and 2d August ; and others, certainly full grown, on August
19th, and in September. These must have been born the previous year, as the
eggs do not hatch before the first of August. And as all living chrysalids that
have been found have been taken in the earlier part of the season, between June
10th and July, it would appear as if two years must be required for the full
cycle of changes, and that the winter is passed in two conditions, both larval,
one just hatched, or in a very early stage, the other full grown, or nearly so, a
whole season being required for the development of the larva alone.” But
while the author believes the biennial cycle to be the rule, he thinks there are
exceptions every year, some larvae hatched early attaining full growth the same
season, and changing to pupae early the next year, and giving butterflies in
July.

With regard to the mode of pupation : the late Mr. G. F. Sanborn, after a
search of several hours among the surface stones and pieces of rock, found two
living pupae, and nine others that were either infested by parasites, or the empty
shells of the previous year ; “ they were all found imbedded between the sides
of the rock and the long, dense, crisp moss surrounding it, between half an inch
and an inch and a half below the general surface where the caterpillar had
entered. They were not attached to the rock or the moss, but lay in horizontal
oval cells evidently formed by the movements of the caterpillar before pupation ;
the most particular examination revealed no trace of any web or silken thread
even as a lining of the cell.” Mr. Scudder has himself found pupae beneath or
beside surface stones, and Mr. C. P. Whitney has discovered larvae ready for
pupation in similar localities. Farther experience leads the author to feel “ sure
that the places chosen by the larvae for pupation are exactly those chosen by it
for daily concealment, the under side of surface stones which rest upon another
stone, — a level, damp, cool, protected spot ; here the caterpillar rests upon the
lower surface with the roof grazing its back ; and, pushing away whatever may
interfere with the smoothness of the spot, changes to chrysalis without farther
ado. I have but once found a cell which was anywhere near complete . . .
when the (upper) stone was removed. The caterpillar was lying on its back
wThen found, May 31st, and changed to chrysalis, June 2d, in the valley below.”
This, so far as I know, is all the information attainable as to the pupation, for no
one seems to have been able to rear the larva from egg to pupa, or even to
the adult stage ; and in cases known to me where larvse in the last stage have
been found, and thereafter fed in captivity, all have died at the time when pupa¬
tion appeared to be near.

In Psyche, Yol. V., page 129, 1891, Mr. Scudder gives later observations:

CHIONOBAS IX.

“ Before noon, on July 17th, the morning being fair, I caged half a dozen Semi-
cha females, on a pot of growing sedge, in an open south window, in the hotel at
the summit of Mt. Washington. The afternoon and all the next day, the moun¬
tain was enveloped in clouds, and no eggs were laid before July 20th, when, by
eight o’clock, a single one was seen. During that day and the next about eight
or nine were laid. . . . Half a dozen more females were placed in the cage on
the afternoon of the 21st,” and next day cage and contents were taken to Cam¬
bridge, Mass., with the result of finding twenty-six eggs ; several others were
laid, up to 25th July.

The same month, 1891, Mr. A. P. Morse, of Wellesley, Mass., mailed to me, at
Coalburgh, a dozen examples of both sexes of Semidea alive, of which seven
were females. They had been turned loose into a small pasteboard box, and
were four days en route, arriving on 14th July. Several were dead, some were
nearly so, but two were active and flew out of the box as I opened it. These I
put within a net over blue grass (Poa pratensis), and fed with sugared apple to
which a little water was added. The next day I found seven eggs, all dropped
on the ground. The last female died on 16tli ; that is, she had lived six days
after capture.

On 31st July, 1892, Mr. Morse again sent living examples of same species from
Mt. Washington, all females. But only one reached me alive. As soon as I
offered her the sugared fruit she unrolled her proboscis and began to feed. But
I allowed her three minutes only, and afterwards gave more food at intervals,
because the insects cared for the previous year had gorged themselves, and some
had died in consequence. This female lived with me six days, or to the tenth
after capture, and laid fifteen eggs.

Again, in 1892, on July 13th, I received from Mr. Scudder two living females,
remainder of five mailed from Mt. Washington on 10th ; and next day sixteen
alive, part of a lot of twenty-five mailed the 11th. Some of these lived till the
15th and 16th, and they laid in all thirty-five eggs, some on the way to me,
others on the nets or the grass or ground. It had been supposed previous to
these experiments and observations of Mr. Scudder and others that Semidea
could not live at an altitude much lower than its place of habitat on the White
Mountains.

The only other district within the United States in which Semidea has as yet
been found is in Colorado, where it has occasionally been seen in two or three
localities. Mr. David Bruce writes : “ I can say very little indeed about Semidea
in Colorado. I never met with it but once, at Marshall Pass, in the central part
of the State. They were scarce, and the day was windy. The late William S.
Foster had taken a few examples at the same locality, in 1888, and from his

CHIONOBAS IX.

examples which I arranged after his death, that fall, I first noticed the difference
between this species and what we now call C. CEno , from Bullion Mountain.
Mr. Oslar took his Semidea at Pike’s Peak, in 1892, and I saw the difference
between those and CEno at once, and sent you the three examples he gave me.
Certainly I have never found Semidea in company with Brucei or CEno, on Mts.
Bullion, Hayden, Gibson, and the Whale. I saw, in 1893, CEno, which had
been taken by Professor Gillette on Long Peak ; but there were no Semidea in
his collection. All these peaks are on the eastern side of the Rockies ; no one
seems to have explored the mountains to the westward.”

Mr. Ernest J. Oslar wrote me, in answer to inquiries: "It was during my
descent of Pike’s Peak, 1892, on the morning of July 8th, that on approaching
Windy Gap, which is about 2,000 feet from the top, and on the west side of the
mountain, above timber, I first beheld a C. Semidea dart up suddenly a few
yards ahead of me, and after a swift and undulating flight fall suddenly to the
rocks. Others were started, and I had to employ the utmost caution and
patience to capture any of them, so wary were they, — alarmed at the slightest
movement. They always flew up the mountain when surprised. After a labori¬
ous tramp up and down the slope for two hours, I was rewarded by having
captured ten fine specimens, all of which proved to be males.” One of these is
shown on the Plate, figure 7. All the three sent me are small, size of the
smallest examples from New Hampshire.

Prof. Edward J. Owen also encountered Semidea on Pike’s Peak, in 1892. He
says : “ My specimens, I should say, were taken at about one thousand feet
above the Half Way House (on the stage road, not the Half-way-House on the
railroad). At the place of capture I was somewhat above timber (hardly above
the so-called ‘ timber-line,’ the elevation of which is 11,000 feet there), but on a
rocky ridge with no timber very near.”

It is apparent from the observations so far made that Semidea in Colorado
lives at a considerably lower level than CEno, its nearest ally, and does not asso¬
ciate with it. The wariness of the species and its swiftness of flight, as reported
by Mr. Oslar, is quite different from the habit on Mt. Washington, N. H. On
this subject Mr. Scudder writes me : “ To maintain life on an isolated peak, as on
an oceanic island, insects must be either strong-winged or very weak-winged.
The furious blasts which blow about Mt. Washington are far more intense than
any I ever experienced in Colorado, and if Semidea had been inclined to battle
with the wind and become in time stronger winged for the exercise,- 1 do not
believe it could have survived to this day. It would have been blown off the
mountain. But it has become weak-winged through desuetude, and that has
been its salvation. It makes no contest with the wind, but when caught by it

CHIONOBAS IX.

drops as soon as may be to the ground. The species lives in Colorado at an
elevation several thousand feet higher, and the thin winds of that height it can
contend against, and so maintain a combat which strengthens it even in defeat.”

Semidea has been believed to inhabit Labrador, by which name is to be under¬
stood the Atlantic side of the peninsula only, and many collections in the United
States and Canada contain examples so labeled, which were received from the
late H. B. Moschler. He was in correspondence with missionaries at stations
along the coast, and for years received invoices of Labradorian butterflies. I
have two so labeled, but they certainly are CEJno. A specimen called Semidea
in my Report on the Lepidoptera of the Howgate Expedition of 1879, and taken
in the Gulf of Cumberland, is also CEJno.

On the other hand, I received among the collections made for the Smithsonian
by Mr. Turner, some years ago, at Fort Chimo, Hudson Strait, and which lies in
the district of Ungava by my maps, a female which seems to me to be true Semi¬
dea, approaching variety Nigra, and which is shown by figures 9, 10. It is
russet to a greater degree than any example I have seen from other districts.
We know so little of the butterflies of all the northern part of the continent that
it is not safe to say that this species may not only be Labradorian, but an inhab¬
itant of other and widely separated localities.

I have repeatedly received eggs of Semidea, and, as before related, have had
eggs laid at Coalburgh. The period of the egg has varied between ten and
fifteen days; Mr. Scudder says nine to fourteen. In 1891, out of sixty eggs
received from Mr. Scudder and Mr. Lyman, came eighteen larvae, and most of
them fed on blue grass the day they hatched. But four did not feed at all, and
presently disappeared, probably to hibernate in the ground. One passed its first
moult at eighteen days from the egg, another at nineteen, and one of these the
second moult at fourteen days from the first. I sent this one to Mrs. Peart for
its portrait, and received it again, 22d September, still active and feeding. But
after a few days it went into lethargy. The other larva fell into that state after
the first moult. Unfortunately both died during the winter. Some of the eggs
had been sent Mr. Fletcher, and he got one larva past first moult and then into
hibernation. This also died in the winter. All my other larvae had died or dis¬
appeared in their first stage.

In 1892 came fully two hundred eggs from Mr. Scudder ; but not one of the
larvae from them reached the first moult. The weather was very warm at the
time, and I attributed the loss to that cause. But Mr. Fletcher had a single
larva from same lot of eggs reach the first moult, when it hibernated. It was
found to be alive in April, 1893, but had not vitality enough to enable it to feed.

CHIONOBAS IX.

On 25th July, 1891, I had from Mr. Scudder an adult larva found by him on
Mt. Washington under a stone, and which is shown on the Plate by figures cf, of4.
This was at once sent to Mrs. Peart, who wrote soon after : “ It is very restless,
but sometimes is caught eating, then again will remain quiet for a long time, in
a little cave it has made in the moss.” On 21st August: “The larva does not
eat now, and has crowded between the wire of the cage and a stone ; has not
moved for several days. At no time has it made use of the stones that are piled
on the earth to conceal itself, but of late has lain mostly on the bare ground.”
On 27th August it died, and with no evident reason; it had not changed color
for pupation, and looked healthy.

On 15th July, 1892, I received a larva not long past its fourth moult, and
which measured .6 inch at rest. It had been found by Mr. Gardiner Hubbard,
son of my distinguished friend, feeding on sedge, at high noon. This was of the
green variety, said by Mr. S. H. Scudder to be rare, and, indeed, unobserved by
him before. It made the usual journey to the artist, and came back 8th August,
full grown, upwards of .9 inch long at rest, and to all appearance healthy. It
was obese, and the colors soon began to fade, as is usual with butterfly larv*
on the approach of pupation. I felt sure that the change would take place
soon, probably within a few days. But it remained in about the same condition
for two weeks, lying exposed on the sod, when, on 22d, it suddenly died. I
think this larva at its home might have pupated in August, and that the pupa
would probably have hibernated.

Such experience as I have had seems to show that the larvae of Semidea hiber¬
nate direct from the egg, or during the first stage, or after both first and second
moults ; also when adult ; and the pupa may probably hibernate. I have seen
all the larval stages except the fourth, or the one following the third moult, and
so far as I know that has not been observed.

Mr. Scudder mentions a large ichneumon-fly, I. instabilis, Cresson, as having
come out of a wintering chrysalis ; and a Pteromalus, P. Chionobae, Howard, as
having come from a chrysalis late in the summer. Mr. Shelley W. Denton
reports that Semidea butterflies, on Mt. Washington, are subject to the attack of
a black long-legged spider, Pardosa albomaculata, Emerton. He says : “ I have
seen this spider run after a butterfly which was being blown close along the
ground, and after pouncing upon it, begin to suck the juice from the body. I
tied a dead butterfly with a string, and placing it near a spider, drew it along
for some yards, the spider following and evidently intent on getting a dinner.
Doubtless these spiders destroy many larvae also, for one sees them scrambling
among the rocks, searching with a purpose that means mischief.”

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Semidea, 1, 2 $, 3, 4 9, from White Mountains, N. IL ; 6, 7 $, same locality, showing variation in the
shape of the band ; 5 from Pike’s Peak, Colorado ; 9, 10 9> from Hudson Strait ; 8 var.
Nigka ^ > White Mountains, N. H.
a Egg ; a2 micropyle.

b, b 2 Young Larva ; b3, last segments ; b 6 process on body; bG head.

c, c2 Larva at 1st moult ; c3 head.

d2 Adult Larva, green variety, a little enlarged ; d greatly enlarged.

d* Same, red variety, a little enlarged; d3 greatly enlarged ; d5 last segment ; d6 process on body ;
dd head.

e, e2 Chrysalis, enlarged ; e3 front view of end of last segment and cremaster ; e4 side view of same.

dBUKDEJOIBA.©

MACOUNII.

a^99 . magnified

e . Larva, young to 3rd moult „

1.2 6 , 3.4 ^

f. Larva ,
f 2 „

mature . nat. size.

magnified

CHIONOBAS X.

CHIONOBAS MACOUNII, 1-4.

Chionobas Macounii, Edwards, $, Can. Ent., Yol. XYII, p. 74. 1885 ; Fletcher, 19 Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc.

Ontario, 1888, p. 85 ; id., Insect Life, Yol. II, p. 45. 89 ; Scudder, $ , $>, Butt. N. England, Vol. II, p.

1775. 1889.

Male. — Expands about 2.6 inches.

In this species the sexual band on the fore-wing is wanting.

Upper side brown-orange, but varying, some examples being as light colored
as C. Californica female, while in others the orange is obscured, brown, and even
dusky ; the nervures and branches brown, sometimes dark and conspicuous ;
hind margins edged by a blackish border of nearly even width throughout, but
sometimes widest on primaries ; costa of primaries dark brown ; in some exam¬
ples there is a trace of a brown band from the costal border along the outer
end of the cell, prolonged a little on the upper median nervure ; on secondaries
the costal margin is edged with brown, and a little before the outer angle, and
corresponding to the outer border of the mesial band of under side, is a black
patch of loose scales ; primaries show two black ocelli, one on the upper dis-
coidal interspace, large, white-pupilled ; the other small, usually blind, sometimes
pupilled, on the second median interspace ; an example under view has two
additional small black ocelli, one in the interspace above each of the others ;
secondaries have a small ocellus, either blind or pupilled, on second median in¬
terspace; fringes alternately yellow- white and brown-black.

Under side of primaries paler, in the light examples inclining to yellowish, es¬
pecially beyond the cell ; in the darker ones there is a wash of brown over yel¬
low, and the cell is much streaked transversely with darker brown ; costal edge
gray-white streaked black ; the apex gray ; hind margin with a brown border,
wavy on the inner side, the outer edge black ; the ocelli repeated.

Secondaries gray-white over costal margin and to middle of cell, yellowish else¬
where, densely irrorated and finely and transversely streaked with light and

CH10N0BAS X.

dark brown, most so next base and along the hind margin; the mesial band
broad anteriorly, narrowed to about one half on the posterior part, edged on
both sides by black, the interior streaked as on the basal area ; in the examples
viewed there are two styles of exterior outline, as represented in figures 2 and
4 ; one showing a sharp projection at the elbow, before which the course is sinu¬
ous, after the bend crenated on second median interspace, then erose to margin;
in the other there is no elbow, but an arch, 'Somewhat flattened, from the first
branch of sub-costal to lower branch of median ; in all, the basal edge of the
band lies in a double curve, largely convex on the sub-costal nervure, deeply
concave on the median, thence to inner margin wavy ; the ocellus repeated, but
reduced ; in line with it across the wing a pale yellow point on each interspace.

Body blackish brown above, beneath, the thorax black, abdomen dark gray-
brown ; the femora black, tibise and tarsi reddish yellow ; palpi with many long
black hairs ; antennae red-brown ; club yellow-brown, the tip ferruginous. (Figs.
1, 2.)

Female. — Expands from 2.5 to 2.7 inches. Upper side as in the male, vary¬
ing from light to dusky brown. Beneath as in the male, but some examples
have a broad mesial band on primaries entirely crossing, dark on both edges, the
portion which covers the cell broad, with a spur along the upper median ner-
vule. Mr. Fletcher says : “ The females are found to vary very much. Most
of them are darker than the males, with larger ocelli, and the nervures almost
always clearly marked out with black ; some, however, are of the beautiful golden
brown of C. Calif ornica .” Figure 3 represents the latter description. It had
been intended to give one of the darkest females, but the space would not admit
of it. It may be done on a later Plate. In this extreme variety there is a sug¬
gestion of Chryxus, or rather of Calais.

Egg. — Sub-conic, the base flattened, though somewhat rounded, the top
rounded, broadest at about two fifths the distance from the base, narrowing
above slightly, the sides moderately arched ; marked by from seventeen to
twenty-one vertical ribs (examples varying) much like those of Chryxus, some¬
what sinuous, a few branching at top or bottom ; these ribs are narrow at
their summits and rounded, the slopes a little convex, each with many fine and
irregular excavations, with little intervening ridges ; the micropyle is in the cen¬
tre of a rosette of shallow six-sided cells, the boundaries of* which are raised like
threads ; outside of these are three or four rows of larger and irregular cells,
three to six-sided, and beyond, a network of low ridges radiating from central
rounded knobs, much as in Ulileri ; in some examples viewed the knobs were

CHIONOBAS X.

wanting, but the radiating threads were present to a greater or less degree, the
cells sometimes running quite to the ends of the ribs (the figure represents this
last-mentioned structure) ; color gray-white. (Figs, a, cP.) Duration of this
stage about twenty days.

Young Larva. — Length, at six hours from the egg, .13 inch; shaped as in
the genus, thickest anteriorly, tapering from 2 to 8 slightly and regularly on
both dorsum and sides, after 8 rapidly on dorsum, arching to 13, which ends in
two short, sub-conical tails not quite meeting at base ; the tubercles and pro¬
cesses the same in number, position, and shape as in Chryxus and the other spe¬
cies observed (Fig. 64, process from 3 to middle of 13) ; color at first pinkish
white, blue-gray on dorsum and over the anterior segments ; two days from the
egg gray-green, the lines red-brown ; the basal ridge bull, and beneath it an¬
other brown line ; under side, feet and legs greenish yellow ; head as in the
other species of the genus, tuberculated in same way ; color at first greenish
yellow, later dull yellow. (Figs, h to ¥.) To next moult, at Coalburgh, twelve
days. Mr. Fletcher gives the length of this stage, at Ottawa, as twenty-one
days, Mr. Scudder, at Cambridge, twenty-three days.

After first moult : length, at twelve hours, .2 inch ; nearly the same shape as
before ; the tubercles and processes as in Chryxus , the processes short, clubbed,
and bent ; color yellow-buff with a tint of green ; the dorsal stripe and sub-dor¬
sal line, as well as the line under the basal ridge, pale brown ; the lateral band
red-brown on a green ground which shows on the anterior segments, dark along
the upper edge ; the buff of the dorsal area much streaked longitudinally and
finely by red-brown ; a pale green band runs with the spiracles ; basal ridge
yellowish ; under side, feet and legs greenish yellow ; head as in the genus,
sub-globose, indented, tuberculated, and with processes like those on the body ;
the dusky vertical stripes as usual ; color greenish yellow. (Figs, c to c3.) Du¬
ration of this stage in the only larva which reached the second moult the same
season, at Coalburgh, twenty-two days (1890). In 1888, all the larvae, six in
number, went into hibernation after the first moult ; so all larvae have behaved
at Ottawa.

After second moult: length at twelve hours, .35 inch; shape as at the last
previous stage ; the processes and stripes same, except that the lateral stripe
or band discovers more green ; color of body nearly as before, but more yellow,
less green; head as before. (Figs, d to dd.) Duration of this stage at Ottawa, in
spring, fifty-nine days.

CHIONOBAS X.

After third moult : length .5 inch ; scarcely differing from last previous stage.
(Figs, e to e3.) Duration of the stage, at Ottawa, twenty-three days.

After fourth moult : length, .63 inch ; in about twenty days was full-grown.

Mature Larva. — Length, 1.15 inch; obese, thick in the middle, tapering
about equally to either end (2 of the same diameter as 12), and ending in two
short sub-conical tails, which meet at base ; surface thickly covered with fine,
sub-conical tubercles of somewhat irregular size, each bearing a short spine or
tapering process ; general color brown-buff, striped and banded longitudinally as
in the genus ; the inid-dorsal stripe pale black ; the lateral band black, more
or less disclosing a green under-color, especially on anterior half ; the spiracu-
lar band greenish buff ; the ridge clear buff ; under side, feet and legs gray-
green ; head small, as in the genus, sub-globose, broadest below, narrowing
very little towards the top, slightly depressed at the suture ; the surface thickly
covered with shallow indentations, with many tubercles and processes like those
on the body ; across the top six dark stripes, as in the other species of the genus.
(Figs./, natural size,/2,, greatly enlarged,/3, process with its tubercle,/4, head.)
All larvae observed have died before pupation.

Macounii was originally described from twelve males taken by Professor John
Macoun u at Nepigon, on the Canadian Pacific Railway, at the northern extrem¬
ity of Lake Superior. In the last week of June, 1885, the same collector took a
male and two females at a far distant locality, Morley, in the district of Alberta,
lying at the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains. Up to the present time these
are the only known stations for this handsome species, which, in some respects,
is the most remarkable of the whole genus. In size and general appearance it
approaches nearest to C. Californica, but the sexual bar, such a conspicuous fea¬
ture in the males of Chionobas, is entirely wanting in Macounii .” (Fletcher, in
Insect Life.)

Mr. Fletcher and Mr. Scudder are the only persons beside Professor Macoun
known to me who have taken this butterfly, and I shall give the substance of
Mr. Fletcher’s account, from his paper in the 19th Report of the Entomological
Society of Ontario. “ Our trip was made in the beginning of July, 1888, and was
from Ottawa to Nepigon and back. Starting from the hotel at Nepigon near
the railway and going down to the Hudson Bay post is a tract of low wood¬
land, and beyond this are fields and meadows. Turning westward, along the
track, high rocks and banks soon come down to the railway on the right ; but to
the left are low woods with open grassy glades which at once tempt the ento-

CHIONOBAS X.

mologist. Nor will he be disappointed, for this is the now celebrated 4 Macoun’s
glade, the home of Chionobas Macounii, and many other little beauties. Upon
July 5th we reached Nepigon, at 12.20 p. m., and by 1 o’clock had unpacked
the necessary apparatus, disposed of dinner, and were ready to start. We had
picked up half a dozen empty tomato cans, and having removed the two ends,
covered one of them with a piece of netting kept in place by an elastic band.
After passing a deep gully a few hundred yards along the track, we turned in
by a bridle path towards Macoun’s glade. Insects of all descriptions were in the
greatest profusion. In no place, except perhaps Vancouver’s Island, have I seen
such enormous numbers of specimens. As we stepped into the pathway, I was
carefully pointing out to my companion that we were now in the exact spot
where the original Macounii was taken, when he rushed by me and sprang out
into the bushes, exclaiming, ‘ Look out ! there is one — here it is! ’ and the first
specimen was secured. A minute later I had another. I had been at Nepigon
once before, at exactly the right season, and again a month later, but had not
seen a specimen, and had begun to think that there might be some mistake
about the locality. It was all right now, though, and as we were to stay a week
we felt confident of getting eggs. We took four more males that day. The
most important part of an afternoon’s work was settling a spot for our cages. In
the glade was a great profusion of flowers and grasses, a few spruces, cedars, and

pines, mixed with poplars, aspens, and birches — all which were dotted about in
a waving sea of grasses.

On the 6 tn we started at once to the glade with the set purpose of getting
fhmales, and were successful. As we stepped into the glade, there sailed away
from our feet a light brown butterfly with black stripes, so much the size, ap¬
pearance, and graceful flight of Limenitis Disippus as almost to have escaped
our notice. Something about it, however, seemed different, and a few steps and
a twist of the wrist captured our first specimen of the female Macounii. During
the day we secured altogether nine females, and tied them in three cages over
clumps of grass, Avena striata. When we left we carried away with us upwards
of 250 eggs, which we afterwards distributed to every one we knew of who
would take the trouble to rear the larvas.” These collectors by no means con¬
fined their attention to Macounii , but during the week captured many other rare
species, and obtained eggs of nine or ten of them.

Mr. Fletcher has kindly written for this paper a few lines on the habits of
Macounii “ It has a free and graceful flight, not unlike that of Limenitis Di¬
sippus, which the males when on the wing closely resemble. The females are of
a more golden yellow, and can be told at a glance. When disturbed, it flies off

CHIONOBAS X.

rapidly for a long distance, after the manner of the Argynnids Atlantis and
Aphrodite. When closely chased it will sometimes fly over the bushes or high
over the trees. It is decidedly a wood butterfly. There are two localities at
Nepigon where it occurs. The first of these is a clearing surrounded by trees
and bushes, and it is almost invariably among the bushes that the butterfly ap¬
pears. When undisturbed, or on dull days, it flies slowly with the usual drop¬
ping Satyrid flight, and frequently alights upon the leaves or upon the lichen-
covered trunks or boughs of the trees. When the wings are closed and the
upper ones are dropped between the hind ones so as to hide the conspicuous
ocelli, the resemblance to the lichens is so complete that it is almost impossible to
detect the insects. They are, however, very wary and difficult to catch when so
resting, and although seeming to appreciate the protection they derive from
their coloration and this habit of resting on trees, are quick to sail away at the
slightest movement. When at rest on leaves they can be easily taken by a quick
stroke from beneath.

“ The other locality is in open spaces along a path which runs through a
peat-bog, thickly wooded with high bushes, willows, spiked maples, etc. Al¬
though there are high rocks near at hand, this butterfly seldom leaves the pro¬
tection of the bushes. It is, on the whole, an extremely local insect, rare, rather
hard to catch, fragile, and short-lived, the season where it flies lasting only about
ten days or a fortnight.”

Mr. Scudder says, Butt. N. E. p. 1777 : “ The butterfly has a very different
flight from that of some species of the genus, and belongs properly to a distinct
section from Semidea, and one to which Jutta also belongs ; its movements are
swift, and notwithstanding their Satyrid character, are not altogether unlike
those of Basilarchia Archipjms (Limenitis Disipjpus), which on the wing it much
resembles.”

Mr. Scudder has recently written me that his last study of this genus brings
him to regard Macounii as nearest Chryxus, not Jutta.

Although Messrs. Fletcher and Scudder distributed 250 eggs of Macounii, as
related, no one except Mr. Fletcher succeeded in rearing larvae from them to
maturity, and then only one individual. Nearly all the larvae died in the first
stage. From eggs obtained by Mr. Fletcher on another visit to Nepigon, in
1890, he got two adult larvae the next year, but these as well as the adult of
1889 died before pupation. I received about forty of the first lot of eggs on
July 23d. They began to hatch the next day. On emerging, the larva nibbles
the top of the egg in a circle of the diameter of its head, but leaves a narrow
space which serves for a hinge as the flap is raised ; it works itself out slowly

CHIONOBAS X.

and with apparent difficulty, and the flap falls back to its place. The larvae were
put on blue grass, Poa pratensis, and for three or four days seemed to feed well.
On 30th, a small red ant was discovered eating one of them, and on investigat¬
ing, at least a score of the larvae were missing. On August 5th, one larva passed
the first moult, the rest partly disappeared, so that on August 27th there re¬
mained but six, one only having moulted. I sent them to Clifton Springs, New
York, to go into the refrigerating house there, but in April, 1889, all were dead.

On 28th July, 1890, I received six more eggs from Mr. Fletcher, and they
hatched 31st. On August 7th, there was but one larva, and it passed its first
moult on 16th ; was sent to Mrs. Peart, and passed its second moult while with
her, and I received it again in hibernation in November. It was left on a
shaded porch, under a net ; was observed to be active on a mild day, last of

February, 1891, and fed. It died late in April, not having reached the third
moult.

Mr. Fletcher, in Insect Life, gives his experience : “ The eggs hatched in
three weeks, and notwithstanding the larva) ate readily of all the grasses and
sedges offered them, there was great mortality among them. They hatched
July 27, 1888, passed first moult August 17th, grew very little, and hibernated
after first moult. They were left out of doors upon a living plant of Carex
pedunculata, and rested exposed upon the leaves, where they finished feeding
without any protection and without spinning any web. During February, 1889,
much snow fell, and they were covered by four feet of it until the middle
of March. When the spring opened three larvae revived, but only one would
feed; this passed its second moult April 15th, the third June 13th, the fourth
July 6th. As with many other grass feeders, this caterpillar furnishes a good
instance of protective mimicry. It is extremely sluggish in its habits, generally
feeding very early in the morning, and then resting for several hours, head
downward, at the base of the tuft of sedge, where the color, shape, and longitu¬
dinal stripes give an exact resemblance to the dead leaves and scales always
found at the base of these plants. The distinct dorsal and lateral stripes divide
the body into widths equal to the leaves, and the faint sub-dorsal and stigmatal
lines indicate the midribs, whilst many small black dots around these lines not
a little resemble the minute parasitic fungi which so often discolor the leaves of
grasses.”

In the last of July, 1889, Mr. Fletcher carried this larva, then adult, to Wash¬
ington, where Miss Sullivan, of the Entomological section of the Agricultural
Department, made a drawing of it which appeared in Insect Life. Mr. Fletcher
wrote me from Washington: “ My Macounii larva is full grown, and although
still feeding I daily expect pupation.” From Ottawa, August 5th : “ The larva

CHIONOBAS X.

is a puzzle to me. It eats a little, but is just the same as it was when I went
away.” August 23d : “ This larva gets smaller and lighter in color daily.” Sep¬
tember 10th: “ It is evidently in hibernation ; has ceased feeding, is pallid and
much contracted, but healthy looking, and holds on to its sedge bravely.” Oc¬
tober 25th: “Is in hibernation and in good condition.” April 11th: “My
Macounii is still frozen in.” June 11th: “ It died this spring; was perfectly
sound on the snow going, but two days after the snow melted away from it, and
while I was away from home, the mercury suddenly dropped very low, and the
larva began to discolor, and soon was dead.” I have given these particulars, as
they show that this larva hibernated twice, and that its existence, had it pupated
the second spring, would have filled two years.

In 1890, Mr. Fletcher succeeded in getting two larvae through the winter, and
they reached the adult stage July, 1891. He sent one of them to Mrs. Peart,
who made colored drawings of it, from which the figures on our Plate are taken.
This larva was returned in September, and both from their appearance were ex¬
pected to pupate within the month. They however went again into lethargy.
On March 7th, 1892, Mr. Fletcher wfote : “All the larvae are dead. My two-
year old Macounii that went into winter quarters in good condition dead like the
rest ! ” In another letter : “I am sure that both Macounii and Jutta, at Ne-
pigon, require two years between egg and imago. Eggs are never laid there
till the first week in July ; they hatch in about seventeen days, and only have
time to pass their first moult that season. Spring does not come on and snow
leave the woods before June 1st. The larvae must therefore be ready to pupate
at once on the melting of the snow, or they would not have time for the pupae
to give butterflies that year.”

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Macounii, 1, 2, $ ; 3, 4, 9.

a Egg ; a2 micropyle.

b, b2 Young Larva ; b8 last segments ; b 4 process on body ; bb head.

c, c2 Larva at first moult ; c3 head.

d, d'2 Larva at 2d moult ; d3 head.

e, e2 Larva at 3d moult ; e8 head.

/ Adult Larva, natural size ; f2 same, enlarged ; f8 process or spine on body ; f 4 head.

GIGAS.

1.2 6,3

.4 5 ;

VAR . 5 6.

a n 3 Fgg

magnified .

c-c ,J

' Larva, /f* moult magnified

b- b3 Larva , t/oung

d-d3

•/ m/

CHIONOBAS XL

CHIONOBAS GIGAS, 1-5.

Chionobas Gigas, Butler, Catalogue of the Satyridm in the British Museum, 161, pi. 2. 1868; Edwards, Butt.
N. A., Vol. II, pi. 43, 44, p. 279. V, 1874; 5, 1875.

Nevadensis , Felder, Reise Novara, Lepid., Ill, p. 89, pi. 69. 1868 (on title-page, 1867, but antedated one

year).

Egg. — Sub-conic, the breadth to the height nearly as five to six ; the base
flattened, somewhat rounded, the top rounded ; broadest in middle, narrowing
upward gradually ; marked by eighteen or nineteen ribs like those of Macounii,
somewhat sinuous, a few branching at bottom, or else an abbreviated rib is placed
between two long ones ; narrow at summit, and rounded, the slopes flat, each
with many fine and irregular excavations, the bases not quite meeting, the
angles at the depressions and elevations nearly or quite equal, right angles ; the
micropyle is in the centre of a rosette of shallow six-sided cells, the boundaries
of which are raised like threads ; outside of these are two or three rows of
similar irregular cells, gradually enlarging ; beyond to the end of the ribs the
flattened space is covered pretty thickly with shallow cells of irregular sizes,
usually separated, but sometimes confluent; color gray-white. (Figs, a, a2.)
Duration of this stage from fifteen to eighteen days.

Young Larva. — Length, at twenty-four hours from the egg, .15 inch; shaped
as in Macounii , and the genus ; thickest anteriorly, tapering from 2 to 8 slightly,
after 8 rapidly, the dorsum arching to 13, which ends in two short, sub-conical
tails nearly or quite meeting at base ; the tubercles and processes the same in
number, position, and' shape, as in Macounii ; color at first pale reddish gray, the
last segments more red, after a few days whitish green ; the lines red-brown, the
mid-dorsal and sub-dorsal slight, the lateral heavy, rather a stripe than line ; the
basal ridge lighter than the ground color, and under it a thread of brown ; under
side, feet and legs greenish yellow with a brown tint ; head as in Macounii ,

CIIIONOBAS XI.

broader than 2, sub-globose, the front well rounded, broadest belowT, narrowing
upward, depressed at the suture ; surface covered with shallow indentations, and
showing a few tubercles, each with its short clubbed and bent white process, dis¬
posed as in the genus; color greenish yellow, brown-tinted. (Figs, b to 63.) Du¬
ration of this stage about eleven days.

After first moult: length, at twenty-four , hours, .22 inch; nearly the same
shape as at the first stage ; the tubercles and processes as in Macounii, Chryxus ,
and the genus ; color yellow-buff ; the mid-dorsal stripe green, with red-brown
edges, and bordered on either side by a narrow strip of yellow-buff, after which
the ground is greenish buff to the narrow brown sub-dorsal stripe ; the area next
below is yellow-buff, cut through the middle by a fine brown line ; the broad
lateral band vinous-red, the edges black; then a narrow strip of yellow-buff, and
the greenish brown spiracular band ; basal ridge yellowish, and under it a line
of red-brown ; under side, feet and legs, whitish green ; head broader than 2,
same shape as before, indented and tuberculated as in the other species, with six
vertical stripes as in the genus ; color yellow, brown-tinted. (Figs, c to c3.) Most
of the larvae treated have hibernated between first and second moult, two only
having; reached the second moult before hibernation. Duration of the stage in
these cases fifteen and twenty-eight days, respectively.

After second moult : length, at twenty hours, .33 inch ; shape as in second
stage, the tubercles and processes same ; color yellow-buff ; the stripes as
before, but the lateral is less black and on the lower and anterior part is green ;
head as before. (Figs, d to d3.) All larvae, whether hibernating after first or
second moult, have died before spring. The larvae have proved as difficult to
rear as those of Macounii .

The female Gigas figured and described in Volume II was one of three not
fresh examples which had been taken by the late Mr. G. R. Crotch, near Victoria,
Vancouver’s Island ; the male was copied from a drawing made at the British
Museum, from Mr. Butler’s type insect. At that date, 1874, these three females
and the single male were the only examples of the species known to me in col¬
lections. I had therefore never seen a male Gigas. Of late years, many of both
sexes have been taken by Messrs. Wright, Danby, Green, and others, and I have
at present under view forty-eight examples, most of them sent by Mr. Wright;
several fine ones by Mr. Green. The Museum male is of the yellow-brown
variety, an extreme instance of which, in coloring, is shown on the Plate, Figure
5. It is a very rare variety, and of all the specimens before me there are but

pgfOMI OVPV1 - m ■' dm n • - ip w

CHIONOBAS XI.

two, both males. One female is nearly as-pale, but lias a decidedly red tint. The
greater number of the forty-eight are brown rather than red, but a few are quite
as red as any Ccdvf arnica. On the under side, which is the most important for
specific characters in this group, there are two distinct types : the melanic, shown
on the present Plate, and the yellow-white, more or less lightly flushed with
brown, as seen in the female in Volume IT. None of either sex under view have
so pronounced a mesial band as that represented in the Museum male. In this
species the whole hind wing is heavily and thickly streaked with black or black-
brown ; the outer limb is dark almost or quite to the band ; and the edges of
the band are heavy stripes, black in the darker examples, nearly as dark in the
paler. The width of these edges is usually about one tenth inch, and there is no
instance under view of a delicate outline, a simple black line, such as is common
in Idana and Californica. In most cases the basal edge of the band is indefinite,
lost in the heavy streaks of the basal area. There is more or less white along
the whole costal margin, but streaked like the rest of the wing. In a few cases
all of the wing is mottled with white, except the outer limb. It is characteristic
of the species that the band is broadly edged with black, and that the streaks
over the whole wing are both heavy and multitudinous. The exterior edge of
the band is roundly crenated, often quite evenly, witji no prominences opposite
the cell to break the general curve ; but in some cases the two cremations in the
median interspaces project somewhat, as shown in the figure in Volume II.

Iduna, in contrast to the other species, almost always has the male yellow-
brown, often pale, as if faded in the sun. But as this pale hue is found in perfect
examples, it must be natural. The under-side figures of this species given in
Volume II are good. I have forty-nine examples before me, embracing twenty-
eight recently sent by Mr. Wright, the choice specimens of his collection. Not
one of the lot is so red as in the figure of the male in Volume II, and four fifths
are not red at all. The hind wings beneath are all hoary — whitish. Where any
black is present, it is in the border of the hind margin, usually rather dusky than
black. In almost one third the examples there is no melanism at all. The whole
wing is finely striated, as in the two under-side figures in Volume II, but often
much less than in the figure 4 $ , in which case there are large areas of immacu¬
late white. The interior of the band is of the ground color of the wing, and the
edges are but slightly darkened, often being mere threads of black, never heavier
than a diffused line, and then only next the costa. In all but three the basal
outline of the band is distinct throughout. The exterior side is in the form of a
bent bow, the ends (at the two margins) turned back, and often there is not a
crenation from end to end (as will be shown in the next Plate) ; but at times

CHIONOBAS XI.

the middle of the bow is crenated evenly ; and occasionally the two crenations
in the median interspaces are squarely truncated. Looking at these Iduna
alongside the forty-eight Gigas, in no instance could an example of one species
be taken for the other. They are as well marked and as distinct as are any two
closely allied species of the genus, — CEJno and Semidea, for example.

Californica, in contrast with Gigas and Iduna, is decidedly red. I have
never seen a pale or a yellow brown one. Professor E. T. Owen sent me one
hundred and thirty-nine examples, taken by himself, at Fort Klamath, Oregon,
1892, and kindly presented me thirty of them, 20 <3 , 10 $ , selected with a view to
embrace all the noticeable variations. These are before me, together with six
others taken by Mr. James Behrens, in Siskiyou County, California. The figures
in Volume II are excellent, and I cannot suggest an improvement. The finely
striated surfaces of the hind wings, almost always free from melanism on the
hind margins, and flushed with red-brown from these margins through the mesial
bands, are well shown. This last feature is peculiar to Californica (though it
is shared by Macounii), and is usual.

In these three species there are three distinct types, and they keep separate,
though some of the variations of one run in the direction of the others. But
some do not. If, as we may suppose, the three species, together with Macounii,
are descended from the same parent species, the present state of things would
seem to be what might have been expected, namely, that while distinct types
have evolved, there are variations that are more or less intermediate, and varia¬
tions that are in the contrary direction.

With regard to the ocelli on the wings of the three westernmost species, there
is no difference to note. On the fore wings of the males I find one to three, on
the hind wings none or one ; of the females, two to four on the fore wings, none,
one, and two on the hind wings.

In Volume II, I spoke of Chionobas JVevadensis, Felder, as if it might be a
fourth species, because the colored figures of the plate in the Reise Novara, Lep.,
which I had seen at the Peabody Library, Baltimore, looked as if intended to
represent neither of the other three. They are badly colored, however. I
have recently seen a plain plate, at the Academy, Philadelphia, and am now
satisfied that Nevadensis and Gigas are but names of the same insect. That
also was Mrs. Peart’s opinion, who examined the Plate with me. Apparently
Felder’s name has the priority, as the Catalogues credit JVevadensis to 1867,
but Gigas to 1868. Mr. Butler informs me, however, that when his Catalogue
of Satyridaa issued, in which the description and figure of Gigas were published,
February, 1868, Felder’s Part III, which contained JVevadensis, had not yet

CHIONOBAS XI.

been published. When it did appear, some Plates were antedated one, and some
two years, that of Nevadensis among the rest. The name Gig as, therefore, can¬
not be disturbed.

I have bred the three species from the egg, two of them, Iduna and Califor-
nicci, to adult larval stage, but failed to get pupse, and Gigas to second moult.
There was much difference in the duration of the several stages of the larvae of
the two first named, and in the behavior of the larvae of all three. Gigas was
bred twice ; in one case, the larvae hibernating after their first moult ; in the
other, two larvae reached second moult, and hibernated, the remainder hibernat¬
ing after first moult. Iduna was bred twice, in two successive years, some of
each lot of larvae reaching maturity the same season in which the eggs were laid.
In one brood, the length of the larval period from hatching to maturity was
seventy-six days, in the other, eighty-eight days; the remainder of the larvae
hibernating after second moult. Whereas, with Calif ornica, bred once, one larva
reached maturity in fifty-two days from the egg, and another in fifty-six days,
other larvae hibernating after second moult. The several stages of the two
spoken of as in advance of the others passed with surprising swiftness for Chio-
nobas. The larvae of these three species and also Macounii, comprising the group,
are built and marked on the same plan, and are very like each other through all
the stages observed. All are brown or gray in longitudinal bands, alternated
with bands of black ; and with such a style of marking and coloration there is
little room for individual variation.

Gigas, so far as is yet known, is confined to Vancouver’s Island. It has been
taken on Mt. Findlayson and Mt. Austin; at Cobble. Hill, Koksilah, and South
Saarnich. Also as far to the north as Mt. Prevost, sixty miles from Victoria.
Mr. Charles de Blois Green, C. E., says: UI took Gigas all the way from Vic¬
toria to Mt. Prevost, and should say that it is found over the whole southern
part of the island.”

Of the habits of Gigas, Mr. William H. Danby, of Victoria, writes : “ The males
are very alert when at rest, easily alarmed, and of an inquisitive disposition.
This last was demonstrated by the alacrity with which they would chase Papilio
Eurymedon, whenever that insect approached, — say at about fifteen feet. A
Gigas would rise and make a dash at the stranger, driving it away at once. This
habit I turned to account, using the Papilios as decoys, and by their aid finding
Gigas, which always returned to the spot it started from. Thus I obtained more
examples than I otherwise could have, because on the under side Gigas so closely
resembles the black mosses on or among which it rests, that until it is Hushed it is

CIIIONOBAS XI.

difficult to perceive. The flight of the male, when undisturbed, is in undulations
made with little effort, and it closely resembles that of Satyrus Ariane, but is
more swift. The females fly with an easy and regular movement, and they are
neither so quick nor so shy as the males, and consequently are more easily
captured.”

Mr. Green wrote in 1892: “ I came across Gigas many times, last year, in
different situations. I have never seen them doing anything else than sunning
themselves, and when so engaged, they are not easily taken with the net. They
prefer to alight on rocks, but at the same time, I have observed that if there is a
dead tree lying across the rocks, they will make use of it ; also, that if disturbed
they disappear, but will in time return to the same spot. The only standing
trees which I have seen them resting on are small dead ones.”

On July 10, 1893, Mr. Green wrote : “ I send you six perfect Gigas, which
I was fortunate enough to obtain yesterday. I took three females and eight
males, four of the last just out of chrysalis. The males fly high up the mountain,
and aro there to sun themselves on the bare rocks. If struck at and missed, they

o #

dart down the mountain into the timber. When alighted they fold their wings
back to back, so that nothing but the under surface is to be seen.”

Mr. W. G. Wright made two trips to Vancouver’s Island, in pursuit of Gigas.
On the first, 1891, he was very successful ; but the second, 1892, was nearly
fruitless, owing to bad weather and limited time, he being on his way to Sitka.
Mr. Wright has collected Iduna in three seasons, 1892, 1893, 1894, in the red¬
wood region of northeast California ; and he has taken Chionobas Calif ornica in
east Washington, and on Mt. Hood, Oregon ; also in northern California. He is
the only living collector who has taken the three species, and knows by personal
observation their respective habits.

His first letter was from Victoria, June 30, 1891: “I have just come from
Mt. Findlayson, and mail you to-day about two dozen eggs of Gigas. I got fifty-
one of the butterflies, of which only two were females.” Two days later, he sent
fifteen more eggs, laid in Victoria by the female he had brought in on the second
day, and wrote : “ Gigas flies to the very top of a bald, rocky knob, Mt. Findlay¬
son, the highest peak in this part of the island, elevation, I understand, about
4000 feet. The knob is almost solid rock, and it is covered in part with lichens
and mosses, brown and black with age and exposure. But large areas are of
clean rock, wind-swept, and similar in color to the mosses. Upon the rock this
butterfly rests, with closed wings, and it is wholly invisible when quiet. So far
as I saw, the males spend nearly all their time on the rocks. I never saw one
on a flower, or alighted on anything but rock. Other butterflies also fly about
and over the peaks, Papilios Zolicaon and Eurymedon , Argynnis Bremnerii, etc.

CHIONOBAS XI.

The Gigas take delight in rising up to chase any passing fly, follow it a little
way, and then return to their own spots. If started up by myself, and not
alarmed, they flew circling about for a few moments, and then alighted, fre¬
quently at my feet. I found them, therefore, easy to take on the wing, and when
alighting. By one or two o’clock the chill sea air begins to be felt, as it comes
in from the Strait de Fuca, and at once not a Gigas is to be seen. In the two
days I spent on the mountain, none were taken after 1.30 p. m. The female
that laid the eggs I found upon the highest peak, fluttering gently along the
base of a big rock, and ovipositing, either as she flew or alighting a moment for
the purpose. After capturing her, I sought a suitable place, sheltered, and
bagged her over or in a little clump of bunch grass, parting the grass and put¬
ting the bag in the opening. So I left her over the night. The next day, the
second butterfly taken proved to be a female, but I had killed it before I made
the discovery of sex, because it had dropped among some stones and was
rescued with difficulty. This female was taken at the base of the peak, some
300 to 400 feet below the highest point. The knob is so small that it is inca¬
pable of accommodating any large number of these butterflies, and on the
second day, but one was taken after 11.30 a. m. — I had got them all. At
1.30 p. m. that day, I first observed the eggs, which were adhering to the sides
of the bag.

“ The approach to Mt. Findlayson from the railway station is through a dense
forest, and over rough mountain side, say for three miles, one of which is along
a cattle-path, if you can find it (I could not), and the rest through thicket.
Arriving at the base of the knob, one wonders how he can ascend it. But there
are little shelves that zigzag this way and that, and the ascent is less difficult than
it seemed likely to be.”

In a letter of 1892, Mr. Wright says: “ Vancouver is cold, wet, dominated by
high and raw winds, so much so that the fir-trees extend their branches only on
the landward side, while toward the sea they are stunted and unable to grow.
On the island and along the coast the rainfall is immense, but the Cascade Range
stops it all, and the plains to the east of the range are consequently arid, as the
rain-bearing winds are always from the ocean. Now, precipitation in itself does
not count so much, but the consequences, in vegetation and aridity, are great, so
that in crossing from the west over the Cascade Range is like going from a cool,
damp spring into dry summer, and each region has its separate fauna and flora.
It seemed to me, from what I saw of Vancouver and Sitka, that the climate of
the former was considerably the colder and bleaker of the two. There, in the
sub-arctic forest, Gigas lives, chiefly on rocky bare knobs, above the surrounding
timber, and outside the shelter of it. That was my experience. As related, the

CIIIONOBAS XI.

only ovipositing I observed took place upon the highest and bleakest point, at
the immediate base of the rocky knob. There was a total absence of either sex
at much lower elevation, or in the meadows which lie lower down, though I
hunted through these and took other species of butterflies.

“ On the other hand, Chionobas Idunci inhabits the slopes of evergreen red¬
wood forest, not the tops of the hills, whether bare or tree-clad, nor the grassy
openings. This is the redwood district of northeastern California, on the Pacific
coast. Idunci simulated Limenitis in habits and flight, differing decidedly from
both Gig as and Calif ornica. It sails along with wings extended horizontally, as
does Limenitis, and in a way not usual with Satyrids. It never alights on the
ground, like Gigcts, though the male does sometimes alight on dead leaves for
warmth, when it is growing cool in the afternoon ; but its usual place of alight¬
ing is on a green twig of tree or on a shrub. Its ' flight has the darting move¬
ment characteristic of the Californian species of Limenitis, and entirely unlike
the movement of Gigcis. The male likes best to take his position on the extreme
point of a green twig that reaches out horizontally, and there, with wings wide
oj^en,flat, like Limenitis and Grapta, to sun himself. In such case he will not
permit one to approach nearer than about twenty feet before taking flight. He
must usually be taken on the wing. Now, neither Gigas nor Californica rest
with wings open, so far as my observation goes. Gigas is much easier to capture
than Idunci, because it is most of the time at rest, and returns to the same spot
after a chase with another butterfly, while Iduna must be taken on the wing.

“ In contrast to the other two species, Californica lives in a semi-desert coun¬
try, both as to land and air, the hot, arid regions of east Oregon and Washington,
and of northeast California, where the temperature is half-tropical. Gigas is
semi-arctic, living amid the cold, dark fir forest ; Iduna is temperate, living in
the mild, dark redwood forest ; Californica is semi-tropical, living in open, dry,
warm glades, in the ‘ bush-land,’ on the border between the forest and the open
plains. Gigas alights on bare rocks ; Iduna on green twigs ; Californica on dead
or dry grass. I never saw this last-named species alight on trees or limbs, but on
the ground in grassy places, exactly after the habit of C. Varuna, as I saw it in
east Montana.

“ As to the climate of Iduna, it is cpol and damp all the year, with but little
snow or ice ; heavy and continued rains all the winter, and both early and late.
The hibernating larvae must be soaked for four months or more. This butterfly
lives and breeds directly in the evergreen forest, the redwood slope, not in the
sunny, grassy openings. I have been at all these places, and I know the differ¬
ence in climate. To an eastern man these differences may seem apochryphal,
because no such state of thing's is found on the Atlantic coast. But thev are

CIIIONOBAS XI.

real. The Coast Range of mountains, from British Columbia to Mexico, marks a
positive line of climate, from moist and wet on the western side, to hot and dry
on the eastern ; and the fauna and flora change to correspond. Gigas lives in
the latitude of Newfoundland ; Iduna in that of Baltimore ; while Calif or nica
ranges from the latitude of Winnipeg to that of Philadelphia. The corner of
Washington bordering on the Strait de Fuca is a grand pile of rough mountains,
culminating in Mt. Olympus, some 8000 feet high ; this whole corner of the
State, bordering on the sound, the strait, and the ocean, having an area nearly
as large as Massachusetts. It is almost wholly unknown, unexplored, and unin¬
habited. It resembles Vancouver in climate, but apparently differs in geological
formation, being less like a solid rock, and having soil and sand beaches. On the
forestry maps of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, this region and Vancouver
are represented as covered by the Sitka spruce. I see no climatic reason why
Gig as should not be found in that corner of Washington. All this region is of
very raw, rough climate, with high winds and chilling fogs. The Strait de Fuca,
forming a gap between the mountain ranges, opens a pathway for the cold sea
winds. Calif ornica could not live on Vancouver’s Island, any more than Argyn-
nis Diana , of West Virginia, could live in the Chionobas Semidea district of New
Hampshire. When climate offers no obstacle, Iduna does not go north to meet
Gigas. The temperate belt of the western slope extends from San Francisco, on
the coast, widening to the northward, till in southern Oregon it reaches from the
sea to the Cascade Mountains, some two hundred miles, and in north Washington
is reduced to a narrow strip between those mountains and the Sitka spruce
region, and so to the Canada line and beyond. In California, on the coast, this
belt includes the Redwood District, but in Oregon and Washington it is charac¬
terized by the Douglass spruce. There would seem no climatic obstacle to pre¬
vent Iduna from going north in that belt even to the latitude of Victoria, the
habitat of Gigas. Gigas is not known south of the strait, though it may yet be
found in the peninsula. It certainly does not come down the coast below the
Sitka spruce region. Nor has Iduna been seen beyond to the north, or outside
of to the east, the Redwood slopes of California. And thus there is left unoccu¬
pied by any species of Chionobas, a district of eight degrees of latitude broad,
from 40° to 48°, or of five hundred and sixty miles. In proof that this district is
really unoccupied, I will cite the names of experienced collectors, who, to my
knowledge, have traversed it in various directions and at various times, some of
them several times, stopping off where the country seemed particularly favorable
for their object : Messrs. Crotch, Morrison, Koebele, Dunn, Owen, and myself.
And not one of them has seen a Chionobas in west Oregon or west Washington.
There certainly is indication of specific difference between these forms in their

CIIIONOBAS XL

widely separated localities of strongly contrasted climates, as well as in their
habits and manner of flight ; and all this is in line with the differences in the
coloration of the butterflies themselves, and what you tell me of the behavior of
the larvae.

“ Californica, on the other hand, as I have before said, inhabits the open,
grassy glades of oak and pine (the grass all dead and dry when this butterfly
appears) next east of the Cascade Range. Mr. Koebele took examples of it at
Cle-elum, Kittitass County, Washington. This town is in the scattered pine
region, at the base of the range, where only scanty crops of barley and oats are
raised without irrigation.

“ Californica has been taken in large numbers by Professor Owen and Mr.
Cunningham, at Lake Klamath, in southwest Oregon. At that locality immense
lava beds and salt marshes abound. The lake is a ‘ sink,’ but a live one ; that
is, it receives more water than it can evaporate, and the surplus flows away by
Klamath River. There are dozens of smaller sinks that are 6 dead,’ real dead
seas ; the water so salt and alkaline as to be poisonous. They never run off any
water, but the depth varies according to the season’s rains. The water is all the
time becoming more salt, and these lake-beds will in time become ‘ dry lakes,’ or
mud flats, in dry seasons. So far as I know, Californica there inhabits the side
hills and benches where the grass is already dried up for the summer, because
the spring rains are exhausted, and there are no summer rains. Two specimens
of Californica brought me this last season (1894) from the Sierras east of Red
Bluff, in northern California, and the most southern locality in which this species
has been seen, were taken near a green meadow, but yet up on the dry slope
above it where the grass was dead (on 29th June), elevation 4500 feet. Here
also were scattered pine-trees.”

Professor Owen, in 1892, spent several weeks at Fort Klamath, and brought
away some three hundred examples of Californica, nearly one half of which were
in my possession for examination, as before related. Mr. Owen wrote me that
he found these butterflies “on low ground, among scattered pine-trees, which
rarely furnish dense shade ; elevation about 4000 feet. They alight on dead
and dry standing trees, logs, dry twigs, and dead leaves, also pine cones. They
are low fliers, and I should compare their flight rather with Argynnis than
Limenitis.”

Mr. Cunningham lives near Fort Klamath, and for several years has been a
collector of butterflies. He writes : “ Californica frequents open glades, among
scattering pines, with more or less vegetation under foot. It is also to be seen in
more thickly timbered localities where there is a dense growth of ‘ buck brush,’
a name applied to a thicket of semi-thorny shrub. It is fond of a dry hollow, or

CHIONOJBAS XL

‘ gulch.' I have never seen it on the ground, or on rocks, or moss, but I have
several times seen it on dry logs and dry twigs. On one occasion I saw a pair in
coition on the trunk of a green fir, but with that exception I never saw this
butterfly alighted on a green tree. I have seen the female on a shrub, the ‘ cha¬
parral,’ a dry bush something like ‘ sage brush,’ with few and small leaves.

“ Its flight is not tremulous, or wavering, like some of the Satyrids, but there
are three or four rapid strokes, and then with wings closed over the back, it sails
straight ahead ; then another movement of the wings, and another sail. Often
the female will dodge into a bush when struck at, and no amount of shoving will
dislodge her. The males are almost always in motion, apparently watching for
the appearance of the females, and really I have rarely seen them at rest.”

The most northern locality at which Calif ornica has been taken is Enderby,
east of the Cascade Range, in the latitude of Mt. Prevost, on Vancouver’s Island,
by Mr. Green, who was at the time engaged on the construction of the railway
to Vernon (through Enderby) from the Canadian Pacific Railway. Mr. Green
tells me that that district is very hot in summer,1 u the altitude where I took
the two females which were sent you is from 1300 to 2000 feet ; the country
timbered, with grassy and rocky openings.”

These females, sent by Mr. Green, were unmistakably Calif ornica, their under
surfaces flushed with red-brown, as shown in the Plate of Volume II.

There is no doubt that the three species, Gig as, Californica, and Iduna, more
especially the first two, are badly mixed up in many collections. It has come to
my knowledge that one of the American accumulators of butterflies, who has
distributed his specimens by sale or exchange far and wide over both continents,
sent out what he called Gigas, u received from Oregon,” and which was not, and
could not have been, anything but Californica, for no other member of the
group lives in Oregon.

On the Plate to follow, Chionobas XII, phases of Iduna and Californica will
be figured, and the stages of both (except puprn) fully illustrated.

1 Mr. James Fletcher, who was visiting Mr. Green, wrote me July 28, 1895, that this region is “in the hot,
dry, desert part of British Columbia.”

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Gigas, 1, 2$, 3, 4 9 j 5 var. $.

a, Egg ; or, mieropyle.

b, b-, Young Larva ; b:\ head.

c , Larva at 1st moult ; c-, section of dorsum, segments 7, 8 ; c3, head.

d, Larva at 2d moult ; d'2, segments 7,8; d3, head.

IDUNA 6 6 1.2.3 4 var . 6 5 .

a -a* Egg b-f Larva / Stages.

CALIFORNICA 6 var. 6: g-g* L'gg k-k Larva/ Stages

GIGAS 7 var. 9.

CHIONOBAS XII.

CHIONOBAS IDDNA, 1-5.

Chionoibas Iduna, Edwards, Butt. N. A., Vol. II., pi. 43, p. 275.

Egg. — Sub-conic, shaped as in Gigas ; marked by from twenty to twenty-
two ribs, the summits and slopes of which are as in Gigas ; the micropyle is in
the centre of a rosette of shallow six-sided cells, the boundaries of which are
raised like threads ; outside of these are two or three rows of similar irregular
cells, gradually enlarging ; beyond to the end of the ribs a network of low
knobs, with numerous little ridges radiating from each ; these ridges are very
short — not prolonged across the interspaces, and are less distinct than in some
other species; color gray-white. (Figs, a, a?.) Duration of this stage sixteen
days in June and July, 1892 ; fourteen days in July, 1893.

Young Larva. — Length, at twenty-four hours from the egg, .14 inch ; shape
as in Gigas and Macounii ; 13 ending in two short sub-conical tails, which meet
at base ; the body processes the same in number, position and form as in the
species named ; color at first pinkish gray, in less than one day green-gray, the
stripes red-brown, the mid-dorsal and sub-dorsal narrow and equal, the lateral
narrower than in Gigas , greenish anteriorly, elsewhere reddish ; the basal ridge
yellow-white, and beneath it a red-brown thread ; feet and legs gray-white, trans¬
lucent ; head considerably broader than 2, the front well rounded, broadest below,
narrowing upwards, depressed at the suture ; surface covered with shallow inden¬
tations, and showing a few tubercles, each with its short, clubbed, and bent white
process ; color greenish yellow, with a tint of brown. (Figs, b, b2.) Duration of
this stage sixteen days in 1892, thirteen in 1893.

After first moult : length at one day, .25 inch ; shape of the species named,
the tubercles and processes same ; color light buff ; the mid-dorsal stripe green,
with thin lines of brown at the edges ; the dorsal area (or band) next the stripe

CHIONOBAS XII.

buff shading into pale green without, and all of it finely streaked longitudinally
with brown ; the sub-dorsal stripe brown, the area below this buff ; the lateral
stripe green anteriorly, on both sides thinly edged by vinous-red, the posterior
half wholly of this last hue ; the spiracular band greenish, and both over and
under it a fine brown line ; under side, feet and legs greenish white; head same
shape as at first stage ; color pale green-yellow, the six vertical stripes as in the
genus, pale brown, not distinct. (Figs, c, c2, c3.) Duration of this stage nine to
seventeen days in 1892 ; twenty-six days in 1893. Part of the larvas hibernated
soon after first moult.

After second moult: length, at one day, .34 inch; shape as in second stage,
the tubercles and processes similar ; color light yellow-buff ; the stripes as before,
except that the lateral is edged on both sides by black ; the dorsal area more dis¬
tinctly streaked brown ; head as before, the vertical stripes still not distinct.
(Figs, d, d\ dz.) To next stage eleven to fifteen days in 1892 ; fourteen to seven¬
teen, in 1893. Some larvae hibernated soon after the second moult.

After third moult: length, at twenty hours, .54 inch ; same shape ; color buff;
the mid-dorsal stripe black, green within ; the streaks on the dorsal area much
darker ; the sub-dorsal stripe lost ; the lateral with heavy black edges, green
within, vinous posteriorly ; head as before, the vertical stripes more distinct.
(Figs, e, e2, e3.) To fourth and last moult fifteen to twenty days.

After fourth moult: length, at one day, .6 inch. (Fig./.) In fifteen to nine¬
teen days was full-grown.

Mature Larva. — Length 1.1 to 1.3 inch; shape of Gigas and Macounii,
thick in the middle, tapering about equally either wTay, and ending in two short
sub-conical tails, which meet at base ; surface thickly covered with fine tubercles
(as in the other species), each bearing a short, tapering process ; color brownish
buff, striped and banded longitudinally, as in the genus ; the mid-dorsal stripe
black ; next this the dorsal area, or band, is whitish shading into buff without,
and streaked longitudinally and finely with black and dark brown ; the sub-dorsal
stripe slight, indicated by a line or two of black interrupted streaks ; the area
outside this pale buff, with a brown thread running through the middle ; the
lateral stripe or band black over the posterior two thirds, buff streaked black on
the anterior segments ; the spiracular band greenish buff ; the basal ridge yellow-
white, as are the feet and legs ; head small, and, as in the genus, sub-globose,
broadest below, narrowing a little upward, slightly depressed at the suture ; the

CHIONOBAS XII.

surface thickly covered with shallow indentations, with many tubercles and pro¬
cesses like those on the body ; across the top six vertical stripes, as in the genus,
the indentations within these black. (Fig./2, greatly enlarged; /3, dorsal view
of segments 7 and 8 ; /4, head.) The larvae died without pupating.

I received from Mr. W. G. Wright thirty-three eggs of Iduna, laid 18th to
21st June, 1892, at Mendocino, California. The larvae began to hatch 5th July,
and by 8th I had seventeen. Part of the eggs had been sent to Mrs. Peart, who
wrote, 12th July : “ I see no difference between the young larvae of Iduna and
those of Gigas, except that the former do not seem so bright in color ; the
stripes of Gigas were as bright as those of Macounii — very red.” Ten of my
larvae lived to pass their first moult on 21st July and subsequent days. The
first one passed its second moult on 29th July, others at intervals to 9th August.
Shortly after, the number was reduced to six. The missing larvae simply dis¬
appeared ; I supposed they went to ground, or into the sod, for hibernation, but
on searching could discover none. They are so very small and of such dull color
that they might easily be overlooked. The first larva passed its third moult 9th
August, the second one on 14th. No other reached that moult. Two were
found dead, and the rest may have gone to ground. The second larva spoken
of died before fourth moult, but the first reached that moult 4th September,
but not without assistance in getting rid of its old skin. It had been constricted
so long that the mandibles were deformed, and consequently the larva died from
starvation. Mrs. Peart had brought one larva to fourth moult 24th August,
and it continued to feed well and grew rapidly. On 26th August, it was .96 inch
long ; on 5th September, 1.3 inch, obese and evidently full-grown. But by acci¬
dent it fell to the floor and was mortally hurt.

Twelve eggs were received from Mr. Wright, mailed from Mendocino, 25th
June, 1893. These began to hatch 9th July, and eleven larvae were obtained.
The first one passed its first moult 22d July, and by 1st August nine larvae had
got through that moult. But three passed the second moult, and one of these
was soon found to be in lethargy, and was sent to Clifton Springs, New York, to
go into the refrigerating house there. One reached third moult 3d September,
the fourth, 23d September. This larva was resting on its sod on 28th, in the
morning, but at 2 p. m. was not to be seen or found, though I searched both earth
and sod for it. By all which it will appear that these larvae are grown in con¬
finement with much tribulation. Mrs. Peart had been more successful, and had
reared a larva which passed third moult 22d August, the fourth, 11th September.
By 29th September, this had reached a length of 1.32 inch, and being mature
and sleepy was sent to Clifton Springs. The two larvae came back to me in the
following March, apparently healthy, but both died during April.

CHIONOBAS XII.

So it happens that a pupa has never been seen in this group of Chionobas. In
Iduna, Calif omica , and Macounii one or more larvae have reached the adult
stage, but refused to go farther. I have given them sand, friable earth, moss, and
sod, hoping that in one or the other pupation might take place. But the larvae
have usually lingered for days or weeks, eating nothing, moving about a little,
only to die as larvae at last.

As was said under Chionobas XI, Iduna , in contrast to the allied species, almost
always has the male pale yellow-brown, and Figure 1 gives a good representa¬
tion of this hue. So also Figures 2, 3, 4, well show the peculiar hoary, thinly-
streaked surface of the under side of hind wing, and the usual style of outline
of the band. Figure 5 is taken from the only melanic Iduna observed.

Figure 7 is the likeness of a prettily marked Gig as female.

CHIONOBAS XII.

CHIONOBAS CALIFOENICA, 6.

Cliionobas Cali/ornica, Boisduval ; Edwards, Butt. N. A., Vol. II., pi. 44, p. 281.

Egg. — Sub-conic, shaped as in Iduna and Gigas, but larger ; marked by
twenty-two or twenty-three ribs, somewhat sinuous, occasionally branching either
near the top or bottom ; narrow at summit, rounded, the slopes flat, the spurs
between the fine excavations more separated than in the other species, and stand¬
ing at all angles to the rib ; the micropyle is in the centre of a rosette of shallow
six-sided cells, the boundaries of which are thread-like ; outside of these are two
or three rows of similar irregular cells, gradually enlarging ; beyond to the end of
the ribs are two and three rows of little welts or cushions, with fine ridges radi¬
ating from each ; these ridges sometimes cross the spaces between the welts, but
most often do not ; the arrangement is distinctly more star-like than in the other
species named ; color gray-white. (Figs, g, g 2.) Duration of this stage thirteen
days, in July.

Ioung Larva. — Length, at one day, .16 inch ; shape as in Iduna and Gigas ;
13 ending in two short sub-conical tails, which meet at base ; the processes same
in number, position, and form as in the other species ; color, just from the egg,
pink, with a gray shade over dorsum, in a few hours greenish gray over the
whole dorsal area, the last segments vinous tinted ; the mid and sub-dorsal stripes
narrow, equal, red-brown ; the lateral broad as in Gigas , vinous, green ante¬
riorly ; the spiracular band gray-green ; the basal ridge yellow-white ; under
side, feet and legs gray-green, translucent ; head as in the other species ; color
brownish yellow. (Figs, h, hr, h 3.) Duration of this stage six to eighteen days.

After first moult : length, at one day, .26 inch ; shape of the other species
named ; the tubercles and processes same ; color yellow-buff, the stripes and
bands as in the genus ; the mid-dorsal stripe gray edged with vinous ; next this

CHIONOBAS XII.

the ground is pale buff shading into darker buff, the whole area finely streaked
longitudinally with pale brown ; the sub-dorsal stripe a mere line, vinous, the
ground below it pale buff, cut through the middle by a thread of brown ; the
lateral stripe vinous, gray-green within anteriorly ; basal ridge yellow-white ;
under side, feet and legs pale buff ; head same shape as before, indented and
tuberculated as in the species named ; color pale yellow-brown ; the vertical
stripes as in Iduna, but heavier because of the blackness of the indentations
within them. (Figs, i, i2, is.) Duration of this stage ten to twenty-one days.
The larvae whose stages were prolonged went into lethargy soon after second
moult.

After second moult : length, at twenty hours, .35 ; shape as at second stage,
the tubercles and processes same ; color yellow-buff ; the mid-dorsal stripe pale
black, green through the middle ; the dorsal area buff clouded brown, and
streaked with darker brown ; the sub-dorsal line vinous, the ground below it red¬
dish buff, cut in the middle by a brown line ; the lateral stripe, or band, black
with a vinous tint, edged buff below ; the spiracular band gray-green, edged
on both sides by red-brown ; the ridge pale buff, as are the under side, feet and
legs; head as at second stage, with similar stripes (not figured). Duration of
this stage ten days.

After third moult : length, at one day, .6 inch ; same shape ; color yellow-
buff ; the mid-dorsal stripe black, cut by green at the middle of each segment; the
dorsal area yellow-brown, streaked with darker brown ; the sub-dorsal line vinous,
the area under it buff, cut as before by a brown thread ; the lateral band
broad, vinous-black ; the spiracular band gray-green, thinly edged with brown ;
head as before. (Figs .j,f, segments 7 and 8 ; f, head.) To next stage nine
days.

After fourth moult: length .68 inch ; in twelve days was full-grown.

Mature Larva. — Length 1.18 inch, greatest breadth .16; shape of the
group, thick in middle, tapering about equally either way, and ending in two
short sub-conical tails, which meet at base ; surface thickly covered with fine
sub-conical tubercles of irregular sizes, each bearing a short tapering process ;
color brown-buff, striped and banded longitudinally as in the genus ; the mid¬
dorsal stripe black ; the dorsal band next the stripe whitish shading outwardly
into brown, and throughout finely streaked longitudinally with darker brown and
black ; the sub-dorsal stripe scarcely more than a macular black line ; below, the

CHIONOBAS XII.

ground is buff with black specks running through the middle ; the lateral band
deep black, a little mottled buff anteriorly ; the spiracular band green-buff ; the
ridge yellow-white ; under side, feet and legs brown-buff ; head small, and, as in
the other species, sub-globose, broadest below, narrowing a little towards top,
depressed slightly at the suture ; the surface thickly covered with shallow inden¬
tations, with many tubercles and processes like those on the body ; across the top
six vertical stripes, as in Iduna and the genus, the indentations within these
black. (Figs, k, natural size ; k 2, greatly enlarged ; k3, head.) The larvae died
without pupating.

I received, 6th July, 1890, twenty eggs of Californica from Mr. Albert Koe-
bele, then at Spokane Falls, Washington. These began to hatch on 13th, and
by the 16th there were fourteen larvae. On 30th July, three passed the first
moult ; others passed this moult at intervals up to 9th August. On 21st August,
one passed second moult. All but two of the larvae went into hibernation im¬
mediately after the second moult. One of the two passed the third moult Sep¬
tember 2d, and fourth moult September 16th. The other I had sent Professor
Riley at Washington, and it w’as returned to me after its fourth moult. Both
these larvae were torpid by 30th September, and were kept out of doors, shaded
from the sun. On 5th February, 1891, I brought all the larvae into the house.
There were two alive, past second moult, and the two adults, the latter lying
half buried in the sand that covered the earth of the flower-pot. They all
looked healthy, and were put out of doors again, and so remained till 9th April.
For some time previous to that date the weather had been cool, with several falls
of snow, but suddenly a change to warm had come. I found the smaller larvse
and one of the adults dead, the other was of good color, and I hoped to see it
pupate in a few days. Day by day it moved a little, and once was found on the
sod, but by April 25th was dead.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

1. Iduna, 1, 2, 3, 4 $ ; 5 var. $.

a, Egg ; a2, micropyle.

b, Young Larva ; b2, head.

c, Larva at 1st moult ; c2 section of dorsum, segments 7 and 8; c8, head.

d, Larva at 2d moult ; d 2, section, 7 and 8 ; d8, head.

e, Larva at 3d moult ; e2, section, 7 and 8 ; e3, head.

/, Larva at 4th moult.

/2, Adult Larva, greatly enlarged ; /3, segments 7 and 8; /*, head.

2. Californica 6, var. $.

g, Egg ; g 2, micropyle.

h, Young Larva; h2, segments 12, 13; h8, head.

i, Larva at 1st moult ; i2, segments 7, 8 ; v'8, head.

J > Larva at third moult; segments 7, 8, side view ; j 2 same, dorsal view ; j8, head.
k. Adult Larva, natural size ; k 2, same enlarged ; k8, head.

3. Gigas 7, var.

(DIE I

VARUNA .

!■$

L'y<j'

magnified.

h Chrysalis . in. ground

g Larva , young to *

t th rn ou 1 1

CEWO:

2 $ •

tn aynif'i tel

magnified . j — n Larva , young to dr™ moult magnified

CHIONOBAS XIII.

CHIONOBAS VARUNA, 1.

Chionobas Varuna, Edwards. Butt. N. A., Vol. III., Part 12, text and plate.

Egg. — Conical, narrowing but little upwards, truncated at top, the sides
moderately curved; marked by twenty to twenty-four vertical rounded ribs;
these are as in Uhleri, nearly or quite straight, about as high above the surface
as broad ; the interspaces nearly flat ; the horizontal strias in the interspaces
exceedingly slight ; the micropyle is in the centre of a flat rosette of five-sided,
shallow cells, the walls of which are raised, thread-like, on the surface ; outside
of these are two rows of similar larger cells, and, beyond, a network of ridges
radiating from central rounded prominences ; color chalk-white. (Figs, a, a2.)
Duration of this stage, about twelve days.

Young Larva. — Length at twenty hours from the egg, .1 inch ; thickest
anteriorly, tapering from 2 on dorsum and sides, the last segments curving to 13,
which ends with two short, sub-conical tails meeting at base; the tubercles and
processes as in Uhleri ; color gray-green ; a mid-dorsal and sub-dorsal pale brown
line ; the lateral stripe gray-green anteriorly, a little darkened after 5 or 6 ;
under side, feet and legs greenish white ; head broader than 2, sub-globose, the
front well rounded, broadest below, narrowing upwards, depressed at the suture ;
the surface covered with shallow indentations, and showing a few tubercles, each
of which bears a short, slightly clubbed and bent white process ; of these there
are twenty, ten on either side, disposed as in the genus. (Figs, b-b 3.) Duration
of this stage eleven days.

After first moult : length at twenty-four hours, .2 inch ; nearly the same
shape ; the tails sub-conical ; color whitish buff ; the upper stripes slight, green
edged with brown ; the lateral vinous-black, green within on the anterior seg¬
ments ; basal ridge white ; under side, feet and legs greenish white ; head more

CHIONOBAS XIII.

globular, very .little broader at the base ; the surface thickly covered with rather
deep rounded indentations, between some of which are minute tubercles with
processes similar to those on the body ; from back to front six dusky stripes,
as in the genus; color pale green-yellow, with a tint of brown. (Figs, c, c2, c3.)
Duration of this stage, seven days.

After second moult : length, at one day, .34 inch ; shape as before ; the color
variable ; some larvae are whitish buff, the upper stripes pale green, the lateral
band green overlaid with pale black, the spiracular band greenish, the basal
ridge white (Figs, d, d) ; others have the dorsum yellow-buff, the stripes and
lateral band all black ; the spiracular band and the ridge as in the other variety ;
both have the dorsum and sides much covered with fine rust-red longitudinal
streaks ; head as before, pale greenish-yellow. (Figs, d2, d?.) To next moult,
about fifteen days.

After third moult : length, at thirty hours, .5 inch ; shape as before ; the mark¬
ings more variable, as shown in figures e, e2, e3, e being very much like one phase
of d, only that the lateral band is deeper black, and the mid-dorsal stripe has a
black spot on the front of each segment ; in e2 all the upper stripes have black at
the intersections of the segments, making rectangular spots with ragged edges ; e3
has the mid-dorsal stripe solid black, the sub-dorsal green, a little crocked at the
intersections of the segments ; all are streaked with russet, as at last previous
stage ; head as before. Duration of this stage, seven to eleven days.

After fourth moult: length, at one day, .7 inch ; in seven or eight days the

larvse were fully grown.

Mature Larva. — Length, .90 to .94 inch; stout, thickest in the middle,
tapering rapidly to either end ; 13 has two sub-conical tails which meet at base ;
color very variable, as shown by the five figures, g to g 5 ; y5 closely follows d
of second moult ; g 2 follows d2 ; y3 follows e2 of third moult ; y4, dorsum and side
views, was of pale color, the black spots in the stripes large ; the full length
f,f2, are of this variety ; g, of which but a single example was obtained, is much
like adult Uhleri ; the stripes and lateral band all black, the intervening bands
solid green ; all the varieties much covered with fine russet streaks ; under sides,
feet and legs of all, green with a tint of brown ; head small, as broad as 2, sub-
globose, broadest below, narrowing a little upwards, very slightly depressed at
the suture ; the surface thickly covered with shallow indentations, between
some of which are small tubercles with processes ; color greenish yellow with a

CHIONOBAS XIII.

tint of brown ; across the top six broad dark brown stripes, as in the genus. (Figs.
f~f\ 9~95 same in vars.) From fourth moult to pupation, eleven to twenty
days.

Chrysalis. — Length .48 inch ; breadth at mesonotum .2, at abdomen .24
inch ; a second was .46 inch, breadth at mesonotum .2, at abdomen .22 inch ;
another, probably a female, was .6 inch long, the breadths as in the first example ;
cylindrical, very stout, the vertical side much arched, nearly as much so as the
dorsal side ; head case truncated, rounded both ways ; the eye cases rather promi¬
nent ; mesonotum without carina, rounded both ways, curving from the summit
to the top of head ; the thoracic depression shallow ; the wing cases considerably
elevated, smooth, waxy-looking (as also is all the ventral side of the anterior seg¬
ments), sloping down to abdomen ; abdomen conical, tumid ; the surface of head
case at top and on dorsal side, and of all the abdomen, granulated but immacu¬
late ; the cremaster naked, without hooks or bristles ; it consists of a blunt, trifid
ridge, the two outer lobes large, knobbed, nearly or quite touching each other ;
the anal orifice and plate well defined. (The cremaster, as will be seen, differs
considerably from that of Uhleri and from Chryxus, with wdiich Uhleri is com¬
pared.) Color greenish-yellow, with a tint of brown over the wing cases and the
ventral side of the anterior segments, also over head case and mesonotum, the
abdo.men a shade darker, — more brown. (Figs, h-h 5.) Duration of this stage,
eleven days.

The mode of pupation of this species is peculiar, and I cannot describe it better
than in Mrs. Peart’s words in letters to me, August 23, 1894, and later in same
month : “ Did I tell you that the larva had disappeared, and as I had made the
ground (of the flower-pot) soft — it being sandy — I felt about carefully until
I found the sand stuck together with a film ? Moving this slightly caused some¬
thing to wiggle, and I knew it must be the caterpillar or its pupa, but I feared
to disturb it more, and so left it to another day. Then I gently raised a corner of
this little lid, which was formed of sand caught together with silk, quite smooth
on the under side, and there lay a light-green and yellow-brown chrysalis in a
very shallow hollow in the sand.”

Four days later two pupae were sent me, and Mrs. Peart wrote : “ These two
larvae have formed pupae, just as the first one did, under the sandy coverlet.
The wing cases were very waxy-looking, and of a greenish tint, when first
exposed to the light. I think they grew darker being exposed.”

Another pupa was received September 15th : “ It formed just as did the other
three sent you, weaving together some of the sand with silk ; but there was a
little depression in the sand just where the larva chose to make its bed, and, in

CHIONOBAS XIII.

twisting about, it got partly from under the cover, so that I saw it all the time.
When the pupa formed, it was partly uncovered. While the larva was resting
after the web was spun — and it rested for nearly two days — it looked as if it
wrere sitting up, or just like Uhleri in the grass, on the plate of that species.
This pupa has the same waxy wing cases.”

Mrs. Peart carried three of the larvae over the winter, and in May, 1895, I
myself saw the three pupae from them in Philadelphia. Mrs. Peart called my
attention to the fact that the sand in the three cases was assorted ; that in the
middle of the coverlet being very fine, that about the edges coarser. The whole
thing, as it was turned up by forceps, seemed to be a substantial coverlet. On
the plate the chrysalis h is shown just as it appeared when partly exposed under
the spun cover, as before mentioned. Writing later of the last three pupae,
Mrs. Peart says : u The covering was slight, but in each case the pupa was com¬
pletely hidden. The surface of the sand was quite level, and there was no
appearance of its having been disturbed. Feeling about carefully, I found some
silk threads, and lifted the cover just as I would a little blanket. The particles of
sand were held together by the finest silk.” In all, we obtained seven pupae,
not differing from each other in coloration ; and, as all had formed in same
manner, it may be assumed that the habit of the larva in concealing its pupa is
peculiar to the species.

As said on a previous page, Varuna was originally taken in Montana and
Dakota, and in Canada, near the boundary line north of those States. In
recent years it has been found in Alberta, Canada, about Calgary, by Mr. F. H.
Wolley Dod. In a letter to me of 28th May, 1875, Mr. Dod says : “ Varuna
flies in much the same localities as Chionobas Alberta, but appears from a fort¬
night to three weeks later. In 1894, Alberta appeared on May 6th, and was quite
over by the first week in June. This year Alberta appeared on 4th May, and is
still to be seen (28th May). Varuna appeared on 15th May, and, had it not been
for rough weather, it should now be in its prime. Its flight is much stronger and
more playful than that of the other species. In your Part 12, Volume III., I see
that Mr. Wright says that he did not find it flying on the level plains of Mon¬
tana. Here it is essentially a plain-loving species (elevation 3,300 feet). Varuna,
being the stronger species of the two, makes longer flights than Alberta, and,
unlike that, may frequently be seen at play with another butterfly, and, al¬
though that other is sometimes Alberta, I suspect Varuna is nearly always the

aggressor.”

CHIONOBAS XIII.

Varuna eggs were received by Mrs. Peart in June, 1894, both from Mr. Dod
at Calgary and Mr. Wiley, the last obtained about one hundred miles east of
Miles City ; and larvae from both lots were raised to pupae. The Calgary eggs
hatched 28th and 29th June.

The first larva passed its first moult 8th July.

Passed its second moult 15th July.

Passed its third moult 21st July.

Passed its fourth moult 28th July.

Pupated 20th August. .

Gave imago 31st August.

Mrs. Peart discovered no difference between the larvae of the two lots, and both
pupated in the same manner. I was in Colorado up to middle of August, and
only saw a few of these larvae in their latest stages and the pupae. As with
all Chionobas larvae observed, part of the larvae went into hibernation after the
first moult, part after the second. Others reached the adult stage and then
hibernated, and some pupated the same season in which the eggs were laid.
There was remarkable variation in the color and markings of the larvae, as is shown
by the plate, and one type of the adult was closely like the larva of Ulileri.
(Fig. 9.) The pupa was not at all roughened; on the contrary, the wing cases
and the anterior portions were smooth, with a wax-like appearance. In the
mode of pupation the species differs from all our other Chionobas.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Varuna, 1$L

a, Egg ; a2, micropyle.
b, b 2, Young Larva ; bs, head.

c, Larva at 1st moult ; c2, section of dorsum, segments 7 and 8 ; c3, head.
d, d, Larva at 2d moult ; d2, d2, variety of same, segments 7, 8.
e, e2, e8, Larva at 3d moult, in vars.

/, Adui.t Larva, greatly enlarged ; f2, dorsal view same, magnified ; /8, head.
g-g6, Adult larva, varieties, segments 7 and 8.

hy Chrysalis, in ground, under coverlet of woven sand ; h2} magnified ; h 3, outline, natural
size ; h*, h 6, cremaster.

CHIONOBAS XIII.

CHIONOBAS CENO, 2.

Chionobas (Eno, Boisduval. Edwards, Butt. N. A., Yol. III., Part 14, text and plate.

Egg. — Shape as in Crambis and Semidea, sub-conic ; the base flattened and
rounded, broadest at about one fourth the distance from base to top, narrowing
upward slightly till the upper fourth is reached, then curving roundly to the
edge of the summit ; marked by twenty-four to twenty-six vertical ribs, a few
straight, most sinuous, two or three short ones at top or bottom ; the ribs nar¬
row, rounded at top, spread at bottom so that their bases meet (in this point
resembling Crambis , but differing from Semidea ) ; the top flattened, the micro-
pyle in the centre of a rosette of five-sided cells, outside of which are three or
four rows of larger similar cells of irregular sizes ; beyond these the space is
occupied by shallow rounded excavations, small, the outer ones largest, arranged
in confluent and nearly regular strings, which are separated by spaces of about
same width as the excavations ; in number and size these excavations resemble
Semidea more than any other of the group observed ; color gray-white. (Figs.
if r.) Duration of this stage, about eleven days.

Young Larva. — Length at one day from the egg, .09 inch ; shape of Semi¬
dea ; segments 2 to 4 nearly equal, arched dorsally, after 4 tapering regularly
on dorsum and sides to 11, and more rapidly to 13, which ends in two short,
rounded projections separated at base by a square, narrow sinus as in Brucei ;
the tubercles dark brown, their club-shaped processes white, translucent, and the
same in number, position, and shape as in Semidea and Brucei ; color gray-white,
the sub-dorsal stripe and the base less gray ; head broader than 2, broadest
below, sub-globose, depressed at the suture ; the surface covered with shallow
indentations, as in the genus ; a few tubercles and processes like those on the
body, disposed as in the genus ; color yellowish with a brown tint. (Figs, j-j 4.)
Duration of this stage, nineteen to thirty-one days.

CHIONOBAS XIII.

After first moult : length at fifteen hours after the moult, .15 inch ; nearly
same shape as before ; the projections on 13 short and blunt, the space between
rounded ; surface thickly covered with fine conical tubercles, each bearing a
short cylindrical process ; color grayish yellow, the sub-dorsal stripe white ; the
spiracular and basal stripes white ; head very nearly as at first stage, yellowish,
brown-tinted ; the vertical stripes very faint. (Figs, k-l ;2.) To next moult,
twelve to fifteen days.

After second moult : length at one day, .28 inch ; nearly the same shape, with
similar tubercles and processes ; color gray-green ; the stripes white ; head as
before, yellowish, brown-tinted. (Fig. 1.) To next moult, about thirteen days.

After third moult : length at eighteen hours, .45 inch ; shape not different ;
color yellow-buff ; the mid-dorsal stripe black at the junctions of the segments,
buff in the middle ; the dorsal band nearly covered by a series of elongated
triangles, each reaching across its segment, the apex of one touching the broad
base of the preceding ; composed of abbreviated, elongated streaks of black, but
more of russet ; the sub-dorsal stripe buff ; the lateral vinous-black, the interior,
especially on the anterior segments, buff ; the spiracular stripe greenish buff ; the
basal clear buff ; under side, feet and legs whitish ; head as before. (Figs, m, m2.)

After fourth moult : length at one day, .65 inch ; color pale yellow, marked
with black ; the marking of dorsum much as at last previous stage ; the triangles
almost wholly black. (Figs, n, n 2.) The only larva which passed the fourth
moult went into hibernation.

Mature Larva (after hibernation). — Length, .78 inch ; greatest breadth, .18
inch ; stout, obese, thickest in the middle, tapering rapidly from 5 to head, and
from 11 to 13, ending in two short, blunt projections; surface thickly covered
with fine, conical, irregular-sized tubercles, each bearing a cylindrical, slender,
bent process ; upper half sordid white or yellowish, with a narrow mid-dorsal
band, black at the intersections of the segments, and a sub-dorsal composed of
long triangles as after third moult, but with the black edges pale and very slight,
and with few of the interior streaks which were present after that moult ; the
apex of each triangle black, and so there is formed a macular black row, sugges¬
tive of a band ; the lateral band yellow-green with black edges, under which is a
whitish line ; the spiracular band whitish, along the upper edge brown-tinted ;
the basal ridge sordid white, underlaid by a black line ; under side, feet and legs
whitish green ; head small, about as broad as 2, sub-globose, broadest below, nar-

CHIONOBAS XIII.

rowing upwards, depressed at the suture ; the surface thickly covered with shal¬
low indentations, between some of which are small tubercles with processes;
across the top six broad dark-brown stripes. (Figs, n 3, ?i4.)

Chrysalis. Length, .52 inch; breadth across mesonotum, .18, across abdo¬
men, .2 inch ; cylindrical, stout, the ventral side arched, the dorsal much more
so ; head case truncated, rounded at top, the slope of the sides nearly flat, or very
slightly incurved ; mesonotum rather prominent, rounded at top, the sides con¬
vex, the slope from top to the top of head case nearly a regular curve, though
there is a little depression between the two ; the depression behind mesonotum
rather deep ; abdomen conical, tumid ; the cremaster consists of a projecting
trifid ridge, not corrugated as in Semidea and entirely unlike Brucei (which is
bifid, and has two converging vertical prominent ridges) ; naked, without hooks
or bristles, color of top of head case and mesonotum greenish yellow, with a
brown tint ; of under side of head case and the wings, blackish brown ; the abdo¬
men is yellow and brown-gray, in alternating bands, the mid-dorsal and sub-
dorsal bands gray, the two dorsal yellow, as in the lateral, and so on to ventral
side ; each of the gray bands is very finely edged with carmine, and the spiracu-
lar band is much tinged with that color ; the two dorsal bands marked on each
segment to base of mesonotum by a pair of short transverse black dashes ; the
other yellowr bands marked by two black points on each segment, instead of
dashes ; the surface of the wring cases is finely corrugated, more heavily next
base ; and the mesonotum and whole abdomen are also finely corrugated. (Fi<rs
o, o4.) Duration of this stage unknown, as the only pupa died before imago, but
it is probably about eleven days.

I received eggs of (Eno from Mr. Bruce, 24th July, 1894, while at Glenwood
Springs, Colorado, and forwarded them at once to Mrs. Peart at Philadelphia.
These began to hatch on 1st August, or at ten days from the laying ; and the
first larva passed the first moult, August 20th, or at nineteen days ; the second
moult, September 3d, at fourteen days ; the third, September 16th, at thirteen
days ; the fourth, 27th September, at eleven days. Following this adult, it being
the only one obtained that season, it was sent to Clifton Springs, New York,
with several younger larvae, and put in the refrigerating house there ; was re¬
ceived again on 23d March, 1895, in good condition, and pupated 1st April. I
sent it to Mrs. Peart for its portrait, and it died without giving imago. This was
the only pupa obtained.

After my return home four of the larvae were sent me, 24th August, all past
first moult ; and eight others, 15th September. All these wrere either just before

CHIONOBAS XIII.

or just after the second moult. None of them advanced much beyond the second
moult, and the few that survived were sent in November to Clifton Springs, but
they died during the winter. It seems very unlikely that in nature any larvae
of this species can reach maturity the first season, and probably all the larvae
hibernated in their early stages.

My trip to Colorado, in company with Mr. .Bruce, in 1894, was expressly for
the purpose of getting eggs of the Papilios Bairdii and Oregonia, and of Chio-
nobas CEno. We were successful with the Papilios, as I have elsewhere related ;
and Mr. Bruce undertook to get the CEno eggs. He left Glenwood Springs
for Webster and Hall Valley, July 14th, and wrote from the latter place, 16th :
“ Reached Webster at 2.15, — delightful ride from Leadville. On making in¬
quiries at Webster, found that all the former inhabitants of Hall Valley had left;
the Klines, who kept the public house at which I used to stay, gone to Cripple
Creek ; all the mines on the top closed ; one family alone at the Valley. I
shouldered my wallet and went off. It had rained every morning for two weeks,
— everything very backward : Mts. Bullion and Hayden with more snow than I
had seen before at this time. I hurried, trying to make the Valley before the
storm came on ; it came, however, when I was about half a mile from my goal, — •
a grand display of electricity, rather too close to be pleasant, but awfully sub¬
lime, a constant crackling ! and the lightning ! Then came a big hailstorm end¬
ing in rain. I reached Tracy’s cabin at four, having made the five miles in one
and a half hours, without a dry rag on me. This morning I am rather stiff and
rheumatism is around a little. My old cabin on Bullion is there still ; Mrs. Tracy
will lend me two or three blankets, and I will take them and some grub this
p. m., and go to the top, where I will stay till I get what I want, as the rain and
snow has made it bad traveling. The flowers are more beautiful than I ever saw
there ; you have seen no penstemons yet ! I may be a week here ; don’t know
till I have been on the top.”

From Mr. Bruce’s diary I copy a few lines respecting the next days : “ July
17th. I started early this morning, intending to get to the top of the range be¬
fore the daily storm set in. The sun was shining brightly, and I took many spe¬
cies of butterflies as I walked through the timber, — Anthocharis Julia, Pieris
Oleracea, Colias Alexandra and C. Scudderii, Argynnis Eurynome, A. Freya, A.
Triclaris, and A. Helena . Just before I reached timber line, I found that the
precipitation, that had been rain in the Valley for the last week, had here been
snow. By nine o’clock the sun became obscured, and I hurried over the immense
snow-field that covered the north sides of Bullion and Hayden to reach the cabin
just in time. The mists gradually crept up from the Valley, and vast clouds

CHIONOBAS XIII.

came rolling over the mountain-tops, when suddenly a dense storm of hail with
a mighty wind. The temperature quickly dropped to freezing point, but I lighted
a good fire and was pretty comfortable. The cabin was substantially built over

the entrance to an old silver mine, and was about 13,000 feet above sea level, _

the peaks near by rising about a thousand feet higher.

“July 20th. No change for the better; clear in the morning for about two
hours, but not warm enough for any butterfly to be on the wing. I have been
on the top twice, and have found several females CEno in crevices of rocks, but
had to hurry down when the storm commenced, as the whole top was enveloped
in clouds too dense to allow me to see more than six feet away.

“July 21st. A cold, stormy night ushered in a miserable day, the sun not visi¬
ble at all. Indeed, it snowed hard all the day up to six o’clock. The mountain
birds took shelter in the outer shed of my cabin ; three white-tailed Ptarmigans
were as tame as chickens. Pipits more shy, and running about like mice. The
beautiful rosy Finches (Lewcosticte) were very tame and hungry, and in great
variety of plumage. A large number of Says Chipmunk, or striped squirrel, in¬
vaded my room, eating everything they could find. At last I turned the tables
on these fellows, and, by a dead-fall baited with oatmeal, I caught nineteen of
them. I skinned and stewed the bodies, and found them an agreeable change
from the hard salt ham I had been living on the last five days.

“ Hall Valley, July 22d : I came down from the top of the Range last night ;
it was useless staying there any longer ; the weather was simply abominable. I
have taken a bad cold, for everything was wret and miserable. A long tramp
yesterday till 2 p. m. gave me not even one Smintheus , or Colias Meadii , or E.
Callias, where in ordinary years the three species abound. At 2 it began to
rain, by 4 a furious snowstorm set in, at 6 it cleared up, and I started down to
this valley, which I reached at dark. A cold, frosty night, followed by a bright
morning with a cold wind. I shall to-day take another walk above timber. I
have six females CEno in bags, and I see a lot of eggs on one and five or six in
another.” Mr. Bruce told me, when we next met, that he took the females CEno
with his fingers off the rocks on the leeward side, in a torpid state ; and when
he brought them to Tracy’s, bagged them over tin cans in which roots of grass
had been placed. In his absence Mrs. Tracy kindly looked after them, keeping
them in the sun and having one eve on the house cat.

“Hall Valley, July 23d. I enclose eggs of CEno. I shall go down to-morrow,
for I can’t wralk very far this A. m. Have taken cold, I suppose, and am not sur¬
prised ; everything — clothes, bedding, etc. — damp and mouldy. Everything
sadly altered here ; after being a busy camp, to see no one about makes it a lone¬
some place in bad weather. I walked up yesterday above timber to Gibson

CHIONOBAS XIII.

Gulch to try for Callias and Magdalena. At 10 a. m. it began to cloud up, and
by 11, it snowed so fast I could n’t see a }*ard in front of me. I squeezed myself
into a hole and stayed there an hour, when the storm subsided and I came down,
gathering flowers by the way. All the butterflies I took were a couple of Antho-
charis Julia, a few Chryxus and Epipsodea , and one pair of Colias Meadii, in
copulation. This morning it is very bright after a bitter cold night.” I have
given Mr. Bruce’s words, written on the spot, to make it clear what the difficul¬
ties are in the way of getting eggs from these alpine butterflies, and what sort
of a climate the insects are subject to. It is evident that they must be in torpid
state during three fourths their short lives, all the nights and fully half the days.
The larvae of CEno subject to the same conditions certainly cannot reach maturity
the same season in which the eggs are laid.

In a letter respecting these females CEno, written some months after, Mr. Bruce
says : “ The amount of cold these insects will stand is surprising ; as soon as the
sun is shining they are on the wing, if the ground is not covered with snow.
Even in the worst weather, the mornings are generally fine for an hour or two,
and all the mountain-top species of butterflies are ready to take advantage of
this brief interval to copulate and lay their eggs. At the best, two hours of sun¬
shine was all they got during my visit in 1894. Directly the clouds came over
the Range, into the clefts and hollows of the rocks went CEno and Magdalena ;
into the bottom of the tufts of herbage went Chionobas Brucei and Chryxus and
P. Smintheus ; while, sheltered under the flower-heads of Composite, were hidden
A. Eurynome and Melitaea Anicia ; and there they would stick as long as the
storm lasted, whether it was for hours or for days. The fact that all eggs ob¬
tained by me from these torpid or semi-torpid females CEno were fertile proves,
I think, that these females had been on the wing a few hours before.”

Many lepidopterists regard the Nympbalidm as the highest of all butterflies,
and the Satyrinse, one of its sub-families, as in the advance, with the genus Chio¬
nobas leading. Starting with the proposition that a butterfly with six serviceable
legs is a vulgar, low-down creature, it follows that one which can stand on four
legs must be something superior. It has six, indeed, but the front pair are atro¬
phied and useless as legs. Atrophy being the test, naturally Chionobas and the
allied genera, which exhibit that deformity in an extreme degree, are held to be
most advanced of all ; and such feeble and half-alive species as Semidea and
CEno are perched on the topmost twig of the butterfly-tree, — which to me is
absurd. CEno has lived on the high peaks of Colorado, it may be, ten thousand
years, or perhaps fifty thousand ; its total butterfly existence limited to three or
four weeks, and out of that all the nights and three fourths or more of the days

CHIONOBAS XIII.

have been passed in a state of torpidity by reason of the cold, for water would
freeze every night of summer at fourteen thousand feet. There is no chance
for climbing up under these conditions, and CEno or ScTixidcci to-day must be what
they were when their life on the peaks was beginning, unless they have retro¬
graded, which is probable. Common sense teaches that, when a path leads to an
insurmountable obstruction, there is nothing for it but to retreat and seek some
other outlet. It seems to me that no system of classification is of value which
does not take into consideration many organs and characters of the imago, and
also all three of the earlier stages. So far as my observation goes, the eggs of
butterflies discover, at the least, generic characters, often specific, — the larvae,
generic and very generally specific ; and pupae, generic and often specific.
Through the pupae, Chionobas, Neominois, and Hipparchia are allied to certain of
the Hesperidae, as, for example, Eudamus; and through the larvae, with certain
families of the Heterocera, for example, the Noctuidae. There is a marked dif¬
ference at all four stages between many genera of the Saty rinse which have
suspended pupae, and the genera which have naked pupae, and I believe these last
should be entirely separated from the others, and ranked in the scale next above
the Hesperidae.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

(Eno, 2, 9-

i, Egg ; i2, micropyle.

j, Young Larva ; j'1, j3, last segments ; j 4, head.

k, Larva at 1st moult ; k2, head.

l, Larva at 2d moult.

m, Larva at 3d moult ; m2, section of dorsum, segments 7 and 8.

n, Larva at 4 th moult ; n2, section of.
m8, Adult Larva ; n4, head.

oy o2y Chrysalis ; o3, o4, cremaster.

f.-

(DME ©MOISTS

ALBERTA; 1.2 6, 3 4 9 .

a- a ‘ ^‘99. magnified . f"* adult , nat. size: f 2 magnified. .

b-f Larva , young to dth moult Chrysalis,

, 7.8

PEARTIA :

5.6 8

CHIONOBAS XIY.

CHIONOBAS ALBERTA, 1-4.

Chionobas Alberta , Elwes, $, Transactions Entomological Society, London, 1893, p. 467.

Male. — Expands 1.4 to 1.6 inch.

Upper side gray-brown, often with a yellow, and sometimes a russet tint ; pri¬
maries have the costal margin next base white flecked with dark brown or black ;
some examples have a pale sub-marginal band, on which, in the upper discoidal
interspace, is a small black ocellus with minute white pupil; occasionally a smaller
blind ocellus is seen in the lower median interspace ; on secondaries the mesial
band of under side reappears more or less distinctly ; sometimes the whole wing
is more or less covered by fine abbreviated transverse brown streaks, but often
there is nothing of this ; a sub-marginal narrow dusky stripe, often macular ; and
sometimes a minute blind ocellus in the second median interspace ; fringes dusky
at the tips of the nervules, elsewhere yellowish.

Under side of primaries gray-brown, lighter or darker according to the hue
of the upper surface, and often yellow-tinted ; the costa gray-white marked
with black ; the apical area gray-white, thickly covered with dusky scales, as is
often the marginal area, this last showing a dark macular sub-marginal line on
the middle interspaces ; a mesial band from costa to sub-median nervure lightly
edged with black, the outer border running obliquely back from costa and pro¬
longed acutely along the upper median nervure, after which the course is
straight, a little crenated in each interspace ; the inner part of this band more or
less streaked brown, and the whole cell ; often the inner outline of the band is
wanting ; in many cases there is an absence of the brown streaks over the outer
limb, as well as between the cell and inner margin ; between the extremes there
is every degree of variation.

Secondaries vary in color from dark, much streaked, to pale yellow-white, with
very few light streaks ; the band varies in width and considerably in outline ; in
some examples the margins are nearly parallel, the outer one rather evenly ere-

CHIONOBAS XIV.

nated throughout ; sometimes the inner one is deeply incised in the cell, next
median, while the outer is nearly circular, there being a small incision at second
branch of sub-costal, and occasionally this outline is much produced opposite
cell ; in the paler examples, the interior of the band is but little streaked.

Body dusky above, in the lighter examples gray or yellow-brown, beneath
black with gray hairs, often so many as to make the general hue gray ; femora
black, the other leg joints red-brown ; palpi black, in the light examples gray-
white, the front hairs black ; antennm reddish next base, dusky in the middle,
the club reddish on upper side, and together with the antennm cretaceous be¬
neath. (Figs. 1, 2.)

Female. — Expands from 1.4 to 1.8 inch.

Upper side much as in the male, but generally paler ; primaries show from
one to three ocelli, and occasionally a minute fourth ; on secondaries a single
ocellus, but often there is none. (Figs. 3, 4.) The variation in color and mark¬
ings, in both sexes, is so considerable that a dozen figures would be needed to
represent them. Unfortunately I have not been able to spare the space for more
than a single pair, and have selected the insects that show an excess of markings,
and the darkest hue.

Egg. — Sub-conic, the breadth to the height as 1 to 1.14 ; the base flattened,
rounded ; the sides rounded, broadest at about one third from base, narrowing
upwards ; marked by nineteen and twenty vertical ribs, some straight, others
sinuous, occasionally one branching either near the bottom or top; these ribs are
narrow at their summits, and rounded, the depressions rather deep, the slopes
excavated closely as in Jutta ; the micropyle is in the centre of a rosette of five¬
sided cells, outside of which are three or four rows of similar, less regular, larger
ones; beyond these are shallow rounded cells, after which they run together
forming low valleys, which are separated by flat irregular ridges ; some of the
last being broken up make knobs ; color gray-white. (Figs, a, a2.) Duration of
this stage from ten to twelve days.

Young Larva. — Length, at twenty-four hours from the egg, .09 inch ; shape of
Bt %ucei and Semidea ; the tubercles and processes the same in number and po¬
sition as in those species; ending in two slight conical projections ; color of body
grayish white, the lines or stripes pale brown ; the basal ridge white ; under side,
feet and legs white, translucent ; head pale yellow-green, with a tint of brown,
sub-globose, broadest below, slightly depressed at the suture ; the surface covered
with shallow indentations among which are a few tubercles and processes like
those on the body. (Figs, b, b2.) Duration of this stage ten to thirteen days.

CHIONOBAS XIV.

After first moult: length at twenty hours, .18 inch; shape as before; surface
thickly covered with fine conical tubercles, each bearing a short, cylindrical
clubbed process ; color pale gray-green ; the dorsal stripe green edged on either
side by a brown line, outside of which is a narrow whitish stripe ; the dorsal area
finely streaked brown ; the sub-dorsal line brown ; the lateral band pale green,
edged by a brown line on either side, and the posterior third obscured by vinous-
black ; below this a whitish line ; the basal ridge yellow-white, and under it a
brown line ; under side, feet and legs translucent white ; head shaped as before,
greenish, with a brown tint, the vertical stripes as in the genus, pale brown.
(Figs, c, c2, c3.) Duration of this stage seven to eight days.

After second moult : length at eighteen hours, .3 inch ; shape as at second
stage ; same tubercles and processes ; color and stripes same ; head same. (Figs.
d , d2.) Duration of this stage six to eight days.

After third moult : length at twenty-four hours, .44 inch ; same shape ; color
darker; the lateral stripe black except on the three anterior segments, these
green ; basal ridge yellowish ; head as at last previous stage. (Figs, e, e 2.) To
next moult six to seven days.

After fourth moult: length at one day, .56 inch (Fig./); in about eight days
was full-grown.

Mature Larva. — Length one inch ; stout, obese, thick in the middle, taper¬
ing rapidly from 4 to head and from 9 to 13 ; ending in two short, blunt tails,
the intervening space rounded ; surface thickly covered with fine conical tuber¬
cles of irregular sizes, each bearing a cylindrical, slender, bent process ; color dark
brown ; the dorsal stripe black, narrowly edged by yellow-white ; the lateral
band black on green ground, and under it a pale brown line ; the spiracular
band green, much specked with black ; basal ridge brown ; under side and pro¬
legs bluish green, feet white ; head small, sub-globose, broadest below, narrowing
upwards, slightly depressed at top ; the surface thickly covered (as in the genus)
with shallow indentations, between some of which are tubercles with processes
like those on the body ; color brownish green, the vertical stripes (as in the
genus) broad, dark. (Figs./4, natural size;/2, enlarged;/3, head.) From fourth
moult to pupation twenty-one days.

Chrysalis. — Length .5 inch ; breadth at mesonotum .2, at abdomen .23 inch;
cylindrical ; head case truncated, and closely as in Jutta , the top produced and

CHIONOBAS XIV.

dome-shaped, the sides excavated ; the mesonotum prominent, rising to a narrow,
rounded ridge, the sides flat, or perhaps a little convex ; the depression rather
deep, angular ; the wing cases elevated, beveled down to abdomen on the mar¬
gins ; the abdomen sub-conical, tumid ; cremaster much as in Jutta, naked, with¬
out hooks or bristles; color of anterior parts greenish gray, the mesonotum
darker, and having, across the summit, four blackish dots in row, two on either
side ; wing cases dark olive-green, the neuration distinct in lighter color ; abdo¬
men yellow-brown, marked by blackish dashes and dots in longitudinal rows ; the
dorsal and sub-dorsal rows dashes, two to each segment ; the lateral row dots, two
to the segment, placed obliquely ; the spiracular and ventral rows alternate dash
and dot on each segment in straight rows. (Figs, g 2, natural size; g , enlarged; gz,
g 4, cremaster.) Duration of this stage eight days. From laying of egg to imago
from sixty-eight to seventy-eight days.

Alberta was described from three males which Mr. Elwes found in the collec¬
tion of Mr. F. H. Wolley Dod at Calgary, Alberta, Canada, in 1893. Nothing
was said of localities or habits. In June, 1894, Mr. Dod obtained eggs of Alberta
by confining the female over grass, and sent forty-five to Mrs. Peart, who reared
the larvae to imagos. I was absent in Colorado during July and part of August,
but returned in time to see the later larval stages. The first pupa was obtained
17th August, and gave a male butterfly on 24th ; the second September 5th.
These formed lying in the sod, head down, ventral side up. Several of the adult
larvae lingered through the fall, apparently ready to pupate, motionless, close
to the earth, in a small sod, but during November these died.

As to the habits of this species, Mr. Dod has given me the following account :
“ Alberta has a marked preference for dry, stony hillsides, where the grass is
stunted in growth ; just such places, in fact, where the large anemone, which is
common in this region, grows. Not that the flower has any attraction for the
butterfly, for I have never observed Alberta to settle on flowers, but where the
anemone abounds, there in all probability the butterfly abounds also. At the
same time it is often abundant where there are no anemones. I have seen num¬
bers on the wing on sunny days as early as 7 A. m., and a few may be started up
within half an hour of sunset. This species has a rather quick but uncertain
flight. Unless pursued or carried by the wind it seldom flies for more than ten
or fifteen yards at a time, generally settling on bare ground ; and when at rest it
is very difficult to detect. It is very shy to approach on a bright, sunny day,
and when it rises may easily be mistaken for one of the Orthoptera which are
common here at the same season, and which, when on the wing, Alberta closely
resembles in color.”

CHIONOBAS XIY.

CHIONOBAS PEARTLE, 5-8.

Chionobas Pear ties, new species.

Male. — Expands 1.8 inch.

The wings semi-diaphanous.

Upper side smoky-black ; immaculate; fringes concolored.

Under side of primaries pale brown-black ; no markings ; of secondaries pale
brown, crossed by fine abbreviated streaks of darker color ; beyond the band
grayish ; both edges of the band distinctly defined, black, the interior black-
brown ; the outer edge has a sharp elbow on the upper median interspace, the
angle being about seventy degrees ; from this to the inner margin straight, with
a rounded crenation in each interspace ; to costal margin straight, with a double
serrated incision ; the inner edge has an angular incision corresponding to the
angular prominence without, and posteriorly the course is parallel to that of the
outer edge without decided crenations ; anteriorly is a large rectangular projec¬
tion, the apex lying on the sub-costal nervure, and a smaller one, the apex of
which touches the costal margin ; immaculate.

Body blackish ; legs, palpi, antennae, and club, all black. (Figs. 5, 6.)

Another male is like the above, except that the band is similar to that of the
female, Figure 8.

Female. — Expands 2 inches.

Somewhat diaphanous, less so than the male.

Upper side smoky golden brown, uniform ; immaculate, except that the sub¬
marginal dots of the under side are repeated in yellow-white. Under side of
primaries golden bronze ; of secondaries yellow-white, streaked with dark brown ;
the base dark brown, though next the band anteriorly the ground is whitish ;
the band bent as in the male, and crenated and serrated in same manner ; half
way between the band and hind margin is a row of small rounded, or partly
angular whitish spots, from two to six in number, one to an interspace. (Fig. 7.)

CHIONOBAS XIV.

Another female is colored on upper side like the male, smoky black ; under
side of primaries dark brown ; of secondaries dark brown next base and over
the marginal area ; grayish next the band ; the band darker brown within, the
edges black ; the outer margin in this example is bent on the upper discoidal
interspace, and from the angle to inner margin the crenations are greatly
flattened. (Fig. 8.)

Many years ago, more than thirty, the male here described and figured was
sent me from the British Museum, by the trustees, as Subhyalinci , Curtis, and it
was not till I had occasion to investigate the history and character of Subhyalina,
in 1894, that I became satisfied that the present species was still undescribed. I
take pleasure in naming it for my associate, Mrs. Mary Peart, without whose
cooperation from the beginning these volumes would not have been in existence.
Fully twenty-five hundred drawings, plain and colored, have been made by Mrs.
Peart for my plates, the beauty and precision of which it has not been possible
to copy on the lithographic stones. Besides this labor, my friend has reared
multitudes of larvae in order to get the drawings of the several stages, and has
made careful observations of every species.

I wrote Mr. A. G. Butler, early in 1895, asking him to examine the individuals
of this species now in the Museum collection, and tell me how they compared
with my male, of which I sent him a colored figure done by Mrs. Peart. He
replied, 14th February : “ We have one male closely resembling your figure in
coloring and pattern ; also three females from same habitat, none of which are
quite like the male, the elbow of the band being less prominent, and the area
beyond the band more or less varied with gray streaks. One of these females
has the upper side smoky black, one is smoky yellow-brown, the third is inter¬
mediate in color. Beneath, the primaries of the first” (my figure 8) “are smoky
black; of the second ” (my figure 7) “ is golden bronze ; and the third is interme¬
diate. The darkest one, which most nearly resembles the male in color of both
surfaces, is least like it in the form of the band, whilst the yellow-brown one has
the band almost exactly as in the male.”

Mr. Butler further said that all these specimens were obtained by Captain Col-
linson, of H. M. S. Enterprise, at Winter Cove, Cambridge Bay, Victoria Land,
lat. 69°, long. 106°. Under Mr. Butler’s supervision, Mr. H. Knight made colored
drawings of the two females which have been copied for the Plate. The upper
side I was unable to present for want of space.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Alberta, 1, 2, $, 3, 4, ?.

a, Egg ; a2, micropyle.

b, Young Larva ; b2, head.

c, c2, Larva at 1st moult ; c8, head.

d, d2, Larva at 2d moult.

e, e 2, Larva at 3d moult ; segments 7 and 8.
f Larva at 4th moult.

fi, Adult Larva, natural size ; f 2, same, enlarged ; /*3, head.

g , Chrysalis, natural size ; g, same, enlarged ; ga, g*} front and side view of cremaster.
Peartue, 5, 6, $ ; 7, 8, 9, in vars.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES.

Papilio Daunus. — This is a very widespread species, flying from Mexico to
British Columbia, and from the Pacific through the Rockies of Colorado. I
found it common at Glenwood Springs, Colorado. Twice have I bred it from
egg, in one case the egg having been sent me by Professor Arthur J. Snyder at
Park City, Utah, 1893, 10th July ; in the other by Mr. Charles De Blois Green,
at Osoyoos, B. C. In general the larval stages are like those of Rutulus, but
the two eye-spots on segment 4 are more like those of Timms.

Adult Larva. — Length, 1.6 inch ; shape of Turnus and JRutulus ; color uni¬
form yellow-green ; the eye-spot on 4 has the shape of a truncated pyramid
(divided crossways into two), surmounting a circular spot, within which is a small
circle ; all the parts edged finely with black ; and the whole spot is yellowish-
green ; segment 5 is edged posteriorly and narrowly with yellow, and the front
of 6 as narrowly by black. The chrysalis is of same general form as in the two
species named. The single imago obtained emerged the second year. I formerly
received a pupa of Daunus from Mr. Doll, bred in south Arizona, and this also
lived through two years.

Papilio Indra. — I received seven eggs of Indr a from Mr. Bruce, 1893, at
Denver ; deposited on Artemisia dracunculoides. The species was abundant on
Clear Creek and in the Platte Canon. The egg is similar to that of Asterias,
and the laivie in their several stages follow that species closely. One pupa was
obtained, 26th July, from which came a butterfly ten days later. Mr. Bruce
wrote that in Platte Canon every bit of wild parsley had larvm of all sizes of
Asterias on it ; but that Indra could not be coaxed to lay on carrot or other
umbelliferous plant, and that its sole plant was the Artemisia. On this last
both Bairdii and Oregonia lay their eggs.

Pieris Virginiensis. — In the North, New York to Canada, this is the early
form of Oleracea, but in West Virginia I believe it to be the sole representative

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES.

of the species. It has been taken repeatedly at Coalburgh, in April and May,
pure type ; but no later examples, and no Oleracea, have been taken. Unfortu¬
nately, I have never been able to get a female since I learned how to make
butterfly females lay their eggs. If there were a second brood, surely either
myself, or other lepidopterists who have collected here, must have seen and taken
examples of it. For all that appears, Virginiensis, in the South, is a species. At
any rate, I have so catalogued it to call attention to it.

Anthocharis Reakirtii and Sara. — On March 31, 1888, I received eggs
and larvae (hatched on the way) of Reakirtii, from California, laid 22d. One
larva passed the first moult, 2d April, second moult, 4th, fourth moult, 8th April,
and pupated, 13th. This gave a true Reakirtii the next year, 1889, 12th April.
Mr. Koebele wrote that Sara , of May and June, proceeds from eggs laid by Rea¬
kirtii in March, but that some pupae went over the winter to produce Reakirtii
in the early spring ; also that the product of Sara was Reakirtii of the next
spring. The pupae of Anthocharis have the habit of passing two winters in some
cases. Mr. Koebele wrote me, in 1888, that he then had pupae of Sara and
Cethura ( Cooperi ), which formed in 1886, and he sent one of the former. This,
soon after I received it, gave an imago, Reakirtii. A pupa of A. Genutia, bred at
Coalburgh, 1890, gave imago in 1892.

Anthocharis Ausonoides. — I received a larva from Mr. Cockerell, in Colo¬
rado, 10th June, 1888, and reared it to pupa and imago. This last appeared, 3d
March, 1890, and was true to type. Another pupa from Mr. Koebele, sent in
1888, as Ausonoides, gave a female of that form, 30th March, 1889. There is no
evidence that this species is dimorphic.

Anthocharis Olympia. — I took a female of this species at Coalburgh,
W. Va., 21st April, 1890, on Sisymbrium, engaged in ovipositing. This egg was
shape of Genutia , red. The larva hatched, 27th April ; passed the first moult,
30th ; the second, 6th May ; the third, 9th ; the fourth, on 12th. I then sent it
to Professor Riley for a drawing, and on its return it died while changing to
pupa. The adult larva is shaped and tuberculated as in Genutia, and is striped
longitudinally with pale slate-color and bright yellow ; a broad mid-dorsal band
of the former, a sub-dorsal yellow stripe and a paler one along base ; the side
between these stripes still paler slate, running into white along the spiracles ; the
under side, feet and legs gray-green ; head gray-green, with many fine tubercles
and hairs. A figure of the adult larva of Ausonoides made about the same date
by the same artist, Miss Sullivan, and greatly enlarged (as was Olympia), shows

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES.

a close resemblance in coloration ; the slaty stripes are much deeper in hue, and
the whole lower side is much darker than in Olympia. Judging by the larvse,
these two species belong to a different sub-group from Genutia and Peakirtii.

Colias Alexandra. — I have several times received eggs of this species from
different localities in Colorado. The larvm hibernate after the third moult. The
eggs were laid on Astragalus and Thermopsis. I will give the particulars of one
lot of larvse received 18th August, 1886, the eggs sent by Professor G. H. French,
from Central City, and hatched en route. They began to pass the first moult,
25th August ; the second moult was overlooked ; but before the third moult, all
had gone into hibernation, and were sent to New York, to a refrigerating house,

— six larvse. They came back alive, 4th March, 1884, and were placed on white
clover. On 7th April, one passed the third moult, and it passed the fourth on
13th, and pupated 26th April. The imago came out, 6th May, a female of type
Edwardsii. The second larva pupated 5th May, and gave a female Alexandra

— with no borders whatever — on 14th May.

Apparently there are two broods of Alexandra in the year, but Mr. Bruce is
of the opinion that there is really but one. In June, the butterflies from the
lower elevations first come from pupae ; in July, those from higher elevations, and
in August, the highest of all ; a constant stream of fresh butterflies being kept
up from higher to lower elevations. Mr. Bruce says: “ The species is a powerful
flyer and takes very long flights ; in the narrow canons, will fly along the side of
the trail or stream downhill for miles. It is found at various elevations from
6,000 to 10,000 feet.”

The adult larva is shape of Philodiee , 1.1 inch long ; color uniform yellow-
green ; along base a white band with broken red-orange dashes running through
it; head yellow-green. The chrysalis measures .8 inch; shape of Pliilodice ;
color yellow-green, the dorsal side darkest ; on ventral side of the abdomen, next
wings, three small reddish spots in line.

Colias Christina. — This species was described and figured in Volume I., from
a few examples collected at the far north by Mrs. Ross. Colias Astrcea was
described from a single male brought in by the Hayden Expedition from the
Yellowstone. The validity of Astrcea was denied on general principles by Dr.
Hazen, in a paper on “ The Genus Colias in the Trans. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc.,
1882; and he guessed it to belong to the same species as Alexandra and
Edwardsii. As to Christina , he decided it to be neither more nor less than
Edwardsii. Christina, since the opening of the Canadian Pacific Railway, has
been taken by thousands on the plains of Manitoba and Alberta, and varies more

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES.

than any other American Colias in both sexes. I could fill three of my plates
with distinct variations. One of its forms is certainly Astrcea, and the orange
form has been taken in Montana. But no connection appears between Christina
and Alexandra, Edwardsii, or Emilia.

I received from Mr. Thomas E. Bean, at Laggan, Alberta, 1891, 20th May, a
dozen larvm past their first moult ; on 6th June, twelve were feeding on white
clover, all but one or two past third moult. One passed the fourth, 7th June ;
three more on 8th. In all I obtained five pupas. On 19th, a male, Astrcea type,
came from pupa ; on 21st, a female same ; on 24th, a male, Christina type.

The adult larva is shape of Philodice ; length, 1.4 inch ; color dark yellow-
green, a white basal stripe, a short red dash through it, behind each spiracle.
The pupa is like that of Philodice ; length, .78 inch; color yellow-green, a
broad yellow stripe from wing cases to end on the ventral side ; on the abdomen,
below this stripe, a dash of red-brown crosses the three segments next wings.
Some of the larvm hibernated after the first moult, but they died during the
winter.

Colias Elis. — This species was described by Mr. Strecker, 1885, from a
single female taken in Canada. Mr. Bean, in the Canadian Entomologist, Vol.
XXII., 1890, gives a very interesting account of the region about Laggan, Al¬
berta, where Elis is taken on the peaks, as well as of this form itself. He
gives reasons why Elis should be held a good species, and disconnected with
C. Meadii, which it very closely resembles.

I received from Mr. Bean several just-hatched larvm, 23d July, 1889 ; several
passed their first moult 28th. Of the larva at this stage Mrs. Peart wrote me :

‘ I see no difference in form, color, or number and arrangement of processes,
between it and Meadii .” The larvm began to pass the second moult, 1st August;
the third moult, 12th ; length at third, .24 inch ; color yellow-green ; covered
with fine, short black hairs from black tubercles, giving a darker appearance
than characterizes any of our species reared by me except Meadii, and it was
just as in that ; a narrow whitish sub-dorsal stripe, under which, on segments 3
to 12, a small black spot to each ; but some examples were without the black,
and some without the white, or either; the basal ridge narrow, yellowish; head
bright yellow-green, with many black hairs. Shortly after the third moult the
larvm slept, and were sent to New York. I received them again, 2d April, 1890,
but only two were alive. One of them passed its fourth moult on 13th, the
othei on 1/th April, and this last pupated 4th May. The pupa was figured by
Mrs. Peart, but was lost in the mail in its return to me.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES.

Adult Larva. — > Length, .7 inch ; color dark yellow-green, the dorsum a shade
lighter than the sides ; densely covered with short black hairs from black tuber¬
cles, each of which is encircled by a narrow whitish ring ; a sub-dorsal white
stripe, as broad as the basal, from 2 to 13 ; under this, on each segment, a small
black spot, often, however, more or less wanting ; the basal stripe white ; head
light yellow-green. The larva was in all respects, at all stages, like Meadii.
The pupa was also like Meadii, and I refer to the description of this last. From
some hibernated larvse sent by Mr. Bean, and received 1891, May 24th, were
obtained three pupae and three imagos, namely, a male, 30th June, from pupa of
23d ; a female, 28th June, from pupa of 20th ; and a female, 29th June, from
pupa of 20th.

I cannot see any noticeable difference between Elis and Meadii. If any
example of either sex of the former shows any peculiarity, the same may be
found in Meadii. I believe what Mr. Bean calls Elis type flies with Meadii in
Colorado, and I have one such male, taken by Mr. Gillette. Many of the Meadii
at Hall Valley have the dingy orange hue characteristic of the arctic species,

C. Hecla ; and the females have the faded orange, passing into sordid-yellowish,
seen in females Hecla. I sent a pair of this type to Mr. A. G. Butler, London,
and asked him to submit it to Mr. McLachlan, giving no information except
that these specimens were taken in America. With the butterflies went a sealed
envelope, not to be opened till these gentlemen had expressed their opinion as to *
the name of the species, and in it I told whence the insects came. Both pro¬
nounced the species to be Hecla, but they noticed the mealy spot on the shoulder
of the male, a feature which appears to be unobserved in Hecla. These pale
examples of Meadii were fresh, not worn at all, and were taken on the tops
of the highest peaks in September.

Colias Meadii. — Mr. Bruce says that the proper habitat of Meadii is from
11,000 to 12,000 feet elevation in Colorado, but they will follow the narrow
valleys down to 9,000 feet. Mr. Mead first took it on the divide between the
Arkansas and Platte valleys, at about 12,000 feet, and saw none lower than
10,000. The larva is at all points like that of Elis, as above described. The
pupa is about .66 inch in length, and shaped as in Philodice ; color green-yellow,
all the ventral side being brighter than the dorsal, and the projection or beak
at head quite yellow ; a mid-dorsal darker line, and a faint sub-dorsal one ;
all the dorsal side, and the ventral side of the abdomen, dotted and mottled
with whitish ; the wing cases and ventral side to head finely granulated. This
description answers, word for word, for Elis.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES.

Colias Scudderi. — I received several eggs, August 1, 1890, from Mr. Bruce,
at Hall \ alley, Colorado, laid on a species of Vaccinium. He saw two females each
lay an egg on this plant, and caught and confined them on it. He had seen
females laying on willow also. I put the larvae on weeping-willow leaves. Some
of these reached the third moult and then hibernated, but they died during

the winter. The larva up to third moult is closely like Elis and Meadii .

Colias Behrii. The habitat of this species was unknown until recent years,
when Mr. H. G. Dyar was guided to it by the late John B. Lembert, on the high
meadows, at 7,000 feet elevation, among the mountains of Yosemite.

Limenitis Weidemeyerii. — Mr. Bruce sent me fifteen eggs from Hall Valley,
which were received, 24th August, 1891. He wrote : “ I saw the female evi¬
dently trying to lay her eggs ; caught her and tied on a small cottonwood close
to my window. It rained for three days, and during this time she remained
motionless on the under side of a leaf. By noon on the fourth day the weather
had become fine and warm. On the fifth day she laid the eggs. I have before
confined several females of this species without effect, and was not a little pleased
at seeing the beautiful eggs.” The eggs were of same form and character as those
of the eastern species of the genus ; and the young larva at birth looked just like
a young Disippus or Eros , — the color light brown. It made a perch in exactly
the same way. The successive moults showed the larva as being close to Disippus.
The mature larva measured 1.2 inch, and four days after maturity it pupated.
The pupa was .9 inch long, shape of Disippus ; color of the head case, and of
ventral side, and of the wing cases, blackish-brown, as was also the thoracic pro¬
cess ; abdomen light buff with a pink tint mottled with olive-green ; dorsal side
of head case and the mesonotum pale brown, the head case obscurely silvered.

I got but one pupa that season, as but one larva passed all its stages ; the rest,
after second moult, making cases of the leaves, as the allied species do. On 27th
March, 1892, two of the larvae came out of their hibernacula ; on 2d April, one
passed its third moult, on 6th, its fourth. The most advanced of the two I sent
to Mrs. Peart ; the other was discovered, on 7th April, to be making a new case,
into which it retired on 8th. The next day a great change in the weather took
place, the mercury falling to 37°, with flurries of snow. On the 14th, I dis¬
cover ed that this larva was dead. I have had no other instance of a Limenitis
larva making a second case after it had come out of the first one in the spring.

Limenitis Lorquini. — I received four eggs from Mr. W. G. Wright at San
ernardino, Califoinia, 24th April, 1892. These were of same form and pecul-

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES.

iarities as in Weidemeyerii and Eros. The first larva hatched, 25th ; passed the
first moult, 29th ; the second moult, 2d May ; the third moult, 4th ; the fourth
moult, on 7th ; and pupated, 12th May. The first imago came out, 22d May.
These eggs were laid on the tips of willow leaves and the larvae fed on willow.
They constructed perches, just as do the other species of the genus. At all
stages the larvae resembled Arthernis more than either of the other species ; and
the chrysalis was most like Arthernis. None of the larvae made hibernacula.

Chionobas Ivallda. — I received eggs from Mr. Wright at Truckee, California,
laid 8th July. These began to hatch on 20th ; the young larva not different
from Chryxus. The first moult was passed, 3d August ; the second, on 13th ; the
third, August 26th ; but the only larva which got past third moult died 28th.
At all stages the form and coloration was as in Chryxus. Ivallda had been
known only from the vicinity of Truckee, but the late John B. Lembert sent me
several examples which he said he took along the Tuolumne River.

Lycbska Lygdamas. — On 25th May, 1891, I received four larvae of this
species from Professor A. D. Hopkins, of the W. Ya. Agr. Station. He had found
them on Yicia Carolina. “ The larvae when young feed on the tender leaves,
flower-heads, and flowers ; as they grow older, on the leaves and stems.” The
adult larva was very like P seudargiolus in form. Length, .34 inch ; breadth and
height, each .05 inch ; shape long oval, the sides along base nearly parallel, the
two ends equally rounded ; the dorsum high, and sloping fore and aft from the
middle ; the last segments flattened ; segment 2 entirely conceals the head when
the larva is at rest ; the tuberculous processes that surmount the ridge as in
P seudargiolus ; color very pale green ; the sides of the ridge and body marked by
two whitish oblique bars, the front pointing toward the dorsum, each bar cross¬
ing two segments. On 11 was a dorsal slit, and on 12 two cylindrical tubes, as
in P seudargiolus. These tubes I saw thrust out frequently, the tentacles fully
open. None of the larvse reached pupse, they not liking the food I gave them.

Lyclexa Violacea. — In Volume II., I suggested that part of the Violacea
butterflies of the spring came from Violacea eggs of the previous year. Of late
years, I have found this to be the case. The chrysalids from Violacea eggs, in
part, disclose Neglecta in the succeeding June, but most of them hibernate, and,
so far as appears, produce Violacea the next spring.

Erebia Epipsodea. — There was error in my description of the egg of this
species, I having given it thirty odd ribs, whereas it has about twenty-two.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES.

The error was overlooked in proof-reading. The figure showed, however, that
the number was about twenty-two.

Erebia Discoidalis. — This species has of late years been taken as far south
as Calgary and Olds, which is about forty miles from Calgary. I received four
eggs of it from Mr. Fletcher, part of seventeen sent him from Olds. The egg is
of the shape of Epipsodea and Magdalena , and the ribs are as numerous as in
the latter species, or rather more so, forty to forty-two against thirty-six in
Magdalena. Mr. F. H. Wolley Dod sent eggs to Mrs. Peart, 28th May, 1895.
He says : “ This is the most sluggish flyer of any butterfly that I know, particu¬
larly the females. It flies principally in places where the grass is of a rich
growth, and where the ground is covered with stunted sallows bushes. It
may generally be found in considerable numbers in the shallow grass-covered
ravines which are a notable feature of this country. It prefers low-lying ground.
I do not mean that Discoidalis flies at a low altitude, for that of Calgary is 3,200
feet above sea level. In the very slightest breeze the species is helpless, and it
never flies except during sunshine, and then not far. I first obtained it, 4th
May ; on 13th, it was locally abundant and in good condition. After three days
of rain, 15th to 17th, the males were almost passee. Before the end of May, it
disappeared almost entirely.” The larvae received by me were reared to third
moult, when they seemed full-grown and hibernated ; but none survived the
winter.

Papilio Pilumnus. — After the paper on this species was published in the
present Volume, I had correspondence with Mr. William Schaus, the well-known
lepidopterist, who gave the papers spoken of on page 7 to Mr. Henry Edwards.
Mr. Schaus assures me that he was familiar with the species in Mexico, and has
the larva to pupa, so discovering that Pilumnus belongs to the Troilus and Cal-
chas group instead of that of Turnus.

DATE OF ISSUE OF PARTS 1-17.

partl. — January 9, 1887. — Containing Colias Eurydice, Argynnis Nitocris,
A. Lais.

Part 2. — April 20, 1887. — Containing Colias Harfordii, Argynnis Coronis,
Neonympha Gemma.

Part 3. — September 12, 1887. — Containing Melitsea Baroni, Argynnis Liliana,
A. Egleis.

Part 4. _ January 22, 1888. — Containing Colias Chrysomelas, Argynnis Nau-

sicaa, Coenonympha Galactinus.

Part 5. _ May 28, 1888. — Containing Melitsea Rubicunda, Erebia Magdalena,

Debis Portlandia.

Part 6. _ December 14, 1888. — Containing Papilio Nitra, Anthocharis Genutia,

Neonympha Areolatus.

PaTt 7. _ March 11, 1889. — Containing Anthocharis Pima, Erebia Fasciata,

Geirocheilus Tritonia.

Part 8. _ June 2, 1889. — Containing Papilio Pilumnus, Grapta Interrogationis,

Argynnis Cybele, and var. Carpenterii.

Part 9. _ February 5, 1890. — Containing Argynnis Nevadensis, Satyrus Pe-

gala, Erebia Epipsodea.

Part 10. — October 1, 1890. — Containing Argynnis Alcestis, A. Adiante, Saty-
rodes Canthus.

Part 11. — April 17, 1891. — Containing Apatura Flora, Satyrus Meadii, Chio-
nobas Chryxus.

Part 12. _ January 4, 1892. — Containing Papilio Americus, Chionobas Uhleri,

C. Varuna.

Part 13. _ December 10, 1892. — Containing Chionobas Chryxus, var. Calais, C.

Jutta, C. Brucei, C. Crambis.

Part 14. — November 17, 1893. — Containing Neominois Ridingsii, Chionobas
(Eno, C. Macounii.

DATE OF ISSUE OF PARTS 1-17.

Part 15. — July 17, 1894. — Containing Argynnis Astarte, A. Alberta, Chiono-
bas Subhyalina, C. Norna, C. Semidea.

Part 16. October 5, 1895. — Containing Parnassius Smintheus, Satyrus Charon,
Chionobas Gigas.

Parti/. March 1, 1897. — Containing Chionobas Iduna, C. Californica, C
Alberta, C. Peartise, C. (Eno, C. Varuna.

GENERAL INDEX

Aaron, Eugene M., notes on Neonympha Gemma,
3. 209.

Abbotii, var. Papilio Walshii, 1. 2.

Acadica, Thecla, 1. 142.

Actinomeris squarrosa, food plant of Lycaena Neg-
lecta, 2. 321.

Adiante, Argynnis, 3. 127.

.Estiva, Phyciodes (form of P. Phaon), 2. 179.
Estiva, Phyciodes (form of P. Vesta), 2. 182.
Ajax, Papilio, 1. 1 ; 3. 23.

Ajax, Papilio, as to the color of chrysalids of the
different forms, 3. 29.

Ajax, Papilio, as to the forms of the butterfly pro¬
duced by hibernated chrysalids, 3. 27.

Ajax, Papilio, effects of cold applied to the chrys¬
alids of, 3. 30.

Ajax, Papilio, — form Marcellus, 1. 7.

Ajax, Papilio, — form Telamonides, 1. 5.

Ajax, Papilio, — form Walshii, 1. 1.

Ajax, Papilio, periods of flight of the forms of,
3. 24.

Ajax, Papilio (Supplementary Notes), 1. 157.

Ajax Walshii, var. Abbotii, 1. 2.

Alberta, Argynnis, 3. 119.

Alberta, Chionobas, 3. 403.

Albino male of Colias Philodice, 3. 85.

Alcestis, Argynnis, 3. 109.

Alexandra, Colias, 1. 41.

Alicia, Apatura, 1. 135.

Alope, Satyrus, 2. 261 ; 3. 229.

Americus, Papilio, 3. 7.

Amorpha Californica, food plant of Eurydice, 3.
75.

Amorphae, Colias, form of Eurydice, 3. 71.

Ant guards larva of Lycaena Pseudargiolus from
an Ichneumon-fly, 2. 328.

Anthocharis Ausonides, 2. 79.

Anthocharis Ausonides, notes on, 3. 412.
Anthocharis Cooperii (Cethura), 1. 38.

Anthocharis Genutia, 2. 83 ; 3. 57.

Anthocharis Julia, 2. 85.

Anthocharis Lanceolata, 3. 63.

Anthocharis Olympia, 2. 77.

Anthocharis Olympia, compared with A. Rosa, 3.

66.

Anthocharis Olympia, notes on, 3. 412.

Anthocharis Pima, 3. 69.

Anthocharis Reakirtii, notes on, 3. 412.
Anthocharis Reakirtii (spring form of A. Sara),
1. 37.

Anthocharis Rosa, 3. 65.

Anthocharis Sara, 1. 39.

Anthocharis Sara, notes on, 3. 412.

Ants attending larvae of Lycaena Pseudargiolus, 2.
324.

Apatura Alicia, 1. 135.

Apatura Alicia (Suppl’y Notes), 1. 161 ; 2. 334.
Apatura Celtis, 2. 231.

Apatura Clyton, 2. 245.

Apatura Flora, 3. 175.

Apatura Flora (Suppl’y Notes), 2. 334.

Apatura Herse, 2. 254.

Apatura Idyja, 2. 256.

Apatura Leilia, 2. 241.

Apatura Leilia (Supply Notes), 2. 334.

Apatura Lycaon, 2. 238.

Apatura Ocellata (form of A. Clyton), 2. 245.
Apatura Proserpina (form of A. Clyton), 2. 246.
Aphrodite, Argynnis, 3. 105.

Archangelica, food plant of Papilio Brevicauda, 2.
35 ; 2. 41.

Areolatus, Neonympha, 3. 213.

Argiolus (Pseudargiolus), Lycaena, 2. 315.
Argynnis Adiante, 3. 127.

GENERAL INDEX.

Argynnis Alberta, 3. 119.

Argynnis Alcestis, 3. 109.

Argynnis Aphrodite, 1. 71 ; 3. 105.

Argynnis Aphrodite (Cipris) (Suppl’y Notes), 1.
161.

Argynnis Astarte, 3. 115.

Argynnis Atlantis, 1. 75.

Argynnis Atlantis (Electa) (Suppl’y Notes), 1. 161.
Argynnis Atossa, 3. 125.

Argynnis Behrensii, 1. 89.

Argynnis Bisclioffii, 2. 133.

Argynnis Bremnerii, 2. 137.

Argynnis Callippe, 1. 77; 3. 100.

Argynnis Coronis, 3. 97.

Argynnis Cybele, 1. 67 ; 3. 137.

Argynnis Cybele, early stages of, 3. 138.

Argynnis Cybele (Suppl’y Notes), 1. 160.

Argynnis Cybele, var. Carpenterii, 3. 137.

Argynnis Diana, 1. 63.

Argynnis Diana, early stages, 2. 145.

Argynnis Diana (Suppl’y Notes), 1. 158.

Ai’gynnis Edwardsii, 1. 87.

Argynnis Edwardsii (Suppl’y Notes), 1. 160.
Argynnis Egleis, 3. 129.

Argynnis Eurynome, 2. 129.

Argynnis Halcyone, 1. 83 ; 3. 103.

Argynnis Halcyone (Suppl’y Notes), 1. 160.
Argynnis Hesperis, 1. 79.

Argynnis Hesperis (Supply Notes), 1. 160.
Argynnis Inornata, 2. 139.

Argynnis Lais, 3. 93.

Argynnis Leto, 1. 85.

Argynnis Liliana, 3. 95.

Argynnis Meadii, 2. 131.

Argynnis Meadii (Suppl’y Notes), 2. 334.

Argynnis Monticola, 1. 81.

Argynnis Nausicaa, 3. 135.

Argynnis Nevadensis, 1. 93 ; 3. 101.

Argynnis Nitocris, 3. 91.

Argynnis Nokomis, 1. 73.

Argynnis Opis, 2. 135.

Argynnis Rhodope, 2. 141.

Argynnis Rupestris, 2. 143.

Argynnis Zerene, 1. 91.

Ariadne (form of C. Eurytheme), Colias, 2. 103.
Arizonensis, var. of P. Rutulus, 2. 54.

Arthemis, Limenitis, 2. 201.

Ashmead, W in. H., notes on Satyrus Pegala, 3.
227, 228.

Asimina triloba, food plant of Papilio Ajax, 1. 10.
Aspen, willow, linden, food plants of Limenitis
Arthemis, 2. 212.

Assimilis, Chionobas, var. of C. CEno, 3. 334.
Astarte, Argynnis, 3. 115.

Aster, the food plant of Phyciodes Tharos, 2. 167.
Asterias, var. Calverleyi, Papilio, 2. 51.

Astiagalus Crotularia, food plant of C. Harfordii,
3. 80.

Atossa, Argynnis, 3. 125.

Ausonides, Anthocharis, 2. 79.

Autumnalis, Colias, form of C. Eurytheme, 3. 83.
Azalia occidentalis, food plant of Grapta Rusticus,
2. 195.

Azalia occidentalis, food plant of Grapta Zephyrus,

1. 124.

Bachmani, Libythea, 2. 289.

Bailey, Dr. James S., notes on Colias Keewavdin,

2. 116.

Bairdii, Papilio, 2. 47.

Barbara, Colias, form of C. Harfordii, 3. 78.
Barber, Professor H. G., notes on P. Bairdii and
P. Oregonia, 3. 20.

Baroni, Melitaea, 3. 145.

Baron, Oscar 41., notes on Melitaea Rubicunda, 3.
151.

Baron, O. T., observations on A. Lanceolata, 3. 64.
Bates, H. W., notes on the Heliconidae, 2. 123.
Bates, H. W., observations on the Erycinidae, 2.
302.

Beadle, D. W., notes on food plant of Argynnis
Aphrodite, 1. 72.

Bean, T. E., notes on Argynnis Alberta, 3. 121.
Bean, T. E., notes on Argynnis Astarte, 3. 116.
Bean, T. E., notes on Argynnis Lais, 3. 94.

Bean, T. E., notes on Chionobas Brucei, 3. 328.
Bean, T. E., notes on Chionobas Calais, 3. 291.
Bean, T. E., notes on Chionobas Chryxus, 3. 285.
Bean, T. E., notes on Chionobas Subliyalina, 3.
343.

Bean, T. E., notes on Colias Eurytheme, 2. 105,
107.

Bean, T. E., notes on Erebia Epipsodea, 3. 262.
Beckerii, Pieris, 1. 30 ; 2. 73.

Behr, Dr. H., notes on Argynnis Adiante, 3. 128.
Behr, Dr. H., notes on Argynnis Monticola, 1. 82 ;
1. 91.

Behr, Dr. H., notes on Colias Eurytheme, 1. 50.

GENERAL INDEX.

Behr, Dr. H., notes on Limenitis Lorquini, 1. 131.

Behrens, James, notes on Chionobas Iduna, 2. 277.

Behrens, James, notes on food plant of Papilio
Rutulus, 2. 64.

Behrens, James, notes on Melitsea Rubicunda, 3.
150.

Behrensii, Argynnis, 1. 89.

Behrii, Colias, 1. 44.

Behrii (var. of P. Smintheus), Parnassius, 1. 23.

Belt, Thomas, notes on the Heliconidse, 2. 123.

Bernardino, Colias, var. of Eurydice, 3. 71.

Bethune, Rev. C. J. S., notes on Limenitis Artlie-
mis, 2. 208.

Billings, C. E., notes on Melitaea Phaeton, 2. 154.

Bischoffii, Argynnis, 2. 133.

Boll, Jacob, notes on Colias Eurytheme, 2. 109.

Braun, Carl, notes on Chionobas Jutta, 3. 317,
319.

Braun, Carl, notes on G. Interrogationis, 3. 161.

Bremnerii, Argynnis, 2. 137.

Brevicauda, Papilio, 2. 33, 39.

Brodie, Wm., notes on Limenitis Arthemis, 2. 209.

Brucei, Chionobas, 3. 325.

Bruce, David, notes on Chionobas Brucei, 3. 329.

Bruce, David, notes on Chionobas Chryxus, 3.
283.

Bruce, David, notes on Chionobas Gmo, 3. 335,
398, et seq.

Bruce, David, notes on Chionobas Semidea, in Col¬
orado, 3. 356.

Bruce, David, notes on Chionobas Uhleri, 3. 299.

Bruce, David, notes on Colias Alexandra, 3. 411.

Bruce, David, notes on Colias Eriphyle, 3. 85.

Bruce, David, notes on Colias Meadii, 3. 413.

Bruce, David, notes on Erebia Epipsodea, 3. 261.

Bruce, David, notes on Erebia Magdalena, 3. 248
et seq.

Bruce, David, notes on food plant of Papilio Indra,
3. 411.

Bruce, David, notes on Neominois Ridingsii, 3.
272.

Bruce, David, notes on oviposition of Limenitis
Weidemeyerii, 3. 416.

Bruce, David, notes on Satyrodes Canthus, 3. 197,
198.

Bruce, David, notes on Satyrus Charon, 3. 240.

Bruce, David, notes on Satyrus Meadii, 3. 235.

Bruce, David, observations on Papilios Bairdii and
Oregonia, 3. 15, 17.

Bruce, David, observations on Parnassius Smin¬
theus, 3. 40, 41, et seq.

Bruce, David, observes the action of the peraplast
in male of Parnassius, 3. 47.

Bruce, David, observations on the pouch of Parnas¬
sius Smintheus, 3. 47.

Brucei, Erebia, var. of Erebia Epipsodea, 3. 261.
Brucei, Papilio, 3. 15.

Bunker, Robert, notes on Limenitis Arthemis, 2.
208.

Burrison, H. K., notes on Argynnis Atossa, 3.
126.

Burrison, H. K., notes on Chionobas Jutta, 3. 319.
Butler, Arthur G., notes on Chionobas Peartiae, 3.
408.

Calais, Chionobas, var. of C. Chryxus, 3. 291.
Californica (Bredowii) Limenitis (Heterochroa), 1.
133.

Californica, Chionobas, 3. 385.

Californica, or Californicus, Ccenonympha, 3. 222.
Callippe, Argynnis, 1. 77 ; 3. 100.

Calverleyi, Papilio, var. of P. Asterias, 2. 51.
Canthus, Satyrodes, 3. 193.

Carpenterii, Argynnis, var. of A. Cybele, 3. 137.
Caulfield, M., observations on Satyrus Nephele in
Canada, 2. 266.

Celtis, Apatura, 2. 231.

Celtis integerifolia, food plant of Apatura Flora,
3. 180.

Celtis occidentalis, food plant of Apatura Celtis, 2.
235.

Celtis occidentalis, food plant of Apatura Clyton,
2. 250.

Celtis occidentalis, food plant of Libythea Bach-
mani, 2. 292.

Chalcedon, Melitaea, 1. 97.

Chapman, Dr. A. W., notes on Heliconia Charito-
nia, 2. 121.

Chapman, Dr. A. W., notes on Satyrus Pegala, 3.
227.

Cliaritonia, Heliconia, 2. 117.

Charon, Satyrus, 3. 237.

Chelone glabra, food plant of Melitsea Phaeton, 2.
154.

Chionobas Alberta, 3. 403.

Chionobas Assimilis, var. of C. CEno, 3. 334.
Chionobas Brucei, 3. 325.

Chionobas Calais, var. of C. Chryxus, 3. 291.

GENERAL INDEX.

Chionobas California, 2. 281 ; 3. 385.

Chionobas Californica (Suppl’y Notes), 2. 335.
Cbionobas Cliryxus, 3. 277, 291.

Chionobas Cliryxus, var. Calais, 3. 291.

Cbionobas Crambis, 3. 321, 329.

Cbionobas Gigas, 2. 279; 3. 369, 384.

Chionobas Iduna, 2. 275 ; 3. 381.

Cbionobas Ivallda, 2. 285.

Chionobas Ivallda, notes on, 3. 417.

Cbionobas Jutta, 3. 307.

Cbionobas Macounii, 3. 361.

Cbionobas Nigra, var. of C. Semidea, 3. 350.
Cbionobas Norna, 3. 347.

Chionobas CEno, 3. 333, 393, 395.

Cbionobas Peartiae, 3. 407.

Chionobas Semidea, 3. 349.

Chionobas Subhyaliua, 3. 341.

Cbionobas Uhleri, 3. 293.

Chionobas Varuna, 3. 303, 389.

Chippewa (Helena) Colias, 1. 42.

Christina, Colias, 1. 43.

Chrysomelas, Colias, 3. 87.

Chrysophanus Cupreus, 2. 307.

Chrysophanus Rubidus, 2. 305.

Chrysophanus Sirius, 2. 309.

Chryxus, Chionobas, 3. 277, 291.

Cimicifuga racemosa, food plant of Lycaena Pseu-
dargiolus, 2. 320.

Cinerea, Lycaena (var. of L. Pseudargiolus), 2.
315, 319.

Clarius (Clodius), Parnassius, 1. 17.

Clodius, Parnassius, 1. 18.

Clyton, Apatura, 2. 245.

Ccenonympha Californica, or Californicus, form of
C. Galactinus, 3. 219.

Ccenonympha Eryngii, var. of C. Californica, 3.

220.

Ccenonympha (Erebia) Haydenii, 3. 251.
Ccenonympha Galactinus, 3. 219.

Colias Alexandra, 1. 41.

Colias Alexandra, notes on, 3. 413.

Colias Alexandra (Suppl’y Notes), 1. 158.

Colias Amorphae, form of C. Eurydice, 3. 71.
Colias Ariadne, 2. 103.

Colias Autumnalis, form of C. Eurytheme, 3. 83.
Colias Barbara, form of C. Harfordii, 3. 78.

Colias Behrii, 1. 44.

Colias Behrii, locality of, 3. 416.

Colias Bernardino, form of C. Eurydice, 3. 71.

Colias Christina, 1. 43.

Colias Christina, notes on, 3. 413.

Colias Chrysomelas, 3. 87.

Colias Edwardsii (var. of C. Alexandra), 1. 55.
Colias Elis, notes on, 3. 414.

Colias Eripbyle, form of C. Eurytheme, 3. 83.
Colias Eurytheme, 1. 45 ; 2. 103.

Colias Eurytheme, form Eriphyle, 3. 83.

Colias Eurytheme (SuppPy Notes), 1. 158.

Colias Eurydice, 1. 53 ; 3. 71.

Colias Eurydice, form Amorphae, 3. 71.

Colias Eurydice, var. Bernardino, 3. 71.

Colias Harfordii, 3. 77.

Colias Helena (Chippewa), 1. 42.

Colias Keewaydin, 1. 49.

Colias Meadii, 1. 60.

Colias Meadii, notes on, 3. 415.

Colias Nastes, 2. 87.

Colias Occidentalis, 1. 57.

Colias Pelidne, 2. 89.

Colias Philodice, 2. 93.

Colias Philodice (Suppl’y Notes), 2. 334.

Colias Scudderii, 1. 59.

Colias Scudderii, notes on, 3. 414.

Comma, Grapta, 1. 101 ; 3. 167.

Comstock, Prof. J. H., observations on Lycaena
Pseudargiolus, 2. 321.

Conradi, Adolph, notes on Limenitis Arthemis, 2.
209.

Cook, Prof. A. J., notes on Limenitis Arthemis, 2.
209.

Cooperii (Cethura), Anthocharis, 1. 38.

Coronis, Argynnis, 3. 97.

Couper, William, notes on Colias Philodice, 2. 101.
Couper, W., notes on Papilio Brevicauda, 2. 35.
Couper, W., notes on Papilio Turnus, 2. 14.
Courtis, William M., notes on Papilio Nitra, 3. 1.
Courtis, W. M., notes on Parnassius Smintheus, 3.
39.

Crambis, Chionobas, 3. 321, 329.

Crataegus, food plant of Thecla Strigosa, 1. 147.
Cresson, E. T., identifies parasite of larvae of Ly¬
caena Pseudargiolus, 3. 228.

Crotch, G. R., notes on Argynnis Rhodope, 2.
142.

Croton capitatum, food plant of Paphia Glycerium
(Troglodyta), 1. 139.

Cruciferae, food plants of Anthocharis Ausonides, 2.
80.

GENERAL INDEX.

Cruciferae, food plants of Pieris, 1. 34.

Cruciferae, food plants of Pieris Beckerii, 2. 73.
Cunningham, B. L., notes on Chionobas Californica,
3. 378.

Cupreus, Chrysophanus, 2. 307.

Curtis’s description of Chionobas Subhyalina, 3.
341.

Echo, Lycaena (var. of L. Piasus), 2. 315, 319.
Edwards, Henry, description of Parnassius Hermo-
dur, 3. 38.

Edwards, Henry, notes on Anthocharis Reakirtii,

1. 38.

Edwards, Henry, notes on Argynnis Bremnerii, 2.
138.

Cybele, Argynnis, 1. 67 ; 3. 137.

Cybele, Argynnis, preparatory stages of, 3. 138.

Dan by, W. H., notes on Chionobas Gigas, 3. 373.
Daunus, Papilio, 2. 5.

Debis Portlandia. 3. 185.

Denton, Shelley W., observations on spiders attack¬
ing Chionobas Semidea, 3. 359.

Diana, Argynnis, 1. 63.

Diana, Argynnis, early stages of, 2. 145.
Dimorphism of Anthocharis Sara. 3. 412.
Dimorphism of Apatura Clyton, 2. 245.
Dimorphism of Grapta Comma discovered, 2.
186.

Dimorphism of Colias Harfordii, 3. 79.

Dimorphism of Grapta Interrogationis, discovery
of, 1. 116.

Dimorphism of Limenitis Arthemis, discovery of,

2. 219.

Edwards, Henry, notes on Argynnis Nevadensis, 1.
94.

Edwards, Henry, notes on C. Galactinus, 3. 223.
Edwards, Henry, notes on Colias Chrysomelas, 3. 88.
Edwards, Henry, notes on Colias Eurydice, 1. 54.
Edwards, Henry, notes on Colias Eurytheme, 2.
110, 111.

Edwards, Henry, notes on Colias Harfordii. 3. 81.
Edwards, Henry, notes on Grapta Satyrus, 1. 122.
Edwards, Henry, notes on Grapta Zephyrus, 1.
124.

Edwards, Henry, notes on Limenitis Bredowii (He-
terochroa Californica), 1. 33.

Edwards, Henry, notes on Limenitis Lorquini, 1.
131.

Edwards, Henry, notes on Lycsena Heteronea, 2.
313.

Edwards, Henry, notes on Melitaea Chalcedon, 1.
98.

Dimorphism of Phyciodes Phaon. 2. 179.
Dimorphism of Phyciodes Tharos, discovery of, 2.
168.

Dimorphism of Phyciodes Vesta, 2. 181.
Dimorphism of Pieris Oleraoea, 1. 34.

Discoidalis, Erebia, 3. 255.

Dod, F. H. Wolley, notes on Chionobas Alberta, 3.
406.

Dod, F. H. Wolley, notes on Chionobas Varuna, 3.
392.

Dod, F. H. Wolley, notes on Erebia Discoidalis, 3.
418.

Dodge, Edward A., notes on Colias Eurytheme, 2.
108.

Dodge, E. A., notes on S. Canthus, 3. 199.
Dogwood (Cornus), food plant of Lycaena Violacea,

2. 320.

Doubleday, Edward, notes on Colias Philodice, 2.
97.

Dryas octopetala, food plant of Argynnis Alberta,

3. 123.

Dryas (summer form of G. Comma), Grapta. 1.
109.

Edwards, Henry, notes on Parnassius Clarius (Clo-
dius), 1. 18.

Edwards, Henry, notes on Papilio Daunus, 2. 6.
Edwards, Henry, notes on Papilio Eurjmiedon,

2. 3.

Edwards, Henry, notes on Papilio Indra, 2. 44.
Edwards, Henry, observations on Colias Eriphyle,

3. 85.

Edwards, Henry, on imago, larvae, and food plant
of Colias Eurydice, 3. 71, 74.

Edvvardsii, Argynnis, 1. 87.

Edwardsii (var. of C. Alexandra), Colias, 1. 55.
Egleis. Argynnis, 3. 129.

Elevation at timber line, Colorado, 3. 283.

Elwes, H. J., notes on Erebia Brucei, 3. 262.
Erebia Brucei, var. of Epipsodea, 3. 261.

Erebia (Ccenonymplia) Haydenii, 3. 251.

Erebia Discoidalis, 3. 255.

Erebia Discoidalis, notes on, 3. 418.

Erebia Epipsodea, 3. 257.

Erebia Epipsodea, correction of error, 3. 417.
Erebia Fasciata, 3. 253.

Erebia Magdalena, 3. 247.

GENERAL INDEX.

Eriphyle, form of Colias Eurytheme, 3. 83.
Eros, Limenitis, 2. 221.

Eurydice, Colias, 1. 53 ; 3. 71.

Eurymedon, Papilio, 2. 1.

Eurynome, Argynnis, 2. 129.

Eurytheme, Colias, 1. 45 ; 2. 103.
Eversmanni, Parnassius, 1. 27.

Fabricii (fall form of G. Interrogationis), Grapta,
1. 115.

Fasciata, Erebia, 3. 253.

Faunus Grapta, 1. 99.

Fernald, Professor, C. H., notes on Debis Portlan¬
ds, 3. 188.

Fletcher, James, notes on Chionobas Chryxus, 3.
285.

Fletcher, James, notes on Chionobas Jutta, 3. 318,
320.

Fletcher, James, on Chionobas Macounii, 3. 362,
363, 365.

Fletcher, James, notes on Satyrodes Canthus, 3.
198, 201.

Fletcher, James, observations on Neophasia Mena-
pia, 3. 54.

Fletcher, James, observations on Papilio Nitra, 3. 2.
Flora, Apatura, 3. 175.

Food plant of Anthocliaris Ausonides, 2. 81.

Food plant of Anthocliaris Genutia, 3. 60.

Food plant of Anthocliaris Olympia, 3. 412.

Food plant of Apatura Celtis, 2. 235.

Food plant of Apatura Clyton, 2. 250.

Food plant of Apatura Flora, 3. 180.

Food plant of Argynnis Alberta, 3. 123.

Food plant of Colias Alexandra, 3. 413.

Food plant of Colias Christina, 3. 414.

Food plant of Colias Eurydice, 3. 74.

Food plants of Colias Eurytheme, 1. 46 ; 2. 108,
109.

Food plant of
Food plants of
Food plant of
Food plants of
Food plants of
Food plant of
Food plant of
Food plant of
Food plant of
Food plant of
Food plant of

Colias Harfordii, 3. 80.

Colias Philodice, 1. 46 ; 2. 100.
Colias Scudderi, 3. 416.

Grapta Comma, 1. 102.

Grapta Interrogationis, 1. 117.
Grapta Rusticus, 2. 193.

Grapta Satyrus, 1. 122.

Grapta Zephyrus, 2. 200.
Heliconia Charitonia, 2. 121.
Lemonias Nais, 2. 298.

Lemonias Palmerii, 2. 302.

Food plant of Libythea Bachmani, 2. 292.

Food plant of Limenitis Artliemis, 2. 212.

Food plant of Limenitis Eros, 2. 227.

Food plant of Limenitis Lorquini, 3. 416.

Food plant of Limenitis Weidemeyerii, 3. 416.
Food plants of Melitaea Baroni, 3. 148.

Food plants of Melitaea Chalcedon, 1. 98.

Food plant of Melitaea Phaeton, 2. 154.

Food plant of Neophasia Menapia, 3. 53.

Food plant of Paphia Troglodyta (Glycerium), 1.
138.

Food plant of Papilio Ajax, 1. 10.

Food plant of Papilio Bairdii, 3. 16.

Food plants of Papilio Brevicauda, 2. 35, 41, 42.
Food plant of Papilio Daunus, 3. 409.

Food plants of Papilio Eurymedon, 2. 2.

Food plant of Papilio Indra, 3. 411.

Food plant of Papilio Oregonia, 3. 15.

Food plants of Papilio Rutulus, 2. 61, 64.

Food plants of Papilio Turnus, 2. 13.

Food plants of Papilio Zolicaon, 2. 27 ; 3. 13.

Food plant of Parnassius Smintheus, 3. 41.

Food plant of Phyciodes Tharos, 2. 167.

Food plants of Pieris Beckerii, 2. 73.

Food plant of Pieris Sisymbri, 2. 68.

Food plant of Thecla Acadica, 1. 143.

Food plant of Thecla Strigosa, 1. 147.

Forms of Colias Eurytheme, 3. 84.

Foster, W. S., observations on Parnassius Smin¬
theus, 3. 41.

Frangula Calif ornica, food plant of Papilio Eury¬
medon, 2. 2.

French, Professor G. H., notes on Satyrodes Can¬
thus, 3. 200.

Fyles, Rev. Thomas W., notes on Chionobas Jutta,
3. 311.

Galactinus, Ccenonymplia, 3. 219.

Geddes, Captain G., notes on Chionobas Jutta, 3.
319.

Geirocheilus Tritonia, 3. 245.

Gemma, Neonympha, 3. 205.

Genutia, Anthocliaris, 2. 83 ; 3. 57.

Gibbs, Dr. R. M. W., notes on Limenitis Arthemis,
2. 209.

Gigas Chionobas, 2. 279 ; 3. 369.

Gigas, Chionobas, compared with C. Californica, 3.
372.

Gigas, Chionobas, compared with C. Iduna, 3. 371.

GENERAL INDEX.

Glaucus (dimorphic form of Turnus), Papilio, 2. 9.
Glycerium (Troglodyta), Paphia, 1. 137.

Gosse, P. H., notes on Debis Portlandia, 3. 189.
Gosse, P. H., notes on Heliconia Charitonia, 2.
122.

Grapta Comma, 1. 101 ; 3. 167.

Grapta Comma, dimorphism of, 2. 185.

Grapta Dryas (summer form of G. Comma), 1. 109.
Grapta Fabricii (fall form of G. Interrogationis),
1. 115.

Grapta Faunus, 1. 99.

Grapta Faunus (Suppl’y Notes), 1. 161.

Grapta Hylas, 2. 189.

Grapta Interrogationis, 1. Ill ; 3. 153.

Grapta Interrogationis, dimorphism of, 1. 116; 2.
185.

Grapta Interrogationis, effect of cold applied to the
chrysalids of, 3. 165.

Grapta Marsyas, 2. 191.

Grapta Rusticus, 2. 193.

Grapta Satyi’us, 1. 121.

Grapta Silenus, 2. 183.

Grapta Umbrosa (summer form of G. Interroga¬
tionis), 1. 111.

Grapta Zephyrus, 1. 123 ; 2. 195.

Grasses, food plants of Satyrus, 2. 268.

Green, Charles de B., notes on Chionobas Gigas,
3. 371, 372.

Grey, R. M., notes on Limenitis Arthemis, 2. 208.
Guen^e, M., observations on the tubes and tentacles
of larva of Lycaena Boetica, 2. 325.

Hagenii, synonym of Eriphyle, Colias, 3. 83.
Halcyone, Argynnis, 1. 83 ; 3. 103.

Harfordii, Colias, 3. 77.

Haydenii, Coenonympha (Erebia), 3. 251.
Hayhurst, Dr. H. K., notes on Paphia Glycerium
(Troglodyta), 1. 138.

Helena (Chippewa), Colias, 1. 42.

Heliconia Charitonia, 2. 117.

Henshawi, Neonympha, 3. 210.

Heracleum lanatum, food plant of Papilio Brevi-
cauda, 2. 35.

Hermodur (var. of Smintheus), Parnassius, descrip¬
tion of, 3. 38.

Herse, Apatura, 2. 254.

Hesperis, Argynnis, 1. 79.

Heterochroa (Limenitis) Calif ornica (Bredowii),
1. 133.

Heteronea, Lycaena, 2. 313.

Hiemalis, Phyciodes (form of P. Phaon), 2. 179.

Hiemalis, Phyciodes (form of P. Vesta), 2. 181.

Holland, Rev. W. J., notes on Neonympha Gemma,
3. 209.

Hop, food plant of Grapta Dryas, 1. 110.

Hopkins, Professor A. D., notes on Lycaena Lyg-
damas, 3. 417.

Hop, nettle, and Bcehmeria, food plants of Grapta
Comma, 1. 102.

Hop, nettle, Bcehmeria, elm, food plants of Grapta
Interrogationis, 1. 117.

Howe, Dr., observations on Lycaena Lucia, 2. 322.

Howes, Professor, observations on the pouch of
Parnassius, 3. 47.

Hoy, Dr. J. P., notes on Limenitis Arthemis, 2.
209.

Hulst, Rev. George D., notes on Argynnis Nau-
sicaa, 3. 136.

Hulst, Rev. G. D., notes on Limenitis Arthemis, 3.
209.

Hunt, Dr. J. G., observations on the dorsal orifice
of larva of Lycaena Pseudargiolus, 2. 327.

Hylas, Grapta, 2. 189.

Iduna, Chionobas, 2. 275 ; 3. 381.

Idyja, Apatura, 2. 256.

Inclra, Papilio, 2. 43.

Inornata, Argynnis, 2. 139.

Interrogationis, Grapta, 1. Ill ; 3. 153.

Ivallda, Chionobas, 2. 285.

Julia, Anthocharis, 2. 85.

Jutta, Chionobas, 3. 307.

Keewaydin, Colias, 1. 49.

Kcebele, Albert, notes on Parnassius Smintheus, 3.
44, 45.

Laeta, Thecla, 1. 141.

Lais, Argynnis, 3. 93.

Lamina, Limenitis (form of L. Arthemis), 2. 201.

Lanceolata, Anthocharis, 3. 63.

Leilia, Apatura, 2. 241.

Lemonias Nais, 2. 295.

Lemonias Nais, larva in confinement fed on wild
plum, 2. 299.

Lemonias Palmerii, 2. 301.

Leto Argynnis, 1. 85.

GENERAL INDEX.

Libythea Bachmani, 2. 289.

Libythea Bachmani (Suppl’y Notes), 2. 335.
Liliana, Argynnis, 3. 95.

Limenitis Arthemis, 2. 201.

Limenitis Arthemis, dimorphism of, 2. 219.
Limenitis Disippus, larvae compared with L. Eros,
2. 228.

Limenitis Eros, 2. 221.

Limenitis Lamina (form of L. Arthemis), 2. 201.
Limenitis Lorquini, 1. 131.

Limenitis Lorquini, notes on, 3. 416.

Limenitis Obsoleta (var. of L. Eros), 2. 222.
Limenitis Proserpina, dimorphic form of L. Arthe¬
mis, 1. 127.

Limenitis Proserpina (form of L. Arthemis), 2.

202.

Limenitis Proserpina (Suppl’y Notes), 1. 161.
Limenitis Weidemeyerii, 1. 129.

Limenitis Weidemeyerii, notes on, 3. 414.
Limenitis Weidemeyerii (Suppl’y Notes), 1. 161.
Lintner, Professor J. A., notes on Grapta Inter-
rogationis, 3. 161.

Lintner, J. A., notes on Limenitis Arthemis, 2. 208.
Lintner, J. A., observations on Lycaena Neglecta,
2. 323.

Lintner, J. A., observations on the tubes of larva
of Lycaena Pseudargiolus, 2. 324.

Lorquini, Limenitis, 1. 131.

Lucia, Lycaena (form of L. Pseudargiolus), 2. 315,

318.

Lycaena Argiolus (Pseudargiolus), 2. 315.

Lycaena Cinerea (var. of L. Pseudargiolus), 2.315,

319.

Lycaena Comyntas, retractile organs observed on
larva of, 2. 330.

Lycaena Echo (var. of L. Piasus), 2. 315, 319.
Lycaena Heteronea, 2. 313.

Lycaena Lucia (form of L. Pseudargiolus), 2. 315,
318.

Lycaena Lygdamas, 1. 150 ; 3. 417.

Lycaena Lygdamas, food plant of, 3. 417.

Lycaena Marginata (form of L. Pseudargiolus), 2.
315, 318.

Lycaena Melissa, retractile organs observed on
larva of, 2. 330.

Lycaena Neglecta (early summer form of Pseudar¬
giolus), 1. 155.

Lycaena Neglecta (form of L. Pseudargiolus), 2.
315, 318.

Lycaena Nigra (dimorphic form of male L. Pseu¬
dargiolus), 2. 315, 318.

Lycaena Nigra, melanic male of L. Violacea, 2.
315, 318.

Lycaena Piasus (Pacific form of L. Pseudargiolus),
2. 315, 319.

Lycaena Pseudargiolus, 1. 153 ; 2. 315.

Lycaena Pseudargiolus, discovery of the food plant
of, 2. 320.

Lycaena Pseudai'giolus, polymorphism of, 2. 315.
Lycaena Regia, 2. 311.

Lycaena Violacea — discovery of the food plant of,
2. 319.

Lycaena Violacea, notes on, 3. 417.

Lycaena Violacea (spring form of L. Pseudargiolus),
1. 149.

Lycaon, Apatura, 2. 238.

Lygdamas, Lycaena, 1. 150.

Lyman, H. H., notes on Debis Portlandia, 3. 184.
Lyman, H. H., notes on Limenitis Arthemis, 2. 208.

Macounii, Chionobas, 3. 361.

Magdalena, Erebia, 3. 247.

Marcellus, Papilio, 1. 7.

Marcia, Phyciodes (form of P. Tharos), 2. 161.
Marginata, Lycaena (form of L. Pseudargiolus), 2.
315, 318.

Maritima, Satyrus (var. of S. Alope), 2. 262.
Marsyas, Grapta, 2. 191.

McCook, Rev. H. C., notes on ants attending a
Lycaena larva, 2. 330.

Meadii, Argynnis, 2. 131.

Meadii, Colias, 1. 60 ; 3. 417.

Meadii, Satyrus, 3. 231.

Mead, Theodore L., discovers the food plant of
Lycaena Neglecta, 2. 321.

Mead, T. L., discovers the food plant of Phyciodes
Tharos, 2. 167.

Mead, T. L., notes on Anthocharis Ausonides, 2. 86.
Mead, T. L., notes on Argynnis Eurynome, 2.
j 130.

Mead, T. L., notes on Chionobas Chryxus, 3. 283.
Mead, T. L., notes on Chionobas Ivallda, 2. 287.
Mead, T. L., notes on Chionobas Uhleri, 3. 299.
Mead, T. L., notes on Colias Scudderii, 1. 160.
Mead, T. L., notes on Colias Eurytheme, 2. 110,
116.

Mead, T. L., notes on Colias Meadii, 1. 61.

Mead, T. L.,. notes on Erebia Epipsodea, 3. 261.

GENERAL INDEX.

Mead, T. L., notes on Grapta Hylas, 2. 190.

Mead, T. L., notes on Grapta Zephyrus, 1. 125.
Mead, T. L., notes on Limenitis Arthemis, 2. 206.
Mead, T. L., notes on Neominois Ridingsii, 3. 272.
Mead, T. L., notes on Parnassius Smintheus, 1. 25 ;
3. 40.

Mead, T. L., notes on Papilio Brevicauda, 2. 41.
Mead, T. L., notes on Papilio Eurymedon, 2. 3.
Mead, T. L., notes on Phyciodes Tharos, 2. 167.
Mead, T. L., notes on Pieris Beckerii, 2. 73.

Mead, T. L., notes on Satyrus Meadii, 3. 234.
Mead, T. L., notes on Satyrus Charon, 3. 240.
Mead, T. L., notes on Satyrus Pegala, 3. 227.
Mead, T. L., observations on Anthocharis Lanceo-
lata, 3, 64.

Mead, T. L., observations on food plant of Lycaena
Neglecta, 2. 321.

Melanie male of Lycaena Violacea, 2. 318.

Melitaea Baroni, 3. 145.

Melitaea Chalcedon, 1. 97.

Melitaea Phaeton, 2. 151.

Melitaea Phaeton, discovery of the food plant of,
2. 154.

Melitaea Phaeton (Suppl’y Notes), 2. 335.

Melitaea Rubicunda, 3. 149.

Menapia, Neophasia, 1. 29 ; 3. 53.

M£n£trids, M., on Chionobas Jutta in Europe, 3.
319.

Meske, Otto, notes on Satyrus Pegala, 3. 228.
Mesquit, Prosopis juliflora, food plant of Lemonias
Palmerii, 2. 203.

Mesquit, food plant of Lemonias Nais, 2. 298.
Mitchell, I. N., notes on Satyrodes Canthus, 3. 199.
Monticola, Argynnis, 1. 81.

Morpheus, Phyciodes (form of P. Tharos), 2. 163.
Morrison, H. K., notes on Chionobas Varuna, 3.
304.

Morrison, H. K., notes on Lemonias Nais, 2. 298.
Morse, A. P., sends living examples of Chionobas
Semidea, 3. 356.

Morton, Miss Emily L., notes on Grapta Interroga-
tionis, 3. 160.

Muhleman, J. H., notes on Paphia Glycerium
(Troglodyta), 1. 139.

Murray, W., notes on Limenitis Arthemis, 2. 209.
Nais, Lemonias, 2. 295.

Nash, H. W., sends eggs of Colias Eriphyle, 3. 84.
Nastes, Colias, 2. 87.

Nausicaa, Argynnis, 3. 136.

Neglecta (early summer form of L. Pseudargiolus),
Lycaena, 1. 155 ; 2. 315, 318.

Nelsoni, Pieris, 2. 71.

Neominois Ridingsii, 3. 267.

Neonympha Areolatus, 3. 213.

Neonympha Gemma, 3. 205.

Neonympha Henshawi, 3. 210.

Neophasia Menapia, 1. 29 ; 3. 53.

Neophasia Menapia (Suppl’y Notes), 1. 157.
Nephele, Satyrus, 2. 262.

Nettle, the food plant of Grapta Satyrus, 1. 122.
Nevadensis, Argynnis, 1. 93 ; 3. 101.

Nigra, Chionobas, var. of C. Semidea, 3. 350.

Nigra, Lycaena (dimorphic form of male L. Viola¬
cea), 2. 315, 318.

Nitocris, Argynnis, 3. 91.

Nitra, Papilio, 3. 1.

Nokomis, Argynnis, 1. 73.

Observations on the tubes and tentacles of larva of
Lycaena Pseudargiolus, 2. 325.

Obsoleta, Limenitis (var. of L. Eros), 2. 222.
Occidentalis, Colias, 1. 57.

Ocellata, Apatura (form of A. Clyton), 2. 245.
(Eno, Chionobas, 3. 333, 395.

Olympia, Anthocharis, 2. 77.

Olympus, Satyrus (var. of S. Nephele), 2. 263.
Ontario, Thecla, 1. 145.

Opis, Argynnis, 2. 135.

Oregonia, Papilio, 2. 29.

Oslar, Ernest J., notes on Chionobas Semidea in
Colorado, 3. 357.

Owen, Professor E. T., notes on Chionobas Califor-
nica, 3. 378.

Owen, Professor E. T., notes on Chionobas Chryxus,
3. 285.

Owen, Professor E. T., notes on Chionobas Semi¬
dea in Colorado, 3. 357 .

Owen, Professor E. T., notes on Papilio Pilumnus,
3. 4.

Owen, Professor E. T., notes on Satyrodes Canthus,
3. 199.

Palmerii, Lemonias, 2. 301.

Paphia Glycerium (Troglodyta), 1. 137.

Papilio Ajax, 1. 1 ; 3. 23.

Papilio Americus, 3. 7.

Papilio Asterias, var. Calverleyi, 2. 51.

general index.

Papilio Bairdii, 2. 47.

Papilio Brevicauda, 2. 33, 39.

Papilio Brucei, 3. 15.

Papilio Daunus, 2.5; 3. 411.

Papilio Daunus (Supply Notes), 2. 333.

Papilio Eurymedon, 2. 1.

Papilio Indra, 2. 43 ; 3. 411.

Papilio Nitra, 3. 1.

Papilio Oregonia, 2. 29.

Papilio Oregonia (Suppl’y Notes), 2. 333.

Papilio Pilumnus, 3. 3.

Papilio Rutulus, 2. 53.

Papilio Rutulus, var. Arizonensis, 2. 54.

Papilio Turnus, 2. 7.

Papilio Zolicaon, 2. 25 ; 3. 9.

Papilio Zolicaon (Suppl’y Notes), 2. 333.

Parasites of Chionobas Semidea, 3. 359.

Parnassius Behrii (var. of P. Smintheus), 1. 23.
Parnassius Clarius (Clodius), 1. 17.

Parnassius Clodius, 1. 18.

Parnassius Eversmanni, 1. 27.

Parnassius Hermodur, var. of P. Smintheus, 3. 38.
Parnassius Smintheus, 1. 21 ; 3. 35.

Passiflora, food plant of Heliconia Charitonia, 2.
121.

Pawpaw (Asimina), the food plant of Papilio Ajax,
1. 10.

Peabody, Professor S. A., notes on Ccenonympha
(Erebia) Haydenii, 3. 251.

Peabody, S. H., notes on Limenitis Arthemis, 2.
206.

Pearson, C., notes on a melanic Colias Philodice,
2. 114.

Peartiae, Chionobas, 3. 407.

Peart, Mrs. Mary, notes on pupation of Chionobas
Varuna, 3. 391, 392.

Peart, Mrs. Mary, notes on larvae of Colias Elis
and C. Meadii, 3. 414.

Peart, Mrs. Mary, notes on pupation of P. Smin¬
theus, 3. 45.

Peart, Mrs. Mary, observations on larvae of Neo-
phasia Menapia, 3. 55.

Pegala, Satyrus, 3. 225.

Pelidne, Colias, 2. 89.

Peraplast (of Parnassius male), 3. 50.

Perch made by larvae of Limenitis, 2. 212.

Phaeton, Melitaea, 2. 151.

Phaon, Phyciodes, 2. 179.

Philodice, Colias, 2. 93.

Phyciodes iEstiva (form of P. Phaon), 2. 179.
Phyciodes Estiva (form of P. Vesta), 2. 182.
Phyciodes Hiemalis (form of P. Vesta), 2. 181.
Phyciodes Marcia (form of P. Tharos), 2. 161.
Phyciodes Morpheus (form of P. Tharos), 2.
163.

Phyciodes Phaon, 2. 179.

Phyciodes Tharos, 2. 161.

Phyciodes Tharos, dimorphism of, 2. 161.
Phyciodes Tharos, experiments on cold applied to
the pupae, 2. 169.

Phyciodes Vesta, 2. 181.

Phyciodes Vesta, dimorphism of, 2. 181.

Piasus, Lycaena (Pacific form of L. Pseudargiolus),
2. 315, 319.

Pieris Beckerii, 1. 30 ; 2. 73.

Pieris Nelsoni, 2. 71.

Pieris Sisymbri, 2. 67.

Pieris Vernalis, 1. 33.

Pieris Virginiensis, notes on, 3. 411.

Pieris Virginiensis (spring form of P. Oleracea), 1.
34.

Pilumnus, Papilio, 3. 3.

Pima, Anthocharis, 3. 69.

Pinus, food of Neophasia Menapia, 3. 53.

Piper, Professor C. V., notes on Papilio Orego¬
nia, 3. 20.

Plotz, C., ants attend larvae of Lycaena Argus, 2
329.

Polymorphism of Colias Eurytheme, discovery of,
2. 107 et seq.

Polymorphism of Lycaena Pseudargiolus, discov¬
ery of, 2. 321, 322.

Polymorphism of Papilio Ajax, discovery of, 1. 11.
Portlandia, Debis, 3. 185.

Proserpina, Apatura (form of A. Clyton), 2. 246.
Proserpina (dimorphic form of L. Arthemis), Li¬
menitis, 1. 127.

Proserpina Limenitis (form of L. Arthemis), 2.

202.

Pseudai'giolus, Lycaena, 2. 315.

Pseudargiolus, Lycaena, 1. 153.

Reakirt, T., error as to Parnassius Smintheus, 3.
43.

Reakirt, T., notes on variations in Colias Philodice,

2. 99.

Reakirtii (spring form of A. Sara), Anthocharis,

1. 37.

GENERAL INDEX.

Regia, Lycaena, 2. 311.

Rhodocera Lorquini (female of Colias Eurydice),
1. 53.

Rhodope, Argynnis, 2. 141.

Ridingsii, Neominois, 3. 267.

Ridings, James H., notes on Debis Portlandia, 3.
189.

Ridings, James H., notes on Satyrus Pegala, 3.
227.

Riley, Prof. C. V., identifies parasite of larva of
Lycaena Pseudargiolus, 2. 328.

Rivers, Professor J. J., notes on A. Adiante, 3. 128.
Rivers, J. J., observations on Papilio Zolicaon, 3.
13.

Roberts, C. H., notes on Limenitis Arthemis, 2.
207.

Rosa, Anthocharis, 3. 65.

Rubicunda, Melitaea, 3. 149.

Rubidus, Chrysophanus, 2. 305.

Rupestris, Argynnis, 2. 143.

Rusticus, Grapta, 2. 193.

Rutulus, Papilio, 2. 53.

Sanborn, G. F., notes on pupae of Chionobas Semi-
dea, 3. 355.

Sara, Anthocharis, 1. 39.

Satyrodes' Canthus, 3. 193.

Satyrus Alope, 2. 261 ; 3. 229.

Satyrus Charon, 3. 237.

Satyrus, Grapta, 1. 121.

Satyrus Maritima (var. of S. Alope), 2. 262.
Satyrus Meadii, 3. 231.

Satyrus Nephele, 2. 262.

Satyrus Olympus (var. of S. Nephele), 2. 263.
Satyrus Pegala, 3. 225.

Satyrus Pegala (Suppl’y Notes), 2. 335.

Satyrus Silvestris, var. of S. Charon, 3. 243.
Satyrus Texana (var. of S. Alope), 2. 262.

Satyrus Wheelerii, 2. 259.

Saunders, observations on Lycaena Neglecta, 2.
323.

Saunders, Wm., notes on ants attending larvae of
Lycaena Scudderii, 2. 330.

Saunders, Wm., notes on Thecla Acadica, 1. 143.
Saunders, Wm., notes on Thecla Strigosa, 1. 147.
Schonborn, Henry F., observations on Anthocharis
Genutia, 3. 60.

Scrophularia, Dipsacus, Castilleja, Lonicera, food
plants of Melitaea Chalcedon, 1. 98.

Scudderii, Colias, 1. 59.

Scudder, S. H., larva of Grapta Faunus, 2. 187.
Scudder, S. H., notes on Chionobas Jutta, 3. 311,
318.

Scudder, S. H., notes on Chionobas Macounii, 3.
364.

Scudder, S. H., notes on Chionobas Semidea, 3.
353 et seq.

Scudder, S. H., notes on Grapta Interrogation^, 3.
161.

Scudder, S. H., notes on Limenitis Arthemis, 2.
207, 211.

Scudder, S. H., notes on Satyrus Alope, 2. 268.
Scudder, S. H., notes on Satyrodes Canthus, 3.
198.

Scudder, S. H., observations on the peraplast and
pouch of P. Smintheus, 3. 48.

Sedum, food plant of Parnassius Smintheus, 3. 41.
Semidea, Chionobas, 3. 349.

Siewers, C. G., notes on larvae of A. Cybele, 3. 143.
Silenus, Grapta, 2. 183.

Sirius, Chrysophanus, 2. 309.

Sisymbri, Pieris, 2. 67.

Sisymbrium, food plant of Pieris Sisymbri, 2. 68.
Sisymbrium Thaliana, food plant of A. Genutia, 3.
60.

Skinner, Dr. H., notes on Satyrus Alope, 3. 228.
Smintheus, Parnassius, 1. 21 ; 3. 35.

Smythe,- Ellison A., Jr., notes on Debis Portlandia,
3. 197.

Smythe, E. A., Jr., notes on Satyrodes Canthus, 3.
197.

Snow, Professor F. H., notes on Satyrus Meadii,
3. 236.

Speyer, Dr. A., remarks on Hubner’s Coitus
QEneis, 2. 283.

Sprague, F. H., notes on Grapta Interrogation^,
3. 161.

Stretch, R. H., notes on Grapta Satyrus, 1. 122.
Stretch, R. H., observations on Neophasia Menapia,
3. 53, 56.

Strigosa, Thecla, 1. 146.

Subhyalina, Chionobas, 3. 341.

Telamonides, Papilio, 1. 5.

Texana, Satyrus (var. of S. Alope), 2. 262.

Tharos, Phyciodes, 2. 161.

Thecla, Acadica, 1. 142.

Thecla Laeta, 1. 141.

GENERAL INDEX.

Tliecla Laeta (Suppl’y Notes), 2. 336.

Thecla Ontario, 1. 145.

Thecla Strigosa, 1. 146.

Trifolium, Astragalus, food plants of Colias Philo-
dice, 2. 100.

Trifolium, food plant of Colias Eurytheme, 1. 46 ;

2. 109, 114.

Tritonia, Geirocheilus, 3. 245.

Thomson, Arthur, observations on the pouch of
Parnassius, 3. 46.

Turnus, Papilio, 2. 7.

Uhleri, Chionobas, 3. 293.

Ullrich, Louis, notes on Debis Portlandia, 3. 191.
Umbelliferae, food plants of Papilio Brevicauda, 2.
42.

Umbelliferae, food plants of Papilio Zolicaon, 2.
27.

Umbrosa (summer form of G. Interrogationis),
Grapta, 1. 111.

Vaccinium and Willow, food plants of Colias Scud-
deri, 3. 416.

Vanessa Pluto, 1. 66.

Varuna, Chionobas, 3. 303, 384.

Vernalis, Pieris, 1. 33.

Vesta, Phyciodes, 2. 181.

Vicia Carolina, food plant of Lycsena Lygdamas,

3. 415.

Viola, food plant of Argynnis Aphrodite, 1. 72.
Viola, food plant of Argynnis Diana, 2. 147.
Violacea (spring form of L. Pseudargiolus), Ly¬
csena, 1. 149.

Von Siebold, Professor C., on the pouch of Par¬
nassius, 1. 24.

Wallace, Alfred R., remarks on the so-called Hub-
nerian genera, 2. 284.

Walsh, D. B., notes on P. Turnus, 2. 22.

Walshii, Papilio, 1. 1.

Weidemeyerii, Limenitis, 1. 129.

Weismann, Dr. Aug., notes on the dimorphism of
Papilio Turnus, 2. 19.

Weismann, Dr. Aug., remarks on larvae of Lycsena
Pseudargiolus, 2. 328.

Wheelerii, Satyrus, 2. 259.

Whitney, C. P., notes on Limenitis Arthemis, 2.
207.

Wild currant, food plant of Grapta Zephyrus, 2.

200.

Willow, food plant of Limenitis Eros, 2. 226.
Willow, food plant of Lycsena Neglecta, 2. 321.
Willow, food plant of Papilio Rutulus, 2. 61.
Willow, food plant of Thecla Acadica, 1. 143.
Wittfeld, Dr. Wm., notes on A. Flora, 3. 181.
Wittfeld, Dr. Wm., notes on Heliconia Charitonia,
2. 121.

Wittfeld, Dr. Wm., observations on Limenitis Eros,
2. 226.

Wittfeld, Miss Annie M., notes on Apatura Flora,
3. 180, 181.

Worthington, Charles E., notes on Argynnis Alces-
tis, 3. 112.

Worthington, C. E., notes on Colias Eurytheme, 2.
108.

Worthington, C. E., notes on a melanic Colias Phi-
lodice, 2. 98.

Worthington, C. E., notes on Limenitis Arthemis,

2. 209.

Worthington, C. E., notes on Satyrodes Canthus,

3. 199.

Wright, W. G., compares environment of Chiono¬
bas Gigas with that of allied species, 3. 375.
Wright, W. G., notes on Argynnis Callippe, 3. 100.
Wright, W. G., notes on Chionobas Gigas, 3. 374.
Wright, W. G., notes on Chionobas Iduna, 3. 376.
Wright, W. G., notes on Chionobas Varuna, 3. 304.
Wright, W. G., notes on Neominois Ridingsii, 3.
273.

Wright,. W. G., notes on Papilio Rutulus, 2. 61.
Wright, W. G., notes on Parnassius Smintheus, 3.
39, 40.

Wright, W. G., observations on Neophasia Mena-
pia, 3. 54.

Wright, W. G., sends eggs and larvae of Colias Eu-
rydice, 3. 74.

Wright, W. G., sends eggs of Colias Harfordii, 3.
80.

Wright, W. G., sends eggs and larvae of Parnassius
Hermodur, 3. 45.

Zella, Professor P. C., remarks on Colias Keeway-
din, 2. 115.

Zephyrus, Grapta, 1. 123 ; 2. 195.

Zerene, Argynnis, 1. 91.

Zolicaon, Papilio, 2. 25 ; 3. 9.

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